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CICERO
The Frontispiece to Allen and Greenouqh's New Cicero
SELECT
Orations of Cicero
(ALLEH & OBEEHOUOffS EDITIOH)
REVISED BY
J. B. GREENOUGH and G. L. KITTREDGE
WITH A
SPECIAL VOCABULARY
BY
J. B. GREENOUGH
GINN & COMPANY
BOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON
Copyright, 1896
By GINN & COMPANY
ALL RIGHTS RBSBRVBD
46.3
GINN & COMPANY. PRO-
PRIETORS . BOSTON . U.S.A.
PREFACE.
: /
/V-1
0 V *-
\\'-
The present volume, though a revision of Allen & Green-
ough's Cicero (edition of 1886), following in general the
same lines, is practically an entirely new work, since the notes
have been almost wholly rewritten, and very extensive additions
have been made. The revising editors have kept constantly
in mind the original design, which gave prominence to matters
of historical and political interest. They have, however,
for lack of room, reluctantly omitted the Oration for Sestius as
that least read by pupils of the age for whom this book must be
intended. Though in pursuance of the original design the ora-
tions are arranged in chronological order, yet, by the fuller
annotation of Roscius and the Catilines, care has been taken
to enable teachers to begin with either, according to their judg-
ment or habit.
The revisers hope that in many respects the new edition will
be found superior to the old. The admirable historical and
political work of the late Prof. W. F. Allen has not been
reduced, but collected into introductory chapters for conve-
nience of continued reading and reference. The grammatical
discussions have been very much increased, the revisers having
found, by instructive experience, that in order to profit by a
book the pupil must be able to read it, and for this a know-
ledge of the usages of the language is indispensable.
iv Preface.
The treatment of the orations rhetorically and logically has
been very much extended, with the hope of making the book
more useful, not only for the study of Latin, but also for the
study of rhetorical composition generally. The very numerous
illustrations have not been inserted merely to make a picture-
book, but to give the pupil some sense of the reality of the
orations as a part of history. Teachers and others who take
a more "intelligent interest in these ancient memorials, will find
much explanatory and critical comment in the numbered list
of illustrations. A very large increase of introductory matter
has seemed desirable in view of the growing interest in the
study of the history of civilization. ■
As in the previous edition, the text of Baiter and Kayser
has been strictly followed, as a recent textus receptus, even
where the revisers would personally prefer a different reading.
They have, however, rejected the doubled i in the genitive of
the second declension, which must have been unknown to
Cicero.
It is hoped that the new and improved features will com-
mend themselves to teachers and tend to improve Latin schol-
arship in this country. j g q
G. L. K.
Cambridge, Mass., July, 1896.
In this new impression maps have been added, and a plan of the
Forum exhibiting the very important excavations made since 1899.
This plan is taken from Richter's Topographie der Stadt Rom and
shows the newly excavated Comitium, Basilica Aemilia, and Sanctuary
of Juturna.
March, 1905.
CONTENTS.
PAGB
List of Maps vi
List of Illustrations vii
Description of the View of the Forum xii
Plan of the Forum xii
Life of Cicero xiii
List of Orations and Other Works xxvii
Chronological Table xxxi
Roman Oratory xxxiv
Cicero as an Orator xliii
Latin and English Style xlvi
Ancient Oratorical Delivery • • • xlix
The Roman Constitution 1
Defence of Roscius i
Impeachment of Verres 26
The Plunder of Syracuse 48
Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen 59
PoMPEY*s Military Command (Pro Lege Manilid) ...... 66
The CoNSrPiRACY of Catiline « . . 98
1. Invective against Catiline 99
2. Character of the Conspiracy I13
3. How the Conspiracy was Suppressed 126
4. Sentence of the Coftspirators 141
The Citizenship of Archias 154
Defence of Milo 169
vi Contents,
PAGE
The Pardon of Marcellus 213
Plea for Ligarius 225
The Struggle against Antony (Philippica xiv.) 239
Notes 259
Vocabulary i
LIST OF MAPS.
Imperium Romanum vi
The Forum xii
Italia 1
Roma Ixiv
Latium 99
Aegaeum Mare 169
13MPI1!KIIIM: KO^IAIS^UM
0 M 100
SCftLE QF M.iLtS,
I »•
LtntgUuJe Kayt 'JD^
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
ABBREVIATIONS.
Areh. Zeit. — Ard^ologische Zeitung.
Berlin.
Baum. — Baumeister, Denkmaler des klas-
sischen Altertums. Munich, 1885-88.
Bemouilli. — J. J. Bernouilli, Romische
Ikonographie, 1882-94.
Brunn. — Denkm^er griechischer und
romischer Scnlptur. Unter Leitung
von Heinrich Brunn herausg. von Fried-
rich Bruckmann. Munich, x888-.
Brunn u. AmcU. — Griechische und ro-
mische PortrSts. Nach Auswahl und An-
ordnung von Heinrich Brunn und Paul
Amdt herausg. von Friedrich Bruck-
mann. Munich, 1891-.
Cohen. — H. Cohen, Description g^n^rale
des Monnaies de la R^publique romaine.
Paris, 1857.
De C/arac. — Mvu6e de Sculpture. Par
M. le C*« de Clarac. Paris, 1828-30.
D^Escamps. — Kenry D'Escamps, Galerie
des Marbres antiques du Mus^e Cam-
pana k Rome. 2* id. Berlin, 1868.
vonFalke, — Jacob von Falke, Hellas imd
Rom. Stuttgart, 1878-80.
Head. — A Guide to the Principal Gold and
Silver Coins of the Ancients. By Bar-
clay V. Head. Second edition. London
(British Museum), 1881.
Med. Illust. — yi. M. Vecchi, II Mediter-
raneo Illustrato. Florence, 1841.
Poole. — A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in
the British Museum. Edited by R. S.
Poole. London, 1873, etc.
ViscofUi. — Visconti, Iconographie Romaine.
Paris, 1817-24.
IN THE TEXT.
Pagb
Cicero. Bust in the Museum at Madrid. Bernouilli, . . . Frontispiece
Plan of the Forum and adjacent buildings. Founded on plan in
Middleton's Remains of Ancient Rome xii
Ruins of the Roman Forum. Photograph xiii
The Forum (restored), von Falke ; . i
Allegorical statue of the Tiber (showing also Romulus and Remus
with the wolf). In the Louvre, Paris. Brunn i
L. Cornelius Sulla. Bust in the Vatican (Museo Chiaramonti). Un-
certain. Bernouilli ^
Jupiter. Bust in the Vatican. Photograph . 18
View of Messina (Messana), Med, Illust, .......... 26
Q. Hortensius. Bust in the Villa Albani, Rome. VuconU, .... 40
viii List of Illustrations.
PAGB
Coin of Syracuse. Obverse : head of Persephone. Reverse : victor
in quadriga. Head, 49
Coin of Hiero II. Obverse : head of Hiero with diadem. Reverse :
Nike (Victory) in quadriga. Head, 50
M. Claudius Marcellus. From coins (somewhat enlarged). Bernouilli, 51
Cathedral of Syracuse, formerly Temple of Minerva. Med. Jllust. . 52
Sappho. Villa Albani, Rome. Uncertain. Brunn «. Arndt. ... 55
The Quarries at Syracuse (Dionysius' Ear). Photograph 59
Coin of the Mamertini. Obverse : head of Ares (Mars). Reverse :
eagle on thunderbolt. Poole 60
Coin of Rhegium. Obverse : lion's scalp. Reverse : sitting male
figure. Poole 63
Pompey. Bust in the Vatican (Museo Chiaramonti). Uncertain.
Photograph 66
Fanaraky d'Europe (entrance to the Black Sea by the Bosporus).
Laurens t Voyage en Turquie 66
Mithridates VI. (from a coin). Head. 69
Tigranes, King of Armenia (from a coin). Head. 69
Site of Corinth (Acrocorinthus in background). Stackelberg, La
Grhe 71
Antiochus III., King of Syria (from a coin). Head. 73
Philip v., King of Macedonia (from a coin). Head. 73
View of Mt. Argaeus in Cappadocia. Texier^ Asie Mineure 75
Lucullus. Bust in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Identification un-
certain (see Arch. Zeit., N. F., XXIII, 9 ff.). D'Escamps. ... 77
View near Cape Misenum. Med. II lust. 80
Ruins of the Port of Ostia. Photograph 81
View in Pamphylia (Port of Adalia). Lanckoronskij Les Villes de la
Pamphylie et de la Pisidie 82
Galley. From the Praeneste relief. Baumeister 85
Coin of Rhodes. Obverse : head of Helios (perhaps from the Colossus).
Reverse : rose. Head. 90
Coin of Perseus (Perses). Head. 91
Roman sacrificial procession. Relief in the Galleria degli Uflizi, Flor-
ence. Brunn 98
Ruins of the Temple of Jupiter Stator. Photograph 112
The Mulvian Bridge. Photograph 128
L. Cornelius Lentulus. Bust in the Museum at Naples. Very un-
certain. Photograph 131
Marcus Aureliu.s sacrificing in front of the Temple of Jupiter Capitoli-
List of Illustrations, ix
\ PACK
nus. Relief from the Arch of M. Aurelius. Palazzo del Conser*
vatori, Rome. Photograph 136
Roman Sacrificial Procession. Relief in the Galleria degli Uffizi,
Florence. £runn 138
Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus at Rome (restored). Hittorffy Architec-
ture antique de la Sidle 140
Ruins of the House of the Vestals. Photograph 142
Church of S. Maria in Aracoeli (site of the Roman Arx). Photograph, 150
P. Scipio Af ricanus. Photograph ^ 1 52
Muses with Homer and Socrates. Ancient sarcophagus in the Louvre.
De Clarac 154
Coin of Heraclia. Obverse : head of Nike (Victory). Reverse j
Hercules seated. Head. 1 57
C. Marius. Impression of a coin. Visconti, 163
Alexander the Great, represented as the god Ammon (hence the
horns). From a coin, enlarged. Imhoof-Blumery Portrdtkop/e, . 164
View on the Appian Way. Photograph 169
Coin of L. Opimius. Obverse : head of Jupiter. Reverse : prow of
galley. Cohen 174
Pallas' casting vote. The order of the figures (beginning at the left)
is: Orestes, a Fury, Pallas (voting for acquittal), Erigone (the
accuser). On the pillar is a sun-dial. Relief on a silver vessel
found in the harbor of Antium. Overbeck^ Bildwerke zum thebi-
schen u. troischen Heldenkreis 175
Coin of M. Lepidus and C. Caesar Octavianus (afterwards Augustus),
as triumvirs. Cohen , . . 176
View on the Appian Way. Photograph 'I79
Aristogeiton. Statue in the Naples Museum. Brunn 203
C. Julius Caesar. Bust in the Louvre. Photograph 213
The Piraeus (restored) with the Long Walls, von Falke 213
Site of Carthage. Montpensier, Voyage en V Orient, . 225
Mark Antony. Bust in the Vatican. Uncertain. Photograph, . . . 239
Siege. Trajan's Column at Rome. Brunn 239
Coin of D. Brutus. Cohen 242
Coin of Mark Antony and his brother Lucius. Visconti, ..... 244
Coin of Pansa. (The head is that of Pan, in punning allusion to the
family name). Cohen 251
Octavianus. Bust in the Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Brunn u.
Arndt. 252
Coin of Mark Antony and Octavia. Head, 256
List of Illustrations.
IN THE NOTES.
Fig.
1. Cisium Riches Dictionary.
2. Coin of Faustus Sulla. Obverse: head of Diana Tifatina.
Reverse : L. Sulla, seated ; Bocchus, King of Mauritania, de-
livers to him Jugurtha as a captive ; inscription FELIX (sur-
name assumed by Sulla) '. • • Visconti.
3. Arch of Gallienus at Rome Photograph.
4. Victory writing on a tablet. Column of Trajan at Rome. . Brunn.
5. Q. Hortensius the orator. Bust in the Villa Albani, Rome.
Front view (for side view, see text, p. 40) Visconti,
6. Plan of Syracuse
7. View of modem Syracuse Photograph-
8. Coin of Agathocles, King of Syracuse. Obverse : head of Per-
sephone. Reverse : Nike (Victory) setting up a trophy. . Head-
9. Bronze door of the Cathedral at Pisa (twelfth century work).
Rohault de Fleury^ Monuments de Pise.
10. Head of Medusa. Marble mask in the Glyptothek at Munich. Brunn.
11. Doors of Temple of Romulus, with bullae Photograph,
12. T. Quinctius Flamininus. From a coin Bernouilli.
13. 14. Mensae Delphicae. From ancient ornamental marble
stands De Clarac.
1 5. Coin of Sex. Pompey. Obverse : pharos of Messana. Reverse :
Scylla. Cohen.
16. View of Palermo (Panhormus) Photograph.
17. Coin of Porcius Laeca commemorating the Lex Porcia. Obverse :
head of Rome. Reverse ; allegorical representation of P.
Porcius protecting an accused citizen Cohen.
18. Rostra. From a coin
19. Coin of M.* Aquilius. Obverse : head of Virtus. Reverse :
armed soldier protecting a woman Cohen.
20. Cappadocian. Bust from Caesarea ; now in the Jakobsen col-
lection at Copenhagen Brunn u. Arndt.
21. Coin of Amisus. Head of Pallas Poole.
22. Medea. Wall painting at Pompeii Brunn.
23. Coin of Pompey. Allegorical head of Africa. Cohen.
24. Merchant ship. Ancient relief Baumeister.
25. Lictors with rods and axes. From a coin Cohen.
26. Coin with heads of Servilius Ahala and M. Junius Brutus. Visconti,
List of Illustrations, xi
Fig.
27. Sacrariam (family shrine). From a Pompeian house. . BaumeUter.
28. Signa militaria. From coins Cohen.
29. The Mamenine prison {Tullianum), Section.
MiddUton, Remains of Ancient Rome.
30. The same. Plan Middleion, Remains. of Ancient Rome.
31. Coin of Sextus Pompey, Obverse : head of Sextus Pompey.
Reverse: heads of Sextus Pompey and Pompey the Great. Cohen.
32. Bust of L. Junivis Rusticus (Stoic philosopher of the time of
Domitian), showing a rough "philosophic beard." . . Visconti.
33. Statue of an utiknovm Roman with the toga Brunn.
34. Coin of C. Clodius. (')b verse : head of Flora. Reverse : Vestal
with dmpnlum (sacrificial ladle) Cohen.
35. Writing impl€:inents : atramentarium (for black and red ink) ;
papyrus letter sealed :ind addressed ; tabellae and stilus. Wall
painting. . * * Overbeck's Pompeii.
36. Romulus and Remus \^itli the wolf. Bronze in the Capitoline
Museum, Rome . Photograph.
37. Lectisternium. . * Bartoliy Lucerne.
38. Com of P. Licinius Crassus Junianus. Obverse: head of Jupiter.
Reverse: balance; cornucopia; curule chair Cohen.
39. Pompeian shop (restored),
40. Plan showing the arrangement of Pompeian shops along the
streets.
41. Bronze foctis {braaler)^ from the baths of Pompeii. . . Photograph.
42. Sarcophagus of Scipio l^arbatus. With a bust formerly identi-
fied with Etinius. Photograph.
43. Coin of Cato Uticensis. Obverse: head of Liberty. Reverse:
Victory seated* Cohen.
44. Coin of Q. Cassius, Obverse : head of Liberty. Reverse (in
memory of the condemnation of the Vestals by L. Cassius
Longinus, pr^tor B-c. J13) : temple of Vesta, with curule
chair, voting urn, juror's ballot marked A (absolvo)^ and C
{£ond^mtw). . Cohen.
45. Castor and Pollux. From a Roman coin Cohen.
46. Lk Domitius Ahenobarluis. From a coin Bernouilli.
47. Centurion wearing paetuda. Ancient relief in the Louvre. De Clarac.
48. Voting 00 a law. From a coin struck in honor of Cassius
Lotiginus by ona of hi> descendants. (The V on the tablet
stands for neto,) . Cohen.
49. Figures with tuhae, 1 ruin the Arch of Titus Photograph.
xii List of Illtistrations.
Fig.
50. Trophy (from coin of iEmilius Paullus) Cohen.
51. Soldier wearing sagum. From a sepulchral relief. . . . Arch, Zeit.
^2. Coin of M. Brutus, commemorating the murder of Caesar. Ob-
verse : head of Brutus. Reverse : liberty-cap between two dag-
gers ; inscription eid.mar {the Ides of March) Cohen.
53. Funeral pile. Ancient relief. . Daremberg and Saglio, Diet, des Antiq.
Tailpiece. Coin of T. Quinctius Flamininus. Obverse : head of
Flamininus. Reverse : Victory, with palm and garland. Visconti.
Explanation of the View of the Forum.
The background shows the southeasterly side of the Capitoline hill.
The blank wall in the centre is the rear of the Palazzo dei Senatori^ which
stands on the saddle between the two summits {inter duos lucos). The
lower part of this wall is very old, and is commonly supposed to be the
wall of the Tabularium, or Record Office.
The modern buildings on the right occupy the site of the ancient Citadel
(Arx) ; those on the left, that of the Capitolium. In front, projected
against the wall of the Tabularium^ is, on the right, the Column of Phocas,
a late monument of slight importance ; at the left of that are the ruins of
the Temple of Vespasian (three Corinthian columns, of which only two
show in the view) ; farther to the left is a ruin with eight Ionic columns, —
the Temple of Saturn, built in the time of the Empire on the site of the
earlier Temple of Saturn, which served during the Republic as the Aera-
rium, or Treasury. Below, at the right of the picture, is the Arch of
Septimius Severus : this probably occupies part of the space of the earlier
Senaculum, or gathering-place of the Senators. Below the Temple and in
front of the Arch is the open space of the Forum, distinguishable by the
flagging : here stood the Rostra, To the left, below the Temple of Saturn,
are the ruins of the Basilica Julia. At the extreme left of the picture, in
the foreground, are three Corinthian columns, the only remains of the
famous Temple of Castor. Near the point where the spectator is sup-
posed to stand are the ruins of the Atrium Vestae and the Regia.
The Plan of the Forum (opposite) shows more recent excavations than
the View. It is taken from Richter's To^ografhie der ^tadt Rom^ 1901.
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INTRODUCTION.
I. LIFE OF CICERO.
Marcus Tullius Cicero, partly on account of his natural
abilities and partly on account of the times in which he lived,
has left a name associated with some of the most important
events in the history of the world, as well as with some of the
most potent forces in our civilization. Few men have made
so distinct an impression on modern literature and thought.
He touched many things which he did not adorn, but there is
hardly any kind of intellectual activity that is not conspicuously
indebted to his precepts or his example.
I. Cicero's Life from his Birth to the Opening of
HIS Political Career (b.c. 106-76).
Cicero was born at Arpinum, a city with the Roman franchise
(which was also the birthplace of Marius), Jan. 3, B.C. 106,
of an equestrian family. His grandfather, who had a small
estate in that region, was of Volscian stock, and thus belonged
to the old virile country people of the republic. His grand-
mother was a Gratidia, closely connected by adoption with the
great Marius and with prominent Roman politicians. His
father, who was the eldest son, had increased the family estate
by agriculture and by the profits of a fulling-mill, so that he
was among the richest of his townsmen, and possessed the
census of a Roman knight. By his marriage with Helvia, a
woman of the nobUity, he became connected with many sena-
xiv Introduction.
torial families. She was a woman of great economic and
domestic virtues, and a strong support to her husband, who
was of a somewhat weak constitution. The father was a man
of cultivated mind and devoted himself to the education of his
two sons, Marcus, afterwards the orator, and the younger
brother Quintus. For this purpose he removed to the city.
His ambition, like that of every Roman of fortune, was to
have his sons enter politics and so to establish a senatorial
family. He lived to see both of them succeed in this career,
and the elder become one of the most distinguished men in
Rome.
Cicero himself was early stimulated by the success of Marius
and the general atmosphere of Roman ambition to desire a
prominent place in the state.^ His father's connections with
men and women of rank brought the boy into contact with the
great orators M. Antonius and L. Crassus,^ who interested
themselves in his education.* Among his companions were the
sons of Aculeo, Lucius Cicero, his cousin, his intimate friend
Atticus, L. Torquatus, C. Marius the younger, and L. -^lius
Tubero. His instructors were Greeks ; but, as he had already
formed the purpose of attaining office through the power of
oratory, he did not confine himself to theoretical or technical
learning. He frequented the Forum to hear the great orators
of his day, especially Antonius and Crassus, who discoursed
with him on literary subjects, so that they became in a manner
his teachers. He received instruction from Archias*; he
sought the society of L. Accius, the poet, and he studied the
art of delivery in the theatre, becoming intimately acquainted
with the great actors Roscius and ^Esopus. He practised
1 icoKKhv dpurreOeip Kal inrelpoxos l^/JLfiep<u AXXwv. Ad Quintum Fratrem^
iii. 5, 6.
* See p. xxxvii.
* This debt he amply repays by his tribute to them in the De OraUfre.
* See Defence of Archias, ch. L
Life of Cicero, xv
many kinds of composition, but his most important means of
education, as he tells us, was translation from the Greek.
At the age of sixteen (b.c. 90), Cicero received the toga
virilis (the " coming out " of a Roman boy), and from that
time he devoted himself to law and statesmanship as well as
oratory. For this purpose he was put under the charge of
Mucins Scaevola, the augur, and later he attached himself to
the no less celebrated Pontifex of the same name. In b.c. 89
he served one campaign in the army under Cn. Pompeius
Strabo. After this short military experience, he returned with
still greater vigor to his literary and political studies. He
studied philosophy under Phaedrus and Philo, oratory under
Molo of Rhodes, and all the branches of a liberal education
under Diodotus the Stoic.
When about twenty-five years of age, Cicero began his active
career. It was customary to win one's spurs by attacking
some political opponent ; but this was contrary to . Cicero's
pacific nature, and throughout his life he prided himself on
always taking the side of the defence. His first oratorical
efforts have not been preserved to us. The earliest of his
orations which we possess is his defence of P. Quinctius in a
civil action (b.c. 81). This suit involved no political question;
but no case at that time could be entirely free from politics in
one form or another, and nothing is more significant of Cicero^s
character than the skill with which he constantly used political
bias for his client's advantage without seeming to take sides.
To defend Quinctius was a bold undertaking for a young advo-
cate ; for the opposing counsel was the great orator Hortensius,^
backed by powerful influence on behalf of the plaintiff. The
case, too, was a somewhat dry one ; but Cicero's skill as an
advocate is shown by the fact that he raises it above the
ordinary business and technical level into a question of uni-
versal justice and the rights of common humanity.
1 See p. xxxix.
xvi Introdtiction.
Next year occurred the trial of Sextus Roscius of Ameria
for parricide (b.c. 8o), a case growing out of the abuses of
Sulla's dictatorship.^ Cicero showed his courage by under-
taking the defence, and his forensic skill by converting his plea
into a powerful attack on the accusers in the regular manner
of Roman invective. In B.C. 79 he came into still more daring
antagonism with Sulla in the case of a woman of Arretium.
The oration has not come down to us, but from its boldness it
must have added greatly to the orator's fame. The same year
— either on account of his health or, less probably, from fear
of Sulla — he went to Greece and the East to continue his
studies ; for at that time such a journey was like " going to
Europe" among us. He visited the greatest orators, rheto-
ricians, and philosophers of the East, especially at Rhodes,
then a seat of the highest culture. After an absence of two
years, he returned to Rome, with an improved style of oratory,
and again engaged in law cases, in which he had as opponents
his two great rivals Hortensius and Cotta.
II. From the QUiESTORSHiP in Sicily to the Consul-
ship (e.g. 75-64).
In B.C. 76 Cicero began his political career, becoming
candidate for the quaestorship (the lowest grade of the cursus
honorutn)^ while Cotta was candidate for the consulship and
Hortensius for the praetorship. All three were elected, and
Cicero's lot* assigned him to the province of Sicily under
Sextus Peducaeus. It was in this administration that his
ability and honesty gained the favor of the Sicilians, which
gave him the great opportunity of his life in the impeachment
of Verres, in B.C. 70.* This prosecution he undertook in the
interests of his own . ambition, in spite of the fact that the
1 See pp. I, 2, below (Introduction to the Oration).
* See p. lix. « See p. lix. * See pp. 26-28, below.
Life of Cicero, xvii
Senate was as a class on the side of the accused, who was also
supported by many of the most influential men of the state.
But it was, on the other hand, a popular cause, and many of
the most decent of the nobility favored it. The orator's
success, by force of talent and honest industry, against the
tricks of Verres and his counsel Hortensius broke the domina-
tion of this rival in the courts,^ and made Cicero the first
advocate of his time.
In B.C. 69 Cicero became curule aedile, and in B.C. 67 he was
elected praetor with great unanimity. In the latter year began
the agitation for the Manilian Law,^ by his advocacy of which
Cicero endeared himself to the people and gained the favor of
Pompey, whose powerful support was a kind of bulwark against
the envious and exclusive nobility. In his praetorship (e.g.
66) he was allotted to the presidency of the Court for Extor-
tion,* and in this, as in all his public offices, he was honest and
unselfish. During all these years he had continued his career
as an advocate, engaging in such cases as seemed likely to
extend his political influence- and advance him most rapidly in
the regular succession of curule offices. After his praetorship
he refused a province * in order to remain at home and canvass
for his consulship.
III. Consulship (b.c. 63).
For the consulship of b.c. 63 there were six candidates, but
of these only Cicero, Catiline, and C. Antonius were prominent.
The contest was not merely one of personal ambition. The
first and second conspiracies of Catiline, as well as his notorious
' character, could have left no doubt that his aims were treason-
able. Antonius had combined with him for mutual support in
securing election by illegal means, and was himself a weak and
^ See p. 303, below. ^ See p. Ixv, N.i
' See p. 66, below. * See p. Ixi.
xviii Introduction,
unprincipled man. On the other hand, Cicero was a novus
homo^ a champion of the Equites (though without being an
enemy of the senatorial order), and had had an unusually clean
record in his office as well as in the Forum. Thus the cause
of Cicero's ambition was, at the same time, the cause of good
government against both the worthless and debauched members
of the senatorial order on the one hand, and the dregs of the
people on the other. It was also the cause of the great middle
class against the patricians and the official nobility, who were
so entrenched in power that for many years no novus homo had
been elected consul. The success of Cicero unquestionably
prolonged the existence of the already doomed republic.
Antonius, the less dangerous of his two rivals, was elected as
his colleague.
Cicero had now reached the goal for which he had striven
from his earliest youth. His administration is famous for the
overthrow of the Catilinarian conspiracy, which has cast into
obscurity all his other consular acts. These, however, were of
such a character, in relation to "the needs of the times, as to
be unimportant. By birth an eques^ but by virtue of his offices
a member of the senatorial order, Cicero had always been eager
to reconcile and unite these, the two upper classes in Roman
society and politics.* He failed to see that the real needs of
the commonwealth, as well as its real strength, centred in the
interests of the common people. His association with Pompey,
and his own rise in official rank, made him incline more and
more to the side of the Senate, and he seems to have thought
it his mission to restore that body, now thoroughly effete, to
its former purity and political importance. The minor acts of
his administration ^ were dictated by such sentiments as these,
^ See p. 50, below.
* On the strife between the Senate and the Equites^ see p. Ixv.
* Such were his opposition to the agrarian law proposed by the tribune
Rullus, his support of the Lex Roscia, which gave the equites fourteen
rows of seats in the theatre, and his laws against bribery at elections.
Life of Cicero, xix
and are significant only as illustrating his character and
opinions.
The history of Catiline's conspiracy is given in the Intro-
duction to the four Orations against Catiline,* and need not
be repeated here. The conspirators were completely thwarted,
and five of them were, in accordance with a resolution of the
Senate, put to death by the consul without a trial. This victory
was the climax of Cicero's career, and he always regarded it
as one of the greatest of human achievements. In fact, how-
ever, it marked the beginning of his downfall.
IV. Consulship to Banishment (b.c. 63-58).
The execution of the conspirators without the forms of law
was a blunder, and grievously did Cicero answer for it. He
had distinctly violated the constitution, and thus he had laid
himself open to the attacks of his enemies. At the end of his
consulate, one of the tribunes, Q. Metellus Nepos, prevented
him from making the customary speech to the people ** because
he had put to death Roman citizens without a trial." The next
year, when he was defending P. Sulla, the accuser (L. Torqua-
tus) upbraided him as a tyrant, "the third foreign king of
Rome." A year later P. Clodius ^ began to speak of him in
the same terms. Clodius, indeed, continued to pursue him till
he accomplished his banishment and the confiscation of his
property. Almost the whole time from his consulship till the
year of his banishment was spent in seeking support against
his enemies. He attached himself more closely to Pompey,
and pleaded causes of all kinds to win friends, but his efforts
were useless.
In B.C. 60 Roman politics took a turn extremely unfavorable
to Cicero. Pompey, who on his return from the East had been
^ See pp. 98, 113, 126, 141, below.
* For the character of Clodius, see p. 169, below.
XX Introduction,
unfairly treated by the extreme senatorial party, allied himself
with the democratic leaders, Caesar and Crassus, in a coalition
often called the First Triumvirate. As a result, the Senate
became for a time almost powerless, and everything was in the
hands of the popular party. The next year, Caesar, as consul,
procured the passage of an iniquitous law for dividing the
fertile and populous territory of Campania among needy citi-
zens of Rome. Cicero refused to serve on the board appointed
to execute this law. Thus he not only exasperated the mob, but
brought down upon himself the resentment of the triumvirs, who,
though two of them, Caesar and Pompey, still professed to be
his personal friends, refused to protect him against the attacks
of his enemies. Accordingly, in B.C. 58, Clodius, then tribune,^
brought forward a law that whoever had put to death a Roman
citizen, without trial, "should be denied the use of fire and
water " (the Roman formula for banishment). This bill was
obviously aimed at Cicero's action in the case of the Catilina-
rians. Cicero at once took alarm, and after appealing in vain
to the consuls of the year, L. Calpurnius Piso and A. Gabi-
nius, as well as to Pompey, left Rome about March 20, just as
the affair was coming to blows. Immediately after his depart-
ure, Clodius procured the passage of a special bill against him,
forbidding him, by name, the use of fire or water anywhere
within four hundred miles of Rome. At the same time his
house on the Palatine ^ and his Tusculan ^ villa were pillaged
and destroyed by a mob. Upon receiving news of these pro-
ceedings, Cicero prepared to leave Italy altogether. He
embarked from Brundisium, April 29, and arrived at Thessa-
1 In order to be eligible for this ofl&ce, Clodius, by birth a patrician, had
procured his adoption into a plebeian family. His express purpose in the
whole transaction was to accomplish the ruin of Cicero. For the cause
of his animosity, see note on Defence of Milo, sect. 13 (p. 176, L 14).
2 See note on Cat. i., sect, i, p. 99, 1. 4.
• Cf. note on Plunder of Syracuse, sect. 12, p. 54, 1. 27.
Life of Cicero. xxi
lonica on the 23d of May.^ Here he remained as the guest of
his friend Plancius, then quaestor of Macedonia, until Novem-
ber, when he removed to Dyrrachium, His friends at Rome
were constantly agitating for his recall, but without success.
The next year, however, B.C. 57, it suited the designs of
Pompey, then once more inclining to the senatorial party, to
allow his return. His influence with the nobility as well as
with the equestrian order, was a point to be secured in the
great game of politics. On the ist of January, the consul L.
Cornelius Lentulus Spinther brought forward a bill for his
recall. This was vetoed by a tribune. Other attempts were
made by his friends, which resulted only in riot and disorder.
Finally, partly through the efforts of T. Annius Milo, who met
the violence of Clodius with opposing violence, partly through
the partisanship of Pompey and the Senate, which brought to
the city the citizens of the Municipia and the Italian colonies
("the country members"),^ a law was passed, Aug. 4, b.c. 57,
revoking the decree of exile. Cicero arrived in Rome Septem-
ber 4. His journey through Italy was like a continuous trium-
phal procession, and to his exalted imagination, freedom, which
had departed with him, was now returned to Rome. But in
fact his restoration had been merely a piece of selfish policy
on the part of the great leaders. He remained the most con-
summate rhetorician of all time, but his prominence in the state
was gone forever. He had never been a statesman, and now
he had not the chance to be even a politician.
1 For the exact chronology of Cicero's flight, see C. L. Smith, Harvard
Studies in Classical Philology, VII. 65 ff.
2 See p. liiL
xxii Introductiofi.
V. From Cicero's Recall to the Breaking out of the
Civil War (b.c. 56-49).
Upon his return he delivered two famous speeches ^ (one in
the Senate and one before the people), in which he thanked
the state for restoring him, and lauded Pompey to the skies.
The " triumvirs *' were still all-powerful at Rome, and Cicero,
like the rest, was forced to conform to their wishes and designs.
In this same year he proposed a measure which gave Pompey
extraordinary powers over the provincial grain market, for the
purpose of securing the city against scarcity of provisions.
Next year (b.c. 56) he spoke strongly in favor of continuing
Caesar's proconsular authority in Gaul.^ With Crassus, the
third " triumvir," Cicero had never been on good terms, but, at
the request of the other two triumvirs, he became reconciled
with him in B.C. 55, shortly before the latter set out on his
fatal expedition against the Parthians.
During these years, becoming less and less important in
politics, Cicero began to devote himself more to literature, and
wrote the De Oratore, the Republic, and the treatise De Legibus,
He also continued his activity at the bar on his own behalf and
that of his friends, as well as at the request of the powerful
leaders. He secured the restoration of his property,* and
defended Sestius,* who had been active in his recall. Toward
the end of this period he also defended Milo for the murder of
Clodius.* His defence of Gabinius and Vatinius (b.c. 54),
creatures of Pompey and Caesar respectively, was less honor-
able to him ; but he was hardly a free agent in these matters.
" I am distressed," he writes to his brother Quintus, " I am
1 Post Reditum : i. (in Senatu) ; ii. {ad Quirites).
2 See the oration De Consularibus Provinciis.
* Pro Domo Sua (B.C. 57).
* Pro P. Sestioy on a charge of assault (B.C. 56).
* B.C. 52. For the circumstances, see pp. 169, 170, below.
Life of Cicero. xxiii
distressed that there is no longer any government nor any
courtSj and that this time of my life, which ought to be brilliant
with the prestige of a Senator, is either worn out in the labors
of the Forum, or made endurable by literature at home. Of
my enemies, some I do not oppose, and others I even defend.
I am not only not free to think as I will, but not even to hate
as I will." ^
The disturbances following the death of Clodius led to the
appointment of Pompey as consul without colleague^ (practi-
cally dictator), in B.C. 52. One of his acts was to pass a law
postponing the provincial administration of consuls and prae-
tors until five years after their year of office. The interval
was to be filled by such former magistrates as had never held
a province. Among these was Cicero, who therefore had to
submit to the lot. He drew Cilicia, in which an inroad of
the Parthian s was expected.
About May i, B.C. 51, he set out for this province. His
administration was in accord with the principles expressed in
his writings, — clean and honest, — a thing worthy of notice in
an age of corruption and greed. He had the good fortune to
escape the test of a formidable war, but he was successful in
overcoming some tribes of plundering mountaineers. For this
he was hailed as imperator, according to custom, and he even
hoped for the honor of a triumph, the highest conventional
distinction which a Roman could obtain. He returned to
Rome late in B.C. 50, and was still endeavoring to secure per-
mission . to celebrate his triumph ' when the great Civil War
between Caesar and Pompey broke out (b.c. 49).
^ Ad Quintum Fratreniy iii. 5 (6).
* See p. 170, below.
• These efforts were unsuccessfuL
xxiv Introduction.
VI. From the Beginning of the Civil War to the
Murder of CiESAR (b.c. 49-44).
Cicero was now in a very difficult position. It became
necessary for every man of importance to take sides ; yet he
could not see his way clear to join either party. For some
time he vacillated, while both Caesar and Pompey made earnest
efforts to secure his support. His great hope was to mediate
between them ; and, after Pompey had left Italy, he remained
behind with this end in view. Finally, however, he decided
for Pompey as the champion of the senatorial party, and set
out, though with great reluctance, to join him at Dyrrachium
(June II, B.C. 49). In the camp he found things even worse
than he had expected, and he gave up the cause of the Repub-
lic for lost.^ On account of illness he was not present at the
Battle of Pharsalia (Aug. 9, e.g. 48). After the fate of the
contest was decided, he refused to continue the struggle or to
follow the adherents of the lost cause to Africa, but returned
to Italy (September, b.c. 48), to make terms with the conqueror.
He remained at Brundisium until Caesar's return from Egypt in
September, b.c. 47, when he at once sought an interview.
Caesar received him with great kindness and respect, and
allowed him once more to return to Rome.
From this time until the assassination of Caesar in B.c. 44,
Cicero remained for the most part in retirement at his Tusculan
villa, absorbed in literary pursuits, though in B.C. 46 he
delivered his Oration for Marcellus ^ (remarkable for its praise of
Caesar), and his Defence of Ligarius^ and, in the following year,
his Defence of King Deiotarus of Galatia, charged with attempt-
ing the murder of Caesar. The chief literary fruits of this
period of leisure were three works on oratory {De Claris Orato-
1 See the passages from Cicero's letters quoted in note to The Pardon
of Marcellus, sect. 16 (p. 219, 1. 4).
2 See pp. 213 ff., below. * See pp. 225 ff., below.
Life of Cicero. xxv
fibusy Orator^ and De Partitione Oratorio), and several philo-
sophic works {De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, Academica,
Tusculanae Quaesiiones, De Natura Deorum, De Senectute),
Meantime his domestic relations were far from happy. In
B.C. 46 he had divorced his wife Terentia and married his rich
young ward Publilia, from whom, however, he separated in the
following year. In B.C. 45 his daughter Tullia died suddenly.
Cicero was tenderly attached to her, and it was in part as a
distraction from his grief that he wrote some of the works just
mentioned. He now seemed to be thoroughly given over to a
life of dignified literary retirement, when the murder of Caesar
(March 15, e.g. 44) once more plunged the state into a condi-
tion of anarchy.
VII. From the Murder of CiESAR to the Death of Cicero
(B.C. 44-43)-
Though Cicero had no share in the conspiracy against
Caesar, his sympathy was counted on by Brutus and Cassius,
and he hailed the death of the Dictator as the restoration of
the republic. But the conspirators had made no adequate pro-
vision for carrying oh the government, and Cicero soon felt that
his hopes were doomed to disappointment. Bitterly cliagrined
by the disorderly scenes that followed, he retired once more
to the country,^ and in July, B.C. 44, set out for a journey to
Greece, but, changing his plans in consequence of better news
from Rome, he returned to the city in the following month.
The chief power was now in the hands of the surviving consul,
Mark Antony, whose principal rival was Octavianus (afterwards
the Emperor Augustus), Caesar^s adopted son.^ Cicero appeared
1 About this time were written the De Divinationey De Fato^ De
Amicitiaj and De Officiis,
2 For further details see Introduction to the Fourteenth Philippic^ pp.
239-241, below.
xxvi Introduction,
again in the Senate and began his celebrated series of ora-
tions against Antony with the First Philippic (Sept. 2). Once
more he took an active part in politics, apparently assuming
his old position as leader, and speaking with all the charm and
effectiveness of his earlier days. But he had fallen upon evil
times ; arms could no longer yield to the gown, and it soon
became clear that there could be no peace except by the com-
plete victory of a single aspirant for the supremacy.
Octavianus at first joined with the Senate against Antony,
but he soon broke with the constitutional authorities, and, in
B.C. 43, formed with Antony and Lepidus the coalition known
as the Second Triumvirate. A merciless proscription at once
began. Octavianus had every reason to be grateful to Cicero,
but he was of a cold and ungenerous nature, and when Antony
demanded his death he made no objection. Cicero's name was
accordingly placed on the list of proscribed citizens. Cicero
was at this time at his Tusculan villa. He made a half-hearted
attempt to escape from Italy, but was overtaken near his villa
at Formiae by the soldiers of the triumvirs, and met his death
with firmness (Dec. 7, B.C. 43). Antony satisfied his hatred
by indignities to the mangled remains.
The career of Cicero is a remarkable example of a sudden
rise, followed by an utter collapse and fall. His rise was the
natural result of his own ability, industry, and ambition ; his
fall was as naturally caused by his defects, coupled with his
good qualities, — a mixture that produced a certain weakness
of character. Had he been less timid or less scrupulous, or,
on the other hand, had he been more far-sighted, he might have
remained on the pedestal to which he was proud to have raised
himself and on which he was ambitious to stand. But the
times needed a different kind of man, and others, far less worthy,
but able and willing to cope with the contending forces in the
state, supplanted him. One quality was particularly instru'
mental both in his rise and his fall. He excelled in forcible
Works of Cicero. xxvii
and witty abuse. He dearly loved a bitter jest, and he lived
among a people that were constitutionally inclined to abusive
language. No doubt it was this talent for invective that made
him popular when it happened to be directed in accordance
with the people's taste. But it also alienated his friends, and
embittered his enemies. He was called a Scurra and a Cynic,
and it was perhaps a pun that cost him the favor of Octavianus ;
certainly it was his abuse of Antony and Fulvia that cost him
his life. But he was the first orator of all time, a literary worker
of the rarest gifts, and according to his lights a lover and
servant of the state.
The following list gives the titles and subjects of all of
Cicero's orations (except fragments) which have survived :
B.C. 8i. Pro P. QuiNCTio : Defence of Quinctius in a prosecution
by Sex. Naevius, to recover the profits of a partnership in some land
in Gaul, inherited from his brother C. Quinctius.
B.C. 80. Pro Sex. Roscio Amerind : Defence of Roscius on a
charge of parricide brought by Erucius as professional prosecutor, at
the instigation of Chrysqgonus.
B.C. 76 Q). Pro Q. Roscio Comoedo : Defence of the actor Ros-
cius from the claim of C. Fannius Chaerea to half the profits of certain
lands taken as the value of a slave held by them in partnership, and
killed by C. Flavius.
B.C. 72 (or 71). Pro M. Tullio : Plea for damages for an assault
made by a rival claimant on Tullius' estate.
B.C. 70. In Caecilium (" Divinatio ") : Plea on the technical right
of Cicero to conduct the prosecution against Verres.
In C. Verrem ; Impeachment of Verres for plunder and
oppression in Sicily. Six Orations. — (i ) The general charge Q^ Actio
Prima ") ; (2) De Praetura Urbana : earlier political crimes of
Verres ; (3) De Jurisdictione Siciliana: his administration in Sicily ;
(4) De Frumento : peculation and fraud as to the supplies of grain ;
xxviii Introduction,
(5) De Signis ; the plunder of works of art ; (6) De Suppliciis :
cruelties of his government.
B.C. 69. Pro M. FoNTEio : Defence of Fonteius' administration
of Gaul during Pompey's campaign against Sertorius, about B.C. 75.
Pro A. Caecina : Defence against iCbutius of Caecina's
right to an estate received by inheritance from his wife Caesennia,
widow of a rich money-lender, M. Fulcinius.
B.C. 66. Pro Lege Manilia, vel De Imperio Cn. Pompei :
Defence of the proposal of Manilius to invest Pompey with the
command of the war against Mithridates.
Pro A. Cluentio Habito : Defence of Cluentius against
the charge of poisoning his stepfather Oppianicus, brought by the
younger Oppianicus, instigated by Sassia, the mother of Cluentius.
B.C. 63. De Lege Agraria : Against the Agrarian Law of Rullus.
Three orations : the first delivered in the Senate and the others before
the people.
Pro C. Rabirio : Defence of Rabirius on the charge of
killing Saturninus, about B.C. 100.
In L. Catilinam : On the Conspiracy of Catiline. Four
orations : the first and last delivered in the Senate, the second and
third before the people.
Pro L. MuRENA : Defence of Murena on a charge of
bribery brought by Sulpicius, the defeated candidate for the con-
sulship. (Following previous orations on the same side by Hortensius
and Crassus.)
B.C. 62. Pro P. CoRNELio SuLLA : Defence of Sulla from the
charge of sharing in Catiline's conspiracy.
Pro A. LiciNio Archia ; Defence of the claim of the poet
Archias to Roman citizenship.
B.C. 59. Pro L. Valeric Flacco : Defence of Flaccus on a
charge of maladministration as propraetor in Asia.
B.C. 57. Post Reditum : Thanks for Cicero's recall from exile.
Two orations : (i) /« Senatu j {2) Ad Quirites,
Pro DoMO Sua : Appeal to the pontifices against the alien-
ation of Cicero's estate by Clodius.
De Haruspicum Respqnsis : Invective against the impieties
of Clodius,
Works of Cicero, xxix
B.C. 56. Pro P. Sestio : Defence of Sestius, a partisan of Cicero,
on a charge of assault, the attack having been made on Sestius by
the dependants and partisans of Clodius.
In P. Vatinium (" Interrogatio ") : A personal attack on
Vatinius, one of the witnesses against Sestius.
Pro M. Caelio : Defence of the character of Caelius (a
dissolute young friend of Cicero) against a vindictive charge of
stealing and poisoning, brought by Atratinus, at the instigation
of Clodia.
De Provinciis Consularibus : Advocating the recall of
Piso and Gabinius, and the retaining of Caesar in the proconsulate
of GauL
Pro CoRNELio Balbo : Defence of Balbus (a citizen of
Gades) in his right of Roman citizenship, granted by Pompey.
B.C. 55. In L. Calpurnium Pisonem : Retaliation for an attack
made by Piso after his return from the proconsulate of Macedonia.
B.C. 54. Pro Cn. Plancio : Defence of Plancius on the charge of
corrupt political bargaining, brought by M. Junius Laterensis, the
defeated candidate for aedile.
Pro C. Rabirio Postumo : Defence of Rabirius, in a prose-
cution to recover money alleged to have been received from Ptolemy,
King of Egypt, in corrupt partnership with Gabinius.
B.C. 52. Pro T. Annio Milone : Defence of Milo on the charge
of the murder of Clodius.
B.C. 46. Pro M. Marcello : Speech of thanks to Caesar for the
pardon of Marcellus.
Pro Q. Ligario : Petition of pardon for Ligarius, charged
with conducting the war in Africa against Caesar.
B.C. 45. Pro Rege Deiotaro : Defence of Deiotarus, King of
Galatia, charged with attempting the murder of Caesar.
B.C. 44-43. In M. Antonium : Orationes Philippicae XIV. —
B.C. 44. (i) (Sept. 2) Reply to an invective of Antony : exhortation
to the consuls Antony and Dolabella ; (2) Reply to a bitterer invec-
tive : a review of Antony's public and private life ; (3) (Dec. 20)
Urging the support of Octavianus (Augustus) and D. Brutus against
Antony, now in Hither Gaul ; (4) (Dec. 20) Exposition to the people
of the acts of the Senate, and praise of D. Brutus, B.C. 43 ; (5) (Jan.
XXX Introdtu^tion.
i) Protest against treating with Antony : he should be declared a
public enemy ; (6) (Jan. 4) Appeal to the people : the embassy to
Antony would be in vain ; (7) (end of January) Protest against those
who clamored for peace : Antony must not be suffered to escape ; (8)
(February) The war against hnXony \^ justum bellum: his partisans
should be required to submit before the ist of March ; (9) (February)
Eulogy of Sulpicius, who had died while on the mission to Antony ;
(10) (February) Thanks to Pansa, and praise of M. Brutus; (11)
(about March) That Asia should be assigned to Cassius, to conduct
the war against Trebonius ; (12) (about March) Declining to serve,
with P. Servilius, on an embassy to Antony; (13) (March 20) There
can be no peace with Antony : praise of Sex. Pompey ; (14) (April
22) Thanksgiving proposed, and honors to the dead, after the defeat
of Antony at Bononia.
The titles of Cicero's other writings (exclusive of ^ome frag-
ments and lost works) are as follows :
B.C.
(?) Phaenomena. (Translation from Aratus, in verse.)
84. De Inventione Rhetorica, 2 Books.i
1 The Rhetorica ad C. Herennium (in four Books), once ascribed to
Cicero, is certainly not from his hand.
55. De Orator e, 3 Books.
54-52. De Re Publica.
52 (and later). De Legibus.
46. De Claris Oratoribus {Brutus),
46. Paradox A. (A treatment of six Stoic paradoxes in the manner
of that school.)
46. Orator.
46 (or 45). De Partitions Oratoria.
45. De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, 5 Books. (On the ulti-
mate foundations of ethics.)
45. Academica, 2 Books. (Defence of the philosophy of the New
Academy.)
45-44. TuscuLANAE Quaestiones, 5 Books. (Incidental questions
concerning ethics.)
Chronological Table, xxxi
45 (or 44). Timaeus. (Free translation from Plato.)
45-44. De Natura Deorum, 3 Books.
45 (or 44). De Senectute (jCato Major),
44. De Divinatione, 2 Books.
44. De Fato.
44. TOPICA.
44. De Amicitia (Laelius).
44. De Officiis, 3 Books. (A treatise on practical ethics.)
44 (.?). De Optimo Genere Oratorum. (On the Attic and the
Asiatic style.)
62-43. Epistolaead Familiares {Ad Diversos), 16 Books.
60-54. " AD QuiNTUM Fratrem, 3 Books.
68-43. " AD Atticum, 16 Books.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
B.C.
106. Birth of Cicero (Jan. 3). Birth of Pompey (Sept. 30).
Marius finishes the Jugurthine War.
102. Birth of Quintus Cicero. The Teutones defeated by Marius
at Aquae Sextiae.
1 01. The Cimbri defeated by Marius at Vercellae.
100 (perhaps 102). Birth of Caesar (July 12).
99. Death of Saturninus and Glaucia.
91. Murder of M. Livius Drusus. Social (or Marsic) War begins.
90. Cicero assumes the toga virilis.
89. Cicero serves under Cn. Pompeius Strabo in the Social War.
Z%, First Civil War begins. Flight of Marius. First Mithridatic
War begins (ends 84). Massacre of Roman citizens by
Mithridates. Sulla leaves Rome for the East.
ZT, Conflict between Cinna and Octavius. Marius returns to Rome.
Massacre of the senatorial party.
86. Marius consul for the seventh time. Death of Marius. Rome
in the hands of Cinna.
84. Sulla ends the First Mithridatic War. Murder of Cinna.
83. Sulla returns to Italy. Second Mithridatic War (ends 82).
82. Sulla overthrows the Marian party. The Proscription (ends
June I, 81). Sulla appointed Dictator.
xxxii Introduction.
B.C
8i. Reforms of Sulla : the courts reorganized, etc. Cicero's De-
fence of P. Quinctius (his first extant oration).
80. Sulla's constitution goes into effect. The courts re-opened.
Cicero's Defence of Roscius of Ameria. Pompey celebrates
his first triiunph.
79. Sulla resigns the dictatorship. Cicero goes to Greece.
78. Cicero in Athens and Asia. Death of Sulla. Civil War of
Lepidus and Catulus.
77. Cicero returns from Greece. He marries Terentia (perhaps
earlier).
76. War with Sertorius (ends 72).
75. Cicero quaestor in Sicily.
74. Third Mithridatic War begins. Lucullus goes to the East.
Cicero returns from Sicily to Rome.
73. War with Spartacus (ends with the death of Spartacus, 71).
Successes of Lucullus against Mithridates.
72. End of the Sertorian War in Spain (Pompey defeats
Perperna).
70. First consulship of Pompey and Crassus. Cicero's Impeach-
ment of Verres. Courts restored to the equites. Tribuni-
cian power re-established.
69. Cicero curule aedile. Lucullus defeats Tigranes at Tigranocerta.
65. Successes of Mithridates against the lieutenants of Lucullus.
67. Glabrio appointed to supersede Lucullus. Gabinian Law.
Pompey takes command against the Pirates.
66. Cicero praetor. His Defence of Cluentius. The Piratic War
successfully ended by Pompey. Manilian Law (advocated
by Cicero). Pompey takes command against Mithridates.
65. Birth of Cicero's only son, Marcus. First Conspiracy of Cati-
line.
63. Cicero and C. Antonius consuls. Second Conspiracy of Cati-
line suppressed. Four Orations against Catiline. Birth of
Augustus (Sept. 23).
62. Return of Pompey from the East. Cicero's Defence of Archias.
61. Trial of Clodius for violating the mysteries. Cicero's strife
with him in the Senate.
Chronological Table, xxxiii
60. The First Triumvirate (coalition of Caesar, Pompey, and
Crassus).
59. First consulship of Caesar (with Bibulus). Clodius is chosen
tribune.
58. Tribunate of Clodius. His legislation. Cicero driven into
exile. Beginning of Caesar's conquest of Gaul (finished in
51).
57. Cicero recalled from exile (law passed Aug. 4).
56. Cicero's Defence of Sestius.
55. Second consulship of Pompey and Crassus. Caesar's command
in Gaul renewed. His first invasion of Britain.
54. Caesar's second invasion of Britain.
53. Cicero made augur. Crassus and his army destroyed by the
Parthians (Battle of Carrhae).
52. Clodius killed (Jan. 20). Burning of the Senate-house. Pom-
pey elected consul without colleague (Feb. 25). Cicero's
Defence of Milo.
51. Cicero proconsul in Cilicia. His successful campaign against
the mountaineers.
50. Cicero returns to Italy.
49. Caesar crosses the Rubicon. Beginning of the Great Civil
War (ends 46). Cicero's efforts for peace. Pompey retires
to Epirus, where Cicero joins him. Caesar acquires Spain.
Caesar dictator.
48. Battle of Pharsalia. Death of Pompey. Caesar in Africa
(Alexandrine War). Caesar re-appointed dictator.
47. Caesar returns to Rome. He pardons Cicero. He sails for
Africa against the Pompeians.
46. Battle of Thapsus. Cato kills himself at Utica. Caesar
returns to Rome, undisputed master of the Empire. He is
made dictator for ten years. His reform of the calendar.
Revolt of the sons of Pompey in Spain. Cicero divorces
Terentia and marries Publilia. Cicero's Oration for Mar-
cellus ; for Ligarius.
45. Caesar defeats the sons of Pompey (Battle of M unda). Death
of Cicero's daughter, TuUia. Tusculan Questions, etc.
xxxiv Introduction,
B.C.
Cicero divorces Publilia. Caesar appointed dictator for ten
years.
44. Caesar appointed dictator for life. Assassination of Caesar
(March 15). Octavianusin Rome. Struggle between Mark
Antony and the Senate begins. Cicero's first four Philip-
pics (against Antony).
43. Cicero's Philippics V.-XIV. The Mutina War. The Second
Triumvirate (Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus). Proscrip-
tion. Murder of Cicero (Dec. 7).
42. Battle of Philippi.
II. ROMAN ORATORY.
From the earliest times of which we have historical know-
ledge, up to the establishment of the Empire as the result of
Civil War, the constitution of Rome was republican, in so far
that all laws were passed and all magistrates elected by a vote
of all the citizens. The principle of ** representation," how-
ever, which to us seems inseparable from republican institu-
tions, was unknown to the Romans. All laws were passed,
and all officers were elected, at what we should call a mass
meeting of the entire body of citizens, convened at the central
seat of government. The absence of newspapers, also, made
a distinct difference between ancient political conditions, and
those of our own times. Conversation and public addresses
were the only means of disseminating political ideas. And
even the scope of public addresses was much limited; for
meetings could be called by a magistrate only, and could be
addressed by only such persons as the presiding magistrate
would permit. Obviously, under such a rkgime, public speak-
ing, which even now has a distinct potency in state affairs,
must have been far more efficacious as a political instrument
than it is to-day.
To this must be added the fact that under Roman polity
Roman Oratory, xxxv
the only means of socta/ advancement was success in 2l political
career. The Senate, the Roman peerage/ consisted practically
only of persons who had been elected to one or more of the
three graded magistracies, quaestorship, praetorship, consulship
(the cursus honorum)? Hence every ambitious Roman, of high
or low estate, had to become a politician and follow the
regular course of office-holding. The curule magistrates were
at once generals, judges, and statesmen. To achieve success,
therefore, a politician had to show ability in all of these direc-
tions. Occasionally, to be sure, a man succeeded by virtue
of a single talent, — like Marius, who owed his advancement
solely to his valor and military skill ; but such instances were
rare. Next to military fame, the strongest recommendation to
the favor of the people was oratorical ability. Then, as now,
the orator's power to move the multitude in public affairs was
the readiest means of advancement. Further, political prosecu-
tions, and private suits prompted by political motives, were of
the commonest occurrence, and these afforded an eloquent
advocate abundant opportunity to make himself known and to
secure the favor of large bodies of supporters. Again, the
Senate was a numerous and somewhat turbulent body, always
more or less divided in a partisan sense ; and, though it had
no legislative functions, it still exercised a very strong influence
on politics. To be able to sway this large assembly by force
of oratory was of great moment to an aspiring Roman. Finally,
though the contention for office ceased with the consulship,
there still continued among the consulares, who formed almost
a distinct class in society and public life, a vehement rivalry
to be regarded as the leading man in the state.* For all these
reasons, the art of oratory was perhaps more highly esteemed
and of greater practical value in the later period of the Roman
Republic than at any other time in the history of the world.
1 See p. 1. 2 See p. liv.
* See p. 473, below (note on p. 248, 1. 13).
xxxvi Introdt^ction,
But even from the very establishment of the commonwealth,
oratory was highly prized, and Cicero gives a long roll of
distinguished orators from the First Secession of the Plebs
(B.C. 494) to his own time. The most eminent of those whose
art was still uninfluenced by Greek rhetoric, was Cato the
Censor (died b.c. 149), who may be called the last of the
natural Roman orators. His speeches are lost, but more than
a hundred and fifty of them were known to Cicero, who praises
them as acutae, elegantes , facetae, breves.
It was in Cato's lifetime that the introduction of Greek art
and letters into Rome took place ; and oratory, like all other
forms of literature, felt the new influence at once. The
oration, though still valued most for its effectiveness, soon
came to be looked on as an artistic work as well. The begin-
ning of this tendency is seen in Ser. Sulpicius Galba (consul
B.C. 144) and M. Lepidus (consul b.c. 137). Galba, in the words
of Cicero, " was the first of the Latins to employ the peculiar
arts of the orator, — digressions to introduce ornament, the
art of captivating the minds of his hearers, of moving them
with passion, of exaggerating a case, of appealing to pity, and
the art of introducing commonplaces} It was in Lepidus, how-
ever, that the full effect of Greek art first manifested itself,
not to such a degree as to destroy originality, but sufficiently
to foster native talent and develope a truly national school of
speaking. Cicero, who had many of his orations, declares
that he was " the first Roman orator to show Greek smooth-
ness and the unity of the period." ^ His influence was particu-
larly felt by C. Papirius Carbo (consul b.c. 120), the best
advocate of his time, Tiberius Gracchus, the illustrious tribune,
and Caius Gracchus, his younger brother. Of the last men-
tioned, Cicero speaks with great admiration as a man ** of sur-
1 That is, digressions on general subjects which would fit any particular
oration when a point of the kind arose.
* For the Latin period, see p. xlvL
Roman Oratory. xxxvii
passing genius" and of unequalled excellence, whose early
death was a heavy loss to Latin literature.*
In the generation immediately preceding Cicero, in which
oratory was enthusiastically cultivated and carried to a high
pitch of perfection, two figures tower above all others, Marcus
Antonius (the grandfather of Mark Antony) and L. Crassus.
Both were Cicero's masters in his youth,* and he finds it hard
to prefer one to the other ; but, on the whole, he seems to regard
Crassus as the greater orator. "The lofty earnestness and
dignity of his nature were relieved by the brightest humor and
the wittiest vein of genius. His diction was as choice and
elegant as it was free and unaffected, and with the mastery of
tasteful exposition he united the clearest logical development
of thought"'
Crassus appears in the De Oratore as the exponent of
Cicero's own views of the aim, function, appointments, and
preparation of the orator. To Crassus the orator was no mere
handicraftsman, confined to manipulating juries and popular
assemblies, but statesman and philosopher as well, requiring
for his equipment all the knowledge that could be gained on
the highest subjects that interest mankind. He was himself
familiar with all the ancient systems of philosophy as expounded
by the wise from Plato to Diodorus, and had discussed the
nature and functions of oratory with the philosophers of his
time in person at Athens. This ideal of the orator, contrasted
with Cato's definition vir bonus dicendi peritus, shows the
* A little fragment of one of his speeches became classic at Rome and
used to be learned by heart. " Wretched man that I am ! Whither shall
I go ? In what direction shall I turn ? To the Capitol ? But it is reeking
with the blood of my brother. To my home ? To see there my mother
crushed with grief and lamentation?" — "These words," says Cicero,
** were delivered in such a way, by the help of eyes, voice, and gesture, that
even his enemies could not restrain their tears.**
* See p. xiv.
* Cicero's testimony, as summed up by Piderit.
xxxviii Introdtiction.
advance of the art as such between the earliest times and
those of Cicero.
Yet in the Roman orations, addressed as they were to an
intensely practical people, matter had always been more
attended to than manner, effective force than artistic elegance.
Even Cicero himself, in his public addresses, conceals, and
even disparages, his knowledge of Greek art, philosophy, and
literature. But in his time the study of oratory as an art began
to be pursued for a definite end, — the acquiring of a distinct
style. And in this study two different styles offered them-
selves to the choice of the aspiring young Roman, — namely,
the Asiatic and the Attic,
The precise difference between the two styles cannot be
exactly determined ; but from the middle of the first century
B.C., both were advocated and practised by enthusiastic parti-
sans in a controversy like that between realism and romanti-
cism, or Wagnerism and classicism.
It would seem, in a general way, that Atticism stood for
directness, force, and naturalness, while Asiaticism (or Asian-
ism) represented display and affectation in all its forms.
Cicero says in one place,^ " The styles of Asiatic oratory are
two, — one epigrammatic and pointed, full of fine ideas which
are not so weighty and serious as neat and graceful ; the other
with not so many sententious ideas, but voluble and hurried in
its flow of language, and marked by an ornamented and elegant
diction." From these hints, as well as from the practice of
imperial times (in which this style had full sway), we may
gather that the " Asiatic " orators sought the applause of the
audience and a reputation for smartness, and were overstrained
and artificial.^
About Cicero's time a reaction had set in, and a school had
^ Brutus, xcv, 325.
2 This Asiatic oratory was the decayed development of the highly orna-
mented style cultivated by Isocrates (B.C. 436-338).
Roman Oratory. xxxix
arisen which called itself Attic, and attempted to return to the
simplicity of Xenophon and Lysias. But in avoiding the East-
ern exaggeration, it had fallen into a meagreness and baldness
very different from the direct force of Demosthenes. Probably
this tendency was really no more sincere than the other, for
both styles alike aimed to excite the admiration of the hearer
rather than to influence his mind or feelings by the effective
presentation of ideas.
Hortensius, the great contemporary and rival of Cicero, was
a special example of the Asiatic school. He was a somewhat
effeminate person, with a dandified air both in composition and
delivery. '* His voice," we read, " was resonant and sweet, his
motions and gestures had even more art than is suitable for an
orator." ^
The extreme Attic school was represented by C. Licinius
Calvus.^ " Though he handled his style with knowledge and
good taste," writes Cicero, " yet being too critical of himself,
and fearing to acquire unhealthy force, he lost even real vital-
ity. Accordingly, his speaking, repressed by too great scrupu-
lousness, was brilliant to the learned and those who listened
to him attentively, but by the crowd and the Forum it was
swallowed like a pill." *
It is important to settle Cicero's own position in this con-
test. He himself fancied that he followed the true and best
form of Atticism. We see by his oratorical works that his
ideas were formed on the best models ; that he was familiar
with all the rhetorical systems of the Greeks of the best period,
and fully appreciated all the excellencies of the earlier Roman
orators, as well as the simplicity and directness of Demos-
thenes. But taste had declined, and everything had to be
overdone to satisfy the public. Cicero seems to have taken a
1 Brutus^ xcv, 326.
^ Bom May 28, B.C. 82 ; died before B.C. 47*
• Brutus y Ixxxii, 284.
xl Introduction.
middle course, following the style of the Rhodian school, a
branch or outgrowth of the Asiatic, with strong Attic tendencies.
It professed to abhor the luxuriance and affectation of Asian-
ism and to aim at the old directness and true feeling; but
Cicero was assailed in his own time for exaggeration, false
pathos, and artificial rhetoric, such as were characteristic of
Asianism. Nor could we expect anything else. He could
not restore a style which the age could not appreciate, nor
rise to a height for which his native genius was insufficient.
With him, however, Latin oratory reached the acme of its
development.
Immediately after Cicero, came the Empire with its suppres-
sion of free thought, and in this the extreme style of Asiatic
exaggeration and posing became the rage. Many literary men
endeavored to stem this tide, but in vain. The younger Pliny
attempted to take Cicero as his model, but the only oration of
his that we possess is merely a fulsome rhetorical exercise.
Quintilian wrote a treatise on the education of the orator, full
of sound learning and good sense. Oratory was the favorite
study of all literary men, and even emperors entered the lists
to contend for pre-eminence. But "art for art's sake" had
become the aim in literature generally ; and oratory, now
divorced from real feeling, could not but end in affected
brilliancy and false emotion, such as mark all we know of
later Roman work.
Before the Romans came into contact with Greek oratory,
that art had been reduced to a very elaborate and even pedantic
science. All the principles by which a public speaker could
proceed had been formulated into rules which even to this
day, with or without the speaker's knowledge, guide all discus-
sion. Without going into the minute details of the system,
one may well notice the scientific principles which had been
carefully mastered by Cicero, and which formed the basis of
his skill as an orator.
Roman Oratory. xli
Naturally the first matter to be attended to was the settle-
ment of the question at issue {constitutio causae). As the
ancient science of rhetoric had to do with discourse of every
kind, all questions that might arise were divided into two
classes : those whose discussion was directed to acquiring
knowledge merely {guaestiones cognitionis), and those directed
to determining what action should be taken as the result of
the enquiry {quaestiones aciionis). With the former we have
nothing to do here. They are confined to philosophical dis-
cussion only, and the orations of Cicero are all on practical
subjects.
The practical questions included under the quaestiones actionis
were of several different kinds: they might be judicial ques-
tions coming before some form of court {genus judiciale) ; they
might be deliberative and come before an assembly or senate
{genus deliberativum) ; or they might be questions of praise or
blame in reference to some particular person or act not under
judicial investigation {genus demonstrativum). The last class
would include eulogies and the like.
The oration itself had also its divisions, which were estab-
lished particularly in regard to the genus judiciale as the most
important of the three kinds. The exordium contained neces-
sary preliminary remarks and the approach to the subject.
The narratio gave the facts on which the argument was
founded. The propositio was the statement of the theme or
view to be maintained, and often contained a partitio or divi-
sion of the proposition. The argumentatio embraced the con-
firmatio or arguments for the main thesis, and the confutatio
{re/utatio) or refutation of real or supposed arguments of the
opponent. The address ended with the peroratio, the place
for such application of the argument, or appeal to the hearers,
or general remarks, as were suitable to the occasion. Naturally,
as the art of speaking came before the science, and was at all
times more or less free from scientific trammels, these divisions
xlii Introduction,
could not well cover the whole ground, and each of them was
accordingly subdivided into several smaller parts, which varied
according to the character of the oration. Thus the exordium
contained 2. principium and an insinuatio (the suggestions to be
made in order to gain the favorable attention of the hearer),
and all the various forms of proof had their place as well as
their names in the confirtnatio. Even the main divisions are
not all clearly marked, but generally they can be made out in
Cicero's speeches. For examples, see the summary and the
running analysis of each oration in the notes.
With the same particularity were the necessary duties of the
orator divided, and furnished each with its technical name :
inveniiOy the gathering of material ; disposition the arrangement ;
eiocutio, the suitable expression in language ; memoria^ the com-
mitting to memory ; actio, the delivery. Under each of these,
again, was a body of lore with its technical phrases. Elocutio
embraced the whole doctrine of what we should call style^ and
the use of all rhetorical devices, ornaments (lutnind), and
forms of speech. So that no science was ever more completely
digested and labelled than this of oratory.
Of the orations in the present edition, Roscius, Verres,
Archias, Milo, and Ligarius belong purely to the genus judi-
dale; the Manilian Law and the four Orations against Catiline
belong to the genus deliberativum ; the Fourteenth Philippic
belongs, in the first part, to the genus deliberativum^ but in the
eulogy on the generals and their soldiers it gives a specimen
of the genus demonsirativum; and the Marcellus belongs almost
entirely to this last class.
Cicero as an Orator. xliii
III. CICERO AS AN ORATOR.
Cicero's success as an orator was due more than anything
else to his skill in effectively presenting the strong points of a
case and cleverly covering the weak ones. For this he had
extraordinary natural talents, increased by very diligent
study and practice, and never, even in his greatest success,
did he relax the most careful study of his cases to this end.
Attention is called throughout the notes to his felicities in this
branch of his art, which, because it is not strictly literary, is
Ukely to be overlooked, and all the more because such art must
always be carefully concealed. It is sufficient, however, to
call attention to it here generally, referring the student to the
notes for details.
On the literary side of oratory, Cicero's only rival is Demos-
thenes, to whom he is superior in everything except moral
earnestness and the power that comes from it, a quality which
belongs to the man rather than the orator. Teuffel {Gesch, der
Rom. Lit.) ascribes to him an extraordinary activity of intel-
lect, a lively imagination, quickness and warmth of feeling, a
marvellous sense of form, an inexhaustible fertility of expres-
sion, an incisive and diverting wit, with the best physical
advantages. As to his "form," he speaks of it as "clear,
choice, clean, copious, appropriate, attractive, tasteful, and
harmonious." The whole range of tones from light jest even
to tragic vehemence was at his command, and especially did
he excel in an appearance of conviction and emotion, which he
increased by an impassioned delivery. Of course he is not
always at his best, but it is never safe to criticise his com-
positions without a careful study of the practical necessities of
the occasion.
Thus Cicero's style is often criticised as redundant and
tautological, a criticism which must proceed either from igno-
xliv Introduction,
ranee or inattention. One of the great arts of the public speaker
is to keep before his audience a few points in such a way that
they cannot be lost sight of. To accomplish this, these points
must be repeated as many times as possible, but with such art
that the fact of repetition shall not be noticed. Hence the
same thing must often be said again and again, or else dwelt
upon with a profusion of rhetoric, in order to allow time for
the idea to gain a lodgement. It was to this art that the late
Rufus Choate owed his success as an advocate, though the
literary critic would fain reduce his speeches to one-half their
length. Literary tautology is in fact a special oratorical virtue.
A spoken word you hear but otice unless it is repeated, and
there are things which have to be heard many times before
they can have their effect.
Again, apart from " repetitional " tautology, it must be
remembered that the Latin language was in a sense a rude
tongue, lacking in nice distinctions. Such distinctions must
be wrought out by a long-continued effort to express delicate
shades of thought. Hence it often becomes necessary in Latin
to point the exact signification of a word or phrase capable of
several meanings, either by contrasting it with its opposite, or
else by adding another word which has an equally general
meaning, but which, like a stereoscopic view, gives the other
side of the same idea, and so rounds out and limits the vague-
ness of the first. Thus the two together often produce as
refined distinctions as any language which has a larger and
more precise vocabulary.
In the oration for the Manilian Law (i. 3), for instance, we
have singulari eximiaque virtute. Here singulari might mean
simply odd (not found in others). This of itself is not neces-
sarily a compliment any more than peculiar is in English, but
when Cicero adds eximia the two words together convey the
idea that the virtus is not only peculiar to Pompey, but
exemplary and of surpassing merit. At the same time the two
/
Cicero as an Orator, xlv
words allow the orator to dwell longer on a point that he
wishes to emphasize.
In the same oration (v. 12) the words periculum et discritnen
occur. In a treatise on synonyms it would be impossible to
distinguish between these two, because each is very often used
for the other with precisely the same meaning. But when the
two are used together, as in this passage, they are not tautologi-
cal, as would at first appear to a microscopic critic. The first
refers to the immediate moment of doubt, the question whether
it (the salus) shall be preserved or not; the second, to the
ultimate decisive moment, which determines that doubt and
finally decides. In English we should ordinarily put the whole
into one (modified) idea, and say " most dangerous crisis," or
the like. But the Latin has a habit of dividing the two parts
of an idea and stating each separately. Hence we have the
figure that we call hendiadys, which simply means that one
language, or age, states separately and co-ordinately what
another language, or age, unites into one complex.
In gioriam . . . tueri et conservare (the same oration, v. 12),
tueri, the first word, refers to the action of the subject, the effort
to maintain ; consemare^ the second, to the result [to be] attained,
the preservation of the glory. To complete the idea both are
necessary, because from the general turn of the thought both
the effort and the result are alike important. In this way the
same general idea can be artfully repeated from two different
points of view without the hearer's suspecting a repetition.
To such causes as these is to be attributed the frequent use
of words in a manner often called tautological.
xlvi Introduction.
IV. LATIN AND ENGLISH STYLE.
Two differences between Latin and English prose are notice-
able. Latin prose is periodic in its structure ; i.e. the main
idea, instead of being expressed at once, briefly followed or pre-
ceded by its modifications, all in short detached sentences (as
in English), is so put as to embrace all its modifying clauses
with itself in one harmonious whole. This is also done at times
in formal discourse in English, but in Latin it was the prevail-
ing style. Though this method of presentation seems to us
involved, yet it is after all only an artistic elaboration of the
loose parenthetical way of speaking habitual with unlettered
persons, or, in other words, it simply follows the natural
processes of the human mind. But when developed it allows
and stimulates an antithetic balance of thought both in sound
and sense, so that each element of an idea is brought into
notice by an opposing one, or is so ^embroidered on the level
surface of the main idea or injected into it that it cannot fail
to get its true effect at the instant when that effect is required.^
If we take the opening period of the oration for Roscius
(p. 2), the main clause is credo ego ; the rest of the sentence
is all the object of credo in the indirect discourse. The main
verb of the indirect discourse is mirari (changed from miratnini)^
with vos in the accusative as its subject. The object of mirari
is the indirect question quid sit quod, etc., embracing all the
rest (changed from a direct question quid est quod, etc.). Again,
the subject of sit is all that follows, being a clause with quod,
of which surrexerim is the main verb and all the other clauses
are modifiers. The clause cum . . . sedeant is a kind of adverbial
modifier of surrexerim^ while the clause qui . . . sim . . . corn-
par andus is a kind of adjective modifier of ego the subject of
surrexerim, and qui sedeant is a kind of adjective modifier of his,
^ See A. S. Hill's Foundations of Rhetoric, pp. 220-222.
Latin and English Style, xlvii
Omnes hi, etc., is an independent sentence, but is connected in
thought with the preceding, and explains the fact at which the
jurors are supposed to be snx^xis^dy \.t, I suppose you wonder ^
etc., but the fact is, etc.
In another sentence, the beginning of the Manilian Law, we
have a good example of the antithetic balancing of one word
or clause against another which marks the Latin periodic style.
The sentence consists of two parts, — the first concessive,
introduced by quamquam ; the second adversative, introduced
by tamen. So, in the first, conspectus balances locus, which is
brought into relief by autem (" and again "); while ad agendum
amplissimus and ad dicendum ornatissimus are balanced in like
manner against each other. In the second part, the relative
clause qui . . . patuit (virtually concessive) is, as usual, embod-
ied in the main clause, bringing the relative as near as possible
to its antecedent aditu; voluntas and rationes are set in anti-
thesis by sed ; while the main verb, prohihuerunt, comes last as
usual. The logical form of the whole is, "Though political
speaking has its advantages, yet I have been prevented," etc.
By stating first the leading thought {hoc aditu, etc.), and putting
the verb at the end, Latin is able to make the main clause
active, thus partly disguising the art of the antithesis. Here,
as elsewhere, it is of great help in reading to observe these two
rules : (i) that Latin puts first the main idea, the key to the
whole ; and (2) that it constantly deals in antitheses, often
forcing them when they do not naturally occur (as in amplissi-
mus and ornatissimus), each thought or expression having its
pendant, like ornaments which go in pairs.
The second main difference between Latin and English
prose style is that in English the emphasis gravitates towards
the end, while in Latin the more emphatic word always comes
first. This is not, like the corresponding usage in English,
a mere tendency, but a universal practice, which can be and is
managed by the writer with exquisite skill, so that a Latin prose
xlviii Introduction,
sentence bears on its face its own emphasis, giving the same
effect to the eye that the best reader or speaker in English can
to the ear.
Thus the first paragraph of the oration for Roscius (above
cited) shows its emphasis as follows : "I SUPPOSE (conceding
something he will presently contradict or explain) you (who do
not, as I do, know or think of the state of things) wonder why it
is that, etc., but the fact is (implied as the antithesis of the em-
phatic credo)^^* etc. Again, omnes is emphatic, i.e. " I am not the
only one, but ail would speak were it not for circumstances,*
which he proceeds to mention. Even videtis has an emphatic
position : "who, as you see, are in attendance." AgTim, putant
oportere defendi, i.e. " think (though they do nothing) ought to
be averted by a defence, but to make the defence themselves,^* etc.
If we take the beginning of the oration for Milo, there is the
same artistic arrangement : " Though I am AFRAID,* gentle-
men, that it is not quite becoming, when I get up to speak for a
very brave man, to be alarmed, and that it is particularly unbe-
coming, when Titus Annius himself is more alarmed for the
welfare of the state than for his own, that / in his case cannot
show an equally lofty spirit, nevertheless this strange form of a
strange court terrifies me as I gaze on it, for wherever my eyes
fall they miss the customary appearance of the Forum and the
old established style of courts."
It is only by attention to this feature of Latin style that the
full force of the author, with all the implications, connotations,
and hints, can be clearly seen.
^ As we might say, " I am afraid you won*t like it, but I have done so
and so.'*
/
Delivery. xlix
V. DELIVERY.
The delivery of a Latin oration was marked by a fire and
force of which we have small conception. Though the Romans
were an extremely dignified and formal race, yet beneath the sur-
face they had all the violent emotions which we in modern times
associate with the Mediterranean nations. The actio or delivery
occupies one of the first places in ancient treatises on oratory
{actio in dicendo una dominatur, de Or. Ill, Ivi, 213). The range
of expressed emotion was much wider than is usual with us, not
only in pitch of voice and inflection of tone, but also in bodily
activity, sometimes going beyond what the best orators of the
time regarded as becoming. Violent movements of the arms,
stamping of the feet, changes of position, gestures of the whole
body, so that sometimes the knee would touch the ground, ^
were not infrequent. The Latin language, however, did not
have that violent and sudden stress with which we are familiar,
and on which we depend for spasmodic force. It had instead
a more sustained and singing tone, capable of infinite variations.
The syllabic accent, too, was very slight, and almost merged in
a kind of rhythmic ictus depending on the quantity of the
syllables.
Hence particular attention was paid to the numerus^ or suc-
cession of long and short syllables, so as to give, along with
varying tones of emphasis, an agreeable musical cadence which
is foreign to the spirit of most modern languages. The most
emphatic words were indicated by an intensity of tone through-
out, as in modern music, and the less emphatic, coming at
the end, were pronbunced with a full, orotund utterance, so as
to round out the period, but with a descending stress rather
than with a rising one such as we have in English. Such a
close as temeritds fill cdmprobdvtt was regarded as especially
effective. So quin ejusdem homtnts sit qui Improbos probet
probds improbdre is praised by Cicero as an ideal cadence.
Introdtution,
VI. THE ROMAN CONSTITUTION.
In the time of Cicero the Roman " State " had technically a republi-
can constitution, that is, every citizen had a share in the government. But
not every citizen had an equal share, partly from fixed constitutional prin-
ciples, and partly from differentiations in social prominence which affected
constitutional rights.
I. CITIZENSHIP AND ORDERS IN THE STATE.
Accordingly there were among Roman citizens three social (and in a
manner political) ranks {or dines) ; the Senatorial Order {ordo senatorius)^
the Equestrian Order {prdo equestris), and the People (populusy in the
narrower sense). The first two of these made up the Roman aristocracy.
I. Senatorial Order. — The Ordo Senatorius was strictly speaking
only another name for the Senate, the members of which, by virtue of their
life tenure of office, their privileges and insignia, and their esprit de corps^
formed a kind of Peerage. The list of Senators, regularly numbering 300,
was in early times made up by the Censors at their discretion from among
those who had held high magistracies. But after the reforms of Sulla
(B.C. 80) every person who had held the quaestorship — the lowest grade of
the regular magistracy (see below, p. lix) — was lawfully entitled to a seat
in the Senate. This aristocracy was therefore an official or bureaucratic
class. Their number fluctuated, running up to five or six hundred-
Nobility, however, did not really depend on holding offices oneself, but
on being descended from an ancestor who had held a curule ofifice.^ When
any person not so descended was chosen a magistrate, he was called a ■
novus homo? and, though he of course became a member of the Senatorial
Order, he was not regarded as a noble. His posterity, however, would be-
long to the nobility. But such instances were very uncommon ; for the
Senate and the magistrates had such control over the elections that it was
very difficult for any person not already a member of the nobility to be
chosen to any office entitling him to enter the Senate. Hence the Senato-
rial Order and the Nobility were practically identical, and " new men "
1 Whoever held any curule office — that is, dictator, consul, interrex, praetor,
magister equitum, or curule aedile — secured to his posterity the/KJ imaginum ;
that is, the right to place iii the hall and carry at funeral processions a wax mask of
this ancestor, as well as of any other deceased members of the family of curule rank.
(See Def. of Milo, sect. 33, p. 185, 1. 14.)
2 Examples are Cato the Censor, Marius, and Cicero.
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The Roman Constitution. li
became necessarily identified with the class to which their posterity would
belong, rather than that from which they themselves had come. This
double relation of Cicero — a member of the Senate, but sprung from the
Equestrian Order — goes a great way to explain what is inconsistent and
vacillating in his political career.
II. Equestrian Order. — T^je title Equites was originally applied to
the members of the eighteen centuries equitum equo publico under the Ser-
vian constitution, to whom a horse was assigned by the state, together
with a certain sum of money yearly for its support, and who constituted
the , old Roman cavalry. Those who served equo publico had to have the
equestrian census,^ i.e. possess a fortune of 400,000 sesterces ($20,000) ; and
the horses were assigned by the Censors, as a rule, to the young men of
senatorial f«tmilies. These centuriae equitum were therefore composed of
young noblemen. When they entered the Senate, they were (in the later
years of the republic) obliged to give up the public horse. Therefore, on
becoming Senators, they voted in the centuries of the first class, not with
the Equites (see p. Iv, below). This aristocratic body had, however, long
before Cicero's time, ceased to serve in the field ; they formed a parade
corps (somewhat like the Royal Guards in England), from which active
officers of the legion, tribuni miliiunty were taken.2
During the time that the equites equo publico still served in the field as
cavalry, another body grew up by their ^ide, consisting of equites equo
privato: that is, persons of the equestrian census (having a property of
400,000 sesterces), who had not received a horse from the state, but who
volunteered with horses of their own. This body consisted mainly of
young men of wealth who did not belong to noble (that is, senatorial)
families. No very distinct line was, however, drawn between the two
classes until the Lex Judiciaria of C.Gracchus (B.C. 123), which prescribed
that the judices should not, as heretofore, be taken from the Senators (see
p. Ixv), but from those who possessed the equestrian census, and at the
same time were not members of the Senate. This law did not formally
exclude nobles who were not members of the Senate ; but the entire body
of nobility was so far identified in spirit and interest with the Senate,
that an antagonism immediately grew up between them and this new
judicial class. A principal cause of the antagonism was that members of
the Senate were prohibited from being engaged in any trade or business ;
iThis requirement grew up only after the establishment of the equites equo
privato.
2 When the Roman equites ceased to serve as cavalry, troops of horse were
demanded of the allies; and in the time of Caesar we find that the Roman legion
consisted exclusively of infantry, the cavalry being made up of such auxiliaries.
Hi Introduction.
while, as has been shown above, the Senate, by its control over the elec-
tions, virtually filled its own vacancies, of course from the ranks of the
nobility. Hence, as rich men of non-senatorial families were excluded from
a political career, and so from the nobility, while Senators were excluded
from a business life, there were formed during the last century of the repub-
lic two powerful aristocracies, — the nobles, or Senatorial Order, a govern-
ing aristocracy of rank, and the Equestrian Order, an aristocracy of wealth,
corresponding to the moneyed aristocracy of our day. The name Ordo
Equestris was given to the latter body because its members possessed the
original equestrian census : that is, that amount of property which would
have entitled them to a public horse. From the ranks of the nobility were
taken the oppressive provincial governors : the Equestrian Order, on the
other hand, furnished the publicaniy the equally oppressive tax-gatherers.
The Equestrian Order, Ordo Equestris^ is therefore not merely distinct
from the centuriae equitum^ but strongly contrasted with them. The for-
mer is the wealthy middle class, the latter are the young nobility. The
term equites is sometimes applied to both indiscriminately, although the
strictly correct term for the members of the Equestrian Order ^2&judices.
III. PoPULUS. — Below these two aristocratic orders, in estate and so
in social position, were all the rest of the free-bom citizens not possessing
a census of 400,000 sesterces. Among these there was naturally great
variety in fortune, cultivation, and respectability ; but they all had a status
superior to that of the libertini (freedmen) and the foreign residents. It
was this third class which was under the control of the tribuni pUbis and
which by its turbulence brought on all the disturbances which ultimately
resulted in the overthrow of the republic. It must not be supposed, how-
ever, that these humbler citizens were debarred from political preferment
except by their want of money, and in fact many of them rose to positions
of wealth and influence.
The populus (in the narrower sense) was often confounded with the
plebs^ but in reality the distinction between the plebs and the patricians
was in Cicero*s time historical rather than political. The patricians had
been originally a privileged class of hereditary nobility, entirely different
from the later senatorial nobility ; but only a few patrician families remained,
and these, though still proud of their high birth, had no special privileges
and had been practically merged in the Senatorial Order. Opposed to the
patricians had been originally the plebs^ a class of unknown origin (prob-
ably foreign residents) destitute of all political rights. These had gradu-
ally, in the long controversies of the earlier Republican times, acquired
all the rights and privileges of full citizens, and a majority of the Senatorial
and Equestrian Orders were of plebeian origin. In time p/ebs in an enlarged
The Roman Constitution. liii
sense and populus in its narrower acceptation *had become synonymous,
meaning the " third estate " or, in other words, all citizens not Senators or
equiUs. Officially, however, Populus (in its wider sense) includes all
Roman citizens.*
Roman Citizenship. — Roman citizenship, like all rights that have
grown up in a long period of time, included many minute details. The
important points, however, may be included under two heads : (i) political
rights, including those of voting (jus suffragii) and holding office {Jus
honorum\ and (ii) civil rights, especially those securing personal freedom
by the right of appeal {Jus prcvocationis)^ etc., and by other privileges
limiting the arbitrary power of magistrates (see remarks on the imperiunty
p. Iviii, below). Among the civil rights were those of trade (commercii)^
intermarriage (connubit)y making a will (testamenti)^ and others, which,
though affecting the status of a man before the law, were unimportant in
comparison with the great political and civil privileges first mentioned.
Full citizens of Rome (cives optimo Jure) enjoyed not only all the civil
rights referred to, but also the jus suffragii et honorum ; but many per-
sons, not cives optimo jure y had important civil rights without being en-
titled to vote or hold office. The jus provocationis was especially sought
after by foreigners as affording a powerful protection all over the world in
times when the rights of common humanity were scantily recognized.
Italian Towns. — Roman citizenship was originally restricted to the
inhabitants of the city and a small amount of adjacent territory. But as
Rome enlarged her boundaries the rights of citizenship were extended, in
different degrees, to the conquered Italians.
A native Italian town which lost its original independence and was
absorbed in the Roman state, ceased to be a separate civitasy and became
a municipium ; its citizens now possessed Roman citizenship as well as
that of their own town. This Roman citizenship was possessed in various
degrees. Some municipia lost all rights of self-government, without receiv-
ing any political rights at Rome in their place i that is, their political exist-
ence was extinguished, and their citizens became mere passive citizens ot
Rome, with civil rights, but no political ones. A second class of towns
retained their corporate existence, with the right of local self-government,
but without the Roman franchise. The condition thus established was
called jus Caerituniy because the Etruscan town of Caere was taken as the
type. The most favored class of municipia retained all powers of self,
government, with magistrates of their own election, at the same time being
full citizens of Rome. If, as happened in many cases, colonists were sent
from Rome (or Latium) to occupy the conquered territory, these retained
1 So in the formula for the Roman government : Senatus Populus^ue Romanu^
liv Introduction,
their full Roman citizenship though living at a distance from the city.
Thus a class of towns called coloniacy possessing special privileges, grew up.
After the Social War, which resulted (B.C. 90) in giving full Roman
citizenship to the inhabitants of all the Italian towns not already enjoying
it, there were practically but three classes of such towns : coloniae^ muni-
cipia^ and praefecturae. There was no longer any real distinction between
the coloniae and the municipia, though the former were looked upon with
more respect. The praefecturae^ however, had not full rights of self-gov-
ernment, for the administration of justice was in the hands of prefects
(praefectt) sent from the capital.
Provincials. — The foreign conquests of Rome were organized as fast
as possible as provinces (provinciae). The native inhabitants of these
would not be Roman citizens at all, unless citizenship, usually of the lowest
grade, was specially conferred upon them. Thus St. Paul was a free-bom
citizen of Tarsus, for his father had in some way secured the lesser Roman
citizenship, which conferred civil rights but did not carry with it the right
of suffrage or any other political privileges (see p. liii, above).
Freedmen. — Besides the free-bom citizens {ingenui), the Roman state
included a large class of lihertini or freedmen. Manumitted slaves became
citizens, but their exact status was a standing subject of controversy in
politics. In Cicero's time they voted in the four city tribes, though there
had been various attempts to make them eligible for membership in all the
tribes so that their suffrages might count for more (see under Assemblies,
p. Iv, below). Throughout the history of the republic, there was a
constant tendency to extend the suffrage, in spite of the efforts of the upper
classes.
The government of this complex assemblage of citizens was in the
hands of a still more complex system of magistrates and assemblies. As
in our own day, we must distinguish the Legislative, the Executive, and the
Judicial, though these various branches of the state authority were not so
scrupulously kept separate as with us.
II. THE PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES.
The Legislative (or law-making) power proper resided in the Public
Assemblies (comitia). There were, in Cicero's time, two principal assem-
blies, both of them having as their basis the thirty-five local tribes into
which the whole people were divided for administrative purposes.
I. Comitia Centuriata. — The Comitia Centuriata, or great comitia,
was the military organization of Servius TuUius endowed with new
political powers at the foundation of the republic. Later it was re-
The Roman Constitution, Iv
organized upon the basis of the thirty-five tribes. There is no precise state-
ment as to either the time or the manner of this reorganization. It must,
however, have taken place between the First and Second Punic Wars, and,
according to one theory, was carried out in the following manner. The old
division of the people into five classes (according to wealth) ^ being retained,
for each tribe there were now formed two centuries of each class, one of
seniores (above 45), one oijuniores^ making in all 350 centuries. To these
were added 18 centuries of equites (the young men of senatorial families, see
p. li), guilds of smiths, carpenters, hornblowers, and trumpeters, and a
century of freedmen and capite censi (those who had no property) — 373 in
all. Each century had one vote, determined by the majority of its voters.
These comitia were regularly presided over by the consul ; they elected all
the higher magistrates, and had full power of making laws, as well as juris-
diction in criminal cases so far as this had not been transferred to the
Qucustiones Perpetuae.^
IL Comitia Tributa. — Legislation had, before Cicero's time, how-
ever, practically passed into the hands of the tribal assembly {Comitia Tri-
buta). There were two distinct assemblies which passed under this name :
{a) The Coniitia Tributa proper, an assembly of the entire people
according to the thirty-five tribes (each tribe having one vote), which
elected the inferior magistrates (curule aedile, quaestor, etc.), and was pre-
sided over by the praetor.
(b) The far more important tribal assembly of the plebeians exclusively,
presided over by the Tribune of the People. Strictly speaking, this latter
was not comitia^ inasmuch as it was not composed of the whole people,
fopulust — the patricians being excluded from it. But these were now
reduced to a few noble families, whose members would not have cared to
take part in this democratic assembly even if they had been permitted ; and
by the Hortensian Law (B.C. 287) acts of this assembly, plebiscita^ had
received the validity of laws. This plebeian assembly elected the plebeian
magistrates (tribunes, plebeian aediles). It was also the principal organ for
making laws.
The Comitia Centiiriata^ which elected the higher magistrates, being
originally a military organization, could only be convened outside the city,
and accordingly met in the Campus Martius or parade-ground. The
Comitia Tributa^ however, being purely a civil assembly, usually met in
the Forum, but could be convened in any suitable place.
IIL Comitia Curiata. — A third assembly, the Comitia Curiata,
irore ancient than the other two, retained only certain formal functions.
ISee p. Ixii. ^ See p. Ixv.
Ivi Introduction.
especially that of ceremonially investing the consuls with the imperium or
military authority (see p. Iviii, below).^ It had no longer any real power
or political importance. Membership in the comitia curiata was originally
confined to patricians, but it is not clear whether this restriction was con-
tinued in Cicero's time.
CoNTio. — Besides these assemblies, there were meetings, theoretically
for discussion, called contiones. A contio could be called by any magistrate
who had a matter to lay before the people, and was held regularly in the
Comitium or the Forum.^ After a rogatio (proposition of a law) had been
offered, such a meeting was regularly convened in order that the voters
might hear the arguments on both sides. After that, on the same or a
subsequent occasion, the comitia voted on the bill, Yes or No, at a regular
meeting for that purpose.
III. THE SENATE.
The Roman Senate (stnatus), as its name indicates, was originally the
" council of elders " (cf. the Homeric povXi} yepdvTUJv)^ advisers of the king.
It had, therefore, strictly speaking, no authority to make laws or to enforce
their execution, and its votes were simply considtay i.e. matters agreed upon
as advisable, and its power was auctoritas. When annual magistracies
succeeded the regal power, this advisory function continued, but the in-
fluence of the Senate increased, and the increase went on until, in the
third century B.C., this body came to be the actual (though not formal)
governing power in the state, and its consulta became ordinances^ by which
the Senate directed the administration of the whole state, though it still
had no power to pass laws, and was itself subject to the laws. The organ-
ization of a new province, for example, was an executive measure, put in
force not by a law of the people, but by an ordinance of the Senate ; and
in this ordinance was embodied the entire authority of Rome over the
province, except so far as this was defined by general laws passed by the
whole people.
It will thus be seen that the Senate, though originally a " council," had
by the time of Cicero absorbed a great part of the legislative as well as
the executive power in the state.
For membership in the Senate, see p. 1, above.
The Senate could only be called together by some magistrate regularly
1 This was done annually by passing a law called lex curiata de imperio. On
such occasions the thirty curiae were represented by bailiffs {lictores).
'^ hoT an example of an address at such a meeting see the Oration for the ManU-
ian Law.
The Roman Constitution, Ivii
possessing the imperium (usually the Consul), or by the tribunes of the
people {tribuni pubis) : the magistrate who summoned it also presided, and
laid before it (referre) the business for which it was convened. He might
at this point give his own judgment. He then proceeded to ask {rogare) the
Senators individually their opinions {sententiae). The order was to ask in
their turns the consulares^ praetoriiy and aedilicii (that is, those who sat in
the Senate by virtue of having held these offices respectively). It has been
disputed whether the senatores pedarii — i.e. those who had held no curule
office — "had the jus sententiae, or right to debate. There are, however,
numerous instances of their having taken part in discussion. If the annual
election had already taken place, — which was usually in July, six months
before the new magistrates assumed their offices, — the magistrates elect
(designctti) were called upon before their several classes. The princeps
Senatus(sQe note. Cat. iii., sect. lo) was called upon first of all, when there
were no consules designati. The presiding officer, however, had it in his
power to vary the order, and honor or slight any Senator by calling upon
him extra ordinem. For a deliberative oration, delivered in the Senate,
see Catiline iv.
As the Senate was primarily a body of councillors, its business was as
a rule laid before it in general terms, not in any special form for action :
each Senator could, as he chose, give his judgment in full, by argument
(sententiam dicere)y or by simply expressing his assent to the judgment of
another (verba adsentiri). No Senator had a right to introduce any matter
formally by motion, as with us, but it was possible for a Senator, when
called on, to give his opinion on any subject not included in the ques-
tions referred. The vote was taken by a division (discessio), i.e. the
Senators went to one side or the other of the house. When a majority had
decided in favor of any sententia, it was written out in proper form by the
secretaries (scribae), under the direction of the presiding magistrate, in
the presence of some of its principal supporters (adesse scribundo), and
promulgated. Cf. the closing sections of the Fourteenth Philippic (pp. 255,
256, below).
IV. THE EXECUTIVE.
The Consuls. — After the expulsion of the kings, their absolute author-
ity (imperium) , both in peace and war, was vested in two Consuls (originally
praetores). Gradually, however, these autocratic powers were limited by
various checks, so that in one sense a Consul had no more power than the
president of a modem republic. He could, it is true, do anything in his
year of office without lawful question from anybody ; yet, as he could be
called to account at the end of his term, any violation of the constitution
Iviii Introduction.
was extremely dangerous. Particularly was this true in regard to objec-
tions from any one of the ten tribunes.^ The danger of transgressing
this limitation was so immediate that it was rarely incurred, and practically
in almost all cases the " veto " {inter cessid) of a tribune was sufficient to
stop any action on the part of the curule magistrates. Another limitation
on the consular power came from the curious Roman arrangement of
co-ordinate magistrates or "colleagues." The objection of one consul was
sufficient to annul any act of the other. This principle also applied to
other magistracies, so that the wheels of government could be stopped by
any colleague of equal rank. To override such an objection was an act of
unconstitutional violence, which, however, was often practised when public
opinion could be relied on to sustain the illegal action. In practice, the two
consuls either took turns in the administration (sometimes alternating
month by month) or agreed upon a division of functions.
The consuls were regularly elected in July and entered upon their office
on the first day of the following January. They possessed two kinds of
authority, — potestas^ or power in general (which all magistrates had in
some degree), and imperium^ military or sovereign power, as of a general
in the field. This imperium was originally exercised by the consuls, not
only in the army but in the city, so that they had absolute authority of life
or death ; but this was limited, early in the history of the republic, by the
Lex Valeria^ which gave every citizen the right of appeal {Jus provocationis)
to the comitia centuriata (see p. 321, below) against a sentence of capital
or corporal punishment, and later by the Lex Porcia^ which forbade the
scourging of citizens. By the Lex Sempronia of Caius Gracchus the right
of appeal in capital cases was established even against the military
imperium.^ In other respects, however, the military imperium remained
practically absolute, but it could not be exercised inside the walls, except
by virtue of the senatus consul turn ^ " Dent operam consules ne quid res pub-
lica detrimenti capiat," which revived the ancient powers of the consuls and
was equivalent to a declaration of martial law.^ After the Sullan reforms
(B.C. 80) the consuls did not receive the military imperium until their year
of office had expired and they were about to set out for. their provinces.*
The civil powers of the consuls were analogous to those of any chief
1 See p. Ixii.
2 Of the other regular magistrates only the praetors possessed the imperium
(see p. lix). The imperium was formally conferred on the consuls by the comitia
cur tat a (see p. Ivi).
8 Cf. Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen, sect. 6.
4 See note on Cat. i., sect. 2 (p. 100, L 12).
^ See p. Ixi.
The Roman Constitution. lix
magistrate. Most important among them were the right to call together,
consult, and preside over the Senate, and the right to convene the comitia
centuriata and preside over the election of the higher curule magistrates.
For the consular auspiciay see p. Ixiii, below.
PRiETORS. — Praetor was the original Italic title of the consuls, but, as
the result of the agitation for the Licinian Laws, in B.C. 366, a special mag-
istrate of that name was elected " who administered justice, a colleague of
the consuls and elected under the same auspices." ^ Gradually other prae-
tors were added, until in the time of Cicero there were eight. They were
essentially judicial officers, and their functions were assigned by lot.^ As
curule magistrates, however, they could on occasion command armies or
assist the consuls in emergencies (see Cat. iii. 5), and were assigned as
proprators to provinces abroad after their year of office.^ Like the consuls,
they were regularly elected at the comitia centuriata in July and began to
serve on the first of the following January.
QUiESTORS. — The quaestors {guctestores), or public treasurers, were in
Cicero's time twenty in number. Two (called quaestores urbani) had charge
of the treasury and archives at Rome, while the others were assigned to the
several military commanders and provincial governors, to serve as quarter-
masters and paymasters. The quaestors entered upon office on Dec. 5,
when they drew lots to determine their respective places of service.*
CuRSUS HoNORUM. — No one could be chosen praetor until he had
been quaestor, or consul until he had been praetor. These three magis-
tracies, then, formed a career of office — the so-called cursus honorum —
which it was the aim of every ambitious Roman to complete as soon as
possible. To be elected quaestor a man had to be at least 30 years old,^ and
the lowest legal ages for the praetorship and the consulship were 40 and 43
respectively. The consulship could in no case be held until three years
after the praetorship. Consuls and praetors were curule magistrates, but
this was not the case with the quaestor. The office of curule aedile (see
below) was often held between the quaestorship and the praetorship, but it
was not a necessary grade in the cursus honorum. The minimum age for
this office was the twenty-seventh year.
1 He was, however, inferior in rank to the consul, who had major potestas.
2 See p. bcv.
s See p. Ixi.
* They were originally appointed by the consuls, but in Cicero's time were elected
by the comitia tributa. The practical management of the treasury was with the clerks
{scribae guaesiorii)^ as in our modern civil service. These formed a permanent and
powerful corporation. Cf. Cat. iv., sect. 15 (p. 149, 11. 10, 11).
6 In the time of the Gracchi thctage was 27.
Ix Introdtiction,
^DILES. — The aediles (from aedes^ a temple) were four magistrates,
who had the general superintendence of the police of the city, criminal
jurisdiction with the power of imposing fines, the care of the games,
public buildings, etc. They did not form a board {collegium)^ but were of
two grades, two being necessarily plebeians, while the other two, the curule
adiles, who ranked with the higher magistrates, might be patricians. The
aedileship was not a necessary step in a political career, but it was eagerly
sought, between the quxstorship and the praetorship, by ambitious men,
for the reason that the superintendence of the public games gave great
opportunity for gaining popular favor. A certain sum was appropriated
from the public treasury for these games ; but an aedile who wished to
rise to higher positions, and not to be thought mean, took care to add a
good sum from his own pocketA
LiCTORS, Insignia, etc. — The consuls and praetors were accompanied
by special officers called lictors (lictores)^ who were at the same time a
symbol of the supreme power and the immediate ministers of the will of
the magistrates. They carried a bundle of rods and an axe bound to-
gether (the fasces)? to inflict the punishment of flogging and death accord-
ing to the regular Roman mode of execution. Each consul had twelve
lictors, each praetor had six. After the right of appeal was established (see
p. Iviii, above), the lictors did not carry the axe inside the city. Besides
the " imperial " lictors, all magistrates were attended by ministers of various
kinds, viatores (summoners), praecones (criers), and slaves. All the curule
magistrates wore as a mark of authority the toga praetexta (white with a
crimson border), and the latus clavus (or broad stripe of crimson) on the
front of the tunic. As commanders of armies, they wore instead of the
toga the paludamentum^ a kind of cloak entirely of crimson. * In fact, the
majesty of the law was symbolized in the most striking manner in the
case of all magistrates except the tribunes,^ who, as champions of the plebs^
wore no distinguishing dress, the quaestors and the plebeian aediles.
Proconsuls and Propr^btors. — All the magistrates so far mentioned
were elected annually. When it was desired to retain the services of a
consul or a praetor after his term had expired, his imperium was extended
(prorogatum) by the Senate, and he was known as 2l proconsul or proprcetor.
It was only the military imperium that was thus prorogued,* not the civil
1 Cf. Impeachment of Verres, sects. 37-40 (pp. 41, 42) ; Plunder of Sjrracuse,
sect. 19 (p. 58, 11. 2-5).
2 See Fig. 25, p. 340, below.
8 See p. bdi.
* Sometimes a private citizen was invested with the imperium and called pro-
consul (see Manil. Law, sect. 62).
The Roman Constitution. bd
power. Thus the proconsul had no authority within the city, and could
not, like the consul, call together the Senate or an assembly of the
people.
As the ** state ** grew, it became customary to commit the government
of conquered provinces to proconsuls and propraetors, and to this end the
prorogation of the imperium for a second year became regular. After the
time of Sulla, all provinces were so governed,^ one of his laws providing
that the consuls and praetors should set out for their provinces immediately
on the expiration of their term of office in the city.^ No difference was made
between the power of a proconsul and that of a propraetor. Both officers
had the full military and civil command and were almost absolute mon-
archs, except for their liability to be afterwards called to account (cf. p. Ivii,
above). Their opportunities for plunder were almost unlimited.' Their
power, however, did not extend to the city itself, in which they were mere
private citizens. Hence it often happened that a commander, on returning
from his province, remained outside the city so as to retain his military
imperium for some reason or other.
Censors. — The censors {censor es) were two in number, elected from
men of consular dignity (consular es), originally at a minimum interval of
four years, afterwards once in five years, — the interval called a lustrum, —
and holding office for eighteen months. They ranked as magistratus
major es, but did not possess the imperium, and had no power to convene
either the Senate or an assembly of the people. Their functions were —
(i) to inspect the registry of citizens of every class and order ; (2) to
punish immorality, by removal from the Senate, the equestrian cen-
turies, or the Tribe {nota censoria, infamia, ignominia) ; (3) to superintend
the finances (giving out contracts for collecting the revenues) and the public
works. In the intervals of the censorship, these last were under the care
of the aediles (see p. Ix, above). Sulla tactily abolished the office of
censor, but it was revived in the consulship of Pompey and Crassus, B.C.
70.
The property registration, of which the censors had charge, was called
census, and on it depended not only taxation but the position of a citizen
in the centuriae (see p. Iv, above, on the comitia centuriatd). The classes
under the census were divided as follows :
1 After the Sullan reforms (B.C. 80) the military impermm was not enjoyed by
the consuls and prxtors until their year of civil magistracy had expired.
2 This arrangement was changed by a law of Pompey (b.c. 52) which provided
that five years should intervene between the magistracy and the provincial govern-
See Life of Cicero, p. xxiii, above.
s Cf. Impeachment of Verres.
Ixii Introduction,
First class : having property valued at 100,000 asses or more.
Second class: « « « « 75,000 « « «
Third class: « " « « 50,000 « « «
Fourth class: « « « « 25,000 « « «
Fifth class: « « « « 11,000 « « «
The census of a Roman eques was, in Cicero's time, 400,000 sesterces,
and this provision was one of long standing.
Tribuni Plebis. — Side by side with the " kingly " magistrates there
had arisen a class of magistrates of the people whose only privileges origi-
nally were prohibitive, but who had come to have great power in the
state.
The Tribuni Plebis (or Plebt)^ ten in number and elected by the Comitia
Tributay were the magistrates of that portion of the people (a state within
the state) known as the Plebs, The plebeians at this epoch, however, com-
posed the whole people, with the exception of the few families of the
patrician aristocracy (such gentes as the Cornelian, Julian, iEmilian, Clau-
dian).i Not being technically magistrates of the city or the whole people,
but only of a single class, the tribunes did not possess the imperium, but
only potestas^ had no real executive power, and indeed were not magistrates
at all in the strict sense of the term. On the other hand, their persons
were held sacred, and they had two very important and wide-reaching func-
tions : I. The right of interfering, jus intercedendi f*veto*'), to arrest
almost any act of another magistrate. (This right practically extended
to a veto on legislation, elections, and ordinances of the Senate, these
being all under the direction of magistrates.) 2. The right to hold the
assembly of the plebs^ organized by tribes. In this assembly, known as
comitia tributa^ the plebeian magistrates (tribunes and plebeian aediles) ^
were chosen, and laws were passed, plebiscita^ which of course were origi-
nally binding only upon the plebsy but which, by the Hortensian Law (B.C.
287), received the force of leges (see p. Iv, above) ; fines were likewise
imposed by this assembly.
Out of these original powers had been developed a very extensive
criminal jurisdiction, which made the tribunes and aediles the chief prose-
cuting officers of the republic, the tribunes acting in cases of a political
character. This order of things continued until the time of Sulla, when
the administration of criminal justice was entrusted to the standing courts,*
quaestiones perpetuae^ established by him (see p. Ixv, below). But Sulla*s
provisions were abolished by Pompey (B.C. 70), the people fancying that
the corruptions of the courts could be remedied by restoring this power to
iSeep. m. 2Seep.bL
The Roman Constitution. Ixiii
the tribunes. The tribunes also had authority to convene the Senate and
bring business before it, preside, and take part in debate. These privileges
they acquired very early, by irregular practice passing into custom, rather
than by any special enactment.
The Auspices. — The absolute continuity of the government, which
was more necessary at Rome than elsewhere, on account of a kind of theo-
cratic idea in the constitution, was secured by a curious contrivance. The
" regular succession ** in Roman magistrates was as rigid as later in the
Church. The welfare of the state was supposed to depend upon the favor
of the gods, and this could only be transferred from one officer to another
by an election which was practically a religious ceremony in which both
officers took part. This favor, technically known as the auspiciay would
lapse unless the election and inauguration were rightly performed. The
ceremony consisted in taking the auspices^ a regular process of religious
divination by the ffight of birds, etc., according to a very antiquated ritual
(see below).
Augurs. — The magistrates alone were authorized to consult the
auspices, that is, to observe the various signs by which the gods were
supposed to declare their will with regard to the state. The interpreta-
tion of the auspices, however, which had been developed into an extremely
technical science {jus augurium)^ was in the hands of a much honored
body {collegium) of distinguished citizens, called augurs {augur es). These
were not themselves magistrates,^ but simply the official interpreters of the
jus auguriuM, which they alone were supposed to know. Since all impor-
tant public acts (esi>ecially the holding of the comitid) were done auspicato
(i.e., under authority of the auspices), the augurs naturally -came to have
great political influence. Their interpretation and advice could be disre-
garded, but such disregard was at the risk of the magistrate and was
almost sure to affect his popularity, especially if misfortune followed. The
augurs held office for life. Originally they had the right to fill vacancies
on their board, but later such vacancies were sometimes filled by election
by the people.* Cicero himself became an augur, B.C. 53.
Interrex. — Whenever there was a suspension of legal authority, by
vacancy of the chief magistracy, it was understood that the auspicia —
which were regularly in possession of the magistrates — were lodged (in
'accordance with the most ancient custom) with the patrician members of
the Senate until new magistrates should be inaugurated. The renewal of
the regular order of things was begun by the patrician senators coming
together and appointing one of their own number as interrex. He held
1 See Philippic xiv., sect 14, and note.
* The rule in this matter was several times changed by law.
Ixiv Introduction.
office for five days» as chief magistrate of the commonwealth and possessor
of the auspicia ; then he created a successor, who might hold the comitia for
the election of consuls, but who usually created another successor for that
purpose.
Dictator. — The dictator was an extraordinary magistrate, possessing
absolute power, appointed by the consuls, at the instance of the Senate, in
times of great public danger. Properly he held office for but six months.
The laws of appeal, and other saf^uards of individual liberty, had at first
no force against this magistrate. In later times (after B.C. 202) dictators
were no longer appointed, but instead the Senate, when occasion arose, in-
vested the consuls with dictatorial power.^ Sulla, and afterwards Caesar,
revived the name and authority of the dictatorship ; but in their case the
office became equivalent to absolute sovereignty, since each of them was
appointed dictator for life (perpetuo). The Magister Equitum, appointed
by the Dictator, stood next in command to him and also had the imperium,
V. THE COURTS.
Our division of legal business into civil and criminal^ though not
exactly corresponding to the Roman classification of csLses as causae privatae
and causae publicae^ still affords the most convenient basis for an under-
standing of the ancient courts.
In Civil Cases between individual citizens as well as foreign residents,
the jurisdiction, originally belonging to the king, was, on the establishment
of the Republic transferred to the consuls, but in the times with which we
are especially concerned, it rested with the praetors. The praetor urbanus
had charge of all civil cases between Roman citizens ; iYi^ praetor peregrinus^
of all civil suits to which an alien was a party. Civil processes were various
and complicated, and, since none of the orations in this edition were spoken
in such cases, they may be left out of account here.
Criminal Jurisdiction also originally rested with the king, and,
later, with the magistrates (consuls, etc.) who succeeded him. But by the
various laws concerning appeal, the trial of all important offences was
transferred to the assemblies of the people. In accordance with its origin
the jurisdiction of these bodies was always theoretically an appellant juris-
diction. The case was supposed first to be decided by the magistrate, who,
having given notice {diem dicere) to the defendant (reus), brought forward a
bill (rogaiio) enacting the punishment. If the case was a capital one, i.e.
involving the life or status of a Roman citizen, it was brought before the
comitia centuriata convened by the magistrate for the purpose, and decided
I ke any other question. It would appear that any curule magistrate as
1 See p. hriiL
The Roman Constitution, Ixv
well as the tribunes could take such action. If the case involved only a
fine, it was tried before the comitia tributa by an aedile or tribune.
These methods of trial were practically superseded after the time of
Sulla by the establishment of the standing courts (see below). They were,
however, sometimes revived, as in Cicero's own case.
It had always been competent for the people to establish a quaestio or
investigation to try persons suspected of crimes {^uaestiones extraordi-
nariae). After the analogy of this proceeding, Sulla established standing
courts {guaesiiones perpetuae) differing from previous quaestiones only in
that they were continuous instead of being appointed upon any particular
occasion. It was before these that most crimes were tried.^ Examples of
such trials are found in Rose. Am. (p. i) and Verres (p. 26).
Such a court consisted of a presiding judge, quaesitor (praetor^ ox judex
quastionis), who caused a jury (judices) to be impanelled and sworn (hence
called Juratt)y varying in number in the different courts and at different
times, to try the case under his presidency. These judices were drawn by
lot from a standing body {judices selecti)^ the exact number of which is
unknown,^ and a right of challenging existed as with us. This body was
originally made up from the Senatorial Order, but a law of C. Gracchus
(B.C. 123) provided that ihQ judices should be taken from non-Senators
who possessed the equestrian census (see p. Ixii, above). From this time
the Senators and the Equites contended for the control of the courts.
Sulla restored to the Senators the exclusive privilege of sitting as judices
(B.C. 80), but the Aurelian Law (b.c. 70) provided that the jurors should
be taken, one-third from the Senators and two-thirds from the Equestrian
Order, and that one-half of the Equites chosen (i.e. one-third of the whole
number of judices) should have held the office of Tribunus Aerarius (i.e.
president of one of the thirty-five local tribes, see p. liv, above). This
regulation remained in force until the dictatorship of Csesar, B.C. 45, when
this decuria of Tribuni Aerarii was abolished. A majority of the jurors
decided the verdict. The president had no vote, nor did he decide the law
of the case: he had merely charge of the proceedings as a presiding magis-
trate. (Cf. Verr. i. 32, for a hint at his powers.) For the method of voting,
see note on Defence of Milo, p. 177, 1. 19.
^Sulla's quaestiones perpetuae were eight or ten in number. Six of these —
Repetundae (extortion), Ambitus (bribery), Peculatus (embe2zlement), Majestas
(treason), de Sicariiset Veneficis (murder), and probably PcUsi (counterfeiting and
fraud) — were presided over by six of the eight praetors. For the other two (or four),
ex-aediles {aedilicii) were appointed to preside ^% judices quaestionis,
3 For cases of extortion the number was specially fixed by the Lex Acilia at four
hundred and fifty, from whom fifty were chosen as jurors.
3 ^
O §
HI £
X
SELECT ORATIONS OF CICERO.
DEFENCE OF ROSCIUS,
(Pro Sex. Roscio Amerino.)
B.C. 80.
Sextus Roscius was a rich and respected citizen of Ameria, an
Umbrian town (municipium) about fifty miles north of Rome. He
had a taste for city life, and spent most of his time at the capital,
where he was on intimate terms with some of the highest families,
es|>ecially the Metelli and Scipios. Meantime his son Sextus, who
certainly lacked his father's cultivated tastes, and who was accused by
hb enemies of rudeness and clownishness, had charge of the extensive
family estates at Ameria.
Sometime during the dictatorship of Sulla (probably in the autumn
of 81 B.C.) the elder Roscius was murdered one evening as he was
returning from a dinner party. The murder was no doubt procured,
or at least connived at, by one Titus Roscius Magnus, his fellow-
townsman and enemy. However that may be, the name of the mur-
dered man was put upon the proscription-list by a freedman and favorite
of Sulla, one Chrysogonus, who bought his confiscated estates at auction
at a nominal price. Three of these estates (there were thirteen in all)
2 Orations of Cicero.
he transferred to a certain Titus Roscius Capito, another townsman and
enemy of the deceased, and a leading man at Ameria ; the remainder he
put in charge of Magnus as his agent. The younger Sextus, a man of
forty, thus robbed of his patrimony, had recourse to his father's friends
in Rome for protection and help. The three conspirators, fearing that
they might be compelled to disgorge, resolved to secure themselves by
accusing him of his father's murder. This they did through a pro-
fessional prosecutor (accusator) named Erucius, who undertook the
legal formalities of the prosecution.
The aristocratic friends of Roscius, not daring to brave the creature
of the dictator, but unwilling to leave their guest-friend (hospes) unde-
fended, prevailed upon Cicero, then young and ambitious, to undertake
the case. To oppose Chrysogonus was an act that called for disinter-
ested courage, and nothing in Cicero's career is more to his credit. By
his successful conduct of the case he obtained the well-merited rank
of a leader among the rising advocates of Rome. The Defence of
Roscius was the first of Cicero's public orations or pleas; and it is
criticised by the author himself in his Oratory ch. 30.
Cicero's Apology for Appearing in the Defence.
CREDO ego vos, judices, mirari quid sit quod, cum tot
summi oratores hominesque nobilissimi sedeant, ego
potissimum surrexerim, qui neque aetate neque ingenio neque
auctoritate sim cum his, qui sedeant, comparandus. Omnes
5 hi, quos videtis adesse, in hac causa injuriam novo scelere
conflatam putant oportere defendi, defendere ipsi propter
iniquitatem temporum non audent; ita fit ut adsint prop-
terea quod officium sequuntur, taceant autem idcirco quia
periculum vitant.
10 2. Quid ergo? Audacissimus ego ex omnibus? Minime.
At tanto oflficiosior quam ceteri ? Ne istius quidem laudis
ita sim cupidus, ut aliis eam praereptam velim. Quae me
igitur res praeter ceteros impulit, ut causam Sex. Rosci
reciperem? Quia, si quis horum dixisset, quos videtis
15 adesse, in quibus summa auctoritas est atque amplitudo,
si verbum de re publica fecisset, — id quod in hac causa
fieri necesse est, — multo plura dixisse quam dixisset puta-
Defence of Roscius, 3
retur : 3. ^o etiamsi omnia quae dicenda sunt libere dixeio,
nequaquam tamen similiter oratio mea exire atque in volgus
emanare potent. Deinde, quod ceterorum neque dictum
obscurum potest esse, propter nobilitatem et amplitudinem,
neque temere dicto concedi, propter aetatem et prudentiam : 5
ego si quid liberius dixero, vel occultum esse, propterea
quod nondum ad rem publicam accessi, vel ignosci adu-
lescentiae poterit, — tametsi non modo ignoscendi ratio,
venun etiam cognoscendi consuetudo jam de civitate sublata
est. lo
4. Accedit ilia quoque causa, quod a ceteris forsitan ita
petitum sit ut dicerent, ut utrumvis salvo officio facere se
posse arbitrarentur: a me autem ei contenderunt, qui apud
me et amicitia et beneficiis et dignitate plurimum possunt,
quorum ego nee benevolentiam erga me ignorare, nee auc- 15
toritatem aspemari, nee volimtatem neglegere debeam. His
de causis ego huic causae patronus exstiti, non electus unus
qui maximo ingenio, sed relictus ex omnibus qui minimo
periculo possem dicere; neque uti satis firmo praesidio
defensus Sex. Roscius, verum uti ne omnino desertus 20
esset
Character of the El/ier Roscius, the Murdered Maa.
VI. 5. Sex. Roscius, pater hujusce, municeps Amerinus
fuit, cum genere et nobilitate et pecunia non modo sui
municipi verum etiam ejus vicinitatis facile primus, tum
gratia atque hospitiis florens hominum nobilissimorum. 25
Nam cum Metellis, Serviliis, Scipionibus erat ei non modo
bospitium, verum etiam domesticus usus et consuetudo;
quas (ut aequum est) familias honestatis amplitudinisque
gratia nomino. Itaque ex omnibus suis commodis hoc
solum filio reliquit : nam patrimonium domestici praedones 30
vi ereptum possident, fama et vita innocentis ab hospitibus
amicisque paternis defenditur. 6. Is cum omni tempore
nobilitatis fautor fuisset, tum hoc tumultu proximo, cum
4 Orations of Cicero.
omnium nobilium dignitas et salus in discrimen venire^
praeter ceteros in ea vicinitate eam partem causamque
opera, studio, auctoritate defendit : etenim rectum putabat
pro eorum honestate se pugnare, propter quos ipse hones-
5 tissimus inter suos numerabatur. Posteaquam victoria con-
stituta est, ab armisque recessimus, — cum proscriberentur
homines, atque ex omni regione caperentur ei qui adversarii
fuisse putabantur, — erat ille Romae frequens ; in foro et in
ore omnium cotidie versabatur, magis ut exsultare victoria
10 nobilitatis videretur, quam timere ne quid ex ea calamitatis
sibi accideret.
His Old Feud with the Titi Roscii.
7. Erant ei veteres inimicitiae cum duobus Rosciis Ame-
rinis, quorum alterum sedere in accusatorum subselliis video,
alterum tria hujusce praedia possidere audio. Quas inimi-
1 5 citias si tam cavere potuisset, quam metuere solebat, viveret.
Neque enim, judices, injuria metuebat. Nam duo isti sunt
T. Roscii, quorum alteri Capitoni cognomen est, iste qui
adest Magnus vocatur, homines hujus modi : alter pluri-
marum palmarum vetus ac nobilis gladiator habetur, hie
2o autem nuper se ad eum lanistam contulit; quique ante
banc pugnam tiro esset, [quod sciam,] facile ipsum magis-
trum scelere audaciaque superavit.
The Murder.
VII. 8. Nam cum hie Sex. Roscius esset Ameriae, T.
autem iste Roscius Romae, — cum hie filius adsiduus in
25 praediis esset, cumque se voluntate patris rei familiari vitae-
que rustieae dedisset, iste autem frequens Romae esset, —
oceiditur ad balneas Palacinas rediens a cena Sex. Roscius.
Spero ex hoc ipso non esse obscurum, ad quem suspicio
malefici pertineat : verum id, quod adhue est suspiciosum,
30 nisi perspicuum res ipsa fecerit, hunc adfinem culpae judi-
catote.
SULLA.
(Bust in the Vatiam.)
Defence of Roscius. S
The News Broosbt to his Enemies at Ameria.
9. Occiso. Sex. Roscio, primus Ameriam nuntiat Mallius
Glaucia quidam, homo tenuis, libertinus, cliens et familiaris
istius T. Rosci, et nuntiat domum non fili, sed T. Capitonis
inimici; et cum post horam primam noctis occisus esset,
primo diluculo nuntius hie Ameriam venit. Decern horis 5
noctumis sex et quinquaginta milia passuum cisiis pervo-
lavit, non modo ut exoptatum inimico nuntium primus
adferret, sed etiam cruorem inimici quam recentissimum
telumque paulo ante e corpore extractum ostenderet
The Conspiracy to Seixe his Property.
10. Quadriduo quo haec gesta sunt, res ad Chrysogonum 10
in castra L. Sullae Volaterras defertur. Magnitudo pecuniae
demonstratur ; bonitas praediorum (nam fundos decem et
tris reliquit, qui Tiberim fere omnes tangunt), hujus inopia et
solitudo commemoratur. Demonstrant, cum pater hujusce
Sex. Roscius, homo tam splendidus et gratiosus, nullo 15
negotio sit occisus, perfacile hunc hominem incautum et
rusticum, et Romae ignotum, de medio tolli posse. Ad
eam rem operam suam pollicentur. Ne diutius teneam,
judices, societas coitur. VIII. 11. Cum nulla proscrip-
tionis mentio fieret, cum etiam qui antea metuerant redi- 20
rent, ac jam defunctos sese periculis arbitrarentur, nomen
refertur in tabulas Sex. Rosci, studiosissimi nobilitatis.
Manceps fit Chrysogonus. Tria praedia vel nobilissima
Capitoni propria traduntur, quae hodie possidet; in reli-
quas omnes fortunas iste T. Roscius, nomine Chrysogoni, 25
quemadmodum ipse dicit, impetum facit. [Haec bona
emuntur duobus milibus nummum.]
Sulla not Implicated.
12. Haec omnia, judices, imprudente L. Sulla facta esse
certo scio ; neque enim mirum — cum eodem tempore et ea
quae praeterita sunt et ea quae videntur instare praeparet, 30
6 Orations of Cicero,
cum et pacis constituendae rationem et belli gerendi potes-
tatem solus habeat, cum omnes in unum spectent, unus
omnia gubernet, cum tot tantisque negotiis distentus sit
ut respirare libere non possit — si aliquid non animad-
5 vertat, cum praesertim tam multi occupationem ejus obser-
vent tempusque aucupentur, ut, simul atque ille despexerit,
aliquid hujusce modi moliantur. Hue accedit, quod quamvis
ille felix sit, sicut est, tamen [in] tanta felicitate nemo potest
esse, in magna familia qui neminem neque servum neque
10 libertum improbum habeat.
The Younger Roscius Dispossessed.
13. Interea iste T. Roscius, vir optimus, procurator Chry-
sogoni, Ameriam venit ; in praedia hujus invadit ; hunc
miserum, luctu perditum, qui nondum etiam omnia paterno
funeri justa solvisset, nudum eicit ; domo atque focis patriis
15 disque penatibus praecipitem, judices, exturbat; ipse amplis-
simae pecuniae fit dominus. Qui in sua re fuisset egentis-
simus, erat, ut fit, insolens in aliena. Multa palam domum
suam auferebat, plura clam de medio removebat ; non pauca
suis adjutoribus large effuseque donabat ; reliqua constituta
20 auctione vendebat ; quod Amerinis usque eo visum est indig-
num, ut urbe tota fletus gemitusque fieret.
Protest by Delegates o! Ameria.
IX. 14. Etenim multa simul ante oculos versabantur :
mors hominis florentissimi Sex. Rosci crudelissima, fill
autem ejus egestas indignissima, cui de tanto patrimonio
25 praedo iste nefarius ne iter quidem ad sepulcrum patrium
reliquisset, bonorum emptio flagitiosa, possessio, furta, rapi-
nae, donationes. Nemo erat qui non ardere ilia omnia
mallet, quam videre in Sex. Rosci viri optimi atque hones-
tissimi bonis jactantem se ac dominantem T. Roscium. 15.
30 Itaque decurionum decretum statim fit, ut decern primi pro-
Defence of Roscius. 7
ficiscantur ad L. Sullam, doceantque eum qui vir Sex. Ros-
cius fuerit; conquerantur de istorum scelere et injuriis;
orent ut et illius mortui famam et fili innocentis fortunas
conservatas velit. Atque ipsum decretum, quaeso, cognos-
cite. \Decretum Decurionum.'\ 5
The Delegates Hoodwinked by the Conspirators.
Legati in castra veniunt. Intellegitur, judices, id quod
jam ante dixi, imprudente L. Sulla scelera haec et flagitia
fieri. Nam statim Chrysogonus et ipse ad eos accedit et
homines nobilis adlegat, ab eis qui peterent ne ad Sullam
adirent, et omnia Chrysogonum quae vellent esse facturum 10
poUicerentur. 16. Usque adeo autem ille pertimuerat, ut
mori mallet quam de his rebus Sullam doceri. Homines
antiqui, qui ex sua natura ceteros fingerent, cum ille con-
firmaret sese nomen Sex. Rosci de tabulis exempturum,
praedia vacua filio traditurum, cumque id ita futurum T. 15
Roscius Capito, qui in decem legatis erat, appromitteret,
crediderunt : Ameriam re inorata reverterunt. Ac primo
rem differre cotidie ac procrastinare isti coeperunt; deinde
aliquanto lentius, nihil agere atque deludere ; postremo —
id quod facile intellectum est — insidias vitae hujusce [Sex. 20
Rosci] parare, neque sese arbitrari posse diutius alienam
pecuniam domino incolumi obtinere.
The Younger Roscius Takes Refuge with Friends at Rome.
X. 17. Quod hie simul atque sen sit, de amicorum cogna-
torumque sententia Romam confugit, et sese ad Caeciliam
[Nepotis filiam], quam honoris causa nomino, contulit, qua 25
pater usus erat plurimum; in qua muliere, judices, etiam
nunc (id quod omnes semper existimaverunt) quasi exempli
causa vestigia antiqui offici remanent. Ea Sex. Roscium
inopem, ejectum domo atque expulsum ex suis bonis, fugi-
entem latronum tela et minas, recepit domum, hospitique 30
8 Orations of Cicero.
oppresso jam desperatoque ab omnibus opitulata est. Ejus
virtute, fide, diligentia factum est, ut hie potius vivus in reos
quam occisus in proscriptos referretur.
A Trumped-up Charge of Parricide is Brought.
18. Nam postquam isti intellexerunt summa diligentia
5 vitam Sex. Rosci custodiri, neque sibi ullam caedis faci-
undae potestatem dari, consilium ceperunt plenum sceleris
et audaciae, ut nomen hujus de parricidio deferrent, ut ad
eam rem aliquem accusatorem veterem compararent, qui de
ea re posset dicere aliquid, in qua re nulla subesset suspicio ;
lo denique ut, quoniam crimine non poterant, tempore ipso
pugnarent. Ita loqui homines : quod judicia tam diu facta
non essent, condemn ari eum oportere, qui primus in judicium
adductus esset; huic autem patronos propter Chrysogoni
gratiam defuturos ; de bonorum venditione et de ista socie-
1 5 tate verbum esse f acturum neminem ; ipso nomine parricidi
et atrocitate criminis, fore ut hie nullo negotio tolleretur,
cum ab nullo defensus esset. Hoc consilio atque adeo hac
amentia impulsi, quem ipsi cum cuperent non potuerunt
occidere, eum jugulandum vobis tradiderunt.
Wretched Condition of the Defendant.
2o XL 19. Quid primum querar? aut unde potissimum,
judices, ordiar.? aut quod aut a quibus auxilium petam?
Deorumne immortalium, populine Romani, vestramne, qui
summam potestatem habetis, hoc tempore fidem implorem ?
Pater occisus nefarie, domus obsessa ab inimicis, bona
25 adempta, possessa, direpta, fili vita infesta, saepe ferro
atque insidiis appetita, — quid ab his tot maleficiis sceleris
abesse videtur } Tamen haec aliis nef ariis cumulant atque
adaugent: crimen incredibile confingunt, testis in hunc et
accusatores hujusce pecunia comparant. Hanc condicionem-
30 misero ferunt, ut optet, utrum malit cervices Roscio dare,
Defence of Roscius, 9
an, insutus in culeum, per summum dedecus vitam amittere.
Patronos huic defuturos putaverunt: desunt: qui libere
dicat, qui cum fide defendat, — id quod in hac causa
est satis, — quoniam quidem suscepi, non deest profecto,
judices. 5
Three Things Make against the Defendant.
XIII. 20. Tres sunt res, quantum ego existimare pos-
sum, quae obstent hoc tempore Sex. Roscio : crimen adver-
sariorum, et audacia, et potentia. Criminis confictionem
accusator [Erucius] suscepit; audaciae partis Roscii sibi
poposcerunt; Chrysogonus autem, is qui plurimum potest, 10
potentia pugnat. De hisce omnibus rebus me dicere opor-
tere intellego. Quid igitur est? Non eodem modo de
omnibus, ideo quod prima ilia res ad meum officium per-
tinet, duas autem reliquas vobis populus Roman us imposuit.
Ego crimen oportet diluam; vos et audaciae resistere, et 15
hominum ejus modi perniciosam atque intolerandam poten-
tiam primo quoque tempore exstinguere atque opprimere
debetis.
Enormity of the Charge.
21. Occidisse patrem Sex. Roscius arguitur. Scelestum,
di immortales! ac nefarium facinus, atque ejus modi, quo 20
uno maleficio scelera omnia complexa esse videantur. Ete-
nim si, id quod praeclare a sapientibus dicitur, voltu saepe
laeditur pietas, quod supplicium satis acre reperietur in eum
qui mortem obtulerit parenti, pro quo mori ipsum, si res
postularet, jura divina atque humana cogebant? In hoc 25
tanto, tam atroci, tam singulari maleficio, quod ita raro
exstitit ut, si quando auditum sit, portenti ac prodigi simile
numeretur, quibus tandem tu, C. Eruci, argumentis accusa-
torem censes uti oportere } Nonne et audaciam ejus qui in
crimen vocetur singularem ostendere, et mores feros, imma- 30
nemque naturam, et vitam vitiis flagitiisque omnibus deditam.
10 Orations of Cicero.
[et] denique omnia ad perniciem profligata atque perdita ?
quorum tu nihil in Sex. Roscium, ne obiciendi quidem
causa, contulisti.
Improbability from the Character of the Defendant.
XIV. 22. 'Patrem occidit Sex. Roscius.* Qui homo?
5 Adulescentulus corruptus et ab hominibus nequam induc-
tus ? annos natus major quadraginta. Vetus videlicet sica-
rius, homo audax et saepe in caede versatus? at hoc ab
accusatore ne dici quidem audistis. Luxuries igitur hominem
nimirum, et aeris alieni magnitude, et indomitae animi cupi-
lo ditates ad hoc scelus impulerunt? De luxuria purgavit
Erucius, cum dixit hunc ne in convivio quidem uUo fere
interfuisse. Nihil autem umquam cuiquam debuit. Cupi-
ditates porro quae possunt esse in eo qui, ut ipse accusator
objecit, ruri semper habitant, et in agro colendo vixerit ? —
15 quae vita maxime disjuncta a cupiditate est, et cum officio
conjuncta.
Absence of Motive.
23. Quae res igitur tantum istum furorem Sex. Roscio
objecit? ' Patri ' inquit 'non placebat.' Quam ob causam ?
Necesse est enim eam quoque justam et magnam et perspi-
20 cuam fuisse : nam, ut illud incredibile est, mortem oblatam
esse patri a filio sine plurimis et maximis causis, sic hoc
veri simile non est, odio fuisse parenti filium, sine causis
multis et magnis et necessariis. Rursus igitur eodem rever-
tamur, et quaeramus quae tanta vitia fuerint in unico filio,
25 quare is patri displiceret. At perspicuum est nullum fuisse.
Pater igitur amens, qui odisset eum sine causa quem pro-
crearat. At is quidem fuit omnium constantissimus. Ergo
illud jam perspicuum profecto est, si neque amens pater
neque perditus filius fuerit, neque odi causam patri neque
30 sceleris filio fuisse.
Defence of Roscius, 1 1
Necessity of Showing a Motive.
XXII. 24. De parricidio causa dicitur: ratio ab accu-
satore reddita non est, quam ob causam patrem filius occi-
derit Quod in minimis noxiis, et in his levioribus peccatis
quae magis crebra et jam prope cotidiana sunt, maxima et
primum quaeritur, — quae causa malefici f uerit, — id Erucius 5
in parricidio quaeri non putat oportere. In quo scelere, judi-
ces, etiam cum multae causae convenisse unum in locum
atque inter se congruere videntur, tamen non temere credi-
tur, neque levi conjectura res penditur, neque testis incertus
audit ur, neque accusatoris ingenio res judicatur : cum multa 10
antea commissa maleficia, cum vita hominis perditissima,
cum singularis audacia ostendatur necesse est, neque auda-
cia solum, sed summus furor atque amentia.
Necessity of Direct Evidence.
25. Haec cum sint omnia, tamen exstent oportet expressa
sceleris vestigia, — ubi, qua ratione, per quos, quo tempore 1 5
maleficium sit admissum ; quae nisi multa et manifesta sunt,
profecto res tam scelesta, tam atrox, tam nefaria credi non
potest. Magna est enim vis humanitatis ; multum valet
communio sanguinis ; reclamitat istius modi suspicionibus
ipsa natura ; portentum atque monstrum certissimum est, 20
esse aliquem humana specie et figura, qui tantum immani-
tate bestias vicerit, ut propter quos banc suavissimam lucem
aspexerit, eos indignissime luce privarit, cum etiam feras
inter sese partus atque educatio et natura ipsa conciliet.
Examples from Other Cases.
XXIII. 26. Non ita multis ante annis, aiunt T. Caelium 25
quendam Tarracinensem, hominem non obscurum, cum
cenatus cubitum in idem conclave cum duobus adules-
centibus filiis isset, inventum esse mane jugulatum. Cum
neque servus quisquam reperiretur, neque liber, ad quem ea
12 Orations of Cicero.
suspicio pertineret, id aetatis autem duo filii propter cubantes
ne sensisse quidem se dicerent, nomina filiorum de parri-
cidio delata sunt. Quid poterat tarn esse suspiciosum ?
Neutrumne sensisse? Ausum autem esse quemquam se
5 in id conclave committere, eo potissimum tempore, cum
ibidem essent duo adulescentes filii, qui et sentire et defen-
dere facile possent? 27. Erat porro nemo in quem ea
suspicio conveniret. Tamen cum planum judicibus esset
factum, aperto ostio dormientis eos repertos esse, judicio
10 absoluti adulescentes et suspicione omni liberati sunt.
Nemo enim putabat quemquam esse, qui, ciim omnia divina
atque humana jura scelere n^fario polluisset, somnum statim
capere potuisset ; propterea quod, qui tantum facinus com-
miserunt, non modo sine cura quiescere, sed ne spirare
IS quidem sine metu possunt.
Need of Strongest Proof Shown by the Severity of the Penalty.
28. Quare hoc quo minus est credibile nisi ostenditur,
eo magis est, si convincitur, vindicandum. Itaque cum
multis ex rebus intellegi potest majores nostros non modo
armis plus quam ceteras nationes, verum etiam consilio
20 sapientiaque potuisse, turn ex hac re vel maxime, quod in
impios singulare supplicium invenerunt : insui voluerunt in
culeum vivos, atque in flumen deici. O singularem sapien-
tiam, judices! Nonne videntur hunc hominem ex rerum
natura sustulisse et eripuisse, cui repente caelum, solem,
25 aquam terramque ademerint : ut qui eum necasset, urfde
ipse natus esset, careret eis rebus omnibus, ex quibus omma
nata esse dicuntur ? 29. Noluerunt feris corpus obicere, ne
bestiis quoque, quae tantum scelus attigissent, immanipribus
uteremur : non sic nudos in flumen deicere, ne, cum delati
30 essent in mare, ipsum polluerent, quo cetera, quae violata
sunt, expiari putantur. Denique nihil tam vile neque tam
volgare est cujus partem uUam reliquerint. Etenim quid est
Defence of Roscius, 13
tam commune quam spiritus vivis, terra mortuis, mare fluc-
tuantibus, litus ejectis ? Ita vivunt, dum possunt, ut ducere
animam de caelo non queant. Ita moriuntur, ut eorum ossa
terra non tangat. Ita jactantur fluctibus, ut numquam adlu-
antur. Ita postremo eiciuntur, ut ne ad saxa quidem mortui 5
conquiescant. 30. Tanti malefici crimen, cui maleficio tam
insigne supplicium est constitutum, probare te, Eruci, censes '
posse talibus viris, si ne causam quidem malefici protuleris ?
Si hunc apud bonorum emptores ipsos accusares, eique
judicio Chrysogonus praeesset, tamen diligentius paratiusque 10
venisses. Utrum quid agatur non vides, an apud quos
agatur? Agitur de parricidio, quod sine multis causis
suscipi non potest; apud homines autem prudentissimos
agitur, qui intellegunt neminem ne minimum quidem malefi-
cium sine causa admittere. 15
No opportunity to Commit the Crime.
XXVII. 31. Esto : causam proferre non potes. Tametsi
statim vicisse debeo, tamen de meo jure decedam, et tibi
quod in alia causa non concederem in hac concedam, fretus
hujus innocentia. Non quaere abs te qua re patrem Sex.
Roscius Occident : quaero quo modo occiderit. Ita quaero 20
abs te, C. Eruci, quo modo; et sic tecum agam, ut meo
loco vel respondendi vel interpellandi tibi potestatem faciam,
vel etiam, si quid voles, interrogandi.
32. Quo modo occidit ? Ipse percussit, an aliis occiden-
dum dedit? Si ipsum arguis, Romae non fuit : si per alios 25
fecisse dicis, quaero servosne an liberos ? si per liberos, quos
homines ? indidemne Ameria, an hosce ex urbe sicarios ? si
Ameria, qui sunt hi ? cur non nominantur ? si Roma, unde
eos noverat Roscius, qui Romam multis annis non venit,
neque umquam plus triduo fuit ? ubi eos convenit ? quicum 30
locutus est? quo modo persuasit? 'Pretium dedit.* Cui
dedit ? per quem dedit ? unde aut quantum dedit ? Nonne
14 Orations of Cicero,
his vestigiis ad caput malefici perveniri solet? Et simul
tibi in mentem veniat facito, quem ad modum vitam hujusce
depinxeris: hunc hominem ferum atque agrestem fuisse ;
numquam cum homine quoquam conlocutum esse; num-
5 quam in oppido constitisse.
33. Qua in re praetereo illud, quod mihi maximo argu-
mento ad hujus innocentiam poterat esse, in rusticis moribus,
in victu arido, in hac horrid a incultaque vita, istius modi
maleficia gigni non solere. Ut non omnem frugem neque
10 arborem in omni agro reperire possis, sic non omne facinus
in omni vita nascitur. In urbe luxuries creatur ; ex luxuria
exsistat avaritia necesse est, ex avaritia erumpat audacia;
inde omnia scelera ac maleficia gignuntur. Vita autem
haec rustica, quam tu agrestem vocas, parsimoniae, diligen-
15 tiae, justitiae magistra est.
No Agents Available.
34. Verum haec missa facio. Illud quaero, — is homo,
qui, ut tute dicis, numquam inter homines fuerit, per quos
homines hoc tantum facinus tam occulte, absens praesertim,
conficere potuerit. Multa sunt falsa, judices, quae tamen
2o argui suspiciose possunt ; in his rebus si suspicio reperta
erit, culpam inesse concedam. Romae Sex. Roscius occi-
ditur, cum in agro Amerino esset filius. Litteras, cr^do,
misit alicui sicario, qui Romae noverat neminem. ' Arces-
sivit aliquem.' Quem aut quando? * Nuntium misit.'
25 Quem aut ad quem ? ' Pretio, gratia, spe, promissis induxit
aliquem.' Nihil horum ne confingi quidem potest, et tamen
causa de parricidio dicitur !
If Committed by Slaves, — by whose Slaves?
35. Reliquum est ut per servos id admiserit. O di
immortales! rem miseram et calamitosam, quod in tali
30 crimine quod innocenti saluti solet esse, ut servos in
Defence of Roscius. 15
quaestionem polliceatur, id Sex. Roscio facere non licet.
Vos, qui hunc accusatis, omnis ejus servos habetis. Unus
puer, victus cotidiani minister, ex tanta familia Sex. Roscio
relictus non est. Te nunc appello, P. Scipio, te, Metelle.
Vobis advocatis, vobis agentibus, aliquotiens duos servos 5
patemos in quaestionem ab adversariis Sex. Roscius postu-
lavit. Meministisne T. Roscium recusare ? Quid ? ei servi
ubi sunt? Chrysogonum, judices, sectantur: apud eum
sunt in honore et pretio. Etiam nunc ut ex eis quaeratur
^o postulo, hie orat atque obsecrat. Quid facitis? cur 10
recusatis ? Dubitate etiam nunc, judices, si potestis, a quo
sit Sex. Roscius occisus, — ab eone, qui propter illius mortem
in egestate et in insidiis versatur, cui ne quaerendi quidem
de morte patris potestas permittitur, an ab eis qui quaes-
tionem fugitant, bona possident, in caede atque ex caede 15
vivunt
Sulla's Favorite, Chrysogonus, Implicated.
XLIII. 36. Venio nunc ad illud nomen aureum [Chryso-
goni], sub quo nomine tota societas latuit : de quo, judices,
neque quo modo dicam neque quo modo taceam reperire
possum. Si enim taceo, vel maximam partem relinquo ; 20
sin autem dico, vereor ne non ille solus, id quod ad me nihil
attinet, sed alii quoque plures laesos se esse putent.
Tametsi ita se res habet, ut mihi in communem causam
sectorum dicendum nihil magno opere videatur ; haec enim
causa nova prof ec to et singular is est. 25
He is the Purchaser of the Property.
37. Bonorum Sex. Rosci emptor est Chrysogonus.
Primum hoc videamus : ejus hominis bona qua ratione
venienint, aut quo modo venire potuerunt? Atque hoc
non ita quaeram, judices, ut id dicam esse indignum, homi-
nis innocentis bona venisse ; si enim haec audientur ac 30
libere dicentur, non fuit tantus homo Sex. Roscius in civi-
1 6 Orations of Cicero.
tate, ut de eo potissimum conqueramur. Verum [ego] hoc
quaere : qui potuerunt ista ipsa lege, quae de proscriptione
est, — sive Valeria est, sive Cornelia, non enim novi nee
scio, — verum ista ipsa lege bona Sex. Rosci venire qui
5 potuerunt ? Scriptum enim ita dicunt esse, ut eorum bona
veneant^ qui proscripti sunt — quo in numero Sex. Roscius
pon est — aut eorum qui in adversartorum praesidiis occisi
sunt. Dum praesidia uUa fuerunt, in Sullae praesidiis fuit ;
postea quam ab armis recessum est, in summo otio rediens
10 a cena Romae occisus est. Si lege, bona quoque lege
venisse fateor ; sin autem constat, contra omnis non modo
veteres leges verum etiam novas occisum esse, bona quo
jure aut quo more aut qua lege venierint quaero.
XLIV. 38. In quem hoc dicam quaeris, Eruci? Non in
1 5 eum quem vis et putas ; nam SuUam et oratio mea ab initio
et ipsius eximia virtus omni tempore purgavit Ego haec
omnia Chrysogonum fecisse dico, ut ementiretur, ut malum
civem Roscium fuisse fingeret, ut eum apud adversaries
occisum esse diceret, ut his de rebus a legatis Amerinorum
20 doceri L. Sullam passus non sit. Denique etiam illud sus-
picor, omnino haec bona non venisse : id quod postea, si
per vos, judices, licitum erit, aperietur.
The Sale by Proscription Illegal.
39. Opihor enim esse in lege, quam ad diem proscrip-
tiones venditionesque fiant ; [nimirum] Kalendas yunias,
25 Aliquot post mensis et homo occisus est, et bona venisse
dicuntur. Profecto aut haec bona in tabulas publicas nulla
redierunt, nosque ab isto nebulone facetius eludimur quam
putamus ; aut, si redierunt, tabulae publicae corruptae aliqua
ratione sunt : nam lege quidem bona venire non potuisse
30 constat. Incellego me ante tempus, judices, haec scrutari,
et prope modum errare, qui, cum capiti Sex. Rosci mederi
debeam, reduviam curem. Non enim laborat de pecunia;
Defence of Roscius. i/
non ullius rationem sui commodi ducit; facile egestatem
suam se laturum putat, si hac indigna suspicione et ficto
crimine liberatus sit.
40. Verum quaeso a vobis, judices, ut haec pauca quae
restant ita audiatis, ut partim me dicere pro me ipso putetis, 5
partim pro Sex. Roscio. Quae enim mihi indigna et intole-
rabilia videntur, quaeque ad omnis, nisi providemus, arbitror
pertinere, ea pro me ipso ex animi mei sensu ac dolore pro-
nuntio; quae ad hujus vitae [casum] causam[que] perti-
neant, et quid hie pro se dici velit, et qua condicione 10
contentus sit, jam in extrema oratione nostra, judices,
audietis. XLV. 41. Ego haec a Chrysogono, mea sponte,
remoto Sex. Roscio, quaero: primum, qua re civis optimi
bona venierint; deinde, qua re hominis ejus, qui neque pro-
scriptus neque apud adversaries occisus est, bona venierint, 15
cum in eos solos lex scripta sit; deinde, quare aliquanto
post earn diem venierint, quae dies in lege praefinita est ;
deinde, cur tantulo venierint. Quae omnia si, quem ad
modum solent liberti nequam et improbi facere, in patronum
suum voliierit conferre, nihil egerit: nemo est enim qui 20
nesciat propter magnitudinem rerum multa multos furtim
imprudente L. Sulla commisisse.
Sulla not Responsible.
42. Placet igitur in his rebus aliquid imprudentia praeter-
iri? Non placet, judices, sed necesse est. Etenim si
Juppiter optimus maximus, cujus nutu et arbitrio caelum 25
terra mariaque reguntur, saepe ventis vehementioribus aut
immoderatis tempestatibus aut nimio calore aut intolerabili
frigore hominibus nocuit, urbis delevit, fruges perdidit,
quorum nihil pernicii causa divino consilio, sed vi ipsa et
magnitudine rerum factum putamus ; at contra, commoda 30
quibus utimur luctmque qua fruimur spiritumque quem
ducimus ab eo nobis dari atque impertiri videmus, — quid
i8
Orations of Cicero.
miramur L. Sullam, cum solus rem publicam regeret, orbem-
que terrarum gubernaret, imperique majestatem quam armis
Jupiter.
receperat legibus confirmaret, aliqua animadvertere non
potuisse? Nisi hoc mirum est, quod vis divina adsequi
5 non possit, si id mens humana adepta non sit
Defence of Roscius. 19
The Cause of the Nobility not Involved.
43. Vereor, judices, ne quis imperitior existimet me cau-
sam nobilitatis victoriamque voluisse laedere : tametsi meo
jure possum, si quid in hac parte mihi non placeat, vitupe-
rare ; non enim vereor ne quis alienum me animum habuisse
a causa nobilitatis existimet. XLVII. Sciunt ei qui me j
norunt, me pro mea tenui infirmaque parte, — postea quam
id quod maxime volui fieri non potuit, ut componeretur, —
id maxime defendisse, ut ei vincerent qui vicerunt. Quis
enim erat, qui non videret humilitatem cum [dignitate de]
amplitudine contendere? Quo in certamine perditi civis 10
erat non se ad eos jungere, quibus incolumibus, et domi
dignitas et foris auctoritas retineretur. Quae perfecta esse
et suum cuique honorem et gradum redditum gaudeo, judices,
vehementerque laetor; eaque omnia deorum voluntate,
studio populi Romani, consilio et imperio et felicitate L. 15
Sullae, gesta esse intellego.
44. Quod animadversum est in eos qui contra omni
ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere ; quod viris
fortibus, quorum opera eximia in rebus gerendis exstitit,
honos habitus est, laudo. Quae ut fierent, idcirco pugnatum 20
esse arbitror, meque in eo studio partium fuisse confit^or.
Sin autem id actum est, et idcirco arma sumpta sunt, ut
homines postremi pecuniis alienis locupletarentur, et in
fortunas uniuscujusque impetum facerent, et id non modo
re prohibere non licet, sed ne verbis quidem vituperare, tum 25
vero in isto bello non recreatus neque restitutus, sed subactus
oppressusque populus Romanus est. Verum longe aliter est ;
nihil horum est, judices : non modo non laedetur causa nobi-
litatis, si istis hominibus resistetis, verum etiam ornabitur.
Chrysogonus* Cause not that of the Nobility.
XLVrn. 45. Quapropter desinant aliquando dicere male 30
aliquem locutum esse, si qui vere ac libere locutus sit;
20 Orations of Cicero,
desinant suam causam cum Chrysogono communicare ;
desinant, si ille laesus sit, de se aliquid detractum arbitrari ;
videant ne turpe miserumque sit eos, qui equestrem splendo-
rem pati non potuerunt, servi nequissimi dominationem ferre
5 posse. Quae quidem dominatio, judices, in aliis rebus antea
versabatur ; rune vero quam viam munitet, quod iter adfec-
tet videtis, — ad fidem, ad jusjurandum, ad judicia vestra,
ad id, quod solum prope in civitate sincerum sanctumque
restat. Hicine etiam sese putat aliquid posse Chrysogonus ?
10 Hie etiam potens esse volt? O rem miseram atque acer-
bam I Neque, mehercules, hoc indigne fero, quod verear ne
quid possit ; verum quod ausus est, quod speravit sese apud
talis viros aliquid posse ad perniciem innocentis, id ipsum
queror.
15 XLIX. 46. Idcircone exspectata nobilitas armis atque
ferro rem publicam reciperavit, ut ad libidinem suam liberti
servolique nobilium bona, fortunas J^ossessionesque nostras
vexare possent ? Si id actum est, fateor me errasse qui hoc
maluerim ; fateor insanisse qui cum illis senserim. Tametsi
20 inermis, judices, sensi. Sin autem victoria nobilium orna-
mento atque emolumento rei publicae populoque Romano
debet esse, tum vero optimo et nobilissimo cuique meam
orationem gratissimam esse oportet. Quod si quis est qui
et se et causam laedi putet cum Chrysogonus vituperetur,
25 is causam ignorat; se ipsum probe novit. Causa enim
splendidior fiet, si nequissimo cuique resistetur. Ille impro-
bissimus Chrysogoni fautor, qui sibi cum illo rationem com-
municatam putat, laeditur, cum ab hoc splendore causae
separatur.
The Attack on Chrysogonus is Cicero's : Roscius Asks only for Life.
30 47. Verum haec omnis oratio, ut jam ante dixi, mea est,
qua me uti res publica et dolor mens et istorum injuria
coegit. Sex. Roscius horum nihil indignum putat, neminem
Defence of Roscius, 21
accusat, nihil de suo patrimonio queritur. Putat homo
imperitus morum, agricola et rusticus, ista omnia, quae vos
per Sullam gesta esse dicitis, more, lege, jure gentium facta.
Culpa liberatus et crimine nefario solutus, cupit a vobis dis-
cedere. Si hac indigna suspicione careat, animo aequo se 5
carere suis omnibus commodis dicit. Rogat oratque te,
Chrysogone, si nihil de patris fortunis amplissimis in suam
rem convertit, si nulla in re te fraud avit, si tibi optima fide
sua omnia concessit, adnumeravit, appendit, si vestitum quo
ipse tectus erat, anulumque de digito suum tibi tradidit, si 10
ex omnibus rebus se ipsum nudum neque praeterea quic-
quam excepit, ut sibi per te liceat innocent! amicorum opi-
bus vitam in egestate degere. L. 48. *Praedia mea tu
possides, ego alien a misericordia vivo: concedo, et quod
animus aequus est, et quia necesse est. Mea domus tibi 15
patet, mihi clausa est : fero. Familia mea maxima tu uteris,
ego servum habeo nullum : patior et ferendum puto. Quid
vis amplius ? Quid insequeris ? Quid oppugnas } Qua in
re tuam voluntatem laedi a me putas ? Ubi tuis commodis
officio ? Quid tibi obsto 1 * Si spoliorum causa vis hominem 20
occidere, quid quaeris amplius ? Si inimicitiarum, quae sunt
tibi inimicitiae cum eo, cujus ante praedia possedisti quam
ipsum cognovisti ? Si metus, ab eone aliquid metuis, quem
vides ipsum ab se tam atrocem injuriam propulsare non
posse ? Sin quod bona quae Rosci fuerunt tua facta sunt, 25
idcirco hunc illius filium studes perdere, nonne ostendis id
te vereri, quod praeter ceteros tu metuere non debeas, ne
quando liberis proscriptorum bona patria reddantur?
Pretended Appeal to Qirysogomis for Mercy.
49. Facis injuriam, Chrysogone, si majorem spem emp-
tionis tuae in hujus exitio ponis, quam in eis rebus quas L. 30
Sulla gessit. Quod si tibi causa nulla est cur hunc miserum
tanta calamitate adfici velis, si tibi omnia sua praeter ani-
22 Orations of Cicero,
mam tradidit, nee sibi quicquam patemum ne monument!
quidem causa clam reservavit, per deos immortalis, quae
ista tanta crudelitas est? Quae tam fera immanisque
natura ? Quis umquam praedo fuit tam nefarius, quis pirata
5 tam barbarus, ut, cum integram praedam sine sanguine
habere posset, cruenta spolia detrahere mallet? 50. Scis
hunc nihil habere, nihil audere, nihil posse, nihil umquam
contra rem tuam cogitasse ; et tamen oppugnas eum quem
neque metuere potes, neque odisse debes, nee quicquam
10 jam habere reliqui vides quod ei detrahere possis. Nisi
hoc indignum putas, quod vestitum sedere in judicio vides,
quem tu e patrimonio tamquam e naufragio nudum expulisti ;
quasi vero nescias hunc et ali et vestiri a Caecilia, [Baliarici
filia, Nepotis sorore,] spectatissima femina, quae eum cla-
iS rissimum patrem, amplissimos patruos, ornatissimum fratrem
haberet, tamen, cum esset mulier, virtute perfecit ut, quanto
honore ipsa ex illorum dignitate adficeretur, non minora
illis ornamenta ex sua laude redderet.
Powerful Friends of the Defendant.
LI. 51. An quod diligenter defenditur, id tibi indignum
20 facinus videtur ? Mihi crede, si pro patris hujus hospitiis
et gratia vellent omnes hujus hospites adesse, et auderent
libere defendere, satis copiose defenderetur ; sin autem pro
magnitudine injuriae, proque eo quod summa res publica
in hujus periculo temptatur, haee omnes vindicarent, con-
25 sistere mehercule vobis isto in loco non liceret. Nunc ita
defenditur, non sane ut moleste ferre adversarii debeant,
neque ut se potentia superari putent. 52. Quae domi ge-
renda sunt, ea per Caeciliam transiguntur ; fori judicique
rationem M. Messala, ut videtis, judices, suscepit. Qui, si
30 jam satis aetatis atque roboiis haberet, ipse pro Sex. Roscio
diceret : quoniam ad dicendum impedimento est aetas et
pudor qui ornat aetatem, causam mihi tradidit, quem sua
Defence of Roscius, 23
causa cupere ac debere intellegebat ; ipse adsiduitate, con-
silio, auctoritate, diligentia perfecit, ut Sex. Rosci vita,
erepta de manibus sectorum, sententiis judicum permit-
teretur. Nimirum, judices, pro hac nobilitate pars maxima
civitatis in armis fuit ; haec acta res est, ut ei nobiles resti- 5
tuerentur in civitatem, qui hoc facerent quod facere Mes-
salam videtis, — qui caput innocentis defenderent, qui
injuriae resisterent, qui quantum possent in salute alterius
quam in exitio mallent ostendere ; quod si omnes qui eodem
loco nati sunt facerent, et res publica ex illis et ipsi ex 10
invidia minus laborarent.
Appeal to the Court against Chrysogonus.
LII. 53. Verum si a Chrysogono, judices, non impetra-
mus, ut pecunia nostra contentus sit, vitam ne petat, —
si ille adduci non potest, ut, cum ademerit nobis omnia quae
nostra erant propria, ne lucem quoque banc, quae communis 15
est, eripere cupiat, — si non satis habet avaritiam suam
pecunia explere, nisi etiam crudelitati sanguis praebitus sit,
— unum perfugium, judices, una spes reliqua est Sex.
Roscio, eadem quae rei publicae, vestra pristina bonitas
et misericordia. Quae si manet, salvi etiam nunc esse 20
possumus ; sin ea crudelitas, quae hoc tempore in re publica
versata est, vestros quoque animos — id quod fieri prof ecto
non potest — duriores acerbioresque reddidit, actum est,
judices : inter feras satius est aetatem degere, quam in hac
tanta immanitate versari. 54. Ad eamne rem vos reservati 25
estis, ad eamne rem delecti, ut eos condemn aretis, quos
sectores ac sicarii jugulare non potuissent? Solent hoc
boni imperatores facere, cum proelium committunt, ut in eo
loco quo fugam hostium fore arbitrentur milites conlocent,
in quos, si qui ex acie fugerint, de improviso incidant. 30
Nimirum similiter arbitrantur isti bonorum emptores, — vos
hie, talis viros, sedere, qui excipiatis eos qui de suis manibus
24 Orations of Cicero,
effugerint. Di prohibeant, judices, ut hoc, quod majores
consilium publicum vocari voluerunt, praesidium sectorum
existimetur.
Real Danger to Roscius Comet from Greed of_Dominant Party.
55. An vero, judices, vos non intellegitis nihil aliud agi
5 nisi ut proscriptorum liberi quavis ratione tollantur, et ejus
rei initium in vestro jurejurando atque in Sex. Rosci periculo
quaeri ? Dubiumne est ad quem maleficium pertineat, cum
videatis ex altera parte sectorem, inimicum, sicarium eun-
demque accusatorem hoc tempore ; ex altera parte egentem,
lo probatum suis filium, in quo non modo culpa nulla, sed ne
suspicio quidem potuit consistere? LIII. 56. Numquid
huic aliud videtis obstare [Roscio], nisi quod patris bona
venierunt ? Quodsi id vos suscipitis, et eam ad rem operam
vestram profitemini, si idcirco sedetis, ut ad vos adducantur
15 eorum liberi quorum bona venierunt, cavete, per deos
immortalis, judices, ne nova et multo crudelior per vos pro-
scriptio instaurata esse videatur. Illam priorem, quae facta
est in eos qui arma capere potuerunt, tamen senatus susci-
pere noluit, ne quid acrius quam more ma jorum comparatum
20 esset publico consilio factum videretur. Hanc vero, quae
ad eorum liberos atque ad infantium puerorum incunabula
pertinet, nisi hoc judicio a vobis reicitis et aspernamini,
videte, per deos immortalis, quem in locum rem publicam
perventuram putetis.
The Court Implored to Rescue him.
25 57. Homines sapientes et ista auctoritate et potestate
praeditos, qua vos estis, ex quibus rebus maxime res
publica laborat, eis maxime mederi convenit. Vestrum
nemo est quin intellegat populum Romanum, qui quondam
in hostis lenissimus existimabatur, hoc tempore domestica
30 crudelitate laborare. Hanc tollite ex civitate, judices.
Defence of Roscius, 25
Hanc pati nolite diutius in hac re publica versari. Quae
non modo id habet in se mali, quod tot civis atrocissime
sustulit, verum etiam hominibus lenissimis ademit miseri-
cordiam consuetudine incommodorum. Nam cum omnibus
horis aliquid atrociter fieri videmus aut audimus, etiam
qui natura mitissimi sumus, adsiduitate molestianmi sensum
omnem humanitatis ex animis amittimus.
IMPEACHMENT OF VERRES.
(In C. Verrem.)
B.C. 70.
Caius Verres, a man of noble birth, but notorious for his crimes
and exactions in the civil war and in the offices he had held since,
was city praetor {praetor urbanus) B.C. 74. At the close of his term
of office, he went, in accordance with the law, as propraetor, to govern
the province of Sicily. By reason of the disturbed condition of Italy,
from the revolt of Spartacus, he was not relieved at the end of a
year, as the law required, but continued two years longer in the gov-
ernment of the province, when he was succeeded by Lucius Caecilius
Metellus. During these three years he was guilty of the most abom-
inable oppressions and exactions; and the Sicilians, as soon as they
were relieved of his presence, brought suit against him in the court of
Repetundae (that for the trial of cases of Extortion), then presided over
by the praetor Manius Acilius Glabrio. To conduct the prosecution
they had recourse to Cicero, who already stood high among Roman
advocates, and who was personally known and trusted by the Sicilians
on account of his honorable administration of the quaestorship in their
island in B.C. 77. Cicero willingly took charge of the case, the more to
Impeachment of Verves, 27
as the counsel for Verres was Hortensius, the leading lawyer of the
time, against whom he was eager to measure his strength.
Although the cruelty and rapacity of Verres were notorious, yet his
relations to the Roman nobility insured him the same kind of support
at home which recently, under somewhat similar circumstances, was
afforded to Governor £3n'e in England, on his return from Jamaica:
not only Hortensius, but Curio, a man of excellent reputation, with
members of the eminent families of Scipio and Metellus, stood firmly
by him. The only hope of Verres lay in preventing a fair and speedy
trial. First he tried to obtain a prosecutor who should be in collusion
with him, and would not push him too hard. For this purpose one
Caedlius was put forward, an insignificant person, but a native of Sicily.
Cicero's first speech in the case {In Q. Caecilium) was therefore a pre-
liminary argument before the praetor Glabrio in person, to show that
he, rather than Caecilius, should be allowed to conduct the case. This
it was not hard to do, and he set out at once for Sicily to collect
evidence, for which purpose he was allowed one hundred and ten days.
To consume time the opposition had planned to bring before the
same court a trumped-up action against another provincial governor
which should have precedence of the trial of Verres. To this end they
had procured for the prosecutor in the rival suit an allowance of one
hundred and eight days for collecting evidence in Achaia — or two days
less than the time which Cicero was expected to need. This intrigue
was foiled by Cicero's industry and skill. He used not quite half of
the time allowed him, arriving in Rome, with ample evidence, not only
before the prosecutor in the rival case was ready, but even before the
latter had left Italy on his pretended tour of investigation. The trial
of Verres was now fixed for Aug. 5, B.C. 70 (consulship of Pompey and
Crassus).
Meantime (in the latter part of July) the elections were held for the
next year. As was the custom in Rome, these occurred several months
before the newly elected magistrates were to enter upon their offices.
The successful candidates, under the title of designatiy enjoyed a
dignity almost equal to that of the actual magistrates, although with
no real power (see ch. ix.). In these elections Cicero was designated
aedile; but his rival Hortensius was chosen consul, with Quintus
Metellus Creticus, Verres' fast friend, as his colleague. More than
this, Marcus Metellus, brother of Quintus, was chosen praetor, and the
lot fell to him to preside the next year in the court of Repetundae. If
now the trial could be put over till the next year, when Hortensius and
the two Metelli would be in the three most influential positions in the
28 Orations of Cicero.
State, Verres felt quite sure of getting clear. Neither did it seem as
if this would be very hard to bring about ; for the last six months of
the Roman year were so full of festivals and other days on which the
court could not sit, that the case would be liable to constant inter-
ruptions and delays. The postponement would have disappointed Cicero
sorely, for, by good luck in drawing the names, and sagacity in chal-
lenging, he had a jury that he could trust, and he was not willing to
run the risk of a change.
Under these circumstances Cicero made the second speech of the
Verrine group — that which is known as the Actio Prima (included in
the present edition, pp. 28-47 below). In this oration he declared his
intention of departing from the usual course of procedure in order to
push the trial through before the New Year. It was customary for
the prosecutor, after opening the case (as in the present speech), to
present his proofs and arguments in a long connected oration (or a
series of orations) ; there followed a reply from the defendant's coun-
sel, and then the witnesses were introduced. Cicero, omitting the long
statement just described, proceeded to bring forward his witnesses
immediately. Since the only hope of the defence lay in putting off the
trial, Cicero's promptitude was decisive : Hortensius soon threw up his
case, and Verres went into exile, with a name forever associated with
extortion and misgovemment. Full restitution of the plunder was,
however, not obtained : a compromise was made, by which a less sum
was paid in satisfaction of the claims. The five speeches known as the
** Accusation " proper (Actio Secunda) were never delivered, but were
written out and published in order to put on record the facts which
Cicero had gathered with so much pains, and to give a specimen of
his powers in the way of forensic composition.
The Senatorial Jurors have a Chance to Retrieve their Reputation.
wUOD erat optandum maxime, judices, et quod unum
ad invidiam vestri ordinis infamiamque judiciorum
sedandam maxime pertinebat, id non human o consilio, sed
prope divinitus datum atque oblatum vobis summo rei
5 publicae tempore videtur. Inveteravit enim jam opinio
perniciosa rei publicae, vobisque periculosa, quae non
modo apud populum Romanum, sed etiam apud exteras
nationes, omnium sermone percrebruit: his judiciis quae
Q
Impeachment of Verres. 29
nunc sunt, pecuniosum hominem, quamvis sit nocens,
neminem posse damnari. 2. Nunc, in ipso discrimine
ordinis judiciorumque vestrorum, cum sint parati qui con-
tionibus et legibus banc invidiam senatus inflammare
conentur, [reus] in judicium adductus est [C. Verres], 5
homo vita atque factis omnium jam opinione damnatus,
pecuniae magnitudine sua spe et praedicatione absolutus.
Huic ego causae, judices, cum summa voluntate et
exspectatione populi Romani, actor accessi, non ut augerem
invidiam ordinis, sed ut infamiae communi succurrerem. 10
Adduxi enim bom in em, in quo reconciliare existimationem
judiciorum amissam, redire in gratiam cum populo Romano,
satis facere exteris nationibus, possetis; depeculatorem
aerari, vexatorem Asiae atque Pamphyliae, praedonem juris
urbani, labem atque pemiciem provinciae Siciliae. 3. De 15
quo si vos vere ac religiose judicaveritis, auctoritas ea,
quae in vobis remanere debet, haerebit ; sin istius ingentes
divitiae judiciorum religionem veritatemque perfregerint,
ego hoc tamen adsequar, ut judicium potius rei publicae,
quam aut reus judicibus, aut accusator reo, defuisse videatur. 20
Bribery the Defendant's Only Hope.
II. Equidem, ut de me confitear, judices, cum multae
mihi a C. Verre insidiae terra marique factae sint, quas
partim mea diligentia devitarim, partim amicorum studio
officioque repulerim ; numquam tamen neque tantum peri-
culum mihi adire visus sum, neque tanto opere pertimui, 25
ut nunc in ipso judicio. 4. Neque tantum me exspec-
tatio accusationis meae, concursusque tantae multitudinis
(quibus ego rebus vehementissime perturbor) commovet,
quantum istius insidiae nefariae, quas uno tempore mihi,
vobis, M'. Glabrioni, populo Romano, sociis, exteris nati- 30
onibus, ordini, nomini denique senatorio, facere conatur:
qui ita dictitat, eis esse metuendum, qui quod ipsis soils
30 Orations of Cicero,
satis esset surripuissent ; se tantum eripuisse, ut id multis
satis esse possit ; nihil esse tarn sanctum quod non violari,
nihil tam munitum quod non expugnari pecunia possit.
His Designs Patent.
5. Quod si quam audax est ad conandum, tam esset
5 obscurus in agendo, fortasse aliqua in re nos aliquando
fefellisset. Verum hoc adhuc percommode cadit, quod
cum incredibili ejus audacia singularis stultitia conjuncta
est. Nam, ut apertus in corripiendis pecuniis fuit, sic in
spe corrumpendi judici, perspicua sua consilia conatusque
lo omnibus fecit. Semel, ait, se in vita pertimuisse, tum cum
primum a me reus f actus sit ; quod, cum e provincia recens
esset, invidiaque et infamia non recenti, sed vetere ac
diuturna flagraret, tum, ad judicium corrumpendum, tempus
alienum offenderet. 6. Itaque, cum ego diem in Siciliam
15 inquirendi perexiguam postulavissem, invenit iste, qui sibi
in Achaiam biduo breviorem diem postularet, — non ut is
idem conficeret diligentia et industria sua quod ego meo
labore et vigiliis consecutus sum, etenim ille Achaicus
inquisitor ne Brundisium quidem pervenit; ego Siciliam
20 to tam quinquaginta diebus sic obii, ut omnium populorum
privatorumque literas injuriasque cognoscerem; ut perspi-
cuum cuivis esse posset, hominem ab isto quaesitum esse,
non qui reum suum adduceret, sed qui meum tempus
obsideret.
He is Intriguing for Postponement.
25 III. 7. Nunc homo audacissimus atque amentissimus
hoc cogitat. Intellegit me ita paratum atque instructimi
in judicium venire, ut non modo in auribus vestris, sed in
oculis omnium, sua furta atque fiagitia defixurus sim.
Videt senatores multos esse testis audaciae suae ; videt
30 multos equites Romanes frequentis praeterea civis atque
socios, quibus ipse insignis injurias fecerit. Videt etiam
Impeachment of Verres, 31
tot tarn gravis ab amicissimis civitatibus legationes, cum
publicis auctoritatibus convenisse. 8. Quae cum ita sint,
usque eo de omnibus bonis male existimat, usque eo
senatoria judicia perdita profligataque esse arbitratur, ut
hoc palam dictitet, non sine causa se cupidum pecuniae 5
fuisse, quoniam in pecunia tantum praesidiiun experiatur
esse : sese (id quod difficillimum fuerit) tempus ipsum
emisse judici sui, quo cetera facilius emere postea posset ;
ut, quoniam criminum vim subterfugere nuUo modo poterat,
procellam temporis devitaret. 10
But the Court is Incorruptible.
9. Quod si non modo in causa, verum in aliquo honesto
praesidio, aut in alicujus eloquentia aut gratia, spem ali-
quam conlocasset, profecto non haec omnia conligeret atque
aucuparetur ; non usque eo despiceret contemneretque ordi-
nem senatorium, ut arbitratu ejus deligeretur ex senatu, qui 15
reus fieret; qui, dum hie quae opus essent compararet,
causam interea ante eum diceret. 10. Quibus ego rebus
quid iste speret et quo animum intendat, facile perspicio.
Quam ob rem vero se confidat aliquid perficere posse, hoc
praetore, et hoc consilio, intellegere non possum. Unum 20
illud intellego (quod populus Romanus in rejectione judi-
cum judicavit), ea spe istum fuisse praeditum ut omnem
rationem salutis in pecunia constitueret ; hoc erepto prae-
sidio, ut nullam sibi rem adjumento fore arbitraretur.
Earlier Crimes of Verres.
IV. Etenim quod est ingenium tantum, quae tanta 25
facultas dicendi aut copia, quae istius vitam, tot vitiis
flagitiisque convictam, jampridem omnium voluntate judi-
cioque damnatam, aliqua ex parte possit defendere?
11. Cujus ut adulescentiae maculas ignominiasque prae-
teream, quaestura [primus gradus honoris] quid aliud 3°
32 Orations of Cicero,
habet in se, nisi [Cn. Carbonem spoliatum] a quaestore
suo pecunia publica nudatum et proditum consulem?
desertum exercitum? relictam provinciam? sortis neces-
situdinem religionemque violatam? Cujus legatio exitium
5 fuit Asiae totius et Pamphyliae : quibus in provinciis
multas domos, plurimas urbis, omnia fana depopulatus
est, turn cum [in Cn. Dolabellam] suum scelus illud pris-
tinum renovavit et instauravit quaestorium; cum eum,
cui et legatus et pro quaestore fuisset, et in invidiam suis
lo maleficiis adduxit, et in ipsis periculis non solum deseruit,
sed etiam oppugnavit ac prodidit. 12. Cujus praetura
urbana aedium sacrarum fuit publicorumque operum depo-
pulatio ; simul in jure dicundo, bonorum possessionumque,
contra omnium instituta, addictio et condonatio.
His Reckless Career in Sicily.
15 Jam vero omnium vitiorum suorum plurima et maxima
constituit monumenta et indicia in provincia Sicilia ; quam
iste per triennium ita vexavit ac perdidit ut ea restitui in
antiquum statum nullo modo possit ; vix autem per multos
annos, innocentisque praetores, aliqua ex parte recreari
20 aliquando posse videatur. 13. Hoc praetore, Siculi neque
suas leges, neque nostra senatus-consulta, neque communia
jura tenuerunt. Tantum quisque habet in Sicilia, quantum
hominis avarissimi et libidinosissimi aut imprudentiam sub-
terfugit aut satietati superfuit.
25 V. Nulla res per triennium, nisi ad nutum istius, judi-
cata est : nulla res cujusquam tam patria atque avita fuit,
quae non ab eo, imperio istius, abjudicaretur. Innumera-
biles pecuniae ex aratorum bonis novo nefarioque instituto
coactae; socii fidelissimi in hostium numero existimati;
30 cives Romani servilem in modum cruciati et necati; homi-
nes nocentissimi propter pecunias judicio liberati; hones*
tissimi atque integerrimi, absent^s rei facti, indicta cau3a
Impeachment of Verres, 33
damnati et ejecti ; portus munitissimi, maximae tutissimae-
que urbes piratis praedonibusque patefactae; nautae mili-
tesque Siculorum, socii nostri atque amici, fame necati;
classes optimae atque opportunissimae, cum magna igno-
minia populi Romani, amissae et perditae. 14. Idem iste 5
praetor monumenta antiquissima, partim regum locupletis-
simorum, quae illi omamento urbibus esse voluerunt, partim
etiam nostrorum imperatorum, quae victores civitatibus
Siculis aut dederunt aut reddiderunt, spoliavit, nudavitque
omnia. Neque hoc solum in statuis ornamentisque publicis 10
fecit; sed etiam delubra omnia, sanctissimis religionibus
consecrata, depeculatus est. Deum denique nullum Siculis,
qui ei paulo magis adfabre atque antiquo artificio factus
videretur, reliquit. In stupris vero et flagitiis, nef arias ejus
libidines commemorare pudore deterreor : simul illorum cala- 15
mitatem commemorando augere nolo, quibus liberos conju-
gesque suas integras ab istius petulantia conservare non
licitum est.
His Guilt is Notorious.
15. At enim haec ita commissa sunt ab isto, ut non cog-
nita sint ab hominibus ? Hominem arbitror esse neminem, 20
qui nomen istius audierit, quin facta quoque ejus nef aria
commemorare possit ; ut mihi magis timendum sit, ne multa
crimina praetermittere, quam ne qua in istum fingere, exis-
timer. Neque enim mihi videtur haec multitudo, quae ad
audiendum convenit, cognoscere ex me causam voluisse, sed 25
ea, quae scit, mecum recognoscere.
Hence he Trusts in Bribery Alone.
VI. Quae cum ita sint, iste homo amens ac perditus alia
mecum ratione pugnat. Non id agit, ut alicujus eloquentiam
mihi opponat; non gratia, non auctoritate cujusquam, non
potentia nititur. Simulat his se rebus confidere, sed video 3°
quid agat (neque enim agit occultissime) : proponit inania
34 Orations of Cicero,
mihi nobilitatis, hoc est, hominum adrogantium, nomina;
qui non tarn me impediunt quod nobiles sunt, quam adjuvant
quod noti sunt. Simulat se eorum praesidio confidere, cum
interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur.
Previous Attempts at Bribery.
5 16. Quam spam nunc habeat in manibus, et quid moliatur,
breviter jam, judices, vobis exponam : sed prius, ut ab initio
res ab eo constituta sit, quaeso, cognoscite. Ut primum e
provincia rediit, redemptio est hujus judici facta grandi
pecunia. Mansit in condicione atque pacto usque ad eum
10 finem, dum judices rejecti sunt. Postea quam rejectio judi-
cum facta est — quod et in sortition e istius spem fortuna
populi Romani, et in reiciendis judicibus mea diligentia,
istorum impudentiam vicerat — renuntiata est tota condicio.
17. Praeclare se res habebat Libelli nominum vestrorum,
15 consilique hujus, in manibus erant omnium. Nulla nota,
nullus color, nullae sordes videbantur his sententiis adlini
posse : cum iste repente, ex alacri atque laeto, sic erat
humilis atque demissus, ut non modo populo Romano, sed
etiam sibi ipse, condemnatus videretur.
The Election Gives him Fresh Courage.
20 Ecce autem repente, his diebus paucis comitiis consularibus
factis, eadem ilia vetera consilia pecunia ma j ore repetuntur ;
eaedemque vestrae famae fortunisque omnium insidiae per
eosdem homines comparantur. Quae res primo, judices,
pertenui nobis argumento indicioque patefacta est: post,
25 aperto suspicionis introitu, ad omnia intima istorum consilia
sine ullo errore pervenimus.
VII. 18. Nam, ut Hortensius, consul designatus, domum
reducebatur e Campo, cum maxima frequentia ac multitudine
fit obviam casu ei multitudini C. Curio ; quem ego hominem
30 honoris [potius quam contumeliae] causa nominatum volo.
Impeachment of Verves, 35
Etenim ea dicam, quae ille, si commemorari noluisset, non
tanto in conventu, tam aperte palamque dixisset : quae tamen
a me pedetentim cauteque dicentur ; ut et amicitiae nostrae
et dignitatis illius habita ratio esse intellegatur.
19. Videt ad ipsum fornicem Fabianum in turba Verrem : 5
appellat hominem, et ei voce maxima gratulatur: ipsi Hor-
tensio, qui consul erat f actus, propinquis necessariisque ejus,
qui turn aderant, verbum nullum facit : cum hoc consistit ;
hunc amplexatur; hunc jubet sine cura esse. ^Renuntio,'
inquit, *tibi, te hodiernis comitiis esse absolutum.' Quod 10
cum tam multi homines honestissimi audissent, statim ad
me defertur: immo vero, ut quisque me viderat, narrabat.
Aliis illud indignum, aliis ridiculum, videbatur: ridiculum
eis qui istius causam in testium fide, in criminiun ratione,
in judicum potestate, non in comitiis consularibus, positam 15
arbitrabantur : indignum eis, qui altius aspiciebant, et banc
gratulationem ad judicium corrumpendum spectare vide-
bant. 20. Etenim sic ratiocinabantur, sic honestissimi homi-
nes inter se et mecum loquebantur : aperte jam et perspicue
nulla esse judicia. Qui reus pridie jam ipse se condemna- 20
turn putabat, is, postea quam defensor ejus consul est f actus,
absolvitur ! Quid igitur ? quod tota Sicilia, quod omnes
Siculi, omnes negotiatores, omnes publicae privataeque lit-
terae Romae sunt, nihilne id valebit? nihil, invito consule
designate ! Quid ? judices non crimina, non testis, non 25
existimationem populi Romani sequentur ? Non : omnia in
unius potestate ac moderatione vertentur.
His Friend Metellus is to be Judge Next Year.
VIII. Vere loquar, judices: vehementer me haec res
commovebat. Optimus enim quisque ita loquebatur: iste
quidem tibi eripietur : sed nos non tenebimus judicia diutius. 30
Etenim quis poterit, Verre absoluto, de transferendis judi-
ciis recusare ? 21. Erat omnibus molestum : neque eos tam
36 Orations of Cicero,
istius hominis perditi subita laetitia, quam hominis amplis-
simi nova gratnlatio, commovebat. Cupiebam dissimulare
me id moleste ferre : cupiebam animi dolorem vultu tegere,
et taciturnitate celare. Ecce autem, illis ipsis diebus, cum
5 praetores designati sortirentur, et M. Metello obtigisset, ut is
de pecuniis repetundis quaereret, nuntiatur mihi tantam isti
gratulationem esse factam, ut is domum quoque pueros mit-
teret, qui uxori suae nuntiarent.
Attempt to Defeat Cicero's Election as Adile.
22. Sane ne haec quidem mihi res placebat : neque tamen^
10 tanto opere quid in hac sorte metuendum mihi esset, intel-
legebam. Unum illud ex hominibus certis, ex quibus omnia
comperi, reperiebam : fiscos compluris cum pecunia Sicili-
ensi, a quodam senatore ad equitem Romanum esse trans-
latos : ex his quasi decem fiscos ad senatorem ilium relictos
1 5 esse, comitiorum meorum nomine : divisores omnium tribuum
noctu ad istum vocatos. 23. Ex quibus quidam, qui se omnia
mea causa debere arbitrabatur, eadem ilia nocte ad me venit :
demonstrat, qua iste oratione usus esset: commemorasse
istum, quam liberaliter eos tractasset [etiam] antea, cum
20 ipse praeturam petisset, et proximis consularibus praetori-
isque comitiis: deinde continuo esse poUicitum, quantam
vellent pecuniam, si me aedilitate dejecissent. Hie alios
negasse audere; alios respondisse, non putare id perfici
posse : inventum tamen esse fortem amicum, ex eadem fami-
25 lia, Q. Verrem, Romilia, ex optima divisorum disciplina,
patris istius discipulum atque amicum, qui, HS quingentis
milibus depositis, id se perfecturum polliceretur : et fuisse
tum non nullos, qui se una facturos esse dicerent. Quae
cum ita essent, sane benevolo animo me, ut magno opere
30 caverem praemonebat.
Impeachment of Verres. 37
Cicero Made Anxious, but Finally Elected.
IX. 24. SoUicitabar rebus maximis uno atque eo per-
exiguo tempore. Urgebant comitia ; et in his ipsis oppug-
nabar grandi pecunia. Instabat judicium : ei quoque negotio
fisci Sicilienses minabantur. Agere quae ad judicium perti-
nebant libere, comitiorum metu deterrebar: petitioni toto ^
animo servire, propter judicium non licebat. Minari denique
divisoribus ratio non erat, propterea quod eos intellegere
videbam me hoc judicio districtum atque obligatum futurum.
25. Atque hoc ipso tempore Siculis denuntiatum esse audio,
primum ab Hortensio, domum ad ilium ut venirent : Siculos 10
in eo sane liberos fuisse; qui quam ob rem arcesserentur
cum intellegerent, non venisse. Interea comitia nostra, quo-
rum iste se, ut ceterorum hoc anno comitiorum, dominum
esse arbitrabatur, haberi coepta sunt. Cursare iste homo
potens, cum filio blando et gratioso, circum tribus: paternos 15
amicos, hoc est divisores, appellare omnes et convenire.
Quod cum esset intellectum et animadversum, fecit animo
libentissimo populus Romanus, ut cujus divitiae me de fide
deducere non potuissent, ne ejusdem pecunia de honore
deicerer. 20
Consuls Elect Intrigue for Postponement.
26. Postea quam ilia petitionis magna cura liberatus sum,
animo coepi multo magis vacuo ac soluto, nihil aliud nisi de
judicio agere et cogitare. Reperio, judices, haec ab istis
consilia inita et constituta, ut, quacumque posset ratione,
res ita duceretur, ut apud M. Metellum praetorem causa 25
diceretur. In eo esse haec commoda : primum M. Metellum
amicissimum ; deinde Hortensium consulem non * [solum,
sed] etiam Q. Metellum, qui quam isti sit amicus attendite :
dedit enim praerogativam suae voluntatis ejus modi, ut isti
pro praerogativis earn reddidi$se vid^atur, 30
38 Orations of Cicero.
27. An me taciturum tantis de rebus existimavistis ? et
me, in tanto rei publicae existimationisque meae periculo,
cuiquam consulturum potius quam officio et dignitati meae ?
Arcessit alter consul designatus Siculos : veniunt non nulli,
5 propterea quod L. Metellus esset praetor in Sicilia. Cum
iis ita loquitur: se consulem esse; fratrem suum alterum
Siciliam provinciam obtinere, alterum esse quaesiturum de
pecuniis repetundis ; Verri ne noceri possit multis rationibus
esse provisum.
10 X. 28. Quid est, quaeso, Metelle, judicium corrumpere,
si hoc non est ? testis, praesertim [Siculos], timidos homines
et adfiictos, non solum auctoritate deterrere, sed etiam con-
sulari metu, et duorum praetorum potestate ? Quid faceres
pro innocente homine et propinquo, cum propter hominem
15 perditissimum at que alienissimum de officio ac dignitate
decedis, et committis, ut, quod ille dictitat, alicui, qui te
ignoret, verum esse videatur ?
Next Year a more Pliable Court.
29, Nam hoc Verrem dicere aiebant, te non fato, ut cete-
ros ex vestra familia, sed opera sua consulem factum. Duo
20 igitur consules et quaesitor erunt ex illius voluntate. ' Non
solum eifugiemus' inquit ^hominem in quaerendo nimium
diligentem, nimium servientem populi existimationi, M'.
Glabrionem : accedet etiam nobis illud. Judex est M.
Caesonius, conlega nostri accusatoris, homo in rebus judi-
25 candis spectatus et cognitus, quem minime expediat esse
in eo consilio quod conemur aliqua ratione corrumpere :
propterea quod jam antea, cum judex in Juniano consilio
fuisset, turpissimum illud facinus non solum graviter tulit,
sed etiam in medium protulit. Hunc judicem ex Kal.
30 Januariis non habebimus. 30. Q. Manlium, et Q. Corni-
ficium, duos severissimos atque integerrimos judices, quod
tribuni plebis tum erunt, judices non habebimus. P. Sulpi-
Impeachment of Verres. 39
cius, judex tristis et integer, magistratum ineat oportet Nonis
Decembribus. M. Crepereius, ex acerrima ilia equestri fami-
lia et disciplina ; L. Cassius ex familia cum ad ceteras res
turn ad judicandum severissima; Cn. Tremellius, homo
summa religione et diligentia, — tres hi, homines veteres, s
tribuni militares sunt designati: ex Kal. Januariis non
judicabunt. Subsortiemur etiam in M. Metelli locum, quo-
niam is huic ipsi quaestioni praefuturus est. Ita secun-
dum Kalendas Januarias, et praetore et prope toto consilio
commutato, magnas accusatoris minas, magnamque exspec- lo
tationem judici, ad nostrum arbitrium libidinemque elu-
demus.'
Remainder of this Year dangerously Short.
31. Nonae sunt hodie Sextiles : hora VIII. convenire
coepistis. Hunc diem jam ne numerant quidem. Decem
dies sunt ante ludos votivos, quos Cn. Pompeius facturus ^5
est. Hi ludi dies quindecim auferent: deinde continuo
Romani consequentur. Ita prope XL. diebus interpositis,
tum denique se ad ea quae a nobis dicta erunt responsuros
esse arbitrantur : deinde se ducturos, et dicendo et excu-
sando, facile ad ludos Victoriae. Cum his plebeios esse 20
conjunctos; secundum quos aut nulli aut perpauci dies
ad agendum futuri sunt. Ita defessa ac refrigerata accu-
satione, rem integram ad M. Metellum praetorem esse
venturam : quem ego hominem, si ejus fidei diffisus essem,
judicem non retinuissem. 32. Nunc tamen hoc animo sum, 25
ut eo judice quam praetore banc rem transigi malim; et
jurato suam quam injurato aliorum tabellas committere.
Cicero's Plan for Despatch.
XL Nunc ego, judices, jam vos consulo, quid mihi
faciendum putetis. Id enim consili mihi profecto taciti
dabitis, quod egomet mihi necessario capiendum intellego. 3^
Si utar ad dicendum meo legitimo tempore, mei laboris,
40 Orations of Cicero.
industriae, diligentiaeque capiam fructum; et [ex accusa-
tione] perficiam ut nemo umquam post hominuni memo-
riam paratior, vigilantior, compositior ad judicium venisse
videatur. Sed, in hac laude industriae meae, reus ne
5 elabatur summum periculum est. Quid est igitur quod
fieri possit? Non obscurum, opinor, neque absconditum.
33. Fructum istum laudis, qui ex perpetua oratione percipi
potuit, in alia tempora reservemus : nunc hominem tabulis,
testibus, privatis publicisque litteris auctoritatibusque accu-
10 semus. Res omnis mihi tecum erit, Hortensi. Dicam
aperte: si te mecum dicendo ac diluendis criminibus in
hac causa contendere putarem, ego quoque in accusando
atque in explicandis criminibus operam consumerem ; nunc,
quoniam pugnare contra me instituisti, non tam ex tua
15 natura quam ex istius tempore et causa [malitiose], necesse
est istius modi rationi aliquo consilio obsistere. 34. Tua
ratio est, ut secundum binos ludos mihi respondere incipias ;
mea, ut ante primos ludos comperendinem. Ita fit ut tua
ista ratio existimetur astuta, meum hoc consilium necessa-
20 rium.
Corrupt Influence of Hortensius Dangerous.
XII. Verum illud quod institueram dicere, mihi rem
tecum esse, hujus modi est. Ego cum banc causam Sicu-
lorum rogatu recepissem, idque mihi amplum et praeclarum
existimassem, eos velle meae fidei diligentiaeque periculum
25 facere, qui innocentiae abstinentiaeque fecissent ; tum sus-
cepto negotio, majus quiddam mihi proposui, in quo meam
in rem publicam voluntatem populus Romanus perspicere
posset. 35. Nam illud mihi nequaquam dignum industria
conatuque meo videbatur, istum a me in judicium, jam
30 omnium judicio condemnatum, vocari, nisi ista tua intolera-
bilis potentia, et ea cupiditas qua per hosce annos in qui-
busdam judiciis usus es, etiam in istius hominis desperati
causa interponeretur. Nunc vero, quoniam haec te omnis
H0RTENSIU3.
(Bust in the Villa Albani. Rome)
Impeachment of Verres, 41
dominatio regnumque judiciorum tanto opere delectat, et
sunt homines quos libidinis infamiaeque suae neque pudeat
neque taedeat, — qui, quasi de industria, in odium offensio-
nemque populi Romani inruere videantur, — hoc me profiteor
suscepisse, magnum fortasse onus et mihi periculosissimum, 5
verum tamen dignum in quo omnis nervos aetatis indus-
triaeque- meae contenderem.
36. Quoniam tot us ordo paucorum improbitate et auda-
cia premitur et urgetur infamia judiciorum, profiteor huic
generi hominum me inimicum accusatorem, odiosum, adsi- 10
duum, acerbum adversarium. Hoc mihi sumo, hoc mihi
deposco, quod agam in magistratu, quod agam ex eo loco
ex quo me populus Romanus ex Kal. Januariis secum agere
de re publica ac de hominibus improbis voluit : hoc munus
aedilitatis meae populo Romano amplissimum pulcherrimum- 15
que poUiceor. Moneo, praedico, ante denuntio; qui aut depo-
nere, aut accipere, aut recipere, aut polliceri, aut sequestres
aut interpretes corrumpendi judici solent esse, quique ad
banc rem aut potentiam aut impudentiam suam professi
sunt, abstineant in hoc judicio manus animosque ab hoc 20
scelere nefario.
This Influence must be Met by Proofs of Corruption.
XIII. 37. Erit turn consul Hortensius cum summo ipipe-
rio et potestate ; ego autem aedilis, hoc est, paulo amplius
quam privatus. Tamen hujus modi haec res est, quam me
acturum esse polliceor, ita populo Romano grata atque 25
jucunda, ut ipse consul in hac causa prae me minus etiam
(si fieri possit) quam privatus esse videatur. Omnia non
modo commemorabuntur, sed etiam, expositis certis rebus,
agentur, quae inter decem annos, poster* quam judicia ad
senatum translata sunt, in rebus judicandis nefarie flagiti- 30
oseque facta sunt. 38. Cognoscet ex me populus Romanus
quid sit, quam ob rem, cum equester ordo judicaret, annos
42 Orations of Cicero.
prope quinquaginta continues, in nuUo judice [equite Romano
judicante] ne tenuissima quidem suspicio acceptae pecuniae
ob rem judicandam constituta sit : quid sit quod, judiciis ad
senatorium ordinem translatis, sublataque populi Romani in
5 unum quemque vestrum potestate, Q. Calidius damnatus
dixerit, minoris HS triciens praetorium hominem honeste
non posse damnari : quid sit quod, P. Septimio -senatore
damnato, Q. Hortensio praetore, de pecuniis repetundis lis
aestimata sit eo nomine, quod ille ob rem judicandam pecu-
10 niam accepisset ; 39. quod in C. Herennio, quod in C.
Popilio, senatoribus, qui ambo peculatus damnati sunt;
quod in M. Atilio, qui de majestate damnatus est, hoc
planum factum sit, eos pecuniam ob rem judicandam acce-
pisse; quod inventi sint senatores, qui, C. Verre praetore
15 urbano sortiente, exirent in eum reum, quem incognita causa
condemnarent ; quod inventus sit senator, qui, cum judex
esset, in eodem judicio et ab reo pecuniam acciperet quam
judicibus divideret, et ab accusatore, ut reum condemnaret.
40. Jam vero quo modo illam labem, ignominiam, calamita-
20 temque totius ordinis conquerar? hoc factum esse in hac
civitate, cum senatorius ordo judicaret, ut discoloribus sign is
juratorum hominum sententiae notarentur ? Haec omnia me
diligenter severeque acturum esse, polliceor.
Acquittal of Verres Subversive of Whole Judicial System.
XIV. Quo me tandem animo fore putatis, si quid in hoc
25 ipso judicio intellexero simili aliqua ratione esse violatum
atque commissum? cum planum facere multis testibus pos-
sim, C. Verrem in Sicilia, multis audientibus, saepe dixisse,
'se habere hominem potentem, cujus fiducia provinciam
spoliaret : neque sibi soli pecuniam quaerere, sed ita trien-
30 nium illud praeturae Siciliensis distributum habere, ut secum
praeclare agi diceret, si unius anni quaestum in rem suam
converteret ; alterum patronis et defensoribus traderet ; ter-
tmpetichinent of Verres. 43
tium ilium uberrimum quaestuosissimumque annum totum
judicibus reservaret'
41. Ex quo mihi venit in mentem illud dicere (quod
apud M'. Glabrionem nuper cum in reiciundis judicibus
commemorassem, intellexi vehementer populum Romanum 5
commoveri), me arbitrari, fore uti nationes exterae legates
ad populum Romanum mitterent, ut lex de pecuniis repe-
tundis judiciumque tolleretur. Si enim judicia nulla sint,
tantum unum quemque ablaturum putant, quantum sibi ac
liberis suis satis esse arbitretur: nunc, quod ejus modi ic
judicia sint, tantum unimi quemque auferre, quantum sibi,
patronis, advocatis, praetori, judicibus, satis futunun sit :
hoc profecto infinitum esse : se avarissimi hominis cupidi-
tati satisfacere posse, nocentissimi victoriae non posse.
42. O commemoranda judicia, praeclaramque existima- 15
tionem nostri ordinis ! cum socii populi Romani judicia de
pecuniis repetundis fieri nolunt, quae a majoribus nostris
sociorum causa comparata sunt. An iste umquam de se
bonam spem habuisset, nisi de vobis malam opinionem
animo imbibisset 1 Quo majore etiam (si fieri potest) apud 20
vos odio esse debet, quam est apud populum Romanum,
cum in avaritia, scelere, perjurio, vos sui similis esse arbi-
tretur.
Jurors Urged to Vindicate the Courts.
XV. 43. Cui loco (per deos immor talis !), judices, con-
sulite ac providete. Moneo praedicoque — id quod intel- 25
lego — tempus hoc vobis divinitus datum esse, ut odio,
invidia, infamia, turpitudine, totum ordinem liberetis. Nulla
in judiciis severitas, nulla religio, nulla denique jam exis-
timantur esse judicia. Itaque a populo Romano con-
temnimur, despicimur: gravi diutumaque jam flagramus 30
infamia. 44. Neque enim ullam aliam ob causam populus
Romanus tribuniciam potestatem tanto studio requisivit ;
quam cxun poscebat, verbo illam poscere videbatur, re vera
44 Orations of Cicero.
judicia poscebat. Neque hoc Q. Catulum, hominem sapien-
tissimum atque amplissimum, fugit, qui (Cn. Pompeio, viro
fortissimo et clarissimo, de tribunicia potestate referente),
cam esset sententiam rogatus, hoc initio est summa cum
5 auctoritate usus : ' Patres conscriptos judicia male et flagi-
tiose tueri: quod si in rebus judicandis, populi Romani
existimationi satis facere voluissent, non tanto opere homi-
nes fuisse tribuniciam potestatem desideraturos/ 45. Ipse
denique Cn. Pompeius, cum primum contionem ad urbem
10 consul designatus habuit, ubi (id quod maxime exspectari
videbatur) ostendit se tribuniciam potestatem restituturum,
factus est in eo strepitus, et grata contionis admurmuratio.
Idem in eadem contione cum dixisset * populatas vexatasque
esse provincias ; judicia autem turpia ac flagitiosa fieri ; ei
IS rei se providere ac consulere velle;' turn vero non strepitu,
sed maximo clamore, suam populus Romanus significavit
voluntatem.
All Rome is on the Watch.
XVI. 46. Nunc autem homines in speculis sunt: obser-
vant quem ad modum sese unus quisque nostrum gerat in
20 retinenda religione, conservandisque legibus. Vident adhuc,
post legem tribuniciam, unpm senatorem hominem vel tenu-
issimum esse damnatum : quod tametsi non reprehendunt,
tamen magno opere quod laudent non habent. Nulla est
enim laus, ibi esse integrum, ubi nemo est qui aut possit
25 aut conetur corrumpere. 47. Hoc est judicium, in quo vos
de reo, populus Romanus de vobis judicabit. In hoc homine
statuetur, possitne, senatoribus judicantibus, homo nocentis-
simus pecuniosissimusque damnari. Deinde est ejus modi
reus, in quo homine nihil sit, praeter summa peccata maxi-
30 mamque pecuniam ; ut, si liberatus sit, nulla alia suspicio,
nisi ea quae turpissima est, residere possit. Non gratia, non
cognatione, non aliis recte factis, non denique aliquo mediocri
vitio, tot tantaque ejus vitia sublevata esse videbuntur.
Impeachment of Verres. 45
Corruption Sure to be Detected.
48. Postremo ego causam sic agam, judices: ejus modi
res, ita notas, ita testatas, ita magnas, ita manifestas pro-
feram, ut netao a vobis ut istum absolvatis per gratiam
conetur contendere. Habeo autem certam viam atque ratio-
nem, qua omnis illorum conatus investigare et consequi pos- 5
sim. Ita res a me agetur, ut in eorum consiliis omnibus
non modo aures hominum, sed etiam oculi [populi Romani]
interesse videantur. 49. Vos aliquot jam per annos con-
ceptam huic ordini turpitudinem atque infamiam delere ac
toUere potestis. Constat inter omnis, post haec constituta 10
judicia, quibus nunc utimur, nullum hoc splendore atque
hac dignitate consilium fuisse. Hie si quid erit offensum,
omnes homines non jam ex eodem ordine alios magis ido-
neos (quod fieri non potest), sed alium omnino ordinem ad
res judicandas quaerendum arbitrabuntur. 15
XVII. 50. Quapropter, primum ab dis immortalibus,
quod sperare mihi videor, hoc idem, judices, opto, ut in
hoc judicio nemo improbus praeter eum qui jampridem
inventus est reperiatur: deinde si plures improbi fuerint,
hoc vobis, hoc populo Romano, judices, confirmo, vitam 20
(mehercule) mihi prius, quam vim perseverantiamque ad
illorum improbitatem persequendam defuturam.
Glabrio Urg^ed to Stand Firm.
51. Verum, quod ego laboribus, periculis, inimicitiisque
meis, tum cum admissum erit dedecus severe me persecu-
turum esse poUiceor, id ne accidat, tu tua auctoritate, 25
sapientia, diligentia, M*. Glabrio, potes providere. Suscipe
causam judiciorum : suscipe causam severitatis, integritatis,
fidei, religionis: suscipe causam senatus, ut is, hoc judicio
probatus, cum populo Romano et in laude et in gratia esse
possit Cogita qui sis, quo loco sis, quid dare populo 30
46 Orations of Cicero,
Romano, quid reddere majoribus tuis, debeas: fac tibi
patemae legis [Aciliae] veniat in mentem, qua lege popu-
lus Romanus de pecuniis repetundis optimis judiciis seve-
rissimisque judicibus usus est. 52. Circumstant te summae
5 auctoritates, quae te oblivisci laudis domesticae non sinant ;
quae te noctis diesque commoneant, fortissimum tibi patrem,
sapientissimum avum, gravissimum socerum f uisse. Qua re
si [Glabrionis] patris vim et acrimoniam ceperis ad resis-
tendum hominibus audacissimis ; si avi [Scaevolae] pru-
10 dentiam ad prospiciendas insidias, quae tuae atque horum
famae comparantur ; si soceri [Scauri] constantiam, ut ne
quis te de vera et certa possit sententia demovere ; intelleget
populus Romanus, integerrimo atque honestissimo praetore,
delectoque consilio, nocenti reo magnitudinem pecuniae plus
15 habuisse momenti ad suspicionem criminis quam ad ratio-
nem salutis.
Cicero will Push the Trial.
XVIII. 53. Mihi certum est, non committere ut in hac
causa praetor nobis consiliumque mutetur. Non patiar rem
in id tempus adduci, ut [Siculi], quos adhuc servi designa-
20 torum consulum non moverunt, cum eos novo exemplo uni-
versos arcesserent, eos tum lictores consulum vocent; ut
homines miseri, antea socii atque amici populi Romani, nunc
servi ac supplices, non modo jus suum fortunasque omnis
eorum imperio amittant, verum etiam deplorandi juris sui
25 potestatem non habeant. 54. Non sinam profecto, causa a
me perorata [quadraginta diebus interpositis], tum nobis
denique responderi, cum accusatio nostra in oblivionem
diutumitate adducta sit : non committam, ut tum haec res
judicetur, cum haec frequentia totius Italiae Roma disces-
30 serit ; quae convenit uno tempore undique, comitiorum,
ludorum, censendique causa. Hujus judici et laudis fruc-
tum, et offensionis periculum, vestrum ; laborem sollicitudi-
Impeachment of Verres, 47
nemque, nostram; scientiam quid agatur, memoriamque
quid a quoque dictum sit, omnium puto esse oportere.
His Plan for Despatch.
55. Faciam hoc non novum, sed ab eis qui nunc principes
nostrae civitatis sunt ante factum, ut testibus utar statim :
illud a me novum, judices, cognoscetis, quod ita testis con- 5
stituam, ut crimen totum explicem ; ut, ubi id [interro-
gando] argumentis atque oratione firmavero, tum testis ad
crimen adcommodem : ut nihil inter illam usitatam accusa-
tionem atque hanc novam intersit, nisi quod in ilia tunc,
cum omnia dicta sunt, testes dantur ; hie in singulas res 10
dabuntur; ut illis quoque eadem interrogandi facultas,
argumentandi dicendique sit. Si quis erit, qui perpetuam
orationem accusationemque desideret, altera actione audiet :
nunc id, quod facimus — ea ratione facimus, ut malitiae
illorum consilio nostro occurramus — necessario fieri intel- 15
legat. Haec primae actionis erit accusatio.
Brief Statement of the Charges.
56. Dicimus C. Verrem,* cum multa libidinose, multa
crudeliter, in civis Romanos atque in socios, multa in deos
hominesque nefarie fecerit tum praeterea quadringentiens
sestertium ex Sicilia contra leges abstulisse. Hoc testibus, 20
hoc tabuUs privatis publicisque auctoritatibus ita vobis
planum faciemus, ut hoc statuatis, etiam si spatium ad
dicendum nostro commodo, vacuosque dies habuissemus,
tamen oratione longa nihil opus fuisse.
Dixi.
THE PLUNDER OF SYRACUSE.
(In a Verrem: Actio II,, Lib, IV,, ch,j2-^.)
The passage which follows is from the fourth oration of the Accu-
satio, the most famous of all, known as the De Signis because it treats
chiefly of the works of art stolen by Verres. Cicero has been describ-
ing the plundering of many temples and public buildings, and in this
passage he recounts in detail the case of one chief city, Syracuse, as a
climax. Sjrracuse was by far the largest and richest of all the Greek
cities of Italy and Sicily. It w^ a colony of Corinth, founded B.C. 734,
and in course of time obtained the rule over the whole eastern part of
Sicily. It remained independent, with a considerable territory, after the
western part of the island (far the larger part) passed under the power
of Rome in the First Punic War; but in the Second Punic War (B.C.
212) it was captured by Marcellus, and ever after was subject to Rome.
It was at this time the capital of the province.
Verres the Governor: Marcellus the Conqueror.
UNIUS etiam urbis omnium pulcherrimae atque omatis-
simae, Syracusarum, direptionem commemorabo et in
medium proferam, judices, ut aliquando totam hujus generis
orationem concludam atque definiam. Nemo fere vestrum
5 est quin quem ad modum captae sint a M. Marcello Syracu-
sae saepe audierit, non numquam etiam in annalibus legerit.
Conferte banc pacem cum illo bello, hujus praetoris adven-
tum cum illius imperatoris victoria, hujus cohortem impuram
cum illius exercitu invicto, hujus libidines cum illius conti-
10 nentia : ab illo, qui cepit, conditas, ab hoc qui constitutas
accepit, captas dicetis Syracusas.
2. Ac jam ilia omitto, quae disperse a me multis in locis
dicentur ac dicta sunt : forum Syracusanorum, quod introitu
The Plunder of Syracuse. 49
Marcelli purum caede servatum esset, id adventu Verris
Siculorum innocentium sanguine redundasse : portum Syra-
cusanonim, qui turn et nostris classibus et Karthaginiensium
clausus fuisset, eum isto praetore Cilicum myoparoni prae-
donibusque patuisse : mitto adhibitam vim ingenuis, matres
Coin of Syracuse.
familias violatas, quae turn in urbe capta commissa non sunt
neque odio hostili neque licentia militari neque more belli
neque jure victoriae : mitto, inquam, haec omnia, quae ab
isto per triennium perfecta sunt: ea, quae conjuncta cum
illis rebus sunt, de quibus antea dixi, cognoscite. 10
Description of Syracuse.
3. Urbem Syracusas maximam esse Graecarum, pulcher-
rimam omnium saepe audistis. Est, judices, ita ut dicitur.
Nam et situ est cum munito turn ex omni aditu, vel terra
vel mari, praeclaro ad aspectum, et portus habet prope in
aedificatione aspectuque urbis inclusos: qui cum diversos 15
inter se aditus habeant, in exitu conjunguntur et confluunt
Eorum conjunctione pars oppidi, quae appellatur Insula,
mari dijuncta angusto, ponte rursus adjungitur et conti-
netur.
LI 1 1. 4. Ea tanta est urbs, ut ex quattuor urbibus maxi- 20
mis constare dicatur : quarum una est ea quam dixi Insula,
50 Oratiofis of Cicero,
quae duobus portubus cincta, in utriusque portus ostium
aditumque projecta est, in qua domus est, quae Hieronis
regis fuit, qua praetores uti solent. In ea sunt aedes
sacrae complures, sed duae quae longe ceteris antecellant :
5 Dianae, et altera, quae fuit ante istius adventum omatis-
sima, Minervae. In hac insula extrema est fons aquae
Coin of Hibro II.
dulcis, cui nomen Arethusa est, incredibili magnitudine,
plenissimus piscium, qui fluctu totus operiretur, nisi muni-
tione ac mole lapidum dijunctus esset a mari. 5. Altera
10 autem est urbs Syracusis, cui nomen Achradina est : in qua
forum maximum, pulcherrimae portions, ornatissimum pryta-
neum, amplissima est curia templumque egregium Jovis
Olympii ceteraeque urbis partes, quae una via lata perpetua
multisque transversis divisae privatis aedificiis continentur.
15 Tertia est urbs, quae, quod in ea parte Fortunae fanum
antiquum fuit, Tycha nominata est, in qua gymnasium
amplissimum est et complures aedes sacrae: coliturque ea
pars et habitatur frequentissime. Quarta autem est, quae
quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur: quam
20 ad summam theatrum maximum : praeterea duo templa sunt
egregia, Cereris unum, alterum Liberae signumque Apol-
linis, qui Temenites vocatur, pulcherrimum et maximum :
quod iste si portare potuisset, non dubitasset auferre.
The Plunder of Syracuse.
51
Marcbllus.
Marcellus Touched Nothingr.
LIV. 6. Nunc ad Marcellum revertar, ne haec ^ me sine
causa commemorata esse videantur: qui cum tarn prae-
claram urbem vi copiisque cepisset, non putavit ad laudem
populi Romani hoc pertinere, hanc pulchritudinem, ex qua
praesertim periculi nihil ostenderetur, delere et exstinguere. 5
Itaque aedificiis omnibus, publicis privatis, sacris profanis,
sic pepercit, quasi ad ea defendenda cum exercitu, non
oppugnanda venisset. In ornatu urbis habuit victoriae
rationem, habuit humanitatis. Victoriae putabat esse mult a
Romam deportare, quae ornamento urbi esse possent, hiuna- 10
nitatis non plane exspoliare urbem, praesertim quam con-
servare voluisset. 7. In hac partitione ornatus non plus
victoria Marcelli populo Romano appetivit quam humanitas
Syracusanis reservavit. Romam quae apportata sunt, ad
aedem Honoris et Virtutis itemque aliis in locis videmus. 15
Nihil in aedibus, nihil in hortis posuit, nihil in suburbano :
putavit, si urbis ornamenta domum suam non contulisset,
domum suam ornamento urbi futuram. Syracusis autem
permulta atque egregia reliquit : deum vero nullum violavit,
nullum attigit. Conferte Verrem : non ut hominem cum 20
homine comparetis, ne qua tali viro mortuo fiat injuria,
sed ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dicti-
onem cum ferro et armis, adventum et comitatum cum
exercitu et victoria conferatis.
52
Orations of Cicero,
Verres Plundered even Templet.
LV. 8. Aedis Minervae est in Insula, de qua ante dixi :
quam Marcellus non attigit, quam plenam atque ornatam
reliquit : quae ab isto sic spoliata atque direpta est, non ut
ab hoste aliquo, qui tamen in bello religion um et consuetu-
Church at Syracusb (formerly Temple of MinbrvaX
5 din is jura retineret, sed ut a barbaris praedonibus vexata
esse videatur. Pugna erat equestris Agathocli regis in
tabulis picta : his autem tabulis interiores templi parietes
vestiebantur. Nihil erat ea pictura nobilius, nihil Syracusis
quod magis visendum putaretur. Has tabulas M. Marcellus
10 cum omnia victoria ilia sua prof an a fecisset, tamen religions
The Plunder of Syracuse. 53
impeditus non attigit : iste, cum ilia jam propter diuturnam
pacem fidelitatemque populi Syracusani sacra religiosaque
accepisset, omnes eas tabulas abstulit: parietes, quorum
omatus tot saecula manserant, tot bella effugerant, nudos
ac deformatos reliquit. 9. Et Marcellus, qui, si Syracusas 5
cepisset, duo templa se Romae dedicaturum voverat, is id,
quod erat aedificaturus, iis rebus ornare, quas ceperat,
noluit: Verres, qui non Honori neque Virtuti, quem ad
modum ille, sed Veneri et Cupidini vota deberet, is Minervae
templum spoliare conatus est. Ille deos deorum spoliis 10
ornari noluit : hie orn amenta Minervae^ virgin is in meretri-
ciam domum transtulit. Viginti et septem praeterea tabulas
pulcherrime pictas ex eadem aede sustulit : in quibus erant
imagines Siciliae regum ac tyrannorum, quae non solum
pictorum artificio delectabant, sed etiam commemoratione 15
hominum et cognitione form arum. Ac videte quanto tae-
trior hie tyrannus Syracusanus fuerit quam quisquam supe-
riorum : cum illi tamen ornarint templa deorum immortalium,
hie etiam illorum monumenta atque ornamenta sustulerit.
Robberies Detailed.
LVI. 10. Jam vero quid ego de valvis illius templi com- 20
memorem.? Vereor ne, haec qui non viderint, omnia me
nimis augere atque ornare arbitrentur: quod tamen nemo
suspicari debet, tam esse me cupidum, ut tot viros primarios
velim, praesertim ex judicum numero, qui Syracusis fuerint,
qui haec viderint, esse temeritati et mendacio meo conscios. 25
Confirmare hoc liquido, judices, possum, valvas magnificen-
tiores, ex auro atque ebore perfectiores, nullas umquam ullo
in templo fuisse. Incredibile dictu est quam multi Graeci
de harum val varum pulchritudine script um reliquerint.
Nimiimi forsitan haec illi mirentur atque eff erant. Esto : 30
varum tamen honestius est rei publicae nostrae, judices,
ea quae illis pulchra esse videantur imperatorem nostrum in
54 Orations of Cicero.
bello reliquisse, quam praetorem in pace abstulisse. £x
ebore diligentissime perfecta argumenta erant in valvis : ea
detrahenda curavit omnia. 11. Gorgonis os pulcherrimum,
cinctum anguibus, revellit atque abstulit : et tamen indicavit
5 se non solum artificio, sed etiam pretio quaesluque duci.
Nam bulks aureas omnes ex iis valvis, quae erant multae
et graves, non dubitavit auferre: quarum iste non opere
delectabatur, sed pondere. Itaque ejus modi valvas reliquit,
ut quae olim ad ornandum templum erant maxime, nunc
lo tantum ad claudendum factae esse videantur. Etiamne gra-
mineas hastas — vidi enim vos in hoc nomine, cum testis
diceret, commoveri, quod erat ejus modi, ut semel vidisse
satis esset ; in quibus neque manu factum quicquam neque
pulchritudo erat ulla, sed tantum magnitudo incredibilis, de
15 qua vel audire satis esset, nimium videre plus quam semel
— etiam id concupisti ?
Statue of Sappho Stolen.
LVII. 12. Nam Sappho, quae sublata de prytaneo est,
dat tibi justam excusationem, prope ut concedendum atque
ignoscendum esse videatur. Silanionis opus tam perfectum,
20 tam elegans, tam elaboratum quisquam non modo privatus,
sed populus potius haberet quam homo elegantissimus atque
eruditissimus, Verres? Nimirum contra dici nihil potest.
Nostrum enim unus quisque — qui tam beati quam iste est
non sumus, tam delicati esse non possumus — si quando
25 aliquid istius modi videre volet, eat ad aedem Felicitatis, ad
monumentum Catuli, in porticum Metelli; det operam ut
admittatur in alicujus istorum Tusculanum ; spectet forum
ornatum, si quid iste suorum aedilibus commodarit : Verres
haec habeat domi, Verres omamentorum fanorum atque
30 oppidorum habeat plenam domum, villas refertas. Etiamne
hujus operari studia ac delicias, judices, perferetis ^ qui ita
natus, ita educatus est, ita factus et animo et corpore, ut
The Plunder of Syracuse,
55
multo appositior ad ferenda quam ad auferenda signa esse
videatur. 13. Atque haec Sappho sublata quantum deside-
rium sui reliquerit dici vix potest. Nam cum ipsa fuit egre-
gie facta, tum epigramma Graecum pernobile incisum est in
Sappho.
basi : quod iste eruditus homo et Graeculus, qui haec sub- 5
tiliter judicat, qui solus intellegit, si unam litteram Graecam
scisset, certe non tulisset. Nunc enim, quod scriptum est
inani in basi, declarat quid fuerit, et id ablatum indicat.
Other Thefts.
14. Quid.? signum Paeanis ex aede Aesculapi praeclare
factum, sacrum ac religiosum, non sustulisti? quod omnes 10
propter pulchritudinem visere, propter religionem colere
solebant. Quid? ex aede Liberi simulacrum Aristaei non
tuo imperio palam ablatum est "> Quid ? ex aede Jovis
56 Orations of Cicero.
religiosissimum simulacrum Jovis Imperatoris, pulcherrime
factum, nonne abstulisti ? Quid ? ex aede Liberae, t parinum
caput illud pulcherrimum, quod visere solebamus, num dubi-
tasti tollere ? Atque ille Paean sacrificiis anniversariis simul
5 cum Aesculapio apud illos colebatur : Aristaeus, qui [ut
Graeci ferunt, Liberi filius] inventor olei esse dicitur, una
cum Libero patre apud illos eodem erat in templo con-
secratus.
Statue of Jupiter.
LVIII. 15. Jovem autem Imperatorem quanto honore in
10 suo templo fuisse arbitramini ? Conicere potestis, si recor-
dari volueritis quanta religione fuerit eadem specie ac forma
signum illud, quod ex Macedonia captum in Capitolio
posuerat Flamininus. Etenim tria ferebantur in orbe ter-
rarum signa Jovis Imperatoris uno in genere pulcherrime
15 facta : unum illud Macedonicum, quod in Capitolio vidimus ;
alterum in Ponti ore et angustiis ; tertium, quod Syracusis
ante Verrem praetorem fuit. Illud Flamininus ita ex aede
sua sustulit, ut in Capitolio, hoc est, in terrestri domicilio
Jovis poneret. Quod autem est ad introitum Ponti, id, cum
20 tam multa ex illo mari bella emerserint, tam multa porro in
Pontum invecta sint, usque ad hanc diem integrum inviola-
tumque servatum est. Hoc tertium, quod erat Syracusis,
quod M. Marcellus armatus et victor viderat, quod religioni
concesserat, quod cives atque incolae Syracusani colere,
25 advenae non solum visere, verum etiam venerari solebant,
id Verres ex templo Jovis sustulit.
16. Ut saepius ad Marcellum revertar, judices, sic habe-
tote: plures esse a Syracusanis istius adventu deos, quam
victoria Marcelli homines desideratos. Etenim ille requisisse
30 etiam dicitur Archimedem ilium, summo ingenio hominem ac
disciplina, quem cum audisset interfectum, permoleste
tulisse: iste omnia, quae requisivit, non ut conservaret,
verum ut asportaret requisivit.
The Plunder of Syracuse. 57
Even Trifles Carried off.
LIX. 17. Jam ilia quae leviora videbuntur ideo prae-
teribo, — quod mensas Delphicas e marmore, crateras ex
aere pulcherrimas, vim maximam vasorum Corinth iorum
ex omnibus aedibus sacris abstulit Sjnracusis. Itaque,
judices, ei qui hospites ad ea quae visenda sunt solent 5
ducere, et unum quidque ostendere, quos illi mystagogos
vocant, conversam jam habent demonstrationem suam.
Nam, ut ante demonstrabant quid ubique esset, item nunc
quid undique ablatum sit ostendunt.
Feelings of the Citizens Outraged.
la Quid tum? mediocrine tandem dolore eos adfectos 10
esse arbitramini? Non ita est, judices: primum, quod
omnes religione moventur, et deos patrios, quos a majoribus
acceperunt, colendos sibi diligenter et retinendos esse arbi-
trantur: deinde hie ornatus, haec opera atque artificia,
signa, tabulae pictae, Graecos homines nimio opere delec- 15
tant. Itaque ex illorum querimoniis intellegere possumus,
haec ill is acerbissima videri, quae forsitan nobis levia et con-
temnenda esse videantur. Mihi credite, judices, — tametsi
vosmet ipsos haec eadem audire certo scio, — cum multas
acceperint per hosce annos socii atque exterae nationes 20
calamitates et injurias, nullas Graeci homines gravius ferunt
ac tulerunt, quam hujusce modi spoliationes fanorum atque
oppidorum.
Empty Pretence of Purchase.
19. Licet iste dicat emisse se, sicuti solet dicere, credite
hoc mihi, judices : nulla umquam civitas tota Asia et Graecia 25
signum uUum, tabulam pictam, ullum denique ornamentum
urbis, sua voluntate cuiquam vendidit, nisi forte existimatis,
postea quam judicia severa Romae fieri desierunt, Graecos
homines haec venditare coepisse, quae tum non modo non
58 Orations of Cicero,
venditabant, cum judicia fiebant, verum etiam coemebant ; aut
nisi arbitramini L. Crasso, Q. Scaevolae, C. Claudio, potentis-
simis hominibus, quorum aedilitates ornatissimas vidimus,
commercium istarum rerum cumGraecis.hominibus non fuisse,
5 eis qui post judiciorum dissolutionem aediles facti sunt fuisse.
Works of Art Held Priceless by Greeks.
LX. 20. Acerbiorem etiam scitote esse civitatibus falsam
istam et simulatam emptionem, quam si qui clam surripiat
aut eripiat palam atque auferat. Nam turpitudinem summam
esse arbitrantur referri in tabulas publicas, pretio adductam
10 civitatem (et pretio parvo) ea quae accepisset a majoribus
vendidisse atque abalienasse. Etenim mirandum in modum
Graeci rebus istis, quas nos contemnimus, delectantur.
Itaque ma j ores nostri facile patiebantur, haec esse apud
illos quam plurima : apud socios, ut imperio nostro quam
15 ornatissimi florentissimique essent: apud eos autem, quos
vectigalis aut stipendiarios fecerant, tamen haec relinque-
bant, ut illi quibus haec jucunda sunt, quae nobis levia
videntur, haberent haec oblectamenta et solacia servitutis.
21. Quid arbitramini Reginos, qui jam cives Roman i
20 sunt, merere velle, ut ab eis marmorea Venus ilia aufera-
tur? quid Tarentinos, ut Europam in tauro amittant? ut
Satjnrum, qui apud illos in aede Vestae est? ut cetera?
quid Thespienses, ut Cupidinis signum [propter quod unum
visuntur Thespiae] ? quid Cnidios, ut Venerem marmoream ?
25 quid, ut pictam, Coos ? quid Ephesios, ut Alexandrum ?
quid Cyzicenos, ut Ajacem aut Medeam ? quid Rhodios, ut
lalysum ? quid Athenienses, ut ex marmore lacchum aut Para-
lum pictum aut ex aere Myronis buculam ? Longum est et
non necessarium commemorare quae apud quosque visenda
30 sunt tota Asia et Graecia : verum illud est quam ob rem haec
commemorem, quod existimare hoc vos volo, mirum quendani
dolorem accipere eos, ex quorum urbibus haec auferantur.
THE QUARRIES OF SYRACUSE.
(Dionysius' Ear.)
CRUCIFIXION OF A ROMAN CITIZEN
(In C. Verrem : Actio II, Lib. K, ck. 61-66.)
Cruelties of Verret.
QUID nunc agam ? Cum jam tot horas de uno genere
ac de istius nefaria crudelitate dicam, — cum prope
omnem vim verborum ejus modi, quae scelere istius digna
sint, aliis in rebus consumpserim, neque hoc providerim, ut
varietate criminum vos attentos tenerem, — quem ad modum 5
de tanta re dicam? Opinor, unus modus atque una ratio
est. Rem in medio ponam, quae tantum habet ipsa gravi-
tatis, ut neque mea (quae nulla est) neque cujusquam^ ad
infiammandos vestros animos, eloquentia requiratur.
Unguarded Complaints of Gavius.
2. Gavius hie, quem dico, Consanus, cum in illo numero 10
civium Romanorum ab isto in vincla conjectus esset, et
nescio qua ratione clam e lautumiis profugisset, Messa-
namque venisset, — qui tam prope jam Italiam et moenia
Reginorum civium Romanorum videret, et ex illo metu
mortis ac tenebris, quasi luce libertatis et odore aliquo 15
legum recreatus, revixisset, — loqui Messanae et queri coe-
pit, se civem Romanum in vincla esse conjectum ; sibi
recta iter esse Romam; Verri se praesto advenienti futu-
rum.
His Words Reported to Verres.
3. Non intellegebat miser nihil interesse, utrum haec 2c
Messanae^ an apud istum in praetorio loqueretur. Nam
(ut ante vos docui) banc sibi iste urbem delegerat, quam
haberet adjutricem scelerum, furtorum receptricem, flagiti-
orum omnimn consciam. Itaque ad magistratum Mamer-
6o Orations of Cicero,
tinum statim deducitur Gavius : eoque ipso die casu
Messanam Verres venit. Res ad eum defertur: esse
civem Romanum, qui se Syracusis in lautumiis fuisse
Coin of the Mambrtinz.
quereretur: quern, jam ingredientem in navem, et Verri
5 nimis atrociter minitantem, ab se retractum esse et asser-
vatum, ut ipse in eum statueret quod videretur.
Gavius Scourged.
4. Agit hominibus gratias, et eorum benevolentiam erga
se diligentiamque conlaudat. Ipse, inflammatus scelere et
furore, in forum venit. Ardebant oculi : toto ex ore crude-
10 litas eminebat. Exspectabant omnes, quo tandem progres-
surus aut quidnam acturus esset ; cum repente hominem
proripi, atque in foro medio nudari ac deligari, et virgas
expediri jubet. Clamabat ille miser, se civem esse Roma-
num, municipem Consanum; meruisse cum L. Raecio,
15 splendid issimo equite Romano, qui Panhormi negotiaretur,
ex quo haec Verres scire posset. Tum iste, se comperisse
eum speculandi causa in Siciliam a ducibus fugitivorum esse
missum ; cujus rei neque index, neque vestigium aliquod,
neque suspicio cuiquam esset ulla. Deinde jubet undique
20 hominem vehementissime verberari.
He is Threatened with the Cross.
5. Caedebatur virgis in medio foro Messanae civis Roma-
nus, judices; cum interea nuUus gemitus, nulla vox alia
Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen, 6i
illius miseri inter dolorem crepitumque plagarum audie-
batur, nisi haec, Civis Romanus sum / Hac se commemo-
ratione civitatis omnia verbera depulsurum, cruciatumque
a corpore dejecturum, arbitrabatur. Is non modo hoc non
perfecit, ut virgarum vim deprecaretur ; sed, cum imploraret 5
saepius, usurparetque nomen civitatis, crux — crux, inquam
— infelici et aerumnoso, qui numquam istam pestem vide-
rat, comparabatur.
Rights of a Roman Citizen Outraged.
LXIII. 6. O nomen dulce libertatis ! O jus eximium
nostrae civitatis ! O lex Porcia, legesque Semproniae I 10
O graviter desiderata, et aliquando reddita plebi Romanae,
tribunicia potestas ! Hucine tandem omnia reciderunt, ut
civis Romanus, in provincia populi Romani, in oppido
foederatorum, ab eo qui beneficio populi Romani fascis et
securis haberet, deligatus in foro virgis caederetur? Quid? ^5
cum ignes ardentesque laminae ceterique cruciatus admove-
bantur, si te illius acerba imploratio et vox miserabilis non
inhibebat, ne civium quidem Romanorum, qui tum aderant,
fletu et gemitu maximo commovebare ? In crucem tu agere
ausus es quemquam, qui se civem Romanum esse diceret? 20
7. Nolui tam vehementer agere hoc prima actione, judices :
nolui. Vidistis enim, ut animi multitudinis in istum dolore
et odio et communis periculi metu concitarentur. Statui
egomet mihi tum modum orationi meae, et C. Numitorio,
equiti Romano, primo homini, testi meo ; et Glabrionem, id 25
quod sapientissime fecit, facere laetatus sum, ut repente
consilium in medio testimonio dimitteret. Etenim vere-
batur ne populus Romanus ab isto eas poenas vi repetisse
videretur, quas veritus esset ne iste legibus ac vestro judicio
non esset persoluturus. 30
62 Orations of Cicero.
Qmvius was not a Spy*
8. Nunc, quoniam exploratum est omnibus quo loco
causa tua sit, et quid de te futurum sit, sic tecum agam;
Gavium istum, quem repentinum speculatorem fuisse dicis,
ostendam in lautumias Syracusis abs te esse conjectum.
5 Neque id solum ex litteris ostendam Syracusanorum, ne
possis dicere me, quia sit aliquis in litteris Gavius, hoc
fingere et eligere nomen, ut hunc ilium esse possim dicere ;
sed ad arbitrium tuum testis dabo, qui istum ipsum Syra-
cusis abs te in lautumias conjectum esse dicant. Produ-
lo cam etiam Consanos, municipes illius ac necessarios, qui te
nunc sero doceant, judices non sero, ilium P. Gavium, quem
tu in crucem egisti, civem Romanum et municipem Con-
sanum, non speculatorem f ugitivorum fuisse.
His Claim of Citizenship Deserved Inquiry.
LXIV. 9. Cum haec omnia, quae polliceor, cumulate
15 tuis patronis plana fecero, tum istuc ipsum tenebo, quod
abs te mihi datur : eo contentum me esse dicam. Quid
enim nuper tu ipse, cum populi Romani clamore atque
impetu perturbatus exsiluisti, quid, inquam, locutus es?
Ilium, quod moram supplicio quaereret, ideo clamitasse se
20 esse civem Romanum, sed speculatorem fuisse.- Jam mei
testes veri sunt. Quid enim dicit aliud C. Numitorius.?
quid M. et P. Cottii, nobilissimi homines, ex agro Taurome-
nitano ? quid Q. Lucceius, qui argentariam Regii maximam
fecit ? quid ceteri ? Adhuc enim testes ex eo genere a me
25 sunt dati, non qui novisse Gavium, sed se vidisse dicerent,
cum is, qui se civem Romanum esse clamaret, in crucem
ageretur. Hoc tu, Verres, idem dicis; hoc tu confiteris
ilium clamitasse, se civem esse Romanum ; apud te nomen
civitatis ne tantum quidem valuisse, ut dubitationem ali-
30 quam crucis, ut crudelissimi taeterrimique supplici <iliquam
parvam moram saltem posset adferre.
Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen, 63
Coin of Rhbgium.
Roman Citizenship a Protection Anywhere.
10. Hoc teneo, hie haereo, judices. Hoc sum contentus
uno ; omitto ac neglego cetera ; sua confessione induatur ac
juguletur necesse est. Qui esset ignorabas; speculatorem
esse suspicabare. Non quaero qua suspicione: tua te
accuso oratione. Civem Romanum se esse dicebat. Si 5
tu, apud Persas aut in extrema India deprehensus, Verres,
ad supplicium ducerere, quid aliud clamitares, nisi te civem
esse Romanum? Et, si tibi ignoto apud ignotos, apud
barbaros, apud homines in extremis atque ultimis gentibus
positos, nobile et inlustre apud omnis nomen civitatis tuae 10
profuisset, — ille, quisquis erat, quem tu in crucem rapiebas,
qui tibi esset ignotus, cum civem se Romanum esse dice-
ret, apud te praetorem, si non effugium, ne moram qui-
dem mortis, mentione atque usurpatione civitatis, adsequi
potuit.J' 15
LXV. 11. Homines tenues, obscuro loco nati, navigant ;
adeunt ad ea loca quae numquam antea viderunt ; ubi
neque noti esse eis quo venerunt, neque semper cum cogni-
toribus. esse possunt. Hac una tamen fiducia civitatis,
non modo apud nostros magistratus, qui et legum et exis- 20
timationis periculo continentur, neque apud civis solum
Romanes, qui et sermon is et juris et multarum rerum
societate juncti sunt, fore se tutos arbitrantur ; sed, quo-
64 Orations of Cicero.
cumque venerint, hanc sibi rem praesidio sperant futuram.
12. ToUe hanc spem, tolle hoc praesidium civibus Romanis ;
constitue nihil esse opis in hac voce, Civis Rotnanus sum^
posse impune praetorem, aut alium quemlibet, supplicium
5 quod velit in eum constituere qui se civem Romanura esse
dicat, quod eum quis ignoret : jam omnis provincias, jam
omnia regna, jam omnis liberas civitates, jam omnem orbem
terrarum, qui semper nostris hominibus maxime patuit,
civibus Romanis ista defensione praecluseris. Quid si
10 L. Raecium, equitem Romanum, qui turn in Sicilia erat,
nominabat? etiamne id magnum fuit, Panhormum litteras
mittere ? Adservasses hominem ; custodiis Mamertinorum
tuorum vinctum, clausum habuisses, dum Panhormo Rae-
cius veniret ; cognosceret hominem, aliquid de summo sup-
15 plicio remitteres. Si ignoraret, tum, si ita tibi videretur,
hoc juris in omnis constitueres, ut, qui neque tibi notus
esset, neque cognitorem locupletem daret, quamvis civis
Romanus esset, in crucem toUeretur.
Verres the Enemy of all Roman Citizens.
LXVI. 13. Sed quid ego plura de Gavio? quasi tu
20 Gavio tum fueris infest us, ac non nomini, generi, juri
civium hostis. Non illi (inquara) homini, sed causae
communi libertatis, inimicus fuisti. Quid enim attinuit,
cum Mamertini, more atque instituto suo, crucem fixissent
post urbem, in via Pompeia, te jubere in ea parte figere,
25 quae ad fretum spectaret; et hoc addere — quod negare
nullo modo potes, quod omnibus audientibus dixisti palam
— te idcirco ilium locum deligere, ut ille, quoniam se civem
Romanum esse diceret, ex cruce Italiam cernere ac domum
suam prospicere posset? Itaque ilia crux sola, judices,
30 post conditam Messanam, illo in loco fixa est. Italiae
conspectus ad eam rem ab isto delectus est, ut ille, in
dolore cruciatuque moriens, perangusto fretu divisa ser-
Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen. 65
vitutis ac libertatis jura cognosceret; Italia autem alum-
num suum servitutis extremo summoque supplicio adfixum
videret.
Shameless Audacity of the Crime.
14. Facinus est vincire civem Romanum ; scelus verbe-
rare ; prope parricidium necare : quid dicam in crucem 5
toUere? verbo satis digno tam nefaria res appellari nuUo
modo potest. Non fuit his omnibus iste contentus. Spectet
(in quit) patriam : in conspectu legum libertatisque moriatur,
Non tu hoc loco Gavium, non unum hominem nescio quera
[civem Romanum], sed communem libertatis et civitatis 10
causam in ilium cruciatum et crucem egisti. Jam vero
videte hominis audaciam. Nonne eum graviter tulisse arbi-
tramini, quod illam civibus Roman is crucem non posset in
foro, non in comitio, non in rostris defigere ? Quod enim
his locis, in provincia sua, celebritate similliraura, regione 15
proximum potuit, elegit. Monumentum sceleris audaciae-
que suae voluit esse in conspectu Italiae, vestibule Siciliae,
praetervectione omnium qui ultro citroque navigarent.
POMPEY'S MILITARY COMMAND.
(Pro Lege Manilta.)
B.C. 66.
The last serious resistance to the Roman power in the East was
offered by Mithridates VI., king of Pontus, the most formidable enemy
encountered by Rome since the death of Hannibal. The dominions
of Mithridates embraced the whole eastern coast of the Black Sea
(Pontus Euxinus), including the kingdom of Bosporus (Crimea) on
the one hand, and Paphlagonia on the other, while the king of Armenia
also was closely allied to him by marriage. There were three several
" Mithridatic Wars." In the First the Romans were commanded by
Sulla (88-84 B.C.), who gained great successes, and forced Mithridates
to pay a large sum of money. In the Second (83-82), a short and
unimportant affair, Murena, the Roman commander, was worsted.
The Third broke out B.C. 74, and was successfully conducted by Lucius
Licinius Lucullus, the ablest general of the aristocracy.
When this war had continued for several years, the- democratic
faction (populares) took advantage of some temporary reverses sus-
tained by Lucullus, and of the unpopularity of his administration, to
revoke his command and give to the consul of B.C. 67, M*. Acilius
Glabrio (the same who had presided at the trial of Verres), the eastern
war as his " province." The law effecting this change was proposed by
POMPEY.
(Bust in the Vatican.)
Pompey^s Military Command. 67
the tribune A. Gabinius, one of the most active demagogues of the time.
Another law (lex Gabinia)^ proposed B.C. 67 by the same politician,
required the Senate to appoint a commander of consular rank, with
extraordinary powers for three years by land and sea, to suppress the
piracy which infested every part of the Mediterranean, having its chief
seat in Cilicia. It was understood as a matter of course that Gnaeus
(or Cneius) Pompey, who had been living in retirement since his con-
sulship, B.C. 70, would receive this appointment. Pompey accomplished
his task with the most brilliant success, and in three months had the
seas completely cleared. (See below, ch. xii.)
Meantime Glabrio had shown himself wholly incompetent to conduct
the war against Mithridates, and early in B.C. 66, the tribune Caius
Manilius proposed a law extending Pompey 's command over the entire
East. Power like this was quite inconsistent with the republican insti-
tutions of Rome and with the established authority of the Senate ; so
that the law was of course opposed by the aristocracy (optimates), led by
Hortensius and Catulus. Cicero was now praetor. He was no demo-
crat of the school of Gabinius and Caesar; but on the other hand he
had no hereditary sympathies with the Senate, and he probably failed
to recognize the revolutionary character of the proposition and con-
sidered merely its practical advantages. He therefore advocated the
passage of the Manilian Law with ardor.
The law was passed, and Pompey fulfilled the most sanguine expec-
tations of his friends. He brought the Mithridatic War to an end,
organized the Roman power throughout the East, and returned home,
B.C. 61, with greater prestige and glory than had ever been won by
any Roman before him.
The Oration on the Manilian Law was Cicero's first political speech.-
Till now he had been a public-spirited lawyer ; from this time on he
was essentially a politician, and it is not hard to see how unfavorably
his character was influenced by contact with the corrupt politics of that
day.
Cicero's Reasons for Addressing a Political Assembly.
QUAMQUAM mihi semper frequens conspectus vester
multo jucundissimus, hie autem locus ad agendum
amplissimus, ad dicendum ornatissimus est visus, Quirites,
tamen hoc aditu laudis, qui semper optimo cuique maxime
patuity non mea me voluntas adhuc, sed vitae meae ratio- 5
68 Orations of Cicero,
nes ab ineunte aetate susceptae prohibuerunt. Nam cum
antea per aetatem nondum hujus auctoritatem loci attingere
auderem, statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum ingenio,
elaboratum industria adferri oportere, omne meum tempus
5 amicorum temporibus transmittendum putavi. 2. Ita neque
hie locus vacuus umquam fuit ab eis qui vestram causam
defenderent, et meus labor, in privatorum periculis caste
integreque versatus, ex vestro judicio fructum est amplis-
simum consecutus. Nam cum propter dilationem comiti-
10 orum ter praetor primus centuriis cunctis renuntiatus sum,
facile intellexi, Quirites, et quid de me judicaretis, et quid
aliis praescriberetis. yNunc cum et auctoritatis in me tan-
tum sit, quantum vos honoribus mandandis esse voluistis,
et ad agendum facultatis tantum, quantum homini vigilanti
15 ex forensi usu prope cotidiana dicendi exercitatio potuit
adferre, certe et si quid auctoritatis in me est, apud eos
utar qui earn mihi dederunt, et si quid in dicendo consequi
possum, eis ostendam potissimum, qui ei quoque rei fruc-
tum suo judicio tribuendum esse duxerunt. 3. Atque illud
20 in primis mihi laetandum jure esse video, quod in hac
insolita mihi ex hoc loco ratione dicendi causa talis oblata
est, in qua oratio deesse'nemini possit. Dicendum est enim
de Cn. Pompei singulari eximiaque virtute : hujus autem
orationis difficilius est exitum quam principium invenire.
25 Ita mihi non tam copia quam modus in dicendo quaeren-
dus est.
The Situation in Asia.
II. 4. Atque, — ut inde oratio mea proficiscatur, unde
haec omnis causa ducitur, — bellum grave et periculosum
vestris vectigalibus ac sociis a duobus potentissimis regibus
30 infertur, Mithridate et Tigrane, quorum alter relictus. alter
lacessitus, occasionem sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam
esse arbitrantur. Equitibus Romanis, honestissimis viris,
adferuntur ex Asia cotidie litterae, quorum magnae res
Pompey's Military Command. 69
aguntur in vestris vectigalibus exercendis occupatae : qui
ad me, pro necessitudine quae mihi est cum illo ordine,
causam rei publicae periculaque rerum suarum detulerunt :
5. Bithyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, vicos exustos
esse compluris ; regnum Ariobarzanis, quod finitimum est 5
MiTHRIDATBS VI. TiGKANBS.
vestris vectigalibus, totum esse in hostium potestate; L.
Lucullum, magnis rebus gestis, ab eo bello discedere ; huic
qui successerit non satis esse paratum ad tantum bellum
administrandum ; unum ab omnibus sociis et civibus ad id
bellum imperatorem deposci atque expeti, eundem hunc 'o
unum ab hostibus metui, praeterea neminem. ^
Importance of the Mithridatic War.
^6. Causa quae sit videtis : nunc quid agendum sit con-
siderate. Primum mihi videtur de genere belli, deinde de
magnitudine, tum de imperatore deligendo esse dicendum.
Genus est belli ejus modi, quod maxime vestros animos 15
excitare atque inflammare ad persequendi studium debeat :
in quo agitur populi Romani gloria, quae vobis a majoribus
cum magna in omnibus rebus tum summa in re militari
tradita est; agitur salus sociorum atque amicorum, pro
qua multa majores vestri magna et gravia bella gesserunt ; 20
aguntur certissima populi Romani vectigalia et maxima,
quibus amissis et pacis ornamenta et subsidia belli requi-
yo Orations of Cicero,
retis; aguntur bona multorum civium, quibus est a vobis
et ipsorum et rei publicae causa consulendum.
Ill Success of the Former Wars in Asia.
III. 7. Et quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter
ceteras gentis atque avidi laudis fuistis, delenda est vobis
5 ilia macula [Mithridatico] bello superiore concepta, quae
penitus jam insedit ac nimis inveteravit in populi Romani
nomine, — quod is, qui uno die, tota in Asia, tot in civita-
tibus, uno nuntio atque una significatione [litterarum] ciyis
Romanos necandos trucidandosque denotavit, non modo
10 adhuc poenam nullam suo dignam scelere suscepit, sed ab
illo tempore annum jam tertium et vicesimum regnat, et ita
regnat, ut se non Ponti neque Cappadociae latebris occul-
tare velit, sed emergere ex patrio regno atque in vestris
vectigalibus, hoc est, in Asiae luce versari. 8. Etenim
15 adhuc ita nostri cum illo rege contenderunt imperatores,
ut ab illo insignia victoriae, non victoriam reportarent.
Triumphavit L. Sulla, triumphavit L. Murena de Mithri-
date, duo fortissimi viri et summi imperatores ; sed ita
triumpharunt, ut ille pulsus superatusque regnaret. Verum
20 tamen illis imperatoribus laus est tribuenda quod egerunt,
venia danda quod reliquerunt, propterea quod ab eo bello
Sullam in Italiam res publica, Murenam Sulla revocavit. .
^ Strength of the Enemy. n
IV. 9. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non ad
oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem novi con-
25 tulit : qui [postea] cum maximas aedificasset ornassetque
classis exercitusque permagnos quibuscumque ex gentibus
potuisset comparasset, et se Bosporanis finitimis suis bellum
inferre simularet, usque in Hispaniam legates ac litteras
misit ad eos duces quibuscum tum bellum gerebamus, ut,
30 cum duobus in locis disjunctissimis maximeque diversis uno
Pompey's Military Command, 71
consilio a binis hostium copiis bellum terra marique gerere-
tur, vos ancipiti contentione districti de imperio dimicaretis.
10. Sed tamen alterius partis periculum, Sertorianae atque
Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firmamenti ac roboris habe-
bat, Cn. Pompei divino consilio ac singulari virtute depul- 5
sum est ; in altera parte ita res a L. Lucullo summo viro
est administrata, ut initia ilia rerum gestarum magna atque
praeclara non felicitati ejus, sed virtuti, haec autem extrema,
quae nuper acciderunt, non culpae, sed fortunae tribuenda
esse videantur. Sed de Lucullo dicam alio loco, et ita 10
dicam, Quirites, ut neque vera laus ei detracta oratione
mea neque falsa adficta esse videatur : 11. de vestri imperi
dignitate atque gloria — quoniam is est exorsus orationis
meae — videte quem vobis animum suscipiendum putetis.
Is the Romao Spirit Declining?
V. Majores nostri saepe mercatoribus aut naviculariis 15
nostris injuriosius tractatis bella gesserunt: vos, tot mili-
bus civium Romanorum uno nuntio atque uno tempore
necatis, quo tandem animo esse debetis? Legati quod
erant appellati superbius, Corinthum patres vestri totius
Graeciae lumen exstinctum esse voluerunt : vos eum regem 20
inultum esse patiemini, qui legatum populi Romani con-
sularem vinculis ac verberibus atque omni supplicio
excruciatum necavit? Illi libertatem imminutam civium
Romanorum non tulerunt: vos ereptam vitam neglegetis?
Jus legationis verbo violatum illi persecuti sunt : vos lega- 25
tum omni supplicio interfectum relinquetis? 12. Videte
ne, ut illis pulcherrimum fuit tantam vobis imperi gloriam
tradere, sic vobis turpissimum sit, id quod accepistis tueri
et conservare non posse.
The Allies in Peril : they Call for Pompey.
Quid ? quod salus sociorum summum in periculum ac dis- l^
crinien vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre debetis? Regno
72 Orations of Cicero.
est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, socius populi Roman! atque
amicus ; imminent duo reges toti Asiae non solum vobis
inimicissimi, sed etiam vestris sociis atque amicis ; civitates
autem omnes cuncta Asia atque Graecia vestrum auxilium
5 exspectare propter periculi magnitudinem coguntur; impe-
ratorem a vobis certum deposcere, cum praesertim vos
alium miseritis, neque audent, neque se id facere sine
summo periculo posse arbitrantur. 13. Vident et sentiunt
hoc idem quod vos, — unum virum esse, in quo summa
10 sint omnia, et eum propter esse, quo etiam carent aegrius ;
cujus adventu ipso atque nomine, tametsi ille ad maritimum
bellum venerit, tamen impetus hostium repressos esse intel-
legunt ac retardatos. Hi vos, quoniam libere loqui non
licet, tacite rogant, ut se quoque, sicut ceterarum provin-
15 ciarum socios, dignos existimetis, quorum salutem tali viro
commendetis ; atque hoc etiam magis, quod ceteros in pro-
vinciam ejus modi homines cum imperio mittimus, ut etiam
si ab hoste defendant, tamen ipsorum adventus in urbis
sociorum non multum ab hostili expugnatione differant.
20 Hunc audiebant antea, nunc praesentem vident, tanta tem-
perantia, tanta mansuetudine, tanta humanitate, ut ei beatis-
simi esse videantur, apud quos ille diutissime commoratur.
The Revenues at SUke.
VI. 14. Qua re si propter socios, nulla ipsi injuria laces-
siti, majores nostri cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, cum Aeto-
25 lis, cum Poenis bella gesserunt, quanto vos studio convenit
injuriis provocates sociorum salutem una cum imperi vestri
dignitate defendere, praesertim cum de maximis vestris vec-
tigalibus agatur ? Nam ceterarum provinciarum vectigalia,
Quirites, tanta sunt, ut eis ad ipsas provincias tutandas vix
30 contenti esse possimus : Asia vero tam opima est ac fertilis,
ut et ubertate agrorum et varietate fructuum et magnitudine
pastionis et multitudine earum rerum quae exportantur,
Pompey's Military Command,
71
facile omnibus terris antecellat. Itaque haec vobis pro-
vincia, Quirites, si et belli utilitatem et pacis dignitatem
retinere voltis, non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu
calamitatis est defendenda. 15. Nam in ceteris rebus cum
venit calamitas, tum detrimentum accipitur; at in vecti-
galibus non solum adventus mali, sed etiam metus ipse
adfert calamitatem. Nam cum hostium copiae non longe
absunt, etiam si inruptio nulla facta est, tamen pecuaria
W^
Antiochus III.
Philip V.
relinquitur, agri cultura deseritur, mercatorum navigatio
conquiescit. Ita neque ex portu neque ex decumis neque 'o
ex scriptura vectigal conservari potest : qua re saepe totius
anni fructus uno rumore periculi atque uno belli terrore
amittitur. 16. Quo tandem igitur animo esse existimatis
aut eos qui vectigalia nobis pensitant, aut eos qui exercent
atque exigunt, cum duo reges cum maximis copiis propter ^5
adsint? cum una-excursio equitatus perbrevi tempore totius
anni vectigal auferre possit ? cum publicani familias maxi-
mas, quas in saltibus habent, quas in agris, quas in portubus
atque custodiis, magno periculo se habere arbitrentur?
Putatisne vos illis rebus frui posse, nisi eos qui vobis fructui 20
sunt conservaritis non solum (ut ante dixi) calamitate, sed
etiam calamitatis formidine liberates.
74 Orations of Cicero,
Financial Crisis at Rome.
VII. 17. Ac ne illud quidem vobis neglegendum est, quod
mihi ego extremum proposueram, cum essem de belli genere
dicturus, quod ad multorum bona civium Romanorum perti-
net, quorum vobis pro vestra sapientia, Quirites, habenda
5 est ratio diiigenter. Nam et publican!, homines honestissimi
atque ornatissimi, suas rationes et copias in illam provin-
ciam contulerunt, quorum ipsorum per se res et fortunae
vobis curae esse debent. Etenim si vectigalia nervos esse
rei publicae semper duximus, eum certe ordinem, qui exercet
10 ilia, firmamentum ceterorum ordinum recte esse dicemus.
18. Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnavi atque indus-
trii partim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos absentibus
consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea provincia pecunias
magnas conlocatas habent Est igitur humanitatis vestrae
15 magnum numerum eorum civium calamitate prohibere, sapi-
entiae videre multorum civium calamitatem a re publica
sejunctam esse non posse. Etenim primum illud parvi
refert, nos publica his amissis [vectigalia] postea victoria
recuperare. Neque enim isdem redimendi facultas erit
20 propter calamitatem, neque aliis voluntas propter timorem.
19. Deinde quod nos eadem Asia atque idem iste Mithri-
dates initio belli Asiatici docuit, id quidem certe calamitate
docti memoria retinere debemus. Nam tum, cum in Asia
res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione
25 impedita, fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una in
civitate multi rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non plures secum
in eandem trahant calamitatem. A quo periculo prohibete
rem publicam, et mihi credite id quod ipsi videtis : haec
fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in
30 foro versatur, implicata est cum illis pecuniis Asiaticis et
cohaeret. Ruere ilia non possunt, ut haec non eodem labe-
facta motu concidant. Qua re videte num dubitandum vobis
Pompey's Military Command, 75
sit omni studio ad id bellum incumbere, in quo gloria nomi-
nis vestri, salus sociorum, vectigalia maxima, fortunae pluri-
morum civium conjunctae cum re publica defendantur.
Exploits of Lucullus.
VIII. 20. Quoniam de genere belli dixi, nunc de magni-
tudine pauca dicam. Potest hoc enim dici, belli genus esse 5
ita necessarium ut sit gerendum, non esse ita magnum ut
sit pertimescendum. In quo maxime elaborandum est, ne
forte ea vobis quae diligentissime providenda sunt, contem-
nenda esse videantur. Atque ut omnes intellegant me L.
Lucullo tantum impertire laudis, quantum forti viro et sapi- 10
enti homini et magno imperatori debeatur, dico ejus adventu
maximas Mithridati copias omnibus rebus omatas atque
instructas fuisse, urbemque Asiae clarissimam nobisque
amicissimam, Cyzicenorum, obsessam esse ab ipso rege
maxima multitudine et oppugnatam vehementissime, quam 15
L. Lucullus virtute, adsiduitate, consilio, summis obsidionis
periculis liberavit : 21. ab eodem imperatore classem mag-
nam et omatam, quae ducibus Sertorianis ad Italiam studio
atque odio infiammata raperetur, superatam esse atque
depressam ; magnas hostium praeterea copias multis proeliis 20
esse deletas, patefactumque nostris legionibus esse Pontum,
qui antea populo Romano ex omni aditu clausus fuisset;
Sinopen atque Amisum, quibus in oppidis erant domicilia
regis, omnibus rebus omatas ac refertas, ceterasque urbis
Ponti et Cappadociae permultas, uno aditu adventuque esse 25
captas ; regem, spoliatum regno patrio atque avito, ad alios
se reges atque ad alias gentis supplicem contulisse ; atque
haec omnia salvis populi Romani sociis atque integris vecti-
galibus esse gesta. Satis opinor haec esse laudis, atque ita,
Quirites, ut hoc vos intellegatis, a nullo istorum, qui huic 30
obtrectant legi atque causae, L. Lucullum similiter ex hoc
loco esse laudatum.
y6 Orations of Cicero.
The War still a Great One.
IX. 22. Requiretur fortasse nunc quem ad modum, cum
haec ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse bellum. Cognos-
cite, Quirites. Non enim hoc sine causa quaeri videtur,
Primum ex suo regno sic Mithridates profugit, ut ex eodem
5 Ponto Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur, quam praedi-
cant in fuga fratris sui membra in eis locis, qua se parens
persequeretur, dissipavisse, ut eorum conlectio dispersa,
maerorque patrius, celeritatem persequendi retardaret. Sic
Mithridates fugiens maximam vim auri atque argenti pul-
10 cherrimarumque rerum omnium, quas et a majoribus acce-
perat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia direptas in suum
regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem reliquit. Haec dum
nostri conligunt omnia diligentius, rex ipse e manibus
effugit. Ita ilium in persequendi studio maeror, hos laetitia
15 tardavit. 23. Hunc in illo timore et fuga Tigranes rex
Armenius excepit, diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit, et
adflictum erexit, perditumque recreavit. Cujus in regnum
postea quam L. Lucullus cum exercitu venit, plures etiam
gentes contra imperatorem nostrum concitatae sunt. Erat
20 enim metus injectus eis nationibus, quas numquam populus
Romanus neque lacessendas bello neque temptandas puta-
vit: erat etiam alia gravis atque vehemens opinio, quae
animos gentium barbararum pervaserat, fani locupletissimi
et religiosissimi diripiendi causa in eas oras nostrum esse
25 exercitum adductum. Ita nationes multae atque magnae
novo quodam terrore ac metu concitabantur. Noster autem
exercitus, tametsi urbem ex Tigrani regno ceperat, et proeliis
usus erat secundis, tamen nimia longinquitate locorum ac
desiderio suorum commovebatur.
Mithridates Defeated but not Subdued.
30 24. Hie jam plura non dicam. Fuit enim illud extremum
ut ex eis locis a militibus nostris reditus magis maturus
Pompey's Military Command,
77
quam processio longior quaereretur. Mithridates autem et
suam manum jam confirmarat, [et eorum] qui se ex ipsius
regno conlegerant, et magnis adventiciis auxiliis multorum
regum et nationum juvabatur. Jam hoc fere sic fieri solere
accepimus, ut regum adflictae fortunae facile multorum
opes adliciant ad misericordiam, maximeque eorum qui aut
LUCULLUS.
reges sunt aut vivunt in regno, ut eis riomen regale magnum
et sanctum esse videatur. 25. Itaque tantum victus efficere
potuit, quantum incolumis numquam est ausus optare. Nam
cum se in regnum suum recepisset, non fuit eo contentus, lo
quod ei praeter spem acciderat, — ut illam, postea quam
pulsus erat, terram umquam attingeret, — sed in exercitum
nostrum clarum atque victorem impetum fecit. Sinite hoc
78 Orations of Cicero.
loco, Quirites, sicut poetae solent, qui res Romanas scribunt,
praeterire me nostram calamitatem, quae tanta fuit, ut earn
ad auris [LucuUi] imperatoris non ex proelio nuntius, sed ex
sermone rumor adferret.
Lucullus Superseded.
5 26. Hie in illo ipso malo gravissimaque belli offensione,
L. Lucullus, qui tamen aliqua ex parte eis incommodis
mederi fortasse potuisset, vestro jussu coactus, — qui imperi
diuturnitati modum statuendum vetere exemplo putavistis, —
partem militum, qui jam stipendiis confecti erant, dimisit,
10 partem W. Glabrioni tradidit. Multa praetereo consulto,
sed ea vos conjectura perspicite, quantum illud bellum
factum putetis, quod conjungant reges potentissimi, renovent
agitatae nationes, suscipiant integrae gentes, novus imperator
noster accipiat, vetere exercitu pulso.
Who shall be Appointed Commander?
15 X. 27. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor, qua re esset
hoc bellum genere ipso necessarium, magnitudine periculo-
sum. Restat ut de imperatore ad id bellum deligendo ac
tantis rebus praeficiendo dicendum esse videatur.
Pompey's Military Experience.
Utinam, Quirites, virorum fortium atque innocentium
20 copiam tantam haberetis, ut haec vobis deliberatio difficilis
esset, quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac tan to bello
praeficiendum putaretisi Nunc vero — cum sit unus Cn.
Pompeius, qui non modo eorum hominum qui nunc sunt
gloriam, sed etiam antiquitatis memoriam virtute superarit
25 — quae res est quae cujusquam animum in hac causa dubium
facere possit? 28. Ego enim sic existimo, in summo
imperatore quattuor has res inesse oportere, — scientiam
rei militaris, virtutem, auctoritatem, felicitatem. Quis igitur
hoc homine scientior umquam aut fuit aut esse debuit?
Pompey's Military Command, 79
qui e ludo atque e pueritiae disciplinis bello maximo atque
acerrimis hostibus ad patris exercitum atque in militiae
disciplinam profectus est; qui extrema pueritia miles in
exercitu fuit summi imperatoris, ineunte adulescentia maximi
ipse exercitus imperator; qui saepius cum hoste conflixit 5
quam quisquam cum inimico concertavit, plura bella gessit
quam ceteri legerunt, plures provincias confecit quam alii
concupiverunt ; cujus adulescentia ad scientiam rei militaris
non alienis praeceptis sed suis imperils, non offensionibus
belli sed victoriis, non stipendiis sed triumphis est erudita. 10
Quod denique genus esse belli potest, in quo ilium non
exercuerit fortuna rei publicae ? Civile, Africanum, Trans-
alpinum, Hispaniense [mixtum ex civitatibus atque ex belli-
cosissimis nationibus], servile, navale bellum, varia et diversa
genera et bellorum et hostium, non solum gesta ab hoc uno, 1 5
sed etiam confecta, nuUam rem esse declarant in usu posi-
tam militari, quae hujus viri scientiam fugere possit.
His Former Successes.
XI. 29. Jam vero virtuti Cn. Pompei quae potest oratio
par inveniri? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo dignum
aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum possit adferre? 20
Neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes imperatoriae, quae
volgo existimantur, — labor in negotiis, fortitudo in periculis,
industria in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, consilium in
providendo : quae tanta sunt in hoc uno, quanta in omnibus
reliquis imperatoribus, quos aut vidimus aut audivimus, non 25
fuerunt. 30. Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla
hujus virtute et subsidio confessus est liberatam. Testis est
Sicilia, quam multis undique cinctam periculis non terrore
belli, sed consili celeritate explicavit. Testis est Africa,
quae, magnis oppressa hostium copiis, eorum ipsorum san- 30
guine redundavit. Testis est Gallia, per quam legionibus
nostris iter in Hispaniam Gallorum internecione patefactum
8o
Orations of Cicero,
est. Testis est Hispania, quae saepissime plurimos hostis
ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit. Testis est iterum
et saepius Italia, quae cum servili bello taetro periculosoque
premeretur, ab hoc auxilium absente expetivit : quod bellum
5 exspectatione ejus attenuatum atque imminutum est, adventu
sublatum ac sepultum.
His Recent Success against the Pirates.
31. Testes nunc vero jam omnes orae atque omnes exterae
gentes ac nationes, denique maria omnia cum universa, turn
M
^P^P^^tTS'Sfe^ -issr-^B
^&lKi^^££'
m
^J^m^ <'^^'. ,
1, "
r ^ ,
.:-5^-
'^^^^
y
4
- _,<:- ^^^hiiii^ 1
View near Capb Misbnum (p. 82).
in singulis oris omnes sinus atque portus. Quis enim toto
iQ mari locus per hos annos aut tam firmum habuit praesidium
ut tutus esset, aut tam fuit abditus ut lateret t Quis navi-
gavit qui non se aut mortis aut servitutis periculo commit-
teret, cum aut hieme aut referto praedonum mari navigaret ?
Hoc tantum bellum, tam turpe, tam vetus, tam late divisum
15 atque dispersum, quis umquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus
imperatoribus uno anno aut omnibus annis ab uno impera-
Pompey's Military Command.
8i
tore confici posse ? 32. Quam provinciam tenuistis a prae-
donibus liberam per hosce annos ? quod vectigal vobis tutum
fuit ? quern socium defendistis ? cui praesidio classibus
vestris f uistis ? quam multas existimatis insulas esse deser-
tas ? quam multas aut metu relictas aut a praedonibus captas
urbis esse sociorum ?
XII. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro? Fuit hoc
quondam, fuit proprium populi Roman i, longe a domo bel-
_ .
^^^
■ J"
■ , :
1
'. 'TzfT'
K-\.
^
Port of Ostia.
lare, et propugnaculis imperi sociorum fortunas, non sua
tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostris mare per hos annos lo
clausum fuisse dicam, cum exercitus vestri numquam a
Brundisio nisi hieme sum ma transmiserint ? Qui ad vos ab
exteris nationibus venirent captos querar, cum legati populi
Romani redempti sint ? Mercatoribus tutum mare non fuisse
dicam, cum duodecim secures in praedonum potestatem 15
pervenerint? 33. Cnidum aut Colophonem aut Samum,
82 Orations of Cicero,
nobilissimas urbis, innumerabilisque alias captas esse com-
memorem, cum vestros portus, atque eos portus quibus vitam
ac spiritum ducitis, in praedonum f uisse potestatem sciatis ?
An vero ignoratis portum Cajetae celeberrimum ac plenissi
5 mum navium inspectante praetore a praedonibus esse direp-
tum? ex Miseno autem ejus ipsius liberos, qui cum
praedonibus antea ibi bellum gesserat, a praedonibus esse
sublatos ? Nam quid ego Ostiense incommodum atque illam
labem atque ignominiam rei publicae querar, cum, prope
10 inspectantibus vobis, classis ea, cui consul populi Romani
praepositus esset, a praedonibus capta atque oppressa est ?
The Celerity of his Movements.
Pro di immortalesl tantamne unius hominis incredibilis
ac divina virtus tam brevi tempore lucem adferre rei publicae
potuit, ut vos, qui modo ante ostium Tiberinum classem
ViBW IN Pamphylia (Port of Adalia).
15 hostium videbatis, ei nunc nullam intra Oceani ostium prae-
donum navem esse audiatis ? 34. Atque haec qua celeritate
gesta sint quamquam videtis, tamen a me in dicendo praeter-
eunda non sunt. Quis enim umquam aut obeundi negoti
aut consequendi quaestus studio tam brevi tempore tot loca
20 adire, tantos cursus conficere potuit, quam celeriter Cn.
Pompeio duce tanti belli impetus navigavit ? Qui nondum
Pompey^s Military Command, 83
tempestivo ad navigandum mari Siciliam adiit, Africam
exploravit ; inde Sardiniam cum classe venit, atque haec
tria frumentaria subsidia rei publicae firmissimis praesidiis
classibusque munivit ; 35. inde cum se in Italiam recepisset,
duabus Hispaniis et Gallia [transalpina] praesidiis ac 5
navibus confirmata, missis item in oram Illyrici maris et in
Achaiam omnemque Graeciam navibus, Italiae duo maria
maximis classibus firmissimisque praesidiis adornavit ; ipse
autem ut Brundisio profectus est, undequinquagesimo die
totam ad imperium populi Romani Ciliciam adjunxit ; omnes, 10
qui ubique praedones fuerunt, partim capti interfectique
sunt, partim unius hujus se imperio ac potestati dediderunt.
Idem Cretensibus, cum ad eum usque in Pamphyliam lega-
tes deprecatoresque misissent, spem deditionis non ademit,
obsidesque imperavit. Ita tantum bellum, tam diuturnum, 15
tam longe lateque dispersum, quo bello omnes gentes ac
nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme appara-
vit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit.
Pompey has all the Qualities of a General.
XIII. 36. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus impera-
toris. Quid ceterae, quas paulo ante commemorare coepe- 20
ram, quantae atque quam multae sunt ? Non enim bellandi
virtus solum in summo ac perfecto imperatore quaerenda
est, sed multae sunt artes eximiae hujus administrae comi-
tesque virtutis. Ac primum, quanta innocentia debent esse
imperatores ? quanta deinde in omnibus rebus temperantia ? 25
quanta fide? quanta facilitate? quanto ingenio? quanta
humanitate? Quae breviter qualia sint in Cn. Pompeio
consideremus : summa enim omnia sunt, Quirites, sed ea
magis ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa per sese cognosci
atque intellegi possunt. 37. Quem enim imperatorem possu- 30
mus ullo in numero putare, cujus in exercitu centuriatus
veneant atque venierint? Quid hunc hominem magnum
84 Orations of Cicero.
aut amplum de re publica cogitare, qui pecuniam, tj, aerario
depromptam ad bellum administrandum, aut propter cupidi-
tatem provinciae magistratibus diviserit, aut propter avari-
tiam Romae in quaestu reliquerit? Vestra admurmuratio
5 facit, Quirites, ut agnoscere videamini qui haec fecerint :
ego autem nomino neminem ; qua re irasci mihi nemo pote-
rit, nisi qui ante de se voluerit confiteri. Itaque propter
banc avaritiam imperatorum quantas calamitates, quocum-
que ventum est, nostri exercitus f erant quis ignorat ? 38. Iti-
10 nera quae per hosce annos in Italia per agros atque oppida
civium Romanorum nostri imperatores fecerint recordamini :
turn facilius statue tis quid apud exteras nationes fieri existi-
metis. Utrum pluris arbitramini per hosce annos militum
vestrorum armis hostium urbis, an hibernis sociorum civi-
15 tates esse deletas? Neque enim potest exercitum is conti-
nere imperator, qui se ipse non continet, neque severus esse
in judicando, qui alios in se severos esse judices non volt.
39. Hie miramur hunc hominem tantum excellere ceteris,
cujus legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint, ut non modo manus
20 tanti exercitus, sed ne vestigium quidem cuiquam pacato
nocuisse dicatur ? Jam vero quem ad modum milites hiber-
nent cotidie sermones ac litterae perferuntur : non modo ut
sumptum faciat in militem nemini vis adfertur, sed ne cupi-
enti quidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis enim, non ava-
25 ritiae perfugium majores nostri in sociorum atque amicorum
tectis esse voluerunt.
His Self-Restraint and Consequent Popularity.
XIV. 40. Age vero : ceteris in rebus quali sit temperantia
considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et tam incredi-
bilem cursum inventum putatis ? Non enim ilium eximia
30 vis remigum aut ars inaudita quaedam gubernandi aut venti
aliqui novi tam celeriter in ultimas terras pertulerunt ; sed
eae res quae ceteros remorari solent, non retardarunt : non
Pompey's Military Command.
85
avaritia ab institute cursu ad praedam aliquam devocavit,
non libido ad voluptatem, non amoenitas ad delectationem,
non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, non denique labor ipse
ad quietem ; postremo signa et tabulas ceteraque ornamenta
Graecorum oppidorum, quae ceteri tollenda esse arbitrantur,
ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem existimavit 41. Itaque omnes
nunc in eis locis Cn. Pompeium sicut aliquem non ex hac
Galley. (From the Pr^neste Relief.)
urbe missum, sed de caelo delapsum intuentur. Nunc deni-
que incipiunt credere fuisse homines Romanos hac quon-
dam continentia, quod jam, nation ibus exteris incredibile ac 10
falso memoriae proditum videbatur. Nunc imperi vestri
splendor illis gentibus lucem adferre coepit. Nunc intelle-
gunt non sine causa majores suos, tum cum ea temperantia
magistratus habebamus, servire populo Romano quam impe-
rare aliis maluisse. Jam vero ita faciles aditus ad eum pri- 15
vatorum, ita liberae querimoniae de aliorum injuriis esse
dicuntur, ut is, qui dignitate principibus excellit, facilitate
86 Orations of Cicero.
infimis par esse videatur. 42. Jam quantum consilio, quan-
tum dicendi gravitate et copia valeat, — in quo ipso inest
quaedam dignitas imperatoria, — vos, Quirites, hoc ipso ex
loco saepe cognovistis. Fidem vero ejus quantam inter
5 socios existimari putatis, quam hostes omnes omnium gene-
rum sanctissimam judicarint? Humanitate jam tanta est,
ut difficile dictu sit utrum hostes magis virtutem ejus pug-
nantes timuerint, an mansuetudinem victi dilexerint Et
quisquam dubitabit quin huic hoc tantum bellum transmit-
10 tendum sit, qui ad omnia nostrae memoriae bella confi.cienda
divino quodam consilio natus esse videatur ?
His Prestige as a Commander.
XV. 43. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis adminis-
trandis multum atque in imperio militari valet, certe nemini
dubium est quin ea re idem ille imperator plurimum possit.
15 Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella administranda quid
hostes, quid socii de imperatoribus nostris existiment quis
ignorat, cum sciamus homines in tantis rebus, ut aut con-
temnant aut metuant aut oderint aut ament, opinione non
minus et fama quam aliqua ratione certa commoveri ? Quod
to igitur nomen umquam in orbe terrarum clarius fuit? cujus
res gestae pares.? de quo homine vos, — id quod maxime
facit auctoritatem, — tanta et tam praeclara judicia fecistis?
44. An vero uUam usquam esse oram tam desertam putatis,
quo non illius diei fama pervaserit, cum universus populus
25 Romanus, referto foro completisque omnibus templis ex
quibus hie locus conspici potest, unum sibi ad commune
omnium gentium bellum Cn. Pompeium imperatorem depo-
poscit? Itaque — ut plura non dicam, neque aliorum exem-
plis confirmem quantum [hujus] auctoritas valeat in bello —
30 ab eodem Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum exempla
sumantur : qui quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus
est imperator, tanta repente vilitas annonae ex summa inopia
Pompey's Military Command, 87
et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta est unius hominis spe
ac nomine, quantam vix in summa ubertate agrorum diuturna
pax efficere potuisset. 45. Jam accepta in Ponto calamitate
ex eo proelio, de quo vos paulo ante invitus admonui, —
cmn socii pertimuissent, hostium opes animique crevissent, 5
satis firmum praesidium provincia non haberet, — amisissetis
Asiam, Quirites, nisi ad ipsum discrimen ejus temporis divi-
nitus Cn. Pompeium ad eas regiones fortuna populi Romani
attulisset. Hujus adventus et Mithridatem insolita inflam-
matum victoria continuit, et Tigranem magnis copiis mini- 10
tantem Asiae retardavit. Et quisquam dubitabit quid virtute
perfecturus sit, qui tantum auctoritate perfecerit ? aut quam
facile imperio atque exercitu socios et vectigalia conserva-
turus sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit ?
His Special Reputation in the East.
XVI. 46. Age vero, ilia res quantam declarat ejusdem 15
hominis apud hostis populi Romani auctoritatem, quod ex
locis tam longinquis tamque diversis tam brevi tempore
omnes huic se uni dediderunt ? quod a communi Creten-
sium legati, cum in eorum insula noster imperator exerci-
tusque esset, ad Cn. Pompeium in ultimas prope terras 20
venerunt, eique se omnis Cretensium civitates dedere velle
dixerunt ? Quid ? idem iste Mithridates nonne ad eundem
Cn. Pompeium legatum usque in Hispaniam misit ? eum quem
Pompeius legatum semper judicavit, ei quibus erat [semper]
molestum ad eum potissimum esse missum, speculatorem quam 25
legatum judicari maluerunt. Potestis igitur jam constituere,
Quirites, banc auctoritatem, multis postea rebus gestis magnis-
que vestris judiciis amplificatam, quantum apud illos reges,
quantum apud exteras nationes valituram esse existimetis.
His Lucky Star.
47. Reliquum est ut de felicitate (quam praestare de se 30
ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de altero
88 Orations of Cicero,
possumus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate deorum)
timide et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sic existimo : Maximo,
Marcello, Scipioni, Mario, et ceteris magnis imperatoribus non
solum propter virtutem, sed etiam propter fortunam saepius
5 imperia mandata atque exercitus esse commissos. Fuit
enim profecto quibusdam smnmis viris quaedam ad amplitu-
dinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene gerendas divi-
nitus adjuncta fortuna. De hujus autem hominis felicitate,
de quo nunc agimus, hac utar moderatione dicendi, non ut in
10 illius potestate fortunam positam esse dicam, sed ut praeter-
ita meminisse, reliqua sperare videamur, ne aut invisa dis
immortalibus oratio nostra aut ingrata esse videatur. 4a Ita-
que non sum praedicaturus quantas ille res domi militiae,
terra marique, quantaque felicitate gesserit ; ut ejus semper
15 voluntatibus non modo cives adsenserint, socii obtempera-
rint, hostes obedierint, sed etiam venti tempestatesque obse-
cundarint : hoc brevissime dicam, neminem umquam tam
impudentem fuisse, qui ab dis immortalibus tot et tantas
res tacitus auderet optare, quot et quantas di immortales
20 ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. Quod ut illi proprium ac
perpetuum sit, Quirites, cum communis salutis atque imperi
turn ipsius hominis causa, sicuti facitis, velle et optare
debetis.
49. Qua re, — cum et bellum sit ita necessarium ut neglegi
25 non possit, ita magnum ut accuratissime sit administrandum ;
et cum ei imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia
belli scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima auctoritas, egregia
fortuna, — dubitatis Quirites, quin hoc tantum boni, quod
vobis ab dis immortalibus oblatum et datum est, in rem
30 publicam conservandam atque amplificandam conferatis ?
He is on the Spot.
XVII. 50. Quod si Romae Cn. Pompeius privatus esset
hoc tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendu.s
Pompey^s Military Command, 89
atque mittendus: nunc cum ad ceteras summas utilitates
haec quoque opportunitas adjungatur, ut in eis ipsis locis
adsit, ut habeat exercitum, ut ab eis qxii habent accipere
statim possit, quid exspectamus ? aut cur non ducibus dis
immortalibus eidem, cxii cetera summa cum salute rei pub- 5
licae commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellum regium commit-
tamus ?
Objection of Horteasius and Catulut.
51. At enim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rei publicae,
vestris beneficiis amplissimis adfectus, Q. Catulus, itemque
summis omamentis honoris, fortunae, virtutis, ingeni prae- 10
ditus, Q. Hortensius, ab hac ratione dissentiunt. Quorum
ego auctoritatem apud vos multis locis plurimum valuisse et
valere oportere confiteor ; sed in hac causa, tametsi cognos-
citis auctoritates contrarias virorum fortissimorum et claris-
simorum, tamen omissis auctoritatibus ipsa re ac ratione 15
exquirere possumus veritatem, atque hoc facilius, quod ea
omnia quae a me adhuc dicta sunt, eidem isti vera esse
concedunt, — et necessarium bellum esse et magnum, et
in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia. 52. Quid igitur
ait Hortensius ? Si uni omnia tribuenda sint, dignissimum 20
esse Pompeium, sed ad unum tamen omnia deferri non
oportere. Obsolevit jam ista oratio, re multo magis quam
verbis refutata. Nam tu idem, Q. Hortensi, multa pro tua
summa copia ac singulari facultate dicendi et in senatu con-
tra virum fortem, A. Gabinium, graviter ornateque dixisti, 25
cum is de uno imperatore contra praedones constituendo
legem promulgasset, et ex hoc ipso loco permulta item
contra eam legem verba fecisti.
Hortensius Answered by Facts.
53. Quid ? tum (per deos immortalis !) si plus apud popu-
lum Romanum auctoritas tua quam ipsius populi Romani 30
salus et vera causa valuisset, hodie hanc gloriam atque hoc
06 Orations of Cicero.
orbis terrae imperium teneremus? An tibi turn imperium
hoc esse videbatur, cum populi Romani legati quaestores
praetoresque capiebantur ? cum ex omnibus provinciis com-
meatu et privato et publico prohibebamur ? cum ita clausa
5 nobis erant maria omnia, ut neque privatam rem transmari-
nam neque publicam jam obire possemus ?
XVIII. 54. Quae civitas antea umquam fuit, — non dico
Atheniensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenuisse dici-
tur ; non Karthaginiensium, qui permultum classe ac mari-
10 timis rebus valuerunt; non Rhodiorum, quorum usque ad
nostram memoriam disciplina navalis et gloria remansit, —
sed quae civitas umquam antea tam tenuis, quae tarn parya
insula fuit, quae non portus suos et agros et aliquam partem
region is atque orae maritimae per se ipsa defenderet ? At
15 (hercule) aliquot annos continuos ante legem Gabiniam ille
populus Romanus, cujus usque ad nostram memoriam nomen
invictum in navalibus pugnis permanserit, magna ac multo
maxima parte non modo utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperi
Coin op Rhodbs.
caruit. 55. Nos, quorum majores Antiochum regem classe
20 Persenque superarunt, omnibusque navalibus pugnis Kar-
thaginiensis, homines in maritimis rebus exercitatissimos
paratissimosque, vicerunt, ei nuUo in loco jam praedonibus
pares esse poteramus : nos, qui antea non modo Italiam
tutam habebamus, sed omnis socios in ultimis oris auctori-
25 tate nostri imperi salvos praestare poteramus, — tum cum
Pompey's Military Command, 91
insula Delos, tam procul a nobis in Aegaeo mari posita, quo
omnes undique cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant,
referta divitiis, parva, sine muro, nihil timebat, — eidem non
mode provinciis atque oris Italiae maritimis ac portubus nos-
tris, sed etiam Appia jam via carebamus ; et eis temporibus
Coin of Pbrsbus.
non pudebat magistratus populi Romani in hunc ipsum
locum escendere, cum eum nobis majores nostri exuviis
nauticis et classium spoliis ornatum reliquissent.
Brilliant Success of the Gabinian Law.
XIX. 56. Bono te animo turn, Q. Hortensi, populus
Romanus et ceteros qui erant in eadem sententia, dicere io
existimavit ea quae sentiebatis : sed tamen in salute com-
muni idem populus Romanus dolori suo maluit quam aucto-
ritati vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una lex, unus vir, unus
annus non modo nos ilia miseria ac turpitudine liberavit,
sed etiam effecit, ut aliquando vere videremur omnibus gen- 15
tibus ac nationibus terra marique imperare. 57. Quo mihi
etiam indignius videtur obtrectatum esse adhuc, — Gabinio
dicam anne Pompeio, an utrique, id quod est verius.^ —
ne legaretur A. Gabinius Cn. Pompeio expetenti ac postu-
lanti. Utrum ille, qui postulat ad tantum bellum legatum 20
quem velit, idoneus non est qui impetret, cum ceteri ad expi-
landos socios diripiendasque provincias quos voluerunt lega-
92 Orations of Cicero,
tos eduxerint ; an ipse, cujus lege salus ac dignitas populo
Romano atque omnibus gentibus constituta est, expers esse
debet gloriae ejus imperatoris atque ejus exercitus, qui con-
silio ipsius ac periculo est constitutus? sa An C. Falci-
5 dius, Q. Metellus, Q. Caelius Latiniensis, Cn. Lentulus,
quos omnis honoris causa nomino, cum tribuni plebi fuis-
sent, anno proximo legati esse potuerunt : in uno Gabinio
sunt tam diligentes, qui in hoc bello, quod lege Gabinia
geritur, in hoc imperatore atque exercitu, quem per vos
10 ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo jure esse deberet ? De quo
legando consules spero ad senatum relaturos. Qui si dubi-
tabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me profiteor relaturum. Neque
me impediet cujusquam inimicum edictum, quo minus vobis
fretus vestrum jus beneficiumque defendam ; neque praeter
15 intercessionem quicquam audiam, de qua (ut arbitror) isti
ipsi, qui minantur, etiam atque etiam quid liceat conside-
rabunt Mea quidem sententia, Quirites, unus A. Gabinius
belli maritimi rerumque gestarum Cn. Pompeio socius ascri-
bitur, propterea quod alter uni illud bellum suscipiendum
20 vestris suffragiis detulit, alter delatum susceptumque con-
fecit.
Catulus Answered: Breach of Precedent not Unheard of. «
XX. 59. Reliquum est ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et sen-
tentia dicendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis quaereret,
si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo factum
25 esset, in quo spem essetis habituri, — cepit magnum suae
virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum omnes ima prope voce
in [eo] ipso vos spem habituros esse dixistis. Etenim talis
est vir, ut nulla res tanta sit ac tam difRcilis, quam ille non
et consilio regere et integritate tueri et virtute conficere pos-
30 sit. Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime dissentio, quod,
quo minus certa est hominum ac minus diuturna vita, hoc
magis res publica, dum per deos immortalis licet, frui debet
summi viri vita atque virtute. 60. *At enim ne quid novi fiat
Potnpey^s Military Command, 93
contra exempla atque instituta majorum.' Non dicam hoc
loco majores nostros semper in pace consuetudini, in bello
utilitati paruisse ; semper ad novos casus temporum novo-
rum consiliorum rationes adcommodasse : non dicam duo
bella nlaxima, Punicum atque Hispaniense, ab uno impera- 5
tore esse confecta, duasque urbis potentissimas, quae huic
imperio maxime minitabantur, Karthaginem atque Numan-
tiam, ab eodem Scipione esse deletas: non commemorabo
nuper ita vobis patribusque vestris esse visum, ut in uno
C. Mario spes imperi poneretur, ut idem cum Jugurtha, 10
idem cum Cimbris, idem cum Teutonis bellum administraret.
61. In ipso Cn. Pompeio, in quo novi constitui nihil volt
Q. Catulus, quam multa sint nova summa Q. Catuli volun-
tate constituta recordamini. XXI. Quid tam novum quam
adulescentulum privatum exercitum difficili rei publicae tem- 15
pore conficere ? Confecit. Huic praeesse ? Praef uit. Rem
optime ductu sue gerere ? Gessit. Quid tam praeter con-
suetudinem quam homini peradulescenti, cujus aetas a sena-
torio gradu longe abesset, imperium atque exercitum dari,
Siciliam permitti, atque Africam bellumque in ea provincia 20
administrandum ? Fuit in his provinciis singulari innocen-
tia, gravitate, virtute : bellum in Africa maximum confecit,
victorem exercitum deportavit. Quid vero tam inauditum
quam equitem Romanum triumphare .^ At eam quoque rem
populus Romanus non modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio 25
visendam et concelebrandam putavit. 62. Quid tam inusi-
tatum quam ut, cum duo consules clarissimi fortissimique
essent, eques Romanus ad bellum maximum formidolosis-
simumque pro consule mitteretur ? Missus est. Quo qui-
dem tempore, cum esset non nemo in senatu qui diceret 30
non oportere mitti hominem privatum pro consule^ L. Philippus
dixisse dicitm* non se ilium sua sententia pro consule^ sed pro
consulibus mittere, Tanta in eo rei publicae bene gerendae
spes constituebatur, ut duorum consulum munus unius adu-
94 Orations of Cicero.
lescentis virtuti committeretur. Quid tarn singulare quam
ut ex senatus consulto legibus solutus consul ante fieret,
quam ullum alium magistratum per leges capere licuisset?
quid tarn incredibile quam ut iterum eques Romanus ex
5 senatus consulto triumpharet? Quae in omnibus homini-
bus nova post hominum memoriam constituta sunt, ea tam
multa non sunt quam haec, quae in hoc uno homine vide-
mus. 63. Atque haec tot exempla, tanta ac tam nova, pro-
fecta sunt in eundem hominem a Q. Catuli atque a ceteronam
10 ejusdem dignitatis amplissimorum hominum auctoritate.
Judgment of the People should Overrule such Objections.
XXII. Qua re videant ne sit periniquum et non ferun-
dum, illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dignitate a vobis
comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab illis de eodem homine
judicium populique Romani auctoritatem improbari ; prae-
15 sertim cum jam suo jure populus Romanus in hoc homine
suam auctoritatem vel contra omnis qui dissentiunt possit
defendere, propterea quod, isdem istis reclamantibus, vos
unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis quem bello praedonum
praeponeretis. 64. Hoc si vos temere fecistis, et rei publi-
20 cae parum consuluistis, recte isti studia vestra suis consiliis
regere conantur. Sin autem vos plus tum in re publica
vidistis, vos eis repugnantibus per vosmet ipsos dignitatem
huic imperio, salutem orbi terrarum attulistis, aliquando isti
principes et sibi et ceteris populi Romani universi auctoritati
25 parendum esse fateantur.
Pompey Alone can Retrieve the Roman Reputation.
Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum militaris
ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae
quoque virtutes animi magnae et multae requiruntur. Diffi-
cile est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria regnisque interiorum nationum
30 ita versari nostrum imperatorem, ut nihil aliud nisi de hoste
Pompey's Military Command. 95
ac de laude cogitet. Deinde etiam si qxii sunt pudore ac
temperantia moderatiores, tamen eos esse talis propter mul-
titudinem cupidorum hominum nemo arbitratur. 65. Diffi-
cile est dictu, Quirites, quanto in odio simus apud exteras
nationes propter eorum, quos ad eas per hos annos cum 5
imperio misimus, libidines et injurias. Quod enim fanum
putatis in illis terns nostris magistratibus religiosum, quam
civitatem sanctam, quam domum satis clausam ac munitam
fuisse ? Urbes jam locupletes et copiosae requiruntur, qui-
bus causa belli propter diripiendi cupiditatem inferatur. 10
66. Libenter haec coram cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio,
summis et clarissimis viris, disputarem. Noverunt enim
sociorum volnera, vident eorum calamitates, querimonias
audiunt. Pro sociis vos contra hostis exercitum mittere
putatis, an hostium simulatione contra socios at que ami- 15
cos ? Quae civitas est in Asia quae non modo imperatoris
aut legati, sed unius tribuni militum animos ac spiritus
capere possit?
XXIII. Qua re, etiam si quem habetis qui conlatis signis
exercitus regios superare posse videatur, tamen nisi erit 20
idem, qui [se] a pecuniis sociorum, qui ab eorum conjugi-
bus ac liberis, qui ab ornamentis fanorum atque oppidorum,
qui ab auro -gazaque regia manus, oculos, animum cohibere
possit, non erit idoneus qui ad bellum Asiaticum regiumque
mittatur. 67. Ecquam putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse quae 25
locuples sit ? ecquam esse locupletem quae istis pacata esse
videatuj ? Ora raaritiraa, Quirites, Cn. Pompeium non solum
propter rei militaris gloriam, sed etiam propter animi con-
tinentiam requisivit. Videbat enim praetores locupletari
quot annis pecunia publica praeter paucos ; neque eos 30
quicquam aliud adsequi, classium nomine, nisi ut detrimen-
tis accipiendis majore adfici turpitudine videremur. Nunc
qua cupiditate homines in provincias, quibus jacturis et
quibus condicionibus proficiscantur, ignorant videlicet isti,
96 Orations of Cicero.
qui ad unum deferenda omnia esse non arbitrantur ? Quasi
vero Cn. Pompeium non cum suis virtutibus tum etiam ali-
enis vitiis magnum esse videamus. 6a Qua re nolite dubi-
tare quin huic uni credatis omnia, qui inter tot annos unus
5 inventus sit, quem socii in urbis suas cum exercitu venisse
gaudeant.
Favorable Opinioat of Leading^ Men.
Quod si auctoritatibus hanc causam, Quirites, confirman-
dam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum omnium maxi-
marumque renmi peritissimus, P. Servilius, cujus tantae res
10 gestae terra marique exstiterunt, ut cum de bello deliberetis,
auctor vobis gravior nemo esse debeat ; est C. Curio, summis
vestris beneficiis maximisque rebus gestis, summo ingenio et
prudentia praeditus; est Cn. Lentulus, in quo omnes pro
amplissimis vestris honoribus summum consilium, summam
15 gravitatem esse cognovistis; est C. Cassius, integritate, vir-
tute, constantia singulari. Qua re videte ut honim auctori-
tatibus illorum orationi, qui dissentiunt, respondere posse
videamur.
Peroration.
XXIV. 69. Quae cum ita sint, C. Manili, primum istam
20 tuam et legem et voluntatem et sententiam laudo vehemen-
tissimeque comprobo: deinde te hortor, ut auctore populo
Romano maneas in sententia, neve cujusquam vim aut
minas pertimescas. Primum in te satis esse animi perse-
verantiaeque arbitror: deinde cum tantam multitudinem
25 cum tanto studio adesse videamus, quantam iterum nunc
in eodem homine praeficiendo videmus, quid est quod aut
de re aut de perficiendi facultate dubitemus? Ego autem
quicquid est in me studi, consili, laboris, ingeni, quicquid
hoc beneficio populi Romani atque hac potestate praetoria,
30 quicquid auctoritate, fide, constantia possum, id omne ad
hanc rem conficiendam tibi et populo Romano polliceor ac
Pompey's Military Command, 97
defero : 70. testorque omnis deos, et eos maxime qui huic
loco temploque praesident, qui omnium mentis eorum qui
ad rem publicam adeunt maxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque
rogatu facere cujusquam, neque quo Cn. Pompei gratiam
mihi per hanc causam conciliari putem, neque quo mihi ex 5
cujusquam ampiitudine aut praesidia periculis aut adjumenta
honoribus quaeram ; propterea quod pericula facile, ut homi-
nem praestare oportet, innocentia tecti repellemus, honorem
autem neque ab uno neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem ilia
nostra laboriosissima ratione vitae, si vestra voluntas feret, 10
consequemur. 71. Quam ob rem quicquid in hac causa
mihi susceptum est, Quirites, id ego omne me rei publicae
causa suscepisse confirmo; tantumque abest ut aliquam mihi
bonam gratiam quaesisse videar, ut multas me etiam simul-
tates partim obscuras, partim apertas intellegam mihi non 15
necessarias, vobis non inutilis suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc
honore praeditum, tantis vestris beneficiis adfectum statui,
Quirites, vestram voluntatem et rei publicae dignitatem et
salutem provinciarum atque sociorum meis omnibus com-
modis et rationibus praeferre oportere. 20
THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE.
B.C. 63.
Lucius Sergius Catiline was a Roman noble of ruined fortunes
and the vilest character; he was an intimate friend of Verres, the
plunderer of Sicily, and was, like him, distinguished for an infamous
career in the army of Sulla. Fearless, ambitious, and unscrupulous,
such a man was well adapted to act as ringleader in arraying the dis-
contented elements of Roman society in any desperate enterprise
against the state.
The absence of Pompey in the East, by removing from Rome the
only man powerful enough to maintain order, gave Catiline his oppor-
tunity. He expected, probably, to make himself tyrant, as Dionysius
and Agathocles — men no better than he — had done in Syracuse; but
it was suspected at the time, and is believed by many at the present
day, that he was, after all, only a tool of Caesar and Crassus, the
leaders of the democratic party.
Catiline's plan was to make use of the consulship as a stepping-stone
to absolute power ; and accordingly he desired to be a candidate for
this office for the year B.C. 65. He was shut out both that year and the
next, on account of a charge of repetundae pending against him ; but of
this he was at last acquitted in season to present himself for the year
B.C. 63. There followed a very exciting canvass, which resulted in the
election of Cicero, the candidate of the moderate party, by an over-
First Oration against Catitine, 99
whelming majority, while a confederate of Catiline, Caius Antonius, —
who was son of the distinguished orator, and uncle of the triumvir, —
was elected as his colleague. Catiline, nothing daunted, offered him-
self again at the next election. This time, however, he found himself
opposed by both consuls. For Cicero had transferred the rich province
of Macedonia, which had fallen to him for his proconsular year, to
Antonius, and had thus obtained the cooperation of the latter in pro-
curing the defeat of Catiline.
Catiline now gave up the attempt to gain his ends by means of the
consulship, and conspired with other men of desperate fortunes for an
immediate outbreak. As a private citizen he had lost the advantages
which the consulship would have given him, and even amon^ his asso-
ciates the only conspirator who held a magistracy was the vain and
indolent Lentulus, praetor and of consular rank. In the course of
October, B.C. 63, a body of troops was collected at Faesulae (now
FiesoUy close to Florence) by the conspirators ; this was put in com-
mand of the centurion Caius Manlius, Catiline himself remaining in the
city to direct operations there. Cicero, however, had kept track of
every move of the conspiracy, and, in consequence of his representations,
the Senate, October 21, invested the consuls with dictatorial power. On
November 7 Cicero called a special meeting of the Senate in the temple
of Jupitor Stator. Catiline had the effrontery to appear in his usual
place, whereupon Cicero burst upon him with the fiery invective which
follows, — the first of his four " Orations against Catiline."
This speech, probably the best known of all Roman orations, is a
striking example both of Cicero's power and of that violent invective
which was one of the characteristics of Roman oratory.
/. INVECTIVE AGAINST CATILINE.
{In L. Catilinam Oratio I.)
In the Senate, Nov. 7.
Effrontery of Catiline.
QUO usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra ?
Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet ? Quern
ad finem sese effrenata jactabit audacia? Nihilne te
noctumum praesidium Palati, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil
timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hie 5
lOO Orations of Cicero,
munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil honim ora voltus-
que moverunt ? Patere tua consilia non sentis? constrictam
jam horum omnium scientia teneri conjurationem tuam non
vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi
5 fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consili ceperis, quem nostrum
ignorare arbitraris?
Culpable Weakaess of the Consult.
2. O tempora ! O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit, con-
sul videt: hie tamen vivit. Vivit? immo vero etiam in
senatum venit, fit publici consili particeps, notat et designat
10 oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos autem,
fortes viri, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si istius furo-
rem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu
consulis jam pridem oportebat ; in te conferri pestem quam
tu in nos [jam diu] machinaris. 3. An vero vir amplissimus,
1 5 P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labe-
factantem statum rei publicae privatus interfecit : Catilinam,
orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos
consules perferemus ? Nam ilia nimis antiqua praetereo,
quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem
20 manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica
virtus, ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum
quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus senatus
consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave. Non deest
rei publicae consilium, neque auctoritas hujus ordinis : nos,
25 nos, dico aperte, consules desumus.
Contrast with Former Magistrates.
II. 4. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul
videret ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. Nox nulla
intercessit : interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum sus-
piciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, majoribus ; occi-
30 sus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili senatus
First Oration against Catiline, loi
consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa res
publica: num unum diem postea L. Satuminum tribimum
plebis et C. Servilium praetorem [mors ac] rei publicae
poena remorata est? At nos vicesimum jam diem pati-
mur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim 5
hujusce modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis,
tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto
confestim te interfectum esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis, et
vivis non ad deponendam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam.
Cupio, patres conscripti, me esse clementem : cupio in tan- 10
tis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum videri ; sed jam
me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno.
The Situation Calls for Immediate Action.
5. Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Roman um in
Etruriae faucibus conlocata: crescit in dies singulos hos-
tium numerus; eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducem- 15
que hostium intra moenia atque adeo in sehatu videmus,
intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molien-
tem. Si te jam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici jussero,
credo, erit verendum mihi ne non hoc potius omnes boni
serius a me, quam quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat. 20
Reasons for the Delay.
Verum ego hoc, quod jam pridem factum esse oportuit,
certa de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Tum denique
interficiere, cum jam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam
tui similis inveniri poterit, qui id non jure factum esse f ateatur.
6. Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives ; 25
et vives ita ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oppres-
sus, ne commovere te contra rem publicam possis. Multo-
nmi te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc
fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.
I02 Orations of Cicero,
The Consuls fully Informed of the Conspiracy.
III. Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius exspec-
tes, si neque nox tenebris obscurare coetus nefarios, nee
privata domus parietibus continere voces conjurationis [tuae]
potest? si inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? Muta jam
5 istam mentem : mihi crede, obliviscere caedis atque incen-
diorum. Teneris undique: luce sunt clariora nobis tua
consilia omnia, quae jam mecum licet recognoscas. 7. Me-
ministine me ante diem xii. Kalendas Novembris dicere in
senatu, fore in armis certo die — qui dies futurus esset ante
10 diem vi. Kal. Novembris — C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem
atque administrum tuae? Num me fefellit, Catilina, non
modo res tanta, tam atrox tamque incredibiiis, verum — id
quod multo magis est admirandum — dies ? Dixi ego idem
in senatu caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem
15 V. Kalendas Novembris, tum cum multi principes civitatis
Roma non tam sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum
reprimendorum causa profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te
illo ipso die, meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum,
commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu
20 discessu ceterorum, nostra tamen qui remansissemus caede,
te contentum esse dicebas? 8. Quid? cum te Praeneste
Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu
esse confideres, sensistine illam coloniam meo jussu [meis]
praesidiis custodiis vigiliis esse munitam ? Nihil agis, nihil
25 moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed
etiam T^ideam planeque sentiam.
Latest Acts of the Conspirators.
IV. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superi-
orem : jam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem
quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico te priore nocte
30 venisse inter f alcarios — non agam obscure — in M. Laecae
First Oration against Catiline, 103
domum ; convenisse eodem compluris ejusdem amentiae
scelerisque socios. Num negare audes? quid taces? con-
vincam, si negas. Video enim esse hie in senatu quosdam,
qui tecum una fuerunt. 9. O di immortales ! ubinam gen-
tium sumus ? in qua urbe vivimus ? quam rem publicam 5
habemus? Hie, hie sunt, in nostro numero, patres con-
scripti, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consi-
lio, qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de hujus urbis atque
adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hos ego video
[consul] et de republica sententiam rogo, et quos ferro 10
trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce volnero. Fuisti igitur
apud Laecam ilia nocte, Catilina : distribuisti partis Italiae ;
statuisti quo quemque proficisci placeret ; delegisti quos
Romae relinqueres, quos tecum educeres ; descripsisti urbis
partis ad incendia : confirmasti te ipsum jam esse exiturum ; 15
dixisti paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod ego viverem.
Reperti sunt duo equites Romani qui te ista cura liberarent,
et sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo
interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 10. Haec ego omnia, vix-
dum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi : domum meam 20
majoribus praesidiis munivi atque firmavi ; exclusi eos quos
tu ad me salutatum miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos
ego jam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis venturos
esse praedixeram.
Why does not Catiline Leave the City?
V. Quae cum it a sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti. 25
Egredere aliquando ex urbe : patent portae : proficiscere.
Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra deside-
rant. Educ tecum etiam omnis tuos ; si minus, quam pluri-
mos : purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum modo
inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari jam 30
diutius non potes : non feram, non patiar, non sinam.
11. Magna dis immortalibus habenda est, atque huic ipsi
I04 Orations of Cicero,
Jovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi hujus urbis, gratia, quod
banc tam taetram, tam borribilem tamque infestam rei
publicae pestem totiens jam effugimus. Non est saepius in
uno bomine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam
5 diu mibi consuli designate, Catibna, insidiatus es, non
publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defendi. Cum
proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in Campo et
competitores tuos interficere voluisti, compress! conatus
tuos nefarios amicorum praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu
10 publice concitato : denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per
me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum
magna calamitate rei publicae esse conjunctam. 12. Nunc
jam aperte rem publicam universam petis : templa deorum
immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam
15 [denique] totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Qua re,
quoniam id quod est primum, et quod hujus imperi discipli-
naeque majorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo, faciam
id quod est ad severitatem lenius, et ad communem salutem
utilius. Nam si te interfici jussero, residebit in re publica
20 reliqua conjuratorum manus. Sin tu, quod te jam dudum
hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna
et perniciosa sentina rei publicae.
Life There should be Intolerable to him.
13. Quid est, Catilina.? num dubitas id me imperante
facere, quod jam tua sponte faciebas ? Exire ex urbe jubet
25 consul hostem. Interrogas me, num in exsilium? Non
jubeo ; sed, si me consulis, suadeo. VI. Quid est enim,
Catilina, quod te jam in hac urbe delectare possit ? in qua
nemo est extra istam conjurationem perditorum hominum
qui te non metuat, nemo qui non oderit. Quae nota domes-
30 ticae turpitudinis non inusta vitae tuae est ? Quod priva-
tarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama ? quae libido ab
oculis, quod facinus a manibus umquam tuis, quod flagitium
First Oration against Catiline, 105
a toto corpore afuit ? Cui tu adulescentulo, quern corrupte-
larum inlecebris inretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut
ad libidinem facem praetulisti ? 1*. Quid vero ? nuper cum
morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses,
nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti ? 5
quod ego praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in hac civi-
tate tanti facinoris immanitas aut exstitisse aut non vindi-
cata esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum,
quas omnis impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties. Ad
ilia venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuo- 10
rum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem,
sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum
vitam salutemque pertinent. 15. Potestne tibi haec lux,
Catilina, aut hujus caeli spiritus esse jucundus, cum scias
horum esse neminem qui nesciat te pridie Kalendas Janu- 15
arias Lepido et Tullo consulibus stetisse in comitio cum
telo ? manum consulum et principum civitatis interficien-
dorum causa paravisse? sceleri ac furori tuo non mentem
aliquam aut timorem [tuum], sed fortunam populi Romani
obstitisse? Ac jam ilia omitto — neque enim sunt aut 20
obscura aut non multa commissa — quotiens tu me designa-
tum, quotiens consulem interficere conatus es ! quot ego
tuas petitiones, ita conjectas ut vitari posse non viderentur,
parva quadam declinatione et (ut aiunt) corpore effugi I
[Nihil agis,] nihil adsequeris, [nihil moliris,] neque tamen 25
conari ac velle desistis. 16. Quotiens tibi jam extorta est
ista sica de manibus I quotiens vero excidit casu aliquo et
elapsa est I [Tamen ea carert diutius non potes,] quae
quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit nescio,
quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore defigere. 30
All Good Citizens Fear and Hate him.
VII. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita t Sic enim jam
tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo,
I06 Orations of Cicero,
sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paulo
ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia, tot ex
tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit ? Si hoc post hominum
memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam,
5 cum sis gravissimo judicio taciturnitatis oppressus ? Quid,
quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt? quod
omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti
fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum
nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo tibi
10 ferendum putas ? 17. Servi (mehercule) mei si me isto
pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum
meam relinquendam putarem : tu tibi urbem non arbitraris ?
et, si me meis civibus injuria suspectum tam graviter atque
offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam infestis
15 omnium oculis conspici mallem. Tu, cum conscientia scele-
rum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium justum et jam diu tibi
debitum, dubitas quorum mentis sensusque volneras, eorum
aspectum praesentiamque vitare ? Si te parentes timerent
atque odissent tui, neque eos uUa ratione placare posses,
20 tu (opinor) ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes. Nunc te
patria, quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac
metuit, et jam diu te nihil judicat nisi de parricidio suo
cogitare: hujus tu neque auctoritatem verebere, nee judi-
cium sequere, nee vim pertimesces ?
His Native City Begs him to be Gone.
25 la Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit, et quodam modo tacita
loquitur: 'Nullum jam aliquot annis f acinus exstitit nisi per
te, nullum flagitium sine te: tibi uni multorum civium neces,
tibi vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera: tu
non solum ad neglegendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam
30 ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora ilia,
quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potui, tuli: nunc
vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te, quicquid incre-
First Oration against Catiline, 107
puerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium
iniri posse quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum.
Quam ob rem discede, atque hunc mihi timorem eripe: si
est verus, ne opprimar; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando
timere desinam.' VIII. 19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria 5
loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere
non possit? Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti?
quod vitandae suspicionis causa, ad M*. Lepidum te habitare
velle dixisti ? a quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus
es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me 10
quoque id responsum tulisses, me nuUo modo posse isdem
parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem
quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum prae-
torem venisti: a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum
optimum, M. Marcellum demigrasti ; quem tu videlicet et ad 15
custodiendum [te] diligentissimum et ad suspicandum saga-
cissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed
quam longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse debere,
qui se ipse jam dignum custodia judicarit ? 20. Quae cum
ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non potes, 20
abire in aliquas terras, et vitam istam, multis suppliciis
justis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare ?
All Good Men Urgent for his Departure.
' Refer ' inquis ' ad senatum : * id enim postulas, et, si hie
ordo placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, obtemperaturum
te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret a meis mori- 25
bus ; et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi de te sentiant.
Egredere ex urbe, Catilina; libera rem publicam metu; in
exsilium^ si banc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est,
Catilina? ecquid attendis? ecquid animadvertis horum
silentium? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas auctorita- 30
tem k>quentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis?
21. At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo P. Sestio, si
io8 Orations of Cicero.
fortissimo viro M. Marcello dixissem, jam mihi consuli, hoc
ipso in templo, senatus jure optimo vim et manus intulisset.
De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant : cum patiun-
tur, decernunt : cum tacent, clamant. Neque hi solum, —
5 quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, — sed
etiam illi equites Romani, honestissimi atque optimi viri,
ceterique fortissimi cives, qui circumstant senatum, quorum
tu et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo
ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te jam diu
10 manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam, ut te haec,
quae vastare jam pridem studes, relinquentem usque ad
portas prosequantur.
The Consul Entreats him to Go. ,
IX. 22. Quamquam quid loquor ? Te ut ulla res frangat ?
tu ut umquam te corrigas ? tu ut ullam fugam meditere ? tu
IS ut exsilium cogites? Utinam tibi istam mentem di immor-
tales duint! tametsi video, si mea voce perterritus ire in
exsilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis
— si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum
tuorum, at in posteritatem — impendeat : sed est tanti, dum
20 modo ista sit privata calamitas, et a rei publicae periculis
sejungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis commoveare, ut legum
poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae cedas, non
est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut
pudor umquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio
25 a furore revocarit. 23. Quam ob rem, ut saepe jam dixi,
proficiscere ; ac, si mihi inimico (ut praedicas) tuo conflare
vis invidiam, recta perge in exsilium : vix feram sermones
hominum si id feceris ; vix molem istius invidiae, si in exsi-
lium jussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servire
30 meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna scele-
ratorum manu : confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos
civis, seceme te a bonis, infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio
First Oration against Catiline. 109
latrocinio, ut a me non ejectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad
tuos isse videaris.
But he will Go Out only as a Declared Enemy.
24. Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo jam sciam esse
praemissos qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur
armati ? cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem ? 5
a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam quam tibi ac tuis
omnibus confido perniciosam ac funestam futuram, cui domi
tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum fuit, sciam
esse praemissam? Tu ut ilia carere diutius possis, quam
venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a cujus altaribus 10
saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti ?
X. 25. I6is tandem aliquando, quo te jam pridem ista tua
cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi
haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem volup-
tatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exer- 15
cuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium, sed
ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus es ex
perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna verum etiam spe
derelictis conflatam improborum manum. 26. Hie tu qua
laetitia perfruere 1 quibus gaudiis exsultabis I quanta in 20
voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque
audies virum bonum quemquam neque videbis 1 Ad hujus
vitae studium meditati illi sunt qui feruntur labores tui, —
jacere humi non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam
ad f acinus obeundum ; vigilare non solum insidiantem somno 25
maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes ubi osten-
tes tuam illam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae
rerum omnium, quibus te brevi tempore confectum esse
senties. 27. Tantum profeci tum, cum te a consulatu rep-
puli, ut exsul potius temptare quam consul vexare rem publi- 30
cam posses, atque ut id quod est a te scelerate susceptum,
latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur.
no Orations of Cicero,
The Consul may be Charged with Remissness.
XI. Nunc, ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prope
justam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite,
quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris
mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, quae mihi
5 vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res
publica, loquatur : * M. .Tulli, quid agis ? Tune eum, quem
esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futurum vides,
quem exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auc-
torem sceleris, principem conjurationis, evocatorem servo-
lo rum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non
emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur?
Non hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo
supplicio mactari imperabis ? 28. Quid tandem te impedit ?
Mosne majorum? At persaepe etiam privati in hac re
15 publica perniciosos civis morte multaverunt. An leges,
quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At
numquam in hac urbe qui a re publica defecerunt civium
jura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times ? Praecla-
ram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te hominem
20 per te cognitum, nulla commendatione majorum, tam mature
ad summum imperium per omnis honorum gradus extulit,
si propter invidiae aut alicujus periculi metum salutem
civium tuorum neglegis. 29. Sed si quis est invidiae metus,
num est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam
25 inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda ? An cum bello vasta-
bitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, turn te non
existimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum ? '
But he has been Biding his Time.
XII. His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus, et eorum
hominum qui hoc idem sentiunt mentibus, pauca respon-
30 debo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu judicarem, patres con-
scripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram horae gladia-
First Oration against Catiline. Ill
tori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si summi et
clarissimi viri Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superio-
rum complurium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt,
sed etiam honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat ne
quid hoc parricida civium interfecto invidiae mihi in posteri- 5
tatem redundaret. Quod si ea mihi maxime impenderet,
tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute partam
gloriam, non invidiam putarem. 30. Quamquam non nuUi
sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non videant,
aut ea quae vident dissimulent : qui spem Catilinae mollibus 10
sententiis aluerunt, conjurationemque nascentem non cre-
dendo corroboraverunt : quorum auctoritatem secuti multi
non solum improbi, verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc ani-
madvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent.
Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra 15
pervenerit, neminem tam stultum fore qui non videat con-
jurationem esse factam, neminem tam improbum qui non
fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto, intellego banc rei
publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum com-
primi posse. Quod si se ejecerit, secumque suos eduxerit, 20
et eodem ceteros undique conlectos naufragos adgregarit,
exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec tam adulta
rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum
omnium.
For Half-way Measures would have been of No Avail.
XIII. 31. Etenim jam diu, patres conscript!, in his peri- 25
culis conjurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo
pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae matu-
ritas in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. Quod si ex tanto
latrocinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve
quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati; periculum 30
autem residebit, et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in
visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo
112
Orations of Cicero.
gravi, cum aestu febrique jactantur, si aquam gelidam bibe-
rint, primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius vehemen-
tiusque adflictantur ; sic hie morbus, qui est in re publica,
relevatus istius poena, vehementius reliquis vivis ingraves-
5 cet. 32. Qua re secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis,
unum in locum congregentur, muro denique ([id] quod
rms^^f^WA
Ruins of Tbmplb of Jupitbr Stator.
saepe jam dixi) discernantur a nobis : desinant insidiari
domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal praetoris urbani,
obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad inflam-
lo mandam urbem comparare : sit denique inscriptum in fronte
unius cujusque quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor hoc
vobis, patres conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore
diligentiam, tantam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equiti-
bus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensio-
15 nem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta, inlustrata,
oppressa, vindicata esse videatis.
Second Oration against Catiline. 113
Appeal to Jupiter to Save Rome.
33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae
salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum exitio qui
se tecum omni scelere parricidioque junxerunt, proficiscere
ad impium helium ac nefarium. Tu, Juppiter, qui isdem
quibus haec urbs auspiciis [a Romulo] es constitutus, quem 5
Statorem hujus urbis atque imperi vere nominamus, hunc
et hujus socios a tuis ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac
moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium [omnium] arcebis, et
homines bonorum inimicos, hostis patriae, latrones Italiae,
scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate conjunctos, 10
aetemis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis.
//. CHARACTER OF THE CONSPIRACY.
(In L. Catilinam Oratio II.)
Before the People, Nov. 8.
When Cicero had finished his speech and taken his seat, Catiline
attempted to reply, but was interrupted by the cries and reproaches
of the Senators. With a few threatening words, he rushed from the
temple, and left the city the same night, for the camp of Manlius. The
next morning the consul assembled the i>eople, and announced to them
the news, in the triumphant speech which follows.
Catiline is Gone.
TANDEM aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam, furentem
audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae* nefarie
molientem, vobis atque huic urbi ferro flammaque minitan-
tem, ex urbe vel ejecimus vel emisimus, vel ipsum egre- 15
dientem verbis prosecuti sumus. Abiit, excessit, evasit,
erupit. Nulla jam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio
114 Orations of Cicero.
moenibus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc
quidem unum hujus belli domestici ducem sine controversia
vicimus. Non enim jam inter latera nostra sica ilia versa-
bitur : non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique
5 intra domesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco ille motus
est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam jam cum hoste nullo
impediente bellum [justum] geremus. Sine dubio perdidi-
mus hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum ilium ex occultis
insidiis in apertum latrocinium conjecimus. 2. Quod vero
lo non cruentum mucronem (ut voluit) extulit, quod vivis nobis
egressus est, quod ei ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod
incolumis civis, quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto tandem
ilium maerore esse adflictum et profligatum putatis ? Jacet
ille nunc prostratusque est, et se perculsum atque abjec-
15 tum esse sen tit, et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad banc
urbem, quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget: quae
quidem mihi laetari videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit
forasque projecerit.
He Ought to have been Put to Death.
II. 3. Ac si quis est talis, qualis esse omnis oportebat,
20 qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me
vehementer accuset, quod tam capitalem hostem non com-
prehenderim potius quam emiserim, non 6st ista mea culpa,
sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. Catilinam et gravis-
simo supplicio adfectum jam pridem oportebat, idque a me
25 et mos majorum et hujus imperi severitas et res publica
postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse putatis qui quae ego
deferrem non crederent ? [quam multos qui propter stulti-
tiam non putarent ?] quam multos qui etiam defenderent ?
[quam multos qui propter improbitatem faverent ?] Ac si
30 illo sublato depelli a vobis omne periculum judicarem, jam
pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae meae, verum
etiam vitae periculo sustulissem.
Second Oration against Catiline. lij
But the Time was not Ripe.
4. Sed cum viderem, ne vobis quidem omnibus re etiam
turn probata, si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, fore
ut ejus socios invidia oppressus persequi non possem, rem
hue deduxi, ut tum palam pugnare possetis, cum hostem
aperte videretis. Quem quidem ego hostem quam vehe- 5
menter foris esse timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis,
quod etiam moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus
exierit. Utinam ille omnis secum suas copias eduxissetl
Tongilium mihi eduxit, quem amare in praetexta coeperat,
Publicium et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contractum in 10
popina nullum rei publicae motum adferre poterat : reliquit
quos viros I quanto aere alieno I quam valentis I quam
nobilis !
His Worthiest Partisans Remain, but are Powerless.
III. 5. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanis legio-
nibus, et hoc dilectu quem in agro Piceno et Gallico Q. 15
Metellus habuit, et his copiis quae a nobis cotidie com-
parantur, magno opere contemn o, conlectum ex senibus
desperatis, ex agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex
eis qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum malu-
erunt: quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitus nostri, 20
verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident.
Hos, quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam,
quos etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui
fulgent purpura, mallem secum milites eduxisset: qui si
hie permanent, mementote non tam exercitum ilium esse 25
nobis quam hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, pertimescendos.
Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod quicquid cogi-
tant me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. 6. Video
cui sit Apulia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum
Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas insidias caedis 30
atque incendiorum depoposcerit : omnia superioris noctis
Ii6 Orations of Cicero,
consilia ad me perlata esse sentiunt: patefeci in senatu
hesterno die: Catilina ipse pertimuit, profugit: hi quid
exspectant ? Ne illi vehementer errant, si illam meam pris-
tinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant futuram.
Let them Follow him.
5 IV. Quod exspectavi, jam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes
factam esse aperte conjurationem contra rem publicam vide-
retis : nisi vero si quis est qui Catilinae similis cum Catilina
sentire non putet. Non est jam lenitati locus : severitatem
res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc concedam : exeant,
10 proficiscantur ; ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum
tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : Aurelia via profectus est : si
adcelerare volent, ad vesperam consequentur.
He was the Ring^ader of all Scoundrels and Profligates.
7. O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem banc sentinam
urbis ejecerit ! Uno (mehercule) Catilina exhausto, levata
15 mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali aut
. sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest quod non ille conceperit ?
Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis
sicarius, quis parricida, quis testamentorum subjector, quis
circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae
20 mulier infamis, quis corruptor juventutis, quis corruptus,
quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum Catilina non fami-
liarissime vixisse fateatur? quae caedes per hosce annos
sine illo facta est ? quod nefarium stuprum non per ilium ?
8. Jam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine juventutis
25 inlecebra fuit, quanta in illo ? qui alios ipse amabat turpis-
sime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat : aliis fructum
libidinum, aliis mortem parentum non modo impellendo,
verum etiam adjuvando pollicebatur. Nunc vero quam
subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem
30 numerum perditorum hominum conlegerat! Nemo non
Second Oration against Catiline, 117
modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae
oppressus aere alieno fuit, quem noa ad hoc incredibile
sceleris foedus asciverit.
V. 9. Atque ut ejus di versa studia in dissimili ratione
perspicere possitis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo ad 5
facinus audacior, qui se non intimiun Catilinae esse fatea-
tur ; nemo in scaena levior et nequior, qui se non ejusdem
prope sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque idem tamen,
stuprorum et scelerum exercitatione adsuefactus, frigore et
fame et siti et vigiliis perferendis, fortis ab istis praedicaba- 10
tur, cum industriae subsidia atque instrumenta virtutis in
libidine audaciaque consumeret.
Let his Associates Depart or Take the Consequences.
10. Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, si ex urbe
exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, O nos
beatos ! O rem publicam fortunatam ! O praeclaram lau- 15
dem consulatus mei I Non enim jam sunt mediocres homi-
num libidines, non humanae ac tolerandae audaciae : nihil
cogitant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas. Patri-
monia sua profuderunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt : res eos
jam pridem, fides nuper deficere coepit : eadem tamen ilia, 20
quae erat in abundantia, libido permanet. Quod si in vino
et alea comissatiofles solum et scorta quaererent, essent illi
quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi : hoc vero quis
ferre possit, inertis homines fortissimis viris insidiari, stultis-
simos prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormientis vigilanti- 25
bus? qui mihi accubantes in conviviis, complexi mulieres
impudicas, vino languidi, conferti cibo, sertis redimiti, un-
guentis obliti, debilitati stupris, eructant sermonibus suis
caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia. 11. Quibus ego
confido impendere fatum aliquod, et poenam jam diu impro- 30
bitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini debitam aut instare jam
plane, aut certe appropinquare. Quos si mens consulatus,
Ii8 Orations of Cicero,
quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, non breve nescio
quod tempus, sed multa saecula propagarit rei publicae.
Nulla est enim natio quam pertimescamus, nuUus rex qui
helium populo Romano facere possit. Omnia sunt externa
5 unius virtute terra marique pacata: domesticum helium
manet; intus insidiae sunt, intus inclusum periculum est,
intus est hostis. Cum luxuria nohis, cum amentia, cum
scelere certandum est. Huic ego me hello ducem profi-
teer, Quirites: suscipio inimicitias hominum perditorum.
lo Quae sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione sanabo ; quae
resecanda erunt, non patiar ad pemiciem civitatis manere.
Proinde aut exeant, aut quiescant, aut, si et in urbe et in
eadem mente permanent, ea quae merentur exspectent.
Catiline is not in Exile : he has Joined his Hostile Army.
VI. 12. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me in exsi-
15 Hum ejectum esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi
possem, istos ipsos eicerem, qui haec loquuntur. Homo
enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vocem con-
sulis ferre non potuit: simul atque ire in exsilium jussus
est, paruit. Quid? ut hestemo die, Quirites, cum domi
20 meae paene interfectus essem, senatum in aedem Jovis Sta-
toris convocavi, rem omnem ad patres conscriptos detuli:
quo cum Catilina venisset, quis eum senator appellavit?
quis salutavit 1 quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem,
ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem? Quin etiam
25 principes ejus ordinis partem illam subselliorum, ad quam
ille accesserat, nudam atque inanem reliquerunt. 13. Hie
ego vehemens ille consul, qui verho civis in exsilium eicio,
quaesivi a Catilina in nocturno conventu ad M. Laecam
fuisset necne. Cum ille, homo audacissimus, conscientia
30 convictus, primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera : quid ea nocte
egisset, quid in proximam constituisset, quem ad modum
esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui. Cun^ haesit^-
Second Oration against Catiline, 119
ret, cum teneretur, quaesivi quid dubitaret proficisci eo, quo
jam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum securis, cum fascis, cum
tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam,
cui ille etiam sacrarium [scelerum] domi suae fecerat, scirem
esse praemissam. 14. In exsilium eiciebam, quem jam 5
ingressum esse in bellum videbam ? Etenim, credo, Manlius
iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra posuit, bellum
populo Romano suo nomine indixit, et ilia castra nunc non
Catilinam ducem exspectant, et ille ejectus in exsilium se
Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conferet. 10
Men Say the Consul has Driven him into Exile : Would the Charg^e were
True!
VII. O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae,
verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! Nunc si L. Cati-
lina consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis circumclusus ac debi-
litatus subitQ pertimuerit, sententiam mutaverit, deseruerit
suos, consilium belli faciendi abjecerit, ex hoc cursu sceleris 15
ac belli iter ad f ugam atque in exsilium converterit, — non
ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non obstupefactus ac
perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatuque depulsus,
sed indemnatus, innocens, in exsilium ejectus a consule vi
et minis esse dicetur ; et erunt qui ilium, si hoc fecerit, non 20
improbum, sed miserum, me non diligentissimum consulem,
sed crudelissimum tyrannum existimari velint! 15. Est
mihi tanti, Quirites, hujus invidiae falsae atque iniquae
tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis hujus horribilis belli
ac nefarii periculum depellatur. Dicatur sane ejectus esse 25
a me, dum modo eat in exsilium. Sed, mihi credite, non
est iturus. Numquam ego a dis immortalibus optabo, Qui-
rites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L. Catilinam ducere
exercitum hostium atque in armis volitare audiatis: sed
triduo tamen audietis : multoque magis illud timeo, ne mihi 30
sit invidiosum aliquando, quod ilium emiserim potius quam
I20 Orations of Cicero,
quod ejecerim. Sed cum sint, homines qui ilium, cum pro-
fectus sit, ejectum esse dicant, eidem si interfectus esset
quid dicerent ? 16. Quamquam isti, qui Catilinam Massil-
iam ire dictitant, non tam hoc queruntur quam verentur.
5 Nemo est istorum tam misericors, qui ilium non ad Man-
lium quam ad Massiliensis ire malit. Ille autem, si (me
hercule) hoc quod agit numquam antea cogitasset, tamen
latrocinantem se interfici mallet quam exsulem vivere. Nunc
vero, cum ei nihil adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem cogita-
10 tionemque accident, nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profectus
est, optemus potius ut eat in exsilium quam queramur.
Character oi his Partisans.
VIII. 17. Sed cur tam diu de uno hoste loquimur, et de
hoste qui jam fatetur se esse hostem, et quem, quia (quod
semper volui) murus interest, non timeo : de eis qui dissi-
15 mulant, qui Romae remanent, qui nobiscum sunt, nihil dici-
mus ? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri possit, non tam
ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei publicae,
neque id qua re fieri non possit, si me audire volent, intel-
lego. Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex quibus generibus
20 hominum istae copiae comparentur: deinde singulis medi-
cinam consili atque orationis meae, si quam potero, adferam.
First: Rich Men in Debt.
la Unum genus est eorum, qui magno in aere alieno
majores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore adducti
dissolvi nullo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est
25 honestissima — sunt enim locupletes : voluntas vero et causa
impudentissima. Tu agris, tu aedificiis, tu argento, tu
familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis, et dubites
de possessione detrahere, adquirere ad fidem ? Quid enim
exspectas? bellum? Quid ergo? in vastatione omnium,
30 tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras putas ? An tabulas
Second Oration against Catiline, I2i
novas ? Errant qui istas a Catilina exspectant : meo bene-
ficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctionariae. Neque
enim isti, qui possessiones habent^ alia ratione uUa salvi
esse possunt. Quod si maturius f acere voluissent, neque —
id quod stultissimum est — certare cum usuris fructibus prae- 5
^ diorum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus uteremur.
Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, quod aut
deduci de sententia possunt, aut, si permanebunt, magis
mihi videntur vota facturi contra rem publicam quam arma
laturi. 10
Second: Men Eager for Power and Wealth.
IX. 19. Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam pre-
muntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum
potiri volunt, honores, quos quieta re publica desperant,
perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. Quibus hoc
praecipiendum videtur, — unum scilicet et idem quod reli- 15
quis omnibus, — ut desperent id quod conantur se consequi
posse: primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, provi-
dere rei publicae; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis
viris, magnam concordiam in maxima multitudine, magnas
praeterea copias militum; deos denique immortalis huic 20
invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi, con-
tra tantam vim sceleris praesentis auxilium esse laturos.
Quod si jam sint id, quod cum summo furore cupiunt,
adepti, num illi in cinere urbis et in sanguine civium, quae
mente conscelerata ac nefaria concupiverunt, se consules ac 25
dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futuros ? Non vident id
se cupere, quod si adepti sint, fugitivo alicui aut gladiatori
concedi sit necesse ?
Third: Old Soldiers of Sulla.
20. Tertium genus est aetate jam adfectum, sed tamen
exercitatione robustum; quo ex genere iste est Manlius, 30
cui nunc Catilina succedit Sunt homines ex eis coloniis
122 Orations of Cicero.
quas Sulla constituit : quas ego universas civium esse opti-
morum et fortissimorum virorum sentio ; sed tamen ei sunt
coloni, qui se in insperatis ac repentinis pecuniis sumptuo-
sius insolentiusque jactarunt. Hi dum aedificant tamquam
5 beati, dum praediis lectis, familiis magnis, conviviis appa-
ratis delectantur, in tantiun aes alien um inciderunt, ut, si
salvi esse velint, Sulla sit [eis] ab inferis excitandus: qui
etiam non nuUos agrestis, homines tenuis atque egentis, in
eandem illam spem rapinarum veterum impulerunt. Quos
10 ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum direptorumque
pono. Sed eos hoc moneo: desinant furere ac proscrip-
tion es et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim illorum tempo-
rum dolor inustus est civitati, ut jam ista non modo homines,
sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse videantur.
Fourth: Ruined Debtors.
15 X. 21. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et tur-
bulentum, qui jam pridem premuntur, qui numquam emer-
gunt, qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo negotio, partim
etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant ; qui vadi-
moniis, judiciis, proscriptione bonorum defatigati, permulti
20 et ex urbe et ex agris se in ilia castra conferre dicuntur.
Hosce ego non tam milites acris quam infitiatores lentos
esse arbitror. Qui homines primum, si stare non possunt,
conruant ; sed ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne viqini quidem
proximi sentiant. Nam illud non intellego, quam ob rem,
2s si vivere honeste non possunt, perire turpiter velint; aut
cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis, quam si soli
pereant, arbitrentur.
Fifth ftnd Sixth : Cut-throats and Debauchees.
22. Quintum genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, denique
omnium f acinorosorum : quos ego a Catilina non revoco;
30 nam neque ab eo divelli possunt, et pereant sane in latro-
Second Oration against Catiline, 123
cinio, quoniam sunt ita multi ut eos career capere non possit.
Postremum autem genus est non solum numero, verum etiam
genere ipso atque vita, quod proprium Catilinae est, — de
ejus dilectu, immo vero de complexu ejus ac sinu; quos
pexo capillo, nitidos, aut imberbis aut bene barbatos videtis, 5
manicatis et talaribus tunicis, velis amictos non togis, quo-
rum omnis industria vitae et vigilandi labor in antelucanis
cenis expromitur. 23. In his gregibus omnes aleatores,
omnes adulteri, omnes impuri impudicique versantur. Hi
pueri tam lepidi ac delicajti non solum amare et amari, neque 10
saltare et cantare, sed etiam sicas vibrare et spargere venena
didicerunt ; qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si Catilina
perierit, scitote hoc in re publica seminarium Catilinarum
futurum. Verum tamen quid sibi isti miseri volunt ? Nuni
suas secum mulierculas sunt in castra ducturi? Quem ad 15
modum autem illis carere poterunt, his praesertim jam noc-
tibus ? Quo autem pacto illi Apenninum atque illas pruinas
ac nivis perferent ? nisi idcirco se facilius hiemem tolera-
turos putant, quod nudi in conviviis saltare didicerunt.
These Followers of Catiline Contrasted with the Defenders of the State.
XI. 24. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum 20
hanc sit habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem praetoriam !
Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tam praeclaras Catilinae
copias vestra praesidia vestrosque exercitus. Et primum
gladiatori illi confecto et saucio consules imperatoresque
vestros opponite ; deinde contra illam naufragorum ejectam 25
ac debilitatam manum florem totius Italiae ac robur educite.
Jam vero urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum respondebunt
Catilinae tumulis silvestribus. Neque ego ceteras copias,
ornamenta, praesidia vestra cum illius latronis inopia atque
egestate conferre debeo. 25. Sed si, omissis his rebus, 30
quibus nos suppeditamur, eget ille, — senatu, equitibus Ro-
manis, urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cuncta Italia, provinciis
124 Orations of Cicero,
omnibus, exteris nationibus, — si, his rebus omissis, causas
ipsas quae inter se confligunt contendere velimus, ex eo ipso
quam valde illi jaceant intellegere possumus. £x hac enim
parte pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia ; hinc pudicitia, illinc
5 stuprum ; hinc fides, illinc f raudatio ; hinc pietas, illinc sce-
lus ; hinc constantia, illinc furor ; hinc honestas, illinc tur-
pitude; hinc continentia, illinc libido; denique aequitas,
temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, [virtutes omnes,] certant
cum iniquitate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate [, cum vitiis omni-
10 bus] ; postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio ciun perdita,
mens sana cum amentia, bona denique spes ciun omnium
rerum desperatione confligit. In ejus modi certamine ac
proelio, nonne, etiam si hominum studia deficiant, di ipsi
immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtutibus tot et
15 tanta vitia superari?
Citizens Need not Pear: the Consul will Protect the City.
XII. 26. Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quem ad
modum jam antea, vestra tecta custodiis vigiliisque defen-
dite : mihi, ut urbi sine vestro motu ac sine ullo tumultu
satis esset praesidi, consultum atque provisum est. Coloni
20 omnes municipesque vestri, certiores a me facti de hac
nocturna excursione Catilinae, facile urbis suas finisque
defendent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissimam
fore putavit, — quamquam animo meliore sunt quam pars
patriciorum, — potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. Q.
z$ Metellus, quem ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum
Picenumque praemisi, aut opprimet hominem, aut omnis
ejus motus conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis aiitem de
rebus constituendis, maturandis, agendis, jam ad senatum
referemus, quem vocari videtis.
The Conspirators Warned.
30 27. Nunc illos qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui
contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe a Catilina
Second Oration against Catiline, 12$
relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia sunt elves,
monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas si cui adhuc
solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id quod latebat erum-
peret. Quod reliquum est, jam non possum oblivisci meam
banc esse patriam, me horum esse consulem, mihi aut cum 5
bis vivendum aut pro his esse moriendum. Nullus est portis
custos, nullus insidiator viae : si qui exire volunt, conivere *
possum. Qui vero se in urbe commoverit, cujus ego non
modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve contra patriam
deprehendero, sentiet in hac urbe esse consules vigilantis, 10
esse egregios magistratus, esse fortem senatum, esse arma,
esse carcerem, quem vindicem nefariorum ac manifestorum
scelerum majores nostri esse voluerunt.
There shall be No Disturbance.
XIII. 2a Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut
maximae res minimo motu, pericula summa nullo tumultu, 15
bellum intestinum ac domesticum post hominum memoriam
crudelissimum et maximum, me uno togato duce et impera-
tore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si
uUo modo fieri poterit, ne improbus quidem quisquam in
hac urbe poenam sui sceleris sufferat. Sed si vis manifestae 20
audaciae, si impendens patriae periculum me necessario de
hac animi lenitate deduxerit, illud profecto perficiam, quod
in tanto et tam insidioso bello vix optandum videtur, ut
neque bonus quisquam intereat, paucorumque poena vos
omnes salvi esse possitis. 25
The People may Trust in the Immortal Oods.
29. Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia neque hu-
manis consiliis fretus polliceor vobis, Quirites, sed multis
et non dubiis deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus
ego ducibus in banc spem sententiamque sum ingressus;
qui jam non procul, ut quondam solebant, ab extemo hoste 30
126 Orations of Cicero. -
atque longinquo, sed hie praesentes suo numine atque auxilio
sua templa atque urbis tecta defendunt. Quos vos, Quirites,
precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam urbem pul-
cherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, banc, omnibus
5 hostium copiis terra marique superatis, a perditissimorum
civium nefario sceiere defendant
///. HOIV THE CONSPIRACY WAS SUPPRESSED.
(In L. Catilinam Oratio III)
Before the People, Dec. 3.
Now that Catiline had been driven into open war, the conspiracy
within the city was in the hands of utterly incompetent men. Lentulus,
who claimed the lead by virtue of his consular rank, was vain, pompous,
and inefficient. The next in rank, Cethegus, was energetic enough, but
rash and bloodthirsty. The consul easily kept the run of events, and at
last succeeded in getting the conspirators to commit themselves in
writing, when he had no difficulty in arresting them and securing the
documents. How this was accomplished is told in the third oration.
The Citizens Congratulated on their Deliverance.
REM PUBLICAM, Quirites, vitamque omnium vestrum,
bona, fortunas, conjuges liberosque vestros, atque hoc
domicilium clarissimi imperi, fortunatissimam pulcherrimam-
10 que urbem, hodierno die deorum immortalium summo erga
vos amore, laboribus, consiliis, periculis meis, e fiamma atque
ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis conser-
vatam ac restitutam videtis. 2. Et si non minus nobis
jucundi atque inlustres sunt ei dies quibus conservamur,
15 quam illi quibus nascimur, — quod salutis certa laetitia est,
nascendi incerta condicio ; et quod sine sensu nascimur,
cum voluptate servamur, — profecto, quoniam ilium qui
Third Oration against Catiline, 127
hanc urbem condidit ad deos immortalis benevolentia
famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos posterosque vestros in
honore debebit is qui eandem hanc urbem conditam ampli-
ficatamque servavit. Nam toti urbi, templis, delubris,
tectis ac moenibus subjectos prope jam ignis circumda- 5
tosque restinximus ; idemque gladios in rem publicam
destrictos rettudimus, mucronesque eorum a juguiis vestris
dejecimus. 3. Quae quoniam in senatu inlustrata, pate-
facta, comperta sunt per me, vobis jam exponam breviter,
Quirites, ut et quanta et qua ratione investigata et compre- 10
hensa sint, vos qui ignoratis et exspectatis scire possitis.
The Story of the Arrest.
Principio, ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe,
cum sceleris sui socios, hujusce nefarii belli acerrimos
duces, Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et providi, Qui-
rites, quem ad modum in tantis et tam absconditis insidiis 15
salvi esse possemus. II. Nam turn, cum ex urbe Catilinam
eiciebam, — non enim jam vereor hujus verbi invidiam, cum
ilia magis sit timenda, quod vivus exierit, — sed tum, cum
ilium exterminari volebam, aut reliquam conjuratorum ma-
num simul exituram, aut eos qui restitissent infirmos sine 20
illo ac debilis fore putabam. 4. Atque ego, ut vidi quos
maximo furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam eos
nobiscum esse, et Romae remansisse, in eo omnis dies noc-
tisque consumpsi, ut quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem
ac viderem ; ut, quoniam auribus vestris propter incredi- 25
bilem magnitudinem sceleris minorem fidem faceret oratio
mea, rem ita comprehenderem, ut tum demum animis saluti
vestrae provideretis, cum oculis maleficium ipsum videretis.
Itaque, ut comperi legatos Allobrogum, belli Transalpini et
tumultus Gallici excitandi causa, a P. Lentulo esse sollici- 3°
tatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos civis, eodemque itinere
cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilinam esse missos, comi-
128
Orations of Cicero.
temque eis adjunctum esse T. Volturcium, atque huic ad
Catilinam esse datas litteras, facultatem mihi oblatam pu-
tavi, ut — quod erat difficillimum, quodque ego semper
optabam ab dis immortalibus — tota res non solum a me,
5 sed etiam a senatu et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur.
At the Mulvian Bridge.
5. Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum
praetores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rei publicae vires,
ad me vocavi ; rem exposui, quid fieri placeret ostendi. Illi
. Thk Mulvian Bridgb.
autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sen-
lo tirent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora negotium suscepe-
runt, et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem Mulvium
pervenerunt, atque ibi in proximis villis ita bipartito fuerunt,
ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. Eodem autem et
ipsi sine cujusquam suspicione multos fortis viros eduxerant,
15 et ego ex praefectura Reatina compluris delectos adules-
Third Oration against Catiline, 129
centis, quorum opera utor adsidue in re publica praesidio,
cum gladiis miseram. 6. Interim, tertia fere vigilia exacta,
cum jam pontem Mulvium magno comitatu legati Allo-
brogum ingredi inciperent, unaque Volturcius, fit in eos
impetus; educuntur et ab illis gladii et a nostris. Res 5
praetoribus erat nota solis, ignorabatur a ceteris.
The Conspirators Arrested.
III. Turn, interventu Pomptini atque Flacci, pugna [quae
erat commissa] sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in eo
comitatu, integris signis praetoribus traduntur ; ipsi compre-
hensi ad me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur. Atque 10
horum omnium scelerum improbissimum machinatorem
Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad me, nihil dum suspicantem,
vocavi ; deinde item arcessitus est L. Statilius, et post eum
C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo quod
in litteris dandis praeter consuetudinem proxima nocte vigi- 15
larat. 7. Cum summis ac clarissimis hujus civitatis viris
(qui audita re frequentes ad me mane con ven erant) litteras
a me prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferrem placeret, —
ne, si nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus
injectus civitati videretur, — negavi me esse facturum, ut de 20
periculo publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram
deferrem. Etenim, Quirites, si ea quae erant ad me delata
reperta non essent, tamen ego non arbitrabar, in tantis rei
publicae periculis, esse mihi nimiam diligentiam pertimes-
cendam. Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vidistis, coegi. 25
8. Atque interea statim, admonitu Allobrogum, C. Sulpicium
praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus Cethegi si
quid telorum esset efferret : ex quibus ille maximum sica-
rum numerum et gladiorum extulit.
The Conspirators before the Senate.
IV. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis : fidem publicam 30
jussu senatus dedi: hortatus sum, ut ea quae sciret sine
130 Orations of Cicero.
timore indicaret. Turn ille dixit, cum vix se ex magno
timore recreasset, ab Lentulo se habere ad Catilinam man-
data et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut ad urbem
quam primum cum exercitu accederet: id autem eo con-
5 silio, ut, cum urbem ex omnibus partibus quem ad modum
descriptum distributumque erat incendissent, caedemque
infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui et fugi-
entis exciperet, et se cum his urbanis ducibus conjungeret.
9. Introducti autem Galli jus jurandum sibi et litteras ab
10 Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse dixe-
runt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse jraescriptum,
ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mitterent ; pedestris
sibi copias non defuturas. Lentulum autem sibi confirmasse,
ex fatis Sibyllinis haruspicumque responsis, se esse tertium
15 ilium Cornelium, ad quem regnum hujus urbis atque impe-
rium pervenire esset necesse ; Cinnam ante se et Sullam
fuisse ; eundemque dixisse fatalem hunc annum esse ad
interitum hujus urbis atque imperi, qui esset annus decimus
post virginum absolutionem, post Capitoli autem incensio-
20 nem vicesimus. 10. Hanc autem Cethego cum ceteris con-
troversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et aliis Saturnalibus
caedem fieri atque urbem incendi placeret, Cethego nimium
id longum videretur.
The Letters Produced.
V. Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri jussimus,
25 quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primum ostendimus Ce-
thego signum : cognovit. Nos linum incidimus : legimus.
Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allobrogum senatui et populo,
sese quae eorum legatis confirmasset facturum esse; orare
ut item illi facerent quae sibi eorum legati recepissent.
30 Tum Cethegus, qui paulo ante aliquid tamen de gladiis ac
sicis, quae apud ipsum erant deprehensa, respondisset dixis-
setque se semper bonorum ferramentorum studiosum fuisse,
Third Oration against Catiline. 131
recitatis litteris debilitatus atque abjectus conscientia repente
conticuit. Introductus est Statilius : cognovit et signum et
manum suam. Recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere sen-
tentiam : confessus est. Turn ostendi tabellas Lentulo, et
quaesivi cognosceretne signum. Adnuit. * Est vero,' in- 5
quam, * notum quidem signum, imago avi tui, clarissimi viri,
qui amavit unice patriam et civis suos ; quae quidem te a
tanto scelere etiam muta revocare debuit.' 11. Leguntur
eadem ratione ad senatum Allobrogum populumque litterae.
LentuluB Confesses:
Si quid de his rebus dicere vellet, feci potestatem. Atque 10
ille primo quidem negavit ; post autem aliquanto, toto jam
indicio exposito atque edito, surrexit; quaesivit a Gallis
One of the Lhntuli.
quid sibi esset cum eis, quam ob rem domum suam venis-
sent, itemque a Volturcio. Qui cum illi breviter constanter-
que respondissent, per quem ad eum quotiensque venissent, 15
quaesissentque ab eo nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis
locutus, turn ille subito, scelere demens, quanta conscientiae
132 Orations of Cicero.
vis esset ostendit. Nam cum id posset infitiari, repente
praeter opinionera omnium confessus est. Ita eum non
modo ingenium illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper
valuit, sed etiam propter vim sceleris manifest! atque depre-
5 hensi impudentia, qua superabat omnis, improbitasque de-
fecit.
12. Volturcius vero subito litteras proferri atque aperiri
jubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catilinam datas esse dicebat.
Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus tamen et
10 signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem [scriptae]
sine nomine, sed ita: Quis sim scies ex eo quern ad te mist,
Cura ut vir sis, et cogita quem in locum sis progressus ; vide
ecquid tibi jam sit necesse, et cura ut omnium tibi auxilia adjun-
gas, etiam infimorum. Gabinius deinde introductus, cum
15 primo impudenter respondere coepisset, ad extremum nihil
ex eis quae Galli insimulabant negavit. 13. Ac mihi qui-
dem, Quirites, cum ilia certissima visa sunt argumenta atque
indicia sceleris, — tabellae, signa, manus, denique unius
cujusque confessio ; tum multo certiora ilia, — color, oculi,
20 voltus, taciturnitas. Sic enim obstupuerant, sic terram
intuebantur, sic furtim non numquam inter sese aspiciebant,
ut non jam ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se ipsi viderentur.
Action of the Senate.
VI. Indiciis expositis atque editis, senatum consului de
summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt a
25 principibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, quas
senatus sine ulla varietate est secutus. Et quoniam
nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria
vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit exponam. 14. Pri-
mum mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod virtute,
30 consilio, providentia mea res publica maximis periculis
sit liberata: deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomptinus prae-
tores, quod eorum opera forti fidelique usus essem, merito
Third Oration against Catiline. 133
ac jure laudantur; atque etiam viro forti, conlegae meo,
laus impertitur, quod eos qui hujus conjurationis participes
fuissent a suis et a rei publicae consiliis removisset. Atque
ita censuerunt, ut P. Lentulus, cum se praetura abdicasset,
in custodiam traderetur ; itemque uti C. Cethegus, L. Stati- 5
lius, P. Gabinius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in custodiam
traderentur ; atque idem hoc decretum est in L. Cassium,
qui sibi procurationem incendendae urbis depoposcerat, in
M. Ceparium, cui ad soUicitandos pastores Apuliam attri-
butam esse erat indicatum, in P. Furium, qui est ex eis 10
colonis quos Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit, in Q. Annium Chi-
lonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac Allobro-
gum sollicitatione versatus, in P. Umbrenum, libertinum
hominem, a quo primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos
esse constabat. Atque ea lenitate senatus est usus, Qui- 15
rites, ut ex tanta conjuratione, tantaque hac multitudine
domesticorum hostium, novem hominum perditissimorum
poena re publica conservata, reliquorum mentis sanari
posse arbitraretur. 15. Atque etiam supplicatio dis immor-
talibus pro singulari eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, 20
quod mihi primum post hanc urbem conditam togato con-
tigit. Et his verbis decreta est : quod urbem incendiis,
caede civis^ Italiam bello liber as sent. Quae supplicatio si
cum ceteris conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene
gesta, haec una conservata re publica constituta est. Atque 25
illud, quod faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum
est. Nam P. Lentulus — quamquam patefactis indiciis,
confessionibus suis, judicio senatus non modo praetoris
jus, verum etiam civis amiserat — tamen magistratu se
abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non 3°
fuerat, quo minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominatim erat
decretum, praetorem occideret, ea nos religione in privato
P. Lentulo puniendo liberaremur.
134 Orations of Cicero.
The Conspiracy now Thwarted.
VII. 16. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi peri-
culosissimique belli nefarios duces captos jam et compre-
hensos tenetis, existimare debetis omnis Catilinae copias,
omnis spes atque opes, his depulsis urbis periculis, conci-
5 disse. Quem quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc pro-
videbam animo, Quirites, — remoto Catilina, non mihi esse
P. Lentuli somnum, nee L. Cassi adipes, nee C. Cethegi
furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam.
Character of Catiline.
Ille erat unus timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tam diu,
10 dum urbis moenibus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium
aditus tenebat : appellare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, aude-
bat: erat ei consilium ad facinus aptum, consilio autem
neque manus neque lingua deerat. Jam ad certas res con-
ficiendas certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat.
IS Neque vero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat :
nihil erat quod non ipse obiret, occurreret, vigilaret, labo-
raret. Frigus, sitim, famem, ferre poterat. 17. Hunc ego
hominem tam acrem, tam audacem, tam paratum, tam calli-
dum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam in perditis rebus dili-
20 gentem, nisi ex domesticis insidiis in castrense latrocinium
compulissem, — dicam id quod sentio, Quirites, — non facile
hanc tantam molem mali a cervicibus vestris depulissem.
Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituisset, neque tanto ante
exsili ac fati diem rei publicae denuntiavisset ; neque com-
25 misisset ut signum, ut litterae suae testes manifesti sceleris
deprehenderentur. Quae nunc illo absente sic gesta sunt,
ut nullum in privata domo furtum umquam sit tam palam
inventum, quam haec tanta in re publica conjuratio mani-
festo inventa atque deprehensa est. Quod si Catilina in
30 urbe ad hanc diem remansisset, quamquam, quoad fuit,
Third Oration against Catiline, 135
omnibus ejus consiliis occurri atque obstiti, tamen, ut levis-
sime dicam, dimicandum nobis cum illo fuisset ; neque nos
umquam, cum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis periculis rem
publicam tanta pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio liberassemus.
Thanks Due to the Gods.
VIII. 18. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a 5
me administrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque con-
silio et gesta et provisa esse videantur ; idque cum conjec-
tura consequi possumus, quod vix videtur humani consili
tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse; tum vero ita
praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, 10
ut eos paene oculis videre possemus. Nam ut ilia omittam,
— visas nocturno tempore ab occidente faces, ardoremque
caeli, ut fulminum j actus, ut terrae motus relinquam, ut
omittam cetera, quae tam multa nobis consulibus facta sunt,
ut haec, quae nunc fiunt, canere di immortales viderentur, 15
— hoc certe, quod sum dicturus, neque praetermittendum
neque relinquendum est.
^ Siefns and Omens.
19. Nam profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et Torquato
consulibus, compluris in Capitolio res de caelo esse per-
cussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt, et statuae 20
veterum hominum dejectae, et legum aera liquefacta : tac-
tus est etiam ille qui banc urbem condidit Romulus, quem
inaiu*atum in Capitolio, parvum atque lactentem, uberibus
lupinis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo quidem tempore
cum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenissent, caedes atque 25
incendia et legum interitum et bellum civile ac domesticum,
et totius urbis atque imperi occasum appropinquare dixe-
runt, nisi di immortales, omni ratione placati, suo numine
prope fata ipsa flexissent. 20. Itaque illorum responsis
tum et ludi per decem dies facti sunt, neque res ulla quae 3°
136 Orations of Cicero.
ad placandos deos pertineret praetermissa est; idemque
jusserunt simulacrum Jovis facere majus, et in excelso con-
locare, et (contra atque antea fuerat) ad orientem conver-
tere ; ac se sperare dixerunt, si illud signum, quod videtis,
5 solis ortum et forum curiamque conspiceret, fore ut ea con-
silia, quae clam essent inita contra salutem urbis atque
imperi, inlustrarentur, ut a senatu populoque Romano per-
spici possent. Atque [illud signum] conlocandum consules
illi locaverunt; sed tanta fuit operis tarditas, ut neque
10 superioribus consulibus, neque nobis ante hodiernum diem,
conlocaretur.
Jupiter Watches over the City.
IX. 21. Hie quis potest esse tarn aversus a vero, tam
praeceps, tam mente captus, qui neget haec omnia quae
videmus, praecipueque banc urbem, deorum immortalium
15 nutu ac potestate administrari ? Etenim cum esset ita
responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei publicae com-
parari, et ea per civis, — quae tum propter magnitudinem
scelerum non nullis incredibilia videbantur, — ea non mode
cogitata a nefariis civibus, verum etiam suscepta esse sen-
20 sistis. Illud vero nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu Jovis
Optimi Maximi factum esse videatur, ut, cum hodierno die
mane per forum meo jussu et conjurati et eorum indices in
aedem Concordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum sta-
tueretur? quo conlocato atque ad vos senatumque converse,
25 omnia [et senatus et vos] quae erant cogitata contra salu-
tem omnium, inlustrata et patefacta vidistis. 22. Quo etiam
majore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni, qui non solum
vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam deorum templis
atque delubris sunt funestos ac nefarios ignis inferre conati.
30 Quibus ego si me restitisse dicam, nimium mihi sumam, et
non sim ferendus. Ille, ille Juppiter restitit: ille Capito-
lium, ille haec templa, ille cunctam urbem, ille vos omnis
salvos esse voluit. Dis ego immortalibus ducibus banc
MARCUS AURELIUS SACRIFICING.
(Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in the Background.)
Third Oration against Catiline, 137
mentem, Quirites, voluntatemque suscepi, atque ad haec
tanta indicia perveni. Jam vero [ilia AUobrogum soUici-
tatio] ab Lentulo ceterisque domesticis hostibus tam demen-
ter tantae res creditae et ignotis et barbaris [commissae
litterae] numquam essent profecto, nisi ab dis immortalibus 5
huic tantae audaciae consilium esset ereptum. Quid vero ?
ut homines Galli, ex civitate male pacata, quae gens una
restat quae bellum populo Romano facere posse et non
nolle videatur, spem imperi ac rerum maximarum ultro sibi
a patriciis hominibus oblatam neglegerent, vestramque salu- 10
tem suis opibus anteponerent, id non divinitus esse factum
putatis? praesertim qui nos non pugnando, sed tacendo
superare potuerint?
Citizens Exhorted to Thanksgiving.
X. 23. Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pul-
vinaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum 15
conjugibus ac liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe honores
(lis immortalibus justi habiti sunt ac debiti, sed profecto
justiores numquam. Erepti enim estis ex crudelissimo ac
miserrimo interitu; erepti sine caede, sine sanguine, sine
exercitu, sine dimicatione. Togati me uno togato duce et 20
imperatore vicistis. 24. Etenim recordamini, Quirites, om-
nis civilis dissensiones : non solum eas quas audistis, sed
eas quas vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P.
Sulpicium oppressit ; [ejecit ex urbe] C. Marium, custodem
hujus urbis, multosque fortis viros partim ejecit ex civitate, 25
partim interemit. Cn. Octavius consul armis expulit ex
urbe conlegam : omnis hie locus acervis corporum et civium
sanguine redundavit. Superavit postea Cinna cum Mario :
turn vero, clarissimis viris interfectis, lumina civitatis ex-
stincta sunt. Ultus est hujus victoriae crudelitatem postea 30
Sulla : ne dici quidem opus est quanta diminutione civium,
et quanta calamitate rei publicae, Dissensit M. Lepidus
138
Orations of Cicero,
a clarissimo ac fortissimo viro Q. Catulo : attulit non
tam ipsius interitus rei publicae luctum quam ceterorum.
25. Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant ejus modi,
quae non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rem publicam
5 pertinerent. Non illi nullam esse rem publicam, sed in ea
quae esset, se esse principes ; neque hanc urbem confla-
grare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. [Atque illae
tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium rei publi-
A Roman SACRiFiaAL Procession.
cae quaesivit, ejus modi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione con-
10 cordiae, sed internecione civium dijudicatae sint.] In hoc
autem uno post hominum memoriam maximo crudelissimo-
que bello, quale bellum nulla umquam barbaria cum sua
gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo, Catilina,
Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut omnes, qui salva urbe salvi
15 esse possent, in hostium numero ducerentur, ita me gessi,
Quirites, ut salvi omnes conservaremini ; et cum hostes
vestri tantum civium superfuturum putassent, quantum infi-
nitae caedi restitisset, tantum autem urbis, quantum flamma
Third Oration against Catiline. 139
obire non potuisset, et urbem et civis integros incolumisque
servavi.
Cicero Asks for No Reward.
XI. 26. Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego a
vobis praemium virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, nullum
monumentum laudis postulo, praeterquam hujus die! memo- 5
riam sempiternam. In animis ego vestris omnis triumphos
meos, omnia omamenta honoris, monumenta gloriae, laudis
insignia condi et conlocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest
delectare, nihil taciturn, nihil denique ejus modi, quod etiam
minus digni adsequi possint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, res 10
nostrae alentur, sermonibus crescent, litterarum monumentis
inveterascent et conroborabiintur ; eandemque diem intel-
lego, quam spero aeternam fore, propagatam esse et ad
salutem urbis et ad memoriam consulatus mei ; unoque
tempore in hac re publica duos civis exstitisse, quorum 15
alter finis vestri imperi non terrae, sed caeli regionibus
terminaret, alter ejusdem imperi domicilium sedisque ser-
varet.
He Relies on the Devotion of the Citixens.
XII. 27. Sed quoniam earum rerum quas ego gessi non
eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum qui externa 20
bella gesserunt, — quod mihi cum eis vivendum est quos vici
ac subegi, isti hostis aut interfectos aut oppresses reliquerunt,
— vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt,
mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. Mentes enim homi-
num audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne vobis nocere 25
possent ego providi ; ne mihi noceant vestrum est provi-
dere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem ipsi nihil ab istis
jam noceri potest. Magnum enim est in bonis praesidium,
quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum est ; magna in re
publica dignitas, quae me semper tacita defendet ; magna 3°
vis conscientiae, quam qui neglegunt, cum me violate volent,
se [ipsi] indicabunt.
HO
Orations of Cicero.
He has No Fear for the Future.
2a Est etiam nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo
nullius audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnis improbos ultrp
semper lacessamus. Quod si omnis impetus domesticorum
hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me unum convertit, vobis
5 erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos esse
velitis, qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae periculis-
Tbmple of Jupiter (Restored).
que omnibus : mihi quidem ipsi, quid est quod jam ad vitae
fructum possit adquiri, cum praesertim neque in honore
vestro, neque in gloria virtutis, quicquam videam altius, quo
10 mihi libeat ascendere? 29. Illud profecto perficiam, Qui-
rites, ut ea quae gessi in consulatu privatus tuear atque
ornem : ut si qua est invidia conservanda re publica sus-
cepta, laedat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique
ita me in re publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae
IS gesserim, curemque ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse
videantur.
Fourth Oration against Catiline. 141
The Assembly Dismissed.
Vos, Quirites, quoniam jam nox est, venerati Jovem, ilium
custodem hujus urbis ac vesfrum, in vestra tecta discedite ;
et ea, quamquam jam est periculum depulsum, tamen aeque
ac priore nocte custodiis vigiliisque defendite. Id ne vobis
diutius faciendum sit, atque ut in perpetua pace esse pos-
sitis, providebo.
IV. SENTENCE OF THE CONSPIRATORS.
(In L. Cattlinam Oratio IV.)
In the Senate, Dec. 5.
Two days later the Senate was convened, to determine what was to
be done with the prisoners. It was a fundamental principle of the
Roman constitution that no citizen should be put to death without the
right of appeal to the people. Against the view of Caesar, which
favored perpetual confinement, Cicero urged that, by the fact of taking
up arms against the Republic, the conspirators had forfeited their
citizenship, and that therefore the law did not protect them. This view
prevailed, and the conspirators — Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, Gabi-
nius, and Cseparius — were strangled by the public executioners.
Solicitude of the Senate for Cicero.
VIDEO, patres conscripti, in me omnium vestrum ora
atque oculos esse converses. Video vos non solum de
vestro ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, de
meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi jucunda in malis et 10
grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas : sed eam, per deos
immortalis, deponite ; atque obliti salutis meae, de vobis ac
de vestris liberis cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consul atus
data est, ut omnis acerbitates, omnis dolores cruciatusque
perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, 15
142 Orations of Cicero,
dum modo meis laboribus vobis populoque Romano dignitas
salusque pariatur. 2. Ego sum ille consul, patres conscripti,
cui non forum, in quo onyiis aequitas continetur, non
campus consularibus auspiciis consecratus, non curia, sum-
5 mum auxilium omnium gentium, non domus, commune per-
fugium, non lectus ad quietem datus, non denique haec
sedes honoris [sella curulis] umquam vacua mortis periculo
atque insidiis fuit. Ego multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa
concessi, multa meo quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi.
10 Nunc si hunc exitum consulatus mei di immortales esse
voluerunt, ut vos populumque Romanum ex caede miser-
rima, conjuges liberosque vestros virginesque Vestalis ex
acerbissima vexatione, templa atque delubra, banc pulcher-
rimam patriam omnium nostrum ex foedissima flamma,
15 totam Italiam ex bello et vastitate eriperem, quaecumque
mihi uni proponetur fortuna, subeatur. Etenim si P. Lentu-
lus suum nomen, inductus a vatibus, fatale ad perniciem rei
publicae fore putavit, cur ego non laeter meum consulatum
ad salutem populi Romani prope f atalem exstitisse ?
They Need not Fear for him.
20 II. 3. Qua re, patres conscripti, consulite vobis, prospi-
cite patriae, conservate vos, conjuges, liberos fortunasque
vestras, populi Romani nomen salutem que defendite : mihi
parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum debeo
sperare omnis deos, qui huic urbi praesident, pro eo mihi ac
25 mereor relaturos esse gratiam ; deinde, si quid obtigerit,
aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam neque turpis mors
forti viro potest accidere, neque immatura consulari, nee
misera sapienti. Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui fratris
carissimi atque amantissimi praesentis maerore non movear,
30 horumque omnium lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum
videtis. Neque meam mentem non domum saepe revocat
exanimata uxor, et abjecta metu filia, et parvolus filius.
Fourth Oration against Catiline, 143
quern mihi videtur amplecti res publica tamquam obsidem
consulatus mei, neque ille, qui exspectans hujus exitum diei
adstat in conspectu meo gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus,
sed in earn partem, uti salvi sint vobiscum omnes, etiam si
me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius quam et illi et nos una rei 5
publicae peste pereamus.
4. Qua re, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem rei
publicae, circumspicite omnis procellas, quae impendent
nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus
plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios concitare 10
conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmium occidit,
in discrimen aliquod atque in vestrae severitatis judicium
adducitur : tenentur ei qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram
omnium caedem, ad Catilinam accipiendum, Romae restite-
runt ; tenentur litterae, signa, manus, denique unius cujus- 15
que confessio ; sollicitantur Allobroges, servitia excitantur,
Catilina arcessitur; id est initura consilium, ut interfectis
omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem populi Romani
nomen atque ad lamentandam tanti imperi calamitatem
relinquatur. * 20
How shall the Conspirators be Punished?
III. 5. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi sunt,
vos multis jam judiciis judicavistis : primum quod mihi
gratias egistis singularibus verbis, et mea virtute atque
diligentia perditorum hominum conjurationem patefactam
esse decrevistis; deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare 25
praetura coegistis ; tum quod eum et ceteros, de quibus
judicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis; maximeque
quod meo nomine supplicationem decrevistis, qui honos
togato habitus ante me est nemini ; postremo hesterno die
praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistis am- 30
plissima. Quae sunt omnia ejus modi, ut ei qui in custo-
diam nominatim dati sunt sine ulla dubitatione a vobis
damnati esse videantur.
144 Orations of Cicero,
6. Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres con script!, tarn-
quam integrum, et de facto quid judicetis, et de poena quid
censeatis. Ilia praedicam quae sunt consulis. Ego mag-
num in re publica versari furorem, et nova quaedam misceri
5 et concitari mala jam pridem videbam ; sed banc tantam,
tam exitiosam haberi conjurationem a civibus numquam
putavi. Nunc quicquid est, quocumque vestrae mentes
inclinant atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante noctem
est. Quantum f acinus ad vos delatum sit videtis. Huic si
10 paucos putatis adfinis esse, vehementer erratis. Latius
opinione disseminatum est hoc malum : manavit non solum
per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpis, et obscure ser-
pens multas jam provincias occupavit. Id opprimi susten-
tando ac prolatando nullo pacto potest. Quacumque ratione
15 placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est.
Silanus Proposes Death; Ceesar, Imprisonment.
IV. 7. Video adhuc duas esse sententias : unam D.
Silani, qui censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte
esse multandos ; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam
removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnis acerbitates amplec-
20 titur. Uterque ^t pro sua dignitate et pro rerum magnitu-
dine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos qui nos
omnis, [qui populum Romanum,] vita privare conati sunt,
qui delere imperium, qui populi Romani nomen exstinguere,
punctum temporis frui vita et hoc communi spiritu non putat
25 oportere ; atque hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos civis
in hac re publica esse usurpatum recordatur. Alter intel-
legit mortem ab dis immortalibus non esse supplici causa
constitutam, sed aut necessitatem naturae, aut laborum ac
miseriarum quietem. Itaque eam sapientes numquam in-
30 viti, fortes saepe etiam libenter oppetiverunt. Vincula vero
et ea sempiterna certe ad singularem poenam nefarii sceleris
inventa sunt. Municipiis dispertiri jubet. Habere videtur
Fourth Oration against Catiline, 145
ista res iniquitatem si imperare velis, difficultatem si rogare.
Decernatur tamen, si placet. 8. Ego enim suscipiam, et (ut
spero) reperiam qui id quod salutis omnium causa statueritis,
non putent esse suae dignitatis recusare. Adjungit gravem
poenam municipibus, si quis eorum vincula ruperit : horri- 5
bilis custodias circumdat, et dignas scelere hominum perdi-
torum ; sancit ne quis eorum poenam quos condemnat, aut
per senatum aut per populum, levare possit ; eripit etiam
spem. quae sola hominem in miseriis consolari solet; bona
praeterea publicari jubet; vitam solam relinquit nefariis 10
hominibuSy quam si eripuisset, multos imo dolores animi
atque corporis et omnis scelerum poenas ademisset. Itaque,
ut aliqua in vita formido improbis esset posita, apud inferos
ejus modi quaedam illi antiqui supplicia impiis constituta
esse voluerunt, quod videlicet intellegebant, eis remotis, non 15
esse mortem ipsam pertimescendam.
Ccesar's Proposition Discussed.
V. 9. Nunc, patres conscripti, ego mea video quid intersit.
Si eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam hanc is in
re publica viam quae popularis habetur secutus est, fortasse
minus erunt — hocauctore et cognitore hujusce sententiae 20
— mihi populares impetus pertimescendi : sin illam alteram,
nescio an amplius mihi negoti contrahatur. Sed tamen
meorum periculorum rationes utilitas rei publicae vincat.
Habemus enim a Caesare, sicut ipsius dignitas et majorum
ejus amplitudo postulabat, sententiam tamquam obsidem 25
perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis. Intellectum est quid
interesset inter levitatem contionatorum et animum vere
popularem, saluti populi consulentem. 10. Video de istis,
qui se popularis haberi volunt, abesse non neminem, ne de
capite videlicet civium Romanorum sententiam ferat. At 30
is et nudius tertius in custodiam civis Romanos dedit, et
supplicationem mihi decrevit, et indices hesterno die maxi-
146 Orations of Cicero.
mis praemiis adfecit. Jam hoc nemini dubium est, qui reo
custodiam, quaesitori gratulationem, indici praemium decre-
vit, quid de tota re et causa judicarit At vero C. Caesar
intellegit legem Semproniam esse de civibus Romanis con-
5 stitutam ; qui autem rei publicae sit hostis, eum civem nullo
modo esse posse ; denique ipsum latorem Semprpniae legis
jussu populi poenas rei publicae dependisse. Idem ipsum
Lentulum, largitorem et prodigum, non putat, cum de per-
nicie populi Romani, exitio hujus urbis tam acerbe, tam
10 crudeliter cogitarit, etiam appellari posse popularem. Ita-
que homo mitissimus atque lenissimus non dubitat P. Len-
tulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare, et sancit in
posterum, ne quis hujus supplicio levando se jactare, et in
perniciem populi Romani posthac popularis esse possit:
15 adjungit etiam publicationem bonorum, ut omnis animi cru-
ciatus et corporis etiam egestas ac mendicitas consequatur.
Death None too Severe a Penalty.
VI. 11. Quam ob rem, sive hoc statueritis, dederitis
mihi comitem ad contionem populo carum atque jucundum ;
sive Silani sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me [atque
20 vos] crudelitatis vituperatione exsolveritis, atque obtinebo
eam multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, patres conscripti,
quae potest esse in tanti sceleris immanitate punienda cru-
delitas? Ego enim de meo sensu judico. Nam ita mihi
salva re publica vobiscum perfrui liceat, ut ego, quod in hac
25 causa vehementior sum, non atrocitate animi moveor — quis
est enim me mitior ? — sed singulari quadam human itate et
misericordia. Videor enim mihi videre banc urbem, lucem
orbis terrarum atque arcem omnium gentium, subito uno
incendio concidentem. Cerno animo sepulta in patria mise-
30 ros atque insepultos acervos civium. Versatur mihi ante
oculos aspectus Cethegi, et furor in vestra caede bacchantis.
12. Cum vero mihi proposui regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse
Fourth Oration agaimt Catiline. 147
ex fatis se sperasse confessus est, purpuratum esse huic
Gabinium, cum exercitu venisse Catilinam, turn lamentatio-
nem matrum familias, turn fugam virginum atque puerorum
ac vexationem virginum Vestalium perhorresco; et quia
mihi vehementer haec videntur misera atque miseranda, 5
idcirco in eos qui ea perficere voluerunt me severum vehe-
mentemque praebeo. Etenim quaero, si quis pater familias,
liberis suis a servo interfectis, uxore occisa, incensa domo,
supplicium de servo non quam acerbissimum sumpserit,
utrum is clemens ac misericors, an inhumanissimus et cru- 10
delissimus esse videatur ? Mihi vero importunus ac ferreus,
qui non dolore et cruciatu nocentis suum dolorem crucia-
tumque lenierit. Sic nos in his hominibus, — qui nos, qui
conjuges, qui liberos nostros trucidare voluerunt ; qui sin-
gulas unius cujusque nostrum domos et hoc universum rei 15
publicae domicilium delere conati sunt ; qui id egerunt, ut
gentem AUobrogum in vestigiis hujus urbis atque in cinere
deflagrati imperi conlocarent, — si vehementissimi fuerimus,
misericordes habebimur: sin remissiores esse voluerimus,
summae nobis crudelitatis in patriae civiumque pernicie 20
fama subeunda est.
Opinion of L. Caesar.
13. Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et aman-
tissimus rei publicae, crudelior nudius tertius visus est, cum
sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem et audi-
entem vita privandum esse dixit, cum avum suum jussu 25
consulis interfectum, filiumque ejus impuberem, legatum a
patre missum, in carcere necatum esse dixit. Quorum quod
simile factum? quod initum delendae rei publicae consi-
lium ? Largitionis voluntas tum in re publica versata est,
et partium quaedam contentio. Atque eo tempore hujus 30
avus Lentuli, vir clarissimus, armatus Gracchum est perse-
cutus. lUe etiam grave txun volnus accepit, ne quid de
148 Orations of Cicero.
summa re publica deminueretur : hie ad evertenda rei publi-
cae fundamenta Gallos arcessit, servitia concitat, Catilinam
vocat, attribuit nos trucidandos Cethego, et ceteros civis
interficiendos Gabinio, urbem inflammandam Cassio, totam
5 Italiam vastandam diripiendamque Catilinae. Vereamini,
censeo, ne in hoc scelere tam immani ac nefando nimis
aliquid severe statuisse videamini : multo magis est veren-
dum ne remissione poenae crudeles in patriam, quam ne
severitate animadversionis nimis vehementes in acerbissimos
10 hostis, fuisse videamur.
Severe Measures will be Supported by the People.
VII. 14. Sed ea quae exaudio, patres conscripti, dissimur
lare non possum. Jaciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt
ad auris meas, eorum qui vereri videntur ut habeam satis
praesidi ad ea quae vos statueritis hodierno die transigunda.
15 Omnia et provisa et parata et constituta sunt, patres con-
scripti, cum mea summa cura atque diligentia, turn multo
eti^m majore populi Romani ad summum imperium reti-
nendum et ad communis fortunas conservandas voluntate.
Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, omnium denique
20 aetatum : plenum est forum, plena templa circum forum,
pleni omnes aditus hujus templi ac loci. Causa est enim
post urbem conditam haec inventa sola, in qua omnes sen-
tirent unum atque idem, praeter eos qui, cum sibi viderent
esse pereundum, cum omnibus potius quam soli perire volu-
25 erunt. 15. Hosce ego homines excipio et secerno libenter,
neque in improborum civium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium
numero habendos puto.
All Orders in the State United.
Ceteri vero, di immortales I qua frequentia, quo studio,
qua virtute ad communem salutem dignitatemque consen-
30 tiunt ! Quid ego hie equites Romanes commemorem ? qui
Fourth Oration against Catiline. 149
vobis ita summam ordinis consilique concedunt, ut vobiscum
de amore rei publicae certent ; quos ex multorum annorum
dissensione hujus ordinis ad societatem concordiamque revo-
catos hodiernus dies vobiscum atque haec causa conjungit :
quam si conjunctionem, in consulatu confirmatam meo, per- 5
petuam in re publica tenuerimus, confirmo vobis nullum
posthac malum civile ac domesticum ad ullam rei publicae
partem esse venturum. Pari studio defendundae rei pub-
licae convenisse video tribunes aerarios, fortissimos viros ;
scribas item universos, quos cum casu hie dies ad aerarium 10
frequentasset, video ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem com-
munem esse converses. 16. Omnis ingenuorum adest mul-
titude, etiam tenuissimorum. Quis est enim cui non haec
templa, aspectus urbis, possessio libertatis, lux denique haec
ipsa et [hoc] commune patriae solum, cum sit carum tum 15
vero dulce atque jucundum.?
The Humblest Citizens are Staunch.
VIII. Operae pretium est, patres conscripti, libertinorum
homirtum studia cognoscere, qui, sua virtute fortunam hujus
civitatis consecuti, hanc suam patriam judicant, — quam
quidam hie nati, et summo loco nati, non patriam suam sed 20
urbem hostium esse judicaverunt. Sed quid ego hosce
homines ordinesque commemoro, quos privatae fortunae,
quos communis res publica, quos denique libertas, ea quae
dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae defendendam excitavit?
Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condicione sit servi- 25
tutis, qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat, qui non haec
stare cupiat, qui non quantum audet et quantum potest
conferat ad salutem voluntatis. 17. Qua re si quem ves-
trum forte commovet hoc, quod auditum est, lenonem quen-
dam Lentuli concursare circum tabernas, pretio sperare 30
soUicitari posse animos egentium atque imperitorum, — est
id quidem coeptum atque temptatum ; sed nulli stmt inventi
150
Orations of Cicero,
. tam aut fortuna miseri aut voluntate perditi, qui non ilium
ipsum sellae atque operis et quaestus cotidiani locum^ qui
non cubile ac lectulum suum, qui denique non cursum hunc
otiosum vitae suae salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima
5 pars eorum qui in tabernis sunt, immo vero — id enim potius
est dicendum — genus hoc universum, amantissimum est oti.
Etenim omne instrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus
frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio : quorum si quaes-
tus occlusis tabernis minui solet, quid tandem incensis futu-
10 rum fuit ?
The Senators Urged to Act Fearlessly.
18. Quae cum ita sint, patres conscripti, vobis populi
Romani praesidia non desunt: vos ne populo Romano
'>*
SiTB OP THB Arx (Church of S. Maria in Araccbli).
deesse videamini providete. IX. Habetis consulem ex
plurimis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte, non ad
15 vitam suam, sed ad salutem vestram reservatum. Omnes
Fourth Oration against Catiline, 151
ordines ad conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate,
voce consentiunt. Obsessa facibus et telis impiae conjura-
tion is vobis supple^ manus tendit patria communis ; vobis
se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis arcem et Capitolium,
vobis aras Penatium, vobis ilium ignem Vestae sempiter- 5
num, vobis omnium deorum templa atque delubra, vobis
muros atque urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de vestra
vita, de conjugum vestrarum atque liberorum anima, de
fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focis vestris, hodierno die
vobis judicandum est. 19. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, 10
oblitum sui, quae non semper f acultas datur : habetis omnis
ordines, omnis homines, universum populum Romanum —
id quod in civili causa hodierno die primum videmus —
unum atque idem sentientem. Cogitate quantis laboribus
fundatum imperium, quanta virtute stabilitam libertatem, 15
quanta deorum benignitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas,
una nox paene delerit. Id ne umquam posthac non modo
non confici, sed ne cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno
die providendum est. Atque haec non ut vos, qui mihi
studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus sum; sed ut 20
mea vox, quae debet esse in re publica princeps, officio
functa consulari videretur.
Cicero is Undismayed.
X. 20. Nunc, ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me
pauca dicam. Ego, quanta manus est conjuratorum, quam
videtis esse permagnam, tantam me inimicorum multitudi- 25
nem suscepisse video : sed eam judico esse turpem et infir-
mam et abjectam. Quod si aliquando alicujus furore et
scelere concitata manus ista plus valuerit quam vestra ac
rei publicae dignitas, me tamen meorum factorum atque con-
siliorum numquam, patres conscripti, poenitebit. Etenim 30
mors, quam illi fortasse minitantur, omnibus est parata :
vitae tantam laudem, quanta vos me vestris decretis hones-
152 Orations of Cicero.
tastis, nemo est adsecutus. Ceteris enim semper bene gesta,
mihi imi conservata re publica, gratulationem decrevistis.
His Fame is Secure.
21. Sit Scipio ille clarus, cujus consilio atque virtute
Hannibal in Africam redire atque Italia decedere coactus
5 est; ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas urbis
huic imperio infestissimas, Karthaginem Numantiamque,
delevit ; habeatur vir egregius Paulus ille, cujus currum rex
potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses honestavit ;
sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et metu
10 servitutis liberavit; anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, cujus
res gestae atque virtutes isdem quibus solis cursus regioni-
bus ac terminis continentur : erit profecto inter horum
laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, — nisi forte majus est
patefacere nobis provincias quo exire possimus, quam
15 curare ut etiam illi qui absunt habeant quo victores rever-
tantur. 22. Quamquam est uno loco condicio melior exter-
nae victoriae quam domesticae, — quod hostes alienigenae
aut oppressi serviunt, aut recepti in amicitiam beneficio se
obligatos putant ; qui autem ex numero civium, dementia
20 aliqua depravati, hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos
cum a pernicie rei publicae reppuleris, nee vi coercere nee
beneficio placere possis. Qua re mihi cum perditis civibus
aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro
bonorumque omnium auxilio, memoriaque tantorum pericu-
25 lorum, — quae non modo in hoc populo, qui servatus est,
sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper
haerebit, — a me atque a meis facile propulsare posse con-
fido. Neque ulla profecto tanta vis reperietur, quae con-
junctionem vestram equitumque Romanorum, et tantam
30 conspirationem bonorum omnium, confringere et labefac-
tare possit.
SCIPIO AFRICANUS.
Fourth Oration against Catiline, 153
Let the Senate Dare to Act Rigorously.
XI. 23. Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu,
pro provincia, quam neglexi, pro triumpho ceterisque laudis
insignibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque salutis
custodiam repudiata, pro clientelis hospitiisque provincia-
libus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore tueor 5
quam comparo, pro his igitur omnibus rebus, pro meis in
vos singularibus studiis, proque hac quam perspicitis ad
conservandam rem publicam diligentia, nihil a vobis nisi
hujus temporis totiusque mei consulatus memoriam postulo :
quae dum erit vestris fixa mentibus, tutissimo me muro 10
saeptum esse arbitrabor. Quod si meam spem vis impro-
borum fefellerit atque superaverit, commendo vobis parvum
meum filium, cui profecto satis erit praesidi non solum ad
salutem, verum etiara ad dignitatem, si ejus, qui haec omnia
suo solius periculo conservarit, ilium filium esse memineritis. 15
24. Quapropter de summa salute vestra populique Romani,
de vestris conjugibus ac liberis, de aris ac focis, de fanis
atque templis, de totius urbis tectis ac sedibus, de imperio
ac libertate, de salute Italiae, de universa re publica, decer-
nite diligenter, ut instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum con- 20
sulem qui et parere vestris decretis non dubitet, et ea quae
statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum praestare
possit.
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS,
(Pro A, Licinio Archia Poeta.)
B.C. 62.
The case of Archias, though not a public one, yet had its origin in
the politics of the time. The aristocratic faction, suspecting that much
of the strength of their opponents was derived from the fraudulent
votes of those who were not citizens, procured in B.C. 65 the passage of
the Lex Papiay by which " all the strangers who possessed [neither
Roman nor Latin burgess-rights were to be ejected from the capital."
Archias, the poet, a native of Antioch, but for many years a Roman
citizen, a friend and client of Lucius Lucullus, was accused in B.C. 62.
by a certain Gratius, under this law, on the ground that he was not a
citizen. Cicero, a personal friend of Archias, undertook the defence,
and the case was tried before the brother of the orator, Quintus Cicero,
then praetor.
It was a very small matter to disprove the charge and establish
Archias* claims to citizenship. The greater part of this speech, there-
fore, is made up of a eulogy upon the poet and upon poetry and litera-
ture in general. It is, for this reason, one of the most agreeable of
Cicero's orations, and perhaps the greatest favorite of them all.
Cicero's Obligations to Archias.
SI QUID est in me ingeni, judices, quod sentio quam sit
exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua me
non infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si hujusce rei
The Citizenship of Archias, 155
ratio aliqua ab optimarum artium studiis ac disciplina pro-
fecta, a qua ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus abhor-
ruisse, eanun rerum omnium vel in primis hie A. Licinius
fructum a me repetere prope suo jure debet. Nam quoad
longissime potest mens mea respicere spatium praeteriti 5
temporis, et pueritiae memoriam recordari ultimam, inde
usque repetens hunc video mihi principem et ad suscipien-
dam et ad ingrediendam rationem horum studiorum exsti-
tisse. Quod si haec vox, hujus hortatu praeceptisque
conformata, non nullis aliquando saluti fuit, a quo id acce- 10
pimus quo ceteris opitulari et alios servare possemus, huic
profecto ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, et opem et salu-
tem ferre debemus. 2. Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte
miretur, quod alia quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingeni, neque
haec dicendi ratio aut disciplina, ne nos quidem huic uni 15
studio penitus umquam dediti fuimus. Etenim omnes artes,
quae ad humanitatem pertinent, habent quoddam commune
vinculum, et quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur.
He Justifies the Unusual Tone of his Argument.
II. 3. Sed ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur me in
quaestione legitima et in judicio publico — cum res agatur 20
apud praetorem populi Romani, lectissimum virum, et apud
severissimos judices, tanto conventu hominum ac frequen-
tia — hoc uti genere dicendi, quod non modo a consuetu-
dine judiciorum, verum etiam a forensi sermone abhorreat ;
quaeso a vobis, ut in hac causa mihi detis banc veniam, 25
adcommodatam huic reo, vobis (quem ad modum spero) non
molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque eruditissimo homine
dicentem, hoc concursu hominum literatissimorum, hac ves-
tra humanitate, hoc denique praetore exercente judicium,
patiamini de studiis humanitatis ac litterarum paulo loqui 30
liberius, et in ejus modi persona, quae propter otium ac
studium minime in judiciis periculisque tractata est, uti
156 Orations of Cicero,
prope novo quodam et inusitato genere dicendi. 4. Quod
si mihi a vobis tribui concedique sentiam, perficiam profecto
ut hunc A. Licinium non modo non segregandum, cum sit
civis, a numero civium, veriun etiam si non esset, putetis
5 asciscendum fuisse.
Earlier Career of Archias.
HI. Nam ut primum ex pueris excessit Archias, atque ab
eis artibus quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem informari
solet se ad scribendi studium contulit, primum Antiochiae —
nam ibi natus est loco nobili — celebri quondam urbe et
10 copiosa, atque eruditissimis hominibus liberalissimisque
studiis adfluenti, celeriter ant^cellere omnibus ingeni gloria
contigit. Post in ceteris Asiae partibus cunctaeque Grae-
ciae sic ejus adventus celebrabantur, ut famam ingeni
exspectatio hominis, exspectationem ipsius adventus admi-
15 ratioque superaret. 5. Erat Italia tunc plena Graecarum
artium ac disciplinarum, studiaque haec et in Latio vehe-
mentius tum colebantur quam nunc eisdem in oppidis, et
hie Romae propter tranquillitatem rei publicae non negle-
gebantur. Itaque hunc et Tarentini et Regini et Neapoli-
20 tani civitate ceterisque praemiis donarunt ; et omnes, qui
aliquid de ingeniis poterant judicare, cognitione atque
hospitio dignum existimarunt. Hac tanta celebritate famae
cum esset jam absentibus notus, Romam venit Mario con-
sule et Catulo.
His Distinguished Patrons at Rome.
25 Nactus est primum consules eos, quorum alter res ad
scribendum maximas, alter cum res gestas tum etiam stu-
dium atque auris adhibere posset. Statim Luculli, cum
praetextatus etiam tum Archias esset, eum domum suam
receperunt. Sic etiam hoc non solum ingeni ac litterarum,
30 verum etiam naturae atque virtutis. ut domus, quae hujus
adulescentiae prima fuit, eadem esset familiarissima senec-
. The Citizenship of Archias. 157
tuti. 6. Erat temporibus illis jucundus Metello illi Numi-
dico et ejus Pio filio ; audiebatur a M. Aemilio ; vivebat
cum Q. Catulo et patre et filio ; a L. Crasso colebatur ;
Lucullos vero et Drusum et Octavios et Catonem et totam
Hortensiorum domum devinctam consuetudine cum teneret, 5
adficiebatur summo honore, quod eum non solum colebant
qui aliquid percipere atque audire studebant, verum etiam
si qui forte simulabant.
He Becomes a Citizen of Heraclia.
IV. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum M.
Lucullo in Siciliam profectus, et cum ex ea provincia cum 10
eodem Lucullo decederet, venit Heracliam : quae cum esset
Coin of Hbracua.
civitas aequissimo jure ac foedere, ascribi se in eam civita-
tem voluit; idque, cum ipse per se dignus putaretur, tum
auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus impetravit.
He is Enrolled as a Roman Citizen.
7. Data est civitas Silvani lege et Carbonis : Si qui foede- 1 5
ratis civitatibus ascripti fuissent; si tum, cum lex ferebatur,
in Italia domicilium habuissent ; et si sexaginta diebus apud
praetorem essent professi. Cum hie domicilium Romae mul-
tos jam annos haberet, professus est apud praetorem Q.
Metellum familiar! ssimum suum. 8. Si nihil aliud nisi de 20
civitate ac lege dicimus, nihil dico amplius : causa dicta est.
Quid enim horum infirmari, Grati, potest ? Heracliaene esse
tum ascriptum negabis? Adest vir summa auctoritate et
158 Oratiom of Cicero.
religione et fide, M. Lucullus, qui se non opinari sed scire,
non audisse sed vidisse, non interfuisse sed egisse dicit.
Adsunt Heraclienses legati, nobilissimi homines: hujus
judici causa cum mandatis et cum publico testimonio [ven-
5 erunt] ; qui hunc ascriptum Heracliensem dicunt. Hie tu
tabulas desideras Heracliensium publicas : quas Italico belle
incenso tabulario interisse scimus omnis. Est ridiculum ad
ea quae habemus nihil dicere, quaerere quae habere non pos-
sumus; et de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum memo-
10 riam flagitare; et, cum habeas amplissimi viri religionera,
integerrimi municipi jus jurandum fidemque, ea quae depra-
vari nuUo modo possunt repudiare, tabulas, quas idem dicis
solere corrumpi, desiderare.
9. An domicilium Romae non habuit is, qui tot annis ante
15 civitatem datam sedem omnium rerum ac fortunarum sua-
rum Romae conlocavit? At non est professus. Immo
vero eis tabulis professus, quae solae ex ilia professione
conlegioque praetorum obtinent publicarum tabularum auc-
toritatem. V. Nam — cum Appi tabulae neglegentius ad-
20 servatae dicerentur ; Gabini, quam diu incolumis fuit, levitas,
post damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fidem resig-
nasset — Metellus, homo sanctissimus modestissimusque
omnium, tanta diligentia fuit, ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem
et ad judices venerit, et unius nominis litura se commotum
25 esse dixerit. In his igitur tabulis nullam lituram in nomine
A. Licini videtis.
Evidence of the Census not Necessary.
10. Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate
dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque in civitatibus fuerit
ascriptus? Etenim cum mediocribus multis et aut nulla
30 aut humili aliqua arte praeditis gratuito civitatem in Grae-
cia homines impertiebant, Reginos credo aut Locrensis aut
Neapolitanos aut Tarentinos, quod scenicis artificibus largiri
The Citizenship of Archias, 159
solebant, id huic summa ingeni praedito gloria noluisse!
Quid? cum ceteri non modo post civitatem datam, sed
etiam post legem Papiam aliquo modo in eorum munici-
piorum tabulas inrepserunt, hie, qui ne utitur quidem illis
in quibus est scriptus, quod semper se Heracliensem esse 5
voluit, reicietur ? 11. Census nostros requiris scilicet. Est
enim obscurum proximis censoribus hunc cum clarissimo
imperatore L. Lucullo apud exercitum fuisse ; superioribus,
cum eodem quaestore fuisse in Asia ; primis Julio et Crasso
nullam populi partem esse censam. Sed — quoniam census 10
non jus civitatis confirmat, ac tantum modo indicat eum qui
sit census [ita] se jam tum gessisse pro cive — eis tempori-
bus quibus tu criminaris ne ipsius quidem judicio in civium
Romanorum jure esse versatum, et testamentum saepe fecit
nostris legibus, et adiit hereditates civium Rojnanorum, et 15
in beneficiis ad aerarium delatus est a L. Lucullo pro con-
sule. VI. Quaere argumenta, si qua potes: numquara
enim hie neque suo neque amieorum judicio revincetur.
Study of Letters an Indispensable Relaxation.
12. Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cur tanto opere hoc homine
delectemur. Quia suppeditat nobis ubi et animus ex hoc 20
forensi strepitu reficiatur, et aures convicio defessae con-
quiescant. An tu existimas aut suppetere nobis posse quod
cotidie dicamus in tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos nostros
doctrina excolamus ; aut ferre animos tantam posse conten-
tionem, nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus ? Ego vero fateor 25
me his studiis esse deditum : ceteros pudeat, si qui se ita
litteris abdiderunt ut nihil possint ex eis neque ad com-
munem adferre fruetum, neque in aspeetum lueemque pro-
ferre : me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos ita vivo, judiees,
ut a nuUius umquam me tempore aut commodo aut otium 30
meum abstraxerit, aut voluptas avoearit, aut denique somnus
retardarit? 13. Qua re quis tandem me reprehendat, aut
i6o Orations of Cicero.
quis mihi jure suscenseat, si, quantum ceteris ad suas res
obeundas, quantum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos,
quantum ad alias voluptates et ad ipsam requiem animi et
corporis conceditur temporum, quantum alii tribuunt tem-
5 pest i vis conviviis, quantum denique alveolo, quantum pilae,
tantum mihi egomet ad haec studia recolenda sumpsero?
Atque hoc ideo mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his
studiis haec quoque crescit oratio et facultas ; quae, quan-
tacumque in me est, numquam amicorum periculis defuit.
10 Quae si cui levior videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa
sunt, ex quo fonte hauriam sentio.
Literature a Source of Moral Strength.
14. Nam nisi multorum praeceptis multisque litteris mihi
ab adulescentia suasissem, nihil esse in vita magno opere
expetendum nisi laudem atque honestatem, in ea autem
15 persequenda omnis cruciatus corporis, omnia pericula mor-
tis atque exsili parvi esse ducenda, numquam me pro salute
vestra in tot ac tantas dimicationes atque in hos profligato-
rum hominum cotidianos impetus objecissem. Sed pleni
omnes sunt libri, plenae sapientium voces, plena exemplorum
20 vetustas : quae jacerent in tenebris omnia, nisi litterarum
lumen accederet. Quam multas nobis imagines — non solum
ad intuendum, verum etiam ad imitandum — fortissimorum
virorum expressas scriptores et Graeci et Latini reliquerunt ?
Quas ego mihi semper in administranda re publica propo-
25 nens, animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione hominum
excellentium conformabam.
All Famous Men have been Devoted to Letters.
VII. 15. Quaeret quispiam : ' Quid ? illi ipsi summi viri,
quorum virtutes litteris proditae sunt, istane doctrina, quam
tu effers laudibus, eruditi fuerunt?* Difficile est hoc de
30 omnibus confirmare, sed tamen est certe quod respondeam.
The Citizenship of Archias. i6i
Ego multos homines excellenti animo ac virtute fuisse, et
sine doctrina naturae ipsius habitu prope divino per se
ipsos et moderatos et gravis exstitisse, fateor: etiam illud
adjungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem naturam sine
doctrina quam sine natura valuisse doctrinam. Atque idem 5
ego contendo, cum ad naturam eximiam atque inlustrem
accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque doctrinae, tum
illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere exsistere.
16. Ex hoc esse hunc numero, quem patres nostri viderunt,
divinum hominem Africanum ; ex hoc C. Laelium, L. Furium, 10
moderatissimos homines et continentissimos ; ex hoc fortis-
simum virum et illis temporibus doctissimum, M. Catonem
ilium senem : qui profecto si nihil ad percipiendam [colen-
dam] virtutem litteris adjuvarentur, numquam se ad earum
studium contulissent. Quod si non hie tantus f ructus osten- 15
derefur, et si ex his studiis delectatio sola peteretur, tamen
(ut opinor) hanc animi adversionem humanissimam ac libera-
lissimam judicaretis. Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt
neque aetatum omnium neque locorum : haec studia adules-
centiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res or n ant, 20
adversis perfugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi,
non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrin antur,
rusticantur.
Great Artists are of Themselves Worthy of Admiration.
17. Quod si ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensu nostro
gustare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus, etiam cum 25
in aliis videremus. VIII. Quis nostrum tam animo agresti
ac duro fuit, ut Rosci morte nuper non commoveretur ? qui
cum esset senex mortuus, tamen propter excellentem artem
ac venustatem videbatur omnino mori non debuisse. Ergo
ille corporis motu tantum amorem sibi conciliarat a nobis 30
omnibus : nos animorum incredibilis motus celeritatcmque
ingeniorum neglegemus ? 18. Quotiens ego hunc Archiam
1 62 Orations of Cicero.
vidi, judices, — utar enim vestra benignitate, quoniam me
in hoc novo genere dicendi tam diligenter attenditis, — quo-
tiens ego hunc vidi, cum litteram scripsisset nullam, magnum
numerum optimorum versuum de eis ipsis rebus quae turn
5 agerentur dicere ex tempore ! Quotiens revocatum eandem
rem dicere, commutatis verbis atque sententiis ! Quae vero
adcurate cogitateque scripsisset, ea sic vidi probari, ut ad
veterum scriptorum laudem perveniret. Hunc ego non dili-
gam ? non admirer ? non omni ratione defendendum putem ?
The Poet Especially Sacred.
10 Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditissimisque accepi-
mus, ceterarum rerum studia et doctrina et praeceptis et
arte constare : poetam natura ipsa valere, et mentis viribus
excitari, et quasi divino quodam spiritu inflari. Qua re suo
jure noster ille Ennius sanctos appellat poetas, quod*quasi
IS deorum aliquo dono atque munere commendati nobis
esse videantur. 19. Sit igitur, judices, sanctum apud vos,
humanissimos homines, hoc poetae nomen, quod nulla um-
quam barbaria violavit. Saxa et solitudines voci respondent,
bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur atque consistunt:
20 nos, instituti rebus optimis, non poetarum voce moveamur ?
Homerum Colophonii civem esse dicunt suum, Chii suimi
vindicant, Salaminii repetunt, Smyrnaei vero suum esse con-
firmant, itaque etiam delubrum ejus in oppido dedicaverunt :
permulti alii praeterea pugnant inter se atque contendunt.
25 IX. Ergo illi alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mortem etiam
expetunt : nos hunc vivum, qui et voluntate et legibus noster
est, repudiabimus ? praesertim cum omne olim studium atque
omne ingenium contulerit Archias ad populi Romani gloriam
laudemque celebrandam ? Nam et Cimbricas res adulescens
30 attigit, et ipsi illi C. Mario, qui durior ad haec studia vide-
batur, jucundus fuit
The Citizenship of Archias,
163
The Poet is the Herald of Fame.
20. Neque enim quisquam est tam aversus a Musis, qui
non mandari versibus aeternum suorum laborum facile
praeconium patiatur. Themistoclem ilium, summum Athe-
nis virum, dixisse aiunt, cum ex eo quaereretur, quod
acroama aut cujus vocem libentissime audiret : EjuSy a quo
sua virtus optime praedicaretur, Itaque ille Marius item
eximie L. Plotium dilexit, cujus ingenio putabat ea quae
gesserat posse celebrari. 21. Mithridaticum vero bellum,
Marius.
magnum atque difficile et in multa varietate terra marique
versatum, totum ab hoc expressum est: qui libri non modo 10
L. LucuUum, fortissimum et clarissimum virum, verum
etiam populi Romani nomen inlustrant. Populus enim
Romanus aperuit Lucullo imperante Pontum, et regiis quon-
dam opibus et ipsa natura et regione vallatum : populi
Romani exercitus, eodem duce, non maxima manu innu- 15
merabilis Armeniorum copias fudit : populi Romani laus
est urbem amicissimam Cyzicenorum ejusdem consilio ex
omni impetu regio atque totius belli ore ac faucibus erep-
tam esse atque servatam : nostra semper feretur et prae-
dicabitur, L. Lucullo dimicante, cum interfectis ducibus 20
164 Orations of Cicero,
depressa hostium classis, et incredibilis apud Tenedum
pugna ilia navalis : nostra sunt tropaea, nostra monimenta,
nostri triumphi. Quae quorum ingeniis eiferuntur, ab eis
populi Romani fama celebratur. 22. Carus fuit Africano
5 superiori noster Ennius, itaque etiam in sepulcro Scipionum
putatur is esse consti tutus ex marmore. At eis laudibus
certe non solum ipse qui laudatur, sed etiam populi- Romani
nomen ornatur. In caelum hujus proavus Cato tollitur :
magnus honos populi Romani rebus adjungitur. Omnes
10 denique illi Maximi, Marcelli, Fulvii, non sine communi
omnium nostrum laude decorantur. X. Ergo ilium, qui
haec fecerat, Rudinum hominem, majores nostri in civita-
tem receperunt : nos hunc Heracliensem, multis civitatibus
expetitum, in hac autem legibus constitutum, de nostra civi-
15 tate eiciemus?
Alexander at the Tomb of Achilles.
23. Nam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex Grae-
cis versibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vehementer errat :
propterea quod Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus,
Alexander thb Great (from a Coin).
Latin a suis finibus, exiguis sane, continentur. Qua re si
20 res eae quas gessimus orbis terrae regionibus definiuntur,
cupere debemus, quo manuum nostfarum tela pervenerint,
The Citizenship of Aixhias. 165
eodem gloriam famamque penetrare : quod cum ipsis popu-
lis de quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, tum eis
certe, qui de vita gloriae causa dimicant, hoc maximum et
periculorum incitamentum est et laborum. 24. Quam mul-
tos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander secum 5
habuisse dicitur I Atque is tamen, cum in Sigeo ad Achillis
tumulum astitisset : O fortunate in quit adulescens, qui tuae
virtutis Homerum praeconem inveneris / Et vere. Nam nisi
Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem tumulus, qui corpus ejus contex-
erat, nomen etiam obruisset. Quid? noster hie Magnus, 10
qui cum virtute fortunam adaequavit, nonne Theophanem
Mytilenaeum, scriptorem rerum suarum, in contione mili-
tum civitate donavit ; et nostri illi fortes viri, sed rustici ac
milites, dulcedine quadam gloriae commoti, quasi participes
ejusdem laudis, jnagno illud clamore approbaverunt ? 15
Many would have been Eager to Give Archias the Citizenship.
25. Itaque, credo, si civis Romanus Archias legibus non
esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore civitate donaretur perficere
non potuit. Sulla cum Hispanos donaret et Gallos, credo
hunc petentem repudiasset : quem nos in contione vidimus,
cum ei libel lum malus poeta de populo subjecisset, quod 20
epigramma in eum fecisset, tantummodo alternis versibus
longiusculis, statim ex eis rebus quas tunc vendebat jubere
ei praemium tribui, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea scri-
beret. Qui sedulitatem mali poetae duxerit aliquo tamen
praemio dignam, hujus ingenium et virtutem in scribendo 25
et copiam non expetisset? 26. Quid? a Q. Metello Pio,
familiarissimo suo, qui civitate multos donavit, neque per se
neque per Lucullos impetravisset ? qui praesertim usque eo
de suis rebus scribi cuperet, ut etiam Cordubae natis poetis,
pingue quiddam sonantibus atque peregrinum, tamen auris 30
5ua.s dederet.
l66 Orations of Cicero,
AU Men Thirst for Glory.
XL Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum (quod obscurari
non potest) sed prae nobis ferendum : trahimur omnes
studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur.
Ipsi illi philosophi, etiam in eis libellis quos de contem-
5 nenda gloria scribunt, nomen suum inscribunt : m eo ipso,
in quo praedicationem nobilitatemque despiciunt, praedicari
de se ac nominari volunt. 27. Decimus quidem Brutus,
summus vir et imperator, Acci, amicissimi sui, carminibus
templorum ac monumentorum aditus exornavit suorum.
10 Jam vero ille, qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite bellavit, Ful-
vius, non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare.
Qua re in qua urbe imperatores prope armati poetarum
nomen et Musarum delubra coluerunt, in ea non debent
togati judices a Musarum honore et a poetarum salute
IS abhorrere.
28. Atque ut id libentius faciatis, jam me vobis, judices,
indicabo, et de meo quodam amore gloriae, nimis acri for-
tasse verum tamen honesto vobis, confitebor. Nam quas
res nos in consulatu nostro vobiscum simul pro salute
20 hujusce imperi et pro vita civium proque universa re
publica gessimus, attigit hie versibus atque inchoavit : qui-
bus auditis, quod mihi magna res et jucunda visa est, hunc
ad perficiendum adornavi. NuUam enim virtus aliam mer-
cedem laborum periculorumque desiderat, praeter hanc
25 laudis et gloriae : qua quidem detracta, judices, quid est
quod in hoc tam exiguo vitae curriculo [et tam brevi] tantis
nos in laboribus exerceamus? 29. Certe si nihil animus
praesentiret in posterum, et si quibus regionibus vitae spa-
tium circumscriptum est, eisdem omnis cogitationes termi-
30 naret suas; nee tantis se laboribus frangeret, neque tot
curis vigiliisque angeretur, nee totiens de ipsa vita dimi-
caret. Nunc insidet quaedam in optimo quoque virtus.
The Citizenship of Archias. 167
quae noctis ac dies animum gloriae stimulis concitat, atque
admonet non cum vitae tempore esse dimittendam comme-
morationem nominis nostri, sed cum omni posteritate adae-
quandam.
Literature the Most Eaduriag of Monuments.
XII. 30. An vero tam parvi animi videamur esse omnes, s
qui in re publica atque in his vitae periculis laboribusque
versamur, ut, cum usque ad extremum spatium nullum tran-
quillum atque otiosum spiritum duxerimus, nobiscum simul
moritura omnia, arbitremur.? An statuas et imagines, non
animorum simulacra sed corporum, studiose multi summi 10
homines reliquerunt; consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum
nostrarum effigiem nonne multo malle debemus, summis
ingeniis expressam et politam ? Ego vero omnia quae gere-
bam, jam tum in gerendo spargere me ac disseminare arbi-
trabar in orbis terrae memoriam sempiternam. Haec vero 1 5
sive a meo sensu post mortem afutura est sive — ut sapien-
tissimi homines putaverunt — ad aliquam mei partem per-
tinebit, nunc quidem certe cogitatione quadam speque
delector.
Archias the Poet should be Protected in his Rights.
31. Qua re conservate, judices, hominem pudore eo, 20
quem amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate tum
etiam vetustate ; ingenio autem tanto, quantum id con-
venit existimari, quod summorum hominum ingeniis ex-
petitum esse videatis; causa vero ejus modi, quae bene-
ficio legis, auctoritate municipi, testimonio Luculli, tabulis 25
Metelli comprobetur. Quae cum ita sint, petimus a vobis,
judices, si qua non modo humana, verum etiam divina in
tantis ingeniis commendatio debet esse, ut eum qui vos, qui
vestros imperatores, qui populi Romani res gestas semper
omavit, qui etiam his recentibus nostris vestrisque domes- 30
ticis periculis aetemum se testimonium laudis daturum esse
1 68 Orations of Cicero.
profitetur, estque ex eo numero qui semper apud omnis
sancti sunt habiti itaque dicti, sic in vestram accipiatis
fidem, ut humanitate vestra levatus potius quam acerbitate
violatus esse videatur. 32. Quae de causa pro mea consue-
5 tudine breviter simpliciterque dixi, judices, ea confido pro-
bata esse omnibus. Quae autem remota a mea judicialique
consuetudine, et de hominis ingenio et communiter de
ipsius studio locutus sum, ea, judices, a vobis spero esse in
bonam partem accepta; ab eo qui judicium exercet, certo
10 scio.
DEFENCE OF MILO,
(Pro Milone.)
B.C. 52.
T. Annius Milo was a young man of good family and a recognized
leader, on the aristocratic side, in the turbulent politics of the time
during the absence of Caesar in Gaul and following the disastrous cam-
paign of Crassus in the East. His bitterest opponent was P. Clodius,
the leader of the popular party, a man of high birth and versatile
talents, but of infamous life, and an unscrupulous partisan. Both sides
depended to a great extent on organized violence. On the one side
was the city mob, headed by Clodius. On the other, Milo maintained
a band of professional bullies and prize-fighters (gladiatores).
Under these two leaders, the old political strife, always attended with
some violence, became almost a succession of riots. The disorders
were so great that the year B.C. 53 was half over before the consuls,
who should have been chosen six months before the beginning of the
year, could be elected. When finally, in July, 53, Cn. Domitius Calvinus
and M. Valerius Messala were chosen, the campaign for the following
17<^ Orations of Cicero.
year began at once. Milo was a candidate for the consulship, and
Clodius for the praetorship. Riots were of almost daily occurrence,
and no elections could be held. The year 52 began without either
consuls or praetors in office, and it became obvious that peace could be
restored only by the death of either Clodius or Milo. The latter was
a candidate for the consulship, but his election had been successfully
resisted by Clodius. On the i8th of January the quarrel came to a
bloody crisis. Milo had set out from Rome, towards nightfall, with
a large retinue, including his troop of armed guards, for Lanuvium,
a village about twenty miles S.E. of Rome, where he held an office
of some local dignity. He was met on the Appian Way, a few miles
out, by Clodius, who was returning to the city from one of his estates
on horseback, with thirty armed attendants. As they passed each
other, their followers came to blows. Clodius was wounded, and driven
into a .shop or tavern by the wayside. Milo, unwilling to leave so
dangerous an enemy alive, followed him up; and Clodius, with a
dozen others, among them the owner of the tavern, was killed. The
meeting was probably accidental on both sides ; but each had openly
threatened the other's life, and hence each party loudly accused the
other of premeditated assault and actual or intended murder. Anarchy
broke loose in Rome. The funeral of Clodius was an occasion of riot
and conflagration. Other disorders followed. Quiet was only restored
by the appointment of Pompey as " consul without colleague " (practi-
cally dictator), and for about six months the dty was held by him under
a sort of martial law. A special court was established for the trial of
all cases arising out of the brawl in the Appian Way. The arraignment
of Milo before this court on the charge of assault and homicide took
place about the loth of April. Cicero undertook his defence both
from political motives and from personal regard. By Pompey's orders
the court was surrounded by armed troops (a strange sight at that time
in Rome) to protect it from the violence of the mob which raged out-
side. Cicero, whose nerves were shaken by the uproar, lost his self-
command, and spoke "not with his usual firmness." Milo was
condemned by thirty-eight votes out of fifty-one, and went into exile at
Marseilles. Cicero, dissatisfied with the speech actually delivered, as
taken down by short-hand, wrote out at his leisure the masterpiece of
eloquence and specious argument which follows.
Defence of Milo. ijx
The Court Surrounded by Armed Mea.
ETSI vereor, judices, ne turpe sit pro fortissimo \dro
dicere incipientem timere, minimeque deceat, cum
T. Annius ipse magis de rei publicae salute quam de sua
perturbetur, me ad ejus causam parem animi magnitudinem
adferre non posse, tamen haec novi judici nova forma terret 5
oculos, qui, quocumque inciderunt, consuetudinem fori et
pristinum morem judiciorum requirunt. Non enim corona
consessus vester cinctus est, ut solebat; non usitata fre-
quentia stipati sumus : 2. non ilia praesidia, quae pro tem-
plis omnibus cernitis, etsi contra vim conlocata sunt, non 10
adferunt tamen [oratori] aliquid, ut in foro et in judicio,
quamquam praesidiis salutaribus et necessariis saepti sumus,
tamen ne non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus.
Quae si opposita Miloni putarem, cederem tempori, judices,
nee inter tantam vim armorum existimarem esse oratori 15
locum. Sed me recreat et reficit Cn. Pompei, sapientis-
simi et justissimi viri, consilium, qui profecto nee justitiae
suae putaret esse, quem reum sententiis judicum tradidisset,
eundem telis militum dedere, nee sapientiae, temeritatem
concitatae multitudinis auctoritate publica armare. 20
But the Jurors Need not Pear.
3. Quam ob rem ilia arma, centuriones, cohortes non
periculum nobis, sed praesidium denuntiant ; neque solum
ut quieto, sed etiam ut magno animo simus hortantur;
neque auxilium modo defensioni meae, verum etiam. silen-
tium poUicentur. Reliqua vero multitudo, quae quidem est 25
avium, tota nostra est ; neque eorum quisquam, quos undi-
que intuentis, unde aliqua fori pars aspici potest, et hujus
exitum judici exspectantis videtis, non cum virtuti Milonis
favet, tum de se, de liberis suis, de patria, de fortunis
hodiemo die decertari putat. 30
1/2 Orations of Cicero.
II. Unum genus est adversum infestumque nobis, eorum
quos P. Clodi furor rapinis et incendiis et omnibus exitiis
publicis pavit : qui hesterna etiam contione incitati sunt,
ut vobis voce praeirent quid judicaretis. Quorum clamor
5 si qui forte fuerit, admonere vos debebit, ut eum civem
retineatis, qui semper genus illud hominum clamoresque
maximos prae vestra salute neglexit.
They are Free to Maintain Justice.
4. Quam ob rem adeste animis, judices, et timorem si
quern habetis deponite. Nam — si umquam de bonis et
10 fortibus viris, si umquam de bene meritis civibus potestas
[vobis] judicandi fuit, si denique umquam locus amplissi-
morum ordinum deleciis viris datus est, ut sua studia erga
fortis et bonos civis, quae voltu et verbis saepe significas-
sent, re et sententiis declararent — hoc profecto tempore
15 eam potestatem omnem vos habetis, ut statuatis utrum nos,
qui semper vestrae auctoritati dediti fuimus, semper miseri
lugeamus, an, diu vexati a perditissimis civibus, aliquando
per vos ac per vestram fidem, virtutem, sapientiamque
recreemur.
Unfortunate Position of the Defendant.
20 5. Quid enim nobis duobus, judices, laboriosius, quid
magis sollicitum, magis exercitum dici aut fingi potest, qui,
spe amplissimorum praemiorum ad rem publicam adducti,
metu crudelissimorum suppliciorum carere non possumus?
Equidem ceteras tempestates et procellas in illis dum taxat
^5 fiuctibus contionum semper putavi Miloni esse subeundas,
quia semper pro bonis contra improbos senserat ; in judicio
vero, et in eo consilio in quo ex cunctis ordinibus amplissimi
viri judicarent, numquam existimavi spem ullam esse habi-
turos Milonis inimicos, ad ejus non modo salutem exstin-
30 guendam, sed etiam gloriam per talis viros infringendam.
Defence of Milo. 173
Clodius Aggressor in the Affray.
6. Quamquam in hac causa, judices, T. Anni tribunatu,
rebusque omnibus pro salute rei publicae gestis ad hujus
criminis defensionem non abutemur. Nisi oculis videritis
insidias Miloni a Clodio factas, nee deprecaturi sumus ut
crimen hoc nobis propter multa praeclara in rem publicam 5
merita condonetis, nee postulaturi, ut si mors P. Clodi salus
vestra fuerit, idcirco earn virtuti Milonis potius quam populi
Romani felicitati adsignetis. Sed si illius insidiae clariores
hac luce fuerint, turn denique obsecrabo obtestaborque vos,
judices, si cetera amisimus, hoc saltern nobis ut relinquatur, ^o
ab inimicorum audacia telisque vitam ut impune liceat defen- [
dere.
Homicide not Always Unjustifiable.
III. 7. Sed ante quam ad earn orationem venio quae est
propria vestrae quaestionis, videntur ea esse refutanda, quae
et in senatu ab inimicis saepe jactata sunt, et in contione 15
ab improbis, et paulo ante ab accusatoribus, ut omni errore
sublato, rem plane quae veniat in judicium videre possitis.
Negant intueri lucem esse fas ei qui a se hominem occisum
esse fateatur. In qua tandem urbe hoc homines stultissimi
disputant? nempe in ea quae primum ji^dicium de capite 20
vidit M. Horati, fortissimi viri, qui nondum libera civitate,
tamen populi Romani comitiis liberatus est, cum sua manu
sororem esse interfectam fateretur. 8. An est quisquam qui
hoc ignoret, cum de homine occiso quaeratur, aut negari
solere omnino esse factum aut recte et jure factum esse 25
defendi? Nisi vero existimatis dementem P. Africanum
fuisse, qui cum a C. Carbone [tribuno plebis seditiose] in
contione interrogaretur quid de Ti. Gracchi morte sentiret,
responderit jure caesum videri. Neque enim posset aut
Ahala ille Servilius, aut P. Nasica, aut L. Opimius, aut C. 30
Marius, aut me consule senatus, non nefarius haberi, si
174 Orations of Cicero,
sceleratos civis interfici nefas esset. Itaque hoc, judices,
non sine causa etiam fictis fabulis doctissimi homines memo-
riae prodiderunt, eum qui patris ulciscendi causa matrem
necavisset, variatis hominum sententiis, non solum divina,
Coin op L. Opimius.
5 sed etiam sapientissimae deae sententia liberatum. 9. Quod
si duodecim tabulae nocturnum furem quoquo modo, diur-
num autem, si se telo defenderet, interfici impune voluerunt,
quis est qui, quoquo modo quis interfectus sit, puniendum
putet, cum videat aliquando gladium nobis ad hominem
10 occidendum ab ipsis porrigi legibus?
This is a Case of Self-Defence.
IV. Atqui si tempus est ullimi jure hominis necandi, quae
multa sunt, certe illud est non modo justum, verum etiam
necessarium, cum vi vis inlata defenditur. Pudicitiam cum
eriperet militi tribupus militaris in exercitu C. Man, pro-
15 pinquus ejus imperatoris, interfectus ab eo est, cui vim ad-
ferebat. Facere enim probus adulescens periculose quam
perpeti turpiter maluit. Atque hunc ille summus vir scelere
solutum periculo liberavit. 10. Insidiatori vero et latroni
quae potest inferri injusta nex? Quid comitatus nostri,
20 quid gladii volunt ? quos habere certe non liceret, si uti illis
nullo pacto liceret. Est igitur haec, judices, non scripta,
sed nata lex ; quam non didicimus, accepimus, legimus,
verum ex natura ipsa adripuimus, hausimus, expressimus ;
ad quam non docti sed facti, non instituti sed imbuti sumus,
Defence of Mico.
175
— ut, si vita nostra in aliquas insidias, si in vim et in tela
aut latronum aut inimicorum incidisset, omnis honesta ratio
esset expediendae salutis. 11. Silent enim leges inter arma ;
nee se exspectari jubent, cum ei qui exspectare velit, ante
Pallas' Casting Vote.
injusta poena luenda sit, quam justa repetenda. Etsi per- 5
sapienter et quodam modo tacite dat ipsa lex potestatem
defendendi, quae non hominem occidi, sed esse cum telo
hominis occidendi causa vetat ; ut, cum causa non telum
quaereretur, qui sui defendendi causa telo esset usus non
hominis occidendi causa habuisse telum judicaretur. Qua- 10
propter hoc maneat in causa, judices : non enim dubito quin •
probaturus sim vobis defensionem meam, si id memineritis
quod oblivisci non potestis, insidiatorem jure interfici posse.
Decree of the Senate Touches only the Riot.
V. 12. Sequitur illud, quod a Milonis inimicis saepissime
dicitur, caedem in qua P. Clodius occisus est senatum judi- 15
casse contra rem publicam esse factam. 1 11am vero senatus
non sententiis suis solum, sed etiam studiis comprobavit.
Quotiens enim est ilia causa a nobis acta in senatu ! quibus
adsensionibus universi ordinis, quam nee tacitis nee occultis !
Quando enim frequentissimo senatu quattuor aut summum 20
quinque sunt inventi qui Milonis causam non probarent?
1/6
Orations of Cicero,
Declarant hujus ambusti tribuni plebis illae intermortuae
contiones, quibus cotidie meam potentiam invidiose crimina-
batur, cum diceret senatum non quod sentiret, sed quod ego
vellem decernere. Quae quidem si potentia est appellanda
5 — potius quam aut propter magna in rem publicam merita
mediocris in bonis causis auctoritas, aut propter hos officio-
sos labores meos non nulla apud bonos gratia, — appelletur
ita sane, dum modo ea nos utamur pro salute bonorum
contra amentiam perditorum.
The Guilty Party not Determined.
10 13. Hanc vero quaestionem, etsi non est iniqua, num-
quam tamen senatus constituendam putavit. Erant enim
leges, erant quaestiones vel de caede vel de vi ; nee tantum
Coin of Lepidus and Octavianus as Triumvirs.
maerorem ac luctum senatui mors P. Clodi adferebat, ut
nova quaestio constitueretur. Cujus enim de illo incesto
15 stupro judicium decernendi senatui potestas esset erepta, de
ejus interitu quis potest credere senatum judicium novum
constituendum putasse? Cur igitur incendium curiae, op-
pugnationem aedium M. Lepidi, caedem hanc ipsam contra
rem publicam senatus factam esse decrevit ? quia nulla vis
20 umquam est in libera civitate suscepta inter civis non contra
rem publicam. 14. Non enim est ilia defensio contra vim
umquam optanda, sed non n umquam est necessaria. Nisi
vero aut ille dies quo Ti. Gracchus est caesus, aut ille quo
Gaius, aut quo arma Saturnini oppressa sunt, etiam si e re
25 publica oppressa sunt, rem publicam tamen non volnerarunt
Defence of Milo. 177
VI. Itaque ego ipse decrevi, cum caedem in Appia factam
esse constaret, non eum qui se defendisset contra rem publi-
cam fecisse, sed, cum inesset in re vis et insidiae, crimen
judicio reservavi, rem notavi. Quod si per furiosum ilium
tribunum senatui quod sentiebat perficere licuisset, novam 5
quaes tion em nuUam haberemus. Decernebat eniro, ut vete-
ribus legibus, tantum modo extra ordinem, quaereretur.
Divisa sententia est, postulante nescio quo : nihil enim
necesse est omnium me flagitia proferre. Sic reliqua aucto-
ritas senatus empta intercessione sublata est. 10
Pompey's Action also not Prejudicial.
15. At enim Cn. Pompeius rogatione sua et de re et de
causa judicavit : tulit enim de caede quae in Appia via facta
esset, in qua P. Clodius occisus esset. Quid ergo tulit ?
nempe ut quaereretur. Quid porro quaerendum est ? Fac-
tumne sit? at constat. A quo? at paret. Vidit igitur, 15
etiam in confessione facti, juris tamen defensionem suscipi
posse. Quod nisi vidisset posse absolvi eum qui fateretur,
cum videret nos fateri, neque quaeri umquam jussisset, nee
vobis tam banc salutarem in judicando litteram quam illam
tristem dedisset. Mihi vero Cn. Pompeius non modo nihil 20
gravius contra Milonem judicasse, sed etiam statuisse videtur
quid vos in judicando spectare oporteret. Nam qui non
poenam confessioni, sed defensionem dedit, is causam inter-
itus quaerendam, non interitum putavit. 16. Jam illud ipse
dicet profecto, quod sua sponte fecit, Publione Clodio tribu- 25
endum putarit an tempori.
No special Tribunals for Previous Homicides.
VII. Domi suae nobilissimus vir, senatus propugnator,
atque illis quidem temporibus paene patronus, avunculus
hujus judicis nostri, fortissimi viri, M. Catonis, tribunus
plebis M. Drusus occisus est. Nihil de ejus morte populus 3<^
1/8 Orations of Cicero.
consultus, nulla quaestio decreta a senatu est Quantum
luctum in hac urbe fuisse a nostris patribus accepimus, cum
P. Africano domi suae quiescent! ilia noctuma vis esset in-
lata ? Quis tum non gemuit ? Quis non arsit dolore, quern
5 immortalem, si fieri posset, omnes esse cuperent, ejus ne
necessariam quidem exspectatam esse mortem ! Num igitur
ulla quaestio de Af ricani morte lata est ? certe nulla. 17.
Quid ita ? quia non alio facinore clari homines, alio obscuri
necantur. Intersit inter vitae dignitatem summorum atque
10 infimorum : mors quidem inlata per scelus isdem et poenis
teneatur et legibus. Nisi forte magis erit parricida, si qui
consularem patrem quam si quis humilem necarit : aut eo
mors atrocior erit P. Clodi, quod is in monumentis majorum
suorum sit interfectus — hoc enim ab istis saepe dicitur ;
15 proinde quasi Appius ille Caecus viam muniverit, non qua
populus uteretur, sed ubi impune sui poster! latrocinarentur !
Nor for Clodius* own Deeds of Violence.
la Itaque in eadem ista Appia via cum omatissimum
equitem Romanum P. Clodius M. Papirium occidisset, non
fuit illud facinus puniendum, homo enim nobilis in suis
20 monumentis equitem Romanum occiderat : nunc ejusdem
Appiae nomen quantas tragoedias excitat ! Quae cruentata
antea caede honesti atque innocentis viri silebatur, eadem
nunc crebro usurpatur, postea quam latronis et parricidae
sanguine imbuta est. Sed quid ego ilia commemoro ? Com-
25 prehensus est in templo Castoris servus P. Clodi, quem ille
ad Cn. Pompeium interficiendum collocarat : extorta est ei
confitenti sica de manibus : caruit foro postea Pompeius,
caruit senatu, caruit publico : janua se ac parietibus, non
jure legum judiciorumque texit. 19. Num quae rogatio
30 lata, num quae nova quaestio decreta est t Atqui si res, si
vir, si tempus uUum dignum fuit, certe haec in ilia causa
summa omnia fuerunt. Insidiator erat in foro conlocatus,
Defence of Milo.
179
atque in vestibulo ipso senatus ; ei viro autem mors para-
batur, cujus in vita nitebatur salus civitatis ; eo porro rei
publicae tempore, quo, si unus ille occidisset, non haec
solum civitas, sed gentes omnes concidissent. Nisi vero
quia perfecta res non est, non fuit poenienda : proinde
ViBW ON THB ApPIAN WaY.
quasi exitus rerum, non hominum consilia legibus vindi-
centur. Minus dolendum fuit re non perfecta, sed poenien-
dum certe nihilo minus. 20. Quotiens ego ipse, judices, ex
P. Clodi telis et ex cruentis ejus manibus eifugi ! ex quibus
si me non vel mea vel rei pul^licae fortuna servasset, quis 10
tandem de interitu meo quaestionem tulisset ?
Is the Death of Clodius such a Great Calamity ?
VIII. Sed stulti sumus qui Drusum, qui Africanum, Pom-
peium, nosmet ipsos cum P. Clodio conferre audeamus.
i8o Orations of Cicero.
Tolerabilia fuerunt ilia : P. Clodi mortem aequo animo ferre
nemo potest. Luget senatus, maeret equester ordo, tota
civitas confecta senio est, squalent municipia, adflictantur
coloniae, agri denique ipsi tam beneficum, tam salutarem,
5 tam mansuetum civem desiderant. 21. Non fuit ea causa,
judices, profecto, non fuit, cur sibi censeret Pompeius quaes-
tionem ferendam; sed homo sapiens atque alta et divina
quadam mente praeditus multa vidit : fuisse ilium sibi inimi-
cum, familiarem Milonem ; in communi omnium laetitia, si
10 etiam ipse gauderet, timuit ne videretur infirmior fides recon-
ciliatae gratiae; multa etiam alia vidit, sed illud maxima,
quamvis atrociter ipse tulisset, vos tamen fortiter judicaturos.
Itaque delegit ex florentissimis ordinibus ipsa lumina : neque
vero, quod non^nuUi dictitant, secrevit in judicibus legendis
^5 amicos meos. Neque enim hoc cogitavit vir justissimus ;
neque in bonis \dris legendis id adsequi potuisset, etiam si
cupisset. Non enim mea gratia familiaritatibus continetur,
quae late patere non possunt, propterea quod consuetudines
victus non possunt esse cum multis ; sed, si quid possumus,
20 ex eo possumus, quod res publica nos conjunxit cum bonis:
ex quibus ille cum optimos viros legeret, idque maxime ad
fidem suam pertinere arbitraretur, non potuit legere non
studiosos mei. 22. Quod vero te, L. Domiti, huic quaestioni
praeesse maxime voluit, nihil quaesivit [aliud] nisi justitiam,
25 gravitatem, humanitatem, fidem. Tulit ut consularem ne-
cesse esset : credo, quod principum munus esse ducebat
resistere et levitati multitudinis et perditorum temeritati.
Ex consularibus te creavit potissimum : dederas enim quam
contemneres popularis insanias jam ab adulescentia docu-
30 menta maxima.
Real Question : Which was the Aggressor ?
IX. 23. Quam ob rem, judices, ut aliquando ad causam
crimenque veniamus, — si neque omnis confessio facti est
Defence of Milo, i8i
inusitata, neque de causa nostra quicquara aliter ac nos
vellemus a senatu judicatum est, et lator ipse legis, cum
esset controversia nulla facti, juris tamen disceptationem
esse voluit, et ei lecti judices isque praepositus est quaes-
tioni, qui haec juste Sapienterque disceptet, — reliquum est,
judices, ut nihil jam quaerere aliud debeatis, nisi uter utri
insidias fecerit. Quod quo facilius argumentis perspicere
possitis, rem gestam vobis dum breviter expono, quaeso,
diligenter attendite.
<
Death of Milo Necessary to Clodius.
24. P. Clodius cum statuisset omni scelere in praetura lo
vexare rem publicam, videretque ita tracta esse comitia
anno superiore, ut non multos mensis praeturam gerere
posset, — qui non honoris gradum spectaret, ut ceteri, sed
et L. Paulum conlegam effugere vellet, singulari virtute
civem, et annum integrum ad dilacerandam rem publicam 15
quaereret, — subito reliquit annum suum, seseque in annum
proximum transtulit: non (ut fit) religione aliqua, sed ut
haberet, quod ipse dicebat, ad praeturam gerendam, hoc
est, ad evertendam rem publicam, plenum annum atque
integrum. 25. Occurrebat ei mancam ac debilem prae- 20
tiu-am futuram suam consule Milone : eum porro summo
consensu populi Romani consulem fieri videbat. Contulit
se ad ejus competitores, sed ita, totam ut petitionem ipse
solus etiam invitis illis gubernaret, tota ut comitia suis, ut
dictitabat, umeris sustineret. Convocabat tribus, se inter- 25
ponebat, Collinam. novam dilectu perditissimorum civium
conscribebat. Quanto ille plura miscebat, tanto hie magis
in dies convalescebat. Ubi vidit homo ad omne facinus
paratissimus fortissimum virum, inimicissimum suum, cer-
tissimum consulem, idque intellexit non solum sermonibus, 30
sed etiam suffrages populi Romani saepe esse declaratum,
palam agere coepit, et aperte dicere occidendum Milonem.
1 82 Orations of Cicero.
26. Servos agrestis et barbaros, quibus silvas publicas depo-
pulatus erat Etruriamque vexarat, ex Apennino deduxerat,
quos videbatis. Res erat minime obscura. Etenim palam
dictitabat consulatum Miloni eripi non posse, vitam posse.
5 Significavit hoc saepe in senatu, dixit in contione. Quin
etiam M. Favonio, fortissimo viro, quaerenti ex eo qua spe
fureret Milone vivo, respondit triduo ilium aut summum
quadriduo esse periturum : quam vocem ejus ad hunc
M. Catonem statim Favonius detulit.
Clodius Lay in Wait for Milo.
10 X. 27. Interim cum sciret Clodius — neque enim erat
difficile scire — iter soUemne, legitimum, necessarium ante
diem xiii. Kalendas Februarias Miloni esse Lanuvium ad
flaminem prodendum, [quod erat dictator Lanuvi Milo,]
Roma subito ipse profectus pridie est, ut ante suum fun-
15 dum, quod re intellectum est, Miloni insidias conlocaret.
Atque ita profectus est, ut contionem turbulentam, in qua
ejus furor desideratus est, [quae illo ipso die habita est,]
relinqueret, quam nisi obire facinoris locum tempusque
voluisset, numquam reliquisset. 28. Milo autem cum in
20 senatu fuisset eo die, quoad senatus est dimissus, domum
venit ; calceos et vestimenta mutavit ; paulisper, dum se
uxor (ut fit) comparat, commoratus est ; dein profectus id
temporis cum jam Clodius, si quidem eo die Romam ven-
turus erat, redire potuisset. Ob viam fit ei Clodius, expe-
25 ditus, in equo, nulla raeda, nullis impedimentis ; nullis
Graecis comitibus, ut solebat; sine uxore, quod num-
quam fere: cum hie insidiator, qui iter illud ad caedem
faciendam apparasset, cum uxore veheretur in raeda,
paenulatus, magno et impedito et muliebri ac delicato
30 ancillarum puerorumque comitatu. 29. Fit ob viam Clo-
dio ante fundum ejus hora fere undecima, aut non
multo secus. Statim complures cum telis in hunc faci-
Defence of Milo. 183
unt de loco superiore impetum : adversi raedarium occi-
dunt Cum autem hie de raeda rejecta paenula desiluisset,
seque acri animo defenderet, illi qui erant cum Clodio,
gladiis eductis, partim recurrere ad raedam, ut a tergo
Milonem adorirentur; partim, quod hunc jam interfectum 5
putarent, caedere incipiunt ejus servos, qui post erant : ex
quibus qui animo fideli in dominum et praesenti fuerunt,
partim occisi sunt, partim, cum ad raedam pugnari viderent,
domino succurrere prohiberentur, Milonem occisum et ex
ipso Clodio audirent et re vera^Trntarent, fecerunt id servi 10
Milonis — dicam enim aperte, non derivandi criminis causa,
sed ut factum est — nee imperante nee seiente nee prae-
sente domino, quod suos quisque servos in tali re facere
voluisset.
But hit Violence Recoiled on hit Own Head.
XI. 30. Haec, sicuti exposui, ita gesta sunt, judices. 15
Insidiator superatus est, vi vieta vis, vel potius oppressa
virtute audaeia est. Nihil dico quid res publiea eonseeuta
sit, nihil quid vos, nihil quid omnes boni : nihil sane id
prosit Miloni, qui hoc fato natus est, ut ne se quidem ser-
vare potuerit, quin una rem publieam vosque servaret. Si 20
id jure fieri non potuit, nihil habeo quod defendam. Sin
hoc et ratio doctis, et necessitas barbaris, et mos gentibus,
et feris etiam beluis natura ipsa praescripsit, — ut omnem
semper vim, quacumque ope possent, a corpore, a capite, a
vita sua propulsarent, — non potestis hoc facinus improbum 25
judicare, quin simuljuditsetis omnibus, qui in latrones inci-
derint, aut illorum telis aut vestris sententiis esse pereun-
dum. 31. Quod si ita putasset, certe optabilius Miloni fuit
dare jugulum P. Clodio, non semel ab illo neque tum pri-
mum petitum, quam jugulari a vobis, quia se non jugulan- 30
dum illi tradidisset. Sin hoc nemo vestrum ita sentit, non
illud jam in judicium venit, occisusne sit (quod fatemur),
sed jure an injuria, quod multis in causis saepe quaesitum
•184 Orations of Cicero,
est. Insidias factas esse constat, et id est quod senatus
contra rem publicam factum judicavit : ab utro factae sint
incertum est. De hoc igitur latum est ut quaereretur. Ita
et senatus rem non hominem notavit, et Pompeius de jure
5 non de facto quaestionem tulit. XII. Num quid igitur
aliud in judicium venit, nisi uter utri insidias fecerit? Pro-
fecto nihil : si hie illi, ut ne sit impune ; si ille huic, ut
scelere solvamur.
Cui Bono ?
32. Quonam igitur pacto probari potest insidias Miloni
10 fecisse Clodium ? Satis est in ilia quidem tam audaci, tam
nefaria belua, docere magnam ei causam, magnam spem in
Milonis morte propositam, magnas utilitates fuisse. Itaque
illud Cassianum * cui bono f uerit ' in his personis valeat ; . etsi
boni nullo emolumento impelluntur in fraudem, improbi
15 saepe parvo. Atqui Milone interfecto Clodius haec adse-
quebatur, non modo ut praetor esset non eo consule quo
sceleris nihil facere posset; sed etiam ut eis consulibus
praetor esset, quibus si non adjuvantibus at coniventibus
certe, speraret posse se eludere in illis suis cogitatis furori-
20 bus : cujus illi conatus, ut ipse ratiocinabatur, nee cuperent
reprimere si possent, cum tantum beneficium ei se debere
arbitrarentur ; et, si vellent, fortasse vix possent frangere
hominis sceleratissimi conroboratam jam vetustate audaciam.
Strong Motive in the Case of Clodius.
33. An vero, judices, vos soli ignoratis ? vos hospites in
25 hac urbe versamini ? vestrae peregrinantur aures, neque in
hoc pervagato civitatis sermone versantur, quas ille leges —
si leges nominandae sunt ac non faces urbis, pestes rei publi-
cae — f uerit impositurus nobis omnibus atque inusturus?
Exhibe, quaeso, Sexte Clodi, exhibe librarium illud legum
30 vestrarum, quod te aiunt eripuisse e domo et ex mediis
armis turbaque noctuma tamquam Palladium sustulisse, ut
Defence of Mtlo, 185
praeclarum videlicet munus atque instrumentum tribunatus
ad aliquem, si nactus esses, qui tuo arbitrio tribunatum
gereret, deferre posses. Atque per ... an hujus ille legis
quam Clodius a se inventam gloriatur, mentionem facere
ausus esset vivo Milone, non dicam consule ? De nostrum 5
enim omnium — non audeo totum dicere. Videte quid ea
viti lex habitura fuerit, cujus periculosa etiam reprehensio
est. Et aspexit me illis quidem oculis, quibus turn solebat
cum omnibus omnia minabatur. Movet me quippe lumen
curiae I XIII. Quid? tu me tibi iratum, Sexte, putas, 10
cujus inimicissimum multo crudelius etiam poenitus es,
quam erat humanitatis meae postulare ? Tu P. Clodi cru-
entum cadaver ejecisti domo ; tu in publicum abjecisti ; tu
spoliatum imaginibus, exsequiis, pompa, laudatione, infeli-
cissimis lignis semiustilatum, noctumis canibus dilaniaridum 15
reliquisti. Qua re, etsi nefarie fecisti, tamen quoniam in
meo inimico crudelitatem exprompsisti tuam, laudare non
possum, irasci certe non debeo.
Milo had No Motive.
34. Audistis, judices, quantum Clodi interiuerit occidi Milo-
nem : convertite animos nunc vicissim ad Milonem. Quid 20
Milonis intererat interfici Clodium? Quid erat cur Milo
non dicam admitteret, sed optaret ? ' Obstabat in spe con-
sulatus Miloni Clodius.' At eo repugnante fiebat, immo
vero eo fiebat magis ; nee me suffragatore meliore utebatur
quam Clodio. Valebat apud vos, judices, Milonis erga me 25
remque publicam meritorum memoria ; valebant preces et
lacrimae nostrae, quibus ego tum vos mirifice moveri sen-
tiebam ; sed plus multo valebat periculorum impendentium
timor. Quis enim erat civium qui sibi solutam P. Clodi
praeturam sine maximo rerum novarum metu proponeret? 30
Solutam autem fore videbatis, nisi esset is consul, qui eam
auderet possetque constringere. Eum Milonem unum esse
1 86 Orations of Cicero,
cum sentiret universus populus Romanus, quis dubitaret
suffragio suo se metu, periculo rem publicam liberare ? At
nunc, Clodio remoto, usitatis jam rebus enitendum est
Miloni, ut tueatur dignitatem suam : singularis ilia et huic
5 uni concessa gloria, quae cotidie augebatur frangendis furo-
ribus Clodianis, jam Clodi morte cecidit. Vos adepti estis^
ne quem civem metueretis: hie exercitationem virtutis,
suffragationem consulatus, fontem perennem gloriae suae
perdidit. Itaque Milonis consulatus, qui vivo Clodio labe-
10 factari non poterat, mortuo denique temptari coeptus est.
Non modo igitur nihil prodest, sed obest etiam Clodi mors
Miloni.
35. 'At valuit odium, fecit iratus, fecit inimicus, fuit ultor
injuriae, poenitor doloris sui.' Quid ? si haec non dico ma-
15 jora fuerunt in Clodio quam in Milone, sed in illo maxima^
nulla in hoc? quid voltis amplius? Quid enim odisset
Clodium Milo, segetem ac materiem suae gloriae, praeter
hoc civile odium, quo omnis improbos odimus ? lUe erat
ut odisset, primum defensorem salutis meae, deinde vexa-
20 torem furoris, domitorem armorum suorum, postremo etiam
accusatorem suum : reus enim Milonis lege Plotia fuit Clo-
dius, quoad vixit. Quo tandem animo hoc tyrannum ilium
tulisse creditis ? quantum odium illius, et in homine injusto
quam etiam justum f uisse ?
Habitual Violence of Clodius.
25 XIV. 36. Reliquum est ut jam ilium natura ipsius con-
suetudoque defendat, hunc autem haec eadem coarguat
Nihil per vim umquam Clodius, omnia per vim Milo.
Quid? ego, judices, cum maerentibus vobis urbe cessi,
judiciumne timui ? non servos, non arma, non vim ? Quae
30 fuisset igitur justa causa restituendi mei, nisi fuisset injusta
eiciendi? Diem mihi, credo, dixerat, multam inrogarat,
actionem perduellionis intenderat ; et mihi videlicet in
Defence of Milo. 187
causa aut mala aut mea, non et praeclarissima et vestra,
judicium timendum fuit Servonun et egentium civium et
f acinorosorum armis meos civis, meis consiliis periculisque
servatos, pro me obici nolui. 37. Vidi enim, vidi hunc
ipsum Q. Hortensium, lumen et omamentum rei publicae, 5
paene interfici servonun manu, cum mihi adesset: qua in
turba C. Vibienus senator, vir optimus, cum hoc cum esset
una, ita est mulcatus, ut vitam amiserit. Itaque quando
illius postea sica ilia, quam a Catilina acceperat, conqui-
evit ? Haec intentata nobis est ; huic ego vos obici pro me 10
non sum passus ; haec insidiata Pompeio est ; haec istam
Appiam, monimentum sui nominis, nece Papiri cruentavit ;
haec eadem longo intervallo conversa rursus est in me :
nuper quidem, ut scitis, me ad regiam paene confecit.
Opposite Character of Milo.
3a Quid simile Milonis? cujus vis omnis haec semper 15
fuit, ne P. Clodius, cum in judicium detrahi non posset, vi
oppressam civitatem teneret. Quem si interficere voluisset,
quantae quotiens occasiones, quam praeclarae fuerunt !
Potuitne, cum domum ac deos penatis suos illo oppugnante
defenderet, jure se ulcisci ? Potuitne, civi egregio et viro 20
fortissimo, P. Sestio, conlega suo, volnerato ? Potuitne,
Q. Fabricio, viro optimo, cum de reditu meo legem ferret,
pulso, crudelissima in foro caede facta ? Potuitne L. Cae-
cili, justissimi fortissimique praetoris, oppugnata domo?
Potuitne illo die, cum est lata lex de me ; cum totius Italiae 25
concursus, quem mea salus concitarat, facti illius gloriam
libens agnovisset, ut, etiam si id Milo fecisset, cuncta civitas
eam laudem pro sua vindicaret?
Milo Appealed Only to the Laws.
XV. 39. At quod erat tempus ? Clarissimus et fortissi-
mus consul, inimicus Clodio, [P. L»entulus,] ultor sceleris 30
1 88 Orations of Cicero.
illius, propugnator senatus, defensor vestrae voluntatis,
patronus publici consensus, restitutor salutis meae ; septem
praetores, octo tribuni plebei, illius adversarii, defensores
mei ; Cn. Pompeius, auctor et dux mei reditus, illius hostis,
5 cujus sententiam senatus [omnis] de salute mea gravissi-
mam et ornatissimam secutus est, qui populum Romanum
est cohortatus, qui cum de me decretum Capuae fecisset,
ipse cunctae Italiae cupienti et ejus fidem imploranti signum
dedit, ut ad me restituendum Romam concurrerent ; omnium
10 denique in ilium odia civium ardebant desiderio mei, quem
qui tum interemisset, non de impunitate ejus, sed de prae-
miis cogitaretur. 40. Tamen se Milo continuit, et P. Clo-
dium in judicium bis, ad vim numquam vocavit. Quid?
private Milone et reo ad populum accusante P. Clodio, cum
15 in Cn. Pompeium pro Milone dicentem impetus factus est,
quae tum non modo occasio, sed etiam causa illius oppri-
mendi fuit ! Nuper vero cum M. Antonius summam spem
salutis bonis omnibus attulisset, gravissimamque adulescens
nobilissimus rei publicae partem fortissime suscepisset, atque
20 illam beluam, judici laqueos declinantem, jam inretitam ten-
eret, qui locus, quod tempus illud, di immortales, fuit ! cum
se ille fugiens in scalarum tenebris abdidisset, magnum
Miloni fuit conficere illam pestem nulla sua invidia, M.
vero Antoni maxima gloria ? 41 Quid ? comitiis in campo
25 quotiens potestas fuit ! cum ille in saepta ruisset, gladios
destringendos, lapides jaciendos curavisset; dein subito,
voltu Milonis perterritus, fugeret ad Tiberim, vos et omnes
boni vota faceretis, ut Miloni uti virtute sua liberet
Milo had not Killed Clodius when he Might.
XVI. Quem igitur cum omnium gratia noluit, hunc voluit
30 cum aliquorum querella ? quem jure, quem loco, quem tem-
pore, quem impune non est ausus, hunc injuria, iniquo loco,
alieno tempore, periculo capitis, non dubitavit oecidere?
Defence of Milo, 189
42. praesertim, judices, cum honoris amplissimi contentio
et dies comitionim subesset, quo quidem tempore — scie
enim quam timida sit ambitio, quantaque et quam sollicita
sit cupiditas consulatus — omnia, non modo quae reprehendi
palam, sed etiam obscure quae cogitari possunt timemus, 5
rumorem, fabulam fictam, levem perhorrescimus, ora omnium
atque oculos intuemur. Nihil est enim tam moUe, tam tene-
rum, tam aut fragile aut flexibile, quam voluntas erga nos
sensusque civium, qui non modo improbitati irascuntur
candidatorum, sed etiam in recte factis saepe fastidiunt. 10
43. Hunc igitur diem campi speratum atque exoptatum sibi
proponens Milo, cruentis manibus scelus et f acinus prae
se ferens et confitens, ad ilia augusta centuriarum auspicia
veniebat? Quam hoc non credibile in hoc! quam idem
in Clodio non dubitandum, cum se ille interfecto Milone 15
regnaturum putaret! Quid? (quod caput est [audaciae],
judices) quis ignorat maximam inlecebram esse peccandi
impunitatis spem ? In utro igitur haec fuit ? in Milone, qui
etiam nunc reus est facti aut praeclari aut certe necessarii,
an in Clodio, qui ita judicia poenamque contempserat, ut eum 20
nihil delectaret quod aut per naturam fas esset, aut per leges
liceret.
Actual Threats of Clodius and their Attempted Fulfilmeat.
44. Sed quid ego argumentor 1 quid plura disputo ? Te,
Q. Petili, appello, optimum et fortissimum civem : te, M.
Cato, testor, quos mihi divina quaedam sors dedit judices. 25
Vos ex M. Favonio audistis Clodium sibi dixisse, et audis-
tis vivo Clodio, periturum Milonem triduo. Post diem ter-
tium gesta res est quam dixerat. Cum ille non dubitarit
aperire quid cogitaret, vos potestis dubitare quid fecerit?
XVII. 45. Quem ad modum igitur eum dies non fefellit? 30
Dixi equidem modo. Dictatoris Lanuvini stata sacrificia
nosse negoti nihil erat. Vidit necesse esse Miloni proficisci
Lanuvium illo ipso quo est profectus die. Itaque antevertit.
1 90 Orations of Cicero,
At quo die ? Quo, ut ante dixi, fuit insanissima contio ab
ipsius mercenario tribuno plebis concitata : quern diem ille,
quam contionem, quos clamores, nisi ad cogitatum facinus
approperaret, numquam reliquisset. Ergo illi ne causa qui-
5 dem itineris, etiam causa manendi : Miloni manendi nulla
[facultas], exeundi non causa solum, sed etiam necessitas
fuit. Quid ? si, ut ille scivit Milonem fore eo die in via, sic
Clodium Milo ne suspicari quidem potuit? 46. Primum
quaero qui id scire potuerit? quod vos idem in Clodio
10 quaerere non potestis. Ut enim neminem alium nisi T.
Patinam, familiarissimum suum, rogasset, scire potuit illo
ipso die Lanuvi a dictatore Milone prodi flaminem necesse
esse. Sed erant permulti alii, ex quibus id facillime scire
posset [: omnes scilicet Lanuvini]. Milo de Clodi reditu
15 unde quaesivit? Quaesierit sane — videte quid vobis lar-
giar ; servum etiam, ut Q, Arrius, meus amicus, dixit, cor-
ruperit. Legite testimonia testium vestrorum. Dixit C.
Causinius Schola, Interamnas, familiarissimus et idem comes
Clodi, — cujus jam pridem testimonio Clodius eadem hora
20 Interamnae fuerat et Romae, — P. Clodium illo die in Albano
mansurum fuisse ; sed subito ei esse nuntiatum Cyrum archi-
tectum esse mortuum, itaque repente Romam constituisse
proficisci. Dixit hoc comes item P. Clodi, C. Clodius.
Obvious Intent of Clodius.
XVIII. 47. Videte, judices, quantae res his testimoniis
25 sint confectae. Primum certe liberatur Milo non eo con-
silio profectus esse, ut insidiaretur in via Clodio : quippe,
si ille obvius ei futurus omnino non erat. Deinde — non
enim video cur non meum quoque agam negotium — scitis,
judices, fuisse qui in hac rogatione suadenda dicerent Milo-
30 nis manu caedem esse factam, consilio vero majoris alicujus.
Me videlicet latronem ac sicarium abjecti homines et perditi
describebant. Jacent suis testibus [ei] qui Clodium negant
Defence of Milo. 191
eo die Romam, nisi de Cyro audisset, fuisse rediturum.
Respiravi, liberatus sum ; non vereor ne, quod ne suspicari
quidem potuerim, videar id cogitasse. 48. Nunc persequar
cetera. Nam occurrit illud : ' Igitur ne Clodius quidem de
insidiis cogitavit, quoniam fuit in Albano mansurus.' Si 5
quidem exiturus ad caedem e villa non fuisset. Video enim
ilium, qui dicatur de Cyri morte nuntiasse, non id nuntiasse,
sed Milonem appropinquare. Nam quid de Cyro nuntiaret,
quem Clodius Roma proficiscens reliquerat morientem ? Una
fui, testamentum simul obsignavi cum Clodio : testamentum 10
autem palam fecerat, et ilium heredem et me scripserat.
Quem pridie hora tertia animam efflantem reliquisset, eum
mortuum postridie hora decima denique ei nuntiabatur t
Why did be Travel by Night?
XIX. 49. Age, sit ita factum. Quae causa cur Romam
properaret ? cur in noctem se coniceret ? Ecquid adf erebat 1 5
f estinationis, quod heres erat } Primum, erat nihil cur pro-
perato opus esset : deinde, si quid esset, quid tandem erat
quod ea nocte consequi posset, amitteret autem si postridie
Romam mane venisset ? Atque ut illi nocturnus ad urbem
adventus vitandus potius quam expetendus fuit, sic Miloni, 20
cum insidiator esset, si- ilium ad urbem nocte accessurum
sciebat, subsidendum atque exspectandum fuit. 50. Nemo
ei neganti non credidisset, quem esse omnes salvum etiam
confitentem volunt. Sustinuisset hoc crimen primum ipse
ille latronum occultator et receptor locus, cum neque muta 25
solitudo indicasset neque caeca nox ostendisset Milonem;
deinde ibi multi ab illo violati, spoliati, bonis expulsi, multi
haec etiam timentes in suspicionem caderent, tota denique
rea citaretur Etruria. 51. Atque illo die certe Aricia rediens
devertit Clodius ad Albanum. Quod ut sciret Milo ilium 30
Ariciae fuisse, suspicari tamen debuit eum, etiam si Romam
illo die reverti vellet, ad villam suam, quae viam tangeret,
192 Orations of Cicero.
deversurum. Cur neque ante occurrit, ne ille in villa resi-
deret, nee eo in loco subsedit, quo ille noctu venturus esset ?
Conduct of Clodius and Milo Compared.
Video adhuc con stare, judices, omnia: — Miloni etiam
utile fuisse Clodium vivere, illi ad ea quae concupierat
5 optatissimum interitum Milonis ; odium fuisse illius in hunc
acerb.issimum, nullum hujus in ilium; consuetudinem illius
perpetuam in vi inferenda, hujus tantum in repellenda;
52. mortem ab illo denuntiatam Miloni et praedicatam
palam, nihil umquam auditum ex Milone ; profectionis hujus
10 diem illi notum, reditus illius huic ignotum fuisse; hujus
iter necessarium, illius etiam potius alienum ; hunc prae se
tulisse illo die Roma exiturum, ilium eo die se dissimulasse
rediturum ; hunc nullius rei mutasse consilium, ilium causam
mutandi consili finxisse ; huic, si insidiaretur, noctem prope
15 urbem exspectandam, illi, etiam si hunc non timeret, tamen
accessum ad urbem nocturnum fuisse metuendum.
Milo Unprepared for an Affray.
XX. 53. Videamus nunc (id quod caput est) locus ad
insidias ille ipse, ubi congressi sunt, utri tandem fuerit
aptior. Id vero, judices, etiam dubitandum et diutius cogi-
20 tandum est > Ante fundum Clodi, quo in fundo propter
insanas illas substructiones facile hominum mille versaban-
tur valentium, edito adversari atque excelso loco, superiorem
se fore putarat Milo, et ob eam rem eum locum ad pugnam
potissimum elegerat ? an in eo loco est potius exspectatus
25 ab eo qui ipsius loci spe facere impetum cogitarat? Res
loquitur ipsa, judices, quae semper valet plurimum. 54. Si
haec non gesta audiretis, sed picta videretis, tamen appare-
ret uter esset insidiator, uter nihil cogitaret mali, cum alter
veheretur in raeda paenulatus, una sederet uxor. Quid
30 horum non impeditissimum ? vestitus an vehiculum an
comes? Quid minus promptum ad pugnam, cum paenula
Defence of Milo. 193
inretitus, raeda impeditus, uxore paene constrictus esset?
Videte nunc ilium, primum egredientem e villa, subito : cur ?
vesperi : quid necesse est ? tarde : qui convenit, praesertim
id temporis? Devertit in villam Pompei. Pompeium ut
videret? sciebat in Alsiensi esse: villam ut perspiceret? 5
miliens in ea fuerat. Quid ergo erat ? morae et tergiversa-
tiones : dum hie veniret, locum relinquere noluit.
Clodius fully Prepated.
XXI. 55. Age nunc; iter expediti latronis cum Milonis
impedimentis comparate. Semper ille antea cum uxore,
tum sine ea ; numquam nisi in raeda, tum in equo ; comites 10
Graeculi, quocumque ibat, etiam cum in castra Etrusca pro-
perabat, tum nugarum in comitatu nihil. Milo, qui num-
quam, tum casu pueros symphoniacos uxoris ducebat et
ancillarum greges. Ille, qui semper secum scorta, semper
exoletos, semper lupas duceret, turn neminem, nisi ut virum 15
a viro lectum esse diceres. Cur igitur victus est? Quia
non semper viator a latrone, non numquam etiam latro a
viatore occiditur : quia, quamquam paratus in -imparatos
Clodius, tamen mulier inciderat in viros. 56. Nee vero
sic erat umquam non paratus Milo contra ilium, ut non satis 20
fere esset paratus. Semper [ille] et quantum interesset
P. Clodi se perire, et quanto illi odio esset, et quantum ille
auderet cogitabat. Quam ob rem vitam suam, quam maxi-
mis praemiis propositam et paene addictam sciebat, num-
quam in periculum sine praesidio et sine custodia proiciebat. 25
Adde casus, adde incertos exitus pugnarum Martemque com-
munem, qui saepe spoliantem jam et exsultantem evertit et
perculit ab abjecto : adde inscitiam pransi, poti, oscitantis
ducis, qui cum a tergo hostem interclusum reliquisset, nihil
de ejus extremis comitibus cogitavit, in quos incensos ira 30
vitamque domini desperantis cum incidisset, haesit in eis
poenis, quas ab eo servi fideles pro domini vita expetiverunt.
194 Orations of Cicero.
No Supprection of Testimony by Milo.
57. Cur igitur eos manu misit? Metuebat scilicet ne
indicaretur, ne dolorem perferre non possent, ne tormentis
cogerentur occisum esse a servis Milonis in Appia via
P. Clodium confiteri. Quid opus est tortore? quid quae-
5 ris? Occideritne? occidit. Jure an injuria? nihil ad tor-
torem: facti enim in eculeo quaestio est, juris in judicio.
XXII. Quod igitur in causa quaerendum est, indagamus
hie : quod tormentis invenire vis, id fatemur. Manu vero
cur miserit, si id potius quaeris, quam cur parum amplis
10 adfecerit praemiis, nescis inimici factum reprehendere.
58. Dixit enim hie idem, qui omnia semper constanter et
fortiter, M. Cato, et dixit in turbulenta contione, quae
tamen hujus auctoritate placata est, non libertate solum,
sed etiam omnibus praemiis dignissimos fuisse, qui domini
15 caput defendissent. Quod enim praemium satis magnum
est tam benevolis, tam bonis, tam fidelibus servis, propter
quos vivit? Etsi id quidem non tanti est, quam quod
propter eosdem non sanguine et volneribus suis crudelis-
simi inimici mentem oculosque satiavit. Quos nisi manu
20 misisset, tormentis etiam dedendi fuerunt conservatores
domini, ultores sceleris, defensores necis. Hie vero nihil
habet in his malis quod minus moleste ferat, quam, etiam si
quid ipsi accidat, esse tamen illis meritum praemium per^o-
lutum.
Tettimoay of Clodius' Slaves Untrustworthy.
25 59. Sed quaestiones urgent Milonem, quae sunt habitae
nunc in atrio Libertatis. Quibusnam de servis ? rogas ? de
P. Clodi. Quis eos postulavit ? Appius. Quis produxit ?
Appius. Unde ? ab Appio. Di boni ! quid potest agi
severius ? [De servis nulla lege quaestio est in dominum
30 nisi de incestu, ut fuit in Clodium.] Proxime deos accessit
Clodius, propius quam tiun cum ad ipsos penetrarat, cujus
Defence of Milo. 195
de morte tamquam de caerimoniis violatis quaeritur. Sed
tamen majores nostri in dominum [de servo] quaeri nolue-
runt, non quin posset verum inveniri, sed quia videbatur
indignum esse et [domini] morte ipsa tristius. In reum
de servo accusatoris cum quaeritur, verum inveniri potest ? 5
60. Age vero, quae erat aut qualis quaestio ? ' Heus tu,
Rufio' (verbi causa) 'cave sis mentiaris. Clodius insidias
fecit Miloni ? ' ' Fecit : * ' certa crux.' ' Nullas fecit : '
'sperata libertas.' Quid hac quaestione certius? Subito
abrepti in quaestionem, tamen separantur a ceteris et in 10
areas coniciuntur, ne quis cum eis conloqui possit. Hi
centum dies penes accusatorem cum fuissent, ab eo ipso
accusatore product! sunt. Quid hac quaestione dici potest
integrius, quid incorruptius ?
Conduct of Milo after the Affray.
XXIII. 61. Quod si nondum satis cemitis, cum res ipsa 15
tot tam Claris argumentis signisque luceat, pura mente atque
integra Milonem, nuUo scelere imbutum, nullo metu perter-
ritum, nulla conscientia exanimatum, Romam revertisse,
recordamini (per deos immortalis!) quae fuerit celeritas
reditus ejus, qui ingressus in forum ardente curia, quae 20
magnitudo animi, qui voltus, quae oratio. Neque vero se
populo solum, sed etiam senatui commisit ; neque senatui
modo, sed etiam publicis praesidiis et armis; neque his
tantum, verum etiam ejus potestati, cui senatus totam rem
publicam, omnem Italiae pubem, cuncta populi Romani 25
arma commiserat : cui numquam se hie profecto tradidisset,
nisi causae suae confideret, praesertim omnia ^audienti,
magna metuenti, multa suspicanti, non nulla credenti.
Magna vis est conscientiae, judices, et magna in utramque
partem, ut neque timeant qui nihil commiserint, et poenam 3°
semper ante oculos versari putent qui peccarint.
196 Orations of Cicero.
His Action Approved by the Senate.
62. Neque vero sine ratione certa causa Milonis semper
a senatu probata est. Videbant enim sapientissimi homines
facti rationem, praesentiam animi, defensionis constantiam.
An vero obliti estis, judices, recenti illo nuntio necis Clodi-
5 anae, non modo inimicorum Milonis sermones et opiniones,
sed non nuUorum etiam imperitorum? Negabant eum
Romam esse rediturum. 63. Sive enim illud animo irate
ac percito fecisset, ut incensus odio trucidaret inimicum,
arbitrabantur eum tanti mortem P. Clodi putasse, ut aequo
10 animo patria careret, cum sanguine inimici explesset odium
suum; sive etiam illius morte patriam liberare voluisset,
non dubitaturum fortem virum quin, cum suo periculo
salutem populo Romano attulisset, cederet aequo animo
[legibus], secum auferret gloriam sempiternam, nobis haec
15 fruenda relinqueret, quae ipse servasset. Multi etiam Cati-
linam atque ilia portenta loquebantur : ' Erumpet, occupabit
aliquem locum, bellum patriae faciet.' Miseros interdum
civis optime de re publica meritos, in quibus homines non
modo res praeclarissimas obliviscuntur, sed etiam nef arias
20 suspicanturl 64. Ergo ilia falsa fuerunt, quae certe vera
exstitissent, si Milo admisisset aliquid quod non posset
honeste vereque defendere.
Milo's Assurance of his Innocence.
XXIV. Quid? quae postea sunt in eum congesta, quae
quemvis etiam mediocrium delictorum conscientia perculis-
25 sent, ut sustinuit, di immortales ! Sustinuit ? immo vero ut
contempsit ac pro nihilo putavit, quae neque maximo animo
nocens neque innocens nisi fortissimus vir neglegere potu-
isset ! Scutorum, gladiorum, frenorum, pilorumque etiam
multitude deprehendi posse indicabatur ; nullum in urbe
30 vicum, nullum angiportum esse dicebant, in quo Miloni
Defence of Milo, 197
conducta rion esset domus; arma in villain Ocriculanam
devecta Tiberi, domus in clivo Capitolino scutis referta,
plena omnia malleolorum ad urbis incendia comparatorum :
haec non delata solum, sed paene credita, nee ante repu-
diata sunt quam quaesita. 65. Laudabam equidem incredi- 5
bilem diligentiam Cn. Pompei, sed dicam ut sentio, judices.
Nimis multa audire coguntur, neque aliter facere possunt,
ei quibus tota commissa est res publica. Quin etiam fuit
audiendus popa Licinius nescio qui de Circo maximo, servos
Milonis, apud se ebrios factos, sibi confessos esse de inter- 10
ficiendo Pompeio conjurasse, dein postea se gladio percus-
sum esse ab uno de illis, ne indicaret. Pompeio in hortos
nuntiavit ; arcessor in primis ; de amicorum sententia rem
defert ad senatum. Non poteram in illius mei patriaeque
custodis tanta suspicione non metu exanimari ; sed mirabar 15
tamen credi popae, confessionem servorum audiri, volnus in
latere, quod acu punctum videretur, pro ictu gladiatoris
probari. 66. Verum, ut intellego, cavebat magis Pompeius
quam timebat, non ea solum quae timenda erant, sed omnia,
ne vos aliquid timeretis. Oppugnata domus C. Caesaris, 20
clarissimi et fortissimi viri, per multas noctis horas nuntia-
batur. Nemo audierat tam celebri loco, nemo senserat:
tamen audiebatur. Non poteram Cn. Pompeium, prae-
stantissima virtute virum, timidum suspicari : diligentiam,
tota re publica suscepta, nimiam nullam putabam. Fre- 25
quentissimo senatu nuper in Capitolio senator inventus
est qui Milonem cum telo esse diceret. Nudavit se in
sanctissimo templo, quoniam vita talis et civis et viri fidem
non faciebat, ut eo tacente res ipsa loqueretur.
Pompey's Fear of Milo Groundless.
XXV. 67. Omnia falsa atque insidiose ficta comperta 30
sunt Cum tamen, si metuitur etiam nunc Milo, non jam
hoc Clodianum crimen timemus, sed. tuas, Cn. Pompei. — te
igS Orations of Cicero.
enim jam appello, et ea voce ut me exaudire possis — tuas,
tuas, inquam, suspiciones perhorrescimus : si Milonem
times ; si hunc de tua vita nefarie aut nunc cogitare aut
molitum aliquando aliquid putas ; s; Italiae dilectus (ut non
5 nuUi conquisitores tui dictitarunt), si haec arma, si Capito-
linae cohortes, si excubiae, si vigiliae, si dilecta juventus
quae tuum corpus domumque custodit contra Milonis impe-
tum armata est, atque ilia omnia in hunc unum instituta,
parata, intenta sunt, — magna in hoc certe vis et incredi-
10 bilis animus, et non unius viri vires atque opes judicantur,
si quidem in hunc unum et praestantissimus dux electus et
tota res publica armata est. 6a Sed quis non intellegit
omnis tibi rei publicae partis aegras et labantis, ut eas his
armis sanares et confirmares, esse commissas? Quod si
15 locus Miloni datus esset, probasset profecto tibi ipsi nemi-
nem umquam hominem homini cariorem fuisse quam te sibi ;
nullum se umquam periculum pro tua dignitate fugisse ;
cum ipsa ilia taeterrima p'=^ste se saepissime pro tua gloria
contendisse ; tribunatum suum ad salutem meam, quae tibi
20 carissima fuisset, consiliis tuis gubernatum ; se a te postea
defensum in periculo capitis, adjutum in petitione prae-
turae ; duos se habere semper amicissimos sperasse, te tuo
beneficio, me suo. Quae si non probaret, si tibi ita penitus
inhaesisset ista suspicio nuUo ut evelli modo posset, si deni-
25 que Italia a dilectu, urbs ab armis sine Milonis clade num-
quam esset conquietura, ne ille haud dubitans cessisset
patria, is qui ita natus est et ita consuevit: te, Magne,
tamen antestaretur, quod nunc etiam facit.
Pompey's Action virtually Acquits Milo.
XXVI. 69. Vide quam sit varia vitae commutabilisque
30 ratio, quam vaga volubilisque fortuna, quantae infidelitates
in amicis, quam ad tempus aptae simulationes, quantae in
periculis fugae proximorum, quantae timiditates. Erit, erit
Defence of Miio. 199
illud profecto tempus, et inlucescet aliquando ille dies, cum
tu — salutaribus, ut spero, rebus ti^is, sed fortasse motu
aliquo Communium temporum, qui quam crebro accidat
experti scire debemus — et amicissimi benevolentiam ' et
gravissimi hominis fidem et unius post homines natos for- 5
tissimi viri magnitudinem animi desideres. 70. Quamquam
quis hoc credat, Cn. Pompeium, juris publici, moris majo-
rum, rei denique publicae peritissimum, cum senatus ei
commiserit ut videret Ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet
(quo uno versiculo satis armati semper consules f uerunt, 10
etiam nuUis armis datis), hunc exercitu, hunc dilectu dato,
judicium exspectaturum fuisse in ejus consiliis vindicandis,
qui vi judicia ipsa toUeret ? Satis judicatum est a Pompeio,
satis, falso ista conferri in Milonem, qui legem tulit, qua, ut
ego sentio, Milonem absolvi a vobis oporteret, ut omnes 15
confitentur, liceret. 71. Quod vero in illo loco atque illis
publicorimi praesidiorum copiis circumfusus sedet, satis
declarat se non terrorem inferre vobis — quid enim minus
illo dignum quam cogere ut vos eum condemnetis, in quem
animadvertere ipse et more majorum et suo jure posset ? 20
sed praesidip esse, ut intellegatis contra hesternam illam
contionem licere vobis quod sentiatis libere judicare.
The Killing of Clodius a Service to the State.
XXVII. 72. Nec vero me, judices, Clodianum crimen
movet, nec tam sum demens tamque vestri sensus ignarus
atque expers, ut nesciam quid de morte Clodi sentiatis. 25
De qua, si jam nollem ita diluere crimen, ut dilui, tamen
impune Miloni palam clamare ac mentiri gloriose liceret:
' Occidi, occidi, non Sp. Maelium, qui annona levanda jactu-
risque rei familiaris, quia nimis amplecti plebem videbatur,
in suspicionem incidit regni appetendi ; non Ti. Gracchum, 30
qui conlegae magistratum per seditionem abrogavit, quorum
interfectores impleverunt orbem terrarum nominis sui glo-
2CX) Orations of Cicero.
ria ; sed eum — auderet enim dicere, cum patriam periculo
suo liberasset — cujus.nefandum adulterium in pulvinari-
bus sanctissimis nobilissimae feminae compreherfderunt ;
73. eum cujus supplicio senatus sollemnis religiones expi-
5 andas saepe censuit ; eum quem cum sorore germana nefa-
rium stuprum fecisse L. LucuUus juratus se quaestionibus
habitis dixit comperisse; eum qui civem quem senatus,
quem populus Romanus, quem omnes gentes urbis ac vitae
civium conservatorem judicarant, servorum armis extermi-
10 j;iavit ; eum qui regna dedit, ademit, orbem terrarum qui-
buscum voluit partitus est ; eum qui, plurimis caedibus in
foro factis, singulari virtu te et gloria civem domum vi et
armis compulit ; eum cui nihil umquam nefas f uit, nee in
facinore nee in libidine ; eum qui aedem Nympharum incen-
15 dit, ut memoriam publicam recensionis tabulis publicis im-
pressam exstingueret ; 74. eum denique, cui jam nulla lex
erat, nullum civile jus, nulli possessionum termini ; qui non
calumnia litium, non injustis vindiciis ac sacramentis alie-
nos fundos, sed castris, exercitu, signis inferendis petebat ;
20 qui non solum Etruscos — eos enim penitus contempserat —
sed hunc P. Varium, fortissimum atque optimum civem,
judicem nostrum, pellere possessionibus armis castrisque
conatus est ; qui cum architectis et decempedis villas mul-
.torum hortosque peragrabat; qui Janiculo et Alpibus spem
25 possessionum terminarat suarum ; qui, cum ab equite Ro-
mano splendido et forti, M. Paconio, non impetrasset ut
sibi insulam in lacu Prilio venderet, repente luntribus in
eam insulam materiem, calcem, caementa, arma convexit,
dominoque trans ripam inspectante, non dubitavit exstruere
30 aedificium in alieno ; 75. qui huic T. Furfanio, — cui viro,
di iflunortales ! quid enim ego de muliercula Scantia, quid
de adulescente P. Apinio dicam ? quorum utrique mortem
est minitatus, nisi sibi hortorum possessione cessissent, —
sed ausum esse Furfanio dicere, si sibi pecuniam, quantam
Defence of Milo. 20 1
poposcerat, non dedisset, mortuum se in domum ejus inla-
turum, qua invidia huic esset tali viro conflagrandum ; qui
Appium fratrem, hominem mihi conjunctum fidissima gratia,
absentem de possessione fundi dejecit ; qui parietem sic
per vestibulum sororis instituit ducere, sic agere fun da- 5
menta, ut sororem non modo vestibule privaret, sed omni
aditu et limine.'
No Safety for Rome while Clodius Lived.
XXVIII. 76. Quamquam haec quidem jam tolerabilia
videbantur, etsi aequabiliter in rem publicam, in privates, in
longinquos, in propinquos, in alienos, in suos inruebat ; sed 10
nescio quo modo jam usu obduruerat et percalluerat civitatis
incredibilis patientia. Quae vero aderant jam et impende-
bant, quonam modo ea aut depellere potuissetis aut ferre ?
Imperium ille si nactus esset, — omitto socios, exteras
nationes, reges, tetrarchas ; vota enim f aceretis, ut in eos se 1 5
potius immitteret quam in vestras possessiones, vestra tecta,
vestras pecunias : — pecunias dico ? a liberis (me dius fidius)
et a conjugibus vestris numquam ille effrenatas suas libi-
dines cohibuisset. Fingi haec putatis, quae patent, quae nota
sunt omnibus, quae tenentur ? servorum exercitus ilium in 20
urbe conscripturum fuisse, per quos totam rem publicam
resque privatas omnium possideret ? 77. Quam ob rem si
cruentum gladium tenens clamaret T. Annius : *Adeste,
quaeso, atque audite, cives : P. Clodium interfeci ; ejus
furores, quos null is jam legibus, nullis judiciis frenare pote- 25
ramus, hoc ferro et hac dextera a cervicibus vestris reppuli,
per me ut ^num jus, aequitas, leges, libertas, pudor, pudi-
citia in civitate maneret ! ' esset vero timendum, quonam
modo id ferret civitas ! Nunc enim quis est qui non probet,
qui non laudet, qui non unum post hominum memoriam 30
T. Annium plurimum rei publicae profuisse, maxima laetitia
populum Romanum, cunctam Italiam, nationes omnis ad-
202 Orations of Cicero.
fecisse et dicat et sentiat? Non queo Vetera ilia populi
Roman! gaudia quanta fuerint judicare : multas tamen jam
summorum imperatorum clarissimas victorias aetas nostra
vidit, quarum nulla neque tarn diuturnam attulit laetitiam
5 nee tantam. 78. Mandate hoc memoriae, judices. Spero
multa vos liberosque vestros in re publica bona esse visuros :
in eis singulis ita semper existimabitis, vivo P. Clodio nihil
eorum vos visuros fuisse. In spem maximam, et (quem ad
modum confido) verissimam sumus adducti, hunc ipsum
10 annum, hoc ipso summo viro consule, compressa hominum
licentia, cupiditatibus fractis, legibus et judiciis constitutis,
salutarem civitati fore. Num quis est igitur tam demens,
qui hoc P. Clodio vivo contingere potuisse arbitretur ? Quid }
ea quae tenetis, privata atque vestra, dominante homine
IS furioso quod jus perpetuae possessionis habere potuissent?
Tyrannicide a Virtue.
XXIX. Non, timeo, judices, ne odio inimicitiarum mearum
inflammatus libentius haec in ilium evomere videar quam
verius. Etenim si praecipuum esse debebat, tamen ita
communis erat omnium ille hostis, ut in communi odio paene
20 aequaliter versaretur odium meum. Non potest dici satis,
ne cogitari quidem, quantum in illo sceleris, quantum exiti
fuerit. 79. Quin sic attendite, judices. Nempe haec est
quaestio de interitu P. Clodi. Fingite animis — liberae sunt
enim nostrae cogitationes, et quae volunt sic intuentur ut
25 ea cernimus quae videmus — fingite igitur cogitatione ima-
ginem hujus condicionis meae, si possim efficere ut Milonem
absolvatis, sed ita, si P. Clodius revixerit. Quid voltu
extimuistis ? quonam modo ille vos vivus adficeret, quos
mortuus inani cogitatione percussit ? Quid ! si ipse Cn.
30 Pompeius, qui ea virtute ac fortuna est ut ea potuerit semper
quae nemo praeter ilium, si is, in quam, potuisset aut quaes-
tionem de morte P. Clodi ferre aut ipsum ab inferis excitare,
ARISTOGEITON.
Defence of Mile. 203
utrum putatis potius facturum fuisse? Etiam si propter
amicitiam vellet ilium ab inferis evocare, propter rem publi- *
cam non fecisset. Ejus igitur mortis sedetis ultores, cujus
vitam si putetis per vos restitui posse, nolitis ; et de ejus
nece lata quaestio est, qui si lege eadem reviviscere posset, 5
lata lex numquam esset Hujus ergo interfector si esset, in
confitendo ab eisne poenam timeret quos liberavisset ? 80.
Graeci homines deorum honores tribuunt eis viris qui tyran-
nos necaverunt. Quae ego vidi Athenis ! quae aliis in
urbibus Graeciae ! quas res divinas talibus institutas viris ! 10
quos cantus, quae carmina ! prope ad immortalitatis et
religionem et memoriam consecrantur. Vos tanti conser-
vatorem populi, tanti sceleris ultorem non modo honoribus
' nuUis adficietis, sed etiam ad supplicium rapi patiemini ?
Confiteretur, confiteretur, inquam, si fecisset, et magno 15
animo et libenter fecisse se libertatis omnium causa, quod
esset ei non confitendum modo, verum etiam praedicandum.
If Milo were Quilty, he would Boast of his Quilt.
XXX. 81. Etenim si id non negat ex quo nihil petit nisi
ut ignoscatur, dubitaret id fateri ex quo etiam praemia laudis
assent petenda? nisi vero gratius putat esse vobis sui se 20
capitis quam vestri defensorem fuisse, cum praesertim [in]
ea confessione, si grati esse velletis, honores adsequeretur
amplissimos. Si factum vobis non probaretur — quamquam
qui poterat salus sua cuiquam non probari ? — sed tamen si
minus fortissimi viri virtus civibus grata cecidisset, magno 25
animo constantique cederet ex ingrata civitate. Nam quid
esset ingratius quam laetari ceteros, lugere eum solum prop-
ter quem ceteri laetarentur ? 82. Quamquam hoc animo
semper omnes fuimus in patriae proditoribus opprimendis,
ut, quoniam nostra futura esset gloria, periculum quoque et 30
invidiam nostram putaremus. Nam quae mihi ipsi tribuenda
laus esset, cum tantum in consulatu meo pro vobis ac liberis
204 Orations of Cicero.
vestris ausus essem, si id, quod conabar sine maximis dimi-
cationibus meis me esse ausurum arbitrarer ? Quae mulier
sceleratum ac pemiciosum civem interficere non auderet, si
periculum non timeret? Proposita invidia, morte, poena,
5 qui nihilo segnius rem publicam defendit, is vir vere putan-
dus est. Populi grati est praemiis adficere bene meritos de
re publica civis ; viri fortis ne suppliciis quidem moveri ut
fortiter fecisse paeniteat. 83. Quam ob rem uteretur eadem
confessione T. Annius qua Ahala, qua Nasica, qua Opimius,
lo qua Marius, qua nosmet ipsi ; et, si grata res publica esset,
laetaretur : si ingrata, tamen in gravi fortuna conscientia
sua niteretur.
But the Death of Clodius was the Work of the Immortal Gods.
Sed hujus benefici gratiam, judices, fortuna populi Romani
et vestra felicitas et di immortales sibi deberi putant. Nee
15 vero quisquam aliter arbitrari potest, nisi qui nullam vim
esse ducit numenve divinum ; quem neque imperi nostri
magnitudo neque sol ille nee caeli signorumque motus nee
vicissitudines rerum atque ordines movent, neque (id quod
. maximum est) ma jorum sapientia, qui sacra, qui caerimo-
20 nias, qui auspicia et ipsi sanctissime coluerunt, et nobis suis
posteris prodiderunt. XXXI. 84. Est, est profecto ilia vis :
neque in his corporibus atque in hac imbecillitate nostra
inest quiddam quod vigeat et sentiat, et non inest in hoc
tanto naturae tam praeclaro motu. Nisi forte idcirco non
25 putant, quia non apparet nee cernitur : proinde quasj nostram
ipsam mentem qua sapimus, qua providemus, qua haec ipsa
agimus ac dicimus, videre aut plane qualis aut ubi sit sentire
possimus. Ea vis igitur ipsa, quae saepe incredibilis huic
urbi felicitates atque opes attulit, illam pemiciem exstinxit
30 ac sustulit ; cui primum mentem injecit, ut vi irritare ferro-
que lacessere fortissimum virum auderet, vincereturque ab
eo, quem si vicisset habiturus esset impunitatem et licentiam
sempiternam.
Defence of Milo. 205
85. Non est humano consilio, ne mediocri quidem, judices,
deorum immortalium cura, res ilia perfecta. Religiones me
hercule ipsae, quae illam beluam cadere viderunt, commosse
se videntur, et jus in illo suum retinuisse. Vos enim jam,
Albani tumuli atque luci, vos, inquam, imploro atque ob- 5
tester; vosque, Albanorum obrutae arae, sacrorum populi
Romani sociae et aequales, quas ille praeceps amentia,
caesis prostratisque sanctissimis lucis, substructionum in-
sanis molibus oppresserat. Vestrae tum [arae] vestrae
religiones viguerunt ; vestra vis valuit, quam ille omni 10
scelere polluerat. Tuque ex tuo edito monte, Latiaris
sancte Juppiter, cujus ille lacus, nemora finisque saepe omni
nefario stupro et scelere macularat, aliquando ad eum poe-
niendum oculos aperuisti. Vobis illae, vobis vestro in con-
spectu serae, sed justae tamen et debitae poenae solutae 15
sunt. 86. Nisi forte hoc etiam casu factum esse dicemus,
ut ante ipsum sacrarium Bonae deae, quod est in fundo
T. Sergi Galli, in primis honesti et ornati adulescentis, ante
ipsam, inquam, Bonam deam, cum proelium commisisset,
primum illud volnus acciperet, quo taeterrimam mortem 20
obiret ; ut non absolutus judicio illo nefario videretur, sed
ad hanc insignem poenam reservatus. XXXII. Nee vero
non eadem ira deorum hanc ejus satellitibus injecit amen-
tiam, ut sine imaginibus, sine cantu atque ludis, sine exse-
quiis, sine lamentis, sine laudationibus, sine funere, oblitus 25
cruore et luto, spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate, cui
cedere inimici etiam solent, ambureretur abjectus. Non
fuisse credo fas clarissimorum virorum formas illi taeterrimo
parricidae aliquid decoris adferre, neque ullo in loco potius
mortem ejus lacerari quam in quo vita esset damnata. 30
Too Long had Clodius Vexed the Republic.
87. ,Dura (me diu3 fidius) mihi jam Fortuna populi
Romani et crudelis videbatur, quae tot annos ilium in hanc
rem publicam insultare pateretur. Polluerat stupro sane-
206 Orations of Cicero.
tissimas religiones, senatus gravissima decreta perfregerat,
pecunia se a judicibus palam redemerat, vexarat in tribunatu
senatum, omnium ordinum consensu pro salute rei publicae
gesta resciderat, me patria expulerat, bona diripuerat, domum
5 incenderat, liberos| conjugem meam vexarat, Cn. Pompeio
nefarium bellum indixerat, magistratuum privatorumque
caedis effecerat, domum mei fratris incenderat, vastarat
Etruriam, multos sedibus ac fortunis ejecerat Instabat,
urgebat. Capere ejus amentiam civitas, Italia, provinciae,
10 regna non poterant. Incidebantur jam domi leges, quae
nos servis nostris addicerent. Nihil erat cujusquam, quod
quidem ille adamasset, quod non hoc anno suum fore putaret.
88. Obstabat ejus cogitationibus nemo praeter Milonem.
Ilium ipsum, qui obstare poterat, novo reditu in gratiam
1 5 quasi devinctum arbitrabatur : Caesaris potentiam suam esse
dicebat : bonorum animos in meo casu contempserat : Milo
unus urgebat.
It was the Gods that Urged him on to his Doom.
XXXIII. Hie di immortales, ut supra dixi, mentem illi
perdito ac furioso dederunt, ut huic faceret insidias. Aliter
2o perire pestis ilia non potuit : numquam ilium res publica
suo jure esset ulta. Senatus (credo) praetorem eum circum-
scripsisset. Ne cum solebat quidem id facere, in privato
eodem hoc aliquid profecerat. 89. An consules in praetore
coercendo fortes fuissent? Primum, Milone occiso habu-
25 isset suos consules : deinde quis in eo praetore consul fortis
esset, per quem tribunum virtutem consularem crudelissime
vexatam esse memin isset ? Oppressisset omnia, possideret,
teneret : lege nova [quae est inventa apud eum cum reliquis
legibus Clodianis] servos nostros libertos suos fecisset :
30 postremo, nisi eum di immortales in eam mentem impulis-
sent, ut homo effeminatus fortissimum virum cpnaretur
occidere, hodie rem publicam nullam haberetis.
Defence of Milo. ^ 207
His Crimes had Become Intolerable.
90. An ille praetor, ille vero consul, — si mode haec
templa atque ipsa moenia stare eo vivo tamdiu et consu-
latum ejus exspectare potuisscnt, — ille denique vivus mali
nihil fecisset, qui mortuus, uno ex suis satellitibus [Sex.
Clodio] duce, curiam incenderit ? Quo quid miserius, quid 5
acerbius, quid luctuosius vidimus? Templum sanctitatis,
amplitudinis, mentis, consili publici, caput urbis, aram
sociorum, portum omnium gentium, sedem ab universe
populo concessam uni ordini, inflammari, exscindi, f unestari ?
neque id fieri a multitudine imperita — quamquam esset 10
miserum id ipsum — sed ab uno ? Qui cum tantum ausus
sit ustor pro mortuo, quid signifer pro vivo non esset ausus ?
In curiam potissimum abjecit, ut eam mortuus incenderet,
quam vivus everterat. 91. Et sunt qui de via Appia que-
rantur, taceant de curia ! et qui ab eo spirante forum putent 15
potuisse defendi, cujus non restiterit cadaveri curia I Ex-
citate, excitate ipsum, si potestis, a mortuis. Frangetis im-
petum vivi, cujus vix sustinetis furias insepulti ? Nisi vero
sustinuistis eos qui cum facibus ad curiam cucurrerunt, cum
f alcibus ad Castoris, cum gladiis toto foro volitarunt. Caedi 20
vidistis populum Romanum, contionem gladiis disturbari,
cum audiretur silentio M. Caelius, tribunus plebis, vir et in
re publica fortissimus, et in suscepta causa firmissimus, et
bonorum voluntati et auctoritati senatus deditus, et in hac
Milonis sive invidia sive fortuna singulari, divina et incredi- 25
bili fide.
Milo Deserves the Compassion of the Judges.
XXXIV. 92. Sed jam satis multa de causa : extra causam
etiam nimis fortasse multa. Quid restat nisi ut orem ob-
testerque vos, judices, ut eam misericordiam tribuatis for-
tissimo viro, quam ipse non implorat, ego etiam repugnante 30
hoc et imploro et exposco? Nolite, si in nostro omnium
2o8 Orations of Cicero*
fletu nuUam lacrimam aspexistis Milonis, si voltum semper
eundem, si vocem, si orationem stabilem ac non mutatam
videtis, hoc minus ei parcere : baud scio an multo sit etiam
adjuvandus magis. Etenim si in gladiatoriis pugnis et
5 infimi generis hominum condicione atque fortuna timidos
atque supplices et ut vivere liceat obsecrantis etiam odisse
solemus, fortis atque animosos et se acriter ipsos morti
offerentis servare cupimus, eorumque nos magis miseret qui
nostram misericordiam non requirunt quam qui illam efflagi-
10 tant, — quanto boc magis in fortissimis civibus facere
debemus ?
He Bids Farewell to the Ungrateful City.
93. Me quidem, judices, exanimant et interimunt hae
voces Milonis, quas audio adsidue et quibus intersum cotidie.
* Valeant,' inquit, ' valeant cives mei : sint incolumes, sint
IS florentes, sint beati : stet haec urbs praeclara mihique patria
carissima, quoquo modo erit merita de me. Tranquilla re
publica mei cives, quoniam mihi cum illis non licet, sine me
ipsi, sed propter me tamen perfruantur. Ego cedam atque
abibo : si mihi bona re publica frui non licuerit, at carebo
20 mala, et quam primum tetigero bene moratam et liberam
civitatem, in ea conquiescaca. 94. O frustra,' inquit, * mihi
suscepti labores ! O spes fallaces et cogitationes inanes
meae! Ego cum tribunus plebis re publica oppressa me
senatui dedissem, quem exstinctum acceperam, equitibus
25 Romanis, quorum vires erant debiles, bonis viris, qui omnem
auctoritatem Clodianis armis abjecerant, mihi umquam
bonorum praesidium defuturum putarem? ego cum te* —
mecum enim saepissime loquitur — 'patriae reddidissem,
mihi putarem in patria non futurum locum? Ubi nunc
30 senatus est, quem secuti sumus? ubi equites Romani illi
[illi],' inquit, 'tui? ubi studia municipiormn ? ubi Italiae
voces? ubi denique tua ilia, M. TuUi, quae plurimis fuit
Defence of Mito. 209
auxilio, vox atque defensio? mihine ea soli, qui pro te
totiens morti me obtuli, nihil potest opitulari ? *
Calmly Resigned, he Appeals to the Judgment of Posterity.
XXXV. 95. Nec vero haec, judices, ut ego nunc, fiens,
sed hoc eodem loquitur voltu quo videtis. Negat enim,
negat ingratis civibus fecisse se quae fecerit ; timidis et 5
omnia circumspicientibus pericula non negat. Plebem et
infimam multitudinem, quae P. Clodio duce fortunis vestris
imminebat, eam, quo tutior esset vestra vita, se fecisse
commemorat ut non modo virtute fiecteret, sed etiam tribus
suis patrimoniis deleniret ; nec timet ne, cum plebem mune- 10
ribus placarit, vos non conciliarit mentis in rem publicam
singularibus. Senatus erga se benevolentiam temporibus
his ipsis saepe esse perspectam, vestras vero et vestrorum
ordinum occursationes, studia, sermones, quemcumque cur-
sum fortuna dederit, se secum ablaturum esse dicit. 96. 15
Meminit etiam sibi vocem praeconis modo defuisse, quam
minime desiderarit ; populi vero cunctis suffragiis, quod
unum cupierit, se consulem declaratum : nunc denique, si
haec contra se sint futura, sibi facinoris suspicionem, non
facti crimen obstare. Addit haec, quae- certe vera sunt : 20
fortis et sapientis viros non tam praemia sequi solere recte
factorum, quam ipsa recte facta ; se nihil in vita nisi prae-
clarissime fecisse, si quidem nihil sit praestabilius viro quam
periculis patriam liberare ; beatos esse quibus ea res honori
fuerit a suis civibus, 97. nec tamen eos miseros qui bene- 25
ficio civis suos vicerint ; sed tamen ex omnibus praemiis
virtutis, si esset habenda ratio praemiorum, amplissimiun
esse praemium gloriam : esse banc unam quae brevitatem
vitae posteritatis memoria consolaretur ; quae efficeret ut
absentes adessemus, mortui viveremus ; banc denique esse, 30
cujus gradibus etiam in caelum homines viderentur ascen-
dere. 9& *De me/ inquit, * semper populus Romanus,
210 Orations of Cicero.
semper omnes gentes loquentur, nulla umquam obmutescet
vetustas. Quin hoc tempore ipso, cum omnes a meis inimi-
cis faces invidiae meae subiciantur, tamen omni in hominum
coetu gratiis agendis et gratulationibus habendis et omni
5 sermone celebramur.' Omitto Etruriae festos et actos et
institutos dies : centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodi,
et (opinor) altera. Qua fines imperi populi Romani sunt,
ea non solum fama jam de illo, sed etiam laetitid peragravit.
Quam ob rem * Ubi corpus hoc sit non,' inquit, ' laboro, quo-
lo niam omnibus in terris et jam versatur et semper habitabit
nominis mei gloria.*
Milo*s Cause is Cicero*s own.
XXXVI. 99. Haec tu mecum saepe his absentibus, sed
isdem audientibus haec ego tecum, Milo : ' Te quidem, cum
isto animo es, satis laudare non possum ; sed, quo est ista
15 magis divina virtus, eo majore a te dolore divellor. Nee
vero, si mihi eriperis, reliqua est ilia tamen ad consolandum
querella, ut eis irasci possim, a quibus tantum volnus acce-
pero. Non enim inimici mei te mihi eripient, sed amicissimi ;
non male aliquando de me meriti, sed semper optime.'
20 Nullum umquam,, judices, mihi tantum dolorem inuretis —
etsi quis potest esse tantus ? — sed ne hunc quidem ipsum,
ut obliviscar quanti me semper feceritis. Quae si vos cepit
oblivio, aut si in me aliquid offendistis, cur non id meo
capite potius luitur quam Milonis ? Praeclare enim vixero,
25 si quid mihi acciderit prius quam hoc tantum mali videro.
100. Nunc me una consolatio sustentat, quod tibi, T. Anni,
nullum a me amoris, nullum studi, nullum pietatis officium
defuit. Ego inimicitias potentium pm te appetivi ; ego
meum saepe corpus et vitam objeci armis inimicorum
30 tuorum ; ego me plurimis pro te supplicem abjeci ; bona,
fortunas meas ac liberorum meorum in communionem
tuorum temporum contuli : hoc denique ipso die, si quae
Defence of Milo. 2ii
vis est parata, si quae dimicatio capitis futura, deposco.
Quid jam restat? Quid habeo quod faciam pro tuis in me
meritiS) nisi ut earn fortunam, quaecumque erit tua, ducam
meam ? Non recuso, non abnuo ; vosque obsecro, judices,
ut vestra beneficia, quae in me contulistis, aut in hujus 5
salute augeatis, aut in ejusdem exitio occasura esse videatis.
His Exile will be a Calamity to the Defenders of Rome.
XXXVII. 101. His lacrimis non movetur Milo. Est
quodam incredibili robore animi. Exsilium ibi esse putat,
ubi virtuti non sit locus ; mortem naturae finem esse, non
poenam. Sed hie ea mente qua natus est. Quid vos, 10
judices ? quo tandem animo eritis ? Memoriam Milonis
retinebitis, ipsum eicietis t et erit dignior locus in terris
ullus qui hanc virtutem excipiat, quam hie qui procreavit ?
Vos, vos appello, fortissimi viri, qui multum pro re publica
sanguinem eff udistis : vos in viri et in civis invicti appello 1 5
periculo, centuriones, vosque milites : vobis non modo in-
spectantibus, sed etiam armatis et huic judicio praesiden-
tibus, haec tanta virtus ex hac urbe expelletur, extermina-
bitur, proicietur ? 102. O me miserum I O me infelicem !
Revocare tu me in patriam, Milo, potuisti per hos : ego te 20
in patria per eosdem retinere non potero } Quid respondebo
liberis meis, qui te parentem alterum putant ? Quid tibi,
Quinte frater, qui nunc abes, consorti mecum temporum
illorum? Mene non potuisse Milonis salutem tueri per
eosdem, per quos nostram ille servasset ? At in qua causa 25
non potuisse ? quae est grata gentibus . . . non potuisse ?
eis qui maxime P. Clodi morte acquierunt : quo deprecante ?
me. 103. Quodnam ego concepi tantum scelus, aut quod
in me tantum f acinus admisi, judices, cum ilia indicia com-
munis exiti indagavi, patefeci, protuli, exstinxi ? Omnes in 30
me meosque redundant ex fonte illo dolores. Quid me
rcducem esse voluistis ? an ut inspectante me expeiierentur
212 Orations of Cicero.
ei per quos essem restitutus? Nolite, obsecro vos, acer-
biorem mihi pati reditum esse, quam fuerit ille ipse dis-
cessus. Nam qui possum putare me restitutum esse, si
distrahar ab his, per quos restitutus sum ?
Happy the Country that Receives himl
5 XXXVIII. Utinam di immortales fecissent — pace tua,
patria, dixerim ; metuo enim ne scelerate dicam in te quod
pro Milone dicam pie — utinam P. Clodius non modo
viveret, sed etiam praetor, consul, dictator esset, potius
quam hoc spectaculum viderem! 104. O di immortales 1
10 fortem et a vobis, judices, conservandum virum 1 ' Minima,
minime,' inquit. ' Immo vero poenas ille debitas luerit :
nos subeamus, si ita necesse est, non debitas.' Hicine vir,
patriae natus, usquam nisi in patria morietur ? aut, si forte,
pro patria.? Hujus tos animi monumenta retinebitis, cor-
15 poris in Italia nullum sepulcrum esse patiemini? Hunc sua
quisquam sententia ex hac urbe expellet, quem omnes urbes
expulsum a vobis ad se vocabunt.? 105. O terram illam
beatam, quae hunc virum exceperit : banc ingratam, si
ejecerit ; miseram, si amiserit I
Closing Appeal to the Court.
20 Sed finis sit : neque enim prae lacrimis jam loqui possimi,
et hie se lacrimis defendi vetat. Vos oro obtestorque,
judices, ut in sententiis ferendis, quod sentietis id audeatis.
Vestram virtutem, justitiam, fidem, mihi credite, is maxime
probabit, qui in judicibus legendis optimum et sapientissi-
25 mum et fortissimum quemque elegit.
CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR.
(Bust in the Museum of the Louvre.)
THE PARDON OF MARCELLUS.
{Pro M. Marcello.)
B.C. 46-
Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul, b.c. 51) had been an honest
but active and bitter partisan of the Senate in the struggle which finally
broke out in civil war. It was he who introduced the several decrees
which set a limit to Caesar's power and put him in the attitude of a
public enemy. Even after the defeat at Pharsalia, and the death of
Pompey, he refused to make terms with the victor, and remained in
voluntary exile at Mitylene. When, contrary to the general fear, no
massacre or proscription followed Caesar's victory, the friends of Mar-
cellus were encouraged to hope for a full pardon ; and, in the summer
of B.C. 46, at a meeting of the Senate, Caesar was openly entreated in
his behalf. In reply, the dictator reminded the senators of the intense
and persistent hostility of Marcellus ; but added that he would not
stand in the way if the Senate desired his restoration. The senators
were accordingly called on for the expression of their wishes; and,
when it came to Cicero's turn, he expressed the formal thanks of the
body in the following speech. The oration is remarkable — especially
in contrast to the language which Cicero used two years later — for
214 Orations of Cicero.
its tone of eulogy in regard to Caesar, and' for the hope it expresses
of an era of good feeling and a restored republic.
Marcellus set out for Rome, but never arrived. He was assassinated
at the Piraeus, and buried in the Academy near Athens.
Cicero*! Long Silence Broken.
DIUTURNI silenti, patres conscripti, quo eram his tem-
poribus usus — non timore aliquo, sed partim dolore,
partim verecundia — finem hodiernus dies attulit, idemque
initium quae vellem quaeque sentirem meo pristine more
5 dicendi. Tantam enim mansuetudinem, tarn inusitatam
inauditamque clementiam, tantum in summa potestate re-
rum omnium modum, tam denique incredibilem sapientiam
ac paene divinam, tacitus praeterire nullo modo possum.
2. M. enim Marcello vobis, patres conscripti, reique publi-
10 cae reddito, non illius solum, sed etiam meam vocem et auc-
toritatem et vobis et rei publicae conservatam ac restitutam
puto. Dolebam enim, patres conscripti, et vehementer
angebar, virum talem, cum in eadem causa in qua ego
fuisset, non in eadem esse fortuna ; nee mihi persuadere
15 poteram, nee fas esse ducebam, versari me in nostro vetere
curriculo, illo aemulo atque imitatore studiorum ac laborum
meorum, quasi quodam socio a me et comite, distracto.
Cfluar*! Pardon of Marcellus an Earnest of a Restored Republic.
Ergo et mihi meae pristinae vitae consuetudinem, C.
Caesar, interclusam aperuisti, et his omnibus ad bene de
20 [omni] re publica sperandum quasi signum aliquod sustu-
listi. 3. Intellectum est enim mihi quidem in multis, et
maxime in me ipso, sed paulo ante [in] omnibus, cum
M. Marcellum senatui reique publicae concessisti, com-
memoratis praesertim offensionibus, te auctoritatem hujus
25 ordinis dignitatemque rei publicae tuis vel doloribus vel
suspicionibus anteferre. Ille quidem fructum omnis ante
The Pardon of Marcellus. 215
actae vitae hodiemo die maximum cepit, cum summo con-
sensu senatus, tum judicio tuo gravissimo et maximo. Ex
quo profecto intellegis quanta in dato beneficio sit laus,
cum in accept© sit tanta gloria. Est vero fortunatus ille,
cujus ex salute non minor paene ad omnis quam ad ipsum 5
Ventura sit laetitia pervenerit. 4. Quod quidem ei merito
atque optimo jure contigit. Quis enim est illo aut nobili-
tate aut probitate aut optimarum artium studio aut innocen-
tia aut uUo laudis genere praestantior ?
This is the Greatest of Ctesar's Deeds.
II. NuUius tantum flumen est ingeni, nuUius dicendi aut 10
scribendi tanta vis, tanta copia, quae non dicam exornare,
sed enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas possit. Tamen
adfirmo, et hoc pace dicam tua, nullam in his esse laudem
ampliorem quam earn quam hodierno die consecutus es.
5. Soleo saepe ante oculos ponere, idque libenter crebris 15
usurpare sermonibus, omnis nostrorum imperatorum, omnis
exterarum gentium potentissimorumque populorum, omnis
clarissimorum regum res gestas, cum tuis nee contentionum
magnitudine nee numero proeliorum nee varietate regionum
nee celeritate conficiendi nee dissimilitudine bellorum posse 20
conferri ; nee vero disjunctissimas terras citius passibus
cujusquam potuisse peragrari, quam tuis non dicam cursibus,
sed victoriis lustratae sunt. 6. Quae quidem ego nisi ita
magna esse fatear, ut ea vix cujusquam mens aut cogitatio
capere possit, amens sim : sed tamen sunt alia majora. 25
Nam bellicas laudes solent quidam extenuare verbis, easque
detrahere ducibus, communicare cum multis, ne propriae
sint imperatorum. Et certe in armis militum virtus, loco-
rum opportunitas, auxilia sociorum, classes, commeatus mul-
tum juvant : maximam vero partem quasi suo jure Fortuna 30
sibi vindicat, et quicquid prospere gestum est, id paene
omne ducit suum. 7. At vero hujus gloriae, C. Caesar,
2i6 Orations of Cicero.
quam es paulo ante adeptus, socium habes neminem : totum
hoc quantumcumque est (quod certe maximum est) totum
est, inquam, tuum. Nihil sibi ex ista laude centurio, nihil
praefectus, nihil cohors, nihil turma decerpit: quin etiam
5 ilia ipsa rerum humanarum domina, Fortuna, in istius soci-
etatem gloriae se non offert : tibi cedit ; tuam esse totam et
propriam fatetur. Numquam enim temeritas cum sapientia
commiscetur, neque ad consilium casus admittitur.
His Other Exploits were Glorious Victories.
III. 8. Domuisti gentis immanitate barbaras, multitudine
10 innumerabilis, locis infinitas, omni copiarum genere abun-
dantis : sed tamen ea vicisti, quae et naturam et condicio-
nem ut vinci possent habebant. Nulla est enim tanta vis,
quae non ferro et viribus debilitari frangique possit. Ani-
mum vincere, iracundiam cohibere, victoriam temperare,
15 adversarium nobilitate, ingenio, virtute praestantem non
modo extoUere jacentem, sed etiam amplificare ejus pristi-
nam dignitatem, haec qui facit, non ego eum cum summis
viris comparo, sed simillimum deo judico. 9. Itaque, C.
Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebrabuntur illae quidem non
20 solum nostris, sed paene omnium gentium litteris atque Un-
guis, nee ulla umquam aetas de tuis laudibus conticescet.
Sed tamen ejus modi res nescio quo modo etiam cum
leguntur, obstrepi clamore militum videntur et tubarum
sono.
This is the Conquest of Himself.
25 At vero cum aliquid clementer, mansuete, juste, moderate,
sapienter factum — in iracundia praesertim, quae est inimica
consilio, et in victoria, quae natura insolens et superba est —
audimus aut legimus, quo studio incendimur, non modo in
gestis rebus, sed etiam in rictis, ut eos saepe, quos numquam
30 vidimus, diligamus 1 10. Te vero, quem praesentem intue-
mur, cujus mentem sensusque et os cernimus, ut, quicquid
The Pardon of Marcellus, 217
belli fortuna reliquum rei publicae fecerit, id esse salvum
velis, quibus laudibus efferemus ? quibus studiis proseque-
mur? qua benevolentia complectemur ? Parietes (me dius
fidius) ut mihi videtur hujus curiae tibi gratias agere ges-
tiunt, quod brevi tempore futura sit ilia auctoritas in his 5
majorum suorum et suis sedibus. IV. Equidem cum C.
Marcelli, viri optimi et commemorabili pietate praediti,
lacrimas modo vobiscum viderem, omnium Marcellorum
meum pectus memoria obfudit, quibus tu etiam mortuis,
M. Marcello conservato, dignitatem suam reddidisti, nobi- 10
lissimamque familiam jam ad paucos redactam paene ab
interitu vindicasti.
He Shares this Conquest with No One.
11. Hunc tu igitur diem tuis maximis et innumerabilibus
gratulationibus jure antepones. Haec enim res unius est
propria C. Caesaris: ceterae duce te gestae magnae illae 15
quidem, sed tamen multo magnoque comitatu. Hujus
autem rei tu idem es et dux et comes : quae quidem tanta
est, ut tropaeis et monumentis tuis adlatura finem sit aetas,
— nihil est enim opere et manu factum, quod non [ali-
quando] conficiat et consumat vetustas: — 12. at haec [tua 20
justitia et lenitas animi] florescet cotidie magis, ita ut quan-
tum tuis operibus diuturnitas detrahet, tantum adferat laudi-
bus. Et ceteros quidem omnis victores bellorum civilium
jam ante aequitate et misericordia viceras: hodierno vero
die te ipsum vicisti. Vereor ut hoc, quod dicam, perinde 25
intellegi possit audit um atque ipse cogitans sentio : ipsam
victoriam vicisse videris, cum ea quae ilia erat adepta victis
remisisti. Nam cum ipsius victoriae condicione omnes victi
occidissemus, clementiae tuae judicio conservati sumus.
Recte igitur unus invictus es, a quo etiam ipsius victoriae 30
condicio visque devicta est.
2i8 Orations of Cicero.
This Reaches Par Beyond his Other Acts.
V. 13. Atque hoc C. Caesaris judicium, patres conscripti,
quain late pateat attendite. Omnes enim, qui ad ilia arma
fato sumus nescio quo rei publicae misero funestoque com-
pulsi, etsi aliqua culpa tenemur erroris humani, scelere certe
5 liberati sumus. Nam cum M. Marcellum deprecantibus
vobis rei publicae conservavit, me et mihi et item rei publi-
cae, nullo deprecante, reliquos amplissimos viros et sibi
ipsos et patriae reddidit : quorum et frequentiam et digni-
tatem hoc ipso in consessu videtis. Non ille hostis induxit
10 in curiam, sed judicavit a plerisque ignoratione potius et
falso atque inani metu quam cupiditate aut crudelitate bel-
lum esse susceptum.
Peace has Ever been Cesar's Aim.
14. Quo quidem in bello semper de pace audiendum
putavi, semperque dolui non modo pacem, sed etiam oratio-
15 nem civium pacem flagitantium repudiari. Neque enim
ego ilia nee ulla umquam secutus sum arma civilia; sem-
perque mea consilia pacis et togae socia, non belli atque
armorum fuerunt. Hominem sum secutus privato consilio,
non publico ; tantumque apud me grati animi fidelis memo-
20 ria valuit, ut nulla non modo cupiditate, sed ne spe quidem,
prudens et sciens tamquam ad interitum ruerem volunta-
rium. 15. Quod quidem meum consilium minime obscurum
fuit. Nam et in hoc ordine Integra re multa de pace dixi,
et in ipso bello eadem etiam cum capitis mei periculo sensi.
25 Ex quo nemo jam erit tam injustus existimator rerum,
qui dubitet quae Caesaris de bello voluntas fuerit, cum
pacis auctores conservandos statim censuerit, ceteris fuerit
iratior. Atque id minus mirum fortasse tum, cum esset
incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli : qui vero victor
30 pacis auctores diligit, is profecto declarat se maluisse non
dimicare quam vincere.
The Pardon of Marcellus. 219
Hit Clemency ia the Hour of Triumph.
VI. 16. Atque hujus quidem rei M. Marcello sum testis.
Nostri enim sensus ut in pace semper, sic turn etiam in
bello congruebant. Quotiens ego eum et quanto cum
dolore vidi, cum insolentiam certorum hominum tum etiam
ipsius victoriae ferocitatem extimescentem ! Quo gratior 5
tua liberalitas, C. Caesar, nobis, qui ilia vidimus, debet
esse. Non enim jam causae sunt inter se, sed victoriae
comparandae. 17. Vidimus tuam victoriam proeliorum
exitu terminatam: gladium vagina vacuum in urbe non
vidimus. Quos amisimus civis, eos Martis vis perculit, non 10
ira victoriae ; ut dubitare debeat nemo quin multos, si fieri
posset, C. Caesar ab inferis excitaret, quoniam ex eadem
acie conservat quos potest. Alterius vero partis nihil am-
plius dicam quam (id quod omnes verebamur) nimis iracun-
dam futuram fuisse victoriam. 18. Quidam enim non modo 15
armatis, sed interdum etiam otiosis minabantur; nee quid
quisque sensisset, sed ubi fuisset cogitandum esse dicebant :
ut mihi quidem videantur di immortales, etiam si poenas a
populo Romano ob aliquod delictum expetiverunt, qui civile
bellum tantum et tam luctuosum excitaverunt, vel placati 20
jam vel satiati aliquando, omnem spem salutis ad clemen-
tiam victoris et sapientiam contulisse.
Let Caesar Continue in hit Noble Moderation.
19. Qua re gaude tuo isto tam excellenti bono, et fruere
cum fortuna et gloria, tum etiam natura et moribus tuis: 25
ex quo quidem maximus est fructus jucunditasque sapienti.
Cetera cum tua recordabere, etsi persaepe virtuti, tam en
plerumque felicitati tuae gratulabere ; de nobis, quos in re
publica tecum simul esse voluisti, quotiens cogitabis, totiens
de maximis tuis beneficiis, totiens de incredibili liberalitate, 30
totiens de singulari sapientia tua cogitabis : quae non modo
summa bona, sed nimirum audebo vel sola dicere. Tantus
220 Orations of Cicero,
est enim splendor in laude vera, tanta in magnitudine animi
et consili dignitas, ut haec a virtute donata, cetera a fortuna
commodata esse videantur. 20. Noli igitur in conservandis
bonis viris defetigari — non cupiditate praesertim aliqua aut
5 pravitate lapsis, sed opinione offici stulta fortasse, certe non
improba, et specie quadam rei publicae : non enim tua culpa
est si te aliqui timuerunt, contraque summa laus, quod mi-
nime timendum fuisse senserunt.
He has Nothing to Fear from Marcellut.
VII. 21. Nunc venio ad gravissimam querelam et atro-
lo cissimam suspicionem tuam, quae non tibi ipsi magis quam
cum omnibus civibus tum maxime nobis, qui a te conservati
sumus, providenda est : quam etsi spero falsam esse, tamen
numquam extenuabo verbis. Tua enim cautio nostra cautio
est, ut si in alterutro peccandum sit, malim videri nimis timi-
1 5 dus quam parum prudens. Sed quisnam est iste tam demens ?
De tuisne ? — tametsi qui magis sunt tui quam quibus tu
salutem insperantibus reddidisti ? — an ex hoc numero, qui
una tecum fuerunt ? Non est credibilis tantus in ullo furor,
ut quo duce omnia summa sit adeptus, hujus vitam non ante-
20 ponat suae. An si nihil tui cogitant sceleris, cavendum est
ne quid inimici ? Qui ? omnes enim, qui fuerunt, aut sua
pertinacia vitam amiserunt, aut tua misericordia retinuerunt;
ut aut nulli supersint de inimicis, aut qui fuerunt sint ami-
cissimi. 22. Sed tamen cum in animis hominum tantae
25 latebrae sint et tanti recessus, augeamus sane suspicionem
tuam ; simul enim augebimus diligentiam. Nam quis est
omnium tam ignarus rerum, tam rudis in re publica, tam
nihil umquam nee de sua nee de communi salute cogitans,
qui non intellegat tua salute contineri suam, et ex unius tua
30 vita pendere omnium ? Equidem de te dies noctisque (ut
debeo) cogitans, casus dumtaxat humanos et incertos even-
tus valetudinis et naturae communis fragilitatem extimesco ;
The Pardon of Marcellus. 221
doleoque, cum res publica immorblis esse debeat, earn in
unius mortalis anima consistere. 23. Si vero ad humanos
casus incertosque motus valetudinis sceleris etiam accedit
insidiarumque consensio, quem deum, si cupiat, posse opi-
tulari rei publicae credamus ? 5
The Wounds of War must be Healed.
VIII. Omnia sunt excitanda tibi, C. Caesar, uni, quae
jacere sentis, belli ipsius impetu, quod necesse fuit, per-
culsa atque prostrata : constituenda judicia, revocanda fides,
comprimendae libidines, propaganda suboles : omnia, quae
dilapsa jam diffluxerunt, severis legibus vincienda sunt. lo
24. Non fuit recusandum in tanto civili bello, tanto animo-
rum ardore et armorum, quin quassata res publica, qui-
cumque belli eventus fuisset, multa perderet et ornamenta
dignitatis et praesidia stabilitatis suae; multaque uterque
dux faceret armatus, quae idem togatus fieri prohibuisset. 15
Quae quidem tibi nunc omnia belli volnera sananda sunt,
quibus praeter te nemo mederi potest. 25. Itaque illam
tuam praeclarissimam et sapientissimam vocem invitus
audivi : ' Satis diu vel naturae vixi vel gloriae.' Satis, si
ita vis, fortasse naturae, addo etiam, si placet, gloriae : at, 20
quod maximum est, patriae certe parum. Qua re omitte
istam, quaeso, doctorum hominum in contemnenda morte
prudentiam : noli nostro periculo esse sapiens. Saepe enim
venit ad auris meas te idem istud nimis crebro dicere, tibi
satis te vixisse. Credo: sed tum id audirem, si tibi soli 25
viveres, aut si tibi etiam soli natus esses. Omnium salutem
civium cunctamque rem publicam res tuae gestae complexae
sunt: tantum abes a perfectione maximorum operum, ut
fundamenta nondum quae cogitas jeceris. Hie tu modum
vitae tuae non salute rei publicae, sed aequitate animi 30
definies .? Quid, si istud ne gloriae tuae quidem satis est ?
cujus te esse avidissimum, quamvis sis sapiens, non negabis.
222 Orations of Cicero,
26. Parumne igitur, inquies, magna relinquemus? Immo
vero aliis quamvis multis satis, tibi uni parum. Quicquid
est enim, quamvis amplum sit, id est parum tum, cum est
aliquid amplius. Quod si rerum tuarum immortalium, C.
5 Caesar, hie exitus futurus fuit, ut devictis adversariis rem
publicam in eo statu relinqueres in quo nunc est, vide,
quaeso, ne tua divina virtus admirationis plus sit habitura
quam gloriae: si quidem gloria est inlustris ac pervagata
magnorum vel in suos vel in patriam vel in omne genus
10 hominum fama meritorum.
Caesar's Work not Done till the State is Restored.
IX. 27. Haec igitur tibi reliqua pars est : hie restat actus,
in hoc elaborandum est, ut rem publicam constituas, eaque
tu in primis summa tranquillitate et otio perfruare : tum te,
si voles, cum et patriae quod debes solveris, et naturam
15 ipsam expleveris satietate vivendi, satis diu vixisse dicito.
Quid est enim [omnino] hoc ipsum diu, in quo est aliquid
extremum ? quod cum venit, omnis voluptas praeterita pro
nihilo est quia postea nulla est futura. Quamquam iste
tuus animus numquam his angustiis, quas natura nobis ad
20 vivendum dedit, contentus fuit : semper immortalitatis amore
flagravit. 28. Nee vero haec tua vita ducenda est, quae
corpore et spiritu continetur. Ilia, inquam, ilia vita est tua,
quae vigebit memoria saeculorum omnium, quam posteritas
alet, quam ipsa aeternitas semper tuebitur. Huic tu inser-
25 vias, huic te ostentes oportet, quae quidem quae miretur
jam pridem multa habet : nunc etiam quae laudet exspectat.
Obstupescent posteri certe imperia, provincias, Rhenum,
Oceanum, Nilum, pugnas innumerabilis, incredibilis victo-
rias, monimenta, munera, triumphos audientes et legentes
30 tuos.
The Pardon of Marcellus. 223
Only Then will his Fame be Secure.
29. Sed nisi haec urbs stabilita tuis consiliis et institutis
erit, vagabitur modo tuum nomen longe atque late : sedem
stabilem et domicilium certiim non habebit Erit inter eos
etiam qui nascentur, sicut inter nos fuit, magna dissensio,
cum alii laudibus ad caelum res tuas gestas efferent, alii 5
fortasse aliquid requirent, idque vel maximum, nisi belli
civilis incendium salute patriae restinxeris, ut illud fati
fuisse videatur, hoc consili. Servi igitur eis etiam judici-
bus, qui multis post saeculis de te judicabunt, et quidem
baud scio an incorruptius quam nos. Nam et sine amore 10
et sine cupiditate et rursus sine odio et sine invidia judica-
bunt. 30. Id autem etiam si turn ad te, ut quidam falso
putant, non pertinebit, nunc certe pertinet esse te talem, ut
tuas laudes obscuratura nulla umquam sit oblivio.
The Civil War is Finished.
X. Diversae voluntates civium fuerunt, distractaeque sen- 15
tentiae. Non enim consiliis solum et studiis, sed armis etiam
et castris dissidebamus. Erat enim obscuritas quaedam;
erat certamen inter clarissimos duces: multi dubitabant
quid optimum esset, multi quid sibi expediret, multi quid
deceret, non nuUi etiam quid liceret. 31. Perfuncta res 20
publica est hoc misero fatalique bello: vicit is, qui non
fortuna inflammaret odium suum, sed bonitate leniret ; neque
omnis quibus iratus esset, eosdem [etiam] exsilio aut morte
dignos judicaret. Arma ab aliis posita, ab aliis erepta sunt.
Ingratus est injustusque civis, qui, armorum periculo libera- 25
tus, animum tamen retinet armatum ; ut etiam ille melior sit
qui in acie cecidit, qui in causa animam profudit. Quae
enim pertinacia quibusdam, eadem aliis constantia videri
potest. 32. Sed jam omnis fracta dissensio est armis, ex-
stincta aequitate victoris : restat ut omnes unum velint, qui 30
224 Orations of Cicero.
modo habent aliquid non solum sapientiae, sed etiam sani-
tatis. Nisi te, C. Caesar, salvo, et in ista sententia qua cum
antea turn hodie vel maxime usus es manente, salvi esse non
possumus. Qua re omnes te, qui haec salva esse volumus,
5 et hortamur et obsecramus, ut vitae tuae et saluti consulas ;
omnesque tibi, ut pro aliis etiam loquar quod de me ipse
sentio, quoniam subesse aliquid putas quod cavendum sit,
non modo excubias et custodias, sed etiam laterum nostro-
rum oppositus et corporum pollicemur.
Boundless Gratitude Due to Csesar.
10 XI. 33. Sed, Ut unde est orsa, in eodem terminetur
oratio, — maxim as tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Caesar,
majores etiam habemus. Nam omnes idem sentiunt, quod
ex omnium precibus et lacrimis sentire potuisti : sed quia
non est omnibus stantibus necesse dicere, a me certe did
15 volunt, cui necesse est quodam modo, et quod fieri decet —
M. Marcello a te huic ordini populoque Romano et rei
publicae reddito — fieri id intellego. Nam laetari omnis
non de unius solum, sed de communi omnium salute sentio.
34. Quod autem summae benevolentiae est, quae mea erga
20 ilium omnibus semper nota fuit, ut vix C. Marcello, optimo
et amantissimo fratri, praeter eum quidem cederem nemini,
cum id sollicitudine, cura, labore tam diu praestiterim, quam
diu est de illius salute dubitatum, certe hoc tempore, magnis
curis, molestiis, doloribus liberatus, praestare debeo. Itaque,
25 C. Caesar, sic tibi gratias ago, ut omnibus me rebus a te non
conservato solum, sed etiam ornato, tamen ad tua in me
unum innumerabilia merita, quod fieri jam posse non arbi-
trabar, maximus hoc tuo facto cumulus accesserit.
PLEA FOR LIGARIUS.
(Pro Q. Ligario.)
B.C. 46.
QuiNTUS LiGARius, in the first year of the Civil War, had held a
subordinate position in Africa, under the Pompeian general, P. Attius
Varus. In this capacity it had fallen to him to prevent the landing of
L. ^lius Tubero, whom the Senate had sent to take command in
Africa, but to whom Varus refused to give up the post. When the
war was over, Caesar spared the life of Ligarius, but kept him in exile,
until a personal application for his recall was made by his brother, T.
Ligarius. Quintus Tubero (afterwards a distinguished jurist) came for-
ward to oppose this, on the ground that Ligarius had not merely taken
sides in the Civil War, but had stood with Juba and the foreign enemies
of Rome against his native country. The case was argued in the Forum
before Caesar himself, sitting in judgment as Dictator. With character-
istic magnanimity, Caesar gave Ligarius a full pardon. This Ligarius
requited, a year and a half later, by joining in the plot for his murder.
Though the case of Ligarius is of no importance in itself, the speech
of Cicero in his defence ranks among the first of his orations in rhetori-
cal merit, and is interesting, besides, for the glimpse it gives of the
state of feeling in Rome during Caesar's dictatorship.
226 Orations of Cicero.
A Strange Charge, Portooth, U this against Ligarins.
NOVUM crimen, C. Caesar, et ante hunc diem non audi-
tum propinquus meus ad te Q. Tubero detulit, Q.
Ligarium in Africa fuisse ; idque C. Pansa, praestanti vir
ingenio, fretus fortasse familiaritate ea quae est ei tecum,
5 ausus est confiteri. Itaque quo me vertam nescio. Paratus
enim veneram, cum tu id neque per te scires neque audire
aliunde potuisses, ut ignoratione tua ad hominis miseri salu-
tem abuterer. Sed quoniam diligentia inimici investigatum
est quod latebat, confitendum est, opinor, praesertim cum
10 meus necessarius Pansa fecerit ut id integrum jam non
esset; omissaque controversia, omnis oratio ad misericor-
diam tuam conferenda est, qua plurimi sunt conservati, cum
a te non liberationem culpae, sed errati veniam impetravis-
sent. 2. Habes igitur, Tubero, quod est accusatori maxima
IS optandum, confitentem reum ; sed tamen hoc confitentem,
se in ea parte fuisse qua te, qua virum omni laude dignum,
patrem tuum. Itaque prius de vestro delicto confiteamini
necesse est, quam Ligari ullam culpam reprehendatis.
Ligarius Went to Africa in Time of Peace.
Q. enim Ligarius, cum esset nulla belli suspicio, legatus
20 in Africam [cum] C. Considio profectus est. Qua in lega-
tione et civibus et sociis ita se probavit, ut decedens
Considius provincia satis facere hominibus non posset, si
quemquam alium provinciae praefecisset. Itaque Ligarius,
cum diu recusans nihil profecisset, provinciam accepit invi-
25 tus : cui sic praefuit in pace, ut et civibus et sociis gratis-
sima esset ejus integritas ac fides. 3. Bellum subito exarsit,
quod qui erant in Africa ante audierunt geri quam parari.
Quo audito, partim cupiditate inconsiderata, partim caeco
quodam timore, primo salutis, post etiam studi sui quaere-
30 bant aliquem ducem; cum Ligarius, domum spectans, ad
Plea for Ligarius. 227
suos redire cupiens, nuUo se implicari negotio passus est.
Interim P. Attius Varus, qui praetor Africam obtinuerat,
Uticam venit. Ad eum statim concursum est. Atque ille
non mediocri cupiditate adripuit imperium, — si illud impe-
rium esse potuit, quod ad privatiun clamore multitudinis 5
imperitae, nullo publico consilio, deferebatur. 4. Itaque
Ligarius, qui omne tale negotium cuperet effugere, paulum
adventu Vari conquievit
Hir Remaining there a Plain Necessity.
II, Adhuc C. Caesar, Q. Ligarius omni culpa vacat
Domo est egressus non modo nullum ad bellum, sed ne ad 10
minimam quidem suspicionem belli : legatus in pace pro-
fectus est : in provincia pacatissima ita se gessit, ut ei
pacem esse expediret. Profectio certe animum tuum non
debet offendere: num igitur remansio ? Multo minus. Nam
profectio voluntatem habuit non turpem, remansio necessi- 15
tatem etiam honestam. Ergo haec duo tempora carent
crimine: unum cum est legatus profectus, alterum, cum
ecflagitatus a provincia praepositus Africae est. 5. Ter-
tium tempus est quod post adventum Vari in Africa restitit,
quod si est criminosum, necessitatis crimen est, non volun- 20
tatis. An ille, si potuisset ullo modo evadere, Uticae quam
Romae, cum P. Attio quam cum concordissimis fratribus,
cum alienis esse quam cum suis maluisset? Cum ipsa
legatio plena desideri ac sollicitudinis fuisset propter incre-
dibilem quendam fratrum amorem, hie aequo animo esse 25
potuit, belli discidio distractus a fratribus ?
Cicero Himself more Guilty than he.
6. Nullum igitur habes, Caesar, adhuc in Q. Ligario sig-
num alienae a te voluntatis. Cujus ego causam animad-
verte, quaeso, qua fide defendam: prodo meam. O cle-
mentiam admirabilem atque omnium laude, praedicatione, 30
22^ Orations of Cicerd,
litteris, monumentisque decorandam ! cum M. Cicero apud
te defendit aliutn in ea voluntate non fuisse, in qua se
ipsum confitetur fuisse ; nee tuas tacitas cogitationes exti-
mescit, nee quid tibi de alio audienti de se ipso occurrat
5 reformidat. III. Vide quam non reformidem : vide quanta
lux liberalitatis et sapientiae tuae mihi apud te dicenti obori-
atur. Quantum potero, voce contendam ut [hoc] populus
Romanus exaudiat. 7. Suscepto bello, Caesar, gesto etiam
ex parte magna, nulla vi coactus, judicio ac voluntate, ad
10 ea arma profectus sum quae erant sumpta contra te. Apud
quem igitur hoc dico? Nempe apud eum, qui, cum hoc
sciret, tamen me, ante quam vidit, rei publicae reddidit;
qui ad me ex Aegypto litteras misit, ut essem idem qui
fuissem ; qui cum ipse imperator in toto imperio populi
15 Romani unus esset, esse me alterum passus est ; a quo, hoc
ipso C. Pansa mihi hunc nuntium perferente, concessos
fascis laureatos tenui, quoad tenendos putavi; qui mihi
tum denique se salutem putavit reddere, si eam nullis
spoliatam ornamentis dedisset. a Vide, quaeso, Tubero,
20 ut qui de meo facto non dubitem, de Ligari non audeam
confiteri. Atque haec propterea de me dixi, ut mihi Tubero,
cum de se eadem dicerem, ignosceret : cujus ego industriae
gloriaeque faveo, vel propter propinquam cognationem, vel
quod ejus ingenio studiisque delector, vel quod laudem
25 adulescentis propinqui existimo etiam ad meum aiiquem
fructum redundare.
Tubero, the Accuser, Took Arms against Csesar.
9. Sed hoc quaero : Quis putat esse crimen fuisse in
Africa ? Nempe is, qui et ipse in eadem Africa esse voluit,
et prohibitum se a Ligario queritur, et certe contra ipsum
30 Caesarem est congressus armatus. Quid enim tuus ille,
Tubero, destrictus in acie Pharsalica gladius agebat ? Cujus
latus ille mucro petebat ? Qui sensus erat armorum tuorum?
Plea for Ligarius. 229
quae tua mens, oculi, manus, ardor animi ? quid cupiebas ?
quid optabas? Nimis urgeo: commoveri videtur adules-
cens : ad me revertar : isdem in armis fui.
IV. 10. Quid autem aliud egimus, Tubero, nisi ut quod
hie potest nos possemus? Quorum igitur impunitas, Cae- 5
sar, tuae clementiae laus est, eorum ipsorum ad crudelitatem
te acuit oratio. Atque in hac causa non nihil equidem,
Tubero, etiam tuam, sed multo magis patris tui prudentiam
desidero, quod homo, cum ingenio tum etiam doctrina ex-
cellens, genus hoc causae quod esset non viderit. Nam si 10
vidisset, quovis profecto quam isto modo a te agi maluisset
But Now he Shows Ligarius No Mercy.
Arguis fatentem. Non est satis: accusas eum qui cau-
sam habet aut (ut ego dico) meliorem quam tu, aut (ut
tu vis) parem. 11. Haec admirabilia : sed prodigi simile
est quod dicam. Non habet eam vim ista accusatio ut 15
Q. Ligarius condemnetur, sed ut necetur. Hoc egit civis
Romanus ante te nemo. Externi isti mores usque ad san-
guinem incitari [solent] odio, aut levium Graecorum, aut
immanium barbarorum. Nam quid agis aliud?* Romae ne
sit ? ut domo careat ? ne cum optimis fratribus, ne cum hoc 20
T. Broccho avunculo, ne cum ejus filio consobrino suo, ne
nobiscum vivat ? ne sit in patria ? Num est ? num potest
magis carere his omnibus quam caret ? Italia prohibetur ;
exsulat. Non tu ergo eum patria privare, qua caret, sed
vita vis. 12. At istud ne apud eum quidem dictatorem, 25
qui omnis quos oderat morte multabat, quisquam egit isto
modo. Ipse jubebat occidi nullo postulante; praemiis
etiam invitabat : quae tamen crudelitas ab hoc eodem ali-
quot annis post, quem tu nunc crudelem esse vis, vindicata
est 30
230 Orations of Cicero,
Perhaps hit Intention it not Bloodthinty.
V. *Ego vero istud non postulo,' inquies. Ita me her-
cule existimo, Tubero. Novi enim te, novi patrem, novi
domum nomenque vestrum ; studia generis ac familiae ves-
trae virtutis, humanitatis, doctrinae, plurimarum artium
5 atque optimarum, nota mihi sunt. 13. Itaque certo scio
vos non petere sanguinem, sed parum attenditis. Res enim
eo spectat, ut ea poena, in qua adhuc Q. Ligarius est, non
videamini esse contenti. Quae est igitur alia praeter mor-
tem.^ Si enim est in exsilio, sicuti est, quid amplius pos-
10 tulatis.^ An, ne ignoscatur? Hoc vero multo acerbius
multoque est durius. Quod nos [domi] petimus precibus,
lacrimis, strati ad pedes, non tam nostrae causae fidentes
quam hujus humanitati, id ne impetremus oppugnabis, et in
nostrum fletum inrumpes, et nos jacentis ad pedes suppli-
15 cum voce prohibebis?
But his Action it Inhuman.
14. Si, cum hoc domi f aceremus, — quod et fecimus et, ut
spero, non f rustra fecimus, — tu repente inruisses et clamare
coepisses : ' C. Caesar, cave ignoscas, cave te fratrum pro
fratris salute obsecrantium misereat,' nonne omnem huma-
20 nitatem exuisses? Quanto hoc durius, quod nos domi
petimus, id te' in foro oppugnare, et in tali miseria multo-
rum perfugium misericordiae toUere ! Dicam plane, Caesar,
quod sentio. 15. Si in [hac] tanta tua fortuna lenitas tanta
non esset, quam tu per te, per te inquam, obtines, — intel-
25 lego quid loquar, — acerbissimo luctu redundaret ista victo-
ria. Quam multi enim essent de victoribus qui te crudelem
esse vellent, cum etiam de victis repcriantur ! quam multi
qui, cum a te ignosci nemini vellent, impedirent clementiam
tuam, cum etiam hi, quibus ipse ignovisti, nolint te esse in
30 alios misericordem 1 16. Quod si probare Caesari possemus
Plea for Ligarius. 231
in Africa Ligarium omnino non fuisse, si honesto et miseri-
cordi mendacio saluti civi calamitoso esse vellemus, tamen
hominis non esset, in tanto discrimine et periculo civis,
refellere et redarguere nostrum mendacium ; et, si esset
alicujus, ejus certe non esset, qui in eadem causa et fortuna 5
fuisset. Sed tamen aliud est errare Caesarem nolle, aliud
nolle misereri. Tunc diceres, ' Caesar, cave credas : fuit in
Africa, tulit anna contra te.' Nunc quid dicis? 'Cave
ignoscas.* Haec nee hominis nee ad hominem vox est:
qua qui apud te, C. Caesar, utitur, suam citius abiciet 10
humanitatem quam extorquebit tuam.
Caesar has Never Held his Opponenta Criminal.
VI. 17. Ac primus aditus et postulatio Tuberonis haec,
ut opinor, fuit : velle se de Q. Ligari scelere dicere. Non
dubito quin admiratus sis, vel quod de nullo alio [quisquam],
vel quod is qui in eadem causa fuisset, vel quidnam novi 15
[sceleris] adferret. Scelus tu illud vocas, Tubero ? Cur ?
isto enim nomine ilia adhuc causa caruit. Alii errorem
appellant, alii timorem ; qui durius, spem, cupiditatem,
odium, pertinaciam ; qui gravissime, temeritatem : scelus
praeter te adhuc nemo. Ac mihi quidem, si proprium et 20
verum nomen nostri mali quaeritur, fatalis quaedam cala-
mitas incidisse videtur, et improvidas hominum mentis occu-
pavisse, ut nemo mirari debeat humana consilia divina
necessitate esse superata. 18. Liceat esse miseros : quam-
quam hoc victore esse non possumus. Sed non loquor de 25
nobis : de illis loquor qui occiderunt. Fuerint cupidi, fue-
rint irati, fuerint pertinaces ; sceleris vero crimine, furoris,
parricidi liceat Cn. Pompeio mortuo, liceat multis aliis
carere. Quando hoc quisquam ex te, Caesar, audivit.^ aut
tua quid aliud arma voluerunt, nisi a te contumeliam pro- 30
pulsare."^ Quid egit tuus invictus exercitus, nisi ut suum
jus tueretur et dignitatem tuam.^ Quid? tu, cum pacem
232 Orations of Cicero.
esse cupiebas, idne agebas, ut tibi cum sceleratis, an ut cum
bonis civibus conveniret? 19. Mihi vero, Caesar, tua in
me maxima merita tanta certe non viderentur, si me ut
sceleratum a te conservatum putarem. Quo modo autem
5 tu de re publica bene meritus esses, cum tot sceleratos
incolumi dignitate esse voluisses ? Secessionem tu illam
existimavisti, Caesar, initio, non bellum ; neque hostile
odium, sed civile discidium, utrisque cupientibus rem publi-
cam salvam, sed partim consiliis, partim studiis a communi
10 utilitate aberrantibus. Principum dignitas erat paene par,
non par fortasse eorum qui sequebantur : causa tum dubia,
quod erat aliquid in utraque parte quod probari posset;
nunc melior ea judicanda est, quam etiam di adjuverunt,
Cognita vero dementia tua, quis non eam victoriam probet,
15 in qua occiderit nemo nisi armatus?
Even Tubero is Less Excusable than Ligarius.
VII. 20. Sed — ut omittam communem causam, venia-
mus ad nostram — utrum tandem existimas facilius fuisse,
Tubero, Ligarium ex Africa exire, an vos in Africam non
venire ? ' Poteramusne,' inquies, ' cum senatus censuisset.*^ '
20 Si me consulis, nullo modo. Sed tamen Ligarium senatus
idem legaverat. Atque ille eo tempore paruit, cum parere
senatui necesse erat : vos tunc paruistis, cum paruit nemo
qui noluit. Reprehendo igitur.? Minime vero. Neque
enim licuit aliter vestro generi, nomini, familiae, disciplinae.
25 Sed hoc non concedo, ut, quibus rebus gloriemini in vobis,
easdem in aliis reprehendatis. 21. Tuberonis sors conjecta
est ex senatus consulto, cum ipse non adesset, morbo etiam
impediretur. Statuerat excusare. Haec ego novi propter
omnis necessitudines quae mihi sunt cum L. Tuberone :
30 domi una eruditi, militiae contubernales, post adfines, in
omni denique vita familiares: magnum etiam vinculum,
quod isdem studiis semper usi sumus. Scio igitur Tube-
Plea for Ligarius, 233
ronem domi manere voluisse : sed ita quidam agebat, ita
rei publicae sanctissimum nomen opponebat, ut, etiam si
aliter sentiret, verborum tamen ipsorum pondus sustinere
non posset 22. Cessit auctoritati amplissimi viri, vel
potius paruit. Una est prefect us cum eis, quorum erat una 5
causa : tardius iter fecit ; itaque in Africam venit jam occu-
patam. Hinc in Ligarium crimen oritur, vel ira potius.
Nam si crimen est [ilium] voluisse, non minus magnum
est vos Africam, arcem omnium provinciarum, natam ad
bellum contra hanc urbem igerundum, obtinere voluisse, 10
quam aliquem se maluisse. Atque is tamen aliquis Ligarius
non fuit. Varus imperium se habere dicebat : fascis certe
habebat. ^3. Sed quoquo modo se illud habet, haec que-
rella Tubero, vestra, quid valet t ' Recepti in provinciam
non sumus.' Quid, si essetis? Caesarine eam tradituri 15
fuistis, an contra Caesarem retenturi.? VIII. Vide quid
licentiae, Caesar, nobis tua liberalitas det, vel potius auda-
ciae. Si respondent Tubero, Africam, quo senatus eum
sorsque miserat, tibi patrem suum traditurum f uisse, non
dubitabo apud ipsum te, cujus id eum facere interfuit, 20
gravissimis verbis ejus consilium reprehendere. Non enim,
si tibi ea res grata fuisset, esset etiam probata.
Tubero VS^ent to Africa in Pompey's Behalf.
24. Sed jam hoc totum omitto, non tam ne offendam tuas
patientissimas auris, quam ne Tubero quod numquam cogi-
tavit facturus fuisse videatur. Veniebatis igitur in Africam, 25
provinciam unam ex omnibus huic victoriae maxime infes-
tam, in qua erat rex potentissimus, inimicus huic causae,
aliena voluntas, conventus firmi atque magni. Quaero ;
quid facturi fuistis? quamquam quid facturi fueritis dubi-
tem, cum videam quid feceritis? Prohibiti estis in pro- 30
vincia vestra pedem ponere, et prohibiti summa injuria.
25. Quo modo id tulistis? acceptae injuriae querellam ad
234 Orations of Cicero,
quern detulistis ? Nempe ad eum, cujus auctoritatem secuti
in societatem belli veneratis. Quod si Caesaris causa in
provinciam veniebatis, ad eum profecto exclusi provincia
venissetis. Venistis ad Pompeium. Quae est ergo apud
5 Caesarem querella, cum eum accusetis, a quo queramini
prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem gerere bellum? Atque
in hoc quidem vel cum mendacio, si voltis, gloriemini per
nje licet, vos provinciam fuisse Caesari tradituros. Etiam
si a Varo et a quibusdam aliis prohibiti estis, ego tamen
10 confiteor culpam esse Ligari, qui vos tantae laudis occasione
privaverit.
His Fidelity to Pompey is Praiseworthy in Csesar's Eyes.
IX. 26. Sed vide, quaeso, Caesar, constantiam orna-
tissimi viri [Tuberonis], quam ego, quamvis ipse probarem,
ut probo, tamen non commemorarem, nisi a te cognovissem
15 in primis eam virtutem solere laudari. Quae fuit igitur um-
quam in ullo homine tanta constantia ? Constantiam dico t
nescio an melius patiejitiam possim dicere. Quotus enim
istud quisque fecisset, ut, a quibus partibus in dissensione
civili non esset receptus, esset etiam cum crudelitate rejectus,
20 ad eos ipsos rediret? Magni cujusdam animi atque ejus
viri est, quem de suscepta causa propositaque sententia
nulla contumelia, nulla vis, nullum periculum possit depellere.
27. Ut enim cetera paria Tuberoni cum Varo fuissent, —
honos, nobilitas, splendor, ingenium, quae nequaquam
25 fuerunt, — hoc certe praecipuum Tuberonis, quod justo cum
imperio ex senatus consulto in provinciam suam venerat.
Hinc prohibitus non ad Caesarem, ne iratus, non domum,
ne iners, non in aliquam regionem, ne condemnare causam
illam quam secutus erat videretur : in Macedoniam ad Cn.
30 Pompei castra venit, in eam ipsam causam a qua erat
rejectus injuria. 28. Quid ? cum ista res nihil commovisset
ejus animum ad quem veneratis, languidiore (credo) studio
Plea for Ligarius, 235
in causa fuistis: tantum modo in praesidiis eratis, animi
vero a causa abhorrebant : an, ut fit in civilibus bellis . . .
nee in vobis magis quam in reliquis ; omnes enim vincendi
studio tenebamur. Pacis equidem semper auctor fui, sed
turn sero: erat enim amentis, cum aciem videres, pacem 5
cogitare. Omnes, inquam, vincere volebamus: tu certe
praecipue, qui in eum locum veneras, ubi tibi esset pereun-
dum nisi vicisses. Quamquam, ut nunc se res habet, non
dubito quin hanc salutem anteponas illi victoriae.
Tubero has been Pardoned.
X. 29. Haec ego non dicerem, Tubero, si aut vos con- 10
stantiae vestrae aut Caesarem benefici sui paeniteret. Nunc
quaero utrum vestras injurias an rei publicae persequamini :
si rei publicae, quid de vestra in ilia causa perseverantia
respondebitis ? si vestras, videte ne erretis, qui Caesarem
vestris inimicis iratum fore putetis, cum ignoverit suis. 15
Itaque num tibi videor in causa Ligari esse occupatus t
num de ejus facto dicere ? Quicquid dixi, ad unam sum-
mam referri volo, vel humanitatis, vel clementiae, vel miseri-
cordiae tuae. 30. Causas, Caesar, egi multas equidem
tecum, dum te in foro tenuit ratio honorum tuorum, certe 20
numquam hoc modo : * Ignoscite, judices : erravit, lapsus
est, non putavit ; si umquam posthac ' — ad parentem sic
agi solet : ad judices, ' Non fecit, non cogitavit : falsi testes,
fictum crimen.' Die te, Caesar, de facto Ligari judieem
esse ; quibus in praesidiis fuerit quaere : taceo, ne haec 25
quidem conligo, quae fortasse valerent etiam apud judieem :
' Legatus ante bellum profectus, relictus in pace, bello op-
pressus, in eo ipso non acerb us, jam est totus animo ac
studio tuus.' Ad judieem sic, sed ego apud parentem loquor :
* Erravit, temere fecit, paenitet : ad clementiam tuam eonf ugio, 30
delicti veniam peto, ut ignoscatur oro.' Si nemo impetravit,
adroganter : si plurimi, tu idem fer opem, qui spem dedisti.
236 Orations of Cicero,
Then why should not Ligariut be Pardoned Alto?
31. An sperandi Ligario causa non sit, cum mihi apud te
locus sit etiam pro altero deprecandi ? Quamquam nee in
hac oratione spes est posita causae, nee in eorum studiis qui
a te pro Ligario petunt, tui necessarii. XL Vidi enim et
5 cognovi quid maxime spectares, cum pro alicujus salute
multi laborarent : causas apud te rogantium gratiosiores
esse quam voltus ; neque te spectare quam tuus esset
necessarius is qui te oraret, sed quam illius, pro quo labo-
raret. Itaque tribuis tu quidem tuis ita multa, ut mihi
10 beatiores illi videantur interdum qui tua liberalitate fruuntur,
quam tu ipse, qui illis tam multa concedas. Sed video
tamen apud te causas, ut dixi, valere plus quam preces ; ab
eisque te moveri maxime, quorum justissimum videas dolo-
rem in petendo.
Many Friends Desire his Pardon.
15 32. In Q. Ligario conservando multis tu quidem gratum
facies necessariis tuis, sed hoc, quaeso, considera, quod
soles. Possum fortissimos viros, Sabinos, tibi probatissi-
mos, totumque agrum Sabinum, florem Italiae ac robur rei
publicae, proponere. Nosti optimos homines. Animadverte
20 horum omnium maestitiam et dolorem : hujus T. Brocchi
(de quo non dubito quid existimes) lacrimas, squaloremque
ipsius et fill vides. 33. Quid de fratribus dicam.? Noli,
Caesar, putare de unius capite nos agere. Aut tres tibi
Ligarii retinendi in civitate sunt, aut tres ex civitate exter-
25 minandi : [nam] quodvis exsilium his est optatius quam
patria, quam domus, quam di penates, uno illo exsulante.
Si fraterne, si pie, si cum dolore faciunt, moveant te horum
lacrimae, moveat pietas, moveat germanitas : valeat tua vox
ilia, quae vicit. Te enim dicere audiebamus nos omnis ad-
30 versarios putare, nisi qui nobiscum essent ; te omnis qui
Plea for Ligarius, 237
contra te non essent, tuos. Videsne igitur hunc splendorem
omnium, banc Brocchorum domum, hunc L. Marcium,
C. Caesetium, L. Corfidium, hos omnis equites Romanes,
qui adsunt veste mutata, non solum notos tibi, verum etiam
probates viros, qui tecum fuerunt ? Atque his irascebamur, 5
hos requirebamus, his non nulli etiam minabamur. Con-
serva igitur tuis suos, ut, quem ad modum cetera quae dicta
sunt a te, sic hoc verissimum reperiatur.
His Brothers have Always been Devoted to Csesar.
XII. 34. Quod si penitus perspicere posses concordiam
Ligariorum, omnis fratres tecum judicares fuisse. An potest 10
quisquam dubitare quin, si Q. Ligarius in Italia esse potu-
isset, in eadem sententia fuerit futurus, in qua fratres
fuerunt? Quis est qui horum consensum conspirantem et
paene conflatum in hac prope aequalitate fratema [non]
noverit, qui hoc non sentiat, quidvis prius futurum fuisse, 15
quam ut hi fratres diversas sententias fortunasque seque-
rentur ? Voluntate igitur omnes tecum fuerunt : tempestate
abreptus est unus, qui si consilio id fecisset, esset eorum
similis, quos tu tamen salvos esse voluisti. 35. Sed ierit ad
bellum, dissenserit non a te solum, verum etiam a fratribus : 20
hi te orant tui. Equidem, cum tuis omnibus negotiis inte-
ressem, memoria teneo qualis T. Ligarius quaestor urbanus
fuerit erga te et dignitatem tuam. Sed parum est me hoc
meminisse : spero etiam te (qui oblivisci nihil soles nisi
injurias, quoniam hoc est animi, quoniam etiam ingeni tui) 25
te aliquid de hujus illo quaestorio officio, etiam de aliis
quibusdam quaestoribus reminiscentem, recordari. 36. Hie
igitur T. Ligarius, qui tum nihil egit aliud — neque enim
haec divinabat — nisi ut tui eum studiosum et bonum virum
judicares, nunc a te supplex fratris salutem petit : quam 30
hujus admonitus officio cum utrisque his dederis, tris fratres
optimos et integerrimos non solum sibi ipses, neque his tot
238 Orations of Cicero.
talibus viris, neque nobis necessariis tuis, sed etiam rei
publicae condonaveris.
Let C«tar Show his Customary Clemency.
37. Fac igitur, quod de homine nobilissimo et clarissimo
fecisti nuper in curia, nunc idem in foro de optimis et huic
5 omni frequentiae probatissimis fratribus. Ut concessisti
ilium senatui, sic da hunc populo, cujus voluntatem carissi-
mam semper habuisti ; et, si ille dies tibi gloriosissimus,
populo Romano gratissimus fuit, noli, obsecro, dubitare,
C. Caesar, similem illi gloriae laudem quam saepissime
10 quaerere. Nihil est tam populare quam bonitas, nulla de
virtutibus tuis plurimis nee admirabilior nee gratior miseri-
cordia est. 3& Homines enim ad deos nulla re propius
accedunt quam salutem hominibus dando. Nihil habet nee
fortuna tua majus quam ut possis, nee natura melius quam ut
15 velis, servare quam plurimos. Longiorem orationem causa
forsitan postulet, tua certe natura breviorem. Qua re cum
utilius esse arbitrer te ipsum quam me aut quemquam loqui
tecum, finem jam faciam : tantum te admonebo, si illi absend
salutem dederis, praesentibus his omnibus te daturum.
MARK ANTONY.
[Bust in the Vatican.)
THE STRUGGLE AGAINST ANTONY,
{OraHo Philippica XIV.)
B.C. 43.
Julius CitSAR was assassinated on the Ides of March (March 15),
B.C. 44, by a band of conspirators, headed by Marcus Junius Brutus and
Caius Cassius Longinus. The conspirators fancied that if the dictator
were out of the way the old constitution could be restored. But Caesar's
victory had made a republic forever impossible. Nor had the con
spirators made any arrangements for a permainent government, or even
for their own safety. The sole question was, who should succeed to the
supreme power of the murdered dictator. And the only persons who
had any real claims were Caesar's surviving colleague in the consulship,
Mark Antony, and the young Octavianus, Caesar's grand-nephew,
adopted son, and heir (afterwards the emperor Augustus).
Antony, who had come into possession of Caesar's papers and estates*
caused his " acts " to be legally confirmed, seized the public funds,
abolished the ofiice of dictator, and secured as large a share of authority
as he could. He was a man of inordinate ambition, controlled only
by an equally unbounded self-indulgence, utterly without principle or
scruple, and (if we may trust the character of him drawn by Cicero) a
240 Orations of Cicero,
monster of profligacy and crime. He had married for his third wife
Fulvia, widow of Publius Clodius, and shared, with her, that tribune's
vindictive hate of Cicero. His colleague was P. Cornelius Dolabella,
Cicero*s son-in-law, who had assumed the consulship at Caesar's death,
on the ground that the latter had appointed him his successor in that
office. Dolabella dallied with the conspirators, suppressed the violence
of the mob that threatened them, and might have had some pretensions
to the power, with the support of the aristocracy, but was easily out-
generalled or bought off by Antony. Lepidus, who had a military com-
mand, and in whom the aristocracy had some hope, was also gained
over by him. Octavianus, now twenty years old, hastened from Epirus
to claim his inheritance and take part in the conflict which he saw
approaching. He was a young man of precocious talent, of cool and
wary temper, of ambition equal to Antony's, and of a political sagacity
which, through his long life, seems never to have been at fault.
Neither of the two chief claimants was strong enough alone to be
quite independent of the other. At first, however, they stood in the
attitude of rivals, and in their antagonism there seemed still some hope
for the republic. Each endeavored to secure the countenance of the
Senate and to gain control over the public armies ; and each succeeded
in attaching to himself a considerable force, though neither was strong
enough to hold the capital against the other.
Meanwhile Cicero, who at first hailed the death of Caesar as the
restoration of the republic, lost courage, and set out in July for Greece.
Detained, however, by contrary winds, and receiving more favorable
news from Rome, he returned to the city at the end of August, to find
that all his hopes were idle. Still, he made an effort at conciliation, in
a speech in the Senate, on the 2d of September. In this he replied
severely to an attack made upon him by Antony the day before, but
still took pains to leave the door open for a restoration of good-will.
It was to no purpose. Antony replied, September 19, with such bitter-
ness— directly charging Cicero with the murder of Clodius and of
Caesar — that it was clear he meant there should be no alternative but
civil war. Cicero did not venture to answer him in the Senate; but
replied, ten weeks later, in a pamphlet — by many regarded as his mas-
terpiece— as bitter and uncompromising as the consul's attack. From
its likeness in tone to the famous invectives of Demosthenes against
Philip of Macedon, this was called a " Philippic " ; and the term has
been extended to the entire series of fourteen orations against Antony,
commencing with that of September 2, and ending with the triumphant
speech (given below) with which Cicero's political career closed.
Fourteenth Philippic. 241
The winter was spent in attempts at negotiation, every stage illus-
trated by the running commentary of Cicero's Philippics. At last, in
the spring of B.C. 43, diplomacy was at an end. Actual hostilities broke
out first in Cisalpine Gaul, where Dedmus Brutus — who had taken
command of that province, according to Caesar's last will — held the
town of Mutina (Modena) against Antony. Octavianus, with his inde-
pendent force, had also ranged himself on the side of the Senate. The
consuls of that year, Aulus Hirtius and C. Vibius Pansa, had, after some
hesitation, vigorously taken up the same cause. In April the consuls
met Antony in two battles, — on the 1 5th at Bononia (Bologna)^ on the
27th near Mutina. In both he was defeated ; but in the first Pansa was
mortally wounded, and in the second Hirtius was killed. It was on the
reception of the news of the victory at Bononia, while Pansa's fate was
unknown, that Cicero, in the Senate, delivered his fourteenth and last
Philippic (April 22).
The rejoicings were soon at an end. Octavianus found that his own
interests were best served by uniting with Antony against the Senate.
These two — with Lepidus as a third triumvir — came easily into pos-
session of supreme power. A remorseless proscription followed, in
which the most illustrious victim was Cicero, sacrificed to Antony's
resentment, the vindictive hate of Fulvia, and the cold ingratitude of
Octavianus.
Of the fourteen Philippics, the Second is by far the most famous. It
is a long and elaborate invective, — in some parts exceedmgly bitter and
coarse, — reviewing the domestic and political career of Mark Antony,
and charging him with every personal vice and almost every public crime.
In its allusions to the acts of Caesar, its hostility is uncompromising,
vindictive, often scornful. The revival of the title "perpetual dicta-
tor" seems to have inspired Cicero with hatred, horror, and fear ; and
his real enmity was no longer disguised after Caesar's death.
The Fourteenth Philippic has a unique interest as the last free voice
of the Roman Senate, and from its ill-timed confidence in the future
emperor. It is also interesting as an example of labored and stately
panegyric, after the manner of the Greeks, on patriots fallen in battle,
and from the formal resolution of thanks and honor with which it
closes. Its immediate occasion was a resolution of P. Servilius, that
the citizens should lay aside the military garb and that a public thanks-
giving should be celebrated in honor of the victory of Hirtius and
Pansa at Bononia.
242 Orations of Cicero.
If Bnitut were Safe, we xaigYit Lay Aside Military Attire.
SI, UT ex litteris quae recitatae sunt, patres conscripti,
sceleratissimorum hostium exercitum caesum fusum-
que cognovi, sic id quod et omnes maxime optamus, et ex
ea victoria quae parta est consecutum arbitramur, D. Brutum
5 egressum jam Mutina esse cognpyissem, propter cujus peri-
CoiN OP D. Brutus.
culum ad saga issemus, propter ejusdem salutem redeundum
ad pristinum vestitum sine ulla dubitatione censerem. Ante
v^ro quam sit ea res, quam avidissime civitas exspectat,
adlata, laetitia frui satis est maximae praeclarissimaeque
10 pugnae : reditum ad vestitum confectae victoriae reservate.
Confectio autem hujus belli est D. Bruti salus.
But till his Safety is Assured, Such Rejoicing is Premature.
2. Quae autem est ista sententia, ut in hodiernum diem
vestitus mutetur, deinde eras sagati prode^mus ? Nos vero
cum semel ad eum quem cupimus optamusque vestitum
15 redierimus, id agamus, ut eum in perpetuum retineamus.
Nam hoc quidem cum turpe est, tum ne dis quidem immor-
talibus gratum, ab eorum aris, ad quas togati adierimus, ad
saga sumenda discedere. 3. Atque animadverto, patres con-
scripti, quosdam huic favere sententiae, quorum ea mens
20 idque consilium est, ut, cum videant gloriosissimum ilium
D. Bruto futurum diem, quo die propter ejus salutem redi^
rimus, hunc ei fructum eripere cupiant, ne memoriae poste-
ritatique prodatur propter unius civis periculum populum
Fourteenth Philippic, 243
Romanum ad saga isse, propter ejusdem salutem redisse
ad togas. Tollite banc : nullam tam pravae sententiae
causam reperietis. Vos vero, patres conscript!, conservate
auctoritatem vestram, manete in sententia, tenete vestra
memoria, quod saepe ostendistis, hujus totius belli in unius 5
viri fortissimi et maximi vita positum esse discrimen.
II. 4. Ad D. Brutum liberandum legati missi principes
civitatis, qui illi hosti ac parricidae denuntiarent ut a Mutina
discederet. Ejusdem D. Bruti conservandi gratia consul
sortitu ad helium profectus A. Hirtius, cujus imbecillita- 10
tem valetudinis animi virtus et spes victoriae confirmavit.
Caesar, cum exercitu per se comparato cum primum pesti-
bus rem publicam liberasset, ne quid postea sceleris orere-
tur, profectus est ad eundem Brutum liberandum, vicitque
dolorem aliquem domesticum patriae caritate. 5. Quid C. 15
Pansa egit aliud dilectibus habendis, pecunia comparanda,
senatus consultis faciendis gravissimis in Antonium, nobis
cohortandis, populo Romano ad causam libertatis vocando,
nisi ut D. Brutus liberaretur? A quo populus Romanus
frequens it a salutem D. Bruti una voce depoposcit, ut eam 20
non solum commodis-suis, sed etiam necessitati victus ante-
ferret. Quod sperare nos quidem debemus, patres con-
scripti, aut inibi esse aut jam esse confectum. Sed spei
fructum rei convenit et even to reservari, ne aut deorum
immortalium beneficium festinatione praeripuisse, aut vim 25
fortunae stultitia contempsisse videamur.
What, then, do the Despatches Mean ?
6. Sed quoniam significatio vestra satis declarat quid hac
de re sentiatis, ad litteras veniam, quae sunt a consulibus
et a propraetore missae, si pauca ante quae ad ipsas litteras
pertineant dixero. III. Imbuti gladii sunt, patres con- 30
scripti, legionum exercituumque nostrorum, vel madefacti
potius duobus duorum consulum, tertio Caesaris proelio.
244 Oratiofts of Cicero.
Si hostium fuit ille sanguis, summa militum pietas: nefa-
rium scelus, si civium. Quo usque igitur is, qui omnis
hostis scelere superavit, nomine hostis carebit? nisi mu-
crones etiam nostrorum militum tremere voltis, dubitantis
5 utrum in cive an in hoste figantur. 7. Supplicationem
decernitis; hostem non appellatis. Gratae vero nostrae
dis immortalibus gratulationes erunt, gratae victimae, cum
interfecta sit civium multitudo ! * De improbis ' inquit ' et
audacibus.' Nam sic eos appellat clarissimus vir: quae
lo sunt urbanarum maledicta litium, non inustae belli interne-
civi notae. Testamenta (credo) subiciunt aut eiciunt vici-
nos, aut adulescentulos circumscribunt [: his enim vitiis
adfectos et talibus malos aut audacis appellare consuetudo
solet].
Antony's War against the State.
15 8. Bellum inexpiabile infert quattuor consulibus unus
omnium latronum taeterrimus. Gerit idem bellum cum
senatu populoque Romano. Omnibus — quamquam ruit
ipse suis cladibus — pestem, vastitatem, cruciatum, tormenta
denuntiat. Dolabellae ferum et immane facinus, quod nulla
Coin of Mark Antony and his Brother Lucius.
20 barbaria posset agnoscere, id suo consilio factum esse testa-
tur : quaeque esset facturus in hac urbe, nisi eum hie ipse
Juppiter ab hoc templo atque moenibus reppulisset, declara-
vit in Parmensium calamitate, quos optimos viros honestis-
simosque homines, maxime cum auctoritate hujus ordinis
25 populique Romani dignitate conjunctos, crudelissimis exem-
Fourteenth Philippic, 245
plis interemit propudium illud et portentiim, L. Antonius,
insigne odium omnium hominum vel ''si etiam di oderunt
quos oportet) deorum.
Hit Brother*! Horrible Cruelties at Parma.
9. Refugit animus, patres conscripti, eaque dicere reformi-
dat quae L. Antonius in Parmensium liberis et conjugibus 5
effecerit. Quas enim turpitudines Antonii libenter [cum
dedecore] subierunt, easdem per vim laetantur aliis se intu-
lisse. Sed vis calamitosa est, quam illis intulerunt : libido
flagitiosa, qua Antoniorum oblita est vita. Est igitur quis-
quam, qui hostis appellare non audeat, quorum scelere cru- 10
delitatem Karthaginiensium victam esse fateatur ? IV. Qua
enim in urbe tam immanis Hannibal capta quam in Parma
surrepta Antonius ? Nisi forte hujus coloniae et ceterarum,
in quas eodem est animo, non est hostis putandus. 10. Si
vero coloniarum et municipiorum sine ulla dubitatione hostis 15
est, quid tandem hujus censetis urbis, quam ille ad explen-
das egestates latrocini sui concupivit? quam jam peritus
metator et callidus decempeda sua Saxa diviserat t Recor-
damini (per deos immortalis ! ) patres conscripti, quid hoc
biduo timuerimus a domesticis hostibus, rumoribus impro- 20
bissimis dissipatis. Quis liberos, quis conjugem aspicere
poterat sine fletu ? quis domum ? quis tecta ? quis larem
familiarem? Aut foedissimam mortem omnes aut misera-
bilem fugam cogitabant. Haec a quibus timebantur, eos
hostis appellare dubitamus.? Gravius si quis attulerit 25
nomen, libenter adsentiar : hoc volgari contentus vix sum,
leviore non utar.
Honor should be Voted to the Generals.
11. Itaque cum supplicationes justissimas ex eis litteris
quae recitatae sunt decernere debeamus, Serviliusque decre-
verit, augebo oranino numerum dierum, praesertim cum non 30
246 Orations of Cicero.
urii sed tribus ducibus sint decernendae. Sed hoc primum
faciam, ut imperatores appellem eos, quorum virtute, con-
silio, felicitate, maximis periculis servitutis atque interitus
liberati sumus. Etenim cui viginti his annis supplicatio
5 decreta est, ut non imperator appellaretur, aut minimis rebus
gestis aut plerumque nullis ? Quam ob rem aut supplicatio
ab eo qui ante dixit decernenda non fuit, aut usitatus honos
pervolgatusque tribuendus eis, quibus etiam novi singulares-
que debentur. V. 12. An si quis Hispanorum aut Gallorum
10 aut Threcum mille aut duo milia occidisset, eum hac con-
suetudine quae increbuit imperatorem appellaret senatus :
tot legionibus caesis, tanta multitudine hostium interfecta —
hostium dico ? ita inquam, hostium, quamvis hoc isti hostes
domestici nolint — clarissimis ducibus supplicationum hono-
15 rem tribuemus, imperatorium nomen adimemus? Quanto
enim honore, laetitia, gratulatione in hoc templum ingredi
debent illi ipsi hujus urbis liberatores, cum hesterno die
propter eorum res gestas me ovantem et prope triumph an-
tem populus Romanus in Capitolium domo tulerit, domum
20 inde reduxerit ? 13. Is enim demum est (mea quidem sen-
tentia) Justus triumphus ac verus, cum bene de re publica
meritis testimonium a consensu civitatis datur. Nam sive
in communi gaudio populi Romani uni gratulabantur, mag-
num judicium; sive uni gratias agebant, eo majus; sive
25 utrumque, nihil magniftcentius cogitari potest.
Charges against Cicero himself Refuted.
' Tu igitur ipse de te ? * dixerit quispiam. Equidem in-
vitus, sed injuriae dolor facit me praeter consuetudinem
gloriosum. Nonne satis est ab hominibus virtutis ignaris
gratiam bene merentibus non referri ? Etiam in eos qui
30 omnis suas curas in rei publicae salute defigunt, impietatis
crimine invidia quaeretur? 14. Scitis enim per hos dies
creberrimum fuisse sermonem, me Parilibus, qui dies hodie
Fourteenth Philippic, 247
est, cum fascibus descensurum. In aliquem credo hoc
gladiatorem aut latronem aut Catilinam esse conlatum, non
in eum qui ne quid tale in re publica fieri posset effecerit.
An [ut] ego, qui Catilinam haec molientem sustulerim, ever-
terim, adflixerim, ipse exsisterem repente Catilina ? Quibus 5
auspiciis istos f ascis augur acciperem ? quatenus haberem ?
cui traderem ? Quemquamne fuisse tam sceleratum qui
hoc fingeret, tam furiosum qui crederet ? Unde igitur ista
suspicio, vel potius unde iste sermo? VI. 15. Cum, ut
scitis, hoc triduo vel quadriduo tristis a Mutina fama 10
manaret, inflati laetitia atque insolentia impii cives unum se
in locum, ad illam curiam furiis potius suis quam rei pub-
licae infelicem congregabant. Ibi cum consilia inirent de
caede nostra, partirenturque inter se qui Capitolium, qui
rostra, qui urbis portas occuparent, ad me concursum 15
f uturum civitatis putabant. Quod ut cum invidia mea fieret,
et cum vitae etiam periculo, famam istam fascium dissipa-
verunt : f ascis ipsi ad me delaturi fuerunt. Quod cum
esset quasi mea voluntate factum, tum in me impetus con-
ductorum hominum quasi in tyrannum parabatur: ex quo 20
caedes esset vestrum omnium consecuta. Quae res pate-
fecit, patres conscripti, sed suo tempore totius hujus sceleris
fons aperietur.
Address of Apuleius.
16. Itaque P. Apuleius, tribunus plebis, meorum omnium
consiliorum periculorumque jam inde a consulatu meo testis, 25
conscius, adjutor, dolorem ferre non potuit doloris mei.
Contionem habuit maximam, populo Romano unum atque
idem sentiente. In qua contione cum me pro summa nostra
conjunctione et familiaritate liberare suspicione fascium
vellet, una voce cuncta contio declaravit nihil esse a me 30
umquam de re publica nisi optime cogitatum. Post hanc
habitam contionem duabus tribusve horis, optatissimi nuntii
248 Orations of Cicero,
et litterae venerunt : ut idem dies non modo iniquissima me
invidia liberarit, sed etiam celeberrima populi Romani gratu-
latione auxerit.
Cicero Defends his Own Course.
17. Haec interposui, patres conscripti, non tarn ut pro
5 me dicerem — male enim mecum ageretur, si parum vobis
essem sine defensione purgatus — quam ut quosdam nimis
jejuno animo et angusto monerem, id quod semper ipse
fecissem, uti excellentium civium virtutem imitatione dig-
nam, non invidia putarent. Magnus est in re publica cam-
10 pus, ut sapienter dicere Crassus solebat, multis apertus
cursus ad laudem. VII. Utinam quidem illi principes
viverent, qui me post meum consulatum, cum eis ipse
cederem, principem non inviti videbant ! Hoc vero tem^
pore, in tanta inopia constantium et fortium consularium,
15 quo me dolore adfici creditis, cum alios male sentire, alios
nihil omnino curare videam, alios parum constanter in sus-
cepta causa permanere, sententiamque suam non semper
utilitate rei publicae, sed tum spe tum timore moderari.?
18. Quod si quis de contentione principatus laborat, quae
20 nulla esse debet, stultissime facit, si vitiis cum virtute con-
tendit : ut enim cursu cursus, sic in viris fortibus virtus
virtute superatur. Tu, si ego de re publica optime sentiam,
ut me vincas, ipse pessime senties ? aut, si ad me bonorum
concursum fieri videbis, ad te improbos invitabis ? Nollem,
25 primum rei publicae causa, deinde etiam dignitatis tuae.
Sed si principatus ageretur, quem numquam expetivi, quid
tandem mihi esset optatius? Ego enim malis sententiis
vinci non possum, bonis forsitan possim et libenter. 19.
Haec populum Romanum ddere, animadvertere, judicare
30 quidam moleste ferunt. Poteratne fieri ut non proinde
homines de quoque, ut quisque mereretur, judicarent? Ut
enim de universo senatu populus Romanus verissime judicat,
nullis rei publicae temporibus hunc ordinem firmiorem aut
Fourteenth Philippic, 249
fordorem fuisse, sic de uno quoque nostrum et maxime, qui
hoc loco sententias dicimus, sciscitantur omnes, avent audire
quid quisque senserit : ita de quoque, ut quemque meritum
arbitrantur, existimant. Memoria tenent me ante diem
XIII. Kalendas Januarias principem revocandae libertatis 5
fuisse : me ex Kalendis Januariis ad banc horam invigilasse
rei publicae : 20. meam domum measque auris dies noctis-
que omnium praeceptis monitisque patuisse : meis litteris,
meis nuntiis, meis cohortationibus omnis qui ubique essent
ad patriae praesidium excitatos : meis sententiis a Kalendis 10
Januariis numquam legatos ad Antonium : semper ilium
hostem, semper hoc bellum, ut ego, qui omni tempore verae
pacis auctor fuissem, huic essem nomini pestiferae pacis
inimicus : 21. idem P. Ventidium, cum alii tr. pi. t voluse-
niun, ego semper hostem. Has in sententias meas si con- 15
sules discessionem facere voluissent, omnibus istis latronibus
auctoritate ipsa senatus jam pridem de manibus arma ceci-
dissent.
Antony and his Partitans should be Declared Public Enemies.
VIII. Sed quod tum non licuit, patres conscripti, id hoc
tempore non solum licet, verum etiam necesse est, — eos qui 20
re sunt hostes [verbis notari], sententiis nostris hostis judi-
cari. 22. Antea cum hostem ac bellum nominassem, semel
et saepius sententiam meam de numero sententiarum sustu-
lerunt : quod in hac causa jam fieri non potest. Ex litteris
enim C. Pansae A. Hirti consulum, C. Caesaris pro prae- 25
tore, de honore dis immortalibus habendo sententias dici-
mus. Supplicationem modo qui decrevit, idem imprudens
hostis judicavit : numquam enim in civili bello supplicatio
decreta est. Decretam dico ? ne victoris quidem litteris
postulata est. 23. Civile bellum consul Sulla gessit : legio- 30
nibus in urbem adductis, quos voluit expulit ; quos potuit
occidit : supplicationis mentio nulla. Grave bellum Octavi-
250 Orations of Cicero,
anum insecutum est : supplicatio [Cinnae] nulla victori.
Cinnae victoriam imperator ultus est Sulla : nulla suppli-
catio decreta a senatu. Ad te ipsum, P. Servili, num misit
ullas conlega litteras de ilia calamitosissima pugna Phar-
5 salia? Num te de supplicatione voluit referre? Profecto
noluit. At misit postea de Alexandria, de Phamace. Phar-
saliae vero pugnae ne triumphum quidem egit. Eos enim
civis pugna ilia sustulerat, quibus non modo vivis, sed
etiam victoribus, incolumis et florens civitas esse posset.
10 24. Quod idem contigerat superioribus bellis civilibus.
Nam mihi consuli supplicatio nullis armis sumptis,^non ob
caedem hostium, sed ob conservationem civium, novo et
inaudito genere decreta est. Quam ob rem aut supplicatio
re publica pulcherrime gesta postulantibus nostris imperato-
15 ribus deneganda est, quod praeter A. Gabinium contigit
nemini; aut, supplicatione decernenda, hostis eos de qui-
bus decemitis judicetis necesse est.
This it Implied in the Honors to the Generals.
IX. Quod ergo ille re, id ego etiam verbo, cum impera-
tores eos appello : hoc ipso nomine et eos qui jam devicti
20 sunt, et eos qui supersunt, hostis judico [cum victores
appello imperatores]. 25. Quo modo enim potius Pansam
appellem ? etsi habet honoris nomen amplissimi. Quo Hir-
tium ? Est ille quidem consul, sed alterum nomen benefici
populi Romani est, alterum virtutis atque victoriae. Quid?
25 Caesarem, deorum beneficio rei publicae procreatum, dubi-
temne appellare imperatorem ? qui primus Antoni immanem
et foedam crudelitatem non solum a jugulis nostris, sed
etiam a membris et visceribus avertit. Unius autem diei
quot et quantae virtutes, di immortales, fuerunt !
Valor of Pansa.
30 26. Princeps enim omnium Pansa proeli faciendi et cum
Antonio confiigendi fuit : dignus imperator legione Martia,
Fourteenth Philippic, 251
digna legio imperatore. Cujus si acerrimum impetum cohi-
bere Pansa potuisset, uno proelio confecta res esset. Sed
cum libertatis avida legio effrenatius in aciem hostium inru-
pisset, ipseque in primis Pansa pugnaret, duobus periculosis
Coin of Pansa.
volneribus acceptis, sublatus e proelio, rei publicae vitam 5
reservavit. Ego vero hunc non solum imperatorem sed
etiam clarissimum imperatorem judico, qui, cum aut morte
aut victoria se satis facturum rei publicae spopondisset,
alterum fecit, alterius di immortales omen avertant 1
Exploits of Hirtius.
X. 27. Quid dicam de Hirtio? qui, re audita, e castris 10
duas legiones eduxit incredibili studio atque virtute ; quar-
tam illam, quae relicto Antonio se olim cum Martia legione
conjunxit, et septimam, quae, constituta ex veteranis, docuit
hoc proelio militibus eis, qui Caesaris beneficia servassent,
senatus populique Romani carum nomen esse. His viginti 15
cohortibus, nullo equitatu, Hirtius ipse aquilam quartae
legionis cum inferret, qua nullius pulchriorem speciem impe-
ratoris accepimus, cum tribus Antoni legionibus equitatuque
conflixit, hostisque nefarios, huic Jovis Optimi Maximi cete-
risque deorum immortalium templis, urbis tectis, libertati 20
populi Romani, nostrae vitae sanguinique imminentis pro-
stravit, fudit, occidit, ut cum admodum paucis, nocte tectus,
metu perterritus, princeps latronum duxque fugerit. O solem
ipsum beatissimum, qui, ante quam se abderet, stratis cada-
veribus parricidarum, cum paucis fugientem vidit Antonium ! 25
252 Orations of Cicero.
Deeds of Octavianus.
2a An vero quisquam dubitabit appellare Caesarem im-
peratorem? Aetas ejus certe ab hac sententia neminem
deterrebit, quando quidem virtute superavit aetatem. Ac
mihi semper eo majora beneficia C. Caesaris visa sunt, quo
5 minus erant ab aetate ilia postulanda. Cui cum imperlum
dabamus, eodem tempore etiam spem ejus nominis defere-
bamus : quod cum esset consecutus, auctoritatem nostri
decreti rebus gestis suis comprobavit. Hie ergo adules-
cens maximi animi, ut verissime scribit Hirtius, castra mul-
10 tarum legionum paucis cohortibus tutatus est, secundumque
proelium fecit. Ita trium imperatorum virtute, consilio,
felicitate uno die locis pluribus res publica est conservata.
XI. 29. Decerno igitur eorum trium nomine quinquaginta
dierum supplicationes : causas, ut honorificentissimis verbis
15 consequi potuero, complectar ipsa sententia.
Devotion of the Soldiers.
Est autem fidei pietatisque nostrae declarare fortissimis
militibus, quam memores simus quamque grati. Quam ob
rem promissa nostra, atque ea quae legionibus bello con-
fecto tributuros nos spopondimus, hodierno senatus consulto
20 renovanda censeo : aequum est enim militum, talium prae-
sertim, honorem conjungi. 30. Atque utinam, patres con-
scripti, [civibus] omnibus solvere nobis praemia liceret I
Quamquam nos ea quae promisimus studiose cumulata red-
demus. Sed id quidem restat (ut spero) victoribus, quibus
25 senatus fides praestabitur : quam quoniam difficillimo rei
publicae tempore secuti sunt, eos numquam oportebit con-
sili sui paenitere. Sed facile est bene agere cum eis a qui-
bus etiam tacentibus flagitari videmur: illud admirabilius
et majus maximeque proprium senatus sapientis est, grata
30 eorum virtutem memoria prosequi, qui pro patria vitam pro-
fuderunt.
OCTAVIANUS.
(Bust at Florence.)
Fourteenth Philippic, 253
31. Quorum de honore utinam raihi plura in mentem
venirent ! Duo certe non praeteribo, quae maxime occur-
runt : quorum alterum pertinet ad virorum fortissimorum
gloriam sempiternam, alterum ad leniendum maerorem et
luctum proximorum. 5
Special Tribute to the Martian Legion.
XII. Placet igitur mihi, patres conscript!, legionis Mar-
tiae militibus, et eis qui una pugnantes occiderunt, monu-
mentima fieri quam amplissimum. Magna atque incredibilia
sunt in rem publicam hujus merita legionis. Haec se prima
latrocinio abrupit Antoni; haec tenuit Albam; haec se ad 10
Caesarem contulit ; banc imitata quarta legio parem virtutis
gloriam consecuta est. Quarta victrix desiderat neminem :
ex Martia non nulli in ipsa victoria conciderunt. O fortu-
nata mors, quae naturae debita pro patria est potissimum
reddita ! 32. Vos vero patriae natos judico : quorum etiam 15
nomen a Marte est, ut idem deus urbem banc gentibus, vos
huic urbi genuisse videatur. In fuga foeda mors est: in
victoria gloriosa. Etenim Mars ipse ex acie fortissimum
quemque pignerari solet. Illi igitur impii, quos cecidistis,
etiam ad inferos poenas parricidi luent : vos vero, qui extre- 20
mum spiritum in victoria effudistis, piorum estis sedem et
locum consecuti. Brevis a natura nobis vita data est : at
memoria bene redditae vitae sempiterna. Quae si non esset
longior quam haec vita, quis esset tam amens qui maximis
laboribus et periculis ad summam laudem gloriamque con- 25
tenderet ? 33. Actum igitur praeclare vobiscum, fortissimi,
dum vixistis, nunc vero etiam sanctissimi milites, quod vestra
virtus neque oblivione eorum qui nunc sunt, nee reticentia
posterorum sepulta esse poterit, cum vobis immortale moni-
mentum suis paene manibus senatus populusque Romanus 30
exstruxerit. Multi saepe exercitus Punicis, Gallicis, Italicis
bellis clari et magni fuerunt, nee tamen ullis tale genus
254 Orations of Cicero,
honoris tributum est. Atque utinam majora possemus,
quando quidem a vobis maxima accepimus I Vos ab urbe
furentem Antonium avertistis : vos redire molientem reppu-
listis. Erit igitur exstructa moles opere magnifico incisaeque
5 litterae, divinae virtutis testes sempiternae : numquamque
de vobis eorum, qui aut videbunt vestrum monimentum aut
audient, gratissimus sermo conticescet. Ita pro mortali con-
dicione vitae immortalitatem estis consecuti.
Consolation of the Bereaved Families.
XIII. 34. Sed quoniam, patres conscripti, gloriae munus
10 optimis et fortissimis civibus monimenti honore persolvitur,
consolemur eorum proximos, quibus optima est haec quidem
consolatio: parentibus, quod tanta rei publicae praesidia
genuerunt; liberis, quod habebunt domestica exempla vir-
tutis; conjugibus, quod eis viris carebunt, quos laudare
15 quam lugere praestabit ; fratribus, quod in se ut corporum,
sic virtutum similitudinem esse confident. Atque utinam
his omnibus abstergere fletum sententiis nostris consultis-
que possemus, vel aliqua talis eis adhiberi publice posset
oratio, qua deponerent maerorem atque luctum, gauderent-
20 que potius, cum multa et varia impenderent hominibus
genera mortis, id genus quod esset pulcherrimum suis obti-
gisse, eosque nee inhumatos esse nee desertos, quod tamen
ipsum pro patria non miserandum putatur, nee dispersis
bustis humili sepultura cremates, sed contectos publicis
25 operibus atque muneribus, eaque exstructione quae sit ad
memoriam aeternitatis ara Virtutis. 35. Quam ob rem
maximum quidem solacium erit propinquorum eodem moni-
mento declarari et virtutem suorum, et populi Romani pieta-
tem, et senatus fidem, et crudelissimi memoriam belli: in
30 quo nisi tanta militum virtus exstitisset, parricidio M. Antoni
nomen populi Romani occidisset. Atque etiam censeo, pa-
tres conscripti, quae praemia militibus promisiraus nos re
Fourteenth Philippic, 255
publica recuperata tributuros, ea vivis victoribusque cumu-
late, cum tempus venerit, persolvenda; qui autem ex eis
quibus ilia promissa sunt pro patria occiderunt, eorum
parentibus, liberis, conjugibus, fratribus eadem tribuenda
censeo. 5
Resolution of Thanks and Honor.
XIV. 36. Sed, ut aliquando sententia complectar, ita
censeo :
Cum C. Pansa consul, imperator, initium cum hostibus conHi-
gendi fecerit, quo proelio legio Martia admirabili incredibilique
virtute libertatem populi Romani defenderit, quod idem legiones 10
tironum fecerint ; ipseque C. Pansa consul, imperator, cum inter
media hostium tela versaretur, volnera acceperit; cumque A.
Hirtius consul, imperator, [proelio audito,] re cognita, fortissimo
praestantissimoque animo exercitum castris eduxerit, impetumque
in M. Antonium exercitumque hostium fecerit, ejusque copias occi- 1 5
dione occiderit, suo exercitu ita incolumi ut ne unum quidem mili-
tem desiderarit ; 37. cumque C. Caesar pro praetore, imperator,
consilio diligentiaque sua castra feliciter defenderit, copiasque
hostium quae ad castra accesserant profligarit, occiderit; — ob
eas res senatum existimare et judicare eorum trium imperatorum 20
virtute, imperio, consilio, gravitate, constantia, magnitudine animi,
felicitate, populum Romanum foedissima crudelissimaque servitute
liberatum. Cumque rem publicam, urbem, templa deorum immor-
talium, bona fortunasque omnium liberosque conservarint dimica-
tione et periculo vitae suae, uti ob eas res, bene fortiter feliciterque 25
gestas, C. Pansa A. Hirtius consules, imperatores, alter ambove,
aut (si aberunt) M. Cornutus, praetor urbanus, supplicationes per
dies quinquaginta ad omnia pulvinaria constituat 38. Cumque
virtus legion um digna clarissimis imperatoribus exstiterit, sena-
tum quae sit antea pollicitus legionibus exercitibusque nostris, ea 30
summo studio re publica recuperata soluturum. Cumque legio
Martia princeps cum hostibus conflixerit, atque ita cum majore
numero hostium contenderit, ut cum plurimos caederent, caderent
non nulli, cumque sine uUa retractatione pro patria vitam profude-
rint J cumque simili virtute reliquarum legionum milites pro salute 35
256
Orations of Cicero.
et libertate populi Romani mortem oppetiverint, senatui placere ut
C Pansa A. Hirtius consules, imperatores, alter ambove, si eis
videatur, eis qui sanguinem pro vita, libertate, fortunis populi
Romani, pro urbe, templis deorum immortalium profudissent,
5 monimentum quam amplissimum locandum faciundumque curent ;
quaestores^«<? urbanos ad eam rem pecuniam dare, attribuere,
solvere jubeant, ut exstet ad memoriam posteritatis sempiternam
scelus crudelissimorum hostium militumque divina virtus ; utique,
quae praemia senatus militibus ante constituit, ea solvantur eorum
10 qui hoc bello pro patria occiderunt parentibus, liberis, conjugibus,
fratribus ; eisque tribuantur quae militibus ipsis tribui oporteret,
si vivi vicissent, qui morte vicerunt
NOTES,
NOTES
DEFENCE OF ROSCIUS
ARGUMENT
[Omitted portions in brackets.]
Chap. i. Exordium. Cicero's reasons for undertaking the case. —
[2. Political aspect of the trial, showing (a) why others refused to under-
take it ; (b) why the jury ought to be especially cautious.] — Narratio,
6. Character of Sex. Roscius, the murdered man ; his old feud with the
Titi Roscii. — 7. The murder : circumstances pointing to Magnus as the
procurer : Chrysogonus is informed, and a conspiracy made with him by
Capito and Magnus. — 8. Proscription and sale of the property: Chrysog-
onus buys it up for a nominal sum: Sulla not implicated. Sex. Roscius
is dispossessed. — 9. Amerians take up his cause and apply to Sulla, but
are staved off by Capito, who was on the committee. — 10. Roscius flies
to his friends at Rome : a trumped-up charge of parricide is brought. —
II. Commiseration of his client's position, with review of the circum-
stances.— 13. Partitio. Three things make against the defendant : {a) the
charge ; (^) the reckless villany of the two Titi Roscii ; (r) influence of
Chrysogonus. — Defensio. (I) 14. The crime is not in accordance with
the character of the defendant ; no motive can be shown : no enmity
between father and son. — [15-17. His rustic employment: this is no
evidence of ill-wilL — 19. Alleged intention to disinherit: no proof. —
20. No case is made out : hence the accuser (Erucius) is attacked for
bringing such a charge. — 21. The case rests only on the negligence of
the court, and supposed friendlessness of the defendant. — 22. For the
conspirators' manner changed when they found there would be a real
defence. — Recapitulation :] no motive existed : necessity of direct evi-
dence. — 23-26. Examples from other cases [and from literature]. Need
of strongest proof shown by the severity of the penalty. — 27, 28. No
means of committing the crime. — [29. Again : the accuser's presumption
259
26o Notes
in trying to force a conviction. — (II) 30. Countercharge: T. Roscius
the probable murderer: in his case there are motives. — 31. It was for
his advantage. — 32. He was the murdered man's enemy. — ■>>Z' ^^® ^^A
opportunities (compare the two cases). — 34. His acts after the murder :
hasty message to Capito ; his character. — 36. His testimony at the trial.
— 37. Speedy announcement to Chrysogonus — apparently from the
Roscii, for they have received the reward and possess the property. —
38,39. Capito's perfidy to the committee. — 41. Magnus refuses the
slaves for question. — 42. Influence of Chrysogonus.] — (HI) 43- Chry-
sogonus the purchaser : the sale was illegal, for proscriptions had ceased.
— 44-47. Lawlessness and insolence of Chrysogonus: Sulla is artfully
excused: the cause of the nobility not involved. — 48. The cause of
Chrysogonus not that of the nobility. — 49. Responsibility of the attack
on Chrysogonus is Cicero's : Roscius asks only his life. — Peroratio.
50-51. Simulated appeal to Chrysogonus, to stir sympathy of the
jury: incidental mention of the powerful friends of the defendant. —
52, 53. But if Chrysogonus does not spare him, he appeals confidently
to the court.
The grammars cited are those of Allen and Greenough (§), Bennett (B.),
Gildersleeve (G.), Harkness (H.), and Hale and Buck (H.-B.). References
in parentheses are to the old editions.
I. Exordium (§§ 1-4)
Sects. 1-4. Cicero undertakes the defence in default of any abler
advocate.
By this skilfully modest opening, Cicero not only explains why he,
an obscure young advocate, appears in so important a case, but he indi-
cates on which side are the sympathies of the best citizens, and he con-
trives at the same time to suggest the odds against which Roscius and
his counsel must contend. Thus the remarks are not merely personal
and introductory, but form an essential part of the argument. A famous
modem example of similar art is Erskine's Exordium in his Defence of
Lord George Gordon on a charge of high treason.
Page 2. Line 1. (Sect, i.) ego: not emphatic itself, but expressed
merely to set off vos, which is. The Latin is so fond of putting pro-
nouns in contrast that one is often (as here) expressed for the mere
purpose of antithesis. — judices : not judges, but X2^.her jurors. They
were persons selected by law to try facts (under the presidency of a
praetor ox judex quaestionis), and varied in number from a single one to
Defence of Roscms 261
fifty or more. They were originally selected from the Senators, but
C. Gracchus had transferred the right to sit 2& judices to the equites
(or wealthy middle class). Sulla, whose reforms went into operation
B.C. 80, had restored this right to the Senators, and the present case
was the first to occur under the new system. It was brought in the
Quaestio inter sicarios (or court for the trial of murder), under the presi-
dency of the praetor M. Fannius. — quid sit quod, why it is that. — quod
(causal) . . . surrexerim expresses 2. fact, and takes the subj. of informal
ind. disc, as depending on the indirect question quid sit : § 592, i
(341, b) ; cf. B. 323 ; G. 663, i ; H. 652 (529, ii); H.-B. 535, i, a.
2 2 summi oratores homines nobilissimi : notice the chiastic order ;
§ 598, / {344»/) ; B. 350, 11,^; G. 682 ; H. 666, 2 (562) ; H.-B. 628. —
cum sedeant: cum has a slight concessive force: render by when or
while ; though would be too strong. Since Sulla's victory had restored
the aristocracy to power, it might be expected that men of rank (nobilis-
simi) would have courage to come forward and defend Ro.scius :• their
presence showed their sympathies, though they did not rise to defend
him. — ego : emphatic, as opposed to the orators and men of rank.
2 3 potissimum, i-ather than any other. — aetate: Cicero was but
twenty-six years old.
2 4 sim : in direct disc, this might be either subj. to indicate the
character of Cicero, or indie, to denote a mere fact about him ; here it is
necessarily subj. as being an integral part of the clause quod . . . sur-
rexerim, which is itself dependent on quid sit ; § 593 (342) ; B. 324, i ;
G. 663, I ; H. 652, I (529, ii); H.-B. 539. — sedeant, sit stilly instead of
rising to speak : subj. of integral part, dependent on sim comparandus.
2 5 hi : strongly demonstrative ; accompanied, perhaps, with a
gesture, — these men here. — injuriam, injustice. — novo scelere (abl. of
means), the strange (almost = unheard of) charge (of parricide).
2 6 oportere : this verb is always impersonal ; its subject here is the
clause injuriam def endi. — defendi, defendere : see Vocab. ; supply but
(suggested in Latin by the close juxtaposition of the two infs.) before
defendere in translating.
2 7 iniquitatem temporum, i.e. the disturbed state of politics, while
the wounds of the Civil War were still fresh. — ita fit: the subject is
the clause ut adsint, etc. — adsint, they attend: opposed to taceant ; the
position of taceant indicates this antithesis. The friends of any party
to a suit attended court to give him the advantage of their presence
and influence (cf. Cass. B.G. i. 4). Such friends were technically called
advocati, but they did not, like the modem advocate., speak in court.
262 Notes
2 8 offlcium, duty^ arising from their relations to the murdered man,
who had stood in the relation of hospitium (see hospes in Vocab.) with
some of the highest families.
2 10 (Sect. 2.) audacissimus, i.e. is it that I have more effrontery
than any of the rest ?
2 11 ne . . . quidem, not . . . either^ enclosing; as usual, the em-
phatic word: §322,/(i5i, e)\ B. 151, e; G. 448, N.2; H. (569, iii, 2). —
istius, i.e. that which is in your thoughts: § 297, c (102, r); B. 87;
G. 306; H. 507, 3 (450); H.-B. 271, a,
2 12 sim, conjunctivus modestiae: §447, i (311, 3); cf. B. 280, 2;
G. 257, i; H. 556 (486, i); H.-B. 519, i, ^. — aliis, dat.: §381 (229);
B. 180, 2, d\ G. 345; H. 429, 2 (386, 2) ; H.-B. 371. — praereptam: prae-
gives here the force of getting the start of others in snatching it (cf. pre-
vent^ from praevenio). — me: so emphatic as to throw igitur out of its
usual place.
2 14 reciperem, undertake a case offered ; suscipere is to take up of
one's own motion.
2 15 amplitudo, position^ from birth, wealth, office, or the like.
2 16 id quod, a thing which: § 307, d (200, e)\ G. 614, R.^; H. 399, 6
(445, 7); H.-B. 325, a and N.2.
2 17 dixisset, an integral part of putaretur. — putaretur : apodosis of
fecisset; §517(308); B. 304, i; G. 597; H. 579(510); H.-B. 581. The
whole from si verbum through putaret is the apodosis of si quis dixis-
set in 1. 14. Translate, if any one had spoken^ in case he had made any
allusion to politics^ he would y etc.
3 I (Sect. 3.) ego, etc., but in my case^ even if I, etc. — etiamsi . . .
dixero, . . . poterit: § 516, c (307, c)\ B. 264, a\ G. 244, 2; H. 574, 2
(508, 2) ; cf. H.-B. 494 and 579, a.
3 2 similiter, in like manner^ i.e. as if a man of rank had spoken.
— exire, etc., i.e. this speech will not be quoted and talked over, and
hence any allusions to politics which it may contain will not seem more
significant than they really are.
3 3 emanare: not to be confounded with voXsitte. — deinde quod:
the second reason, corresponding to quia in 1. 14. — ceterorum, opposed
to ego in 1. 6, below. — dictum: noun, limited by ceterorum; dicto (1. 5)
is also a noun, though modified by an adv.; § 321, b (207, c)\ G. 437, R.;
H.-B. 250, 2, b, N.
3 5 concedi, impersonal: §372 (230); B. 187, ii,^; G. 217; H. 426, 3
(384,5); H.-B. 364, 2.
3 7 nondum . . . accessi, / have not yet gone into public life, i.e.
Defence of Roscius 263
become candidate for any office. Cicero began his political career five
years later, with the quaestorship.
3 8 tametsi, although^ in its so-called " corrective " use, — the con-
cession coming after the general statement, as a kind of limitation of it.
— ignoscendi ratio, the idea of pardon. The vaguely general word ratio
with the gen. of the gerund expresses little more than our word pardon-
ing alone. The Latin, being poor in abstract words, has to resort to
such shifts as this to supply their place. So cognoscendi consuetudo,
the habit of judicial investigation^ is almost equivalent Xo judicial investi-
gation simply. This was a bold speech to make under the rule of the
tyrant Sulla.
3 11 (Sect. 4.) accedit, there is in addition: used as a kind of pas-
sive of addo. — ilia, Mw, i.e. the following (a common use of this pro-
noun). — quod, that: § 572 (333) ; B. 299, i , ^ ; G. 525, 'i ; H. 588, 3 (540,
iv); H.-B. 549, 550, 552, I. — a ceteris, /r<ww the other s^ i.e. the nobles.
3 13 petitom sit: for subjunctive see § 447, a and n. {334,^ and N.) ;
G. 457, 2, N.; H. (p. 267, footnote 1); H.-B. 517, i. — ut dicerent [cau-
sam], subst. clause of purpose, subj. of petitum sit: § 566 (331, h)\ G.
546; H. 565, 2 (499, 3); cf. H.-B. 502, 3, a. — dicere causam is the tech-
nical expression for defending a case. — ut . . . arbitrarentur: a clause
of result, dependent on ita petitum sit: § 537 and N.2 (319 and R.); B.
284, i; G. 552; H. 591 (500 and N.i); H.-B. 521, 2 and a. — utrumvis,
either [course, i.e. to speak or be silent], at their choice ; lit. either [of
the two] you please, — salvo officio (abl. of manner), without a breach
of duty,
3 13 arbitrarentur: imperf. following petitum sit, which is regarded
as a secondary tense since it represents the perf. indie. ; § 485, a (287, a) ;
B. 268, I; G. 511, N.2; H. 546 (495, i); H.-B. 481. — a me autem, etc.,
lit. but from me, etc. (opposed to a ceteris above). The emphasis may
be preserved by changing the construction in English : but c^ for myself
men have urged it [i.e. that I should undertake the defence of Roscius]
on me who^ etc. — ei, men ; here used simply as a correlative to qui, and
not in a really demonstrative sense. The reference is of course to the
noble friends of Roscius.
3 16 debeam, subj. of characteristic: § 535 (320); B. 283, i; G. 631,
2; H. 591, I (503, i); H.-B. 521, I. — his, emphatic, summing up the
reasons he has given for undertaking the case , ego (next line), emphatic
as opposed to the others present.
3 17 patronus, advocate^ the word advocati having a different meaning
(see note on p. 2, 1. 7, above). — unus, cu the one man.
264 Notes
3 30 uti ne: in purpose clauses the double form is often used instead
of ne alone. — desertus, etc. : observe that Cicero not only attempts to
win the sympathies of the jurors for the helplessness of his client, but
that he also contrives to suggest, in advance of the formal statement of
facts, that there is a combination or conspiracy of some kind against
young Roscius. The same thing was insinuated in sect, i by the use
of conflatam (1. 6).
II. Narratio (§§ 5-19)
Sects. 5-9. Character of the murdered man, Sex. Roscins the
elder. His political affiliations. His old fend with T. Roscins
Capito and T. Roscins Magnus. The murder. Suspicion points to
Magnus as procurer of the crime and to Capito as at least acces-
sory after the fact.
3 22 (Sect. 5.) hujusce, of my client. — municeps Amerinus, a citizen
of the free town Ameria. The Latin uses an adj. of possession when
it can, often where the English prefers of: § 343, a (190); B. 354, 4;
G. 362, R.i; H. (395, N.2)-. Cf. itneid, ii. 55, 487, etc.
3 25 hospitiis, guest friends hips. The hospitium was a relation be-
tween individuals of different cities or states, at a time when there were
no international relations ; it included the duties of hospitality and pro-
tection, was transmitted from father to son, and was vouched for by a
ticket {tessera). Roscius not only had this formal relation to several of
the greatest families at Rome, but he was also on intimate terms of per-
sonal friendship with them. Hence, in line 27, domesticus . . . consue-
tudo, intercourse and companionship [with them] in their homes.
3 28 honestatis . . . gratia (so honoris causa, sect. 17), with all honor.
It seems to have been held a liberty to mention the name of any person
of quality in a public address ; hence such mention is generally accom-
panied by a form of compliment. Cf. the modem parliamentary usage of
referring to members of a deliberative body by the names of their offices
(or as the " gentleman from ") rather than by their own names.
3 29 hoc solum, i.e. the hospitium.
3 30 domestic!, of his own house.
3 31 ereptum possident, have seized and now hold : § 496, N.2 (292,
R.) ; G. 664, R.^ ; H. 639 (549, 5) ; H.-B. 604, i ; possidere does not sig-
nify to own^ in the modem sense, but merely to hold or occupy. — inno-
centis, i.e. fili: in Latin any noun may be left out if there is an adj. or
a participle to determine its case.
Defence of Roscius 265
3 32 defenditur: Cicero skilfully contrives to keep before the jury
the fact that Roscius has powerful friends who desire his acquittal.
3 32 (Sect. 6.) This section tells of Roscius's political associations.
He was a favorer of the nobility (Sulla*s party), and therefore had noth-
ing to fear from the proscription instituted by Sulla after his final victory
over Marius. These facts are skilfully brought in at this point so as to
prepare the jurors for the statement, made later, that the insertion of
Roscius's name in the proscription list after his murder was manifestly
part of a plot to get possession of his estate. They also prepare for the
exoneration of Sulla (in sect. 12), since it was not to be supposed that
he would have consented to the proscription of so zealous a member of
his own party. Throughout the oration Cicero is under the necessity
of holding the dictator blameless. — cum, when^ introducing the general
situation ; turn, the particular circumstance. — omni tempore, at all
timesy as opposed to the time of the Civil War: notice the emphatic
position.
3 33 hoc tumultu, this last disturbance (euphemistic) : i.e. the final
scenes of the Civil War of Marius and Sulla, which Cicero will not call
bellum. — cum, at a time when.
4 1 in discrimen veniret (subj. of characteristic, not simply cum
temporal), was at stake.
4 3 rectum : render no more than right (thus giving the emphasis
of its position).
4 4 se pugnare, simply to fight: object of putabat, while rectum is
an adj. in pred. apposition with se pugnare. — honestate, honestissi-
mus refer respectively to the rank and dignity of these great families
and the credit which his connection with them gave him in his own
neighborhood.
4 5 victoria, i.e. of Sulla's party.
4 6 proscriberentur : the number of the proscribed in Sulla's time
was 4700. " Whoever killed one of these outlaws was not only exempt
from punishment, like an executioner duly fulfilling his office, but also
obtained for the execution a compensation of 12,000 denarii (nearly
$2400) ; any one, on the contrary, who befriended an outlaw, even his
nearest relative, was liable to the severest punishment. The property
of the proscribed was forfeited to the state, like the spoil of an enemy ;
their children and grandchildren were excluded from a political career,
and yet, so far as of senatorial rank, were bound to undertake their
share of senatorial burdens." (Mommsen.) At first only the names of
those who had justly forfeited their lives were proscribed ; afterwards it
266 Notes
became easy for friends and favorites of the dictator (like Chrysogonus,
attacked in this oration) to put upon the list the names of innocent
men, and even of men already dead, so as to work confiscation of their
property. Sulla's proscriptions nominally ceased June i, B.C. 8i.
4 8 erat Romae : this shows that he had no reason to fear the pro-
scription. — frequens : § 290(191); B. 239; G. 325, R.«; H. 443 (497);
H.-B. 245.
4 9 ut . . . videretur, clause of result.
4 12 (Sect. 7.) inimicitiae, causes or occasions of enmity : for the
plur., see § 100, c (75, c); B. 55, 4, r ; G. 204, N.6; H. 138, 2 (130, 2);
H.-B. 240, 5, d. By this sentence Cicero suggests to the jury what he
afterwards develops in the argument, — that a motive for the murder
existed in the case of the Titi Roscii. He thus prepares the way for
the elaborate countercharge (omitted in this book) made against these
two later in the oration. Observe the emphasis that comes from the
juxtaposition of sects. 6 and 7 : Roscius had nothing to fear from the
proscription. Ife had enemies, however, — the very men who are
now prosecuting his son.
4 13 accusatorum : prosecutions might be brought by private per-
sons (as by Cicero against Verres). In this instance these two Roscii
were associated with Erucius as prosecutors.
4 14 hujusce, of my client (see note on sect. 9, below).
4 16 neque enim, nor^ you see. — injuria : used adverbially. — isti,
i.e. of the party of prosecution. Iste^ the so-called " demonstrative of
the second person," is regularly used of one's opponent in a suit or
debate, as hie is used of one's client. See § 297, a, c (102, a, r) ; B. 87 ;
G. 306; H. 505 (450); cf. H.-B. 271, a.
4 17 Capitoni, following cognomen : §373, a (231, b)\ B. 190, i;
G. 349, R.5 ; H. 430, I (387, N.i) ; H.-B. 326, 3.
4 19 palmarum, prizes : sarcastically spoken, as if his many acts
of violence had been victories in gladiatorial fights. — nobilis, famous
(as of artists, actors, etc.). — hie, the one here present (Magnus) ; eum
(next line), referring to the one just mentioned, the absent one (Capito).
4 30 lanistam (in app. with eum) carries out the sarcastic figure of
palmarum and gladiator.
4 21 quod sciam, so far as I know : sc. id; adv. ace, § 397, a
(240, b)\ B. 283, 5; G. 331, i; H. 416 (378, 2); cf. H.-B. 388, a-.
i.e. he must have been a mere apprentice (tiro) at the trade: "this
is the first of his actual murders that I know of." For mood, see
§ 535. <i (320, d) ; B. 283, 2 ; G. 627, R.i ; H. 591, 3 (503, i, N.i) ; H.-R
Defence of Roscius 267
521, 1,/ (Passages in brackets in the text are thought to be spurious
insertions.)
4 23 (Sect. 8.) hie, this man (with a gesture), i.e. here at my
side (my client); iste, that man, i.e. there on the accusers' bench
(Magnus).
4 24-26 cum . . . esset : parenthetical (repeating, in greater detail,
the clause that precedes).
Observe that Cicero remarks (as it were, casually) that in thus
devoting himself to a rural life, the younger Roscius was obeying his
father's wishes. This prepares the way for his subsequent assertion
(sect. 23) that there was no ill-will between father and son, — an
important matter in the question of motive. It also anticipates the
answer given in sect. 22 to the argument that the defendant was a
rude, boorish fellow, of gloomy and sullen disposition, and therefore
likely to have committed murder. The effectiveness of a forensic dis-
course depends in great part on the skill with which the mind of the
hearer is prepared, by such apparently insignificant remarks, for a
definite assertion or argument that is to follow.
4 26 iste : T. Roscius Magnus ; the repetition of the words fre-
qnens, etc., emphasizes the suggestion that he was likeliest to be the
murderer.
4 27 Palacinas : the reading is uncertain, and the place unknown.
4 30 hunc, i.e. my client. — judicatote: § 449 (269, </) ; B. 281, i, a ;
G. 268, 2 ; H. 560, 4 (487, 2) ; H.-B. 496. The second or longer form
of the imperative is regular where the action is not to be performed
immediately, especially when a future appears in protasis: § 516, </
(307, d)\ B. 302, 4; G. 595; H. 580 (508, 4); cf. H.-B. 582, I.
5 1 (Sect. 9.) Ameriam nuntiat, brings the news to Ameria ;
domum, two lines below, shows the same construction.
5 3 T. Capitonis : Cicero thus insinuates that Magnus and Capito
had planned the murder together. The speed with which the one sent
the news to the other was, of course, suspicious, as well as the further
proceedings described in sects. 10 and 11, including the proscription
and the sale of the property.
5 4 inimici : cf. the same word in lines 7 and 8. The reason for
thus harping on the initnicitiae mentioned in sect. 7, above, must be
evident. — horam primam: the night from sunset to sunrise was
divided into twelve hours.
5 6 nocturnis : the travelling would be more difficult and slow in
the night, though the night hours would be longer than the day hours
268 Notes
in the late autumn or winter, when the murder is thought to have been
committed. — cisiis : the plural form shows that there were relays of
carriages (Fig. i).
Sects. 10-12. The two Titi Roscii commmiicate with Chrysog-
oniis, who has the name of the murdered man inserted in the pro-
scription list and bays his confiscated estates for a nominal sum.
Capito receives three farms for his share. Magnus is made the
agent of Chrysogonus to take possession of the others. No blame
attaches to Sulla, who was ignorant of what was going on.
5 10 (Seci'. id.) quadriduo, etc.: we should say within four days
from the time when.
5 11 in castra: the idea of motion, vividly conceived, suggests the
ace. of place as well as person ; we should say to Chrysogonus IN Suild's
camp AT K ; § 428, j (259, h) ; B.
182, 2, ^; G. 337, R.6; H.-B. 450, c.
— Volaterras. " Here some of the
Etruscans and of those proscribed
by Sulla made a stand and were
blockaded for two years, and then
surrendered on terms." — defertur :
this word implies an intentional con-
veying of the information, as if in the
manner of a formal report.
5 12 fundos, different estates, i.e. lands or buildings, whether in town
or country.
5 13 tris = tres: the ace. termination in -is remained in this and a
few other words for a considerable time after the form in -es became the
more common. — Tiberim: the nearness of the river facilitated both irri-
gation and transportation, and so added much to the value of the estates.
5 1.5 splendidus, eminent: the regular complimentary epithet of
eguites 3ind persons of similar rank; gratiosus, in favor: referring to
his relations with great families, which Cicero takes care never to let
the jury forget. — nullo negotio, without any difficulty,
5 18 ne teneam, ftot to detain you : a purpose clause after some verb
of saying, etc., which is regularly omitted, as in English ; § 532 (317, f) ;
B. 282, 4 ; G. 688 ; H. 568, 4 (499, 2, n.) ; H.-B. 502, 2, c.
5 19 (Sect, ii.) cum, etc.: the proscriptions nominally ceased
June I, B.C. 81 ; the murder was committed some months after this
date (see below, sect. 39).
Defe^ue of Roscius 269
5 21 jam, already (with reference to time preceding) ; nunc would
refer only to the moment itself. — defunctos, rid ofy sc. esse.
5 22 studiosissimi, devoted to the party of Sulla, and so not likely to
be proscribed (see note to sect. 6, p. 3, 1. 32, above).
5 23 vel (emphasizing the superlative), the very^ etc.
5 24 propria, as his own.
5 25 \sX^, yonder^ on the accusers' benches. — nomine, i.e. as agent.
5 26 impetum facit, makes a raid upon^ implying violence, as of a
charge in battle.
5 27 duobus milibus nummum, i.e. about j^ioo: § 633 (378) ; H. 757
(647); H.-B. 675, I. They are estimated in ch. ii to have been worth
1^300,000.
5 28 (Sect. 12.) Since Chrysogonus was a favorite of Sulla's, Cicero
had to be careful not to appear to attack the Dictator. Hence he inter-
rupts the story of the plot to express his certainty that Sulla had not
known what was going on and to excuse him on the ground of the
pressure of public business.
5 29 certo scio, I feel sure : § 32 2, r ( 1 5 1 , ^:). — neque enim : negative
of et enim, introducing a point obvious or indisputable, for^ you see, it is
not surprising (cf. p. 4, 1. 16, above) ; § 324, h{i^6, d)\ cf. H.-B. 311,6
and b. — mirum [est] is the apodosis and si . . . animadvertat (p. 6, 1. 4)
is the protasis, mirum [est] is the main clause of the whole period ;
the long parenthesis (lines 29-4) consists of a string of causal clauses
with cum (which may be translated either when or since).
5 30 praeparet, must provide for.
6 1 pacis . . . rationem, i.e. the ordering of the new constitution.
6 4 si aliquid (more emphatic than si quid) non animadvertat, if
there is something he does not notice : protasis with mirum [est], above ;
§ 572, b, N. {i,i,z^ b, R.) ; G. 542, N.i
6 6 ut . . . moliantur (clause of purpose), that as soon as he turns
away his eyes they may get up something of this sort. — despexerit, perf.
subj. : § 593 (342) ; B. 324, I ; G. 663, i ; H. 652 (529, ii) ; H.-B. 539 ;
for fut. perf., §484, c (286, end); B. 269, i, b\ G. 514; H. 541, 2
(496, ii) ; H.-B. 470, i, footnote 1.
6 7 hue accedit, add to this. Notice the difference of order and
consequently of emphasis between hue aecedit {add to this) here, and
aeeedit ilia ( there is in addition) in sect. 4, above. — quamvis felix
sit, however fortunate he may be: § 527, a: (313, as) ; B. 309, i ; G. 606;
H. 586, ii (515, iii) ; H.-B. 532, 2. Sulla was so impressed with his
own good fortune, that he ^svim^d the agnomen Felix, which implied,
270 Notes
according to ancient notions, the peculiar favor of the gods. (See
Manil., sect. 47.) Fig. 2 shows a coin of Faustus Sulla's with this
inscription.
6 9 familia, household of slaves and dependants (see under sect. 35).
— qui habeat, as to have : § 535, a
(320, a); B. 283, 2; G. 631, 2;
H. 589, ii (500, i) ; H.-B. 521, i.
6 10 libertum : a freedman still
remained attached to his former
master (now his pair onus), often
lived in his family, did various ser-
vices for him, and stood towards
him in relation somewhat like that of a son under the patria potestas.
Towards others he was a libertinus, fully free, but with some political
disqualifications ; towards his former master he was a libertus.
Sects. 13-17. The younger Roscius is ejected from his estates
by T. Roscius Magnus. The Amerians send delegates to Sulla to
protest ; but the purpose of the delegation is frustrated by Capito.
Roscius the younger takes refuge with Csecilia, a friend of his
father's at Rome.
6 13 (Sect. 13.) qui . . . solvisset, though he had not yet, etc. : § 535, e
(320, e)\ B. 283, 3; G. 634; H. 593. 2 (515, iii); H.-B. 523.— omnia
. , . justa, all the due rites of burial : these ended with a sacrifice on the
ninth day (novemdialia) after the death or burial ; paterno funeri is indir.
obj. of solvisset (lit. had not yet paid all due rites to his father's funeral).
6 J 6 ^t^uVLXSit, property. — qui (causal) . . . iaiss^ti since he had been,
etc.: §535, e (320, e)] B. 283, 3; G. 633; H. 592 (517); H.-B. 523.
6 17 ut fit, as generally happens. — insolens, here wasteful and
extravagant. — domum suam : § 428, k (258, b, N.^) ; G. 337, R.^ ; H. 419
(380, 2); H.-B. 454, I.
6 18 auferebat, began to, etc.: §471, c {ztj, c)-, B. 259, 2; G. 233;
H. 535' 3 (469, I); cf. H.-B. 484.
6 21 urbe tota: §429, 2 (258,/, 2); B. 228, i, ^; G. 388; H. 455, i
(425, u, 2); H.-B. 436, rt.
6 22 (Sect. 14.) This section, though in form a mere statement of
the reasons that prompted the Amerians to send a delegation to Sulla,
is in fact and intent a brief and powerful recapitulation of the history
of the conspiracy. Its effect is to strengthen the impression which
Cicero has from the first been trying to produce : namely, that the
Defence of Roscius 271
murder was the first act in the plot of the two Titi Roscii, the latest act
being the false charge brought against his client.
6 25 iter, right of way, such as was usually reserved in case of the
sale of any estate on which was a family burial-place ; by the proscrip-
tion this right was cut off.
6 96 bonorum emptio : the technical term denoting purchase at public
sale. — furta refers to clam ; rapinae to palam, above.
6 30 (Sect. 15.) decurionum: these constituted the municipal
senate or city council. The decem primi were a standing executive
committee of the town, to whom, in this instance, an unusual piece of
business was intrusted. If the delegates had been a special committee
appointed expressly to report the case to Sulla, Capito, one of the con-
spirators, would hardly have been chosen a member.
7 1 qui vir, what sort of man, i.e. especially in his political principles.
The delegates were apparently to certify to the fact that Roscius had
been of Sulla's party.
7 3 ut . . . velit, that he will consent.
7 4 decretum: the decree was here read to the court, but it has not
been preserved. Its reading must have produced considerable effect."
It was not only important testimony to the innocence of the younger
Roscius, but it was introduced by Cicero at such a point in the case as
to repeat and confirm the summary of the plot just given.
7 6 id quod, as (see note on p. 2, 1. 16, above).
7 9 nobilis, ace. plur. — ab els qui peterent, to beg of them: § 531, 2
(Z^l'> 2); B. 282, 2; G. 630; H. 590 (497, i); H.-B. 502, 2; els refers to
the decem primi. — ne . . . adirent, obj. of peterent.
7 10 vellent: §580 (336, 2); B. 314, i; G. 508, 2; H. 643 (524);
H.-B. 534, 2.
7 11 pollicerentur, same constr. as peterent.
7 13 (Sect. 16.) antiqui, of the old stamp, i.e. plain, honest men. —
ex sua natura, after their own nature. — ceteros, subj. of esse under-
stood, depending on fingerent, imagined. — confirmaret, assured them.
7 17 re inorata, without having stated their case: the primary mean-
ing of oro implies not entreaty, but statement or argument (cf. orator). —
reverterunt: the active form of this verb is found only in the tenses of
the perfect stem; otherwise it is deponent.
7 18 isti, i.e. Chrysogonus and Capito.
7 19 lentius, less energetically. (On account of the natural correla-
tion of opposites, it is often convenient to translate adjectives and ad-
verbs by the negative of their contraries.) — nihil agere, ie. refrain from
272 Notes
action. — deludere, [and thus] to make fools of the Amerians (by hav-
ing rendered their whole embassy ineffectual).
7 20 id quod, etc., as we may easily infer: this point is an inference,
not, like the rest, an attested fact.
7 21 neque, and . . . not, the negative qualifying posse: and judge
that they can no longer, etc. In English the negative is placed near the
verb; in Latin it is attracted by the connective, and so often stands at
the beginning of the clause.
7 22 domino incolumi (abl. abs.), so long as the owner was alive.
7 23 (Sect. 17.) hie, my client. — de, in accordance with. — cogna-
torum, blood-relations: these were accustomed to hold a consilium, or
formal deliberation, on important family affairs, — like the modem
"family council" of the French.
7 24 Caeciliam: see sect. 50.
7 25 honoris causa : cf . note on sect. 5, p. 3, 1. 28, above. — qua . . .
plurimum, whose especial friendship his father had enjoyed.
7 27 id quod, etc., i.e. she showed on this occasion (nunc) the gener-
ous traits which everybody supposed she possessed. — quasi . . . causa,
as if to serve as a model.
7 28 antiqui offici, oldfashioned fidelity : officium means the perform-
ance of duties as well as the duties themselves.
7 29 domo, without the prep., while bonis requires ex: § 427, i
(258, a)\ B. 229, \,b\ G. 390, 2; H. 462, 4 (412, ii, i); H.-B. 451, a.
8 2 vivus . . . referretur, brought alive to trial, rather than mur-
dered and put on the proscription list: § 569, 2 (332, a^\ B. 297, 2; G.
553, i; H. 571, I (501, i); cf. H.-B. 521, 3, a. This implies that their
first plan was to treat him as they had treated his father, but that, frus-
trated in this, they have trumped up a charge of parricide -against him.
Sects. 18, 19. The conspirators bring a charge of parricide
against the younger Roscius, thinking that, for political reasons,
nobody will dare defend him. The condition of Roscius is indeed
miserable, but an advocate, however inefficient, has been found in
the person of the speaker.
8 7 (Sect. 18.) ut . . . deferrent, compararent, pugnarent: subst.
clauses of purpose in app. with consilium, 1. 6; § 561, a, 563 (331,
headnote); cf. B. 295; G. 546, N.2; H. 564 (499, 3); H.-B. 319 r.— •
nomen deferrent, i.e. lay a formal charge before the president of the
proper court. — de parricidio: § 353, 2 (220, b, 2); G. 378, r.^; H. 456, 3
(410, ii, 3); H.-B. 342, /J.
Defence of Rosciiis 273
8 8 veterem, old in the trade : the reign of terror through which
Rome had just passed had given ample practice. — de ea re, etc., in
a case in whichy etc.
8 9 posset, clause of purpose, rather than result (but the two con-
structions approach each other so closely that it is not alw^ays possible
to distinguish between them). — subesset, subj. of char. — suspicio, i.e.
should be able, from his skill as a prosecutor, to make a show of a case
even when there was no ground for suspicion against the accused.
8 10 crimine (abl. of means), on the charge itself, i.e. by any strength
in the incriminating evidence. — poterant: indicative as being their
reason given by Cicero on his own authority; § 540 (321); B. 286, i;
G. 540; H. 588, I (516, i); H.-B. 554, 555. — tempore (opposed to cri-
mine), the circumstances of the times (i.e. partly the generally disturbed
condition of the state, partly the fact that the courts were now first
reopened, after their reorganization by Sulla).
811 loqui: historical infin.; §463(275); B. 335; G. 647; H. 610
(536, i); H.-B. 595. — tam diu, i.e. during the Civil War.
8 ]2 eum, the man (i.e. any one). — oportere, was sure to. — qui pri-
mus : this was the first case that came before the Quaestio inter Sicarios.
8 13 adductus esset: for fut. perf. of direct disc. — huic: the em-
phatic position may be rendered by in his case.
B 14 %X9X\dJn\.y favor or influence^ i.e. with Sulla.
8 16 fore ut, etc. : the usual periphrasis for the fut. infin. pass. ; the
supine with iri is rare. — nuUo negotio: cf. sect. 10, p. 5, 1. 15. — toUe-
retur: cf. de medio toUi, sect. 10.
8 17 nuUo: for the abl. of nemo^ which is never used. — atque adeo,
or rather.
8 18 quern: the antecedent is eum below.
8 19 jugulandum, i.e. for judicial murder: § 500, 4 (294, d[)\ B. 337,
7, ^, 2; G. 430; H. 622 (544, N.2); H.-B. 605, 2.
820 (Sect. 19.) querar, deliberative subj.: §444(268); B. 277; G.
265; H. 559, 4(484, v); H.-B. 503. — unde, where, lit. whence: the
Latin conceives the speaker as proceeding from some point, whereas
the English represents him as beginning at some point. — potissimum
(superl. of potius, as if rathest), best (rather than anywhere else) ; cf.
sect. I, 1. 3.
8 23 summam potestatem, unlimited power (i.e. with respect to ren-
dering a verdict). — fidem, i.e. the protection required by good faith.
8 24 pater, etc. : these nominatives are in no grammatical construc-
tion, but are used to enumerate in a vivid way the crimes of the
274 Notes
conspirators afterwards referred to by his (L 26) ; cf. § 497 (292, «) ;
B. 337, 5; G. 664, R/^; H. 636, 4 (549» n.^); H.-B. 608, 2.
8 25 infesta, imperilled.
8 27 nefariis, abl. of instr. after cumulant: the idea in Latin is that
of making a heap of what already exists, by means of other things piled
on it (hence ace. and abl.) ; but translate, upon these they heap up other
infamies.
8 29 hujusce (emphatic instead of ejUs) : translate by his own. — con-
dicionem, terms (or dilemma) : as containing the idea of a bargain, it is
followed by ut; § 563, </ (331, d)\ cf. B. 295, 4; G. 546, N.2; H. 564, iii
(498, i); H.-B. 502, 3, a.
8 30 cenrices : this word is used by early writers in the plural only.
9 1 insutus in culeum: the old punishment for a parricide was to
be " beaten with blood-red rods, then sewed into a sack, with a dog, a
cock, a viper, and an ape, and thrown into the deep sea " (see below,
sect. 29).
9 2 patronos : Cicero's modesty will not allow him to call himself a
patronus (cf. note on p. 3, 1. 17). — qui . . . dicat, purpose-clause: the
antecedent is the subject of deest, below.
III. Partitio (§ 20)
9 6 (Sect. 20.) This contains the formal statement of the technical
partitio or division of the matter of the defence (defensio) into its parts
or heads. These are distinguished as the charge (crimen) brought by
Erucius, the effrontery {audacia) of the two Titi Roscii, and the illegal
influence (potentia) of Chrysogonus. The charge Cicero says it is his
business to refute. If he can do this he trusts to the jury to see that
the effrontery of the Roscii and the influence exercised by Chrysogonus
shall not injure his client. Sects. 20-35 ^^^ given to disproving the
crimen^ chs. xxx-xli (omitted in this edition) to opposing the audacia
of the Roscii by bringing a counter-accusation (especially against Capito,
who is directly charged with the murder), and sects. 36-46 to disposing
of Chrysogonus.
9 6 quantum, so far as (adverbial ace).
9 12 quid igitur est ? how then ?
9 17 primo quoque tempore, the very first opportunity (i.e. that which
the present case affords) since the violence and disorder of the Civil
War. — ezstinguere debetis : the courts had just been restored by Sulla
after a long interval of lawlessness, and the case of Roscius was the
Defence of Roscius 275
first to come before the reorganized Quaestio inter Sicarios, There was
a general feeling that the courts ought to do something at once, — a
feeling that might well be prejudicial to the defendant even though he
was innocent. To remove this prejudice Cicero (i) suggests that the
conspirators relied on it in bringing their iniquitous charge (sect. 18:
ita loqui homines . . . esset), and (2) shows that an acquittal, by rebuk-
ing tjie effrontery and violence of men like Chrysogonus and his confed-
erates, would do much to restore law and order.
IV. Defensio (§§ 21-46)
Sects. 21-23. The guilt of the defendant is antecedently improb-
able. His eharacter does not suit the crime. No motive has been
shown. The alleged ill-will between the father and the son has not
been proved and is unlikely.
9 20 (Sect. 21.) ejus modi, quo uno maleficio, of such a kind, that
in this one crime (rel. clause of result).
9 22 voltu, by a look.
9 24 si . . . postularety . . . cogebant, would compel it if the case
required: see § 517, b (308, b)\ cf. B. 304, 3; G. 597, R.8; H. 581, i
(511 1); H.-B. 582, I and 3, a\ jura cogebant is equivalent to a verb
of necessity, and hence the imperf. indie, in the apodosis appears with
the imperf. subj. in the protasis.
9 27 auditum sit, a general condition ; subj. because integral part
of the result clause.
9 28 tu (emphatic), you, a professional prosecutor.
9 29 censes : the word used to express deliberate judgment, after
discussion or the like.
9 30 mores, character, as resulting from habits of life ; natnram
(next line), natural disposition,
10 3 tu: emphatic, as opposed to the general run of accusers.
Cicero is here using the famous " argument from probability," a favor-
ite with ancient orators and rhetoricians from the fifth century B.C.
" For example, if a physically weak man be accused of an assault, he
is to ask the jury, ♦ Is it probable that a weakling like me should have
attacked anybody ? ' while if the accused is a strong man he is to claim
that it is improbable that he should have committed an assault in a case
where his strength was sure to be used as a presumption against him."
10 4 (Sect. 22.) Here the " argument from probability " is very
skilfully carried out. In sect. 22 Cicero draws such a contrast between
276 Notes
the nature of the crime and the character of the defendant as to appeal
powerfully to the imagination of the jury as well as to their reason.
Describing briefly and vividly the three types of men who might be
recognized as likely to commit such a murder (the weak-minded strip-
Ung led astray by evil companions, the hardened cut-throat, the ruined
debauchee), he points to the life and character of Roscius as having
nothing in common with any of these. This leads up at once to the
question of motive : if Roscius*s character was so little suited to the
crime, the motive must have been extraordinarily powerful; but no
motive at all has been shown (sect. 23).
10 4 patrem, etc. : to preserve the emphasis we may render a par-
ricide has been committed by Sex. Roscius. — qui homo ? whcct sort of
man (is it who has committed such a crime) ?
10 5 adulescentulus : the diminutive suggests a weak stripling
led astray (inductus) ; the defendant was, in fact, a man of forty. —
nequam, with hominibus.
10 6 major : anomalous for the more usual plus or amplius ;
§407, r (247, <r); B. 217, 3; G. 311, R.*; H. 471,4 (417, i, N.2) ; H.-B,
416, d. — vetus (emphatic), old (in the sense of the English derivative
inveterate). — videlicet, no doubts of course.
10 10 de luxuria : for constr. see note on de parricidio (p. 8, 1. 7).
10 12 cuiquam: words in italics are not in the manuscripts, but
are supplied by modem scholars (from conjecture) as being necessary
to the construction or the sense.
10 14 objecit : the accuser had made it a point in his argument
that the defendant was of a morose temper, shunning all society and
burying himself in the country. Cicero deftly turns these assertions
to the advantage of his client.
' 10 15 officio, sense of duty, and consequent discharge of it ; espe-
cially used with reference to filial duty (pietas).
10 17 (Sect. 23.) In ancient trials, as at present, it was particularly
important to show a motive in order to secure a conviction for murder.
Erucius had alleged two motives, — ill-feeling between father and son,
and intended disinheritance. In this section (and in the two chapters
that follow, omitted in this edition) Cicero disposes of the former;
in ch. xix (also omitted) he argues that there is no evidence that
the elder Roscius meant to disinherit his son. In chs. xx and xxi
(omitted) he goes on to say that the prosecutor has shown no case
and to inveigh against him for bringing a baseless charge.
10 19 justam, sufficient or well-grounded.
Defence of Roscius 2TJ
10 20 illud, this (referring forward to the inf. clause following),
Le. the point previously treated ; hoc, the new point now introduced.
10 22 odio . . . parent!: § 382, i (233, a)\ B. 191, 2; G. 356; H.
433 {390» i) ; H"B- 360 and b.
10 23 eodem, to the same point (as that treated in the preceding
section).
10 25 displiceret, was disliked by.
10 26 qui Odisset, in that he hated (according to their argument):
see § 592, 3 (341, d) ; B. 323 ; G. 628 ; H. 649, i (528, i) ; H.-B. 535, i, a.
10 27 constantissimus (opposed to amens), most steady-minded
("level-headed").
10 28 illud refers forward (as usual) to causam fuisse. — jam, by
this time.
Sects. 24-30. Recapitulation. Erucius had to show not only a
strong motive, but, in the case of so unnatural a crime, to bring
the clearest testimony as to the facts — where, how, by whose means,
when the murder was committed. A recent case of acquittal (sect.
26), even against strong circumstantial evidence, since absolute
proof is needed to establish such a charge. Enormity of the crime,
as shown by the severity of the legal punishment (sects. 28-29).
Tet Erucius has no evidence to offer — he has not even established
a plausible motive.
11 3 (Sect. 24.) quod, referring to id in 1. 5 : cf. in English, " whom
therefore ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you."
11 4 jam prope COtidiana, which have now come to be an almost
everyday affair.
11 5 quae, etc. : the question which is referred to in quod . . . quae-
ritur.
11 7 COnyenisse . . . videntur, seem to have converged upon one
spot and to agree together : the phrase inter se may express any sort of
reciprocal relation; § 301, /(196, /); B. 245, i; G. 221; H. 502, i
(448, N.) ; H.-B. 266.
11 10 ingenio, talent (i.e. power in putting the case). — cum, not
only.
11 12 ostendatur: § 569, 2, n.2 (331, / r.); B. 295, 6 and 8; G.
535, R.2; H. 564, ii, I (502, i); H.-B. 502, 3, c.
1114 (Sect. 25.) sint, exist, — exstent: cf. note on ostendatur,
above. — expressa vestigia, distinct footprints.
11 15 ratione, manner^ i.e. the whole plan of the act.
2/8 Notes
11 19 suspicionibns : governed by reclamitat, which, on account
of its meaning, takes an indir. obj.
11 SI esse, that there should be, etc.
11 33 feras : notice the emphatic position. The emphasis may be
expressed in English either by changing the verb to the passive (in
order to keep feras at the beginning of the clause) or by turning thus :
even in the case of wild beasts, etc.
11 25 (Sect. 26.) As an example of what cogent proof is required
to overcome the presumption against the possibility of so unnatural a
crime as parricide, Cicero cites a recent case in which strong circum-
stantial evidence was held insufficient. — ita, so very.
11 S6 non obscurum, respectable.
1129 servus: here used as adj.; §321, c (188, d)\ G. 288, R. ;
H. 495» 3 (44i» 3) ; H.-B. 240, 2, b.
12 1 pertineret, subj. of characteristic. — id aetatis, i.e. too old for
the sound sleep of childhood; § 397, a (240, b) ; B. 185, 2 ; G. 336, N.2;
H. 416, 2 (378, 2); H.-B. 388, b. — autem, on the other hand. — •prop-
ter, nearby.
12 4 neutrnmne sensisse, the idea that, etc. : infin. of exclam., § 462
(274); B.334; G. 534; H.6i6,3(539,iii); H.-B. 596. Cf. ^Eneid, i. 37.
12 5 potissimum, of all others: cf. sect, i, 1. 3.
12 7 (Sect. 27.) porro . . . conveniret, could naturally fall (really
in the same constr. as pertineret, 1. i, above).
12 9 judicio (abl. of means), on the trial (more lit. by the court).
12 13 potuisset, subj. of characteristic (in direct disc, potuerit).
12 14 nonmodO . . . possunt, not only cannot, etc. : §327, i (219,^1);
B. 343, 2, a; G. 482, R.^ ; H. 656, 3 (552, 2) ; H.-B. 299 ; the verb is
sufficiently negatived by ne.
12 16 (Sect. 28.) quo . . . eo, the less . . . the more.
12 18 multis = many other (implied in the generalizing cum, not
only, followed by turn, but also).
12 19 armis, abl. of specification.
12 20 turn, but also (correlative with cum in 1. 17). — vel: in the
emphasizing use, to strengthen mazime; § 291, c (93, b); B. 240, 3;
G. 303; H. (444. 3); H.-B. 241, 3, a.
12 21 singulare, special (lit. unique).
12 22 sapientiam, ace. of exclamation.
12 23 rerum natura, the universe, represented by air (caelum), fire
(solem), water, and earth, the elements "from which all things are
said to be produced" (omnia nata esse, 1. 26).
Defence of Roscius 279
12 35 ademerintt subord. clause in ind. disc.
12 27 dicuntur: for mood, see § 593, a {342, d)\ cf. B. 314, 4; G.
629, R., b\ H. 652, I (529, ii, N.i); cf. H.-B. 535, i, d.
12 27 (Sect. 29.) obicere, cast forth to. — ne bestiis . . . uteremor,
lest we should find the very beasts more savage (immanioribus, in predi-
cate apposition).
12 28 attigissent, subj. of integral part.
12 29 sic nudos, naked as they were,
12 30 ipsum, even that, — yiolata, defiled,
12 31 ezpiari: sea water, as well as running water, was regarded
as having a ceremonially purifying quality, — an opinion prevailing in
various religions, and found in the forms of ablution, baptism, and the
like. — putantur: for mood cf. dicuntur, 1. 27, above. — tam ... vol-
gare, so cheap or so common.
12 32 cujus . . . reliquerint, clause of result. — etenim, i.e. it needs
no argument to show, etc.
13 2 ejectis, to castaways. — ita, in such a way.
13 8 (Sect. 30.) talibus viris, " to this intelligent jury." — ne
cansam quidem, not even a motive (to say nothing of evidence of
guilt).
13 9 emptores, the purchasers (of the confiscated property), i.e. men
having the strongest interest in his conviction, with Chrysogonus him-
self as their presiding officer.
13 11 venisses, ^'M/ should have come: §439, b (266, e) ; G. 272, 3;
H. 558, I (483, 2, N.); H.-B. 512, b. — utrum ... an, i.e. which is it —
the nature of the question or the character of the court [another com-
pliment to the jury] — that you do not see ?
13 14 ne . . . quidem: §327, i (209, a, i); B. 347, 2; G. 445;
H. 656, 2 (553, 2) ; H.-B. 298, 2ya.
Sects. 31-35. Roscius had not only no motive to commit the
crime, but no means of committing it. Erucius is challenged to
tell how Roscius could himself have killed his father or could
have procured his death through others.
13 16 (Sect. 31.) esto, well then (to quit that point). — causam
proferre, to allege a motive.
13 17 vicisse debeo, / ought to have now gained the case, i.e. by my
past argument ; ought to have conquered (in the past) would be vincere
debni: §486, a (288, a)\ B. 270, 2; G. 280, b, n.«; H. 618, 2 (537, i);
H.-B. 582, 3, a, footnote 2.
28o Notes
13 18 in alia caasa, in another case : an implied condition of which
concederem is the apodosis; §521, a (310, a); B. 305, i; G. 600, i;
H. 583 (507, N J); H.-B. 578,6.
13 19 qua re, why ; quo modo, how. Cicero contends that he is not
obliged to discuss the manner of the murder, since Erucius has not
raised that point, and has not even been able to assign a motive. His
own position in the argument is so strong, however, that, he says, he can
afford to concede a point by waiving the question of motive and allowing
Erucius to argue the case on the basis of the means by which Roscius
could have committed the crime. This is of course a rhetorical device
to introduce one of Cicero's strongest arguments. It cannot be proved
that it was even possible for Roscius to kill his father under the circum-
stances. By calling for the details of the murder Cicero shows that none
can be produced. The whole passage serves also as an effective prepara-
tion for the countercharge (omitted in this edition), in which it is shown
that Sex. Roscius Magnus had not only a motive, but every opportunity.
13 21 sic, i.e. I will deal with you on these terms. — meo loco, in my
place^ i.e. in the time allotted to the defence ; this was determined for
each party by the praetor.
13 22 respondendi, i.e. at the end of a question ; interpellandi, i.e. in
the middle of any question, to answer a part of it ; interrogandi, i.e. by
asking questions in his turn.
13 24 (Sect. 32.) ipse percussit, did he strike the fatal blow himself^
13 25 ipsum, sc. percussisse. — per alios : for abl. of means, when
persons are intended, see § 405, b (246, b)\ G. 401 ; H. 468, 3 (41 5, i, N.^) ;
H.-B. 380, d.
13 27 indidemne Ameria,/r^w Ameria there ? (lit. the someplace). —
hosce sicarios, these cut-throats here of ours.
13 30 convenit, i.e. to bargain for the murder.
13 32 unde, i.e. on whom did he draw for the money ? All such
banking business being in a manner public, the sum could be traced, as
by cheques and the like in modem times.
14 1 Cdcpvit, fountain-head.
14 2 tibi, dat. instead of poss. gen.: §377 (235, a); B. 181, I, N.;
G. 350, I ; H. 425, 4, N. (384, 4, N.2) ; H.-B. 368. — veniat, with facito
(fac) for simple imperat. : § 449, c (269, g) ; cf. G. 553, i ; cf. H. 561, 2
(489, 2). The fut. form of the imperat. is used, because the accuser is
bidden to reflect on the point raised, so that there is a distinct reference
to future time: §449 (269, //); B. 281, 1, a\ G. 268, 2; H. 560, 4
(487, 2) ; H.-B. 496.
Defence of Roscius 281
14 3 agrestetn, boorish (see next clause).
14 5 in oppido coostitisse, stayed in any town ; oppidum is distin-
guished both from urbs, the great city^ and yicus, a country village ; it
would be a place of some society and cultivation.
14 6 (Sect, -t^t^^ qua in re, on this point. — praetereo, etc. : an excel-
lent example of the rhetorical device called praeteritio (" omission ").
The speaker dwells upon the point while pretending to pass it over in
silence.
14 7 poterat, mighty i.e. if I chose to use it: §522, a (311, c)\
B. 304, 3; O. 597, R.8; H. 583 (511, I, N.8); H.-B. 582, 3, «.
14 8 victu arido, dry or meagre way of living. — inculta, uncouth.
14 10 possis, potential subj., §446 (311, d)\ B. 280; G. 257, i;
H. 552(485); H.-B. 517,1.
14 11 in urbe (emphatic), i.e. not in the country, where Roscius was.
14 12 exsistat, erumpat, dependent on necesse est. — erumpat, burst
forth : a strong word is used on account of audacia, reckless daring.
14 13 autem, on the other hand.
14 14 agrestem: see note on 1. 3. — parsimoniae, thrift (in a good
sense).
14 16 (Sect. 34.) missa facio, I let that pass (missa agreeing with
haec, obj. of facio) ; such phrases are often used colloquially or with
emphasis, for the simple verb : § 497, c (292, d) ; G. 537 ; H.-B. 605, 4.
— illud quaero, this is what I want to know.
14 17 per quos : these words are the interrogative expression with
which the clause grammatically begins ; is homo is put first for emphasis.
14 20 suspiciose, i.e. so as to look suspicious. — in his rebus, but in
THESE circumstances^ i.e. those in our case (emphatic position). — sus-
picio . . . culpam : i.e. in so clear a case I will not ask Erucius for proof
of guilt ; if he can show any suspicious circumstance, it shall suffice.
14 22 credo, I suppose : ironical, as usual when parenthetical.
14 27 causa dicitur, the defendant is on trial (a technical term : lit.
the case is argued y i.e. by the defendant).
14 28 (Sect. 35.) admiserit: §569 (332, a); B. 297, 2; G. 553, 4;
H. 571, I (501, i, i); H.-B. 521, 3, rt, footnote^.
14 29 quod, that.
14 30 quod : the antecedent is id (p. 15, 1. i) ; the clause ut . . . pol-
liceatur is in apposition with quod.
15 1 quaestionem, question in the technical sense, i.e. examination
by torture, the regular legal way of examining slaves. An accused per-
son could, of his own accord, offer his slaves for that purpose (polliceri) :
2S2 Notes
in this case Roscius had lost his slaves, and so was deprived of that
privilege.
15 2 tinus puer, as much as a single sloT/e.
15 3 minister, i.e. to wait upon him. — familia : this word, in its
primary meaning, properly embraced the entire body of free persons,
clients, and slaves, under the patriarchal rule of the paterfamilias. In
time, the meaning was divided, applying either (i) to the family proper
— \\\^ paterfamilias^ with his wife, children, etc.; or (2) to a body (or
gang) of slaves. The latter is the meaning here.
15 4 Scipio, Metelle : these were, probably, P. Scipio Nasica, father
of Metellus Scipio (a leader on Pompey's side in the Civil War), and
his cousin, Q. Metellus Nepos, brother of Caecilia (sect. 50), and father
of the Celer and Nepos referred to in the orations against Catiline.
15 5 advocatis, called in (as friends of the accused) ; agentibus,
taking active part. The demand seems to have been formal, and these
friends were present to attest it.
15 7 meministisne : -ne = nonne; §332, c (210, d)\ B. 162, 2, c\
G. 454, N.^; H.-B. 231^^, N.i. — T. Rosciutn, i.e. Magnus.
15 8 sectantur, are in the train of.
15 10 quid facitis: up to this point Cicero appears to be merely
accounting for the fact (which might have made against his case) that
the younger Roscius had not offered his slaves for examination. With
this abrupt question he shows the true bearing of the refusal of Magnus,
retorting suddenly the countercharge, which he carries out in a chapter
here omitted. The effect on a jury of such an appeal as Dubitate, etc.,
must have been very great.
Sects. 36-42. The sale of the property of the elder Roscius was
illegal and his proscription in every way irregular. For this act
Chrysogonus is to be blamed, not Sulla, for Sulla was necessarily
so much occupied with affairs of state that details of this kind
escaped his attention.
15 17 (Sect. 36.) aureum: the Greek name Chrysogonus means
gold-born.
15 18 latuit: because his was the only name that appeared.
15 22 alii quoque, i.e. other purchasers of confiscated estates.
15 23 ut mihi, etc., i.e. I have no occasion to say anything of the
purchasers of confiscated estates in general, for this case, by its atrocity,
is taken out of the common category (haec enim causa, etc., 1. 24,
below).
Defence of Roscius 283
15 24 sectcmim : these were the purchasers of confiscated property
in the lump, who afterwards divided it (seco) to sell again in detail.
15 28 (Sect. 37.) venienmt, from veneo, not vdnio.
15 30 si enim haec, for if such remarks^ etc., i.e. if I may be allowed
to speak freely.
15 31 tantus homo, such a great person : a hint that more important
men than he had suffered. In fact, all the really eminent victims of
the Civil War had perished before the proscription.
16 2 qui (adv.), how ?
16 3 Valeria : the law by which Sulla was made perpetual dictator
and invested with absolute power of life and death (B.C. 82) ; it was
proposed by L. Valerius Flaccus as interrex. Laws were designated by
\\\% gentile name of their proposer; all laws, for example, carried by
L. Cornelius Sulla were known as Leges Corneliae. — Cornelia: this
appears to have been enacted some time after the Lex Valeria^ in order
to regulate the details of the proscription. Cicero's ignorance of the law
is no doubt affected. — novi, I know the thing or person ; scio, I know
the fact : / am not acquainted with the lawy and do not know which it is.
16 6 proscripti sunt : the indie, must mean those already proscribed
when the law was passed. Future cases of proscription would have
been referred to by the subj. or fut. perf. (see Verr. ii, chs. xli, xlii).
16 7 in . . . praesidiis, among the armed forces^ etc.
16 8 dum, so long as: § 556, a (276, e, n.) ; G. 569 ; H. 603, i (519, i) ;
H.-B. 550 and b.
16 12 veteres, those of the regular code ; novas, those of the SuUan
revolution. — occisum esse, indir. disc, with constat; the subject accu-
sative is omitted.
16 14 (Sect. 38.) in eum, i.e. Sulla. Here it is necessary for the
orator to proceed with great caution : even if not himself present, Sulla
would watch sharply the first case before his own criminal court.
16 15 ab initio, /r^/w the beginning of this trial (see sect. 12); omni
tempore, throughout his whole career.
16 17 ut ementiretur, . . . passus non sit, clauses in appos. with
haec omnia: for the change of tense, see § 475, « (279, d).
16 18 apud adversarios, in the enem/s ranks (= in praesidiis,
above).
16 21 postea: the passage referred to appears to have been lost out
of the oration, probably in the gap in ch. xlv. The scholiast represents
Chrysogonus as saying that he had used the property in building a villa
at Veii.
284 Notes
16 24 (Sect. 39.) Kalendas Junias, ace. in the same constr. as diem.
16 26 tabulas: confiscated property belonged to the state, and pub-
lic records of its seizure and sale were, of course, kept. — nulla, not at
all: § 290 (191); B. 239; G. 325, R.6; H. 513, 3 (457, 3); H.-B. 245.
16 27 redierunt = relata sunt. — facetius, more cleverly: in the case
supposed, the pretended proscription would never have occurred and
the property would have been taken without even the forms of law.
16 30 ante tempus, too early, i.e. before it is time to raise so trivial
a question as that of a title to property (Roscius is now on trial for his
life).
16 32 reduviam curem (proverbial), treat a sore finger, i.e. in a case
of life and death I deal only with some trifling ailment. For mood see
§ 535' ' (320, e)', B. 283, 3; G. 586; H. 592 (517); H.-B. 523.
17 1 non . . . rationem . . . ducit, he does not take account (a mer-
cantile phrase).
17 5 (Sect. 40.) partim . . . pro me, partly in my own name. To
avoid entangling the case of his client with politics, Cicero makes him-
self responsible for everything that may have a political bearing ; he was
a well-known partisan of the nobility and could afford to speak freely.
17 7 quae-que : not from quisque. — ad omnis pertinere, concerns all.
17 8 sensu ac ^oXoxt, feeling and pain, i.e. painful feeling (so-called
hendiadys).
17 11 jam, with the ini,, presently.
17 12 (Sect. 41.) ego, opposed to Roscio.
17 17 diem: fem.; § 97, a (73); B. 53; G. 64; H. 135 (123); H.-B.
1 01. — praefinita,/x<'^/« advance, as the limit (finio).
17 19 patronum, i.e. Sulla. See note on libertum, p. 6, 1. 10.
17 20 COnferre, throw the responsibility for. — egerit, will effect, f ut.
perf. forfut. : § 516, c, N. (307, c, R.) ; G. 244 ; H. 540 (473) ; cf. H.-B. 490.
17 22 imprudente : cf . p. 5, 1. 28.
17 23 (Sect. 42.) placet, do I like? i.e. do I think it right? — im-
prudentia, want of foresight.
17 24 etenim si, etc. (the apod, is quid miramur, p. 17, 1. 32). The
comparison that follows is perhaps somewhat strained; but it accords
with the habits of thought of the ancients, to whom the powers of a
supreme ruler appeared in a manner divine. (Cf. the language used of
Caesar in the Oration for Marcellus.) The tone in which kings were
addressed in modern literature until very recent times may be compared
(see, e.g., Bacon's dedication of his Advancement of Learning to
James I).
Defence of Roscius 285
17 29 pernicii, for perniciei: § 98, n. (74, d)\ B. 52, 2; G. 63, n.I;
H. 134, 2 and 3 (121, i); cf. H.-B. 100, 3. — vi ipsa . . . rerum, by the
very violence of the elements^ — the agents or powers which he has to
control
18 1 cum is causal, but may be translated when.
18 4 nisi, here as often (more commonly with forte or vero) intro-
ducing a reductio ad absurdum : § 525, b and N. (315, b and N.) ; G. 591,
R>; H.-B. 578, 3, a. — quod, pron.: the anteced. is id.
18 5 possit, adepta . . . sit, informal indir. disc, as expressing the
thought of the person surprised: § 592 (341) ; B. 323; G. 662; H. 649, i
(528); H.-B. 535, I, a, — si . . . sit, clause with mirum: §572, b, n.
iZZZ^ R); G. 542, N.i
Sects. 43-46. In thus attacking Chrysogonus, Cicero is not
assailing the cause of the nobility. On the contrary, that cause
is honored by resistance to him. His insolence and power are
tinbearable. It was not to advance such slaves as he that Sulla
fought and conquered.
19 1 (Sect. 43.) vereor: for emphat. position cf. credo, p. 2, 1. i. —
Imperitior: § 291, a (93, d)\ B. 240, i; G. 297, 2; II. 498 (444, i);
H.-B. 241, 2.
19 2 tametsi, and yet. — meo jure, with perfect right (as belonging to
that party) ; jure alone would meanyW/Zy ; meo limits it to the speaker's
own case. The passage that follows is interesting, as showing the way
\xi which Cicero regarded the general principles at stake in the Civil
War, and the excesses of the victorious party.
19 6 pro mea, etc., to the extent of my poor and feeble ability.
19 7 ut COmponeretur, that reconciliation should be made : a clause
of result in appos. with id: § 567, 568 (332 and headnote) ; B. 297 and 3 ;
G. 557; H. 571, 4 (501, iii); H.-B. 521, 3, a.
19 8 qui vicerunt, who did (in fact) conquer: the subj. here would
' mean, whatever party might conquer: § 593, a, N.i (342, n.) ; G. 629, r. ;
H. 652, I (529, ii, N.i).
19 9 humilitatem, not merely low rank, but meanness and vulgarity ;
digaiisXty personal worth, from birth and services; amplitudine (next
line), rank ox position — prominence in the state. With all his arro-
gance, blood-thirstiness, and narrow conservatism, Sulla was, in fact,
the representative of orderly government against anarchy and mob-law.
19 10 perditi civis erat (pred. gen.), it was the part of a bad citizen :
§ 343, c (214, d)\ B. 198, 3; G. 366; H. 439 (401, 402); H.-B. 340.
286 Notes
19 11 quibus incolumibas (abl. abs.), by whose safety.
19 la retineretur, would be preserved: fut. cond., the protasis being
quibus incolumibus: § 516,/ (307,/); G. 596, 2; H. 575, 9 (507, n.');
H.-B. 580, b. — quae, i.e. the reinstating of the nobility.
19 15 felicitate: see note on p. 6, 1. 7.
19 17 (Sect. 44.) quod animadversnm est (impers.) in eos, that
those have been punished (a euphemistic expression for the proscription).
Observe the chiastic order of ideas ; (a) the punishment; {p) the persons
on whom it was inflicted; (^1) the persons rewarded; (ai) the reward.
19 20 quae, referring to both the punishment and the reward just
spoken of.
19 21 in eo studio partium, in favor of that party : stndium is the
regular word for siding with a particular party.
19 22 id actum est, this was the object. — idcirco, antecedent to the
purpose clause. — ut . . . facerent, purpose clause in appos. with id.
19 23 postremi, the lowest (in class or character).
19 25 turn vero: here the apodosis begins.
19 28 nihil horum est, none of these things is true (i.e. is the fact).
19 29 oraabitur. Nothing can exceed the skill with which, through-
out this oration, Cicero keeps before the minds of the jury the distinction
between the great cause of Sulla and the nobility and the unscrupulous
greed of some of Sulla's partisans. His continual allusions to his client's
hereditary friendships with the aristocracy have this end, among others,
in view.
19 30 (Sect. 45.) male: to speak ill is to utter abuse or calumny.
20 1 causam . . . communicare, identify their cause with that of etc.
20 3 equestrem, referring to the struggle for the judicia and the
extensive sympathy of the equites with the party of Marius. Cf. note
to Verr., p. 28, 1. 2.
20 4 servi: Chrysogonus had been Sulla's slave.
20 6 versabatur, displayed itself. — quam yiam mnnitet (indir.
quest.) : for road-building, both literal and figurative, the Romans used
the engineering term munire.
20 7 fidem, etc., your honor (good faith), >/wr oath, and your courts ;
i.e. after getting possession of political power, these low-bom fellows
were now aiming at the courts, the one security of public faith and good
government. — jusjurandum: the jurors were under oath to give a
righteous judgment.
20 9 hicine (emphat.), here, i.e. in the courts (as opposed to politics).
20 11 neque . . . possit: Cicero does not wish to encourage him by
Defence of Roscius 287
admitting for a moment that he can really do anything in this case:
it is the fact that he has dared to hope to accomplish something that is
an outrage. — verear: subj. because it expresses not a real reason, but
one introduced for the sole purpose of being contradicted: § 540, N.'
(321, R.); B. 286, I, b; G. 541, N.2; H. 588, ii (516, 2); H.-B. 535, 2,3.
20 13 talis yiros: cf. p. 13, 1. 8.
20 15 (Sect. 46.) exspectata, so long waited for. For some years
(B.C. 87-83), while Sulla was in the East, the Marian faction had full
control at Rome, and a reign of terror prevailed.
20 17 senroli, diminutive of contempt. — bona, estates; fortunas
(more generally), wealth.
20 18 id actum est: cf. p. 19, 1. 22.
20 19 senserim, sided with them : this verb, with its noun sententia,
often refers to poUtical opinions.
20 20 inermis, i.e. had he taken up arms, his regret would have been
deeper.
20 22 cuique, to every man in proportion as he is, etc.: § 313, 3
(93, r); cf. B. 252, 5, c\ G. 318, 2; H. 515, 2 (458, I); H.-B. 278, 2, b.
20 25 probe novit : note the strong sarcasm, which points the dis-
tinction between the noble cause which was at stake and the sordid
motives of Chrysogonus.
20 26 resistetur, impersonal. — ille : here indefinite, referring to the
supposed person who thinks himself attacked.
20 27 rationem, interests (so that what touches one touches the
other): a mercantile figure, as we might say, "who thinks his accounts
are mixed up with his."
20 28 laeditur, etc., is injured by being separated, etc.
V. Peroratio (§§ 47-57)
Sects. 47-52. The attack on Chrysogonus is Cicero*s : Roscius
asks for life alone. Feigned appeal to Chrysogonus to spare his
victim. Powerful friends of Roscius.
With sect. 47 begins the last formal division of the speech, — the
peroratio. This consists, as was common with Roman advocates, in an
appeal to the sympathy of the court (there is a good example in the
closing portion of Cicero's Defence of Milo).
20 30 (Sect. 47.) mea, emphatic. Cicero wishes to avoid prejudice
to his client by himself assuming sole responsibility for these words.
At the same time this section serves as a skilful means of transition.
288 Notes
It is so important for Cicero to show that this case has no political
bearings that he has been forced to abandon the question of the mur-
der for a time, and to discuss the illegal sale of the property. He
must now return to the charge against his client, and he does so by
remarking that Roscius has no complaint to make of his treatment by
Chrysogonus if the latter will only let him off with his life.
21 2 morum, the ways of men. — vos, i.e. Chrysogonus and his
abettors in the accusation; vos is expressed, not as being specially
emphatic, but from the Latin fondness for contrasting persons with
each other.
21 3 more, in the regular way. — jure gentium : the " law common
to all nations," as opposed to jus civile^ or law of the state ; thus it is
used as nearly equivalent to natural right.
21 4 a vobis, i.e. once clear of guilt, and acquitted of this shocking
crime, he will leave you unmolested.
216 rogat : a feigned appeal to his persecutors, intended to move
the compassion of the jury for Roscius and their indignation against
Chrysogonus.
21 7 in suam rem : in a former passage (omitted in this edition)
allusion is made to a charge that Roscius had fraudulently kept back
part of his father's property.
21 9 concessit, etc., has given up (the immovable property), counted
and weighed (the rest).
21 10 anulum, probably the gold ring indicating his rank as eques.
21 1 1 se ipsum, etc., and has reserved nothing else besides his naked self.
21 14 (Sect. 48.) quod . . . quia: § 540 (321); B. 286, i ; G. 540;
H. 588, 1(516, i); H.-B. 554, 555-
2127 praeter ceteros, more than anybody else. — ne quando: i.e.
some time when there comes a political reaction.
21 28 patria, of their fathers.
21 29 (Sect. 49.) facts injuriam, i.e. you do wrong (i.e. to Sulla). —
majorem spem : in this and the preceding sentence Cicero artfully sug-
gests that Chrysogonus has no confidence that Sulla's constitution will
last, and that he therefore wishes to remove a dangerous claimant in
case of another political overturn. This insinuation would, of course,
tend to prejudice the partisans of Sulla against Chrysogonus.
22 6 omenta (pred.) : the expression of the thought is made more
vivid by the use of words exactly appropriate to the killing of a man
and the stripping (detrahere) of his dead body.
22 8 (Sect. 50.) rem tuam, your interests.
Defence of Roscius 289
22 13 quasi . . . nescias, as if you did not know: § 524 (312); B. 307,
I and 2 ; G. 602 ; H. 584, 2 (513, ii and N.^); H.-B. 504, 3 and a.
22 14 spectatissima, most estimable; the friends of Roscius are
purposely exalted, in order to influence the court. — cum, concessive.
22 16 cum esset, though she was, etc. — femina, mulier : observe
the distinction between the words, the latter being always used in
speaking of the tenderness of the feminine nature. — quanto : translate
however much (though the Latin is definite) ; the usual correlative is
supplied by non minora, fully as great.
22 19 (Sect. 51.) Observe the clever transition. Cicero suggests
that, since there are no other assignable causes for the implacability
of Chrysogonus, perhaps he may be offended by the zeal of the
defence. This enables him to pass at once to an emphatic assertion
of the influential connections of his client.
22 20 pro patris, etc., in accordance with his father's friendly rela-
tions and personal influence (see above, sect, i), i.e. by an advocacy
proportionate in number and influence to the number and attachment
of his father's friends.
22 29 sin . . . vindicarent, i.e. if all the citizens were disposed to
right his wrongs.
22 23 pro eo, etc., in view of the fact that (i.e. with a due regard to
the way in which) the highest interests of the State (summa res publica)
are assailed.
22 24 haec, these outrages. Observe that English often requires
descriptive words which the Latin can omit as being implied in the
context. — consistere, etc., hinting that the accusers would be in danger
of violence.
22 25 nunc, as it is (" as things stand " : opposed to the preceding
suppositions).
22 26 sane, / ^m sure.
22 27 (Sect. 52.) quae domi, i.e. the personal protection of Ros-
cius, supply of money, providing of witnesses, etc.
22 28 fori . . . rationem, the business of forum and court, i.e. the
preliminaries of the trial.
22 29 ut videtis, i.e. he is here in court.
22 31 aetas, youth.
23 1 adsiduitate, constant presence, probably at the preliminary
proceedings.
23 3 sectorum, a pun : the word means both buyers (of confiscated
property) and cut-throats.
2gO Notes
23 4 hac nobilitate, i.e. sucA nobles as he,
23 5 haec res, the present state of things. — ei, such.
23 6 qui . . . facerent : in this clause (as often in Latin) purpose
and result approach so closely as to be indistinguishable.
23 10 loco, rank in life.
Sects. 53-57. Final appeal to the jurors.
23 13 (Sect. 53.) nostra, nobis : identifying himself with his client.
23 16 si . . . habet, if he is not content (lit. does not regard [it] as
enough).
23 17 nisi, etc., unless his cruelty is also sated with blood (lit. blood
is furnished to his cruelty).
23 21 hoc tempore, in these times.
23 22 versata est, has prevailed.
23 25 versari, live.
23 25 (Sect. 54.) ad eanme rem, is it for this that, etc.
23 27 solent, the emphat. position may be represented by trans-
lating, it is the custom, etc.
23 32 qui excipiatis, to cut off.
24 2 consilium : the jury, or body oijudices, was called consilium. By
calling it a public council, Cicero enhances its dignity and importance.
24 4 (Sect. 55.) an vero, or can it be true that, etc. In this use of
an, the first question is omitted, and the second is often a reductio ad
absurdum, as here. The full thought is, "Z><? you not agree with me,
or can it really (vero) beV etc. See § 335, ^ (211, b)\ B. 162, 4, a\
G. 457, I ; H. 380, 3 (353, N.*); U.-B. 236. — agi, is their object (aliquid
agere is to aim at something).
24 5 ut . . . tollantur, that . . . be got rid of, in one way or another,
24 6 in vestro jurejurando, i.e. in the severity which your oath
might seem to bind you to exercise. — periculo, the case (often used
with reference to defendants).
24 7 ad quern . . . pertineat, i.e. on whom the suspicion rests.
24 8 sectorem . . . accusatorem, i.e. T. Roscius Magnus, at once
purchaser, enemy, cut-throat, and accuser.
24 12 (Sect. 56.) obstare, stands against (cf. sect. 20, above).
24 18 suscipere noluit : the law by which the proscriptions were
instituted was passed by the people directly, without the action of the
Senate.
24 19 more majorum, i.e. that every capital judgment was subject
to an appeal to the people in the comitia centuriata.
Impeachment of Verres 291
24 30 publico consilio, i.e. by their official action.
24 21 eorum, refers back to eos, L 18, above.
24 22 reicitis, etc., pres. for fut. ; § 468 (276, c) ; G. 228 ; H. 533, 2
(467,5); H.-B.571.
24 26 (Sect. 57.) quibus : the antecedent is eis (1. 27).
24 28 quin intellegat: §559(3i9»^); B. 284, 3; G. 556; H. 595
(504, i); H.-B. 521, I.
25 1 pati nolite, do not suffer : § 450, i (269, d)\ B.276, c; G. 271, 2 ;
H. 561, I (489, i); H.-B. 501, 3, a, 2.
25 3 homimbus, etc., Aas taken from the gentlest of men the sense of
mercy., through familiarity with distress (lit. in plur.). For the dative,
see § 381 (229); B. 180, 2, d\ G. 345 and r.^; H. 429 (386); H.-B. 371.
IMPEACHMENT OF VERRES
ARGUMENT
Chap. i. The jurors are congratulated on the opportunity of restor-
ing the good name of the senatorial courts by convicting Verres. — 2, 3.
Attempts of Verres to avoid the trial : placing all his hope in bribery,
he is intriguing for the postponement of the case. — 4, 5. His crimes
in administration, of pillage, extortion, and cruelty, are flagrant and
notorious. — 6. Hence bribery is his only resource: his attempt to
contract in advance for acquittal. — 7, 8. His hopes in the election of
Hortensius as consul and Metellus as praetor for the following year. —
9, 10. Cicero's anxiety. The great effort to have the case tried before
Metellus, which was to be effected by delaying the trial till after the
holidays. — 11. Cicero proposes to display his case at once, without
argument, and so prevent its being laid over. — 12, 13. The domination
of Hortensius is dangerous to the state and must be met by proofs of
corruption in the senatorial courts. — 14, 15. The acquittal of Verres
will be subversive of the whole judicial system : the jurors are urged
to vindicate the courts by convicting him. — 16. All Rome is on the
watch : the court itself is on trial : acquittal can have but one mean-
ing. — 17. Glabrio is urged to stand firm. — 18. The Sicilians must not
be baffled. Cicero, by despatch, will prevent the case from going over
to the next year : he will introduce his witnesses at once, without pre-
vious argument. Brief statement of the charges, including the plunder
pf 4,000,000 s^st^rg^s from the Sigilian^,
292 Notes
With the trial of Verres the student may compare the impeachment
of Warren Hastings in the eighteenth century, probably the most famous
modem instance of the arraignment of a provincial governor for alleged
misgovemment, extortion, and cruelty. The prosecution in this case
(and in particular Burke) seem to have modelled their speeches on the
Verrine orations of Cicero, and many parallels may easily be discovered.
A few of these are quoted in these notes. That the similarity of the
two situations was clearly felt at the time may be seen from Lord
Erskine's Defence of Stockdale (December, 1789) on a charge con-
nected with the impeachment of Hastings : " When Cicero impeached
Verres before the great tribunal of Rome, of similar cruelties and
depredations in her provinces, the Roman people were not left to such
inquiries. All Sicily surrounded the Forum, demanding justice upon
her plunderer and spoiler, with tears and imprecations. It ,was not by
the eloquence of the orator, but by the cries and tears of the miserable,
that Cicero prevailed in that illustrious case. Verres fled from the
oaths of his accusers and their witnesses, and not from the voice of
Tully."
Chap. I. The trial of Verres gives the senatorial order an
opportunity to redeem the reputation of the courts.
Verres had no defence, but had expected to escape by bribing the
jury in case he should be prosecuted. His guilt was notorious, so that
the chief question now to be determined was that of the integrity of the
jury. Cicero accordingly makes this the main point of the present
oration : it is the court, he insists, that is on trial rather than Verres.
Page 28. Line i. (Sect, i.) ^XdX ^^\AvA\\m, what was chiefly to be
wished : not implying a protasis contrary to fact. See § 522, a (311, r) ;
B. 304, 3; G. 254, R.i ; H. 583 (511, I, N.8) ; H.-B. 582, 3, «. — quod . . .
pertinebat, the one thing which most tended (or, was of chief importance).
28 2 invidiam . . . infamiamque, odium and HI repute, from the par-
tisan use of the courts by the Senators. — vestri ordinis, i.e. the sena-
torial order. The word ordo signified, loosely, any recognized body of
citizens — as freedmen, publicans, clerks; but it was more e.specially
used of the two powerful classes of the Roman aristocracy, the Senato-
rial and the Equestrian, which struggled with each other for power dur-
ing the last century of the Republic. The Senators, from whom the
jurors were at this time taken (see note on Rose. Am., p. 2, 1. 1), formed
a limited (300 to 600) order of nobility which virtually controlled the gov-
ernment. The equites constituted a moneyed aristocracy. Naturally
Impeachment of Verves 293
these two orders had opposing interests, as the Senators were excluded
from trade and the equites practically from political power. Their
antagonism showed itself more especially in the matter of the provinces,
which the Senators wished to oppress by official plunder and the equites
by commercial extortion.
28 4 summo . . . tempore, most critical time (more lit. extreme
crisis) : the year of the consulship of Pompey and Crassus (b.c. 70).
28 5 inveteravit (emphatic position), there has come to be deeply
rooted (observe that the figure is quite different in the Latin). — opinio,
notion or idea (not so strong as our opinion^ which should be sententia).
28 7 ezteras nationes : the reference is, of course, to the peoples
subject to Rome, who were aggrieved by the rapacity of the provincial
governors.
28 8 his iudiciis : in consequence of the situation described above
(note on ordinis, 1. 2) it became all important for one class or the other
to control the courts, before which any misdoings of either party were
likely to come for trial. For years these two orders had struggled for
such control. At this particular time the courts were in the hands of
the Senators, who were bound together by a common cause to shield
any one of their number who might be charged with misconduct as a
provincial governor.
29 2 neminem (more emphatic than nullum) : translate, never.
29 3 (Sect. 2.) cum (causal) sint, when men are ready, — contioni-
bus et legibus, harangues and bills (proposed laws). The proposition
of a law which took the exclusive control of the courts from the Senators
was even now pending, and the law (Lex Aurelia) was passed before the
case of Verres was decided.
29 5 conentur, purpose clause.
29 7 magnitudine, abl. of means. — spe, abl. of specification.
29 9 actor, complainant^ i.e. agent or attorney for conducting the
suit in personal processes {in personam).
29 11 adduxi enim hominem, etc. : cf. Burke, Impeachment of
Warren Hastings : " We have brought before your Lordships the first
man in property and power; we have brought before you the head, the
chief, the captain-general in iniquity, — one in whom all the frauds, all
the peculations, all the tyranny in India are embodied, disciplined, and
arrayed. Then, if we have brought before you such a person, if you
strike at him, you will not have need of a great many more examples, —
you strike at the whole corps if you strike at the head." — in quo, in
whose case. — reconciliare, etc., win back the lost repute.
294 Notes
29 13 possetis, purpose. — depeculatorem, etc. : for a more complete
statement of these charges, see chs. iv, v.
29 14 juris urbanit i.e. 2& praetor urbanus (see sect. 12).
29 16 (Sect. 3.) vos, opposed to ego, below. — religiose, according
to your oath.
29 18 religionem veritatemque : \i%x^,feeling of obligation and regard
for the truth. Notice that the Latin, having a comparatively poor
vocabulary, is obliged to use one word for all the phrases or sides of an
idea ; hence such a word as Veritas may mean truth (abstractly), a truth
(concretely), the truth (generally), regard for truths or truthful conduct.
29 19 judicium, etc., i.e. the court will be found wanting, — not a
suitable defendant or a zealous prosecutor.
Chaps, n, III. Verres had already relied on bribing the courts.
His vain attempt to delay his trial by the trumped-up Achaian case.
His present effort to procure a postponement by corrupt means.
29 21 equidem, i.e. for my own part.
29 22 quas partim, some of which.
29 23 devitarim, subj. as a part of the concession contained in cum
. . . sint : § 593 (342) ; B. 324, i ; G. 663, i ; H. 652 (529, ii) ; H.-B. 539.
29 24 neque . . . neque, following numquam, does not destroy the
negative, but is more emphatic than aut . . . aut
29 29 (Sect. 4.) istius : see note on Rose. Am., p. 4, 1. 16.
29 30 Glabrioni : the praetor presiding.
29 31 ordini . . . senatorio, the senatorial order^ nay^ the very name
of Senator.
^9 32 dictitat, constantly repeats: §263, 2 (167, b)\ B. 155, 2, a\
G. 191, i; H. 364 (336); H.-B. 212, I. — esse metuendum: for erat
met. in dir. disc. ; hence followed by the secondary sequence, i.e. those
would have to fear (if the case were theirs), but he^ etc. § 584, a and N.
(336 A, N.i); H.-B. 581, b, I. — quod, i.e. only what.
30 I multis, i.e. not only for himself but also for his counsel and for
those whom he may wish to bribe, — in particular, the jurors (see sect. 40).
30 3 pecunia belongs to both clauses, as is shown by their parallel-
ism.— possit: for tense, see §485, c (287, c)\ B. 268, 7; G. 513;
H. 550 (495» vi) ; cf. H.-B. 478.
30 4 (Sect. 5.) esset: imperf. subj. in profasis of a continued condi-
tion lasting till now ; § 517, « (308, a) ; B. 304, 2 ; G. 597, r.i ; H. 579, i
(510, N.2); H.-B. 581.
30 6 f ef ellisset, he would have eluded us. — cadit : pres. tense, of an
Impeachment of Verres 295
action lasting till now; §466 (276, a)\ B. 259, 4; G. 230; H. 533
(467, 2) ; H.-B. 485.
30 9 comimpendi judici, of bribing the court (cf. our phrase " bribery
and corruption ").
30 11 f actus sit : for sequence, see § 485, r, n.^ (287, r, n.) ; B. 268, 6 ;
G. 513; H. 550 (495, vi); cf. H.-B. 478; notice that the perf. would
necessarily be used in the dir. disc, with cum primum.
30 13 tempus . . . offenderet, he hit an unfavorable time ; because
popular sentiment was already so exasperated in regard to the corrup-
tion of the courts.
30 14 (Sect. 6.) in Siciliam inquirendi, \.Q.for going into Sicily to
make an investigation (hence the ace).
30 15 inyenit . . . qui, he found some one who,
30 16 in Achaiam, sc. inquirendi : on this trumped-up case, which
was intended to have the precedence of the trial of Verres, see Introd. to
this Oration (p. 27). — ut . . . conficeret, purp. clause dependent on inyenit.
30 19 Brundisium, Brindisi^ the port whence the greater part of
Italian travel, now as then, embarks for the East.
30 20 obii, went throughout. — populorum, communities: the word
populus, meaning originally multitude^ is a semi-abstract noun often
used to denote the community in its official capacity. Our use of the
word people in some later meanings frequently produces confusion in
the minds of beginners. The political system of the ancients was com-
posed of an indefinite number of petty communities, all possessing a
certain degree of independence. Hence the plur. is used here to indi-
cate several such communities.
30 21 ut . . . posset (clause of result), imperf . by seq. of tenses :
translate, however, can.
30 23 qui . . . Obsideret (purpose), to block my chance (of bringing
Verres to trial).
30 25 (Sect. 7.) nunc: i.e. now that his former scheme has failed.
30 26 hoc, this new idea. What the idea is is detailed in sects. 7, 8 :
viz. the reasons for desiring a postponement together with grounds for
hoping for it.
30 30 ciyis, citizens^ i.e. Romans travelling or doing business in the
provinces, or provincials who had received the citizenship.
30 31 socios, allies : citizens of communities which, although em-
braced within the boundaries of Roman provinces, had, for special
reasons, been allowed to retain a nominal independence, with their own
laws and ma^trates.
296 Notes
31 2 auctoritatibus, documents^ Le. official testimony (" resolutions,"
etc.) relating to the acts of Verres.
31 3 (Sect. 8.) bonis, good citizens : here, as generally in Cicero,
used in a partisan sense for the aristocracy.
31 6 ezperiatur: this violates the sequence of tenses in order to
make the meaning clear; the imperf. would refer to the time of getting
the money, not to the present moment; cf. § 481, N. {287, ^, N.); B.
268, 7; G. 509, I, N.; H.-B. 478.
31 7 fuerit: the subj. shows that this is the thought of Verres, and
not merely something thrown in by Cicero. — tempus: the present
scheme of the defence is by corrupt means to stave off the trial to a
more advantageous time (see chs. vi-viii).
31 8 posset : imperf. to express his purpose at the time of the purchase.
31 9 criminam vim, tke force of the charges. — poterat : indie, the
reason being Cicero's. (The whole passage is an instructive example
of the freedom of a living language from its own trammels. Rules are
made for language, not language for rules.)
31 12 (Sect. 9.) eloquentia, gratia: even mere rhetorical skill or
personal influence would be, to a criminal who had no case (causa),
a respectable (honesto) means of escape compared with these attempts
at corruption.
31 13 profectO, / am sure.
31 14 aucuparetur, be fishing for (lit. set nets for birds).
31 15 ut . . . fieret, as to have some one chosen to be put on trial ;
the Senate itself was insulted by the selection of one of its members to
be set up as a man of straw, that Verres might get clear. The reference
is to the trumped-up case with regard to abuses in Achaia (see sect. 6).
31 16 hie, i.e. Verres.
31 17 causam . . . diceret, stand trial.
31 17 (Sect. 10.) quibus . . . rebus, from this (abl. of means with
perspicio).
31 20 consilio, panels i.e. the body of jurors (cf . Rose. Am., p. 24, 1. 2).
An obvious, and apparently a deserved, compliment. Whatever the
general character of the courts, Cicero had in this instance secured a
jury on whom he could rely.
31 21 in rejectione . . . judicavit, decided at the challenging (" throw-
ing out ") of the juryy i.e. on seeing the kind of men challenged by the
two sides respectively.
31 22 ut . . . constitueret . . . arbitraretur: subst. clauses of result
(justified by the introductory ea) instead of the more regular ace. and
inf. of ind. disc. ; § 571, ^ {33^yf) I G. 557, R. and N.^ ; cf. H. 571, 4 (501, iii).
Impeachment of Verres 297
Chaps. rV, V. Crimes of Verres from his youth up. His qu9es-
torships. His city-prsetorship. His career in Sicily. His guilt is
notorious.
31 35 etenim, introducing the reason of nullam sibi rem, etc.,
above.
3129 (Sect, ii.) adulescentiae, i.e. before he entered public
life.
31 30 quaestura, quastorship, the first grade of political honor.
32 1 Carbonem: Carbo was the leader of the Marian faction after
the death of Marius and Cinna. He was consul B.C. 82, the year of
Sulla's return and victory. Verres was his quaestor (ox paymaster) y and
went over to the enemy with the money-chest when he saw which side
was likely to prevail.
32 3 necessitudinem religionemque: the quaestor was originally
nominated specially by the consul ; and the peculiarly close and sacred
relation (necessitudo) existing between them was known as pittas^ — a
sentiment akin to filial affection. The designation by lot (sors) was also
held to be a token of divine will, and therefore sacred (religio). In
betraying his consul, then, Verres was guilty of more than an ordi-
nary breach of trust, — he committed an act of impiety.
32 4 legatio: Verres was in B.C. 80-79 l^g^^^^ and acting quaestor
(pro quaestore) of Dolabella, whose province was Cilicia. The extor-
tions of the two were practised in the adjoining regions of Pamphylia,
Pisidia, and parts of Asia (i.e. of the Roman province of Asia, the old
kingdom of Pergamus, embracing the western part of Asia Minor);
totius is a rhetorical exaggeration.
32 7 scelus . . . quaestorium : Verres treated Dolabella much as he
had treated Carbo. Neither of these infamous commanders deserved
better treatment ; but this does not excuse the perfidy of Verres.
32 9 pro quaestore, acting qutestor : when there was a vacancy in a
provincial quaestorship, the commander might appoint any person to
perform the duties of the office.
32 10 adduxit : Dolabella, in addition to the odium of his own
crimes, had to bear the infamy of the outrageous acts of Verres ; and
after all Verres saved himself by turning against him (oppugnavit)
and appearing as a witness in his trial for extortion.
32 12 (Sect. 12.) aedium, etc. The public buildings were regularly
under the charge of the aedile, not of the praetor; the cases referred to
here were certain flagrant instances of corruption and extortion arising
out of contracts for public' buildings, in which the praetor had it excep-
tionally in his power to interfere for his own advantage.
298 Notes
32 13 in jure dicnndo: jua dicere (jurisdictio), declaring the law, was
the primary function of the praetor, bonomm addictio is the adjudging
of property to a claimant; condonatio (grant) is the act of giving it up
to a defendant: no matter which way the decision of Verres went in a
case, his action was sure to be unlawful and for his own corrupt ends.
32 14 instituta, precedents. The edicts of the praetors made up a
body of common law, not absolutely binding, however, on their successors.
32 15 jam yero, but finally y introducing the climax of the list of crimes.
32 18 possit: for tense, see §485, c (287, c)\ B. 268, 7; G. 513;
H. 550 (495» vi); cf. H.-B. 478.
32 21 (Sect. 13.) communia jura, the same as jus gentium, those
laws common to all mankind (see note on jure gentium, Rose. Am., p. 21,
1. 3). The terms leges, senatus-consulta, jura include the three sources
of provincial law.
32 23 tantum, [only] so much.
32 23 imprudentiam subterf ugit, escaped his vigilance (lit. want of
vigilance).
32 25 res, case ; res (next Xoi^), property.
32 27 ab eo, away from him, ie. the possessor.
32 28 aratorum, cultivators (whether tenants or proprietors), who
paid tithes (decumae) to the state.
32 29 socii: see note on p. 30, L 31.
32 30 cruciati et necati : a Roman citizen could not legally receive
any punishment touching life or limb, except by judgment of his peers
in Rome. Thus, Jesus was crucified by the Roman governor Pilate
under the ordinary provincial law applying to Jews; while Paul, a
Roman citizen of the free city Tarsus, appealed to Caesar, and was sent
to Rome for trial. (See extract from Verr. v, and pp. 59-65 : " Crucifixion
of a Roman Citizen.")
32 32 rei facti, accused (rei from reus). The details of these charges
are given in the five orations of the Accusatio ; it would require too
much space to repeat them here.
33 1 ejecti, expelled from the country.
33 4 optimae, best in themselves; opportunissimae, most valuable
under the circumstances.
33 6 (Sect, 14.) regum: the famous kings of Syracuse, — Hiero,
Agathocles, etc.
33 8 imperatorum: Marcellus, who conquered Syracuse, and Scipio
Africanus the elder, who had Sicily as his province ^d <prpss^d pv^r
from there for the conquest of Carthage,
Impeachment of Verres 299
33 12 deum, i.e. statue of a god (see pp. 55, 56).
33 14 videretur: subj. of characteristic.
33 15 commemorare : complem. infin. for subj. with ne or quominas ;
§ 558* b, N. (331, e, 2) ; B. 295, 3 and N. ; G. 548, N.2; H. 596, ii (505, u) ;
H.-B. 587 and a.
33 19 (Sect. 15.) at enim (a suppyosed objection), but^you may say.
33 21 quin . . . possit: § 559 (3i9»^) J B. 284, 3; G- "^"^^'^ H. 595, i
(504, I); H.-B. 521, I.
33 22 ut . . . timendum sit : clause of result.
33 24 multitudo : including a large number of Sicilians, present at
Rome for the purpose of prosecuting Verres, and of course personally
cognizant of his crimes.
Chaps. VI, VII. Verres attempted to buy up the court in
advance, but, on the selection of the present jury, lost heart (sects.
16, 17). The election of Hortensius to the consulship gave him
fresh courage (sect. 17). A significant incident on election day
(sects. 18-20).
Cicero here returns to the subject of bribery. He has already
asserted (sects. 3-10) that this had always been the sole hope of
Verres ; he has pointed out that Verres need not expect to corrupt the
present tribunal (sect. 10), and that his guilt is so enormous and so
notorious that no honest jury could fail to convict him (sects. 10-14).
He now goes on to show that in endeavoring to postpone the trial
Verres is, as heretofore, trying to defeat justice by corrupt means. In
establishing this point, the orator reviews the several schemes of brib-
ery, thus leading up to the matter immediately before the court and
bringing out the fact that it is like the devices that had preceded it.
33 28 eloquentiam, etc. : see note on p. 31, 1. 12.
33 30 potentia, control of the courts : a stronger word than gratia
(" personal influence ") or auctoritate (" ofiicial influence ") and indicat-
ing a kind of domination over the courts. — simulate proponit: notice
the emphatic position of these verbs, as opposed to what Verres is really
doing,
33 31 -gro^mt, puts forward (i.e. as his backers). — inania, idle : i.e.
mere names, because Verres does not really rely upon these men, but
upon a scheme which Cicero details in the following sections.
34 3 noti, notorious. — simulat : cf . note on simulat, 1. 30, above.
34 8 (Sect. 16.) redemptio: a contract with another party for buy-
ing up the court.
300 Notes
34 9 mansit . . . pacto, held on to the terms of the bargain (hendiadys) :
until the jury was actually made up, the bargain could not be absolutely
concluded; when the character of the jury was known, the contract was
annulled.
34 10 rejectio : after Cicero*s careful challenging, the lot had fortu-
nately given a trustworthy jury.
34 13 istorum, i.e. the partisans of Verres.
34 14 (Sect. 17.) praeclare, admirably welliox the cause of justice.
— libelli, lists.
34 16 color : a covert allusion to a former case, in which Hortensius
had been counsel, and in which colored ballots were given to the bribed
jurors in order to make sure that they voted as they had agreed (see
sect. 40). — sententiis : this is the word regularly used for a formal and
official expression of opinion in the Senate {vote) or in a court of justice
(verdict).
34 17 cum, whereupon (inversion) : § 546, a (325, b)\ B. 288, 2 ;
G. 581 ; H. 600, i, I (521, ii, i) ; H.-B. 566, a. — ex alacri,/r<?m being,
etc. ; cf. the Latinism in Milton, Far. Lost, ix, 563 : " How cam'st thou
speakable of mute ? "
34 20 bis diebus paucis, a few days ago : the consular and other
elections were held this year, as usual, toward the end of July.
34 22 famae fortunis, dat. after insidiae comparantur. — per eosdem
homines, i.e. the same professional bribers (the redemptor, etc., referred
to in sect. 16).
34 25 aperto, etc., when the door to suspicion had once been opened.
34 27 (Sect. 18.) nam: introducing Cicero's account of the signifi-
cant incident referred to above in the words pertenui argumento (1. 24).
34 28 reducebatur : the successful candidate was escorted home by
his friends after the election. — Campo : see note on p. 104, 1. 7.
34 29 Curio : C. Scribonius Curio, one of the leaders of the aristo-
cratic party, was always a good friend of Cicero*s. Curio, like Horten-
sius and Metellus, was a man of excellent reputation. His support of
Verres was due to political and social ties.
34 30 honoris causa : see note on Rose. Am., p. 3, 1. 28. The words
in brackets are probably not genuine.
35 2 tamen, i.e. in spite of Curio's open way of speaking.
35 4 ratio, consideration.
35 5 (Sect. 19.) videt, etc.: observe the hist, pres., marking a
change to lively narrative. — fomicem Fabianum, the Fabian Arch,
erected B.C. 109 by Q. Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus, — one of the
Impeachment of Verres
301
earliest triumphal arches in Rome. It stood at the southern end of the
Forum, and served as an entrance to it. Fig. 3 (Arch of Gallienus)
shows the situation of such structures with respect to streets.
35 12 defertur signifies a formal announcement by some one person ;
narrabat means told^ casually, as a piece of news. The use of tenses in
yiderat . . . narrabat is like that
in the general condition in past
time : § 518, ^ (309, c) ; cf. B. 302,
3; G. 594, N.i; cf. H.-B. 579.
35 14 criminum ratione, the
nature of the charges.
35 15 positam, resting on,
35 16 altius, deeper.
35 18 (Sect. 20.) ratiocina-
bantur, reasoned (the imperf.
describing a state of mind, and
one existing in different persons).
35 30 ipse, etc. : cf . sect. 1 7,
11. 17-19.
35 22 quod, the fact that.
35 23 negotiatores, Roman
citizens doing business in Sicily.
— omnes . . . litterae, all kinds
ofy etc. — publicae, official^ from cities of Sicily (as auctoritates, above).
35 26 existimationem, opinion^ i.e. their estimate of the character of
Verres.
35 27 unius, i.e. Hortensius. — moderatione, control. — vertentur,
are to turn on.
Fig. 3
Ai^
^BS^^^
/^^^g'^X^
JHTT^
--.
^ipa iT
K^-^J^
'■W
IPhH
i^iln^
frl
HV'!
Hb^h
^
^^Kf^H .1
IV^H
^%.
^^^^'
H
1
■
^^^E^i^^^
Chaps. VIII, IX, sect. 25. Metellus is chosen (by lot) to pre-
side over the Court of Extortion for the next year. Joy of Verres.
His attempts to defeat by bribery Cicero's election to the aedileship
revealed to Cicero. Cicero made anxious, but finally elected.
35 30 quidem (concessive), it is true : this criminal may be rescued,
but such a thing will not be allowed to happen again ; the judicial power
will be given into other hands (i.e. those of the equites) ; cf. de trans-
ferendis judiciis, below. — nos, i.e. we Senators.
36 1 (Sect. 21.) hominis amplissimi, i.e. Curio: the congratula-
tions of so honored a man showed the expected effect of the election
on this trial.
300 Notes
34 9 mansit . . . pacto, held on to the terms of the bargain (hendiadys) :
until the jury was actually made up, the bargain could not be absolutely
concluded; when the character of the jury was known, the contract was
annulled.
34 10 rejectio : after Cicero's careful challenging, the lot had fortu-
nately given a trustworthy jury.
34 13 istorum, i.e. the partisans of Verres.
34 14 (Sect. 17.) praeclare, admirably welliox the cause of justice.
— libelli, /w/j.
34 16 color : a covert allusion to a former case, in which Hortensius
had been counsel, and in which colored ballots were given to the bribed
jurors in order to make sure that they voted as they had agreed (see
sect. 40). — sententiis : this is the word regularly used for a formal and
official expression of opinion in the Senate {vote) or in a court of justice
{verdict).
34 17 cum, whereupon (inversion) : § 546, a (325, b) ; B. 288, 2 ;
G. 581 ; H. 600, i, I (521, ii, i) ; H.-B. 566, a. — ex alacri,/r<wi beings
etc. ; cf. the Latinism in Milton, Far. Losty ix, 563 : " How cam'st thou
speakable of mute ? "
34 20 bis diebus paucis, a few days ago : the consular and other
elections were held this year, as usual, toward the end of July.
34 22 f amae fortunis, dat. after insidiae comparantur. — per eosdem
homines, i.e. the same professional bribers (the redemptor^ etc., referred
to in sect. 16).
34 25 aperto, etc., when the door to suspicion had once been opened.
34 27 (Sect. 18.) nam: introducing Cicero's account of the signifi-
cant incident referred to above in the words pertenui argumento (1. 24).
34 28 reducebatur : the successful candidate was escorted home by
his friends after the election. — Campo: see note on p. 104, 1. 7.
34 29 Curio: C. Scribonius Curio, one of the leaders of the aristo-
cratic party, was always a good friend of Cicero's. Curio, like Horten-
sius and Metellus, was a man of excellent reputation. His support of
Verres was due to political and social ties.
34 30 honoris causa : see note on Rose. Am., p. 3, 1. 28. The words
in brackets are probably not genuine.
35 2 tamen, i.e. in spite of Curio's open way of speaking.
35 4 ratio, consideration.
35 5 (Sect. 19.) videt, etc.: observe the hist, pres., marking a
change to lively narrative. — fomicem Fabianum, the Fabian Arch,
erected B.C. 109 by Q. Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus, — one of the
Impeachment of Verves
301
Fig. 3
earliest triumphal arches in Rome. It stood at the southern end of the
Forum, and served as an entrance to it. Fig. 3 (Arch of Gallienus)
shows the situation of such structures with respect to streets.
35 12 defertur signifies a formal announcement by some one person ;
narrabat means told^ casually, as a piece of news. The use of tenses in
yiderat . . . narrabat is like that
in the general condition in past
time : § 518, ^ (309, c) ; cf. B. 302,
3; G. 594»N.i; cf. H.-B. 579.
35 14 criminum ratione, the
nature of the charges.
35 15 positam, resting on,
35 16 altius, deeper.
35 18 (Sect. 20.) ratiocina-
bantur, reasoned (the imperf.
describing a state of mind, and
one existing in different persons).
35 20 ipse, etc. : cf . sect. 1 7,
11. 17-19.
35 22 quod, the fact that.
35 23 negotiatores, Roman
citizens doing business in Sicily.
— omnes . . . litterae, all kinds
of etc. — publicae, official^ from cities of Sicily (as auctoritates, above).
35 26 existimationem, opinion^ i.e. their estimate of the character of
Verres.
35 27 unius, i.e. Hortensius. — moderatione, control. — vertentur,
are to turn on.
Chaps. VIII, IX, sect. 25. Metellus is chosen (by lot) to pre-
side over the Court of Extortion for the next year. Joy of Verres.
His attempts to defeat by bribery Cicero's election to the aedileship
revealed to Cicero. Cicero made anxious, but finally elected.
35 30 quidem (concessive), it is true : this criminal may be rescued,
but such a thing will not be allowed to happen again ; the judicial power
will be given into other hands (i.e. those of the equites) ; cf. de trans-
ferendis judiciis, below. — nos, i.e. we Senators.
36 1 (Sect. 21.) hominis amplissimi, i.e. Curio: the congratula-
tions of so honored a man showed the expected effect of the election
on this trial.
302 Notes
36 2 nova, strange (surprising). — dissimulare, to conceal the fact
that, etc.
36 5 sortirentur, were drawing their lots : the particular posts or
duties of coordinate magistrates (like the several praetors) were assigned
by lot. — Metello : a brother of Q. Metellus Creticus, consul elect, and
of L. Metellus, praetor in Sicily. — obtigisset, had fallen to (the regular
word for this kind of assignment). — ut . . . quaereret, to have charge of
the Court of Extortion : subst. clause of result ; § 569, 2 (332, a, 2) ;
B. 297, 2; G. 553, 3; H. 571, I (501, i, i); H.-B. 521, 3, a.
36 6 de pecuniis repetundis, of extortion (lit. concerning demanding
back the [extorted] property).
36 7 factam, offered. — pueros, slaves.
36 9 (Sect. 22.) sane, you may be sure. — ne haec quidem, etc., this
incident did not please me either. — neque . . . intellegebam, i.e. his con-
fidence in the integrity of Metellus was so great that he did not even
yet see through the tricks of the defence.
36 10 tanto opere, so very well (with intellegebam).
36 12 reperiebam : the imperf. denotes a succession of items of
information.
36 13 senatore, etc. : the Senator, ^ man of the same class as Verres,
put the money to be used in the elections and trial into the hands of an
equeSf one of the class that had the management of all such financial
operations. He retained, however, say (quasi) ten baskets, to be used
directly to defeat Cicero's election as aedile.
36 i.'i nomine, on account of — divisores, managers. The money to
be used at elections was put into the hands of sequestres (election
agents), who themselves made use of divisores to approach the voters
personally. On this occasion, the exigency was so great that Verres
(istum) summoned the divisores to his own house, without the mediation
of sequestres.
36 16 (Sect. 23.) omnia debere, was bound to do anything for me.
36 20 prozimis, the last.
36 23 negasse audere, said they did not dare.
36 24 fortem, stanch (ironical), in allusion to audere (1. 23).
36 25 Romilia, without tribu expressed, — the regular way of giving
the name of a man's tribe. — ex optima . . . disciplina, from the best
school (ironical), i.e. that of Verres' father.
36 26 HS : the defeat of Cicero would, therefore, cost nearly
;j525,ooo; see §§632-635 (377-380); G. 493; H. 757, 2 (647); H,-B, 675.
36 28 s^ una laqturos ^sse, that they would act with him^
Impeachment of Verres 303
37 I (Sect. 24.) A lively description of the embarrassment in
which Cicero was placed at the end of July by the election and the trial,
both coming on together.
37 2 in his ipsis, in that too (as well as the trial).
37 4 agere . . . deterrebar,/r^w» doing freely whaty etc., I was deterred
byy etc.: §558, b (331, e, 2); B. 295, N.; G. 423, 2, N.2; H. 596, 2
(505, ii) ; H.-B. 587 and a.
37 5 petitioni, canvass,
37 7 ratio, good policy,
37 9 (Sect. 25.) denuntiatum esse, that a message was sent. This
compound implies a peremptory and threatening message.
37 10 primum corresponds to arcessit alter, etc., p. 38, 1. 4, below. —
at venirent : subj. of purpose, since denuntiatum est expresses a com-
mand; § 580, a (332, h)\ cf. B. 295, I ; G. 546, N.i; H. 564 (540, iii) ;
H.-B. 502, 3, a.
37 11 sane liberos, pretty independent^ i.e. in refusing to come. If
he had been consul, instead of merely consul elect, they would have
had to come.
37 12 venisse: the subj. ace. is eos, the impUed antecedent of qui.
37 13 ceterorum, i.e. those for consuls and praetors, which had lately
been held.
37 14 cursare (historical infinitive), ran hither and thither.
37 15 patemos amicos : see p. 36, 1. 26.
37 16 appellare . . . et convenire, accosted and conferred with.
37 18 cujus: the antecedent is ejusdem (1. 19). — de fide, i.e. his
good faith to the Sicilians: probably a hint that Cicero himself had
been approached with a bribe.
Sects. 26-31. Cicero learns of the efforts made to have the trial
postponed to the next year in order that it might be brought before
Metellus. The Sicilians are threatened by one of the consuls elect
(Q. Metellus Creticus) (sects. 26-28). By that time not only would
there be a favorably disposed presiding judge, but most of the jury
would have been changed. It seemed easy to get the trial put off,
for many holidays intervened (sects. 29-31).
37 26 (Sect. 26.) eo, in this course^ i.e. postponing the trial. —
esse : indir. disc.
37 27 The asterisk marks a defect in the text.
37 29 praerogativam, an earnest. In the comitia centuriata^ it was
determined by lot which century should first cast its vote. The vote
304 Notes
of this century, called praerogativa (prae-rogo), was superstitiously
regarded as an omen or earnest of the result which it was likely to
decide. Hence the word is here used of the effective support given
to Metellus at the polls by Verres. The praerogativa which Q. Metel-
lus gave to Verres, in return for the prcterogativae of the comitia, is
described in the next section.
38 3 (Sect. 27.) QmqtXBXXif for anything.
38 4 alter consul designatus : Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus (see
sect. 21). The three brothers, fast friends of Verres, were so situated
as to promise the greatest help the next year, when Quintus would be
consul, and Marcus praetor, presiding over the court of Repeiundaey
while Lucius was already pro-praetor in Sicily. Some of the Sicilians,
therefore, obeyed the summons of Metellus, although they had disre-
garded that of Hortensius (sect. 25). The object of Metellus was to
induce the Sicilians to withdraw the suit, or at any rate to refrain from
appearing as witnesses.
38 7 quaesiturum (technical term), was to preside over the court.
38 13 (Sect. 28.) quid faceres : apodosis of cont. to fact construc-
tion, with protasis implied in innocente.
38 15 alienissimum, no kin whatever of yours.
38 16 dictitat, says incessantly (see next section). — alicui depends
upon videatur.
38 17 ignoret, subj. of characteristic.
38 18 (Sect. 29.) fato, ut ceteros, etc. : the Metelli seemed bom to
hold office. Cicero here alludes to a verse written by the poet Naevius,
a hundred and fifty years before : " Fat6 Metelli Romae fiunt c6nsules."
38 22 populi ezistimationi, reputation with the people. — M*. Gla-
brionem : observe the skill with which this compliment to the praetor
before whom Cicero is now arguing the case, and the following com-
pliments to i\iQJudices^ are put into the mouth of Verres.
38 23 illud : referring to what follows. Cicero makes Verres point
out the changes in the jury which must follow from changes in the
government that is to come in with the new year.
38 24 conlega : both Caesonius and Cicero were aediles designati.
38 25 expediat : fut. apodosis with conemur as its protasis, but
hardly to be distinguished from subj. of characteristic; cf. § 534(319,
headnote).
38 27 Janiano consilio : referring to a case four years before, in
which wholesale bribery had been proved, so that the presiding praetor,
Junius, as well as almost the entire consilium (body of jurors), had
Impeachment of Verres
30s
-*^5i?!
been stamped with infamy. Caesonius, a member of the jury, had been
proof against corruption, and had disclosed the whole affair (in
medium protulit).
38 29 hunc judicem, him as juryman. — ex Kal. Jan. : after the New
Year; for at that time he would be excluded from the panel by his aedileship.
38 32 (Sect. 30.) P. Sulpicius : he had probably just been elected
quaestor. yiq.,^
39 1 Non. Dec. (Dec. 5) :
on this day the new quaestors
entered on their office.
39 3 L. Cassius : the family
characteristic here stated was
proverbial ( Cassiani judices).
39 6 tribuni militares : at
this time legion-commanders.
— non judicabunt, will not
serve as jurors.
39 7 subsortiemur, i.e. we
shall draw another to Jill his
place. This is the regular use
of sub in similar compounds :
as suffectus^ subrogatusy etc.
39 9 prope toto : the jury,
therefore, apparently consisted
of about twelve or fifteen.
39 13 (Sect. 31.) Nonae,
etc.: it was, therefore, about 3 p.m. of the 5th of August.
39 15 votivos : these games were in celebration of Pompey's victory
over the Marian party in Spain (B.C. 72). The votive games would
occupy from Aug. 16 to Sept. i (August had at this time only 29 days);
on Sept. 4 began the Ludi Romania continuing till the 19th. The
intervening days (Sept. 2, 3) were of no account for the trial, so that it
could not be resumed before Sept. 20, a suspension of 34 days (prope
quadraginta). The Ludi Victoriae (established by Sulla in honor of his
victory) would continue from Oct. 27 to Nov. i, and the Ludi Plebeii
from Nov. 4 to Nov. 17. All these games were sacred festivals, during
which business was suspended: the time was occupied with religious
observances, accompanied by races and dramatic entertainments.
39 18 turn denique, not till then.
39 20 Victoriae : see Fig. 4 (from the Column of Trajan).
3o6 Notes
39 21 perpauci : for the month of December was full of festivals.
39 23 rem integram, i.e. from the beginning. The zeal of the
prosecution would have flagged, the public interest would have cooled
down, and the jury would be almost wholly new. The case would
therefore have to be taken up de novo.
39 25 non retinuissem, i.e. I should have challenged him. Metel-
lus was now one of the jurors.
39 25 (Sect. 32.) nunc, opposed to si difflsus essem, above.
39 26 eo, etc. (abl. abs.), with him as juryman.
39 27 jurato, on oath. The judices were sworn ; the praetor was
not. Metellus might therefore be trusted to vote honestly as a juror,
though he might, when praetor, connive at the corruption of the jury-
men. Cicero ran less risk of offending Metellus by thus accusing him
of extreme partisanship than if he had accused him of perjury.
Sects. 32-50. To prevent postponement, Cicero will push the
trial, dispensing with the usual long opening argument. He is
forced to this by the tactics of Hortensius (sects. 32, 33). Cicero
will oppose the arrogance of Hortensius and offers himself as the
opponent of any who shall hereafter attempt to bribe the courts.
The illegal domination of Hortensius is dangerous to justice. It
must be met by proofs of judicial corruption, which are abundant
(sects. 34-39). The acquittal of Verres will be subversive of the
whole judicial system (sects. 40-42). The jurors are urged to vin-
dicate the courts (sects. 43, 45). All Rome is on the watch, and
bribery is sure to be detected. Not Verres, but the senatorial
courts are on trial (sects. 46-50).
The skill of the argument in sects. 32-50 is remarkable. Cicero
contrives, without directly asserting that Hortensius is guilty of judi-
cial corruption, to suggest that he is in a measure responsible for its
prevalence. He declares his intention of devoting his aedileship to
exposing such practices, and adds that he expects to be opposed by
Hortensius. He calls attention to several notorious cases of bribery
which he means to use as illustrations in pressing his reforms. Then,
in a moment, he makes it clear, by a sudden turn, that he has not been
digressing, but simply accumulating force for his main point : " How
shall I feel," he asks suddenly (sect. 40), " if I find this present case of
Verres added to the long list of instances of corruption ? His guilt is
clear: it is the court that is on trial!" In this way what
appears at the outset to be a personal attack on the opposing counsel
Impeachment of Verres 307
is made a most effective means for the introduction of the central
point of the whole oration.
39 31 legitimo tempore: he had a right to use twenty days for
developing the points of the prosecution.
40 1 capiam, Le. by showing, in a long speech, how carefully he
had prepared his case.
40 4 ne elabatur, with periculum est, which takes the constr. of a
verb of fearing.
40 6 possit: see § 535, a (320, a)\ B. 283, 2; G. 631, 2; H. 591
(503,1); H.-B. 521,1.
40 7 (Sect. 33.) perpetua oratione, a continuous argument, before
bringing up the witnesses. This is what we possess in the five speeches
of the AccusatiOy which, in the usual order of proceeding, would have
been delivered before bringing up the witnesses, but which were in
fact never spoken at all (see Introd. to the oration, page 28). — percipi,
reaped: the regular term for gathering crops.
40 8 potuit might have been: § 517, c (308,^); B. 304, 3, a; G.
597, R.»; H. 583 (511, I, N.8) ; H.-B. 582, 3, a.
• 40 9 publicis : see note on p. 35, 1. 23. — tabulis, records. — auctori-
tatibus, documents.
40 10 res omnis : here, after stating his plan briefly, Cicero goes off
into a seeming digression against Hortensius. In this he shows clearly
one of his principal motives in undertaking the prosecution, namely, to
overthrow the latter's excessive control of the courts. The attack is
skilfully introduced. His sole reason, he says, for departing from the
ordinary course of procedure is that Hortensius does not wish to meet
him in fair legal fight. The sally against Hortensius, again, serves as
a transition to Cicero*s final appeal to the sense of shame and the
prudence of the court.
40 11 dilucDdis, explicandis: technical terms in argument (see
Vocab.).
40 14 ez tua natura : Hortensius, like M. Metullus, was personally
an amiable and honorable man, though pledged to a bad cause.
40 16 rationi, scheme, course, looking to the method ; consilio, plan
of action, looking to the end. Cicero contrasts them more than once.
40 17 (Sect. 34.) binos ludos, i.e. Pompey*s games and the Roman.
40 18 comperendinem, close my case (lit. adjourn over). After the
testimony was all in, it was customary to adjourn over to the next day
but one (comperendinare), in order to give opportunity for a rehearing
(usually a brief one). When this stage had been reached, there was
3o8 Notes
no chance for further postponement. Cicero's determination to bring
about a comperendinatio before Pompey's games — i.e. within ten days
— settled the case in his favor ; for, as has been shown, the only hope
of the defence lay in putting off the trial, Hortensius having absolutely
nothing to say in behalf of his client's innocence.
40 19 necessarium, unavoidable (not a mere shrewd trick like that
of Hortensius).
40 23 id: refers forward to eos velle, etc. (1. 24). — amplum et prae-
clarum, an honor and distinction (translating as nouns).
40 25 innocentiae (an almost technical term), purity of administra-
tion in Sicily (see Introd. to the oration).
40 26 ma jus quiddam: what this was is explained in sect. 35.
40 28 (Sect. 35.) illud : refers to istum . . . vocari (1. 29).
40 31 potentia, domineering (i.e. his illegal control of the courts);
CUpiditas (in a bad sense), unscrupulous eagerness (for gaining your case).
40 33 interponeretur: for fut. ind. of the dir. disc. — nunc: opposed
to the time of videbatur.
41 1 regnum judiciorum, lording it over the courts.
41 2 homines, i.e. the corrupt senatorial jurors.
41 4 inruere, etc., to be bent on making themselves hateful and offensive.
— hoc, i.e. to break down Hortensius's control, and the corruption of a
few Senators.
41 6 nervos aetatis: Cicero was now 36.
41 8 (Sect. 36.) ordo, i.e. the Senate. — paucorum, artfully put so
as not to offend the whole body.
41 12 loco : the Rostra (see Vocab., under rostrum).
41 13 secum agere : the technical expression for transacting business
in the comitia was agere cum populo (ox plebe). Cicero refers to the office
of curule aedile, upon which he was to enter January i. One of the most
important functions of this magistrate was the administration of criminal
justice (de hominibus imptobis) in cases where there had been an appeal
from the sentence of a court to the judgment of the public assembly.
41 14 munus, service. The word also means the public games^ which
were given to the people by the aediles especially ; hence there is a kind
of pun here.
41 16 moneo, etc.: observe the climax. — deponere, deposit vnXh. the
sequestres (see note on p. 36, 1. 15).
41 17 accipere, take (money) ; recipere, undertake to do anything
(upon request or the like). — poUiceri, offer.
41 18 interpretes, go-betweens : the divisores are probably meant.
Impeachment of Verres
309
41 19 potentiam ; it is hardly accidental that this is the same word
used above (sect. 35, 1. 31) of the influence of Hortensius. In the next
section Cicero expressly asserts that he expects to meet with all possible
opposition from the latter.
4122 (Sect. 37.) erit, will be (it is true): notice the emphatic
position, opposing it .to the clause with tamen (1. 24). — imperio et
Fig. 5
potestate, military aud civil power. Of the regular magistrates, all
possessed potestasy i.e. power in general (including military power);
but only consuls and praetors possessed the imperium^ — i.e. sovereign
power, as of a general in the field, somewhat limited, however, in the
city by special privileges of Roman citizens.
41 28 commemorabuntur, shall be mentioned (by me). — certis rebus,
well-ascertained facts.
310 Notes
41 29 agentur, made ground of action. — inter decern annos, i.e. since
Sulla's lex judiciaria^ transferring the courts to the senatorial order
(see note on Rose. Am., p. 2, 1. i).
42 1 (Sect. 38.) quinquaginta, i.e. from the law of Caius Gracchus,
B.C. 123, to that of Sulla, B.C. 80.
42 2 ne tenuissima quidem suspicio : one of the exaggerations of
the advocate. If the courts were really worse in B.C. 70 than they had
been in 90, it was simply because the times were worse.
42 4 sublata, taken away. — populi Romani, etc., i.e. the ability of
the people to hold in check the senatorial order by means of the tribu-
nician power suspended by Sulla (see note on p. 43, 1. 32).
42 5 Q. Calidius : praetor B.C. 79 ; condemned for extortion in Spain.
It seems that Calidius, being condemned de repetundis^ with bitter irony
assailed the bribed jurors on account of the smallness of the bribe for
which he was condemned, saying that it was not respectable (honestum)
to condemn an ex-praetor for so small a sum. The allusion shows that
the corruption was notorious and universal.
• 42 6 HS triciens : 3,000,000 sestertii — %\ 50,000 (nearly) ; § 634 (379);
G. p. 493; H. 757 (647, iv, i); H.-B. 675, 2. — praetorium: an ex-magis-
trate kept the rank of the highest office he had held, — as consularis,
praetoriusy aedilicius.
42 7 P. Septimio (Scaevola), condemned B.C. 72; the damages were
increased because of his connection with the odious consilium Junianum
(sect. 29). The amount extorted was estimated in a separate process
{litis aestimatio)^ and in this case the money taken in bribery was
included in the reckoning.
42 14 (Sect. 39.) inventi sint represents an hist, perf., and hence
takes the secondary sequence (exirent) : see § 485,/ (287, i)\ cf. B. 268,
7, ^; G. 517, R.i; H.-B. 479, a.
42 15 sortiente: the jurymen were drawn by lot by the presiding
officer; in the case mentioned there was collusion between Verres and the
persons drawn, so that the lot was a mere form. — qui . . . exirent (purp.
clause), to be drawn for [the case of] a defendant to condemn him without a
hearing (through a corrupt bargain between Verres and the packed jury).
42 19 (Sect. 40.) jam vero, and finally (introducing the climax of
all). — illam, i.e. the one described in the passage hoc factum esse, etc.
42 21 discoloribus signis: see note on color, p. 34, 1. 16. The case
referred to was one in which Hortensius was counsel.
42 23 acturum esse, will attend to (le. officially, as aedile : cf . the use
of agere, above).
Impeachment of Verres 311
42 24 (Chap, xiv.) In this chapter Cicero reaches the climax of his
accusations and insinuations against Hortensius, and at the same time
makes a clever transition to the case in hand (1. 28), having worked up
to his main point, which he proceeds to state with great force, — that it
is not Verres that is on trial, but the court itself.
42 28 hominem, i.e. Hortensius. — cujus: obj. gen.
42 30 secum . . . agi, he was doing very well (see Vocab., underage).
42 31 in rem suam, into his own pocket.
42 32 patronis: see note, Rose. Am., sect. 4, p. 3, 1. 17.
43 3 (Sect. 41.) quod, at which (with commoveri, 1. 6): cf. § 390, c
(238, b)\ B. 176, 2; G. 333, I ; H. 416, 2 (378, 2); H.-B. 396, 2.
43 4 apud Glabrionem, i.e. in the preliminary proceedings. — reici-
undis jndicibus (locat. abl.), at the time of challenging (making up the
jury).
43 6 fore uti, that the result would be,
43 8 tolleretur, should be abolished (purp. clause with legatos mitte-
rent, which is equivalent to a verb of requesting).
43 14 yictoriae, i.e. in the courts. They could endure it if a man
stole only enough to satisfy his own avarice (sibi ac liberis suis), but
they cannot afford to be robbed of enough besides to secure him an
acquittal by bribery, if guilty (nocentissimi victoriae). Cf. the similar
argument in Burke's Opening Speech on the Impeachment of Warren
Hastings: "If, from any appearance of chicane in the court, justice
should fail, all men will say, * Better there were no courts at all.' "
43 20 (Sect. 42.) animo: abl. of means. — majore . . . odio: abl. of
quality.
Sects. 43-50. Sudden and powerful appeal to the jurors to save the
senatorial courts from present infamy and threatened destruction.
43 24 (Sect. 43.) loco, point (raised in his argument).
43 29 contemnimur : Cicero uses the first person to include himself
as a member of the Senate.
43 32 (Sect. 44.) tribuniciam potestatem : referring chiefly to the
power of the tribunes to try criminal cases before the comitia tributa;
this power, greatly abridged by Sulla, had been restored by a law of
Pompey early in this year, B.C. 70.
43 33 verbo, in name. — re vera, in fact. — illam, the tribunician
power (because this was a check on the power of the Senators).
44 1 Catulum: Q. Lutatius Catulus was the best and most eminent
man of the aristocracy.
312 Notes
44 2 fugit, has escaped,
44 3 referente, consulting [the Senate] : the technical expression for
bringing a matter before the Senate for action.
44 4 rogatus: each Senator in turn was asked his opinion (senten-
tiam) by the consul or other presiding officer; cf. hos sententiam rogo.
Cat. i, sect. 9.
44 5 patres conscriptos: see note on Cat. i, sect. 9, p. 103, L 6.
44 8 fuisse desideraturos (the regular way of expressing the contrary
to fact apodosis in indir. disc), would have missed: § 589, ^, 2 (337, by 2) ;
B. 321, A, 2; G. 656, N.2; H. 647 (527, iii); H.-B. 581, b, i.
44 9 (Sect. 45.) contionem habuit, made a speech : contio means,
strictly, an assembly called for the purpose of listening to discussion
merely (so in 1. 12, below). — ad urbem, i.e. in the Campus Martins, not
in the city. Pompey was elected in his absence, and while still clothed
with the military imperium : he could not therefore enter the city to
meet the citizens, but called them to him outside the walls.
44 10 ubi, in which.
44 12 in 60, at that point (properly on that point).
44 16 suam by its emphatic position gives the force of the English,
what THEY desired.
44 20 (Sect. 46.) religione, regard for oath.
44 21 tribuniciam, i.e. the law referred to in the note on sect. 44. —
unum, oncy it is true ; but since he was a man of no means at all (vel
tenuissimum), his conviction was no proof of the integrity of the courts.
The present trial will afford the people the criterion they wish.
44 29 (Sect. 47.) nihil sit, etc., i.e. this is simply a case of guilt and
money ; there are no political or other disturbing influences. To acquit
him, then, will be to admit that you are bribed.
44 31 ^^aXm, personal popularity.
45 1 (Sect. 48.) agam, conduct.
45 2 res, facts. — manifestas : a technical word denoting direct
proof, not circumstantial evidence.
45 3 a vobis . . . contendere, urge upon you.
45 6 eorum, i.e. of the defence.
45 8 (Sect. 49.) vos: opposed to former juries, which have occa-
sioned the scandal.
45 9 huic ordini: dat. of agent; § 375 (232, a)\ B. 189, 2; G. 354;
H.431 (388,1); H.-B. 373, 2.
45 10 post haec, etc., i.e. since the reorganization of the courts by
Sulla (see note on Rose. Am., sect. i).
Impeachment of Verres 313
45 11 utimnr, have. — splendore, personal dvstinctian, from wealth
and exploits. — dignitate, dignity ^ from rank and office.
45 13 si . . « offensum, if there is any slip (a euphemism).
45 17 (Sect. 50.) opto, pray. Observe the adroit union of compli-
ment and threat in this passage, which at the same time forms the
transition to the appeal to the praetor presiding.
Sects. 61, 62. Appeal to Glabrio, the presiding prsetor, to pre-
vent bribery.
45 28 (Sect. 51.) is: referring to the Senate. — judicio: abL of means.
45 30 qui sis, what sort of man you are.
46 1 reddere,/^^ back. — ihz . . . veniat: § 565 (331, /, r.); cf. B.
295, 8; G. 553, I (end); H. 565, 4 (499, 2); H.-B. 502, 3, footnote 2.
46 2 legis Aciliae: this (probably B.C. loi) provided that there
should be neither ampliatio (further hearing) nor comperendinatio (see
note on sect. 34, p. 40, 1. 18) in cases of repeiundae. All earlier laws
were superseded by the Cornelian law of Sulla.
46 4 (S ECT. 52.) summae auctoritates, strongest influences^ especially
family traditions, etc. To the Roman mind an auctor, in this sense, was
a pattern for imitation.
46 5 quae . . . non sinant: best regarded as a purpose clause; cf.
§ 53i» 2, N. (317, N.).
46 11 ut ne quis, etc. : § 537, a, n. (319, a, N.) ; G. 545, R.i; H. (499, i) ;
cf. H.-B. 502, 3, <z, footnote *.
46 14 nocenti reo, etc., for the accused^ if guilty^ his great wealth has
had more weight to increase (lit. towards) the suspicion of guilt than {to
secure) a means of safety.
Sects. 63-66. Cicero states his plan for preventing delay. He
will introduce his witnesses at once, without preliminary argpunent.
Brief statement of the charges against Verses. End.
46 17 (Sect. 53.) mihi certum est, for my part (emph.) / am re-
solved. — non committere, not to allow (in the weak sense of letting it
occur by mistake or fault). — ut . . . mutetur, to be changed; § 568, N.i
(332, e)\ G. 553, i; cf. H. 566, i (498, ii, N.2). — nobis (eth. dat.), our.
46 19 servi, etc.: Hortensius and Metellus (sects. 25, 27), while con-
suls elect, had sent for the Sicilians, but of course without any authority
to enforce their coming. Cicero suggests that, if the case is put off till
the next year, the summons may be repeated, this time by means of
lictors. Each consul was attended by twelve of these officers, who had
314 Notes
the power of arresting and coercing (see Manil. Law, note on sect. 32,
p. 81, 1. 15).
46 20 novo exemplo, in an unheard-of manner,
46 23 ius suum, their [lost] rights.
46 24 eorum : this word suggests in a skilfully vague way that Verres,
the Metelli, and Hortensius are all in the same conspiracy, as it were,
to rob the Sicilians, Verres having used his imperium to carry out the
actual robbery, the others using theirs to protect him by intimidating
the victims.
46 27 (Sect. 54.) nobis responderi, i.e. the argument for the defence
to be made.
46 28 adducta sit : § 593 (342) ; B. 324, i ; G. 663, 1 ; H. 652 (529, ii) ;
H.-B. 539 ; if this were not dependent on responderi, it would be f ut.
perf. ind.
46 30 comitiorum, ludorum : the trial came just between the elections
and Pompey*s votive games (sect. 31).
46 31 censendi causa, on account of the census-taking {registration).
At this time censors were in office, for the first time since Sulla's domi-
nation : they were holding a registration of property and voters, at which
citizens from all parts of Italy were obliged to report. The importance
of proceeding with the trial while Rome was thus filled with citizens
and provincials is obvious.
46 32 vestnim, nostram {mine)^ and omnium (next page) are predi-
cate after esse (p. 47, 1. 2).
47 1 quid agatur (ind. quest.) depends on the verbal noun scientiam,
as the next clause does on memoriam.
47 2 omnium, i.e. not the inhabitants of Rome alone.
47 3 (Sect. 55.) principes: the two distinguished brothers, L. and
M. Lucullus.
47 5 ita testis constituam, etc. : this is the criminum ratio (sect. 19,
1. 14). Cicero's plan appears to be so to arrange his witnesses that their
examination shall make the usual long introductory accusatio unneces-
sary. He will, he says, produce his witnesses in such an order and with
such introduction in each case as to bring out the crimen totum in the
course of these proceedings. When he has explained what he expects
to prove in a given instance, he will immediately bring forward the
appropriate witnesses, and so on till the whole case is in.
47 6 crimen totum, the impeachment as a whole. — crimen (below),
the special charge of extortion (stated formally in the next section), the
only charge for which Verres was really on trial
The Plunder of Syracuse 315
47 10 dantur, are offered, — in singulas res, to each point,
47 11 illis, the counsel for the defence.
47 13 altera actione, i.e. after the cotnperendinatio : in this sense
the speeches of the accusatio are correctly called Actio Secunda (see
note above).
47 16 haec (referring forward to sect. 56), etc., this is all the Accusatio
there will be in the first Action,
47 19 (Sect. 56.) quadringentiens \centena milia'] sestertium,
40,000,000 sestertiit = $2fOOOyOOO (nearly): § 634 (379); G. p. 493;
H. 757 (647. iv, i); H.-B. 675, 2.
47 33 habuissemus: cont. to fact protasis regularly retained, without
change of mood or tense, in indir. disc; § 589, d (337, b); B. 321, b; G.
659; H. 647 (527, iii); H.-B. 581, 3, N.; the apodosis is opus fuisse for
Opus fuit, there would have been no need: § 517, ^ (3oS» ^) » ^- 304» 3» ^ 5
G. 597, R.8 a; H. 525, 1 (476, 4); H.-B. 582, 3, a.
47 25 Dixi, / have done : a common formal ending.
THE PLUNDER OF SYRACUSE
Sects. 1, 2. Contrast between the treatment of Syracuse by the
conqueror Marcellus in time of war and its treatment by Verres,
the governor, in time of peace.
Page 48. Line 3. (Sect. 1.) aliquando, «/ /«j/, implying impatience,
here assumed as a kind of apology to his hearers for the length of his
account.
48 5 Marcello : M. Claudius Marcellus, of a noble plebeian family
(all the other families of the Claudian gens were patrician), was the
ablest general the Romans had in the early years of the Second Punic
War, but illiterate and cruel. His capture of Syracuse was in B.C. 212.
He was killed in battle b.c. 208.
The contrast in sect, i is a brilliant one; nevertheless, the orator
exaggerates, as on so many occasions. »* Not only did Marcellus stain
his military honor by permitting a general pillage of the wealthy mer-
cantile city, in the course of which Archimedes and many other citizens
were put to death, but the Roman Senate lent a deaf ear to the com-
plaints which the Syracusans afterwards presented regarding that cele-
brated general, and neither returned to individuals their property nor
restored to the city its freedom " (Mommsen).
3i6
Notes
48 8 imperatoris : this title, properly belonging to every holder of
the imperium^ was by usage assumed by the commander only after his
first considerable victory. — cohortem, train of courtiers, etc. : the pro-
vincial magistrates, representing the Roman imperium, had almost a
royal suite, as well as other insignia of royalty.
48 12 (Sect. 2.) omitto : a good example of the rhetorical device
known as praeUritio. — locis, i.e. in the other speeches of the Accu-
satio.
48 13 forum: every ancient town had its central market-place or
square {forum ^ &yopd)j an open space, used for trading, public assem-
blies, and the administration of justice. The same feature exists in
European towns at the present day.
49 4 clausus fuisset : Marcellus had been obliged to starve out the
city. — Cilicum: Cilicia was the chief seat of the organized bands of
pirates who ruled the Mediterranean at this time.
49 10 illis rebus, i.e. the plunder of temples, etc.
Fig. 6
Sects. 3-5. Situation and topography of Syracuse.
49 11 (Sect. 3.) mazimam:
the circuit of its walls was about
i^stadtay = more than 20 miles.
49 13 ex omni aditu limits
praeclaro ad aspectum.
49 14 in aedificatione, etc.,
i.e. enclosed by the buildings of
the city. Ancient harbors (as at
Athens) were often at a con-
siderable distance from the city.
49 16 conjunguntur: Ortygia
(or Insula) J the site of the orig-
inal town, had an independent
harbor on each side connected
by a narrow channel. This
channel is the ezitus mentioned.
50 2 (Sect. 4.) Hieronis:
Hiero II, king of Syracuse
(B.C. 270 to about 216), who
was during most of his reign a
steadfast ally of Rome.
50 5 Dianae : the quail, Bprv^ (whence the name Ortygia), was
sacred to Diana (Artemis). — istius, i.e. of Verres.
'*'^-,^V^%»f,
The Plunder of Syracuse
317
50 7 Arethusa : for
the myth of Arethusa
and Alpheus, see Ovid,
Met. V. 573-641 ; G^iy-
\^^, Classic Myths. For
view of the fountain,
see Virgil's Eclogues,
p. 29.
50 10 (Sect. 5.)
Achradina, the plain
and table -land north
of Ortygia.
50 11 prytaneum :
the building in which
the city was conceived
to have its home. Here
was the hearth, sacred
to Vesta, whence colo-
nists carried the sacred
fire to kindle a new
"hearth in the pryta-
neum of their new
home. It was also
used for courts of jus-
tice, public banquets,
etc. Such public
buildings were usually
grouped round the
forum in the centre of
the city.
50 13 nrbis, i.e.
Achradina. — perpe-
tua, running its whole
length.
50 14 continentur,
are lined in continuous
rows,
50 16 gymnasium :
the place for exercise
and baths, with porti-
cos, groves, and halls.
3i8 Notes
50 19 coaedificata, built up. — Neapolis, i.e. " the new city." — qaam
ad summam, at the highest point of which.
Sects. 6, 7. Marcellus, the conqueror at Syracuse: compare
Verres, the governor.
51 4 (Sect. 6.) pulchritudinem : the English would put it less
abstractly, — this beautiful city.
51 8 in, in respect to. — habuit vlctoriae rationem, had regard for
the right of victory.
51 10 deportare: a Roman custom, imitated in the nineteenth cen-
tury by Napoleon. — possent, subj. of characteristic. — humanitatis, the
part of humanity.
51 15 (Sect. 7.) Honoris, etc. : the worship of abstractions was a
characteristic of the Roman religion. Marcellus restored the temple of
Honor and built the temple of Virtus ; the two were so connected that
in common parlance they were referred to as a single edifice.
51 16 in aedibus, i.e. in his own house in town.
51 18 ornamento, i.e. as being free from stolen treasures.
51 19 deum nullum : translate, in order to keep the emphasis of the
position, of the gods not one (i.e. not a single statue).
51 21 comparetis, i.e. in renown and in personal character.
51 22 pacem cum belle, etc. : implying that the administration of
Verres in time of peace was worse than the armed capture by Marcellus.
— forum et juris dictionem, law and justice: the forum is mentioned
as being the place where the praetor administered justice ; juris dictio
was his special function (see note on Verres, i, sect. 12, p. 32, 1. 13).
Sects. 8-17. Details of the robberies of Verres.
52 1 (Sect. 8.) aedis Minervae: the illustration shows how this
ancient temple of Minerva in Syracuse has been made over into a church.
52 4 tamen in bello : translate though in war^ stilly etc. The par-
ticle tamen ("still") often suggests a concession ("although"), not
expressed, but loosely implied in the context or the circumstances ; here
the implied concession is " though the rights of an enemy in war are
unlimited." — religionum, things sacred. — consuetndiniSi i.e. thmgs
hallowed by use.
52 6 Agathocli: tyrant of Syracuse, B.C. 317-289. (Fig. 8, a coin
of Agathocles, shows the head of Persephone, and on the reverse a
figure of Victory erecting a trophy.)
52 9 visendum : %^^ Manil.^ sect. 40, p. 85, 1. 6, note.
The Plunder of Syracuse
319
Fig. 8
52 ]0 prof ana fecisset: the Romans had a formula by which they
called away (evocare) and gained over to their side the tutelary deities
of any cities they were besieging. Of course, the temples of these gods
then lost all their sanctity
and became profane build-
ings. With the same idea
the true name of Rome and
that of its tutelar divinity
w^ere said to be kept as a T^
mystery, lest they should be-
come known to an enemy,
who might thus disarm the
city of its protector. Not-
withstanding this doctrine, the Romans were often, as in the case of
Marcellus, prevented by religious feeling (religione) from violating the
sacred edifices of conquered cities. Often, too, they transferred the
worship of the deities in question to Rome. On the whole idea, cf.
iEneid, ii. 351, and note.
53 1 jam belongs with sacra religiosaque.
53 6 (Sect. 9.) id quod, what.
53 9 deberet: subj. of characteristic.
Fig. 9
320
Notes
Fig. ]
53 13 in quibus erant, upon which were represented.
53 16 cognitione formarum, acquaintance with their features,
53 18 tamen : see note on p. 52, 1. 4.
53 20 (Sect. 10.) valvis : such ornamentation may be seen in a
mediaeval example in Fig. 9 (doors of the Cathedral at Pisa).
53 23 tarn . . . cupidum, that I am so eager (in appos. with quod).
53 30 illi, i.e. the Greeks, as being over-fond of art. The Romans
wer6 inclined to look down upon culture and the fine arts as being
less manly than politics and
war; cf. the famous pas-
sage in the iEneid, vi. 846-
853.
54 2 argumenta, subjects
or stories (in relief) ; cf.
iEneid, vL 20, and note.
54 3 (Sect. 11.) Gorgo-
nis : the head of Medusa, a
favorite subject of ancient
art. See Fig. 10, from an
ancient marble mask.
54 6 bullas, i.e. knobs,
similar to those in Fig. 11.
54 11 in hoc nomine, at
this item (i.e. wondering why Verres should have taken these).
54 12 commoveri, were surprised.
54 13 satis esset, i.e. they were only curiosities. Any natural
object which was, in the view of the ancients, out of the common order
of nature was regarded as a monstrnm or prodigium^ and as therefore
associated in some way with the gods ; hence such objects were fre-
quently dedicated in temples.
54 16 id merely repeats hastas.
54 17 (Sect. 12.) nam explains (ironically) why he asks the last
question. A passion for art might, he suggests, excuse the theft of
such an object as the Sappho, but the stealing of the bamboos was a
wanton sacrilege.
54 21 potius, etc., rather than this most tasteful and cultivated
man. — haberet: §444 (268); B. 277; G. 265; H. 559, 4 (484. v).
H.-B. 503.
54 22 nimirum (continuing the irony), of course.
54 23 nostrum, ^us (emph.), opp. to Verres,
The Plunder of Syracuse
321
Fig.
54 25 eat (hort. ^x\>\),must go. — ad aedem Felicitatis: the temple
of Felicitas was adorned with the spoils of conquered Corinth. Catulus
had adorned his temple of Fbrtuna^ and Metellus his portico, with
splendid works of art.
54 27 istorum, Verres and his friends. — Tusculanum, villa at Tus-
culum (about 1 5 miles southeast of Rome) where the wealthy Romans, •
Hortensius among the rest, had splendid country-houses.
54 28 ornatum, i.e. as it was on festal days. — commodarit, lent:
such works of art were
often placed temporarily in
the Forum ; cf. our modem
"loan exhibitions."
54 31 Operari, mere day-
laborer: said in contempt
of Verres's pretensions to
culture. — studia,yf//^ tastes.
— delicias, luxurious pleas-
ures (both ironical).
55 1 appositior, better
fitted. — ad ferenda, etc., to
carry (as a porter) thaii to
carry off{2& a connoisseur) :
a sarcasm on Verres's coarse
and heavy build.
55 5 (Sect. 13.) Grae-
cnlus: in contemptuous
allusion to his pretence of
taste. — subtiliter judical,
is a fine connoisseur of.
55 7 nunc, now (as it is) opposed to si . . . tulisset.
56 2 (Sect. 14.) parinum (corrupt and meaningless): the common
reading is parvum; perhaps the old conjecture Parium, of Parian
marble, is best.
56 7 Libero patre : not Liber his father, but father Liber, pater
being a common attribute of Liber as well as of Mars and other gods.
Liberi filius (1. 6) is spurious.
56 9 (Sect. 15.) Jovem: the statue was of Zei>s ov/otos, god of favor-
able weather, identified, from some fancied resemblance, with Juppiter
imperator.
56 10 suo : the emphatic position continues the emphasis on Jovem.
322
Notes
56 13 Flamininus: T. Quinctius Flamininus (Fig. 12, from a coin),
■who defeated Philip of Macedon at Cynoscephalae, B.C. 197.
56 16 in Ponti ore : the Thracian Bosporus, the strait extending
from Constantinople to the Black Sea, about 17 miles.
56 18 sua: § 301, b (196, c)\ cf. B. 244, 4; G. 309, 2; H. 503, 2
(449, 2) ; H.-B. 264, 2. — Capitolio : the Capitol, or Temple of Jupiter
Capitolinus, had three celiac^ or chapels, sacred to the Capitolian
triad, Jupiter, Juno,
and Minerva. This
was now the most
illustrious temple,
"the earthly abode,"
of Jupiter.
56 24 incolae,
residents^ i.e. persons
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
of foreign birth who made Syracuse their home, without having
obtained citizenship ; advenae (next line), visitors.
56 28 (Sect. 16.) adventu, abl. of cause.
57 2 (Sect. 17.) mensas Delphicas : tables with three legs, like the
Delphic tripod (see Figs. 13, 14); vasa Corinthia were made of a
kind of bronze, of peculiar beauty and very costly.
Sects. 18-21. Robberies of works of art are especially odious
to men of Ghreek blood.
57 17 (Sect. 18.) levia et contemnenda : cf. note on p. 53, 1. 30.
57 22 fanorum, shrines : the word indicates the consecrated spot
rather than the temple or altar erected upon it.
57 27 (Sect. 19.) nisi forte: introducing, as usual, an absurd sup-
position.
57 28 desierunt, ceased^ i.e. by the transference of the courts to the
Senators.
Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen 323
58 2 Crasso : L. Licinius Crassus, the famous orator, and Quintus
Scaevola, pontifex maximus, the famous jurist and statesman, were
close friends, and colleagues in nearly every office. They were curule
aediles, B.C. 103, and gave the first exhibition of lion-fights. The splen-
dor of their aedileship was the work of Crassus, a man of elegant and
luxurious tastes, while Scaevola was moderate and simple in his habits.
— ClaudiO: probably a brother of Claudia, the wife of Tiberius Grac-
chus. In his aedileship, B.C. 99, he exhibited fights of elephants.
58 4 commercium : Crassus and Claudius would have bought such
objects of art if anybody could have done it.
58 5 fuisse, sc. commercium.
58 9 (Sect. 20.) referri, be entered^ has for subject pretio . . .
abalienasse.
58 12 rebus istis, things of that sort.
58 13 apud iUos, i.e. the Greeks generally.
58 19 (Sect. 21.) The cities referred to in this section were all
centres of Greek art or celebrated for the possession of some master-
piece. Reginos: Rhegium, Reggio^ was a very ancient Greek city at
the point of Italy nearest Sicily. It was a colony of Chalcis, probably
founded in the eighth century B.C., and became a Roman tnunicipiutn
after the Social War, B.C. 91-90.
58 20 merere velle, would take. — ilia, that famous,
58 21 Tarentinos : Tarentum was the largest Greek city in Italy, a
colony of Sparta, founded in the eighth century B.C., subjugated by
Rome just after the invasion of Pyrrhus, B.C. 272.
58 24 Cnidios . . . Coos : observe the chiasm.
58 28 buculam : the celebrated bronze cow of Myron. — longum est,
it would be tedious : § 522, a (31 1, c) ; B. 304, 3 ; G. 254, R.^ ; H. 525, 2
(476, 5) ; H.-B. 582, 3, b.
CRUCIFIXION OF A ROMAN CITIZEN
Page 59. Line 1. (Sect, i.) nunc, opposed to the time of the actio
prima^ which he has just referred to. — uno genere, this one class of
crimes. — tot boras . . . dicam: §466 (276, d)\ B. 259, 4; G. 230;
H. 533 (467, iii, 2) ; H.-B. 485.
59 5 tenerem: for tense, see §485,/ (287, /); B. 268, 7, ^; G. 511,
R.2; H. 547, I (495' '); cf. H.-B. 481.
324 Notes
59 6 de tanta re, etc. : Cicero has now arrived at the climax of his
accusation : the case of Gavius is so outrageous that it wbuld require
all his powers to characterize it. But, he says, he has already used the
strongest language of which he is master in describing other and less
heinous crimes, and he has not attempted to keep the attention of the
jurors by variety in the charges. What, then, can he do to make this
horrible case, the most abominable of the crimes of Verres, sufficiently
impressive t There is but one thing left to do : he will tell the bare
facts^ which need no eloquence to emphasize them.
59 7 rem (emphat.), the bare facts. — in medio, before you.
59 10 (Sect. 2.) in illo numero : Cicero has been describing the
treatment of a number of fugitives from the insurrectionary army of
Sertorius in Spain who had made their way to Sicily after the death of
Sertorius, B.C. 72, and the overthrow of his faction by Pompey.
59 12 lautumiis, the stone-pits (ancient quarries) at Syracuse, used
as a prison. The illustration shows the present condition of that part
of the lautumiae known as Dionysius' Ear. — Messanam (now Messina)^
the point of Sicily nearest Italy. Messana, founded as a Greek colony
in the eighth century B.C., was at this time one of the very few privi-
leged towns (civitates foederatae) of Sicily. It was specially favored by
Verres, and, according to Cicero, was an accomplice of his iniquities.
Fig. 15 shows a representation of the pharos (lighthouse) of Messana
from a coin of Sex. Pompey; the reverse has a representation of Scylla.
Pj^ ^, 59 14 Reginorum: Rhegium is
almost in sight of Messana.
A^ jS^-^*^ J^^^^f^K 59 15 Odore, breath.
' '^ ^ ^ " "* 59 j8 recta, sc. via.
59 21 (Sect. 3.) in praetorio,
the house (or official residence) of the
prator.
59 23 adjutricem, etc. : § 282, c
(184, b)\ B. 169, 3; G. 321 ; H. 393, I (363, I); H.-B. 319.
59 24 magistratum Mamertinum, a magistrate of Messana : the
city of Messana had been treacherously taken possession of by a body
of mercenaries, who called themselves Mamertini (children of Mars),
about B.C. 282. Though the name of the city was not changed, its
citizens were from this time called Mamertini. See cut in text, which
shows the head of Ares.
60 10 (Sect. 4.) ezspectabant, were on the watch to see. — quo tandem,
how far : tandem (as also nam) gives a sense of wonder to the question.
Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen
325
60 13 expediri, to be got ready ^ i.e. by untying \}[^^ fasces (rods and
axe), which were the badge of the praetor's itnperium.
60 14 meruisse (sc. stipendid)^ served as a soldier.
60 15 Panhormi {all harbor)^ the present Palermo: see Fig. 16. —
Fig. 16
View of Palermo
negotiaretur, i.e. as head or agent of some house engaged in speculation
(cf. Verr. i, sect. 20). This kind of business was generally carried on
by Roman equites^ and on a large scale.
60 17 fugitivorum, runaway slaves, who had been concerned in the
frightful servile war of Spartecus, B.C. 73-71.
60 19 esset: subj. of characteristic.
60 21 (Sect. 5.) caedebatur : observe the emphatic position. This
imperf . and those following make a lively description of the scene instead
of a mere statement of the facts. „
Fig. 17
61 1 audiebatur, could be
heard: %M\J {2.11, g)\ G. 233.
61 2 commemoratione, claim,
61 7 pestem, accursed thing.
61 10 (vSect. 6.) lexPorcia:
this forbade the scourging of
citizens. See Fig. 1 7, a coin struck by a member of the Porcian family :
the reverse commemorates this law; the figure at the right is a lictor
326 Notes
with rods. — leges Semproniae (of Caius Gracchus) : these gave Roman
citizens the right of appeal to the judgment of the whole people in
capital cases, even against the military imperium. In civil life this
right had existed ever since the foundation of the republic. Cf., in
English law, the right of trial " by one's peers."
61 12 tribunicia potestas : see note on Verr. i, sect. 44 (p. 43, 1. 32).
61 17 non inhibebat: cf. note on audiebatur (1. i).
61 22 (Sect. 7.) ut (interrog.), how.
61 25 Glabrionem : subject of facere.
61 26 ut . . . dimitteret : result clause, in appos. with id.
61 27 consilium, yV/ry.* he feared that the lynch law would get the
start of a legal verdict.
61 28 repetisse, inflicted (lit. exacted^ punishment being regarded as
2i forfeit),
61 29 veritus esset has for its subject populus Romanus. Observe
the exactness of tense-relations expressed by the pluperf. and the peri-
phrastic esset persoluturus, was not likely to pay,
62 2 (Sect. 8.) quid . . . sit, what will happen to you.
62 3 Gavium istum, that G. of yours (i.e. the G. whom you misrep-
resent). — repentinum, suddenly discovered.
62 5 neque, etc., and this I will show, etc. Notice that in Latin
the connective attracts the negative whenever it can.
62 6 aliquis : Gavius was a very common name in South Italy.
62 8 ad arbitrium tuum, at your discretion (i.e. as many as you
like).
62 11 sero, too late (for you, but not too late for the court). —
judlces, obj. of doceant.
62 15 (Sect. 9.) patronis: see note on Rose. Am., p. 3, 1. 17. —
istuc ipsum, that single fact.
62 17 nuper tu, etc. : of course an imaginary incident, since this
oration was never delivered.
62 19 ideo,yi»r this reason, i.e. quod . . . quaereret.
62 20 jam, i.e. after you have said that.
62 24 ez eo genere : explained by the clause non qui . . . dicerent
(characteristic).
63 2 (Sect. 10.) induatur, etc.: §156, a (in, a)\ B. 175, 2, d\
G. 2 18 ; H. 407 (377) ; H.-B. 288, 3 ; tie himself up and strangle himself
(as in a noose) ; cf. our " give the man rope enough and he *11 hang
himself."
63 3 qui esset, what he was (i.e. whether a citizen or not).
Crticifixion of a Roman Citizen 327
63 5-8 si . . . ducerere, quid . . . clamitares, etc. : in this past con-
dition, cont. to fact, the imperf. is used instead of the pluperf., be-
cause the supposition is general rather than particular; § 517, a
(308, a)\ G. 597, R.i; H. 579, i (510, N.2) ; H.-B. 581; if you, caught,
etc., had ever been in the hands of men who were dragging you off to
punishment, what other cry would you have raised than, "/ am a
Roman citizen " ?
63 11 profuisset, would have availed, i.e. in the case supposed (as
defined in the preceding sentence) : thus profuisset involves its own
protasis; §522 (311); B. 305, i; G. 600, i; H. 575, 9 (507, N.7) ;
H.-B. 582, '4. It is a complete proposition, which is made conditional
by si; § 523 (31 ^» d) » H.-B. 582, 4: it is also made the protasis of a
new apod., potuit, 1. 15; §522, a (311, ^); B. 304, 3; G. 597, R.8, a\
H. 583 (511, I, N.8); H.-B. 582, 3, a.
63 12 qui, concessive ; cum, causal.
63 14 usurpatlone, claim (lit. using the word).
63 18 (Sect. II.) quo = ad quos. — cognitoribus, 2/^«r/^^rj.
63 20 legum existimationis, obj.gen. with periculo.
63 21 continentur, are restrained.
63 22 sermonis . . . societate, by fellowship in language, rights, and
interests.
64 2 (Sect. 12.) toUe, a sort of protasis: § 521, b (310, b) ; B. 305, 2 ;
G. 598; H. 560, 3 (487, 3); H.-B. 497, 2 ; the apod, is jam . . . praeclu-
seris (11. 6-9, below).
64 5 quod velit (subj. of integral part), any he pleases.
64 6 quod . . . ignore!, because one may not know him.
64 7 liberas civitates : the allied states in the provinces, which were
not strictly under the jurisdiction of the praetors.
64 9 praecluseris, fut. perf.
64 12 adservasses, you might have kept. — custodiis : abl. of means.
64 14 cognosceret, should he know: equiv. to a protasis with si;
§ 521,^ (310, <^); B. 305, 2; G. 598; H. 573, N. (507, iii, I) ; H.-B. 504, i.
64 15 si ignoraret: Cicero here ironically lays down, under the form
of a calm and reasonable alternative, the principle that Verres might
crucify any Roman citizen whom he did not personally know and who
could not furnish a rich man to identify him.
64 16 hoc juris: § 346, a, 3 (216, a, 3); B. 201, 2; G. 369; H. 442, i
(397> 3); H.-B. 346. — ut . . . toUeretur: clause of purpose.
64 21 (Sect. 13.) hostis, i.e. by his acts he has virtually declared
himself the open enemy of the state as if he were a foreign power
328 Notes
making war on the rights of Roman citizens (hence hostis rather than
inimicus). — non illi: both words are emphatic, — it is not to this person
(in particular) but to^ etc., that you were hostile,
64 22 quid enim attinuit, etCj for what did it have to do with the case
that you should order, etc. : why should you have ordered, etc., ui\les6 by
these gratuitous severities you wished to show your hatred of the very
name of citizen ?
64 25 fretum, the strait of Messina.
64 32 divisa, thus divided,
65 1 aXumnxim., foster-child J i.e. adopted citizen.
65 4 (Sect. 14.) Observe the double climax: facinus, sceius, parri-
cidium; vincire, verberare, necare. For the crucifixion of a citizen
Cicero can find no word strong enough; hence the summit of the
cUmax is reached in quid dicam.^
65 5 parricidium: for the horror with which this crime was regarded
by the Romans, see Rose. Am., sects. 28, 29.
65 14 in comitio: i.e. publicly in Rome and in the very centre of
Roman freedom and Roman life. The comitium was an open space
north of the Forum, on higher ground (see Plan of Forum, top) ; it was
used for the most ancient comitia^ the curiata (in which the people were
assembled by the thirty hereditary curiae), for hearing lawsuits, and for
contiones. The curia, or Senate-house, fronted toward the comitium. —
quod, i.e. that point which,
65 15 celebritate, i.e. as being a crowded thoroughfare.
65 16 potuit, sc. fieri.
65 18 praetervectione, etc., on the track of all who sail to and fro
(by the Strait of Messina, the necessary route to Greece).
THE MANILIAN LAW
ARGUMENT
Chap. i. Exordium. Why this is Cicero's first appearance before a
political assembly. — Narratio. 2. Statement of the case: Mithridates
and Tigranes have invaded the Roman domain. This war is demanded
by the dignity and safety of the state. — Confrmatio. (I) Character of
the war. — 3. Ill success of the First and Second Mithridatic Wars. —
4. Strength of the enemy. — 5. Present tameness of the Roman people
The Manilian Law 329
contrasted with their ancient pride. The allies, whose safety is at stake,
demand Pompey as commander. — 6. The chief revenues are in peril,
endangered by mere suspicion of calamity. — 7. Financial crisis at Rome
(general ruin would result from disaster to the publicani). — (11)8. Mag-
nitude of the war. LucuUus achieved great success in his campaign. —
9. But the war is still a great one: Mithridates is not subdued; our
army has suffered reverses; LucuUus has been removed. — (III) 10.
Who then should be appointed.^ Military experience of Pompey. —
II, 12. His successes, especially in the Piratic War. — 13, 14. He has
all the qualities of a general, including not only courage, but moral
qualities: blamelessness, humanity, self-restraint, easy manners. — 15.
His prestige and influence, especially as derived from the Piratic War.
— 16. His special reputation in the East, largely resulting from his
brilliant fortune. — 17. Moreover, he is on the spot. — Confutation
Objection of Hortensius, that all power ought not to be given to one
man. — 18. Answered by facts as to the result of the Gabinian Law.
— 19. Brilliant success of this law (incidentally, Gabinius should be
assigned to Pompey as legatus). — 20. Objection of Catulus, that the
proposition is against precedent. — 21. Answered by referring to other
violations of precedent in Pompey's case. — 22, 23. Appeal to the
people against these objections. Pompey alone can retrieve the
Roman reputation. Many leading men favor the Manilian Law. —
Peroratio. 24. Cicero supports the law purely from devotion to the
commonwealth.
The Oration for the Manilian Law is a famous example of a delibera-
tive oration constructed on a systematic rhetorical plan.
I. Exordium (introduction): Chap. i.
II. Narratio (statement of the case) : Chap. 2.
III. Confirmatio (affirmative argument): Chaps. 3 (sect. 6)-i7
(sect. 50).
1. The character of the war: Chaps. 3 (sect. 6) -7.
2. The importance of the war: Chaps. 8, 9.
3. The selection of a commander: Chaps. 10-17 (sect. 50).
IV. Confutatio (answers to objections): Chaps. 17 (sect. 51) -23.
V. Peroratio (peroration).
The oration was delivered in a contio or public meeting of Roman
citizens held not for voting, but for debate or address merely. A contio
could be called by any magistrate who had a matter to lay before the
people, and was held regularly in the Comitium or the Forum. After
a rogatio (proposition of a law) had been offered, such a meeting was
330 Notes
regularly convened in order that the voters might hear the arguments
on both sides. Later the cotnitia voted on the bill. Yes or No.
Thus the present speech in many respects resembled our modem
political addresses on important public measures, like the tariff or the
currency. It has, however, an official character.
I. Exordium (Chap. I)
Sects. 1-3. Chap. I. This is Cicero's first appearance before a
political assembly. Hitherto he has given all his time to defending
his friends as a lawyer. He rejoices that in this his first political
oration he has a subject on which any one, however unpractised,
cannot fail to speak well, — the valor and ability of Pompey.
Pj^ ^g Page 67. Line i. (Sect, i.) For a
discussion of the structure of the opening
period, see general Introd. p. xlvii. —
frequens conspectus vester, the sight of
you in full assembly,
67 2 hie locus, the Rostra (Fig. i8,
from a coin). The scanty remains of the
rostra may be seen at the left of the
Temple of Concord in the cut, p. xiiL —
ad agendum, for public business, Le.
among the many duties of a magistrate
there is none more dignified (amplissi-
mus) than this of addressing the whole people in a poUtical assembly ;
agere cum populo was the technical expression for transacting business
in the comitia or a contio.
67 3 ornatissimus, honorable (of private glory as an orator). —
QuiriteSf fello7v-citizens : the name by which the Romans were addressed
when acting in a civil capacity.
67 4 hoc aditu, this avenue (i.e. addressing the people on political
questions). — Optimo cuique, i.e. to such as the presiding magistrate
would permit, for only these had a right to speak in a contio.
67 5 rationes, plan : the plural indicates the details of the plan, le.
the particular considerations that determine a general course of conduct
68 1 cum (temporal), while: § 546(323, 2); B. 288, i, *; G. 585; H.
600, ii, I (521, 2); H.-B. 524.
68 2 auctoritatem: the act of speaking in a contio indicated that the
speaker was a proper person to advise the people, and hence it would
confer auctoritas {^weight, prestige). — attingere, aspire to.
The Manilian Law 331
68 3 perfectum v^^itraxi, perfected by force of intellect^ i.e. the fruit
of fully developed mental power.
68 4 elaboratum, carefully wrought (such, therefore, as needed more
practice than youth could give).
68 5 amicorum temporibus, exigencies of my friends. A Roman
lawyer was not regarded as doing a service for hire, but was expected
to defend his friends gratuitously. He was, indeed, prohibited from
receiving pay; but, though no bargain was made, the obliged party was
expected to give a liberal present, in some form or other, to his patronus.
685 (Sect. 2.) neque . . . et: here the first clause is virtually
concessive ; we may render wAile . . , at the same time,
68 7 caste, with clean hands. — integre (next line), in good faith
(toward the client).
68 8 judicio, i.e. their action in electing him. — fnictum, i.e. the
several grades of office he had already filled: he was now praetor.
68 9 dilationem, adjournment. There were many things which
could break up an assembly and put off the business, especially unfa-
vorable auguries, the announcement of which was a favorite device of
politicians. If an election was thus interrupted by adjournment, the
votes already taken were null and void and the whole proceeding had to
be gone through with again. The comitia at which Cicero was chosen
praetor were twice adjourned in this way, so that there were three meet-
ings before the election was complete. At each of these Cicero was the
first (primus) of the eight praetors to secure a majority, and hence he
was thrice declared elected (ter renuntiatus sum), primus does not here
imply a superiority in rank, for the eight praetors were regarded as col-
leagues and they determined their functions by lot.
68 11 quid aliis, etc., i.e. this action of the voters showed that
they approved his course of life, and was a suggestion to others how
to attain similar honors.
68 12 nunc, opposed to the time referred to in sect. i.
68 14 ad agendum, /27r speaking (cf. note on 1. 2, above).
68 15 forensi usu : the courts were held in the Forum.
68 18 quoque, i.e. to forensic as well as to military or political
activity.
68 19 (Sect. 3.) atque (the strongest of the and's), and further. —
illud (nom.) laetandum: the construction illud laetor changed to
the passive; § 390, c (238, b)\ cf. B. 176, 2; G. 333, i, N.i; H. 405
(371, iii); H.-B. 397, 2.
68 30 mihi, following insolita.
332 Notes
68 21 ratione, manner.
68 22 oratio, language. — orationls (1. 24), argument (abstract from
oro> in its original sense of to speak).
68 23 virtute, good qualities generally.
II. Narratio (§§ 4, 5)
Sects. 4, 5. Present state of the Mithridatic War. A leader is
necessary, and there is but one leader fit to cope with the situation.
Observe that these two sections, though apparently a mere state-
ment of facts, are so expressed as to contain, in brief and powerful
form, the substance of the whole oration. The appointment of Pom-
pey is not a matter for argument, Cicero contends throughout the
speech, but an absolute necessity; the condition of affairs demands
action, and this is the only action that can avail.
68 27 (Sect. 4.) atque (cf. note on 1. 19, above), and now (to come
to the point). — inde, from that point.
6829 vectigalibus ac sociis, tributaries and allies (of the latter
some were tributary and others not).
68 30 relictus, i.e. before the contest was fully decided. — laceSsitus
(next line), only assailed^ not seriously attacked. By using these words
Cicero artfully prepares for the assertion which he is about to make
of the need of an energetic commander.
68 31 Asiam, i.e. the province of this name, occupying the western
half of Asia Minor and bordering on the dominions of Mithridates.
68 32 equitibus, etc. : keep the emphasis by changing the construc-
tion : Roman equites are daily receivings etc.
68 33 quorum . . . occupatae, whose large properties^ invested in
managing your revenues^ are endangered. The revenues were farmed
out to societates (companies) of publicani^ who were members of the
equestrian order (see sect. 14).
69 2 necessitudine : Cicero was of an equestrian family.
69 4 (Sect. 5.) Bithyniae: this territory had been bequeathed to
the Roman republic by Nicomedes III, B.C. 74.
69 5 Ariobarzanis : king of Cappadocia, which had been overrun
by Mithridates.
69 7 Lucullum : Lucullus was related to both branches of the family
of Metellus, and had married Clodia, sister of the notorious Publius
Clodius. It was chiefly this mischievous demagogue, who was serving
as one of his officers, that stirred up the dissensions and mutinies
The Manilian Law 333
which robbed Lucullus of the fruits of his victories. — discedere, is on
the point of withdrawing. — huic qui successerit, his successor^ Glabrio.
69 8 non satis paratum, not adequately furnished — an understate-
ment : Glabrio had shown himself thoroughly incompetent, but Cicero
was on good terms with him. This was the Glabrio who had presided
over the court in the case of Verres.
69 9 sociis,i.e. Asiatics. — civibus, Romans engaged in business in Asia.
69 10 imperatorem (in pred. appos. with unum), as commander,
III. CONFIRMATIO (§§ 6-5 o)
Having briefly stated the facts (in the narratio, sects. 4, 5), Cicero
asks what is to be done (sect. 6). His discussion of this question falls
under three heads: (i) the nature of the war (sects. 6-19); (2) its mag-
nitude (sects. 20-26); (3) the choice of a commander (sects. 27-50).
In the first and second divisions he represents the nature and magni-
tude of the war in such a way as to make the conclusion under the
third head inevitable, — that Pompey must be chosen commander,
I. The Nature of the War (§§ 6-19)
This is considered under four heads (defined in sect. 6) : there are
at stake (i) the dignity and prestige of Rome (sects. 7-1 1); (2) the
safety of the allies (sects. 12, 13); (3) the chief revenues of the state
(sects. 14-16); (4) the investments of the publicani^ whose embarrass-
ment would cause a financial panic in Rome itself (sects. 17-19).
69 17 (Sect. 6.) agitur, is at stake.
69 21 certissima : the surest because Asia was the richest and most
fruitful of all the provinces ; hence the price paid by the publicani for
the privilege of farming its taxes was always certain to be large.
69 22 quibus amissis : equiv. to a f ut. protasis. — omamenta, orna-
ments^ i.e. " all that exalts and embellishes civilized life."
70 1 a vobis : the abl. with a is used instead of the dat. of agent
because there is another dat. dependent on consulendum ; § 374, n.^
(232, N.); B. 189, I, a; G. 355, R. ; H. 431, i (388, N.); H.-B. 373, i, a.
Sects. 7-11. The war affects both the dignity and the welfare
of Rome. The massacre of Roman citizens by Mithridates is as
yet unpunished. So far no Roman general has succeeded in check-
ing his aggressions. Has the Roman spirit declined ? Our ances-
tors were more active in taking vengeance for insult and wrong.
334 Notes
70 8 (Sect. 7.) civis Romanos, etc. : this massacre (b.c. 88), in
which 80,000 persons perished, was intended by Mithridates as a step
toward the entire expulsion of the Romans from Asia.
70 11 regnat: for tense, see §466 (276, a)\ B. 259, 4; G. 230;
H. 533(467,2); H.-B.48S.
70 14 (Sect. 8.) etenim,/^r (you will notice).
70 17 triumphavit de : not triumphed over^ but celebrated a triumph
for a victory over. The word is repeated in emphatic antithesis to the
clause sed.. . . regnaret.
70 19 regnaret, was still a king (i.e. in possession of his kingdom). —
verum tamen, but still.
70 20 quod egerunt, for what they have done : by a Latin idiom
quod is here equivalent to propter id quod.
70 22 res publica, the public interest. Sulla had hastened to make
an unsatisfactory peace, that he might return and restore order in Italy,
which was in the power of the Marian faction.
70 23 (Sect. 9.) autem, now (in contrast to the action of the Roman
generals). — reliquum, that followed.
70 27 Bosporanis, the people of Bosporus^ a flourishing Grecian
state, embracing the Crimea and adjoining lands.
70 29 ad eos duces, i.e. Sertorius and his comrades. Sertorius was
the ablest general of the Marian faction in the Civil Wars. After the
victory of Sulla, and the complete overthrow of his own party else-
where, he continued to hold Spain, where he attempted to found a new-
republic, entering into alliance with Mithridates and other enemies of
Rome.
71 1 gereretur (for fut. indie.) : subj. of integral part.
71 2 de imperio,/<7r supremacy.
71 3 (Sect. 10.) alterius corresponds to altera, 1. 6, below.
71 4 firmamenti, outward support. — roboris, interttal strength,
71 5 Cn. Pompei : Pompey and Metellus Pius conducted the war
against Sertorius from B.C. 77 till B.C. 72 without being able to subdue
him. In 72 Sertorius was assassinated by his lieutenant Perpema,
whom Pompey had no difficulty in defeating. Cicero, it will be
observed, suppresses these details, preferring to give Pompey credit,
in general terms, for putting an end to " the danger from Sertorius."
71 6 in altera parte, i.e. in the East.
71 8 f elicitati : observe the chiastic order of the ideas, — felicitati
virtuti; culpae, fortunae. — haecextrema (an intentional euphemism),
these late disasters.
The Manilian Law
335
71 9 tribuenda, attributable. In fact the ill success of LucuUus
was in great part due to the machinations of politicians at Rome ; he
was not properly supported by the home government.
71 15 (Sect, ii.) mercatoribus, etc. : abl. abs. expressing cause.
71 19 appellati, addressed. — superbius, too haughtily.
The orator is here appealing to the passions of his hearers, and
his statements must be interpreted accordingly. In B.C. 148 Roman
ambassadors demanded that the Achaean League give up all its recent
acquisitions ; at which the incensed populace insulted the ambassadors
and drove them away. In the war that followed, Corinth was cap-
tured by Mummius and destroyed, while Greece was made into a prov-
ince by the name of Achaia. The insult to the ambassadors was but
a pretext for the war, which was, in fact, merely one act in "the general
Roman policy of conquest. The extinction of the " eye of Greece,**
too, was not from motives of -^iq iq
vengeance, but in order to ^
remove a powerful rival to
Roman commerce.
71 21 legatum, etc. : M*.
Aquilius, the person referred ^'^^^^fe^S^ ^^^^^?^5-^
to, had in fact forfeited all
claim to the inviolability of an ambassador by actually taking command
of an army against Mithridates. He was taken prisoner and put to
death (b.c. 88). Aquilius had done service to the state by suppressing
the Servile War in Sicily (see Fig. 19).
Sects. 12, 13. Oar suffering allies implore aid. For their own
sake they beg that the command be intrusted to Pompey.
71 26 (Sect. 12.) videte ne: the Latin expresses in the form of a
purpose clause (" see to it lest," etc.) what we should put in the form
of an indir. quest. (" see whether it be not," etc.).
71 27 ut, as J correl. with sic. — illis, i.e. your ancestors.
71 29 non posse : subject of sit. .
71 30 quid ? a regular formula of transition, again. — quod, that :
§ 572, b (333' ^) ; G. 542 ; H. 588, 3 (540, iv, n.) ; H.-B. 552, i. — peri-
culum ac discrimen, a dangerous crisis : the former word signifying the
trial ; the latter the decision. (See Introd., p. xlv.)
72 1 Ariobarzanes : king of Cappadocia. It was the designs of
Mithridates upon this kingdom that first brought him into collision with
Rome. (Fig. 20 is from a fine bust of some unknown Cappadocian.)
336
Notes
Fig. 3
72 6 certum, a particular. — cum : causal.
72 7 sine summo periculo, i.e. by offending LucuUus and Glabrio.
72 10 (Sect. 13.) propter, at hand. — quo : abl. of degree of differ-
ence with aegrius.
72 11 adventu ipso, by his mere coming. — maritimum, i.e. the war
against the pirates, which Pompey had just finished with great glory.
72 14 ceterarum provinciarum, i.e.
those assigned to Pompey by the
Gabinian Law, which gave him power
over the entire Mediterranean and the
coasts fifty miles inland. This would
not include the province of Bithynia,
nor the greater part of Asia. The
Manilian Law extended his power over
the entire East.
72 15 quorum . . . commendetis :
§535»/(32o,/); B. 282,3; G. 631, i ;
H. 59i'7 (503»ii'2); H.-B. 513, 3.
72 17 etiam si defendant : subj. of
integral part.
72 19 non multum, etc. : the expres-
sion was hardly too strong for the
general type of provincial governors. Cf. " The Plunder of Syracuse,"
sects. I, 6, 7, where Cicero contrasts the moderation of Marcellus in
time of war with the rapacity of Verres in time of peace.
Sects. 14-16. The safety of the largest and surest revenues of
Rome is also at stake.
72 23 (Sect. 14.) The neatness of Cicero's transitions may be seen
to good advantage in this oration. In the present section he passes by
a clever turn from the safety of the allies to the safety of the revenues.
Our ancestors took all possible pains to defend their allies even when
they had suffered nothing themselves : shall we hesitate to defend our
allies when our government has been insulted, — especially when on
their safety depend our chief revenues ?
72 23 propter socios (emphat.) : these wars have a place in the argu-
ment solely on account of their motive. The events referred to are the
following : Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, was defeated by Scipio
Asiaticus at Magnesia, B.C. 190. Philip V, king of Macedonia, was
defeated by Flamininus, at Cynoscephalae, B.C. 197. The iEtolians had
The Manilian Law 337
helped Rome against Philip, and then joined Antiochus against her ;
they- were obliged to submit after the battle of Magnesia. Carthage
had been forced into a third war in B.C. 149, and was taken and destroyed
by Scipio ^Emilianus in B.C. 146.
72 28 agatur, etc., it is a question of your richest revenues. The
province of Asia, like Sicily, paid as a tax the tenth of all products
(decumae). The collection of this was farmed out by the censors to
companies of publicani belonging to the equestrian order. All other
provinces regularly paid a stipendium, or fixed tax, which they raised
themselves.
72 29 tanta, only so great. — els, abl. with contentl. — viz contenti,
i.e. they will hardly pay the costs of their own defence.
72 30 Asia : this description of Asia Minor is no longer true, for bad
government and bad cultivation have exhausted its natural wealth.
72 32 pastionis, pasture land, let to pubUcans, who paid a tax called
scriptura. — ezportantur : the portoria were tolls and customs duties
paid upon goods both exported and imported; the rate was 2|, or (in
Sicily) 5 per cent ad valorem.
73 8 (Sect. 15.) pecuaria, etc.: cf. the summary of the resources
of Asia, p. 72, 11. 30-32.
73 10 portu, decumis, scriptura : these repeat, in inverse order,
pecuaria, agri cultura, navigatio.
73 12 fructus, income (i.e. to the Romans).
73 14 (Sect. 16.) exercent, manage^ refers to the societates publica-
norum, who took contracts for collecting the revenues ; ezigunt, collect,
refers to the agents and slaves who attended to the details of the col-
lection.
73 17 familias: see note on Rose. Am., p. 15, 1. 3. The Roman
slaves were not merely rude Gauls and Thracians, but educated Greeks
and Asiatics. The latter served in noble famiUes as secretaries, stew-
ards, and tutors, and would naturally be employed by the great tax-
collecting corporations as agents and servants.
73^8 saltibus, mountain pastures. Here again three classes of
revenue are alluded to: scriptura {in saltibus)^ decumae {in agris),
portoria {in portubus). Observe the art with which Cicero constantly
repeats, in different order and different terms, the same detailed descrip-
tion of the revenues, in order to keep this important point before the
minds of his hearers.
73 19 custodiis, coast-guards^ stationed to prevent smuggling, at the
custom-houses and toll-houses.
338 Notes
73 90 posse, can: for construction of posse, see §516, dy 584, b
(307, d)\ (j. 248, R. ; H.-B. 472, d\ the protasis is nisi . . . conserva-
ritis (fut. perf.).
Sects. 17-19. The inyestments of the pMviani and others are
endangered by this war ; hence there is fear of a financial crisis at
Rome.
74 1 (Sect. 17.) ac ne, etc., nor must you neglect this point either.
74 2 cum essem . . . dictams : see above, sect. 6, where the divi-
sions of the subject are specified.
74 3 quod . . . pertinety which bears upon, etc. The antecedent is
iUud.
74 5 nam et corresponds to deinde (sect. 18). Two classes are
mentioned: (i) the pubticani or tax-farmers, and (2) other citizens who
have money invested in Asia (sect. 18).
74 6 rationes, business enterprises ; copias, fortunes. — in illam pro-
vinciam, i.e. the farming of the revenues there.
74 7 ipsorum per 9^^ for their own sake (i.e. apart from all question
of the safety of the revenues).
74 8 nervos : the same figure is seen in our phrase ** the sinews of
war."
74 9 eum . . . ordinem, i.e. the equites : these not only farmed the
taxes, but they were, in general, the capitalists and bankers of Rome.
74 11 (Sect. 18.) ez ceteris ordinibus refers to men of humbler
rank who were carrying on business in Asia, as well as to Senators who
had money invested (conlocatas) there.
74 13 eonun (redundant) limits partim.
74 14 humanitatis yestrae: §343, c (214, d)\ B. 198, 3; G. 366;
H. 439, 3 (401, N.2) ; H.-B. 340 ; sapientiae is in the same construction.
74 17 etenim primum introduces the first reason why the losses of
private citizens are a matter of public concern ; the second reason is
introduced by deinde quod (sect. 19). — illud parvi refert, etc., it is of
slight consequence that we can afterwards win back by victoryn §417
(252, a); B. 21 1, 3, tf ; G. 379, 380 ; H. 449, 3 (408, iii) ; H.-B. 427, 2, a.
74 18 publica either agrees with yectigalia, or may be taken abso-
lutely, omitting the doubtful word yectigalia. — his, i.e. the publicani.
— amissis, lost^ i.e. as bidders for the revenues.
74 19 redimendi, contracting for the revenues.
74 31 (Sect. 19.) deinde: introducing another important point;
general credit will invariably suffer when a large class of moneyed men
The Manilian Law 339
are ruined. The student should remember that Rome was a great
commercial centre like London to-day.
74 32 initio belli, ie. in the First Mithridatic War.
74 23 memoria, loc. abL : § 429, 3 (254, a) ; G. 389 ; H. 485, i
(425, 1, 2) ; H.-B. 436,^. — cum . . . amiserant, when (as you remember),
etc.: §545 (325, a); cf. B. 288, i,a; 0.580; H.601 (52i,ii, i); H.-B. 550
and a.
74 24 solutione . . . concidis8e(brief description of a financial panic),
when payment was em barrassed, credit fell. Similar panics in recent times
may help us conceive the political importance of commerce in antiquity.
74 25 non enim possunt : translate (to preserve the emphasis), for
it is impossible that.
74 26 ut non . . . trahant (clause of result), without dragging (lit.
so as not to drag).
74 27 prohibete : for the two senses of this verb, see Vocab. (cf . also
defendo).
74 28 id : § 362, a (225, a) ; H.-B. 364, 3 and 4.
74 29 ratio "^tcxanaxvim, financial system.
74 30 yersator, centres. — "^tcxamSy finances.
74 31 ilia, i.e. those in Asia ; haec, i.e. at Rome.
74 32 num ... sit, whether you ought to hesitate. — dubitandum sit,
impersonal.
75 1 incumbere: the usual constr. after non dubito in this sense;
§ 588, a, N.2 (332,^, N.2); B. 298, b\ G. 555, R.8; H. 596, i (505, i, 4);
cf. H.-B. 586.
75 2 fortunae, etc. : with this chapter Cicero closes the discussion
** de genere belli." There is no anticlimax, for the stability of the whole
Roman financial system was of course more important than either the
safety of the allies or the revenues of a single province.
II. The Magnitude op the War (§§ 20-26)
Having shown, in the preceding division, that the war is necessary
(i.e. that much is at stake), Cicero now proceeds to prove that it is a
dangerous war (i.e. that the outcome is uncertain). To do this he
needs only to sketch the history of the contest, ending with the recall
of LucuUus and the appointment of Glabrio.
Sects. 20-26. Exploits of Lacnllas. The war still a great one.
Roman reverses and discouragement of the army, Mithridates
unsubdned. LucuUus superseded by Glabrio,
340 Notes
75 5 (Sect. 20.) potest (emphatic position), etc., // may be said,
i.e. in answer to the preceding arguments: of course, in order to justify
the wisdom of so exceptional a measure as the Manilian Law, it was
necessary to show that the war was of sufficient gravity to require the
appointment of Pompey. Observe the skilful transition from the genus
of the war to its tnagnitudo. — belli genus, i.e. the war, in its character,
75 7 elaborandum est : use the personal construction in translating.
75 12 omatas, equipped; instructas, organized.
75 14 obsessam, invested; Oppugnatam, attacked (by the active opera-
tions of siege) : the verb besiege includes both ideas. This was B.C. 74.
75 18 (Sect. 2t.) ducibus Sertorianis: abl. abs. — ad Italiam: a
fleet which Mithridates had despatched for Italy with a contingent
furnished by Sertorius, had been defeated by Lucullus near the island
of Lemnos. — studio, zeal (for one party); odio, hate (for the other).
75 20 proeliis: § 424, d (259, a)\ cf. B. 230, 2; G. 394, R.; cf. H.-B.
439» «» 3-
75 21 Pontum, i.e. the Euxine Sea.
75 22 ex omni aditu, at every approach.
75 23 Sinopen, Amisum: towns on the north coast of Asia Minor.
75 25 aditu, approach ; adventu, arrival. The fact is, that both
Sinope and Amisus had made a very stubborn resistance, which the
orator chooses to ignore. A certain vagueness in Cicero's w^hole
account in this and the following chapter is
^^"^^ doubtless due to a wish to spare Lucullus.
75 26 alios reges: his son Machares, king
of Bosporus, and his son-in-law Tigranes, king ,
of Armenia.
75 28 salyis, i.e. without harming the
allies; integris, i.e. without impairing the
revenues.
75 29 ita, of such a kind.
75 30 a nuUo, etc. : thus Cicero's praise of
Coin of Amisus Lucullus has a definite place in the argument.
It is important for him to show that this law
can be advocated by one who fully appreciates the merits of Lucullus.
76 I (Sect. 22.) requiretur, the question will be asked (emph.)
76 4 primum : the corresponding particles (" secondly," etc.) are .
omitted; the next point begins at sect. 23.
76 5 Ponto: the old kingdom of Colchis, the scene of Jason's ad-
ventures in winning the Golden Fleece (see Gayley, Classic Myths^
The Manilian Law
341
Fig. 22
§§ 145 if.), was on the eastern shore of the Euxine and formed a part
of Mithridates* kingdom of Pontus. — Medea: see Fig. 22 (from a wall-
painting).— quam praedicant, who, as they tell. (The usual sign of
indir. disc, in English, that, cannot
be used with a relative.)
76 7 persequeretur, was likely to
follow. This is a subord. clause in
indir. disc; but, even if the story
were being told in dir. disc, (without
praedicant), we should still have
persequeretur on the principle of
informal indir. disc, expressing the
thought of Medea: § 592, 3 (341, d)\
B. 323; G. 628; H. 649, I (528, I);
H.-B. 509; this is shown by the use
of se (not earn) in 1. 6. — conlectio
dispersa, the scattered gathering: the
phrase vividly expresses the idea of
his wandering about to pick them up.
76 9 yim auri, etc : the immense
treasures which Mithridates had ac-
cumulated in his several fortresses
came into the hands of Lucullus, —
not money simply, but works of art, etc
76 10 quas et . . . et, equiv. to
quas partim , . . partim.
76 14 ilium, hos, denote distance
and nearness of time. Render in
the pass, to keep the emphasis, the one was detained by, etc.
76 15 (Sect. 23.) hunc, i.e. Mithridates.
76" 16 confirmavit, reassured.
76 19 erat enim, etc : explaining the reason why these nations dis-
played hostility, though the Romans had no designs on them.
76 20 eis nationibus, i.e. those near Armenia.
76 22 gravis atque vehemens, potent and very strongly held.
76 23 fani : " the temple of the Persian Nanaea, or Anaitis, in
Elyn-iais, or the modern Luristan [that part of Susiana nearest to the
Euphrates], the most celebrated and the richest shrine in the whole
region of the Euphrates." Such a rumor would at once fire the popu-
lation of the whole East.
342 Notes
76 27 urbem: Tigranocerta, the new capital of Tigranes, situated in
the southwest part of his kingdom, near the river Tigris. This city was
destroyed by Lucullus.
76 29 commoyebatur, was affected. After all his successes, Lucullus
had made somewhat the same mistake as Napoleon in his Russian expe-
dition, and had found himself in an awkward situation, far from his base
of operations, and in the midst of infuriated enemies.
76 30 (Sect. 24.) hie, on this point. — extremum, the climax.
76 31 ut . . . quaereretur, subst. clause of result : § 567 (332, head-
note); B. 297, 3; G. 553, 4; H. 571, 2 (501, i, 2); cf. H.-B. 521, 3, a.
11 6 opes . . . misericordiam : a short expression for " win them
over to pity and call out their resources."
77 7 ut . . . y ideatur, a result-clause following qui . . . regno :' the
more natural way to express the idea in English would be by a coordi-
nate clause with and therefore.
11 8 (Sect. 25.) yictus, when beaten.
11 9 incolumis, at the height of his power,
77 11 ut . . . attingeret, in appos. with eo following contentus. We
should regularly have quod with the indie. : cf. § 571, a (333, b) ; G. 542 ;
H. 614 (535, iii) ; H.-B. 594, c ; but the form of the clause appears to be
determined by acciderat, which takes a subst. clause of result ; § 569, 2
(332, a, 2); B. 297, 2; G. 553, 3; H. 571, I (501, i, I); H.-B. 521, 3, a.
11 12 umquam: not aliquandby on account of the neg. idea implied
in praeter spem; § 311 (105, h).
11 13 yictorem: as adj.; § 321, c (188, d)\ G. 288, R.; H. 495, 3
(441,3); H.-B. 240, 2,b.
78 1 poetae : such were Naevius, who wrote a Bellum Punicum, and
Ennius, author of Annates^ recounting events of Roman history; both
lived in the third century B.C.
78 2 calamitatem: i.e. the defeat of Triarius (b.c. 67), who was
leading reinforcements to Lucullus. Only a severe wound of Mithri-
dates saved the Roman army from utter destruction. As it was, the
rout was so complete that no [regular] messenger, etc.
78 4 sennone, common talk.
78 6 (Sect. 26.) tamen, i.e. though the defeat was so disastrous.
78 7 potuisset: subj. of characteristic; the cont. to fact idea which
is also contained in the word would not have required the subj. ; § 522, a
(311, c); B. 304, 3; G. 597, R.8, a; H. 583 (511, i, N.8); H.-B. 582, 3, «.
— yestro jussu, i.e. by the Gabinian Law (see Introd., p. 66). — imperi:
the military imperium could be extended after the term of office by the
The Manilian Law 343
Senate. The holder of a command thus extended {prorogatum) was
called proconsul or proprator. In this case LucuUus had now held
command seven 'years, from B.C. 74.
78 12-14 conjnngant, etc.: this sums up the considerations already
urged as to the magnitude of the war (from sect. 23).
78 13 integrae,/r^j^ (cf. p. 76, 11. 20, 21).
III4 The Choice of a Commander (§§ 27-50)
The plan of this division is simple but effective. Four things are
requisite in a great commander: scientia, virtus^ auctoritasy felicitas.
Pompey has all these qualities in the highest degree: (i) scientia (^ect.
28) ; (2) virtus of every kind (sects. 29-42) ; (3) auctoritas (sects. 43-46) ;
(4) felicitas (sects. 47, 48). Hence he should be appointed (sect. 49),
especially since, by Divine Providence, he is at this moment in the
East (opportunitas) (sect. 50).
78 15 (Sect. 27.) Byway of transition, Cicero sums up (in 11. 15-18)
the state of the argument. — satis . . . videor, I have said enough, /
think [to show] why, etc. Observe that the Latin prefers the personal
construction (/ seem to myself) to our impersonal (it seems to me), —
esset, is: imperf. by seq. of tenses after fecisse; § 585, a (336, b, n.2);
B. 268, 2; G. 518; H. 548 (495, iv); H.-B. 483.
78 17 restat ut, etc., // remains for me, as it seems , to speak: § 561,
N.i (329, n.) ; G. 553, 4 ; H. 571, i (501, i, i) ; H.-B. 502, 3, c.
78 19 utinam . . . haberetis, I wish you had: § 441 (267) ; B. 279, 2 ;
G. 260, 261 ; H. 558, I, 2 (483, I, 2) ; H.-B. 510 and ^ . — innocentium :
innocens was an almost technical word to express cleanness of hands on
the part of an official ; we may translate it by blameless or incorruptible.
78 22 nunc vero, but now (i.e. as things stand) : opposed to the unful-
filled wish, utinam . . . haberetis. — cum : causal. — unus, but one.
78 23 qui non modo, etc. : this remarkable exaggeration, which
puts the exploits of Pompey above those of Alexander, Hannibal,
Scipio, and other generals of antiquity, probably suited well enough the
temper of the assembly. The student should remember the h3rperbole
of personal praise and blame characteristic of most political oratory,
especially in a " campaign."
78 24 virtute, excellence (not vcUor only).
78 25 cujusquam, used on account of the neg. idea in the question
quae res, etc. (see note on umquam, p. 77, 1. 12, and cf. umquam,
below, L 29).
344 Notes
Sect. 28. The four things requisite in a commander are all pos-
sessed by Pompey in the highest degree: (1) scientia (experience
and knowledge in the art of war).
7d 1 (Sect. 28.) belle . . . hostibus : loc. abl. expressing the cir-
cumstances ; we may translate by a clause with wA^n,
79 2 ad patris exercitum : Pompey, then seventeen years old,
served with his father, Cn. Pompeius Strabo, consul B.C. 89, the last
year of the Social War.
79 4 summi imperatoris : his father, who commandefl on the side
of the Senate against Cinna, B.C. 87.
79 5 imperator : in b.c. 83 the young Pompey raised an army
(chiefly from his father's immense estates in Picenum) and joined
Sulla, who complimented him as imperator , although he had not yet
held even the quaestorship.
79 6 quisquam, used on account of the neg. idea in saepius . . .
quam; see note on cujusquam, p. 78, 1. 25. — inimico, a private adver-
sary (e.g. before a court).
79 9 imperils : all Pompey's commands had been either assumed
by him or irregularly conferred upon him until he obtained the consul-
ship in B.C. 70.
79 12 Civile, Africanum, etc. : Pompey's exploits in these various
wars are referred to in the same order but in greater detail below
(sects. 30-35), where see notes. The last mentioned, that with the
pirates (helium navale), is of course specially dwelt on (sects. 31-35).
Sects. 29-42. (2) The second requisite in a commander : mrt'ujs
(excellence of all kinds). The virtutes of Pompey include not only
virtiLS bellandi (sects. 29-35), but incorruptibility (sect. 37), self-
restraint (sect. 40), wisdom, eloquence, good faith, and humanity
(sect. 42).
Sects. 29-35. Pompey's virtus bellandi ; his former successes
(sect. 30) ; his recent success againnt the pirates (sects. 31-33) ;
the celerity of his movements (sects. 34-35).
79 21 (Sect. 29.) neque enim illae : Cicero does not mention what
the other good qualities are till sect. 36. By an oratorical device he
begins as if he did not mean to talk about the ordinary virtutes recog-
nized as necessary for a general, but intended to speak of certain
others, equally necessary but perhaps less common (incorruptibility,
etc.), for which Pompey was eminent. But he goes on at once to em-
phasize the possession of the commonly recognized soldierly qualities
The Manilian Law 345
by Pompey, as if he had forgotten his point in his enthusiasm. Then,
with sect. 36, he suddenly pulls himself up, as from a digression,
and returns to consider the good qualities he had, as he says, " begun
to enumerate." By this method, not only is an air of spontaneity
given to the praise of Pompey (as if the orator were carried away by
his theme ; cf. sect. 3), but the special and rare virtues on which he
wishes to lay stress are much emphasized by being, as it were, brought
in twice, — a second time when the orator seems in danger of forget-
ting them (sect. 36).
79 26 (Sect. 30.) testis est, etc. • the enumeration corresponds to
that in sect. 28, 11. 12-14, above (Civile, Africanum, etc.).
79 36-28 Italia, Sicilia, i.e. in the Civil War. — Italia : Pompey
raised an army to help Sulla against Cinna and Carbo., the Marian
leaders (B.C. 83). — Sicilia, Africa : after Sulla's final victory in Italy, he
intrusted to young Pompey
the subjugation of Sicily and ^^ j^TV
Africa, where Carbo, with the
remnants of his power, had
taken refuge. Fig. 23 shows
a coin of Pompey, on which is
an allegorical head of Africa.
79 31 Gallia : this refers to certain hostilities in Gaul when Pompey
was on his way to Spain to the war against Sertorius (B.C. 77); these
are referred to as bellum Transalpinum in sect. 28.
80 1 Hispania : in the war with Sertorius (see, however, note on
p. 71, 1. 5).
80 9 itemm: Pompey, on his way back from Spain (B.C. 71), fell in
with the remnants of the troops of Spartacus and cut them to pieces
in Cisalpine Gaul ; but the whole passage is a rhetorical exaggeration.
80 7 (Sect. 31.) omnes orae, etc.: referring to the Piratic War.
There is no extravagance in this; the suppression of piracy was the
most glorious part of Pompey's career.
80 12 servitutis : the slave system of the ancients made captives a
lucrative booty in war.
80 13 hieme, i.e. he either had to sail in the winter, exposed to the
danger of being lost at sea (mortis), or, etc.
80 14 tain vetus : the piratical forces were made up of the wreck
of those numberless armies beaten and broken up in the wars of the
past half-century or more. When the lesser states lost their inde-
pendence, their bravest men would often prefer the outlaw freedom of
346
Notes
Fig. 24
piracy to personal slavery, or even to political subjugation. In fact, the
pirate state in Cilicia made a sort of republic, unrecognized and defiant.
80 15 quia . . . arbitraretur : § 444 (268) ; B. 277 ; G. 265 ; H.
559, 4 (484, v) ; H.-B. 503.
81 7 (Sect. 32.) fait : for position (which emphasizes the Unse)^
see § 597, d (3) (344»
^(3)).
81 11 com . . . trana-
miserint : like a relative
clause of characteristic ;
translate wheuy etc.
81 12 Brandisio, Le.
the short passage to
Greece. — qui: the
omitted antecedent {eos)
is the subject of captos
\esse\
81 13 legati: the case
is not known ; probably
not an ambassador, as
one would expect from
the preceding words, but
in another sense, — a
military aid. The plural is perhaps used rhetorically for the singular.
81 14 mercatoribtis : see Fig. 24 for a trading vessel (from an
ancient relief).
81 15 duodecim secures, two prators ; lit. twelve axes (ie. twelve
lictors). As provincial governors, the praetors were each attended by
six lictors; in the city they had but two. For an ancient represen-
tation of lictors, see Fig. 25 (from a coin).
82 2 (Sect. 33.) vitam ac spiritum : ports of entry
are the breath of life to a city which, like Rome, must
import its daily supplies of food.
82 3 potestatem : ace, because it is implied that
they fell into their power.
82 5 praetore : who he was is not known.
82 6 liberos (a rhetorical use of the plural for
the singular) : this was a daughter of the distinguished orator Marcus
Antonius, who had celebrated a triumph for a victory over the pirates,
B.C. 102.
Fig. 25
The Manilian Law 347
82 10 classis ea, a fleet (not that fleet) ; followed by a subj. of char-
acteristic (praepositns esset). — consul: who he was is not known.
82 15 Oceani ostium, the Strait of Gibraltar.
82 16 audiatis: for tense, see § 485, c (287, c)\ B. 268, 7 ; G. 513;
H. 550 (495» vi) ; cf. H.-B. 478.
82 18 (Sect. 34.) sunt : plur., agreeing directly with haec, instead
of sing, est with the indir. question as subject ; cf. § 576, N. (334, r, r.) ;
G. 468 ; H. 649, ii, 4 (529, ii, 2) ; H.-B. 390, c^ N.
82 21 tanti belli, etc., the rush of so great a war sped over the sea.
83 13 (Sect. 35.) Cretensibus : Quintus Metellus, the proconsul
(the friend of Verres), had reduced Crete nearly to submission, deriv-
ing from this his cognomen Creticus. The Cretans, alienated by his
harshness, sent to Pompey, that he, rather than Metellus, might receive
their surrender, which Pompey was very willing to do. Civil war neaFly
broke out between the two commanders in consequence. Pompey,
however, who had his hands full in Asia, withdrew from the field and
left the honors to his rival.
Sects. 36-42. Not only beUandi virtus is requisite in a com-
mander, but other virtutes as well, all of which Pompey possesses :
incorruptibility (sect. 37) ; self-restraint (sect. 40) ; wisdom, elo-
quence, good faith, and humanity (sect. 42).
83 20 (Sect. 36.) quid ceterae ? how with the others ? — paulo ante,
i.e. in sect. 29 (see note).
83 24 innocentia: see note on innocentium, p. 78, 1. 19.
83 27 qttae, subject of sint (neuter, as referring to antecedents of
different genders) : translate these.
83 28 summa (emphat.), in the highest degree.
83 31 (Sect. 37.) putare (in its earlier meaning of reckon : see
Vocab.), etc., count (as such). — centuriatus : two centurions commanded
each manipulus of 120 men. The centurions were advanced from the
ranks by the commander ; hence there were opportunities for favoritism
and bribery.
83 32 yeneant, subj. of characteristic.
84 1 aerario : the Treasury was in the Temple of Saturn, under the
superintendence of the two city quaestors. The actual management of
the funds was in the hands of a large body of clerks, scribae, who
formed a permanent collegium.
84 3 proYinciae : dependent on cupiditatem ; apparently the person
referred to tried to purchase the influence of the magistrates in order
348 • Notes
to be allowed to retain his province longer than the regular time ; but
nothing is known of the case.
84 4 in quaestu, on speculation.
84 5 facit . . . ut, etc., shows that you recognize.
84 11 (Sect. 38.) recordamini : imper. as protasis ; § 521, ^ (310, ^) ;
B. 302, 4; G. 593, 4; H. 560, 3 (487, 3) ; H.-B. 497, 2.
84 12 quid . . . existimetis : in the direct question it would be the
same form, as deliberative subj. ; § 444 (268) ; B. 277 ; G. 259; H. 557
(486, ii) ; H.-B. 503.
84 14 hibernis : notice the strong antithesis to armis.
84 17 judicando : a great part of the impeiator's business would be
deciding cases of extortion by the publicani^ who were of the same class
(equites) that held the judicial power in Rome. By not being strict
(sevenis) with them, he might purchase immunity for himself, if brought
to trial afterwards on a similar charge.
84 18 (Sect. 39.) hie, in such a case (properly, at this point in my
discourse).
84 19 manus, vestigium, i.e. not only was there no intentional injury
done, but no unintended evils followed in its train.
84 21 jam veto : here simply a particle of transition. Pompey's
winter quarters are contrasted with such as are referred to above in
hibernis (1. 14).
84 22 sermones, reports y by way of common talk. — ut . . . faciat,
to incur expense in entertaining officers and soldiers.
84 24 enim : the connection of thought is, — [and in this he follows
old custom] /^r, etc. — hiemis,/r^w winter (obj. gen.). — avaritiae,yi^
avarice (subj. gen.): cf. §348, N., 343, N.^ (217, N.) ; G. 363, R.^;
H. 440, I and 2 (396, ii and iii) ; H.-B. 344, 354.
84 28 (Sect. 40.) celeritatem, jr/^<ffl^; cursum, ^jr/^w/^/r^z/^/.
84 29 non . . . quaedam . . . aliqui, it was not that some^ etc.
84 30 remigum : galleys, worked by oars and independent of the
wind, were generally used as war vessels. In the Mediterranean (par-
ticularly in the Barbary States) their use was continued till a very late
day; and for some purposes they are still employed. Their trained
crews of rowers gave them a speed hardly less than that of steam
vessels.
85 2 amoenitas : used of objects of sight, beauty of scenery, etc.
85 3 labor, toil^ always with the sense of effort and fatigue.
85 5 ceteri, as Verres, for instance (see " The Plunder of Syracuse,"
pp. 48 ff.).
The Manilian Law 349
85 6 visenda : the passion for travel and sight-seeing was as common
among the ancients as in modem times (cf. " The Plunder of Syra-
cuse," p. 52, 1. 9; p. 57, 11. 5-7).
85 9 (Sect. 41.) fuisse: cf. fuit on p. 81, 1. 7 (and note). — hac
continentiat i.e. such as his.
85 10 jam . . . yidebator, was now getting to seem.
85 11 nunc : notice the emphatic repetition (anaphora).
85 14 servire . . . quam imperare : a rhetorical exaggeration for
preferring the condition of subject allies to nominal independence.
86 1 (Sect. 42.) consilio, etc. : cf. p. 83, 11. 26, 27.
86 2 ipso, of itself.
86 3 hoc . . . loco, i.e. the Rostra.
86 4 fidem vero, etc. : render and as to his goodfaith^ etc., changing
the construction so as to keep the emphasis.
86 5 quam, etc. : render when the enemy esteemed it, etc. (contrast-
ing hostes with socios).
86 7 pugnantes, in battle; victi, in defeat.
Sects. 43-46. (3) The third requisite in a commander : auctoritas
(prestige). This Pompey possesses in a high degree. It has already
shown its effect in the East.
86 J7 ut . . . ament: clause of result, dependent on commoveri-
86 22 judicia, expressions of opinion (i.e. by conferring offices on
him) ; cf. what Cicero says of himself in sect. 2 (p. 68, 11. 12, 13).
86 2.3 (Sect. 44.) ullam usquam : see note on sect. 27 (p. 78, 1. 25).
86 24 illius diei : that of the passage of the Lex Gabinia, which
conferred upon Pompey the command against the pirates.
86 26 commune : as being against pirates, enemies of all mankind.
86 28 aliorum ezemplis : it is not necessary to cite examples of
other generals ; Pompey's own history furnishes instances enough.
86 31 qui quo die, on the day on which he, etc. : the relatives,
admissible in I^atin, cannot be literally reproduced in English.
87 3 potuisset: §517, r, n.i (308, c, n.I); B. 304, 3, a, n. ; G. 597,
R.', b\ cf. H. 511, I, N.8 (583) ; H.-B. 582, 3,/!. The protasis is implied
in in summa ubertate, etc.
87 4 (Sect. 45.) proelio: the defeat of Triarius (see sect. 25).
87 6 prOYincia, i.e. Asia.
87 8 ad eas regiones, i.e. only into the neighborhood^ for Pompey*s
authority did not extend to the seat of war ; this force is given by the
preposition ad : in would mean into.
350 Notes
8712 pcrfecturussit: §57S,a(334»«);cf. B. 269,3; G.514,^; H.649,
ii, I (529, ii, 4) ; H.-B. 537, d, i. — perfeceht : subj. of characteristic.
87 15 (Sect. 46.) ilia res : in appos. with the clause quod . . . dedi-
derunt.
87 18 Cretensium : towns of the same region or race were often
united in leagues or confederacies, chiefly for religious purposes. After
the Roman conquest, such communia were sometimes left in existence,
and even new ones were organized and allowed to exercise some subor-
dinate political function. The existence of a commune Cretensium is
known from inscriptions.
87 19 noster imperator: Q. Metellus (see note on p. 83, 1. 13).
87 22 ad eundem, i.e. to Pompey.
87 23 eum quein, one who.
87 24 ei quibus, while they^ etc., i.e. those who were jealous of
Pompey's reputation.
87 25 potissimum, rather than to any one else (i.e. rather than to
Q. Metellus Pius, who also had a command in Spain and who was
much older than Pompey). Nothing further is known of this embassy.
87 27 banc auctoritatem : translate, as to this prestige^ though it is
really the subject of yalitoram esse, the whole clause being governed
by existimetis.
Sects. 47, 48. (4) The fonrth requisite in a commander : /e2ictto«.
87 30 (Sect. 47.) felicitate : in this quality is implied a special
favor of the gods, which it would be presumptuous to arrogate to one's
self (hence timide), although Sulla had done so by assuming the cogno-
men Felix (see Rose. Am., sect. 12, p. 6, 1. 7, and note).
88 9-3 Maximo : Quintus Fabius Maximus, " the shield of Rome " ;
Marcello: Marcus Claudius Marcellus, **the sword of Rome,*' both dis-
tinguished in the Second Punic War. — Scipioni : either Af ricanus the
elder, or iEmilianus ; from sect. 60 it might appear to be the latter. —
Mario : Caius Marius, who vanquished Jugurtha, subdued the Cimbri
and Teutones, and afterwards (b.c. 88) engaged in civil war with SuUa.
88 4 saepius, repeatedly : Marius was consul seven times.
88 5 fuit (emphatic), there really has been ; § 598, d (2) (344, d^ 2).
88 9 hac moderatione : a shorthand expression for hoc modo
moderator in which moderato would refer merely to the result clause ut
. . . yideamur. — non ut (not to be confounded with ut non), etc., i.e.
not of such a kind as to say, etc., but such, etc.
8811 invisa : because presumptuous.
The Manilian Law 3S^
88 13 (Sect. 48.) non sum praedicaturas : this affectation of pass-
ing a subject over in silence is called /r»//^r//w.
88 14 utt how (introducing an indir. quest.). •
88 18 qui . . . auderet : rel. clause of result.
88 19 quot et quantas, correl. with tot et taptas above. Translate
by the single word as ; § 308, h (106, b).
88 20 proprium ac perpetuum, secured to him forever,
88 21 cum, introducing the general consideration (comjnunis) ; tum
(next line), the particular consideration (ipsius).
Sects. 49, 50. Pompey should be appointed commander in Asia,
— especially since he is on the spot. Cicero recapitulates the
argument and applies it : since all that I have proved is so, can
you hesitate to appoint the general whom Heaven provides, — espe-
cially (and here a new and powerful reason is added, as if it were
an afterthought) mw^e he is on the spot already ?
8826 (Sect. 49.) sit: subj. of characteristic.
88 28 quin . . . conferatis : § 558, a, n.2 (332, g, n.2) ; B. 298, b ;
G. 555, 2, R.8; H. 596, i (505, i) ; cf. H.-B. 502, 3, b,
88 32 (Sect. 50.) erat deligendus: § 517, c (308, c); B. 304, 3, a\
G. 597, R.8; H. 582 (511, 2); H.-B. 582, 3, a, N.i.
89 1 nunc, as things stand.
89 3 adsit, habeat, possit : result clauses in appos. with opportu-
nitas. — els qui habent, i.e. Lucullus, Glabrio, and Marcius Rex, who
were still in command of Roman armies in Asia. For mood of habent,
see § 593, a, N.i (342, a, N.) ; G. 629, r. ; H. 652, i (529, n, N.i, 2).
89 4 cur . . . committamus: observe the different mood in the
preceding question quid ezspectamus?
IV. CONFUTATIO (§§ 51-68)
Sects. 51-^8. Objection of Hortensius, — that supreme power
ought not to be given to one man. Answer : Hortensius made a
similar objection to the Gabinian Law ; yet that law turned out
extremely well : acting under its provisions Pompey cleared the
sea of pirates. Incidental answer to the objection made to sending
Gabinius as lieutenant with Pompey (sects. 57, 58).
89 8 (Sect. 51.) at enim (objection), but^you will say.
89 9 adfectus = enjoying. — Catulus : Quintus Lutatius Catulus, at
this time the leader of the senatorial party ; an estimable man and an
352 Notes
experienced statesman, but no soldier. The beneficia amplissima are
the successive offices that had been conferred upon him.
89 11 Hortensius : the leading lawyer of the time (see oration against
Verres). — ratione, view,
89 14 auctoritates contrarias: of course there were men of influ-
ence on the side of the Manilian Law as well as opposed to it ; Cicero
brings forward the names of several in sect. 68, below.
89 15 ipsa re ac ratione: this appeal from theoretical objections
(as Cicero thinks them) to experience (i.e. in the Piratic War) would, of
course, be very effective in a public assembly, for theoretical considera-
tions weigh little with such bodies in comparison with facts. Cicero
makes it doubly effective by pointing out that his opponents agree with
his premises as to the necessity and magnitude of the war and the emi-
nent ability of Pompey as a general, but that they avoid, on these merely
technical grounds, what seems to him the obvious conclusion : viz. that
Pompey should be appointed.
89 20 (Sect. 52.) tribuenda sint : condition with nothing implied
(in dir. disc, sunt).
89 23 pro, in accordance with.
89 24 in senatu : laws did not require any ratification by the Senate.
The expression of opinion by Hortensius must therefore have been in
an informal discussion, after the promulgation of the law (i.e. its an-
nouncement as a proposed bill).
89 25 Gabinium: see Introd., p. 67 of text.
89 27 promulgasset : a bill intended to be brought before either
comitia was regularly announced to the Senate and posted in the city
two Roman weeks (at least 17 days) before it could be voted on. — ex
hoc ipso loco, i.e. in the public discussion of the law, before the vote,
in the contio (see sect. 1).
89 31 (Sect. 53.) banc, i.e. which we have now.
90 1 an implies a strong negative; § 335, h {2\\^H)\ B. 162, 4, a; G
457, i; H. 380, 3 (353, N.-*); H.-B. 236.
90 2 legati, etc. : observe that Cicero seizes the opportunity to recaU
briefly to the minds of his hearers certain important facts which he has
already dwelt on in greater detail (in sects. 31-33).
90 3 ex omnibus, etc. : trans./r^^w f^w;;/««/V^//W/ (commeatu, really
abl. of specification) with all the provinces. — neque jam (1. 6), no longer.
90 8 (Sect. 54.) Atheniensium : the Athenian empire of the sea,
in the fifth century B.C., resulted from the great victories in the Persian
War.
The Manilian Law 353
90 9 Karthaginiensium: the maritime power of Carthage was at
its height in the third century B.C.
90 10 Rhodiornm: the city of Rhodes was the chief naval power of
the Mediterranean during the last three centuries before Christ: its
power was broken B.C. 42, at its capture by Cassius.
90 17 permanserit: subj. of characteristic.
90 19 (Sect. 55.) Antiochum: Antiochus the Great, kmg of Syria,
defeated at Magnesia, B.C. 190.
90 20 Penen : Perses or Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, de-
feated at Pydna, B.C. 168. — Elarthaginiensis : Carthage was mistress
of the sea at the time when her wars with Rome began; but in the First
Punic War she was beaten at her own weapons.
90 39 ei repeats nos: we^ i.e. that nation.
91 1 Delos: a very small island in the i^gean Sea, sacred as the
birthplace of Apollo and Artemis. It had an excellent harbor, and this,
added to its peculiar sanctity, gave it high importance. It had at all
times a flourishing commerce and in the time of Cicero was the great
slave market of the world, 10,000 slaves being sometimes sold there in
a single day.
91 3 eidem repeats nos (1. 23, above).
91 5 Appia via : the principal highway of Italy, running from Rome
to Capua, and thence to Brundisium (see map of Italy, p. 1). It was
begun by Appius Claudius Caecus, in his censorship, B.C. 312. — jam,
«/ length.
91 6 pudebat magistratus (ace. pi.) : no special case is referred to,
but it is implied that any magistrate ought to have felt shame, seeing
that the beaks of ships, rostra^ were naval trophies.
91 7 cum: concessive.
91 19 (Sect. 56.) dolor! : we should be likely to use a more general
word, like feelings^ which would be defined by the context. Such dif-
ferences between two languages in the expression of thought are con-
stantly found.
91 15 aliquando, at last (cf. Cat. ii, sect, i, 1. i).
91 17 (Sect. 57.) obtrectatum esse: the subject of obtrectatum
esse is the wish of the opponents to defeat the proposed measure (the
appointment of Gabinius as lieutenant); as this wish, if successful,
would be (like the affirmative measure) a determination, it is expressed
by a purpose clause, ne legaretur. — adhuc: this opposition began in
connection with the Gabinian Law and is still continued in connection
with the Manilian.
354 Notes
91 19 expetenti, earnestly requesting. — postulanti, claiming (as a
right).
91 20 utrttm, etc., is it that^ etc. ? Cf . the obsolete use of whether
to introduce direct questions in English, as in "whether is it better?"
— legatum: the Senate assigned, (legare) subordinate officers to a
military commander or provincial governor. These legati had much
responsibility, often performing independent duties like those of modem
officers " detailed " from the regular line. The usual number of legati
was two or three ; but Pompey received fifteen by the Gabinian Law,
to whom ten more were afterward added.
91 21 velit, conjunctivus modestiae ; § 447, i (311, 3); cf. B. 280, 2,
a\ G. 257; H. 556 (486, i); H.-B. 519, i, ^.—impetret: § 535»/(32o,/) ;
B. 282, 3; G. 631, i; H. 591, 7 (503, ii, 2); H.-B. 513, 3. — cum: qpn-
cessive.
92 4 peiiculo, i.e. a political risk such as any politician would incur
in carrying an important measure.
92 4 (Sect. 58.) an: § 335, b (211, b)\ B. 162, 4, a; G. 457, i; H.
380, 3 (353, N.*) ; H.-B. 236. — C. Falcidius, etc. : Gabinius had not been
allowed to receive an appointment as legatus under the Gabinian Law,
perhaps because he was tribune when it was passed. Cicero urges that
there is no reason why he should not be appointed under the Manilian
Law, since he no longer holds that office.
92 6 honoris causa, see note on Rose. Am., p. 3, 1. 28. — plebi : old
genitive.
92 7 in uno Gabinio, in the case of^ etc.
92 8 diligentes, particular^ i.e. in urging a technical objection. — qui
. . . deberet: if this were not a clause of characteristic, we should have
debebat to express the cont. to fact idea; § 522, « (311, ^); B. 304, 3;
G. 597, R.3, a\ H. 583 (511, 1, N.8); H.-B. 582, 3,0; cf. oportebat, Cat. i,
sect. 2, 1. 13.
92 11 relaturos: the consuls were the natural persons to consult the
Senate, but Cicero, as praetor, also had this power.
92 13 impediet : either consul could, as having major potestas than
a praetor, forbid Cicero to bring the matter before the Senate ; but if he
persisted, his act would still be valid.
92 14 defendam: § 558, ^(319* ^); B.295,3; G-549; H. 568,8(499,
3, N.2); H.-B. 502, 3, ^.
92 15 intercessionem: the veto of a tribune, which could stop any
political action, and which Cicero would be bound to respect. Nothing
else, he declares, shall deter him.
The Manilian Law 355
92 16 quid liceat^ i.e. how fax they can safely go. — considerabunt,
i.e. before they set themselves against the manifest will of the people.
92 18 socius : not as legatusy but simply as partner in his former
honor and credit. This association of Gabinius with Pompey is used
as an argument for giving him the office of legaius now.
Sects. 59-62. Objection of Catulus, — "precedents should not be
violated." Answer : " In time of war the Roman people have always
consulted expediency rather than precedent ; in Pompey's own case
there have already been many violations of precedent."
92 22 (Sect. 59.) ut . . . videatur: § 569, 2 (332, a, 2); B. 297, 2;
G. 553, 4; H. 571, 2 (501, 2) ; H.-B. 521, 3, rt.— auctoritate et sententia,
i.e.'the weight which one must attach to the opinion of so great a man
as Catulus (a kind of hendiadys).
92 23 cum . . . quaereret: cf. cum . . . dizistis, just below; § 546,
N.^(323); G. 579; H. 600, ii, i (521, ii, 2); H.-B. 524 and c.
92 24 si . . . poneretis: fut. protasis ; the apod, is the compound sen-
tence si . . . factum esset, in quo spem essetis habituri, which itself
consists of a fut. prot. and apod.; § 523 (311, d)\ H.-B. 582, 4. The
tenses depend for their sequence on the perf. cepit. — si . . . esset, if
anything should happen to him (a common euphemism then as now). —
eo: § 403* c (244» d)\ B. 218, 6; G. 401, N.^; H. 474, 3 (415, iii, N.l);
H.-B. 423, b.
92 25 essetis habituri: indir. quest.; for use of periphrastic form,
see § 575, a (334, a)\ B. 269, 3; G. 515; H. 649, ii, i (529, ii, 4); H.-B.
537. ^» I-
92 31 quo minus . . . hoc magis: § 414, a (250, r.) ; B. 223; G. 403;
H. 479 (423) ; H.-B. 424.
92 33 (Sect. 60.) at enim: see first note on sect. 51.
93 1 exempla, precedents ; instituta, established customs. — non
dicam, etc.: an excellent specimen of the rhetorical device known as
praeteritio (cf. note on p. 88, 1. 13, above).
93 3 paruisse, adcommodasse, i.e. they disregarded precedents in
great emergencies. — temporum depends oft casus, consiliorum on
rationes (chiastic order).
93 5 ab uno imperatore : Scipio Af ricanus the younger (iEmilianus),
who captured Carthage (B.C. 146) and Numantia (b.c. 133). In his time
there had been a law that no person should be consul twice in succession.
93 9 ut . . . poneretur: clause of purpose with visum est (here a
verb of decreeing).
3 $6 Notes
93 10 C. Mario: Marius was chosen consul five years in succession,
to carry on the wars here referred to.
93 12 (Sect. 6i.) The argument in this and the following section
is a telling one : " In the case of Pompey himself precedent has often
been violated with the full assent of Catulus. Why, then, should Catu-
lus be so scrupulous now, wi»en the highest interests of the state are
involved?" For the several occurrences referred to, see notes on
sects. 28-30, above.
93 15 privatum, i.e. not a magistrate.
93 18 a senatorio gradu: no one cou^d legally enter the Senate until
after holding the quaestorship, the minimum age for which was thirty at
least, and regularly thirty-six, while Pompey was at the time referred
to (B.C. 82) only twenty-three.
93 30 in ea provincia, i.e. Africa.
93 SI fuit: translate, he showed^ etc. (in order to render the abls. of
quality, which come in a way foreign to our idiom).
93 23 victorem, victorious (pred. adj.). — exercitum deportavit: this
was one of the essential conditions of a triumph.
93 24 equitem, i.e. not a member of the Senate, having never held
a magistracy. — triumphare : the honor of a triumph was restricted to
commanders who possessed the imperium by virtue of holding a regular
magistracy. Until he was elected consul for the year B.C. 70, Pompey
had never had the imperium except by special appointment from the
•Senate; both his triumphs, therefore, B.C. 80 and 71, were contrary to
precedent.
93 27 (Sect. 62.) duo consules: Mamercus Lepidus and Decimus
Brutus, B.C. 77. Instead of either of these being sent to Spain as pro-
consul the next year, against Sertorius, Pompey, though a simple eques^
was designated for that service.
93 99 pro consule: when it was desired to retain the services of a
magistrate after his term of office had expired, his imperium was
extended (prorogatum) by the Senate, and was held by him pro consule
ox pro praetor e^ that is, as having the power of a consul or praetor while
no longer actually a magistrate. It was not strictly legal to appoint a
private citizen in such a capacity; but sometimes, as in Pompey*s case,
this was done. — quidem, by the way,
93 30 non nemo, a man or two.
93 31 Philippus, a prominent member of the aristocracy (consul,
B.C. 91), distinguished for his wit; a man of liberal temper, but a vehe-
ment partisan.
The Manilian Law 357
93 33 pro consulibus, in place of both consuls,
93 33 mittere: for mitto of the dir. disc. Philippus seems to have
put his bon mot into the regular form of a sententia^ or formal expression
•of opinion in the Senate, using the simple present tense, with the quali-
fying med senUntid; § 467 (276, b)\ B. 259, 2; G. 227, N.3; H. 530 (467,
iU, 6) ; H.-B. 484.
94 9 ut . . . fieret: subst. clause of result after the analogy of the
subj. with verbs of happening; § 57i» ^ (332»/); G. 553, 4; H. 571, i
(501 , i). — ex senatus consulto : another irregularity, for the comitia were
the law-making body and therefore of course had the sole power of ex-
empting from the laws. — legibus solutus, exempted from the operation
of the laws, i.e. those limiting the age of magistrates {leges annales).
94 3 mag^tratnm: the legal age of a consul was not below forty-
three, and that of a praetor not below forty. Pompey, however, was
elected consul (B.C. 70) at the age of thirty-six, which was the regular
age for the quaestorship.
94 4 iterum: Pompey celebrated his second triumph Dec. 31, B.C. 71,
and the next day entered upon the consulship.
94 5 in, in the case of.
Sects. 63-^. The judgment of the people should overrule such
objections (sect. 63, 1. 11-sect. 64, 1. 25). Pompey alone caji retrieve
the Roman reputation in the East (sect. 64, 1. 26-sect. 67). Favor-
able opinions of leading men (sect. 68).
94 8 (Sect. 63.) atque haec, etc., and all these many precedents, so
weighty and so new, have been established in the case of this single man
(Pompey), and have originated, too, in measures promoted by Q. Catulus
and the other, etc. Lit. *' all these many examples (i.e. acts establishing
precedents) have come upon this same man (Pompey) [proceeding] from
the [senatorial] approval of Q. Catulus," etc. The Latin tends to com-
press two or more assertions into a single clause, where in English it is
more natural to use separate clauses.
94 10 amplissimorum : a regular epithet for dignitaries. — auctori-
tate, ie. since they were then prominent members of the Senate.
94 13 comprobatam, i.e. the people, in electing Pompey consul, had
only followed the example of the Senate in conferring these repeated
honors.
94 14 judicium, ybrma/ decision, expressed by passing the Gabinian
Law.
94 16 vel, even.
358 Notes
94 18 delegistis: not literally correct. The Gabinian Law merely
prescribed that an ex-consul should receive this command : the Senate
selected the man. In fact, however, it was a law made for Pompey, and
the Senate would not have ventured to appoint anybody else.
94 21 (Sect. 64.) sin: the protasis extends to attulistis, the con-
nective being omitted. — plus . . . vidistis, had a keener insight in
affairs of state.
94 23 aliquando: cf. p. 91, 1. 15, and note. — isti: this pron., since
it is often used of an opponent in a suit, here at once suggests the oppo-
sition now existing between Cicero and Catulus.
94 24 auctoritati : § 372 (230); B. 256, 3; G. 217; H. 426, i, 518, i
(385,1,465, I); H.-B. 364; 2.
94 26 Asiatico et regio: the two adjectives enhance the impression
of the difficulty bf the war by emphasizing its distance and the dignity of
the enemy.
94 30 versari, conduct himself (seQ Vocab.).
95 1 si qui sunt, when they are (lit. if there are any). — pudore (abL
of specification), respect for others; temperantia, self-restraint.
95 9 (Sect. 65.) requiruntur, are in demand^ i.e. pretexts of war are
sought, with cities that we hardly know of; inferatur, may be fastened.
95 11 (Sect. 66.) With Cicero's account of the depredations of the
provincial governors, cf. Sheridan's celebrated description in his Speech
in Summing up the Evidence on the Second Charge against Warren
Hastings: "Should a stranger survey the land formerly Sujah Dowlah's,
and seek the cause of the calamity — should he ask what monstrous
madness had ravaged thus, what widespread war, what desolating for-
eign foe, what disputed succession, what religious zeal, what fabled mon-
ster, had stalked abroad, and, with malice and mortal enmity to man,
had withered, with the gripe of death, every growth of nature and
humanity, all the means of delight, and each original, simple principle
of bare existence, — the answer will be (if any answer dare be given) :
* No, alas ! not one of these things, — no desolating foreign foe, no dis-
puted succession, no religious superserviceable zeal! This damp of
death is the mere effusion of British amity : we sink under the pressure
of their support, we writhe under the gripe of their pestiferous alli-
ance ! * " — libenter, etc., / should be glad to argue this face to face, etc. ;
§ 521, tf (310, a) ; B. 305, I ; G. 600, i ; H. 575, 9 (507, N.7) ; H.-B. 578, 6.
95 15 hostium simulatione, under a pretence of [the existence of]
enemies: notice the chiastic order.
95 17 animos ac spiritus, pride and insolence.
The Manilian Law 359
95 19 conlatis signis, i.e. an actual warfare.
95 20 nisi erit idem, unless he shall also be one,
95 34 idoneus qui . . . mittatur: see note on impetret, p. 91, 1. 21.
95 25 (Sect. 67.) pacatam, etc. : in the forcible extension of the
Roman Empire, a province was spoken of as pacata when actual resist-
ance had ceased on the part of the conquered. — quae . . . sit, subj. of
characteristic; for tense, see §485, ^(287,^); B. 268,7; ^-513; H.550
(495, vi); cf. H.-B. 481.
95 29 praetores, i.e. proprators : for, after the time of Sulla, the
praetors regularly remained at Rome during their term of office.
95 30 publica, i.e. that allowed them for the support of their fleets
and armies.
95 33 jacturis, expenses^ in securing their election.
95 34 condicionibus, corrupt bargains^ with creditors, etc.
96 1 quasi . . . non . . . videamus: § 524 (312); B. 307, 2; G. 602;
H. 584 and 2 (513, ii, and N.i) ; H.-B. 504, 3.
96 3* (Sect. 68.) dubitare quin, hesitate. The usual construction in
this sense would be with the infin.; § 558, <j, n.2 (332,^, N.2); B. 298, b\
G. 555, R.3; H. 596, I (505, i); cf. H.-B. 502, 3, b, 586.
96 7 auctoritatibus, i.e. the opinions of influential men (cf. auctor
in the next line).
96 8 est vobis auctor, you have as authority. P. Servilius (Vatia
Isauricus) was one of the most reputable men of the time. He held the
proconsulship of Cilicia, B.C. 78-75, in which he gained great successes
over the pirates. It was probably his intimate knowledge of the region
and the kind of warfare, that led him to support this vigorous measure.
96 11 debeat: for tense, see § 485, a (287, a)\ cf. B. 268, i; H.-B.
481. — Curio: see note on Impeachment of Verres, sect. 18, p. 34, 1. 29.
96 13 Lentulus: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, cos. B.C. 72 ; not
to be confounded with Lentulus Sura, cos. B.C. 71, the accomplice of
Catiline.
96 15 Cassius : for the character of this family, see note on Verr. i,
sect. 30, p. 39, 1. 3. . . •
V. PerORATIO (§§ 69-71)
Sects. 69-71. Manillas is encouraged to stand firm. Cicero pro-
tests that his own advocacy of the law is disinterested and patriotic.
96 21 (Sect. 69.) auctore populo Romano : the Roman people has
already shown its opinion of Pompey by passing the Gabinian Law ;
360 Notes
hence Manilius has the auctoritas of the whole people behind him, as
opposed to the auctoritas of a few aristocrats like Hortensius and
Catulus (cf. sect. 63).
96 22 neve, and not.
96 35 iternm : alluding to the former unanimity of the people in
passing the Gabinian Law.
96 27 de re . . . f acultate, the cause itself^ or the power of carrying-
it through. — dubitemus: §535, a (320, a)\ B. 283, 2; G. 631, R.^;
H 591, I (503, i); cf. H.-B. 513, 2.
96 29 potestate praetoria, official influence as praetor; more official
than auctoritate.
97 1 defero, put at your service.
97 2 (Sect. 70.) templo, i.e. the rostra. The term templum was
applied to any place consecrated by regular auspices (augurato). As
the public assembly was held augurato^ the place of holding it was a
consecrated one.
97 3 ad rem publicam adeunt, are engaged in public affairs:
97 4 neque quo, nor because ; §540, n.* (321, r.> : B. 286, i, ^; G.
541, R.2; H. 588, ii, 2 (516, ii, 2) ; H.-B. 535, 2, b.
97 7 honoribus : the term honor is regularly applied to honors cou
ferred by the people, i.e. public offices. These he proposes to earn, not
by the arts of a politician, but by fidelity in his profession as an advo-
cate. — pericula relates to the simultates in the next section. It was
not possible for him to espouse this democratic measure so earnestly
without incurring coolness, at least on the part of the aristocracy. — ut,
so far as a MAN, etc. (Cf. our " humanly speaking," " the Lord will-
ing," and the like.)
97 9 ab uno, i.e. he expects no reward in the way ox public office
from Pompey*s influence. — ex hoc loco, i.e. by political activity
(cf. sect. i).
97 12 (Sect. 71.) mihi: §375 (232, a)\ B. 189, 2; G. 354; H. 431
(388,1); H.-B.373,2.
97 13 tantum . . . abest ut . . . videar, / am so far from seeming:
§S7i» ^ (332» d)\ G. 552, R.i; H. 570, 2 (502, 3); cf. H.-B. 521, 3, a,
footnote 2, (3).
97 16 hoc honore, i.e. the praetorship.
97 20 oportere, lam bound: me (1. 16) is subject of praeferre, and me
praeferre depends on oportere.
First Oration against Catiline 361
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE
ARGUMENT
Chap. i. Propositio. Catiline's effrontery in appearing in the Senate
>¥hen his guilt is known. — 2. Weakness of the consuls in allowing him
to live. Contrast with former magistrates in the cases of Gracchus,
Satuminus, and Servilius. The situation calls for action : reasons for
the delay. — 3, 4. The consul fully informed: latest acts of the con-
spirators. — Hortatio. 5. Catiline is exhorted to go out and join his con-
federates. — 6, 7. Life in the city should be intolerable to him : he is
feared and hated by all good citizens : his native city begs him to
begone. — 8. He has offered to go into custody : all good men urgent
for his departure : the Senate shows by its silence approval of Cicero's
words. — 9, 10. The consul urges him to depart: but he will go out
only as a public enemy. — Peroratio. 11,12. The consul may be charged
with remissness: but he has been biding his time. — 13. For halfway
measures would have been of no avail: Catiline's death would not
have freed the state from his confederates. Let Catiline depart.
Appeal to Jupiter to save Rome.
I. Propositio (Chaps. I-IV)
Chaps. I, II. Effirontery of Catiline in appearing in the Senate.
Weakness of the consuls in allowing him to live contrasted with
the vigorous action of former times in less flagrant cases. Reasons
for the delay.
Page 99. Lines. (Sect, i.) etiam (et jam), j//7/. — tXxAtX, baffle^
i.e. his mad conduct makes fools of the Roman people, as it were, by
continuing to escape the just punishment that would suppress it. —
quem ad finem: almost equivalent to quamdiu, but implying some
shock or crisis (finem) which must follow.
99 3 sese jactabit, insolently display itself — nihil (adv. ace), not
at all.
99 4 Palati : one of the strongest positions in the city, commanding
the Forum, and so most likely to be seized by the conspirators. The
Palatium, an isolated hill, of a rudely quadrangular shape, was the
original seat of the city of Rome, from which the city spread gradually
over the other hills. In the last years of the Republic, the Palatine
became the fashionable place for residences. Here was Cicero's house
362 Notes
as well as Catiline's. It was because of its nearness to his house, as
well as because of the strength of its position, that Cicero selected this
temple for the meeting of the Senate on this occasion. Under the
Empire the Palatine became the seat of the imperial residence, and its
name, palace^ has passed in this sense into most modem languages.
99 5 bonorum : the Senate was surrounded by a crowd of equites
and other citizens (see sect. 21, below).
100 1 locus : the Senate was assembled, not, as usual, in the Curia
Hostilia, but in the Temple of Jupiter Stator, which occupied a com-
manding position on the brow of the Palatine Hill and faced the Sacred
Way. The ruins of this temple were discovered some years ago (see
view in text). — honim (with a gesture), i.e. the Senators present. —
0X9iy features ; voltus, expression: the phrase is a sort of hendiadys,
almost equivalent to expression 0/ their features ; § 640 (385) ; B. 374, 4 ;
G. 698; H. 751, 3, N.i (636, iii, 2); H.-B. 631, 5.
100 2 patere: note the emphatic position. — non: observe the
abruptness and force given by omitting the interrog. particle -ne. —
constrictam . . . teneri, is held fast bound; §497, b (292, c)\ cf. B.
337, 6; G. 238; H. 431, I (388, I, N.); H.-B. 605, 5.
100 4 proxima, superiore : for what was done on the night of
Nov. 6, see sect. 4 ; as to proxima, last nighty we meet with nothing
but general assertions.
100 7 (S ECT. 2.) 0 tempora, etc., what a time I what a state of things !
(mores = customs of the time.)
100 8 immo, nay more : immo here negatives not the fact of the
preceding statement (vivit), but only its form as not being strong
enough; nay is similarly used in English, as in Midsummer-Nighfs
Dream^ iii, 2, 313: " To strike me, spurn me, nay, to kill me too."
100 11 videmur, etc. = think we do enough for (i.e. fulfil our duty to
the state). — si . . . vitemus: in the dir. form, satis facimus si vitamus.
100 12 ad mortem : the consuls originally possessed full powers of
judgment in criminal cases, including punishment by death. These
highest powers of the imperium were suspended within the city by laws
which gave the right of appeal to the people (note, p. no, 1. 16), but
the Senate could revive them in cases of danger by the formula Videant
consules ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat^ — a proceeding analogous
to the proclamation of martial law. This action the Senate had taken
Oct. 21, nearly three weeks before.
100 13 oportebat, apod, of an implied cond. : §522, a (311,^);
B. 304, 3, «; G. 254, R.1; H. 583 (511, i, N.*); H.-B. 582, 3, a\ the
First Oration against Catiline 363
imperf. is used with jam pridem, where in English we might expect the
pluperf.; §471, b (277, b)\ B. 260, 4; G. 234; H. 535 (469, 2); H.-B.
485 ; oportebat alone would mean " you ought [now] to be [but are
not] " ; with jam pridem it means " you ought to have been long ago
and still ought to be."
100 14 jam diu: words in brackets are thought to be spurious
insertions in the text.
100 14 (Sect. 3.) an vero properly belongs both to interfecit and
perferemus ; in English we should connect the two clauses by and. On
the force of an, see § 335, b {2.\\,b)\ B. 162, 4, « ; G. 457, i ; H. 380, 3
(353' N.*); H.-B. 236. — vir amplissimus, pontifex maximus: observe
how these words strengthen the force of the example.
100 15 Ti. Gracchum : Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, a young man
of high rank and great purity of character, attempted to carry through
some important reforms, particularly touching the tenure of the public
lands, B.C. 133. Requiring more time to make his legislation effective, he
attempted illegally to secure his own re-election as tribune, when he was
attacked and killed by a mob of Senators headed by P. Scipio Nasica.
100 16 privatus : at the time referred to, Nasica was only a private
citizen of consular rank. He afterwards went into exile, and was made
Pontifex Maximus in his absence. The word privatus is rhetorically
opposed to nos consules.
100 18 ilia, that case, plural for singular as referring to the circum-
stances of the case.
100 19 Ahala : the magister equitum of the famous Cincinnatus ; he
killed without legal process the eques Mselius, on suspicion that the
latter was aiming at royal power (B.C. 439) ; see Fig. 26. — novis rebus
(the classic expression for a
violent change of government),
revolution : dat. after studentem.
100 20 fuit (emphat.), t/iere
was, etc., implying that it is so
no longer; § 598, d (344, d, 3).
Cf. fuit Ilium, iEneid, ii. ^2c:. r- r. a
^ ' s) J Coin of Brutus and Ahala
100 22 habemus (emphat.),
i.e. it is not that we lack, etc. — senatus consultum : i.e. the decree
conferring dictatorial power on the consuls (see note on sect. 2, 1. 12,
above), ut videant consules, etc.
100 23 vehemens, severe, as regards Catiline ; grave, carrying
weight, and so justifying the consuls in any extreme measures. — non
362 Notes
as well as Catiline's. It was because of its nearness to his house, as
well as because of the strength of its position, that Cicero selected this
temple for the meeting of the Senate on this occasion. Under the
Empire the Palatine became the seat of the imperial residence, and its
name, palace^ has passed in this sense into most modem languages.
99 5 bonorum : the Senate was surrounded by a crowd of equiUs
and other citizens (see sect. 21, below).
100 1 locus : the Senate was assembled, not, as usual, in the Curia
Hostilia^ but in the Temple of Jupiter Stator, which occupied a com-
manding position on the brow of the Palatine Hill and faced the Sacred
Way. The ruins of this temple were discovered some years ago (see
view in text). — honim (with a gesture), i.e. the Senators present. —
Ota., features ; voltus, expression: the phrase is a sort of hendiadys,
almost equivalent to expression of their features ; § 640 (385) ; B. 374, 4 ;
G. 698; H. 751, 3, N.i (636, iii, 2); H.-B. 631, 5.
100 2 patere : note the emphatic position. — non : observe the
abruptness and force given by omitting the interrog. particle -ne. —
constrictam . . . teneri, is held fast bound; §497, b (292, c)-, cf. B.
337, 6; G. 238; H. 43i> i (388, i, n.) ; H.-B. 605, 5.
100 4 proxima, superiore : for what was done on the night of
Nov. 6, see sect. 4 ; as to proxima, last nighty we meet with nothing
but general assertions.
100 7 (S ECT. 2.) 0 tempora, etc., what a time ! what a state of things !
(mores = customs of the time.)
100 8 immo, nay more: immo here negatives not the fact of the
preceding statement (vivit), but only its form as not being strong
enough; nay is similarly used in English, as in Midsummer-Nigh fs
Dreamy iii, 2, 313: "To strike me, spurn me, nay, to kill me too."
100 11 videmur, etc. = think we do enough for (i.e. fulfil our duty to
the state). — si . . . vitemus: in the dir. form, satis facimus si vitamus.
100 12 ad mortem : the consuls originally possessed full powers of
judgment in criminal cases, including punishment by death. These
highest powers of the imperium were suspended within the city by laws
which gave the right of appeal to the people (note, p. 1 10, 1. 16), but
the Senate could revive them in cases of danger by the formula Videant
consules ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat^ — a proceeding analogous
to the proclamation of martial law. This action the Senate had taken
Oct. 21, nearly three weeks before.
100 13 Oportebat, apod, of an implied cond. : §522, a (311, r);
B. 304, 3, rt; G. 254, R.1; H. 583 (511, i, N.s); H.-B. 582, 3, «; the
First Oration against Catiline 363
imperf. is used with jam pridem, where in English we might expect the
pluperf.; §471, b (277, b)\ B. 260, 4; G. 234; H. 535 (469, 2); H.-B.
485; oportebat alone would mean "you ought [now] to be [but are
not] " ; with jam pridem it means " you ought to have been long ago
and still ought to be."
100 14 jam diu: words in brackets are thought to be spurious
insertions in the text.
100 14 (Sect. 3.) an vero properly belongs both to interfecit and
perferemus ; in English we should connect the two clauses by and. On
the force of a«, see § 335, b {2.\\^ b)\ B. 162, 4, /7 ; G. 457, i ; H. 380, 3
(353' N.*) ; H.-B. 236. — vir amplissimus, pontif ex maximus : observe
how these words strengthen the force of the example.
100 15 Ti. Gracchum : Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, a young man
of high rank and great purity of character, attempted to carry through
some important reforms, particularly touching the tenure of the public
lands, B.C. 133. Requiring more time to make his legislation effective, he
attempted illegally to secure his own re-election as tribune, when he was
attacked and killed by a mob of Senators headed by P. Scipio Nasica.
100 16 privatus : at the time referred to, Nasica was only a private
citizen of consular rank. He afterwards went into exile, and was made
Pontifex Maximus in his absence. The word privatus is rhetorically
opposed to nos consules.
100 18 ilia, that case^ plural for singular as referring to the circum-
stances of the case.
100 19 Ahala : the magister equitum of the famous Cincinnatus ; he
killed without legal process the eques Mselius, on suspicion that the
latter was aiming at royal power (b.c. 439) ; see Fig. 26. — novis rebus
(the classic expression for a
violent change of government), ^—^^^ ^--^
revolution : dat. after studentem.
100 20 fuit (emphat.), there
was, etc., implying that it is so
no longer; § 598, d (344, d, 3).
Cf. fuit Ilium, .Eneid, ii. 325. ^oin op Brutus and Ahala
100 22 habemus (emphat.),
i.e. it is not that we lack, etc. — senatus consultum : i.e. the decree
conferring dictatorial power on the consuls (see note on sect. 2, 1. 12,
above), ut videant consules^ etc.
100 23 vehemens, severe^ as regards Catiline ; grave, carrying
weighty and so justifying the consuls in any extreme measures. — non
364 Notes
deest, etc., /'/ is not that the state lacks wise counsels, etc., but that the
consuls are remiss in executing them.
100 26 (Sect. 4.) decrevit : translate, to preserve the emphasis,
there was once a decrecy etc. — ut . . . videret, subst. clause of purp.,
obj. of decrevit: § 563 (331); B. 295, 4; G. 546; H. 564, i (498);
H.-B. 502, 3, a, — Opimios: Lucius Opimius was consul B.c 121, when
Caius Gracchus, the younger brother of Tiberius, was attempting to
carry through a series of measures far more revolutionary than those
of his brother. The Senate took alarm, and intrusted the consul with
absolute power. In the tumult that ensued, some 3000 are said to have
lost their lives, including Gracchus and his leading associate, Fulvius.
100 27 ne . . . caperet, obj. of videret.
100 28 interfectus est (emphat.), i.e. in that case death was
promptly inflicted.
100 29 patre : Tiberius Gracchus, the elder, one of the most eminent
statesmen of his day. — avo : Scipio Af ricanus, the conqueror of HannibaL
101 1 Mario (dat. after permissa) : this was in Marius* sixth con-
sulship (B.C. 100). He was secretly in league with the revolutionists,
— Satuminus and Servilius Glaucia, corrupt demagogues, unworthy
imitators of the noble Gracchi. When it came to the point, however,
the courage of Marius failed him : he deserted his accomplices, and
joined the Senate in crushing the revolt.
101 3 rei publicae : poss. gen., the punishment being looked on as
something belonging to the party avenged, and exacted from the other
party as a payment due.
101 4 remorata est (governing Satuminum, etc.), keep Satuminus
and Servilius waiting, i.e. did they have to wait one day, etc. ? — vicesi-
mum: strictly speaking, it was now (Nov. 6) the 19th day by Roman
reckoning from Oct. 21; cf. § 424, <■ (259, c)\ G. 336, R.^ — patimur:
for tense, see § 466 (276, d)\ B. 259, 4; G. 230; H. 532, 2 (467, 2);
H.-B. 485.
101 5 horum, i.e. the Senate.
101 6 hujusce modi, i.e. like those just mentioned ; § 146, a, N.^
(loi, footnote); B. 87, footnote 2; G. 104, i, N.i; H. 178, 3 (186, i);
H.-B. 138, 2, c. — tabulis : brazen tablets, on which the laws, etc., were
inscribed. The edict is said to be shut up in them (until put in force),
like a sword hidden in its scabbard.
101 8 interfectum esse: § 486, b and n. (288, d)\ B. 270, 2, a; G.
280, 2 ; H.-B. 582, 3, fl, footnote 2. — convenit, perf. : § 522, a (311, c) ;
B. 304, 3' «; G. 254, R.1; H. 583 (511, I, N.«) ; H.-B. 582, 3, a.
First Oration against Catiline 365
101 9 ad deponendam, etc. : § 506 (300) ; B. 338, 3 ; G. 432 ; H.
628, 623 (542, m, 544, i) ; H.-B. 384, 3, a,
101 10 cupio (emphat.), / am anxious: a concession, opposed by
sed, below. — me esse: § 563, by i (331,^, n.); B. 331, iv, a\ G. 532,
R.2 ; H. 614 (535, ii) ; H.-B. 586, b.
101 11 dissolutum, arbitrary.
101 12 ipse : Latin in such cases emphasizes the subject ; English, the
object ; § 298,/(i95, /) ; B. 249, 2 ; G. 31 1, 2 ; H. 509, i (452, i) ; H.-B. 268.
— inertiae : § 352 (220) ; B. 228, 2 ; G. 378 ; H. 456 (409, ii) ; H.-B. 342.
101 13 (Sect. 5.) castra sunt etc. : an enumeration of the circum-
stances which make a mild policy no longer possible.
101 14 faucibus, narrow passy leading north from Etruria, through
the Apennines. — conlocata: §495 (291, b)\ B. 337, 2; G. 250, R.*;
H. 538, 4 (471, 6, N.i) ; H.-B. 320, iii, 248.
101 18 jam, at once.
101 19 erit verendum, etc., I shall have to/ear^ I suppose (ironical),
that all good citizens will fail to say (lit. will not say) that I have acted
too late rather than that anybody will say that I have acted too cruelly^
i.e. I shall have to fear that I shall be accused of cruelty rather than
slackness. — ne non . . . dicat : § 564 (331,/) ; B. 296, 2, « ; G. 550, 2;
H. 567, 2 (498, iii, N.2); H.-B. 502, 4. — boni (sc. dicant): here, as
usual, the well-intentionedy i.e. those who held the speaker's views.
101 21 ego: opposed to omnes boni (1. 19, above). — factum esse:
§ 486, b and N. (288, d)\ B. 270, 2, «; G. 280, R.2; H.-B. 582, 3, «,
footnote «. — Oportuit : § 522, a (311, ^) ; B. 304, 3, a ; G. 597, R.^, a ;
H. 583 (511, I, N.8) ; H.-B. 582, 3, a.
Chaps, m, rV. The consul is ftiUy informed. Latest acts of
the conspirators.
101 22 denique, i.e. then, and not before.
10123 jenny at length.
101 24 fateatur : for mood, see § 537, 2 (319, 2); B. 284, 2 ; G. 631, i ;
H. 589, ii, 591 (500, 1) ; H.-B. 521, i.
101 26 (Sect. 6.) ita ut viviSy just as you are [now] living.
101 27 ne . . . possis : purpose (not result).
101 28 etiam, besides the forces on guard.
101 29 speculabuntur : probably referring to the spies in the inter-
est of the government, who were in the very heart of the conspiracy.
102 1 quid, etc., what is there for you to wait for more? — quod
. . . ezspectes : rel clause of purpose.
366 Notes
102 4 inlustrantur, opposed to obscurare ; enunpnnt to continere.
102 7 recognoscas, review^ with licet ut omitted : see § 565
(33i»/ R); B- 295. 8; G. 553, R.i; H. 564, ii, i (502, i); cf. H.-B.
502, 3, footnote 2.
102 8 (Sect. 7.) dicere: for tense, see § 584, a and N. (336 A, N.i);
G. 281, 2, N. ; H. 618, 2 (537, i) ; H.-B. 593, b.
102 9 futurus esset : subord. clause in ind. disc.
10^ 11 num, etc., was I mistaken in^ etc. (lit. did the fact escape me),
102 13 idem (nom.) has the force of also.
102 14 optimatium, i.e. of the Senatorial party. — in ante diem :
§ 424, g (259, e) ; B. 371, 6 ; G. p. 491 ; H. 754, 3 (642, 4) ; H.-B. 668.
102 16 sni conservandi . . . causa : § 504, bj c (298, a, c) ; B. 339,
5, 338, \,c\ G. 428, R.1 and R.2; H. 626, 3 (542, N.i); H.-B. 614. This
passage is neatly turned so as to save their self-respect by attributing
their flight to that discretion which is the better part of valor.
102 19 cum . . . dicebas : we should expect diceres ; the imperf.
indie, is probably an archaic survival; cf. § 471, e and N. (277,
e and N.).
102 20 tamen : opposed to discessu (" though the rest were gone,
yet," etc.).
102 21 (Sect. 8.) Praeneste (Palestrina)^ an important town of
Latium, about twenty miles from Rome, in a very commanding situa-
tion. Its possession would have given Catiline a valuable military
post. Praeneste had been a chief stronghold of the Marian party in
the Civil War, and Sulla had, punished it by establishing a military
colony there (hence coloniam).
102 23 sensistine, did you not find? -ne here = nonne: § 332, c
and N. (210, </and N.); G. 454, n.S; H.-B. 231, i, N.i.
102 24 praesidiis, the garrison manning the walls ; custodiis, sen-
tinels at the gates ; vigiliis, watchmen (i.e. night-guard). — agis, etc. :
notice the climax.
102 27 noctem illam superiorem, that nighty — night before lasty i.e.
Nov. 6 ; priore (1. 29, below) refers to the same night.
102 29 quam te: § 581, N.2 (336, «, i, r.); H. 643, i (524, i^);
H.-B. 535, I, c.
102 30 inter falcarios, i.e. to the street of the scythe-makers. —
non agam obscure, i.e. I will speak out and be more definite. — in
domum: § 428, k (258, by n.^); G. 337, R.8; H.-B. 454, 3.
103 1 eodem, at the same place (lit. to the same place^ according to
the Latin idiom).
First Oration against Catiline 367
103 4 (Sect. 9.) gentium: § 346, a, 4 (216, a, 4); B. 201, 2; G.
372, N.«; H. 443 (397, 4) ; H.-B. 346.
103 5 quam rem republicam, whcu sort of state ?
103 6 hie, hie, here, right here. — patres [^/] eonseripti : the formal
designation of the Senators ; patres were the patrician members of the
Senate, eonseripti were the plebeians enrolled in that originally patri-
cian body. The conjunction is regularly omitted (as often in such
combinations). Observe that the stock English translation conscript
fathers is inexact.
103 8 qui: the antecedent is the ' understood subject of sunt. —
atque adeo, and in fact,
103 9 eogitent: § 535, a (320, d)\ B. 283, 2; G. 631, 2; H. 591, i
(503,1); H.-B. 521, I.
103 11 oportebat : see sect. 2 and note. — voee volnero : the allit-
eration is intentional and may easily be imitated in English, — wound
with a word. — igitur (resumptive), then (i.e. oj I said).
103 13 quemque, each (of the conspirators). — plaeeret, indir. quest.
103 14 relinqueres, edueeres, delib. subj. in an indir. quest. : § 575, ^
(334, b) ; B. 302 ; G. 265 ; H. 559, 4 (484. v) ; H.-B. 503.
103 16 morae: partitive gen. — viyerem: subj. in subord. clause in
indir. disc.
103 17 equites : these were C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius.
103 19 (Sect. 10.) omnia . . . comperi: Cicero's contemporaries
made sport of him for using this phrase so often in the case of the
conspirators.
103 22 salutatum : feupine ; § 509 (302) ; B. 340, i ; G. 435 ; H. 633
(546) ; H.-B. 618. All prominent citizens were accustomed to hold
a kind of morning reception (cf. " the king's levee ") to which their
friends and dependents came to bid them good morning and to
escort them to the Forum. — eum . . . venissent : best translated by
when, etc.
103 23 id temporis, at that very time: §§ 346, a, 3, 397, a (216, a, 3,
240, b)\ B. 201, 2, 185, 2; G. 336, N.2, 369; H. 416, 2, 442 (378, 2,
397, 3) ; H.-B. 346, 388, b.
103 24 praedixeram : Cicero had thus put on record, as it were, the
fact that he was acquainted with the details of the conspiracy.
103 27 desiderant, have been wanting: § 466 (276, a) ; B. 259, 4; G.
230; H. 532, 2 (467, 2); H.-B. 485.
103 28 si minus (sc. omnes), if not.
368 Notes
II. HoRTATio (Chaps. V-X)
Chaps. V-VII. Wliy does not Catiline leave the city? Life
there should be intolerable to him. He is feared and hated by all
good citizens. His native city begs him to be gone.
103 30 mums, i.e. city wall (cf . parietibus, walls of a house^ sect.
6). — intersit: § 528 (314); B. 310, U; G. 573; H. 587 (513, i); H.-B.
529.
103 31 non feram, etc. : the same idea is repeated for emphasis, but,
for variety, different words are used.
103 32 (Sect, ii.) atque, and particularly. — huic, i.e. in whose
temple we are met.
104 1 Statori (sto) : the one who causes to stand firm. The temple
to Jupiter Stator was vowed by Romulus when his troops were giving
way, and built upon the spot where their flight was stayed. The remains
of this temple have been recently discovered on the Palatine, near the
Arch of Titus.
104 3 in uno homine, by one man (Catiline) ; lit. in the case of one
man.
104 7 proximis: the consular election was usually held in July; but
in this year, on account of the disturbed condition of things, it did not
take place until Oct. 28. — in Campo : the comitia centuriata^ in which
the higher magistrates were elected, were held in the Campus Martius,
or military parade-ground, north of the city. This is the space covered
by the main part of modem Rome.
104 8 competitores : Catiline's successful competitors were D. Sila-
nus and L. Murena.
104 9 copiis, i.e. persons in the employ of his friends, — slaves and
hired retainers. — nuUo . . . concitato, without exciting (a very common
way of expressing this idiom in Latin).
104 11 videbam, I saw all along (observe the force of the imperf.).
104 12 (Sect. 12.) nunc jam, now at length.
104 16 hujus imperi, i.e. that which I now possess: namely, that
conferred upon the consuls by the special decree of the Senate dent
operamy etc. (see note on p. 100, 1. 12). Without this decree they pos-
sessed imperium^ it is true, but it was limited (in the city) by special
privileges of Roman citizens.
104 20 tu: opposed to comitum.
104 23 sentina rei publicae, political rabble ; or, keeping the origi-
nal figure, we might say, bilge-water of the ship of state.
First Oration against Catiline 3^9
J.04 24 (Sect. 13.) faciebas, were on the point of doing: § 471, c
(277, c)\ B. 260, 3; G. 233; H.-534, 2 (469, i); H.-B. 484.
104 25 hostem, a public enemy^ whom the consul would have the
right to expel from the city. — non jubeo: Cicero avoids the appearance
of ordering a citizen to go into exile, since that was something which
the consul had no right to do.
104 27 jam, longer.
104 29 metuat: cf. note on cogitent, p. 103, 1. 9.
104 30 priyatarum rerum, in private life, i.e. intercourse with others
out of the family (distinguished from domesticae, above).
105 1 quern . . . inretisses, i.e. after entangling^ etc. (subj. of char-
acteristic).— fernim . . . facem, i.e. arm him for acts of violence, or
inflame him to deeds of lust.
105 3 (Sect. 14.) quid vero, a//^/ jt/7 .'
105 4 novis nuptiis, etc. : this crime is mentioned by no other
writer, and is perhaps one of the orator's exaggerations.
105 5 alio . . . scelere: Sallust mentions, as a matter of common
belief, that Catiline killed his own son, in order to gratify his new wife
Aurelia Orestilla, "a woman praised for nothing but beauty."
105 8 ruinas : this charge was undoubtedly correct. The conspir-
acy was mainly composed of men of ruined fortunes, who hoped to
better themselves in the general scramble of a revolution.
105 9 Idibus : the Calends and Ides — the beginning and middle of
the month — were the usual times for the payment of debts. Catiline's
failure in his consular canvass had probably stirred up his creditors to
push him for payment.
105 14 (Sect. 15.) cum: causal, but best translated by when.
105 15 pridie Kalendas Januarias, etc.: Dec. 31, b.c. 66. The act
here mentioned seems to have been in preparation for a rising that had
been planned by Catiline for the next day, Jan. i, B.C. 65. On this day
the consuls Cotta and Torquatus entered upon their office, and it was
the intention of Catiline to take advantage of their inauguration to
murder them and seize the government. The plot got whispered about,
and its execution was put off to Feb. 5, when it failed again through
Catiline's precipitancy in giving the word.
105 16 cum telo (a technical expression), weapon in hand.
105 17 manum: a band (of assassins). — interficiendorum causa:
§ 504, b (298, c)\ cf. B. 338, I, c\ G. 428, R.2; H.-B. 612, i.
105 18 mentem aliquam, some change of mind.
105 20 aut . . . aut, etc., either obscure or few.
370 Notes
105 21 non multa, etc., i.e. they were too well known to need reca-
pitulation, and too numerous to admit of it. — commissa, which you
have perpetrated.
105 23 petitiones, thrusts : the word regularly used for the attack of
a gladiator. Cicero uses this and similar terms as an affront to Cati-
line.— ita conjectas, etc., so aimed that they seemed impossible to be
shunned. The Latin has no adj. for "impossible."
105 24 corpore, i.e. dodging with the body (a common colloquialism,
— hence ut aiunt).
105 26 (Sect. i6.) tibi (dative of reference), etc., wrested from your
hands: § 377 (235, a)\ B. 188, i); G. 350, i ; H. 425, 4, N. (384, 4, N.2);
H.-B. 368.
105 28 quae quidem, etc., / know not by what rights it has been con-
secrated and set apart, that you thinks etc. (as if Catiline had solemnly
pledged himself to use this dagger on nobody lower than a consul).
105 31 nunc vero, but now (indicating a marked transition). — vita,
i.e. that you should desire to prolong it (cf. sect. 15).
106 1 quae nulla, nothing of which : § 346, ^ (216, <?); B. 201, i, ^;
G. 370, R.2; H.-B. 346, c.
106 3 necessariis : this word is used of any close relation, as that
of kinsman, client, guest, comrade, member of the same order, etc. (see
note on necessitudinem, Verr. i, sect. 11, p. 32, 1. 3).
106 5 quid quod, what of this, — that, etc.
106 6 subsellia: undoubtedly wooden benches brought in for the
occasion.
106 7 consulares : these voted as a class, and probably sat together.
Catiline, as a praetorius, no doubt sat in their neighborhood.
106 10 ferendum [esse] is the pred. of the clause quod . . . reli-
querunt.
106 10 (Sect. 17.) servi: emphatic, and hence preceding si.
106 13 injuria, uftjustly, wrongfully.
106 14 carere aspectu, be deprived of the sight of
106 20 aliquo concederes, would retire somewhere. — nunc : opposed
to the cont. to fact si, etc.
106 22 te nihil . . . cogitare, that you think of nothing (depending
on judicat). — judicat: for tense, see § 466 (276, a) ; B. 259, 4; G. 230;
H. 532, 2(467, 2); H.-B. 485.
106 23 auctoritatem, etc.: observe the climax in both nouns and
verbs.
106 25 (Sect. 18.) quae (i.e. patria) . . . agit, she thus pleads with you.
First Oration against Catiline 371
106 26 annis: § 424, b (256, b) ; B. 231, i ; G. 393, r.2; H. 417, i and 2
(379» I); H.-B. 440.
106 28 sociorum, i.e. the allied cities of the province of Africa, which
Catiline had governed as pro-praetor, B.C. 67.
106 29 neglegandas implies only evasion ; evertendas, violence. —
leges at quaestiones, i.e. in his lawless career both as praetor m Rome
and as pro-praetor in Africa.
106 30 superiora ilia, those former crimes of yours.
106 32 me . . . esse, etc. : this and the two following infin. clauses
(Catilinam timeri and nullum videri . . . consilium) are subjects of est
ferendum; posse depends on videri. — quicquid increpuerit, subj. of
integral part; § 593 (342); B. 324, i; G. 663, i ; H. 652 (529, ii); H.-B.
539.
107 2 abhorreat (subj. of characteristic), is inconsistent with.
107 3 hunc . . . eripe, rescue me from y etc. (lit. snatch it from me)\
§ 381 (229); B. 188, 2, d\ G. 345, R.i; H. 429, 2 (386, 2); H.-B. 371.
107 4 ne opprimar: § 515, <j: (306, a); B. 302, 4; G. 595; H. 580
(508, 4); H.-B. 582, I. — aliquando, some time or other (implying im-
patience).
Chaps. Vin-X. Catiline has offered to give himself into custody.
The consul bids him depart : the Senators show by their silence their
approval of the order. The consul entreats him to leave the city,
but he will go only as a declared enemy.
107 6 (Sect. 19.) etiam si . . . possit: § 527, c (313, c)\ cf. B. 309;
G. 604 and R.2; H. 585 (515, ii); H.-B. 582, 8.
107 7 in custodiam dedisti, i.e. into free custody, on parole. This
appears to have been late in October, when Catiline was prosecuted on
the Lex Plautia de vi. When a respectable Roman was charged with
a crime it was customary for some person to bail him out, as it were, by
becoming responsible for his appearance. Being thus responsible, the
surety kept the accused in a kind of custody at his house.
107 8 ad M'. Lepidum, etc. : ad = apud. Lepidus was the consul
of B.C. 66.
107 9 ad me : this was of course intended by Catiline as a demon-
stration of his innocence.
107 10 domi meae : § 428, k (258, e)\ G. 41 1, r.* ; H.-B. 454, i.
107 12 parietibus, loc. abl. ; moenibus, abl. of means. Observe
the difference of meaning in these words and the emphasis of the con-
trast.— qui...essem: this would be subj. (sim) in dir. disc, as
372 Notes
implying the reason ; § 535, e (320, e) ; B. 283, 3 ; G. 626, R. ; H. 592,
598(517); H.-B. 523.
107 13 Metellum: Q. Metellus Celer, consul B.C. 60; he afterwards
did good service in the campaign against Catiline.
107 14 yirum optimum, an excellent man (ironical, of course).
107 16 sagacissimum, keen-scented ; fortissimum, energetic and
fearless,
107 18 videtur . . . debere, does it seem that he ought to be ? Observe
that the Latin prefers the personal construction (" does he seem,** etc.),
which the English idiom with ought does not allow us to imitate : § 582
(330, b, I); B. 332, b; G. 528, R.2; H. 611, N.i (534, i, N.i) ; cf. H.-B.
590, I, a,
107 19 (Sect. 20.) Two courses were open to Catiline, — to leave
the city or to run his chances of being put to death. If he left the
city, he could, of course, either join his accomplice Manlius in the
insurgent camp at Faesulae, or abandon his projects and go into volun-
tary exile. Apparently some of the Senators had privately urged him
to adopt the latter alternative, promising, in that case, that all proceed-
ings should be dropped, and Catiline, though rejecting their advice,
had declared that he would not refuse to obey a senatus-consultum
decreeing his banishment. Such a decree would, however, have been
favorable to Catiline's plans, for, since he had not been formally
brought to trial, he would have been able to pose as an injured citizen
exiled by an arbitrary aristocratic party. Hence Cicero refuses to put
the question to the Senate, though he asserts there could be no doubt
about the result. By taking this course Cicero forced Catiline to make
his intentions plain by the overt act of leaving the city of his own
accord and hastening to the camp of Manlius.
107 33 refer ... ad senatum : the technical term for the action of
the presiding officer (regularly the consul) in bringing a matter before
the Senate for action. See general Introduction, p. Ivii. — si, etc. : fut.
cond. in indir. disc.
107 24 placere (sc. sibi) : the subject is te . . . ezsilium.
107 25 abhorret, is contrary to : because the Senate would have no
legal power to pronounce such a judgment.
107 26 faciam ut, etc. : § 568 (332) ; B. 297, i ; G. 553, i ; H. 568
(498, ii) ; H.-B. 502, 3, a. To make the feelings of the Senate clear,
Cicero formally commands Catiline to leave the city (egredere, etc.);
then pauses to allow the Senators a chance to protest, and then points
out that no objections are heard.
First Oration against Catiline 373
107 29 ecquid attendis, are yon listening ? The adverbial ecquid
(at all) can hardly be idiomatically rendered, but gives an emphasis to
the question.
107 30 patiuntur, they tolerate this, i.e. they make no objection to
this extreme exercise of authority on my part. — quid, etc. : why do you
wait for those to express their opinion in words whose wishes you see
clearly by their silence ? The Latin idiom is quite different : why do
you wait for the expressed opinion (auctoritatem) of [those] speaking
whose wishes you see [when] silent?
107 32 (Sect. 21.) huic, this . . . here: the demonstrative pronouns
are often thus employed in the so-called deictic use, accompanied by a
gesture. — SestiO: a member of the aristocratic party whom Cicero
afterwards defended in one of his greatest orations.
108 1 M. Marcello : a prominent member of the aristocracy, consul
B.C. 51 ; not to be confounded with the person of the same name men-
tioned in sect. 19. He took a leading part in the Civil War against
Caesar, and was afterwards defended by Cicero (see p. 213). — jam, by
this time. — consult, consul as I am.
108 2 in templo, i.e. notwithstanding the sacredness of the place. —
vim et manus (hendiadys), violent hands.
108 3 cum quiescunt, i.e. by keeping quiet : § 549, a (326, a) ; G.
582; H. 599(517,2); H.-B. 551.
108 5 videlicet cara, alluding to his demand to have the matter
submitted to the Senate.
108 8 voces, cries (of the crowd outside).
108 10 haec (with a gesture, cf. huic, sect. 21, first note), i.e. all
that is round us, the city, etc.
108 12 prosequantur, escort. It was the custom for those who were
going into voluntary exile to be thus accompanied to the gate by their
friends. Cicero sarcastically declares that, if Catiline will depart, the
whole Senate will be so glad to be rid of him as to forget his crimes
and pay him this honor.
108 13 (Sect. 22.) te nt . . . frangat, [the idea] that anything should
bend you / i.e. break down your stubbornness ; an exclam. clause with
Ut: § 462, a (332, c) ; G. 558; H. 559, 5 (486, ii, N.); H.-B. 503 and b.
108 15 utinam . . . duint : § 442 (267, b) ; cf. B. 279 ; G. 201 ;
H. 559, I (483, i); H.-B. 511, I ; for form, see § 183, 2 (128,^, 2) ; B.
127, 2; G. 130, 4; H. 240, 3 (244, 3) ; H.-B. 197, a.
108 16 ire: § 457 (271, a) ; B. 295, 4, n. ; G. 532, and R.2; H. 565, 5
(498, i, N.) ; H.-B. 586, e.
374 Notes
108 18 recenti memoria (abl. of time) : translate by a while clause.
108 19 est tanti, // is worth the cost: § 417 (252, a) ; cf. B. 203, 3;
G. 380, I, R. ; H. 448, 4 (405) ; H.-B. 356, i.
108 20 sit: § 528 (314); B. 310, u; G. 573; H. 587 (5i3» i); H.-B.
529.
108 21 ut . . . commoveare, etc., subject of est postnlandnm : § 566
(331, h) ; cf. B. 295 ; G. 546, i ; H. 564, ii (499, 3) ; cf. H.-B. 502, 3, a,
108 33 is es . . . ut: § 537, 2, N.2 (319, R.); B. 284, i; G. 552;
H. 570 (500, ii) ; H.-B. 521, 2, « and footnote.
108 26 (Sect. 23.) inimico, a private enemy ^ thus attributing to
Cicero personal motives of opposition.
108 27 recta (sc. vid)^ straightway. — vix feram, etc. : for Catiline's
going into voluntary exile would tend to prove that he was innocent
and had been persecuted by the consul (see note on p. 107, 1. 19).
108 29 sin autem, etc. : Catiline's going to Manlius would prove
his guilt and show the wisdom of Cicero's action.
109 1 latrocinio, brigandage^ i.e. partisan warfare, as opposed to a
regular war (jus turn helium).
109 3 (Sect. 24.) quamquam, and yet: § 527, ^, n. (313, /) ; B.
309, 5; G. 605, R.2; H. 586, 4 (515, iii, N.2); H.-B. 310, 7. Cf. the
same use of quamquam, p. 108, 1. 13, and of tametsi, p. 108, 1. 16. —
invitem: § 444 (268); B. 277; G. 265; H. 557 (486, ii); H.-B. 503.—
sciam: characteristic subj.
109 4 Forum Aurelium : a small place on the Via Aurelia^ about
fifty miles from Rome. The Via Aurelia was the road which led
along the sea-coast of Etruria, by which Catiline left the city the
following night. — praestolarentur : rel. clause of purpose.
109 6 aquilam : the silver eagle had been adopted by Marius as
the standard of the legion, and the eagle in question was said to have
been actually used in the army of Marius.
109 8 sacrarium : it was customary in Roman houses to have a
little shrine (see Fig. 27) for the worship of the lares and other pro-
tecting divinities. Doubtless Catiline was believed to have placed
this eagle in such a shrine as an object of superstitious worship.
109 9 ut possis : exclam. clause with ut (see note on p. 108, 1. 13).
109 13 (Sect. 25.) rapiebat: § 47i» ^ (277* ^); B- 260, 4; H.-B.
485 ; the imperf. is used instead of the pres. because the action is con-
ceived of as ceasing at the moment when Cicero discovered the plot.
109 14 haec res, i.e. leaving the city as an enemy and taking up
arms.
First Oration against Catiline
375
109 16 non modo, to say nothing of: § 327, i (209, a, i) ; B. 347, 2 ;
G. 445; H. 656, 2 (553/2); H.-B. 298, 2, a.
109 18 atque connects perditis and derelictis ; ab connects fortima
and spe with derelictis.
109 19 conflatam, run ^'°- *7
together (like molten metal).
109 19 (Sect. 26.) hie,
i.e. in this band.
109 21 bacchabere, will
revel. To a Roman the
word suggested the wild
orgies of the frenzied
Bacchanals, so that it is
much stronger than our
revels which in course of
time has become rather
vague: cf. y^neid, iv. 301
(and illustrations).
109 33 meditati sunt,
have been practised ; f erun-
tur, are talked about. —
.labores: cf. Sallust's Cati-
liney ch. v : L. Catilina
nobili genere natus fuit^
magna vi et animi et cor-
porisy sed ingenio malo pravoque. Huic ab adulescentia bella intestina
caedes rapinae discordia civilis grata fuere ibique juventutem stiam
exercuit. Corpus patiens inediae algoris vigiliae supra quam cuiquam
credibile est.
109 25 facinus, deed of violence, contrasted with stuprum, debauch-
ery ; just as bonis otiosorum, property of peaceful citizens, is with
sonmo maritorum, the repose of husbands.
109 26 Ubi ostentes (purpose clause), opportunity to display (lit. a
place, where, etc.).
109 29 (Sect. 27.) reppuli: § 545 (323, 1); B. 288, \, a\ G. 580;
H. 600 (521, i) ; H.-B. 550 and a. Cicero here takes credit to himself
for using his influence as consul to defeat the election of Catiline.
109 30 exsul, consul: observe the play upon words (see Vocab.).
109 32 latrocinium : cf. note on latrocinio, 1. i, above.
376 Notes
III. Peroratio (Chaps. XI-XIII)
Chap*8. Xl-Xin. The consal may be charged with remissness;
bat he has been biding his time. For halfway measures would
have been useless. Appeal to Jupiter to save Rome.
110 2 querimoniam, i.e. for not having suppressed the conspiracy
more vigorously. — detester ac deprecer (construed with a me, above),
remove by protest and plea.
110 4 patria : the personified patria is dramatically introduced as
accusing Cicero of remissness in letting Catiline go unharmed.
110 6 M. TuUi (voc.) : the regular way of formal address ; the use
of the family name (C/V^rr^) is more familiar.
110 9 evocatorem servorum, a summoner of slaves^ i.e. to enlist
under him against the state. To the Romans (as to all peoples
who, having a large slave population, are in constant fear of servile
revolts) such an accusation was the most violent reproach con-
ceivable.
110 12 duci, rapi, mactari : § 563, a, n. (31 1, «, n.i) ; cf. B. 295, 4, n. ;
G. 546, N.8; H. 614 (535, ii) ; H -B. 587, b,
110 16 (Seci\ 28.) rogatae sunt: the magistrate who proposed a
law formally asked the people whether they would accept it; hence
rogo was the word regularly used for this act, and the proposition itself
was called rogatio. The leges in question, Valeria^ Porcia, and Sem-
pronia (of Caius Gracchus), were enacted to protect — like our laws
securing the habeas corpus and trial by jury — the life and liberty of
citizens against the arbitrary power of magistrates, which in this case
would apparently be used by Cicero. — at numquam, etc.: as a fact,
however, the precedents here referred to had been really violations of
the constitution.
110 18 praeclaram . . . gratiam, you show a noble gratitude (cf.
habere gratiam and agere gr alias).
110 20 nulla commendatione majorum : though by the Roman con-
stitution the higher offices were open to all citizens, yet it was rare that
a man whose ancestors had not held these offices could succeed in
attaining them himself. If, like Cicero, he did so, he was called a novus
homo, and his descendants belonged to the nobility. — tam mature:
Cicero attained the quaestorship, the praetorship, and the consulship
(honorum gradiis) at the earliest age possible in each case. This was
a mark of public confidence which had never happened to a novus
homo before.
First Oration against Catiline 377
110 22 invidiae, i.e. the odium which might attach to the consul's
apparently exceeding his constitutional authority. In fact Cicero was
later brought to trial and exiled on this very charge.
110 24 (Sect. 29.) num est, pray is (implying strong negation) :
§332, b (210, c)\ B. 162, 2,b\ G. 464, R.; H. 378 (351, i, N.8) ; H.-B.
231, I, d.
110 25 inertiae, (sc. invidia\ the reproach, — an belongs with non
ezistimas.
110 27 conflagraturum, will be consumed (lit. will burn up).
110 29 idem sentiunt, have the same views. — mentibus, thoughts.
110 30 factu, the rare " latter supine ** : §510 (303); B. 340, 2; G.
436; H. 635 and 4 (547 and N.i) ; H.-B. 619, i.
110 31 gladiatori : the gladiators were trained slaves owned by rich
men, and were often employed as bullies in political campaigns. Hence
the word came almost to mean ruffian^ " bruiser^'' " thug.^^
111 1 si . . . honestarunt : notice that the simple condition here
expresses cause ; § 515, «, N. (306, a, N.).
Ill 2 superiorum, before them.
The variety of the conditional sentences in sects. 29, 30 is instructive :
si judicarem . . . non dedissem (cont. to fact), p. no, 1. 30-p. in, 1. i ;
si . . . honestarunt, verendum non erat (nothing implied), p. in, 11. 1-4;
si impenderety fui (mixed), 11. 6, 7 ; si animadvertissom, dicerent (cont.
to fact), 11. 13, 14; si penrenerity fore (fut., indir. disc.), 11 15, 16; hoc
interfecto, posse (fut., indir. disc, protasis disguised), IL 18-20; si
ejecerity exstingnetur (fut., more vivid), 11. 20-22.
Ill 6 maxime, ever so much.
Ill 7 ut . . . putarem, result clause explaining hoc (not a subst.
clause). — partam (from pario), acquired (a very common meaning).
Ill 8 (Sect. 30.) non nuUi, etc. : it should be remembered that
there were many well-intentioned citizens who either doubted the exist-
ence of a conspiracy or thought Cicero's fears of it greatly exaggerated ;
and that even among those who admitted the fact there was consider-
able variety of partisan feeling.
Ill 9 videant, dissimulent : subj. of charact. (not coord, with dice-
rent), expressing the character of the men referred to, while aluenint,
etc. (1. 11), merely gives additional y&^/j- about them (hence indie).
Ill 14 regie, despotically : the Roman idea of a king and kingly
government was associated with Tarquinius Superbus. Here the word
also implies the assumption of unlawful power (= tyrannice), as well as
its abuse.
378 Notes
111 15 nunc, as it is. — qno; §308, ^ (201,/, 2); cf. G. 611, r.I;
the antecedent is in castra.
Ill 17 improbnm, dishonest.
Ill 18 hoc . . . interfecto, disguised fut. protasis; § 521, a (310, <z) ;
B. 305, i; G. 600, i; H. 575, 9 (507, nJ); H.-B. 578, 6; the apod,
posse is fut. in sense: § 516, d^ 584, b (307, d)\ G. 248, R. ; H.-B.
472, d,
11130 ejecerit: for tense, see §516, ^ (307, c)\ G. 244,2; H.
574, 2 (508, 2) ; cf. H.-B. 577, a.
Ill 21 eodem, to the same place.
Ill 22 dJ\xX\A^ full-grown y as opposed to stirps, the root (properly
the stock from which new shoots may spring out), and semen, the
seed.
Ill 25 (Sect. 31.) jam diu: the conspiracy was ready to break out
B.C. 65 (see note on p. 105, 1. 15).
Ill 26 versamur, have lived. — nescio quo pacto, somehow or other;
§ 575» <i (344» ^); B. 253, 6; G. 467, N.; cf. H. 512, 7 (455. 2); H.-B.
537, ^.
111 27 veteris (sharply contrasted with nostri), i.e. the disease Is of
long standing, but its outbreak has occurred just in my consulship.
111 32 yisceiibus, vitals (properly the great interior organs, as the
heart, lungs, etc.).
112 1 aestu febrique, the heat of fever (hendiadys).
112 4 reliquis vivis : abl. absolute.
112 8 (Sect. 32.) circumstare, hang rounds for the purpose of
intimidation : the praetor urbanus had his tribunal in the Forum.
112 15 patefacta, laid bare ; inlustrata, set in full light ; oppressa,
crushed ; yindicata, punished. Observe the climax.
113 1 (Sect. 33.) ominibus, prospects. What Cicero has just said
(p. 112, 11. 11-16) makes the omen under which Catiline is to depart, —
an omen of good for the state, but of evil for him.
113 4 Juppiter : thus the oration closes with a prayer to Jupiter
Stator, in whose temple the Senate was now as.sembled.
113 6 Statorem, the Stay. The name was apparently first given to
Jupiter as the Stayer (sto, sisto) of flight (see note to sect. 11, p. 104,
1. i), but it is here applied to him as the Stay (supporter) of the Romah
state, a meaning which the word may well have from its derivation.
113 8 arcebis, used as a mild imperative ; § 449, b (269,/) ; B. 261, 3 ;
G. 265M H. 560, 4, N. (487, 4); H.-B. 572.
113 9 latrones: cf. latrocinium in sect. 27 (p. 109, 1. 32).
Second Oration against Catiline 379
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE
ARGUMENT
Parsl, Chap. i. Catiline is gone: the city breathes again; there
is now open war, and no longer a concealed intestine conflict. — 2. He
ought to have been put to death ; but all were not convinced : now, his
guilt is manifest. — 3. His worthless partisans remain at Rome; but
they are powerless, being closely watched. — 4. Let them follow him.
He was the leader of all scoundrels and profligates. — 5. His associates
are desperate but contemptible; let them depart or take the conse-
quences.— Pars II. 6, 7. Catiline is not in exile; he has joined his
army. Men say the consul has driven him into exile : would the charge
were true ! — Pars HI. 8-10. Character of Catiline's partisans : (i) rich
men in debt ; (ii) men eager for power and wealth ; (iii) Sulla's veterans ;
(iv) ruined men, hoping for any change ; (v) criminals ; (vi) profligates
and debauchees, men of Catiline's own stamp. — 1 1. Superiority of the
patriot forces arrayed against them. — Peroratio, 12. Citizens need not
fear; the consul will protect the state. The conspirators warned. —
13. There shall be no disturbance : the people may trust in the gods.
I. Pars Prima (§§ i-ii)
Sects. 1-4. Catiline is gone. He onght to have been put to
d^th : bat the time was not ripe, for all were not convinced of his
guilt.
Page 113. Line 15. (Sect, i.) ejecimns, expelled (with violence);
emisimus, let [him] go. The words vel . . . vel (oTy if you like) imply
that the same act may be called by either name. — ipsum, of his own
accord,
113 16 verbis prosecuti may apply as well to kind words of dismissal
as to invective. — abiit, simply, is gone ; ezcessit, has retreated before
the storm; evasit, has escaped by stealth ; enipit, has broken forth with
violence, — a climax of expression, but nearly identical in sense.
114 1 moenibns (dat. following comparabitur), against^ etc. — atque
(adding with emphasis), and so. — hunc quidem, him at any rate.
114 3 sine COntroversia, without dispute = unquestionably.
114 3 versabitiir, will be busy.
114 4 campo, foro, curia, parietes : observe the narrowing climax.
380 Notes
114 5 loco motus est, he lost his z'antage-graund : a military expres-
sion, hence the simple abl. ; §428, /<258, a, N.*); cf. B. 229, i; G.
390, 2, N.2; H. 463 (414, ii) ; H.-B. 408, 2, a.
114 6 nullo impediente, i.e. his defenders till now could screen him
by forms of law.
114 7 justum (if retained in the text), regular^ in due form ; cf. note
on latrocinio, p. 109, 1. i.
114 9 (Sect. 2.) quod . . . extulit, etc.: § 572, b {:},ZZ^ ^)J B- 33^
V, rt ; G. 542 ; H. 588, i (540, iv, n.) ; H.-B. 594, c.
114 10 cruentum (pred.), reeking with blood. — vivis nobis (abl. abs.),
leaving us alive.
114 12 civis: ace. plur.
114 13 jacet, etc., lies prostrate, etc.
114 15 retorquet oculos begins the figure of a wild beast, which is
continued in faucibus. — profecto, no doubt.
114 16 quae quidem, which really.
114 17 quod . . . projecerit : see note on quod extulit, 1. 9, above ;
for mood, see § 592, 3 (341, d); B. 323; G. 541 ; H. 588, ii (516, ii);
H.-B. 535, 2, a.
114 19 (Sect. 3.) For the contents of this and the following sec-
tion, cf. Cat. i, sects. 27, 28, where the supposed complaint against
Cicero for not having put Catiline to death and his reply to it are given
at greater length. — quails omnis: ace. plur. — oportebat: § 522, a
(311, c); B. 304, 3. ^; <^- 254, R.2; H. 583 (511, i, N.8); H.-B. 582,
3»^.
114 20 qui . . . accuset as to accuse : § 535 (320) ; B. 283, i ; G.
631, 2; H. 591, I (503, i); H.-B. 521, I.
114 22 ista : for gender, see § 296, a (195, d) ; cf. B. 250,3 ; G. 211,
R.6; H. 396, 2 (445, 4); H.-B. 326, I.
114 23 interfectum esse: § 486, b, n. (288, d) ; B. 270, 2, a; G. 280,
R.2 ; H.-B. 582, 3, a, footnote 2 ; observe the emphatic position.
114 24 oportebat : for tense, see note on Cat. i, p. 100, 1. 13.
114 25 hujus imperi: see note on Cat. i, p. 104, 1. 16. — res pub-
lica, the public interest.
114 27 quam multos, etc. : the passages in brackets are probably
spurious; it will be observed that they merely repeat the preceding
statement in each case.
115 1 (Sect. 4.) cum (causal) viderem, seeing: itsobj. is fore ut . . .
possem (which is the apod, of si multassem) ; § 569, a (288, /) ; B.
270, 3; G. 248; H. 619, 2 (537, 3); H.-B. 472, r. — ne . . . probata:
Second Oration against Catiline 381
nearly equivalent to cum ne vos quidem . . . probaretis : implying that
if they do not sustain the act, much less will the people at large.
115 2 multassem : for fut. perf. of direct; § 589, 3 (337, 3) ; B. 319,
B ; G. 657, 5 ; H. 646 (527, i). —fore ut, the result would be that, etc.
115 4 ut . . . possetis, result clause explaining hue
115 .5 videretis : § 593 (342) ; B. 324, i ; G. 663, i ; H. 652 (529, ii) ;
H.-B. 539; if not dependent on possetis, it would be yidebetis. —
quern quidem, whoniy by the way.
115 6 intellegatis : § 565 (331, /) ; B. 295, 6 ; G. 553, 2; H. 564, ii,
I (499»3); H.-B. 531, 2.
115 7 quod . . . exierit : § 592, 3 (341, d) ; B. 323 ; G. 539; H. 588,
ii(5i6,ii); H.-B. 535, 2, N.2.
115 9 mihi: eth. dat. ; as if, "I notice"; § 380 (236) ; B. 188, 2, b\
G. 351 ; H. 432 (389) ; H.-B. 372.
115 10 aes alienum, etc., i.e. petty debts run up in cook-shops and
the like ; not like the heavy mortgages spoken of afterwards.
115 11 reliquit : notice the emphatic position.
115 12 quos viros : for a characterization of Catiline's partisans, see
sects. 18-23.
Sects. 5-11. His worthless partisans remain at Rome, but are
powerless: let them follow him. He was the ringleader of all
scoundrels and profligates. Let his associates depart or take the
consequences.
115 14 (Sect. 5.) prae, in comparison with. — Gallicanis, i.e. those
permanently stationed in Cisalpine Gaul. The a^er Gallicus below was
that strip of sea-coast north of Picenum formerly occupied by the
Senones, but at this time reckoned a part of Umbria.
115 15 hoc dilectu refers to a levy recently raised. — Q. Metellus
(Celer) : see note on Cat. i, sect. 19, p. 107, 1. 13.
115 17 senibus, etc., i.e. those classes who naturally look forward
to a revolution to mend their fortunes.
115 18 luxuria = high-livers : abstract for concrete, as common in
Latin and older English; cf. Shakspere, Airs Well, ii. i, 91 : "Bring
in the admiration " (i.e. this wonderful person).
115 19 Yadimonia deserere, desert their bondsmen, i.e. leave them
in the lurch in their creditors' suits.
115 21 edictum praetoris, in effect like a sheriff's writ. Any official
order of a magistrate was an edictum.
115 32 hos, as opposed to those he did take out.
382 Notes
115 24 fulgent purpura, i.e displaying their rank as Senators, who
alone had the right to wear the broad purple stripe (latus clavus) on the
tunic. The reference, therefore, is to foppish young nobles. — m^ll^m :
§ 447, I (31 1» ^); B- 280, 4; G. 258, and N.i ; H. 556 (486, i) ; H.-B.
519, I, />.— eduxissct: § 565 (331./ R) *» B- 295. 8; G. 546, r.*; H.
565, 2 (499, 2) ; H.-B. 5x9, 1, f. — si . . . permanent : a future condition ;
§ 516, a, N. (307, a, N.) ; G. 228; H. 533, 2 (467, 5) ; H.-B. 571.
115 25 mementote, Le. let them remember that they are objects of
suspicion and shall be watched accordingly.
115 27 atque hoc, etc., i.e. their effrontery makes them still more a
cause for alarm.
115 28 (Sect. 6.) yideo, i.e. I know perfectly well.
115 29 cui sit, etc. : cf. Cat. i, sect. 9.
115 31 superioris noctis, i.e. three nights ago.
116 3 ne, surely : an affirmative particle sometimes wrongly spelled
nae.
116 5 ut . . . Yideretis : clause of result explaining quod.
116 7 nisi YcrO : ironical (as usual), introducing a reducHo ad
absurdum. (The si only doubles that in nisi.)
116 8 non . . . jam, no longer.
116 11 Aurelia via : see Cat. i, sect. 24.
116 13 (Sect. 7.) rem publicam : § 397, d (240, d) ; B. 183 ; G. 343, i ;
H. 421 (381) ; H.-B. 399. — sentinam, refuse (see Cat. i, p. 104, 1. 22).
116 14 ejecerit : the conclusion is implied in 0 fortunatam. — ex-
hausto, drained off {(d. sentina).
116 15 recreata, invigorated.
116 17 tota Italia: § 429* 2 (258,/, 2); B. 228, i, ^; G. 388; H.
485, I (425, 2) ; H.-B. 436, a.
116 18 8Ubjector,/?r^/r; circumscriptor, swindler,
116 91 perditus, abandoned wretch.
116 22 hosce : § 146, fl, N.i (loi, footnote) ; B. 87, footnote*; G. 104,
1, N.i; H. 178, 2 (186, i) ; H.-B. 138, 2, c.
117 3 (Sect. 8.) asciyerit : for tense, see § 485, c (287, c) ; B. 268,
6; G. 513; H. 550 (495. vi); H.-B. 481.
117 4 (Sect. 9.) ut . . . possitis : § 532 (317, c)\ B. 282, 4; G.
545, R.8 ; cf. H. 568, 4 (499, 2, N.) ; H.-B. 502, 2, c. — diYcrsa studia.
In another passage (Cael. xiii) Cicero ascribes to Catiline : Cum tristibus
severe^ cum remissis jucunde^ cum senibus graviter^ cum juventute comiter^
cum facinorosis audaciter^ cum libidinosis luxuriose vivere. — in dissimili
ratione, in different directions.
Second Oration against Catiline 383
117 5 ludo, the regular training-school. — gladiatorio : see Cat. i,
p. no, 1. 31, and note.
117 7 leyior, etc. : the Roman actors, though some of them achieved
distinction, were generally regarded as a low class of men.
117 8 tamen, i.e. though a companion of such dissolute persons, yet
he possessed the qualities of fortitude and endurance so much admired
by the Romans.
117 9 exercitatione (abl. of means), etc., trained by the practice of
debaucheries and crimes to endure^ etc. — f rigore . . . perferendis : abl.
with adsuefactus; § 507, n.i (301, n.) ; G. 431 ; cf. H,-B. 612, iv, 431.
117 10 fortis, a strong and able fellow. — istis, those creatures :
§ 297, c {102, c) ; B. 246, 4 ; G. 306, N. ; H. 507, 3 (450, i, N.) ; H.-B. 274, 4.
117 11 cum . . . consumeret (not concessive), while consuming. —
subsidia, etc., i.e. means (his uncommon po^rs of body and mind)
which might have been used, etc.
117 13 (Sect. 10.) sui : § 301, b (196, c) ; B. 244, 4 ; G. 309, 2 ; H.
503, 2 (449, 3) ; H.-B. 264, 2.
117 17 audaciae, acts of audacity.
117 19 ^W\^dc^tXW[i\., encumbered. — xes, property ; ^^es, credit.
117 21 libido, i.e. luxurious habits and tastes.
117 23 quidem (concessive), no doubt.
117 24 homines, viris : observe the difference in sense.
117 26 mihi : the ethical dat. gives the phrase a familiar and con-
temptuous turn which may be reproduced in English hy forsooth.
117 28 obliti : observe the quantity.
117 29 caedem, etc. : notice the strong contrast between the character
of these worn-out debauchees and the sanguinary nature of their threats.
117 31 (Sect, ii.) instate, is dose at hand ; plane merely empha-
sizes the idea of the verb.
118 2 propagarit: for tense, see § 516, c, n. (307, c, r.) ; G. 595,
N.2; H. 540(473).
, 118 3 pcrtimescamus, possit: subj. of characteristic.
118 5 unius : Pompey, just returning from his triumphs in the East.
118 10 quacumque ratione, %z. fieri potest.
118 11 resecanda erunt, shall need the knife (lit. must be cut away) :
the figure is derived from surgery.
118 12 si . . . permanent: § 516, a, n. (307, a, n.); G. 228; H.
533' 2 (467*5); H.-B. 571.
118 13 exspectent : hort. subj. in apod. ; § 516, ^Z (307, d) ; B. 305, 2 ,
G. 595 ; H. 580 (508, 4); H.-B. 582, i.
384 Notes
11. Pars Secunda (§§ 12-16)
Sects. 12-16. Catiline is not in exile : he has joined his hostile
army. Men say the consul has driven him into banishment ; would
the charge were true I
118 14 (Sect. 12.) etiam, still (after all that has been done).
118 15 quod, obj. of adsequi, if I could effect it (referring to ipsos,
etc.), i.e. their expulsion.
118 17 enim, i.e. the idea is absurd, as is implied in the irony fol-
lowing.
118 19 quid, tell me : i.e. " is that possible ? " in view of the circum-
stances, which he proceeds to narrate. — hesterno die qualifies con-
vocavi.
118 21 detuli : tectfhical term for laying a matter before the Senate ;
cf. referre (ad senatum) in the Vocabulary.
118 28 (Sect. 13.) quaesivi, etc. : see Cat. i, sect. 9.
118 29 necne: § 335,^(211,^); B. 162,4; G. 459; H. 380, i (353,
N.8) ; H.-B. 234, a.
118 32 ei: dat. of agent; § 375 (232, a); B. 189, 2; G. 354; H.
431,2(388,1); H.-B. 373, 2.
119 1 teneretur, was caught,
119 2 pararet : for pluperf. (see note on Cat. i, p. 100, 1. 13). — seen-
lis, fascia : the use of these signified
^'°' ** ^-(.-^ *^^t Catiline intended to assume
the authority and imperium of con-
sul (see Fig. 25, p. 290).
119 3 signa militaria: see Fig. 28
(from coins). — aquilam: see Cat. i,
p. 109, 1. 6, and note.
119 5 (Sect. 14.) eiciebam: con-
ative imperf. ; § 471, c {I'j'j, c) ; B. 260, 3 ; G. 233; H. 534, 2 (469, i) ;
H.-B. 484.
119 6 credo : ironical, as very often in this parenthetical use.
119 8 sue nomine, i.e. not by Catiline's order ; the whole is, of
course, ironical, as is already indicated by credo.
119 10 Massiliam : Marseilles, an ancient Greek city of Gaul, always
faithful and friendly to Rome. It was a favorite place of sojourn for
Romans who went into voluntary exile.
119 11 condicionem, terms.
119 12 nunc, even now.
Second Oration against Catiline 385
119 14 pertimuerit, take alarm,
119 18 spe conatuque : referring of course to his treasonable hopes
and designs.
119 23 (Sect. 15.) est mihi tanti, // is worth my while: § 417
(252, a) ; cf. B. 203, 3 ; G. 380, i, R. ; H. 448 (404) ; H.-B. 356, i.
119 25 depellatur : § 528 (314) ; B. 310, ii ; G. 573 ; H. 587 (513, i) ;
H.-B. 529. — sane (concessive), if you like (see Vocab.).
119 28 inyidiae, etc. : rather than have his predictions verified in
this way, Cicero prefers the unjust odium of having arbitrarily driven
Catiline to exile.
119 31 aliquando, some day. — quod . . . emiserim: § 592, 3 (341, </) ;
B. 323; G. 541 ; n. 588, ii (516, ii) ; H.-B. 535, 2, a. — emiserim . . .
eiecerim, let him go . . . drove him out.
120 2 si interfectus, etc. : he thus adroitly excuses himself to those
who would have preferred harsher measures. Notice the identity in
sound in pro-fectus, inter-fectus, and observe how the argument a
fortiori is brought out by the exact antithesis.
120 3 (Sect. 16.) quamquam (corrective), fl«^ ^^/.
120 4 dictitant : notice the frequentative.
120 5 nemo, not a man. — misericors : his going to Manlius was his
inevitable ruin, and yet, for all their pity, they still wished him to go.
120 8 latrocinantem, in partisan warfare (see note on p. 109, 1. i).
— vivere: § 583, c (336, c, n.2) ; G. 644, r.8, b\ cf. H. 613, 7 (535, i, 6) ;
H.-B. 535, I, c.
120 10 Yiyis nobis, i.e. without assassinating me.
III. Pars Tertia (§§ 17-25)
Sects. 17-23. Character of Catiline's partisans : (i) rich men in
debt (sect. 18) ; (ii) men eager for power and wealth (sect. 19) ;
(iii) old soldiers of Sulla (sect. 20) ; (iv) ruined debtors (sect. 21) ;
(v) cutthroats and criminals (sect. 22); (vi) debauchees (sects.
22, 23).
120 17 (Sect. 17.) sanare: cf. note on vivere, 1. 8, above. — sibi,
for their own good: for reflexive, see § 301, 3, N. (196, f, N.) ; G. 520. —
placare, gain over.
120 20 comparentur, are made up. — singulis, to them one by one.
120 21 si quam, sc. adferre.
120 22 (Sect. 18.) est eorum, consists of those (pred. gen.).
120 23 possessiones, landed property.
386 Notes
120 34 dissolvi, sc. a possessionibus : i.e. although they might pay
their debts by the sale of their estates, they cannot make up their minds
to do so.
120 35 TOluntas et causa, tA^r purposes and claims^ Le. their posi-
tion before the world.
120 36 tu : the use of the singular, as if he were addressing one of
these men directly, gives point to his reproach of the whole class.
120 37 sis : § 444 (268) ; B. 277 ; G. 466; H. 559, 4 (484, v) ; H.-B.
503-
120 30 tuas : emphatic. — tabulas novas, new accounts^ i.e. a general
scaling down of debts by legislative enactment, such as that, B.C. 86,
" which reduced every private claim to the fourth part of its nominal
amount, and cancelled three-fourths in favor of the debtors."
121 3 auctionariae : a forced sale of their estates would give them
" new accounts " (tabulae) by reducing their debts ; auctionariae [tabu-
lae'] would be the placards advertising the sale in question.
121 4 quod, obj. of facere, relating to the forced sale. — neque, and
noty connects facere and certare.
121 5 certare cum usuris, struggle to meet the interest: § 413, ^ (248,
b) ; H. (419, i2) ; H.-B. 419, 4. — fructibus: abl. of means.
121 6 uteremur, we should find.
121 7 hosce : more emphatic than hos.
121 9 vota facturi, likely to offer prayers^ i.e. they will confine them-
selves to sympathizing with Catiline*s revolt ; no active cooperation with
him need be feared from them.
121 11 (Sect. 19.) premuntur: notice the emphasis, — this class is
insolvent ; the former class is heavily in debt, but has resources.
121 13 quieta re publica : no poor man could hope to gain political
prominence at Rome in ordinary times; these men therefore look to
anarchy to achieve their political ends.
121 15 scilicet, in fact.
121 16 desperent, have no hope.
121 17 me . . . vigilare, etc., indir. disc, depe^ndent on the idea of
saying implied in praecipiendum : § 580, a (336, N.2); G. 652, r.*;
H. 642, I (523, i, N.) ; H.-B. 589, a.
121 18 magnos animos : see Vocab. under animus.
121 33 praesentis agrees with deos : will be at hand^ andy etc.
121 33 quod si, now if (as often). The quod is merely adverbial
ace: §397,^(240,3); B. 185, 2; G. 610, R.2; H. 416, 2 (:^78» 2); cf.
H.-B. 388, rt, N. ; not like quod in 1. 4, above. — jam, at once. — sint . . .
Second Oration against Catiline 387
adepti: fut. cond. less vivid. — cum summo furore: § 412, a (248, n.);
G. 399; H. 473, 3, N. (419, iii, N.i) ; H.-B. 445, 3.
121 26 non vident, donU they see? § 332, a (210, ^) ; B. 162, 2, d\
G. 453; H. 378, I (351, 3); H.-B. 231, I, a.
121 27 adepti sint, for the fut. perf. indie, of the direct disc. —
fugitivo, i.e. one of their own slaves; for, when law is overthrown,
brute force will control all.
121 28 sit necesse: § 516, ^ (307, d) ; G. 595 ; H. 580 (508, 4) ; cf.
H.-B. 582, I.
121 31 (Sect. 20.) ex eis coloniis : Sulla rewarded his veterans
(120,000 in number) by liberal grants of land, partly in municipia
already existing, partly in new colonies which he founded for them.
122 1 universas, as a whole. — civium esse, consist of, etc.
122 2 ei sunt coloni, these are colonists of this sort (as opposed to the
general character of the colonies, which Cicero does not wish to impugn).
122 5 beati, men of wealth.
122 7 Sulla, etc., Sulla will have to be raised from the dead^ for they
can have no such hope in Catiline.
122 8 agrestis,yar»i^rj, not Sulla's colonists.
122 9 veterum : alluding to the plunder of the disorderly times fol-
lowing Sulla's victory over the Marian party.
122 12 illorum temporum, i.e. the times of proscription.
122 18 (Sect. 21.) vacillant, .r/tf^^r ««^^r. — vadimoniis, etc. : the
three steps in bankruptcy, — bail, judgment, and sale of property ; pro-
scriptio is strictly the public notice that property is for sale.
122 21 infitiatores lentos, dilatory debtors (lit. denier s, i.e. persons
who avoid payment of their debts by every possible subterfuge).
122 22 stare, keep their feet.
122 23 ita, in such a way. — non modo, etc. : § 217, / (149, ^) ; B. 343,
2, «; G. 482, 5, R.i; H. 656, 3 (552, 2) ; H.-B. 299.
122 29 (Sect. 22.) non revoco : § 467 (276, b) ; B. 259, 2 ; G. 233 ;
H. 530 (467, 6) ; H.-B. 484.
123 1 career : this is the Tullianum, a dungeon near the Forum,
still existing. It was properly a jail for tempoi-ary detention, as imprison-
ment was not recognized in Rome as a form of punishment (see Figs.
29» 30)-
123 2 numero, in order; genere, in rank.
123 5 imberbis : a mark of effeminacy; bene XiBxhaXos, full-bearded,
doubtless a military affectation, as, until lately, the wearing of a mus-
tache. Figs. 31, 32 illustrate Roman fashions of wearing the beard.
388
Notes
Fig. 31 (obverse) shows a military cut (head of Sextus Pompey) ; Fig. 32,
the rough beard of a philosopher (L. Junius Rusticus) ; cf. Fig. 26.
Fig. 29
123 6 veils, veils^ rather than the substantial toga^ which was of
unbleached wool. The whole description suggests foppishness and
effeminacy.
123 11 (Sect. 23.) saltare et Fig. 3a
cantare, these accomplishments
were hardly regarded as respectable aKMjl-^}^
by the better classes. — spargere, i.e.
in food or drink : poisoning has in all
ages been carried to a high art in Italy.
123 13 scitote: notice the sec-
ond (fut.) imperat. (regularly used in
this word).
Fig. 31
!!lVNllRV5TICI
123 16 his . . . noctibus : although this was spoken Nov. 9, yet the
Roman year was at this time in such a state of confusion that the true
date was probably some time in December, just when the winter was
setting in.
Second Oration against Catiline
389
Fig. 33
Sects. 24-26. These followers of Catiline contrasted with the
defenders of the state. The issue of such a contest cannot be
doubtful.
123 27 (Sect. 24.) urbes coloniarum, etc. : the colonies and free
communities (municipia) included the walled cities (urbes) in their terri-
tory. These well-manned walls would be more than a match for Cati-
line's rude works (tumults).
124 1 (Sect. 25.) causas, i.e. the
cause of the conspirators and that of
the state in their moral aspect (cf. in
eius modi> etc., 1. 12, below).
124 2 ex eo ipso, from the very
comparison.
124 10 bona ratio, good counsel ;
perdita', desperate.
124 17 (Sect. 26.) custodiis vigi-
liisque : see Cat. i, sect. 8 and note.
124 19 consultum, etc., provident
measures have been taken. — coloni mu-
nicipesque: a colony differed from a
municipium in being founded by Roman
(or Latin) citizens, who retained from
the first their citizenship, either in whole
or in part. By Cicero's time there was
no longer any real difference between the
two classes of towns ; but the colonies
always retained a certain precedence in
rank.
124 20 hac . . . excursione : see
Introd., p. 113 of text.
124 22 gladiatores : see p. 1 1 7, 1. 5.
124 23 quamquam (corrective), referring to manum certissimam.
124 24 tamen : pointing the contrast between the suppression of
this body and Catiline's expectations from them.
124 29 vocari videtis : the members of the Senate had their gather-
ing place (senaculum) adjoining the curia^ and were summoned by
heralds (praecones) from this into the building. If any were absent,
the heralds were sent to their houses. The curia and senaculum were
visible from the place of assembly in the Forum, and the heralds could
no doubt be seen going their rounds.
390 Notes
IV. Peroratio (§§ 27-29)
Sects. 27-29. Citizens need not fear : the consul will protect the
city. The conspirators warned. There shall be no disturbance.
The gods will lend their aid.
125 2 (Sect. 27.) monitos . . . yolo : 497, c, n. (292, d, n.); G. 537;
H.-B. 605, 3.
125 3 solutior : for compar., see § 291, a (93, a) ; B. 240, i ; G. 297 ;
H. 498 (444, i) ; H.-B. 241, 2.
125 4 quod, etc., as for the resty i.e. what remains to be done.
125 5 horum and his relate to the citizens by whom he is sur-
rounded, and imply a gesture.
125 8 cujus : referring, like qui, to the subject of sentiet
125 17 (Sect. 28.) me, etc., abl. abs. — togato, in perfect peace , i.e.
without any military demonstration : the toga was the regular 'dress of
the Roman in time of peace. (See Fig. ^^^ from an antique statue.)
125 22 illud : in appos. with ut . . . possitis : / will secure that, etc.
125 24 neque . . . -que, not , . . and.
125 28 (Sect. 29.) quibus . . . ducibus, under whose guidance.
126 3 quam urbem . . . hanc, this city which : § 307, d, n. (200, ^, n.) ;
G. 616 ; H. 399, 5 (445, 9) ; or (repeating the noun) the city which, etc.,
— THAT city.
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE
ARGUMENT
Chap. i. Exordium. The citizens are congratulated on their deliv-
erance. — Narratio. 2, 3. Story of the arrest : the conspirators* plans
were watched: arrest of certain leaders at the Mulvian Bridge. — '
4. The conspirators before the Senate : testimony of Volturcius and
the Gauls. — 5. The letters produced. Confession of Cethegus, Lentu-
lus, and Gabinius. — 6. The Senate decrees that the traitors be kept in
custody, and that a general thanksgiving be held. — 7. Now all is safe :
Catiline alone was to be feared, and that only while in the city. Char-
acter of Catiline. — 8, 9. The divine aid manifest in sundry omens:
Jupiter watches over the city. — Peroratio. 10. Exhortation to keep the
thanksgiving : this bloodless victory compared with others more costly.
— *ii. Cicero claims no reward but a grateful remembrance. — 12. But
Third Oration against Catiline 391
he is less fortunate than victors in foreign war, since the conquered are
still citizens. He relies on the devotion of his countrymen, and has no
fear for the future. The assembly dismissed.
I. Exordium (§§ i, 2)
Sects. 1, 2. The citizens congratulated on their deliverance.
Page 126. Line 7. (Sect, i.) vitam, lives: the plural would
rarely be used in Latin.
126 8 bona, estates (landed property) ; fortimas, goods (personal
property).
126 16 (Sect. 2.) nascendi . . . condicio, the lot of birth.
126 17 ilium : Romulus, who, after his death, was deified and identi-
fied with the Sabine god of war, Quirinus.
127 4 urbi, etc. : dat. with subjectos.
127 6 idem (plur.), /. . . have also, etc. : § 298, b (195, e) ; B. 248,
I ; G. 310; H. 508, 3 (451, 3) ; H.-B. 270, a.
127 7 eorum, i.e. of the swords.
II. Narratio (§§ 3-22)
Sects. 3-7. Story of the arrest. The conspirators watched:
their attempts to tamper with the AUobroges disclosed to Cicero :
the arrest at the Mulvian Bridge : seizure of incriminating letters.
127 8 (Sect. 3.) inlustrata, patefacta, comperta : the anticlimax
is only apparent, for comperta expresses the most difficult as well as
the most important of the three acts.
127 9 TObis: opposed to in senatu (1. 8).
127 10 investigata, traced out (observe the figure).
127 11 exspectatis, are waiting to hear.
127 12 ut, e^fer since.
V21 16 possemus: § 575, b (334, b)\ B. 300, 2; G.467; cf. H. 642,
3 (523, ii, i, N.). — cum . . . eiciebam : notice the tense {at the time
I was engaged in driving out, etc., also volebam, below), as compared
with erupit {burst forth, once for all). Notice also the difference in
mood {at the time, etc.), compared with cum reliquisset in 11. 13, 14 (not
referring to time at all, but to circumstance : having left behind, etc.) :
see § 545, 546 (323, 325, a) ; B. 288, i ; G. 580, 585 ; H. 600, 601 (521,
i, ii) ; H.-B. 550, a and N.^.
127 17 invidiam : see Cat. i, p. 108, 1. 27, and note.
392 Notes
\21 18 ilia, sc. tnvidia. — qnod . . . exierit : § 592, 3 (341, ^; B.
323; G. 539; H. 588, ii (516, ii) ; H.-B. 535, 2, a.
127 20 restitissent : in direct disc, this would be restiterint (fut
perf.).
127 25 (Sect. 4.) quoniam . . . faceret, because (as I thought), etc. :
hence the subj. rather than faciebat: § 592, 3, n. (341, dy R.) ; G. 541;
H. 588, ii (516, ii) ; H.-B. 535, 2, a, N.2.
127 26 fidem faceret, gain credence. — oratio, argument.
127 27 rem comprehenderem,^^/ hold of the matter. — ut . . . provi-
deretis: purpose.
127 28 cum . . . videretis : subj. of integral part (otherwise it would
be videbitis).
127 29 AUobrogum : the Allobroges were a Gallic nation between
the Rhone and the Alps (in the modem DauphM2iV\d Savoy) ; subdued
B.C. 121, and united with the province Narbonensis. They were restless
under their new masters (see sect. 22), and inclined to take up with
Catiline's movement. Their ambassadors had come to complain of
certain exactions of their provincial governor. — belli, i.e. when out of
the range of the Roman jurisdiction; tumultus, rebellion^ i.e. when
nearer home.
127 30 Lentulo, see Introd., p. 126: he had been consul B.C. 71,
but had been expelled from the Senate the next year, with sixty-three
others, on account of his character, and he now held the praetorship
with the view of beginning the career of office over again.
128 5 manifesto deprehenderetur, taken in the act : the words apply
strictly to the criminals themselves.
128 7 (Sect. 5.) praetores: although the regular duties of the
praetors were judicial, yet they po.ssessed the imperinm, and in virtue
of this could command troops in the absence of the consuls, or und^r
their authority.
128 9 qui . . . sentirent (subj. of characteristic), as men who, etc.
128 11 pontem Mulvium: the bridge over the Tiber, about two
miles above the city, by which the principal roads (the Flaminian and
Cassian) led into north Italy.
128 13 inter cos, i.e. between the two divisions.
128 15 praefectura : the title given to the politically lowest class of
Italian towns, which had lost their independence; cf. Vocab. under
colonia and municipium. — Reatina : Reate was a very ancient town
of the Sabines, about forty miles northeast of Rome. Cicero was the
patronus of Reate, that is, acted as its attorney and legal counsel ; which
Third Oration against Catiline 393
accounts for his having this body-guard of young men from that place.
Besides, these simple mountaineers still retained something of the old
Italian virtues, and therefore were well fitted for this service.
129 1 praesidio : dat. of service.
129 3 (Sect. 6.) tertia . . . exacta, about 3 a.m. : the night, from
sunset to sunrise, was divided by the Romans into four yigiliae of
equal length.
129 3 magno comitatu: abl. of accomp.; § 413, <7 (248, a, n.); cf.
B. 222, I ; G. 392, R.1; H. 474, 2 (419, i ^)\ cf. H.-B. 422, L
129 5 res : the occasion of the attack.
129 6 ignorabatur, etc. Though the Allobroges had played the
conspirators false, and knew that the consul had his plans ready, they
did not know what these plans were, and therefore were as much taken
by surprise as Volturcius himself. Even the troops would appear not
to have known what special enterprise they were engaged in.
129 11 machinatorem : Gabinius had been the go-between in this
case ; he and Statilius were to bum the city (Sail. Cat. 43, 44).
129 14 Yenit : of course he had been summoned like the others.
129 15 praeter, etc., since Lentulus was notoriously lazy.
129 16 (Sect. 7.) viris, dat. after placer^, which has for subject
litteras . . . aperiri, etc.
129 18 def errem, integral part of aperiri ; otherwise it would prob-
ably be defers; see § 551, c (327, a)\ cf. B. 291, i ; G. 574; H. 605, 2
(520); H.-B. 571, 507, 4, «.
129 20 esse facturum governs the result clause ut . . . def errem :
we may translate, I said I would not fail to lay before the public council a
matter touching the public danger before it had been tampered with (inte-
gram).
129 22 etenim ... si, for if you see.
129 23 reperta . . . essent : in dir. disc, this would be reperta emnt.
Sects. 8-13. The conspirators before the Senate. Evidence of
Voltarcius and the Allobroges. The letters produced. Confession
of the conspirators.
129 27 (Sect. 8.) si quid . . . es8et> whatever weapons there might be.
129 30 introduzi, sc. in senatum. — fidem publicam, assurance of
safety : he was to be used as state's evidence.
129 31 sciret : subj. of integral part.
130 3 servorum : the recollection of the terrible servile insurrections
in Sicily, and especially that of Spartacus in Italy, less than ten years
394
Notes
before, would make this shock and terrify Cicero's hearers beyond
measure. — ut . . . uteretur : § 563 (331); B. 295, 4; G. 546; H. 565
{498, i) ; H -B. 502, 3, a ; obj. of the verb of commanding implied in
mandata, etc.
130 4 id : in a sort of apposition with ut . . . accederet.
130 5 cum . . . incendissent : subj. because integral part of at . . .
praesto asset ; otherwise it would be incenderimus (fut. perf.).
130 6 erat : § 583 (336, b)\ B. 314, 3 ; G. 628, R. ; H. 643, 4 (524, 2) ;
H.-B. 535, I, d.
130 12 (Sect. 9.) ut . . . mitterent : purpose. — equitatum : the
Roman cavalry was at this time chiefly composed of Gallic and other
auxiliaries.
130 13 sibi (copias) refers to the conspirators ; sibi (confirmasse) to
the envoys : § 300, i and 2 (196, ^, i and 2) ; B. 244, i, ii ; H.-B. 262, 2. —
defuturas [esse] depends on the idea of saying implied in praescriptum.
130 14 fatis: the books bought by Tarquinius Superbus of the
Cumaean Sibyl. They were kept in charge of a board, coliegium^ the
quindecimviri sacris faciundis^ and
^*°' 34 consulted in cases of great public
emergency (cf. i^neid, vi. 71 and
note). — hanispicum: the haru-
spices were' Etruscan soothsayers,
who interpreted the will of the
gods, chiefly from the entrails of
animals sacrificed. They were a
private class, of low standing, and
are not to be confounded with the augurs, who w^ere a board of Roman
noblemen, of high rank, who interpreted the auspices according to the
native Roman rules, chiefly by the flight of birds, by lightning, etc.
130 16 Cinnam, etc. : L. Cornelius Cinna was colleague of Marius,
and ruled Rome after his death, B.C. 86. L. Cornelius Sulla ruled Rome
B.C. 82-79 (see sect. 24).
130 19 virginum : the Vestal Virgins, six in number, maidens of high
rank, consecrated to chastity and the service of Vesta. (See Fig. 34.)
They were peculiarly sacred, and were highly privileged. Violation of
their vow of chastity was incestusy and was regarded as a prodigium of
very bad omen. Of the incident referred to here nothing further is
known. — Capitoli : the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (see " Plunder of
Syracuse," sect. 15) was burned during the rule of the Marian faction,
B.C. 83.
Third Oration against Catiline
395
130 21 (Sect, io.) Saturnalibus : a very ancient festival in honor of
Saturn, the god of seed sowing, celebrated Dec. 19. During this festi-
val every serious business was suspended; and it was so complete a
holiday that slaves feasted at the same tables with their masters. No
better opportunity could be found for the outbreak of an insurrection
than this season of unrestrained jollification.
130 24 tabellas, tablets of wood : wax was spread on the inside, and
on this the writing was scratched with a stilus. When used for letters,
the tablets were tied about with a linen thread, linum^ and sealed. See
Fig. 35 (from a Pompeian wall-painting) and Fig. 44.
130 27 ipsius manii : the ambassadors had made sure to get all the
conspirators committed in writing except Cassius, who alone had the
sagacity to keep out of it. — senatui : the Gallic tribes were governed
Fig. 35
by an aristocracy,
having a council
or senate as its
mouthpiece.
130 28 sese,
etc. : in direct disc,
faciam quae vestris
legatis confirmavi.
130 29 Ut . . .
illi, etc.: in the
direct form, — vos
facite quae sibi ves-
tri legati receperunt. Note the change of pronouns as well as of moods
and tenses. — sibi recepissent, had taken upon themselves.
130 30 qui . . . respondisset : qui concessive. — tamen, i.e. in spite
of the strong evidence against him.
131 5 est vero, etc., i.e. you may well recognize it : it is, etc.
131 6 avi tui: Cornelius Lentulus, cos. B.C. 162. He vidiS princeps
senatus, that is, designated by the censors as first man of the Senate : an
honorary office, held ordinarily by patricians.
131 8 debuit ought to have recalled: § 486, a (288, a) ; B. 270, 2 ; G.
254, R.1; H. 618, 2 (537, i); H.-B. 582, 3, a, and footnote. (The join-
ing of such opposites as muta and revocare is called oxymoron, or
paradox.)
131 9 (Sect, ii.) eadem ratione, to the same purport.
13110 siveUet: §592,2(341,^); cf. B. 323; G. 663, 2, 3; H.-B.
536, a (direct, si yis). — feci potestatem, I gave him leave.
396 Notes
131 16 nihilne : equiv. to nonne aliquid.
132 1 esset, is : imperf . by seq. of tenses ; § 485, d (287, </) ; H. 549
(495, v); H.-B. 482, I.
132 11 (Sect. 12.) quis sim, etc.: this letter is given with slight
variations by Sallust, Cat. 44.
132 12 qtiem in locum, etc., how far you have gone (alluding to the
fact that he was thoroughly compromised).
132 14 infimorum, i.e. slaves ; see note, p. 130, 1. 3, above.
132 17 (Sect. 13.) ilia, the following: § 297, b (102, b) ; B. 246, 2;
G. 307,3; H. 507 (450'3)-
132 21 furtim, stealthily ("like thieves ") ; so English stealth from steal.
132 23 senatum consului : deliberative assemblies in ancient times
were under the control of the presiding officer, and members could not
speak or introduce business except when called upon by him. He laid
a subject before them {consulere senatum^ referre ad senatum)^ and
asked their opinions individually, in a definite order, usually according
to their rank or dignity. In the case of a general question he was said
referre (consulere) de sumnta re publica. The form would be, die, C.Jtiliy
sententiam. (See Introd., p. Ivii.)
132 24 a principibus, the leading men.
132 25 sententiae : the views-of the individual Senators (see note on
1. 23, above).
132 27 perscriptum : the opinions (sententiae) of the Senators (given
as just described) merely determined the substance of the ordinance,
which was afterwards written out in regular form by the secretaries in
the presence of some of its advocates and under the direction of the
presiding officer.
Sects. 14, 15. Action of the Senate : the chief conspirators are
given into custody and a thanksgiving is voted.
132 31 (Sect. 14.) L. Flaccus: see note on p. 128, 1. 7.
133 1 conlegae : C. Antonius ; see Introd. to Cat. i, p. 99.
133 3 rei publicae consiliis, the public counsels, i.e. his own (officially)
as consul.
133 4 cum se abdicasset, after abdicating. Lentulus could not prop-
erly be called to account during his magistracy ; but he might be forced
to resign, and could then be proceeded against.
133 6 erant : notice that this and similar clauses in this section, since
they are explanations made by Cicero and not parts of the decree, take
the indicative.
Third Oration against Catiline 397
133 7 L. Cassium, etc. : these last mentioned had not yet been
arrested, but Ceparius was caught in his flight and brought back.
133 9 pastores : Apulia was, as now, used chiefly for pasturage. In
the summer, when these broad plains were dried up, the flocks were
driven to the mountain pastures of Samnium and Lucania. These pas-
toral regions have always been the home of a lawless and restless popu-
lation, prone to brigandage.
133 11 colonis, etc. : cf. sect. 20, above (pp. 121, 122).
133 19 (Sect. 15.) supplicatio : a day of prayer, proclaimed by the
Senate, either in thanksgiving (gratulatio) as in the present case, or in
entreating favor of the gods.
133 30 eorum, i.e. the gods.
133 21 togato, as a civilian : cf. Cat. ii, p. 125, 1. 17 and note. See
Fig- ZZ-
133 23 liberassem : in the decree, liberavit.
133 24 hoc interest, there is this difference. — bene gesta, as well as
conservata, agrees with re publica (abl. abs.).
133 26 faciendum . . . fuit : observe that this form has not here its
usual cont. to fact implication.
133 29 jus, rights, — tamen: he was allowed to resign instead of
being put to death without resigning (as in the case below).
133 30 quae . . . fuerat, what had not been a scruple to Marius = a
scruple which had not prevented M. from (quo minus, etc.).
133 31 quo minus . . . occideret, to prevent his killings following
religio : § 558, <^ (319, <:) ; cf. B. 295, 3 ; G. 549; H. 568, 8 (499, 3, n.2) ;
H.-B. 502, 3, b. — C. Glauciam: see note on Cat. i, p. loi, 1. i. — nomi-
natim, i.e. Marius acted merely under the general authority conferred
on him by the Senate in the formula, Videant consules^ etc. (see note on
Cat. i, p. 100, 1. 12).
Sects. 16, 17. The conspiracy is now crushed. Character of
Catiline.
134 5 (Sect. 16.) pellebam: conative imperf. ; cf. p. 127, 1. 16 and
note.
134 8 pertimescendam : observe the intensive force of per.
134 9 ille erat, etc. : with this character of Catiline, cf. notes on
Cat. i, 26 (p. 109, 1. 23), and ii, 9 (p. 117, 1. 4).
134 10 continebatur : for tense, see § 556, a (276, e, n.) ; G. 569 ;
H. 603 (519, i) ; H.-B. 550, b.
134 12 consilium, ability to plan.
398 Notes
134 15 mandarat: for mood and tense, see § 542, 518, b (322, 309,
c) ; B. 287, 2 ; G. 567 ; H. 539, 2 (472, 2) ; H.-B. 577 and footnote ^
579-
134 22 (Sect. 17.) tt^vXv&%^xsiy pushed aside : the image is of avert-
ing a crushing weight (molem), just ready to fall.
134 23 non ille, etc., i.e. as Cethegus did. — Saturnalia, i.e. so dis-
tant a date. — constituisset : the prot. (cont. to fact) is implied in ille ;
§ 521, a (310, d)\ B. 305, 2; G. 593, 3; H. 575, 9 (507, N.7); H.-B.
578, 6.
134 24 rei publicae : dat. after denuntiayisset
134 25 testes : in appos. with both signum and litterae.
134 26 quae : referring to Cicero's success in securing (lit. capturing)
the evidence of guilt.
135 3 hostis (pred. appos.), as an enemy.
Sects. 18-22. Thanks due to the gods. Signs and omens. Jupi-
ter watches over the city.
135 7 (Sect. 18.) cum (correl. with turn vero, 1. 9), i.e. we cannot
merely guess it (for the reason in the quod-clause following), but still
more we can almost see it with our own eyes.
135 8 quod . . . potuisse (parenthetical), because^ etc. — consili (pred.
gen. limiting gubernatio), to belong to human wisdom,
135 11 possemus : for tense, see § 485, a (287, a) ; B. 268, 7 ; G.
511, R.8; H. 546 (495, i) ; H.-B. 481.
135 12 faces, etc. : these omens are such as the Romans observed
and noted carefully. Livy's history is full of them.
135 16 praetermittendum, inadvertently ; relinquendum, intention-
ally.
135 18 (Sect. 19.) Cotta et Torquato : consuls b.c. 65, the year in
which Catiline first intended to carry out his conspiracy.
135 21 aera : the laws were engraved on bronze tables.
135 22 ille . . . Romulus : there is a bronze statue of the wolf
suckling the infants in the Capitoline Museum at Rome, which bears
marks either of lightning seaming one of its hind legs, or of some
defect in the casting (Fig. 36). This is probably identical with that
here mentioned.
135 25 haruspices: see note on p. 130, 1. 14.
135 29 flexissent : in direct disc, flexerint, following appropinquarCt
which points to the future ; § 516, ^ (307, d) ; G. 595 ; H. 580 (508, 4) ;
cf. H.-B. 582, I.
Third Oration against Catiline
399
135 29 (Sect. 20.) illorum, i.e. the haruspices,
135 30 ludi : festivals in which races and theatrical performances
were celebrated in honor of the gods ; such festivals were especially
appointed to appease the deities in times of danger and distress; cf.
Verres, i, sect. 31.
136 1 idem (plur.), they also.
136 3 contra atque, opposite to what: § 324, <: (156, «) ; B. 341, i, ^ ;
G. 643; H. 516, 3 j,,^ ^^
(459, 2) ; H.-B. 307,
2, a,
136 5 soils . . .
conspiceret : the
Forum and the
Senate house
(curia) were east of
the south end of the
Capitoline Hill, on
which stood the
Capitolium^ or tem-
ple of Jupiter Capi-
tolinus (see Plan of
Forum).
136 7 inlustra-
rentur: the word is
chosen with reference to the omen of Jupiter looking toward the
rising sun.
136 8 conlocandum . . . locayerunt:locare with the gerundive is the
regular expression for giving out a contract ; § 500, 4 (294, d) ; B. 337,
7, ^, 2; G. 430; H. 622 (544, N.2) ; H.-B. 612, iii.
136 9 1111, i.e. of year before last.
136 10 consuUbus and nobis : abl. abs. expressing the date.
136 13 (Sect. 21.) praeceps, >^^«^j/r^«^; mente captus, /«jfl«^. —
haec omnia, i.e. the universe.
136 15 Ita is explained by caedes . . . compararl, below.
136 16 responsum : the regular expression for any prophetic answer
as of an oracle or seer. — rel publlcae (dat.), against the state,
136 17 et ea, and that too (cf. koX Tavra).
136 18 ea: referring to caedes, etc, above.
136 20 Ulud: referring forward to the result ut . . . statueretur
(11. 21-23).
400 Notes
136 23 in aedem Concordiae : one of the principal temples at the
northern end of the Forum (see Plan), where the Senate had held its
session on this day. It was built by the consul L. Opimius, B.C. 121,
after his bloody victory over C. Gracchus.
136 26 (Sect. 22.) quo, wherefore : § 414, a, N. (250, n.) ; H.-B. 424, a.
136 28 vestris, etc. : observe the contrast between yestris and
deorum, which is emphasized by their respective positions.
136 31 non ferendus, intolerable for arrogance. — ille, etc. : anaph-
ora; § 641 (386); B. 350, II, ^; cf. G. 682; H. 666, i (636, iii, 3);
H.-B. 632, 5.
137 2 ilia, etc. : omit the words in brackets as being a manifest gloss.
137 6 consilium, etc. : cf. the proverb, quern deus perdere volty prius
dementat.
137 7 ut introduces the result clause ut . . . neglegerent, with which
id is in apposition, the whole forming the subject of esse factum. — gens
refers here to the Gauls as a whole, not to the Allobroges in particular.
137 10 patriciis : the old patricians, though having no special politi-
cal privileges, still retained considerable prestige as an hereditary aris-
tocracy. Cf. note on Verres, ij sect, i (p. 28, 1. 2). Of the conspirators,
Catiline, Lentulus, and Cethegus were patricians.
137 12 qui . . . superare potuerint : cf. note on p. 131, 1. 8 ; qui, as
subject of the charact. clause, may be translated by when they.
III. Peroratio (§§ 23-29)
Sects. 23-25. Citizens exhorted to thanksgiving.
137 14 (Sect. 23.) pulvinaria, shrines: properly cushions^ upon
which the statues of the gods were laid, when a feast was spread before
them. This was called lectisternium^ and was usually connected with
the supplicatio (see note on p. 133, 1. 19). Only certain gods, chiefly
Grecian, had pulvinaria^ and the rite was established by direction of
the Sibylline books (see note, sect. 9). — celebratote : the future impera-
tive is used on account of its reference to a set time in the future ; § 449
(269, d)\ G. 268, 2 ; H. 560, 4 (487, ii) ; H.-B. 496. The figure in
the text (from an ancient altar relief) represents a procession such as
was usual on occasions of this kind. Fig. 37 (from an ancient lamp)
shows the images at such a feast.
137 20 duce, i.e. in actual command ; imperatore, i.e. holding the
sovereign power, whether actually commanding that particular operation
or not.
Third Oration against Catiline 401
137 23 (Sect. 24.) dissensiones : for case, see § 350, d (219, b) ; G.
376, R.2; H. 455 (407, N.i) ; H.-B. 350, b,
137 33 P. Sulpicium [Rufum], a young man of remarkable elo-
quence, a leader in the reforming party among the aristocracy. He
was tribune B.C. 88, and his quarrel with
C. Caesar was the first act of the Civil Fig. 37
"War. By his proposition, the command
in the Mithridatic War was transferred
from Sulla to Marius ; and when Sulla
refused to obey, and marched upon the
city, Sulpicius was one of the first
victims.
137 37 conlegam : Lucius Cornelius
Cinna, the Marian partisan (see note on
p. 130, 1. 16). He and Cn. Octavius, a
partisan of Sulla, were consuls B.a 87,
after the departure of Sulla for the East, and in their dissensions the
Civil War broke out afresh. The victory of Cinna later recalled
Marius from exile.
137 39 lumina : among these were Octavius ; C. Caesar (see above)
and his brother Lucius; Q. Catulus, father of the opponent of the
Manilian Law (see below) ; M. Antonius, the great orator ; and the
pontifex maximus, Q. Scaevola.
137 30 ultus est : to preserve the emphasis, render the cruelty^ etc.,
was avenged by Sulla,
137 33 dissensit, there was a quarrel between^ etc. — M. Lepidns,
father of the triumvir, was consul B.C. 78 (after Sulla's death), with Q.
Catulus, son of the one murdered by Cinna. The scheme of Lepidus
to revive the Marian party resulted in a short civil war, in which he was
defeated by his colleague and killed.
138 3 ipsins : he was the victim of his own violence, and therefore
less regretted.
Sects. 26-29. Cicero asks for no reward except the memory of
this day. He relies on the devotion of the citizens, and has no fears
for the future. The assembly dismissed.
138 3 (Sect. 25.) tamen: i.e. though these disturbances cost a great
many lives, yet they were not so revolutionary as this conspiracy, which
has been put down without bloodshed.
138 4 commutandam rem publicam, a change of government.
402 Notes
138 13 quale bellmn, a war such as,
138 13 quo in bello: § 307, a (200, a) ; B. 351, 4; G. 615 ; H.-B.
284,4.
138 14 onmes, etc., i.e. everybody except the desperate.
138 17 tantum, only so many,
138 18 restitisset (resisto), should survive.
139 8 (Sect. 26.) mutum : such as a statue, for example.
139 12 eandem diem, etc., the same period of time -— eternal as I hope
— is prolonged^ both for the safety of the eity^ etc.
139 15 duos civis, i.e. Pompey and himself.
139 20 (Sect. 27.) quae, as: § 308, h (201, g) ; H.-B. 270, b,
139 22 isti (contrasted with mihi) refers to illorum (1. 20).
139 24 mentes, counsels.
139 27 nihil . . . noceri potest, no harm can be done.
139 30 dignitas, etc., i.e. the majesty of the Roman state will be an
invisible safeguard for me ; cf. " the divinity " that " doth hedge a king "
(Hamlety iv, 5, 123).
139 31 conscientiae, etc., Le. my enemies, conscious of their guilty
sympathy with this conspiracy, will, in their attempts to injure me,
inevitably commit some act which will show them to be traitors to the
state.
140 2 (Sect. 28.) ultro, i.e. without waiting to be attacked.
140 3 domesticorum hostium: oxymoron; §641 (386); B. 375, 2;
G. 694; H. 752, 12 (637, xi, 6); H.-B. 632, 3. Cf. the same figure in
Cat. i, sect. 21 (p. 108, 1. 4) : cum tacent, clamant
140 4 convertit : pres. for f ut., as often, especially in protasis.
140 6 obtulerint : subj. of integral part.
140 8 in honore vestro : honor is used here, as usual, to denote
external honors (offices) conferred by the people. Holding the consul-
ship, he had nothing to look forward to.
140 12 (Sect. 29.) conservanda re publica : abL of means.
140 14 in re publica, in public life,
140 15 virtute, non casu, etc., i.e. he will show this by such conduct
as shall be consistent with this glorious achievement.
141 1 Jovem: the temple of Jupiter CapitoUnus is shown in the
background of the illustration opposite p. 136; the figure in the text at
p. 140 is a restoration of this temple.
Fourth Oration against Catiline 403
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE
ARGUMENT
Chap. i. Exordium, Solicitude of the Senate for Cicero. The ques-
tion of the traitors' doom must, however, be settled without regard to
such considerations. — Propositio, 2, 3. The Senators need not fear for
Cicero. Let them take counsel for the welfare of the state. Enormous
guilt of the conspirators. Judgment already rendered by the action
of the Senate. The sole question is : What shall be the penalty ? —
4. Silanus proposes death ; Caesar, perpetual imprisonment. — 5. Caesar's
proposition discussed. — ConUntio. 6. Death none too severe a penalty :
severity to the conspirators is mercy to the city. Opinion of L. Caesar. —
7. Severe mea.sures will be supported by the people. — 8. The humblest
citizens are stanch. — 9. The Senators urged to act fearlessly: the
consul will not fail them. — Peroratio, 10. Cicero is undismayed: his
fame is secure, whatever happens to him. He has undertaken a per-
petual war with the bad elements in the state, but the result is certain.
— II. Then let the Senate dare to act rigorously.
As this is the first deliberative oration, delivered in the Senate, con-
tained in this collection, it will be well for the student to consult the
account of a senatorial debate given in the Introduction, p. Ivii.
In the present case — in which the question was what sentence should
be passed upon the captured conspirators — the consul elect, D. Junius
Silanus, had advised that they be put to death ; C. Julius Caesar (as
praetor elect), on the contrary, that they be merely kept in custody. At
the end of the discussion, Cicero, as presiding consul, gave his views as
expressed in the present oration. (For the speeches of Caesar and
Cato, see Sallust, Catiline, chs. 51, 52.)
I. Exordium (§§ i, 2)
Sects. 1, 2. Solicitude of the Senate for Cicero. But the ques-
tion of the traitors' doom must be settled without regard to such
considerations.
Page 141. Line 13. (Sect, i.) si haec, etc., i.e. if the consulship
has been given me on these terms.
141 14 ut . . . perferrem, subst. clause of purpose in apposition mth
condicio.
404 Notes
142 3 (Sect. 2.) ego sum ille consul, I am a consul (i.e. that kind
of consul).
142 3 aequitas : in the Forum was the tribunal of the praetor who
administered justice between citizens.
142 4 campus : see note on Cat. i, sect. 1 1 (p. 104, 1. 7). — auspiciis :
the taking of the auspices always preceded the election.
The Roman commonwealth was regarded as depending directly upon
the will of the gods. Their will was thought to be expressed in signs
sent by them (auspicia). These could be observed only under the
supervision of the board of augurs, a body whose duty it was to know
the rules of interpretation as a special science called /kj augurtum.
Most public acts of any kind had to be performed auspicato^ especially
the holding of all public assemblies in which business was transacted.
Thus the Campus was " consecrated by auspices " every time that the
comitia cinturiata were held.
142 5 auxilium : the Roman Senate, having the management of
foreign affairs, was at this time a great court of appeal for subject or
friendly nations.
142 7 sedes honoris, i.e. the sella curulis or seat used by the cunile
magistrates : viz. interrex, dictator.
Fig. 38 magister equitum, consul, praetor,
censor, and curule aedile. It was
like a modem camp-stool without
back or sides, with crossed legs of
ivory, so that it could be folded
up and carried with the magistrate
wherever he went. See Fig. 38
(from a Roman coin). The brack-
eted words sella curulis are doubtless an explanatory marginal note.
142 8 fuit: we should expect the subj. of characteristic, but the
indie, is used (as often) to emphasize theyJwA
142 11 ut . . . eriperem (1. 1 5, below) : subst. clause of result, in
appos. with exitum (1. 10).
142 14 foedissima, horrible^ with the added idea of polluting things
sdcred.
142 16 subeatur, hortatory subjunctive.
142 17 fatale: see Cat. iii, sect. 9 (p. 130).
142 18 laeter: §444 (268); B. 277; G. 466; H. 559, 4 (484, v);
H.-B. 513, I : apodosis, see § 515, a (306, a)\ G. 595; H. 580 (508, 4) ;
H.-B. 582, I.
Fourth Oration against Catiline 405
11. Propositio (§§ 3-10)
Sects. S--6. The Senators need not fear for Cicero : they should
take counsel for the welfare of the state. Enormous guilt of the
conspirators, judgment has been already rendered by the action of
the Senate. The sole question is : What shall be the punishment ?
142 24 (Sect. 3.) pro eo . . . ac mereor, in proportion as I deserve.
142 25 relaturos gratiam, will reward (" return favor " : cf . habere^
agere).
142 27 immatura : because an ex-consul had reached the highest
point of Roman ambition.
142 28 misera : the philosophy of the ancients professed to make
them despise death (see Plato, Apologia, and Cicero, Tusc. Quaest. i. —
ille ferreus, qui, so iron-hearted as (hence moYear, subj.). — fratris : his
brother Quintus, younger than he, and at this time praetor elect. He
served with credit in Caesar's Gallic campaigns.
142 31 neque . . . non, nor can it be but that, etc. : the two negatives
make an affirmative, but with a kind of emphasis which the simple
affirmative statement could not give.
142 32 uxor : his wife Terentia. — filia : his daughter Tullia, married
to C. Calpumius Piso. Daughters took the gentile name of the father;
see § 108, b (80, c) ; G. p. 493 ; H. 354, 9 (649, 4) ; H.-B. 678, 5. — filius :
his son Marcus, now two years old.
143 3 gener : Piso was not yet a member of the Senate, and was
probably standing in the lobby. — moveor (emphat., as shown by its
position), I am affected.
143 4 uti sint [to wish] thaty etc. (the verb bemg implied in
moveor); pereamus is in the same construction as sint.
143 5 una . . . peste, i.e. by a destruction which is at the same time
that of the whole state.
143 9 (Sect. 4.) non Ti. Gracchus, etc. : to preserve the emphasis,
render // is not Ti. Gracchus whoy etc. For the historical allusions, cf.
Cat. i, sects. 3, 4 (p. 100), and notes.
143 10 agrarios : see note on p. 147, 1. 29.
143 11 Memmium : C. Memmius, one of the most upright men of
his time ; he was a candidate for the consulship against Glaucia, and
was murdered by instigation of Glaucia and Satuminus (b.c. 100).
143 13 tenentur, are in custody : to preserve the emphasis we may
change the voice, — we have in our hands. — yestram omnium : § 302, e
(184, d) ; B, 243, Z^a-yG. 321, R.2; H.-B. 339, b.
4o6 Notes
143 17 ut . . . nemo : instead of the usual ne quis or ne quisquam
because of the following ne . . . quidem; § 538, 310, a, b (319, d^ r.,
cf. 105, d, N.) ; G. 543, 4, cf. 317, I ; H. 568, cf. 513 (497, ii, cf. 457) ; cf.
H.-B. 276, I and 7.
143 22 (Sect. 5.) judiciis : their verdict on the conspirators' guilt
consisted in the acts recounted in the following clauses.
143 23 gratias egistis: cf. relaturos, p. 142, 1. 25.
143 25 abdicare, etc. : see Cat. iii, sect. 14 (p. 133, 1. 4), and note.
144 1 (Sect. 6.) sed, i.e. though you have in fact decided. — tam-
quam integrum, as if an open question (i.e. as if you had not already
expressed your judgment).
144 2 judicetis refers to their judgment as a court with respect to
the facts ; censeatis, to their view as a public council respecting the
punishment.
144 3 ilia . . . consults, etc., / will say in advance what belongs to
[me as] the consul : i.e. declare the need of instant action ; what action,
it is for the Senate to determine ; for construction, see § 343, b (214, c) ;
G. 366; H. 439 (401); H.-B. 340.
144 4 nova . . . misceri, that a revolution subversive of the govern-
ment was on foot ; nova (subject of misceri) means innovations ox uncon-
stitutional measures ; misceri refers to the disorder which these would
produce.
144 5 concitari mala, that evil designs were set in motion. — videbam :
for tense, see §471, b (277, b)-, B. 260, 4; G. 234; H. 535 (469, 2);
H.-B. 485.
144 11' opinione : § 406, a (247, b)\ B. 217, 4 ; G. 398, n.^ ; H. 471, 7
(417, I, N.6); H.-B. 4i'6, e,
144 13 provincias, especially Spain, with which Cn. Piso had had
relations. It had not yet become fully reconciled since the overthrow
of Sertorius, only eight years before. — sustentando, by forbearance ;
prolatando, by procrastination,
144 14 ratione : abl. of manner.
144 15 placet, sc. vindicare.
Sects. 7-10. Silanus proposes death ; Caesar, perpetual imprison-
ment. Caesar's proposition discussed.
144 17 (Sect. 7.) haec (with a gesture), all thisy i.e. city, citizens,
and government.
144 19 amplectitur, adopts.
144 20 pro, in accordance with.
Fourth Oration against Catiline 407
144 21 yersatttr in, exhibits,
144 27 mortem, etc. : a doctrine of the Epicureans, to which sect
Caesar and many other eminent Romans belonged.
144 31 et ea: cf. note on p. 136, 1. 17.
144 32 municipiis dispertiri, sc. eos in custodiam,
145 1 iniquitatem, since it might expose them to danger, and it
would be unjust to choose among so many ; difficiiltatem, since they
might decline the service.
145 3 (Sect. 8.) statueritis : subj. of integral part.
145 4 dignitatis: §343* c (214, d) ; cf. B. 198, 3; G. 366, r.I; H.
439» 3 (4oi» N.2); cf. H.-B. 340. — adjungit, he [Caesar] adds to his
proposal.
145 5 ruperit : § 592, 2 (341, c) ; cf. B. 323 ; G. 366; H. 439 (401) ;
H.-B. 536, a.
145 7 sancit, ordains (under penalties).
145 8 per senatum, by an executive decree; per populum, by a
law.
145 11 uno, sc. do/ore.
145 12 itaque, etc. : an artful way of making the punishment of
death seem less cruel ; since death is a relief, these myths, says Cicero,
have been invented to give it terror.
145 15 eis remotis : equiv. to a fut. protasis ; § 521, a (310, «) ; G.
593, 2 ; H. 638, 2 (549, 2) ; H.-B. 578, 6.
145 17 (Sect. 9.) mea : §355, a (222, a); B. 211, i, a; G. 381 ; H.
449, I (408, i, 2) ; H.-B. 345.
145 19 popularis, not popular^ but devoted to the people,, democratic :
Caesar was now the recognized leader of this party.
145 20 auctore (abl. abs.), proposer ; cognitore, sponsor (a legal
term).
145 24 majorum : none of Caesar's ancestors were men of any dis-
tinction, although some distant relatives were prominent in public affairs
in the time of Sulla; see note on p. 137, 1. 23. He belonged, however,
to one of the oldest patrician families.
145 25 obsidem, i.e. he is pledged at all events to defend the state
as against the conspirators.
145 27 interesset : for tense, see § 485, d (287, d) ; H.-B. 482, i. —
leyitatem, want of principle^ i.e. of the steady purpose, or stability of
character, implied in gravitas,
145 28 saluti, i.e. not voluntati : their interests, not their capricious
wishes.
4o8 Notes
145 99 (Sect, io.) non neminem : it is said that the person referred
to was Q. Metellus Nepos, brother of Celer (see Cat. i, sect. 19), a
partisan of Pompey and an enemy of Cicero.
145 31 dedit, decrevit, adfecit: i.e. gave his vote for these acts.
With this, of course, his present action is inconsistent.
146 1 qui has for antecedent the subject of judicarit
146 3 re, the matter (in general) ; causa, the issue to be decided. —
C. Caesar : the full name gives emphasis, contrasting him with the non
nemo (p. 145, 1. 29). Caesar votes for a judgment against the conspira-
tors which seems contrary to the Sempronian Law, but he, a true friend
of the people (vere popularis), recognizes that this law applies to Roman
citizens only, and that it therefore cannot protect these traitors.
146 4 Semproniam : see note on *' Crucifixion,*' etc., p. 61, L 10.
146 6 latorem, i.e. C. Gracchus.
146 7 jussu populi : not strictly true, for C. Gracchus was put to
death, not by order of the people^ but by virtue of the dictatorial authority
conferred upon the consuls by the Senate. — rei publicae : dative. — de-
pendisse : punishment with the Romans was regarded as a penalty paid
by the offender to the injured party (hence dare^ solvere, pendere of the
guilty; capere, peter e, repetere, postulare, etc., of the person wronged).
146 8 Lentulum : by discussing this conspirator as an example of
the would-be popularise Cicero skilfully throws discredit on the non
nemo (p. 145, 1. 29) and others like him. — largitorem, etc., Le. however
lavish, — a symptom of courting the popular favor.
146 13 se jactare, i.e. as a pretended friend of liberty, like the non
nemo above.
146 15 omnis cruciatus : accusative plural
III. CONTENTIO (§§ II-19)
Sects. 11-14. Death is none too severe a penalty ; rigor in pun-
ifi^ng the conspirators is mercy to the city. Opinion of L. CsBsar.
146 17 (Sect, i i.) quam ob rem, etc. : because Caesar's view has in
Caesar a popular sponsor, while the view of Silanus is in fact the more
merciful one. — statueritis, dederitis : § 516, c and n. (307, c and r.) ;
G. 595, N.2; H. 540, 2 (473, 2); cf. H.-B. 490.
146 18 contionem : see Introd. to Manilian Law in notes (p. 272).
The action of the consul would have to be justified before the people,
who might regard it as a tyrannical measure. In this justification
Cicero would have Caesar to assist him.
Fourth Oration against Catiline 409
146 20 obtinebo earn, make it appear that it [this view], etc.
146 23 ita . . . liceat : an asseveration like our " so help me God."
The point lies in the idea of "so and not otherwise" implied in ita.
146 24 ut . . . moveor, as [it is true that] / am influenced^ etc.
146 29 animo, in my mind^s eye (properly, abl. of means). — patria,
native aty.
146 32 (Sect. 12.) cum vero: vero introduces (as often) the most
striking point. The other conspirators are bad enough, but when^ etc.
147 4 Vestalium : see note on p. 130, 1. 19.
147 7 si quis: for form, see § 148, by N. (104, a^ N.) ; G. 106, R. ;
H. 512, I (454, i); cf. H.-B. 141, a.
147 9 sumpserit : see note on dependisse, p. 146, 1. 7 ; for tense,
see note on statueritis, p. 146, 1. 17.
147 16 ut . . . conlocarent : purp. clause in appos. with id.
147 22 (Sect. 13.) nisi vero, etc. : reductio ad absurdum^ as usual
with this phrase ; § 525, b, N. (315, b, N.) ; G. 591, R.*; H.-B. 578, 3, a,
— L. Caesar: L. Caesar (consul B.C. 64), was a distant relative of the
Dictator, son of Lucius Caesar (consul B.C. 90, the year of the Social
War), the author of the law giving citizenship to the Italian allies (see
note, Arch., sect. 7). The sister of Lucius Caesar (the younger) was
married to Lentulus, and his mother, Fulvia, was daughter of M. Ful-
vius Flaccus, the leading adherent of C. Gracchus. When Gracchus
and Flaccus found themselves (B.C. 121) drawn into a collision with the
Senate, they sent the young son of Flaccus with a proposition of com-
promise. The Senate, however, refused to listen to any terms, threw
the messenger into prison, — where he was afterwards strangled, —
and moved upon the insurgents with all the power of the state. In
the contest that followed, both leaders and several thousands of their
partisans lost their lives. It was to these events that L. Caesar had
appealed in justifying his vote in condemnation of his brother-in-law
Lentulus.
147 26 ejus refers to avum. — legatum : of course the informal
messenger of insurgents could have no claim to the ^itle ambassador^ or
to the privileges which attached to the title in ancient as well as modem
times.
147 27 quorum limits factum : understand with simile some word
describing the present conspiracy (what act of theirs was like this ?).
147 29 largitionis . . . versata est : the plans of C. Gracchus em-
braced not only a lex frumentaria^ allowing every citizen to buy a certain
amount of com from the state at less than half its market rate, and a lex
4IO Notes
agraria^ providing for the distribution of public land among the poorer
citizens, but also the establishment of several colonies, both in Italy
and the provinces, the object of which was at once to provide poor citi-
zens with land, and to relieve the city, by emigration, of a part of its
proletariat. Though these grants were perhaps just, yet their proposal
was regarded by the nobiUty as a political bid for popular favor, and
hence gave rise to violent party jealousy (partium contentio).
147 31 avus (see note on p. 131, 1. 6) : he was an active supporter
of the Senate on this occasion ; ille (1. 32) refers to the same person.
148 4 urbem inflammandam : according to Sallust*s Catiline, ch.
43, this work was assigned to Gabinius and Statilius.
148 5 vereamini follows censeo (ironical), as if with ut omitted
Sects. 14-19. Severe measures will be supported by the people.
The humblest citizens are stanch. The Senators are urged to act
fearlessly : the consul will not fail them.
148 12 (Sect. 14.) voces, remarks.
148 13 eorum, on the part of those ^ etc. — vereri . . . ut : § 564 (331,
/) ; -B. 296, 2 ; G. 550, 2 ; H. 567, i (498, iii, N.i) ; H.-B. 502, 4.
148 16 mea, etc. : observe the antithesis between mea summa cura
and majore populi . . . voluntate.
148 29 (Sect. 15.) ad,/^r. — consentiunt, Mn//^.
149 1 ita . . . ut, only to^ etc. (lit. with this limitation that) : see
§ 537' ^ (319' ^); G- 552, R.^; H.-B. 521, 2, ^. — summam ordinis con-
silique, superiority in rank and precedence in counsel.
149 3 hujus ordinis (i.e. the Senate) limits dissensione in the
sense of cum hocy etc. For the long contest here alluded to, see In-
troduction, p. Ixv.
149 5 quam si, etc., and if we keep this union^ etc.
149 6 confirmo, / assure, in a different sense from confirmatam :
Latin style does not (as ours does) object to such repetitions with a
variation in meaning.
149 9 tribunoq aerarios, deans of the tribes. The Roman people
were divided into thirty-five tribes, local and territorial, like wards.
These tribes were made the basis of the comitia centuriata, as well as
of the comitia tributa. They served also as general administrative and
financial divisions. From the latter character the name tribuni aerarU
was given to their presiding officers.
149 10 scribas : the scribae quaestorii (treasury clerks) formed an
important and powerful corporation. As they were a permanent body.
Fourth Oration against Catiline
411
-while the quaestors (treasurers) were elected annually, they had the real
responsibility in the management of the treasury.
149 11 sortis : the quaestors entered upon office on the Nones of
December (Dec. 5); all other patrician magistrates on the first of Janu-
FlG. 39
ary. The scribae had therefore come together in order to be present
while the quaestors drew lots for their provinces.
149 12 (Sect. 16.) ingenuortnn,/r^^-^<v«. Freedmen, /iiJ^rA'w/, were
always regarded as inferior in rank, if not in civil and political rights.
Even these, however, are shown in the next chapter to be interested in
the safety of the republic.
149 18 sua virtute : manumission was very commonly bestowed as
the reward of some peculiar merit in the slave.
412
Notes
149 20 hie nati, i.e. citizens, as contrasted with the manumitted
slaves (who were for the most part of foreign birth).
149 25 qui modo ... sit: § 535, d (320, d) ; H.-B. 579, nA — con-
dicione: § 415, n. (251, n.) ; cf. B. 224, i ; G. 400; H. 473, 2, n.i (419,
2*); H.-B.443.
149 28 voluntatis : partitive gen. with quantum, as if tantum volun-
tatis quantunty etc.
149 30 (Sect. 17.) circum tabernas, i.e. among the artisans. The
Roman shops were like little stalls along the street, open in front, with
Fig. 40
a " long room," or perhaps two, at the back. See Fig. 39, p. 355 (Pom-
peian shop, restored) ; Fig. 40 shows the arrangement of such shops
along the streets.
150 3 cubile ac lectulum : both words mean nearly the same thing,
and imply a very humble way of living.
150 4 otiosvLmy peaceable ; so oti (1. 6).
150 8 quorum relates to eorum, three lines above.
150 9 incensis, sc. tabemis. — futurum fuit = fuisset; § 517,^
(308, d)\ G. 597, R.*; H. 582 (511, 2); H.-B. 581, a\ the protasis is
implied in incensis.
150 11 (Sect. 18.) populi Romani, as contrasted with the Senate:
cf. the formula Senatus Populusque Romanus,
151 2 impiae, impious (in its strict sense a want of filial duty).
151 4 arcem et Capitolium : the Capitoline was a saddle-shaped
hill, having the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (Capitolium) on the south-
western point and the old citadel (arx) on the northeastern (see Cat. iii,
Fourth Oration against Catilifie
413
sect. 20). Since Jupiter Capitolinus was the protecting divinity of
Rome, his temple was the most sacred spot in the whole empire.
151 5 aras Penatium: the Penates were gods of the household and
the larder (penus), worshipped by ^\exy paterfamilias in his own atrium.
The state, being developed from the family, had likewise its Penates,
which were fabled to have been brought by i£neas from Troy and
established at Lavinium, whence they were transferred to Alba Longa,
and afterwards to Rome. Their temple was on the Velia, the low hill
connecting the Palatine and Esquiline. — ignem Vestae : the temple of
Vesta was on the Sacra Via, toward the Palatine, — a small round build-
ing containing the symbolic household fire of the Roman state. See
note on the Vestals, p. 130, 1. 19.
151 9 focis : the focus^ the symbol of household life, was a brazier
for burning charcoal. It originally stood at the rear end of the atrium^
or great hall, of the house. Later it was moved, for all practical pur-
poses, to the kitchen, but a representative /^r«j remained in the atrium
and continued to be the symbol of househo^ life. Fig. 41 shows a
great \ixatiz^ focus from the baths of Pompeii. The domestic y^rf^j was,
of course, much smaller, but was similar in shape.
151 11 (Sect. 19.) quae facultas : § 307, e {201, d) ; cf. B. 251, 4, b ;
G. 616, 2; H.-B. 327.
151 13 in Civili causa, on a political question.
151 14 quantis . . . delerit: this clause will be best turned into
English by translating the participles fundatum, etc., as verbs, and
delerit as a relative clause, — with how great toil this empire was estab-
lished^ WHICH one nighty etc. In Latin the question is contained in the
interrogative modifiers of imperium and not in the main clause.
414 Notes
IV. Peroratio (§§ 20-24)
Sects. 20-24. Cicero is undismayed : his fame is secure. He has
undertaken a perpetual war with the bad elements in the state ; but
the result is certain. Then let the Senate dare to act rigorously.
151 29 (Sect. 20.) me . . . factorum : for cases, see § 354, b (221, b) ;
B. 209, i; G. 377; H. 457 (409, iu); H.-B. 352, i.
152 1 gesta : abl. abs. with re publica.
152 3 (Sect. 21.) Scipio: the elder African us, who brought the
Second Punic War to a triumphant close by the battle of Zama, B.C. 202.
By " carrying the war into Africa," he forced Hannibal to retire from
Italy.
152 5 alter Africanus : the younger, sumamed ^milianus. He was
the son of L. ^Emilius Paulus (mentioned below), and adopted by the son
of the elder Africanus. lie captured Carthage, B.C. 146, and Numantia,
in Spain, B.C. 133.
152 7 Paulus : father of the younger Africanus, and, like his son,
the most eminent and upright man of his generation. He brought the
Third Macedonian War to a close by the battle of Pydna, B.C. 168, and
led King Perseus captive in his triumphal procession. — currum \trium'
phalefn\ : the captives did not go with or behind the triumphal chariot,
but preceded it in the procession.
152 9 bis liberavit : by the victories over the German invaders, —
over the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (b.c. 102), and the Cimbri at Ver-
cellae (b.c. ioi).
152 10 Pompeius : it should be remembered that Pompey was now
in the East, in the midst of his career of conquest, and that his return
was looked for with expectancy by all parties. Cicero took every means
to win the confidence of the great general, and gain him over to his
views in public affairs ; but to no purpose. After some wavering, Pompey
associated himself with Caesar, thus giving the Senate a blow from which
it never recovered, and preparing the way for his own downfall.
152 13 aliquid loci: §346, a, 3 (216, a, 3); B. 202, 2; G. 369; H.
442 (397»3); H.-B. 346.
152 16 (Sect. 22.) quamquam, and yet. — uno loco, in one respect.
152 18 oppress! serviunt, are crushed and enslaved: § 496, N.2
(292, R.); cf. B. 337, 2; H.-B. 604, I.
153 1 (Sect. 23.) pro imperio, in place of: all these honors, which
Cicero might have gained by a foreign command, he has renounced in
order to stay at home and protect the city.
Oration for Archias 415
153 4 clientelis hospitiisque : the relation of cliens to patronus was
that of a subordinate to a superior, carrying with it services on the one
side and protection on the other ; the hospites were, on the other hand,
equals, and their connection was one of mutual aid and friendship.
Foreign states and citizens were eager to form such ties with influential
Romans, and they were equally advantageous to the Roman. Of course
a provincial governor had peculiar opportunities for this.
153 5 urbanis opibus, the means afforded by a city life. Such ties
would be more easily formed by a sojourn in a province, but they could
also be formed by a statesman who remained at home ; for the value of
such a relation to the provincial consisted in the opportunities for pro-
tection and assistance which the statesman possessed in the city itself.
153 6 pro meis studiis, in return for my efforts.
153 10 quae dum, and as long as this. — mentibus : § 429, 3 {254, d) ;
cf. B. 228, i; H. 485, I (425, i2); H.-B. 436.
153 15 SUO SOlius: §302, e {197, <?); B. 243, 3, a\ G. 321, R.2; H.
446,3(398,3); H.-B. 339, ^.
153 20 (Sect. 24.) eum . . . qui, a consul who^ etc. : § 297, ^ {102, </) ;
B. 247, I, a\ H.-B. 271, ii.
153 23 per se ipsum praestare, make good (so far as he may) on his
own part.
ORATION FOR ARCHIAS
ARGUMENT
Chap. i. Exordium. Cicero*s obligations to Archias. — 2. He justi-
fies the unusual tone of his argument. — Narratio. 3. Early career of
Archias : he is enrolled as a citizen of Heraclia. — Confirmatio. 4. His
technical claim: his registry, acts of citizenship, domicile. — 5. Argu-
ment from the public records. — 6. The case is now closed. Further
argument is unnecessary. Literature an indispensable relaxation, and
also a source of moral strength. — 7. All famous men have been devoted
to letters. — 8, 9. Great artists are of themselves worthy of admiration.
The poet is especially sacred: he is the herald of fame. — to. Greek is
a surer passport to fame than Latin. Men inferior to Archias have been
honored with citizenship. — 11, 12. Fame is the strongest motive to acts
of public virtue. Literature is the most enduring of monuments. —
Peroratio. 12 (sect. 31). Appeal to the court to protect Archias the
poet in his rights.
4i6 Notes
I. Exordium (§§ 1-3)
Sects. 1-^. Cicero's obligations to Archias make it a duty to
undertake his defence. The unusual tone of the argument justified.
Page 154. Line 1. (Sect, i.) judices, i.e. the members of a special
court (quaestio) established by the Lex Papia (see Introd. to the ora-
tion, p. 1 54) to inquire into cases arising under that law.
154 3 versatum : cf. the date of the defence of Roscius and the
opening passage of that oration. — hujusce rei, i.e. dicendi.
155 1 ratio, knowledge^ i.e. theoretic acquaintance^ contrasted with
ezercitatio, practice.
155 3 A. Licinius : following the custom of naturalized foreigners,
as well as freedmen, Archias had taken the gentile name of his noble
friends and patrons, the LucuUi. Cicero's motive in always speaking of
him by his Roman name is obvious.
155 6 inde usque, /r^^/w as far back as that^ I say.
155 7 principem, master.
155 8 rationem, course. For the connection of the meanings of this
word, see Vocab.
155 10 a quo relates to huic, which is dat. after ferre; quo relates
to id : surely^ to the man himself from whom I have received that whereby^
etc.
155 11 ceteris, all the rest [of my fellow-citizens], i.e. other than
Archias. — alios, some of them.
155 12 opem corresponds to opitulari ; salutem, to servare.
155 14 (Sect. 2.) neque, and not.
155 15 dicendi ratio aut disciplina, art or science of oratory, — ne
nos quidem, etc., i.e. not even I, though by profession an orator, have
devoted myself to oratory alone.
155 20 (Sect. 3.) quaestione legitima : see note on judices, p. 154,
1. 1.
155 22 severissimos, i.e. before men of the old Roman stamp, who
might not be favorably impressed by such praise of literature.
155 24 forensi sermone is not used here in its special meaning, " the
language of the courts," but in its wider sense, the language of the Forum^
i.e. the ordinary tone of practical affairs (the Forum bemg the centre of
Roman business and politics).
155 27 ut . . . patiamini, a purp. clause in appos. with yeniam (1. 25).
155 28 hoc concursu, locat. abl. expressing the circumstances; so also
hac vestra humanitate, with men of your cultivation.
Oration for Archias 417
155 39 hoc praetore : Q. Cicero was himself a poet and man of
critical taste.
155 90 paulo . . . liberius, with somewhat unusual freedom : § 291, a
(93, tf); B. 240, I ; G. 297; H. 498 (444, i); H.-B. 241, 2.
155 31 otium ac studium, a quiet life of study (almost hendiadys) ;
so judiciis periculiaque below.
II. Narratio (§§ 4-6)
Sects. 4-6. Earlier career of Ardiias. His celebrity in Asia and
elsewhere. His removal to Rome and his distinguished patrons
there. He becomes a citizen of Heraclia.
156 3 (Sect. 4.) cum: causal, but best translated when.
156 4 esset: for tense, see § 589,^, i (337,^, i); B. 268, 4; G. 597,
R.*; H. 647 (527, iii); H.-B. 581,^, N.
156 5 asciscendum fuisse: in the direct, asciscendus erat; § 517, ^
(308,^); B. 304,3*^; G. 597,R^«; H. 582 (511, 2); H.-B. 581, «; cf.
note on Pompey's Mil. Command, sect. 50 (p. 88, 1. 32), erat deligendus.
156 9 urbe: §282,^(184,^); G. 4ii,r.8; H. 393, 7 (363, 4^) ; H.-B.
452, tf.
156 12 contigit, sc. ei, i.e. Archias. — post, afterwards,
156 15 (Sect. 5.) tunc, at that time. This was the long period of
comparative quiet between the Gracchan disturbances (b.c. 133-121) and
the tribunate of Drusus (b.c. 91), which was followed by the Social War
and the civil wars of Marius and Sulla.
156 16 Latio : not the geographical Latium merely, but all towns
which at that time possessed Latin citizenship ; that is, the Latin colo-
nies, such as Venusia, the birthplace of the poet Horace.
156 31 de ingeniis, i.e. could form some opinion about the talents
of literary men.
156 23 absentibus, people at a distance. — Mario et Catulo (coss. b.c.
102) ; of these, Marius was renowned for his exploits, while Catulus was
a good officer, and also a man of culture.
156 25 nactus est, etc., he happened to find holding the consulship. —
cos, quorum alter, men of such a kind that one of them ^ etc. This would
not only furnish him with themes for his poetry but insure appreciation
of his genius.
156 27 Luculli : Lucius, the one who fought against Mithridates, and
his brother Marcus ; both of them belonged to the highest ranks of the
aristocracy, and were men of distinguished taste and culture.
4i8 Notes
156 29 ingeni, pred. gen. after an understood erat: this was [a
proof] not only of his genius, etc.
156 30 ut . . . esset, result clause in app. with hoc (1. 29).
157 1 (Sect. 6.) jucundus, etc. : ever since the introduction of Greek
culture at Rome, it had been customary for cultivated Romans of high
rank to entertain Greek men of letters in their houses, partly as tutors
and partly as companions. Such associates frequently accompanied
their patrons on their journeys and even on their campaigns. — Metello
Numidico : the most distinguished member of this family. He was pred-
ecessor of Marius in the war against Jugurtha, and from this service in
Numidia received his agnomen.
157 2 Aemilio, i.e. M. iEmilius Scaurus (cos. B.C. 115), for many
years princeps senatus.
157 3 Catulo : see note on p. 1 56, 1. 23. — L. Crasso : the most dis-
tinguished orator of his time, a man of genius and culture (see In trod.,
ch. ii, p. xxxiv); he died B.C. 91.
157 4 Drusum (M. Livius), tribune B.C. 91, a distinguished orator
and statesman, who lost his life in a vain attempt to reconcile the aris-
tocratic and democratic factions in the republic. — Octavios : see Cat.
iii, sect. 24. — Catonem: probably the father of the famous Cato of
Utica is meant.
157 5 Hortensiorum : the most eminent of these was Q. Hortensius,
the rival of Cicero and his opponent in the case of Verres.
157 8 si qui forte, those (if there were any) who, etc.
157 11 Heracliam : an important Greek city on the southern coast
of Lucania. In the war with Pyrrhus it had fought on the side of the
Romans, and B.C. 278 it entered into an alliance of the closest and
most favorable character (aequissimo jure ac foedere).
III. CONFIRMATIO (§§ 7-30)
Sects. 7-11. Archias received Roman citizenship under the Lex
Plautia-Papiria, complying with all the provisions of that law. The
evidence of this cannot be shaken ; the testimony of the census is
unnecessary. No further argument is needed ; the case is closed.
157 15 (Sect. 7.) Silvan! lege, etc., i.e. the Lex Plautia-Papiria, of
the tribunes M. Plautius Silvanus and C. Papirius Carbo (not to be
confounded with his infamous cousin Cneius, the Marian leader after
the death of Cinna), extended the Roman citizenship to all Italian com-
munities which had not yet received it. These towns now exchanged
Oration for Arc hias 419
their independence for Roman citizenship, and became incorporated
with thQ republic ; though many of them, as Heraclia, hesitated about
making -the change, and did it with great reluctance. They lost all
rights of independent government (such as that of coining money, the
jus exsili^ etc.). Latin became the official language ; justice was admin-
istered by Roman law ; and in most cases their government was organ-
ized on the model of Rome, having duumviri for consuls, and a curia
for the Senate. The passage here given from the Plautian-Papirian
Law contains its application to citizens of foreign birth, like Archias. —
si qui, etc. : the law is quoted in indir. disc, but the main clause is
omitted, being implied in data est; see § 592, 2 {341, c) ; G. 663, 2, b\
H.-B. 535, I, a.
157 18 assent professi, should have declared their intention.
157 19 Q. Metellum [Pium], praetor, B.C. 89: the most eminent
living member of this family, and one of the leaders of the aristocracy.
157 22 (Sect. 8.) Grati, the complainant (see Introd., p. 154 of text).
158 1 religione, conscientiousness.
158 6 desideras, call for (lit. miss, feel the want of). — Italico bello,
i.e. the Social War: § 424, d (259, a) ; G. 394, R. ; H. 486 (429) ; H.-B.
439» «» 3-
158 11 municipi : since the bestowal of the Roman citizenship, the
Italian civitates had become Roman municipia (see Introd., p. liii).
158 12 v^.txSL, you yourself {^\\.. the same man).
158 15 (Sect. 9.) In sect. 8 Cicero shows that Archias was a citi-
zen of Heraclia and so came under the first requirement of the law ; in
sect. 9 he claims that his client had also complied with the other two
requirements (domicilium and professio). — civitatem datam, i.e. by
the law before cited.
158 17 prbfessione, list of declarations.
158 18 conlegio : the praetors, when regarded as a whole, could be
spoken of as a " board."
158 19 cum, while. — Appi, i.e. Appius Claudius, husband of Caecilia
(the friend of Roscius: see Rose. Am., sect. 50) and father of the
infamous Clodius.
158 20 Gabini : see Introd. to Pompey's Military Command.
158 21 damnationem : he was condemned, b.c. 54, for extortion on
complaint of the Achaeans.
158 23 L. Lentulum : nothing further is known of him ; he prob-
ably presided over a court (judices) to determine cases involving
citizenship under the new law.
42 o Notes
158 S9 (Sect, io.) miiltis and praeditis are dat. after impertiebant ;
arte, abl. after praeditis.
158 30 Graecia, i.e. Magna Graecia, the Greek cities of Italy.
158 31 credo (ironical), I suppose. — Locrensia: Locri Epizephyrii,
a Greek city near Rhegium.
158 39 quod relates to id, which is governed by largiri understood.
159 1 ingeni limits gloria, which depends on praedito.
159 2 civitatem datam, i.e. by the Lex Plautia-Papiria.
159 3 legem Papiam : see Introd. to the oration, p. 1 54 of text.
159 4 illis, sc. tabulis^ i.e. of Tarentum, Rhegium, and Naples.
159 6 (Sect, ii.) census: the lists of citizens made out by the
censors for purposes of taxation. These were, of course, excellent evi-
dence on a question of citizenship ; but they were not needed in this
case. — requiris : cf. desideras in the same sense in sect. 8 (p. 158, 1. 6).
— est obscurum (ironical), // is not generally known.
159 7 proximis, abl. of time : translate by under. The censors
referred to were L. Gellius and Cn. Lentulus (b.c. 70). — clarissimo:
observe the art with which Cicero here again calls attention to the
connection of Archias with the distinguished Romans any one of whom
could at any moment have procured him the citizenship if he had not
already possessed it.
159 8 apud ezercitum, i.e. in the war against Mithridates (see Pom-
pey's Military Command). — superipribus, sc. censoribus. New censors
were regularly appointed every five years ; those here referred to were
Q. Marcius Philippus and M. Perpema (b.c. 86). In the present instance
the succession had been interfered with by Sulla, but restored in B.C. 70.
159 0 1q Asia: this was in the First Mithridatic War, in which
Lucullus served as qusestor to Sulla. — primis, i.e. the first after the
passage of the Lex Plautia-Papiria : these were L. Julius Caesar and
P. Crassus (b.c. 89).
159 14 esse versatum (sc. eum)^ had availed himself of : this clause
is the obj. of criminaris. — testamentum, etc., acts which no foreigner
could do.
159 16 in beneficiis, etc., his name was reported for a reward from
the state (i.e. on the ground of some special merit); this, of course,
implied citizenship.
159 18 suo, etc., i.e. Archias and his friends knew that he was a
citizen and had acted as such, whatever might be said on the other side.
At this point Cicero practically rests his case. The remainder of his
speech is devoted to the praise of poetry and literature. This eulogy
Oration for Archias 421
is, however, skilfully connected with the argument. Literature is use-
ful in the state, he contends, and poets are particularly in favor with
great men. Hence Archias could not have failed to receive the citizen-
ship as a gift from some of his illustrious Roman friends if he had not
held it already. Since he is a citizen, so eminent and useful a man
should be protected in his rights.
Sects. 12-16. Literature is an indispensable relaxation: and
also a source of moral strength. Hence all famous men have
been devoted to letters. The dignity and delight of liberal
study.
159 20 (Sect. 12.) ubi ( = locum ubi) . . . reficiatur, rel. clause of
purpose.
159 23 suppetere has for subject the suppressed antecedent of quod.
— posse (with a fut. force), should be able,
159 24 contentionem, strain.
159 25 ego (emphat.), etc., for my part I admit, etc. We should
remember that the more old-fashioned of Cicero's contemporaries were
still inclined to regard literary and artistic pursuits as frivolous in com-
parison with the more " truly Roman " professions of war and politics
(cf. iEneid, vi. 847 ff.). Hence it was important for Cicero to show
that literature was of practical value to the man of affairs.
159 26 his studiis, the study of letters in general, including all
varieties of literature, poetry as well as prose.
159 30 nullius tempore, etc., the necessities or interests of no one (i.e.
as a client). •
160 1 (Sect. 13.) ceteris depends on conceditur (1. 4).
160 3 ad ipsam requiem, even to repose,
160 4 temporum limits quantum (1. 3), which has tantum (1. 6) for
antecedent. — alii : notice how this differs in meaning from ceteris (1. i),
— the first-mentioned pursuits (attending to business, celebrating fes-
tivals, etc.) are common to everybody, the last (being dissipations)
belong only to "some people." — tempestivis conviviis, early dinners,
i.e. beginning by daylight, or in business hours, — a mark of luxury and
idleness: we should refer to "late dinners."
160 8 oratio et facultas : hendiadys. — quantacumque, etc., i.e. such
as I have (a modest disclaimer).
160 9 periculis : Cicero prided himself on defending cases rather
than acting for the prosecution (cf . amicorum temporibus, etc., Pompey*s
Military Command, sect. i).
422 Notes
160 10 quae, i.e. the mere ability to speak. — ilia (obj. of hauriamX
i.e. the moral character resulting from the praecepta mentioned below.
160 12 (Sect. 14.) multorum, i.e. great minds whose thoughts have
found expression in literature. — nmltis litteris, wide reading.
160 13 nihil esse, etc., these doctrines had been the commonplaces
of philosophy and letters for hundreds of years before Cicero wrote, and
to the cultivated Roman they took the place which with us belongs to
the ethical teachings of sacred literature.
160 16 parvi, of slight account: § 417 (252, d)\ B. 169, 4; G. 379,
380, I ; H. 448 {404); H.-B. 356, I.
160 19 ezemplorum, i.e. examples of heroism and virtue recorded in
literature. The moral education of the ancients consisted largely in the
study of the lives of eminent men of past ages.
160 21 accederet, were thrown upon them.
160 27 (Sect. 15.) Observe the attitude of the Romans toward
literature, which they valued as a source of ethical and political cultiva-
tion, and not, like the Greeks, for its own sake or as a means of afford-
ing aesthetic pleasure.
161 9 (Sect. 16.) ex hoc, etc.: Cicero enumerates the most distin-
guished patrons of the newly introduced Greek culture. Cato is sepa-
rated from the rest because he was in theory opposed to this tendency
on account of its imagined ill effects ; hence the rather apologetic tone
in which Cicero speaks of him.
161 10 Africanum: Scipio the younger (iEmilianus). — Laelium:
the younger Laelius (sumamed Sapiens)^ whose friendship with Scipio
iEmilianus Torms the groundwork of Cicero's famous treatise De Ami-
citia. — Furium : L. Furius Philus (cos. B.C. 136), a patron of literature.
These three men belonged to the so-called Scipionic Circle, which was
especially influential in the introduction of Greek culture.
161 12 Catonem : M. Porcius Cato, called the Censor, was one of
the leading men of Rome in the first half of the second century B.C. : a
shrewd, hard-headed Roman of the old school, full of prejudices, and
priding himself on his blunt manners. He was a distinguished antiqua-
rian, and wrote books on antiquities and agriculture.
161 13 senem : he gives the name to Cicero's dialogue on Old Age
(Cato Major).
161 15-23 quod si, etc. : even if literature, Cicero argues, had no
great practical or ethical value (as it has), it would still be worthy of
respect as a means of mental refreshment and diversion. The passage
is a very famous tribute to liberal studies.
Oration for Archias 423
161 18 ceterae, sc. animi ddversiotus (from 1. 17).
161 31 adversis [rebus], dat. with praebent
Sects. 17-24. Great artists are themselves worthy of admiration.
The poet is especially sacred : he is the herald of fame. Alexander
at the tomb of Achilles.
161 25 (Sect. 17.) deberemus : § 51 7, <^, n.i (308, c, n.i) ; B. 304, 3, a,
N. ; G. 597, R.8, ^; cf. H. 583 (511, i, n.8) ; H.-B. 582, 3, a.
161 26 yideremus : subj. because an integral part of the cent, to
fact apodosis.
161 27 Rosci : Q. Roscius, the most eminent actor of his time,
defended by Cicero in a speech which is still extant.
161 30 corporis : observe the emphatic position as opposed to ani-
morum (1. 31). In the ancient drama the action was much more impor-
tant as compared with the delivery and facial expression than is the
case on the modem stage.
162 2 (Sect. 18.) novo genere: such praise of letters was, of
course, an innovation on the formal proceedings of a Roman court. -^
quotiens, etc. : given as a remarkable instance of the poetical improvi-
sation illustrating the celeritas mentioned on p. 161, 1. 31,
162 5 revocatum [hunc], subject of dicere. The encore was a com-
mon Roman practice, as with us.
162 10 sic, this (referring to the indir. disc, that follows).
162 14 Ennius: the father of Latin poetry. He was bom at Rudiae
in Magna Graecia (B.C. 239), but wrote in Latin. His principal work
was the Annates^ an epic poem upon Roman history, lost except for
a few fragments.
162 19 (Sect^ 19.) bestiae, etc. : alluding to the myths of Orpheus
and Arion (see Ovid, Met. x. 3, Fasti, ii. 83-118 ; Virg., Eel. viii. 56).
162 21 Homerum, etc. : the names of the cities which thus claimed
Homer are given in the following hexameter verse :
Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodes, Argos, Athenae.
162 27 dim, almost equiv. to an adj. : cf. § 321, ^ (188, e) ; G. 439,
N.* ; H. 497, 5 (359, N.*) ; H.-B. 295, c.
162 29 Cimbricas res : the war with the Cimbri and Teutones, who
invaded Italy and were at length defeated by Marius (the Teutones,
B.C. 102 ; the Cimbri, 101).
162 30 durior : Marius was a rude and illiterate soldier. The illustra-
tion (p. 163) shows what seems to be the most tmstworthy portrait of
424
Notes
Marius (from the impression of a coin, now lost) ; various busts have
been identified with him, but without any probable evidence.
163 3 (Sect. 20.) Xhemistoclem : the great Athenian statesman
and general, who won the battle of Salamis in the second Persian
Fig. 42
invasion (b.c. 480), and afterwards, by his skilful policy, raised Athens
to its greatest height of power.
163 8 (Sect. 21.) For the statements in this section, see Pompey's
Military Command.
163 14 natura et regione : hendiadys.
163 17 ejusdem, i.e. Lucullus.
163 19 nostra, as ours (predicate), agreeing with pugna. Cicero
means that these exploits, since they have been immortalized by Archias,
will always remain the glory of the Roman people.
164 3 quae, these things (just mentioned) ; quorum limits ingeniis
and refers to eis.
164 4 (Sect. 22.) Africano super tori: the conqueror of Hannibal.
164 5 in sepulcro Scipionum : this tomb on the Appian Way has
been discovered, and in it a bust oi peperino (not marble), which has by
some been supposed to be that here referred to. It now stands upon
the sarcophagus of Scipio in the Vatican museum (Fig. 42).
Oration for Archias 425
164 8 hujus : M. Porcius Cato, later called Uticensis, from his kill-
ing himself at Utica after Caesar's victory. Cato the Censor was his
great-grandfather.
164 10 Mazimi, etc. : Q. Fabius Maximus, " the shield of Rome,"
in the Second Punic War; M. Mar- „
Fig. 43
cellus, "the sword of Rome" (see
note on p. 48, L 5) ; Q. Fulvius Flac-
cus, a distinguished officer in the
same war.
164 11 ilium, i.e. Ennius.
164 13 Heracliensem : Heraclia
(see note on p. 157, 1. 11), as being com of Cato Uticbksis
an important city, is here contrasted
with the insignificant Rudiae. — civitatibus : § 375 (232, a)\ G. 354;
H.431, 2(388, I); H.-B.373, 2.
164 18 (Sect. 23.) Graeca leguntur, Greek is read. Greek was, in
the ancient world, almost the universal language of polite society ; cf .
the use of French in modem times.
164 21 quo {^hither) relates to eodem {thither). — cupere governs
the clause quo . . . penetrate.
165 1 populis, dat. after ampla, a noble thing for them.
165 2 eis, i.e. the individuals by whom these exploits are performed
as contrasted with their peoples as a whole.
165 10 (Sect. 24.) Magnus, Le. Pompey.
Sects. 25-30. Many would have been glad to give Archias the
citizenship if he had not already possessed it. All men thirst for
glory, which he can confer. Literature is the most enduring of
monuments.
165 17 (Sect. 25.) esset : § 517, a (308, d) ; B. 304, 2; G. 597, r.I;
H. 579, I (510, N.2); H.-B. 581. — civitate donaretur: § 364 (225, d)\
B. 187, i, a ; G. 348 ; H. 426, 6 (384, ii, 2) ; H.-B. 365, b.
165 18 donaret, sc. civitate.
165 19 repudiasset : the protasis is implied in petentem. — quern,
subject of jubere, below.
165 20 de populo, of the people, i.e. of low birth. — quod . . . fecis-
set, which he had made as an epigram (poetical address) to him ; for
gender, see § 296, a (195, </); B. 250, 3; cf. G. 211, R.*; H. 396, 2
(445,4); H.-B. 326, I.
165 21 tantummodo . . . longiusculis, merely with the alternate
verses a little longer^ i.e. it was written in some metre in which (as in
426 Notes
elegiac verse) long and short lines alternated; tantummodo implies
that this was its only merit.
165 22 eis rebus, le. confiscated goods. Apparently a commander
could take out from the booty anything he desired to bestow upon a
soldier as a reward ; and here the confiscated goods are treated in the
same manner.
165 30 (Sect. 26.) pingue atque peregrinum, cognate accusatives:
§ 390, a (240, a) ; B. 176, 2, b, N. ; G. m, 2, N.6 ; H. 409 and i (371, u) ;
H.-B. 396, 2.
166 2 prae nobis ferendum, a thing to be proud of.
166 3 optimus quisque : § 313, ^ (93, c) ; B. 252, 5, ^ ; G. 318, 2 ; H.
515,2(458, i); H.-B. 278,2,^.
166 5 in 60 ipso, in the very act,
166 6 praedicari : impersonal.
166 7 (Sect. 27.) Brutus: D.Junius Brutus (cos. B.C. 138) con-
quered the Lusitanians (of Portugal).
166 8 Acci : L. Accius (less properly Atthis), a tragic poet (bom
B.C. 170) ; distinguished for vigor and sublimity; he lived long enough
for Cicero in his youth to converse with him.
166 10 Fulvius : M. Fulvius Nobilior (cos. B.C. 189) subdued iEtolia.
He was distinguished as a friend of Greek literature, and built, from
the spoils of war, a temple to Hercules and the Muses.
166 12 prope armati, having scarce laid aside their arms.
166 14 togati: see note on p. 125, 1. 17.
166 18 (Sect. 28.) quas res, i.e. the suppression of Catiline's con-
spiracy.
166 23 adomayi, I supplied him with materials (i.e. facts).
166 25 quid est quod, etc. : § 531, 2 (317, 2) ; B. 282, 2 ; G. 631, 2;
H. 590(497, i); H.-B. 513, 2.
166 30 (Sect. 29.) nee tantis, etc. : here the apod, begins.
167 5 (Sect. 30.) parvi animi, mean-spirited : § 345 (215) ; B. 203,
I ; G. 365; H. 440, 3 (396, v); H.-B. 355.
167 9 imagines, busts. Whoever held any curule office (dictator,
consul, interrex, praetor, curule aedile) thereby secured to his posterity
the jus imaginum, i.e. the right to place in their halls and carry in
funeral processions a wax mask of him as well as of any other deceased
members of the family of curule rank. Since this right was a distin-
guishing mark of the Roman nobility, it was naturally highly prized.
Defence of Milo 427
IV. Peroratio (§ 31)
Sect. 31. ArcMas the poet should be protected in the rights of
citizenship, which are legally his.
167 20 (Sect. 31.) pudore eo, of such high character (i.e. sense of
honor and self-respect, as contrasted with the unprincipled Greek
hangers-on with whom Roman society was infested).
167 22 vetustate, i.e. long-continued friendship (see sect. 5). — id
existimari depends on conyenit, // is fitting.
167 24 yideatis, subj. of integral part.
167 25 municipi, i.e. Heraclia.
167 26 comprobetur, subj. of characteristic.
167 28 ut, with accipiatis, p. 168, 1. 2.
168 1 ex eo numero, i.e. of poets.
168 9 ab eo qui, etc. : Q. Cicero (see Introd., p. 154 of text).
DEFENCE OF MILO
ARGUMENT
Chap, i, 2. Exordium, The court is surrounded by armed men.
But the jurors need not fear: public sympathy is with Milo : the jurors
are free to maintain justice. Unfortunate position of the defendant.
Clodius can be proved to have been the aggressor in the affray : Milo
acted in self-defence. — Confutatio. (I) 3, 4. Homicide is not always
a crime; it is especially justifiable in self-defence. — (II) 5, 6 (sect. 14).
The decree of the Senate touches only the riot : it does not determine
the guilty party. — (III) 6 (sect. 15), 7, 8. Pompey's action in carrying
a law for the estabUshment of this investigation was not prejudicial to
Milo. He left the question of Milo's guilt to the court. — Narratio.
9-1 1. The question is, Which lay in wait for the other? History of
the controversy. Why Clodius desired Milo's death, and how he
planned to meet him ; the encounter on the Appian Way. — Confir-
matio. (I) 12, 13. Which was to be the gainer by the other's death?
Strong motive in the case of Clodius; no motive in Milo's case. —
14. Habitual violence of Clodius : opposite character of Milo. — 15, 16.
Milo had before spared Clodius when he had good opportunities to kill
him : would he have plotted his death on so unfavorable an occasion ?
428 Notes
— 17-19- How Clodius knew of Milo*s journey and informed himself
of his setting out : pretext of the death of Cyrus. Milo knew nothing
of Clodius's movements. — 20, 21. Comparison of the conditions: Milo
was on strange ground and unprepared. Clodius was fully prepared.
— 22. Why Milo manumitted his slaves : it was a generous and right
act, and not for the sake of suppressing testimony. The evidence of
Clodius's slaves goes for nothing. — 23-26. Milo*s after acts : the false
charges against him, especially of plotting against Pompey: the sup-
posed hostility of Pompey explained away. — (II) 27-30. Yet if Milo
had killed Clodius purposely, all would have approved. The crimes of
Clodius : would any have him restored to life } If Milo had slain him,
he might have claimed glory for the deed. — Z^-^Z- ^^ ^'^^ ^^® *^^ ^^
the gods, who first made Clodius mad, that he might rush on his
destruction. — Peroratio. 34. Milo deserves the compassion of the
judges: he bids farewell to the ungrateful city. — 35. Calmly resigned,
he appeals to the judgment of posterity. — -^^ 37. Milo's cause is
Cicero's own. Cicero appeals to the judges in his own name. The
exile of Milo will be a calamity to the defenders of Rome. — 38. Happy
the country that receives him I Closing appeal to the court.
I. Exordium (§§ 1-6)
Sects. 1-4. The court is surrounded by armed men, but the
jurors need not fear : the guards are not hostile to Milo, and all
good men are on his side : the jurors are free to maintain justice.
Page 171. Line 4. (Sect, i.) perturbetur de, /> a/arw^^/^.
171 5 novi judici, i.e. the special tribunal established by vote of the
people to try all cases arising out of the brawl between Milo and Clodius.
On this occasion the court was surrounded, not by the usual throng of
spectators, but by an armed guard (see Introd., p. 170 of text), — hence
nova forma.
171 7 requinint, missy seek in vain,
171 9 (Sect. 2.) pro templis : see plan of Forum. The guards held
the entrances to these temples as important strategic points for defence
against the mob. — non . . . non adferunt aliquid, do not fail to bring
something (of terror or constraint).
171 11 ut . . . possimus, so that we cannot even be relieved of fear
(non timere) without some fear. — foro, judicio: such a display of arms
in places especially devoted to occupations of peace must necessarily
cause some uneasiness.
Defence of Milo 429
171 14 si . . . putarem : Cicero artfully assumes throughout the
oration that the authorities (including Pompey) are on the side of Milo.
171 16 me recreat : to preserve the emphatic position we may change
the voice, — I am reassured ; so reficit, I am revived.
171 17 justitiae suae: §343, c (214, </); cf. B. 198, 3; cf. G. 366;
cf. H. 439 (401) ; H.-B. 340; so sapientiae in 1. 19.
171 18 putaret, would not have thought: § 446 (311, <z) ; B. 280, 4;
G. 258 ; H. 552, 554, 2, 3 (485 and N.i) ; H.-B. 519, 2. — tradidisset, subj.
of integral part.
171 21 (Sect. 3.) ilia arma, etc. : on the first day of the trial, when
M. Marcellus began to cross-examine one of the witnesses against Milo,
he was so terrified by the rush of the mob that he took refuge on the
praetor's bench. Pompey, alarmed by the same disturbance, came down
next day with an armed guard, and the trial was allowed to proceed
without interruption,
171 23 quieto, etc. : i.e. not only to be undisturbed but to be greatly
encouraged.
171 25 quae quidem est ciyium, so far at least as it consists of citi-
zens (covertly suggesting that the supporters of Clodius were not citi-
zens, but gladiators and the like).
171 26 neque . . . non, etc. : notice the double negative, — there is
no one . . . who does not^ etc.
171 30 decertari (impersonal), that the conflict is. Here Cicero sug-
gests what one of the chief points of his defence Ls to be, — that Milo
had always acted in defence of the state.
172 1 eorum, namely^ of those: § 344 (214, e)\ B. 197; G. 368, R. ;
cf.H. 441 (397, i); H.-B. 349.
172 3 hesterna contione, yesterday's harangue. The day before,
after the court adjourned, one T. Munatius Plancus (see sect. 12) had
harangued the crowd, urging them to be on hand next day and not
suffer Milo to escape. On this day, the last of the trial, shops were
closed throughout the city ; Pompey posted guards in the Forum and
all its approaches ; he himself sat, as on the day before, in front of the
Treasury, girt with a select body of troops. When Cicero began to
speak, " he was received by an outcry of the party of Clodius, who could
not be restrained even by fear of the surrounding soldiery."
172 4 judicaretis: §444 (268) ; B. 277; G. 259; H. 557 (486, ii);
H.-B. 503.
172 6 retineatis : the penalty for the offence with which Milo was
charged was banishment, by which he would lose his rights as citizen.
430 Notes
172 11 (Sect. 4.) locus, opportunity. — amplissimorum ordinum:
the court was made up of Senators, equites^ and tribuni aerarii.
172 13 delectis: the whole body of jurors (360) was selected, though
the particular jury (of 51) was drawn by lot.
172 14 re et sententiis, by act and verdict.
Sects. 5, 6. Unfortunate position of the defendant, whose efforts
in behalf of the state have brought him before the courts. Cicero
declines to urge Milo's public services as a defence : he will rest the
whole case on his ability to show that Clodius was the aggressor in
the affray.
172 20 (Sect. 5.) nobis duobus, than we two^ i.e. the orator and his
client. Cicero constantly associates himself with Milo in this fashion,
thus not merely following the custom of advocates, but also representing
Milo as engaged in the same kind of opposition to the dangerous ele-
ments in the state as that which had made his own consulship illustrious.
172 23 crudelissimorum : exile was the worst that Milo had to fear.
Here Cicero alludes to his own experience of it, which had resulted from
his patriotic efforts against the Catilinarian conspirators.
172 24 ceteras, etc. : it was to be expected that a politician should
undergo abuse and even illegal violence in the stormy public life of the
time, but such dangers were not to be anticipated in an impartial court.
172 27 ex cunctis ordinibus: see note on ordinum, sect. 4 (p. 172,
1.11).
172 29 salutem, i.e. not his personal safety in the modern sense, but
his political rights (see note on 1. 23, above).
172 30 talis viros : it was admitted, says Asconius, that no body of
jurors had ever been more illustrious or just than those who composed
this court.
173 1 (Sect. 6.) quamquam, and yet (corrective). — tribunatu: in
the year B.C. 57 Milo, as tribune, had materially as.slsted in procuring
the recall of Cicero from banishment. It was partly gratitude for this
service that led Cicero to undertake Milo*s defence.
173 3 abutemur, take unfair advantage of. Cicero declines to use
Milo's services to the state as an argument in his favor, and boldly
declares that he will put the case on the bare facts, contending that
Milo acted in self-defence. But in the very act of declining to dwell on
these services he subtly emphasizes them.
Defence of Milo 431
II. CoNFUTATio (§§ 7-22)
The Confutatio (or answer to objections) in this case precedes the
Confirmatio (or affirmative argument). Certain notions, Cicero says,
must be got out of the way, as being prejudicial to his client, before the
main question is taken up. These are : (i) that a self-confessed homi-
cide is guilty of crime (answered by showing that it is sometimes lawful
to kill a man, especially in self-defence : sects. 7-1 1) ; (ii) that the Senate
prejudged Milo guilty when it voted that the affray was unlawful vio-
lence {contra rem publicam factam) (answered by showing that it was
the fact of the disorder, and not the guilt or innocence of either party
to it, that the Senate passed upon: sects. 12-14); ("i) ^^^ Pompey
similarly prejudged Milo's guilt by providing for the present special
investigation (answered in a similar way : sects. 15-22^. Having cleared
the ground by disposing of these three matters, Cicero proceeds to the
real question at issue : Which of the two, Milo or Clodius, lay in wait
to kill the other t
173 7 fuerit, subj. of integral part.
I. Sects. 7-11. Homicide is not always unjustifiable. It is
allowed in a case of self-defence, like the present.
173 J 3 (Sect. 7.) ad earn orationem, to that line of argument.
173 14 videntur, etc.: §582 (330, /^ i); B. 332, <^; G. 528, R.2; H.
61 1, N.i. 2 (^3^^ i^ N.i) . cf. H -B. 590, I and a.
173 20 primum, i.e. the first capital trial that occurred in Rome.
173 21 M. Horati : the famous story of the three Horatii and the
three Curiatii. When Horatius was condemned to death for the murder
of his sister, he was acquitted on appeal to the people ; and this incident
passed as the origin oi provocatio, or appeal to the people from the deci-
sion of a magistrate. — nondum libera, i.e. under the kings : it was in the
reign of Tullus Hostilius, B.C. 668.
173 22 comitiis, i.e. by the vote of the Roman people assembled to
decide the appeal.
173 26 (Sect. 8.) P. Africanum, i.e. vEmilianus : he was cousin (by
adoption) and brother-in-law of Gracchus, and friendly to the spirit of
his reforms, although not sympathizing with his violent course.
173 27 C. Carbone : C. Carbo was an unscrupulous politician who
supported Ti. Gracchus, but afterwards was a bitter antagonist of
C. Gracchus.
432 Notes
173 30 Ahala, etc. : these are cases which would have to be called
infamous murders unless the principle that homicide is sometimes justi-
fiable were admitted. The instances referred to were stock examples in
Roman oratory (see Cat. i, sects. 3, 4), though, in fact, Ahala and the
others were all driven into exile by a reaction of popular feeling.
173 31 senatus *. because the execution of the Catilinarian conspira-
tors was by vote of the Senate.
174 2 fictis fabulis, properly, mythical dramas : the reference is to
the Eumenides of ^schylus, which treats of the expiation of the guilt of
Orestes, son of Agamemnon, at the court of Areopagus in Athens.
When six judges had pronounced for condemnation and six for acquit-
tal, Pallas gave her casting vote for mercy. — doctissimi, i.e. the greatest
poets.
174 6 (Sect. 9.) duodecim tabulae : the " Twelve Tables " were the
code which formed the basis of Roman law, drawn up B.C. 451 by an
elected board of ten commissioners {decemviri). This codification of the
laws continued in force, and was the starting point of the legal education
of every Roman, and of all later development of Roman law. — quoquo
modO) under any circumstances.
174 8 quoquo modp, in whatever way. — quis (indefinite), one ; the
preceding quis is interrogative.
174 13 vi vis . . . defenditur, violence offered is repelled by force. —
pudicitiam . . . eriperet, tried to rob of his honor.
174 14 tribunus : C. Lusius, son of Marius's sister. This was a stock
instance among rhetoricians in arguing the just limits of self-defence.
174 17 scelere solutum, acquitted of guilt.
174 18 (Sect. 10.) vero : introducing, as usual, a strong case.
174 19 comitatus, body-guards^ which would seem to have been a
common thing among these gentlemen of Rome, as among the partisan
chieftains of the Middle Ages.
174 20 volunt, mean.
174 23, 24 adripuimus, caught; hausimus, imbibed; ezpressimus,
wrought out; imbuti, steeped.
175 1 ut . . . asset, purpose clause after lex (a word of decreeing).
175 2 incidisset : in the words of the lex, — inciderit.
175 3 (Sect, ii.) silent: notice the emphatic position.
175 4 velit: subjunctive because of sit. — ante . . . quam: § 434
(262) ; G. 574, R.i ; H. (p. 293, footnote ^) ; cf. H.-B. 507, 4, footnote *.
175 5 etsi, i.e. there is no need for me to appeal to the law of nature
to establish the right to kill in self-defence, for this right is established
Defence of Milo 433
by the judicial interpretation of a particular statute (of Sulla). This
statute {de sicariis) dealt with murder in general and went so far as to
provide a penalty for the carrjring of a weapon with intent to kill. The
courts had ruled, says Cicero, that, under this law, a man who carried a
weapon for self-defence was not carrying it hoffknis occidendi causd in the
meaning of the statute.
175 10 judicaretur : the subject is antecedent of qui
175 11 hoc maneat in causa, Ut this point stand as the law of the case.
IL Sects. 12-14. The decree of the Senate touches only the fact
of the riot: it does not determine the guilty party. The question
of Milo's guilt or innocence is left to the court without prejudg-
ment.
175 14 (Sect. 12.) sequitur illud, the next point is this: § 597, ^, i
(344, dT, I); cf. H.-B. 625.
175 16 contra rem publicam factam : a technical phrase, amounting
to "unlawful (unconstitutional) violence"; cf. our "a breach of the
peace." — illam, i.e. caedem.
175 17 sententiis, le. its expressed vote ; studiis, i.e. the interest it
displayed in Milo's behalf.
175 19 nee tacitis, loudly ; nee occultis, in plain terms.
176 1 declarant: to preserve the emphasis we may change the
voice, — it is shown by^ etc. — hujus ambustl tribuni : the body of Clo-
dius, left in the highway, had been picked up and sent to Rome, where
its wounds were exposed to public gaze till, in the fury of the time, it
was dragged to the Senate-house. Here a funeral-pile was made of
desks, benches, and other furniture, and in the conflagration the Senate-
house itself, with several other buildings, was destroyed. The tribune
T. Munatius Plancus, who incited the mob to bum the body, is called
dJBD\s^%\XA^ fire-scorchedy because his influence suffered in the reaction of
public feeling which followed the unintended conflagration ; hence, too,
his harangues (contiones) are referred to as still-born (intermortuae).
176 2 potentiam, unlawful domination.
176 6 ofGLciosos, serviceable^ in the way of forensic advocacy.
176 8 sane, if you like ; ox for aught I care.
176 10 (Sect. 13.) vero : in reference to the statement at the begin-
ning of sect. 12. — banc quaestionem, this special court.
176 14 cujus : observe that the relative precedes the antecedent
(ejus), as often in Latin. There is no antecedent noun (" man," " per-
son") expressed. — de illo incestO stupro, that incestuous outrage: this
434 Notes
refers to a frightful scandal when the mysteries of the Bona D€a (a rite
held solely by women) were profaned by Clodius's introducing himself in
female attire. The mysteries were being held at the official residence of
Caesar, ^Xi&a pontifex maximusy and the latter's wife Pompeia was thought
to have connived at the #itrusion. Caesar affected to believe no harm,
but presently divorced Pompeia, with the famdus remark that " Caesar's
wife must be above suspicion." Being brought to trial, Clodius tried to
prove an alibi^ but this attempt was frustrated, in part by the testimony
of Cicero. A corrupt j ury acquitted Clodius, but he never forgave Cicero
for appearing as a witness against him.
176 15 erepta : a special investigation had been ordered on account
of the religious importance of the case ; hence the decision was taken
away from the Senate.
176 17 cur igitur, etc. : Cicero puts himself for the moment in the
place of the other side and himself asks the question which an objector
might put. He answers this question in quia nulla, etc. (1. 19). — incen-
dium curiae: see note on sect. 12 (p. 176, 1. i), above.
176 18 Lepidi : after the death of Clodius, M. iEmilius Lepidus
(afterwards triumvir with Octavianus and Antony) had been appointed
interrex, a formality necessary to give regularity to the forms of election
when there were no consuls (see Introd. to this Oration, p. 170 of text).
In the disorders that followed his house was stormed and plundered by
the mob.
176 20 non contra, [which is] not, etc.
176 21 (Sect. 14.) ilia defensio, such a defence, i.e. the defence by
violence (cf. vi ris defenditur, sect. 9).
176 24 e re publica, in the interest of the commonwealth*
177 1 decrevi, notayi, / voted, I marked, i.e. as deserving punish-
ment, leaving the person of the criminal to the decision of the court
(sect. 31). These words refer to Cicero's acts and votes in the Senate
when Pompey*s law was under discussion (see note on 1. 8).
177 3 crimen : the charge against any particular person ; rem, the
act itself
177 5 tribunum: Plancus. — licuisset: the action was stayed by
the tribune's intercessio.
177 6 decernebat, it was on the point of deciding: § 471, r (277, c)\
B. 260, 3; G. 233; H. 530 (469, iii); cf. H.-B. 484.
177 7 extra ordinem, out of turn : i.e. that they should have pre-
cedence of the regular docket, but that no new provisions should be
made for an investigation.
Defence of Milo 435
177 8 diyisa sententia est, the question was divided. When Pom-
pey's proposed law de vi, establishing a special tribunal (hanc quaes-
tionem, sect. 13) for the investigation of the disturbances referred to,
was discussed in the Senate, a resolution opposed to it was offered.
This consisted of two clauses: (i) that the disturbances were contra
rem publicam, and (2) that cases arising out of them should be brought
in the regular courts, but should be advanced on the docket (yeteribus
legibiis, extra ordinem). The tribune Q. Fufius Calenus (whom Cicero
refuses to name, — nescio quo) demanded that the question be divided.
The first clause -^as then passed, whereupon the tribune Plancus inter-
posed his veto (empta intercessione, 1. 10) and prevented the second
from being voted upon. Thus it was made to appear that the Senate
approved the new tribunal, and Pompey*s law was immediately passed
by the public assembly, while the more cautious action of the Senate
(reliqua auctoritas) was blocked by the intercessio of Plancus.
III. Sects. 15-22. Pompey's action in carrying a law to estab-
lish this special investigation was not a prejudgment of Milo's
case. No such tribunal was established when Africanus was mur-
dered. There was no special sanctity in Clodius, nor is his death
a public calamity. Pompey has left the question of Milo's guilt or
innocence to the court.
177 11 (Sect. 15.) at enim : introducing another supposed objection
of Cicero's opponents. — rogatione, i.e. i^hen he brought his law de vi
(just referred to) before the people for enactment (the proceedings in
the Senate having been merely deliberative). — re, the facts of the
affray; causa, the case of the accused.
177 12 quae . . . facta esset: § 592, 3 (341, </); B. 323; G. 628;
H. 649, I (528, i) ; H.-B. 535, i, tf.
177 14 nempe, etc., simply that an investigation should be made,
177 16 juris defensionem, a defence on a point of law (as to justifi-
cation of the homicide).
177 19 hanc salutarem litteram, this saving letter (hanc, because in
favor of his client), i.e. a chance to acquit. Each juror inscribed on his
ballot A (absolvo) for acquittal, or C or K (condemno) for conviction.
Fig. 44 shows (on the reverse) a voting urn and a ballot marked A
and C.
177 25 (Sect. 16.) Publione, etc., i.e. whether his act (quod = what)
was something he owed to Clodius, or a concession to the exigencies
of the time, which demanded the investigation.
436 Notes
177 97 domi, etc. : the following are examples of assassination in
which no extraordinary tribunal (commissioned for investigation) was
established. They are cited in support of Cicero's contention that in
establishing such a tribunal in the present case Pompey was not pre-
judging the innocence of Clodius and consequent guilt of Milo, but
merely yielding to the necessities of the public situation.
177 29 Catonis: M. Porcius Cato (the Younger); see note on
Archias, sect. 22 (p. 164, 1. 8).
177 30 Drusus : M. Livius Drusus (son of Marcus) was murdered by
some unknown person on returning home from an«exciting political
debate (b.c. 91).
178 3 Africano, i.e. iEmilianus. He was actively opposed to the
plans of C. Gracchus for the division of the Latian lands ; and, while
the controversy was at its hottest,
Fig. 44 ^TT^^ ^^ found dead in his bed with
?^-!::i!^5^ j^ ni ^\ marks (it was thought) of strangula-
tion. His wife, sister of the tribune,
and Gracchus himself lay under
some suspicion of the crime, which
w^as probably the act of Carbo (see
note to sect. 8, p. 173, 1. 27).
178 4 quern immortalem, etc. : Scipio was murdered at the age of
fifty-six.
178 9 (Sect. 17.) intersit: § 440 (266, r); B. 308; G. 264; H.
559, 3 (484, iii); H.-B. 532, i. — summorum, infimorum, simply high
and low.
178 10 quidem,^^/.
178 13 monumentis, memorial^ i.e. the road itself. The Appian
Way was constructed B.C. 312 by the censor Ap. Claudius Caecus,
an ancestor of Clodius. This circumstance is skilfully used to tell
against Clodius, rather than in his favor.
178 18 (Sect. 18) M. Papirium: this was one of Clodius's earliest
exploits. Papirius, a friend of Pompey, was killed in a brawl about a
son of Tigranes, held as hostage at Rome, whom Clodius was trying to
rescue and send back for a great ransom to Asia, having by a trick got
him out of the hands of his custodian. — non fuit, etc. : an illustration
of the idea expressed in impune, 1. 16, above.
178 21 quae, i.e. the Appian Way.
178 25 templo Castoris, where the Senate was then holding session.
The circumstance took place in the year of Clodius*s tribunate (b.c. 58),
Defence of Milo
All
while Pompey was in the Senate. " He instantly went home and
stayed there." For Roman figures of Castor and Pollux, see Fig. 45
(from a coin). P^^ ^^
178 29 (Sect. 19.) num quae, was there any, etc.
178 31 haec, i.e. res, vir, tempus.
178 33 sumina (pred. to omnia), in the highest
degree.
179 5 proinde quasi,/W/ as if, etc. : § 524 (312) ; B.
307 ; G. 602 ; H. 584, 2 (513, ii, N.i) ; H.-B. 504, 3. That
is, the overt act must be judged by its obvious intent.
180 2 (Sect. 20.) luget, etc. : the whole description is, with inten-
tional irony, in lively contrast with the real facts.
180 5 (Sect. 21.) non fuit, etc., that was not the reason, contradict-
ing the ironical statements just made; the real reason is given in the
clause introduced by sed.
180 6 cur . . . censeret: § 575» ^ (334. ^); B- 300, 2; G. 467; cf.
H. 642, 3 (523, ii, i,N.); H.-B. 513, 2.
180 7 ferendam, should be (proposed to the people to be) voted.
180 10 reconciliatae : Pompey had lately renewed friendly relations
with Clodius.
180 13 delegit : the choice of Xki^judices was left to Pompey.
180 15 neque . . . hoc COgitavit, he had no such idea.
180 17 non, etc., for my influence is not limited to my personal
friendships.
, non, could not but.
22.) quod, in that: § 572, a (333, a)\ B. 299, 2;
G. 525, 2 ; H. 588, 3, N. (516, 2, N.); H.-B. 552, 2.
— Domiti : L. Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul, B.C.
54), afterwards a leader against Caesar in the Civil
War, an arrogant and uncompromising upholder
of the aristocracy. (Fig. 46, from a coin.) The
emperor Nero was his descendant.
180 25 consularem : sc. praeesse.
180 29 documenta maxima : in his praetorship
(B.C. 58) Domitius had roughly cut his way through
a crowd of the followers of Clodius, killing many of them.
180 22 potuit .
180 23 (Sect.
Fig. 46
438 Notes
III. Narratio (§§ 23-31)
Sects. 2^-31. The sole question to be decided is : Which was the
aggressor, — Milo or Glodius ? Account of the ai&ay : The death
of Milo was necessary to Clodius : Glodius had threatened Milo :
he lay in wait for him and attacked him, but was killed himself.
From this plain statement of facts it may be judged who was the
intending assassin.
180 32 (Sect. 23.) si neque, etc. : a recapitulation of the whole of
the Confutatio (sects. 7-22).
181 2 vellemus: § 447, i (311, b)\ B. 280, 4; G. 258; H. 556
(486, i); H.-B. 519, I, b.
181 6 uter utri, which against the other (lit. which against which),
181 10 (Sect. 24.) All that precedes is intended merely to brush
aside prejudices and gain for the case a hearing on its merits: at this
point the real defence begins with a statement of facts in which every
incident is made to tell heavily against Clodius. — in praetura: at the
time of his death Clodius was candidate for this office (see Introd. to
the oration).
181 12 non multos mensis : really less than six. At whatever time
the magistrates were elected, they could hold office only for the year
for which they were chosen. In this case, since the election was
delayed till long after the beginning of the year, the term of office was
very considerably shortened.
181 13 honoris gradum : the ambition of a Roman was to complete
the series of curule offices (cursus honorum) as speedily as possible.
181 16 annum suum, the regular year in which he could legally be
a candidate.
181 17 religione aliqua, from some religious scruple^ as it is generally
(ut fit).
181 21 (Sect. 25.) consule Milone : equiv. to a fut. protasis ; § 521,
a (310, a) ; B. 305, i , G. 600, i ; H. 575, 9 (507, N.7) ; H.-B. 578, 6.
Milo was a candidate for the consulship.
181 22 fieri, was likely to be elected (i.e. as things were going at the
time of speaking, hence the pres.).
181 25 convocabat, not officially, but in the course of his canvass.
181 26 Collinam novam* a new Colline tribe. Of the thirty-five
tribes, the four city tribes ranked lowest, because the freedmen and
poor citizens were placed in them ; arid of these the Collina was least
Defence of Milo 439
reputable of all It was through the collegia compitaliciay or local clubs,
that Clodius worked upon the city tribes ; and, by the exaggerated
expression that he registered an entirely new Collina^ it appears to be
meant that the new and perhaps fraudulent names that he got upon the
list outnumbered the genuine voters.
181 27 ille, Clodius ; hie, Milo (as generally in this speech).
181 31 snffragiis : there had already been several attempts to elect
magistrates, which had failed through the obstructive tricks familiar to
Roman politicians. Hence the preference of the citizens was already
well known by their votes.
182 1 (Sect. 26.) silvas publicas : probably some depredations of
Clodius in Etruria, where he had extensive estates.
182 11 (Sect. 27.) sollemne, annual^ or occurring at regular sea-
sons (see derivation in Vocab.). The adjectives indicate that Milo*s
journey was undertaken regularly, legally, and of necessity, and hence
that the idea that he went out to kill Clodius is absurd.
182 12 Lanuvium : this was an old town of Latium, about twenty
miles southeast of Rome. It contained a temple of Juno Sospita, a
local divinity, so famous that, when Lanuvium became a municipium of
Rome, this sanctuary was, by special arrangement, received into the
Roman religious system. The flamen^ or special priest, of Juno Sos-
pita had to be inaugurated by the chief magistrate (dictator) of the
municipium. Milo, of Lanuvian origin, a municeps of the town, now
held the latter office.
182 13 dictator : this word, evidently an old name for the highest
magistrate of a community, was in Rome applied to an extraordinary
magistrate, but in other Italian towns it retained its earlier signification
(as here).
182 16 ita, under such circumstances : an indication that Clodius
sacrificed something of importance (namely, his presence at an assembly
of the people) in order to lay this ambuscade for Milo. Milo, on the
other hand (autem), was going about his regular business, as narrated
in what follows.
182 20 (Sect. 28.) quoad, etc. : the Senate adjourned on this day
about the fourth hour (between ten and eleven a.m.).
182 21 calceos : the Senator wore a special kind of shoe adorned
with a crescent-shaped ornament (lunula) ; his tunic was also distin-
guished by the broad purple stripe in front (latus clavus). When trav-
elling, a Roman put off his toga and badges of office and put on a
heavy travelling cloak (paenula) and other easy garments.
440
Notes
Fig. 47
182 22 id temporis: § 397, a (240, b)\ B. 185, 2; G. 336, n.2; H.
416,2 (378,2); H.-B. 388,^.
182 24 ob viam fit : this was just beyond Bovillae (Albano), a village
about nine miles from Rome.
182 25 raeda (rheda), a four-wheeled family carriage.
182 26 Graecis comitibus, singers, dancers, etc. (see sect. 55).
182 27 hie insidiator, i.e. Milo (of course ironical).
182 28 apparasset) i.e. as the ac-
cusers say: see § 592, 3 (341, d)\ B.
323; G. 628; H. 649, i (528, I); H.-B.
535» i» ^•
182 29 paenulatus: the /a/if»/a went
on over the head, like a Mexican poncho,
and so confined the arms (Fig. 47). It was
the usual travelling cloak of a Roman.
182 30 comitatu : this troop of sing-
ing boys and maidens was, no doubt, to
take part in the village procession next
day at Lanuvium.
182 31 (Sect. 29.) hora undecima :
this would be about half past four p'.m.
In reality, as we learn from other sources,
it was nearly two hours earlier ; and Milo
had stopped at an inn in Bovillae, in
order (as was charged) to make sure of not missing his enemy.
183 1 adyersi . . . occidunt, they attack and kill,
183 8 pugnari, impersonal.
183 9 succurrere: § 558, b (331, /, 2); cf. B. 295, 3, n. ; G. 549,
N.i ; H. 505, ii, 2 ; H.-B. 587.
183 10 fecerunt . . . quod quisque . . . yoluisset: this sentence is
greatly admired as a delicate way of glossing over awkward facts.
183 11 derivandi, i.e. from Milo, the master, to the irresponsible
slaves.
183 14 voluisset: for constr., see § 521, a (310, d)\ B. 305, i ; G.
600, I ; H. 595, 9 (507, N.'O ; H.-B. 578, 6.
183 17 (Sect. 30.) consecuta sit, i.e. by the death of Clodius.
183 19 prosit, hortatory subjunctive.
183 20 potuerit : for tense, see § 485, r (287, c) ; B. 268, 6 ; G. 513 ;
H. 550 (495, vi) ; H.-B. 481. — quin servaret, without saving; c£. quin
judicetis, without judging (1. 26, below).
Defefice of Milo 441
183 93 ratio doctis, etc. : observe the exquisite skill with which
Cicero here enunciates and applies the universal law of ^elf -defence.
183 28 (Sect. 31.) Observe that this section (sect. 31), which ends
the Narratio (or statement of facts), is similar to sect. 23, which intro-
duces the Narratio : both contain a summing up of the results arrived
at in the ConfutaHo (sects. 7-22) and both end with a statement of the
main question : Which lay in wait for the other ? Much of the effort
of persuasive argument depends on such repetitions, at the proper
moment, of points already made.
183 S8 optabilius fuit: § 522, a (311, c)\ 6. 304, 3, a; G. 254, r.^;
H. 583 (5"» N.«) ; H.-B. 582, 3, a.
183 39 semel, once only.
183 33 iilud, referring forward to occisusne, etc. (as often).
184 1 id, i.e. the fact that there was a plot laid by somebody.
Throughout the argument Cicero insists that neither the Senate nor
Pompey intended to prejudge the guilt of Milo.
184 3 de hoc i-e. the question ab ntro factae sint — latum est,
etc., i.e. this was the intent of Pompey*s law de vi.
184 7 hie, ie. my client ; illi,ie. Clodius. — at ne sit, subj. of pur-
pose (i.e. the purpose of the investigation).
IV. CONFIRMATIO (§§ 32-9 1)
The Confirtnatio in this oration consists of two parts. In the first
(sects. 32-71), Cicero handles the question of self-defence directly,
maintaining that all the circumstances point to Clodius as the aggressor
in the affray. In the second (sects. 72-91), he argues that, even if
Milo had not had this justification, his killing Clodius would not have
been a crime but a patriotic act.
Sects. 32-36. Clodius had a strong motive to kill Milo : Milo
had no motive to kill Clodius.
184 9 (Sect. 32.) probari, etc. : the evidence on this point would,
of course, be purely circumstantial and inferential, and to Cicero's
wonderful skill in dealing with such evidence is due much of the inter-
est of what follows.
184 10 in ilia, in the case ofthe^ etc.
184 13 illud Cassianum, that noted saying of Cassius. L. Cassius
Longinus Ravilla (cos. b.c. 127) was one of the most upright men of
his time, distinguished as a quaesitor (presiding officer) of special trials.
442 Notes
(Fig. 48, from a coin commemorating one of his reforms, represents a
citizen voting on a law ; see also Fig. "^4, p. 436, above.) — cui bono,
for whose advantage : § 382, i and N.^ (233, a); B. 191, 2; G. 356, R.1;
H. 433 (390, i) ; H.-B. 360 and b ; not " for what advantage," as it is
often wrongly given in English. The question of
* "* " motive " in cases of murder was as much insisted
on in ancient trials as it Is to-day (cf. Rose. Am., note
on sect. 23, p. ID, 1. 16). — personis, parties: the
persona is properly the masky which indicates by its
features the " character " in a play.
184 15 atqui, etc., now, by the killing of MilOy etc.
— adsequebatur, was going to gain: § 471, r (277, c)\
B. 260, 3; G. 233; H. 534, 2 (469, i); cf. H.-B. 484.
184 16 non eo consule, without having one as consul.
184 18 quibus . . . coniyentibas : these competitors of Milo were
P. Plautius Hypsaeus and Q. Metellus Scipio, — the latter an adopted
son of Metellus Pius. He took a leading part on Pompey's side in the
Civil War, and was defeated by Caesar at Thapsus, B.C. 46.
184 19 speraret: integral part of the purpose clause at . . . asset: so
also cuperent, valient, possant, below. — cogitatis : artfully suggesting
that the mad conduct of Clodius was not mere hot-headedness but was
deliberately planned to further his ambitious designs.
184 20 illi, le. the consuls.
184 31 tantum benaficium : they would owe their election to him.
184 26 (Sect. 33.) ille, le. Clodius.
184 28 fuerit impositurus : indir. quest, for -tnnis fuit = /Vw/^
suisset; § 517, d (308, d and N.); B. 304, 3, b, 322, b\ G. 597, R.6, a\
H. 582, 2 (511, 2, N.); H.-B. 581, b, 2.
184 29 Clodi : Sex. Clodius, client and confidential agent of the
demagogue Clodius. — librarium, ie. the "budget" of laws which
Clodius had on hand to propose. Cicero humorously speaks as if
these filled a whole librarium or book cabinet.
184 30 aripnisse e dome, i.e. from P. Clodius's house, in the riots
that followed his death.
184 31 Palladinm : the image of Pallas, kept in the citadel of Troy,
and taken thence by a nocturnal enterprise of Ulysses and Diomed.
The sanctity and adventures of this portfolio suggest the comparison.
185 2 si nactus esses, if you could find him,
185 3 per : the words of adjuration are either intentionally omitted
or lost. — hnjus legis : a proposed law of Clodius by which the f reedmen
Defeme of Milo 443
•were to be distributed among all the thirty-five tribes (see note, sect. 25,
p. 181, 1. 26). Sex. Clodius, the son of a freedman, is shrewdly hinted
at as author of the law.
185 5 de nostrum omnium : such a rhetorical break is called aposio-
pests. Cicero would have said something like proscriptione or caede^
but he affects to be alarmed at the threatening look with which Sex.
Clodius hears his allusion (aspexit me illis oculis).
185 9 lumen curiae, a pun : Cicero calls Sex. Clodius a light of the
senate-house^ meaning (i) sarcastically, that he was a distinguished Sen-
ator, and (2) that he was the incendiary who, by burning Clodius's
body, had set the curia on fire (see note on sect. 12, p. 176, 1. i).
185 11 poenitus [= punitus] es (often deponent in Cicero): noth-
ing was more horrible to the ancients than the loss of due funeral rites.
The burning of Clodius's body by the mob deprived him of all the
honors to which he was entitled.
185 12 erat: § 522, « (311, c)\ B. 304, Z, a\ O. 254, r.I; H. 583
(511, N.8); H.-B. 582, 3, a.
185 14 imaginibus : a Claudius should have a long line of most
distinguished images. — infelicissimis, ill-omened^ as obtained by riotous
violence.
185 19 (Sect. 34.) audistis, etc. : the words in italics are supplied
by conjecture.
185 23 non dicam : parenthetical. — obstabat : the supposed remark
of an opponent.
185 23 repugnante eo, in spite of his opposition. — fiebat (jr. consul) ^
was coming to ^r (see note on fieri, sect. 25, p. 181, 1. 22).
185 24 nec me, etc., i.e. the positive support of Cicero was not more
useful to Milo's canvass than the antagonism of so bad a man as Clodius.
185 25 apud YOS, i.e. you and such men as you in your capacity as
electors.
186 1 quia dubitaret? who could [then] hesitate? §444 (268); B.
277; G. 259; H. 557 (486, ii); H.-B. 517, i.
186 3 Clodio remote, i.e. so long as Clodius was alive many would
vote for Milo as being his declared enemy, but now that Clodius is out
of the w^ay, Milo must rely only on the ordinary means (usitatis jam
rebus) of securing suffrages.
186 7 ne . . . metueretis: § 537, a, n. (319, a, n.) ; G. 553, i ; cf.
H.-B. 502, 3, a, footnote*.
186 13 (Sect. 35.) at, etc., but (some one will say).
186 14 haec, these considerations.
444 Notes
186 18 cvrWey political (such as a good citizen must feel). — ille erat
ut Odisset) in his case there was a motive for hating (a puq^ose clause af tei
erat = causa erat).
186 31 reus Milonis fait» i.e. liable to an accusation on the part of
Milo. — lege Plotia (or Plautia) : the Roman statute against assault.
Sects. 36-38. The habitual violence of Clodius, as contrasted
with the law-abiding character of Milo, shows which of the two
must have been the aggpressor in this instance.' Milo never used
force except to ward off the violence of Clodius.
186 27 (Sect. 36.) nihil, etc. : of course ironical.
186 28 quid ? ego, etc. : Cicero gives his own experience as an
example of Clodius's violent way of acting.
186 31 diem, etc. : example of legal proceedings which Cicero says,
ironically, he avoided by fleeing from the city : the first phrase (diem
dixerat) refers to a notice of an accusation before the public assembly ;
the second (multam inrogarat), to a bill for a fine ; the third (actionem
perduellionis), to an action on a capital charge before the comitia
centuriata. .
187 2 servorum, etc. : the facts, as opposed to the ironical state-
ment that precedes. Cicero had really to fear, not judicial proceed-
ings instituted by Clodius, but mob violence instigated by him.
187 4 (Sect. 37.) vidi enim, /saw with my own eyes. Cicero here
artfully recounts other violent acts of Clodius, in the form of reasons
which moved him, — thus killing two birds with one stone.
187 5 Hortensium : Cicero's early rival, and opponent in the case
of Verres. He was now one of Milo*s counsel.
187 7 Vibienus : probably a lapse of Cicero's memory. He was
killed in the riots after the death of Clodius.
187 10 haec, huic, haec : notice the emphatic repetition (anaphora).
187 12 Papiri: see note on sect. 18 (p. 178, 1. 18).
187 14 ad regiam : the old palace of Numa on the Sacra Via at
the point where it reached the Forum. It adjoined the temple of
Vesta, and was occupied by the pontifex maximus (at this time Caesar).
When Augustus was made pontifex maximus he gave the Regia to the
Vestal Virgins. The occasion here referred to was probably an elec-
tion riot in the preceding year.
187 15 (Sect. 38.) quid, etc., what like deed of Milo' s ?
187 16 detrahi non posset, on account of the disturbances and law-
lessness of the time.
Defence of Milo 445
187 19 y^\xX\tm^ •= nonne potuit : § 332, r (210, </); B. 162, 2, c\
G. 454, R.2; H.-B. 231, 1, ^, N.i. — deos penatis : see note, Cat. iv, sect.
18 (p. 151, I. 5). — illo oppugnante : this was an attack not by a mob
but by an armed bandit made upon MiIo*s house, November 12, B.C. 57,
the year of Cicero's return.
187 22 Fabricio : Q. Fabricius, tribune b.c. 57 ; he was the origi-
nator and defender of the bill for Cicero's return from exile; an
attack was made upon him by the partisans of Clodius, and he barely
escaped with his life.
187 23 Caecili, praetor B.C. 57. He was attacked while presiding
over the games of Apollo in July.
187 25 lata leX) i.e. the law proposed for his recall.
187 26 faoti, i.e. the killing of Clodius.
Sects. 39--43. Milo had not killed Clodius when he might have
done it with impunity and even with credit to himself. Would he
have plotted his death, at so unfavorable a moment ?
188 2 (Sect.. 39.) consensus, universal feeling.
188 3 praetores : all except Appius Claudius, brother of Clodius ;
tribuni : all except two, Numerius Rufus and Sex. Atilius Serranus.
188 4 auctor, the responsible originator; dux, champion^ who led it
to a successful issue. . .
188 7 decretum.: this word is sometimes used for the^^»>clamation
of a magistrate, which was properly edictitm. The decretum was the
ordinance of a collegium or council, especially of the Senate, but also
of any municipal body. The decree here referred to was passed by the
municipal Senate (curia) of-Capul, upon Pompey's proposition.
183 11 qui . . . ejus, ef any oHe ^whoy equivalent to a conditional
construction; § 519 (316) ; B. 312, 2 ; G. 593, i ; H. (507, iii, 2) ; H.-B.
577. For the imperfect cogitaretur (impers.), see § 517, a (308, d)\
B. 304, 2 ; G. 597, R.^ ; H. 579, i (510, N.2) ; H.-B. 581. (In present time
it would be Si quis interemerit^ cogitetur. In past time, when it becomes
contrary to fact, the same relation between the tenses is retained.)
188 13 (Sect. 40.) bis: once for the attack on his house (sect. 38,
above) ; the other occasion is unknown.
188 14 et reo: Clodius, as aedile (b.c. 56), had laid a charge against
Milo {dixit diem Milont) of employing gladiators to bring about by
intimidation the law for Cicero's recall.
188 18 grayissimam . . . partem, a most important part in political
446 Notes
188 21 fuit: see note on erat, sect, '^i (p. 185, 1. 12).
188 23 in scalamm tenebris, the stairway of a bookseller's shop, as
Cicero says elsewhere (Phil, ii, 9). The affair took place B.C. 53, when
Antony, at this time a friend of Cicero, was candidate for the quaestorship.
188 23 nulla sua invidia, with no odium to himself: § 348, a (217,
a) ; B. 243, 2 ; G. 304, N.2; H. 440, 2, N.2 (396, iu, N.2) ; H.-B. 354, d.
188 26 (Sect. 41.) destringendos : § 500, 4 (294, d) ; B. 337, 7, ^, 2 ;
G. 430 ; H. 622 (544, 2, N.2) ; H.-B. 612, iii. A fragment of a lost oration
says that the two consuls were knocked down by stones.
188 28 Hberet, might please,
188 30 jure, etc. : observe the antithesis carried out in all the modi-
fiers (jure, injuria; loco, iniquo loco, etc.). — loco, with the advantage
of ground (see note. Cat. ii, sect, i, p. 114, 1. 5).
189 1 (Sect. 42.) contentio, struggle for,
189 3 ambitio, the canvass (" going about " for votes).
189 5 obscure qualifies cogitari, but is displaced to oppose palam.
189 6 fabulam fictam, a got-up story (an election lie).
189 7 moUe, sensitive ; tenenim, delicate ; fragile, unstable ; flez-
ibile, changeable.
189 13 (Sect. 43.) angusta . . . auspicia : rhetorical for comitia cen-
turiata quae auspicato fiunt (see Introd., p. Ixiii). All the higher magis-
trates had to be elected at these comitia,
189 14 yeniebat : § 47i» ^ (277, c) ; B. 260, 3; G. 233 ; H. 530 (469,
i) ; cf. H.-B. 484. — idem, on the other hand (lit. the same [supposition]).
Sects. 44-52. Clodius had threatened to kill Mile, and the
affray happened in accordance with his threats. He knew of
the journey of Milo : Milo, on the other hand, knew nothing of
the movements of Clodius. Summary review of the conduct
of both before the affray (Sects. 51, 52).
189 24 (Sect. 44.) Petili, Cato: Petilius and Cato are addressed
personally, as prominent men sitting as judices. Such appeals would
not now be tolerated, but were consistent with ancient procedure.
189 26 Favonio : Favonius (see sect. 26) was a friend and great
admirer of Cato, with whom he had previously taken part in some pro-
ceedings against Clodius. He was afterwards one of the conspirators
against Caesar.
189 30 (Sect. 45.) fefellit, i.e. the day which he had mentioned m
making this threat did not fail to bring about the (attempted) accom-
plishment of it.
Defence of Mih 447
190 1 quo die ? Cicero is again enlarging (cf. sect. 27) on the fact
that Clodius had every reason to remain at Rome on the day of the
murder, but that Milo*s leaving the city was natural and necessary. The
significance of all this as to the question uter atri insidias fecerit (sect.
23) is obvious.
190 2 mercenario tribuno: speeches were made this day by C. Sal-
lustius (the historian) and Q. Pompeius Ruf us. Probably the latter is
here meant.
190 4 approperaret, had been making haste: § 517, a (308, a); B.
304, 2 ; G. 597, R.1; H. 579, i (510, N.2) ; H.-B. 581.
190 6 facultas : omit, as being a gloss.
190 7 quid ? i.e. what are we to infer ?
190 9 (Sect. 46.) qui . . . iK>tnerit, how could he have known ?
190 10 ut . . . rogasset: § 527, a (313, a) ; cf. B. 308; G. 608; H.
586, ii (515, iii) ; H.-B. 532, 2, b.
190 15 quaesierit sane, suppose (if you wilt) that he did ask : § 440
(266, c) ; cf. B. 308; G. 264; H. 559, 3 (484, iU) ; H.-B. 532, i. — quid
. . . largiar, how much /grant, Le. how Uberal I am in making con-
cessions to the other side.
190 16 Q. Arrius: one of the witnesses. — corruperit: same constr.
as quaesierit
190 19 eadem hora : in the famous trial of the violation of the mys-
teries (sect. 13) Clodius had tried to prove an alibi by showing, from
Causinius*s testimony, that he had spent that night at his house at
Interamna (Temi, on the river Nar in Umbria, ninety miles away) ; but
he was confuted by the evidence of Cicero, who testified that he had
seen him in Rome the same day. This act of Cicero's Clodius never
forgot or forgave.
190 21 mansurnm fuisse : § 589, b, 2 (337, b, 2) ; B. 322 ; G. 597,
R.* ; H. 647 (527, iii) ; H.-B. 581, b, i ; the protasis is suppressed but
may be supplied from the sed clause following.
190 25 (Sect. 47.) liberatur, is proved (lit. is cleared).
190 26 profectns esse: depending on liberatur ; § 582 (330, b) ; cf. B.
332; G. 528, I ; H. 611, N.i (534, I, N.i) ; cf. H.-B. 590, i. — quippe, 0/
course.
190 27 obyius futurus, expecting to meet.
190 29 rogatione, i.e. Pompey's law to establish this court of
inquiry.
190 30 majoris, more important : this charge was afterwards brought
up against Cicero by Mark Antony.
448 Notes
190 31 abjecti homines : C. Sallustius and Q. Pompeius (note on
sect. 45, p. 190, L 2).
1914 (Sect. 48.) wxmit, meets me,
191 5 si qnidem, yes^ if.
^91 6 video (emphat.), J see clearly.
1918 quid nuntimret? §444 (268); B. 277; G. 259; H. 557
(486, u); cf. H.-B. 515, I.
191 10 obsignayi, endorsed. The names of witnesses were written
on the back of wills, etc., after they were closed and sealed.
191 12 qaem pridie, etc., i.e. Clodius, when he left Rome, knew that
Cyrus was dying, and so the news of his actual death need not have
changed his plans. Hence Cicero infers that this messenger was sent
to give Clodius information of Milo's movements and not (as pretended)
of the death of Cyrus. Observe the skill with which every circum-
stance is made to tell in favor of Cicero's contention that Clodius lay
in wait for Milo.
191 14 (Sect. 49.) age, well then ; sit, etc., suppose it were so (that
the messenger informed him about Cyrus).
191 16 properato : § 41 1, a (243, e, n.) ; B. 218, 2, <: ; G. 406 ; H. 477,
ui (414, iv, N.8) ; H.-B. 430, 2.
191 31 insidiator : ironical, as before.
191 33 (Sect. 50.) credidisset: the protasis is implied in neganti;
§ 521, a (310, d)\ B. 305, i; G. 600, i; H. 575, 9 (507, n.'); H.-B.
578, 6.
191 34 snstinuisset, would have borne the brunt of.
191 25 latronum : highway robbery, with violence, was pretty com-
mon in the near neighborhood of Rome.
191 27 multi, etc. : here it is hinted that the crimes of Clodius (who
had estates in Etruria) had made him many enemies (see note, sect. 26),
on some of whom the suspicion might have fallen.
191 28 timentes : his spoliations were so notorious that many who
had not yet suffered might be supposed to have killed him through fear
of his future depredations. Observe that Cicero keeps before the minds
of the jury the view that the killing of Clodius was a great public service.
191 30 (Sect. 51.) quod ut (see note on rogasset, p. 190, 1. 10), now
though (cf. quod si).
192 3 constare . . . omnia, etc. : in this and the following section
Cicero sums up the arguments given in detail in sects. 32-51. The
review is intended to show that, up to the moment of the affray, all the
circumstances point to Clodius and not to Milo as the insidiator.
Defence of Milo 449
192 9 (Sect. 52.) nihil umquam, etc. : on the contrary, Cicero says
elsewhere (Att. iv, 3), speaking of the disorder that followed his return
from exile, " If he [Clodius] comes in his way, I foresee that he will be
killed by Milo. He does not hesitate to do it ; he openly professes it
(prae sefert):'
192 13 causam fiiudsse, invented an excuse.
Sects. 53-56. The place where the affray occurred was one that
would have been selected by Clodius. Milo was unprepared for an
affray (his wife was with him, etc.) : Clodius was fully prepared.
192 19 (Sect. 53.) etiam, any longer,
192 31 snbstructiones (see sect. 85), buildings^ but with the idea of
walls, grading, and the like, made necessary by the great size of the
buildings fashionable among the Roman nobles. — yersabantur, used to
be employed.
192 23 adyersari, i.e. Clodius.
192 25 ab 60, Le. Clodius.
192 31 (Sect. 54.) quid minus, so. quam Milo.
193 3 iXium, the other.
193 3 tarde, etc.: cf. sect. 49. — qui (adv.) zWiytVL% what fitness in
that?
193 7 hie, Le. Milo. — veniret: § 553 (328); B. 293, iii, 2; G. 572;
H. 603, ii, 2 (519, ii, 2) ; H.-B. 507, 5.
193 11 (Sect. 55.) Graeculi, dimin. of contempt :" Greeklings." —
in castra Etrusca, i.e. to Catiline's camp, for which, says Asconius, he
had once really set out.
193 12 nugarum nihil, no nonsense^ such as buffoons, minstrels, and
the like.
193 15 nisi ut, etc., except such persons as you might call a picked
bandy etc. (lit. except in such a way as, etc.). — yirum a viro lectum: in
allusion to a custom in the Roman army of selecting men for dangerous
service one at a time, each new man being designated by the last.
193 19 mulier, said scornfully of Clodius, as being a coward.
193 22 (Sect. 56.) odio: § 382, i and n.i (233, a); B. 191 ; G. 356;
H. 433» 2 (390» i); H.-B. 360 and b.
193 24 proiK>sitam, put up for sale; addictam, knocked down (terms
of the auction room).
193 26 Martem communem, the favor of Mars : a proverbial phrase
impl3ring that the favors of Mars are impartially bestowed, now on the
one side now on the other (cf . our " the fortune of war ").
45 o Notes
193 38 pransi : the prandium was the noon-day meal, generally
simple, of fruit and bread, blit made by high-livers a luxurious meal
193 29 interclusum, i.e. Clodius had passed Milo himself, who was
thus shut off from his own followers.
Sects. 57-60. Mile's manumission of his slaves was to reward
them, and not for the sake of sappressing testimony. The evidence
of Clodius's slaves is worthless.
194 1 (Sect. 57.) manu misit : here Cicero pauses to reply to an
argument on the other side. Only slaves could be forced to give testi-
mony by torture (Rose. Am., sect. 35). As Milo had freed his, it was
maintained by the prosecution that he wished to destroy evidence.
Manumission under such circumstances was forbidden by later law.
194 7 indagamus hie, i.e. the legal aspect of the case is to be con-
sidered at this point.
194 10 nescis, you know not how : § 456 (271) ; B. 328, i ; G. 423 ;
H. 607 (533); H.-B. 586.
194 16 (Sect. 58.) propter quos vivit, i.e. to whom he owes his
life.
194 17 id, i.e. the service of saving his life. — quod, the fact that:
§ 572 (333); B. 299, I ; G. 525, I ; H. 588, i (540, iv); H.-B. 552, i.
194 25 (Sect. 59.) (^dA^Mont^^examination (by torture) of Clodius*s
slaves. — urgent) Le. is a difficult point for the defence to meet.
194 26 in atrio Libertatis : it was in this hall (probably near the
present column of Trajan) that questions touching the liberation of
slaves were considered, and that torture was inflicted, — not in mockery
of the name, but to excite in the slave some hope of freedom.
194 27 Appius: an elder brother of Clodius.
194 29 de servis : the passage in brackets seems necessary to the
sense. The exception de incestu is mentioned to bring the jest upon
Clodius.
194 30 proxime, very near: i.e. by having his murder treated as
sacrilege (i.e. an offence against the gods) in respect to the question of
slaves. The whole passage is an argument a fortiori. If the Romans
excluded enforced testimony of a master's slaves, even when the truth
could be arrived at thereby, how much more should this be excluded
here, where the temptation to lie was so great that no trustworthy evi-
dence could be expected from them. — deos accessit is punnmgly used
in two senses, — first, of his near approach to being a god (by having
an offence against him treated as sacrilege) ; second, of his unlawful
intrusion on the mysteries of the Bona Dea.
Defence of Milo 45 1
194 31 ad ipsos, i.e. in the mysteries of Bona Dea (p. 176, 1. 14, note).
195 3 Don quin, not but: § 540, n.8 (321, r.); B. 286, i, ^; G. 541,
N.2; H. 588, ii, 2 (516, 2); H.-B. 535, 2. b.
195 7 (Sect. 60.) cave . . . mentiaris: § 450, 2 (269, «, 3); G. 271,
2; H. 561, 2 {489, 2); H.-B. 501, 3, rt, 2. — sis: see Vocab.
195 11 areas, cells, lit. chests (of timber), which in more ancient times
were apparently used for this purpose.
195 14 integrius, sounder, i.e. less biased (of course ironical).
Sects. 61-63. Mile's conduct after the affray shows his inno-
cence. He returned to Rome and made no attempt to conceal him-
self scorning the evil rumors that were rife. No guilty man would
have acted in this way.
195 18 (Sect. 61.) Romam revertisse: it was at first thought that
Milo had gone into voluntary exile after the murder. In fact, however,
he had returned to Rome on the night when the curia was burned, and
the reaction caused by the fire and the riots encouraged him to appear
in public and renew his canvass for the consulship. Cicero skilfully
represents this conduct as due to the courage of innocence.
195 23 se populo . . . senattti commisit, i.e. by appearing in his
place among them.
195 93 praesidiis, i.e. the special power with which Pompey was
clothed as sole consul, which is further dwelt on in the following (see
sect. 65).
195 38 magna metnenti, etc. : Pompey was on friendly terms with
Clodius and might well fear that the violent act of Milo threatened his
own position in the state and even his life (see note on sect. 66, p. 197,
1. 26).
196 6 (Sect. 62.) imperitonim, strangers to his character (though
well intentioned).
196 7 (Sect. 63.) illud, the fact (in appos. with the clause ut . . .
trucidaret).
196 8 fecisset : ioi fecit of the dir. disc. ; so voluisset in 1. 11, below.
196 9 tanti, predicate gen. of indefinite value.
196 19 fortem virum, brave man that he was. — quin . . . cederet,
auferret, relinqueret: § 558, a, n.2 (332,^, n.^) ; B. 298, b\ G. 555, r.^;
H. 596, I (505, i) ; cL H.-B. 502, 3, b and footnote ♦.
196 16 iK>rtenta, monsters (his accomplices). — loquebantur, talked
about, comparing Milo with Catiline, and sajring he would do likewise.
196 17 miseros . . . civis, exclamatory accusative.
452 Notes
Sects. 64-71. False rumors about Milo. Pompey's fear of bim
groundless. The time will come when Pompey will know that Milo
is his friend. But, in fact, Pompey is not ill disposed to Milo and
does not think him guilty : had he thought so, he would have put
him to death and not have allowed him this trial. End of the first
part of the Cor^iflrmatio.
In sects. 64, 65, Cicero makes a skilful transition from Mile's conduct
after the affray to Pompey's feelings with regard to him. It was all-
important for him to show that the acquittal of Milo would not be
unfavorably received by Pompey, and hence he does his best to prove
that Milo was never Pompey's enemy and that the latter had no wish to
secure his conviction.
196 20 (Sect. 64.) ilia, tAfse surmises,
196 34 perculissent : the protasis is implied in qnemvis . . . con-
scientia (i.e. anybody who had such a consciousness). — conscientia,
abl. of means with perculissent.
196 25 ut (exclamatory), Aow.
196 26 mazimo animo, of the greatest hardihood,
196 27 potuisset : the protasis is implied in the context.
196 29 indicabatur: §582 (330, b, i); cf. B. 332; G. 528, i; H.
611, N.i (534, I, N.i) ; H.-B. 590, I ; use the impers. form in translation,
— // was shown that^ etc.
196 30 yicnm, narrow street (properly a district or quarter^. — dice-
bant, they would say (indicating repeated charges). — Miloni, dat. of
agent : § 374 (232) ; B. 189, 2 ; G. 354 ; H. 431, 2 (388, i) ; H.-B. 373, 2.
197 2 clivo Capitolino, the street which ran from the upper end
of the Forum to the Capitolium.
197 4 delata : deferre ad senatum is to lay information before the
Senate ; referre^ to bring a piece of business before it for action.
197 5 (Sect. 65.) laudabam, imperf. because it indicates Cicero's
state of mind 2X the time.
197 6 sed dicam, etc. : the whole context . implies that in this
matter Pompey went too far, and for this Cicero excuses him in
what follows.
197 8 fuit andiendus, he had to listen to (not cont. to fact).
197 9 popa, an inferior priest who slew the sacrifices — hardly more
than a butcher: such a person usually (as here) kept a/^/iW, or restau-
rant and grog-shop ; hence apud se ebrios. — Circo mazimo : the dis-
trict near the Circus Maximus, the building for the great games, between
the Palatine and Aventine hills.
Defence of Milo 453
197 12 in hortos: §428, /, n. (259, g)\ H. 418 (380, i); wealthy
Romans had large grounds (horti) attached to their city houses. Pom-
pey was at this time staying at home to avoid Milo, as was alleged.
197 16 credi popae: §372 (230); B. 187, ii, ^; G. 346, r.^; H.
426, 3 (384, ii, 5) ; H.-B. 364, 2.
197 22 (Sect. 66.) tarn celebri loco, in so thronged a locality, Caesar,
as Pontifex Maximus, inhabited the Regia (see note on sect. 37, p. 187,
1. 14) on the Sacra Via, in the busiest part of Rome.
197 23 audiebatur, the story was told.
197 26 senator, etc. : " Pompey was afraid of Milo, or pretended to
be ; and he stayed mostly, not at home, but in his gardens — even the
upper ones, where a great guard of soldiers camped around. Pompey,
besides, had once adjourned the Senate suddenly, saying that he feared
Milo*s coming. Then at the next session, P. Comificius had said that
Milo had a sword under his tunic, fastened to his thigh, and demanded
that he should bare his thigh, which Milo did at once, lifting his tunic.
Then Cicero called out that all the other charges against Milo were just
like that." (Asconius.)
197 31 (Sect. 67.) cum . . . timemns . . . perhorrescimns: § 549, «
(326, a)\ B. 290, i; G. 582; H. 599 (517, 2); H.-B. 550, a, N.*.—
tamen, i.e. notwithstanding the alleged grounds for fearing Milo have
been proved false. — si metuitur : the protasis is timemns, perhorres-
cimns.— etiam nunc, opposed to the instances of such fear of Milo
mentioned in the preceding chapter.
197 39 Clodianum crimen, the charge 0/ murdering Clodius. — time-
mns, we = Cicero and his client : they have to fear, he says, — in case
Milo is still regarded by Pompey with apprehension, — not the charge
of murdering Clodius (for Milo is sure of an acquittal if the case is
decided on its merits) but Pompey's suspicions of Milo's hostility to him
(for these may well prove prejudicial to Milo*s case). These suspicions
Cicero answers by a reductio ad absurdum, — if all these military prepa-
rations have been made for fear of Milo, what a great man Milo must
be ! But everybody knows that they were not made for this reason ;
hence Pompey has no reason to fear Milo.
198 I exandire: Pompey was sitting not in the court but at the
Treasury, a considerable distance off.
198 2 8i times, putas, etc. : the apod, is magna in hoc, etc., 1. 9.
198 12 (Sect. 68.) sed qnis, but [this cannot be, for] who, etc.
198 14 si locus, etc., i.e. if Milo had had a chance, he would have
proved his devotion to Pompey.
454 Notes
198 18 ilia taeterrima peste, i.e. Clodius.
198 19 tribanatam : Milo was tribune B.C. 57, and he was active in
securing the recall of Cicero from exile.
198 23 quae si non, etc., if he could not prove this.
198 35 armis . . . conqaietura, were never likely to rest from arms,
198 26 ne, assuredly.
198 27 ita natus, born for that very thing (i.e. to sacrifice everything
for his country).
198 28 te antestaretur, would call you to witness (that he yields to
the occasion and is really guiltless of any hostilities).
198 30 (Sect. 69.) infidelitates, [acts of] ill faith. This and the
following plural abstracts are, as often, best translated by the singular
in English : § 100, c (75, c) ; B. 55, 4, ^; G. 204, R.* ; H. 138, 2 (130, 2) ;
H.-B. 240, 5, b.
199 2 motu aliqno, i.e. there will perhaps be some disturbance of
the general welfare of the state (communiam temporum). Cicero's
apprehensions were more than fulfilled in the great Civil War between
Csesar and Pompey.
199 4 experti : an allusion to Cicero's own misfortunes and exile.
199 6 (Sect. 70.) quamquam : corrective, implying that the preced-
ing supposition is unfounded, for Pompey is not really an enemy to
Milo ; if he had been, he would have executed him summarily and not
have allowed him a trial. His action, Cicero argues, virtually acquits
the defendant.
199 7 juris public!, etc., law, customs, politics.
199 9 ne quid, etc. : see note, Cat. i, sect. 2 (p. 100, 1. 12).
199 11 hnnc repeats Pompeium with emphasis after the long paren-
thesis; ejus qui, of one who (on that supposition), i.e. Milo. — dilectn :
Pompey held the consulship in B.C. 55, but after its expiration did not
go into his province of Spain, but despatched thither his army under
the command of legati^ while he himself remained in Italy with procon-
sular power. Immediately after the death of Clodius the Senate gave
the interrex (see note, p. 176, 1. 18), the tribunes, and the proconsul
(Pompey) the extraordinary power ne quid, etc., and authorized Pom-
pey to hold a levy of troops.
199 12 exspectaturum fuisse, would havey etc. : § 589, b^ 2 (337, b^ 2) ;
B. 322 ; G. 659; H. 647 (527, iii) ; H.-B. 581, b^ i. The whole passage
is a cont. to fact apod, in indir. disc. ; the protasis (implied in the con-
text) is the false supposition that Pompey thought Milo dangerous to
the state and to himself.
Defence of Milo 455
199 14 ista, i.e. the imputations referred to in sects. 65, 66. — qui,
i.e. Pompey. — legem, the law for the present investigation.
199 15 oporteret, ought, as I think ; liceret, may well (legally), as
all allow,
19916 (Sect. 71.) in illo loco: see note on ezandire, sect. 67,
p. 198, 1. I.
199 20 animadyertere in, proceed against, i.e. punish. The whole
turning of Pompey's unfriendly action so as to make it appear in Milo*s
favor is a stroke of art. — posset, subj. of integral part; the imperf.
(contrary to the sequence of tenses) stands for poterat and implies that
the action did not take place: § 522, a (311, r); B. 304, 3, fl; G. 254,
R.2; H. 525, I (476,4); H.-B. 582, 3, a.
199 21 hesternam illam contionem : cf. sect. 3 (p. 172, 1. 3). — esse,
in same constr. as inferre (1. 18).
Sects. 72-75. Second part of Covfirmdtio begins. The killing of
Clodins a service to the state : his crimes enumerated.
The second part of the Confirmatio comprises sects. 72-75. The
real case, Cicero says, is now complete, for he has shown that Milo
killed Clodius in self-defence. But, even if Milo had not had this justi-
fication, his act would deserve reward rather than punishment, for the
killing of Clodius was a service to the state. If Milo were guilty he
would boast of his guilt. It is impossible, however, to claim this merit
for Milo, for the death of Clodius was the work of the gods, who, to
save the republic, prompted him to attack Milo. — This part of the Con-
firmatio is managed with great skill. In effect, it is an appeal to the
judges to recognize the relief which the state feels in the death of
Clodius and not to punish Milo for what is really a meritorious deed.
In form, however, it is an additional argument in support of the main
contention, — that Milo acted in self-defence ; for it is incredible, Cicero
urges, that, if he had really planned to kill Clodius, he should not now
admit it and secure the gratitude of the whole country. By giving the
argument this form, Cicero makes two inconsistent theories of the
defence tell in favor of his client.
199 27 (Sect. 72.) palam clamare : this was the line of defence
taken by Cato and other friends of Milo, in opposition to whom Cicero
preferred to disprove the charge (diluere crimen).
199 28 Sp. Maelium: see note on Cat. i, sect. 3 (p. 100, 1. 19).
199 30 Ti. Gracchnm : see note on Cat. i, sect. 3 (p. 100, 1. 15).
199 31 conlegae : Octavius, who resisted Gracchus in his attempts
45^ Notes
at reform and whom, therefore, Gracchus caused to be deposed by the
people.
200 1 sed earn, etc. : not a mere demagogue, as the men just men-
tioned were (in Cicero's opinion), but a vile and sacrilegious criminal.
— auderet, he would dare^ etc., i.e. if he were guilty and were taking
that line of defence.
200 6 (Sect. 73.) saepe censuit: see sect. 13.
200 6 quaestionibus habitis : this relates to the consilium of rela-
tives, held by Lucullus as paterfamilias y or head of the family, in regard
to his wife Clodia.
200 7 ciyem quein . . . judicarant, i.e. Cicero himself.
200 10 regna dedit .* the Galatian Brogitarus, son-in-law of King
Deiotarus, was complimented with the title of king by a law of Clodius.
— ademit: another law of Clodius ordered the deposition of King
Ptolemy of Cyprus.
200 11 partitus est: referring to his corrupt bargains for the assign-
ment of provinces.
200 12 civem: this is usually referred to Pompey. But, though
Pompey was attacked by Clodius (see sect. 18), there was no blood-
shed : further, singular! yirtute et gloria is a mild expression for Cicero
to use of Pompey on this occasion ; and, though it is rather exagger-
ated for the tribune Fabricius (see sect. 38), yet the circumstances pre-
cisely correspond.
200 14 aedem Nympharum, containing the censorial registers. It
seems to have been burnt in the disorders preceding Cicero's exile.
200 17 (Sect. 74.) non calumnia litimn, etc. : referring to fraudu-
lent and malicious proceedings under cover of law, which were too mild
and dilatory a method of plunder for Clodius. A powerful noble, with
his slaves and clients, had almost an army at his disposal, so that the
disorders of the time actually amounted to private warfare, like that of
the feudal nobles. The following incidents illustrate this further.
200 18 sacramentis : a form of procedure in which a forfeit (sacra-
mentum) was deposited by each party, to abide the result of the suit.
200 20 Etruscos : see note, sect. 26 (p. 182, 1. i).
200 24 Janicttlo et Alpibus : these boundaries would include all
Italy north of the Tiber.
200 26 splendido : the regular complimentary epithet of an eques.
200 30 (Sect. 75.) huic T. Furfanio : Furfanius was present, being
one of the judices. He was a person of some importance. He was
afterwards governor of Sicily.
Defeme of Milo 457
201 1 mortuum, a corpse.
201 3 qua invidia, etc., by the odium of which (the presence of the
dead body) a flame [of calumny] would be kindled. Odium is often
spoken of as a flame (cf . " inflamed with hate "). — huic tali viro, even
a man like him,
201 3 Appium : Ap. Claudius Pulcher, elder brother of Clodius,
but not always on good terms with him.
201 5 vestibulum, courtyard^ or open space in front of the house.
— sororis, probably his second sister, wife of Q. Metellus Celer, who
lived next her brother on the Palatine.
Sects. 76-82. No safety for Rome while Clodius lived : his plans
against the state cut short by his death. If Milo were guilty, he
would boast of his guilt : for tyrannicide is a virtue.
201 8 (Sect. 76.) quidem, emphasizing haec: cf. quae vero, 1. 12.
— tolerabilia, inevitable, and therefore bearable.
201 9 yidebantur, were beginning to seem. — aequabiliter, without
distinction.
201 11 nescio quo modo: § 575, d (334, e) ; B. 253, 6; G. 467, n. ;
H.651, 2(529, 58); H.-B. 537,^.
201 12 yero, opposed to quidem.
201 13 potuissetis, i.e. if they had been realized.
201 14 imperium: all this mischief he had perpetrated in virtue of
holding the offices of tribune and aedile. What would he have done if
he had got the imperium by obtaining the praetorship, for which he was
candidate at the time ?
201 15 tetrarchas, a title of certain petty kings, especially in Galatia.
201 20 tenentur, are proved.
201 23 (Sect. 77.) T. Annius : the name in this form is more dig-
nified than the cognomen Milo alone (which Cicero has hitherto used).
He adopts it here in accordance with the more formal tone which he
gives to his speech at this point.
201 27 per me unum : ut is displaced by the emphasis thrown upon
me. — jus, aequitas, leges: as praetor Clodius would have had judicial
as well as military power.
201 28 esset timendum (ironical), apodosis of si . . . clamaret (1. 22).
202 2 gaudia, such as that for the victory over Hannibal or for
the defeat of the Cimbri and Teutones.
202 3 victorias, such as those of Pompey in the East and Caesar in
Gaul
4S8 Notes
202 7 (Sect. 78.) in eis singulis \bonis\ in the case of each one,
202 11 judiciis : Pompey, in this year of his sole consulship, carried
several laws intended to secure the better administration of justice.
202 14 ea, subject of potuissent.
202 15 quod, interrogative with jus.
202 16 Odio inimicitiarum, the bitterness of private resentment,
2Xyi 17 libentius quam verius, with more alacrity than truth :
§ 292, N. (192); B. 240, 4; G. 299; H. 499, I (444, 2, N.i); H.-B. 242
and a.
202 18 debebat, sc. odium as subject.
202 20 aequaliter versaretur,/<7««^ its equat.
202 22 (Sect. 79.) quin, nay^ adds strength to the imperative.
" Come now, attend while I present the case in this light." — nempe
haec, this^ as you know.
202 23 fingite, etc. : in this lively passage Cicero makes his hearers
understand how much they really approve of Milo's act by asking them
how a proposition to call Clodius back to life would be received.
202 24 sic intuentur, view as plainly.
202 25 cernimus, discern (distinguish by eyesight) ; yidemus, see
(the general word).
202 26 hujus condicionis meae, these terms that I offer : the sup-
posed terms are expressed in si possim, etc.
202 27 ita si, on condition that. — quid VOltu eztimuistis ? why
that look of terror ?
202 28 vivus, if alive.
202 29 percussit, has stricken you with fear.
203 2 vellet, had wished: for tense, see § 517, « (308, a) ; B. 304, 2 ;
G. 597, R.i; H. 579, I (510, N.2); H.-B. 581.
203 4 si putetis, nolitis, fut. condition, referring to the time of
rendering the verdict ; si posset, lata esset, cont. to fact as referring to
circumstances already out of their control. Notice the different nature
of the two conditions as indicated by their form.
203 6 hujus, referring to the subject of the last sentence, Clodius
(as the person last mentioned) ; the subject of esset is of course Milo.
203 8 (Sect. 80.) viris, especially Harmodius and Aristogeiton,
who killed Pisistratus.
203 11 cantus, instrumental music ; csjmmB.y songs.
203 18 (Sect. 81.) si non negat: this is a protasis whose apodosis
is the whole clause dubitaret . . . petenda; § 515 (306) J B- 302, 1 ;
G. 595 ; n. 574 (508) ; H.-B. 579. This apodosis is itself a conditional
Defence of Milo 459
sentence consisting of a cont. to fact apod, (dubitaret) with a prot. " if
he had done it " implied. The argument is as follows : Milo does not
deny killing Clodius in self-defence, which is only an excuse for the
homicide; if, therefore, he had killed him deliberately, would he not
gladly admit it, since he might justly expect such a service to the state
as the removal of this desperado to meet with gratitude from all?
Hence Milo*s denial is worthy of credence, since it would be for his
interest to admit the charge.
203 20 nisi vero : § 525, b, n. (315, b, n.) ; cf. B. 306, 5 ; G. 591, r.* ;
H.-B. 578, 3, a. This clause introduces the ironical supposition that
Milo thinks it more pleasing to the citizens for him to have defended
himself in killing Clodius than to have defended them. Only on this
absurd hypothesis, Cicero reasons, could Milo refuse to admit the
charge brought against him if he were guilty.
203 23 gjcatiy grateful,
203 23 probaretur, approve itself
203 24 qui, //<?w. — poterat : § 522, a (311, c)\ B. 304, 3, ar; G. 597.
R.8 ; H. 583 (511, N.8) ; H.-B. 582, 3, a.
203 25 minus . . . grata, not so agreeable. — cecidisset, had turned
out to be.
203 27 propter quern, through whose means.
203 28 laetarentur, subj. as being an " integral part " of the whole
supposition.
203 31 (Sect. 82.) tribuenda . . . esset, would be due.
204 2 arbitrarer : for tense, see note on vellet, sect. 79 (p. 203, 1. 2).
204 8 (Sect. 83.) uteretur, i.e. sifecisset.
Sects. 83-91. But Milo cannot have the glory of planning this
act. The death of Clodius was the work of the gods. To punish
his crimes and save the state they urged him on to attack Milo,
and Milo killed him in self-defence.
Since Cicero*s main contention is that Milo acted in self-defence, it
is necessary for him to revert to this line of argument before he closes
the Confirmatio. This he does in the way shown in the analysis above.
204 14 vestra, i.e. of the optimates. — di immortales, i.e. the death
of Clodius was a special interposition of providence. For a similar
expression of the belief that Rome was specially protected by the gods,
see Cat. iii, sect. 21.
204 16 diyinum belongs with vim as well as with numem : § 287,
I, 2 (187, a) ; B. 235, ^ I ; G. 290 ; H. 395, i (439, i); H.-B. 323, 2.
460 Notes
204 19 mazimum, greater than all,
204 90 sanctissime coXvLtrmtj piously practised.
204 21 (Sect. 84.) ilia vis, such a power,
204 29 hac imbecillitate nostra, this frail nature of ours.
204 23 et non inest, coordinate with neque inest (above) : in Eng-
lish we should more naturally use a subord. clause, while it does not exist,
204 24 naturae . . . motu, movement of the universe (as appearing
in the heavenly bodies, etc., just spoken of).
204 96 haec ipsa, these very words of mine,
204 28 possimus: for mood and tense, see § 524 (312) ; B. 307, i ;
G. 602 ; H. 584, 2 (513, ii and N.i) ; H.-B. 504, 3 and a.
204 30 mentem injecit : " Whom the gods wish to destroy they
first make mad," — a very old idea.
204 32 habitorus esset, would be sure to have : § 517, ^, n.i (308, ^,
N.i); B. 304, 3, a, N. ; G. 597, R.8, b\ cf. H. 582 /cii, 2) ; H.-B. 582, 3, a.
205 1 (Sect. 85.) mediocri, ordinary,
205 9 religiones, sanctuaries.
205 3 commosse (commovisse) se, bestirred themselves,
205 4 retinoisse, reasserted.
205 5 Albani: Clodius's Alban villa (see sects. 46, 51) must have
been in the territory of Alba Longa, the ancient capital of Latium,
whose temples were spared and their worship adopted by Rome (as
that of the Lanuvian Juno had been, see note, sect. 27) when the city
was destroyed. From what follows it would appear that some of these
sanctuaries had been demolished by Clodius in his building schemes
(see sect. 53). — tumuli, mounds, used for altars.
205 10 yiguerunt, revived. Observe the alliteration.
205 11 Latiaris: the temple of Jupiter on the Alban Mount was
the religious centre of the Latin confederacy.
205 19 lacus : there are several little lakes about the Alban Mount,
chief of which are those at Alba and Aricia, in the craters of extinct
volcanoes. — nemora: nemus is originally an open grove where cattle
can graze ; it is applied, as well as lucus, to a consecrated grove. Of
these the most famous in Italy was the sanctuary of Diana on the Lacus
Nemorensis (L. Nemt) near Aricia.
205 17 (Sect. 86.) Bonae deae : an Italian goddess who probably
represented the fruitful power of the earth, so that her mysteries, cele-
brated on December 3 and 4, corresponded to those of Demeter {Mother
Earth) at Eleusis. It was her mysteries that Clodius had profaned
(see note on sect. 13, p. 176, 1. 14).
Defefice of Milo 461
205 20 taeterrimam, i.e. as having been slain while engaged in a
criminal attempt.
205 21 judicio: cf. sect. 13 (p. 176, 1. 15).
205 22 nee vero non, nor can it be but that.
205 24 imaginibus (cf. formas, 1. 28), waxen masks of ancestors,
worn by persons in the funeral procession, to represent the departed
worthies (see note on i\it Jus imaginum^ Introduction, p. 1, N.*) ; cantli,
music; VadiBy £^amcs ; exaequuSy procession ; faxxttty burial rites.
205 26 celebritate, throng (see sect. 33, and notes).
205 30 mortem ejus lacerari, that his dead body should be mangled.
— in quo, that in which., i.e. the Forum.
205 32 (Sect. 87.) quae . . . pateretur : § 535, e (320, e) ; B. 283, 2 ;
G. 633; H. 592(517); H.-B. 523.
206 3 consensu, modifying gesta : the acts referred to are those
of Cicero*s consulship, which Clodius had practically annulled (resci-
derat) by procuring his banishment.
206 4 domum incenderat : this was in b.c. 57.
206 9 capere, contain.
206 10 incidebantur : he felt so sure of his power that he was hav-
ing the laws engraved (on bronze tablets, according to the custom) even
before their passage.
206 11 nos . . . addicerent, which should bind us aver to our oivn
slaves (i.e. freedmen). The suffrage of the freedmen was a standing
subject of controversy in Roman politics. They voted in the four city
tribes (see note on sect. 25, p. 181, 1. 26), but many efforts were made
to get them into the rustic tribes ; and Clodius had promised, as praetor,
to bring forward a law with this object.
206 13 (Sect. 88.) Cicero emphasizes the providential interposition
of the gods by dwelling on the desperate nature of the situation.
206 14 ilium ipsum, i.e. Pompey, who returned to Rome from the
East just before the Clodian disturbances began. — reditu, referring to
his reconciliation with Pompey.
206 18 hic» at this point (in the development of Clodius*s plans). —
supra : see sect. 84 (p. 204, 1. 30), and note.
206 19 aliter, ie. if he had not laid this plot (fatal to himself)
against Milo : virtually the protasis of all the cont. to fret apodoses in
this and the following section.
206 20 potuit cont. to fact apod. ; cf. esset ulta (1. 21).
206 21 circumscripsisset, i.e. kept him within the legitimctte bounds
of his office (as praetor) : of course ironical.
462 Notes
206 22 id facere, i.e. when the Senate used to exercise that power.
— in private, i.e. when he held no magistracy.
206 25 (Sect. 89.) suos, i.e. just the ones whom he wanted.
206 26 virtutem consularem, the courage of a consul (i.e. Cicero).
206 29 libertos suos : if he freed the slaves of others, they would be
his freedmen, and bound to him as clients (see note, Rose. Am., p. 6,
1. 10).
206 30 nisi . . . impulissent, a formal repetition of the protasis
implied in aliter (1. 19, above).
207 6 (Sect. 90.) templum, etc., the sanctuary of public purity ^
grandeur y wisdom^ and counsel. — templum . . . inflammari, indir. disc,
after the idea of seeing continued from vidimus.
207 7 aram sociorum, as being the place to which they looked for
protection.
207 8 portum, haven of refuge.
2Xyi 9 funestari, defiled by the presence of a corpse.
207 11 ab uno, i.e. Sex. Clodius.
207 12 ustor, i.e. in the humble capacity of a mere cremator. A
bitter jest on the consequences of Sex. Clodius's act in burning the body.
207 14 (Sect. 91.) via Appia, where the homicide was committed
(cf. sect. 17, p. 178, 1. 13).
207 15 ab eOyfrom (i.e. against) him.
207 18 furias, virtually = madness, though with a vague allusion to
the Furies, who drove a guilty man on to further crimes.
207 20 falcibus, hooks (like firemen's hooks) to tear up the steps
and turn the building into a fortress. — ad Castoris: see note, sect. 18
(p. 178, 1. 25).
207 21 disturbari, broken up (not merely " disturbed ").
207 92 silentio, i.e. the contio was orderly and well disposed until the
attack of the Clodians. — M. Caelius : a young man who was esteemed
by Cicero as of great promise, and defended by him in a cause of some
scandal, but who afterwards turned out to be a wild and desperate dem-
agogue. In the year B.C. 44, after Caesar's victory at Pharsalia, both
Caelius and Milo, in concert with each other, headed revolts against
Caesar, and lost their lives ignominiously in southern Italy.
Defence of Milo . 463
V. Peroratio (§§ 92-104)
Sects. 92-98. Milo deserves the compassion of the judges. He
bids the ungrateftil city an affectionate farewell. Calmly resigned,
he appeals to the judgment of posterity.
208 3 (Sect. 92.) ^x^XSsxVLtxcL^ manner of speech,
208 3 hoc, on this account: § 414, «, N. (250, N.) ; B. 223; G. 403;
H. 479 (423) ; cf. H.-B. 424, a.
208 5 infimi . . . fortona, in regard to the lot and fortunes of men
of the lowest class (i.e. the gladiators).
208 6 ut liceat depends on obsecrantis (ace. plur.).
208 8 cupimus : in gladiatorial contests, if one combatant had the
other at his mercy, he waited the will of the people, who expressed
their wishes by turning their thumbs up or down. If most thumbs
were turned up, he was put to death.
208 12 (Sect. 93.) ezanimant, etc., these words of Milo dishearten
and depress me,
208 14 valeant, yaleant : translate (to preserve the lit. meaning of
the word, which is here played upon) good-bye to my fellow-citizens ^ may
heaven bless them !
20817 Mctt, sc, perfrui.
208 18 propter me, through my efforts.
208 33 re publica oppressa, when the government was crushed,
208 34 acceperam, \i2id. found,
208 36 Clodianis armis (abl. of cause), i.e. on account of the violence
of Clodius.
208 27 putarem, should I have thought ? § 444 and n. (268 and R.) ;
B. 227 ; G. 466; H. 559, 4 (484, v) ; H.-B. 503.
208 31 tui : Cicero was of an equestrian family and throughout his
career favored the interests of the equites and was supported by them in
turn (cf. Manil., sect. 4).
209 4 (Sect. 95.) quo videtis, sc. eum esse.
209 5 ingratis civibus, that it is for \JiiGKA.T^Y\3\. fellow-citizens that
he hasy etc. : the Latin, from its freedom in the use of emphatic position,
is able to say this in a single clause.
209 8 se fecisse ut, etc., that he has succeeded in^ etc.
209 9 tribus patrimoniis : Milo was by birth a member of the
Papian gens, but was adopted by his maternal grandfather, C. Annius.
This accounts for two patrimonies; the third, Asconius thinks, was
464 Notes
probably his mother*s. The orator here makes a civic virtue out of
Milo's lavish bribery.
209 10 ne . . . non conciliarit, that he has not won over : § 564
(33 J'/) ; B- 295» 2, a; G. 550, 2 ; H. 567, 2 (498, iu, n.2) ; H.-B. 502, 4.
209 15 ablaturum, sha// bear away (i.e. the memory of them).
209 16 (Sect. 96.) vocem praeconis, etc. : i.e. the election was
practically decided when the comitia were broken up by a mob. The
election could not therefore be formally and legally complete, and no
announcement could be made by the herald, but the will of the people
had been already expressed.
209 18 si haec, etc., if this case shall go against him.
209 19 facinoris suspicionem, etc., the suspicion of a great crime^ not
the indictment for this act. That is, as the last chapters have shown,
it was, in Cicero*s view, not Clodius's death, but suspicion of designs
against Pompey and the state, that decided the case against Milo.
209 22 recte facta: § 321, b (207, c)\ G. 437, r.; H.-B. 250, 2,^, n.
209 25 (Sect. 97.) qui beneficio, etc., who have surpassed their fel-
low-citizens in good services^ i.e. have done more for their fellow-citizens
than the latter have repaid by gratitude.
209 27 si . . . ratio, if regard were to be had (cont. to fact, implying
that it is not a question of rewards at all) : to this prot. we should
expect an apod, of corresponding form ; but this (which would be " we
should say," or the like) is supplanted by a simple ace. and inf. of indir.
disc, (amplissimttm esse, etc.) expressing that which we " should say."
209 29 consolaretur : this and the following imperfects are due to
the change in sequence effected by esset habenda above. This change
of tense, however, is only formal, and the imperfect may be translated
by the present.
210 3 (Sect. 98.) faces, etc. : for the figure, cf. Cat. i, sect. 29.
210 5 Etruriae festos dies : holidays appointed by the people of
Etruria, whom Clodius had cheated and robbed, at the good news of his
death. — et actos et institutes, agreeing with festos dies : the celebra-
tions that have already taken place, and the anniversaries that have
been established.
210 7 qua . . . ea, wherever . . . there (abl. of way by which).
210 9 non laboro, / have no concern.
210 10 versatur, abides.
Sects. 99-103. Milo's cause is Cicero's own: Cicero appeals to
the judges in his own name. The exile of Milo will be a calamity
to the defenders of Rome.
Dejence of Milo 465
210 13 (Sect. 99.) his, i.e< those present at the trial.
210 13 cum . . . es: cf. cam timemus, sect. 67 (p. 197, 1 31).
210 17 ut . . . possim: § 571, c (332, /); G. 557, R.; H. 571, 4
(501, iii); cf. H.-B. 521, 3, a, footnote*.
210 22 quanti, pred. gen. of indefinite value. — quae oblirio, for-
getfulness of this.
210 27 (Sect. 100.) -^v^AVa, gratitude,
210 28 inimicitias, etc. : " Such," says Asconius, " were the con-
stancy and good faith of Cicero, that neither the popular enmity, nor
the suspicions of Pompey, nor the fear of coming danger if he should
be put on trial before the people, nor the arms openly taken up against
Milo, could deter him from his defence, when he might have shunned
all danger and popular wrath, and even won back the good will of
Pompey, by relaxing a little the zeal of his advocacy."
211 10 (Sect, ioi.) hie ea mente, etc., i.e. this self-renunciation is
in accordance with Milo*s character, but (it is implied) the jurors ought
not to be so affected by it as to refuse to acquit him.
211 13 ezcipiat, after dignior qui: § 535,/ (320,/); B. 282, 3; G.
631, I ; H. 591, 7 (503, ii2); H.-B. 513, 3.
211 20 (Sect. 102.) hos, i.e. the Roman citizens present.
211 23 temporum illorum, i.e. the time of Cicero's distress and
banishment.
211 24 mene non potuisse, sc. respondebo.
211 26 gentibus : a line must have dropped out, part of which
belongs with gentibus. The meaning of the rest of the section is
therefore not clear.
211 29 (Sect. 103.) ilia indicia, i.e. those of Catiline's conspiracy.
212 2 fuerit, subj. of integral part.
212 3 possum, virtually future, and so used as apodosis to a future
protasis.
212 6 dixerim: §446 (311, a)\ B. 280, i; G. 257; H. 552 (485);
H.-B. 519, I, b.
212 8 dictator : in times of great public emergency the Senate
could call upon the consuls to create a Dictator, who should possess
the undivided power of the old kings, but only for the period of six
months. The laws of appeal and other safeguards of individual liberty
had at first no force against this magistrate. In later times dictators
were no longer appointed, but the consuls were invested with dictato-
rial power by the formula, videant ne, etc. (Cat. i, sect. 2). Sulla, and
afterwards Caesar, revived the name and authority of this magistracy,
466 Notes
but, by holding it for life (perpetuo)^ completely changed its character,
ms^ing it equivalent to absolute sovereignty. The Magister Equitum^
appointed by the Dictator, stood next in command to him.
212 9 viderem: § 571, « (332, b)\ B. 284, 4; G. 298 and n.*; H.
570, I (502, 2); H.-B. 507, 4,cd
Sects. 104, 105. Happy the country that receives Mile I Clos-
ing appeal to the court.
212 15 (Sect. 104.) in Italia: since the Social War, the towns of
Italy, having received Roman citizenship, had lost the jus exsilii, te.
had ceased to be foreign territory to which exiles from Rome could
retire.
212 31 (Sect. 105.) lacrimis defendi : this was a peculiarly Roman
custom. Many a desperate case was gained in the Roman courts by
putting on mourning and bringing out the wife and children of the
accused in deep mourning and bathed in tears.
Not long after this trial, which ended in Milo*s conviction, he was
tried again in his absence for bribery {ambitus) and illegal combinations
{de sodaliciis), and on a second charge of assault {dg vi), and was con-
demned on each count. Cicero sent him a copy of his labored defence,
and received a reply drily thanking him for his efiEort, but expressing
satisfaction that the speech was not delivered ; " For then," said he,
'* I should not now be eating the excellent mullets of Marseilles."
In the Civil War, Milo perished in South Italy while leading the
remnant of his troop of gladiators in resistance to Caesar, — " hit with
a stone from the wall " in an assault on the town of Cosa in Lucania
(see Caesar, Bellum Civile^ iii, 22).
ORATION FOR MARCELLUS
ARGUMENT
Chap. i. Cicero *s long silence broken. Caesar's pardon of Mar-
cellus the earnest of a restored republic. — 2. This is the greatest of
Caesar's deeds. — 3. Conquest is a natural and frequent thing: self-
conquest is a divine attribute. Other praises arei drowned by the noise
of war : this wins love and gratitude. — 4. This glory none can claim to
share. Victory itself is conquered when its rights are renounced. —
5, 6. This pardon reaches far beyond Caesar's other acts. Cicerp had
Oration for Marcellus 467
feared the violence of his own side if victorious : Caesar's spirit was the
nobler. — 7. Caesar has nothing to fear from Marcellus : the state itself
will defend its savior. — 8. The wounds of the Civil War must be
healed : he must live to restore the republic. — 9. This glory must ever
remain: unless the state is restored, his other glories will have no
abiding place. — 10. The Civil War is finished. — 11. Cicero is the
mouthpiece of all in rendering thanks to Caesar.
This oration for Marcellus is not argumentative but eulogistic,
belonging to ^^ genus demonstrativum (see general Introd., p. xli). It
is therefore not divided into narration confirmation etc., like most of the
other orations in this volume.
Sects. 1, 3. Cicero's long silence broken. Caesar's pardon of
Marcellus is the earnest of a restored republic.
Page 214. Line i. (Sect, i.) diutumi silenti : it was now more
than six years since the defence of Milo, which was followed almost
immediately by Cicero's absence as proconsul in Cilicia, whence he
returned only on the eve of the Pharsalian campaign. — cram . . . usus,
had kept.
214 3 verecundia,: modesty ^ i.e. distrust of himself under 4;he cir-
cumstances.
214 4 yellem: not subj. of indir. question, but informal indir. disc. ;
§ 592, 2 (341, c) ; B. 323 ; G. 662 ; H. 649, ii (528, i) ; H.-B. 535, i, a.
214 5 tantam mansuetudinem, etc. : no doubt these words express
the genuine and grateful surprise felt at Caesar's clemency, so different
from the conduct of former conquerors in civil wars (as Sulla, for
example).
214 6 renim omnium, m every respect,
214 13 (Sect. 2.) in eadem causa: Cicero also had been on Pom-
pey's side.
214 15 versari me : this phrase belongs as well with persuadere as
with fas esse, but its construction is determined by the latter.
214 21 (Sect. 3.) in multis ... in me ipso, in the case of many,
and especially in my own.
214 22 paulo aniByjust now. — [in] omnibus, i.e. by pardoning Mar-
cellus, whom he thought a most violent opponent, Caesar had shown that
his clemency would extend to all, however much they had opposed him.
214 26 suspicionibus : Caesar is said to have suspected Marcellus
of plotting his assassination (cf. sect. 21),
214 26 ille, i.e. Marcellus too.
468
Notes
Sects. 4-12. This pardon is the greatest of Caesar's deeds. His
other exploits were glorious victories : this is the conquest of him-
self. He shares this conquest with no one.
215 16 (Sect. 5.) usurpare, dwell on.
215 88 et certe, etc., and it is certainly true that, etc.
Fig. 49 215 30 (SECT. 6.)
Fortuna: see Manil.
Law, sect. 47.
215 32 (Sect. 7.)
hujus gloriae, i.e. the
glory of granting this
pardon.
2163 cehturicthe
infantry officer (see
note on p. 83, 1. 31).
216 4 praefectus,
the commander of the
auxiliary cavalry. So
cohors and turma cor-
respond to each other,
as the infantry and
cavalry divisions.
216 9 (Sect. 8.)
immamtate barbaras,
i.e. barbarous and
fierce: his first con-
quests had subdued
the Gauls, Germans,
and Britons.
216 10 locis infi-
nitas: Caesar moved
from Gaul, B.C. 49, into Italy, and the same year to Spain. In 48 he
crossed over to Greece, and thence to Egypt ; in 47 he carried on war
in Asia Minor, and in 46 gained the crowning victory of Thapsus in
Africa.
216 13 animum vincere, to rule his spirit; cf. Proverbs xvi, 32 : " He
that is slow to anger is better than the mighty ; and he that ruleth his
spirit than he that taketh a city."
216 14 victoriam temperare, to control the passions of victory (cf.
sect. 9, p. 3 16, 1, 27).
Oration for Marcellus
469
216 15 nobilitate . . . praestantem : this description is inserted to
enhance the credit of Caesar's act, inasmuch as the greater the adver-
sary the more dangerous his restoration would seem.
216 17 haec qui facit : a slight break in the construction (anacolu-
thon) ; the proper predicate of the preceding infins. would be connected
with them by est; the proper object of facit would be a result clause
with ut. The efiEect of the Latin can be exactly reproduced in trans-
lation.
216 19 (Sect. 9.) illae quidem : the pronoun (as often in conces-
sive sentences) is inserted only to carry quidem, adding nothing to the
sense; § 298, a (195, c) ; H.-B. 274, 3.
216 23 nescio quo modo : here (as often) with a slight tone of regret ;
cf. our colloquial " somehow or other.**
216 33 tubarum, of trumpets : the tuba was a long, straight horn,
used in infantry ; the lituus a curved one, used in cavalry. The silver
trumpets of the Temple at Jerusalem, represented in Fig. 49 as they
appear on the Arch of Titus as
carried in his triumph, show the ' * ^^
form of the tuba,
216 31 (Sect. 10.) ut . . .
velis: for this rare constr., see
§ 571.^ (332,/); cf. G. 553,4;
cf. H. 571, 2 (501, i, 2) ; cf. H.-B.
521,3 and N.
217 2 studiis prosequemur
the figure is that of a distinguished Roman escorted by a throng with
enthusiastic acclamations (studiis).
217 4 hujus curiae : the old Curia Hostilia, on the north side of
the Comitium^ was destroyed by fire in the riots after the death of
Clodius, B.c 52 (see Milo, sect. 33) ; but was rebuilt by Faustus Sulla,
son of the dictator.
217 6 C. Marcelli : cos. b.c. 50, cousin of M. Marcellus.
217 10 Buam: § 301, c (196, g) ; B. 244, a, 4; G. 309, 2; H. 503, 4
(449, 2) ; H.-B. 264, 2.
217 18 (Sect, ii.) tropaeis et monumentis : the tropaea were
memorials of victory, consisting of armor of the conquered, arranged
in human form, and either erected by itself (see Fig. 50, from a coin)
or attached to some monument, as a column or arch. As to monu-
ments, Caesar did not live to carry out his plans fully ; he built, how-
ever, a new enclosure for assemblies, the Saepta Julia^ and laid out a
470 Notes
new forum for courts of justice, the Forum fulmm^ north of the old
Forum. — adlatura sit, though in form introduced by ut, is not the
real result of tanta est, which should be some verb in sect. 1 2 ; this,
however, by a change in the construction, is suppressed, and the sen-
tence begins again with a future (florescet).
217 22 (Sect. 12.) operibus, dat. : § 381 (229); B. 188, 2, d\ G.
345; H. 426, 2 (385, 2); H.-B. 371,
217 23 victores, i.e. Cinna, Marius, and Sulla.
217 25 perinde . . . aXqvity just as.
217 28 omnes, all of us (as is shown by sumus).
217 29 occidissemus, had fallen : a rhetorical exaggeration for
"had forfeited our lives."
Sects. 1^20. This pardon reaches far beyond Caesar's other
acts. Peace has always been his aim. His clemency in the hour
of triumph contrasted with the fury of the Pompeians. Let him
continue his noble moderation.
218 2 (Sect. 13.) ilia, i.e. Pompey*s.
218 7 sibi: see note on Cat. ii, sect. 17 (p. 120, 1. 17).
218 8 reddidit, restored, by inspiring them with confidence that
no vengeance would follow, so that they have returned to their homes.
218 9 hostis, ace. plur.
218 15 (Sect. 14.) flagitantium : before the outbreak of the Civil
War, Caesar sent C. Curio (son of C. Curio, Verr. i, sect. 18) to Rome
with offers of compromise, which were spumed by the Senate.
218 18 hominem (emphat.), the man (Pompey), not his measures.
— COnsilio, reasons.
218 19 grati animi : at the time of Cicero's recall, Pompey interested
himself to go in person to several of the Italian towns to encourage
the general feeling in his favor, and so atoned in part for the tardiness
of his support and his earlier hesitating, cold, and ungracious course.
218 23 (Sect, i 5.) integra re, before anything had been done (i.e.
before peace was broken).
218 24 cum capitis mei periculo : it is said that after Pompey's
defeat the command was urged upon Cicero by Cato; and on his
refusal to conduct the war, Sextus Pompey would have stabbed him
unless Cato had interfered.
218 27 statim censuerit : Cicero was welcomed and kindly treated
by Caesar on his return to Italy, B.C. 47. The war was not finished till
the next year, hence incertus ezitus, etc.
Oration for Marcelliis 471
218 29 victor, when victorious (opposed to incertns, etc.).
219 4 (Sect. 16.) certornm hominum : such senatorial leaders as
Metellus, Scipio, and Dolabella. Cicero says, in a letter to M. Marius
(Fam. vii, 3) : " Excepting the chief and a few besides, the others — the
leaders I mean — were so grasping in the campaign and so cruel in
their talk, that I shuddered at the thought of victory. There was
nothing good except the cause." And to Atticus (ix, 7), " It is their
plan to stifle {suffocare) the city and Italy by famine, then ravage the
fields, set fire, and not spare the money of the rich." Pompey, he
says, would often say, Sulla potuit: ego ft on potero? (ib. ix, 10).
219 11 (Sect. 17.) ut . . . debeat, clause of result.
219 13 ezcitaret: more exactly excitaturus fuerit; cf. § 517, d
(308, d, N.); B. 322; G. 597, R.6, tf ; H. 541, N.i (496, N.2); cf. H.-B.
581, b, 2.
219 16 (Sect. 18.) otiosis, the neutral,
219 S3 contulisse ad, made all hope, etc., depend on, etc.
219 36 (Sect. 19.) est, comes,
219 31 quae, things which. The Stoics held that virtue was the
summum bonum, and Cicero here alludes to that doctrine.
220 3 commodata, loaned.
220 4 (Sect. 20.) praesertim belongs with lapsis.
220 5 opinione, notion.
220 6 specie, etc., i.e. with the idea of following the apparently estab-
lished government (that of the Senate, which was on Pompey*s side).
220 7 si . . . timuerunt: cf. § 572, b, n. (^^^, r.); the protasis is
logically the subject of est.
220 8 sensenmt, found by experience.
Sects. 21, 22. Caesar has nothing to fear from Marcellns. All
good citizens desire the safety of Csesar, for the restoration of the
state depends on him.
220 9 (Sect. 21.) querelam, etc., that the partisans of Pompey
wished to kill him.
220 16 de tuis, i.e. his immediate companions ; qui una, those on
the same side.
220 17 qui fuenint sc. inimici.
220 38 (Sect. 22.) nihil . . . cogitans, inconsiderate.
220 30 equidem, for my part.
220 31 dumtaxat, merely (i.e. even the ordinary chances of life, to
say nothing of violence and plots).
472 Notes
Sects. 23-29. The wounds of war most be healed. CsBsar has a
great task yet to perform. His work is not done till the state is
restored : only then will his fame be secure.
221 8 (Sect. 23.) constituenda judicia, etc. : the short period of
Caesar's dictatorship was distinguished by a number of salutary enact-
ments, almost equivalent to a complete revision of the constitution.
221 9 propaganda suboles : the waste of population by incessant
wars had already begun to alarm the best minds of Rome. It was, in
fact, the chief direct cause of the ruin of the Empire.
221 10 diffluzerunt, have run wild (like vines).
221 13 (Sect. 24.) fuisset, subj. of integral part.
221 15 faceret, in the same constr. as perderet — prohibuisset,
cont. to fact apod.; the prot. is implied in togatus.
221 16 sananda, to be healed (referring to the result) ; mederi, to
remedy (referring to treatment).
221 23 doctorum hominum, philosophers,
221 25 turn, referring (as often) to the protasis which follows :
§ 512, * (304, b)\ G. 590, N.i ; H.-B. 578, 5.
221 29 hie, in these circumstances,
222 1 (Sect. 26.) immo yero, on the contrary.
222 5 futurus fuit, was to be,
222 8 si quidem, since in fact: § 515, a, N. (306, «, N.); G. 595, R.^;
H. 574. I (507, 3» N.2); cf. H.-B. 582, 9.
222 11 (Sect. 27.) hie . . . actus, as in a play ; hence elaboran-
dum, a word used of literary composition.
222 15 dieito, fut. as referring to the time designated by turn : § 449,
I (269, d, i); B. 281, \,a\ G. 268, 2; H. 560, 4 (487, 2^); H.-B. 496.
222 16 diu: § 2iZ (29, c)\ G. 20, iii; H.-B. 58, 3.
222 19 angustiis, narrow bounds,
222 24 (Sect. 28.) [w/] inservias: § 565 (331,/, R.); cf. B. 295, 8;
cf. G. 553, R.1; cf. H. 564, ii, i (502, i); cf. H.-B. 513, 5.
222 25 quae quidem, i.e. aeternitas. — quae miretur, purpose
clause; the subject is vita.
222 27 certe, doubtless. — imperia, etc., obj . of aodientes and legentes.
222 29 munera, gifts to the people, such as monuments and spec-
tacular performances.
223 2 (Sect. 29.) sedem, abiding-place ; domicilium, h^me,
22Z 6 requirent, will miss,
223 7 illud, i.e. the war; hoc, i.e. the public safety.
223 8 senri eis judicibus, pay regard to those judges.
Oration for Ligarius 473
Sects. 30-34. The Civil War is finished. Boundless gratitude
is due to Caesar, not only for restoring Marcellus to his country but
for all which that act implies.
223 13 (Sect. 30.) non pertinebit, will have no concern for. Such
was the doctrine of the Epicureans, who believed in annihilation after
death.
223 17 obscuritas, uncertainty^ i.e. as to which side a good citizen
ought to take.
223 20 4pcei^®t, was becomings i.e. to their position and circum-
stances. A Senator, for example, however well affected to Caesar,
might have felt it his duty to side with his class (who were in general
partisans of Pompey). Such conflicts of mind of course constantly
arise in civil wars. — liceret, was legal. Both Caesar and Pompey
claimed to be acting under the laws.
223 20 (Sect. 31.) perfuncta est, has done with.
223 22 inflammaret, etc. : cf. sect. 16 and note (p. 219, 1. 4).
223 24 ab, etc. : the first ab means by ; the second, yrtw*.
224 1 (Sect. 32.) sanitatis, a sound mind (ordinary intelligence).
224 4 haec (with a gesture), this glorious city.
224 9 oppositus, interposition^ literally plur. : § 100, c (75, c)\ B.
55, 4, ^; G. 204, N.^; H. 138, 2 (130, 2); H.-B. 240, 5, b.
224 10 (Sect. 33.) unde, with which (in Latin the beginning is
regarded* as the source from which).
224 11 agimus, express ; habemus, feel.
224 19 (Sect. 34.) mea, on my part.
224 22 cum id . . . praestiterim, while I have fulfilled it.
22A 25 me . . . COnservatO, while I have been preserved.
22,^ 27 quod . . . non arbitrabar, which I thought no longer possible.
ORATION FOR LIGARIUS
argument
Chap. i. Exordium (sect, i-sect. 2, 1. 18). A strange charge is this
against Ligarius, — that he was in Africa, — and he confesses it. — Nar-
ratio (sect. 2, 11. 19-26, sect. 3). Ligarius went to Africa in time of peace
and remained there under Varus : this is all. — Confirmatio. 2, 3. No
ground for accusation : he went to Africa before war broke out, and his
remaining there was a plain necessity. Cicero himself is more guilty
474 Notes
than he, and Tubero, the accuser, actually fought on the side of Pom-
pey : yet both have been pardoned. — 4. But now Tubero seeks the life
of Ligarius. — 5. Perhaps Tubero's intention is not bloodthirsty ; but
his action is inhuman. — 6. Caesar has never regarded the Pompeians
as criminals. — 7, 8. In connection with Africa, Tubero is less excus-
able than Ligarius ; for Tubero went to Africa in Pompey*s behalf. —
9. Tuberous fidelity to Pompey is praiseworthy in Caesar's eyes. — 10,
II. He has been pardoned by Caesar: why should not Ligarius be
forgiven ? Many friends desire his pardon. — 12 (sects. 34-36). His
brothers have always been friendly to Caesar. — Peroratio. 12 (sects.
37, 38). Let Caesar show his customary clemency.
L Exordium (§§ i, 2, 1. 18)
Sect, l-sect.2, 1. 18. A strange charge is this, — that Ligarius
was in Africa ; and this charge is confessed : Ligarias must then
depend on Caesar's mercy only.
The first section is elaborately ironical : to have been in Africa was,
of course, no crime, nor was the fact that Ligarius had been there
unknown. The whole not merely leads up to Cicero's main contention
(that the siding of Ligarius with the Pompeians was due to circum-
stances and not to hatred of Caesar), but introduces his clever sarcasm
on Tubero, himself an ex-Pompeian (sect. 2).
Page 226. Lines. (Sect, i.) propinquus, kinsman. It is not
known what was the relationship of Tubero to Cicero. — Tubero:
Q. i^lius Tubero, the prosecutor, was the son of L. ifElius Tubero,
the Pompeian commander, and was lying sick on board his father's ship
at the time when Ligarius prevented the landing in Africa (see Introd.,
p. 225 of text). Cicero throughout the speech conveys the impression
that personal resentment was at the bottom of Q. Tubero's action in
opposing the pardon of Ligarius.
226 3 Pansa : C. Vibius, cos. B.C. 43 (see Phil, xiv), at this time a
leading supporter of Caesar. He was a petitioner for Ligarius.
226 5 quo me yertam, which way to turn.
226 10 necessarius : Cicero's necessitudo to Pansa appears to have
consisted in their working together in behalf of Ligarius. — ut . . . esset
(bbj. of fecerit), that it is no longer a new case.
226 16 (Sect. 2.) in ea parte, i.e. the side of Pompey, on which the
younger Tubero (the accuser) had been, though he had since become
reconciled to Caesar.
Oration for Ligaritis 475
II. Narratio (§ 2, 11. 19-26, § 3)
Sects. 2 (11. 19-26), 3. Ligarius went to Africa in time of peace ;
lie remained there peaceably under Yams : these are all the facts
in the case.
226 20 Considio : C. Considius Longus, a propraetor of Africa in
B.C. 50, the year before the Civil War.
226 21 sociis: see note on Verres, sect. 13 (p. 32, 1. 29).
226 23 satis facere, etc. : if a governor left his province before the
expiration of his term, he could appoint any officer he chose to govern
pro praetore in his place, and such a substitute exercised the imperium
of his superior. It was usual, although not obligatory, to appoint the
highest subordinate officer, the quaestor. Hence this apologetic expres-
sion of the orator : Ligarius, he says, was so highly esteemed both by
the Roman residents and by the native provincials that Considius could
do no less than appoint him.
226 27 (Sect. 3.) qui erant in Africa, i.e. the Roman citizens there.
226 28 cupiditate inconsiderata, headlong partisanship.
226 29 salutis and studi limit ducem. — studi, partisan zeal,
226 30 ducem, i.e. they wished to organize, at first to secure their
own safety, and afterwards to aid the Pompeian party, and hence they
desired a military leader. — cum: § 546, a (325, b) ; B. 288, 2; G. 581 ;
H. 600, i (521, i) ; H.-B. 566, a.
227 1 implicari, i.e. refused to commit himself to any such action.
227 2 praetor, i.e. as propraetor. — obtinuerat, had held, in some
former year. Of course, therefore, he had no legitimate authority in
Africa at the present time, for the imperium had to be conferred by a
special and very definite act ; hence the expression si illud, etc. (1. 4).
III. CONFIRMATIO (§§ 4-36)
Sects. 4, 5. No ground for accusation in the facts : Ligarius went
to Africa before the war : his remaining there was a plain necessity.
No enmity against Caesar on his part.
227 7 (Sect. 4.) qui cuperet, being one who wished,
227 12 in provincia pacatissima : Africa was one of the earliest
and most thoroughly conquered of the provinces. — ita se gessit, etc. :
in contrast to others who welcomed a state of war to escape or hide the
consequences of their acts of violence or oppression.
227 13 pacem esse, subject of expediret. — profectio, his going there.
4/6 Notes
227 19 (Sect. 5.) quod, that during which (a forced use of the ace.
of duration of time).
227 21 Uticae : a Phoenician city in Africa, older than Carthage, under
whose supremacy it was always restless. For this reason it helped Rome
against Carthage, and was rewarded with the gift of territory. After
Africa was made a Roman province, Utica was its capital.
Sects. 6-8. Cicero himself is more guilty than Ligarius; yet
Csesar has shown him nothing but favor.
228 4 (Sect. 6.) occurrat : indir. question dependmg on reformidat.
228 14 (Sect. 7.) imperator : after the news of Pompey*s death
(B.C. 48) Caesar was made dictator rei publicae constituendae^ at the
same time receiving certain other special grants of power, and retaining
the imperiunty which he had now held uninterruptedly for twelve years.
Hence the exaggerated expression imperator unus ; for in the original
sense of this title (see note on p. 252, 1. 6) it could be borne by as many
officers as was necessary. It was not until the spring of B.C. 45, some
months after the delivery of this oration, that Imperator became the
title of a new magistrate in whom the imperium was vested for his life,
to be transmitted to his descendants. This was the commencement of
the Empire, though the office was suspended from the death of Caesar
till it was revived by Augustus. From this time the old use of this
title was rare.
228 15 alterum, second. Cicero was imperator by virtue of his pro-
vincial government in Cilicia.
228 17 fascis laureatos : the fasces were wreathed with laurel when
the commander, after a victory, was greeted as imperator. Cicero had
aspired to the honor of a triumph for successes over some mountaineers
in Cilicia, and therefore had not laid down his imperium at the time
here referred to.
228 18 reddere, restore. This infin. represents a conative present
having a future force ; hence dedisset for fut. perf. of dir. disc.
228 20 (Sect. 8.) ut, how.
Sects. ^16. Who, pray, is it that accu9e8 Ligarius? It is
Tubero, who actually took arms against Csesar. Tubero has been
pardoned : yet now he seeks the life of Ligarius. Perhaps his
intention is not bloodthirsty ; but his action is inhuman in trying
to dissuade Csesar from his habitual course of mercy.
228 27 (Sect. 9.) fuisse, subject of esse.
228 28 nempe, etc., why ! one who^ etc.
Oration for Ligariiis 477
228 31 in acie Pharsalica : the decisive victory of Caesar over
Pompey, at Pharsalus in Thessaly, was gained August 9, B.C. 48.
228 33 petebat, aimed at. — qui sensus, what were the sentiments^
etc. ? A rhetorical way of asking him with which party he fought.
229 2 optabas, pray for (stronger than cupiebas).
229 5 (Sect. 10.) hie, i.e. Caesar.
229 13 ut tu vis, as you will have it.
229 15 (Sect, ii.) dicam = dicturus sum.
229 25 (Sect. 12.) eum dictatorem, i.e. Sulla, who, as dictator, had
had full judicial powers.
229 27 praemiis . . . invitabat : see note. Rose. Am., sect. 6 (p. 4,
1.6).
229 28 aliquot annis post, some years later. Sulla had provided by
law for the impunity of those who executed his proscriptions; but
Caesar, dts judex quaestionis de sicariisy B.C. 64, took pains to secure the
trial and conviction of more than one of these bloodhounds.
230 3 generis ac familiae, subjective gen. ; virtutis, objective gen.
230 24 (Sect. 15.) per te, i.e. as contrasted with the bloodthirsti-
ness of some of his followers.
230 26 essent : the prot. is si . . . esset, above.
230 27 reperiantur : the seq. of tenses is violated to avoid ambiguity;
§ 485, i (287, h, N.); B. 268, 7; G. 509, I, N.; H. 543 (491); cf. H.-B.
478 ; so nolint in 1. 29.
231 5 (Sect. 16.) alicujus,/t?r any one.
231 7 diceres : the prot. is implied in tunc (i.e. " if you were guard-
ing Caesar against being deceived"); § 521, a (310, a)\ B. 305, i ; G.
594» 3; H. 575, 9 (507, N.7); H.-B. 578, 6.
Sects. 17-19. Caesar has never regarded his opponents in the
Civil War as criminals.
231 12 (Sect. 17.) aditus, approach (i.e. to Caesar in this case).
231 13 velle, etc., indir. disc, depending on the general idea of
saying contained in the preceding sentence.
231 14 de nullo alio, etc. : i.e. first, why he selected Ligarius out of
all Pompey's followers ; second, how one who had committed precisely
the same fault could have the audacity to bring the charge; and third,
what new crime he had to accuse him of. The third point is expressed
in the form of an indir. question ; the other two are given as causes of
the surnrise.
231 18 qui durius (sc. appellant)^ those who speak more harshly.
478 Notes
23126 (Sect. i8.) fuerint: § 440 (266, c)\ ti. B. 308; G. 264;
H. 559» 3 (484* iii) ; H.-B. 532, i.
231 30 contumeliam : Cicero describes as contumelia the efforts of
Pompey and the Senate to check the growing power of Caesar.
231 32 pacem esse cupiebas : it seems certain that Caesar had, in
his desire for peace, carried his offers of compromise as far as it was
possible for him to do safely in his position.
232 1 ut tibi . . . coareniret (in appos. with id), that you should
come to an understanding.
232 5 (Sect. 19.) esses, i.e. in the case supposed.
232 6 secessionem : Pompey and most of the Senate had retired at
Caesar's approach to the city, and escaped to Greece.
232 8 utrisque cupientibus, where both wished.
232 11 eorum qui sequebantur : almost the entire body of the
Roman nobility followed Pompey.
Sects. 2(^26. Tuberous conduct in the Civil War was less excus-
able than that of Ligarius : for Tubero went to Africa in Pompey's
behalf, and, being refused a landing, actually went to Pompey's
headquarters.
232 17 (Sect. 20.) nostram, i.e. mine and my cUent's.
232 19 poteramusne, sc. non venire.
232 26 (Sect. 21.) Tuberonis sors: in the assignment of the
provinces.
232 28 excusare, to excuse himself.
232 30 contubernales : in Cicero's brief campaign in the Social War.
233 1 quidam, some friend: it is uncertain who.
233 4 (Sect. 22.) amplissimi yiri, i.e. Pompey.
233 6 occupatam, i.e. by Attius Varus on behalf of Pompey.
233 8 YOluisse, TOluisse, maluisse, all have the clause Africam . . .
obtinere depending on them, but it is expressed only with the second.
233 9 natam ad bellum : a map of the Mediterranean will show the
formidable position of the province of Africa as against Italy.
233 11 aliquem, some one else (subject of maluisse).
233 13 (Sect. 23.) querella, i.e. " recepti . . . sumus," quoted directly.
233 15 essetis, sc. recepti. — tradituri fuistis, were you going to sur-
render? Essentially equiv. to tradidissetis : § 517, </ (308, </) ; B. 304,
3, ^; G. 597, R.8, «; H. 583 (511, 2) ; H.-B. 581, a.
233 19 sors: cf. Verr. i, sect. 21, and note (p. 36, L 5).
233 20 cujus . . . intertuity for whose interest it was.
Oration for Ligariiis 479
233 31 non . . . esset probata, as being an act of treachery which
Caesar was too noble to approve.
233 25 (Sect. 24.) yeniebatis, conative imperfect.
233 36 mazime infestam : King Juba of Numidia was a zealous
adherent of Pompey, and Africa was the seat of the last struggle of the
Senate against Caesar.
233 27 huic causae, i.e. Caesar's.
233 28 aliena voluntas, estranged feeling. — conyentus: an asso-
ciation of the citizens of a province, possessing certain corporate
powers.
234 1 (Sect. 25.) nempe, naturally enough.
234 2 in societatem, to take a share in.
234 4 yenissetis, you should have come (not apod, but hortatory) ;
venistis (emphatic), ^t?« did come.
234 7 per mtyfor all me.
234 10 qui (causal) priyayerit, in that he deprived you.
' Sects. 26-31. Tubero's fidelity to Pompey is praiseworthy in
Caesar's eyes. He has been reeeived into favor. Why should not
Ldgarius also be pardoned ?
234 13 (Sect. 26.) quamvis . . . probarem, however much I might
approve : probarem is used instead of probem on account of the tense
of commemorarem (cont. to fact). That probarem itself is not cont.
to fact is shown by ut probo.
234 17 quotus . . . quisque, how many (see Vocab.).
234 18 partibus, party.
234 19 crudelitate : because the younger Tubero was sick at the
time and needed to be put on shore.
234 20 ad eos ipsos, construed with partibus: § 280, a (182, a)\
B. 235, B, 2, f ; G. 211, R.1; H. 389, i (636, iv, 4) ; H.-B. 325, 631, 6.
234 23 (Sect. 27.) ut . . . fuissent: § 440 (266, c)\ cf. B. 308;
G. 608 ; H. 586, ii (515, iii) ; H.-B. 532, 2, b.
234 24 nequaquam fuerunt : Varus was of an insignificant family,
while the Tuberos were members of the nobility.
234 25 justo, regular (duly conferred).
234 27 ad Caesarem, sc. venit.
234 28 causam, side.
234 32 (Sect. 28.) ejus, i.e. Pompey's.
235 3 bellis : there is a gap here, which must have contained a
thought like " Was there in your minds a zealous desire of victory ? "
480 Notes
235 5 cum videres, second person of indef. subject in a general con-
dition : § 518, rt (309, a) ; cf. B. 302, 2 ; cf. G. 597, R.* ; H. 578, 2 (508*);
cf. H.-B. 504, 2.
235 7 esset, subj. of characteristic ; but for that it would be indie
{erat) by § 517, b (308, b) ; G. 599, R.8; H. 583 (511, N.8) ; H.-B. 581, e.
235 8 yicisses, integral part (for fut. perf. viceris).
235 13 (Sect. 29.) in ilia causa, i.e. in upholding the side of Pompey.
235 17 ad unam summam, to one main point.
235 19 equidem emphasizes multas.
235 20 (Sect. 30.) tecum, in company with you. Caesar was hardly
less distinguished as an orator than as a general and statesman. —
dum . . . tenuit: for tense, see § 556 and a (276, e and N.) ; B. 293, i\
G. 569, N.i; H. 533, 4 (467, 4, N.); H.-B. 550, b. — ratio hononim
tuorum, the course of ambition (lit. the consideration of your [series of]
offices). The regular course of a Roman's ambition led him through the
cnrsus honorum, i.e. from the quaestorship to the consulship. One of
the chief means of advancing his political interests in this career was to
act as advocate (patronus) in the Forum. — in foro: the Forum was
the seat of the administration of justice.
235 22 posthac, sc.fecerit.
235 24 die and quaere in effect form a protasis of which taceo is
the apodosis, — if you say^ etc., lam silent: § 521, ^ (310, b) ; B. 305, 2 ;
G. 593, 4; H. 573, i (507, i) ; H.-B. 497, 2.
235 25 quibus in praesidiis, in which army. — ne haec quidem, i.e.
the following.
235 26 yalerent, might prevail (if I used them).
235 27 bello oppressus, overtaken by the war.
235 28 in eo ipso, i.e. in his conduct in the war to which he was
forced.
235 30 temere, thoughtlessly.
235 31 ignoscatur, impersonal. — impetravit, sc. veniam.
235 32 adroganter, sc. oro. — idem . . . qui, as you have^ etc. (lit. the
same one who have).
236 1 (Sect. 31.) mihi, etc., i.e. I have been not only spared
myself but am allowed to appear for another.
236 3 studiis, zealous efforts. The thought is that Caesar is accus-
tomed to decide such cases not with reference to any pleading or any
wish to gratify his own friends but rather with reference to the charac-
ter of the petitioners and their relation to the defendant.
236 6 causas, the cause.
Oration for Ligarius . 481
236 7 YOltns, the tears and lamentations by which it was customary
to seek acquittal (see peroration of Defence of Milo). — quam tuus
necessarius, how closely connected with you.
236 8 quam illius, opposed to tuus.
236 10 fruuntur, concedas : the indie, refers to individual cases ;
the subj. characterizes Caesar himself, but the difference is slight.
236 13 justissimum, best founded.
Sects. 32-36. Many friends desire the pardon of Ligarius. His
brothers, who plead for him, have always been friendly to Csesar.
236 15 (Sect. 32.) tu, not expressed for emphasis but merely to
carry the concessive quidem.
236 17 Sabinos : Ligarius was of Sabine origin, and many of his
Sabine friends were present on this occasion.
236 18 florem, etc. : the Sabine territory among the mountains was
still the home of a hardy and virtuous population.
236 19 nosti : during the First Civil War, Caesar had found shelter
from Sulla among these kindly mountaineers.
236 21 squalorem : it was the custom of the Romans to express
their sympathy for one in danger by going into mourning, that is, by
wearing ragged and mean apparel. When Cicero was threatened with
exile some 20,000 of his friends are said to have appeared in this guise.
236 25 (Sect. 33.) quodvis, any whatever (emphatic).
236 28 vox, the expression which follows.
236 29 vicit, i.e. it was this sentiment of Caesar, as opposed to the
bloodthirstiness of the Pompeians, that won him the victory in the Civil
War. — nos, i.e. the party of Pompey.
236 30 nisi qui, except those who.
237 4 veste mutata, in mourning (sqq note on p. 236, 1. 21, above).
237 5 tecum fuemnt, on your side, i.e. as holding aloof from the
other side. Being neutrals, they had been threatened by the Pompeians.
237 6 non nuUi, some of us.
237 7 tuis SUOS, to your friends their friends.
237 12 (Sect. 34.) fuerit futunis: see note on p. 233, 1. 15.
237 13 conspirantem, harmonious (breathing together) ; conflatum,
identical (fused together).
237 15 quidvis . . . quam ut, that anything would have happened
before these brothers^ etc.
237 16 ut . . . sequerentur, subst. clause of result : § 571, a (332, l>) ;
B. 284, 4; G. 557, N.2; H. 570, I (502, 2); cf. H.-B. 507, 4, d.
482 Notes
237 17 tempestate, by stress of weather.
237 19 tamen, in spite of that.
237 19 (Sect. 35.) ierit, etc. (concessive subj.), suppose he did go.
237 21 hi . . . tui, these entreat you and they are yours. — equidem
sets off the implied subject ego against /m, below. — cum interessem,
having been concerned in.
2Z1 22 quaestor urbanus, city treasurer (see Introd., p. lix), in
which capacity he appears to have done a service to Caesar, who was
then in Gaul.
237 28 (Sect. 36.) nihil egit aliud, had no other aim.
237 29 haec, the present condition of things^ i.e. T. Ligarius could not
have any interested motive in doing this favor, since he could not foresee
how powerful Caesar was to become. — eum: § 300, b (196, a, 2, n.) ;
G. 521, N.8; H. 449, 18. -
237 31 officio, service (to you).
237 32 tot talibus, many and excellent as they are.
238 2 condonayeris : condonare is to grant something for the sake
of some one else.
IV. Peroratio (§§ 37, 38)
Sects. 37, 38. Closing appeal to Caesar to show his customary
clemency.
238 3 (Sect. 37.) de homine nobilissimo, i.e. Marcellus.
238 4 in curia, before the Senate (see Introd. to Oration for Mar-
cellus). — foro : Ligarius had been accused ; hence the form of trial in
the Forum.
238 10 populare, popular^ but in a strictly political sense.
238 14 (Sect. 38.) ut possis : a subst. clause of result (see note on
p. 237, 1. 16), because an effect is implied in habet.
238 16 postulet: §447, a (311, a, N.8); G. 459, R. ; H. 552 (485);
cf. H.-B. 517, I.
238 18 tantum, so much only (as often).
With the praise of Caesar in the Orations for Marcellus and Ligarius
compare the celebrated portrait of him in Cicero's Second Philippic,
published shortly after Caesar's death. This is interesting as the only
extant testimony, publicly spoken at the time, of one who was at once
contemporary, rival, and peer :
Fuit in illo ingenium, ratioy memoria^ litterae, cura^ cogitatio, diligentia.
Res bello gesserat^ quamvis rei publicae calamitosas^ at tamen magnas.
The Fourteenth Philippic 48 3
Multos annos regnare meditatus^ magna laborer multis periculis, quod
cogitarat effecerat. Muneribus^ monimentis^ congiariisy epulis multitudinem
imperitam delenierat : sues praemtisy adversaries clementiae specie devinx-
erat. Quid multa ? attulerat jam liber ae civitati^ partim metu partim
patientia^ consuetudinem serviendi. Sed ex plurimis malis, quae ab illo
ret publicae sunt inusta^ hoc tamen boni est^ quod didicit jam populus
Romanus quantum cuique crederet, quibus se committerety a quibus caveret.
THE FOURTEENTH PHILIPPIC
. ARGUMENT
Chaps. 1,2. To return to the garb of peace while Brutus is not safe
would be a mockery. His rescue has been the object from the begin-
ning. — 3-5. Antony and his troops should be held as public enemies :
their cruelties at Parma, etc. : the city itself has been allotted among
them. Cicero would extend the time of rejoicing, and salute the com-
manders as imperatoresy to which their deeds entitle them. — 6, 7.
Absurd charge against Cicero of aiming at power. The career of
honors is open and the people rate men according to their deserts. —
8. His former counsel, that Antony be declared a public enemy. This
is implied in the proposed supplicatio. — 9, 10. Exploits and eulogy of
Pansa, Hirtius, and Octavianus. — 11, 12. A supplicatio of fifty days is
recommended for the three commanders. Eulogy of the soldiers, the
living and the dead. Special tribute to the Martian Legion. — 13. Let
us console the relatives of the slain and pay the promised reward to
the families of the dead. — 14. Resolution of thanks and honor.
The Fourteenth Philippic consists of two parts, one argumentative
and the other eulogistic. There is no lack of connection, however, for
the argument is necessary as a basis for the eulogy. The substance of
the speech may be stated in one sentence : "Antony is an ertemy to the
state (hostis) ; hence the victory of the consuls should receive the
honors regularly awarded only to successes in foreign wars." The
opening passage (sects. 1-5) is in form an objection to the proposed
vote to lay aside the military garb ; but it is in effect an exordium ^ since
it serves to introduce Cicero's first proposition, — that Antony is a
public enemy. This proposition is established in sects. 6-25, and the
rest of the oration is a tribute of honor to the generals and their
soldiers. The senfentia with which the address concludes (sects. 36-38)
484
Notes
sums up all that Cicero has said, and takes the place of the usual
peroratio.
Sects. 13-20 form a digression in which Cicero defends himself
from certain attacks on the purity of his intentions. But this digres-
sion is closely connected on the one hand with the rejoicings over
the victory and on the other with the necessity of declaring Antony
a hostis.
Fig. 51
Sects. 1-5. If D. Brains were safe, we might well lay aside the
military garb. But until his safety is assured such rejoicing would
be a mockery. The war is not ended until he is relieved from
siege.
Page 242. Line i. (Sect, i.) si, with cognorissem (1. 5), prot.
cont. to fact, with censerem (1. 7) as its apod. — ut, correl. with sic
(1. 3). — ex litteris, i.e. despatches from the
seat of war.
242 2 hostium, i.e. Antony's forces.
242 3 id quod, namely D. Brutum egres-
sum . . . esse (1. 4).
242 4 Brutum : D. Brutus, one of Caesar's
murderers, had been assigned by him to the
government of Cisalpine Gaul, and took
possession of the province after Caesar's
death. In the summer Antony procured the
passage of a law transferring this province
to himself. Brutus, supported by the Senate,
refused to give it up, and upon this issue
hostilities broke out. Brutus was at this time
besieged in Mutina (Modena), and the consuls,
Hirtius and Pansa, had moved to raise the
siege.
242 6 ad saga, etc., as we should say figuratively " to arms." The
sagum (Fig. 51) was a simple woollen cloak, fastened over one shoulder
with a clasp or buckle {fibula), while the toga had no fastening but was
wound in elaborate folds about the body. It was put on instead of the
toga (the garment of peace : see note on p. 125, 1. 17) in the city when
there was war near home, as a sign that the citizens were called to
arms. — issemus, subj. of subord. clause in indir. disc. — redeundum,
etc. : to return to the ordinary garb of peace, the toga^ would, under
the circumstances, be a sign of rejoicing.
The Fourteenth Philippic 485
242 8 ea res, i.e. the liberation of D. Brutus from siege.
242 10 pugnae : the victory of Hirtius and Pansa at Bononia (see
Introd., p. 241 of text).
242 12 (Sect. 2.) ista sententia^ that proposition (one proposed by
the Senator P. Servilius, and opposed by Cicero in this oration).
242 15 id agamus ut* etc., let us do so with the intention to retain it.
242 16 hoc, referring to discedere (1. 18). The point is that it would
not be pleasing to the gods for the citizens to assume the garb of
rejoicing merely for a day, and then, since their main prayer had not
been granted, to return ad saga.
242 21 (Sect. 3.) redierimus, sc. ad vestitum.
242 22 ne . . . prodatur, i.e. if they change their attire for this one
day, it will appear that it was not on account of Brutus that the change
was made, for he is not yet safe.
243 2 tollite hanc, set aside this motive : a kind of protasis ; § 521, ^
(310, d) ; B. 305, 2 ; G. 593, 4; H. 560, 4, N. (487, 3) ; H.-B. 497, 2.
243 3 COnservate, etc., maintain your dignity (by sustaining Brutus).
243 7 (Sect. 4.) legati : this was in January. At the head of the
embassy was the distinguished jurist, Ser. Sulpicius Galba, who died
on the journey.
243 8 hosti, i.e. Antony. — denuntiarent, order (with threats).
243 10 Hirtius, the consul (see Introd., p. 241 of text). — imbecil-
litatem, infirm condition. Cicero had said of him before : ** How feeble
and worn he was ! But the infirmity of his body did not check the
vigor of his soul."
243 12 Caesar, i.e. Octavianus.
243 13 liberasset : Octavianus had taken an active part in the
autumn in thwarting Antony's plans.
243 15 dolorem aliquem domesticum, some private grief ^ i.e. for the
death of Julius Caesar, his adoptive father. It should be remembered
that D. Brutus was one of the assassins of Caesar.
243 15 (Sect. 5.) quid . . . egit, what object had Pansa ? He had
set out for Mutina some weeks after his colleague Hirtius.
243 17 faciendis, procuring (i.e. as presiding officer of the Senate).
243 21 necessitati victus, implying that the war brought distress in
the provision market.
243 22 quod, i.e. the liberation of Brutus from siege.
243 24 et connects rei and evento.
243 25 praeripuisse, seized prematurely^ if the news proved true ;
contempsisse, scorned^ if it proved false.
486 Notes
Sects. 6-12. Antony shonld be declared a public enemy. His
war against the state. His brother's cruelties at Parma. Honors
should be voted to the generals who have defeated the enemies of
the nation.
243 97 (Sect. 6.) sigmficatio vestra, the indication you have given
(i.e. by signs of approval).
243 39 propraetore : Octavianus, upon whom the Senate had spe-
cially conferred this rank early in January. He was left in sole com-
mand after the death of Hirtius and Pansa. — si . . . ante, as soon as.
243 30 pertineant : § 592, 3 (341, d) ; B. 323 ; G. 508, 3 ; H. 649, i
(528, I) ; H.-B. 535, I, a,
243 31 ezercituumque : this term is added because the legions con-
tained only Romans, while the consular armies had also auxiliaries.
243 32 duobus, sc. proeliis. The battle was begun by Pansa, who
was routed and mortally wounded, although the fatal character of his
wound was not yet known at Rome ; then the fortune of the day was
retrieved by reinforcements led by Hirtius. Octavianus took no part
in this engagement, but repulsed an attack upon the camp.
244 1 hostium, civium .- Cicero's great point in the Philippics is
to make out that Antony — like Catiline — is no citizen, but a public
enemy. In the argument that follows he shows that the proposition
of a supplicatio (see note. Cat. iii, sect. 15, p. 133, L 19), which had
never been decreed except for a victory over foreign enemies, endorses
this view by treatmg Antony as a hostis. — hostium, summa pietas ;
nefarium scelus, civium: observe the chiastic order.
244 6 (Sect. 7.) hostem : the proposition seems to have studiously
omitted calling Antony's troops enemies: this Cicero objects to. — vero,
forsoothy marks the irony.
244 8 civium : if not hastes^ they were, of course, civesy whom it
would be impious to kill. — improbis (sc. civibus), criminals. — inquit :
the mover of the proposition which Cicero is combating is supposed to
retort that, though citizens, these are criminals, and that Cicero's sar-
casm therefore misses fire.
244 9 clarissimus vir : P. Servilius Vatia, the proposer of the su/>-
plicatioy Caesar's colleague in his second consulship, B.C. 48. — quae,
etc. : i.e. these words are appropriate not to soldiers in arms against the
state but to civil offenders.
244 15 (Sect. 8.) bellum, etc. : this is Cicero's statement of the
real facts as opposed to his ironical suggestion in the preceding sen-
tence.— infert, used of offensive war. — quattuor consulibus, i.e
The Fourteenth Philippic 487
besides the consuls, the two consuls elect, Plancus and D. Brutus. —
unus, i.e. Antony.
244 16 gerit, is actually carrying on.
244 18 suis Cladibus, the evils he himself threatens.
244 19 Dolabellae facinus : Dolabella, Antony's colleague in the
consulship, when on his way to the province of Syria, in February, 43,
assaulted Smyrna by treachery, captured the propraetor of Asia, C.
Trebonius (one of the conspirators against Caesar), and put him to
death with indignities and torture.
244 22 hoc templo, i.e. that of Jupiter Capitolinus, where the Senate
was now met (cf. Cat. i, sect, i and note).
244 23 Parmensium : Parma had been captured by L. Antonius,
and treated in the manner here described.
245 1 L. Antonius, the youngest brother of Mark Antony (cos.
B.C. 41).
245 9 (Sect. 9.) oblita, from oblino.
245 10 crudelitatem: the cruelty of the Carthaginians was proverbial
— at least among their enemies the Romans.
245 12 capta, surrepta : observe the antithesis. Violence which
was excusable in the case of a city taken by storm was, Cicero implies,
disgraceful in the case of one taken by treachery.
245 16 (Sect. 10.) hujus urbis, sc. eum esse: urbis limits quid in
the same sense in which coloniarum limits hostis. — ezplendas, replen-
ishing.
245 17 \9ittOCiai, gang of robbers.
245 18 Saza, L. Decidius : a Celtiberian by birth, originally a land
surveyor, a creature of Caesar's and now of Antony's. The reference
here is to a law of Antony, passed in the June preceding, for the estab-
lishment of colonies of veterans. In peritus . . . decempeda Cicero
alludes to Saxa's humble origin and also implies that, in laying out con-
fiscated territory, he habitually appropriated more than the forfeited
area.
245 20 rnmoribus, i.e. of the success of Antony's arms.
245 22 larem : the lar familiaris was the protector of the family,
and especially of the hearth.
245 24 a quibtl8,/row whom (not by whom).
245 29 (Sect. II.) ^tcxtymty has moved.
245 30 omnino numerum, the total number.
246 4 cui, interrogative.
246 5 ut non, etc., without his being called.
488 Notes
246 9 (Sect. 12.) an si quia, etc., equiv. to or, when, if any one
had, etc., the Senate would have called him imperator, shall we take
away, etc. ? The Latin expresses the thought by two coordinate inter-
rogative sentences, — appellaret senatus (with its protasis si quis occi-
disset) and adimemus (with its modifiers). In English it is more
natural to make the first of these sentences subordinate. Cf. a similar
construction in Manil. Law, sect. 58.
246 11 quae increbuit: in the later days of the republic the title
of imperator and the honor of a triumph were granted on much slighter
grounds than in earlier times. — appellaret, would have styled (imperf .
because of repeated action).
246 13 isti hostes domestici, i.e. the partisans of Antony remaining
in Rome.
246 18 ovantem : evidently some informal demonstration of joy on
the part of the citizens is referred to, in which Cicero, as a well-known
champion of the Senate, was escorted to the Capitol to give thanks to
the gods. Strictly the ovatio was an inferior triumph, sometimes granted
by the Senate in cases when the proportions or circumstances of the
victory, or the rank of the commander, did not warrant the supreme
honor of a triumph (see note on p. 70, 1. 17). The general did not wear
the purple embroidered robe or the laurel crown, but the ordinary toga
praetexta and a wreath of myrtle. Moreover, he walked, or (in later
times) rode on horseback, instead of riding in a chariot.
Sects. 13-21. Digression : Cicero defends himself against false
charges and gives a history of the rumors circulated to his discredit.
His tribute to his generous rivals of former days. The people know
the purity of his sentiments. He has always opposed Antony.
246 22 (Sect. 13.) meritis, masculine gender.
246 26 tu igitur, sc. gloriaris. — dizerit, potential subjunctive.
246 29 gratiam non referri, that a favor should not be returned.
246 30 impietatis : the stories told charged Cicero with intended
treason (see 1. 10), which would be impietas against \i\^ patria.
246 32 (Sect. 14.) Parilibus : the Parilia or Palilia (April 21) was
one of the most ancient Roman festivals, in honor of Pales, a goddess
of flocks. This day was regarded as the anniversary of the founding of
the city. — qui dies, etc., which occur this very day.
247 1 cum fascibus descensurum, i.e. was coming down to the
Forum with the insignia of usurped power, as if to assume the throne.
— hoc esse conlatum, that this [intention] was attributed.
Fig. 52
The Fourteenth Philippic 489
247 3 ne quid : § 537, «, n. (319, a, n.) ; G. 553 ; cf. H.-B. 502, 3, a,
footnote 8.
247 4 ut : if this word is retained, the expression is subj. of exclam. ;
§ 462, a (332, c) ; G. 558 ; H. 559, 5 (486, ii, N.) ; H.-B. 503, a ; if omitted,
a rhetorical question, § 444 (268^; B. 277; G. 259; H. 557 (486, ii);
H.-B. 503.
247 5 ezsisterem, etc., should turn out of a sudden another Catiline:
imperf., as referring back to the time when his enemies said " descendet"
— quibus auspiciis : the whole Roman polity was based on the assumed
approval of the gods, secured in every case by auspices (auspicia)
taken by the proper authority. Only magistrates had the right to take
the auspices (see note, Cat. iv, sect. 2, p. 142, 1. 4). The augur was not
in any sense a magistrate, though he had the power of interpreting the
auspices. Hence Cicero, though an augur, would be unable to take
the first step to any usurpation
of power. A technical obstacle
like this would not stand long
in the way of a modem usurper ;
but the stress here laid upon it
illustrates the degree to which
the peculiar formalism of the
Roman religion had become
worked into the Roman mind, and, further, the power that lay in this
formalism to protect the institutions of the state.
247 6 augur, /, an augur (emphatic) : i.e. an augur would know
his science too well for such an attempt. This was the latest of
Cicero's official honors received ten years before, and he fully appre-
ciated the dignity of the priestly craft.
247 7 cut traderem : as the usurped authority would be illegal in
its inception, so it could not be legally transferred to any successor. —
quemquanme fuisse : § 462 (274) ; B. 334 ; G. 534 ; H. 616, iii (539, iii) ;
H.-B. 596.
247 10 (Sect. 15.) fama, i.e. of Antony's success at Mutina.
247 1*2 illam curiam, i.e. the Pompeian : this was to the north
of the Capitoline, and was the scene of Caesar's death (hence the
term infelicem). Fig. 52 shows the famous coin struck in commem-
oration of the murder of Caesar. — furiis suis, their own madmen.
The MSS. have viribus or juris : Klotz's conjecture /a r//^«j is adopted
by Halm.
247 15 ad me, as being now the leading man in the state.
490 Notes
247 19 quasi, i.e. on the pretence that.
247 30 tyrannum : to the Romans rex and its Greek synonym
tyrannus (nJpari'os) meant a usurper or unconstitutional monarch
against whom violence would be a virtue. A dictator, though his
power was practically absolute, was' not a tyrannus^ since his office
was held in accordance with the ancient laws of the commonwealth.
247 21 quae is object and res is subject of patefecit.
247 25 (Sect. i6.) jam inde, ever since.
T^^l 27 contionem : see Introd. to notes on Manil. Law.
247 30 declarayit, not by a formal vote, of course, but by spontane-
ous cries.
247 as optatissimi nuntii, etc., i.e. of Pansa's victory at Bononia.
248 3 auxerit, added to my dignity.
248 5 (Sect. 17.) male mecum ageretur (a common Latin idiom), /
should fare hard. — paium . . . purgatus, i.e. if I needed any defence
against so monstrous a charge.
248 7 jejuno animo et angusto, i.e. mean and small-souled. — id
. . . fecissem: § 592, 3 (341, d)\ B. 323; G. 628; H. 649, i (528, i) ;
H.-B. 535, I, a\ translate, to do as I had always done, [namely to]
thinky etc.
248 9 campus, etc. : observe this ancient use of a figure still familiar
to us.
248 10 Crassus, the great orator, who died B.C. 91 (Introd.,
p. xxxvii).
248 11 utinam, etc. : Cicero by this wish expresses his own senti-
ments of generous rivalry towards some of his great contemporaries,
now dead, and in the same breath characterizes their feeling. towards
him as in like manner generous and noble. He is thinking of such
great citizens as Lucullus, Hortensius, and Catulus.
248 12 cum . . . cederem, when I myself was ready to yield to them.
248 13 principem, the first man in the state. When a Roman had
held the consulship there was no higher political office in his reach,
but as a member of the Senate he retained a dignified and authoritative
position in the public counsels. The emulation here referred to by
Cicero (contentione principatus, 1. 19) was for the first place among
such men (hence consularium in 1. 14). — hoc vero tempore, i.e. now, in
the dearth of strong leading men like those just referred to.
248 15 quo . . . dolore, interrogative.
248 17 sententiam moderari, govern their views,
248 21 cursus, speed.
The Fourteenth Philippic 491
248 22 tu, though emphatic, does not here refer to a particular per-
son : it merely addresses the whole opposing party as if it were a single
individual. — optime sentiam: cf. male sentire (1. 15).
248 23 ad me . . . fieri, etc. : best rendered by changing the con-
struction,— all good citizens gathering about me. This refers to such
occasions as that of tYie gratulatio above (p. 246, 1. 16).
248 24 noUem, / should regret that (i.e. I should be sorry if that
were so) : cf. § 442, b (267, c) ; B. 280, 2, a; G. 261, R. ; H.-B. 519, i, f.
248 27 optatius, i.e. than such a course of conduct on the part of
the other side.
248 29 (Sect. 19.) haec, i.e. that / am the true champion of the
people, and not those demagogues who are jealous of me. In this
section Cicero makes an easy transition back to the subject which he
was discussing when he began to digress (at sect. 13), — the necessity
of declaring Antony a public enemy and of honoring the generals for
defeating him.
249 1 maxime, sc. de nobis.
249 5 XIII Kalendas Januarias (December 20), the day when the
third and fourth Philippics were spoken, — one in the Senate and one
in the Forum, — declaring Antony a public enemy.
249 6 ex Kalendis Januariis, when, in the fifth Philippic, he urged
that no negotiations should be had with Antony. The campaign against
Antony may be said to have begun December 20 (see preceding note) ;
but no active measures were taken until the new consuls entered upon
their office on the first of January.
249 10 meis sententiis, i.e. it was in consequence of Cicero's
expressed opinion in the Senate that negotiations with Antony were
broken off. It was on the question of sending an embassy (see note,
sect. 4, p. 243, 1. 7) to him that Cicero delivered the fifth Philippic.
The embassy was sent on January i, but came to nothing, and the
Senate then declared war.
249 11 ilium, sc. esse.
249 12 Ut ego, Just as I [thought].
249 13 huic, etc. [but] to this mere fiame, etc.
249 14 (Sect. 21.) P. Ventidium, an officer of Antony's army. He
afterwards gained some important successes over the Parthians, B.C. 38.
— t volusenum : the manuscripts here are hopelessly corrupt.
249 16 discessionem, " division " (as in the English House of Com-
mons) ; see general Introd., p. Ivii. — voluissent : the presiding consuls
could put a question to vote in the Senate or not at their discretion.
492 Notes
since they alone were regarded as having the initiative in deliberations
(see general Introd., p. Ivii).
249 19 licuit, i.e. by the consuls (see last note).
249 21 verbis notari : spurious, and to be disregarded in translation.
Sects. 22-25. It is no longer possible to refuse to declare Antony
an enemy : this is implied in the honors proposed for the generals.
249 23 (Sect. 22.) sustulerunt, i.e. refused to put that question.
249 27 imprudens, without knowing it.
249 30 (Sect. 23.) This and the following section give examples to
prove Cicero's assertion that a supplicatio had never been decreed for
victory in a civil war, that is, for victory over persons who were not
hostes.
249 32 bellum Octavianum: see Cat. iii, sect. 24 (p. 137, 1. 26) and
note.
250 3 Servili : see note on p. 244, 1. 9.
250 4 conlega, i.e. Julius Caesar.
250 6* de Alexandria : for a victory over the Egyptians ; de Phar-
nace, son of Mithridates, King of Pontus (both victories, B.C. 47).
250 12 (Sect. 24.) ob conservationem : see Cat. iii, sect. 15.
250 15 Gabinium : he had claimed a supplicatio^ which the Senate
steadily refused, for some successes against Arab marauders in Syria.
250 18 re, in effect; verbo, in so many words.
250 22 (Sect. 25.) honoris amplissimi, i.e. the consulship.
250 23 alterum, i.e. consul ; alterum, i.e. imperator.
250 28 a membris, etc. : Antony would not only cut their throats
but treat their bodies with indignity, — as was, in fact, afterwards done
in the case of Cicero.
Sects. 26-28. Exploits of Pansa, Hirtius, and Octavianns.
250 30 (Sect. 26.) With this section the formal eulogy begins.
Sect. 25 is a transition from the argumentative part of the oration to
the laudatory portion.
250 31 legione Martia : this was one of two legions that had gone
over from Antony to the Senate the November previous. The other
was the quarta, mentioned below (p. 251, 1. 11).
251 9 alterum, referring to the second alternative (yictoria se, etc.),
according to the favorite Latin chiastic order.
251 14 (Sect. 27.) beneficia, i.e. grants of money and assignments
of land to Julius Caesar's veterans. — servassent* had saved., i.e. had
The Fourteenth Philippic 493
not, like some others, wasted their property and become reprobates
(cf. Cat. ii, sect. 20).
251 15 yiginti cohortibus, i.e. two legions.
251 18 tribus : in point of fact, Antony had only two legions
engaged; but full particulars had not yet reached Rome, and Cicero
appears to have thought that a third legion, the Alauda^ which he had
with him, took part in the fight.
251 19 huic etc., dep. on imminentis (1. 21).
252 2 (Sect. 28.) aetas: Octavianus was now twenty years old,
an age at which no person could regularly hold the imperium.
252 6 ejus nominis, that title (imperator). This, though connected
with the imperium^ was not conferred with that power, but followed
some important success in the field, being given by acclamation of the
soldiers.
252 9 castra, i.e. the camp of Hirtius.
Sects. 2&-35. Devotion of the soldie^. Special tribute to the
Martian Legion.
252 13 (Sect. 29.) decerno, I propose: note that this word often
does not mean decree^ but is used of a single Senator, — vote or propose.
— quinquaginta, an unprecedented number. A ten days' supplicatio
had been decreed for Pompey's victories in Africa, and fifteen for
Caesar's defeat of the Belgians.
252 16 est, /'/ is due /<?.-- fidei . . . declarare: § 343, c (214, d)\
B. 198, 3; G. 366, R.2; H. 447 (403); cf. H.-B. 340.
252 18 bello confecto : § 420 (255, d) ; B. 237, 2 ; G. 410 ; H. 489, i
(431, i); H.-B. 421, 3; notice the reference to future time.
252 SI conjungi, sc. cum honore imperatorum.
252 99 (Sect. 30.) omnibus, i.e. to all, both living and dead. To
the living the full reward is due only on the completion of the war ;
to the dead, however, it can be paid at once by being given to their
heirs (see the end of the decree, sect. 36).
252 24 yictoribus, i.e. at the end of the campaign.
252 25 quam . . . secuti sunt, i.e. relying on which (the pledge of
the Senate), they followed the cause.
252 26 COnsili sui, their course (i.e. their espousal of the cause of
good order).
252 37 quibus, i.e. the living, whose silent presence is a reminder.
252 29 senatus sapientis : the Senate, as composed of the wisest
citizens, would best appreciate the importance of encouraging patriotism.
494
Notes
253 2 (Sect. 31.) occumint, suggest themselves.
253 6 placet . . . mihi, my proposition is (an almost technical use
of the phrase : see Vocab.).
253 9 se abrupit : cf. sect. 26.
253 10 Albam, sc. Fucensem : a town among the mountains, in the
territory of the Marsi, which the Martian Legion took and held after
revolting from Antony.
253 12 desiderat, has lost,
253 13 in ipsa victoria, at the moment of victory,
253 15 (Sect. 32.) vos : here he addresses the Martian Legion.
253 16 idem deus : Mars was not only the special patron god of
Rome, but, being the father of Romulus, was regarded as the ancestor
of the Roman race (hence urbem genuisse).
254 18 (Sect. 34.) publice, i.e. by way of public eulogy.
254 24 bustis, burial-mounds. The bustum was properly the heap
of ashes left after the body had been consumed with the rogtis (Fig.
Fig. 53
53) ; but the term was also applied to the mound erected on the spot
where the body was burned. For an elaborate bustum^ see the round
tomb of Caecilia Metella in the view of the Appian Way (text, p. 169).
Sects. 36-38. Formal resolution of thanks and honor.
255 6 (Sect. 36.) sententia, i.e. a formal proposition for a decree
(analogous to " a motion reduced to writing " in a modem deliberative
assembly). In the Roman Senate questions were proposed only by a
magistrate ; and this was done not in the form of a set motion, as with
us, but the whole question was presented {de re referre) for discussion.
The result of the deliberation might be several formal propositions for
The Fourteenth Philippic 495
a decree, all, any, or none of which might be formally put to vote by
the presiding officer. If one of these was carried, it would stand as
the senatus consultum. (Cf. Introd., p. Ivii, above). — complectar, i.e.
my views on the whole question.
295 8 What follows is a somewhat rare example of a regular reso-
lution of the Senate. The stately and formal character of the language
is noteworthy. — cum, whereas.
255 15 occidione occiderit : notice the set phrase, not used in ordi-
nary language. Translate, cut to pieces with great slaughter.
255^0 (Sect. 37.) senatum . . . judicare, indir. disc, depending on
censeo (1. 7) ; in the decree it would be senatus . . .judicat.
255 25 uti . . . constituat : in the decree this would depend on
some word of commanding (like decernit) in the heading; hence it
stands unchanged in Cicero's indirect statement.
255 26 alter ambove : the imperium of the two consuls was abso-
lutely equal, and the power of neither was impaired by the special
assignment of any duty to the other. Any such special assignment
of functions was only made by mutual consent, and either had a legal
right to interfere in the other's province. Of course, however, any
such interference was regarded as unwarranted, and" in practice the
two colleagues either took turns in the administration or agreed upon
a division of functions between them.
255 28 pulvinaria: see note on Cat. iii, sect. 23 (p. 137, 1. 14). A
supplicatio was one of the few religious rites of the Romans in which
the whole people took part. The proper temples were opened and the
gods symbolically served with a feast (Fig. 37). The citizens repaired to
these temples and paid their individual devotions to the gods in peculiar
forms of humiliation not ordinarily observed in the public sacrifices.
255 29 (Sect. 38.) senatum . . . soluturum: here the statement
returns to the form of the indir. disc, — in the decree, senatus . . .
solvet.
255 33 cum . . . caederent, concessive.
256 5 locandum . . . curent : see note on Cat. iii, sect. 20 (p. 136, 1. 8).
256 12 si vivi vicissent, if they had survived their victory.
End of t Notes
VOCABULARY.
A., Aldus (wh. see).
a. d., ante diem (wh. see).
a, see ab.
ab (a, abs), [reduced case of unc.
stem, akin to Gr. dir6, Eng. oj^j o/]t
adv. (only in comp.), and prep, with
abl., away from^ from (cf. ex, out of
and de, down from ^ off from). — Of
place, with idea of motion, from :
rediens a cena. — With expressions
of measure, off, away^ at a distance
of: procul a nobis; a senatorio
gradu longe abesse. — Of time,
fronty since : a kal. Jan. -7- Fig.,
from (with more or less idea of mo-
tion): ab hoste defenders ; ab auro
manus cohibere; urbs ab armis
conquiescere ; ab eo metuere (as
in Eng.); secerne te a bonis; are-
publica deficere. — When the idea
is slightly different in Eng. : vacuus
ab (destitute of); quaere a vobis
(/ ask you) ; a scelere abhorrere
(de inconsistent with)\ postulare
ab {ftsk of)\ a vobis contendere
{urge upon) ; ab isto poenas repe-
tere (see poena). — Esp. with pas-
sives and words of similar import, by
(cf. accidere a Caesare, at the
hands of showing the origin of this
meaning). — Esp. also (prob. as the
place whence the impression comes),
on the side of on^ at^ on the part of:
a tergo interclusus (in the rear).
— In comp., away, off, apart. — Also
with negative force, not, un-.
abalieno, -avi, -atus, -are, [ab-
alieno], i. v. a., (put away to an-
other), alienate.
abdico, -avi, -atus, -are, [ab-
dico], I. V. a., (assign away). —
With reAex., abdicate : se praetura
(resign the pnetorship).
abdo, -did!, -ditus, -dere, [ab-do
(put)], 3. V. a., put away, remove,
hide. — With reflex., conceal one's
self, hide, bury one's self(Be litteris);
sol (hide its face at sunset). — With
In and ace. or abl., hide in, withdraw
to (take refuge among), withdraw
and hide away. — abditus, -a, -um,
p.p., hidden, remote, secluded.
abdiic5, -diixl, -ductus, -ducere,
[ab-duco], 3. V. a., lead away, draw
away, take away, lead off, carry
away (of persons or things which
move of themselves).
abeo, -ii, -iturus. Ire, [ab-eo], irr.
V. n., go away, go off, retire, go (out
of sight or away) : abiit (he is gone,
without regard to cause or manner).
— Fig., pass, go by : abiit ille an-
nus (passed away).
aberro, -avi, -aturus, -are, [ab-
erro], i . v. n., (wander away or off^,
go astray, wander away. — Fig., go
astray, deviate from : studia aber-
rantia a communi utilitate (at va-
riance with, not in harmony with).
abhorreo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [ab-
horreo], 2. v. vi., shrink from. — Less
exactly and fig., be at variance with.
Vocabulary,
be inconsistent with^ be averse from,
be indisposed to : a tuo scelere ; a
meis moribus; a musarum honore;
animi a causa (be estranged front).
abicio, -jeci, -jectus, -icere, [ab-
jacio], 3. V. a., throw away, throw
down^ throw (away from one's self).
— Lit., cadaver in publicam (cast
forth). — Esp. at one*s feet as a
suppliant, prostrate ^ throw one's self.
— Fig., cast aside : homanitatem.
— abjectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
downcast, overwhelmed, abject, bro-
ken, worthless, fallen.
abiSs, -ietis (-jetis), [?], f., fir
or spruce (tree or wood), (prob. in-
cluding all short-leaved coniferae).
abjectus, see abicio.
abjicio,seebetterspellingabicio.
abjudic5, -avi, -atus, -are, [ab-
judico], I. V. a., adjudge away, take
away (by legal decision).
abjungo, -junxl, -junctus, -jun-
gere, [ab-jungo], 3. v. a., disjoin,
detach.
abnuo, -nui, -nutus, -nuiturus,
-nuere, [ab-nuo], 3. v. a. and n.,
{refuse by a nod). — Less exactly,
refuse, decline.
abripio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere,
[ab-rapio], 3. v. a., carry ^(with
violence), drag away, drag off.
abrogo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ab-rogo,
in its political sense], i. v. a., pass a
vote to annul, or take away : coUe-
gae mag^stratum {deprive of).
abruihpo, -rupi, -ruptus, -rum-
pere, [ab-mmpo], 3. v. a., break off.
— With reflex., break away, with-
draw (with violence).
abs, see ab. ,
abscido, -cidT, -cisus, -cidere,
[abs-caedo], 3. v. a., cut off, lop off,
tear off, tear away.
abscond o, -didi, -ditus, -dere.
[abs-condo], 3. v. a., hide away. —
absconditus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
hidden, obscure, far to seek.
absens, see absum.
absimllis, -e, [ab-similis], adj.,
unlike.
absistS, -stiti, no p.p., -sistere,
[ab-sisto], 3. V. n., stand away, with-
draw. — Fig., leave off, keep aloof.
absolfitio, -onis, [ab-solntio, cf.
absolvo], F., {a setting free), an ac-
quittal. — Also, a completion.
absolvo, -vl, -utus, -vere, [ab-
solvo], 3. v. a., (loosen), acquit. —
Also, complete, perfect.
abstergeo, -tersl, -tersus, -ter-
gere, [abs-tergeo] ,.2. v. a., wipe off,
wipe away : fletnm.
ab&tinentia, -ae, [abstinent -f
ia], F., self-restraint (abstaining
from gratifying one's passions) :
innocentia et abstinentia.
abstineo, -tinul, -tentus, -tinere,
[abs-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., hold off \
manus animosque (keep, withhold).
abstraho, -traxi, -tractus, -tra-
here, [abs-traho], 3. v. a., drag off,
drag away. — Fig., draw away.
absum, -ful (afui), -futurus, -esse,
[ab-sum], irr. v. n., be away, be ab-
sent, be off (at a distance). — Fig. :
tantnm abes a perfectione ; flag^i-
tium a corpore (not be found on);
haec a meo sensu (be unperceived
by). — Esp. impersonally, be so far
from, etc. : tantnm abest nt videar
(so far am I from seeming). — ab-
sSns, -ntis, p. as adj ., in one's absence.
abundantia, -ae, [abundant +
ia], F., abundance.
abundo, -avi, -aturus, -are, [tab-
und6-], I. V. n., overflow. — Fig.,
abound. — Transf . (of the place, etc.,
containing the thing), be strong in,
be rich in, abound in.
Vocabulary,
abutor, -usus, -uti, [ab-utor], 3.
V. dep., misuse^ abusey take advan-
tage of (by misuse).
Sc, shorter form for atque (wh.
see).
accedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -cedere,
[ad-cedo], 3. v. n., move towards^
draw neary approachy come up, come
near, come (to), advance tOy advance.
— Fig., come to :■ hnic causae (take
up); litteranun lumen (shineupon).
— Esp., be added y where often an ex-
planatory word is necessary in Eng :
illud nobis {^e shall have also this
advantage) ; so with quod (there is
also the fact thaty there is also the
reason that, or simply, moreovery
then again).
accelero (adc-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[ad-celero], i. v. a. and n., hasten
(towards something).
accessus, -us, [ad-tcessus, cf.
accede], m., an approach.
accido, -cidi, no p.p., -cidere,
[ad-cado], 3. v. n.yfall uponyfall:
tela gravius (strike). — Fig., hap-
peny occur y present itself turn outy
arise. — Often euphemistically for
death, defeat, etc. : si quid ipsi (of
conviction).
accido, -cidi, -cisus, -cidere, [ad-
caedo], 3. v. a., cut intOy partly cut.
accipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere,
[ad-capio], 3. v. a., takcy receive:
bellum (take up). — Less exactly,
receive y suffer y meet withy experience :
injurias ; dolorem. — Fig., accepty
learny heary gety take.
Accius (Attius), -1, [.^], m., a
Roman family name. — Esp., Z. Ac-
ciusy a tragic poet, bom B.C. 170.
accommodo, -avI, -atus, -are,
[ac-conunodo-, or ad-commodo-],
I. V. 2i.y fit onyfty put on, adjust. —
Fig., adapty suity conform y accom-
modate {^%9Mb ad crimen). — ac-
commodatus, -a, -um, p.p., fttedy
adaptedy well-suited.
accubS, -are, [ad-cubo], i. v. n.,
lie aty lie near. — Esp., recline (at
table).
accurate [old abl. of accura-
tus], adv., with care, carefully.
accusatlo, -onis, [accusa-ftio],
F., an ctccusationy a prosecutiony
an arraignment (speech of prose-
cutor).
accClsStor, -toris, [accusa-ftor],
M., a prosecutor y an accuser y a con-
ductor of a prosecution.
accuso, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad-
tcauso (cf. causor)], i. v. a., accuse y
blamcy find fault with. Esp., con-
duct a prosecution against y prosecute y '
accuscy arraigny be prosecutor.
acer, -cris, -ere, [ V^c (cf. acus),
4- ris (cf. -rus in purus)], adj.,
sharp. — Fig., keeny activcy violenty
energeticy spiritedy severe y harsh:
homo; duces; familia; senten-
tiae ; supplicia ; acri animo {;with
great spirit).
acerbe [old abl. of acerbus],
adv., bitterly. — Fig. (of the mind),
with bitternessy severely : ferre (suf-
fer severely from y etc.).
acerbitSs, -tatis, [acerbS + tas],
F., bitterness. — Fig., harshness y se-
verity y bitter feeling. — Concrete in
plur. (with change of point of view
in Eng.), sufferings.
acerbus, -a,-um, [acer (treated as
stem) + bus (cf. superbus)], adj.,
bitter (to the taste). — Fig. (to the
mind), bitter y hard to beary cruel y
harsh: res; supplicium. — Transf.
to the feeling subject, bitter y violent :
adversarius; animus; imploratio.
acerrime (acemime), superl.
of acritcr.
Vocabulary.
acervuB, -i, [acer (as stem)+ vus
(cf. torviu}], M., (J>o%fUedT)t a
h.ap, a pile,
Achfilcus, -a, -urn, [Gr.*Axo«'f<^s]>
adj., of AchaOf Achaan, — Grecian,
Achaius (Achfijus), -a, -urn,
[Gr. *Axato$], adj. Achcean. — Fem.
as subst., Achcea^ a province of
Greece. — Later, Greece^ as a Roman
province,
Achilles, -is, (-ei, -ei, -i), [Gr.
*AxUt;s], m., Achilles^ the hero of
the Trojan war.
Achradina, -ae, [Gr. *Ax/>a8f»'o]p
F., a part of the city of Syracuse.
acies, -ei, [ ^ac + ies (cf . series)] ,
Y.y pointy sharp edge, edge^ sharpness
of the edgff keen glance^ glare : auc-
toritatis {edge^ fig.). — Esp., line,
battle line, array, army (as in bat-
tle array, cf. agmen), rank (of an
army in several ranks) : in acie ca-
dere {in battle array) ; Pharsalica
{battle),
Acilius, -i, [unc. stem + ius, prop,
adj.], M., a Roman gentile name. —
Esp. M\ Acilius Glabrio, who, as
tribune of the people, carried a se-
vere law against official extortion. —
Hence, as adj., Acilian (lex).
acquiSsc^i -evi, no p.p., -escere,
[ad-quiesco], 3. v. n., acquiesce.
acquIrS, see adquiro.
Scriter, [acro + ter (prob. neut.
of -terus reduced)], adv., sharply. —
lig., actively, sharply, violently, itiih
spirit,
acroama, -atis, [Gr. iicp(^o/io], N.,
an entertainment (musical or dra-
matical).
actio, -onis, [as if yJkG + tio,
prob. tacti + o], F., a doing (includ-
ing all the performances expressed
by ago). — Esp., political action,
official conduct : Lenttdi consuliB. —
Also, a civil action, a prosecution :
perduellionis. — Also, a pleading
(of a case), a hearing (chamging the
point of view).
fictor, -tons, [^AG-l-tor], m., a
doer (cf. actio). — Esp., a pleader
(of a case, on the side of the plain-
tiff), a prosecutor, an advocate (of
the plaintiff), an attorney: actor hie
defensorque caasaie meae.
actum, -i, [n. p.p. of ago], N., a
proceeding (official), an act.
Sctus, -tus, [y'AG-f tns], M., a
driving, a doing, — Esp., an act (of
a play).
acQO, -ui, -utus, -mere, [acu- (stem
of acus)], 3. V. a., sharpen. — Fig.,
irritate, excite, spur on, — acutas,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., sharpened, sharp,
acute,
acus, -us, [ ^AC -f us] , F., a needle,
ad [?], adv. (only in comp.), and
prep, with ace. With idea of motion,
to, towards, against, — Where the
idea of motion is more or less oblit-
erated, to, towards,for, at, on, against,
in, in regard to. — Of time, ////, at,
or on : ad vesperam; quain ad diem
{up to, as a limit). — Esp., of place,
at (not exactly in nor on), around,
near: ad Achillis tumolam {by)-,
ad rhedam {around) ; ad curiaxn ;
quam ad stunmam {at the summit
of which, city) ; ad inferos {in the
world below) ; ad nrbem {near the
city, of a commander with the impe-
rium, who could not enter the walls) ;
ad populom {before the people, of
official action); ad senatorem. il-
ium {at the house of, etc.) . — Also f.g.,
to, towards, for : fatale ad pemi-
ciem {fated for) ; ad quietem; ad
judicandum severus {in) ; momen-
tum ad suspicionem {cause for^
etc.) ; ad laudem contendere {strive
Vocabulary,
for), — Esp. with gerund to denote
purpose or tendency, to : audaz ad
conandom (in), — Also, in respect
tOy in accordance Tuith, at: prae-
clams ad aspectom (in appear-
ance); ad severitatem lenias (in
respect to) ; ad libidinem (at) ; ad
nutom. — In comp. as adv., to, in,
by, taivards,
a. d., see ante.
adaequo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad-
aequo], i. v. a., make equal to : cum
virtute fortunam (match). — More
commonly neuter, become equal to,
equal.
adamo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad-amo],
I . V. a., fall in love with, tak^ a fancy
to, covet.
adaugeo, -auxi, -auctus, -augere,
[ad-aageo], 2. v. a., add to, in-
crease.
adc-, see ace-.
addico, -dixi, -dictus, -dicere, [ad-
<iico], 3. V. a., adjudge, assign (by
legal decision) . — addictus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj. and subst., assigned (to
one in satisfaction of a debt), bound,
given over to, devoted.
addictlo, -onis, [ad-dictio, cf. ad-
dico], F., an adjudging, an assign-
ment (by legal decision).
addo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [ad-do,
put and give'], 3. v. a., give to. —
Also, //// to, add.
addiico, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere,
[ad-daco], 3. v. a., lead to, dratv to,
bring in (of persons), bring, draw
in (towards one), drive, force : in
eas oras exercitom; in jndiciam ;
in invidiam (bring, expose) ; in ob-
livionem (consign) ; in spem (raise);
pretio adducta civitas; amore ad-
dacti (fascinated). — Fig., induce,
persuade, drive, lead.
I. adeo, -ii (-ivi), -iturus, -ire.
[ad-eo], irr. v. a. and Vi,,go to, visit,
get at, come to, come up, go to (a
place), ^<?/ in (to a place), advance
(somewhere), attack, approach(s^e2ik
with) : with or without ad (visit). —
Rg., encounter, incur, go into, take :
pericolam ; ad rem pablicam (take
part in); herediia,ies (take),
2. ade5 [ad-e5], adv., to that
point. — Less exactly, to that degree,
so muck, so .' nsque adeo (to that de-
gree).— Weakened, in fact, at all,
exactly. — Esp. atque adeo, and in
fact, and even, or rather,
adeps, -ipis, [?], coram., ^/. —
Plur., corpulence (of raen).
adfabre (aflf-), [old abl. of ad-
faber], adv., skilfully.
adfecto (aff-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[ad-ffacto, cf. adficio], i. v. a.,
(make for, cf. proficlscor), aim at,
pursue: iter (run a course),
adfero (aff-), -tuli, -latus, -ferre,
[ad-fero], irr. v. a., bring to, bring.
— Fig., cause, produce, bring forth,
bring forward, allege, report, an-
nounce, bring about: moram; fa-
coltatis tantum (produce) ; lucem
(cause to shine, bring) ; vim (apply,
use); salutem; rei publicae mo-
tum ; medicinam (apply) ; vim (of-
fer); manus (lay upon),
adficio (aff-), -feci, -fectus,-ficere,
[ad-facio], 3. v. a., do to, affect:
quonam modo vos (treat). — With
ace. and abl., affect with, inflict upon,
produce in, cause to, visit with, fill
with : praemiis (confer upon, honor
with) ; populum laetitia (Jill with).
— In passive, suffer, receive, be in (a
condition), be afflicted by, suffer from:
calamitate; honore (receive); do-
lore (suffer) ; beneficiis (receive) ;
turpitndine (incur) ; supplicio (be
visited with) ; aetate adfectua
Vocabulary.
{worn); vitiia adfectofl (possessed
by). ^
adfigo, -fixi, -fixus, -figere, [ad-
figo], 3. V. 2i.t fasten to, crucify,
adflngo, •finxi, -fictus, -fingere,
[ad-fingo], 3. V. a., make up in ad-
dition^ invent more, counterfeit be-
sides,
adilnis, -e, [ad-finis], adj., bor-
dering on. — Fig., akin to (by mar-
riage).— Also, implicated (in any-
thing) : culpae. — As subst., kinsman
(by marriage).
adfirmo, -avi, -at us, -are, [ad-
firmo], I. V. a., confirmy strengthen,
corroborate, — Hence, declare, as-
sert,
adflicto (aflT-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[ad-flicto,cf.adfllgo], i. v. a., dash
against, dash upon, dash to the
ground. — Hence, overthroiv, over-
whelm, wreck. — Fig., afflict (with
disease), prostrate.
adfligo (aff-), -flixi, -flictus, -fli-
gere, [ad-fligo], 3. v. a., dash upon. —
Hence, overthroiv^ wreck, overturn :
eqaestrem ordinem (ruin); con-
solare nomen; causamsusceptam;
Catilinam. — adflictus, -a, -um, as
adj., cast down^ broken, disheartened,
laid prostrate, ruined (fortanae),
overwhelmed,
adfluo (affl-), -fluxi, no p.p., -Ru-
ere, [ad-fluo], 3. v. n.,flow to. —
Hence, with change of xtX^Xion, flow
(with anything), abound in. — ad-
fluens, p. as adj., abounding in, full
of, replete with : urbs stndiis; un-
guentis (Ghtbinias).
ftdgpego (agg-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[ad-tgrego], i.v. a., unite together,
assemble, gather together.
adhaergsco, -ere, [ad-haeresco,
cf. adhaereo], 3. v. n., adhere to,
cling to.
adhibeOy -ui, -itus, -ere, [ad-
habeo], 2. v. a., have in. — Hence,
call in, admit, bring with (one). —
Fig., employ, use: vim {cffer^ use,
employ) ; stadium atqae aures {af-
ford, lend, furnish) ; orationem.
adhac [ad-huc], adv., hitherto
(of place). — Of time, up to this
time, till now, to this day, thus far,
hitherto, so far.
adimo, -emi, -emptus, -imere, [ad-
emo, take'], 3. v. a., take away (the
action regarded as done to some-
body) , take from, deprive of, rob of,
remove from (a person).
adipiscor, -eptus, -ipisci, [ad-
apiscor], 3. v. dep., obtain, secure,
attain : gloiiam (win, gain),
adltus, -lis, [ad-itas, cf. adeo
(l)], M., approach, arrival, coming,
coming forward, access, — Concretely,
an avenue (of approach), access (ex-
cuse for approaching), means of ap-
proach, means of access, way of ap-
proach (in military sense), entrance :
laadis {road to glory) ; faciles adi-
tus ad earn privatomm {access)-,
omnium aditus tenebat.
adjamentum, -1, [ad-fjumen-
tum, cf. adjuvo], n., aid, assistance :
adjumento esse {be of assistance),
— G>ncrctely, an aid, a means (of
assistance).
adjungo, -junxi, -junctus, -jun-
gere, [ad-jungo], 3. v. a., join to,
unite to, attach, unite with, add :
divinitus adjuncta fortuna {with
the addition of fortune from above),
adjator, -toris, [ad-fjutor, cf.ad-
juvo], M., helper, assistant, abettor,
adjutrix, -icis, [ad-fjutrix, cf.
adjuvo], F., a helper (female, or
conceived as such in gender), an as-
sistant, an abettor, accomplice,
adjuvo, -jiivi, -jutus, -juvare, [ad-
Vocabulary.
juvo], I. V. a., assist^ help ^ help on^
aid, be of advantage y be an assistance
tOy give assistance: causam (sup-
port).
adlego (aU-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[ad-lego], I. V. a., commission (for
some purpose), despatch ^ send (as
agents).
adlicio (all-), -lexi, -lectus, -li-
cere, [ad-lacio], 3. v. a., entice j al-
lure y drawy persuade: ad miseri-
cordiam.
adlino (all-), -levi, -litus, -linere,
[ad-lino], 3. v. a., besmear y smear
on.
adluo (all-), -ul, no p.p., -luere,
[ad-lao], 3. V. a., wash (as of the
sea, etc.).
administer, -tri, [ad-minister],
lA.y a servant y an assistanty an abet-
tory a tool (of persons) : scelerum.
administra, -ae, [ad-ministra],
F., a servant (female), an assistanty
a handmaid: virtutis.
administro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad-
ministrd-], i. v. a. and n.y serve. —
Also, managCy administer y carry on^
conduct : bellnm, rem publicam.
admirabilis, -e, [ad-mirabilis,
cf. admiror], adj., admirable y mar-
vellousy astonishing.
admiratio, -onis, [ad-miratio,
cf. admirer], f., admirationy won-
der y surpriscy astonishment: ipsius
adventus admiratioque {his ar-
rival and the marvel at the man
himself).
admiror, -atus, -ari, [ad-miror],
i. V. dep., be surprisedy wonder at,
admire. — admirandus, -a, -um, as
adj., surprising. — admiratus, -a,
-um, p.p. in pres. sense, being sur-
prised.
admitto, -misT, -missus, -mittere,
[ad-mitto], 3. v. 2..y let go tOy admit y
let go: in Tascalannm; ad con-
silium admittitor casns. — Fig.,
allow (cf. com- and permitto) : in
se facinus (commit a crime) ; dede-
cus (permit to be incurred). — Also,
without in se, commit.
admodum [ad modum], adv., to
a degree. — Hence, very, very muchy
grecUlyy exceedinglyy so (very) much.
admoneo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [ad-
moneo], 2. v. a., warn, urgey remind.
admonitus, -tus, [ad-monitus,
cf. admoneo], m., a reminder y a
Warningy a suggestion.
admoveo, -m6vi,-m6tus,-movere,
[ad-moveo], 2. v. a., move tOy ap-
proach.— Less exactly, apply : ignes
ceterosque cruciatus.
admurmuratio, -5nis, [ad-mar-
muratio], f., a murmur (at some-
thing), murmurs of intelligence (or
approval or displeasure).
adnumero (ann-), -avT, -atus,
-are, [ad-namero], i. v. a., count
out to.
adnuo (ann-), -nul, no perf. p.,
-nuere,[ad-nao], 3. v. n., nod to, nod
assent. — Less exactly, assent.
adolescens, see adulescens.
adolescentia, see adulescentia.
adolesco, -olevi, -ultus, -olescere,
[ad-olesco], 3. v. n., grow up (to
maturity), mature. — adultus, -a,
-um, p.p. as 2A\.y grown «/, mature.
— Y\^.yfull growny full developed. —
See also adulescens.
adorior, -ortus, -oriri, [ad-orior],
4. v. dep., (rise up against)y attacky
assail.
adomo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad-
orno], I. V. a., adorny furnish y pro-
vide, fit out : maria classibus ; hunc
ad perficiendum (furnish with ma-
terial, etc.).
adparatus (app-), -tus, [ad-pa-
8
Vocabulary.
ratns, cf. adparo]»M., preparation.
— Concretely, preparations^ equip-
ments ^ furnishings,
adpfireo (app-), -ui, -iturus, -ire,
[ad-pareo], 2. v. n., appear (see
pareo).
adparo (app-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[ad-paro], i. v. a., {get for sonte pur-
posef)y prepare ^arrange^ make prep-
arations for (with a conception of
the object from Eng.) : bellum;
iter. — adparatus, -a, -um, p.p. as
adj., /r^r/tff^^/ (with effort), splendid^
magnificent^ elaborate,
adpello (app-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[fadpelld- (ad-pell6-, akin to pel-
lo)], I. V. a., accost, address, call to,
appeal to, call upon : te nanc ap-
pello. — Also, caU, name: quae ap-
pellatur Insula; sanctoa poetas.
adpendo (app-), -pendi, -pensus,
-pendere, [ad-pendo], 3. v. a., weigh
out to,
adpeto (app-), -m, -itus, -ere, [ad-
peto], 3. V. a. and n., seek to gain,
desire, aim at: plus omatus; reg-
num; inimicitias (voluntarily in-
cur) ; vita ferro appetita {attempt-
ed'),— adpetens, -entis, p. as adj.,
desirous^ eager for, covetous : gloriae.
adpono (app-), -posui, -positus,
-ponere, [ad-pono], 3. v. a., place
near, put to, fit. — apposltus, -a,
•um, p.p. as adj., suited, fitted.
adporto (app-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[ad-porto], i. v. a., bring in, bring
(to some place).
adprobo (app-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[ad-probo], i. v. a., approve of,
agree with (an opinion or action).
adpromltto (app-), -misi, -mis-
sus, -mittere, [ad-promitto], 3. v. a.
and n., promise in addition, promise
as surety.
adpropero (app-), -avi, -itus.
-ire, [iMl-propero], i. r. a. and n.,
hasten towards, hasten in, hurry up,
hasten (to something).
adpropinquo (app-), -avi, no
p.p., -are, [ad-propinquo], i. v. n.,
approcuh, come nearer^ come near,
be at hand,
adquiro (acq-) , -qmsivi, -quisitus,
-quirere, [ad-quaero], 3. v. a. and n.,
{get in addition), acquire, gain :
adquirere ad ^<di<&m{gain in credit).
adripio (arr-), -ripui, -reptus,
-ripere, [ad-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch
up, seize, catch,
adroganter (arr-), [adrogant-
(stem of p. of adrogo) + ter], adv.,
with presumption, presumingly, with
insolence,
adrogo (arr-), -ivi, -atus, -are,
[ad-rogo], l. v. a., {ask in addition),
claim, i^x^raW.-— adrogans, -antis,
p. as adj., arrogant, presuming.
adscendo (asc-), -scendi, -scen-
sus, -scendere, [ad-scando], 3. v. a.
and n., climb up, climb, ascend,
mount, rise: ad caelum.
adscensus (asc-), -iis, [ad-fscan-
sus, cf. ascendo], m., a climbing
up, an ascent, a going up. — Con-
cretely, a way up, a means of ascent,
adscisco (asc-), -scivi, -scitus,
-sciscere, [ad-scisco], 3. v. a., attach
(by formal decree), adopt. — Less
exactly, attach to (one's self), unite
with (one's self).
adscribo (asc-), -scripsi, -scrip-
tus, -scribere, [ad-scribo], 3. v. a.,
Tvrite down (somewhere) enroll, as-
sign (by enrolment) : civitatibus
{enroll as citizens of).
adsensio (ass-), -onis, [ad-sensio,
cf. adsentlor], f., assent. — Con-
cretely, an expression of assent.
adsentio, -sensi, -sensus, -sentire,
also deponent. — adsentlor (ass-),
Vocabulary.
-sensus, -sentiri, [ad-sentio], 4. v.
dep., assent, give assent : voluntati-
bus (defer to).
adJsequor (ass-), -secutus, -sequi,
[ad-seqaor], 3. v. d&p., follow after,
overtake. — Fig., attain, secure, gain,
accomplish (as an end).
adservo (ass-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[ad-servo], i. v. 2u, guard, keep, keep
under guard: hominem ; tabulas.
adsido (ass-), -sedi, -sessurus,
-sidere, [ad-sldo], 3. v. n. and a.,
sit down (near or by something).
adsiduS (ass-), [old abl. of ad-
siduus], adv., diligently, constantly.
adsiduitas (ass-), -talis, [adsi-
duo 4- tas], F., diligence, assiduity,
constancy, unremitting effort: mo-
lestiarum (constant pressure).
adsiduus (ass-), -a, -um, [ad-
tsiduus ( VsED -f UU8, cf. residu-
us)], adj., (sitting by), constant, con-
tinued, incessant, untiring, indefati-
gable: adversarius; adsiduus in
praediis (constantly employed).
adsig^o (ass-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[ad-signo], i. v. a., assign, attribute.
adspectus (asp-), -tiis, [ad-t spec-
tus, cf. adspicio], m., a looking at,
a sight, a view. — Transf ., an appear-
ance, an aspect, a view (objectively).
adspemor, see better aspernor.
adspicio (asp-), -spexi, -spectus,
-spicere, [ad-tspecio], 3. v. a. and n.,
look upon, look at, look, see : altius
{look, aim).
adsto (ast-), -stiti, no p.p., -stare,
[ad-sto], I. v. n., stand by, stand
near, stand (by or near).
adsuSfacio (ass-), -feci, -f actus,
-facere, [tadsuS- (unc. case, akin to
suesco) -facio], 3. v. a., accustom,
train. — Pass., be accustomed.
adsum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, [ad-
sum], irr. V. n., be near^ be by, be
present, be at hand, be there (here),
appear, attend (3it2Lp\3ice) : propter
(be near by) ; animis (be attentive).
— Esp., be by to assist, assist, defend.
— Also, be close by, impend.
adtendo, see attendo.
adtineo, see attineo.
adtingo, see attingo.
adtribuo, see attribuo.
adulescens, -entis, [p. of ado-
lesce], 2l6.]., young. — As noun, a
youth, young man. — With proper
names, the younger (Jr., to distin-
guish one from his father).
adulescentia, -ae, [adulescent-
-}- ia], v., youth.
adulgscentulus, -T, [adulescent-
(as if adulescento-) -f lus], m.,
(often as adj.), a mere boy, very
young.
adulter, -eri, [ad-tulter, cf. ulte-
rior, ultra, onewho roams abroad}'],
M., an adulterer, a paramour.
adulterium,-!, [adulter -f ium],
N., adultery.
advena, -ae, [ad-t vena (Vven
-f a)], M., a chance comer (as op-
posed to a native), a stranger, a
visitor.
advenio, -venT, -venturus, -venire,
[ad-venio], 4. v. n., come to, come,
arrive: Verri advenienti (on his
arrival).
adventicius, -a, -um, [tadven-
tic6 (adventu- or 6 -}- cus) -f ius],
adj., coming by chance (cf. advena),
foreign, external, additional (to
one's own resources).
adventus, -us, [ad-tventus (cf.
advenio and eventus)], m., « com-
ing, an arrival, an advent.
adversarius, -a, -um, [adversS-
(reduced) -f- arius, cf. onerarius],
adj., (turned towards), opposed. —
As noun, an opponent, an adversary.
lO
Vocabulary.
advenio, -onis, [ad-fvorsio-, cf.
adverto], f., a turning: animi
{occupation^ employment), — See ani-
madversio.
adversus, prep., see adverto.
adverto, -verti, -versus, -vertere,
[ad-verto], 3. v. a., turn towards:
animum {turn the attention^ notice^
see animadverto), turn against^
turn (to anything). — adversus, -a,
-um, p.p. as adj., in fronts opposed,
opposite^ in opposition, adverse : proe-
lium {unsuccessful) ; res adversae
{adversity, want of success). — ad-
versi {those in front). — ad versus,
[petrified as adv. and prep., cf. ver-
sus], against.
advesperascit, -ere, [ad-vespe-
rascit], 3. v. impers., grow dark, ap-
proach evening.
advoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [ad-
voco], i.v. a., call (to one), sufn-
nion. — advocatus, -i, p.p. as subst.,
a Tt'itness (called in to some transac-
tion as witness and adviser), a sup-
porter, a counsel (assisting one in a
suit but not a i)leader, cf. patronus).
advolo, -avi, -aturus, -are, [ad-
volo], \.y.xi.,Jlyto,fly at, — Also,
fig.,^, rush.
aedes, -is, [^idh (cf aestas)
-f es (cf. honos) and -is (cf. or-
bis)], F., {a fireplace ?), a temple (a
regular ediBce, cf. tempi uni, a con-
secrated spot, and fanum, a shrine,
generally ancient). — Also (only in
plur.), a house, a dwelling.
aedificatio, -onis, [aedifica-l- tic],
F., building: portus in aedifica-
tione aspectaque urbis inclusi {the
plan, the site).
aedifieium, -i, [faedific- (cf.
artifex) + imn], n., a building.
aedlfico, -avi, -atus, -are,f faedific-
(cf. artifex)], i. v. a., build (of
houses), tfr^<r/, construct, — Less ex-
actly, of ships.
aedOiSy -is, [aedi- (as stem of
aedes) + lis], m., belonging to a
temple}, an adile, an ofEcer at Rome.
There were two classes of these offi-
cers, — the Curule, who had charge
of the public games and were impor-
tant civil magistrates, and the Ple-
beian, who had the duties of police
commissioners.
ae<lilitSs, -tatis, [aedile -|- tas],
F., cedileship (the office of aedile).
Aegaeus, -a, -urn, \_hXyaio%\^ adj.,
yEgaan (of the iflgsean Sea) : mare
{the ALgcean),
aeger, -gra, -grum, [unc. root
(Py'lG, shake) -f rus], adj., sick, dis-
abled. — Also, fig., suffering, afflicted,
enfeebled.
aegerrlme, superl. of aeg^re.
aegre [abl. of aeger], zAv., feebly,
— Hence, with difficulty, hardly ^
scarcely, unwillingly (suffer from
doing something).
Aegyptus, -i, [Atyuirroj], F^
Egypt,
Aelius, -I, [?], M., a Roman gen-
tile name (strictly an adj.). — Esp.,
Q. /€,lius, cons. B.C. 148. — Plur.,
the /€,lii (members of the gens).
Aelius, -a, -um, [properly same
word as last], adj., yElian (belong-
ing to the itlian gens). — Esp., ^-
lian (belonging to Q, ySlius) : lex
(a law regulating the auspices of the
comitia).
Aemlllus, -i,[ ?, aemal5-(reduced)
-fins], M., a Roman gentile name.
— Esp., Marcus ySmilius Scaurus,
cons. B.C. 115.
aemulus, -a, -um, [ ?, cf. aeqnus ?],
adj., envious, rivalling,, emulous. —
Masc. and fern, as subst., a rival.
Vocabulary.
II
aequSblliter, [aeqo&bili + ter],
adv., uniformly, without distinction,
aequSlis, -e, [aeqad + alia], adj.,
eqt*al, uniform,
aequfilitfifl, -tatis, F., equality,
aequfiliter [aequali + ter (cf.
acriter)], adv., evenly ^ uniformly,
equally, on an equality,
aequS, [old abl. of aequus], adv.,
equally, evenly, in the same way, as
much, just (as).
aequitlis, -tatis, [aeqad + tas],
F., evenness, — Hence (cf. aequus),
fairness, justice. — Esp., aequitas
animi {evenness of mind, content-
ment, resignation, equanimity),
aequus, -a, -um, [?, perh. akin
to unus (foenos)], adj., even, level,
equal, — Hence, fair, just, equitable,
right: civitas aequissimo jure {on
a perfect equality as to rights), —
Esp., aequus animus {equanimity,
contentment, resignation) ; aequo
animo {with composure, with verb,
be resigned to, be satisfied to, be con-
tent to) ; aequus animus est (/ am
content, resigned)-, aequo animo
paratoque {%vith resignation and
composure) ; aequo animo 6kse {be
undisturbed),
aerarius, -a, -am, [aer- (as stem
of aes) + arius (cf. onerarius)],
adj., {having to do with copper), —
trlbunl (see that word). — n. as
subst., the treasury (cf. aes).
aerumna, -ae, [^}'\,¥., hardship,
trouble, toil, suffering.
aerumnSsus, -a, -um, [aerumna
+ osus], adj., toilsome, painful, full
of suffering, wretched.
aes, aeris, [perh. akin to Eng.
iron"], N., copper (for the arts, or as
money). — Hence, money. — Esp.,
alienum(^<f^/, another man's money).
— Also, bronu (of which copper is
a chief ingredient), tf tablet (of bronze,
used for perpetuating ofEcial docu-
ments).
Aesculftpius, -i, [*A<r<cA^«)s],M.,
the god of medicine among the an-
cients.
aestas, -tatis, [stem akin to aedes
+ tas, or perh. aesta- (cf. Juventa)
■f tis (cf. virtus)], f., {heat), sum-
mer (the season for military opera-
tions).
aestlmo, -avi, -atus, -are, [aesti-
mo- (aes-tumus, tu in tueor ? -f
muSt cf. aeditumus)], i. v. a.,
value, estimate, assess (of damages,
by a process regular in Roman law).
aestus, -tils, [root of aedes +
tus], M., heat (plur. in same sense) :
aestu febrique {by the burning heat
of fever), — Hence, boiling, tide,
aetSs, -tatis, [aevo- (stem of
aevum) -|- tas], f., age (of old or
young), youth, old age, life : aetate
adfectus {oppressed with years) \
aetas atque robur {youth and
strength)', aetatem degere {pass
one* 5 life) ; nervos aetatis {sinetvs
of youth) ; ab ineunte aetate {from
early manhood); aetatis tempus
{time of life). — Also, age (time,
generation).
aetfitula, -ae, [aetat -|- ula (as
if aetato + la)], ?., youthful age,
early years (as a period of life).
aetemitas, -tatis, [aeternd-i- tas],
F., eternity, never-ending time, ever-
lasting ages.
aeternus, -a, -um, [aevo- (stem
of aevum) -f temus (cf. hester-
nus)], adj., eternal, lasting, never-
ending, everlasting.
Aetolia, -ae, [AetoU -f- ia, f. of
-ius], F., a region of Greece north
of the Gulf of G>rinth, conquered by
M. Fulvius Nobilior in B.C. 189.
12
Vocabulary,
Aetolus, -a, -um, [A«t«A.(Js], adj.,
/Eiolian (of ^olia). — Plur., the
jEtolians (the people of the country).
aff-, see odf-.
Atricanus, -a, -um, [Africa +
nus], adj., of Africa ^ African: bel-
lum (of various wars, esp. one fought
by Pompey against Domitius, a par-
tisan of Marias, in B.c 8i). — Esp.,
as surname of various Scipios, Af-
ricanus. — So, i . C. Scipio Africa-
nus the elder, procons. B.C. 210, the
conqueror of Hannibal; and 2. his
adopted grandson (son of .^Emilius
Paullus) cons. B.C. 147, the destroyer
of Carthage and Numantia.
Africus, -a, -um, [Afro- (stem of
Afer) -I- cus], adj., of Africa. —
Africa, f. as subst., the country of
Africa. — Esp. in a limited sense, the
Roman province of that name, in-
cluding the territory of Carthage and
the regions to the west.
af uisse, afutOrus, see absum.
Agathocles, -is, ['A7ado<cXijj], M.,
a tyrant of Syracuse (bom B.C 361)
who long waged an active warfare
against Carthage.
a^^e, see ago.
ager, agri, [«^ag {drivef) +rus,
cf. Gr. h.'yp6sf acre, M.], land (culti-
vated), ^^/oJr, country (opposed to
city), territory (country), cultivated
lands, fields (as opposed to woods) :
fusiperagros(of rude men); uber-
tas agrorom {of the land, of the
soil). — Esp., of the possession of a
particular city, land, territory, coun-
try. A state in ancient times con-
sisted of a fortified city or town (urbs,
oppidnm), the dwelling-place or
refuge of all the citizens, and the
lands cultivated by them around.
Farms in the modern fashion were
not common. — Cf. per agros atqae
oppida civiam Romanomm; ag^r
Taoromenitanas; ager Picenus ei
OaUicus.
a^to, -avi, -atus, -are, [agito- (as
if stem of p.p. of ago)], i . v. a., drive,
chase, — Hence, rouse, stir up, excite,
vex, trouble. — Fig., turn over (in
mwidi), propose, discuss, purpose,
ag^osco, -novi, -nitus, -noscere,
[ad(g)nosco], 3. v. a., recognize (in
some relation to one's self, cf. eog-
nosco), recognize as on^s own^claim,
acknowledge,
ago, egi, ictus, agere, [V^g],
3. V. a. and n., drive (apparently from
behind, cf. duco, lead), — With a
wide range of meaning, do (esp. of
official business, zi. conduct 2xA carry
on), act, treat, discuss, plead, manege,
conduct, carry on, take part (in any
business), deal with, take up, handle,
take action, — In many phrases : cum
aliquo bene [male] agere {treat one
well or f i/) ; secum praeclare agi
{that he is lucky); mecum male
agitor {I fare hardly) ; agam cum
populo {lay before the people, of mag-
istrates, who had this right) ; agam
in magistratu {take up, deal with) ;
non agam obscure {I will not treat
the matter, etc.) ; sic tecum agam
{address, deal with, plead with) ; ita
quidam agebat {represent, urge,
argue) ; agere causam {plead) ; ad
agendum {to plead the case)-, res
agetur {be treated); locus amplis-
simus ad agendum {for public busi-
ness) ; aliquid agere {aim at some-
thing, work for something) ; id actum
est {this is what was accomplished^
this was the end and aim) ; quid
agis ? {what are you doing ? what are
you about ? what are you aiming at ?y,
quid gladius agebat? {what was it
doing?); nihil agere {accomplish
Vocabulary.
13
notkingt also, be idle^ do nothing pur-
posely)-, magnae res aguntur (^^a/
interests are at slake) ; quid agitur
{what is the question f) ; res agitur
(Jhe question is, also, the case is tried,
the cause is heard) \ de quo nunc
agimus(?j now in question) ; si mo-
ribus ageret {if he should makt it
a question of morals); actum est
{it is all over with us)\ de vec-
tigalibus agitur {the revenues are
at stake) ; quid potest agi severius ?
{how can the case be conducted, etc.) ;
quae turn agerentur {which were
then under discussion, going on) ;
negotium meum ago {attend to my
own interests)', festos dies {cele-
brate); ixi\iJ£L^hxim(enjoy, celebrate);
fundamenta {lay) ; gratias {render,
pay, express, cf. habeo and re-
fero) : in crucem {drag, nail) ; age,
age vero {come, come noiv, see, well) .
agrarii, -orum, [agro-], m. plur.,
agrarian partisans.
agrestis, -e, [unc. stem (from
»gr6-) + tis (cf. caelestis)], adj.,
of the fields, rustic. — Plur., rustics,
farmers. — Hence, barbarous, rude,
clownish, boorish.
agricola, -ae, [agro + cola, cf.
incola], M., a farmer,
agricultGra (often as separate
words), -ae, [agr&-cultura or agri
cnltnra], f., land tillage, farming.
AhSla, -ae, [?], M., a Roman
family name. — Esp. C. Servilius
Ahala, who, in B.C. 439, killed Sp.
Maelius on account of his popularity
and his good will to the lower classes,
shown by gifts of grain.
AJfix, -acis, [Afaj], M., Ajax, the
name of two heroes of the Trojan
war. — Esp., the more famous one,
son of Oileus, who contended with
Ulysses for the arras of Achilles, and
was the subject of many literary and
artistic works. — Hence, of a statue
of him, as we say " Powers' Eve."
fijo, [?], 3. def. V. n., say, assert:
ainnt {they say, they tell us).
alacer, -cris, -ere, [?], adj., active,
eager, energetic, spirited.
Alba, -ae, [f. of albus, the white
town"], F., the name of several cities
in Italy. — Esp. : I, Alba Fucensis, a
city of the Marsi; 2. Alba Lottga, the
supposed mother city of Rome.
Albanus, -a, -iim, [Alba+ nus],
adj., of Alba, Alban. — Neut. sing.,
Albanum, -1, an estate near Alba
(in which region many Romans had
country-seats), an Alban villa.
alea, -ae, [?]J F., a die (for play-
ing).— Also, dice (as a game).
aleator, -toris, [alea + tor, cf.
viator], M., a dicer, a gamester,
Alexander, -dri, ['AXc^oySpoj],
M., a common Greek name. — Esp.,
Alexander the Great, son of Philip
of Macedon.
Alexandria (-ea), -ae, [*AAf|<{v-
5p€m], F., the name of several towns
named for Alexander the Great. —
Esp., the famous city built by Alex-
ander on the coast of Egypt
aliSnigena, -ae, [aUend-fgena
(gen+a, cf. incola)], m., a for-
eigner, foreign-born.
aliSno,-avi, -atus, -are, [aliend-],
I. V. a., make another's. — Also, make
strange, estrange, alienate.
alienus, -a, -um, [unc. stem akin
to alius (prob. imitated from verb-
stems of second conjugation) + nus
(cf. egenus)], adj., another's, of
others, others', other peopWs : pecu-
niae; misericordia; in alieno {on
another* s land). — Hence, strange,
foreign, estranged, unfavorable (cf.
snuA), foreign to the purpose: tern?
14
Vocabulary.
pas; ejecta8adalieno8(j/r<2M^^j);
iter {otUofonis way). — Super!., as
noun, a perfect stranger,
aliquando [unc. form, cf. quan-
do and aliquis], adv., at some time,
— Emphatically, at last (at some
time, though not before).
allquantS, see aliquantas.
aliquantus, -a, -um, [ali- (re-
duced stem of alius) -qoantus (cf.
aliquis)], adj., considerable. — Neut,
as noun, a good deal, a considera-
ble part, — aliquantS (as abl. of
measure), by considerable, consider-
ably,
aliquis (-qui), -qua, -quid (quod),
[ali- (reduced stem of alius) -qois],
pron. (more forcible than quis ; not
definite, like quidam; not univer-
sal, like quisquam), some, some or
other, any. — Emphatic, some (con-
siderable), any (important). — As
noun, some one, any one, somethings
anything. — Also, rarely, almost if
not quite equal to quis alius (cf.
derivation), j<7w^ other; abire in ali-
quas terras, /. Cat. 8, 20.
aliquo [old dat. of aliquis], adv.,
somewhither, somewhere (in sense of
whither).
aliquot [ali- (reduced stem of
alius) -quot], pron. indtcX., several,
some (more than one, but not con-
ceived as many), several persons.
aliquotiens [ali- (reduced stem
of alius) -quotiens], adv., several
times, a number of times,
aliter [ali- (reduced stem of
alius) + ter (cf. acriter)], adv.,
otherwise, differently: longe aliter
est (^the case is far otherwise').
aliunde [ali-unde (cf. aliquis)],
adv., from another quarter, from
elsewhere, from some other quarter.
alius, -a, -ud, [unc. root. (cf. else)
-I- ins (\/ya)], adj. pron., another
(any one, not all), other, different,
else, another (of the second of three
or more). — Repeated (either in sep-
arate clauses or in same), one . . .
another, one another, one one (thing)
. . . another another, some . , . others :
alius alia causa illata {alleging
different reasons); alius ex alio
{from different, etc., one from one,
another from another) ; aUuB atque
(see atque).
allfitus, see adfero.
allSgo, see adlego.
allicio, see adllcio.
allino, see adllno.
Allobrox, -ogis, [Celtic], M., one
of the Allobrcges. — F\itt,, the Alio-
broges (the tribe of Gauls living in
Dauphiny or Savoy, about the upper
waters of the Rhone, subdued in
B.C. 121 by Fabius Maximus).
alluo, see adluo.
alo, alui, altus, alere, [-v/al, cf.
adolesco], 3. v. a., cause to grow,
feed, nurse, support (supply vnXYi
ioodi), foster, raise (of animals). —
Fig., foster, foment, feed, increase :
haec etudia adulescentiam {are
the food of),
AlpSs, -ium, [y^ALP (Celtic form
of ALBH, cf. albus) + is], f. pi.,
the Alps, more or less loosely used
of the whole mass of mountains he-
tween Italy (Cisalpine Gaul), Gaul,
and Germany.
AlsiSnsis, -e, [Alsio-t-ensis], adj.,
of Alsium. — As subst., a villa near
Alsium (a town on the coast of
Etruria).
altaria, -ium, [ ?, alto + aria], k.
pi., the temporary structure on the
altar for burning the victim (?). —
Less exactly, an altar,
alte [old abL of altos], adv., high.
Vocabulary,
15
iUepfyi deep: altina aapioere {look
higher^ look farther),
alter, -era, -erum, [y^AL- (in
alius) + ter (for -teroB, compara-
tive suflfcc)], pron. adj., the other (of
two), one (of two) : alter ambove
{one or both), — In plur., the other
party, — Repeated (cf. alius), &»^
the other ^ one another (of two), one
. . , the other. — In plnr., one party
, , , the other. — Also, the second^ an-
other (the second of three) : cente-
sima et altera (hundred and sec-
ond).— Also (esp. with negatives),
another (beside one's self, where all
are conceived as two parties, one*s
self and all the rest).
alternus, -a, -urn, [alter- (as
stem) + nos], adj., alternate, recip-
rocal, mutual, alternating: versas
{every second) .
alteruter [alter-uter, cf. ali-
quis], -tra, -trmn, -trius, pron. adj.,
one of the two, one or the other.
altus, -a, -mn, [p.p. of alo as
adj.], high. — From another point of
view, deep. — Neut. as noun, the sea,
the deep : in alto {in deep water, on
the sea),
alumnus, -I, [aid- (stem of alo)
■\- nmus (cf. Gr. -juews?), the fos-
tered'\,u., a foster child, a nursling.
alveolus, -i, [alveo + lus], m., a
little basin. — Esp., a dice box, the
dice box (as a symbol of gaming).
amSns, see amo.
amb- [akin to ambo, &/i^2], prep,
only in comp., about.
ambitio, -onis, [amb-fitio, cf.
ambio], y., {a going round), —
Esp., to canvass for office, a canvass-
ing. — Hence, ambition.
ambitus, -tiis, [amb-itns, cf.
ambio^ m., {a going round). — Esp.,
to canvass (cf. ambitio), but only
of illegal means of canvassing, bri-
bery (at elections), unlawful can-
vassing: de ambitu {on a charge
c/this crime).
ambo, -ae, -o, (-orum), [akin to
amb-], num. adj., both (together, cf.
uterque, both separately).
ambOro, -ussi, -ustus, -urere [amb-
uro], 3. V. a., burn around, scorch,
half burn.
fimens, -entis, [ab-mens], adj.,
{having the mind away) , mad, crazy,
insane : aadacissimus atqae amen-
tissimas(^/ the greatest recklessness
and madness).
amentia, -ae, [ament + ia], f.,
madness, frenzy, (mad) folly, in-
sanity.
Ameria, -ae, [?], F., an old city
of Umbria, about fifty miles up the
Tiber from Rome (now Amelia, but
only a ruin).
Amerinus, -a, -urn, [Ameria (re-
duced) -I- inas], adj., of Ameria, —
Plur. M., the people of Ameria.
amicio, -icui (-ixi), -ictus, -icire,
[amb-jacio], 4. v. a., throiu round
(of clothing), wrap about. — Also,
with object of the person, wrap,
throw around, clothe (with outside
garments) : veils amicti non togis
{clad, wrapped).
amicitia, -ae, [amicd-|- tia], F.,
friendship, friendly relations, alli-
ance (opposed to hospitium, wh.
see), personal friendship.
amicus, -a, -um, [unc. stem from
y/AM (in amo) -f cus (cf. pudlcus,
posticus)], adj., friendly, well-dis-
posed. — As noun, M., a friend, an
ally.
fimissus, p.p. of amitto.
Amisus, -i, [?], f., an important
commercial city of Pontus, on the
Sinus Amisenus, a bay of the Euxine.
i6
Vocabulary.
fimltto, -mlsi, -missus, -mittere, 1
[ab-mitto], 3. v. a., Ui go (away),
let slipt lei pass, — Hence, lose (esp.
of military losses) : classes amissae
et perditae {lost^ by negligence, and
ruinedy by misdoing).
amo, -avi, -atus, -are, [?], i. v. a.
and n-, love; amans {fond),
amoenitas, -tatis, [amoend +
tas], F., beauty (as of scenery and
the like), beautiful scenery, loveliness
(only of things pleasant to the eye).
amor, -oris, [-^/am (in amo) +
or (for -os)], m., love, affection. —
Also, toward \\im^, fondness for, de-
light in.
ample [old abl. of amplus], adv.,
widely, largely. — amplius, compar.,
farther, more, longer : quid vis am-
plius (in such cases it may be re-
garded either as adj. or adv., see
amplus).
amplector, -plexus, -plecti, [amb-
plecto], 3. V. dep., {twine around).
— Hence, embrace, hold in one's
arms. — Fig., include, contain. —
Mso, favor, court the favor of
amplexor, -atus, -aii, [amplexd-
(stem of p.p. of amplector)], i. v.
dep., embrace.
amplifico, -avi, -atus, -are, [am-
plified-], I. V. a., increase, enlarge,
extend, heighten, magnify,
amplitudo,-inis, [ampl6-|-tudo],
F., size, extent, greatness. — Esp., of
station or fame, greatness, dignity,
position, prominence.
amplus, -a, -um, [?, perh. amb
-f stem akin to plus, plenus], adj.
Of size and extent, lit. and fig., large,
wide', great, grand: curia. — Esp.,
prominent, of consequence, splendid,
noble, distinguished, glorious : prae-
mia {lavish, valuable)-, fortunae;
patrui amplissimi (most distin-
guished)', homo (greaf)\ amplnm
et praeclarom {a great and glo^
rious thing) ; manas {noble) ; locos
ad agendum (honorable); fractus
(splendid, valuable); magnum ant
amplom cogitare (have a great or
noble thought); beneficia amplissima
(highest) ; verba amplissima (j/r^w^
est terms); lans amplior (higher),
— amplius, neut. comp. as noun or
adverb (see ample) (cf. plus), more^
a greater number, further, besides.
an [?], conj. introducing the sec-
ond member of a double question,
or, or rather: ab eone an ab els
qui, etc., Qabinio anne Pompeio
{or), — Often with the first member
only implied, or, (is it not so?) or,
(as an impossible alternative) or:
utrom . . . 2bn(whether . . . or). — Esp.,
hand scio an, nescio an, V know
not but, I am inclined to think, it
may be, probably, perhaps, very likely,
— an vero, see vero.
anceps, -cipitis, [amb-capnt],
adj., (having a head on both sides),
double-headed. — Less exactly, two-
fold, double: contentio (i.e., with
two foes). — Hence, doubtful: for-
tuna (as looking both ways, and
hence undecided).
ancllla, -ae, [ancnI5-(anc5-i-lns)
4- la], F., a maid-servant, a hand-
maid.
angiportus, -us (and-i), [fangd-
( Y^ANG + us) -I- portus], M., a lane,
a narrow alley,
ango, anxT, no p.p., angere,[^ANG,
cf. anxius, angustus], 3. v. a., throt-
tle.— Fig., distress, make anxious:
vehementer angebar (/ was much
distressed) ; tot curis vigiliisqne
angi (distress one^s self).
anguis, -is, [ y/ang (cf. an^) +
is], M. and P., a serpent.
Vocabulary.
17
angalas, •!, [tang5- (cf. angi-
portus) + Ins], m., a corner ^ an
angle.
aii£^8tiae,-arum, [ang^std+ia],
F. plur., narroivsy straits : Ponti (i.e.,
the Dardanelles). — Fig., straits (cf.
slang expression " in a tight place "),
narrow bounds.
angustus, -a, -um, [angor (for
angos) + tus], adj., narrow , con-
fined: angostiora castra (Jess ex-
tensive^ \ montes {confining^ by
which one is hemmed in). — Fig., an-
imns (narrow, small).
anhelo, -avi, -atus, -are, [amb?-
halo], I. V. a. and n., pant, breathe
heavily y breathe (with force).
anima, -ae, [ani- (treated as root,
fr. V^N, blow) + ma (f. of mus), cf.
animus], f., breath. — Hence, soul,
life : liberomm anima (the lives).
— Plur., the soul (of man, ab-
stractly).
animadversio, -onis, [animo-
(?) adversio (cf. anlmadverto)],
f., a noticing, attention (to a thing).
— Hence, punishment.
anlmadverto, -verti, -versus, ver-
tere (also anlmum adverto un-
contracted), [animiim ' adverto],
3. V. a., turn the mind to, attend to :
in aliqaem (punish, cf. the domes-
tic "attend to"). — Less exactly, ob-
serve, notice, learn.
anlmosus, -a, -urn, [animd +
osos], adj., spirited, courageous.
animus, -i, [ani- (stem as root,
fr. V^N, blow) -1- mus (cf. Gr. tw^-
fjLos, 7uind)'], M., breath, life, soul
(vital). — Usually (the above mean-
ings being appropriated to anima,
wh. see), soul (as thinking, feeling),
heart, mind, feelings, feeling, intel-
lect (but cf. mens), spirit, passion,
desire : concitatio animomm (feel-
ings)', animl ad caosam excitati;
animnm vincere (passions)-, ani-
momm motos (the activity of the
intellect) ; magnus animus (a great
soul, a man of great soul); animo
meliore (better disposed) ; quo ani-
mum intendit (at what he is aim-
ing) ; animis providere (anticipate,
provide in thought); cerno animo
(in my mind^s eye)', bono animo
(with good intent) ; virtutes animi
(moral virtues). — Also (in a good
sense, often in plur.), spirit, con-
stancy, courage, resolution : opes an-
imique (resources and spirit). —
Also: animus magnus (courage,
magnanimity, lofty spirit) ; animi
magnitude (lofty spirit). — Esp. (as
directly opposed to mens, wh. see),
the moral powers, will, desires, affec-
tions, etc., the heart, the feelings,
the disposition: animus et mens
(heart and mind) ; ex animi mei
sensu (the feelings of my heaf t). —
For animus aequus, see aequus;
for animnm advertere, see anl-
madverto.
annalis, -e, [ann6-|-alis], adj.,
yearly. — As noun (sc. libri), ««-
nals (books of history arranged in
years), history.
Annius, -i, [?], M., a Roman gen-
tile name. — Esp.: i. T. Annius
Milo, a. supporter of Cicero, defended
by him in the oration pro Mi lone ;
2. Q. Annius Chilo, a fellow-con-
spirator with Catiline.
anniversarius, -a, -um, [anni-
vers6 -f- arius], 2,di\., yearly, return-
ing every year.
annona, -ae, [stem akin to annus
-f- na, cf. colonus, Pomona], f.,
grain crop (of the year). — Hence,
grain market, price of grain : vili-
tas annonae (cheapness of grain)-.
I8
Vocabulary,
annonam levare {relieve the mar'
ketf lower the price of grain),
annus, -i, [?], m., a year (as a
point of time, or as the course of the
year, or as a period).
ansa, -ae, [?], F., a handle, —
Also, fig., sermones ansas dabant
{handles, to get hold of).
ante [old antid, abl. of fa^ti-
(cf. post and postis)], adv., before
(of place and time), in fronts in ad-
vance, beforehand,first (before some-
thing else) : ante quam {earlier
than, before, until, etc.) ; paulo
ante {a little while ago)-, multis.
ante annis {many years ago) ; jam
ante {already before, already). —
Prep., before (of place or time), in
advance of, in front of — In dates :
ante diem (a. d.) {on such a day
before) ; ante diem xii Kal. Nov.
{Oct. 2 J St). — In comp., before (of
place, time, and succession).
antea [ante ea (prob. abl. or
instr., cf. ea, qua)], adv. (of time),
before, previously, once, formerly,
hitherto, once.
anteeello, -ere, no perf., no p.p.,
[ante-cello], 3. v. n., surpass, excel.
antefero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre,
[ante-fero], irr. v. a., place in ad-
vance, prefer. — Pass., be preferred,
be the first, have the superiority.
antelucanus, -a, -um, [ante-lac
-f anus], adj. , before the light : cenae
{late, prolonged till dawn).
antepouo, -posui, -positus, -po-
nere, [ante-pono], 3. v. a., place in
advance (cf. antefero), think of
more importance, prefer, place be-
fore, value more highly.
antequam, see ante.
antestor, -atus, -ari, [amb(?)-
testor], I. V. dep., call to witness, ap-
peal to.
anteverto, -ver^ -versus, -ver-
tere, [ante-verto], 3. v. a., turn in
front (cf. antepono), prefer. —
Also, anticipate, get in advance of.
Antiochia (-ea), -ae, [*Ai/Ti<Jx**«]»
F. The name of several ancient
cities of the East. — Esp., a city of
Syria founded by the son of Antio-
chus.
Antiochus, -i, ['Avt£oxo$], m.
The name of several Eastern poten-
tates.— Esp., Antiochus the Great,
king of Syria, who had a long con-
test with the Romans and their al-
lies for supremacy in the East, but
was conquered in B.C. 190 by the
Scipios.
antiquitas, -tatis,[antiqao-|-tas],
F., antiquity, ancient times.
antiquus, -a, -um, [fanti- (cf.
ante) 4- cus (cf. posticus)], adj.,
old (existing from early times, not so
much in reference to present age as
to former origin, cf. vetus), ancient.
— Less- exactly, yZ?rw^r/ status (of
a state that had existed only three
years before, but was of great an*
tiquity previous to that) ; ilia anti-
qua {those ancient examples) ; anti-
qui {the ancients). — Hence, of the
old stamp, old-fashioned : homines
(of men still living).
Antonius, -i, [?], M., a Roman
family name. — Esp.: I. Marcus
(Mark Antony), the famous trium-
vir; also, 2. his brother, Lucius,
cons. B.C. 41.
anulus (ann-), -i, [an5 -(- las],
U., a ring.
Ap., Appius (wh. see).
Apenninus, -i, [Celtic], M., the
Apennines, the great range of moun-
tains which forms the backbone of
Italy.
aperlo, -perui, -pertus, -perire.
Vocabulary,
19
[ab-pario (get of), cf. opeiio,
caver], 4, v. a., uncover, open. —
Fig., disclose, open, lay bare, lay
open, — apertus, -a, -um, p.p. as
adj., open, exposed, uncovered, unob-
structed, unprotected, without con-
cealment,
aperte [old abl. of apertus],
adv., openly, unreservedly, without
concealment, plainly, clearly,
Apinius, -i, [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., P. Apinius, a
young man robbed by Clodius.
Apollo, -inis, [?], M., the son of
Jupiter and Latona, and twin brother
of Diana, god of the sun, of divina-
tion, of poetry and music, and presi-
dent of the Muses. He was also god
of archery, of pestilence, and, on the
other hand, of healing. He is iden-
tified by Caesar with some Celtic di-
vinity.
apparatus, see adparatus.
appareo, see adpareo.
apparo, see adparo.
appello, see adpello.
appendo, see adpendo.
appeto, see adpeto.
Appius, -a, -um, [Appius decl.
as adj.], adj., Appiau^ of Appius. —
Esp., referring to Appius Claudius
Ccecus: via (the road from Rome
to Capua made by him); Appia
(without via in same sense).
Appius, -i, [?, prop, adj.], M., a
Roman first name. — Esp.: i. Ap-
pius Claudius, cons. B.C. 54; 2. Ap-
pius Claudius, nephew of P. Clodius,
and one of Milo's accusers; 3. A
brother of Clodius.
applico, see adplica
appono, see adpono.
apporto, see adporto.
approbo, see adprobo.
apprSmitto, see adpromltto.
appropero, see adpropero.
appropinquo, see adpropin-
quo.
aptus,-a,-um, [-v/a^ (}^ apiscor)
-I- tus],adj., (Jittedto), suited, adapt-
ed. Jit, apt,
apud [akin to ab and Gr. dir<J],
prep., at, among, with, before, on
one's part, in relation to (a person),
in one^s. house (company, possession,
among) : apud Tenedum; adversa-
rios (i.e., in their ranks) ; inlustre
apnd onines nomen (with, among) ;
apud vos in honore (with, among) ;
populum Romanum et exteras na-
tiones; apud Laecam (at the house
Apulejus, -I, [Apulo + eius?],
M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp.,
P, Apuleius, a tribune of the people
who supported the cause of the sen-
ate against Antony.
Apulia, -ae, [Apulo -f ia, f. of
adj.], F., that part of Italy east of
Campania and Samnium and north
of Lucania, famous chiefly for its
pastures.
aqua, -ae, [?], f., water, a water-
course : aqua atque igni interdi-
cere (a form of banishment among
the Romans).
aquila, -ae, [f. of aquilus, dark
gray, perh. remotely akin to aqua],
F., an eagle, — Esp., the standard of
the Roman legion, consisting of an
eagle on a staff.
Sra, -ae, [ ?], F., an altar.
arator, -toris, [ara-f tor], m., a
ploughman. — Also, a landholder (a
person who cultivated the public
lands, paying tithes for the privilege).
arbiter, -tri, [ad-fbiter (yj^i, in
bito, -1- trus, cf. -trum)], m., a wit-
ness.— Less exactly, a referee^ an
arbitrator.
20
Vocabulary,
arbitrStus, -tus, [arbitHH-tus],
M., a decision: arbitratu ejus Qtt
his bidding)*
arbitrium, •!, [arbitrd + iom
(cf. Judicium)], ti.y judgment, will,
bidding, pleasure (what one sees fit
to do or have done).
arbitror, -atus, -ari, [arbitro-],
I. V. dep., Judge, think, suppose
(judge).
arbor, -oris, [?], F., a tree.
area, -ae, [arc- (in arceo) + a],
F., a chest, a box, a cell.
arcus, -us, [?], m., a bow.
arceo, arcul, arctus, arcere, [farco-
(stem akin to area)], 2. v. a., con-
fine* — Hence, by a change of the
point of view, keep dff, prevent, drive
away: a templis homines (defend
froni).
arcesso, -sivi, -situs, -sere, [akin
to accedo, but the exact relation un-
certain], 3. v. a., surfitnon, invite,
send for (persons), call in.
Archias, -ae, ['Apx^a*]» M., a poet
of Greek extraction, whose claim to
citizenship Cicero defended in a fa-
mous oration.
Archimedes, -is, fApxtM^Sf^s],
M., the famous mathematician of
Syracuse, by whose assistance that
city was long defended against the
Romans.
arcliitectus, -1, [prob. corruption
of apxi'Fficr^v'], M., an architect, a
builder.
ardeo, arsi, arsus, ardere, [prob.
aridd-, cf. ardlfer], 2. v. n., be hot,
be in a blaze, be on fire. — Fig. , be
excited^ be in a blaze, burn, flash fire
(of the eyes). — ardens, -ntis, p.,
red hot, blazing, flashing.
ardor, -oris, [y'ARD (in ardeo)
+ or], M., a blaze, heat, fire : caeli
{a blazing sky) , — Fig. , fire, fury :
animorom et armoram {fire of
passion and fury of arms)', animi
{excitement).
argentSrius, -a, -um, [argento
+ arius], adj. Fem., (so. res), money
business, banking business. — Masc.,
a banker, a money-changer.
argenteus, -a, -um, [argento +
ens], adj. of silver, silver (as adj.).
argentum, -1, [akin to ar^^o,
the shining metal], N., silver (the
metal). — Also, of things made of
the metal, silverware, silver.
argiimentor, -atus, -ari, [argn-
mentd-], l. v. dep., argue, reason.
ai^&mentum, -i, [argn- (as if
stem of arguo) + mentom], n., an
argument, a proof (drawn from rea-
soning, as opposed to witnesses), an
inference, a subject (in art).
arg^uo, argui, argutus, arguere,
[prob. t argu- (stem akin to Argus
and argentum) -f- io (?)], 3. v. a.,
make clear, prove. — Esp., accuse
(prove guilty), charge.
Aricia, -ae, [?], F., a town of
Latium on the Appian Way, at the
foot of the Alban Mount (now Kic-
cia). Near by was a famous temple
of Diana.
Srldus, -a, -um, [tar5- (cf. areo)
-I- das], adj., dry. — Less exactly,
meagre: victos.
Ariobarzfines, -is, [Persian], M.,
a name of several Persian monarchs.
— Esp., a king of Cappadocia, estab-
lished on his throne by the Romans,
several times driven out by Mith-
ridates and Tigranes, and finally re-
stored by Pompey, B.C. 65.
Aristaeus, -i, [^A/motcuos], m., an
old divinity of Greece, patron of pas-
turage, bee-keeping, and oil-culture;
cf. Virg. Georg. IV. 315 et seq.
arma, -onim, [ V'ar (JU, cf. ar-
Vocabulary,
21
mus, the shoulder-joint) + mas], N.
plur., toolsy (esp.) arms^ equipment.
— Fig., arms (as symbol of war),
war^ conflict^ forces : isdem in armis
fui (on the same side^ in a civil war) ;
tua quid arma vohienint (your
armed campaign),
armStus, -a, -um, p.p. of armo.
Armenius, -a, -um, ^kpii^via.
treated as adj.], adj., of Armenia
(the whole country south of Pontus
and Colchis, west of the Araxes and
the Caspian mts., east of Cappa-
docia, north of the Niphates mts.). —
Also, used of Lesser Armenia, the
part westof the Euphrates. — Masc.
plur., the inhabitants of the country.
armo, -avi, -atus, -are, [arm5-
(stem of arma)], i. v. a., equip,
arm. — Pass., in middle sense, arm
(one*s self). — armatus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj ., armedi in arms, equipped.
anipio, see adripio.
Arrius, -i, [?], M., a Roman gen-
tile name. — Esp., Q. Arrius, a
friend of Cicero.
arroganter, see adroganter.
arrogo, see adrogo.
are, artis, [ Var + tis (reduced)],
F., skilly art. — Also, a quality (espe-
cially a good one). — Plur., the arts,
the useful arts, branches of learning,
branches (of learning, implied).
artifex, icis, [arti-ffex (fSac as
stem)], M. and F., an artist.
arttficium, T, [artific- (stem of
artifex) -|- ium], n., workmanship,
skill (of an artist), a skilful contriv-
ance, an artifice, a trick. — Also, a
trade (opposed to are, a higher art).
— Concretely, a work of art: opera
atqae artificia.
arx,* arcis, [VaRC (in arceo,
area) -|- is (reduced)], p., a strong-
hold, a fortress, a citadel.
ascendo, see adscendo.
ascSnsus, see adscensus.
ascribo, see adscribo.
Asia, -ae, ['Ao-fa], F., the country
now called Asia Minor. — Esp., the
Roman province of Asia, embracing
Phrygia, Caria, Mysia, and Lydia.
Asifiticus, -a, -um, [Asia -f- ti-
cus], adj., of Asia, Asiatic : pecu-
niae (in Asia, invested there).
aspectus, see adspectus.
aspere [old abl. of asper], adv.,
roughly.
aspemor, -atus, -ari, [taspem5-
(stem akin to aVsperno)], i. v. dep.,
spurn,
aspicio, see adspicio.
afiporto, -avi, -atus, -are, [abs-
porto], I. v. a., carry off, carry
away-
assidue, see adsidue.
afisiduitas, see adsiduitas.
assiduus, see adsiduus.
afisuefacio, see adsuelacio.
astutus, -a, -um, [astu -|- ins, cf .
barbatus], adj., cunning, crafty,
astute.
at [prob. form of ad], conj., but,
at least. — See also enim and vero.
Athenae, -arum, ['A^yat], f. pi.,
Athens.
Atheniensis, -e, [Athena -f en-
sis], adj., of Athens, Athenians. —
Plur., the Athenians,
Atilius, -I, \f\, M., a Roman gen-
tile name. — Esp. : i. M. Atilius, a
Roman who, as judex, was found
guilty of receiving bribes ; 2. Atilius
Gavianus, a tribune of the people
at the time of Cicero*s recall.
atque (ac), [ad-que], conj., and
(generally introducing some more
important idea), and even, and espe-
cially, and further, and moreover,
and now. — Also, as, than : par queta
22
Vocabulary,
{the same as) ; simul atque {as soon
as); similis atque (Just like);
aliter ac (otherwise than^ different
from whatf etc.); contra atque
{different from y etc.); atque adeo
{and even, and in fact, or rather) ;
pro eo ac {according as); perinde
ac (Just as),
atqui [at-qui (old abl.orinstr.)],
conj., {dut somehow ?), dut yet, duty
still, now.
atrium, -i, [?, atro + ium], N.,
the atrium (the hall of a Roman
house). — Also, a hall (of a temple,
prob. made in the fashion of a house).
atrocitas, -tatis, [atroci- (as if
stem of atpox) + tas], f., cruelty :
animi {savage disposition). — Also,
of things, atrocity, enormity.
atrociter [atroci + ter], adv.,
savagely, cruelly : aliquid atrociter
fieri {some atrocious cruelty) ; nimis
atrociter minitans {too violently) ;
atrociter ferre {pass a cruel law).
atrox, -ocis, [stem akin to ater +
ens (cf. colonus, aegrotus, and
verax)],adj., savage, cruel, — Also,
of things, atrocious, cruel, inhuman,
monstrous.
attendo (adt-), -tend!, -tentus,
-tendere, [ad-tendo], 3. v. a. and n.,
{stretch towards). — Esp., with ani-
inum, turn the attention to, attend
to, attend. — Also, without animum,
attend, notice : ecquid attendis {are
you paying any attention) ; me tarn
diligenter {listen to); pamin at-
tenditis {you are too careless) . — at-
tentus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., attentive.
attenuo (adt-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[ad-tenuo], i. v. 2,., thin out. — Fig.,
lessen y diminish, reduce.
attineo (adt-), -linui, -tentus,
-tinere, [ad-teneo], 2. v. a. and n.,
hold out towards, — Esp., reach, touch.
lutve to do withf make a difference,
be of importance.
attingo (adt-),-tigi, -tactus, -tin-
gere, [ad-tango], 3. v. a. and n.,
touch, reach, set foot on, have to do
with, come in contact jvith : auctori-
tatem {aspire to); Cimbricas res
(touch upon in literary composition).
Attius, -1, [Attd -i- ius], M., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp., P. At"
tius Varus, praetor in Africa in the
war between Caesar and Pompey.
attribuo (adt-), -bui, -butus, -bu-
ere, [ad-tribuo], 3. v. a., assign, ap-
propriate.
attuli, see adfero.
auctio, -onis, [aug (as root) 4- tic],
F., an increase. — Hence, {a raising
of bids), an auction.
auctionarius, -a, -um, [auction
-f- arias], adj., of an auction, by auc'
Hon: tabulae novae {liquidation
by forced sale).
auctor, -oris, [ ^aug (in augeo)
-1- tor], M., a voucher (for any act
or statement), an authority, an ad-
viser: sceleris {leader); auctor
esse {approve, advise); auctore
populo {with the approval of, sup-
ported by); pacis {counsellors).
auctoritas, -tatis, [auctor- (as if
i-stem) -I- tas], p., influence, prestige,
authority (not political nor military,
cf. imperium and potestas, but
proceeding from official character).
— Concretely, an expression of opin-
ion (as an authority) : cum publicia
auctoritatibus {with official expres-
sions of opinion, on the authority of
the stale or city) ; sununa cum auc-
toritate (with the greatest effect);
circumstant te summae afictoritar
tes (the strongest influences); auc-
toritates contrarias (weighty opin-
ions, etc.); auctoritas et gratia
Vocabulary.
23
{prestige from official character, and
influence from private friendship and
the like). — In technical phrase sen-
atus (the expressed opinion, having
no legal binding force, but carrying
weight from its official character).
aucupor, -atus, -ari, [aucup-],
I. V. dep., hunt birds, — Y'lg., search
cut, hunt for, watch for,
audacia, -ae, [aadac + ia], f.,
iiaring, boldness, effrontery, reckless-
ness, reckless daring, deeds of daring,
desperate undertaking,
audax, -acis, [auda- (as if stem
of audeo) + cus (reduced)], adj.,
daring (in a bad sense), reckless,
bold, desperate.
audeo, ausus, audere, [prob.
avido- (stem of avldus)], 2. v. a.
and n., dare, venture, risk, dare to
try (or do^. — ausus, -a, -um, p.p.
Mi pres. sense, daring.
audio, -divi, -ditus, -dire, [prob.
akin to auris], 4. v. a., hear, hear
of, listen to: audita dico {what I
have heard); multis audientibus
{in the hearing of, etc.).
aufero, abstull, ablatus, auferre,
[ab-fero], irr. v. a., carry off, carry
away, remove, take a7uay.
auged, auxi, auctus, augere,
[y'AUG (causative or fr. unc. noun-
stem)], 2. V. a., increase, magnify,
enhance, add to (something). — Pass.,
be increased, increase.
augur, -uris, [?, avi+ unc. term.],
M., an augur (one of the official
soothsayers of the Roman state.
They formed a college which decided
all matters connected with the pub-
lic auspices, and these auspices were
very closely connected with the Ro-
man polity; in fact, no important
matter was ever begun without first
consulting them).
augustus, -a,-um, [?, perh. larg-
er- (v'AUG -I- or) -1- tna, but the
meaning is somewhat inconsistent
with this etym.], adj., consecrated
(either by augury or perhaps with
the same sense that lies in auctor,
auctoritas), venerable, august.
Aulus, -i, [?], M., a Roman prae-
nomen.
Aurelius, -1, [for Auselius, akin
to aurum, Aurora, and uro], M.,
a Roman gentile name.
Aurelius, -a, -um, [same word as
preceding, declined as adj.], adj., of
Aurelius, Aurelian : Fomm Aure-
lium (a market town on the Aure-
Han Way in Etruria, about 50 miles
from Rome) ; via (the old Aurelian
Way, the great military road leading
from Rome along the coast of Etru-
ria); tribunal (a raised judgment-
seat near the east end of the Forum).
aureus, -a, -um, [auro + eus],
adj., of gold, golden, gold: nomen
{gilded, the name Chrysogonus, gold*
born).
auris, -is, [akin to ear, stem fauri-
(cf. audio)], Y,,an ear: adhibere
{listening ears, attention),
aurum, -1, [akin to uro],N.,^/^.
auspicium, -i, [auspic-ium], N.,
an augury (an observation of the
omens), auspices (in the plural).
aut [ ?, but cf. autem], conj., or
(regularly exclusive, cf. vel). — Re-
peated, either , , . or,
autem [?, akin to aut], conj.,
but (the weakest degree of opposi-
tion, cf. sed), on the other hand^
ho7oever, then again, now (explana-
tory), again, whereas (in slight op-
position to something preceding),
and even (where not only has been
implied before).
auxilium, -1, [fauxili- (akin to
24
Vocabulaty,
aageo, cf. fastUs) + iom], N., a^
sistance^ aid^ remedy^ reliefs help:
i^Tt% (Jo assisif to aid, to render
assistance) ; adveniicia auxilia {re-
in/orcements, etc.); omnium aux-
ilia (the aid of all) ; summum om-
nium gentium (source of help)-,
auxilia sociorum (auxiliaries, re-
inforcements, as opposed to the regu-
lar troops of the Romans).
avfiritia, -ae, [avard + tia], f.,
greed, avarice, love of money, greed
of gain,
avSruSy -a, -um, [fava- (stem
akin to aveo) + rus (cf. gnarus)],
2idi].f greedy of gain, miserly, avari'
cious: homo avarissimus (a man
of the greatest greed, of the greatest
avarice),
aveo, -ere, no perf., no p.p.,
[prob. favo- (\/AV + us)], 2. v. a.,
desire, be eager,
Sversus, -a, -um, see averto.
averto, -verti, -versus, -vertere,
[ab-verto], 3. v. a., turn aside, di-
vert, turn away, avert: mentem
alicujus (deter), — aversus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., averse to, indisposed to,
avide [old abl. of avidus], adv.,
greedily, eagerly, with eagerness, with
avidity.
avidus, -a, -um, [favd- (cf. aveo
and avarus) + dus], adj., eager ^
desirous.
avitus, -a, -um, [avd- (as if avi-)
-f tus],adj., of one^s grandfather, of
one's ancestors, ancestral,
Svoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [ab-voco],
I. V. a., call away, call off.
avunculus, -i, [av5- (as if avon-,
or perh. through it as intermediate
stem) -f cuius], M., rt« uncle (on
the mother's side, cf. patruus).
avus, -i, [perh. akin to aveo],
M., a grandfather.
liacchor, •atus, -ari, [Baeohft-],
I. V. dep,,join in a dacchanai orgy,
— Less exactly, rave, run riot^ revel,
Balifiricus (Bale-), -a, -um,
[Baleari -f cos], adj., of the Bale-
aric isles, — £sp., Baliaricus, as a
Roman surname applied to Cascilius
Metellus, who conquered these is-
lands (cf. AfHcanus).
balneum, -i, (plur., -ae or -a),
[corruption of iSoXovciov], N. and F.
a bath,^ Tim,, public baths.
barbaria, -ae, [barbard -f ia],
F., savifgeness, "^ A]so, a barbarous
nation (cf. heathendom),
barbarus, -a, -um, [prob. from
the inarticulate sound of ioreign
speech], adj., strange, foreign, out-
landish,— Also, savage, uncivilized,
rude, barbarous, cruel, — Plur., bar*
barians, barbarous people,
barbatus, -a, -um, [barba+ tus,
as if p.p. of denom. verb fbarbo, cf.
bearded\ adj., bearded. — Esp. (of
the old Romans), bearded ancients,
unshaven old worthies.
bfisis, -is, (-eos), \fio.tns\ F., a
pedestal,
befttus, -a, -um, [p.p. of beo],
adj., blessed, happy, fortunate, — Esp.
(in wealth), rich, well-to-do.
bellicSsus, -a, -um, [bellied +
osus], adj., warlike,
bellicus, -a, -um, [belld + cu«],
adj., of war, in war,
beUS, -avi, -atus, -ire, [belld-],
I. V. n., fight, make war: bellandi
virtus (excellence in roar),
bellum, -T, [old duellum, from
duo, a strife between two], N., war
(as declared and regular; cf. latroci-
nium), a war: bellum inferre (make
war, offensive) ; parare bellum
(make warlike preparcUians),
Vocabulary.
25
bSlua, -ae, [?], F., a wild beast,
— Fig., a bruU, a monster, a wild
beast.
bene [abl. of bonus], adv., well:
bene gerere rem {be successful in,
etc., see gero) ; ad res bene geren-
das {for success in great exploits) ;
bene sanum (thoroughly sound);
bene speiwce (have good hope).
beneficium, -i, [benefice- (re-
duced) + ium (but perh. bene-ffid-
lun, cf. officiom)], N., well-doing,
a service, a favor, often rendered by
Eng. plur., services, favors shown,
services rendered: meo beneficio
(thanks to me) ; in beneficiis (among
the beneficiaries). — Esp., of the fa-
vors of the people as shown by elec-
tion to office: vestrum jus benefi-
ciumqae (your rights and favors
conferred) ; hoc beneficium popnli
Romani (this favor shown me by the
Roman people) .
beneficus, -a, -urn, [bene -|- ficus
(-^FAC -I- us)], adj., beneficent.
benevolentia, -ae, [benevolent
-|- ia], F., good-will, kindness.
benevolus, -a, -urn, [bene-fvolus
(^OL -f- ns)], adj., well-wishing,
kindly.
benignitas, -tatis, [benigno -f-
tas], F., kindness, favor.
bestia, -ae, [?], F., a brute (as
opposed to man, cf. belua, a mon-
ster ot ferocious beast), a beast.
bibo, bibi, bibitus, bibere, [?, -^VX
reduplicated], 3. v. a. and n., drink.
biduum, -i, [fdvi-duum (akin
to dies)], N., two days^ time, two
days,
bini, -ae, -a, [fdvi + nus], adj.
plur., two each, two sets of, two (of
things in pairs or sets).
blpartitd [abl. of blpartltus],
adv., in two divisions.
bis [for dvls, unc. case-form of
duo (cf. cis, uls)], adv., twice.
Bithynia, -ae, [BttfvWa], F., part
of Asia Minor on the Propontis.
blandus, -a, -urn, [ ?], adj., coax-
ing, persuasive, fascinating.
bonitas, -talis, [fbono + tas]»
F., goodness, kindness : praediorom
(fertility).
bonus, -a, -um, [?], adj., good:
bona ratio cum perdita (sound rea-
son with desperate counsels)-, bono
animo esse (to be well disposed)-,
optimum est (;/ is best) ; optimum
judicium facere (express so high an
opinion) ; Bona Dea (a goddess of
Rome worshipped by women in se-
cret); Optimus Maximus, official
title of Jupiter. — Neut. as subst.,
good, advantage: tantum boni,
(such an advantage). — Plur., goods,
property, estate. — Masc. plur., good
men (esp. of the better class of
citizens), honest men, good citizens.
Bosporanus, -a, -um, [BosporS
-j- anus], adj., of Bosporus. — Plur.,
the people of Bosporus.
brevis, -e, [for tbregus, V^Ragh
+us], adj., short (of space or time),
brief
brevitas, -tatis, [t brevi + tas],
F., shortness.
breviter [t brevi -f- ter], adv.,
briefly.
Brocchus, -! [?], M., Rom. name.
— Titus Brocchus, an uncle of
Ligarius.
Brundusinus, -a, -um, [Brundu-
sio + inus], adj., of Brundusium. —
Plur., the people of Brundusium.
Brundusium (Brundis-),-!, \)\
N., a port of Apulia {Brindisi).
Brutus, -1, [brutus, heavy"], M.,
a family name at Rome. — Esp.: i.
Decimus Junius, Brutus Albinus, a
26
Vocabulary.
legatus of Caesar. He distinguished
himself in command of Caesar's fleet
off the coast of Gaul, and afterwards
in the civil war on the side of Caesar.
But he joined the conspiracy against
Caesar with Marcus Brutus, and was
one of Caesar's assassins. He was
afterwards killed in Gaul by order of
Antony. 2. Decimus Junius Brutus ,
cons. B.C. 138, conqueror of Lusitania.
bucula, -ae, [bovi + cula], f., a
heifer*
bulla, -ae, [?], F., a bubble. —
Also, a knob, a boss,
bustum, -i, [?, perh. n. p.p. of
buro (cf. comburo)], n., a tomb.
C, numeral for 100.
C, abbreviation for Gajas, usu-
ally called in English Caius.
cadaver, -eris, [ ?, unc. form akin
to cado],N., a corpse, a body (dead).
cado, cecidi, casiirus, cadere,
[y^CAD], 3. V. Tk., fall, be killed. —
Fig., happen, lurn out, come to be.
— Also, fail, cease, come to nought.
Caecilia, -ae, [f. of following
word], F.jthe name of several women
of the gens Ccecilia (see following
word). — Esp. : i. Ccecilia Metella,
a daughter of Q. Ccecilius Metellus
BaliaricuSy and wife of Appius Clau-
dius Pulcher.
Caecilius, -i, [?, caeculd+ius],
M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp.:
I. Z. Ccecilius Rufus,YC^\QX B.C. 57,
who was instrumental in procuring
the return of Cicero.
caecus, -a, -um, [?], adj., blind
(also fig.). — Also, dark. — Esp.,
Ceecus as a Roman name, see Clau-
dius.
caedes, -is, [fcaed (as root of
caedo) + is], p., murder, massacre,
slaughter, assassination, butchery, a
deadly affray : maximam facere
{commit wholesale murder).
caedo, cecidi, caesus, caedere,
[prob. causative of cado, cf. fall,
fell], 3. v. a., strike, strike douin,
beat (as with rods), beat (as of an
army),/?// (of trees), cut down, slay.
Caelius, -1, [?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp. : i. M. Ccelius,
a tribune of the people B.C. 52, and
a prot^g^ of Cicero, who exerted
himself in behalf of Milo; 2. Q. Cce-
lius Latiniensis, a tribune of the
people; 3. T. Calius, a gentleman
of Terracina, mysteriously assassi-
nated.
caelum, -i, [?], n., the sky, t/ie
atmosphere, the air, the heavens,
heaven (as the abode of the gods) :
in caelum toUere {extol lo the skies) .
caementuin, -i, [caed- (as root
of caedo) + mentom], n., loose
stones, rubble.
caenum, -i, [?], N., mud. — Ap-
plied to persons, man of filth.
caerimoDia, -ae, [?], F., a cere-
mony, a rite.
Caesar, -aris, [?], M., a family
name in the gens Julia. — Esp.: i.
C. Julius Casar, the conqueror of
Gaul; 2. L. Julius Ccesar, a kins-
man of the former, acting as his
legatus in Gaul; 3. C. Casar, a
name given to Octavius (Augustus)
as adopted son of No. i .
Caesonius, -1, [?, cf. Caesar],
M., a gentile name. — Esp., M. Cceso-
nius, a colleague of Cicero in the
aedileship, and one of the judices in
the case of Verres.
CSJSta, -ae, [?], F., a port on the
coast of Italy (now Gaeta).
CSJus, see Gajus.
Vocabulary,
27
Cal., see Calendae.
caiamistratus, -a, -um, [cala-
mistro- (as if verb stem in -fi, cf.
barbatus) + tos], adj., with curled
hair, crimped.
calamitas, -tatis, [ ?], F^ disaster
(orig. to crops?), defeat, misfortune
(also euphemistically for death), ruin.
calamltosus, -a, -urn, [calamita-
(ti?) + osos], adj., unfortunate :
res calamitosa est {a matter of
misfortune),
calceus, -1, [calc + eos], M., a
shoe.
Calendae, see Kalendae.
Calidlus, -i, [?, calidd + iu8]f
M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp.,
Q. Calidius^ a Roman ex-praetor,
condemned for extortion.
callidus, -a, -um, [fcalld- (cf.
callum) + dus], adj., (Joughl),
shreivd, cunnings skilful,
calor, -oris, [cal-(as root of caleo)
+ or], M., heat,
calamnia, -ae, [?, tcalamnd-
(cf. alumnus) + ia], F., trickery
(orig. in an accusation), y^z/ft/j^.
calx, -cis, [?, cf. calculus], F.,
(m.?), a stone. — Esp., lime.
campus, -i,. [?], M., a plain. —
Esp., the Campus Martius (the
meeting-place of the Roman comitia,
just outside the city proper, in the
region now occupied by modern
Rome). — Fig., afield (of activity).
candldatus, -a, >um, [candido-
(as if verb stem in -fi) + tus (cf.
barbatus)], adj., clad in white. —
Hence, a candidate (because these
appeared in newly-whitened togas).
oanis, canls, [?], M. and F., a
dogy a hound.
cano, cecini, cantus, canere,
f -x/can], 3. V. a. and n., sing, sound
(with voice or instrument). — Hence
(t>ecause oracles and prophecies were
in -^^t^^prophesy, foretell, predict,
give warning beforehand.
canto, -avi, -atus, -are, [canto-],
I. V. a. and n., sing, play (on an
instrument).
cantus, -tus, [ v'can -|- tus], M.,
a song, a tune, singing, playing,
music.
capesso, -sivl, -situs, -sere, [akin
to capio with unc. form], 3. v. a.,
seiu, take hold of: rem pablicam
{engage in politics),
capillus, -1, [adj. form akin to
caput], M., the hair (collective).
capio, cepi, captus, capere,
[•^CAP], 3. V. a., take, capture, take
possession of, get, acquire, seize :
arma {take up)*, urbes, legatos
{take captive) ; consilium {adopt) ;
magistratum {enter upon); vim
{take up, adopt); fructus {reap);
somnom {take, enjoy); mens ali-
quid {conceive); career aliquos
{hold, contain) ; amentiam civitas
{endure); vos oblivio {possess);
captus eqnester ordo {taken cap-
tive); mente captus {stricken in
mind, insane),
capitalls, -e, [capit -f- alls], adj.,
{relating to the head), chief, prin-
cipal: hostis {deadly, cf. " arch
enemy ^^),
Capito, -onis, [capit -f- 0], M., a
Roman name (cf. Naso, Cicero).
— Esp., T, Roscius Capito, an enemy
of Sex. Roscius.
Capitollnus, -a, -um, [Capitolid
-1- inus], adj., of the Capitol: clivus
{the hill of the Capitol, the road lead-
ing up from the Forum to the top of
the Capitoline Hill) : cohortes {tht
guards of the Capitol).
Capitolium, -i, [capit- (with
unc. terminations and connection)],
28
Vocabulary^
N., the Capiioline HiU, — Also, the
Capitol^ the temple of Jupiter, on
this hill.
Cappadocla, -ae, [Kainra8oK(a]y
F., one of the districts of Asia Minor,
south of Pontus, west of the Eu-
phrates, north of the Taurus range,
and east of Phrygia.
Capua, -ae, [?], f., the chief city
of Campania, famed for its wealth
and luxury.
caput, capitis, [?], N., the head.
— Hence, life, existence (as a citi-
zen), civil rights : jadicium de ca-
pite {capital trial). — Also, chief
pointy source^ fountain-head ^ highest
pointy climax : caput urbis {centre^
the senate-house).
Carbo, -onis, [?], M., {coat), —
Also, as a Roman family name. —
Esp. : I. C. Papirius Carbo, cons.
B.C. 82, the last leader of the Marian
faction; 2. C. Papirius Carbo, trib-
une of the people B.C. 89, one of
the proposers of the Lex Plautia Pa-
piria in regard to Roman citizen-
ship; 3. C. Papirius Carbo, tributie,
B.C. 128, father of 2. and uncle of i.,
a demagogue attached to the party
of the Gracchi, but afterwards op-
posed to them.
career, -eris, [prob. borr. fr. Gr.
KipKapov"], M., a prison, a gaol.
careo, -ui, -iturus, -ere, [ ?], 2.v.n.,
be without, go without, be deprived
of, lose, deprive one^s self of : aegrius
{suffer from the want of); foro
{stay away from),
caritSs, -tatis, [car6 -|- tas], p.,
dearness, preciousness, high price. —
Als9, with change of point of view,
affection, fondness.
carmen, -inis [?, akin to cano],
N., a song, a verse (of poetry),
poetry.
cftrus, -a, •mn, [?], adj., dear,
precious^ valuable.
Cassianus, -a, -am, [fCassid-
(reduced) + anus (cf. Romanus)],
adj., of Cassius: Ulud Casaianiim
{that saying of Cassius).
Cassius, -i, [?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp.: i. L. Cassius
Longinus Ravilla, consul B.C. 127
(see Cassianus); 2. L, Cassius
Longinus, one of the jurors in the
case of Verres; 3. C. Cassius Longi-
nuSy another of the same family, who
voted in favor of the Manilian law;
4. L. Cassius, one of the associates
of Catiline.
caste [old abl. of castus], adv.,
with purity, purely, virtuously.
Castor, -oris, [Kdariap], M., the
brother of Pollux, son of Jupiter and
Leda, worshipped by the Greeks and
Romans, with his brother, as a di-
vinity. Their temple was in the
forum: ad Castoris {to the temple
of Castor).
castrensis, -e, [castrd-l-ensis],
adj., of the camp : latrocininm.
{armed, open, as by a pitched camp
instead of hidden crime).
castrum, -i, [y'SKAD? {cover) +
•trum], N., a fortress: — Plur., a camp
(fortified, as was the manner of the
Romans) : armia et castris disai-
debamus {we were at variance in
arms and in pitched battle),
casus, -us, [v'CAD + tua], m.,
{what befalls), an accident, a chance
(good or bad), a mischance, a mis-
fortune : casua tempomm {the exi-
gencies of the times) ; casus humani
{vicissitudes)', caau {by chance, by ac-
cident, accidentally y as it happened).
Catllina, -ae, [?], M., a Roman
family name. — Esp., L. Sergius Cati-
Una, who was charged by Cicero with
Vocabulary.
an attempt to burn the city and over-
throw the government (see Orations
against CatiHne),
Catilinarius, -a, -mn, [Catilina
+ arias], adj., of CatiHne.
Cato, -onis, [prob, cato- (stem
of catas, cf. Catulus) + o], M., a
Roman family name. — Esp. i i, M.
Porcius CatOf called ike Censor (also
Sapiens, Major, and Orator), of
plebeian origin and a "novus homo,"
but a violent supporter of the old
Roman aristocracy. He began his
military service as early as 217 B.C.,
and only ended his political career at
his death in B.C. 149, having been one
of the most prominent men in the
state during the whole of that interval.
2. M. Porcius Cato, grandson of the
preceding, a friend of Sulla, and
father of Cato Uticensis. 3. M. Por-
cius Cato Uticensis, son of the pre-
ceding, and nephew of M. Livius
Drusus, famous for the constancy
(perhaps obstinacy) of bis character
and for his death at Utica, which he
sought with his own hands rather
than submit to Caesar. He was
one of the judices in the case of
Milo.
Catulus, -1, [cat5 + las, little
hound (?), cf. Cato], M., a Roman
family name. — Esp. i \. Q. Lutatius
Catulus, consul B.C. 78, one of the
best and most eminent men of the
aristocracy in the times following
the retirement of Sulla. He was
one of the opposers of the Manilian
law. 2. Q, Lutatius Catulus, father
of the preceding, consul B.C. 102
with Marius.
causa, -ae, [prob. akin to cavep],
F., a case (at law), a cause. — Hence,
a side (in a dispute), a party, a case,
a situation, a claim, a reason, a mo-
tive, a purpose, — Esp., abl. causa,
following a noxxn, for the sake of, for :
sua caasa (^for kis sake); monu-
menti caasa {for a monument).
Causinius, -i, [?], m., a Roman
name. — Esp., C, Causinius Sckola,
a man of Interamna, a witness in
the case of Milo.
caute [old abl. of cautus], adv.,
cautiously, with caution, carefully.
cantio, -onis [cavi- (as if stem
of caveo) + tio], f., taking care,
caution, a security (a means of tak-
ing care).
cautor, -toris, [cavi + tor], M.,
one who takes care, one who guards
against, a security (a person acting
as such).
caveo, cavi, cautus, cavere, [?],
2. V. a. and n., take security (perh.
orig. a legal word), be on one*s
guard, guard against, take care, be-
ware, look out for (something so as to
prevent it). — Esp., cave with subj.
in prohibitions with or without ne,
do not, take care not to, see that you
do not. — cautus, -a, -um, p.p. as
adj., cautious, on one^s guard.
cedo, cessi, cessurus, cedere, [ ?],
3. V. n., make way (giving place). —
Esp., give way, retreat, retire : pos-
sessione {yield the possession). —
Fig., yield, give way, retire, allow,
permit : temporibas rei pablicae.
celeber, -bris, -bre, [?], adj.,
crowded, frequent, much frequented :
locas {public); nrbs {populous);
gratalatio {very general). — Hence,
famous.
celebritas, -tatis, [celebri+tas],
p., numbers, frequency, a crowd,
populousness, publicity. — Hence (cf.
celeber), celebrity: famae {widely-
extended fame) ; supremi diei {pub-
lic ceremonies, etc.).
30
Vocabulary.
celebro, -avi, -atus, -are, [cele-
bri-], 1. V. a., crowd, throng, fre-
quent. — Hence, celebrate, talk of
spread abroad, noise abroad, extol,
praise: festos dies; adventus;
gloriam.
celer, -ens, -ere, [ ^cel (in cello)
+ ris], adj., swift, quick, speedy, fast,
celeritas, -tatis, [fceleri + tas],
F., siviflness, activity, speed, prompt-
ness : quae celeritas reditus {how
speedy a return).
celeriter [celeri + ter], adv.,
quickly, speedily, rapidly, in haste,
very soon, soon.
celo, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, akin to
clam and callgo], i. v. sl., conceal,
hide. — Pass., pass unnoticed,
ceiia (coe-), -ae, [?], f., a din-
ner (the principal meal of the day,
eaten at various times in the after-
noon).
ceno, -avi, -atus, -are, [cena-],
I. v. n., dine. — cenatus, -a, -um,
p.p. in active sense, having dined,
after dinner.
censed, censui, census, cinsere,
[?], 2. V. a., {^tr\i. fine) , review (of
the censor), assess, enrol (as a citi-
zen), reckon, estimate. — Less ex-
actly, give one's opinion, advise, de-
cree (of the Senate), determine,
think : censendi causa (for the cen-
sus, to be reviewed by the censor).
censor, -oris, [cen- or cent- (as
root of censeo) + tor], m., the cen-
sor (the officer at Rome who en-
rolled and taxed the citizens) : prox-
imis censoribus {at the last cen-
sus).
census, -us, [akin to censeo],
M., tf numbering, a census, an enrol-
ment (of citizens by the censor).
centeslmus, -a, -um, [centd -H
esimus], adj., the hundredth.
centum, [?], indecl. num. adj.,
one hundred,
centuria, -ae, [cent6- (or centu-)
+ unc, term.], F., a hundred, — Esp.,
a century (a division of the Roman
people in their elective capacity as
originally organized in an army, in
which a century was half of a mani-
pie).
centuriatus, -tus, [centuria +
tus], M., office of centurion, a centu*
rionship.
centurio, -avi, -atus, -are, [cen-
turia-], I. v. a., divide into centuries.
— centuriatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
divided into centuries. — Esp., of the
people: comitia centuriata (the
chief election of the Roman people),
see comitia.
centurio, -onis, [centuria- (or
kindred stem) -|- o], M., a centurion
(a commander of one-half a maniple,
answering nearly to a modem ser*
geant).
Cepfirius (Gae-), -i, [cepa +
arius, onion-seller^ m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., M, CepariuSf
one of the Catilinarian conspirators.
Ceres, -eris, [?, unc. root + es,
the beneficent}'], p., the goddess of
grain among the Romans.
cemo, crevi, cretus, cemere,
[-v/CEr], 3. v. a., separate. -^Yicncty
distinguish, see, behold, descry, per-
ceive, discern. — See also certus.
certfimen, -inis, [fcerta- (in
certo) -f- men], n., a struggle^ d
contest, rivalry,
certdtim [certa -f- tim (as if ace
of fcertatis, cf. partim)], adr., (115
a rivalry), eagerly.
certs [old abl. of certus], adv.,
certainly, surely, no doubt, at least
(surely what is mentioned, if nothing
more).
Vocabulary.
31
cert5 [abl. of certus], adv., with
certainty : certo scio (/ am per-
fectly sure^ I am convinced^ I am
certain, I am well aware),
certo, -avi, -atus, -are, [certo-],
I. V. n. (and a.), contend, struggle,
vie (with one in doing anything).
certus, -a, -um, p.p. of cerno as
adj., determined, fixed, certain (of
the thing as well as the person),
sure, established, tried, trustworthy^
trusty, certain (in its indefinite use
as a pronoun), some, a particular, a
special, a certain: ratio {sound);
mihi certum est {lam determined).
cervix, -icis, [prob. akin to cere-
brum, cornu, cervus], f., the back
of the neck, the neck, the shoulders
(the back just below the neck, esp.
in plur) : molem a cervicibus de-
pellere {throw off a weight from the
shoulders) ; cervices dare {offer one's
throat to be cut, properly, lean for-
ward to have one's head struck off,
esp. in fig. sense); furores a cer-
vicibus repellere {repel a mad at-
tack from one^s throat).
(ceterus), -ra, -rum, [\/CE (in
ecce, hie) + terus (cf. alter) J, adj.,
the other, the rest of (cf. alius, other,
not including all). — V\\m., the rest,
the remaining, the others, every one
else, everything else, others (meaning
all others) : ad ceteras res {in
every other respect) \ ceteris {the
rest) opitolari et alios {others, not
all) servare; cetera tua {your
other deeds),
CethSgus, -i, [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., C. Cethegus,
one of the Catilinarian conspirators.
Chilo, -onis, [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., Q. Annius
Chilo, one of the Catilinarian con-
iqpira^ors.
Ghius, -a, -um, [X«os], adj., of Chios
(an island in the iEgean). — Plur.,
the Chians (the people of the isle).
Chrysogonus, -i, [XpviT6yovos'\,
M., {gold-born), a favorite of Sulla,
who enriched himself from the prop-
erty of the proscribed.
cibus, -i, [?], u.,food.
Cicero, -onis, [cicer -f- o, orig. a
nickname, possibly from excrescences
on the nose], M., a name of a Ro-
man family from Arpinum. — Esp.:
1. Marcus Tullius, the great orator;
2. Quintus { Tullius), his brother.
Cilices, -cum, [KtAiices], M. plur.,
the people of Cilicia.
Cilicia, -ae, [KiXiKia], F., the
country of Asia Minor south of the
Taurus, a favorite plaqe of refuge for
pirates.
Cimber, -bri, [ ?], m., used in the
plural of the Cimbri, a German tribe
of Jutland, conquered at Vercellae
by Marius and Catulus. — Also used
as a Roman name, esp. Gabinius
Cimber, one of the conspirators with
Catiline.
Cimbricus, -a, -um, [Cimbr6-|-
cus], adj., of the Cimbri: res {the
story of the Cimbri, the history of
their invasion and defeat).
cingo, cinxi, cinctus, cingere, [?],
3. V. a., surround, encircle.
cinis, cineris, [?], m. and F.,
ashes.
Cinna, -ae, [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., Z. Cornelius
Cinna, a colleague of Marius, and
one of his adherents in the civil war
with Sulla.
Clmifinus, -a, -um, [Cinna -{-
anus], adj., of Cinna: dies (the
day when Cinna slaughtered the ad-
herents of the consul Octavius and
re-established the party of Marius).
32
Vocabulary.
clrcum [ace. of circus, cf. cir-
ca], adv. and prep., around^ about:
tribus {around, among),
clrcumcludo, -clusi, -clusus,
-cludere, [circmn-claado], 3. v. a.,
enclose around, encircle, place a
band around, shut in, hem in,
circumdS, -dedi, -datus, -dare,
[circom- 2. do], i . v. a., put around:
igpies (set around) ; ciistodias (jet),
— By a confusion of ideas, surround,
encircle.
circamftindo, -fudi, -fusus, -fun-
dere, [circnm-fundo] , 3. v. 2L.,pour
around. — Pass, (as reflexive), /<?«r
in, rush around, rush in on all
sides. — Also (cf. circumdo), sur*
round: copiis circamfusas.
circumscribo, -scrips!, -scriptus,
-scribere, [circum-scribo], 3. v. a.,
write around, draw around. —
Hence, hold in check, limit, confine,
cheat, defraud.
circumscriptor, -toris, [circum-
scriptor], u.,a cheat.
clrcumsedeo, -sedi, -sessus, -se-
dere, [circum-sedeo], 2. v. a., sit
around, surround. — Hence, block-
ade, besiege.
clrcumsplcio, -spexi, -spectus,
-spicere, [circum-specio], 3. v. a.,
look about for. — Fig., think over,
consider, cast about for, survey.
dreumsto, -steti, no p.p., -stare,
[circom-sto], i. v. a., surround.
circus, -i, [prob. for tcicru8(unc.
root -I- rus) cf. k<)kKos\, m., (round?),
a circus (a building orig. oval, for
races, etc.) : Flaminius (the Flamin-
ian circus, one of the most famous
of these buildings, situated by the
Campus Martins, near the Capitoline
and the river; used for meetings of
the people); maximos (the Circus
Maximusy the largest and most im<
portant of these buildings, between
the Palatine and the river).
cisium, -i, [?, prob. a foreign
word], N., a chaise (a light two-
wheeled vehicle, something like a
chaise without a top).
Cispius, -i, [?], M., a Roman gen-
tile name. — Esp., M, Cispius, a
tribune of the people at the time of
Cicero's return from exile.
cito [abl. of citus, p.p. of cieo],
adv., quickly. — citius, comp., sooner,
rather,
cito,-avi,-atus, -are, [cit6-], i.v.a.,
urge on, hurry, set in motion. —
Abo, summon, cite,
citro [dat. of citer (ci -f- ter)],
adv., (to this side) : nltro citro-
que (this way and that, back and
forth).
civflls, -e, [civi -|- lis], adj., of a
citizen (or citizens), civil, internal
(in reference to the state), intestine:
beUum (civil); causa (political);
odiam (partisan, political)', jus
(civil, as opposed to natural).
civis, -is, [y/ci (in quies) + vis
(weakening of -vus)], C, a citizen,
a fellozv-citizen,
civitfis, -tatis, [civi + tas], F.,
the state of being a citizen, citizen*
ship. — Esp., Roman citizenship, the
Roman franchise. — Less exactly, a
body offelloW'Citizens, the citizens (as
a body), one* s fellow-citizens, a sjatt
(composed of citizens), a city (ab-
stractly, cf. urbs, a city, locally), a
nation, a tribe (politically) : nomeu
civitatis (the name of citizen); for-
tunam hujus civitatis (of citizen"
ship in this city),
clades, -is, [ ?, |>erh. akin to K\du\
F., a damage, a disaster, loss, cUstruc-
Hon, ruin,^ Esp., in war, defeat,
disaster.
Vocabulary.
33
dam [case of stem akin to call-
go, etc.], adv. and prep., secretly,
clamito, -avi,-atus, -are, [freq. of
clanio,perh. tclamitar(cf. nauta)],
I. V. a., keep crying out, vociferate,
cry out,
clamo, -avi, -atus, -are, [stem akin
to KoAco), perh. f clama- (cf. fama)],
I. V. a. and n., cry out, exclaim.
clamor, -oris, [clam (as if root
of clamo) -h or], m., « shouting, a
shout, a cry, an. outcry^ clamor,
shouts (as if plur.).
claru8,-a, -um,[^CLA (in clamo)
-f rus], adj., loud, distinct, bright,
clear, — Fig., famous, distinguished,
eminent, glorious,
clfissis, -is, [y/ciA (in clamo)
-f tia], F., {a summoning). — Less
exactly, the army (called out, cf.
legio, a levy). — Esp., an army
(called out for duty at sea), a fleet
(the most common later meaning),
naval forces.
Claudius, -1, [claudd+ius (prop,
adj.)], M., a Roman gentile name.
— Esp.: x.Appius Claudius Caecus,
consul in B.C. 54; 2. C. Claudius,
sedile B.C. 99.
claudo, clausi, clausus, claudere,
[of unc. form, akin to clavls],
3. V. a., close, shut, fasten, shut up
(of a prisoner), confine.
clavus, -i, [prob. ^^klu (in clau-
do, increased) + us] , M., a nail. —
Also (cf. clava), a tiller, a rudder,
the helm.
Clemens, -entis, [perh. y'CLA (in
Claras) + mens (cf. vehemens)],
adj., {brightT), gentle (of weather).
— Fig., gentle, kind, merciful, hu-
mane, gracious, kindly, clement.
clementer [clement-fter], adv.,
mercifully, graciously.
clSmentia, -ae, [dement -|- ia].
F., kindness, gentleness, humanity,
clemency.
cliens, -entis, [pres. p. of clueo],
c, {a hearer), a dependent, a vas'
sal, a retainer, (It was the custom
at Rome for persons of humble ori-
gin to attach themselves to some
prominent Roman in a kind of vas-
salage. )
dientela, -ae, [client -f- ela (imi-
tating suadela, etc.)], f., vassalage
(as condition of a cliens). — Also,
a relation of clientage, a connection
with a client: pro clientelis {in
plajce of clients).
cHvus, -i, [^CLi (in clino) -|-
vus], M., a slope, a declivity, an ac'
clivity : Capitolinus {the road to the
Capitol, the street in Rome which
ascended from the Forum to the
Capitol).
cloaca, -ae,[akin to duo, cleanse\
F., a sewer.
ClodiSnus, -a, -um, [Olodio -|-
anusj adj., of Clodius: crimen (made
by him); leges (passed by him).
Clodius, -i, [the popular form of
Claudius], M., a Roman gentile
name, belonging to the plebeian
branch of the gens Claudia. — Esp.,
I . P. Clodius, a most bitter enemy of
Cicero. He was killed in a fray by
T. Annius Milo. 2. C. Clodius, an-
other of the same family.
Cn., abbreviation for Gnaeus (cf.
C. and Cajus).
Cnaeus, see Gnaeus.
Cnidius (Gn-),-a,-um, [KvfStoj],
adj., of Cnidus. — Masc. plur., the
people of Cnidus,
Cnidus (Gni-), -i, [Kvihos'], F., a
city of Caria, famous for a statue of
Venus.
cofictus, -a, -um, see cogo.
coaedifleo, -avi, -atus, -are, [oon-
34
Vocabulary.
aedifioo], i. r. a^ buiid togOhirJoin
(in building), build and join.
coarguo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [con-
argno], 3, v. 2u, prove, prove guilty^
accuse,
coemS, -emi, -emptus, -emere,
[con-emo], 3. v. a., buy up,
coeo, -ivi, no p.p., -ire, [con-eo],
irr. V. n., come together, unite, form
(by uniting).
coepi, -issc, [con-fapi (perf. of
fapo, cf. apiflcor)], def. v. a., {have
taken hold of), began, undertook,
started: perge quo coepisii {have
started), — coeptus, -a, -uni, p.p.,
used in same sense as active with
passive infinitives.
coerceo, -ercui, -ercitus, -erccre,
[con-arceo], 2. v. a., confine, keep
in check, put down, crush, coerce, re-
press,
coetus, -tiis, [con-itos], m., a
meetings an assembly (not regularly
convened, cf. contio), a» assemblage,
a concourse,
cogitate [old abl. of cogttatus],
adv., thoughtfully, purposely, design-
edly,
cogitatio, -onis, [cogita+ tio],
F., thought, a design, a plan, an ex-
pectation, imagination, an idea,
cogito, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
agito (in sense of revolve, discuss)'],
I. v. a., consider, think over, think
of. — Esp. (as to some plan of ac-
tion), think about, discuss (what to
do), have an idea of, intend, consider
(that something may happen), ex-
pect (contemplate the possibility) :
cogitare ne {see that not, think how
not, plan to prevent) ; nihil cogitare
{have no thought, think of nothing);
nihil cofsSiBjfa%{neverhada thought)',
hoc cogitat {has this idea); mag-
num aat amplum cogitare {have
any great or noUe idea) ; nihil oogir
tas {meditate nothing); cogitare
de {think of meditate, plan); ut
exfrilium cogites {dream of any
exile) ; nihil ease »me nicd optime
cogitatum {that I had had none but
the best designs); cogitati furores
{meditated, intended); cogitatum
faoinua (^premeditated),
cognlitio, -onis, [con-(g)natio],
F., connection by birth, kinship, kin-
dred, relationship : non gratia non
cog^natione {not by influence of per-
sonal friends or powerful relations) ,
c5gDitio,-onis, [con-(g)notio, cf.
cognosce], F., learning, study, be-
coming acquainted toith, examina-
tion, acquaintance,
cSgnitor, -toris, [con-t(g)notor,
cf. cognoste], M., {one who investi-
gates}), an attorney, — Less exactly,
a defender, a supporter, an advo-
cate, — Also, one who is acquainted
with (a person), a voucher, sponsor,
cognHmen, -minis, [con-(g)no-
men], n., a name. — Esp., the per-
sonal or family last name, a sobriquet,
a nickname.
cognosco, -gnovi, -gnitus, -gnos-
cere, [con(g)nosco], 3. v. a., learn,
find out, find, become aware, become
acquainted with, recognize, hear (a
thing read). — Esp., investigate, in-
quire into, learn about, study, con-
sider.— In perfect tenses (cf. nos-
co), know, be aware, be acquainted
with : cognitum est {was known) ;
causa cognita {upon a full investi-
gation, after trial); apectatus et
cogmtoB (tried and proved) ; cog-
noscendi consuetude (of investiga-
tion).
c5go, coegi, coictus, cogere, [con-
ago], 3. V. a., bring together, collect,
assemble, get together, — Esp., of
Vocabulary.
35
money, collect^ exact, — Hence, y5vr^,
compel^ oblige: senatum {assemble^
of the consul, who could enforce at-
tendance).
cohaereo, -haesi, -haesurus, -hae-
rere, [con-haereo], 2. v. n., cling
together^ cohere ^ be closely connected,
coMbeo, -hibui, -hibitus, -hibere,
[con-habeoj, 2. v. a., hold together ,
hold in check, restrain, keep (from
anything), control,
cohors, -hortis, [con-fhortis (re-
duced), akin to hortus], F., an en-
closure.— Hence, a body oftroops^ a
cohort (the tenth part of a legion,
corresponding as a unit of formation
to the company of modern tactics,
and containing from 300 to 6cx) men) .
— Loosely, soldiers, infantry, armed
men, — Also, any body of infantry
or persons conceived as such, a troop,
a company, a band: praetoria {a
body-guard, attending the com-
mander, originally praetor).
cohortatio, -onis, [con-hortatio
(cf. cohortor)], F., an exhortation,
an encouraging, encouragement. —
Esp. (to soldiers), a» address (almost
invariably a preliminary to an engage-
ment).
colLortor, -atus, -ari, [con-hor-
OOr], I. V. dep., encourage, rally, ex-
hort, address (esp. of a commander).
coUaudo, see conlaudo.
eoUectio, see conlectio.
coUega, see eonlega.
collegium, see conlcgium.
coUIgo, see conligo.
collinus, -a, -um, [colli-f- nus],
adj., of the hill. — Esp., of the tribe
of that name, the Collina (a name
of great antiquity and unc. meaning).
coUoco, see conloco.
colloquor, see conloquor.
colluviS, see conluviS.
colS, colui, cultus, colere, [ v'coL,
cf. InquUinus], 3. v. a., ////, culti-
vate: agnim; studia. — P>\&o, wor-
ship, reverence, court, show respect
to, observe : delubra {worship at),
colonia, -ae, [colond + ia], F.,
(jstate of a colonist), — Concretely,
a colony (both of the establishment
and the persons sent). The Roman
colonists were and continued to be
Roman citizens, and served as armed
occupants of the soil where they were
sent in the interests of the mother
country (cf. maniciplum, a con-
quered city, partially incorporated
into the Roman state).
colonus, -i, [verb stem akin to
colo + nus, cf. patronus, aegro-
tus], M., a farmer, — Esp., a colo-
nist (a Roman citizen to whom lands
were granted away from the city), a
citizen of a colony.
Colophon, -onis, [KoKoip^v], M.,
a town of Lydia, one of the seven
that claimed Homer as their citizen.
Colophonius,-a,-um, [Colophon
4ius], adj., of Colophon, — Plur.,
the people of Colophon, ,
color, -oris, [prob. akin to ca-
ligo, as opposed to white'], M., color,
complexion,
columen, -inis, [stem akin to co-
lumna, incolumis (?), cello (?,
cf. excelsus) + men (cf. crimen)],
N., a pillar, a prop, a stay : reipub-
licae (as in English).
columna, -ae, [stem akin to col-
umen + mna (cf. alumnus)], F., a
column, a pillar. — Esp., the Col-
umn (moenla, a pillar in the Forum
on which notices of insolvency were
posted).
coma, -ae, [ic((/ii?], P., hair (on
the head), locks (hair arranged or
ornamented).
36
Vocabulary.
comb&ro, -ussi, -ustus, -urere,
[con-tburo(?), relation to uro very
uncertain, cf. bustiun], 3. v. a., burn
up, consume,
comes, -itis, [con-fmitiB (Vma
(in meo) + tis, cf. semlta)], c, a
companion (esp. an inferior as at-
tendant or follower), a follower, an
adherent, an associate, an attendant.
comissfitio, -onis,- [comissa +
tic], F., a revel (in the streets after
a debauch).
coniitatus, -tus, [comita+tos],
M., an accompanying, a company, a
train, a following, followers, an es-
cort.
comitium, -i, [?, perh. comit-
(see comes) + ium, the assemblage
of followers (cf. servitium)], N., a
part of the Forum at Rome. — Plur.,
the assembly (of the people for vot-
ing), an election.
eomltor, -atus, -ari, [comit-],
I . V. dep., accompany. — comitatus,
-a, -um, p.p. in pres. sense, accom-
panying; pass, sense, accompanied.
commeatuS) -tus, [con-meatus,
cf. commeo], m., a going to and
fro, an expedition (back and forth),
a trip, — Hence, communications
(of an army), communication (gener-
ally). — So also, supplies (of an
army), provisions.
commemorabilis, -e, [con-
memorabilis (cf. commemoro)],
adj., noteworthy, notable, praisewor-
thy, remarkable.
commemoratio, -onis, [con-
memoratio (cf. commemoro)], f.,
a calling to mind, mention, com-
memoration (calling to mind with
respect), a reminder, remembrance
(putting in Eng. the result for the
process).
commemoro, -avi, -atus, -are.
[con-memoro], i. v. a., remind one
of. — Hence, speak of, mention, state
(in a narrative) : jacUcia commemo-
randa {noteworthy).
commendatio,-onis, [con-fman-
datio(cf. commendo)], f., a recom-
mendation.
commendo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
mando], i.v.a., intrust, recommend,
surrender, commend (for help or
protection).
commeo, -avi, -aturus, -are, [con-
meo], I. v. Ti.,go back and forth, —
With ad, visit, resort to.
commerclum, -i, [fcommerc-h
ium (cf. commercor)], n., com-
mercial intercourse, trade,commerce,
dealings (in the wa) of trade).
commisceo, -scui, -xtus (-stus),
-scere, [con-misceo], 2. v. a., mingle,
mix,
committo, -misi, -missus, -mit-
tere, [con-mitto], 3. v. a., (let go
(send) together or altogether). —
WtXiQ^tjoin, unite, attach : proeliom
{engage, begin the engagement). —
Also, entrust, trust: tabnlas com-
mittere {put into the hands of, etc.) ;
nihil Ms committere {place no con-
fidence in, etc.). — Also, admit, al-
low (to happen), commit (suffer to
be done, cf. admltto), perpetrate,
do : committere at posset {leave it
possible) ; nihil committee {do
nothing wrong) .
commodo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
modo-], I. V. a., adapt. — Also (cf.
commodus), loan, lend.
commodum, see commodus.
commodus, -a, -um, [con-mo-
dus, see A. & G., i68</], adj., {hav-
ing the same measure with), fitting,
suitable, convenient, advantageous.
commodissimum est {it is the best
thing, most advantageous), — Neut.
Vocabulary.
37
as subst., convenience^ comfort, ad-
vantage, interest: commodo nostro
(at our convenience')', commoda
qnibos ntimor (blessings),
commoneo, -monui, -monitus,
-monere, [con-moneo], 2. v. a., re-
mind.
commoror, -atus, -ari, [con-mo-
ror], I. V. dep., delay, stay, wait.
commoveo, -movi, -motus, -mo-
vere, [con-moveo], 2. v. a., move,
stir, agitate. — With reflex., or in
pass., be moved, move (intrans.), stir.
— Fig., disturb, agitate, affect, alarm,
influence (with idea of violent feel-
ing), move, trouble.
communi'^o, -avi, -atus, -are,
[fcoininunicd- (commimi + ens)],
I. V. a., (make common), share, com-
municate, consult (with a person
about a thing, and so make it com-
mon), add (a thing to another), /«/
in along with (something else) :
causam (^confound with that of an-
other); ratio cum illo commimi-
catur (shared by him) .
communlo, -onis, [commimi+o
(cf. legio)], F., participation (in
common), sharing: sangninis (the
ties of blood),
communis, -e, [con + munis (cf.
munia, duties)'], adj., (having shares
together), common, general, in com-
mon : ex communi oonsensu (by
general agreement) ; consilium (gen-
eral plan, concerted action) ; jura
(universal, natural); quid tam
commune (universal). — Neut. as
subst., a community, an association :
a Cretensium communi (from the
Cretans in common).
commaniter [communi + ter],
adv., in common, in general.
commiitSbilis, -e, [commuta f
bilis], adj., changeable.
commiitfitio, -onis, [con-muta+
tic (cf. commuto)], F., change.
commato, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
muto], I. V. a., change, exchange.
eomparatio, -onis, [con-paratio
(cf. comparo)], f., a comparison,
a preparation.
comparo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
paro], I. V. a., get ready, prepare,
win, secure, procure, gain, get to-
gether, prepare for (with a different
view of the object in English), ar-
range, establish, ordain (of institu-
tions) : insidias (lay) ; uxor se (get
ready), — Also (cf. confero), com-
pare (possibly a different word).
compello, -pull, -pulsus, -pellere,
[con-pello], 3. V. a., drive together
(or altogether), drive in, force, drive.
comperendino, -avi, -atus, -are,
[conperendind-], i. v. a. and n.,
adjourn (of a court). — Also, of one
of the parties, close the case (so as to
be ready for adjournment).
comperio, -peri, -pertus, -perire,
[con-pario], 4. v. a., (get together),
find out (by inquiry), discover.
competitor, -toris,[con-petitor],
M., a competitor, a rival.
complector, -plexus, -plecti,[con-
plector], 3. V. dep., embrace, include,
enclose. — Less exactly, love, cherish :
sententia (express concisely).
compleo, -plevi, -pletus, -plere,
[con-pleo], 2. V. a., fill up, fill. —
With a different conception of the
action from Eng., cover, man (of
walls).
complexus, -us, [con-fplexus
(cf. complector)], M., an embrace.
complures, -pliira (-ia), [con-
plus], adj. plur., very many, a great
many, a great number of.
compono, -posui, -positus, -po-
nere, [con-pono], 3. v. a., put to-
38
Vocabulary,
gether. — Also, settle, make a settle-
ment,— compositus, -a, -um, p.p.
as adj., settled, composed^ arranged.
coinporto, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
porto], I. V. a., bring together,
compos, -Otis, [con-poti8],adj., in
possession of: hujns iirbis(/i citizen).
comprehendo, -hendi, -bensus,
-hendere, [con-prehendo], 3. v. a.,
seize, catch, take into custody, arrest,
capture, grasp (one by the hand or
clothing). — Fig., take, catch (of
^it), firmly grasp (of facts).
comprimo, -pressi, -pressus, -pri-
mere, [con-premo], 3. v. a., press
closely, crush, repress, foil, put down.
comprobo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
probo], I. V. a., approve, sanction,
prove,
conatus, -tOs, [cona- (stem of
Conor) + tus], M., an attempt, an
effort, an undertaking,
concedo, -cessi, -cessus, -cedere,
[con-cedo], 3. v. a. and n., retire,
go out of the way. — Also, give up (a
thing to one), allow, grant, assign
(leave, where the rest is taken
2C«2Ly), permit, yield the palm (to a
superior), yield, admit, concede,
concelebro, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
celebro], i. v. a., celebrate, attend in
throngs.
concertatio, -onis, [con-certa 4-
tio], F., rivalry, contention.
concerto, -avi, -atiirus, -are, [con-
certo], I. V. n., contend.
concidS, -cidi, -casurus, -cidere,
[con-cado], 3. v. Ti.,fall down, fall.
— F\g., fail, be impaired, collapse.
concido, -cidi, -cisus, -cidere,
[con-caedo], 3. v. a., cut to pieces,
cut down (kill), cut up, mangle.
conciliatricula, -ae, [concilia-
trie + ula], F., a little conciliator
(female or conceived as such), an
insinuating charmer, a flatiering
commendation,
concllio, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
cilid- (stem of concilium)], i. v. a.,
bring together (cf. concUlam). —
Hence, win over (originally by per-
suasion in council?), secure (even by
force), win, gain : feras inter sese
{attach to each other).
concilium, -1, [con-fcilinm
(y^CAL-f- ium, cf. Calendae)], n.,
a meeting. — Esp., an assembly (of
war or state), a council, a confer-
ence, a united body (of merchants,
farmers, or the like), the people (as-
sembled in the comitia tributa). —
Cf. consilium, which is often equiv-
alent, but refers rather to the action
or function than the body.
conciplo, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere,
[con-capio], 3. v. a., take up, take
on, take in, get (maculam), incur
(infamiam). — Of the mind, con-
ceive, plan, devise.
conclt&tlo, -onis, [con-citatio
(cf. conclto)], F., excitement.
condtS, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
cito], I. V. a., arouse, stir up, call
out (and so set in motion), excite,
agitate : mala {set in motion).
conclSve, -is, [con-clayis], n., a
chamber (originally locked).
conclndo, -clusi, -clQsus, -cludere,
[con-clando], 3. v. a., shut up, en-
close.— Also, conclude, finish.
Concordia, -ae, [concord 4- ia],
F., harmony, concord, unanimity. —
Esp., Concord (worshipped as a god-
dess by the Romans, like many other
qualities, and having a famous tem-
ple on the slope of the Capitoline
looking towards the Forum).
concors, -ordis, [con-cor], adj.,
harmonious : firatres (mutually af
fectionate).
Vocabulary.
39
concupiscS,-!vi (-ii), -itus, -isccre,
[con-tcupisco], 3. v. a., covets desire
earnestly, long for,
concorro, -curri (-cucurri), -cur-
surus, -currere, [con-curro], 3. v. n.,
run together f rush up^ rush in, rush
(advance),^^fi to, hasten in: con-
cursom est {there was a rush),
concurso, -avi, -aturus, -are, [con-
cnrso], I. V. n., rush to and fro, run
about.
concursus, -sus, [con-cnrsus (cf.
concurro)], M., a rushing to and
fro, a dashing /c^g^M/r (collision). —
Esp., a charge, onset, a crowd run'
ning, a crowd, a crowding together,
a concourse, an assembling (in a
tumultuous manner), an assembly.
eondemno, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
danmo], i. v. a., condemn, find
guilty. — Less ex2iQiXy, condemn (not
in a court).
condido, -onis, [con-dicio (cf.
condico)] , K., terms, condition, terms
of agreement, terms (of fighting),
state (of slavery), lot, situation, a
bargain, position,
conditio, see condieio.
condo,-tlidi,-ditus,-dere,[con-do],
3. V. a., put together, found, build. —
Also, lay up, preserve (cf. condio).
condonfitiS, -onis, [con-donatio
(cf. condono)], f., a giving up, a
donation.
condonS, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
dono], I. v. 2i.,give up, pardon for
the sake of,
condfico, -duxi, -ductus, -diicere,
[con-duco], 3. V. a., bring together,
bring up (soldiers). — Also, hire.
confectio, -onis, [con-factio (cf.
conficio)], F., a finishing.
confercio, -fersi, -fertus, -fercire,
[con-farcio], 4. v. a., crowd together.
— confeitus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.
(both of the thing crowded and the
place), close, crowded, dense, closely
crowded, in close order, in a solid
body: confertos cibo {crammed
with food),
cSnfero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [con-
fer©], irr. v. a., bring together, get
together, bring in, gather, collect. —
With or without culpam, lay the
blame on, charge, ascribe. — With re-
flexive, betake one^s self, remove, take
refuge, devote. — So with other words,
remove, establish, — Also, postpone,
delay, devote, confer, contribute, set,
appoint,compare. — Esp. : signa(;W»
battle in a regular engagement) ; pea-
tem {bring upon, visit upon) ; spem
{set upon something); orationem
{direct towards).
confertus, -a, -um, p.p. of con-
fercio.
confessio, -onis, [con-ffassio (cf.
confiteor)], f., a confession.
confestlm [ace. of fcon-festis
(cf. festino)], adv., in haste, imme-
diately, at once,
conficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere,
[con-facio], 3. v. a., {do up), ac-
complish, complete, finish up, carry
out, finish, perform. — Also, make
up, get together, write up (of a doc-
ument), work up (of skins tanned).
— Also (cf . Eng. " done wpi*^), finish
up, exhaust, wear out, kill.
confictio, -onis, [con-fictio (cf.
confingo)], F., a making up, an
invention.
confido, -fisus sum, -fidere, [con-
ficio], 3. v. n., be confident, trust,
trust to, have confidence in, rely on,
feel assured, — confisus, -a, -um,
p.p. in active sense, trusting in,
cSnfingo, -finxi, -fictus, -fingere,
[con-fingo], 3. V. a., make up, manu-
facture, invent, imagine*
40
Vocabulary.
confirms, -avi, •atus, -are, [con-
firmo], I. V. a., strengthen, — Fig.,
strengthen^ establish, encourage, con-
firm, re-establish, reassure, — Hence
(of things and statements), confirm,
declare, assert, assure (one of a
thing), /r^Tz/^, support (a statement) :
Gtalliam praesidiis; causam auc-
toritatibos; audaciam; conjnncti-
onem; imbecillitatem(^Wj/r^/^^
to).
confiteor, -fessus, -fiteri, [con-
fateor], 2. v. dep., confess, acknowl-
edge, admit, make confession,
conflagro, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
flagro], I. V. n., be on fire, burn, be
burned, — Fig.: inyidi&^be consumed
by a fire of indignation^,
confligo, -flixi, -flictus, -fligere,
[con-fligo], 3. V. a. and n., dash
against y contend, fight,
conflo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-flo] ,
I. V. a., blow up (of a fire). — Fig.,
excite, kindle. — Also, fuse, melt. —
Hence (fig.), get together, gather,
fuse: injuria novo scelere con-
flata {got up, devised^.
confluo, -fluxi, no p.p., -ere, [con-
fluo], 3. V. Ti,,flow together, — Less
exactly (of persons), yf^^ri together:
portuB (unite their waters^,
conformatio, -onis, [con-forma-
tio (cf. conformo)], f. (concretely),
form, conformation, structure, form-
ing, training.
conformo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
formo], I. V. 2i.,form, mould, train,
c5nfk*ingo, -fregi, -fractus, -frin-
gere [con-firango], 3. v. a., break
up, shatter,
confugio, -fugi, no p.p., -fugere,
[con-fugio] , 3. V. ii.,flee, take refuge,
congero, -gessi, -gestus, -gerere,
[con-gero], 3. v. a., bring together,
heap together, mass together, heap upon.
congredlor,-gressiis,-gredi, [con-
gradior], 3. v. dep., come together,
— In peace, unite with, — Esp., in
war, come in contact with, engage,
fight.
congrego, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
tgrego (cf. aggrego)], i. v. a^
bring together, gather together^ col-
lect.— With reflex, or in pass., as-
semble, gatlier,
congruo, -ui, no p.p., -uere, [?,
congrad-(con-gru8, oi. flock together^
herd together^ dog one's footsteps, cram
the necky\, 3. v. n,, flock together {ci,
example below). — Hence, ^^rm^-
nize, agree : mnliae cansae conve-
nisse unnm in locum atque inter
se congruere {combine).
conicio (-jicio), -jeci, -jectus,
-ice re [con-iacio], 3. v. a., throw
together, hurl, cast, discharge, aim .•
se conciere {rush)) sortem {cast,
</rtfw).— Less exactly, esp. in a military
s^nst), throw (into "^raoTi), put, place,
station (cf. military throw troops into,
tic.), force. — ¥\g., ptit together (of
ideas), conjecture, guess : in noctem
se conicere {rush out into the dark-
ness, rush out at night),
coniveo (conn-), -nivi (-nixi),
-nivere, no p.p., [con-niveo], 2. v.n.,
wink, (also fig. as in Eng.) shut the
eyes, connive,
conjee tnra, -ae, [con-iaciora,
cf. conicio], F., a guess ("putting
two and two together"), a conjecture^
an inference.
conjiclo, see conicio.
conjunctio, -onis, [con-jnnctio
(cf. conjungo)], F., a uniting, a
union, a connection,
conjungo, -junxi, -junctua, -jun-
gere, [con-jungo], 3. v. a., unitCy
connect, fasten together. — In pass.,
or with reflexive, unite (neuter), r^n-
Vocabulary
41
nect one's self ^ join. — conjunctus,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., unitedy closely
connected^ in conjunction with : com
his (ludis) plebeios esse conjuno-
tos (follow immediately) ; quod
(bellum) reges {(unite to wage).
coi^unx,-jugis,[coii-tjux( Vjug,
as stem, with intrusive n from jun-
go)], c, a spouse. — Esp., F., a wife.
conjiiratio, -onis, [con-juratio,
(cf. conjuro)], F., a conspiracy ^ a
confederacy.
coi^iiratus, see coi^uro.
co^jfirS, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
iuro], I. V. n., swear together^ take
an oath (together), swear mutual
oaths. — Hence, conspire. — conjfi-
ratus, p.p. as subst., a conspirator.
eonlatus (coll-), -a, -um, p.p. of
confer©.
conlaudo (coll-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[con-laudo], i. v. ^i.^ praise (in set
terAis).
conlSctlo (coll-), -onis, [con-
lectio], F., a collectings a gathering.
conl^a (coll-), -ae, [con-tlega
( Vleg + a)], M., a colleague (one
of two or more persons holding an
office with equal powers).
conlegium (coll-), -T, [con-le-
gium (?), or conlega -f ium], n., a
body of colleagues, a body (composed
of such persons). — Also, a corpora-
tiony an organized body, a club, a
guild.
conllgo (coll-), -leg!, -lectus,
-ligere, [con-lego], 3. v. a., gather,
collect, acquire (by accumulation).
— With reflexive, collect one's self
recover, gather : nanfragi conlecti
(picked up).
conloco (coll-), -avi, -atus, -are
[con-loco], I. V. 2l., place, set, station
(of troops, etc.) , setup, lay : insidias.
— Esp. (with or without nuptum).
give in marriage, marry (of a father
or guardian). — Fig., settle, place
(spem), invest (pecunias), locate
(sedem).
conloquor (coll-), -lociitus, -lo-
qul, [con-loqnor], 3. v. dep., confer^
hold an interview (or parley), par'
ley, converse.
conluvio, -onis, [con-tluvio
(akin to luo)], F., wash, dregs,
conniveo, see coniveo.
Conor, -atus, -ari, [?, con- st^m
akin to onus] , i . v. dep. , attempt, try,
endeavor : conatnm {an attempt).
conqueror, -questus,-querr, [con-
queror], 3. V. dep., complain, make
complaint.
conqulesco, -quievi, -quieturus,
-quiescere, [con-quiesco], 3. v. n.,
rest, repose, find rest, be quiet, be idle.
conquisitor, -toris, [con-quaesi-
tor], M., an investigator, a searcher,
a detective.
Consanus, (Comps-), -a, -um,
[Consa -f anus], adj., of Consa (a
city of the Hirpini). — Plur., the
people of Consa.
consceleratus, -a, -um, [con-
sceleratns], adj., accused, criminal,
consclentla, -ae, [con-scientia,
cf. consclens], F., consciousness,
privity, conscience, consciousness of
guilty
consclus, -a, -um, [con-tscius,
Vsci (in scio) -f- ns], adj., knowing
(with one's self or another), con-
scious, privy, a witness, a confidant.
con8crib6,-scrTpsT,-scrTptus,-scrI-
bere, [con-scribo], 3. v. a., write
down. — Esp., enrol, conscribe, levy.
— Esp. : Patres conscripti (sena-
tors, the senate).
consecro, -avT, -atus, -are, [con-
sacro], I. v. a., hallow, consecrate.
— consecratus, -a, -um, p.p. as
42
Vocabulary,
9A).^' consecrated^ sacred^ hallowed:
Aristaeus in templo {worshipped) ;
viri ad immortalitatis et religio-
nem et memoriam consecrantur
{are held in reverence),
cans^nsio, -5nis, [con-tsensio,
cf. consentio], f., agreement^ una-
nimity^ conspiracy.
consensus, -sus^ [con-sensas^ cf.
consentio], m., agreement^ consent,
harmonious (or concerted) action,
unanimous action,
consentio, -sensT, -sensurus, -sen-
tire, [con-sentio], 4. v. n., agree,
conspire^ make common cause, act
with (some one).
consequor, -secutu, -sequi, [con-
seqnor], 3. v. A&^., follow up, fol-
low, overtake, — Hence, obtain, se-
cure, attain, succeed in (some pur-
pose), arrive at, — A\^o, follow close
upon, succeed, ensue, result: quaes-
turn {get) ; fructum (reap),
conservatio, -onis, [connaterva-
tio (cf. conserve)], Y.y preservation.
conservator, -toris, [con-serva-
tor (cf. conservo)], u., a preserver,
a saviour,
conservo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
servo], I. V. a., save, preserve, spare,
keep, — Also, observe (law, right),
regard.
consessus, -sus, [con-sessns (cf .
consedeo)], m., a sitting together, a
session, a body (sitting together), a
bench (of judges).
considers, -avT, -atus, -are, [?,
poss. tconsiderS- (from adj. stem of
which sidus is neut., cf. deslde-
rium)], I. V. a., dwell upon, con-
sider, contemplate.
Considius, -!, [con-tsidins (akin
to sedeo)], m., a Roman name. —
Esp., C. Considius Longus in Africa
as propraetor B.C. 50.
c9nsid$, -sedl, -sessums, -sidere,
[con-sido], 3. v. n., sit down (in a
place). — I-ess exactly, /a^^^ a posi-
tion, halt, encamp, settle,
consilium, -1, [con-tsilium (cf.
consul, akin to salio, in some ear-
lier unc. meaning)], N., deliberation.
— £sp., wise counsel^ advice^ wis-
dom, prudence, discretion. — Hence,
a plan, a counsel, design, purpose,
course (as design carried out), mecu-
ure, conduct, a policy, a stratagem.
— Esp., a deliberative body (more
abstract and with more reference to
the act or function of deliberating
than concilium, which see), a coun-
cil, a body of counsellors, a bench (of
judges), a panel (of a jury), a court
(consisting of a body of judices):
casus ad consilium admittitur
{chance is not admitted to council) ;
privato consilio non publico (ox a
private not a public measure, by pri-
vate and not by official action) ; par-
tim consiliis partim studiis {partly
with policy, partly with political feel-
ing) ; publico consilio factum (as
a state measure) ; uno consilio (with
one continuous purpose or policy) ;
consilium publicum (council of
state, of the senate) ; ad consilium
publicum rem deferre (the estab-
lished council of state) ; non deest
rei publicae consilium (apian of
action settled by the council of state) ;
erat ei consiUum ad facinus ap-
tum (power of planning) ; consilio
malitiae occurrere (with wise meas-
ures) ', aliquod commune consilium
(any consulting body),
consisto, -stiti, no p.p., -sistere,
[con-sisto], 3. V. n., take a stand,
take a position, stand, keep one's posi-
tion, form (of troops). — In perf.
tenses, have a position, stand. —
Vocabulary.
43
Hence, stand sHU^ step, haU^ make
a standi hold an^s ground, run
aground (of ships), remain^ stay, —
With in, occupy p rest on. — Fig., de*
pend on, rest on.
cSnsobrinus, -i, [con-BobrinoB],
M., first cousin (on the mother's
side). — Less exactly, (any) cousin
german,
consolfitio, -onis, [con-solatio
(cf. consolor)], p., consolation,
solace. — Also, as in Eng., a means
of consolation.
consolor, -atns, -an, [con-solor],
I. V. dep., console. — c5ns5Ultus,
-a, -um, p.p. as pres., consoling.
cSnsors, -sortis, [con-sors], adj.,
associating, sharing, a sharer,
cSnspectus, -tus, [con-spectns,
cf. conspicio], M., sight, a view,
con8picl6,-spexi,-spectus,-spicere,
[con-fspedo], 3. v. a., look upon, see.
c9nspfrfitlo, -onis, [con-spiratio
(cf. consplro)], F., a conspiracy ^ a
combination (not in a bad sense).
cSnspIro, -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
spire], I. V. n., sound together. —
Fig., harmonize. — Also, conspire,
league together: consensus conspi-
rans {a blended harmony).
cSnstfins, -ntis, p. of eonsto,
which see.
cSnstanter [constant + ter],
adv., consistently, uniformly, stead-
ily, with constancy, firmly.
cSnstaiitia, -ae, [constant + ia],
F., firmness, constancy, undaunted
courage, strength of character.
cSnstltuo, -stitm, -stitutos, -stitu-
ere, [con-statao], 3. v. a. and n.,
erect, set up, raise, put together ^ make
up. — Hence, establish, station, ar»
range, form, draw up. -—Fig., deter-
mine, appoint, agree upon, determine
upon^ ordain, fix^ decide upon, estab-
lish a principle that^ etc. : Jupiter
oonstitutns (consecrated) ; colonias
{plant); rationem salutis {base,
found); spem {repose) \ suspicio-
nem {make out) ; supplicium {de-
cide upon, inflict); imperatorem
{create, appoint); exercitum {set
on foot); consulares ad oaedem
{destine, mark out),
eonsto, -stiti, •staturus, •stare,
[con-sto], I. V. n., stand together, —
.Fig-» «^^^> be consistent (esp. of ac-
counts).— Hence, be established, ap-
pear, be agreed upon, be evident, —
Also (from accounts), cost. — Also,
depend upon, consist, be composed, —
constfins, -ntis, p. as adj., consistent,
steady, firm, steadfast,
cSnstringS, -strinxf, -strictus,
-stringere, [con-stringo], 3. v. a.,
hind fast, holdfast bound, bind hand
and foot, hold in check, restrain, —
In many fig. uses, the figure is re-
tained in Latin where it can hardly
be kept in English.
c5nsuesc6, -suevi, -suetus, -sues-
cere, [con-suesco], 3. v. n., become
accustomed. — In perf. tenses, be ac-
customed, be wont. — cSnsuetus, -a,
-um, p.p., accustomed, wont, used.
c5nsugtado,-inis, [con-fsuetudo
(prob. fsuetu + do, as in gravedo,
libido), cf. consuesco], f., habit,
custom, habits (collectively), man-
ners, customs, precedent, ordinary
method, habitual intercourse, inter-
course: victus {customary mode of
living) ; incommodorum {the habit
of enduring, tic.) .
c5n8ul, -ulis, [con-sul (cf. prae-
sul, exsul), root of sallo in some
earlier unc. meaning], M., a consul
(the title of the chief magistrate of
Rome, cf . consilium). — With proper
names in abl., the usual way of indi-
44
Vocabulary.
cadng dates: M. Messala et M.
Pisone consalibiiB [in the consul"
ship of 9 etc.); se console (in his
consviship, as a date or occasion) ;
pro console (see proconsul).
cSnsularis, -e, [con8ol+ aris],
adj., of a consul, of the consuls, con-
sular,— Esp. with homo, etc., or
as subst., an ex-consul,
c5nsulStus, -tus, [fconsola- (cf.
exsulo) + tos], M., consulship (cf.
coosiil), the office of consul,
consulo, -sului, -sultus, -sulere,
[prob. consul, though poss. a kin-
dred or independent verb], 3. v. a.
and n., deliberate, consult, take coun-
sel, decide, — With ace, consult, take
one*s advice, ask the advice of —
With dat., take counsel for, consult
the interests of, consult for the wel-
fare of, look out for, do a service to.
— See also consulto and other par-
ticipial forms.
consulto [prob. like abl. absolute
p.p. used impersonally, cf. auspi-
cate], adv., with deliberation, pur-
posely, designedly,
consultum, -1, [n. p.p. of con-
sulo], N., a decision, an order, a
decree, — Esp., senatos consultum
{an order of the senate),
consnmo, -siimpsi, -sumptus, -su-
mere, [con-sumo], 3. v. a., (Jake out
of the general store) . — Hence, waste,
consume, destroy, spend, exhaust, use
contfiminS, -avi, -itus, -are, [con-
tamin- (stem of con-ftamen, i.e. tag
-f men)], i. v. a., bring into contact,
unite, — Esp. with notion of conta-
gion (cf. conta^o), contaminate,
— Hence, defile, dishonor, disgrace.
conteg^o, -texi, -tectus, -tegere,
[con-tego], 3. V. a., cover up, cover^
bury.
contemno, -temps!, -temptus,
-temnere, [con-tenmo], 3. v. a., de-
spise, disregard, hold in contempt. —
contemptus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
despicable, contemptible.
contendo, -tendi, -tentus, -ten-
dere, [con-tendo], 3. v. n., strain^
struggle, strive, try, endeavor, exerl
one's self, attempt, be zealous. — Esp.,
with verbs of motion, press on, has-
ten,— AXso, fight, contend, wage war,
—With ad and in like constructions,
press towards, hasten , march, start to
go (in haste).— With ab, urge upon
one, persuade, induce. — Also, com-
pare, contrast, — Absolutely, main-
tain (that, etc.), contend (in same
sense).
contentio, -onis, [con-ftentio,
cf. contendo], f., a strain, struggle,
efforts, — Esp., contest, fighting. —
Ako, comparison (cf. contendo).
contentus, -a, -um, p.p. of con-
tendo and contineo.
contlcesco, -ticui, no p.p., -tic&-
cere [con-ftacesco], 3. v. n., become
silent, cease to speak, be hushed ,
continens, •entis, pres. p. of con-
tineo, which see.
continenter [continent + ter],
adv., continually, without stopping,
continuously,
continentia, -ae, [continent -(-
ia], F., self-restraint.
contineo, -tinul, -tentus, -tinere,
[con-teneo], 2. v. a., hold together,
connect, contain, hold in, — Hence,
in many fig. meanings, restrain, hold
in check, keep (within bounds), hem
in, retain (in something). — Pass,
or with reflex., keep within, remain,
be included in, be bounded, consist
in (be contained in), depend upon,
— continens, -entis, p. as adj., (holcf^
ing together), continual, contiguous^
Vocabulary.
45
continuous. — As subst., the continu'
ous landf the continent, — Also, re-
straining one's seifi continent, —
contentus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
contented^ content^ satisfied,
contingo, -tigi, -tactus, •tingere,
[con-tango], 3. v. a. and n,, touch,
reach, join, — With dat. (expressed
or implied), happen, have the good
fortune (of the person). — Rarely
in a general sense, occur, be the
case,
continuo [abl. of contlnuus],
adv., immediately, straightway, forth-
with,
contlnuus, -a, -urn, [con-ftenuus
(ytEN in teneo+ nua)], adj., con-
tinuous, successive, in succession.
contio, -onis, [prob. for conven-
tio], F., an assembly, — Esp., the
assembly of the people convened by
a magistrate for discussing any pub-
lic matter, but not for voting (cf.
comltia), or a like assembly of sol-
diers before their commander. — Less
exactly, a harangue (on such an
occasion), an address: comes ad
contionem («» associate to address
the people)*, in contione {in ha-
rangues),
contionStor, -toris, [contiona-|-
tor], M., a haranguer, a demagogue,
contionor, -atus, -ari, [contion-],
I. V. dep., harangue, address (an
assembly or an army).
contra [unc. case-form (instr.?)
of tconterus (con -f- terns), cf.
superus, supra], adv. and prep.,
opposite, contrary to, against, in op-
position, on the other hand, on the
other side, to the contrary : contra
atqne {different from what, etc.,
contrary to what, etc.).
contractlo, -onis, [con-tractio
(cf. contralio)], f., a drawing to-
gether, a contraction: frontia {a
frown),
contraho, -traxi, -tractus, -trahere,
[con-traho], 3. v. a., draw together,
draw in, bring together, gather to-
gether, contract, narrow, make small-
er, bring into smaller compass : aes
aliennm {contract)', amplins ne-
goti {get one's self into),
contrarius, -a, -um, [fcontero-
(see contra) -^ arins], adj., oppo-
site {^xi, and fig.), contrary, contra-
dictory.
contremis«50, -tremui, no p.p.,
-tremiscere [con-tremisco], 3. v. n.,
begin to tremble: fides virtnsqne
{waver).
controversia, -ae, [contro-verso
-f- ia], F., a turning against, —
Hence, a controversy, a dispute:
sine controversia {without ques-
tion),
contracido,-avi, -atus, -are, [con-
tmcido], I. V. a., cut to pieces,
slaughter, massacre. — Less exactly,
tear in pieces (rem pnblicam).
contubernalis, -is, [con-taberna
-f- alis], M. and F., (prop, adj.), a tent
companion, a messmate,
contumelia, -ae, [?, cf. tumeo],
F., an insult, an affront, an outrage,
convalesco, -ui, no p.p., -ere,
[con-valesco], 3. v. n., get better,
conveho, -vexi, -vectus, -veherc,
[con-veho], 3. v. a., bring together,
convenio, -veni, -ventus, -venire,
[con-venio], 4. v. a. and n., come
together, meet, assemble, come in, ar-
rive, agree upon, agree, — With ace,
meet, come to. — Also, of things, be
agreed upon, be fitting, be necessary
(in a loose sense in Eng.). — Esp.
impers., it is fitting, ought: qni con-
venit {how is it likely, how can ii
be) ', tibi cnm sceleratis convenire
46
Vocabulary.
(you be on good terms wilk, etc.) ;
in aliqaem suspitio (can/aU).
ponTenticulumy -i, [conyent5
+ culum], N., a little group,
conventusy •tus, [con-fyentiia
(cf. convenio and adventus)]* M.,
an assembly, a meeting, — Esp., an
assize (the regular assembly of Ro-
man citizens in a provincial town on
stated occasions, at which justice was
dispensed), an association of mer-
chants (in a province, who were
united into a sort of guild).
conversus, -a, -um, p.p. of con-
vert©.
converto, -verti, -versus, -vertere,
[con-yerto], 3. v. a., turn about,
turn, — Fig., divert, change, convert,
appropriate: 86 conyortere (turn),
convicium (convit-), -1, [fcon-
vie- (con-vox) + ium], n., a wran^
gle, wrangling,
convinco, -vici, -victus, -vincere,
[con-vinco], 3. v. a., prove, make
good (a charge, etc.): avariUa
convicta {found guilty of avarice,
changing the point of view for the
Eng. idiom). — Also (as in Eng.),
of the person, convict, prove guilty.
convlvium, -i, [conviva + ium
(cf. collegium)], N., a living to-
gether, a banquet, a carousal,
convocS, -avi, -atus, -are, [oon-
voco], I. V. a., call together, summon,
call (a council or the like).
c5pia, -ae, [fcopi- (o6n-ops) +
ia, cf. inopia, Inops], F., abun^
dance, plenty, supply (both great and
small), quantity, number, — Esp.,
luxury (abundance of everything).
— plur. (esp. of ioxcts), forces, re»
sources, supplies, armed forces, capi"
tat: dicendi (Jluency) ; in dioendo
(fulness of matter).
c9pl0se [old abl.], %Ay,, fully.
c9pi58us, -a, -am, [copia (re-
duced) + osos], adj., well supplied^
wealthy, full of resources, well to do*
c5ram [unc. case, formed from
con and osj, adv. and prep., fact
to face, personally, present, in per-
son,
Gorduba, -ae, £?], f., a city in
Spain (^Cordova),
Corfidius, -i, [?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., Z. Corfidius,
a friend of ligarius.
CJorlnthius, -a, -um, [Kopiv9ios'\,
adj., of Corinth, Corinthian, — Masc
plur., the Corinthians,
CorlnthuB, -1, {K6pufBosl, F., Cor-
inth (the famous city on the isthmus
between Greece and the Peloponne-
sus, destroyed by Mummius, B.C. 146).
CornSllus, -I, [?], M., a famous
Roman gentile name. — Esp. : i. Cor-
nelius Cinna (see Cinna); 2. L*
Cornelius Sulla (see Sulla); 3. L,
Cornelius Lentulus (see Iientulus).
Cornelius, -a, -um, [same word
as preceding], adj., of Cornelius, —
Esp., Cornelian (of the laws passed
by Sulla).
Gorniflcius, -1, [fcomifico -|-
ina], M., a Roman gentile name. —
Esp., Q, Cornificius, one of the
judices in the case against Verres.
GomfituB, -1, [comn-hiiu (cf.
barbatus)], M., a Roman famOy
name. — Esp., M, Cornutus, praetor
in B.C. 43.
corSna, -ae, [?], p., a garland.
— Fig., a circle (line, of soldiers),
a circle of spectators.
corpus, -oris, [unc. root + us],
N., the body, the person, the frame :
petitionifl corpora effngere (fy
doting, a gladiator's term).
corrlgo (conr-), -rexi, -rectus,
-rigere, [oon-rego], 3.V4U, (straight-
Vocabulaiy.
47
en\ torrect^reffrm^amend : to cor-
rigas {amende as if intrans.).
corripl§9 -ripai, -reptus, -ripere,
[oon-rapio], 3. v. ti,pseizf, seize upon^
plunder,
corroborSy -avi, -atus, -are, [con-
troboro (robur)], i. v. ti., strength-
en, confirm.
corrumpo, -rupi, -ruptus, -rum-
pere, [con-mmpo], 3. v. a., spoils
ruin, tamper with (of documents or
of a court), bribe (of a court, etc.).
— corruptus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
corrupts profligate,
corruo, -riu, no p.p., -ruere, [con-
rao], 3. V. a, and n,,fatl in ruins ,
fall. — Also, overthrow,
cormptSla, -ae, [prob. cormptd
-h ela (cf. querela)], f., means of
seduction, an enticement, an allure^
ment,
corruptor, -tons, [con-raptor
(cf. corrumpo)], m., a corruptor,
a seducer.
cotidifinus (quot-), -a, -um,
[cotidie + anus], adj., daily.
cotidiS (quot-), [quotnlie, loc.
of dies], adv., daify^ every day,
Cotta,-ae,[?], M., a Roman family
name. — Esp.,Z. Aurelius Cotta, con-
sul B.a 65, and later " Princeps Sena-
tus."
Cottius, -1, [?], M*» the name of
two Romans from Tauromenium,
who were witnesses against Verres.
C0U8, -a, -um, [K£o$], adj., of
Cos (the island in the iEgean). —
Plur. M., the Qtans,
crSs, [?], adv., to-morrow.
OrassuB, -i, [crassus,/!/], m., a
Roman family name. — Esp. : i. Mar^
cus {Licinius) Crassus, consul with
Pompcy B.C. 55; one (with Csesar
and Pompey) of the combination
called the Triumvirate. 2. Z. Id-
cinius Crassus, the great orator,
censor B.a 103, 3. P, Licinius
Crassus, censor B.c. 89.
erfitSra, -ae, [prob. from ace. of
Kpar^p], F., a vase (for mixing wine,
corresponding to ** punch-bowl **), a
jar.
creber, -bra, -brum, [ere- (in
creo) + ber (cf. saluber)], adj.,
thick, close, numerous, frequent:
sermo (general),
crebro [prob. abL of creber],
2Ay,, frequently, constantly, in rapid
succession, at short intervals,
credibills, -e, [credi- (as stem
of credo) + bills], adj., to be be-
lieved, credible: non credibills (J^m*
possible to believe^,
credo, credidi, creditus, credere,
[fcred (Jaith, of unc. formation) +
do (^place^"], 3. v. a. and n., trust,
entrust, believe, suppose, believe in,
— Esp. parenthetically, credo (7
suppose, ironical) : mihl crede (Jake
my word for it, take my advice),
eremo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ ?], i . v. a.,
burn, consume (esp. of the dead,
perh. orig. only of flesh, cf. cremor).
creo, -avi, -atus, -are, [unc. form.,
akin to cresco], i. v. a., {cause to
grow), create, generate, — Esp., elect,
choose,
Creperejus, -i, [?], M., a Roman
gentile namci — Esp.,i?/. Crepereius,
a Roman knight, a judex in the case
of Verres.
crepitus, -tus, [crepi- (as stem
of crepo) + tus], m., a noise, a rat-
tling, a sound,
Cr§8,Cretis,[Gr.Kp^ j],M., a Cretan,
crSsco, crevi, cretus, cr^ere,
[stem ere (also in creo) with -sco],
3. V. n., grow, increase, swell (of a
river), be swelled, increase in influ
ence (of a man), be increased.
48
Vocabulary.
CretSnsls, •€» [Creta + ensiB],
adj., of Crete, Cretan. — Masc. plur.,
the Cretans.
crimen, -minis, {en- (stem akin
to cemo) + men], N., {a decision),
— Less exactly, a charge, a faulty a
crime.
criminor, -atus, -ari, [crimin-],
I. V. dep., accuse, bring an accusa-
tion, charge, find fault with.
criminose [old abl. of crlmino-
sus], adv., in the spirit of an accuser.
criminosus, -a, -urn, [crimin +
osus], adj., criminal, ground for an
accusation.
crudatus, -tus, [crucia- (stem
of crucio) + tus], m., crucifying.
— Hence, torture. — With a change
of relation, suffering (p( the person
tortured).
crucio, -avi, -atus, -are, [crue- (as
if crucid-)], i. v. a., crucify, torture.
criideUs, -e, [fcrude- (in cru-
desco, akin to crudus) + lis, cf.
Aprills, edalis, anlmfilis], adj.,
{bloodyT), cruel (also of things suf-
fered, as in Eng.).
cradeiltS8,-tatis, [cmdeli+tas],
F., cruelty.
crndeliter [crudeli+ter], adv.,
cruelly, with cruelty, harshly.
cruento, -avi, -atus, -are, [cruen-
to-], I. V. a., stain with blood.
cruentus, -a, -um, [era- (in
cruor, crudus) + entus (cf. tan-
tus)], adj., bloody, blood-stained.
cruor, -oris, [cm- (in crudus) +
or], M., blood (out of the body),^^^.
crux, crucis, [?], F., a cross (the
usual instrument for the punishment
of slaves), death on the cross.
cubfle, -is, [tcubi- (stem akin to
cumbo) + lis (cf. crudells), n. of
*4iO» N., a couch, a resting-place, a
bed, a lair.
cub8, -ui, -itum, 4[re, [v^cuB],
I. v. n., lie down, lie, lie asleep:
cnbitum ire (go to bed).
caleus (cuU-), -i, [^k6\&>s'\, m.,
a sack.
culpa, -ae, [?], f., a fault, blame,
guilt,
cultnra, -ae, [cnltn + ra (f. ol
-rus, cf. figura)], f., cultivation,
culture: agri cultora or agrical>
tnra (the cultivation of the soil),
cum [?, another form of con-^
prep., with, along with, in company
with, armed with.
cum (quom), [case-form (prob.
ace.) of qui], conj., when, while,
whenever, — Often rendered by a
different construction in Eng. : com
malier esset {being a woman). —
Of logical relations (usually with
subj.), when, while, since, inasmuch
as, though, althougii. — cum . . . torn
while . , , so also, not only , , , but
especially, while . . . besides, not only
. . . but also, not only . . . but as well,
while . , , as well, while , , . so (in
particular), both , , , and, as well , , .
as; com primmn (^as soon as, the
first time),
cumulfitS [old abl. of cumula-
tus], adv., in full measure, fully,
cumulo, -avi, -atus, -are, [cumn-
16-], i.v. a., heap up, fill full, add
to : alio scelere hoc scelns {add to
this, etc., another, etc.); ea quae
promisimus studiose comnlata
reddemos {in the fullest measure).
cumulus, -1, [tciim5- (akin to
icv/ia) + Ins], M., {the sivelling heap),
a heap. — Hence, the last stroke, the
last touch (added to something al-
ready complete), an extra weight,
an increase,
conctus, -a, -am, [for conluno-
tus ?] , adj., all (together, in a mass) :
Vocabulary.
49
£talia {ihe whoU of^ etc.); nrbt
{the entire)*
cupldS [old abl. of cupldus],
adv., eagerly^ zealously^ earnestly.
cupiditfis, -tatis, [capidd + tas],
F., desire^ eagerness, greed, cupidity ^
greed of gain, selfish desire.
cupidOy -inb, [unc. form akin to
cuplo]-, F., desire. — Masc. (personi-
fied), Cupid (the god of desire).
cupldus, -a, -um, [noun stem
akin to cuplo + das], adj., eager,
desirous, longing (Jbr'),fond of, am-
bitious (^for), with a passion (Jor),
€verzealous, greedy,
cupio, -pivi, -pitus, -pere, [partly
root verb, partly from fcapi- (cf.
cupidos)], 3. (and 4) v. a. and n.,
be eager (Jbr), be anxious, desire
(stronger than volo). — With dat,
wish well to, be zealous for: quid
oupiebas, quid optabas {detire, as
a passive longing, wish for, as an
active prayer or wish).
car (Qu5r), [perh. for qua re],
adv., why (rel. and interr.).
cara, -ae, [for fcavlra, akin to
caveo], F., care, anxiety, attention.
cSrla, -ae, [prob. akin to Qairis],
F., the meeting-place of the old aris-
tocracy of Rome. — Hence, a senate-
house. — Esp., the curia HosHlia on
the Fonun.
COiio, -onis, [curia + o (^priest
of a curict)'\, M., a Roman family
name. — Esp., C. Scribonius Curio,
a friend of Cicero and a supporter
of the Manilian law.
cliriSBus, -a, -um, [fcaria (cf. in-
ciirla)+0Ba8], adj., curious, prying.
cliro, -avi, -atus, -are, [cura],
I. v. a. and n., take care, treat (medi-
cally).— With gerundive, cause (to
be done), have (done) : curare at
{sei ihatf taii €ari tkat), '
cnrrlcnliiiii, -i, [from unc. stem
akin to curro and currus, cf. ve-
hiculum], N., a course, a running.
curro, cucurri, cursiirus, currere,
[? for fcurso], 3. v. n., run.
currus, -us, [^cur (?) + aa, cf.
,purro], M., a chariot. — Esp., a tru
umphal chariot.
curso, -avi, no p.p., -are, [corad-],
I. V. n., run, rush, hurry.
cursus, -siis, [ ^'cur (?) -h tag,
cf. curro], M., a running, running,
speed, a run (in concrete sense), a
course (space or direction run), a
voyage, a career: celeritaa et car-
sas {activity, as a quality, speedy
passage, as the result accomplished) ;
corsua sceleris (Bg. as in Eng-
lish) ; qaemcanque fortana dede-
rit (whatever wanderings) ; oratio-
nia (Jlow),
curolia, -e, [prob. corra + lis],
adj., {of a chariot}). — Esp., sella
caralia (the ivory chair of magis-
trates at Rome).
custSdla, -ae, [castod + ia], f.,
custody, guard {sXdXe of being guard-
ed). — Plur. (concretely), guards^
keepers.
eustSdio, -ivi, (-ii,)-itus, -ire, [cas-
tod- (as if castodi-)], 4. v. a. and
abs. (as if n.), guard, do guard duty,
custSs, -todis, [unc. stem + dis
(cf. merces, palus)], c, a guard,
a watchman, a keeper, a guardian.
Cyrus, -1, [KSpos], m., a common
name among the Greeks. — Esp., an
architect or builder employed by
Clodius.
CyzicSnus, -a, -um, [KOfinc^Foj],
adj., of Cyzicum (a city of Mysia, on
the Propontis). — Flur., the people
of the ckcf.
so
Vocabuiaty.
d., see a. d.
D [half of *, CIO = M], 500.
"D.f abbrev. for Decimus.
damnfitid, -onis, [damna+tio],
F., a finding guilty f u conviction,
danmo, -avi, -itus, -are, [damnd-],
I. V. a., (Jine),Jind guilty, condemn,
convict,
de [una case-form of pron. stem
DA (in Idem, dum)], prep with
abl., {down, only in comp. as adv.),
down from, off from, from, away
from. —^Hence, qua de causa (for
which reason); de aliqno mereor
(deserve well or ill of, properly win
from); de consilio (by, cf. ex);
multa de nocte (late at night), —
Esp. in partitive sense, out of, of:
pauci de nostris. — Also (cf. £ng.
of), about, it/" (about), in regard to,
concerning, for : de reg^o despe-
rare; nihil de belle timere (have
no fear of war) ; contendere, dimi-
e9kT% (about, for) 'y triumpHare (/rt-
umph over, triumph for a victory
over); quid de te futurum est
(what will become of you); de
majestate (for) ; de improviso (of
a sudden) ; de industria (on pur-
pose).— In comp., dozun, off, away,
through (and be done with).
dea, -ae, [f. of deus], f., a god-
dess,— Esp., Bona dea (see bona).
debeo, -bui, -bitus, -here, [de-
habeo], 2. v. a., (have off of one's
possessions), otve, be bound, ought,
cannot help, should, be under obliga-
tion, — Pass., be due, be owing: non
debeo (have no right); omnia de-
bere (be bound to do everything).^
debitus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., due,
deserved,
debills, -e, [de-habilis] , adj.,
weak, feeble, helpless, enfeebled.
dSbilitS, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
bili- (through intermediate stem)],
I. V. a., cripple, weaken, enfeeble,
break down (in health, etc.). — Fig.,
overcome, paralyze,
deeSd5, -cessi, -cessurus, -cedere,
[de-cedo], 3. v. n., (make way off,
cf. cedo), retire, withdraw, with-
draw from, shun, — Esp. (from life),
die : de officio (sacrifice, abandon) ;
de jure (yield, give up),
decern [?], indecl. adj., ten.
December, -bris, -bre, [decern
+ unc. term, cf. salaber], adj.,
(tenth}). — Esp., of December,
decempeda, -ae, [decem-fpeda
(f. of tpedus?)], F., a ten-foot pole,
a measure (of ten feet).
decemo, -crevi, -cretus, -ceraere,
[de-cemo], 3. v. a. and n., (decide
off, so as to clear away), decide, de-
termine, decree, order (as a result
of determination), vote (of a consult-
ing body, or of a single member
of it).
decerpo, -cerpsi, -cerptus, -cer-
pere, [de-carpo], 3. v. a., pluck off.
— Fig., detract, take away,
decerto, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
certo], I. V. a. and n., contend (so
as to close the contest), decide ike
issue, try the issue (of war), carry
on war, fight (a general engage-
ment) : de fortunis decertari (one's
fortunes are at stake).
decessus, -sus, [de-fcessus, cC
decedo and incessua], m., with^
drawal, departure,
decet, -uit, no p.p., -ere, [?, cf.
decus], 2. V. impers., it is fitting, it
is becoming, it becomes,
decimus (decu-), -a, -um, [stem
of decem •{■ mns], adj., the tenth. —
Esp., Decimus, as a Roman praeno-
men. — Fern., deoama (so. pars).
Vocabulary.
SI
a tithe (oi the produce of land let
by the state on shares).
declfiro, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
daro], I. V. a., (clear off), make
plain, declare, show.
declinStio, -onis, [declina+tio],
F., a leaning, a side movement,
declino, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
cline], I. V. a. and n., move aside,
avoid (as if by a deviation of the
body), elude, flinch,
decoctor, -toris, [de-coctor (cf.
decoquo)] , m. , {one who boils down),
a spendthrift.
decoro, -avi, -atus, -are, [decor-],
I. V. a., adorn, embellish. — Fig.,
honor, praise.
decretum, -i, [prop. N. of de-
cretus], N., a decree, a decision,
resolution.
decuma, see declmus.
decuria, -ae, [decern + unc.
term. (cf. centuria)], F., a decury
(a division of ten men of the origi-
nal Roman heads of families, also
more generally of cavalry and other
bodies).
decurio, -onis, [decuria+o], m.,
a president of a decury, a decurion.
— Also, a member of the - senate in
a provincial town, a provincial sen-
ator. ,
decurio, -avi, -atus, -are, [decu-
ria-], I. v. a., divide into decuries.
decus, -oris, [dec- (as root of
decet) -i- us], n., an ornament, an
embellishment. — Fig., an honor.
dedecus, -oris, [de-decus], n.,
a disgrace, dishonor, a stain.
dedlco, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
dico], I. v. a., dedicate^ devote.
deditio, -onis, [de-datio, cf.
dedo], F., surrender: apes dedi-
tionis {hope that on^s surrender
would be received).
dedo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [de^io],
3. V. a., give over, surrender, give
up. — In pass, or with reflex., sur-
render one's self, submit : aores (lis-
ten to).
dedaco, -duxi, -ductus, -dncere,
[de-dnco], 3. v. a., lead down or off,
lead away, withdraw, draw off (prae-
sidia), take away (of men), bring
away, lead (from one place to an-
other), bring (into a situation). —
Fig., induce, bring, lead. — Esp. of
ships, launch (draw down); of
women, marry (used of the man) ;
of things, bring, draw, turn. So,
raise (a man to fortune) : rem hue
(bring) ; de fide (seduce) ; de sen-
tentia (dissuade) ; de lenitate
(drive) ; coloniam (plant) ; servoB
ex Apennino (bring down).
defatigatio, see defetigatio.
defatigo, see defetlgo.
defendo, -fendi, -fensus, -fendere,
[de-fendo], 3. v. a., ward off, de-
fend one's self against. — Also, with
changed relation, defend, protect,
maintain (a czxist), fight for,
def^nsio, -onis, [de-ffensio, cf.
defendo], f., a defence,
defensor, -oris, [de-f^onsor, cf.
defendo], m., a defender: necis (a
preventer).
defero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [de-
fer©], irr. v. a., carry down, carty
away, bring, land (of ships). —
Pass., be borne down or on, drift (of
ships), turn aside: delati in aero-
bes (falling). — Fig., confer upon,
put in one's hands, report, lay be-
fore, devote: nomen alicnjos (ac-
cuse one) \ studium (/<f«</<fr).
defessus, -a, -am, p.p. of de-
fetiscor.
defctigStio (defatr), -onis, [de-
fatigatio], f., exhauUion.
52
Vocabulary.
dSfDtlgfitiu, -a, -urn, p.p. of de-
fetlgo.
dSfetIgS (dSfat-), -avi, -atus,
-are, [de-fatigo], i. v. a., wear out,
exhaust^ worry, tire out.
dSfetiscor, -fessus, -fetisci, [de-
&tiscor], 3. T. dep., crack open. —
— Fig., become exhausted, — defes-
8IIS, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., exhausted,
worn outfWearied: WiQXXBaXio(jp'own
stale),
dSflcio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, [de-
iacio], 3. V. a. and n.^fail^fall away,
revolt, fall off, abandon (with ab).
dSflgo, -fix!, -fixus, -figere, [de-
figo], 3. v.a.,yJjr (in or down), //<?«/,
set, fasten, drive dcwn : in ocolis
flagitia {set before) ; curas {devote).
dSfliil§, -ivi, -itus,-ire, [de-finio],
4. V. a., set limits to, fix, appoint,
limit, bring to a close, mark out.
dSflagro, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
flagro], I. V. n., burn up, be con-
sumed : imperiam deflagratum
{burned to the ground).
defluo, -fluxi, -fluxurus, -fluere,
[de-flao], 3. V. n.,flow down, florv
apart, divide (of a nvtt),fah away.
dSfore, see desutn.
def6rm$, -ivi, -atus, -are, [de-
formo], I. V. a., deform, disfigure.
dSfUngor, -functus, -fungi, [de-
ftingor], 3. V. dep., perform, finish,
be done with, get rid of
deg$, degi, no p.p., degere, [de-
ago], 3. V. 9.., pass, spend.
dgicio (d6Jicl<5), -jeci, -jectus,
-icere, [de-jacio], 3. v. a., throw
down, keep off, ward off, deprive,
keep out (one from a thing), repel,
eject, oust.
deln [de-in (cf. deinde)], adv.,
then, next.
deinde [de-inde], adv., from
thence, then, after that, then again.
dgjicio, see deicio.
delftbor, -lapsus, -labi, [de-labor],
3. V. dep., slip down, slip away : de
caelo {fall, descend, come down).
delectatio, -onis, [delecta+tio],
F., delight, pleasure, enjoyment,
delecto, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
flecto, cf. delicio and ailecta],
I. V. a. and n., {allure), delight,
please, give pleasure to. — Pass., t$tke
delight, delight (in a thing) : Grae-
cos delectat {the Greeks take pleas^
ure),
delecta8(dI-),-tus, [de-lectn8(cf.
deligo)], M., a choosing, an enrol-
ment, a levy, a conscription,
deienio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [de-
lenio], 4. V. a., soothe, soften, pacify.
dele§, -levi, -letus, -lire, [de-fleo
(akin to lino)], 2. v. a., {smear out),
blot out, wipe out (of a disgrace). —
Fig., annihilate, destroy.
dgllberStio, -onis, [deliberfi +
tio], F., a deliberation, a discwsion,
a decision (through deliberation).
dellberStor, -toris, [delibera +
tor], M., a deliberator, — Used sar-
castically of one who reserves his de-
cision in order to be bribed.
dSlfberS, -avi, -itus, -ire, [de-
libero], i.v.a. and n., {disentangle}) ^
decide, — Also, discuss, deliberate,
weigh,
dSlicfitus, -a, -urn, [?, perh. p.p.
of fdelico, ivean, (or abandon), cf.
delicus, deliculus], adj., {** cas-
setted" }), pampered, luxurious.
deiiciae, -arum, [delio5- (cf. de-
liculus) H- ia], F., plur., {cosset-
ting}), delights, allurements, luxuri-
ous pleasures.
delictum, -i, [n. p.p. of deltn-
quo], N., {something left undone), a
failure, a fault, a wrong^ing, an
Votabulaty.
53
dellg8,-avi,-atus,-are, [de-ligo],
2. V. a., bind daivn, fasten, bind, tie
up XXo a stake).
dSUgo, -legi, -lectus, -ligere, [de-
lego], 3. V. a., select, pick out, choose.
dSlinquo, -liqui, -lictus, -linquere,
[de-linquo], 3. v. n., fail (in one's
dvAy), do wrong: quid deliqiii(w//tf/
VfTong have I done ^ cognate ace).
Delos, -I, [A^Aos], F., an island
in the ^gean.
Delphiciis, >a, -um, [AcA^ticos],
adj., of Delphi (the seat of the most
famous worship of Apollo), Delphic :
mensa (a table made in the form of
a tripod).
dSlubmm, -i, [de-flubrum ( ^lu
+ brum)], N., an expiatory shrine, a
shrine (cf. aedes, a temple gener-
ally; templum, a place consecrated
by augury; fanum, an oracular (?)
shrine).
dSlQdo, -lusi, -lusus, -ludere, [de-
ludo], 3. V. a. and n., deceive, pre-
varicate.
demens, -entis, [de>mens (cf.
amens)], adj., mad, crazy, insane:
scelere demens {maddened, etc.).
dementer [dement + ter], adv.,
madly, crazily, senselessly,
dementia, -ae, [dement+ia], F.,
madness, idiocy, utter folly.
demergo, -mers!, -mersus, -mer-
gere, [de-mergo], 3. v. a., sink,
drown, submerge, plunge.
demigro, -avi, -aturus, -are, [de-
migro], I. V. n., move away (change
residence), move one*s effects, move
over.
dSminuo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [de-
minuo], 3. v. a. and n., diminish^
curtail, lessen, detract from : ne quid
de summa republica deminueretur
{that the supreme power in the state
should suffer no diminution) •
dSmtnlltfd, -onis, [dtf-tminutio,
cf. deminuo], f., a diminution, a
loss, a sacrifice (of lives, etc.).
dSmitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere,
[de-mitto], 3. v. a., let go down (cf.
mitto), let down, stick down. — In
pass, or with, reflex., let one's self
down, descend, set one's self down.
— Fig., despond (se animo), be dis-
couraged. — demissus, -a, -um, p.p.
as adj., low-hanging {bowed, of the
head), downcast (of a person).
demdnstratio, -onis, [demon-
stra + tio], f., a pointing out, a
showing, a manner of showing.
demonstro, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
monstro], i. v. 2^., point out, show,
state, indicate, mention.
demoveo, -movi, -motus,-movere,
[de-moveo], 2. v. a., remove, dis-
lodge: de sententia {shake one in,
etc.).
demum [ace. of fdemus (superl.
of de), nethermost, last"], adv., at
last, at length (not before) . — Hence,
only (not lill a certain point is
reached, not until).
denego, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
nego], I. v. a. and n., deny, refuse,
say not,
deni, -ae, -a, [for decni, decern
reduced + nua], adj. plur., ten each,
ten (on each side), ten (in sets of
ten).
denique [fdend- (de -|- nos, cf.
demum) que], adv., at last. — Of
order, finally. — Of preference, at
any rate (if no better, etc.) : turn
denique {not till then, then and
then only)', hora decima denique
{not until, etc.).
denoto,-avi, -atus, -are, [de>noto],
I. V. a., mark out, mark, appoint.
dennntio, -avi, -atus, -arc, [de-
nontio], i. v. a., announce (with
54
Vocabulary.
notion of threat), declare^ warn, or-
der, command, give to understand,
threaten one with,
depeculStor, -toris, [depecnla-
tor, cf. depeculor], m., an embez-
zler, a plunderer.
depeculor, -atus, -iri, [de-pecii>
lor], I. V. dep., embezzle, plunder,
pillage, rifle,
depello, -pull, -pulsus, -pellere,
[de-pello], 3. V. a., dp-ive off, drive
out, drive (away), dislodge, avert,
repel, remove, ward off, save one's
lelffrom : molem {throw off) ; ali-
qaem de spe {force); simulacra
{throw down),
dependo, -pendi, -pensus, -pen-
dere, [de-pendo], 3. v. a. and n.,
taeigh out. — Hence, pay.
depingo, -pinxi, -pictus, -pingere,
[de-pingo], 3. v. 2,.^ paint (so as to
make something), depict, represent.
depl5r5, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
ploro], I. V. a., lament, bewail the
loss of, mourn for, ,
dep5no, -posui, -positus, -ponere,
[de-pono], 3. v. a., lay down, lay
aside, deposit. — Fig., lose, abandon
(hope), blot out (memory), resign.
depopulatio, -onis, [de-popola-
tio, cf. depopulor], f., a ravaging,
a plundering,
depopulor, -atus, -ari, [de-popa-
lor], I. V. dep., ravage, lay waste,
plunder.
deporto, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
porto], l.v.a., carry off, carry away,
remove, bring off, bring home,
dSpo8C§, -poposci, no p.p., -pos-
cere, [de-posco], 3. v. a., demand,
call for, claim, ask for,
deprfivo, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
prave], I. V. a., distort. — Fig., coT'
rupt, lead astray, pervert, tamper
with.
deprecfitor, -tons, [de-precator,
cf. deprecor], m., a mediator (to
beg off something for somebody).
deprecor, -atus, -ari, [de-precor],
I. V. dep., pray to avert something,
pray (with accessory notion of re-
lieQ, beg, beg off, pray for pardon,
pray to be spared, resort to prayers,
save one^s self from by prayers, re-
move by prayers : quo deprecante
{by whose mediation) ; ad deprecan-
dum valebat {had the force of en-
treaties).
deprehendo, -hendi, -hensus,
-hendere, [de-prehendo], 3. v. a.,
capture, catch, seize, take possession
of. — As in Eng., catch, {come upon),
surprise, find, detect, discover: fac-
tum {find, in the sense of catch one
at something). — Y\%., grasp, com-
prehend, understand.
deprimS, -pressi, -pressus, -pri-
mere, [de-premo], 3. v. a., press
down, sink,
depromo, -prompsi, -promptus,
-promere, [de-promo], 3. v. a., draw
out, appropriate.
depagno, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
pugno], i,\.n., fight out (decisively).
resist with arms (so as to decide the
issue).
derelinquo, -liqui, -lictus, -lin-
quere, [de-relinqno], 3. v. a., leave
behind, abandon,
dgfivo, -avi, -atus, -are, [perh. im-
mediately fr. de-rivus, prob. through
adj.'Stem], i. v. a., draw off (water),
divert: crimen {shift upon an-
other),
dSrogo, -avi, -atus, -Ire, [de-rogo,
in its political sense], i. v. a., take
away, withdraw,
dSscendo, -scendi, -scensorus,
-scendere, [de-8cando], 3.v.n., climb
down, descend, — Fig., resort to, have
Vocabulary.
55
recourse io^ adopt: ad accmsandiim
{resort to a prosecution). — Esp.,
come down to the Forum (from the
hills on which the Romans lived, cf.
" go down town.").
describo, -scripsi, -scriptus, -scri-
bere, [de-scribo], 3. v. a., write
down, set down (in writing), mark
out, map out, describe, draw up (jus),
reduce to a system.
dS^ero, -serui, -sertus, -serere,
[de-sero], 3. v. a., disunite, — Esp.,
abandon, forsake, desert, give up,
leave in the lurch. — desertus, -a,
-um, p.p. as adj., deserted, solitary:
vadimonia {forfeit).
desiderium, -1, [?, perh. fdesi-
dero + iuni (cf. desidero)], n.,
. longing for, desire (of something
lost), grief for loss (of anything).
desidero, -avi, -atus, -are, [ ?, perh.
desidero, cf. consldero], i. v. a.,
feel the want of, desire, miss, need,
regret the loss of, lose (of soldiers).
— Pass., be missing (be lost) : desi-
derat neminem (has not lost a man),
desidia, -ae, [desid- (stem of
deses, de-^S£D) + ia], F., idleness,
sloth.
designo, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
sigao], I. V. a., mark out, indicate,
mean, designate. — designs tus, p.p.
as adj., elected, elect (of officers not
yet in office).
desilio, -silul, -sultus, -silire, [de-
salio], 4. V. n., leap down, leap
(j^ovrxi), jump overboard: de rheda
{jump out, spring out),
dSsino, -sivi (-sii), -situs, -sinere,
[de-sino], 3. v. a. and n., leave off,
desist, cease,
desisto, -stiti, -stitnrus, -sistere,
[de-sisto], 3. v. n., stand off, cease,
stop, desist from, abandon.
desperStIo, -onis, [de-fsperatio,
cf. despero]^ F«| despair, despera^
tion,
despSro, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
spero], I. V. a. and n., cease to hope^
despair, despair of — desperStus^
-a, -um, as passive, despaired of. —
Also as adj., (hopeless!, perh. orig.
despaired of), hence desperate. —
desperandus, -a, -um, fut. p.p., to
be despaired of,
despicio, -spexi, •spectus,-spicere,
[de-specio], 3. v. a. and n., look
down, look down upon, look away. —
Fig. (cf. Eng. equivalent), look down
upon, despise, express on^s contempt
for.
despicor, -atus, -ari, [despico-],
I. V. dep., despise. — desplcatus, -a,
-um, p.p. as pass., despised, despi-
cable.
destringo, -strinxi, -strictus,
-stringere, [de-stringo], 3. v. a., strip
off, — Also (cf. despollo), strip,
draw (of swords, stripping tjiem of
their scabbards).
desum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, [de-
sum], irr. V. n., (be away), be want-
ing, be lacking, fail. — Esp., fail to
do on^s duty by, etc. — Often, lack
(changing relation of subj. and fol-
lowing dat.), be without, not have,
deterreo, -terrui, -territus, -ter-
rere, [de-terreo], 2. v. 2^., frighten
off, deter, prevent (esp. by threats,
but also generally).
detestor, -atus, -ari, [de-testor],
I. V. a., (call the gods to witness to
prevent something), entreat (from a
thing), remove by protest (call the
gods to witness to avoid).
detracts (-trectS), -avi, -atus,
•are, [de-tracto], i. v. a., (hold off
from ont^s self), avoid, shun.
detraho, -traxi, -tractus, -trahere,
[da-traho], 3. v. a., drag off, tear
56
Vocabulary,
off, snatch (away). — Wth less vio-
lence, take away, take off, withdraw
(with no violence at all).
cletrect$, see detracto.
detrimentum, -i, [de-ftrimen-
turn (tri- in tero + mentiim), cf.
detero], N., (a rubbing off), loss,
harm, injury. — Esp., defeat, dis-
aster.
deus, -1, [akin to divus, Jovis,
dies], M., a god, — Also, in accord-
ance with ancient ideas, of a statue,
in adjurations : di boni {good heav-
ens); per decs immortales (^for
heaven* s sake^ heaven help us),
deveho, -vexi, -vectus, -vehere,
[de-veho], 3. v. a., carry away,
bring (away, e.g. on horseback),
bring down (esp. by vessel).
deverto, -verti, -versus, -vertere,
[de-verto], 3. v. a. and n., turn
away, turn aside, turn off (the road
to stop by the way), stop (turning
aside frim the way).
devincio, -vinxi, -vinctus, -vin-
cire, [de-vincio],4.v.a., bind dawn,
bind, attach, firmly attach.
devinco, -vici, -victus, -vincere,
[de-vinco], 3. v. a., conquer (so as
to prostrate), subdue (entirely).
devito,-avi, -atus, -are, [de-vito],
I. v. a., avoid, shun, escape.
devoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
voco], I. V. a., call down (or away).
— Esp., fig., invite, bring.
devoro, -avi, -atus, -are, [de-
voro], I. V. a., swallow up, devour,
gulp down: yerbom {eagerly dc
vour).
devove5, -vovi, -votus, -vov«re,
[de-voveo], 2. v. a., vow (away). —
Less exactly, devote, consecrate.
dexter, -tera (-tra), -terum (-tram)
[unc. stem (perh. akin to digitus?)
+ teru8], adj., right (on the right
hand). — dertra, F*, (sc. manas),
the ri^ hand (esp. used as a pledge
of faith, as with us).
. DiSna, -ae, [prob. f. of Janus
(cf. Atfi^Ki})], F., a divinity of the
Romans entirely identified with the
Greek Artemis, the goddess of the
chase and patroness of celibacy.
dico, dixi, dictus, dicere, \^yJii\Q,
in dIco and -dicus], 3. v. a. and n.,
{point out}, cf. Gr. ^tixpufu), say,
tell, speak, name, speak of, mention.
— Esp., with authority, name, ap-
point, fix: jus {administer, cf.
dIco) ; sententiaiii {give, express).
-r- Special uses : dicnnt {they say) ;
caasam dicere {plead onds cause,
hence be tried, be brought to trial) ;
facultas dicendi {power of oratory) ;
dixi (/ have done); incredibile
dicta {incredible)', quid dicam?
{what shall I call it? why should 1
speak? what shall I say?); ad di-
cendum {for addressing the people) ;
diem dicere {bring a charge, before
the people).
dictfitor, -toris, [dicta-l-tor], m.,
a dictator (a Roman magistrate ap-
pointed in times of danger by the
highest existing officer, and possess-
ing absolute power). — Also, a simi-
lar officer in a municipal town.
dictfitilra,-ae, [dicta -I- tura (i.e.
fdictatu + ra, cf. flgura)], f., th£
office of dictator, a dictatorship.
dicti$, -onis, [die (as root of
dico) + tic], F., a speaking, a plead-
ing (cf. dico) : causae {pleading
one's cause, trial) ; juris {adminis"
tration).
dictitS, -avi, no p.p., -are, [akin
to dieto, form unc, perh. fdictita-
(dictdH-ta)], i. v. a., repeat, keep
saying.
dictum, -i, [n, p.p. of dleo as
Vocabulary.
57
subst3> N.y a sayings aA expression^
words.
dies, -ei, [proJ>. for dives, -y/DYU
+ as], M. (rarely F. in some uses), a
iiay (in all Eng. senses). — Also,
Hme: in dies {from day to day^
with idea of increase or diminution) ;
illis ipsis diebus {at that very time) ;
noctes diesque {night and day);
diem dicere (see dico).
difl^ro, distull, dilatus, differre,
[dis-fero], irr. v. a. and n., bear
apart, spread. — Also, postpone, de-
fer, put off, differ.
difflcilis, -e, [dis-facilis], adj.,
not easy, difficult.
difflcaltas -tatis, [difficili- (weak-
ened) + tas], F., difficulty, trouble,
difficult circumstances.
diflld§, -fisus sum, -fidere, [dis-
fido], 3. V. n., distrust, not have con'
fidence {in).
diffluo, -fluxT, no p.p., -fluere,
[dis-fluo], 3. V. n., ffow apart, be-
come loose, become lax, run wUd.
digitus, -i, [?], M., a finger.
dignitas, -tatis, [dignd+tas],
F., worthiness, worth, dignity, pres-
tige, position (superior), claims
(founded on ^oTi\i), advancement (as
tlie consequence of worthiness), self-
respect, the dignity of one's position.
dign^us, -a, -urn, [?, perh. root of
dloo + nus], adj., worthy, deserving.
dijadico, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis-
jadico], I. V. a. and n., decide (be-
tween two).
dyunctio,-5nis, [dis-jimctio (cf.
d^ungo)], F., a separation.
d^ungo (disj-), -junxi, -junctus,
-jungere, [dis-jimgo], 3. v. a., dis*
join, separate, divide.
dUabor, -lapsus, -labi, [dis-labor],
3. V. dep., glide apart, slip away,
fall away.
dllacerS, -avi, -atus, -are, [di-
lacero], i. v. a., tear asunder, tear
in pieces,
dllanio, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis-
lanio], I. V. a., tear in pieces.
dilatio, -onis, [dis-latio], F., a
postponement, an adjournment.
dilectus (d8I-),-tus, [dis-flectos,
cf. diligo], M., a choosing, a levy, a
conscription.
diligSns, -entis, p. of diligo, as
adj., diligent, painstaking, careful.
diligenter [diligent + ter] , adv.,
carefully, with care, with exactness,
exactly, with pains, scrupulously,
diligentia, -ae, [diligent + ia],
F., care, pains, painstaking, dili*
gence : remittere {cease to take pains,
take less care).
diligo, -lexi, -lectus, -ligere, [dis-
lego], 3. V. a., {choose out), love, be
fond of. — See also diligens.
dilucesco, -luxi, no p.p., -luces-
cere [dis-lucesco], 3. v. n., grow
light, dawn. — Usually impersonal.
diluculum, -i, [di-tlaculom (la-
cu + las)], N., daybreak, dawn,
diluo, -lui, -liitus, -lucre, [dis-lao],
3. V. a. and n., dissolve away, dis-
solve. — Fig., refute (tech. term).
dimicatio, -onis, [dimica+tio] ,
^., fighting, a contest, a struggle,
dimico, -avi, -atiirus, -are, [dis-
mico], I. V. n., {brandish swords to
decide a contest!), fi^t (a decisive
battle), risk an engagement, contend.
diminuo, see deminuo.
dimitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere,
[dis-mitto], 3. v. a., let go away, lei
slip, let pass, let go, give up, relin-
quish, abandon : oppagnationem
{raise) ; victoriam {let go, on pur-
pose).— Also, send in different di-
rections, send about, despatch, detail^
disband, dismiss, adjourn, discharge-
58
Vocabulary.
dlreptlS, -onis, [difl-frapiio, cf.
dtrlpio], v,t plundering^ plunder,
direptor, -toris, [dis-raptor, cf.
dUripIo], M.y a robber, a plunderer.
diripiOy -ripoiy -reptus, -ripere,
[dis-rapio], 3. v. a., seize (in (Uffer-
ent directions), plunder, pillage,
dls-, di- (dir-), [akin to duo?],
insep. prep. (adv.)» in comp., asun-
der, in different directions, Cf. dls-
eedo, discerno, dlrimo, dlAindo.
Dis, Ditis, [akin to dives, as the
earth is the source of riches], M.,
Pluto (the god of the underworld,
and so of death).
discSdS, -ces^i, -cessuros, -cedere,
[dis-cedo], 3. v. n., withdraw, de^
part, retire, leave (with ftb), go
away,
disceptfitlo, -onis, [di8cepta +
tio], F., a contest, a contention, a
discussion,
disceptfitor, -toris, [diacepta-
(stem of discepto) + tor], m., a
judge, an arbiter,
discepto, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis-
capto], I. V. a., discuss, consider and
decide, decide.
discerno, -crevi, -cretus, -cemere,
[dis-cemo], 3. v. a., separate, dis-
tinguish,
discSssio, -onis, [dis<;easio, cf.
discedo], F., a departure, a with-
drawal, a division (as in Parlia-
ment), a vote: coniionis {a division
of opinion in, etc.); discessionem
facere (Jake a vote),
disegssus, -sus, [dis-fceBsas, cf.
discedo], M., a departure, a with-
drawal,
discidium, -1, [dis-tscidinm
(^ciD + ium)], N., a separation,
a dissension.
discipUna, -ae, [discipald- (re-
duced) + ina, cf. rapina], f., (/li-
pilage7)t discipline, instruction^
training, a system {pi doctrine, etc),
a course of instruction, education, a
school (fig. as in £ng.) : paeritiae
di8Ciplinae(M/ studies of childhood)',
navalis (jkill, as the result of dis-
cipline) ; majomm {strict conduct),
discipuliis, -i, [?, akin to disco],
M., apupiL
disciado, -clu^, -clusus, -cludere,
[dia-daado], 3. y. a., shut apart,
keep apart, separate, divide,
disco, -dididy disdtnrus, discere,
[for fdicsco (^ic-l-sco)], 3. ▼• a.
and n., learn,
discolor, -oris, [dis-color], a^.,
particolored, different-colored,
discordia, -ae, [discord -|- ia, cf.
concors], p., dissension, discord^
disagreement,
discrimen, -inis, [dis-crimen, cf.
discerno], n., a separation, a de-
cision. Hence, a moment of deci-
sion, a crisis, critical condition, dan-
ger, peril, a critical moment^ a
turning-point of one's fortunes,
disJangS, -junxi, -junctus, -jun-
gere, [dis-jongo], 3. v. a., disunite^
separate: diajimctissimas (v^r^ySir
distant, very widely separated),
dispergo, -spersi, -spersus, -sper-
gere, [dis-spargo], 3. v. a., scatter,
disperse, separate,
disperse [old abl. of dispersus],
adv., in different places, separately,
dispertiS, -ivi, (-ii), -itus, -ire,
also dispertlor, as dep., [dia-par-
tio], 4. V. a. and dep., divide, dis-
tribute.
displiceS, -ul, -itus, -ere, [dia-
placeo], 2. y. n., displease, be ustscst-
isfactory, be disliked by,
dispute, -avi, -atus, -are, [dia-
puto], I. V. n. and a., discuss (cf
puto), argue.
Vocabulafy.
59
dUwSmlnS, -ivl, -atus, -are, [dia-
semino], i. v. a., scatter ^ sow widely ^
spread, disseminate,
disseii8i5, -onisy [dia-fsensio (cf.
dlBsentlo)], p., difference of opin-
ion, disagreetnent, dissension,
dlssentio, -sensi, •sensurus, •sen-
tire, [dia-sentio], 4. v. n., differ in
opinion, dissent, differ, be at vari-
ance,
dissideo, -sedi, no p.p., -sidere,
[dis-sedeo], 2. v. n., sit apart. —
Hence, disagree, have a dissension,
dissimills, -e, [dis-similis], adj.,
unlike, different, various.
disslmilitudo, -inis, [di8siinili+
tado], F., unlikeness, unlike nature,
different nature.
disslmulo, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis-
suniilo], I. V. a. and n., {pretend
something is not), conceal (what is),
dissemble, conceal the fact that, pre-
tend not to,
dissipo, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis-
fsnpo, throTv], I. V. a., scatter, dis-
perse, strew, spread abroad: dissi-
patos congreganmt (Jhe scattered
people'),
dissolOtio, -onis, [dis-solatio, cf.
dlssolvo], F., a dissolving, abolition.
dissolvS, -solvi, -solutus, -solvere,
[dis-solvo], 3. V. a., unloose, relax,
separate, — dissolutus, -a, -urn, p.p.
as adj., lax, unrestrained, arbitrary
(as unrestrained by considerations of
policy or mercy).
distineo, -tinui, -tentus, -tinere,
[dis-teneo], 2. v. a., keep apart, hold
asunder, keep from uniting, cut off
(in military sense), isolate, distract.
dlstraho, -traxi, -trictus, -tra-
here [dis-traho], 3. v. a., drag asun-
der, tear asunder, separate. — Hence,
distract, divide : distractae senten-
iifte {widely divergent).
dlstrlbtio, -bui, -butus, -buere,
[dis-tribuo], 3. v. a., assign (to sev-
eral), distribute, diviae,
dlstrini^S, -strinxi, -strictus, -strin-
gere, [dis-stringo], 3. v. a., stretch
apart, distract, engage, occupy,
disturbo, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis-
turbo], I. V. a., drive away in con-
fusion : contionem {break up),
ditissimus, -a, -um, superl. of
dives.
dlfl, [prob. ace. of stem akin to
dies], 2Ay.,for a time, a long time,
for some time, long: tam diu {so
long); quam din {how long, as
long)\ ^vAxoJi {any longer),
dliimus, -a, -um, [fdius- (akin to
diu and dies) ■\- nus], adj., of the
day, daily (as opposed to nightly) :
fur {by night),
dius [akin to divus], M., only in
nom. in phrase me dins fidius
{Heaven help me, as sure as 1
live J good heavens!).
diStumitfis, -tatis, [diatamo +
tas], v., length of time, long continu-
ance, length (in time).
diatiimus,-a,-um, [dia-f-tamas,
cf. hesternus], 2Ld].,long continued,
long {in time); minus diatuma vita
{shorter).
dlvello, -velli, -vulsus, -vellere,
[dis-vello], 3. v. a., tear apart, rend
asunder, tear (from).
dl versus, -a, -um, p.p. of dl-
verto.
diverto, -verti, -versus, -vertere,
[dis-verto], 3. v. a. and n., turn
aside (or apart), separate. — di ver-
sus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., sepa-
rate, distant, diverse, different, va-
rious.
dives, -itis; [?], adj., rich.
divido, -visi, -visus, -videre, [difi-
fvido, v^i>h( ?), cf. viduus], 3.v.a.,
6o
Vocabulary,
divide t separate y distribute. — divi-
8118, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., divided.
divuiitu8, [divino+tus, cf. cae-
Utus], 2Av.yfrom heaven^ divinely ^
providentially, by the gods.
divino, -a VI, -atus, -are, [divino-],
1. V. 2L.y prophesy, conjectureyforeseey
imagine (as likely to happen).
^villus, -a, -um, [div5- (as if
divi) + nas], adj., of the gods, di-
vine, providential, superhuman,
more than human, transcendent, god-
like: res divinae (religious institu-
tions).
divi8or, -sons, [dis-tvisor, cf.
divide], M., a distributer, a dis-
tributing agent, an agent (for bri-
bery).
divitiae, -arum, [divit -f la], F.
plur., wealth, riches.
1 . do, dedi, datus, dare, [ V^a, cf .
Uhwiii] , I . V. a., give, bestow, grant y
furnish, vouchsafe, present, offer:
excusationem (afford); cognito-
rem (furnish, bring forward) lite-
ras (write). — See also opera.
2. do [ Vdha, place, cf. r/^ij/u],
confounded with i. do, but appear-
ing in comp., place, put.
doceo, docui, doctus,docere,[unc.
, formation akin to dice and disco],
2. V. a., teach, show, inform, repre-
sent, state. — doctus, -a, -um, p.p.
as adj., learned, educated, cultivated,
skilful.
docilitas, -tatis, [docili -f tas], F.,
teachableness, aptness, capability (of
learning).
doctriDa, -ae, [doctor -f ina (cf .
medicina)], f., teaching, systematic
instruction, education, training,
study (changing the point of view),
learning.
documentum, -i, [docu- (.?) (as
stem of doceo) -f mentom], n., a
means of teaching, a proof a warn-
ing, an example,
Dolabella, -ae, [dolabra -f la,
''little hatchet''^, M. (orig. P.), a
Roman family name. — Esp. : i. Cn.
Dolabella, in command of Cilicia in
B.C. 8o, under whom Verres was
"legatus"; 2. P. Cornelius Dola-
bella, Cicero*s son-in-law, who was
Antony's colleague in the consul-
ship, B.C. 44.
doleo, dolui, doliturus, dolere,
[perh. dolO- (stem of dolus)], 2 v. n.,
feel pain, suffer. — Esp. mentally, be
pained, grieved.
dolor, -oris, [dol- (as root of
doleo) -f or], u.,pain (physical or
mental), suffering, distress, indigna-
tion, chagrin, vexation, sense of in'
jury : magno dolore ferre (be very
indignant, feel much chagrin); mag-
no esse dolori (to be a great annoy-
ance or sorrow) ; dolor et crepitus
plagarum (cries of pain, etc.).
domesticus, -a, -um, [domd- (as
if domes-, cf. modestus) -f ticus],
adj., (of the house), of one^s home,
one^s own, at home. — Hence, domes-
tic, internal, intestine, within the
state or city, private: dolor (per-
sonal) ; usus (at one's house).
domicliiuin, -1, [perh. domd -f
tciliam (fr. root of colo)], n., an
abode, a house, a dwelling-place, a
house (as a permanent home), a resi-
dence (in a legal sense) : imperi
(seat).
domina, -ae, [f. of dominus],
F., a mistress.
dominatio, -onis, [domina -ftio],
F., mastery, control, tyranny, power,
(illegal or abnormal).
dominor, -atus, -art, [domind-],
I. V. dep., be master, rule, lord it
over, tyrannize, dominate.
Vocabulary,
6i
domtnus, -i, [fdomd- {rMHng^ cf.
Gr. -So/ios) + nos], }A,^a masier^ an
owner : esse {have control),
Bbmltius, -i, [clomit6- (reduced)
+ ios], M., a Roman gentile name.
— Esp., Lucius DomiHus Ahenobar-
bus, consul in B.C. 54.
domitor, -toris, [domi- (as stem
of domo) + tor], m., a tamer, a
quelUr^
domS, 'Ui, •itnsy -are, [f domd-
(cf. dominns)], i.T.a., tame, quell,
subdue, master,
domus, -i (-us), [^toOM (buildV)
+ us (-OS and -us)], F., a house, a
home, a house {a family^ : domi {at
homey, domum {home, to one's home) ;
domo {Jrom home); domo exire
{go aivay, emigrate)*
dSnStio, -onis, [dona + tio], F.,
a gift, a donation, a giinng away,
d5no, -aviy -atus, -are, [dond-],
I. V. 2l,, present t give (as a gift). —
Also, honor with a gift, present (one
with a thing); civitate aliquem
donare {honor one with, etc., give
one the rights of citizenship),
donuin, -i, ['0>A+nus], N., a
gift,
dormlo, -Ivi (-ii), -itum (supine),
[prob. from noun stem], 4. v. n.
sleep,
Drilsus, -i, [?], M., a Roman
family name.— Esp., M, Livius Dru-
sus, tribune B.c. 91, who attempted
some reform in favor of the ItaUans.
He was assassinated by his oppo-
nents.
dubitfitiS, -onis, [dubita- (stem
of dtibito) + tio], F., doubt, hesita-*
Hon, question,
dubitS, -avi, -aturus, -are, [fdu-
bit6- (partic. of lost verb dubo?, cf.
dnbius)], i.v.n., doubt, have doubt,
be in doubt, ft el doubtful, — Also (ab-
solutely, or with inf., rarely quin),
hesitate, feci hesitation, vacillate,
dubius, -a, -um, [fdubd- (du5 +
bus, cf. superbus and dublto) +
ins], adj., doubtful: est dubium
{there is doubt, it is doubtful),
ducenti, -ae, -a, [du6-centi (plor.
of centum)], adj., two hundred,
dfico, duxi, ductus, ducere, [ y/T>\3C
(in dux)], 3. V. a., lead, draw, bring
(of living things), conduct, drag, —
Esp. of a general, lead, march, —
With (or without) in matrimo*
nium, marry (of the man). ^ Fig.,
prolong, drag out, attract, — As mer-
cantile word, and so fig., reckon, con-
sider, regard: rationem {take ac'
count, also in fig. sense) ; spiritum
{draw breath) ; causa ducitur
{springs); pueros {have with one);
parietem {make, carry , run).
ductus, -tus, [v'i>uc+ tus], M.,
lead, command: suo ductu {in cut-
ual command, opposed to acting by
a subordinate).
dQdum, see Jamdudum.
duint, see do.
dulcedS, -dinis, [duld + edo]»
p., sweetness, charm,
dulcis, -e, [?], adj., sioeei (also
fig.) : aqua {fresh),
dum [pron. v^A, prob. ace, cf.
turn], conj. (orig. adv.]^ at that time,
— Also, while, so long tf^.— Hence,
////, until: dummodo, or separate
{only so long, provided), — With
negatives, ^^/, as yet: tam diu dum
{so long as),
dummodS, see dum.
dumtaxat [dum taxat], adv.,
onfyt merely y at any rcUe,
du$, -ae, -o, [dual, of stem fdvd^
cf. bis], adj., two,
dnodecim [duo-decem], inded.
adj., twelve.
62
Vocabulary.
duodeclmus, -a, -111x1, [dao-de-
cimiui], adj., twelfth,
duplico, -avi, -atus, -are, [daplic-],
I. V. a., double, increase twofold,
dure [old abl. of dunis], adv.,
hardly, harshly*
dSriis, -a, -um, [?], adj., Ajr</. —
Fig., hard, severe, difficult, harsh^
rough.
duumvirStus, -tus, [daiimyir+
atus, cf. senatus], M., the office of
duumvir (a magistrate of provincial
towns corresponding to the consuls).
dux, ducis, [^DUC as stem], m.
and F., a leader, a guide, a com-
mander: Pompeio duce {under the
command of, etc.); ducibus dis
{under the guidance of, etc.).
@, see ex.
efi [instr. or abl. of is], adv., this
way, that way, thus, there,
ebriosus, -a, -um, [ebriS+osua],
adj., given to drinking, a toper.
ebrius, -a, -um, [?], adj., drunk.
ebur, -oris, [prob. Phoenician?],
N., ivory,
ecce, [en-ce, cf. hie], inter)., /?,
behold,
ecf*, see eff-.
ecquls (-qui), -qua, -quid (-quod),
[en-quis], interrog. pron., is (does,
etc.) any one / any (in an interrog.
sentence). — Esp., ecquld, n. ace,
as adv., at all,
eculeus (equu-), -i, [equo-l-leus],
M., a little horse, — Esp., as an in-
strument of torture, the horse.
§dlc8^ -c&n, -dictus, -dicere, [ex-
dico], 3. V. a., issue an edict, pro*
claim, order.
Sdictum, -i, [n. p.p. of edico],
N., an edict, an order, a proclama*
tion: edictnm praetoris {an order
of court, an execution^.
Sdo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [ex-do],
3. V. a., put forth, give forth, pub*
lish, — Also, raise up, — editas, -a,
-um, p.p. as adj., elevated, raised,
high, lofty^
Sdoceo, -docui, -doctus, -docere^
[ex-doceo], 2. v. a., show forth, ex-
plain, inform.
educ&tio,-onis, [ednca-f-tio], f.,
rearing, training, education,
educo, -avi, -atus, -are [feduo-
(cf. redux)], i. v. a., rear, train,
bring up,
edac$, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere,
[ex-duco], 3. v. a., lead out, lead
forth, draw (a sword), bring out,
march out (an army), take out,
efPSmino (ecf-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[ex-ffemino, or perhaps feffemind-
(or-i),in either case from femiiia].
I. V. a., make into a woman, — Less
exactly, {make like a woman), ener»
vote, weaken, — effeminStus, -a,
-um, p.p. as adj., effeminate, uH'
manly.
effero (ecf-), extuli, elatus, ef-
ferre, [ex-fero], irr. v. a., carry out,
bring out, carry cnvay, — Less ex-
actly and fig.,, spread abroad, make
known, publish abroad, puff up, elate
(cf. Eng. "carried away**). — Also
(cf. edo), raise up, extol, praise,
efflclS (ecf-), -feci, -fectus, -ficere,
[ex-facio], 3. v. a., make out, make,
enable, accomplish, cause, produce,
cause to be, make into, make out,
bring about. — Esp. with Qt or ne,
bring it about that, cause {to be, or
not to be), make (a thing to be, etc.).
effigies (ecf-), -ei, [ex-ffigiea
(^iGH-ies)], F., an image, a statue,
a portrait, a representation, a coum-
terfeit presentment.
Vocabulary,
63
effingS (ecf-), -fiiud, •fictns, -fin-
gere, [ex-fingo], 3. v. a., wipt up^
mould, form,
efflSglto (ecf-), -av!, -atus, -are,
[ex-flagito], i. v. a., demand ear*
fusiiy, clamor for f imporiunalely de-
mand,
efflo (ecf-), -flavi, -flatus, -flare,
[ex-flo], I. V. a. and n., blow out,
breathe forth : animam ^SAKDal^dravh
ing the last breathy breathing one's
last).
effirSnlite [old abl. of effirena-
tus], adv., without restraint,
eifirSnatid (ecf-), -onis, [effirena
-I- tic], F., unbridled impulse,
effirenS (ecf-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[effiren5-J, i. v. a., unbridle, let loose.
— Esp., effirSnfitus, -a, -um, p.p. as
adj., unbridled, unrestrained,
efltagio (ecf-) -fugi, -fugitttrus,-fa-
gere, [ex-fagio], 3. v. a. and n., es-
cape^ flee (absolutely), fly from, get
rid oft avoid,
efltagiuni (ecf-), -!, [ex-ffaginm,
cf. efltagio and refuglum], n., a
way of escape, an escape,
elAuido (ecf-), -fudi, -fiisus, -fun*
dere [ex-fimdo], 3. v. a., pour out^
ihed: gpiritom (breathe out),
elI08S(ecf-) [old abL of eflkisiis],
^Ay,^ profusely,
%gjkOA, pres. p. of egeo.
egeo, egui, no p.p., egere, [fegd-
(cf. Indigus)], 2. V. n., want, need,
lack^ be in want, — egSns, -entis,
pres. p. as adj., needy, destitute^ beg-
garly,
egCBtfis, *tatb, [nnc. stem (perh.
egent-) + tas], f., poiTerty, destitu-
tion, toant, need,
^gS, mei, [cf. Eng. /], pron., /
(me, etc.). — egomet, see -met. —
Plor., no8, wif usp etc — Often of
one person, /.
^gredlor, •greams, •gre^ [ex*
gradior], 3. v. dep., march out, go
out, move beyond,
egreglS [old abL of egregius],
adv., remarkcdfly, finely, extremely
well,
Sgreglus, -a, -um, [fegrege- (cf.
exlex) + ius], adj., out of the com-
man, remarkable, superior, excel'
lent, uncommon, special, hoble, very
fine,
elcl$, -jeci, -jectus, -icere, [ex-
jacio], 3. V. a., cast out, drive out,
expel, cast up (cf. edo). — With re-
flex., rush out, rush, hasten away, —
Fig., disperse, oust, turn out, —
ejectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., cast up
on shore, cast away, shipwrecked,
SJectus, -a, -um, p.p. of eiclo.
SJlciS, see elcio.
SJiismodi (often written sepa-
rately) [eiua modi], as adj. phrase,
of this kind, of such a kind, such, of
a kind, of such a nature, in such a
staU,
SlSbor, -lapsus, -labi, [ex-labor],
3. V. dep., slip out, escape, slip,
SlabOro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-
laboro], i. v. a. and n., accomplish
by toil, work out, effect, strive dili"
gently, spend one's efforts elab9-
rStus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., wrought
out, highly wrought,
Slegftns, -antis, [pres. p. of fele-
go (cf. relego)], 2ud^y, fastidious,
choice, dainty, nice, — Transf.,^«^>
choice, elegant.
elephantus, -1, [Gr. ace. M^vra,
declined], M., an elephant,
Slioio, -licui, -licitus, -licere, [ex-
lado], 3. V. a., entice out, draw out,
SUg^, -legi, -lectus, -ligere, [ex-
leg6], 3. V. a., pick out, select, choose,
— SlSctus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj^
picked (troops).
64
Vocaiulafy.
Cloquentia, -ae, [eloqiient+ia]>
p., eloquence.
eiad§, -lusi, -lusus» -ludere, [ex-
Iwlo], 3. V. a. and Vi.^play out, end
(one's play).— Also *' play off;' parry
(a thrust), avoid, elude, — Fig., mock,
befool, fool, deceive, make sport of,
baffle, — Absolutely, //(ly one's game
freely (dodging all opposition).
eluo, -lui, -lutus, -lucre, [ex-luo],
3.v.a., wash away, wash out, wash off,
SmSno, -avi, -atiirus, -are, [ex-
mano], i. v. n., flow out. — Fig.,
spread abroad, leak out, get abroad,
Smentior, -itus, -iri, [ex-men-
tior], 4. V. dep., get up a falsehood,
forge a He,
emergOy-mersi, -mersus,-mergere,
[ex-mergo], 3. v. a. and n., rise
(Jrom under water"), — Fig. (of
analogous situations), rise^ come out
of, emerge,get one's head above water,
— emersus, -a, -um, p.p. in act.
sense, emerging, having emerged,
emigro, -avi, -atiirus, -are, [ex-
migro], I. V. n., remove (perma-
nently), ^<wi^/'«/^. — Withdomo (in
same sense).
Smlneo, -nui, no p.p., -nere, [ex-
mineo], 2. v. n., stand out, projects
— Fig., radiate (from), appear (in) ;
ex ore cmdelitag (cf. the vulgar
* stick out")*
Smitto, -mis!, -missus, -mittere,
[ex-mitto], 3. v. a,, let go , drop,
send out, throw, hurl, discharge, —
Pass., or with reflex., rt^h out: ex
nrbe vel cjecimus (jxpel, as by
force) ; vel emisimus (send out, as
by a mere order).
eiii5, emi emptus, emere,[<^/&M?,
orig., take^ 3. V. a., (Jake, only in
compounds). — Esp., buy (cf. Eng.
tell, orig. give), purchase: interoee-
sio empta (bribed^*
SmolumeBtum, -!, [ex-moli-
mentam, cf. emolior?], N., gain,
advantage,
Smorlor, -mori, (-moriri), -mor-
tuus, [ex-morior], 3. (cf.inf.) v. dep.,
die off, die,
emptlo, -onis, [-v^M + tio], F.,
a buying, a purchase, {buyer.
emptor, -toris, [Y^EM+tor], M., a
enarro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-nar-
ro], I. V. a., tell, relate, recount.
enim [prob. e (in en, ecce) +
nam], adv., really. — Esp., as cx-
planatory,y2^, but, now : neque enim
(Jbr of course , . . not) ; at enim
(but you say, of an objection) ; ei
enim (Jbr , , .you see, for naturally ^
for you know).
Snitor, -nisus (-nixus), -nitl, [ex-
i^^r]» 3- V. dep., struggle out (or
up), struggle, strive, exert on^s self
Enniiip, -!»[?], m., a Roman gen-
tile name. —Only of Q. £nnius,ihc
father of Roman poetry, bom B.C.
240.
enumero, -avi, -atus, -ire, [ex-
numero], i. v. a., count up,
eo, ivi (u), itum, ire, [ V'» ^^- Gr.
flfu, for AYAMi], Irr. v. n., go, pass,
march: ad saga ire (put on the
garb of war, cf. "go into mourn-
ing").
eO [old dat of is], adv., thither,
there (in sense of thither), — Often
translated by more def. expressions
in Eng., to the place (where, etc.),
on them (it, him, etc.).
eO (abl.), see is.
e5dem [old dat of idem, cf. eo,
thither^, adv., to the same place, in
the same place (cf. eo), there also :
eodem coTLYeTdre(tothesameplace) ;
eodem penetrare (there also).
Epliesiiis, -a, -am, [*Ef^0^<ot],
adj., of Epkisus (a famous city of
Vocabulary.
65
Asia Minor, famous for its temple of
Artemis (Diana)). — Masc. plur., the
£pAesians,
epigramma, -atis, [iitlypaiitia],
N.y an epigram,
epistula (epistola), -ae, [^irto--
ToA'J)], F., a letter,
epulor, -atus, -arl, [epulo-], i. v.
de^., feast, hanquet, revel,
cpulum, -i (-ae, -arum), [?], N.
and F., afeastf a banquet,
eques, -itis, [equo + tis (re-
duced)], M., a horseman, a rider, —
riur., cavalry, — Esp. (as orig. serv-
ing on horseback), a knight (one of
the moneyed class at Rome, next in
rank to the senate).
cquester, -tris, -tre, [equit+tris],
adj., of knights, of cavalry, equestrian.
equldem [e (in en, ecce) -qui-
dem], adv., (particle of assevera-
tion), surely, at least, to be sure. —
Often untranslatable in Eng. except
by emphasis, change of order of
words, or some similar device. —
Usually only with the first person, /
for my part, /certainly: dixi eqni-
dem modo (why I I said just now) ;
laudabam equidem {/praised to be
sure),
equltatus, -tus, [equita+tua],
M., cavalry, horse (troops serving on
horseback).
equlto, -avi, -atum, -are, [equiir],
I. v. n., ride, serve in the cavalry,
equus, -i, [-y/^^^ + ^^^^^* swifll,
M., a horse,
ergS [prob. instr. of same stem
as ergo], prep., towards (of feeling
and conduct), in behalf of : benevo-
lentia erga aliqaem.
ergo (-d rarely) [unc. form, perh.
dat., cf. erga], adv. with gen., for
the sake of — Alone, therefore, then,
SllgS, -rod, -rectus, -rigere, [ex-
rego], 3. V. a., set up straight (cf.
rego), raise up. — Fig., rouse up, re-
store, — With reflex., get up. — erec-
tu8, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., high, high
and straight, roused,
erlpio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere, [ex-
rapio], 3. v. a., snatch away, tear,
wrest (a thing from), deprive (one
of a thing, changing the relation in
Eng.), relieve, rescue, save, extort,
rob, take from : ereptam vitam ne-
[jligetis (Jhe taking of life) ; pudi-
citiam (violate); se eripere ne, etc.
(^save one^s self from, etc.).
erratum, -i, [n. p.p. of erro] , N.,
an error, a mistake,
erro, -avi, -aturus, -are, [ ?], i. v. n.,
wander, go astray, err, be mistaken,
make a mistake,
error, -oris, [ferr- (as if root of
erro) + or], m., an error, a mistake,
Eroclus, -i, [eruca(?) + ius],
M., a Roman gentile name. — Only of
the prosecutor against Sex. Roscius.
eructo, -avi, -atus, -are, [e-ructo],
I. V. a., belch forth (lit. and fig.).
Srudio, -ivi (-ii), -Itus, -ire, [ex-
rudio (mdi-, from training in fen-
cing, cf. rudlmentum)], 4. v. a.j
train, instruct, educate. — eruditus,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., learned, highly
educated : homo (man of learning),
erumpo, -rupi, -ruptus, -rumpere,
[ex-rumpo], 3. v. a. and n., burst
out, sally out, make a sally, break
forth (with violence), break out (of
unexpected events),
escendo, -scendi, -scensus, -scen-
dere, [ex-scando], 3. v. n. (and a.),
climb up, ascend, go up,
et [akin to Gr. ^t*], conj., and,
even, also: et. . . et (both , , , and).
etenim, see enlm.
etiam [et jam], conj., even now,
still, even yet, even, also : qoin etiam
66
Vocabulary.
\tiay^ even); etiam atque eiaaia
{again and again) ; etiam si (^even
t/, altkougK),
etiam si, see ettain.
EtrSria, -ae, [tEtnia + ia (cf.
Etruscus)], F., the country of cen-
tral Italy north of the Tiber and west
of the Apennines.
Etruscus, -a, -urn, [fEtms+cus
(cf. Etruria)], adj., of Etruria,
Etruscan, Etrurian, — Masc. plur.,
Etruscans.
etsi [et si], conj., even if, al-
though, thou^,
evSdS, -vasi, -vasiirus, -vadere,
[ex-vado], 3. v, n., escape, get away.
evello, -vein (-vulsi),-vulsus, -vel-
lere, [ex-vello], 3. v. a., tear out,
eventus, -tus, [cf. evenio], m.,
an event, an accident,
eversor, -soris, [ex-versor, cf.
everto], M., an over turner.
Sverto, -verti, -versus, -vertere,
[ex-verto], 3. v. a., overturn, over-
throw, utterly destroy, cut down,
cvocfttor, -toris, [ex-vocator, cf.
evoco], M., one who calls forth, a
rallier (servoniin).
evoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-vooo],
I. V. a., call out, call forth, summon,
challenge, carry away, invite. — e vo-
cfitus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj. and
subst., veteran (of soldiers who have
served their time and are only called
out in emergencies), veterans (al-
most equal volunteers),
evolo, -avi, -aturus, -are, [ex-
volo], I. V. H'tfly out, rush out,
evomo, -ul, -itus, -ere, [ex-vomo],
3. V. a., vomit out, vent, throw off,
throw out.
ex (5) [?], adv. (in comp.) and
prep., out of (cf. ab, away from),
out. — Less exactly, frotn (lit. and
^'g)» ^(madc of) : ex alacri erat
htunilifl {Jrom being, etc.).— Hence,
after. — Also, on account of, by
means of, in pursuance of in ac»
cordance with, according to. — Also^
abcme (raised from). — Also (cf. ab),
in, on : nna ex parte {on one side) ;
e re publica (^for the advantage of
the state)', ex caede vivunt (on,
upon)\ ex aliqaa parte (Jn some
measure).
exaggero, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex«
aggeroj, i. v. a., heap up, enlarge.
examino, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-
amin- (stem of examen, tongue of
the balance)'], I. v. a., weigh.
exanimo, -avi, -atus, -are, i.v.a.,
deprive of breath (life), kill. — Less
exactly, half kill, prostrate (with
grief, etc.). — exanimStas, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., out of breath, exhausted,
half dead (with fright, etc.), over*
whelmed.
exardesco, -arsi, no p.p. -arde-
scere, [ex-ardesco], 3. v. n., blaze
up, — Fig., become enraged, become
excited, burst forth,
exaudio, -ivi, -itus, -ire, [ex-
audio], 4. v. a., hear (from a dis-
tance), overhear.
excSdo, -c&si, -cessiirus, -cedere,
[ex-cedo], 3. v. n., go out, leave
(with abl.), withdraw, retire, depart:
ex pneris (outgrow one*s boyhood).
excellSns, see excello.
excello, (-cellui), -celsus, -cel-
lere, [ex-fcello], 3. v. a. and n., raise.
— Also, rise, be superior, excel, —
exceUens, -entis, pres. p. as adj.,
superior, prominent, remarkable. —
excelsus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., high,
elevated, lofty, commanding: in ex*
celso (in a lofty position, high up).
exddS, -cidi, no p.p., -cidere, [ex-
c»do], 3. v. Ti., fall out, fall
excidS, -ddi, -dsos, -ddcrc, [ex-
\
Vocabulary,
67
caedo], 3. v. a., cut out, cut off, break
dowHy raze,
excipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere,
[ex-capio], 3. v. 2i.,take off, take up,
pick up, receive, catch, take in, —
Hence, /ot/ow, come after, come next,
— Also, take out, reserve, except,
exclto, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-cito,
cf. excieo], i. v. a., call out, rouse,
stimulatCy induce. — Also, call up
(esp. from the dead), raise, stir up,
kindle, set in motion.
exclamOy -avis, -atus, -are, [ex-
clamol, I. V. a. and n., cry out,
exclndo, -clusi, -clusus, -cludere,
[ex-clando], 3. v. a., shut out, cut
off (ixom doing a i)n\Tig) , prevent,
excoglto, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-
oogito], I. V. a., think out, demse,
invent,
excolo, -colui, -cultus, -colere,
[ex-colo], 3. V. a., cultivate (to some
effect), train,
excrucio, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-
crucio], I. V. a., torture, torment,
excnbiae, -arum, [fexcubdH-ia],
F. plur., a watch, sentinels, watch-
men, pickets,
excursio, -onis, [ex-cursio, cf.
exciUTo], F., a sally, a raid, an in-
cursion.
excOsfitio, -onis, [ex-toausatio,
cf. excuso], F., an excuse,
excoso, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-
f cause], I. V. a. and Ti.,give as an
excuse, make an excuse, excuse one^s
self, — Also (with change of relation),
excuse, exculpate,
exemplum, -i, [ex-fempliim,
<y^M (in emo) + las (cf. queru-
lus), with parasitic p], N., {some-
thing taken out), a sample, a copy, a
specimen, a precedent, an example,
an illustration: crudelissimis ex-
emplis (m the most cruel manner).
exe8, -ivi (-11), -itnm, -ire, [ex-eo],
irr. V. m,,go forth, go out, emigrate,
march out, remove, depart, come out,
get abroad, be drawn (of lots).
exerced, -ercui, -ercitus, -ercere,
[ex-arceo], 2. v. a., train, practise,
exercise, harass, fatigue : yectigalia
{collect)', yx^QAJon. {preside over),
exercitStio, -onis, [exercita-
(stem of exercito^ + tic], f., prac-
tice, exercise, training: virtutis
{opportunity for the practice of, etc.).
exercito, -avi, -atus, -are, [exer-
cit5-, cf. exerceo], i. v. a., train,
practise, — exercltStus, -a, -urn,
p.p. as adj., trained, — Superl., very
well trained,
exercltus, -tus, [as if ex-farcitus,
cf. exerceo], M., {a training), —
Concretely, {a body trained or in
training), an army (large or small,
acting independently), a force,
exhaurid, -hausi, -haustus, -hau-
rire, [ex-hanrio], 4. v. a., drain off,
— Less exactly, carry off, get rid of
exhibeo, -hibui, •hibitus, -hibere,
[ex-habeo], 2. v. a., hold out, show,
exhibit,
exigo, -egi, -actus, -igere, [ex-
ago], 3.v.a., {lead out), pass, spend,
finish, complete, — Also, collect, exact.
— Esp., exacta vigilia, eic, {at the
end of),
exlg^uus, -a, -um, [ex-fagnns
{^/AG + uus), cf. exigo], adj.,
{exact 1), narrow, scanty, small,
meagre,
exlmlS [old abl. of eximlus],
adv., especially, peculiarly, particu-
larly,
eximlus, -a, -um, [ex-femias
(^M -h ins), cf. eximo], adj.,
{taken out), exceptional^ remarkable,
very high, very great, most admirable,
very valuable.
68
Vocabulary.
eximo, -emi, -emptus, -imere, [ex-
emo], 3. V. a., take out (off), take off,
existimatioy -5nis, [ex-aestima-
tio, cf. existimo], f., estimate^ opin
ion, public opinion, less exactly, ex-
pectation.— From the other side,
reputation, repute.
existlmator, -toris, [ex-aestima-
tor, cf. existimo], m., an appraiser,
a judge: injustas existimator re-
rum (unjust in his opinion 0/ affairs),
existimo, -avi, -atus, 2re, [ex-
aestimo], i. v. a. and n., estimate,
believe, think, suppose, imagine, re-
gard, esteem, deem, judge: male,
think ill of, have a poor opinion of,
exltiosus, -a, -um, [exitid+osus],
adj., destructive, ruinous, pernicious.
exltium, -i, [exitu + ium, perh.
ex + titium (cf. officlum)], n., ex-
tinction, destruction, ruin, mischief.
exitus, -tus, [ex-itus, cf. exeo],
M., {a going out), a passage (out,
concretely). — Hence, an end, the
last part : quem habere exitum
{what is the result of, etc.). — Fig.,
a result, a turn (of fortune), an
issue, an event,
exolStus, -a, -um, [p.p. of exo-
lesco, as adj.], adult, — As subst., a
creature of lust,
exoi^, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-
opto], I. V. a., desire earnestly, long
for.
exorior, -ortus, -oriri, [ex-orior],
3. (and 4/) V. dep., rise up.
exomo, -avi, -atus, -are,[ex-omo],
I. V. a., array, adorn, fit out, embeU
Hsh.
exOro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-oro],
I. V. a. and n., entreat (and prevail).
exorsus, -sus, [ex-forsus, cf.
exordior], m., a beginning.
expects and compottnds of ox
with 8-, see
expedio, -ivi, -itns, -ire, [prob.
texpedi- (stem of adj. from ex-pes)J,
4. V. a. and n., disentangle, disen-
cumber, set free (cf. Impedio). —
Less exactly and fig., set in order,
get ready, arrange, station (of
troops): salutem (secure). — Also,
be of advantage. — expeditus, -a,
-um, p.p. as adj., unincumbered, easy
(iter), not difficult, quick, active,
expello, -pull, -pulsus, .-pellere,
[ex-pello], 3. V. a., drive out, ban-
ish, expel.
experior, -pertus, -periri, [ex-
tperior, pass, of poiio, cf. oppe-
riop], 4. V. dep., {get for one's selfl),
experience, try, find {by experience),
expers, -pertis, [ex-pars], adj.,
without a share, without, destitute:
sensus {out of sympathy with),
expeto, -ivi (-ii), -Ttus, -ere, [ex-
peto], 3. V. a., seek for, desire, ear^
nestly ask for, try to secure: poenas
{inflict).^
expilo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-pilo],
I. v. a., rob. — Also, plunder, steal.
expio, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-pio],
i.v.a., purify, expiate, — Transferred
to the signs of divine wrath, expiate,
ezpleSy -plevi, -pletus, -plere, [«x-
pleo], 2. V. a.,/// out,fiU up, maki
upt satisfy ^ satiate, fiU the measure
of-
expUco, -ui (-avi), -itus (-atus),
-are, [ex-plico], i. v. a., unfold, set
forth. — Also (unfold something out
of entanglement), disentangle, set
free. — So esp. in argument.
explSrS, -av!, -atus, -are, [ex-
plore, prob. search by calling or
crying], I. v. a., investigate, explore,
search, examine, reconnoitre, — ex-
plOrtttus, -a, -um, p.p., assured^
certain.
ttKpOnS, -posui, -positusi -pone re,
Vocabulary.
69
[ez-pono], 3. V. a., place out^ set
oui: exercitum {disembark, also
draw up, array), — Fig., set forth
(in speech), expose,
exporto, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-
port©], I. V. a., earry out, carry
away, export,
exposco, -poposci, no p.p., -pos-
cere, [ex-posco], 3. v. a., demand
(with eagerness).
exprimo, -pressi, -pressus, -pri-
mere, [ex-premo], 3. v. 2^.^ press out,
force out, elicit, get out (of anything) .
— Hence, represent: vestigia ex-
pressa (well marked),
expromo, -prompsf, -promptus,
-promere, [ex-promo], 3. v. a., deal
out, bring out, display,
expugnStio, -onis, [ex-pug^na-
tio, cf. expugno], f., a storming
(of a city), taking (of a city by
storm).
expugno, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-
pugno], I. V. a., take (by storm),
capture (by storming a city, also fig.).
exquiro, -sivi, -situs, -rere, [ex-
quaero], 3. v. a., search out,
exsanguis, -e, [ex-sangui8],adj.,
(with the blood out), bloodless, nerve-
less, feeble, lifeless,
exsclndo, -scidi, -scissus, -scin-
dere, [ex-scindo], 3. v. a., cut down,
tear down, break down, destroy, over-
throw,
exsecrfitio, -onis, [ex-sacratio],
F., a curse, an oath (ratified by an
imprecation), an imprecation,
exseqtdae, •anmi, [fexsequS +
ia, cf. pedlsequuB], f. plur., {afol*
lowing out), — Esp. to the grave, a
funeral, funeral rites,
ex8lll5, -silui, no p.p., -silire, [ex-
salio], 4. V. n., spring up, jump up,
e^rsllluTn (^dl-), -{. [exsul +
ium], N., exile.
exslstS, -stiti, -stiturus (?), -sis-
tere, [ex-aisto], 3. v. n., stand out^
rise up, come out, ensue, break out,
grow out, arise, come forward, shoio
itself, be shown, appear, be performed
(perpetrated, committed), turn out,
be the result, be, exist,
exsolvo, -solvi, -soliitus, -solvere,
[ex-solvo], 3. V. a., unloose, acquit,
exspectatio (exp-), -onis, [ex-
spectatio, cf. expecto], f., a wait-
ingfor, expectation, anticipation,
exspectS (exp-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[ex-specto], l. v. a. and n., look out
for, wait for, wait, wait to see (si,
whether, etc.), expect, anticipate, be
in expectation,
exspoUo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-
spolio], I. v. a., strip off, — Also,
strip of (cf. despolio). — Fig., dc
prive, rob (of, abl.),
exstinctor (extinc-),-toris, [ex-
stinctor, cf. exstinguo], m., a de-
stroyer, a suj^resser,
exstinguo (ext-), -stinxi, -stinc-
tus, -stinguere, [ex-8tingao],3.v.a.,
(punch out, as a fire in the woods?),
extinguish (lit. and fig.), destroy, put
an end to, stamp out, blot out,
exsto, -stiti, -statiirus (?), -stare,
[ex-sto], I. v. n., stand out, be pre-
served.
exstructio, -onis, [ex-structio, cf.
exstruo], F., a building up, a struc-
ture,
exstruo, -struxi, -structus, -stru-
ere, [ex-struo], 3. v. a., heap up,
build up, pile up, construct, erect,
exsul (exul), -ulis, [ex-v/SAL
(of salio, cf. praesul) as stem, with
some lost connection of meaning, cf.
consul], c, an exile,
exsulo (exulS), -avi, no p.p.,
-are, [exsul], i. v. n., be an exile, be
in exile.
70
Vocabulary.
exsnltS (exult-), -avi, no (>.p.,
-are, [ez-salto, cf. exsilio], i. v. n.,
{dance with joy^ as in a war dance
trampling on a prostrate foe, cf. Mil.
21 ), exult f rejoice,
extenuo, -avi, -atos, -are, [ez-
tenao], i. v. a., exienuatCy dispar^
age, diminish, belittle.
exter, -tera, •terum, [ex+tems
(reduced)], adj., outer, outside, for-
eign.— extremus, -a, -um, superl.,
farthest, extreme, last: in extrema
oratione {at the end of, etc., and
often in this sense) ; ad exiremam
(Jill the last, at last, finally) ; in ex-
terna India {in farthest India) ;
in extremis atqne altimia genti-
bus {farthest in distance, and last in
reckoning); extremum sommmn-
que suppliciani {the utmost and
most extreme severity of punishment)',
fait illnd extremmn {the last thing
to be thought of) ; oomites {farthest
behind).
extermino, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-
termind-], i. v. a., drive beyond the
bounds, banish, get out of the way,
expel, drive into exile.
extemus, -a, •urn, [exter- (as
stem of exter) + nua], adj., outside,
external, foreign, abroad.
extimesco, -timui, no p.p., -time-
scere, [ex-timesco], 3. v. a., dread,
fear: vnltn {show terror).
extoUo,-tollere, [ex-toUo], 3.v.a.,
raise up.
extorqueo, -torsi, -tortus, -tor-
quere, [ex-torqneo], 2. v. a., wrench
from, wrest from, force from.
extrfi [abl. or instr. (?) of exter,
cf. supra], adv. and prep., outside,
out of, outside of
extraho, -traxi, -tractus, -trahere,
fex-traho], 3. v. a., drag out, draru
out, draw (from).
ezaS, .Hi, -iitas, -aere, [ez-fno
(of one. meaning, cf. induo)], 3.v.a.,
throw offi strip off, cast aside.
exorS, -ussi, -ustus, •iirere, [ex-
lUfO], 3. V. a., burn up, burn down,
bum to the ground.
exuviae, -arum, [exa5- (cf. exuo)
+ ia], F. plur., spoils, cast-off clothes,
trophies (as beaks of ships stripped
off).
F.
Fablfinus, -a, -am, [Fabio -t-
anns], adj., of Fabius. — £sp., for-
nix Fabianos {the arch of Fabius,
which stood at the easterly end of
the Forum).
Fabricius, -1, [ffabricd -(- ins],
M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp.,
Q. Fabricius, a tribune of the peo-
ple the year of Qcero's recalL
fSbula, -ae, [fa (as stem of for)
+ bnla (f. of bolmn)], f., a myth,
a story, a play.
fAcStS [old abl. of facetus], adv.,
vnttily, facetiously, humorously, cun-
ningly, neatly.
facills, -e, [ffacd- (cf. benefi-
cus)+li8], adj., easy (to do, cf.
habilis), convenient, without diffi-
culty, easy (generally). — facile, N.
as adv., easily, conveniently, without
difficulty, plainly, readily: facile
primns {without question, etc.).
liAcilltSs, -tatis, [facili-l-tas], f.,
facility^ ease, easy manners, cour^
tesy.
fjEustnorOsuB, -a, -nm, [fadnor-t-
osns], adj., criminal.
facinns, -oris, [ffacin- (as if root
of t&clno, longer form of CacIo,
cf. prodino) -t- us], n., a deed (of
any kind), an action. — Esp. (as in
English), a deed (of crime), a mis-
deed, a crime, guilt (referring to
Vocabulary.
71
some particular act), criminal con'
duct: aliad {degree of guiU),
facio, feci, factus, facere, [y'FAC
(DHA+ k) + io (va)], irr. v. a. and
n., make, do, act, commit, — Used in
a great variety of senses, as in Eng.,
and in many where we use a more
special word: insidiui {f(^y)\ con-
snlem {elect) \ verbiim {speak, ut-
'^Oj gratulationem {offer) \ vota
{offer)*, lados {celebrate^ hold);
mana factus {wrought, etc.); ita
facias {formed, fashioned, of such a
character) ; somptum {incur) ; ju-
dicia {hold, as trials or courts, ex»
press, give, render, as decisions);
aactoritatem {give); fidem {pro-
duce, gain) ; potestatem (give, of-
fer); reliqaom facere {leave);
proelium {^ht) ; missa facere {let
go); comitia {hold); strepitom
{raise). — Esp with clause of result,
cause (to), do (omitting in Eng. the
connective that, and expressing the
thing done in the indicative), see to
it that, take care that, — So: facit
ut videamini {makes you appear) ;
facie ut deferrem {allorio myself to,
etc.); fac veniat {let, etc.). — So in
pass., be done, be caused, happen, re*
suit, ensue, occur, turn out, be, be-
come : aliquid atrocitatis ^eTi{some
atrocity be committed) ; fit obviam
{come to meet, meet, happen to meet) ;
si quid eo factom esset {if any-
thing should happen to, etc.); ut fit
{as usually happens); fit dominus
{makes himself master), — Often
with two aces, (or with adj. corre-
sponding to second ace), make, ren-
der. — factum, -i, N. of p.p., half
noun and half participle, and to be
translated by eiUier, act, thing done,
action, etc — fi§, fieri, as passive
in all senses.
factum, see facto.
fSacultas, -tatis, [facul (for faoili,
cf. simul) + tas], F, ease, facility.
— So, chance, power, opportunity,
privilege: facultas ingeni {intel-
lectual power, form of genius); ora-
tio et £Ehcaltas {power of oratory);
manendi nulla facoltas {no possi-
bility),
faenerStor (fSn-), -toris, [fae-
nera + tor], m., a usurer.
Faesulae, -arum, [prob. Etrusc.,
though the form is Roman], F. plur.,
an old Etruscan city north of the
Amo, colonized by Sulla {Fiesole),
Faesulanus, -a, -um, [Faesala+
nus], adj., of Fiesole,
fSalcfirius, -a, -um, [falc+ arias],
adj., belonging to a scythe or sickle. —
Masc., a scythemaker : inter falca-
rios {in the scythemakers* quarter,
cutlers' street).
Falcidius, -i, [ ?, tfalcid5-(falc+
das) + ias], m., a Roman gentile
name. — Only, C. Falcidius, a trib-
une of the people.
fallax, -acis, [fall- (as if root of
fallo) + ax], adj., deceitful, treach-
erous, fallacious.
fallo, fefelll, falsus, fallere,
[? SPHAL, trip up], 3. V. a. and n.,
deceive, escape {one's notice), disap-
point . num me fefellit {was I mis-
taken in, etc., and often in that
sense). — falsus, -a, -um, p.p., ck-
ceived, — Also (transferred to things),
false, unfounded: \B,xus{undeservect),
— Abl. as 2Av.t falsely,
falsO see fallo.
falsus, see fallo.
falx, -Icis, [ ?], F., a scythe, sickle,
or billhook (including many instru-
ments with curved blades), a knife
(with a curved blade, used by gladia-
tors).
72
Vocabulary.
fftma, -ae, \,y/Yk (in for) + ma],
F., speech^ common talk, reputation,
fame, — Concretely, a rumor, a
Story.
famSs, -is, [?], Y., hunger y star-
vation : fame necatus {starved to
death).
famllia, -ae, (-as), [famuld- (re-
duced, cf. famul) + ia], f., a collec-
tion of attendants, a household (in-
cluding children), slaves, a gang of
slaves, — Also, a family (in our
sense). — mater famillas, see
mater.
fomiliaris, -e, [prob. familia -)-
ris, but treated as famili+aris (cf.
alaris, animalis)], adj., of the house-
hold, friendly, intimate : res {estate,
property, also, domestic life, house-
hold affairs), — Esp. as subst, (though
compared), a friend, an intimate
friend.
familiSritSs, -tatis, [familiari+
tas], F., intimacy {with, genitive),
a relation of intimacy.
familia riter [familiari + ter],
ady., familiarly, intimately.
fanum, -i, [?, y'FA + nns, perh.
orig. consecrated, cf. eflfatus], N., a
shrine (cf. aedes), a temple (esp. a
foreign one, templum being a word
of Roman augury).
iSs [V^A 0" *^0 + *s]> indecl.
N., right (in conscience, or by divine
12^^), permitted, allowed. — Esp. with
negatives expressed or implied.
fiascls, -is, [?, cf. fascia], M., a
bundle. — Esp., in plur., the fasces,
the bundle of rods with an axe, car-
ried by the lictor before the higher
magistrates.
fastldiS, -ivi (-ii), -Ttus, -ire,
[ffastidi- (cf. fastlditafl)], 4. v. a.
and n., disdain, be disgusted, take
fSstns, -a, -um, [fks-t-tas], adj.«
secular (of days when the courts,
etc., could rightly be held). — In
plur. as subst., the fasti (the list of
such days), the calendar. — Also, the
list of consuls (originally kept in the
calendar).
f5tali8,-e, [fat5+alis],adj.,ya/^<<
fatal, designed by fate,
fateor, fassus, fateri, [prob. fato-],
2. v. dep.y confess, acknowledge, ad-
mit.
fStum, -1, [n. of fatos, p.p. of
for], N., (what is spoken, cf. fas),
destiny, fate, lot, a fatality.-^ Hence,
ruin, death, destruction : fata Sibyl-
lina {the Sibylline books).
fauces, -ium, [?], f. plur. (also
fauce, sing.), the gullet, the throat.
— Hence, of animals, thejctws (with
a slightly different fig. from the Eng.).
*— So of any narrow entrance, a pass :
fauces Etruriae {the gates).
fautor, -toris, [fav- (as if root of
faveo) + tor], m., a favorer, a par-
tisan, a supporter.
faux, see fauces.
faveo, favi, fauturus, favere, [?],
2. V. n., favor, be well disposed
tonvards,
Favonius,-!, [ffavond- (cf. colo-
nus) +ias], m., the west wind. — Also,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., M,
Favonius, a friend of Cato of Utica,
and a violent opponent of Qodius.
He was afterwards one of the assas^
sins of Caesar.
fax, facis, [?], F., a torch, a fire^
brand, fire, a blazing fire (in the
sky) : onmes faces invidiae sabi-
cere {use every means to kindle the
flame of hatred).
febris, -is, [for ffervris (poss.
ffervis), ferv + ris (or -b)]. f.,
fever.
Vocabulary.
73
Februfirlus, -a, -um, [febni5 +
arius], adj., of February,
felicitas, -tatis, [felio- (as if
felici) + tag], Y,,goocr fortune^ ^ood
iuck, lucky star. — Piur. in same
sense. — Esp., Good Fortune^ wor-
shipped as a divinity by the Ro-
mans.
.fSUciter [felio- (as if felici-) 4-
ter], adv., happily, successfully.
fSlix, -icis, [akin to feo], adj.,
fruitful^ fortunate,
f Smlna, -ae, [fe (stem of feo) +
inina], f., a womant a female,
fgnerStor, see faen-.
fera, see ferns.
ferS [?, abl. of stem fferd- (akin
to fero, cf. liucifer)], adv., almost^
about, — Also, almost ahvaySy gener-
ally ^ usually, for the most part, —
With negatives, Atfr</(K.' nemo fere
{hardly anybody),
fiMritSs, -talis, [fer5 + tas], F.,
wildness, barbarous condition,
fero, toll, latus (for tlatus), ferre,
[ y'BHAR, bear, and y^tol (tla) in
toUo], irr. v. a. and n., bear, carry,
bring, endure, tolerate, stand, with"
stand, carry off, take, receive, win,
— Often in a loose sense, translated
by various special words in Eng.,
commit, offer, etc. — With reflex, or
in pass., rush, pass, proceed, roll
(of a river). — With advs. indicating
manner of receiving anything, suffer,
bear, take it, feel: indigne {feel in-
dignanl) ; moleste {take it hard, be
annoyed by, etc.) ; graviter {be an*
noyed, be vexed, take it ill), — Esp.,
of report, say, report, — Also, of
laws, propose (to the people), carry,
decide, propose a law, pass a law,
bring an accusation (before the peo-
• pie) : vestra voluntas {decide, turn
that 7vay)\ quaestionem {vote);
ita natnra remm (decree). — Also,
faoiniu prae se {boast, vaunt),
ferOcitSs, -tatis, [feroo- (as if
feroci-) + tas], f., fierceness, savage
cruelty,
ferrfimentum, •!, [as if ferrft-
(stem of verb from ferrum) +meii-
tom], N., a tool {of iron), a weapon,
ferreus, -a, -um, [ferrd + eua
(-YAs)], adj., of iron, iron (made of
iron). — Fig., iron-hearted,
ferrum, -i, [ ?], N., iron, steel, the
sword (as a symbol of war).
fertUls, -e, [prob. ffertd- (fer -{-
tus, cf. fero) + lis], adj., fertile,
fruitful, productive,
ferus, -a, -um, [yl^R (dhvar,
rush)-\-xxa, cf. deer"], adj., wild, cruel,
ferocious. -^ Fem. as subst., a wild
beast, gapie,
iSstinfitio, -onis, [festina+tio],
F., haste,
fSstiis, -a, -um, [unc. root (cf.
feriae) + tus], 9jS\,, festive, festival,
fldells, -e, [fide- (stem of fides)
+ lis], 9.^),, faithful,
fides, -ei, [ V^id (bhid, bind) \
es], F., a promise, a pledge, — Also,
good faith, fidelity, honesty, — Transf.,
confidence, faith (in), credit; fidem
facere {j^ain credence, produce con*
fidence), — Esp. of promised protec-
tion, protection, dependence, alliance,
— Also, credit{in a mercantile sense).
fidius (but only in nom.) [?, fidd
+ ins], M., {of ^ood faith?). — Only
in me'dius fidius (sc. a^uvet),
on my faith, as sure as / live, by
Heaven.
fld8, fisus sum, fidere, [yf^in, in?-
creased], 3.v.n., trust, have confidence,
fidficia, -ae, [ffiduo- (ffida+cas)
+ ia (cf. audacia)], F., confidence,
confident reliance, — Also, ground
of confidence.
74
Vocabulary.
fidnt, -a, -urn, [fid (in fldo) +
us], z.d!],, faithful.
flgo, fixi, fixus, figere, [\/fig?],
3. V. 9i,ffasUn (by insertion in some-
thmg),fix, nail: crucem {plan/);
macronem (^plunge), — Also fig.,
memoria meniibus fixa.
figSra, -ae, [ffiga- (V^ig, in
fingo, + us) + ra, f. of rus], f.,
shape i farm,
filia, -ae, [f. of Alius], f., a
daiighl€r,
filias, -1, [?], M., a son.
flngo, finxl, fictus, Hngere, [ v^iG,
cf. flgura], 3. V. a., mould. — Fig.,
inventy contrive^ pretendy imagine^
devise: fingite animis (imagine).
— fictus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., false,
trumped up^ fictitious, imaginary.
fiiils* -is, [ ?], M., a limit f an end:
quern ad finem (Jiow far) ; usque
ad eum finem dum, etc. {even up
to the very moment when). — Plur.,
limits, boundaries, borders, territo*
riesy country.
finltiinus (-tumus), -a, -00^
[fiju+timus, cf. maritimus], adj.,
on the borders, neighboring, adjacent,
neighbors (of). — Plur. as subst.,
neighbors.
fto, see facio.
firmfimentum, -i, [firma+men-
tum], N., support. — Fig., a bulwark,
a corner-stone : ceterorum ordinum.
firmo, -avi, -atus, -are, [firmd-],
I. V. a., make strong, strengthen^ for •
tify, put in a state of defence. •
firinus,-a, -um, [<0>HAR-{-mu8],
adj., strong (for resistance), firm,
steady,
flscusy -i [?], M., a wicker basket
(used for carrying money), a money-
bag (to imitate the figure in Eng.).
Flaccus, -T, [flaccus, flabby], m.,
a Roman family name. — £sp., L.
VaUrtui FUu€US, cons, with Marios
B.C. 100, and afterwards killed by
Fimbria in the Blast.
flSgitiSsS [old abl. of flagitio-
sus], adv., shamefully, disgracefully
(with the added idea of criminality).
flfigitlSsas, -a, -um, [flagritid 4-
osus], adj., shamefully criminal, in-
famous, disgraceful, scandalous.
flfigltium, -i, [tflagit5+inm, cf.
flagito], N., (a crime of passianT),
a disgraceful crime, a burning shame,
an enormity.
flSgitS, -avi, -atus, -are, [as if
fflagitd-, p.p. of fflago, burn'i (cf.
<l>\€yu), akin to flagrum], i. v. a.,
ask (in heat?), demand earnestly,
importune, insist upon, call for:
severitatem (cry for); flagitans
senatus (importunate) ; pacem fla-
gitans (being importunate for).
flagro, -avi, -aturus, -are, [flagro-,
in an earlier sense of a burn}],
I. V. n., burn, blaze, consume, be on
fire. — Also fig. as in Eng., be in a
blaze of, be consumed in a fire of:
invidia; infamia.
flftmen, -inis, [prob. flag (cf.
flagro) + men], m., (the kindler of
sacrificial fires?), a priest (of a par-
ticular divinity).
Flftmininus, -1, [Flaminid +
inus], M., a Roman family name. —
Esp., T. Quinctius Flamininus, who
defeated Philip of Macedonia at
CynoscephaJae, B.C 197.
Flfimlnius, -i, [flamin+iofl], m.,
a Roman gentile name.— Esp., Q.
Flaminius, cons. B.C 223.— Also,
as adj., Flaminian (of this Flamin-
ius) ; circus (the circus buflt by him
as censor, B.C. 220).
flamma, -ae, [y/FLAG-t-ina], p.,
flame, fire, confiagration.
fleets, flexi, flexus. flectere, r? ,
Vocabulary.
n
3. V. a^ hend^ turn. — Fig., change^
affect, draw (from a course), change
the minds ofi etc
fleo.flevi, fletus, flere, [?], 2. v. a.
and n., weep : fiena {in tears).
flStus, -tos, [fle- (stem of fleo
as root) + tus], m., weeping, lamen*
tation, tears.
flexibllls, -e, [flex5- (as stem of
flexus) +bili8], ^id!]., flexible, change
^able.
flSrSns, see fioreo.
flSreo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [flor-],
2. V. n., blossom, bloom. — Fig., be
prosperous, flourish, be in power:
accesaua {be brilliant). — flSrSns,
-entis, p. as adj., flourishing, pros*
perous, brilliant, highly favored, emi"
nent {fat wealth and the like), suc-
cessful.
fiorSsoS, florui,nop.p., florescere,
[flore- (as stem of floreo) + sco],
3. V. n., flourish, grow bright.
1158, floris, [?], M., a flower. —
Fig., the flower (of troops).
fluctao, -avi, no p.p., -are, [fluo-
tu-], I. V. Xi,, float, drift, be tossed on
the waves.
fluctus, -tiis, [v^lu(g) (in fluo,
cf. fluxi) + tos], M., a wave (also
fig.), waves (collectively).
flulto, -avi, no p.p., -are, [ffluitd-
(as if stem of p.p. of fluo, cf. aglto)],
I. V. n., floaty drift,
flumen.-inis, [^lu(g) (in fluo,
cf. fruiiientum)+men], N., a river.
— Fig.,/^.
fluo, flusd, fluxus (fluxunis, fluctu-
ms, fluiturus), fluere, [•vA'Lu(g), cf.
ftruor], 3. V. n.fflow.
focus, -i, [fov (as root of foveo)
-t-cos], M., a brazier (a fixed or
movable hearth, with coals for heat-
ing or cooking), a hearth. — Fig. (as
a symbol of home), hearth, flreside.
foederfitnsy -a, •nm, [p.p. of foe-
dero3» ^i', federate, allied {by treaty
on equal terms). — Masc. pi., allies.
foeduB, -eris, [y^iD (in fides,
cf. fidus) + us], N., a treaty, an al*
liance, a bond (of any similar kind),
conditions (of a treaty), a compact,
an agreement (of a serious or sol-
emn sort).
foedus, -a, -um, [?], adj., foul,
unseemly, horrible, vile, dreadful.
fSns, fontis, [?], m., a fountain,
a spring.^' Fig., a source, a foun*
tain.
forSs [ace. plur. of ffora], adv.,
{to the doors), outdoors, abroad (as
end of motion). — Fig., jf&rM, out,
away.
fore, see sum.
forensis, -e, [ford+ensis], adj.,
of the Forum, in the Forum (cf.
various meanings of forum). — Also,
every day, ordinary, of daily life,
foris, [abL plur. of ffora, cf.
foras], adv., out of doors (as place
where), abroad, outside.
forma, -ae, [-0)HAR (in firmus)
+ma]. P., shape, form, features, the
person, an effigy, a likeness, an
image.
formldS, -inis, [prob. formidd-
(cf. formido) + o (cf. cupido),
akin to formus? (from the hot flash
of fear)], P., fear, dread, terror^
alarm.
formldolOsus, -a, -um, [ffonni'
dol5- (formidd+los?) +OS118], adj.,
formidable, alarming.
fornix, -ids, [fom5- (cf. fomax)
+ C11S (? reduced)], M., {the arch
of an oven ?), an arch.
foPR, fortis, [^ER + tis (re-
duced)], p., chance. — forte, abl. as
adv., by chance, perchance, acciden-
tally, as it happened, perhaps.
1^
Vocabulary,
fonitan [fort tit an* »r may be
a (hance wAetker], adv,^ /erkaps, it
may be^ possibly*
fortasse [?, forte + one. form,
perh. ais (si vis)], adv., perhaps ,
possibly ^ it may be»
forte, see fors.
fortis, -e, [for fforctit, akin to
firmus], adj., strong, sturdy, gal-
lant, staunch, brave, dauntless, un-
daunted, able,* vir (a man of cour*
a^e, a man of constancy, and the
like); sententia (yfrw).
fortiter [forti+ter], adv., brave-
ly, stoutly, undauntedly, with cour-
age, with constancy, with firmness,
fortitado, •inis, [forti + tudo],
F., Strength, courage, bravery, forti*
tude, steadiness, firmness,
fortana,-ae, [ffortu- (for+tu, cf.
fors) + na, f. of -nus], Y,, fortune,
ehance^ fate, — Esp., good fortune,
— Plur., fortunes, property, fortune,
wealth, — Esp,,Ju>rtune (worshipped
as a goddess by the Romans).
fortanatus, •a, -um, [p.p. of for-
tuno], 2t.d}., fortunate, blessed,
forum, -i, [akin to foras and
foro], N., (an open place), a forum,
a market-place. — Esp., the Forum
(the great market-place of Rome,
used also for all public purposes). —
Esp., as a symbol of law and justice,
the forum. — See also Aarelius.
ftagilis, -e, [ffragd- (cf. foede-
rifragus) + lis], adj., briule, —
Fig., delicate, sensitive, tender,
flragilitfis, -tads, [fragili+tat],
F., brittleness, frailty.
fragmentum, -i, [^rag (in
ft^ngo) + mentmn], n., a broken
piece ^ a fragment.
ftangS, fregi, fractus, frangere,
[ VfRAg]» 3* ▼• *•» break (as a solid
body). — Esp. of ships, wreck, —
Fig., break down, crush, break tkt
force of, exhaust,
frfiter, -tris, [prob. y^KR + ter,
cf. pater], n., a brother,
firateme [old abl. of fratemus],
adv., like a brother, fraternally,
f^aternus, -a, -um, [frater +
nus], adj., of a brother, fraternal,
firaudfitio, -onis, [fraadafUo],
F., cheating,
fk>audo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fraud-],'
I. v. a., cheat, defraud.
firaus, fraudis, [?, akin to fim-
stra], F., loss. — Hence, trecuhery^
deceit, wickedness,
fremitus, -tus, [fremi- (stem of
fk^mo) + tus], M., a murmur^ a*
confused noise, a din,
fireno (firae-), -avi, -atus, -are, [fre
n5-], I. V. a., bridle, curb. — Also fig.
firSnum (frae-), -i, [root or verb
stem akin to firmuB + nimi], N., a
bridle,
ftreqaCns, -entis, [orig. pres. p.
akin to farcio], adj., crowded, nu*
merous, in great numbers : conspeo-
tus vester {your crowded assem-
blage); sonatas (Jull). — Also of
time, as if zAw., frequently,
frequeiiter[freqaent+ter], adv.,
in great numbers, populously. — Alsow
of iimt, frequently,
fk'equentia, -ae, [frequent+ia],
F., a throng, a crowd, a multitude,
numbers (as great numbers) ; tena-
tus (a full meeting of , etc).
fi*eqaeiito, -avi, -atus, -are, [fre-
quent-], I. V. a. and n., assemble in
great numbers, celebrate, resort to,
visit.
fii'etut, -a, -am, [root akin to
fimnus + tus], adj., relying on, con'
fldent in (on account of).
fretus, -tus, [?], M., and fk^tnm,
-i, [ ?], N., a strait, — Esp., the Strait
Vocabulary,
77
(of Messina, between Sicily and the
mainland).
fHsus, -oris, [^FRIG (in ftigeo,
etc.) + us], N., <old. — Plur., cold
(cold "snaps," frosts).
fr9n8, frontis, [?, akin to hrow],
F., dr(nv, face, forehead,
fractu58U8, -a, -um, [fructu +
osus], adj ., fruitful, fertile.
fiructus, -tus, [^fru(g) + tus],
M., enjoyment, fruition. — Hence,
(what one enjoys), fruit (of the
earth, or of any kind of \2h0x), prod-
uce, crops, income, advantages, emol'
ument, reward: frnotai esse (Jo be
an advantage, to be beneficial, to be
profitable),
firSgSlitfis, -tatis, [frugali+tas],
p., economy, frugality.
frfimentSiius, -a, -nm, [fru-
mentd- (reduced) + arias], adj., of
grain: res (grain supply, provi-
sions, grain) ; inopia (scarcity of
grain), — See also subSldla.
frumentum, -i, Iv^RU (g) +
mentum], n., grain (cf. fructus).
fruop, fructus (fruiturus, frui,
[yFRu(G), cf. fruget], 3. V. dep.,
<njoyt reap the benefit (fruit) of,
firSstrfi [abl. or injtr. of stem
akin to fk^us], adv.. to no purpose,
without effect, vainly,
frflx., friigis, [ y/FK\j(ii) in ftruor,
as stem], F., fruit (not only in the
modern sense, but also all *' fruits of
the esirth*')^ grain, crops.
FQfias, -a, -um, [ ?]. adj. — Masc.,
as a Roman gentile name. — Also,
as adj., Fufian (belonging to one of
that gens). — Esp., lex Fofia (a law
in regard to the auspices at elections,
giving power to certain magistrates
to stop the proceedings).
ftiga, -ae, [yFUG + a], F.,fiight.
f ugid, f ugi, fugiturus, fugere,
[■^^JG (in f^iga)]» 3. V. a. and n.,
fiy»fy fro^' — Fig., shun, avoid —
Also, escape the notice of, escape (in
same sense).
fugitiviiB, -a, -um, [fiigi- (stem
of fkigio?) 4- tivus], adj., runaway.
— As subst., a runaway slave.
fugito, -avi, -aturus, -are, [fugi- (as
stem of fkigio) + to, but cf. agito],
1. V. a. and n., fly, flee from, avoid.
fUlgeo, fulsi, no p.p., fulgere, [?],
2. V. n., shine (also fig.).
fkdmen, -inis [fulg- (in ftilgeo)
+ men], N., a thunderbolt, a light*
ning flash, lightning.
FulviuB, -I, [fulvd + iuaj, m., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp. : i. M.
Fulvius Flaccus, a partisan of the
Gracchi, slain by Opimius; 2. M.
Fulvius Nobilior, cons. B.C. 189, who
subdued /tltolia.
fiimo, -avi, -at us, -are, [fumo-],
I. V. n., smoke (also fig.).
fSmus, -i, {^^JF^^ (dhu) -f mas,
akin to dust^, M., smoke,
Aindamentum, -i, [fanda +
mentam), n., a foundation.
fkinditus [fandd+tas.cf.divini-
tus], 2As.,from the foundation, ut-
terly, completely.
Aindl$, -avi, -atus, -are, [fandd-],
I. V. z.., founds lay the foundations of.
fkind^, fudi, fusus, fundere,
[v^FUD], 3. V. a., pour, — Less ex-
actly, scatter. — Esp. of battle, put
to rout, rout.
fundus, -i, [akin to bottom"], M.,
the bottom (of anything). — Also (cf.
real-estate), an estate, a farm (in-
cluding house and land).
fanesto, -avi, -atus, -are, [fanes-
td-], I, y.z.., pollute (orig. by a death
or the like?), desecrate: arbem (as
orig. consecrated to the gods).
fSnestus, -a, -um, [fanes (old
78
VocabuloTy.
stem of ftanuB) +tiiB], adj., (Jrau^
with death}) ^ deadly ^ fatal, — Also
(cf. ftinesto), polluted (orig. by a
death?), ill-omened,
fungor, functus, fungi, [?]» 3. v.
dep., perform (With abL).
fonts, -is, [?}, M., a rope.
fSnus, -eris, [unc root (akin to
Gr. i^vo^) + us], N., {murder})^
deaths a funeral,
fOr, furis, [v^ER?, cf. Gr. ^K^p],
M. and F., a thief
FurfSnius, -i, [ ?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., T, Furfanius,
a man robbed by Clodius.
fUrIa, -ae, [fford- (cf. furo) +
ia], F., madness, insanity. — Often
in the plur. in same sense. — Esp.
personiHed (representing the mad-
ness of a guilty conscience), a Fury
(also used of persons), an ai/enging
Fury. — Hence, a madman.
fkiribundos, -a, -um, [perh. fori-
(as stem of fUro) + bundos, but after
the analogy of fftird + bd + on +
dus], adj., raving, going mad, crazy,
f uiiosus, -a , -um, [tfiir6-(perh. fti-
ria) +08US], adj., mad, crazy, insane.
Farius, -i, [perh. t^^rd- (cf. fu-
ria) + ius], M., a Roman gentile
name. — Esp., P. FuritiS, one of the
conspirators with Catiline.
fUro, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [?, cf. fti-
rop], 3. V. n., rave, be mad, be crazy,
furor, -oris, [^^FUR (cf. faro)
4-or], M., madness, frenzy, fury,
fartlm [for + tim, cf. statim],
adv., by stealth, stealthily, secretly,
furtum, -i, [as if p.p. of verb
akin to fur, thief (ct fkirtim)], N.,
theft, a theft,
f uscus, -a, -um, [perh. for ffars-
CU8, cf. furvus and brown"], adj.,
dark^ tawny.
fustis, -is, [?], M., a club.
Gabuiiu8,i,[Gabin(Kcf*Oal»il)
+ iusj, M., a Roman gentile name.
— Esp.: I. Aulus Gabinius, cov&vX
with Ladus Piso in B.a 58, the pro-
poser of the two laws giving Pompey
command in the East; 2. Citnber
Gabinius^ one of the conspirators
with Catiline.
Gabinius, -a, •am, [preceding
word as adj.], adj., of Gabinius
(esp. the one first mentioned)^ Ga»
binian,
QSjuB (C^us, C), -i, [?]* M., a
Roman prsenomen.
Galba, -ae, [Celtic, meaning ySt/j,
M., a Gallic and Roman family name.
Gallia, -ae, [p. of adj. in -ins,
Ghdlo+ias], f., Gaul, including all
the country bounded by the Po, the
Alps, the Rhine, the ocean, the
Pyrenees, and the Mediterranean,
thus occupying all northern Italy,
France, and Belgium.
Galliconus, -a, -um, [G(allio5 +
anus], adj., Gallic.
Gallicus, -a, -um, [(}all5+eas],
adj., of the Gauls, Gallic . ager Gal-
liens (^the Gallic territory in Qsal-
pine Gaul, taken from the Gauls by
the Romans).
Gailus, -a, -um, [Celtic], adj., of
Gaul, Gallic, — As subst, a Gaul,
the Gauls, — Also, as a Roman family
name (see Serg^iis).
g^nea, -ae, [ ?], F., a lam tavern,
a brothel.
gfineS, -onis, [prob. ganea+o],
M., a profligate, a spendthrift,
gaude5, gavisus, gaudere, [tg»-
vidd- (?, cf. audeo)], 2. v. n., ^
delighted^ rejoice,
gaudium, -i, [fgavidd+iam, cf.
gaudeo], "A., joy (expressed), re-
Vocabulary.
79
joicmgy an expression of joy. (Cf.
laetitia, inward joy^ but see Milo
xxviii. 77.)
GSvianus, -a, -um, [Gbkvid +
anus], adj., of Gavius. — Esp., Ga-
vianus as a Roman family name,
see Atilius.
g^visus, see gaudeo.
Gavius, -1, [?, cf. gaudium],
M., a Roman family name. — Esp.,
P. Gavius ^ a Roman citizen cruci-
fied by Verres.
g^aza, -ae,[Pers. through 7<lfa], F.,
treasure.
gelidus, -a, -um, [geln + das],
adj., icyy cold.
gemitus, -tus, [gemi- (as stem
of gemo) + tus], m.^a groany groan-
ingy an outcry.
gemo, -ul, no p.p., -ere, [?, cf.
7^pui;], 3. V. a. and n., groa?iy cry
out (in pain).
gener, -en, [?], m., a son-in-
law.
gens, gentis, [Vgen + tis (re-
duced)], F., a tribe y a clan^ a people,
a nation : jus gentium {tAe law of
nationsy universal law as opposed
to the jus civile of any one nation);
ubinam gentium? inhere in the
world?).
genus, -eris, [Vgen -f us], n., a
generation y a race, a family (stock) y
a nationy a tribe. — Less exactly, a
kindy a sorty a class. — Also, ab-
stractly, kindy charactery naturCy
methody way, viannery sort ofthingSy
class of things.
GemtanT, see Germanus.
Grermania, -ae, [f. of adj. in
-ius, cf. Gallia], f., Germany y the
whole country between the Rhine,
the Danube, the Vistula, and the sea.
germanltas, -tatis, [germanS -f
tas], F., brotherhood.
Grermanus, -a, -um, [i*], adj.,
German (of the country of Germany
or its people). — Plur., the Germans.
germanus, -a, -um, [?], adj., of
full bloody own (brother or sister,
etc.).
gero, gessi, gestus, gerere, [ Vges,
of unc. kin.], 3. v, a., rarry (indica-
ting a more lively action than fero),
carry ony managCy wage (war), hold
(a magistracy), do (any business). —
Pass., bedoncygo on (of operations) :
rem {operate successfully or other-
wise, carry on operationsy succeed
well or ill)\ res gestae (exploits y
operationSy a campaign) ; se gerere
(conduct one's self act) ; rem pub-
Ucam (manage affairs of state);
magistratum (perform the duties
of act as a magistrate or the like) ;
in rebus gerendis (in action, in the
management of affairs) -y in ipsa
re gerenda (while engaged /«, etc.) ;
in gestis rebus (in exploits actually
performed) ; gesta (acts).
gestlo, -Ivi (-ii), no p.p., -Ire,
[tgesti- (ges -f- tis), cf. gestus],
4. V. a. and n. (express joy or long-
ing by action), exult, rejoice. — Also,
yearn, long.
gigno, genu!, genitus, gignere,
[Vgen, redupl.], 3. v. a.^ begety pro-
duce.
Glabrlo, onis, [tglabrid -f o],
M., a Roman family name. — Esp.,
M. Glabrioy the praetor who pre-
sided at the trial of Verres.
gladiator, -tons, [gladia-f tor],
M., (a swordsman) y a gladiator. —
Less exactly, a ruffiany a cut-throat.
gladlatorius, -a, -um, [gladiator
-I- ius], 2idi)., gladiatorial.
gladius, -1, [}']yU.y a sword.
glaeba (gle-), -ae, [?], f., a clod
(of earth), a lump.
8o
Vocabulary,
Glaucia, -ae, [?], M., a Roman
family name. — Esp., C. Servilius
Glaucia, a demagogue killed by
Marius, B.C. loo.
glQria, -ae, [?, for fdovosia, cf.
inclutus], T.y fame ^ glory.
glQiior, -atus, -an, [gloria-],
1 . V. dep., glory iity boast of.
glSiiSse [old abl. of gloiiosus],
adv., boastfully^ exultingly,
glQriQ8U8,-a,-um, [gloria + osos] ,
adj., glorious. — Also, boastful.
Gnaeus, (Cnejus, On.), -i, [akin
to gnavus] , m., a Roman praenomen.
gnavus, -a, -um, [ Vgna, in nos-
co], adj., (zutse)^ active ^ energetic^
diligent.
GorgQn, -onis, [r6p7w],F.,a Gor-
gon (a fabulous monster, whose sight
turned everything to stone).
Gracchus, -i, [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp.: i. Tiberius
Sempronius Gracchus, the great
popular reformer, tribune, B.C. 133 ;
2. C. Sempronius Gracchus, brother
of the preceding, tribune, B.C. 121.
gradus, -us, [grad -f ns], m., a
step, a grade (in a series), rank, po-
sition.
Graecla, -ae, [Graec6-|-ia, f. of
-ius], P., Greece.
Graeculus, -1, [Graec5 -f Ius],
M., an affected Greek, a petty Greek,
a Greekling.
Graecus, -a, -um, [Gr. TpaticAj],
adj., of the Greeks, Greek, Grecian,
of Greece. — As subst., a Greek, the
Greeks. Ci. Germanus for relation
to Graecia.
gramlneus, -a, -um, [gramin -f
eus], adj., of grass: hasta {a spear
of grass, probably bamboo or cane
of great size, kept in a temple in the
hands of a divinity).
grandis, -e, [?], adj., tall, large
(by growth, cf . magnus, generally) :
pecunia) a large sum of, etc.).
grStia, -ae, [gratd -f ia], f.,
{gratefulness, in all Eng. senses). —
On one side (feeling grateful), ^u/i-
tude, thanks (esp. in plur.). — On
the other side (the being agreeable),
influence (cf. auctoritas, official
prestige), favor, popularity. —
Phrases : agere gratias, return
thanks, render thanks; habere
gratiam (or g^atias),y^^/ thankful,
feel gratitude, be grateful ; referre
gratiam, make a grateful return, re-
pay a favor, requite reward ; auc-
toritate et gr^^iivk, political and per-
sonal influence. — gratia, abl. fol-
lowing a gi&miive, for the sake of, to.
grStiosus, -a, -um, [gratia -f
osus], adj., influential, popular.
Gratius, -!, [grate -f ins], m., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp., the
accuser against Archias.
gratuito [abl. of gratultus],
adv., gratuitously, voluntarily,
gratuIatio,-onis, [gratnla -f tic] ,
F., a congratulation (of others or
one's self), rejoicing, a vote of thanks.
gratulor, -atus, -arT, [tgratiil5-
(grato + Ius)], I. V. dep., congratu-
late: felicitati (congratulate one^s
self for, etc.).
gratus, -a, -um, [p.p. of lost
verb] , adj ., plectsing, grateful, agree-
able : gratum facere {do a favor).
— A\so,pleased,grateful(ci. gratia),
appreciative.
gravis, -e, [for fgarvis, for
tgarus, cf. Gr. jSd/M^s], adj., heavy.
— Fig., serious, severe, hard, weighty,
of weight, dignified, strong, deep,
potent, grave : legatio ; infamia ;
vir ; bellum ; opinio ; offensio ; ano-
tor; senatus; consnltiiiii; oonsi-
lium ; judicium ; morbus.
Vocabulafy,
8i
gravitSs, -tatis, [gravi + tas],
F., weight. — Fig., importance^ powers
weighty forcet force of character ^ se-
riousness,
graviter [gravi + ter], adv.,
heavily^ with great weighty forcibfyy
with force. — Fig., severely y seriously :
graviter ferre {take to hearty be in-
dignant aty suffer from)'y deside-
rata (earnestly) ; snspectuB (griev-
ously).
gravo, -a VI, -atus, -are, [gravi-],
I . V. a., weigh downy burden. — Pass,
as dep., be vexedy be indignanty be
reluctant.
grex, gregis, [?], m. (and F.),
a herdy a flock. — Less exactly, a
hordcy a crowd y a bandy a throngy a
trairty a troop.
gubemaculum (-clum), •!, [gu-
bema + culam], n., the helniy the
rudder. — Often in plur., because
anciently there were two.
gabernatio, -onis, [guberna +
tio], F., steer ingy navigation.
gubemator, -toris, [g^berna +
tor], M., a piloty a helmsman.
gubemo, -avT, -atus, -are, [kv-
^pp(o]y I. V. a. and n., steer y pilots
managCy direct. — Esp., of the " ship
of state."
gusto, -avi, -atus, -are, [tgnstS-
(stem akin to gustus, Gr. 7€iJw,
Eng. choose)^ i. v. a., tastCy eat.
g^ymnaslum, -i, [7u/iy(i<rtov], N.,
a gymnasium.
H.
H., see H. S.
babeo, habui, habitus, habere,
[?, thabS- (cf. habUis)], 2. v. a.
and n., havcy holdy keepy occupy ^ pos-
sess.— In various uses where we
have a somewhat different concep-
tion : senatam (hold) ; comitia
(hold) ; contionem (hold an assem-
bly make an address) ; bonores
(render) ; conjurationem (form) ;
bominem claasam (keep)'y dilec-
tum (holdy make) ; sic habetote
{fhink thus) ; quid aliad habet in
se {^hat else is there /'«, etc.) ; alie-
nnm aBimum (have) ; ita se res
babet (this is the case) ; Italiam
tutam (possess in safetyy keep safe).
— Esp. with p.p. as a sort of con-
tinued perfect (whence the perf. of
modem languages), havCy hold, keep.
— Esp., rationem habere, keep an
accounty take an account of have re-
gard foTy considery regardy act in
view of; satis habere {be satisfiedy
be content).
bablto, -avi, -atus, -are, [habito-] ,
I. V. a. and n., livey dwelly inhabity
have one's abode.
babitu8> -tus, [babi- (as stem of
babeo) -f tus], m., (the act of hold-
ing) y conditiony character (way of
holding one's self), nature.
haereo, haesT, haesurus, haerere,
[.^ for haeseo], 2. v. n., get caught y
sticky cling fast y clingy hang about ox
upony be fastened.
haesito, -avi, -aturus, -are, [tbae-
sito- (cf. agito)], i. v. n., be caughty
hesitate.
Hannibal, -alls, [Phoenician], M.,
the great general of the Carthagin-
ians in the Second Punic war.
baruspex, -icis,[unc. stem-tspex,
cf. auspex], M. and F., a soothsayer y
a diviner.
hasta, -ae, [?, perh. akin to pre-
hendo], f., a spear y a shaft. — See
also gramineiis.
baud [.'*], adv., not (modifying a
single word, cf . non) ; hand dubi-
tans (withcntt hesitation).
baurio, hausT, haustus, haurlre.
82
Vocabulary.
[? for bausio], 4. v. a., drain, draw,
drinky imbibe,
hebe6c6,-ere, [heb§ + sco] , 3. v.n .,
grow dully be blunted,
Heraclia (-clSa), -ae, [*Hpd-
icXeca], F., the name of several an-
cient cities (city of Hercules), — £sp.,
Heracleuy a Greek city of Lucania.
HeracUensis, -e, [Heraclia +
ensis], adj., of Heraclea. — Plur., the
people of Heraclea,
Hercules, -is, f HpaifX^s], m., the
great divinity, son of Jupiter and
Alcmena, originally of Phoenician
origin, who presided especially over
journeys and adventures. — Voc,
Heavens !
hereditas, -tatis, [hered- (as if
heredi-) -f tas], f., inheritance^ an
inheritance.
Herennius, -1, [?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp.,C Herennius , a.
senator convicted of embezzlement.
heres, -edis, [?], M. and f., an
heir, an heiress.
hesternus, -a, -um, [hesi- (heri-)
-f ternus, cf. diutumus], adj., of
yesterday y yesterday^ s, yesterday (as
if adv.) ; hesterno die (yesterday).
heus, [.?], inter j., look you, here!
ho!
hibemo, -avT, -aturus, -are, [hi-
berno-], i. v. n., pass the winter y
winter: quern ad modnm milites
{conduct themselves in winter quar-
ters).
bibemus, - a, -um,[hiem -f emns,
cf. noctumus], adj., of winter y win-
ter (as adj.). — Neut. pi. (sc.castra),
winter quarterSy a winter encamp-
ment.
hie [thi- (loc. of hi-c) ce], adv.,
here (cf. bic), in this place, there
(of a place just mentioned), on this
occasion, now, on this point.
hie, haec, hoc, hujus, [hi- (pron.
stem) -fee, cf. ecce, cetera], pron.,
(pointing to something near the
speaker in place, time, or interest),
this, these, he, they, this man {^oman
or thing), the present, like this. —
Referring to things before mentioned
(but ^\ith more emphasis than is),
this, these, etc. — Less conmionly, of
what follows, Die following, as fol-
lows, these. — Often with a gesture,
this, this here present, the one before
me, my client: honun omnium {all
these here present) ; pater hujosce
{of the one here, of my client). —
Esp., hoc est {fhat is to say) ; hnic
imperio (this of ours) ; per hosce
annos (these last years) ; his paucia
diebus (within a few days). — hoc,
neut. abl., used adverbially, in this
respect, on this account, by so muck :
hoc magis (all the more). — Often
hie . . . ille, the one , ,.the other, this
(near by) , . , the other (farther off),
this last (nearer on the page) . . . the
other, the loiter , . . the former. —
hujus modi, see modus.
hicine [hie (hlce) ne], adv., here
(in emphatic question).
hiemps (-ems), -emis, [akin to
Xef/Awv], f., winter.
Hiero, -onis, ['I^pwv], m., the
name of several kings of Syracuse.
— Esp., Hiero II., the son of Hiero-
cles, in the third century B.C., just
before the Second Punic war.
hinc [thim (loc. of hie, cf. in-
terim) -f ce], 2A\.,from here, hence.
— Also (cf. ab and ex), on thi^side,
here : hinc . . . hinc (on this side , . .
on that).
Hirtius, -I, [hirtd -f ins], m., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp., Aulus
Hirtius, cons. B.C. 43, in the struggle
against Mark Antony.
Vocabulary,
83
HtepOnia, -ae, [Hi8pan5 + ia (f.
of -ins)], F. (of adj., cf. GaUls),
Spain. — Plur., the two provinces.
HispfinlSnsis, -e, [Hi8paiiia +
enaia], adj., of Spain, Spanish.
Hispfinus, -a, -um, [?], adj^
Spanish,
hodiS [ho (abl of M-c, wh. see)
diejff adv., to-day^ now.
hodiemus, -a, -um, [hodie + er-
nna], adj., of to-day, to-day's : hodi*
emos dies (to-day, this day).
Homenis, -i^CO/iiypos], M., Homer.
homo, •inis, [prob. ham5+o], c.,
a human being (cf. vlr, a man, as
a male), a man (including women).
— Sometimes, since vir is the com-
plimentary word, implying contempt,
tic, fellow, creature, person.
honestfis, -tatis, [fhonos (stem
of honor as adj.)], F., honor, re-
spectability, honorable position.
honestS [old abl. of honestus],
adv., honorably, decently, with honor,
with decency.
honestS, -avi, -atus, -are, [hones-
td-], I. V. a., make honorable, honor:
86 (gain honor); curmm (adorn as
a captive).
honestus, -a, -um, [hones (orig.
stem of honor) +ta8], adj., esteemed,
honored, respected, worthy, honorable,
respectable, creditable, —^'Vtrj often
as an epithet of the middle class, cf.
splendldus (used in reference to
success and fortune), omatus, am-
plus (used of dignitaries).
honor (honSs), -oris, [m. of
adj. (cf. honestas), unc. root + or
(orig. -OS, cf. -iiO]» M., honor, a
mark of honor, a source of honor,
an honor. — Esp. of honors conferred
by the people, a post of honor^ an
offsa, a, d^ity, a high position, —
Fhraaes : in honore, qoanio honore
esse (be honored) ; grados honoris,
honomm (advancement)', honoris
caosa (with due respect, an apology
for mentioning a person's name).
hondrificentissimus, superL of
following. •
honSrificus, -a, -um, [honor- (as
if honori) + ficos], adj., honorable,
in honorable terms,
h9ra, -ae, [Spa, orig. season?],
F., an hour. The Roman hours,
being reckoned from sunrise to sun-
set, were not of equal length at all
times of the year, but were always so
many twelfths of the solar day.
HorStius, -1, [?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., M. Horatius,
the victor in the triple combat with
the Curiatii, who was tried for killing
his sister.
horreo, horrui, no p.p., horrere,
[fhorrd- ( v'HORR, orig. hors) -|- us,
prob. used orig. of the sensation
called " goose pimples," where the
hair seems to stand on end. In Sk.
the root is used ot intense delight,
which is sometimes -.ccompanied by
the same sensation], 2. v. n. and a.,
bristle (see above). — Hence, shud-
der at, dread,
horribilis, -e, [horr6- (as if stem
of horreo, but prob. stem of fhor-
ms, see above) + bilis], adj., to be
shuddered at, frightful, dreadful,
horrldus, -a, -um, [fhorr^- (wh.
horreo)+das], adj., horrible, dread-
ful.
hortStus, -tus, [horta+tas], m.,
admonition, encouragement, exhor-
tation.
HortSnslns, •!, [prob. hortensi
+ ins], M., a Roman gentile name.
— Esp., Q, Hortensius Hortalus, the
great orator, contemporary and rival
of Cicero.
84
Vocabulary,
hortor, -tatos, -tan, [for hoiitor,
freq. of old thoiior], i. v. dep., en-
courage f urge ofty urge^ address, —
Less exactly, of things, urge^ move,
prompt.
bortus, -1, [?], M., a garden.
bospes, -itis, [prob. ghas-patis,
orig. host (lord ofeating)']^ M., a host.
— Also, a guest f a stranger ^ a visitor.
— Hence, a guest friend (in the pe-
culiar relation of hospitiuin, which
was a kind of hereditary friendship
between persons of different coun-
tries, not personal, but of a family or
state), a friend (of the kind above
mentioned) : familiaris et hospes
{a personal and family friend).
hospltium, -i, [hospit -f ium],
N., the relation of host (or guest).
— Hence (cf. IkO^^ee), friendship y
a friendly relation, a relation of
friendship.
hostilis, -e, [hosti -f lis], adj.,
hostile y of the enemy.
hostis, -is [prob. V^has + tis], M.
and F., {a stranger, cf. hospes), an
enemy (of the state, cf. Inimicus),
a public enemy. — Coll., the enemy.
— Rarely, an enemy (in a general
sense), a bitter enemy.
H S. [prob. for lis (duo semis,
2\ asses)], a sign for sestertii, ses-
tertium, or sestertia.
hue, [h5 (dat. of hi-c) -ce], adv.,
hither, here (in sense of hither), to
this (placcy and the like, cf. eo), to
this point.
hucine [thoce (cf. hue) -ne],
adv., hither y etc., as interrogative.
hujus modi, see modus.
humanitas, -tatis, [huinand -f
tas], F., humanity (as opposed to
bnitishness), civilizationy cultiva-
tiony refinement, courtesy y human
feelingy culture.
hOmanus, -a, -urn, [stem akin to
homo and humus (.^)-(-na8], adj.,
humany of many civilized, cultrvated,
refined.
humerus, see umerus.
humilis, -e, [hnmo -}- lis], adj^
lowy shallow (cf. altus, cUep). — Fig.,
loWy humble, poory humbled y abasedy
of low origin, obscure, mean.
humilitas, -tatis, [homili + tas] ,
V.jlowness, shallowness. — Fig., hum-
ble position.
humus, -1, [?, cf. x«/*«0» ^•» ^^^
ground: humi (on the ground).
I.
iaeehus, -i, ['laicxoj], m., Bac-
chus.
lalysus, -T, ['I<iXv<ros], M., the
eponymous divinity of the city of
lalysus in Rhodes.
Ibi [old case-form of is (cf.
tibi)], adv., there (in place before
mentioned or indicated by a rela-
tive), thereupon, then.
ibidem [ibi-dem, cf . idem], adv.,
in the same place, there also.
leo, ici, ictus, icere, [?], 3. v. a.,
strike. — Esp. of treaties (prob. from
the killing of a sacrificial victim),
strike, make, solemnize.
ietus, -tus, [Vic + tua], m., a
blow, a stroke, a thrust.
ideirco [id (n. ace. of is) •\- circo
(case-form of same stem as eirea,
circum)], adv., for that reason,
therefore, on this account.
idem, eadem, idem, (ia-dem, cf.
dum], adj. pron., the same. — Often
as subst., the same thing (things), the
same many the same. — Often repre-
sented by an adverb, at the same
timcy alsoy as well,
idcntidem [prob. idem-ttadem
Vocabulary.
8s
(case-fonn of Vta, in tam+dem)],
adv., repeatedly y again and again.
ideo [id eo, this for this reason^
adv., therefore^ for this reason.
idoneus, -a, -um, [?, akin to
idem?], adj.,//, suitable, adapted,
deserving.
Idus, -unm, [?, perh. akin to
aestus], F. plur., the Ides (a day of
the lunar month falling at the fall
moon, conventionally on the 1 5th of
March, May, July, October, and the
13th of the other months, and used
by the Romans to reckon dates).
igitur [prob. for ag^tur, the
point aimed at is\ conj., therefore,
then, now, you see.
ig^arus, -a, -um, [in-g^ams],
adj., ignorant, not knowing, without
knowledge: ig^arus rervLm(withof(t
knowledge of affairs, inexperienced).
ignSvia, -ae, [ignavd -f la], f.,
shiftlessness, cowardice.
ignavus, -a, -um, [in-(g)navTi8],
adj., shiftless, cowardly.
Ignis, -is, [?, same word as Sk.
agnis, the god of fir e\ yi., fire, flame.
^Sbilis, -e, [in-(g)nobilis],
adj., not famous, obscure.
fgnQminia, -ae, [tignomln- (in-
(g)noinen) -f ia], f., want of fame,
disgrace. — Almost concretely, a dis-
graceful defeat,a disgraceful blemish.
ignSratio, -onis, [ignora -f tic],
f., ignorance.
ignQro, -avi, -atus, -are, [igna-
r5], I. v. 2L.,fail to notice, not kno%v,
be ignorant of. — Pass., be unobserved,
be unknown: non ig^orans {not
unaware of).
ignQsco, -novi, -n5tus, -noscere,
[in- (unc. which meaning) (g)nos-
co], 3. V. n. and 2^.., pardon.
ign5tus, -a, -um, [in- (g)nottL8],
adj., unknown^ strange.
Ilias,-ados, ['IXtas], 1?., the Iliad.
illatus, see inlatus.
ille, -a, -ud, [old ollus, fr. Van
-f Ins (?)], pron., that (of some-
thing remote, cf . hie). — Often as
subst. (opposed to some other em-
phatic word), he, she, it, they : hie . . .
ille (this . . . that, the other, the lat-
ter. . . the former, he . . . the other).
— Often of what follows (cf. hie),
this, these, etc. — Of what is famous
or well known, the, the great, the
famous, etc. — Phrases : hie ille est
(he is the one) ; ille ferrens (such a,
etc.) ; ille consul (that kind of a
consul). — Sometimes untranslata-
ble, appended merely for emphasis,
and accompanied by quidem.
illeoebra, see inleeebra.
illinc, [illim-ee], adv., thence,
from there. — Also (cf. ex and ab),
on that side, there, on one side.
illQc [illo-ee], adv., thither, there
(in the sense of thither).
illiieSsco, see inlucesco.
illustrls, see inlustris.
illustro, see inlustro.
IIl5rricu8,-a,-um,[Illyri6 -f ens],
adj., of Illyria, Illyrian: mare (a
part of the Adriatic).
imago, -inis, [akin to imitor],
F., an image, an effigy, a statue, a
portrait, a representation, a picture
(in the imagination), an ideal pic-
ture. — Esp. of the wax masks kept
by the Romans of their dead ances-
tors, and used in funeral proces-
sions. •
imbecillitas (inb-), -tatis, (im-
becilKJ -f tas], f., weakness, feeble-
ness: animi (feebleness of purpose,
pusillanimity) .
imbecUlus (inb-), -a, -um, [?,
in-baeillum, leaning on a staff t^
adj., weak, feeble.
S6
Vocabulary.
Imber, imbris, [?, cf. Gr. ttJLBpoi\,
M., a rain-storm, a ram.
imberbis (inb-),-e, [in-barba],
adj., beardless.
imblbo, -bibi, no p.p., -bibere,
[in-bibo], 3. v. a., drink in, — Less
exactly, take in, imbibe,
imbuo (Inb-), -bui, -butus, -bu-
ere, [?, in-fbuo?, cf. biboj, 3. v. a.,
moisten, stain (also fig.); non in-
stitati sed imbati {not having
learned, but drunken in).
Imitatio, -onis, [imita+tio], F.,
an imitation,
imitator, -toris, [imita + tor],
U., an imitator, a copier.
imltor, -at us, -ari, [fimitd-, p.p.
of finio (cf. Imago)], i. v. dep.,
imitate, copy,
immSnis (lnm-),-e, [m-fflianas
{good) ?], adj., (" uncanny" ?), mon-
strous, huge, enormous, wild, savage.
— Also, barbarous, inhuman, brutal.
Immanitas, -tatis, [immani +
tas], "P., barbarity, ferocity, brutality,
monstrosity.
immatarus, -a, -urn, [in-mata-
ms], adj., unripe, immature, pre-
mature.
immineo (ium-), no perf., no p.p.,
-minere, [in-mineo], 2.v.n., overhang,
project. — Fig., threaten, impend.
immlnuo (inm-), -ui, -utus, -uere,
[in-minuoj, 3. v. a., diminish, im-
pair, infringe, reduce, weaken.
Immitto (inm-), -misi, -missus,
-mittere, [in-mitto], 3. v. a., let in,
let d^wn (into), insert, throw (upon),
let loose, set on (gladiatores).
immo (Imo) [?, abl. of tunmos
(in+mus, cf. summus, demum)],
adv., {in the lowest degree}), nay,
nay rather, nay more. — Phrase :
immo vero {nay on the contrary,
nay rather^ nay even).
Immoderfitus (inm-), -a, -iim,
[in-moderatos], adj., unrestrained^
excessive, beyond bounds, violent,
immort&lis (inm-), -e, [in-mor-
talis], adj., immortal, eternal. — As
equivalent to an adv., eternally,
immortalitas (inm-), -tatis, [im-
mortali -|- tas], f., immortality,
imparStus (inp-), -a, -urn, [in-
paratos], adj., unprepared, not
ready,
im[>edlmentum (inp-), -i, [im-
pedi H- mentum], n., a hindrance:
esse impedimento {be a hindrance,
hinder), — Esp. in plur., baggage^ a
baggage train, a heavy train,
impedio (inp-), -ivi, -itus, -ire,
[timped- (in-pes, as if impedi-)],
4. V. a., entangle, hamper, interfere
with, — Fig., hinder, embarrass, im-
pede, hinder in the exercise of. —
impeditus, -a, -um, p.p., hampered,
entangled, occupied, difficult, impas-
sable: nallo impediente {with no
one to hinder),
impelio (inp-), -puU, -pulsus, -pel-
lere, [in-pello], 3. v. a., drive on. —
Fig., instigate, urge on, force, drive,
impended (inp-), -ere, [in-pen-
deoj, 2. v. n., overhang, hang over^
threaten, impend.
imperStor, -toris, [impera+tor],
M., a commander (in chief), a gen^
eral: Jupiter Imperator {Jupiter^
the Supreme Ruler) ; dux et impe-
rator {leader, in actual command,
and commander, in chief).
imperStorius, -a, -um, [impera-
tor-|-ius], adj., of a commander^ of
a general.
imperitus (inp-), -a, -um, [in-
peritos], adj., ignorant, unacquaint-
ed with, unversed in, inexperienced,
imperium, -i, [fimperd- (whence
impero, cf. opipaniB) + ium], N^
Vocabulary,
87
command^ supreme authority^ coti"
irolt supremacy^ supreme power^
power (military), rule^ sway (both
sing, and plur.), dominion^ empire,
rule, sway, — Concretely, an order,
orders, a command, a position of
command: imperiam et potestas
{military and civil power, power
and authority^,
Impero, -avi, -atus, -are, [fim-
perd- (in-tpams, cf. opiptunis)],
I. V. a. and n., demand {make requi-
sition for, prob. orig. meaning), re^
quire (in same sense). — Hence,
order (in military sense), rule, com^
mand, give orders : me imperante
{at my command); Lncullo im-
perante {under Lh command'),
impertio (inp-), -ivi (-ii), -itus,
-ure, [in-pariio, cf. partior], 4.v.a.,
impart, share (with one), give, con-
fer, attribute, assign, bestow,
Impetro, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-
patro], I. V. a., accomplish (anything
by a request), jw^r^*^^ in (obtaining),
obtain (a request), secure (a thing);
im^ixo 9, {prevail upon, persuade) ;
impetro ut, etc. {obtain a request,
be allowed to, etc., succeed in hav*
ing).
Impetus, tus, [in-fpetus (V^et
4- us), cf. impeto], m., a rush, an
attack, an onset, a charge, an assault,
violence, vehemence, fury: facere
{make an inroad, charge, or inva-
sion, invade); is impetus {such fury,
etc.); glaMorum. {armed onset),
. impietas, -tatis, [in-pietas], f.,
impiety,
implus, -a, -um, [in-pios], adj.,
impious (offending divine law).
impleo, -evi, -etus, -ere, [in-
tpleo], 2. V. 2i,,Jill.
implico, -avi (-ui), -atos (-itus),
-are, [in-plioo], i. v. a., entangle.
interweave, entwine, bind up, closely
connect.
impl5ratio, -onis, [implorft +
tio3f F., an entreaty.
Imploro, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-
ploro], I. V. a. and n., implore, be*
seech.
impSno, -posui, -positus, -ponere,
[in-pono], ^.y,2i., place upon, mount
(men on horses), place, impose (fig.),
saddle upon, fasten upon,
impoito, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-
porto], I. v. a., bring upon, import.
importiinus, -a, -um, [in-fpor-
tnnos {without a harbor7, cf. Por-
tuuus)], adj., unsuitable, untimely.
— Also (cf. incominddus), cruel,
unrelenting, unfeeling, reckless, in-
human.
Imprimis, [in primis, and often
separate], adv., among the first, espe-
cially, particularly {more than any-
thing else).
imprimo, -pressT, -pressus, -pri-
mere, [in-premo], 3. v. a., impress.
improbe, adv., wickedly.
improbitas, -tatis, [improbd +
tas, cf. probitas], P., wickedness,
want of integrity, improbity, want
of honesty, rascality, want of prin-
ciple,
improbo, -avi, -atus, -are, [im-
probd-], I. V. a., {hold as bad}, cf.
probo), disapprove, blame, censure.
improbiis, -a, -um, [in-probns],
adj., inferior, — Hence, bad, un-
principled, wicked, rascally, dishon-
est.— As subst., a rascal, etc.
imprSvldus, -a, -um, [in-provi-
dns], adj., improvident, imprudent,
thoughtless, unthinking,
impr5Ti8U8, -a, -um, [in-pro-
visos], adj., unforeseen : improvise
(de improvise) {on a sudden, un-
expectedly, unawares).
88
Vocabulary.
imprfidens, •entts, [in-pradens],
adj., not expecting^ incautious, un-
suspecting, off one's guard, unguard-
ed, not being aware : aliqao impra-
dente (without one^s knowledge).
impradeiitia,-ae^ [iinprudent+
ia], F., ignorance, want of consid'
eration, want of forethought, thought-
lessness, inattention,
impubes, -eris (-is), [in-pabes],
adj., beardless, immature, a mere boy.
impudens, -entis, [in-fpadens],
adj., shameless, impudent,
Impudenter [impudent + ter],
adv., shamelessly, with impudence,
Impudentia, -ae, [impudent +
ia], F., shamelessness, impudence,
want of shame,
Impudicus, -a, -urn, [in-pudi-
cus], adj., shameless, indecent, un-
chaste, immodest,
impiine [n. of impunis (in-
poena, weakened and decl. as adj.)],
adv., with impunity.
Impunltas, -talis, [impuni+tas],
F., freedom from punishment, im-
punity,
Imponitus, -a, -urn, [in-puni-
tns], adj., unpunished, unchecked
(by punishment).
Impurus, -a, -urn, [in-purus],
adj., impure, rascally, vile, dishonest,
unprincipled.
imus, -a, -um, sup. of inferus.
1. In- [cf. Gr. 0-, av-, Eng. ««-],
neg. particle, only in composition.
2. in [ ?, cf. Gr. dv3t, Eng. on ; cf.
also Inde], prep, a. With ace, of
motion, having its terminus within
or on (cf. ad, with terminus at or
near'^ , i «/<?, upon, within, to, against,
among, — Of time, for, to, till, —
I'ig., without actual motion, but only
direction, to, towards, against, upon,
ever. — Often where Eng. has a dif-
ferent conception, t#f, on : in locnic
alicnjus {in one's place), — In ad-
verbial expressions where no motion
appears, in, according to, with, to :
mirum in modum (cf. quern ad
modum); in eam sententiam (Jo
this purport)', in speciem {with the
appearance)', in altitudinem {in
height, cf. to the height of), — Esp., in
potestatem esse {in the power, etc.,
a confusion of two constructions).
—6. With abl., of rest (lit. and fig.),
in, on, among, within, at: in tanta
propinquitate {under circumstances
of, in a case of), — Often, in the
case of, in the matter of, in respect
to: in eo {in his case, in regard to
him, on that point, at that), — Esp.,
in odio esse {be hated, and the Hke).
— In comp. as adv., in, upon, to-
wards, and the like.
inSnis, -e, [?], adj., empty, unoc*
cupied, — Fig., empty, vain, ictte,
Inauditus, -a, -urn, [in-anditns],
adj., unheard of,
inaurStus, -a, -urn, adj , gilded,
incautas, -a, -um, [in-oantns],
adj., incautious, iff one's guard, im-
prudent, thoughtless.
inc€do, -cessi, -cessiirus, -cedcre,
[in-cedo], 3. v. n., proceed, walk:
quam taeter incedebat {whcU a
villanous spectacle as he walked).
incendium, -i, [in-fcandinm, cf.
incendo], N., a burning, a fire, a
conflagration, — In plur., the burn-
ing, etc., of buildings, each one being
conceived as a separate burning, as
is usual in Latin.
incendo, -cendi, 'Census, -cen-
dere, [in-fcando, cf. eandeol 3.v.a.,
set fire to, burn, — Fig., rouse, excite^
fire, inflame,
incensiS, -onis, [in-foensio, cf
incendo], F., a burning.
Vocabulary-
89
Inoeptom, -^ [p.p. of Inciplo],
N., an undertaking,
incertus, -a, -urn, [in-certns],
adj., uncertain^ dubious ^ untrust-
worthy: itinera {obscure ^ blind),
incSs8U8» -usy [in-fcessos, cf.
incedo], M., a walk^ a gait, the bear-
ing (of one in walking).
Incestus, -a, -um, [in-castns],
adj., unchaste^ impure^ incestuous.
incestus, -tus, [in-foastos, noun
akin to casing], M., incest,
inchoo, see incoho.
incido, -cidi, -casurus, -cidere,
[in-oado], 3. v. n.^ fall upon, fall
(in any direction). — Less exactly
and fig, t fail in with, fall into, hap-
pen upon^ meet, occur, happen,
Incido, -cidl, -cisus, -cidere, [in-
caedo], 3. v. a., cut into, cut, en-
grave : leges (ie., engrave for pub-
lication).
incipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere,
[in-capio], 3. v. a. and n., begin,
undertake,
incitamentum, -!, [incit&+mea-
ium], N., an incentive,
iDctto, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-dto],
I. V. a., set in motion (in some
particular direction) (lit. and fig.),
urge on, drive, impel, excite, incite,
rouse,
Incllnfitlo, -onis, [inclinft+tio],
F., a leaning, an inclination, a ten*
dency,
Indlno, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-
dino], I. V. a. and n., lean, turn,
bend,
inciado, -clusi, »c!usus, -cludere,
[in-elando], 3. v. a., shiU up, en-
close, include, — Incl&sus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., secret, hidden,
inoSgfiiitiis, -a, -um, [In-oogni-
tna], adj., unexamined, unheard,
unknown.
incoho (incho8),-avi,-iti]s»-are,
[?J, I. v. a., begin, commence,
Incola, -ae, [ui-tcola, cf. agri-
cola], M. and P., an inhabitant, a
resident (not a citizen).
Incolo, -coluiy no p.p., -colere,
[in-oolo], 3. V. a. and n., inhabit,
live, dwell
Incolumls, -e, [ ?, akin to colum-
na], adj.9 iafe, unhurt, uninjured,
unharmed^ preserved (in the posses-
sion of) one^s power: quibus inco-
lamibas i^ith whose preservation)',
quamdiu incolumis f^t (as long as
he was in good fortune),
incommodus, -a, -um, [in-oom-
modos], adj., inconvenient, unfortu*
note, — Esp., incommodum, N.
as subst., disadvantage, misfortune
(euphemism for defeat, loss, disaster),
harm,
incSnsiderfitus, -a, -um, [in-
concdderatos], adj., ill-considered,
inconsiderate,
incorruptS [old abl. of incor-
ruptus], adv., without bias,
incorruptus, -a, -um, [in-oor-
mptos], ' adj., unspoiled, unbribed,
free from bias,
inorebrSscS (-bCscS), -brui
(-bui), -brescere (-bescere) [in-cre-
bresco], 3. v. n., thicken, grmo fre*
quent: consaetodo {spread, become
common).
incrgdibilis, -e, [in-eredibilis],
adj., incredible, marvellous, extraor-
dinary,
increp8, -crepui (-avi), -crepitus,
-crepire, [in-crepo], i. v. n. (and a.),
make a noise, sound, rattle: qnic-
qnid increpnerit {whatever noise is
heard),
incultus, -a, -um, [in-caltos],
adj., uncultivated, uncouth,
IncumbS, -cubui, no p.p.» -cnn^
90
Vocabulary,
bere, [in-cumbo], 3. v. n. (and a.), lie
upon. — Hence, bend one's energies.
incunabula, -drum, [in-cnnabu-
la], N. plur., swaddling clothes (in
which anciently the infant was
wound up into a tight little bundle).
— Hence, the cradle (as a symbol of
infancy).
incurro, -cucurri, (-cum), -cur-
sus, -currere, [in-curro], 3. v. a. and
n., run upon^ rush aty make an as-
sault: in navem (assail).
indago, -avi, -atus, -are, [tinda-
gd-, cf. indago (-inis)], i . v. a., track,
chase^ pursue^ trace out^ investigate.
inde [tim (loc. of is, cf. interim,
hinc) -de (form akin to -dem, dum,
cf. indu, old form of in)], adv.,
front there, thence, from the place
(which, etc.),yr<?w that point.
indemnatus, -a, -um, [in-dam-
natus], adj., uncondemned.
index, -icis, [in-fdex (Vdic as
stem, cf. judex)], m. or f., an in-
former, an accuser (appearing as
witness).
India, -ae, \^\vhla\, F., all the
country, vaguely conceived, beyond
Sogdiana, Bactriana, and Asia, in-
cluding modem India.
indicium -i, [indie -f ium] , N., in-
formation, evidence (making known
a crime), an indication, a proof:
per indicium(/>5r<w^y4 an informer).
indico, -avi, -atus, -are, [indie-],
I. V. a., point out, infprm, make
known, show, discover (as an in-
former), betray, disclose, give infor-
mation, inform against.
indico, -dixi, -dictus, -dicere, [in-
dico], 3. V. a., order, proclaim, ap-
point: bellum (declare).
1 . indictus, -a, -u m, p.p. of indico.
2. indictus, -a, -um, [i. in-dic-
tus], adj., unpleaded, untried, un-
heard: indicia causa (without a
trial).
indidem [inde-dem, cf. idemj,
2idv.,from the same place : indidem
Ameria (therefrom Ameria).
indlgnS [old abl. of indJj^us],
adv., unworthily, shamefully (un-
worthily of one's self or of the cir-
cumstances) : indigne fero (take it
as a shame).
indig^us, -a, -um, [i. in-dignos],
2L.d).,unworthy,shameful,undeserved.
— As subst., a shame, an outrage.
indomitu8,-a,-um, [in-domitns],
adj., unconquered, indomitable, un-
controlled.
induco, -duxT, -ductus, -diicere,
[in-duco], 3. V. a., draw on, bring
in, introduce. — Also, lead on. —
Hence, induce, instigate, impel.
industria, -ae, \f\, f., diligence,
painstaking, industry : de industria
(on purpose).
industrius, -a, -um, [?], adj.,
industrious, diligent, painstaking.
ineo, -ivi, (-ii), -itus, -ire, [in-eo],
irr. V. a., enter upon, go into. — Fig.,
adopt, make, begin, gain, secure. —
£sp. : iniens aetas or adnlescentia
(early youth) ; ineimte vere (at the
beginning of spring).
inermis, -e (-us, etc.), [in-arma],
adj., unarmed, defenceless.
iners, -ertis, [in-ars], adj., shift-
less, cowardly, sluggish, unmanly.
inertia, -ae, [inert -fia], f., shift-
lessness, cowardice, slothfulness.
inexpiabilis, -e, [in-expiabilis],
adj., inexpiable. — Also, irreconcil-
able.
infSmia, -ae, [infami -f ia], p.,
dishonor, disgrace.
infamis, -e, adj., infamous.
infans, -antis, [in-fans], M. and
F., an infant child, a child, an infant.
Vocabulary.
91
InfSlix, -icis, [in-felix], adj., un-
fortunate, unlucky^ unhappy, wretch-
ed^ boding ill, ill-omened, ill-fated,
ill-starred
inferS, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [in-
fero], irr. v. a., bring in, import,
carry in, introduce, put upon : bel-
lam {make, declare, of ofTensive war);
signa {advance^. — Y\%., cause, in^
/lict, commit, create, cause: spem
{inspire) ; caosam {adduce, allege,
assign, fasten upon) ; vim et manas
(Jay upon) ; ignes {set) ; vim {use) ;
signis inferendis {by a hostile at-
tack),
iiiferu8,-a, -um, [unc. stem (akin
to Sk. adhas, down) + ms (cf. su-
pcnis)], adj., low, — Saperl., Infi-
miis (-umus), imus, lowest, the bot-
tom of, at the bottom: infimi {the
lowest, the meanest). — Esp. : ab in-
feris {from the world below) ; ad
(apud) inferos {in the world be
low),
infestus, -a, -um, [in-festos, fr.
fendo], adj., hostile, in hostile ar-
ray, pernicious. — Also, in danger,
infldSUs, -e, [i. in-fidelis], adj.,
unfltithful, wavering in faith^ faith-
less,
infidSlitSs, -tatis, [infideli+tas],
F., unfaithfulness, infidelity, treach-
ery,
infimua, see inferus.
infinitus, -a^ -um, [in-finitos],
adj., unbounded, countless, endless,
numberless, infinite, unlimited.
Infirmita8,-tatis, [infirmd+tas],
F., feebleness, unsteadiness, incon-
stancy.
inflrmo, -avi, -atus, -are, [infir-
md-], I. V. a., weaken, invalidate.
Infinnns, -a, -um, [in-firmos]
adj., weak, feeble, helpless.
fnflttfitor, 'toris, [infitift + tor],
M., a denier, — Esp. of debts, a slow
debtor.
fnfitior (inflc-), -atus, -ari, [in-
fitia-, stem of Infitiae (in + stem
akin to fateor)], i. v. dep., deny.
inflammo, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-
flammo], i. v. a., set on fire. — Fig.,
fire, inflame, incense, kindle^ infu-
riate.
inflo, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-flo],
I. V. a., blow upon, blow up. — Fig.,
inspire, puff up.
informo, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-
form©], I. V. ?L.,form, train.
infHngo, -fregi, -fractus, -fringere,
[intfrango], 3. v. a., break down,
destroy.
infkiiniis, see inferus.
Ingemisco, -gemui, no p.p., -ge-
miscere, [in-gemisco], 3. v. n.,
groan,
ingenero, -avi, -atu?, -are, [in-
genero], i. v. a., implant. — ingen-
erStus, inborn.
ingenium, -1, [in-fgeninm, cf.
genius], N., inborn nature, charac-
ter, nature. — Hence, mental power,
genius, intellect.
ingens, -entis, [in-gens, not be-
longing to the kind {?)'}, Sid}., huge,
enormous, very large,
ingenuus, -a, -um, [in-fgennns,
cf. gennlnus], adj. {born in the
state or family, native}), freeborn,
— As subst., a free person,
ingratus, -a, -um, [in-gratos],
adj., ungrateful (in both Eng. senses),
unpleasing.
ingravgsco, -escere, [in-grave-
see], 3. ^. n., become heavier, grow
serious, grow worse.
ingnredtor, -gressus, -gredi, [in-
gradior], 3. v. dep., march into,
i enter, march in, go upon, go, enter
upon : navem (go on board).
92
Vocabulary,
ingreMus, -us, tin-gressas, cf.
In^predlor], m., an entrance,
Inhaereo, -haesi, -haesurus, -hae-
rere, [in-haereo], 2,y.xi,, fasten itself
tOf cling to, befastemd upon,
inliibeOy •hibui, -hibitus, -hibere,
[in-habeo], 2. v. a., hold in, restrain.
inhio, -avi, no p.p., -are, [in-Mo],
I. V. n. and a., gape at: uberibos
(hold the open mouth to^.
inhomfinus, -a, -um, [in-lmma-
nos], adj., inhuman, cruel
inhumfitus, -a, -um, [in-hama-
tus], adj., unburied,
inlbi [in-ibi], adv., therein, —
Less exactly, yj«/ there. Just on the
point of being done,
inicio (l^jlcio), -jeci, -jectus,
Acext, [in-jacio], 3. v. a., throw into,
throw upon, — Less exsictly, place in,
put on, bring upon, — Fig., inspire,
cause,
inimicltia, -ae, [inimicd + tia],
F., enmity, hatred, a grudge, a feud,
a quarrel, a cause of enmity,
inimicus, -a, -um, [i. in-amicas],
adj., unfriendly, hostile, — As subst,
an enemy (personal, or not in war,
cf. hostis, an enemy of the state, or an
enemy at war), a rival, an opponent,
Iniqultas, -tatis, [iniqnS + tas],
F., inequality, irregularity, uneven-
ness. — Fig., unfairness, injustice,
iniquity: tempomm {unfavorable
nature),
iniqnus, -a, -um, [in-aeqans],
adj., uneven, — Fig., unjust (of per-
sons and things), unfair, unfavora-
hie, disadvantageous.
initio, -avi, -atus, -are, finitiS-],
I . V. a., initiate, consecrate,
initium, -i, [in-titium (ltd +
lain), cf. ineo], n., a beginning, the
first of a commencement, a preface^
a first attempt or event.
iiJSrStas, -a, -um, [in-jnratas].
adj., unsTvorn, not on oath,
injoria, -ae, [in-joa + ia, cf. in-
j mills], F., injustice, outrage, wrongs
violence (as opposed to right), abuse,
— Abl., injSria {unjustly, wrong'
fully), __
Injariose [old abl. of injurio-
sus], adv., with outrage, abusively.
injOstus, -a, -um, [in-justiis],
adj., unjust,
inlatus, -a, -um, p.p. of inf(Nno.
inlecebra (ill-), -ae, [inlice- (as
if stem of inlicio) + bra, cf. late-
bra], F., an enticement, a blandish'
ment, an allurement.
inlocesco (ill-), -liixi, no p.p.,
-lucescere, [in-lucesco], 3.V.H., shine
upon, shine, arise (of the sun, etc.).
illustris (-ill), -e, [in-lustrd- (or
kindred stem, cf. lustro, light, conn.
unc. with lustmin)], adj., bright,
splendid, brilliant, illustrious, con-
spicuous,
inlustro, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-
lustro-, bright, see preceding word],
I. v. a., illuminate, light up, bring
to light,
innSscor, -natus, -nisei, [in-
nascor], 3. v. dep.,grow in, spring
up in, — Fig., be inspired, be ex-
cited,— innfitus, p.p., natural, in-
note, inborn : innakta libertaa {in-
born spirit of liberty),
innocens, -cutis, [in-nocens (pres.
p. of noceo)], adj., harmless, guilt-
less, blameless, innocent, free from
guilt (or corruption), doing no
wrong. — As subst., an innocent
man, etc., the innocent,
innocentia, -ae, [innocent-f-ia],
F., blamelessness, innocence, blameless
conduct (esp. in office).
innumerfibilis, -e, [in-nomera-
bilis], adj., countless, innumeraAU^
Vocabulary.
93
numberless: innnmerabiles pecn-
niae {countless sums of money).
inopia, -ae, [inop-f ia], F., scar-
city, dear ill, destitution, want, priva-
tion, want of supplies : inopia om-
nium rerum {every privation, utter
destitution'),
inops, -opis, [in-ops], adj.,/^^^,
destitute, in poverty.
inoratus, -a, -um, [in-oratus],
adj., unpleaded: re inorata (with-
out a hearing, changing the point
of view).
inquam (inqulo), [?], v. def.,
say, sai4 1: inquam (said /) ; in-
quit (Jie says, said he).
inquiro, -quisivi,-quisitus, -quirere,
[in-quaero], 3. v. a. and n., enquire,
investigate, make investigations,
inquisitor, -tons, [in-quaesitor,
cf. Inquiro], M., an investigator, a
detective.
Inrepo (irr-), -repsi, -repturus,
-repere, [in-repo], 3. v. n., creep in,
find one's way in, get in (surrepti-
tiously).
inretio (irr-), -ivi (-ii), -itus,
-ire, [finreti- (in-rete)], 4. v. a., en-
snare, entangle.
inritS (itr-), -ivi, -atus, -are, [fin-
rit6- (of unc. kin.)], i. v. a., irritate,
excite, provoke, arouse: vi (wan-
tonly assail),
inrogo (irr-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[in-rogo], i. v. a., (propose a law
against), propose (a law or fine
against any one) : multam (move,
propose, of an accusation before the
people for a fine).
inrumpo (irr-), -rupT, -ruptus,
•rumpere, [in-rumpo], 3. v. a. and
n., break in, break down, break in
upon, burst in : in nostrum fletum
(break in upon and interrupt) .
inmo (Irp-), -mi, no p.p., -ruere,
[in-ruo], 3.v.n., rush in, rush upon :
in aliquem (assail)*, in odiun
(force one's self needlessly),
inruptio (irr-), -onis, [in-frup-
tio, cf. inrumpo], F., an inroad,
an attack, an invasion, an incursion,
a raid,
fnsSnia, -ae, [insand -{- ia], f.,
insanity, madness, a craze: popu-
lares insaniae (mad outbreaks of
the people),
insanio, -ivi (-ii), no p.p., -ire,
[insano-, as if insani-], 4. v. n.,
rdve, be insane, be mad.
insanus,-a,-um, [in-sanus],adj.,
(unsound). — Esp. in mind, insane,
crazy, mad. — Also of things, crazy ;
substructiones (as indicating a
craze).
insciens, -entis, [in-sciens], adj.,
not knowing, ignorant. — Often ren-
dered by adv., etc., unawares, with"
out one's knowledge,
inscientla, -ae, [inscient + ia],
F., ignorance, want of knowledge.
inscitia, -ae, [inscito -|- ia], f.,
ignorance, stupidity.
inscribo, -scripsi, -scriptus, -scri-
bere, [in-scribo], 3. v. a., write upon,
inscribe.
Insector, -atus, -ari, [in-sector],
I. V. di^^., pursue, follow up, inveigh
against,
insepultus, -a, -um, [in-sepul-
tns], adj., unburied: cujus foriae
insepulti (of whose unburied corpse) .
Insequor^ -seciitus, -sequi, [in-
sequor], 3. v,de^., follow up, pur-
sue, attack, assail, harass, hunt down,
— Also, follow, ensue,
inservio, -ivi (-ii), no p.p., -ire,
[in-servio], 4. v. n., be a slave to,
yield to, follow the dictates of, devote
one's self to.
fnsideo, -sedl, -sessus, -sidere, [iu-
94
Vocabulary.
Bedeo], 2. V. n. (and a.)> sii upon,
ding to, lie, reside, lurk in.
Insidiae, -001111, [fmsid- (cf.
praeses) + ia], f. plur., an am-
bush, an ambuscade, a stratagem, a
trick, a plot, a trap, treachery: per
insidias {with deception, treacher^
ously^ cf. per).
insldlStor, -torisy [insidia+tor],
M., a plotter, a secret assassin, one in
ambush, a Her in wait, a treacher^
ous assailant: nullos insidiator
viae {no one in ambush on the way'),
insldlor, -atos, -ari, [insidia-],
I. V. dep., lie in wait, make treach-
erous attacks, plot against, treacher"
ously assail
insldlSsS [old abl. of insldio-
sus], adv., treacherously,
insldiosus, -a, -urn, [insidia +
osas], adj., treacherous,
insido, -sedi, no p.p., -sidere, [in-
sido], 3. V. n. (and a.), sit upon,
seat one's self, sink in, settle upon,
fasten itself upon, become settled in :
macala {sink in, become fixed in) .
insignis, -e, [iiisignd-, decl. as
adj.], adj., marked, memorable, con-
spicuous, signal. —^ insigne, N. as
subst., signal, sign, decoration (of
soldiers), a mark, a symbol, insignia,
inslmulS, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-
simolo], I. V. a., charge, accuse.
insole ns,-entis, [in-solens], ndj.,
unwonted, arrogant, insolent.
insiHenter [insolent f-ter], adv.,
in an unusual manner, insultingly.
insolentia, -ae, [insolent + ia],
F., insolence, arrogance.
insolitus, -a, -urn, [in-solitus],
adj., unwonted, unaccustomed.
inspecto, -avT, -atus, -are, [in-
specto], I. V. a. and n., look upon,
look on : inspectantibos nobis {be-
fore our eyes).
inspgrfins, -antis, [in-speransj,
adj., unexpecting, not hoping, con>-
trary to one's expectations.
insperStas, -a, -urn, [in-spera-
tns], adj., unhoped for, unexpected,
unlookedfor,
instauro, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-
fstauro, cf. restauro], i. v. a., re-
new, restore, repeat.
instituS, -tui, -tutus, -tuere, [in-
statuo], 3. V. a. and n., set up, set
in order, array. — Also, provide,
procure, get ready, plan, — Also, set
about, undertake, instrput, begin to
practise, start, set out, begin, adopt
(a plan, etc.), resolve, determine, set
on foot, — Also, teach, train, habitu-
ate, instruct. — Esp., ab institiito
cursu {from one's intended course),
institotum, -I, [n. p.p. of In-
Stituo], N., a habit, a practice, ah
institution, a custom,
instS, -stiti, -staturus, -stare, [in-
sto], I, \, n.., be at hand, be close at
hand, press on, be pressing. — Fig.,
threaten, impend, menace,
instrumentum, -!, [instm +
mentum], H., furniture, equipment,
tools and stores (of soldiers), a means,
stock (of a shopkeeper), stock in
trade, means of subsistence : tribn-
natos {means of carrying on),
instruS, -struxf, -structus, -stro-
ere, [in-struo], 3. v. a., build, fit
up, array, draw up (of troops), fur-
nish, equip.
insula, -ae, [akin to in-salio?],
F., an island, — Esp., the Island (a
part of Syracuse).
insultS, -avi, -aturus, -are, [in-
salto], I. V. n., leap upon, dance
upon, trample on, trample under
foot, insult, commit outrages, run
riot, outrage, insult,
insuoi, -fui, -futnnis, -«sse, [in-
Vocabulary.
95
a], irr. v. n., he in, exist tn, be
present, be found,
Insuo, -sui, -sutus, -suere, [in-
8110], 3. V. a., sew up in, sew up.
integer, -gra, -grum, [in-fteger
(v^AG, in tango, + ms)], adj.,
untouched, unimpaired, unwearied,
undiminished, uninjured, unbroken,
entire, pure, fresh (as subst., fresh
troops), inviolate, — Esp., undecided,
not entered upon (of business) : re
Integra (anew, afresh, before any-
thing is done, before being committed
to any course of action); id inte-
gmm {an open question), — Also,
{untainted,) upright, honest, honor-
able, unimpeacJiable.
integre [old abl. of Integer],
adv., honestly, honorably,
integritas, -tatis, [integro+taa],
F., honesty, integrity, blameless con-
duct, uprightness.
Intellego (-Ugo), -lexi, -lectus,
-legere, [inter-lego], 3. v. a. and n.,
{pick out [^distinguish'] between),
learn, know, notice, observe, find
out, discover, see plainly, be aware,
observe, understand, be able to see,
have intelligence, be a connoisseur.
intendo, -tendi, -tentus, -tendere,
[in-tendo], 3. v. a. and n., stretch,
strain, direct, aim (both active and
neuter) : arcmn {aim) ; actionem
{bring)', animiiTn {have in mind,
direct one's thoughts).
intento, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-
tento], I. V. a., strain, brandish.
inter [in + ter, cf. alter], prep,
(adv. in comp.), between, among:
inter falcarios {in the street of);
constat inter omnes {by alt) ; inter
latera {about).— Of time, within,
for: inter decern annos {within
ten years, for the last ten years). —
Often in a reciprocal sense : inter se
(.among themselves^ with^ to, from, at,
etc., each other); diversi inter se
{different); confligunt inter se
{against each other).
Interamna, -ae, [inter-amnis (or
stem akin)], p., a town in Umbria
ninety miles from Rome {Terni).
Interamnas, -atis, [Interamna+
tis], adj., -of Interamna.
intercede, -cessi, -cessiirus, -ce-
dere, [inter-cedo], 3. v. n., come
between, go between, lie between, in-
tervene, exist between, occur between,
be, pass (of time). — Esp. of the
tribunes, veto, stay proceedings.
intercessio, -onis, [inter-cessio,
cf. intercede], f., a veto (cf. inter-
cedo).
intercSssor, -oris, [inter-cessor],
M., {one who comes between), a surety.
— Esp., a vetoing tribune (cf. inter-
cedo).
intercISdo, -clusl, -clusus, -clu-
dere, [inter-claudo], 3. v. a., cut off,
shut off, block (roads), put a stop to.
interdum [inter dam (orig.
ace.)], 2j^v.,for a time, sometimes.
interea [inter ea (prob. abl.)],
adv., meanwhile, in the mean timCf
meantime.
intereo, -ivi (-ii), -iturus, -ire,
[inter-eo {go intopiecesl, cf. inter-
ficio)], irr. v. n., perish, die, be
killed, be destroyed.
interfatio, -onis, [inter-ffatio
(fa -f tio)], F., an interruption.
interfector, -toris, [inter-factor,
cf. interflcio], M., a slayer, a mur-
derer.
interficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere,
[inter-facio], 3. v. a., {cut to pieces,
cf. intereo), slay, kill, put to death,
destroy.
intericio (-jlclo), -jeci, -jectus,
-icere, [inter-jacio], 3. v. a., throw
96
Vocabulary.
lit (between). — Pass., lie between,
intervene: tconpore iiiterjecto(ay?/r
an interval, etc.).
interim [perh. loc. of finterus
(cf. inter, interior), but cf. inte-
rea, interibi], adv., meanwhile, in
the mean time.
interimo, -emi, -emptus, •imere,
[inter-emo], 3. v. a., kill (cf. inter-
ficio), slay, destroy, put to death, —
Less exactly, overwhelm.
interior, -us, [comp. of finterus
(in-tems, cf. alter)], adj., inner,
interior, far /her in, more inland. —
Superl., intimus (-tumus), -a, -urn,
[in + timos], inmost, most secret. —
As subst., an intimate friend,
interitus, -tus, [inter-itus, cf.
intereo], M., death, murder (chang-
ing the point of view), destruction,
overthrow.
interjicio, see interieio.
intermortuus, -a, -urn, [inter-
mortuos], 2id]., faint, half dead, life-
less, still-born.
intemecinus, see internecivus.
internecio, -onis, [inter-fnecio,
same root as neco], F., extermina-
tion, annihilation.
internecivus (-cinus), -a, -um,
[inter-fnecivus], adj., utterly de-
structive: bellum {of extermina-
tion').— Also, interniclvus.
interpeilo, -avi, -atus, -are, [inter-
tpello, cf. appelio, -are], i. v. a.,
interrupt, interfere with.
interpono, -posuT, -positus, -po-
nere, [inter-pono], 3. v. 2,., place in
between (lit. and fig.)» interpose, in-
troduce, allege (an excuse to break
off something), thrust in, force in,
put in : diebas interpositis (after
an interval, etc.); se {act as go-
between).
Interpres, -pretis, [inter-fpres
(akin to pretium?)], c, a middle'^
man, a mediator, an interpreter ^ an
agent (for bribery).
interrogS, -avi, -atus, -are, [inter-
rogo], I. v. a., {ask at intervals),
question, interrogate, ask, put ques-
tions,
intersum, -fui, -futiirus, -esse,
[inter-som], irr. v. n., be between,
be among, be in, be engaged in, be
present : nox interest {there is an
interval of a night) \ rel {be engaged
in, take part in). — Esp. in third
person, it is of importance, it in-
terests, it concerns: nihil interest
{there is no difference, also, it makes
no difference, it is of no importance);
hoc interest {there is this difference) ;
quid mea interest? {what is for my
interest?) ; quid interest? {what is
the difference?).
intervallum, -1, [inter-Tallna^
distance between stakes in a ram-
part], N., distance (between two
things), distance apart, interval (of
space or time), space, time: longo
intervallo {after a long interval,
after a considerable time).
interventus, -tus, [inter-fven-
tus, cf. eventus and intervenio],
M., a coming (to interrupt some-
thing), a coming in^ an interven-
tion,
intestlnus, -a, -um, [?, perh. in-
tus+tinus], adj., internal, intestine:
pernicies (i.e., within the vitals of
the state).
intimus, see interior.
in tolerSbilis, -e, [in-tolerabilis],
adj., intolerable, unendurable, not to
be borne.
intolerandus, -a, -um, [in-tol-
erandus], adj., not to be borne., un-
endurable,
Intrfi [instr. (?) of flntems, c£
Vocabulaty.
97
hktet and extra], adv. and prep.,
into, within, inside,
intrOd&co, -diud, -ductus, -du-
ccre, [intro-duco], 3. v. a., lead in,
bring in, march in (troops), intro-
duce,
introitus, -tus, [intro-itus], m.,
an entrance, an approach (means of
entrance), a way 0/ entrance : Ponti
{mouth, i.e., the straits). — Fig., a
door (as a way of entrance), an
opening:
intueor, -tuitus (-tutus), -tueri,
[in-tueor], 2. v. dep., gaze upon,
gaze at, cast onis eyes upon, look
upon, behold, look at, contemplate,
study,
intus [in + tos (an abl. ending,
cf. divinltus)], adv., within,
inultus, -a, -um, [in-nltus], adj.,
unavenged^ unpunished,
iniirp, -ussi, -ustus, -urere, [in-
*Uf<>J» 3* '^' *•» ^^^ «», brand, —
'F\g.,Jix indelibly,
inasitStus, -a, -urn, [in-usitatos],
adj., unwonted, unaccustomed, un-
usual.
instills, -e, [in-utilis], adj., of
no use, unserviceable, — In a preg-
nant sense, unfavorable (positively
disadvantageous), prejudicial,
InvSdo, -vasi, -vasurus, -vadere,
[in-vado], 3. v. n., rush in, attack,
assail, make an attack, make a rush,
make a charge,
inveho, -vcxi, -vectus, -vehere,
[in-veho], 3. v. a., carry in, carry
against. — Pass, as dep., be borne,
ride, sail in, assail (ride against),
inveigh,
Invenlo, -venl, -ventus, -venire,
[in-venio], 4. v. SL.,Jind (come upon,
cf. reperio, fnd by search), learn,
discover, meet with, invent, chance
19 kave^ originate.
inventor, -tons, [in-tventor, cf.
invenlo], m., a discoverer, an in-
ventor, an originator,
investigo, -avi, -atus, -are, [in-
vestigo]) I. V. a. and n., trace out,
investigate,
InveterSscS, -ravi, -ratiims, -ras-
cere, [in-veterasco], 3. v. n., grow
old, become established, become fas-
tened in or on, become rooted, be-
come deeply seated or ingrained,
invlctus, -a, -um, [in-victas],
adj., unconqtured. — Also, uncon-
querable, invincible,
InvldeS, -vidi, -visus, -videre, [in-
video, cf. invldus], 2. v. n. and a.,
envy, be jealous of, grudge, be en-
vious,
Invldla, -ae, [invid5 + ia], F.,
envy, odium, jealousy, hatred, un-
popularity,
invidlosS [old abl. of invidlo-
bus], adv., in a manner to excite
odium,
invldl58U8, -a, -um, [invidla +
osus,] adj., causing odium : mihi est
invidiosam(f/ is a ground of odium).
invldus, -a, -um, [in-fvidus
(^iD + us, wh. video)], adj.,
envious, jealous, ill-disposed, hostile,
grudging,^
invig^o, -avi, no p.p., -are, [in-
vigilo], I. V. n., (lie awake for),
ivatch gfver, care for,
Invlolatus, -a, -um, [in-viola-
tus], adj., inviolate, unharmed, un-
injured,— Also (cf. invlctus), in-
violable: inviolata amicitia (with-
out violating friendship).
Invisus, -a, -um, [p.p. of Invl-
deo], as adj., hateful, odious, dis-
pleasing.
Invito, -avi, -atus, -are, [?], i.v.a.,
invite.
Invitus, -a, -um, [?], adj., un-
98
Vocabulary.
wiUing* — Often rendered as adv.,
againsi one's will^ unwiUingfy,
ipse, -a, -urn, [is-pttisC ?)],mtens.
pron., self, very, himself, etc (as opp.
to some one else, cf. sul, reflex, refer-
ring to the subject) he, etc. (emph.),
he himself, etc. : tu ipse {^you your-
self) ; ipsins virtus {his own, etc.) ;
id ipsum (that very thing) ; ad ip-
sum fornicem (Just at, etc.) ; illis
ipsis diebns (just at that very time);
in Iiis ipsis (even in these) ; Kalen-
dis ipsis (just at, etc.) ; ante ipsnm
sacrarinm (Just exactly before, etc.) .
ira, -ae, [?], f., anger, wrath,
resentment, rage,
iracundla, -ae, [iracnnd5+ia],
F., wrath (as a permanent quality,
cf. ira, a temporary feeling), irasci-
bility, anger »
irScundus, -a, -um, [ira + con-
das], adj., of a molent temper, pas-
sionate, irascible, wrathful, resentful,
embittered.
irS8Cor,iratus,irasci, [fira+aco],
3. V. dep., get angry, be angry. -^
iratus, -a, -urn, p.p^ as adj., angry,
in anger.
irr-, see imr-.
is, ea, id, [pron. y/i'], pron., this
(less emph. than hie), that (un-
emph.), these, those, etc., the, a, he,
she, it, such, one, the man : id quod
(which, omitting the demonstrative);
atqne is (and that too) ; in eo (in
that matter) ; ex eo genere qui (of
the hind, etc.) ; vacuus ab eis qui
defenderent (of men to, etc.) ; vos
qui . . . ei (you who . . .you) ; neque
enim is es, etc. (such a man, etc.) ;
pro eo ao mareor (in proportion to
what, etc.) ; is constitutus ez mar-
more(his statue), etc. ; id aetatis filii
(of that age, etc.). — Abl., N., e5, the
(old Eng. instrumental), so muck, on
that accounif therefore: eomagit(a/^
the more) ; eo atrocior (so much the
more cruel). — See also cJusmodL
iste, -a, -ud, [is-te (cf. tain, tao-
tus, etc.)], pron., that, these, those,
etc. — Esp. associated with the sec-
ond person, with adversaries and
opponents, thai (you speak of), he
{your client), those men (my oppo-
nents), that (of yours), that (by you),
ita fyi+ta (instr.(?) of y/TK)\
adv., so, in such a way, under suck
circumstances, in this way, thus, as
follows; often with limiting force,
so (only) : ut . . • ita, ita • • . ut
(in proportion as, as); ita dictitat
(this).
Italia, -ae, [tltal5- (reduced) +
ia (f. of -ius)], f., Italy.
italicDS, -a, -urn, [Ital5 + cua],
adj., Italian: bellum (the Italic or
Social war, B.C. 90).
Itaque [ita que], adv., and so,
accordingly, therefore.
item [ V'*^^®°^ (^^- ^ ^* idem)],
adv., in like manner, so also, in Ike
same way, also, likewise.
iter, itineris, [stem fr. ^i (go) +
unc. term.], N., a road, a march, a
way, a route, a course, a journey.
iterum [V^ + teru«» c^- alter],
adv., a second time, again: semel
atque iterum, iterum et saepius
(again and again).
J.
Jaceo, -cui, -citurus, -cere, [tjac5-,
cf. Jaculum], 2. v. n., lie, lie dead,
lie low, lie prostrate, be overthrown,
fall to the ground.
JaciOy jecl, jactus, jacere, [?, cf.
Jaceo], 3. V. a., throw, hurl, cast,
tkrow out, bandy about. — Esp. of
foundations, lay,
JactOy -ivi, -atus, -ire, [jact5-]i
Vocabulary.
99
I. ▼.a., (frcq. of Jacio), toss, toss
aiou/, dandy adout (pi talk); sejao-
tare {insolently display itself , swag-
ger, show om^s arrogance or inso-
lence), show oneself off.
Jactfira, -ae, [jactu + ra (f. of
l^ns)], F., a throwing away, a losSy a
sacrifice (of men in war), expense ^
largesse, lavish expenditure.
Jactns, -tiis, [VMC+ tua], M., a
throw : falminnm (hurling, flash,
stroke).
Jam [ace. of pron. V^a], adv.,
now (of progressive time, cf. none,
emphatic and instantaneous), iy this
time J at last, already, at length, still:
non jam (no longer, not any more,
etc.); nunquam jam (never more,
never again) ; jam nemo (at last no
one)', jam ante, jam antea (already
before, cUready, before, also before,
even before). — Of future time,/r^j-
ently, by and by. — Phrases, jam
vero (now fur therm 01 e, then again,
but: or com. partic. of transition);
jam dudom, jam pridem (now for
some time, long ago); n Jic jam
(now at last, now).
JSniculum, -i, [Jan5+ colum],
N., the yaniculine Hill.
JSnua, -ae, [?, akin to Janus],
p., a door. — Fig., gate.
JSnufirlus, -a, -urn, [?, janua +
arias], adj., of January.
jejanus, -a, -urn, [?], adj.,/fx/-
ing. — Fig., meagi'e, poor, humble.
jQbeo, jussi, jiissus, jubere, [prob.
jus-habeo, cf. praebeo], 2. v. a.,
order, command, bid.
JQcunditfis, -tatis, [jucundo +
^^^]f P*» pleasantness, pleasure,
charm.
JQcundus, -a, -urn, [?, perh. for
Juvlcundus, akin to Juvo], adj.,
pleasant, agreeable.
JSdex, *icis, [jos-fdez (y^Dic as
stem)], M. and F., a judge, an ar-
biter. — Esp. in Roman jurispru-
dence, a juryman (half judge and
half juryman, who decided Roman
law cases), a judge: judices (gen-
tlemen, i.e., of the jury).
Jodlcialis, -e, [judicio + alis],
2id]., judicial, of courts,
Jodicium, •!, [jndic + ium], n.,
a judgment (judicial), a trial, a
verdict, a prosecution. — As each
trial made a court, a court, a panel
of jurors, a bench of judges, the ad-
ministration of justice, the judiciary,
the judicial power, — Also, an ex-
pression of opinion (generally offi-
cial), a» opinion, a judgment, a deci-
sion.
Jndico, -avi, -at«s, -are, [judic-],
I. V. B.., formally decide, decide, judge,
be a juror, adjudge, think, consider,
hold an opinion: equester ordo
(hold the judiciary); sabiiliter (be
a connoisseur); de ingeniis (criti-
cize, estimate); magna in hoc vis
jadlcator (is held to be, etc.).
Jiigulo, -avi, -atus, -are, [jugnlS-],
I. v. a., cut the throat of, murder,
assassinate, strangle (figuratively),
put to death.
Juflnilum, -i, [jugd-j-lum], N., (a
little yoke, the collar-bones), Vie
throat, the neck.
JSlliis, -1, [?], M., a Roman gen-
tile name. — Esp., L. Julius Ccesar,
censor, B.C. 89.
Jiui£fO, junxi, junctus, jungere,
[VJUG], 3. v. 2i., join, unite, at-
tach, attach together. — In pass, or
with reflex., unite with, attach one's
self
J&nlfinus, -a, -am, [Jani5 •\-
anas], adj., </ Junius: oonsiliam
(a jury of which one Junius was
lOO
Vocabulary.
presiding praetor, and which had
notoriously been bribed).
JOnius, -a, -um, [?, perh. akin to
Juvenls], adj., of June.
JSpiter (J&PP-), Jovis, [Jovis-
PaterJ, m., the god of the visible
heavens and the atmosphere, who
was regarded as ihe supreme divinity
of the Romans, yupiier, yorve, —
Identified with the Greek ZetJs, hence
with the adjective Olympius.
JiirS, -avi, -atus, -are, [jur- (stem
of jus)], I. V. n., swear t take an
oath. — JQrfitus, -a, -um, p.p. in
active sense, sworn, on oath.
JSs, juris, [for fjavus, -y/YU (akin
to vOug) + us], N., justice^ right,
rights (collectively), rights of ter (any-
thing, claims), law: commania jura
{common rights of man) ; hoc juris
consUtuere {establish this as law) ;
jure {with right, justly) ; praecipao
jure {with special justice) ; suo jure
{with perfect right) ; optimo jure
{with perfect justice),
jSsjfirandum, jurisjurandl, [see
the two words], N., an oath,
jQssD [abl. of tjussus], used as
adv., by order: meo jussu {by my
orders),
jastS [old abl. of Justus], adv.,
justly.
jilstitia, -ae, [jusio+tia], ¥,, jus-
tice (just behavior), sense of justice,
Justus, -a, -um, [jus + tos], adj.,
just, lawful, reasonable, — Also, com-
plete, perfect, regular: omnia justa
solvere {all due rttes).
Juvenls, -e, [?], 9id}., young. ^
As subst., a yowijg man (not over
^S), a youth.
juventOs, -tiitis, [juven (orig.
Item of Juvenls) + tus], F., youth,
— Concretely, the youth, young men,
the young.
Juv$, juvi, jutus, jimure, [?],
I. y. a., help, aid, assist.
KaL, abbrev. for Kalendae and
its cases (wh. see).
Kalendae (Cal-), -arum, [p. pi
of fcalendns, p. of verb akin to
calo], F. plur., the Calends (the first
day of the Roman month, when, as
it would seem, the times of the moon
were announced to the assembled
people) : pridie Kalendas Janoa-
rias (i.e., Dec. s^^O-
Kajrthllglniensis (Gar-), -e,
adj., Carthaginian. — Plur. as subst,
the Carthaginians,
KarthfigS (Car-), -inis, [Punic,
new cityl, v., Carthage.
Jj., abbrev. for Imcius.
li (4;), [a corrupt form of the
Greek letter ^ (prop. x)» originally
used for 50, and retained in the later
notation], a sign {or jiffy.
labefociS, -feci, -factus, -facere,
[unc. stem (akin to labor) -fado],
3. V. a., shahe, cause to totter.
labefoctS, -ivi^-atus, -are, [labe-
(cf. labefaclo) -facto], i. v. a.,
shake, cause to totter, weaken, under-
mine, overthrow, shatter, annul, in-
validate, disturb.
VSMs, -is, [lab (m Ifibor) + es],
F., a fall, ruin^ a plague (fig.), a
pest. — Also, a disgrace, a shame.
labS, -iv;, no p.p., -ire, [?, akin
to Ifibor], I. v. n., Mter, waver,
give way.
lllbor, lapsus, labi, [?, akm to
labo], 3. V. dep., slide, fall, slip, err,
be imprudent.
M>or, -oris, Cv^kABH + or (for
Vocahulaty.
lOI
-08)]» If., UU^ exertion (in its disa-
greeable aspect), labor (as painful),
trouble,
Iab9ri9sas, -a, -um, [labor +
osus], adj., ioiisome, laborious.
labdro, -avi, -atus, -are, [labor-],
I. V. n., toilf exert one's self. — Also,
suffer, labor, be hard pressed, be in
trouble, trouble one's self, care. —
With neut. pron., labor about, attend
to, busy one's self with.
lacero, -avi, -atus, -are, [lacer5-],
I . V. a., mangle, lacerate, tear,
laces8§, -cessivi, -cessitus, -ces-
sere, [stem akin to lacio + unc.
term.], 3. v. a., irritate, provoke. —
Esp., attack, harass, assail, skirmish
with.
lacrlma, -ae, [fdakm- (cf. Gr.
Zdxpv) + ma], F., a tear.
lacrlmo, -avi, -atus, -are, [lacri-
ma], I. V. n. and a^ weep, weep
for- ^
lacteo, -ere, [lact-], 2. v. n., suck.
— Esp., lactSns, p., sucking, nurs-
ing, a suckling, a nursling.
lacus, -lis, [?, cf. lacer, lacuna],
M., a reservoir, a lake.
Iiaeca, -ae, [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., M, Lcuca, a
. partisan of Catiline.
laedo, laesi, laesus, laedere, [perh.
for lavldo, ^LU (increased) + do
(cf. tendo)], 3. v. a., wounds injure.
— Fig., esp., break (one's word, etc.),
violate, hurt, disparage, thwart, in-
jure.
Iiaelius, -i, [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., C. Lcelius, the
friend of the younger African us.
liaeiiliis, -i, [?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., M, Lcenius
Flaccus, a knight of Bnindisium, a
friend of Cicero, and one of his sup-
porters in his exile.
laetltla, -ae, [laet6 + iia], f.,
joy, gladness (cf. laetus).
laetor, -atus, -ari, [laet5-], i. v.
dep., rejoice (cf. laetus), be glad,
take delight: illud laetandnm est
{this is a cause of rejoicing),
laetus, -a, -um, [unc. root (perh.
akin to glad) -f tus], ^A]., joyful (of
the inner feeling), rejoicing: me
domus laetiasima accepit {with the
greatest joy) ,
lamentStio, -onis, [lamenta +
tio], p., lamentation,
Ifiinentor, -atus, -an, [lamento-],
I. v. dep., lament, bervail.
Ifimentum, -i, [?, perh. y/\x +
mentum, cf. laedo], n., a lamenta^
Hon,
ISmina, -ae, [?, perh. ^u -|-
mina], p., a scale (of metal), a plate
(esp. heated, used for torture).
lang^idus, -a, -um, [tlanga5-
(whence langueo)-fdu8],adj.,j/i>-
itless, listless, languid, stupid, sleepy,
dozy : languidior {less active).
lanista, -ae, [?], m., a trainer
(of gladiators),
LSnuvfnus, -a, -um, [Lanuvi5 -{-
inos], adj., of Lanuvium. — Plur,
M., the people of Lanuvium,
liftnuvium, -i, [?], n., a town
of Latium, twenty miles from Rome
on the Appian Way, famous for its
worship of Juno Sospita.
lapidfitiS, -onis, [li^ida + tio J,
p., a stoning, throwing stones.
lapis, -idis, [ ?], M., a stone.
laqueus, -i, [y/UiC (in laclo) -f
ens (? -AYAs)], M., a slip-noose, a
snare. — Fig., the meshes (of the
law, etc.).
LAr, Laris, [?], M., ^ household
divinity: Lar familiaris {house-
hold gods^ as a symbol of home),
home, hearth and home.
102
Vocabulary,
large [old abL of lavgus], ady.,
copiously^ generously^ lavishly.
largior, -itus, -in, [largd-], 4. v.
dep., give lavishly ^ bestow upon^ sup-
ply witht lavish upon, grant, — Also,
give bribes, give presents,
largitiS, -onis, [largi- (stem of
larglor) + tio], F., lavish giving,
bribery,
largltor, -tons, [largi+tor], m.,
a lavish giver, a briber, a spend-
thrift,
latS [old abL of latos], adv.,
widely, broadly: longe lateque (Jar
and wide),
latebra, *ae, Qate + bra], F., a
hiding-place,
lateo, latui, no p.p., latere, [?],
2. V. n., lie concealed, lurk, be con-
cealed, pass unnoticed, lie hid, work
secretly,
liatlSris (-fiUs), -e, [Lati5 +
aria], adj., of Latium : Jupiter La-
tiaris (the Jupiter worshipped on
the Alban mount as the tutelar divin-
ity of the old Latin union).
Ijatinieiisis, -e, [Latind (?) +
ensis)» z.^\,,of Latium, Latin, — Esp.
as Roman proper name, Q, Calius
Latiniensis, a tribune of the people.
Ijatiniis, -a, -um, [Latid+inus],
adj., Latin,
Latium, -1, [prob. Iat5 + ium,
N. of -ius, theyftf/ land}'], N., the
country between the Apennines, the
Tiber, and the Tuscan Sea, now the
Campagna,
lator, -toris, C(i)la + tor], M., a
bearer^ a proposer (of a law, of.
fero).
latr$, -onis, [prob. stem borrowed
fir. Greek + o], M., a mercenary (?),
a robber, a marauder,
latrSclnlum, -i, [tlatrocin5 +
inm, of. rattodiior], in,.freebo0Hng,
robbery, br^ndage, marattding, a
band of marauders, a marauding ex-
pedition (opposed to beUum, q. v.).
latrOcinor, -atus, -an, [flatro-
cin5-, of. latrocinium], i. v. dep.,
be a freebooter, act as a marauder:
latrodnans (jas a marauder),
IStus, -a, -um, [prob. fbr fplatos,
cf. Gr. TXarhs], adj., broad, wide,
extensive,
latus, lateris, [prob. Iat5 + nu
(reduced)], N., the side (of the body).
— Also, generally, a side, ajlank^ an
<r«</(ofahill).
Ifitus, -a, -um, [for tlatas, ^y/TLk
(cf. tollo, tuli) + tus], p.p. of fero.
laudatio, -onis, [laudiH-iio], f.,
a eulogy, a funeral oration,
laudStor, -toris, [lauda -f tor],
M., a eulogizer, an extoUer,
laudo, -avi, -atus, -are, [land-],
I. V. a., praise, commend, approve^
eulogize, applaud,
laureatus, -a, -um, [lanrea +
tus, cf. robustus], adj., laurelled,
crowned with laurel,
laiis, laudis, [?], F., praise, credit,
renown, reputation, glory, merit
(thing deserving praise), excellence:
in hao laude industriae (Jin gain-
ing this credit by, etc.); fructua*
istum laudis (M^ gaining of that
credit),
laatmnlae (lato-, latu-), -arum,
[Xaro/i/a], F. plur., a stone-quarry,
lectnlns, -i, [leot6 + Ius], m., «
couch, a sofa, a bed,
lectus, -i, [?], M., a bed, a couch,
lectus, -a, -um, p.p. of Ic^go, wh.
see.
ISgfitiS, -onis, [leg& 4- tio], P.,
(a sending or commission)^ an em*
bossy, an embassy (message of aia-
bassadors), the office oflegatus : qua
in legatione (jin wtick ofiee)', ju
Vocabulary*
103
legationis (Jhe rights of ambassa-
dors),
legatus, -i, [prop. p.p. of lego J,
M., an ambassador. — Also, a lieu-
tenant^ a legatus. To a Roman
commander were assigned (legare)
one or more subordinate officers
capable of taking command in his
absence or engaging in independent
operations under his general direc-
tion. Thes6 were the legati, and
with the quaestor composed a kind
of staff.
legio, -onis, [y^LEG + io], F., («
levy) ; hence, a legion (originally the
whole levy, later the unit of army
organization, numbering from 3000
to 6000 men, divided into ten co-
horts).
legltimas, -a, -um, [leg (as if
l«8fi) + timus], adj., lawful, legal,
oflaWf according to law, at law.
lego, -avi, -atus, -are, [fl^a- (cf.
collega)], I. V. a., despatch, com-
.mission, commission as legatuSy choose
as legatus, assign (as legatus).
lego, legi, lectus, legere, [cf. Gr.
Xeyti], 3. V. a. and n., choose, collect,
pick out. — Hence, read, read of —
lectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., choice^
esteemed, superior.
ISnio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [leni-],
4* v. a., soothe, mitigate.
ISnls, -e, [?], adj., gentle^ lenient,
mild.
ISnitfis, -talis, [leni + tas], f.,
gentleness, leniency.
ISniter [leni+ter], zdcv., gently.
ISno, -onis, [?, leni + o], m., a
pander, a pimp^ go-between.
lenScinlum, -i, [flenocind- (cf.
Iraiocinor) -1- ium], ^., pandering.
lentS [old abL of lentusj, adv.,
stowly.
Ijentuliiit, -1, [lentd + las], m.»
a Roman family name. — Esp. : i.
Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus,
cons. B.a 72; 2. F. Cornelius Len*
tulus Sura, cons. B.C. 71, one of the
Catilinarian conspirators; 3. L. Len-
tulus, an unknown praetor; 4. P,
Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, cons.
B.C. 57, a supporter of Cicero; 5.
The son of No. 4, of the same name.
lentus, -a, -urn, [len (cf. lenis)
+ tus], 2A\., flexible. — Also, slow.
lepidus, -a, -um, [flepd- (cf.
lepor) + dus], m., graceful. — As
a Roman family name. — Esp. : i.
AT. j^milius Lepidus, cons. B.C. 66;
2. M. ySmilius Lepidus, cons. B.C.
78, killed in a quarrel with his col-
league, Q. Catulus; 3. Son of the
preceding, of the same name, the
famous triumvir whose house was
robbed by the partisans of Clodius.
levis, -e, [for fleghvls, ^^agh
+ OS (with inserted i, cf. brevis),
cf. Gr. iKaxys» Eng. light], adj., light,
slight, trivial, unimportant, of no
weight. — Also (cf. gpravis), incon-
stant, fickle, wanting in character,
worthless, unprincipled.
levltas, -tatis, [levi + tas], F.,
lightness.'^ Also (cf, levis), incon-
stancy, fickleness, want of principle,
unsteadiness.
leviter [levi + ter], adv., lightly,
slightly : at levissime dicam (Jo say
the least).
levo, -ivi, -atus, -are, [levi- (as
if levo-)], I. V. a., lighten. — Hence,
free from a burden, relieve, allevi-
ate, lessen: axmonam {relieve the
market, lessen the price of grain).
I6x, legis, C^/LEG (in lego)], F.,
a statute, a law, a condition.
libellus, -1, [libr6 -h las], m., a
little book, A list, a paper.
llbens (lub-), see Ubet.
IQ4
Vocabulary.
Ubenter [libent+ter], adv., wil'
^i^fyt gi^^y* ^^^ pleasure, — With
verb, be glad to^ etc. : libentiflauiie
aadire {most like to hear),
1. liber, -bera, -berum, [flibd-
(whence Ubet) + ma Creduced)],
adj., free (of persons and things),
unrestricted, undisturbed, unincutH"
beredf independent,
liber, Ubri, [?], m., bark (of a
tree). — Hence, a book,
2. Ulber, -eri, [same word as i.
liber, connection uncertain], m., an
Italian deity of agriculture. — Hence
identified with Bacchus.
Libera, -ae, [f. of preceding
word], F., an Italian goddess iden-
tified with Proserpine (of. K6p7i),
liberalis, -e, [i. Uber + alls],
adj., of a freeman, generous, liberal,
noble (studia).
Uberalitfis, -tatis, [liberali +
^s]» ^'9 generosity,
liberaliter [liberali-{-ter], adv.,
generously, kindly (respondit).
liberStio, -onis, [libera + tic],
F , a setting free, a freeing, acquittal.
liberator, -toris, [libera + tor J,
M., <i deliverer, a liberator,
libere [old abl. of liber], adv.,
freely, without restraint, with free--
dofn,
' liberl, oorum, [prob. m. plur. of
liber, the free members of the house-
hold], M. plur., children, — Some-
times even of one.
liberd, -avi, -atus, -are, [libero-],
I. V. di., free, set free, relieve (from
some bond), absolve, acquit: lib-
eratur Milo non profectua esse
(« acquitted of having, etc).
llbertas, -tatis, [liberd- (reduced)
+ tasj, F., liberty, freedom, inde-
pendence. — Hence, Liberty (per-
sonified and worshipped as a divinity).
Uberttniis, -i, [liberiS -^ Inns],
M., a freedman (as a member of a
class, cf. llbertufl). Also as adj.
lib^tus, -1, [liberd- (reduced) +
tua], M., a freedman (in reference
to his former master, cf. liberttnua).
Ubet (lub-),-uit (Ubitum est),
-ere, [?, cf. liber], 2. v. impers., it
pleases, one aesires, one is pleased to,
— libSns, -entisi, p., ^^ad, pleasfd,
gladly, with pieemtre, with goodwiU,
UbldinosS (lub-) [old abl. of
libidinosus], adv., arbitrarily, taw-
lessly, licentiously,
Ubldinosas (lub-), -a, -um, [libi-
din+ osusj, adj., arbitrary, lawless,
licentious,
Ubido (lub-), -inis, [akin to 11-
bet, cf. cupido], f., lawlessness,
licentiousness, caprice, lust, desire,
lawless fancy, arbitrary conduct,
wantonness,
librSrium, -i, [libro + arinm]
(n. of librarius), N., a bookcase,
licentia, -ae, [licent + ia], f.,
license, lawlessness.
licet, licuit (licitum est), licere,
[filed-, cf. delicus, reliquus], 2. v.
impers., it is lawful, it is allowed,
one may, one is allowed, one is per-
mitted.— licet, although, though,
Iiicinins, -i, [licin5 + ins], m., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp. : i. A,
Licinius Archias, the poet defended
by Cicero; 2. Licinius, an obscure
restaurant-keeper. Cf. Imcullns.
lictor, -tons [?, perh. ^lac +
torj, M., a lictor (the attendant of
the higher Roman magistrates).
Ligfirius, -i, [?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., Q. Ligarius,
an officer in Pompey's army in Africa,
defended by Cicero before Caesar.
lignum, -i, [?], N., wood, a log,
limeiiy -ioas, [ddn to Itniis, ob-
Vocabulary.
105
Uquiifl], N., (a crosspiece)^ a thresh'
old, a lintel: omnis aditos ei li-
men {all approach and entrance^,
lingua, -ae, [?], F., a tongue, —
Hence, a language,
linter (lunt-), -tris, [?], F. (and
M.), a skiff,
linum, •!, [prob. borr. fr. Gr.
>^vov\, w.fflax. — Hence, a thread,
liquefacio, -feci, -factus, -facere,
[lique-(steni akin to liqaeo)-facio],
3. V. a., liquefy, melt,
liquids [abl. of liquidus], as
adv., clearly, plaiftly, with truth, with
a clear conscience,
lis, litis, [for fstlis, ^stla + tis
(reduced)?, cf. locus and Eng.
strife^, F,, a suit at law, a lawsuit,
— Also, the amount in dispute, dam-
ages,
Htera (litt-), -ae, [?, akin to
lino], F., a Utter (of the alphabet).
— Plur., letters, writing, an alpha"
bet, a letter (an epistle), literature,
a document,
literStus (litt-), -a, -um, [litera
+ tus], adj., educated, cultivated,
litnra, -ae, [flitu- (11 in lino +
tu) 4- ra], F., an erasure,
loco, -avi, -atus, -are, |loc6-],
I. V. 2,.^ place, station, — Hence, let,
make a contract, contract for,
liocrgnsls, -e, [Locri + ensis],
adj., of Locri (a Greek city of Italy
near Rhegium). — Plur., the people
of Locri,
locuplSs, -pletis, [ ?, loco-ple8(ple
4* tus, reduced)], adj., {with full
coffer sT), rich, wealthy, responsible,
locuplSto, -avi, -atus, -are, [locn-
plet-], I. V. a., enrich,
locus, -i, [for fstflocas, .^/stla
-f cus], M. (sing.), N. (generally pi.),
a place, a spot, a position, a region
(esp. in plur.), a pointy the ground
(in military language), spaa, extent
(of space), room, — Fig., position, a
station, rank, a point, place {light,
position^ character), an opportunity,
a chance, condition, state of things,
an occasion, point (in argument).
longe [old abl. of longus], adv.,
far, too far, absent, far away, dis^
tant,
longinquitfis, -tatis, [longinqu5
+ tas], F., distance.
longinquus, -a, -um, [case-form
of longus (perh. loc.) -|- cus], adj.,
long (of time and space), distant,
long-continued
longiusculus, -a, -um, [longior
4- cuius], adj., rather long, a little
longer,
longus, -a, -um, [?], adj., long
(of space and time),y^r, distant:
longum est commemorare (// is too
long to, etc., it would take too long to,
etc.) ; ne longum sit {not to be too
long).
loquor, locutus, loqui, [?], 3. v.
dep., speak, talk, converse, express
one's self, say (with neuter pron.) :
auctoritas loquentium {in words),
lubet, see libet.
lubldo, see libido.
liucc^us, -1, [?], M., an Italian
gentile name. — Esp., Q, Lucceius,
a banker at Rhegium.
Inceo, liixi, no p.p., lucere, [luc-
(stem of lux)], 2. v. n., shine, beam.
— Fig., be clear, be obvious, be con-
spicuous,
luctuOsus, -a, -um, [luctu+osus],
adj., fuU of grief, sorrowful, dis*
tressing,
luctns, -tus, [lug+tus], VI., grief,
sorrow, mourning,
liScullus, -i, [?], M., a Roman
family name. — Esp.: i. L. Licinius
Lucullus, the able general of the
io6
Vocabulary.
third Mithridatic war; 2. M. Li-
cinius Lucullus, brother of the pre-
ceding. The whole family was rich
and cultivated.
IScus, -i, [prob. y/UJC (in lux) +
us], M., {an opengrcve, as opposed to
the forest),<7^w^commonly sacred).
lSdlficStio,-onis, [ludifica+tio],
F., derision, mockery.
ISdiis, -1, [?], M., play, sport, —
Also, a school, a iraining-schooL —
Plur., games (Roman festivals).
ISgeo, luxl, luxurus, lugere, [flu-
gd-, cf. lugeo and \oi'y6i\, 2. v. a.
and n., mourn, bewail^ lament.
IQmen, -inis, \_y/U5c + men], N.,
a light (also fig.) : ipsa lumina (Jhe
brightest lights.)
luntcr, see Unter.
luo, lui, luiturus, lucre, [y/ixs^ cf.
\lw], 3. V. a., loose. — Esp.,/<jj', suf-
fer (a penalty), atone for (a fault).
lupa, -ae, [?, cf. \Ikos], v., a she'
wolf — Also, a prostitute.
lupinus, -a, -um, [lup5 + inus],
adj., of a wolf of the wolf(i\ie nurse
of Romulus and Remus).
lustro, -avi, -atus, -are, [lustrS-],
I . V. a., purify, — Hence, go over (for
purification), pass over,
lustrum, -i, [unc. form from ^u
+trum, cf. monstrum], N., a slough,
— Hence, a brothel. — Hence in pi.,
debauchery,
lutum, -i, \_y/U5 + tum, N. of
-tus], N., Q*the wash*^), mud, mire,
lux, liicis, ly/UJC (in luceo) as
stem], F., light, light of the sun, sun-
light, open light, daylight: ante lu-
cem {before daybreak).
luxuria, -ae (also-ies,-iei), [flux-
ur6- (luxn + rus) + ia], f., luxury,
riotous living, fast livers (cf. juven-
tus, the youth).
luxuries, -ei, see luxuria.
M., abbreviation of Marcus.
M [corruption of CID (orig. ♦)
through influence of mille], looa
M\, abbreviation for Manius.
Macedonia, -ae, [MaicedoWa], F.,
the country originally bounded by
Thessaly and Epirus, Thrace, Paeonia,
and Illyria; finally conquered by T.
Quinctius Flamininus, B.C. 197.
Macedonicus, -a, -um, [Maire-
hovi.K6s\, adj., Macedonian.
macliinStor, -tons, [iiiachi]ia-|>
tor], M., a contriver, a manager.
inficliinor,-atus,-ari, [madiiiia-],
I. V. dep., contrive, invent, engineer,
plot.
macto, -avi, -atus, -are, [maotd-],
1. V. a., sacrifice, slaughter^ punish.
pursue (with punishment).
macula, -ae, [?J, p., a spot, a
stain.
macalo, -avi, -atus, -are, [macu-
la-], I. V. a., stain, pollute.
madeflaci§, -feci, -factus, -facere,
[made- (stem akin to madeo) +
fado], 3. V. a., moisten, wet.
Maelius (MSUus), -i, [?], m., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp., Sp.
Maelius, a Roman, killed, BX. 439,
by Servilius Ahala, on the charge of
aiming at regal power.
maereo (moer-), no perf., no
p.p., -ere, [fmaerS-, cf. maestus],
2. V. a. and n., mourn, grieve, be in
sorrow, grieve for, mourn for.
maeror (moe-), -oris, [maes
(cf. maestus) + or], m., grief, sor^
row, sadness.
maestitia (nioe8-),-ae, [maestS
+ tia], F., sadness, sorrow.
maestus (moe-), -a,-um, [-^/Itfis?
(in miser) + tus], p.p. of :
as adj., sad, sorrowfiil.
Vocabulary,
107
magls [vliCAG (in magnus) +
im (n. comp. suffix)], adv., more^
rather ^ more than usuai, better, —
See also maxime.
maglster, -tri, [magis + ter, cf.
alter], M., a master, an instructor ^
a teacher.
maisistra, -ae, [f. of preceding],
F., a mistress, a teacher (female, or
conceived as such).
maglBtrfitas, -tus, [inagi9tra-
(as if stem of fmag^tro) + tus],
M., a magistracy (office of a magis-
trate). — Concretely, a magistrate
(cf. "the powers that be")-
magniflce [old abl. of magni-
ficus], adv., magnificently, hand-
someiy,finefy,
mfignificus, -a, -um, [magnd-
tficos ( v^FAC + us)], adj., splendid,
grand, magnificent,
magnltudS, -dinis, [magrn5 +
tudo], ¥., greatness, great size, size,
extent, stature, great extent, enor-
mity, great amount^ importance:
animi magnitudo (^lofiy spirit, no-
bleness of soul),
magnopere, see opus.
mSgnos, -a, -um, [.^mag {in-
crease) + nus, cf. mag^], dA],, great
(in any sense, of size, quantity, or
degree), large, extensive, important,
serious, deep (Ignominia), violent
(minas), A^wa' (clamor) , rich (fruo-
\!0A), power f id {fm^oA^^ooai) : magni
habere (Jo value highly, make much
account of) ; magni interest {it is
of great importance)*, magnum et
sanctum (ja great and sacred thing);
magnmn ot amplom cogitare {have
great and lofty ideas), — See also
Magnus. — miyor, comparative, in
usual sense. — Also, major (with or
without natu), elder, older. — In
plnr. as tttbst, elders, ancestors : peca-
nia major (a greater amount of
money), — maximus, superl., larg-
est, very large, greatest, very great,
very loud, most important, etc. —
See also Maximus.
Magnus, -i, [magnas], m., a
Roman name.
miyestas, -tatis, [majos- (orig.
stem of major) + tas], p., {superi-
ority), majesty, dignity. — Esp. (for
majestas deminuta), treason,
m^Jor, see magnus.
male [old abl. of mains], adv.,
badly, ill, not well, hardly: loqui
{abusively)', existimare {ill, evil).
maledictum, -i, [male dictum],
N., an insult (in words), abuse,
malefldum,-!, [malefic5+inm],
N., harm, mischief, a crime, a mis-
deed
malitia, -ae, [mal5 + tia], p.,
wickedness, trickery.
malitiose [old abl. of malitio-
sus], adv., by trickery.
malleolus, -i, [malle5+lus], m.,
{a hammer), a grenade, afire-dart,
Mallius, -1, [?J, M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., Mallius Glau-
cia, a friend of T. Roscius. — See
also Manllus.
malo, malui, no p.p., malle,
[mage- (for magis) volo], irr. v. a.
and n., wish more, wish rather, pre-
fer, will, etc., rather, choose rather.
malus, -a, -um, [?], adj., bad (in
all senses), ill, wretched. — pSJor,
comp. — pessimus, superl. — ma-
lum, N. as subst., mischief, evil^
harm, misfortune, trouble: malus
civis {dangerous, pernicious),
Mamertinus, -a, -um, [Mamert
+inus, of Mars], adj., Mamertine
(belonging to a body of mercenary
troops who seized the city of Mes-
sina).— Plur., /5ft^ Mamer tines (the
loa
Vocabulary,
inhabitants of the city captured by
these adventurers).
inanceps, -ipis, [mann-fceps, cf.
prtnceps], M., a purchaser.
mancus, -a, -um, [ ?] , adj., maimed,
(rippled,
mandatum, -i, [n. p.p. of man-
do], N., a trust (given to one), in-
structions (given), a message (given).
mando, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, fman-
d5- (mana-do)], i. v. a., put into
one's hands, entrust, instruct (j^ve
instructions to), commit, consign,
confer (honores, imperia), order,
command: eaanimis(/^/««i,etc.).
mane [abl. of fmanis (?, ma +
nis, cf. matuta, maturus)], adv.,
in the morning, early in the morning.
maneo, mansi, mansurus, manere,
[unc. stem akin to Gr. /ieVa»], 2.v.n.,
stay, remain, stay at home, continue,
last, persist in, abide by.
manicStus, -a, -um, [manica 4-
tus], adj., long-sleeved, with sleeves.
manifesto [abl. of manifestos],
adv., in the act^ red-handed, clearly,
obviously.
manifSstus, -a, -um, [manu-
festus, cf. infestus, caught by lay-
ing on the hand}"], adj., caught in
the act, proved by direct evidence (as
opposed to circumstantial evidence),
overt, clear, manifest, audacious,
rampant: audacia {unblushing, as
not attempting concealment).
Manilius, -i, [?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., C Manilius,
a tribune of the people, B.C. 66, who
proposed the law giving Pompey
command in the East.
MSnius, -i, [mane(?) ■\- ins], M.,
a Roman proenomen.
Manlianus, -a, -um, [Manlio-|-
anus], adj., of Manlius.
ManUus, -i, [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp.: i. Q. Afan-
lius, a juror in the case of Verres;
2. C. Manlius {Mallius'), one of
Catiline's accomplices.
mano, -avi, no p.p., -are, [?],
I. V. ii.,fiow, spread.
mansugte [old abl. of mansue*
tus], adv., mildly, kindly.
mansuetado, -inis, [mann-fsue-
tado], F., mildness, gentleness.
m^nsoetus, -a, -um, [mana-sue-
ta8],adj., {wonted to the hand), tame,
gentle, kind.
manubiae, -arum, [?, akin to
manus], F. plur., money derived
from booty, booty.
manumitto (also separate) , -misi,
-missus, -mittere, [mana-mitto], 3.
v. a., {let go from one's hancT), manu-
mit, free.
manus, -us, [?], p., tfie hand,
violence. — Also (cf. manipulus), a
company, a band, a troop. — Also,
handwriting: in manibus iiabere
{have on hand, have)\ manu factum
{wrought by art). — Cf. also manu-
mittere.
Mareellus, -I, [Marcnlo- (Ifar-
co -I- lua) -H lus], M., {the little ham-
mer?), a Roman family name. —
Esp. I 1. M. Claudius Mareellus, the
conqueror of Syracuse, B.C. 212; 2.
M. Claudius Mareellus, an unworthy
member of the same great family;
3. M. Claudius Mareellus, cons.
B.C. 51, defended by Cicero before
Caesar; 4. C, Claudius ^arcellus,
cons. B.C 50, cousin of the preceding.
Marcius (Martins?), •!, [?,
Mart -f- ias?], m., a Roman gentile
name. — Esp., C. Marcius, a Roman
knight.
Mfircus, -i, [?,Y^AR (in morior,
etc.) + cos, the hammer'^, the war-
riorll, M., a Roman praenomen.
Vocabulary.
109
mare, -is, [?], n., the sea, a sea:
terra xnarique {on land and sea).
maritimus (-tumus), -a, -am,
[marl + timas, cf. finitimus], adj.,
of the seay sea-, maritime, naval, on
the sea.
Marlus, -i, [ ?], M., a Roman gen-
tile name. — Esp., C. Marius, the
opponent of SulK and the champion
of the popular against the aristocratic
party. He conquered the Cimbri
and Teutones (B.C. loi) and freed
Rome from the fear of a Northern
invasion. In his sixth consulship,
B.C. 100, he killed the demagogues
Saturninus and Glaucia : Mario con-
sale et Catulo (B.C. 102).
marmor, -oris, [?, perh. ^mar
reduplicated], N., marble.
marmoreus, -a, -um, [marmor
+ eusj, adj., of marble, marble.
Mars, Martis, [?, perh. .^mar (in
morior) -f tis, the slayer, but more
probably of wolves than of men in
battle], M., i^<:zrj, originally probably
a god of husbandry defending the
sheep, but afterwards identified with
the Greek "ApTjs and worshipped as
the god of war: Mars communis
{the favor of the god of war) ; Mar-
tis vis {the violence of war').
Martius, -a, -um, [Mart -f ios],
adj., of Mars. — Martia, the title
of a legion active in the struggle
against Antony.
Massilia, -ae, [?], F., Marseilles.
Massiliensis, -e, [Massilia •\-
ensis], adj., of Marseilles. — Plur.,
the people of Marseilles.
mfiter, -tris, [ ?, prob. ^ma {cre^
ate) -|- ter], f., a mother^ a matron.
mfiter famillfis [see the words],
F., a matron »
mSteria, -ae (-es, -ei), [?, prob.
mater -h ia (f. of -ins)], f., wood
(cut, for material), timber {cf. lig-
num, wood for fuel). — Fig., source,
instrument.
mStemus,-a,-um, [mater-)-nasj,
adj., maternal, of one's mother.
mStSre [old abL of maturus],
adv., early^ speedily.
mStOritSs, -tatis, [matoro+tas],
F., maturity, full development.
mSturo, -avi, -atus, -are, [matn-
ro-], I. V. a. and n., hasten, make
haste, anticipate, forestall.
mfitflrus, -a, -um, [fmatu- ( y/MA,
in mane, + tns) -|- ros], adj., early.
— Also (by unc. conn, of ideas),
ripe, mature.
maxime, see magls.
maximas, see magnus.
Maximus, -i, [sup. of magnus,
as subst.], M., a Roman family name.
MSdea, -ae, [M^.dcta], f., the
daughter of i^etes, king of Colchis,
who eloped with Jason. She is often
represented in works of art.
medeor, no p.p., -en, [fmedo-
( whence medic us, remedium),
root unc, cf. Or. fiavBdw, but also
meditor], 2. v. dep., attend (as a
physician), heal. — Fig., remedy, re-
lieve, cure, treat, apply a remedy.
medicinus, -a, -um, [medicd +
inns], adj., 'medical. — Esp., medi-
cina (sc. ars), medicine, the art of
healing, a remedy.
mediocrls, -ere, [medid -f- cris,
cf ludicer], adj., middling, mod-
erate, ordinary, tolerable, within
bounds, small, tri/ling, slight.
mediocrlter [mediocri + ter],
adv., moderately, slightly, somewhat.
meditor, -atus, -ari, [fmedit^*
(as if p.p. of medeor)], i. v. dep.,
( practise}), dwell upon (in thought),
think of, meditate. — medltatus, -a,
-um, p.p. in pass, sense, practised.
no
Vocabulary.
medlus, -a, •um, [y^ED (cf.
Eng. mid) + ias], adj., the middle
of{9& noun in Eng.), mid-: in me-
dio and in mediom {abroad^ in pud-
liCf to public ncHce, to lights before the
worlds before you, etc.) ; ex media
morte {from the jaws of deaths from
instant death) ; de medio {put of
the way) .
mehercule (mehercle, meher-
cules, also separate) [me hercules
(juvet)], adverbial exclam., bless
you ! bless me! upon my word, good
Heavens ! as sure as I live, as I live,
and the like.
melior, see bonus.
membrum, -i, [?, prob. formed
with suffix -mm (n. of -rus)], N., a
limb, a part of the body.
memini, -isse, [perf. of ^man, in
mens, etc.], def. verb a., remember,
bear in mind, keep in mind,
Memmius, -i, [?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., C. Memmius,
a worthy Roman, murdered at the
instigation of Satuminus and Glau-
cia.
niemor, -oris, [prob. ^smar re-
duplicated], adj., remembering, minO-
ful.
memoria, -ae, [memor-1-ia], f.,
{mindfulness), memory, recollection^
remembrance, power of memory:
memoria retinere {remember) ; me-
moriam prodere {hand down the
memory, of something) ; memoriam
deponere {cease to remember) ; me-
moriae proditom {handed down by
tradition) ; dignnm memoria {wor-
thy of remembrance); post hominnm
memoriam {since the memory of
man, xvithin the, etc.) ; litteranun
{testimony)', publica (r^^<?r</).
mendftcium, -i, [mendac-f-iom],
N., falsehood, a falsehood.
mendicitfis, -tatis, [mendiod +
tas], F., beggary.
mens, mentis, [^man H- tia (re-
duced)], F., a thought, the itUellect
(as opposed to the moral powers, cf.
animus), the mind, a state of mind,
a change of mind, a purpose : monies
animiqne {minds and hearts) ; ocu-
lis mentibosque {eyes and thoughts);
venit in mentem (// occurs to one).
mensa, -ae, [?], f., a table.
mensis, -is, [unc. form fir. -y/Uh
(cf. Gr. fiiiv, moon, month)], M., a
month,
mentio, -onis, [as if ^/man (in
memini) + tio (prob. menU- (stem
of mens) -I- o)], f., mention.
mentlor, -itus, -in, [menU- (stem
of mens)], 4. v. dep., lie, speak
falsely,
mercfitor, -toris, [tmerci-Htor],
M., a trader (who carries his own
wares abroad).
mercenarius (mercennarius),
-a, -um, [stem akin to meroes -(-
arias], adj., hired, mercenary, hire-
ling, paid.
merces, -edis, [fmerce (akin to
merx) + das (reduced)], F., hire,
pay, wages, reward,
mereor, -itus, -eri, (also mereo,
active), [fmerd- (akin to Gr. /m^
/ittt)], 2. V. dep., win, deserve, gain.
— Also (from earning pay), serve:
qaid merere at, etc {take to, etc.);
bene meriti cives {deserving; bene
mereri de, etc. {deserve well of, etc,
serve well) . — meritus, -a, -um, p.p.
in pass, sense, deserved,
meretricius, -a, -um, [meretrie
-l-ias], adj., of a harlot, meretricious.
merits, see merltam.
meritam, -i, [n. of p.p. of me-
reo], N., desert, service, — merlto
(abl. as adv.), deservecUy,
Vocabulary.
Ill
c, mercisy [ ^merc + is, cf.
merces], f., merchandise^ wares,
Messfila, -ae, [?], M., a Roman
family name. — Esp. : i. M. Vale-
rius Messala, cons. B.C. 6i, with
Marcus Piso; 2. Another of the
same name, cons. B.C. 53.
Messana, -ae, [Meo-o^m}], F., a
city on the east coast of Sicily, oppo-
site the extremity of Italy {Messina).
-met, [unc. form of pron. -^ma],
intens. pron., j^^ (appended to pro-
noun for emphasis), often untrans-
latable.
metator, -toris, [meta+tor], M.,
a measurer, a surveyor.
Metellus, -i, [?J, m., a Roman
family name. — Esp.; i. Q. Cacilius
Metellus Nepos, brother of Csecilia
(which see) and father of Celer (3)
and Nepos; 2. M. Metellus, praetor,
B.C 69, the brother of ^. Metellus
Creticus (3) ; 3. Q. Metellus Creti-
cus, cons. 69; 4. Z. Metellus, pro-
praetor in Sicily, B.C. 70; 5. Q. Me-
tellus Celer, praetor, B.C. 63, consul,
B.C. 60, son of (i); 6. Q, Metellus
Baliaricus, cons. B.C. 123; 7. Q.
Metellus Numidicus, cons. B.C. 109,
cousin of (6) ; 8. Q, Metellus Pius,
praetor, B.C. 89, son of (7); 9. Q.
Metellus Nepos, cons. B.C 98, son
of (6).^
meto, messui, messus, metere,
[?], 3. v^a., cut, reap, gather,
metuo, -ui, -iitus, -uere, [meta-],
3. V. a. and vi.,fear: aliquid {have
any fear).
metus, -tus, [unc. root (perh.
^MA, think) -I- tus], U.,fear, anx-
iety (about). — Often superfluous
with other words of fearing: meta
territare {terrify). — Esp. : hoc
meta {fear of this),
mens, -a, -um, [y'MA (in me) -|-
ius], adj. pron., my, mine, my &ttm :
meo jure {luith perfect right).
miles, -itis, [unc. stem akin to
mllle as root + tis (reduced)], m.
and F., a soldier, a common soldier
(as opposed to officers), a legionary
soldier {heavy infantry, as opposed
to other arms of the service). — Col-
lectively, the soldiers, the soldiery.
militaris, -e, [milit-f aris], adj.,
of the soldiers, military: signa {bat-
tle-standards) ; res militaris {mili-
tary affairs, war, the art of war) ;
asas militaris {experience in war) ;
virtus {of a soldier, soldierly),
militia, -ae, [milit-|-ia], F., mili-
tary service, service (in the army).
mille, ind. milia, -ium, [akin to
miles], adj. (rarely subst.) in sing.,
subst. in plur., a thousand: mille pas-
suum {a thousand paces, a mile),
millies (miliens) [mille-l-iens],
adv., a thousand times.
Milo, -onis, [yii\u>v\, M., a famous
athlete of Crotona. — Also used as a
family name by T. Annius, which see.
minae, -arum, [^min + a], f.
plur., {projections}), threats, threat-
ening words.
Minerva, -ae, [prob. y/MAH (in
mens) -|- unc. term], F., the goddess
of intelligence and skill among the
Romans. — Also identified with Pal-
las Athene, and so more or less asso-
ciated with war.
minlme [old abl. of minimus],
adv., in the smallest degree, least,
very little, not at all, by no means :
minime vero {not in the least).
minimus, -a, -um, [lost stem
(wh.minuo) +inias (cf.infimus)],
adj., superl. of parvus, smallest,
least. — Neut. as subst. and adv., the
least, least, very little.
minister, -tri, [mines (minor)
112
Vacabulary.
+ t«r], M., a tertfant, an assistant,
a minister, a tool, an instrument,
mlnitor, -atus, -iri, [fminitd-, as
if p.p. of minor, cf. ag^to], i. v.
dep., threaten, threaten vengeance,
threaten danger: qaftm illi mini-
tantur (^oith which they threaten
him),
minor, -atus, -ari, [mina (stem
of minae)], i. v. dep., threaten,
threaten with danger,
minor, -us, [lost stem (cf. mini-
mus) + ior (compar. ending)], adj.,
smaller y less, — Neut. as subst. and
adr., less, not much, not very, not so
much, not so : quo minus (t/te less,
that . . . not^ \ si minns {if not so
much, if not), — See also minimus
and minime.
Minturnae, -amm, [?, cf. Ju-
turna], F. plur., a city on the bor-
ders of Latium and Campania.
Minucius (Minut-) -I, [perh.
akin to minus], M., a Roman gen-
tile name. — One of ihegens, of un-
known prsenomen, is characterized by
Cicero as a profligate.
minuo, -ul, -utus, -uere, [fminu-
(cf. minus)], 3. V. a. and n., lessen,
weaken, diminish.
minus, see minor.
mirificS [old abl. of miriflcus],
adv., marvellously, prodigiously,
miror, -atus, -ari, [mird-], i. v.
dep., wonder, wonder at, be sur-
prised, admire. — mIrStus, -a, -um,
p.p. in pres. sense, surprised, — mi-
randus, -a, -um, marvellous.
mirus, -a, -um, [?, -y^SMl (cf.
smile) -I- rus], adj., surprising, mar-
vellous, wonderful. — See also nimi-
rum.
misceS, miscui, mixtus (mistus),
miscere, [fmiscd- (cf. promiscus,
mlseeUus)], 2. v. a., mix, min^.
compose of (a mixture), get up (a
disturbance), plan or make a dis-
turbance, make confusion. — mix-
tus (mistus), -a, -um, p.p., made
up of, a mixture of heterogeneous.
Misenum, -!, [MMnjv^v], N., a
town in Campania, on a promontory
of the same name (cf. Virg. jEn.
vi. 234).
miser, -era, -erum, [y^Mis (cf.
maereo) -|- ms], adj., wretched,
pitiable, miserable, poor, unfortu-
nate, in misery: ille miser {the
wretched man) ; isti miseri {these
poor creatures).
miserfibilis, -e, [miseraH-bilis],
tA]., pitiable, -wretched, miserable.
miserandus, see miseror.
misereo, -ui, -itus, -ere, usually
misereor, dep., [miser], 2. v. a. and
dep., pity, shaio pity. — Esp., mise-
ret, etc., impersonal {it pities one,
etc.), one pities.
miseria, -ae, [miserd H- ia], f.»
wretchedness, misery,
misericordia, -ae, [misericord
+ ia], F., mercy, pity, clemency, com-
passion,
misericors, -cordis, [miaerd-cor,
declined as adj., cf. concors], adj.,
merciful, pitying, compassionate,
miseror, -atus, -iri, [fmiserO-J,
I. V. dep., bewail, complain 4^ —
miserandus, -a, -um, fut. p. in pass,
sense, to be pitied, pitiable,
MithradfitSs (idStSs), -ia (also
-i), [yiiBptHrris], u., a name of sev-
eral Eastern kings. — Esp., Mithri-
dates VI., called the Great, king of
Pontus, the adversary of the Romans
in the Mithridatic wars, from B.& 88
to B.C. 61.
MithradStlcns (-IdSdeus), -a,
-um, [Greek], adj., of MUhridtUet^
MitkridaiU.
-^
Vocabulary.
^"%.
mltl8» -e, [?]» adj., (softl), miid,
gentU^ compassionate,
mitto, misi, missus, mittere, [?],
3. V. a., Ut go (cf. omitto), send^
despatch t discharge^ shoot, — Klso^ pass
over, omit, say nothing of: liaec
missa facio {ipass these by). — Esp.,
manu mittere {emancipate, set free).
moderate [old abl. of modera-
tus] , adv., with self control, with mod-
eration,
moderatiS, -onis, [modera+tio],
F., control, regulation, — Esp., self-
control, moderation, consideration
(in refraining from something).
moderor, -atus, -ari, [fmodes-
(see modestus, and cf. genus, ge-
nero)], i. v. dep., control, regulate,
restrain, — moderatiis, -a, -mn, p.p.
in pass, sense, moderated, self con-
trolled, zoell balanced, well governed.
modestia, -ae, [modestd + ia],
F., moderation, self-control, subordi-
nation (p( soldier's).
modestus, -a, -urn, [fmodes- (cf
moderor) + tus], adj., self-con-
trolled, well balanced, well regulated.
modo [abl. of modus], adv.,
{with measure}), only, merely, just,
even, just now, lately : non . . . modo
{not only, not merely, to say nothing
of, I do not say, etc.); qui modo
{provided he, etc., if only he, etc.).
modus, -I, [mod (as root, cf. mo-
deror) + is]* M., measure, quan-
tity, a limit, moderation, bounds. —
HQTice,manner, fashion, style, kind,'
hajus modi {of this kind, like this) :
ejus modi {of such a kind, such).
— So other similar expressions : quo
modo {how, as).
moenla,-ium, f \Aii {distribute})
+ nia (cf. communis) (orig. shares
of work done by citizens?)], N. plur.,
fortijicalions, waUs (of a city, cf.
paries) : eisdem moon
walls of the same city).
moereo, see maereo.
moeror, see maeror.
moestltia, see maestltia.
moestus, see maestus.
moles, -is, [?, cf. moles tus], p.,
a mass, weight, a burden, a pile, a
structure. — Esp., a dike, a dam.
moleste [old abl. of niolestus],
adv., heavily, severely : moleste ferre
{take hard, be vexed at, be offended,
be displeased, be annoyed),
molestia, -ae, [molestd+ia], p.,
annoyance, trouble.
molestus, -a, -imi, [moles+tus],
adj., burdensome, annoying, trouble'
some, disagreeable, unpleasing.
mollor, -itus, -iri, [moli- (as stem
of moles], 4. v. dep., {lift, struggle
with a mass), struggle^ pile up, exert
one's self, plan, contrive, attempt,
strive to accomplish,
mollis, -e, [?], adj., soft, tender.
— Fig., weak, feeble, not hard, not
firm, sensitive, delicate, gentle.
momentum -1, [movi- (as stem
of moveo) + mentum], n., means
of motion, cause of motion. — Fig.,
weight, importance, influence: ha-
bere {be of importance, be effectual,
be efficacious).
moneo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [causative
of ^MAN (in memini) or denomi-
native fr. a kindred stem], 2. v. a.,
remind, warn, advise, urge.
monltum, -i, [p.p. of moneo],
N., a warning, an admonition.
mSns, montis, [^/MAN(in mineo)
-f- tis (reduced)], m., a mountain.
mOnstrum, -i, [mon- (as if root
of moneo) + trum, with s of un-
certain origin, cf. lustrum], N., {a
means of warning)^ a prodigy, a
monster.
114
Vocabulary^
jnonnmentuin (monlmen-), -i,
[moni- (as if stem of moneo) +
mentum], N., a reminder^ a monu-
mentt a memorial^ a record.
mora, -ae, [prob. root of memor
(sMAR?) + a], F., (JhougfuT), hesita-
iiottt a delay, grounds of delay, rea-
son for delay, a reprieve, a postpone-
ment.
morfitus, -a, -am, [mos + atns,
cf. senatus], adj., with institutions
(good or bad) : bene {well regu-
lated).
morbus, -I, [-^ar (in morlor)
+ bus (cf. tarba)], m., sickness, ill-
ness.
morlor, morfuus (moriturus),
mori (moriri), [^mar (cf. mors),
but prob. in part denominative],
3. V. dep., die. — mortuus, -a, -um,
p.p., dead, in one^s grave.
mors, mortis, [^mar + tis], F.,
death. — Also, a dead body.
mort&lls, -e, [morti- (reduced)
+ alls], adj., mortal, of mortals.
mortuus, >a, -um, p.p. of mo-
rior.
mos, moris, [?], M., a custom^
customs, a practice, a usage, a way
(of acting), an institution, a prece-
dent.— Plur., customs, habits, char-
acter (as consisting of habits, cf.
Ingeniura and indoles, of native
qualities) ; imperitus mornm {of the
ways of men) \ mos majorum {the
custom, institutions, or precedents of
our ancestors) ; O mores I {what a
state of things !).
motus, -a, -um, p.p. of moveo.
niotus, -tus, [movi- (as stem of
moveo) + tus], m., a movement, a
disturbance, an uprising, commotion,
activity, change: terrae motus {an
earthquake).
inovco, movi, motus, movere, [?,
prob. denominative], 2. v. a., set in
motion, move, stir, influence, affect,
have an effect upon, dislodge (in
military language), cause emotion in,
shake.
mucro, -onis, [?], M., a point of
a sword, a point, a blade, a dagger.
mulco, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, cf.
mulceo ?], I . V. a., {soften ?), roughly
handle, maltreat.
mulcta, see multa.
mulcto, see multo.
muliebris, -e, [mulier+bris, cf.
salubris], adj., womanly, a woman^s,
effeminate,
mulier, -eris, [?], f., a woman,
— Of an eflfeminate man, a mere
woman.
mullercula,-ae, [mulier+cula],
F., a little woman. — Hence with
notion of affection, compassion, or
contempt, a favorite woman, a mis-
tress, a helpless woman, a poor
woman.
multa, -ae, [prob. mule (in mul-
ceo) + ta (f. of -tus)], F., a fine.
multltndo, -diuis, [multd -f tu-
do], F., a great number, great num-
bers, number (generally). — Esp.,
the multitude, the common people, a
mob, a craivd: tanta multitudo {so
great numbers, this great multitude).
multo, see multus.
multo (mulcto), -avi, -atus, -arc,
[multa-, for mulcto, freq. of mul-
ceo], I. v. a., punish (by fine), de-
prive (one of a thing as a punish-
ment),/««w^ (generally).
mnltum, see multus.
multus, -a, -um, [ ?, perh. root of
mille, miles, + tus], adj., much,
many, numerous: multo die {IcUe
in the day); ad multam noctem
(//// late at night) ; multa de nocte
{early in the morning, long befon
Vocabulary.
day) ; satis mnlta verba facere {a
sufficient number of, etc., enough) \
molta committere {commit many
crimes), — multiun, neut. as subst.
and adv., much, — Also, plur., miil-
ta, much. — Abl., miilto, much, far,
by far: molto facilius. — Compar.,
pliis, pluris, N. subst. and adv., more;
plur. as adj., more, much, very, — As
subst., more, many, several, many
things^ much, — Super!., plurlmus,
-a, -um, most, very many, very much :
qnam plnrimi {as many as possible) ;
plurimam posse {have most power,
be very strong or influential, have
great ability)', plurimom valere
{have very great weight),
Mulvius (MU-), -i, [?], M. of
adj., Afulvian : pons (a bridge across
the Tiber near Rome).
maniceps, -cipis, [muni- (of.
moenla), -ceps (Vcap as stem)],
M, and F., (one who takes his share
of public duties), a citizen of a mu-
nicipal town, a fellow-citizen (of
such a town).
manicipium, -I, [monicip +
imn], N., {a collection of citizens, cf.
munlceps). — Esp., a free town (of
citizens enjoying civil rights, though
not always full Roman citizens), a mu-
nicipality (perhaps including several
towns, but under one government).
munio, -ivi (-ii) , -itus, -ire, [muni-
(stem of moenia)], 4. v. a. and n.,
fortify. — Less exactly, protect, de-
fend, furnish (by way of protection).
— Esp. (prob. original meaning),
make (by embankment), build, pave :
castra; iter.
manitio, -onis, [mnni + tic],
Y., fortification (abstractly). — Con-
cretely, a fortification, works, forti-
fications, defences, engineering (of
a dam).
manito, -avi, -atus, -are,
td-], I. V. 2i., fortify, make \c. ..-^,,
pave (fig.) : qnam viam munitet
{whither he is paving the way),
inaiiitu8,-a,-um,[p.p. of munlo],
as adj., well fortified, strongly forti-
fied, strong, well defended, well pro-
tected.
manus, -eris, [man (as if root
of moenia) + us, orig. share (cf.
moenia)], N., « duty, a service, a
function, a task, an office, — Also,
{a contribution), a tribute, a gift, a
present. — Esp., a show (of gladia-
tors, in a manner a gift of the pre-
siding officer).
Marena, -ae, [murena, lam^
prey), M., a Roman family name.
— Esp., L. Licinius Murena, who
acted as propraetor against Mithri-
dates without success, and was re-
called by Sulla.
inurus, -i, [ ?] M., a wall (of de-
fence in itself considered, cf. moenia,
defences, and paries, a house wall),
Musa, -ae, [MoGo-o], F., a muse,
— Plur., the Muses (as patrons of
literature).
mntatio, -onis, [muta+ tio]. P.,
a change ■> vestis (putting on mourn-
ing).
Mutina, -ae, [?], F., a town in
Cisalpine Gaul, famous in the war
between Antony and the senatorial
party in B.C. 43 (now Modena),
mnto, -avi, -atus, -are, [prob.
same as moto, for fmovitd-], i.v.a.,
change, change for the better (^rem-
edy), alter: vestem {put on mourn-
ing) : veste mntata esse (appear
in mourning),
mntus, -a, -um, [?, cf. musso],
adj., dumb, mute, voiceless, silent.
< myoparo, -onis, [/iuoireC^wy], M.,
I a cutter (?, a light piratical vessel).
'ii6
Vocabulary,
MjrrOn (Myp8), -onis, [Greek],
M., a celebrated Attic sculptor df the
fifth century B.C
mystagOgus, -i, [/AV(rTa7or)^s],
M., a hiercphant, a custodian (one
who shows sacred objects in a tern-
pie).
MytilSnaeas, -a, -am, [Mvt(\i).
vaXis^y adj., of MUyUne,
Mytilene, -es (-ae, -anun), £Gr.],
F., a famous city of Lesbos.
N.
nae, see ne.
nam [case-form of V^A, cf. tam,
quam], conj., norw (introducing ex-
planatory matter), y?^r.
nanciscor, nactus (nanctus),
-cisci, f y/nac, cf. nactus], 3. v. dep.,
find^ get^ procure^ light upon, get
hold ofy obtain,
nSrro, -avi, -atus, -are, [for gna-
rigo, fr. tg]iarig5-(g]iar5-tagus, cf.
navigo)], i. v.a., make known, tell,
relate, recount. — Absolutely, tell the
itory,
nascor, natus, nasci, f y/GNA, cf.
gtgno], 3. V. dep., be born^ arise, be
produced, spring up, be raised: Hon
Bcripta sed nata lex {natural, born
with us)\ ei qui nascentor (Jhose
who shall come hereafter); Africa
nata ad, etc. {made by nature");
conjuratio nascens {at its birth). ^^
Participle sometimes spelled gna-
tus.
NSsica, -ae, [nas5 + ica (f. of
-icus)], M., a Roman family name.
— Esp., P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica
Serapio, cons. B.C. 1 38, who led the
attack by which Tiberius Gracchus
was killed.
nfttfilis, -e, [nata- (or nat5-) +
alis], ?idL].,of one's birth : dies {birth-
day).
nfitiS, -onis, [y/GNA + tio, perh.
through noun-stem, cf. ratio], f., {a
birth), a rcue, a nation, a tribe, a
clan,
nSt&ra, -ae, [natu + ra (f. of
-ms)], F., {birth), nature, natural
character, character: natnram ex-
plere {the demands of nature);
liabitns natnrae {natural endmth
ments) ; natora renun {Nature, as
ruler of the world, the universe);
natora {by nature, naturally),
nStoriOis, -e, [natora+lis (perh.
-alis}] adj., natural, of nature:
jus natorale {natural law, the law
of nature, as opposed to civil law).
natus, -tiis, [-^gna + tus], m.,
birth : majores nata {elders),
naufk>agium, -i, []tianfrag5 +
inm], N., a shipwreck*
naufk'agus, -a, -um, [navi-ffra-
gus (frag-h us)], adj., shipwrecked,
of broken fortunes, ruined ; wrecked
and ruined man^ castaway.
nauta, -ae, [perh. Gr. ycvbrns],
M., a sailor, a boatman*
nautlcus, -a, -um, [nauta+cus],
adj., of a sailor (or sailors), naval,
nfivfilis, -e, [navi- (reduced) -|-
alis], adj., of ships, naval, mart'
time,,
nfiviculfirius, •!, [navicula +
arius], M., a shipmaster,
nfivlgfitiS, -onis, [nayiga+tio],
F., a sailing, a voyage, travelling by
sea, a trip (by sea) : mercatorum
{voyages),
nivlgium, -i, [fnavigd- (?, navi
-I- fagns) -f ium], n., a vessel (gen-
erally), *' a crafl^^ a boat,
nfivigo, -avi, -atus, -ire, [fnavi-
g5- (see navigium)], i. v. n., sail,
make voyages, take a voyage, sail the
sea.
nfivls, -is, [V(s)NU (increased).
Vocabulary.
^\
with added i, cf. Gr. vQ.\>i\^ f., a ship,
a vessel, a boat^ a galley,
1. nS (nae) [ v'na, of una rela-
tion to the others], adv., surely, I
am sure, most assuredly,
2. ne [-^/NAjUnc. case-form], conj.,
lest, that . . . not, not to (do any-
thing), from (doing anything), so
that . . . not, for fear that, from
(doing anything). — After expres-
sions of fear and danger, that, lest.
With indep. subj. as a prohibition,
do not, let not, etc. — With quidem,
not even, not , , , either, nor, , , either.
— Esp., videre ne, see to it that not,
take care lest, see whether , . . not.
See also nequis.
-ne (enclitic) [prob. same as ne,
orig. = nonne], conj., not ? (as a
question, cf. nonne), whether, did
(as question in Eng.), do, etc. —
See also necne.
Nefipolis, -is, [Nce(iro\is], F., a
part of the city of Syracuse. — Also,
other cities of Italy and Greece.
NefipoHtSnus, -a, -um, [Neapoli
+ tanas], adj., of Neapolis (in Cam-
pania), Neapolitan. — Masc. plur.,
the Neapolitans,
nebulo, -onis, [nebula + o], m.,
(a man of no substance), a worthless
fellow, scamp, trickster, knave.
nee, see neque.
necessSrius, -a, -um, [fnecessd-
(reduced) -|- arins], adj., {closely
bound T), necessary, pressing, una-
voidable, absolutely necessary, need-
ful, indispensable. — Also, as subst.,
a connection (a person bound by any
tie), a close friend, a friend. — Abl.
as adv., necSssfirlS, of necessity,
necessarily, unavoidably,
necesse [ ?, ne-cessd-], indecl. adj.,
necessary, unavoidable. — With est,
it is necessary, it is unavoidable, one
must, one cannot but, one
evitably.
necSssltSs, -tatis, [fnecessd -H
tas], F., necessity, constraint, com-
pulsion, exigency,
necessitfido, -dinis, [fnecessd -|-
tndo], F., close connection (cf. neces
sarins), intimacy {close relations),
a bond, a relation (which creates a
bond of union).
necne [nee ne], conj., or not (in
double questions).
neco, -avi (-ui), -atus (-tus), -are,
[nee- (stem of nex)], i. v. a., put
to death, kill, murder (in cold blood) :
fame {starve to death),
nefandus, -a, -um, [ne-fandos],
adj., unspeakable, infamous, detesta-
ble, abominable.
nefSiie [old abl. of nefarius],
adv., infamously, wickedly, abomi-
nably.
nefarius, -a, -um, [nefas + ius],
adj., wicked, infamous, abominable.
nefSs [ne-fas], n. indecl., a crime
(against divine law), an impiety, a
sacrilege.
neglegentep (necle-, negll-)
[neglegent + ter], adv., carelessly,
negligently.
neglego (neclego, negligo),
-lexi, -lectus, -legere, [nee (= ne)
-lego], 3. V. a., not regard, disregard,
neglect, leave unavenged, leave un-
punished, care nothing for, abandon,
sacrifice.
nego, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, poss.
ne-aio], i. v. a. and n., say no, say
. . . not, refuse,
negotiator, -toris, [negotia+ tor],
M., a merchant, — Esp., a money-
lender, a capitalist. Cf. niercator,
a trader who goes with his wares.
negotior, -atus, -art, [negotl5-],
I . V. dep., do business, — Esp., be a
Ii8
Vocabulary,
merchant^ be a banker (cf. nego-
tium).
negotium, -i, [nec-otiom], n.,
business t occupation ^ undertaking, —
Less definitely, a matter, a thing,
an affair, a business (as in Eng.),
an enterprise, one's affairs; meum
negotiom agere {attend to my crwn
interests). — Also, difficulty, trouble,
I nemo, fneminis, [ne-homo], c,
. no one, nobody. — Almost as adj., no.
— Esp., non neTao^ one and another,
one or two, one or more.
nempe [nam-fpe, cf. quippe],
conj., to wit, namely, precisely, why!
now, you see, you know, of course.
nemus, -oris, [<y/nem + us, cf.
v€/i«], N., (^pasture!), a grove (prob.
open, affording pasture). — Esp., a
sacred grove.
nepos, -Otis, [?J, m., a grandson.
— Also, a spendthrift (orig. a spoiled
pet of his grandfather).
Nepos, -Otis, [same word as pre-
ceding], M., a Roman family name,
see Metellus.
nequani [prob ne-qnam {how),
cf. nequaquam], indecl. adj., worth-
less (opposed to frugi), good for
nothing, shiftless.
nequando, see ne and quando.
nequaquam [ne-quaquam (cf.
efij qua)], adv., in no way, by no
means, not at all.
neque (nee) [ne-que], adv., and
not, nor : neque . . . neque {neither
. . . nor). — See also enim.
ne . . . quidem, see ne.
nequi(d)quam (nequlc-), [ne
. . . qui(d)quam], adv., to no pur-
pose, in vain, not without reason.
nequior, nequissimus, comp.
and superl. of nequam.
nequis (-qui), -qua, -quid (-quod),
[ne-quig], indef. pron., that no one, \
etc., and in all the dependent
of ne: ut nequis {tJiat no one),
nequitia, -ae, [nequi- (as if stem
of neqnam or nequis) -f tia], f.,
worthlessness, shiftlessness, feebleness
(in action).
nervus, -i, [prob. for fnevrus, cf.
Gr. vivpov], M., a sinew. — Fig., in pi.,
strength, vigor, sinews (as in Eng.).
nescio, -scivi (-ii), -scitus, -scire,
[ne-scio], 4. v. a., not know, be una-
ware. — Phrases : nescio an, I know
not but, I am inclined to think, very
likely ; nescio quis, etc., some one,
I know not who (almost as indef.
pron.), some, some uncertain, some
obscure; illud nescio quid prae-
clarum, that inexplicable something
pre-eminent, etc. : nescio quo modo,
somehow or other, I know not how
(parenthetical), mysteriously, curi-
ously enough.
neuter, -tra, -trum, [ne-uter],
pron., neither. — Plur., neither party,
neither side.
neve (neu) [ne-ve], conj., or
not, and not, nor.
nex, necis, [?], F., death, murder,
assassination,
nihilum, -i, [ne-hilum?], n. and
(nihil) indecl., nothing, none: ni-
hil respondere {make no answer),
— nihilo, abl. as adv., none, no. —
nihil, ace. as adv., not at all^ no,
not: nihil valet {has no weight, etc.);
nihil interest {it makes no differ-
ence) ; nonnihil {somewhat, a little),
Nilus, -i, [NciAos], M., the Nile,
the great river of Egypt.
nimirum [ni (= ne) minun],
adv., {no wonder), doubtless, of course,
that is to say, unquestionably, no
doubt (half ironical), I suppose, for-
sooth.
nlmis [prob. comparative], adv.,
Vocabulary.
toOf too much, over muck: nimis
nrgeo (Joo closely), .
nimius, -a, -um, [nimi- (?, stem
of positive of nimis) + ius], adj.,
too much, too great, excessive. — ni-
mium, N. as adv., too, too much.
Ninnius, -i, [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., a tribune of
the people, who proposed the law
for Cicero's return.
nisi [ne-si], conj., (not . . . if),
unless, except: nisi si {except in
case, unless).
niteo, no perf., no p.p., -ere,
[prob. fnitS, cf. nitidus], 2. v. n.,
shine, glisten.
nitidus, -a, -urn, [fnito + dus],
adj., shining, glistening, sleek.
nitor, nisus (nixus), niti, [prob.
genu], 3. V. dep., {strain with the
knee against something), struggle,
strive, exert one's self, rely upon, de-
pend, rest.
nix, nivis, [?], F., snow.
ndbilis, -e, [as if (g)no (root of
nosco) + bilis], z.d)., famous, noble,
well-born (cf. "notable").
nobilitas, -tatis, [nobili + tas],
F., nobility, fame. — Concretely, the
nobility, the nobles,
nocens, see noceo.
noceo, -ui, nociturus, nocere, [akin
to nex], 2. V. n., do harm to, injure,
harm, harass. — nocens, -entis, pres.
p. as adj., hurtful, guilty (of some
harm).
noctu [abl. of fnoctus (noc (cf.
noceo?) + tus)], as adv., by night,
in the night.
noctumus, -a, -um, [perh. noctn
+ nrnns, cf. diuturnus], adj., of
the night, nightly, nocturnal, in the
ni^t, by night: noctnrno tempore
(in the night).
nSlS, nolm, nolle, [ne-volo], irr.
v. a. and n., not wish, be un
wish not, not like to have, wtn. ,^^^
(would not, etc). — Esp. with inf. as
(polite) imperative, do not, do not
think of (doing, etc.). — Also, n5I-
lem (T should hope not, I should be
sorry).
nomen, -minis, [^/(g) no (root of
nosco) + men], n., a name (what
one is known by), name (fame, pres-
tige). — As a name represents an
account, an account (^ compte), an
item (of an account) : meo nomine
(on my account) ; eo nomine (on
that account) 'y classium nomine
(under pretence, etc.).
noniinfttim, [ace. of real or sup-
posed fnominatis (nomina+tis)],
adv., by name (individually), espe-
cially.
nomino, -avi, -atus, -are, [nomin-],
I. v. a., name, mention, call by name,
call: nominari volant (to have their
names mentioned).
non [ne-oenum (nnom)], adv.,
no, not: non est dubinm (there is
no doubt) ; non mediocriter (in no
small degree)', non poteram non
(T could not but, etc.).
Nonae, see nonus.
nondum, see dum.
nonne [non ne], adv., is notf
does not? etc.
ndnnemo, see nemo.
nonuihil, see nihil.
nonnnllus, see nullus.
nSnnunquam, see nunquam.
n5nus, -a, -um, [novem + nus],
num. adj., the ninth. — Esp., N5nae,
F. plur., the Nones (the ninth day,
according to Roman reckoning, be-
fore the Ides, falling either on the
fifth or seventh, see Idus).
nos, see e^o.
nosco, novi, notus, noscere,
112
Vocabulary,
\ t«r]» M.» a tertfani, an assistant,
a minister, a tool, an instrument,
mlnitor, -atus, -iri, [fmiiiitd-y as
if p.p. of minor, cf. ag^to], i. v.
dcp., threaten, threaten vengeance,
threaten danger: quam illi mini-
tantur {7uith which they threaten
him),
minor, -atus, -ari, [mina (stem
of minae)], i. v. dep., threaten,
threaten with danger.
minor, -us, [lost stem (cf. mini-
mus) -f- ior (compar. ending)], adj.,
stnaUer, less, — Neut. as subst. and
adr., less, not much, not very, not so
much, not so : quo minus (the less,
that . . . not) ; si minus {if not so
much, if not), — See also minimus
and minime.
Minturnae, -arum, [?, cf. Ju-
toma], F. plur., a city on the bor-
ders of Latium and Campania.
Minucius (Minut-) -i, [perh.
akin to minus], M., a Roman gen-
tile name. — One of ^egens, of un-
known prsenomen, is characterized by
Cicero as a profligate.
minuS, -ui, -utus, -uere, [fminu-
(cf. minus)], 3. V. a. and n., lessen,
weaken, diminish.
minus, see minor.
mIrificS [old abl. of miriflcus],
adv., marvellously, prodigiously,
miror, -atus, -an, [mir5-], i. v.
dcp., wonder, wonder at, be sur-
prised, admire. — mIrStus, -a, -um,
p.p. in pres. sense, surprised, — mi-
randus, -a, -um, marvellous,
mirus, -a, -um, [?, ^SMI (cf,
smile) -f- rus], adj., surprising, mar-
vellous, wonderful, — See also nimi-
rum.
misceS, miscui, mixtus (mistus),
miscere, [fmiscd- (cf. promiscus,
mlseeUus)], 2. v. a., mix, min^.
compose of (a mixture), get up (a
disturbance), plan or make a dis-
turbance, make confusion. — mix-
tus (mistus), -a, -um, p.p., made
up of, a mixture of, heterogeneous.
Misenum, -1, \}iii(niv6v\ N., a
town in Campania, on a promontory
of the same name (cf. Virg. jEn.
vi. 234).
miser, -era, -erum, [y'Mis (cf.
maereo) -|- rus], adj., wretched,
pitiable, miserable, poor, unfortu-
nate, in misery: ille miaer (the
wretched man) ; isti miseri (these
poor creatures).
miserfibilis, -e, [misera+bilis],
^di]., pitiable, wretched, miserable.
miserandus, see miseror.
misereo, -ui, -itus, -ere, usually
misereor, dep., [miser], 2. v. a. and
dep., pity, shaio pity. — E^., mise-
ret, etc., impersonal (it pities one,
etc.), one pities,
miseria, -ae, [miserd -{- ia], f.»
wretchedness, misery,
misericordia, -ae, [misericord
-I- ia], F., mercy, pity, clemency, com-
passion,
misericors, -cordis, [miserd-cor,
declined as adj., cf. concors], adj.,
merciful, pitying, compassionate,
miseror, -atus, -iri, [fmiaerd-j,
I. V. dep., bewail, complain of,^
miserandus, -a, -um, fut. p. in pass,
sense, to be pitied, pitiable.
MithradfitSs (idfttSs), -is (also
-i), [Mi0pc8e(rtys], M.» a name of sev-
eral Eastern kings. — Esp., Mithri-
dates VI., called the Great, king of
Pontus, the adversary of the Romans
in the Mithridatic wars, from B.& 88
to B.C. 61.
MithradStlciiB (-Idfideus), -a,
-um, [Greek], adj., of Mitkridates^
MitkrtdaiU.
Vocabulary.
113
mItiB, -e, [?]» adj.» (softT), mild^
gentU^ compassionate,
mittS, misi, missus, mittere, [?],
3. V. a., let go (cf. omltto), sendy
despatch^ discharge^ shoot, — AXsOj pass
over, omit, say nothing of: liaec
missa facio (^Ipass these by). — Esp.,
mana mittere {emancipate, set free).
moderSte [old abl. of modera-
tus], adv., with self-control, with mod-
eration,
moderfitiS, -onis, [modera+tio],
F., control, regulation, — Esp., self-
control, moderation, consideration
(in refraining from something).
moderor, -atus, -ari, [fmodes-
(see modestus, and cf. genus, ge-
nero)], i. v. dep., control, regulate,
restrain. — moderfitus, -a, -mn, p.p.
in pass, sense, moderated, self-con-
trolled, well balanced, well governed.
modestia, -ae, [modestd + ia],
F., moderation, self-control, subordi-
nation (of soldiers).
modestus, -a, -am, [fmodes- (cf.
moderor) + tus], adj., self-con-
trolled, well balanced, well regulated.
modo [abl. of modus], adv.,
{with measure?), only, merely, just,
even, just now, lately: non . . . modo
{not only, not merely, to say nothing
of , I do not say, etc.); qui modo
{provided he, etc, if only he, etc.).
modus, -i, [mod (as root, cf. mo-
deror) + tis], M., measure, quan-
tity, a limit, moderation, bounds. —
Hence, manner, fashion, style, kind:
hnjus modi {of this kind, like this) :
ejas modi {of such a kind, such).
— So other similar expressions : quo
modo {how, as).
moenla, -iu.'n, [\Aii {distribute})
+ nis (cf. communis) (orig. shares
of work done by citizens?)], N. plur.,
fortificaHanSf walls (of a city, cf.
paries): eisdem moenibiu (%4#
walls of the same city),
moere§, see maereo.
moeror, see maeror.
moestltia, see maestitla.
moestus, see maestus.
mSles, -is, [ ?, cf. molestus], F.,
a mass, weight, a burden, a pile, a
structure. — Esp., a dike, a dam,
moleste [old abl. of molestus],
adv., heavily, severely : moleste ferre
{take hard, be vexed at, be offended,
be displeased, be annoyed),
molestia, -ae, [molestd+ia], F.,
annoyance, trouble.
molestus, -a, -mn, [moles+tus],
adj., burdensome, annoying, trouble*
some, disagreeable, unpleasing,
mSllor, -itus, -iri, [moli- (as stem
of moles], 4. V. dep., {lift, struggle
with a mass), struggle.^ pile up, exert
one's self, plan, contrive, attempt,
strive to accomplish,
mollis, -e, [?], adj., soft, tender.
— Fig., weak, feeble, not hard, not
firm, sensitive, delicate, gentle.
mSmentum -1, [movi- (as stem
of moveo) -I- mentom], n., means
of motion, cause of motion. — Fig.,
weight, importance, influence: ha-
bere {be of importance, be effectual,
be efficacious),
moneo, -ul, -itus, -ere, [causative
of ^AN (in meminl) or denomi.
native fr. a kindred stem], 2. v. a.,
remind, warn, advise, urge,
monitum, -i, [p.p. of moneo],
N., a warning, an admonition.
mQns, raontis, [^AN(in mineo)
+ tis (reduced)], m., a mountain.
mdnstrum, •!, [mon- (as if root
of moneo) -I- tram, with s of un-
certain origin, cf. lustrum], N., {a
means of warning), a prodigy, a
monster.
114
Vocabulary*
jnonumentuin (monlmen-), -!,
[moni- (as if stem of moneo) +
mentmn], N., a reminder, a monu-
ment, a memorial, a record.
mora, -ae, [prob. root of memor
(sMAR?)4-a], F., (JhoughtY), hesita-
tion, a delay, grounds of delay, rea-
son for delay, a reprieve, a postpone-
ment,
mSrfitus, -a, -um, [mos + atns,
cf. senatus], adj., with institutions
(good or bad): bene (w^// regu-
lated),
morbus, -i, [-v/Mar (in morior)
+ bus (cf. torba)], m., sickness, ill-
ness,
morior, mortuus (moriturus),
mori (moriri), [-^mar (cf. mors),
but prob. in part denominative],
3. V. dep., die, — mortuus, -a, -um,
p.p., dead, in one* s grave.
mors, mortis, [^/mar + tis], f.,
death, — Also, a dead body.
mort&lls, -e, [morti- (reduced)
+ alls], adj., mortal, of mortals.
mortuus, -a, -um, p.p. of mo-
rior.
mos, moris, [?], M., a custovi^
customs, a practice, a usage, a way
(of acting), an institution ^ a prece-
dent,— Plur., customs, habits, char-
acter (as consisting of habits, cf.
Ingenium and indoles, of native
qualities) ; imperitus momm {of the
ways of men)', mos majorum {the
custom, institutions y or precedents of
our ancestors) ; O mores I {what a
state of things f),
motus, -a, -um, p.p. of moveo.
motus, -tiis, [movi- (as stem of
moveo) + tus], M., a movement^ a
disturbance^ an uprisings commotion,
actimty, change : terrae motus {an
earthquake).
uiovco, movi, motus, movere, [?,
prob. denominative], 2. v. a., set in
motion, move, stir, influence, affect,
have an effect upon, dislodge (in
military language), cause emotion in,
shake,
mucro, -onis, [?], M., a point of
a sword, a point, a blade, a dagger.
mulco, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, cf.
mulceo?], I. v. a., {soflenT), roughly
handle, maltreat.
mulcta, see multa.
mulcto, see multo.
muliebris, -e, [molier+bris, cf.
salubris], adj., womanly, a woman^s^
effeminate,
muller, -eris, [?], F., a woman.
— Of an eflfeminate man, a mere
woman.
muliercula,-ae, [mailer + cola],
F., a little woman. — Hence with
notion of aifection, compassion, or
contempt, a favorite woman, a miS"
tress, a helpless woman, a poor
woman,
multa, -ae, [prob. mnlc (in mul-
ceo) 4- ta (f. of -tus)], F., a fine.
multltado, -dinis, [moltd + tu-
do], F., a great number, great num-
bers, number (generally). — Esp.,
the multitude, the common people^ a
mob, a crowd: tanta mnltitudo {so
great numbers, this great multitude),
multo, see multus.
multo (mulcto), -avi, -atus, -are,
[mnlta-, for mulcto, freq. of mul-
ceo], I. V. a., punish (by fine), de^
prive (one of a thing as a punish-
ment),/««w^ (generally).
mnltum, see multus.
multus, -a, -um, [ ?, perh. root of
mille, miles, -{- tus], adj., much,
many, numerous: multo die {late
in the day); ad multam noctem
(//// Inte at night) ; multa de nocte
{early in the morning, long before
Vocabulary.
"5
day) ; satis mnlta verba facere (a
sufficient number of, etc., enouf^');
molta committere (^commit many
crimes), — multiun, neut. as subst.
and adv., much. — Also, plur., miil-
ta, much. — Abl., multo, much, far,
dy far: molto facUius. — Compar.,
pl[i8,pluris, N. subst. and adv., more;
plur. as adj., more, much, very. — As
subst., more, many, several, many
things^ much. — Super!., plQrimus,
-a, -um, most, very many, very much :
qoam plnrimi {as many as possible) ;
plurimiini posse {have most power,
be very strong or influential, have
great ability); plarimum valere
{have very great weight).
Mulvius (MU-), -1, [?], M. of
adj., Mulvian : pons (a bridge across
the Tiber near Rome).
maniceps, -cipis, [mani- (cf.
moenia), -ceps (Vcap as stem)],
M. and F., {one who takes his share
of public duties), a citizen of a mu-
nicipal town, a felUruhcitizen (of
such a town).
munlctpluni, -I, [municip +
iam], N., {a collection of citizens, cf.
municeps). — Esp., a free town (of
citizens enjoying civil rights, though
not always full Roman citizens), a mu-
nicipality (perhaps including several
towns, but under one government).
munio, -ivi (-ii) , -itus, -ire, [muni-
(stem of moenia)], 4. v. a. and n.,
fortify. — Less exactly, protect, de-
fend, furnish (by way of protection).
-^ Esp. (prob. original meaning),
make (by embankment), build, pave :
castra; iter.
manitio, -onis, [mnni + tio],
v., fortification (abstractly). — Con-
cretely, a fortification, works, forti-
fications, defences, engineering (of
a dam).
mSnito, -avf, -itus, -are, [mnni-
td-], I. V. z.., fortify, make (a way),
pave (fig.) : quam viam munitet
{whither he is paving the way),
inanitu8,-a,-um,[p.p. of munio],
as adj., well fortified, strongly forti-
fied, strong, well defended, well pro-
tected.
munus, -eris, [mun (as if root
of moenia) + us, orig. share (cf.
moenia)], N., tf duty, a service, a
function, a task, an office, — Also,
{a contribution), a tribute, a gift, a
present. — Esp., a show (of gladia-
tors, in a manner a gift of the pre-
siding officer).
MQrena, -ae, [murena, lam"
prey), M., a Roman family name.
— Esp., L. Licinius Murena, who
acted as propraetor against Mithri-
dates without success, and was re-
called by Sulla.
murus, -i, [ ?] M., a wall (of de-
fence in itself considered, cf. moenia,
defences, and paries, a house wall),
Musa, -ae, [MoCcro], F., a muse.
— Plur., the Muses (as patrons of
literature).
mSta^o, -onis, [muta -|- tio], F.,
a change ;* vestis {putHngon mourn-
trig)'
Mutina, -ae, [?], F., a town in
Cisalpine Gaul, famous in the war
between Antony and the senatorial
party in B.C. 43 (now Modena).
mato, -avi, -atus, -are, [prob.
same as moto, for fmovitd-], i .v.a.,
change, change for the better {rem"
edy), alter: vestem {put on mourn-
ing) : veste matata esse {appear
in mourning),
mfitus, -a, -um, [?, cf. musso],
adj., dumb, mute, voiceless^ silent.
myoparo, -onis, [/iuordi/wi'], M.,
a cutter ( ?, a light piratical vessel).
ii6
Vocabulary,
MjrrOn (Myp8), -onis, [Greek],
M., a celebrated Attic sculptor df the
fifth century B.C
mystagOgus, -I, [/AV(rTa7or)^s],
M., a hiercphant, a custodian (one
who shows sacred objects in a tern-
pie).
MytilSnaeas, -a, -um, [Mvr(A.i).
vsuis^ adj., of Mitylene.
MytilenS, -es (-ae, -arum), £Gr.],
F.| a famous city of Lesbos.
N.
nae, see ne.
nam [case-form of y/^K^ cf. tarn,
quam], conj., now (introducing ex-
planatory matter), y2^r.
nanclscor, nactus (nanctus),
-cisci, [y/NAC, cf. nactus], 3. v. dep.,
find^ get, procure^ light upon, get
hold oft obtain,
narro, -avi, -atus, -are, [for gna-
rlgo, fr. tgnarig5-(gnar5-tagus, cf.
navigo)], I. v.a., make kno^un, tell,
relate, recount, — Absolutely, tell the
itory,
nascor, natus, nasci, f y/GNA, cf.
gtgno], 3. V. dep., be born, arise, be
produced, spring up, be raised: non
Boripta Bed nata lex (^natural, born
with us^\ ei qui nascentor (Jhose
who shall come hereafter) ; AMca
nata ad, etc. {made by nature)",
conjoratio nascens {at its birth) . —
Participle sometimes spelled gna-
tus.
NSsica, -ae, [nasd + ica (f. of
•icns)], M., a Roman family name.
— Esp., P, Cornelius Scipio Nasica
Serapio, cons. B.C. 1 38, who led the
attack by which Tiberius Gracchus
was killed.
nfttfiUs, -e, [nata- (or nat5-) +
alls], 2A^,,ofon^s birth : dies {birth-
day).
nfitiS, -onis, [vAsNA + tio, perh.
through noun-stem, cf. ratio], F., {a
birth), a rcue, a nation, a tribe, a
clan,
nSt&ra, -ae, [natu -{- ra (f. of
-ms)], F., {birth), nature, natural
character, character: natoram ex-
plore {the demands of nature)-,
habitns natorae {natural enchw-
ments) ; natora renun {Nature, as
ruler of the world, the universe);
natora (by nature, naturally),
nfitOrSlis, -e, [natora-l-lis (perh.
-alia)] adj., natural, of ncUure:
jus natorale {natural law, the law
of nature, as opposed to civil law).
nfitus, -tiis, [Vgna + tus], m.,
birth : majores nata {elders),
naufiragium, -i, [naufiragd +
inm], N., a shipwreck,
naufk'agus, -a, -urn, [navi-ffra-
gus (frag -fas)], adj., shipwrecked,
of broken fortunes, ruined; wrecked
and ruined man^ castaway.
nauta, -ae, [perh. Gr. i^o^nis],
M., a sailor, a boatman,
nautlcus, -a, -um, [nauta+cos],
adj., of a sailor (or sailors), naval,
nfivfilis, -e, [navi- (reduced) -|-
alis], adj., of ships, naval, mart'
time,,
nfiviculfirius, -1, [navicola +
arias], M., a shipmaster,
nfivlgfitio, -onis, [naviga-ftio],
F., a sailing, a voyage, travelling by
sea, a trip (by sea) : mercatomin
{voyages),
nSvlgium, -I, [fnavigd- (?, navi
-f fag^ + iom], N., a vessel (gen-
erally), " a craft," a boat,
nfivigS, -avi, -atus, -ire, [fnaYl-
g5- (see navig^um)], i. y. n., sail,
make voyages, take a voyage, sail the
sea.
nftvls, -is, CVCO^^ (increased).
Vocabulary.
"7
with added i, cf. Gr. vahs]^ ^-t ^ ^^'/^>
a vessel, a boatf a galley,
1. nS (na©) [<v/na, of unc rela-
tion to the others], adv., surely , I
am sure, most assuredly,
2. ne [ y/NA, unc. case-form], conj.,
lesty that . . . not, not to (do any-
thing), from (doing anything), so
that , . . not, for fear that, from
(doing anything). — After expres-
sions of fear and danger, that, lest.
With indep. subj. as a prohibition,
do not, let not, etc. — With quidem,
not even, not . . . either, nor , . . either.
— Esp., videre ne, see to it that not,
take care lest, see whether . . . not.
See also nequis.
-ne (enclitic) [prob. same as ne,
orig. = nonne], conj., not ? (as a
question, cf. nonne), whether, did
(as question in Eng.), do, etc. —
See also necne.
Neapolis, -is, [NccCiroXty], F., a
part of the city of Syracuse. — Also,
other cities of Italy and Greece.
NeftpolltSnus, -a, -um, [Neapoli
+ tanas], adj., 0/ Neapolis (in Cam-
pania), Neapolitan, — Masc. plur.,
the Neapolitans,
nebulS, -onis, [nebula + o], m.,
{a man of no substance), a worthless
fellow, scamp, trickster, knave.
nee, see neque.
necessftrius, -a, -um, [fnecessd-
(reduced) -f- arias], adj., (closely
bound}'), necessary, pressing, una'
voidable, absolutely necessary, need-
ful, indispensable. — Also, as subst.,
a connection (a person bound by any
tie), a close friend, a friend, — Abl.
as adv., necSssfirtS, of necessity,
necessarily, unavoidably,
necSsse [?,ne-ce885-], indecl. adj.,
necessary, unavoidable. — With est,
it is necessary, it is unavoidable, one
must, one cannot but, one must in-
evitably.
necSssitSs, -tatis, [fnecessd -{-
tas], F., necessity, constraint, com-
pulsion, exigency,
necessitado, -dinis, [fnecessd -}-
tado]j F., close connection (cf. neces
sarins), intimacy (close relations),
a bond, a relation (which creates a
bond of union).
necne [nee ne], conj., or not (in
double questions).
neco, -avi (-ui), -atus (-tus), -are,
[nee- (stem of nex)], i. v. a., put
to death, kill, murder (in cold blood) :
fame (^starve to death).
nefandus, -a, -um, [ne-fandas],
adj., unspeakable, infamous, detesta-
ble, abominable.
nefSrie [old abl. of nefarlus],
adv., infamously, wickedly, abomi-
nably.
nefarlus, -a, -um, [nefas-{- ins],
adj., wicked, infamous, abominable.
nef&s [ne-fas], n. indecl., a crime
(against divine law), an impiety, a
sacrilege.
neglegenter (necle-, negli-)
[neglegent + ter], adv., carelessly,
negligently.
neglegS (neclego, negllgo),
-lexi, -lectus, -legere, [nee (= ne)
-lego], 3. v. a., not regard, disregard,
neglect, leave unavenged, leave un-
punished, care nothing for, abandon,
sacrifice,
neg5, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, poss.
ne-aio], i. v. a. and n., say no, say
. . . not, refuse,
negotiator, -toris, [negotia+ tor],
M., a merchant. — Esp., a money-
lender, a capitalist. Cf. mercator,
a trader who goes with his wares.
negottor, -atus, -ari, [negotid-],
I. v. dep., do business, — Esp., be a
Ii8
Vocabulary,
merchant^ be a banker (cf. nego-
tium).
negotium, -i, [nec-otium], N.,
business, occupation^ tmdertaking, —
Less definitely, a matter , a thing,
an affair, a business (as in £ng.),
an enterprise, one*s affairs; meam
negotimn agere {attend to my own
interests). — Also, difficulty, trouble,
nemo, fneminis, [ne-homo], c,
. no one, nobody. — Almost as adj., no.
— £sp.,non nemo^ one and anoiher,
one or two, one or more.
nempe [nam-fpe, cf. qulppe],
conj., to wit, namely, precisely, why!
now, you see, you know, of course.
nemus, -oris, [^em + us, cf.
Ff/xw], N., {pasture}), a grove (prob.
open, affording pasture). — Esp., a
sacred grove.
nepos, -Otis, [?J, m., a grandson.
— Also, a spendthrift (orig. a spoiled
pet of his grandfather).
Nepos, -Otis, [same word as pre-
ceding], M., a Roman family name,
see Metellus.
nequam [prob ne-qaam (Jiow),
cf. nequaquam], indecl. adj., worth-
less (opposed to frugi), good for
nothing, shiftless.
nequando, see ne and quando.
nequaquam [ne-qoaqaam (cf.
ea. qua)], adv., in no way, by no
means, not at all.
neque (nee) [ne-que], adv., a«^
not, nor : neqae . . . neque (neither
. . . nor). — See abo enim.
ne . . . quidem, see ne.
nequi(d)quam (nequlc-), [ne
. . . qui(d)quam], adv., to no pur-
pose, in vain, not zvithout reason.
nequior, nequissimus, comp.
and superl. of nequam.
nequis (-qui) , -qua, -quid (-quod),
[ne-quis], indef. pron., that no one,
etc., and in all the dependent uses
of ne: ut nequis {t/utt no one).
nequitia, -ae, [nequi- (as if stem
of nequam or nequis) -f- tia], f.^
worthlessness, shiftlessness, feebleness
(in action).
nervus, -i, [prob. for fnevrus, cf.
Gr. vivpov], M., a sinew. — Fig., in pi.,
strength, vigor, sinews (as in Eng.).
nesci5, -scivi (-il), -scitus, -scire,
[ne-scio], 4. v. a., not know, be una-
ivare. — Phrases : nescio an, I know
not but, I am inclined to think, very
likely ; nescio quis, etc., some one,
I know not who (almost as indef.
pron.), some, some uncertain, some
obscure; illud nescio quid prae-
clarum, that inexplicable something
pre-eminent, etc. : nescio quo modo,
somehow or other, I know not how
(parenthetical), mysteriously, curi-
ously enough.
neuter, -tra, -trum, [ne-uter],
pron., neither. — Plur., neither party,
neither side.
neve (neu) [ne-ve], conj., or
not, and not, nor.
nex, necis, [?], F., death, murder,
assassination,
nihilum, -i, [ne-hilum?], n. and
(nihil) indecl., nothing, none: ni-
hil respondere {make no answer),
— niliilS, abl. as adv., none, no. —
nihil, ace. as adv., not at all,, no,
not : nihil valet {has no weight, etc.) ;
nihil interest {it makes no differ-
ence) ; nonnihil {somewhat, a little),
Nilus, -i, [NciXos], M., the Nile,
the great river of Egypt.
nimirum [ni (= ne) mirum],
adv., {no wonder), doubtless, of course,
that is to say, unquestionably, no
doubt (half ironical), / suppose, for-
sooth.
nimis [prob. comparative], adv..
Vocabulary.
"9
too^ too muchf over much: nimis
nrgeo (Joo closely). .
nimius, -a, -um, [nimi- (?, stem
of positive of nimis) + ins], adj.,
too muckf too greaiy excessive. — ni-
mium, N. as adv., too^ too much.
Ninnlus, -i, [?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., a tribune of
the people, who proposed the law
for Cicero*s return.
nisi [ne-si], conj., {not . . . i/),
unless y efxcept: nisi si {except in
case, unless).
niteo, no perf., no p.p., -ere,
[prob. fnitS, cf. nltidus], 2. v. n.,
shine^ glisten.
nitidus, -a, -um, [fnitS + dus],
adj., shining^ glistening^ sleek,
nitor, nisus (nixus), niti, [prob.
g^enu], 3. V. dep., (^strain with the
knee against something), struggle^
strive^ exert one^s self, rely upon^ de-
pendj rest.
nix, nivis, [?], F., snow.
nobilis, -e, [as if (g)no (root of
nosco) + bilis], 2id]., famous, noble,
well-born (cf. "notable")*
ndbilitSs, -tatis, [nobili + tas],
F., nobility, fame. — Concretely, the
nobility, the nobles.
nocens, see noceo.
noceo, -ui, nocitunis, nocere, [akin
to nex], 2. v. n., do harm to, injure,
harm, harass. — nocens, -entis, pres.
p. as adj., hurtful, guilty (of some
harm).
nocta [abl. of fnoctus (noc (cf.
noceo?) + tus)], as adv., by night,
in the night.
noctumus, -a, -um, [perh. nocto.
+ umus, cf. diuturnus], adj., of
the night, nightly, nocturnal, in the
ni^, by night: nocturne tempore
(in the night).
nSlS, nolui, nolle, [ne-volo], irr.
V. a. and n., not wish, be unwilling,
wish not, not like to have, will not
{would not, etc). — Esp. with inf. as
(polite) imperative, do not, do not
think of (doing, etc.). — Also, n51-
lem {J should hope not, I should be
sorry).
nSmen, -minis, [■^/(g) no (root of
nosco) -f men], n., a name (what
one is known by), name (fame, pres-
tige). — As a name represents an
account, an account (^ compte), an
item (of an account) : meo nomine
{on my account) ; eo nomine (on
that account)', dassiam nomine
{under pretence, etc.).
nominfttini, [ace. of real or sup-
posed fnomlnatis (nomina+tis)],
adv., by name (individually), espe-
cially.
nomino, -avi, -atus, -are, [nomin-],
I. V. a., name, mention, call by name,
call: nominari volant {to have tJieir
names mentioned).
non [ne-oennm (onam)], adv.,
no, not: non est dnbiom {there is
no doubt) ; non mediocriter {in no
small degree); non poteram non
(/ could not but, etc.).
Nonae, see nonus.
nondum, see dum.
nonne [noo ne], adv., is not?
does not? etc.
nonnemo, see nemo.
nonuihil, see nihil.
nSnnallus, see nullus.
nonnunquam, see nunquam.
n5nus, -a, -um, [novem -|- nns],
num. adj., the ninth, — Esp., N5nae,
F. plur., the Nones (the ninth day,
according to Roman reckoning, be-
fore the Ides, falling either on the
fifth or seventh, see Idus).
nos, see e^o.
nosco, novi, notus, noscere,
I20
Vocabulary.
[ \/(o)NO], 3. ▼. a., le4Mrn,
acquainted with. — In perfect tenses,
know^ be acquainted with : sciant
ei qui me nornnt (Jhey know who
are acquainted with me) ; neo novi
neo 8cio (/ donU know the law be-
fore mentioned, nor do I know the
fact). — n5tu8, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
known t familiar f well-known*
noster, -tra, -trum, [prob. no8
(plnr. nom.) + ter], adj. pron., our^
ours, of ours, of us. — Often of one
person, my, mine, of mine,
nota, -ae, [Vgno + ta (f. of
•tas?)], F., a jniirk,a brand, a stain.
noto, -ivi, -atus, -are, [nota-],
I. V. a., mark, designate^ brand, sti^
matize.
noveni,[ ?lindecl. num. adj., nine.
Novembris, -e, [novem + bris,
cf. salubris], adj., of November.
novicius, -a, -um, [novd+icius],
Sid}., fresh, raw, untrained,
novus, -a, -um, [?, cf. £ng. new"],
adj., new, novel, fresh, unpruedented,
strange: res novae {a change of
government, resolution),
nox, noctis, [akin to noceo], F.,
night,
noxla, -ae, [-^oc (in noceo)
+ unc. term.], F., crime, guilt.
n9diu8 [nam (?) -dins (dies)],
undeclined, only in nom. with ter-
tius, now the third day, three days
ago.
niido, -avi, -atus, -are, [nudd-],
I. V. a., lay bare, strip, expose, —
Less exactly, clear, rob, despoil, strip
(as in Eng.) : nudavit se {gripped
off his clothing).
nudus, -a, -um, [?, root (akin to
naked) + das], adj., naked^ bare, un-
protected, exposed. — Hence, stripped,
robbed, destitute.
nfij^ae, -arum, [?], F. plur., tri"
flittfoOiit. — Esp. of pecsons, a mem
offoUies, a frivolous person.
nullus, -a, -um, [ne-oUas], adj^
noi • . • any, not any, no, none of:
quae nulla {none of which). — Often
equivalent to an adverb, not, not ai
all, — nSnnuUus, some. — As subst ,
some, some persons.
num [pron. -y/HK, cf. torn], adv.,
interrog. part., suggesting a negative
answer, does^ is, etc., ii is not, is itf
and the like: nam dabitasii (did
you hesitate?). ^In indirect ques-
tions, whether, if.
Numantla, -ae^ [?], F., a dty of
Spain, captured by Scipio in B.C 133.
nSmen, -inis, [-^w (in nuo) -|-
men], N., (a nod), wiU, — Hence,
divinity, power (of a divinity).
numero, -avi, -atus, -are, [nnme-
r5-], I. V. a., count, account, regard,
numerus, -i, [fnnmo- (cf. num-
mus, Numa, Gr. v6iJuo%) 4- ras], m.,
a number, number: in hosiiam
namero {as, etc.) ; nllo in nnmero
{at all as, etc.).
Niunidicus, -a, -um, [Nnmida-|-
cas], adj., Numidian (p{ Numidia,
long an independent state west of
the territory of Carthage). — Esp. as
a name of Q, Cacilius Metellus, see
Metellus, No. 7.
Numitdrius, -i, [Namitor-f-ios],
M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp.,
C, Numitorius, a Roman knight, one
of the witnesses against Verres.
nllmnius (nGmus), -f, [akin to
numerus, Gr. v6yjis\, M,,a coin. —
Esp. for nnmmos sestertias, a ses'
terce (see sestertius).
numquam, see nunquam.
numquis (-qui), -qua, -quid
(-quod), [nmn-qois], indef. interroi;.
pron., is (etc.) any onef with all
senses of num, see quit.
Vocabulary,
121
mme [niuii-ce» cf. hie], adv^
9untf (emphatic, as an instantaneous
now^ cf. Jam, unempbatic and con-
tinuous): etiam nuno {even now,
ei/en tken^ ttill), — Esp. opposed to
a false condition, now^ as it is,
nunquam (numquam) [ne-
nnqaam], adv., never,
naiitlu,-avi,-atus,-are, [nontid-],
I. V. a., send news, report, make
known,
nfintiufl, •!, [fnovent- (p. of
tnoveo, be new) + ins], M., (a new-
eomer\a messenger, — Hence, news,
a messenger: nontiuiii mittere
(jsend word),
nuper [for novi-per, cf. pamm-
per], adv., lately^ recently, not long
<^go,just now.
nuptiae, -arum, [nupta + ias]f
F. plur., a wedding, a marriage.
notuB, -tus, [prob. nui (as stem
of nuo) + tos], IX., a nod, a sign ':
ad nutum {at one*s beck, at cne^s
command) ; nutu {at the command,
by the will),
nymplia, -ae, [Gr. »^/i^]> F*> (o
bride). — Also, a nymph (a goddess
of nature occupying some special
locality, as a tree, or stream, or the
like). — These goddesses were wor-
shipped collectively at Rome.
6, interj., oh /: 0 temporal {what
times/).
ob [tmc. case-form akin to Gr.
irC], prep. (adv. in composition),
{near), against: ob ocnlos {before
my eyes). — Hence, on account of,
for: ob earn rem {for this rea*
son, on this account), — In comp.,
towards, to, against.
obdficS, -duxi, -ductus, -diicere.
[ob^Loco], 3. V. a., Uad towards, lead
against, draw aver.
obdSrSscS, -dunu, no p.p., •^xl*
rescere, [ob-dnresco], 3.v.n., harden
over, become hardened,
obediS, see oboedio.
obeo,-ivi (-ii), -itus, -Ire, [ob-eo],
irr. V. 2i,, go to, go about, attend to, go
over, visit: facinos {commit); lo-
cum ten^osque {be present at).
obfero, see offero.
obfUndo, see oflUndo.
ObiciS (objlc-), -jeci, -jectus,
•icere, [ob-jacio], 3. v. a., throw
against, throw in the way, throw up,
set up, fxpose. — Hence, cast in one's
teeth, reproach one with,
oblectSmentum, -i, [oblecta +
mentom], N., dizfersion, enjoyment,
a source of amusement,
oblecto, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob-
flecto, cf. laclo], i. v. a., give pleas*
ure to, delight,
obllgo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob-ligo],
I. v. a., bind up, hamper, bind, mort-
gage. — obllfi^tus, -a, -um, p.p.,
bound, under obligation.
obllnS, -levi, -litus, -linere, [ob-
lino], 3. v. a., smear, — Fig., besmear,
bedaub, stain,
oblivio, -onis, [ob-flivio, cf. ob-
liviscor], Y.,forgetfulness, oblivion.
obliviscor, -litus, -livisci, [ob-
fliviS, cf. llveo], 3. v. dep., {grow
dark against}), forget, cease to think
of. — oblitus, -a, -um, ^-^^ forget*
ting, forgetful, unmindful.
obmStesco, -mutui, no p.p., -mu-
tesciere, [ob-fmutesco, cf. mutus],
3. V. n., become silent, be dumb.
obnSntiS, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob-
nnntio], i. v. n., announce (in oppo-
sition).— Esp., announce unfavora-
ble omenSt stay proceedings by omens,
hinder by omens.
122
Vocabulary.
oboediS (obSdio), -iv! (-ii),
-itum (n.), -ire, [ob-audio], 4. ▼. n.,
pve ear to, — Hence, give heed to,
obey, be obedient, be submissive,
oborlor, -ortns, -oriri, [ob-orior],
4. (3.) V. dep., rise before, rise over,
obraS, -rui, -rutus, -mere, [ob-
ruo], 3. V. a., bury, overwhelm (with
something thrown on), cover, — Also,
overthrow, ruin.
obscarS [old abl. of obscurus],
adv., obscurely, darkly, covertly.
obscSrltSs, •tatis,[obscar5+tas]l
F., darkness, obscurity, uncertainty.
obscoro, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob-
scurd-], I. V. a., dim, darken, obscure,
hide, conceal.
obscSrus, -a, -um, [ob-tscurua,
■y/scu+rus, cf. scutum], adj., dark,
dim, secret, covert, disguised, hidden,
obscure, unknown : non est obsca-
mm {it is no secret),
obsecro, -avi, -atus, -are, [manu-
factured from ob sacram {near or
by some sacred object)1, i. v. a., ad"
jure, entreat,
obsecundo, -avi, no p.p., -are,
[ob-secimdo], i. v. n., show obedi-
ence, yield to one's wishes,
observo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob-
serve], I. V. a., {be on the watch
towards^), guard, maintain, keep,
— Also, be on the watch for, watch
for, watch, lie in wait for,
obses, -idis, [ob-fses^cf. praeses
and obsidlo], C, {a person under
guard), a hostage, — Less exactly, a
pledge, a security,
obsideo, -sedi, -sessus, -sidere, [ob-
sedeo], 2. v. a., {sit down against),
blockade^ beset, besiege, — Also, block,
hinder, lie in wait for, watch for,
obsidio, -onis, [obsidid-? (re-
duced )-\-o],T.,a siege (cf . obsessio),
a blockade, — Also, the art of siege.
obfllgnS, -ivi, -atus, -are, [ob*
signo], I. V. a., seal up, seal, —
Hence, sign as a witness, witness.
obsistS, -stiti, no p.p., -sistere,
[ob-sicrto], 3. v. n., withstand re-
sist, contend against.
obsolesco, -evi, -etus, -escere,
[obs-olesco], 3. V. n., grow old, be»
come obsolete,, get out of date ^ get stale,
obstipescS (obstu-), -ui, no p.p.,
-&cere, [ob-stipesco], 3. v. n., be^
come stupefied^ be thunderstruck, be
amazed: sic obsiipuerant {they were
so thunderstruck),
obsto, -stiti, -statiirus, -stare, [ob-
sto], I. V. n., withstand, stand in
one's way, resist, injure, hurt.
obstrepo, -ui, -itiirus, -ere, [ob-
strepo], 3. V. n. and a., drown (one
noise by another"^, overwhelm by a
din,
obstructio, -onis, [ob-stmctio,
cf. obstruo], F., a barricade, an
Instruction, a covering.
obstupefocio, -feci, -factus, -fa-
cere, [ob-stupefacio], 3. v. a., daze,
stupefy. — obstupefactus, -a, -um,
p.p., taken aback, dumbfounded.
obstupSsco, see obstipesco.
obsum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, [ob-
sum], irr. v. n., be in the way, him*
der, injure, be disadvantageous.
obtego,-texI, -tectus, -tegere, [ob-
tego], 3- V. a., cover up, protect.
obtempero, -avi, -aturus, -are,
[ob-tempero], i. v. n., {conform
to), comply with, submit to, yield t^
comply,
obtestor, -atus, -an, [ob-te8tor3«
I. V. dep., implore (calling some-
thing to witness), beseech, entree^,
obtlne5, -tinul, -tentus, -tinere»
[ob-teneo], 2. v. a., hold (against
something or somebody), retain,
maintain, occupy, possess, get (by
Vocabulary,
123
lot) , hoid (by lot, as a magistrate). —
Also, maintain, prove, make good.
obtingo, -tigi, no p.p., -tingere,
[ob-tango], 3. v. a. and n., (ouch
upon, — Esp., fall to one's lot, fall
to one, happen (esp. as euphemism
for death or disaster).
Obtrecto, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob-
tracto], I. V. a. and n., (Jiandle
rougklyT), disparage, speak ill of
obtuli, perf. of offero.
obviam [ob viam], adv., in the
way of, to meet (any one) : obviam
fieri {come to meet, fall in one's, way,
meet).
obvius, -a, -um, [ob-via, declined
as adj.], adj., in the way of: obvius
esse {meet).
occasio, -onis, [ob-fcasio, cf. oc-
cido], F., an opportunity, a chance.
occasus, -sus, [ob-casas, cf. oc-
cido], M., a falling, a fall, a setting
(of the sun).
occidens, see occido.
occidio, -onis, [perh. directly
from occido, after analogy of legio,
etc.], F., slaughter, great slaughter,
occido, -cidi, -casurus, -cidere,
[ob-cado], 3. V. n.,fall, set, be slain.
— occidens, -entis, p., setting, as
subst., the west.
occido, -cidi, -cisus, -cidere, [ob-
caedo], 3. v. a., kill, massacre, slay.
occlqdo, -cliisi, -cliisus, -cludere,
[ob-claudo], 3. v. a., shut up, close.
occultator, -t5ris,[occulti+tor],
M., tf concealer, a har borer.
occulte [old abl. of occultus],
adv., secretly, privately, with secrecy,
occulto, -avi, -atus, -are, [occul-
t6-], I. V. a., conceal, hide.
occultus, -a, -um, [p.p. of occu-
lo],as adj., concealed, secret, hidden.
oocupatio, -onis, [occnp&+tio],
F., occupation (engagement in busi-
ness), business, affairs (of business),
being engaged,
occupo, -avi, -atus, -are, [foccupd-
or foccup- (cf. auceps), ob and
stem akin to capio], i. v. a., seize^
take possession of, seize upon, occupy
(only in military sense). — occupS-
tus, *a, -um, p.p., as adj., engaged,
occupied, employed.
occurro, -curri (-cucurri?), -cur-
siirus, -currere, [ob-curro], 3. v. n.,
run to meet, meet, come upon, find,
fall in with, go about (a thing), with-
stand, occur (to one*s mind), suggest
itself
occursatio, -onis, [occnrsa -f-
tio], F., a coming to meet, a sally,
an attack, a greeting (running to
meet one with acclamation).
Oceanus, -i, [Gr. ^CIk^wSs"], m.,
the ocean (with or without mare).
Ocilculanus, -a, -um, [Ocriculd
+ anus], adj., of Ocriculum (a town
of Umbria on the Tiber).
Octavianus, -a, -um, [Octavid
+ anus], adj., of Octavius.
Oct&vius, -i, [octav5-{-ius], M.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Cn„
Octavius, cons. B.C. 87 with Cinna,
and killed as a partisan of the no-
bility by the partisans of Marius.
Others of the same family not named
by Cicero were famous.
octavus, -a, -um, [octo + vns
(cf. Gr. 0760^0$ ?), perh. foctau+us],
adj., eighth.
octingenti, -ae, -a, [stem akin
to octo -f- centum], num. adj., eight
hundred.
octo [?], num. adj., eight.
octMecim [octo-decem], num.
adj., eighteen.
oct5^t& [octo+?], adj., eighty,
octSni, -ae, -a, [octo+nus], adj.,
eight at a time, eight (at a time).
124
Vocabulary,
OCQluB, -i, [too6 (cf. eye) + Ins],
M., the eye,
5di, -odisse, [perf. of lost verb
(with pres. sense), akin to odium],
irr. V. a., hate, detest,
odiosuB, -a, -urn, [odiS + osus],
ziSiy^hatefulytroublesome^unrelenting,
odium, -i, [^^adh {spurn) +
iam], N., hatred, odium, hate, detes*
tation. — Plur., hate (of several cases).
— Of persons, the hatred, the detesta*
Hon : odio esse (Jo be hated),
odor, -oris, [y/OT> (^fw) + or],
M., an odor t fragrance (legum, add-
ing, as it were, to make the fig. tol-
erable in Eng.).
offendo (obf-), -fendi, -fensus,
-fend ere, [ob-fendo], 3. v. a. and n.,
strike against, stumble, stumble upon,
light upon, go wrong, commit an of-
fence, take offence, offend, hurt (the
feelings), ^V<f offence to. — offgnsus,
-a, -um, p.p., offensive.
offensio (obf-), -onis, [ob-tfen-
sio, cf. otfendo], f., {a striking
against), a stumbling, an offence, a
giving offence, dislike, a disaster, a
defeat.
offero (obf-), obtuli, oblatus, of-
ferre, [ob-fero], irr. v. a., bring to,
offer, furnish, afford, expose: se
{present); mortem alien! {cause
the death of etc.).
officio (obf-), -feci,-fectus,-ficere,
[ob-facio], 3. V. a., work against ^
obstruct, hinder, stand in the way
of.
offi€ti58U8 (obf-), -a, -um, [offi-
ei5-|-osus], adj., dutiful, in discharge
of one* s duty, conscientious (in the
discharge of one's duty), serviceable,
officium (obf-), -1, [as if (prob.
really) fofficS- (cf. beneficus) -|-
inm], N., {a doing for oneT), a ser-
vice, a duty, kind offices (either sing.
or plur.), dutiful conduct, faithful-
ness to duty,
ofAindo (obf-) , -fudi, -fusus, -fun-
dere, [ob-fnndo], 3. v. a., pour over,
— Also, yf //, pervade.
oleum, -i, [?, cf. oliva, t\aMv\,
N., oil.
olim [loc. (?) of ollus, old form
of ille], adv., {at that time).^ once,
formerly,
Olymptus, -a, -um, [Gr. •QAu/a-
irtos], adj., of Olympus (the fabled
abode of the gods), Olympian,
5men, '•inis, [?, but cf. old form
osmen, and oscines], n., an omen.
omitto, -misi, -missus, -mitt ere,
[ob-mitto], 3. v. a., let go by, pass
over, leave unsaid, leave out, omit,
say nothing of, abandon, cease.
omnino [abl. of foinninus (omni
+ nus)], adv., altogether, entirely,
on the whole, only, utterly, in all, at
all, any way, only just, whatever
(with negatives).
omnis, -e, [?], adj., all, the 7vhole
of{2i% divisible or divided, cf. totus
as indivisible or not divided). — In
sing., all, every (without emphasis on
the individuals, cf. qulsque, each,
emphatically). — Esp. : omnibus ho-
ris {every hour)-, omnia {every*
thing),
onus, -eris, [unc. root -f us], N.,
a burden, a load, a freight, o cargo,
— Abstr., weight.
opera, -ae, [oper- (as stem of
opus) -f a (F. of -us)], p., work^
services, help, pains, attention, assist-
ance : operam dare {devote on^s
self, exert one's self, take pains, try^
take care). — Esp.: opera sua {by
his own efforts) ; operam oonsumere
{waste onis labor, waste cnis time)*,
operae pretinm est {it is worth
while). — Plur., laborers.
Vocabulary,
125
operfiiius, -i, [opera + axius],
M. (of adj.), a day laborer,
operi5, -perui, -pertus, -perire,
[ob-pario, cf. aperio], 4. v. a., cover
«/, cover,
Opimlus, -1, [opimd + ius], m.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., L,
Opimitis, cons. B.C. 1 21, the cham-
pion of the senate against C. Grac-
chus, in the fight in which the latter
was killed.
opimus, -a, -um, [?], ad]., fa/,
rich^ fertile,
opinio, -onis, [opino- (cf. nec-
opinus) + o], F., a notion^ an ex-
pectation, an idea, a reputation, an
opinion (not well founded, cf. sen-
tentia), fancy, a good opinion (of
any one) : latins opinione (jnore
widely than is thought) ; mortis {a
false idea ofone^s death),
opinor, -atus, -ari, [opinS-, cf.
necopinus], i. v. dep., have an
idea (not well founded or not sure),
fancy t. suppose t think (parenth. in its
less def. meaning), imagine. — Cf.
the use of such phrases as I fancy ^
reckon^ guess^ take it, should say,
opitulor, -atiis, -ari, [opituld-
(opi-tulus, from ^ul, in tuli, +
us)], I. V. dep., assist, aid, succor,
give help,
oportet, -uit, no p.p., -ere, [noun-
stem from ob and stem akin to
porto, cf. opportunus], 2. v. imp.,
U behooves, it ought, one is to, one
must,
oppeto, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ere, [ob-
P©to], 3. V. a., encounter, meet,
oppidum, -1, [ob-tpedmn (a
plain!, cf. Gr. WSov)], N., (the for-
tified place which, according to an-
cient usage, commanded the terri-
tories of a little state), a stronghold,
a town (usually fortified).
oppSno, -posui, -positus, -p5nere,
[ob-pono], 3. V. a., set against, op-
pose (something to something else).
— oppositus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
opposed, lying in the way, opposite,
adverse,
opportQnltas, -tatis, [oppor-
tund + tas], F., timeliness, fitness
(of time or circumstance), ^(p^^/Zw^i
(in time or circumstance), conven-
ience, advantage,
opportunus, -a, -um, [ob-portu-
nus, cf. importunus and Portu-
nus], adj., (^coming to harbor}), op-
portune, advantageous, lucky, timely,
valuable (under the circumstances).
oppositus, -tiis, [ob-tpqsitus, cf.
oppono], M., a setting against, an
interposition,
opprlmo, -press!, -pressus, -pri-
mere, [ob-premo], 3. v. a., (^press
against), overwlielm, crush, over*
power, overtake {surprise), hold in
check.
oppusn&tio, -onis, [oppagnfi +
tio], F., a siege (of actual operations,
cf. obsidio, blockade), besieging, an
attack (in a formal manner against a
defended position).
oppQgno, -avi, -atus, -are, [ob-
pugno], I. V. a., attack (formally,
but without blockade), lay siege to,
carry on a siege, assail (a defended
position). — Fig., attack, assail,
ops, opis, [ ?], F., help, aid, succor,
means, protection. — Plur., resources,
power, wealth, means.
optfibilis, -e, [opta+bilis], adj.,
desirable, to be wished for,
optimas (optu-), -atis, [optim5
+ as (cf. Arpinas)], adj., of the
best, — Esp. plur., the optimates (the
better classes, or aristocracy, at Rome,
including all who held opinions op
posed to the common people).
126
Vocabulary.
optlmS, see bene.
optimiis, -a, -urn, [op (cf. ops?)
+ timiis (cf. finitlmus)], superl. of
t>oiiu8, which see.
optS, -avi, -atus, -are, [foptS-
(^yJOV^itXi&y cf. Gr. o\f^o/iaO], L v. a.,
choose i desire^ wish (urgently), pray
for, hope and pray for, hope for, —
optfitus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., wished
for, desired, desirable,
opus, operis, [V^P + us], N.,
work, labor (as skilful or accomplish-
ing its purpose, cf. labor, as tire-
some).—In military sense, a work,
works, fortifications, — Also, as in
English, of civil structures, etc., work,
works, a work (as of art), a work
of skill (cf. artificium, a work of
art), workmanship : opere et manu
factus (by handiwork'), — In abl.,
quanto- (tanto-, magno-, nimio-)
opere. — Often together, quanto-
pere, etc., how much, so much, much,
greatly, too tnuch, hoiv, so, too,
opus [same word as preceding],
N. indecl., need, necessary,' opus
properato (need of haste).
5ra, -ae, [?], F., a shore, a coast,
orStio, -onis, [era + tic], F.,
speech, words, talk, address, dis'
course, argument, matter for a dis^
course, power of oratory, a branch
of a discourse,
5rfitor, -toris, [or& + tor], M., a
speaker, an ambassador, an orator,
orbis, -is, [?], M., a circle (a cir-
cular plane) : orbis terramm {the
circle of lands, the whole world),
ordior, orsus, ordiri, [fordi- (cf.
ordo)], 4. V. dep., begin, start.
ordo, -inis, [sdcin to ordior], m.,
a series, a row, a tier, a rank (of
soldiers), a grade (of centurions, as
commanding special "ordines" of
soldiers, also the centurions them-
selves)^ an arrangement, an order
(esp. of citizens), a body (consisting
of such an order), a class (of citi-
zens).
oiior, ortus, oriri, [?]♦ 3. (and 4.)
V. n., arise, spring up, spring. —
— oriens, -entis, p. as subst., the east.
omamentum, -i, [oma + men-
tum], N., an adornment, a decora-
tion, an ornament, an equipment,
an honor (an addition to one's dig-
nity), a source of dignity.
ornate [old abl. of ornatus],
adv., ornately: gravius atque or-
natios (with more weight and elo-
quence).
omStus, -tus, [oma + tus], m.,
adornment, ornament, ornaments
(collectively).
omo, -avi, -atus, -are, [unc. noun-
stem], I. V. a., adorn, equip, furnish,
increase (by way of adornment),
honor, add honor to. — ornatus, -a,
-um, p.p. as adj., furnished, well-
equipped, well-furnished, decorated,
finely adorned, ivell to do, prosper*
ous, highly honored,
5ro, -avi, -atus, -are, [or- (as stem
of os)], I. V. a. and n., speak, —
Esp.,/r/iy, entreat, beg.
ortus, -tus, [^or (in orlor) +
tus], M., a rising: soils (sunrise,
the East).
5s, oris, [?], N., the mouth, the
face, the countenance: Ponti (the
mouth, the entrance)', in ore om-
ninrn (in the mouths, on the lips).
OS, ossis, [prob. reduced from fos*
tis, cf. Gr. toriov], N., a bone,
oscito, -avi, no p.p., and 9scitor,
-an, [perh. OS cito j I. v. n. and dep.,
yawn.
ostendo, -tendi, -tentus, -tendere,
[obs-tendo], 3.v.a., (stretch t07oards\
present, show, point out, make known,
Vocabulary.
127
state, declare, indicate, exhibit, dis-
play. — Pass., appear, show itself.
ostento, -avi, -atus, -are, [osten-
t6-], I. V. a., display, exhibit: se
{make a display^,
Ostiensis, -e, [Ostii+ensis], adj.,
of Ostia (the port of Rome at the
mouth of the Tiber), at Ostia.
ostiiiin, -T, [akin to os], N., the
mouth: Oceani {the straits, i.e., of
Gibraltar). Also, a door,
otlosus, -a, -um, [otid + osus],
adj., at leisure, quiet, peaceful, peace-
able, undisturbed, inactive.
Stium, -i, [?], N., repose, inac*
tivity, quiet (freedom from disturb-
ance), ease, peace.
ovo, no p., -aturus, -are, [?], i.v.n.,
rejoice. — Esp., ovans, -antis, p., tri-
umphant in an ovation (the lesser
triumph, but also used figuratively).
[Possibly the technical meaning is
the original one.]
P., abbreviation for Publius.
pacisco, -ere, and paciscor, pac-
tus, pacisci, [paci- (as stem of pftco)
+ SCO], 3. V. a. and dep., bargain, —
Esp., pactus, -a, -um, p.p., agreed
upon, settled, arranged. — See also
pactum.
pftco, -avi, -atus, -are, [pac- (in
pax)], I. V. a., pacify, subdue. —
pftcfttus, -a, -um, p.p. as 2id^]., peace-
able, quiet, subject (as reduced to
peace), submissive ^ entirely con-
quered: civitas male pacata (hard-
iy reduced to submission, still rebel-
lious).
PacSnius, -1, [?, cf. pftco], M.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., M.
Paconius, a Roman knight.
pactum, -i, [p.p. of paciscor,
pango?], N., (a thing agreed),
an agreement, an arrangement* —
Hence, a method, a way (pi doing
anything). — Esp. abL, t » . • • way:
quo pacto (in what way, how) ; isto
pacto (after that fashion, to that
degree) ; nescio quo pacto (somehow
or other, strangely enough); nuUo
pacto (in no way, under no circum-
stances).
PaeSn, -anis, [Gr. Tiadv], m., the
Healer, a name of Apollo, as god of
healing.
paene [?], adv., almost, nearly^
all but
paenitet (poenitet), -uit, -ere,
[tpoeuitd- (perh. p.p. of verb akin
to punio)], 2. v. a. (impers.), it
repents (one), one repents, one re-
grets: me paenitebit (/ shall re-
grei).
paenula (pSn-), -ae, [?], F., a
cloak (probably like a poncho, some-
times also with a hood, at any rate
put on over the head and worn in
travelling or in rough weather).
paenulfttus (peu-), -a, -um,
[paenula-i-tus, cf. robustus], adj.,
wrapped in a cloak.
Palaclnus? (Palatinus?), -a,
-um, [?], adj. only with balneae, a
place of uncertain position.
palam [unc. case-form, cf. clam],
adv., openly, publicly, without con-
cealment.
Palfttium (Pal-), -I, [palatd-
(the arched roof of the mouth) -f-
ium], N,, (the round hill}), the
Palatine (the hill of Rome which
was the original site of the city).
Palladium, •!, [noAxa^coy], N.,
(the little Pallas) , the Palladium (the
little image of Pallas Athene, on
which depended the safety of Troy,
and which was earned off by Ulysses
128
Vocabulary.
ai|d Diomedes)*-^ Hence, a paUa-
dium (any object of like importance).
IMdma, -ae, [borrowed from Gr.
iraAfi(/iiT)J, F., the palm (of the hand).
^ Also, a palm branchy a palm (esp.
as symbol of victory), a victory (cf.
"laurels" in Eng).
palSs, -udis, [?], F., a marsh,
Pamphylla, -ae, [Gr. na/u^vx/a],
F., the comitry on the south coast of
Asia Minor, between Lycia and Cili-
da, not included in the province of
Asia Minor.
Panhormus (Panormus), •!,
[n(£yo/>/A05], F., Panormus^ the city
on the north coast of Sicily, now
Palermo^ famous for its harbor.
Pansa, -ae, [?], M., a Roman
family name. — Esp., C, Vibius Pan-
sap one of the partisans of Caesar,
who was consul, B.C. 43, and was
active in the fight against Mark
Antony.
Paplrius (old Papisius), -1, [cf.
Papius], M., a Roman gentile name.
— Esp., M. Papirius Maso^ killed by
Qodius in a fight in the Appian Way.
Papius, -a, -um, [Papa (or -6)
+ ius], adj., {of Papa or Papus), —
Masc., as a Roman gentile name.—
Abo, of Papitis {ts^. of C. Papius ^
tribune, B.C. 65, proposer of a law in
regard to Roman citizenship).
pfir, paris, [perh. akin to paro,
pario (through the idea of barter or
exchange)] , adj., equals alike, like. —
Esp., on a par with, equal in power ^
a match for, adequate to, sufficient
for.
ParaluB,-!, [Gr. n^\os], M., an
Athenian hero, after whom one of
the sacred galleys was named.
parSte [old abl. of paratus],
adv., with preparation,
parStns. see paro.
parcS, pepefd (parst), paisnnts
(parcitiirus)', parcere, [akin to par-
ens (V^AR + cos, acquisitive, and
so frugalT)i\, 3. v. n., spare, be con-
siderate for,
parens, -entis, [•0>ar (in pario)
+ ens (cf. Gr. t€^>';], a, a parent,
a father,
pareo, parul, paritums, pirere,
[par5- (cf. opiparus)], 2. v. n.,
{be prepared), appear, obey, follow,
yield, consult (utilitati).
paries, -ietis (-jetis), [akin to
ircpl?j, M., a wall (of a house or
the like, cf. murus).
Parliia (PalUia), -ium [Pali +
ills], N. plur. (of PalUis), the feast
of Pales (a divinity of shepherds).
It was held April 21.
Parinus, -a, -um, an uncertain
word in Mss. of Verres, v. 57.
pari$, peperi, partus (pariturus),
parere, [ y^AR, procure (perh. orig.
by barter, cf. par)], 3. v. a., pro-
cure, acquire, secure, win, — Esp.,
produce, give birth to (of the mother).
Parma, -ae, [?], f., a town of
Cisalpine Gaul. It was treacherously
taken by Antony, and its people
barbarously treated.
ParmSnsis, -e, [Parma+entis],
adj., of Parma, — Plur. as subst., the
people ^ Parma,
par^ -avi, -atus, -ire, [par5-, cf.
opiparus and pareo], i. v. di,^ pro-
cure, provide^ prepare, get ready,
get ready for (bellam, used con-
cretely for the means of war), secure,
arrange, engage, — parStus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., ready, prepared, well
prepared, skilful, well equipped:
animo parato {with resolution),
parrieida, -ae, [patri- (as stem
of pater) fcida (caed+a, cf. hotni
cida)?], M. and F., a parridde.
Vocabulary,
129
parrlcldium, -!, [parricida +
iam], N., parricide. — Less exactly,
murder: patriae (as the parent of
her citizens).
pars, partis, [y^AR + tis (re-
duced), akin to portio, and perh. to
par (cf. also parto)], f., (a divid-
ing), a portion^ a part, a share , a
side, a party (also plur.), a branch,
a role (in a play). — Esp. in adver-
bial phrases, direction, way, degree :
in omnes partes {in all directions,
in all ways); in atraqae parte {on
both sides) ; in bonam partem \in
^ood part); in ntramqne partem
{in both directions, both ways) ; ad
aliqoam mei partem {to some part
of my existence, to vie in some re-
spect),— See also parttm.
parsimonia (parci-), -ae, [par-
co- (as stem of parous) or parsd-
(stem of parsus) + monia, cf. sanc-
timonia], y,, frugality , parsimony .
particeps, -cipis, [parti-fceps
(^CAP as stem, cf. princeps)],adj.,
participant, taking part. — As subst.,
a sharer, a participant, a participa-
tor, an associate.
partim [old ace of pars], adv.,
partly, in part, — Esp., partim . . .
partim, some . . . others, partly , , ,
partly; quas partim . . . partim
{some of which . . . others),
partio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -Ire, and
partior, -itus, -iri, [parti-], 4. v. a.
and dep., divide : partitis tempori-
bus {alternately),
partitio, -onis, [parti (stem of
partior) + tic], f., a division, a
partition.
partus, -tiis, [v'par (in pario)
+ tus], M., a birth, the production
of offspring.
panim [akin to parvus, perh.
for parvum], adv., not very, not
much, not sufficiently, too little, ill:
parom ampins {too small).
parvulus, -a, -um, [parv5-l-lus],
adj., small, slight, insignificant, little.
parvus, -a, -um, [perh. for fpau-
rus, cf. paucus, and Gr. iravpos],
adj., small, slight, little, trifling:
Romnlns ^s^Tv\xA{as a child); parvi
dncere {of little account); parvi
refert {it makes little difference, it
matters little); parvi animi esse
{mean-spirited, unambitious, unas'
piring)^
pSsco, pavi, pastus, pascere,
\_y/VA. (?) + SCO], 3. v. n. and a.,
feed, fatten,
passus, -siis, [-y/PAD (in pando)
+ tus], M., {a spreading of the legs),
a stride, a step, a pace (esp. as a
measure, about five Roman feet) :
mille passuum (a Roman mile, five
thousand feet).
pastio, -onis, [pas (as if root of
pasco) 4- tio], F., pasturing, feed-
ing, pasturage,
pastor, -toris, [pas (as if root of
pasco) -h tor], M., a shepherd, a
herdsman (a slave occupied in pas-
turing).
patefacio, -feci, -factus, -facere,
[noun-stem akin to pateo -h facio],
3. V. a., lay open, open, lay bare, dis-
close, discover, make known, show
clearly.
pateo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [fpatd-
(noun-stem akin to Gr. ireTcCvvu/xat)],
2. V. n., be extended, lie open, spread,
extend, be wide, be open, be exposed,
be uncovered, be obvious, be patent. —
patens, -entis, p. as adj., open, ex-
posed.
pater, -tris, [>/pa (in pasco?) -|-
ter], 'M.., a father. — Plur., ancestors,
senators, the senate: patres con-
scripti {senators, gentlemen of the
I30
Vocabulaty.
senate t conscript father sT) ; pater
familias {a householder),
paternus, -a, -um, [pater+nusj,
adj., of a father t paternal, of on^s
father ^ of one's fathers,
patientla, -ae, [patient + ia],
F., patience, endurance^ forbearance,
long-suffering.
Patina, -ae, [patina]* m., a Ro-
man family name. — Only, T. Patina,
a friend of Clodius.
patlor, passus, pati, [?], 3. v. dep.,
suffer, endure, bear, put up with, tol-
erate, allow, permit. — patiens, -en-
tis, p. as adj., patient, long-suffer^
ing,
patrla, see patrlus.
Patricias, -a, -um, [patricd +
ius], adj., {of the senate, the original
nobility of Rome as opposed to the
plebs, cf. ^fkteir), patrician (of this
nobility). — Less exactly, noble (of
the later nobility). — Plur., the nobles
(not necessarily the original patri-
cians).
patrimSnium, -i, [patri- (as if
stem of pater) + moniom (i.e., m6
+ on + ium)], n., a paternal estate,
a patrimony, an inheritance, an
ancestral estate.
patrius, -a, -um, [pater + ius],
adj., of a father, ancestral, of one^s
fathers, paternal. — Esp., patria,
F., one's fatherland, native country,
country, native city,
patronas, -i, [fpatro- (as if stem
of fpatroo, cf . colonos, aegrStus)
+ nns], M., tf patron, a protector,
an advocate.
patmus, -i, [pat(e)r-|-vn8?], M.,
an uncle (on the father's side, cf.
avunculus, on the mother's).
paucu8,-a, -um, [ ^A^AU- (cf. pau-
lus and parvus) H- cus], adj., al-
most always in plur., few, a few,
some few (but with implied only in
a semi-negative sense) : pauca di-
cere {a few words, briefly"),
paulisper [paulis (abl. plur. of
paulus?) -per], adv., a little while,
for a short time,
paululum [ace. of paululus],
as adv., a very little,
paulus, -a, 'Mm, [pau (cf. pau-
cos) -f Ius (= rus?)], adj., little,
slight, small, insignificant. — Esp.,
paulum, N., as subst. and adv., a
little, little, slightly, — paulo, abl.
as adv., a little, slightly, little : paulo
ante (a little while ago, just notu),
Paulus,-!, [paulus], M., a Roman
family name. — Esp. : I . Z. yEmilim
Paulus, who conquered Perses of
Macedonia, B.C. 168; 2. L. y^milius
Paulus (of the family of the Lepidi),
praetor, B.C. 53, a partisan of the
nobility.
pfix, pacis, [x/PAC, as stem]. P.,
{a treaty!), peace: pace alicujus
(by permission of, etc., if one will
allow, an apology for some expres-
sion or statement) : pace tua, patria,
dixerim (^pardon me, my country,
if I say it),
peccfitum, -i, [n. of p.p. of peo-
co], N., a fault, a wrong, a misdeed,
an offence,
pecco, -avi, -aturus, -are, [?],
I. V. n., go wrong, commit a fault,
do wrong, err,
peeto, pexi (-m),pexus (pectitus),
pectere, [-^EC -f- to, cf. necto],
3. V. a., comb : pexo capillo (with
well-combed lochs),
pectus, -oris, [perh. pect (as root
of pecto) H- us, from the rounded
shape of the breast, cf. pectlnatus],
N., the breast, -^Tig., the heart, the
mind.
pecafirlii8,-a,-um, [peeu-l-ariiis].
Vocabulary.
131
adj., 0/ cattU, — Masc., a grazier, —
Fem., pasturage^ grazing,
peculStuB, -tus, [pecula + tns],
M., embezzUment,
pecania, -ae, [fpecund- (pecu +
nus, cf. Vacima) + ia], f., money
(originally cattle), wealthy capital^
an amount of money, a sum of
money : ratio pecuniaram (fAe mat-
ter of finance'),
pecuniosus, -a, -um, [pecnnia +
OBOs], adj., rich,
pecus, -udis, [pecu + dus (re-
duced)], F., a domestic animal (cf.
pecus, -oris, tf herd ox flock), a brute
(as opposed to man), a dumb beast.
pedester, -tris, -tre, [pedit+tris],
adj., of infantry, of persons on foot:
copiae {foot, infantry),
pedetemptlm (-tentim) [pede
ftemptim (cf. sensim)], adv. (feel-
ing one's way with the feet), cau-
tiously, gradually,
pejor, see malus.
pejus, see male.
pello, pepuli, pulsus, pellere, [?],
3. V. a., strike, beat, drive, defeat, re-
pulse, drive out.
Penates, -ium, [pena- (cf. pena-
tor and penus) + tis (reduced, cf.
Arptnas)], m. plur., (presiding over
the household supplies?), the house-
hold gods (usually with Dl), the Pena-
tes (the tutelary divinities of the
household and of the city as a house-
hold). — Esp. as a symbol for the
home.
pendeo, pependi, no p.p., pen-
dere, [fpendd- (cf. altlpendas)],
2. V. n., hang, depend,
pendo, pependi, pensus, pendere,
[?], 3. V. a., hang, weigh, weigh out,
decide. — Hence (since money was
earlier weighed, not counted), ^^,
pay out. — £^. with words of pun-
ishment,/flfy (a penalty), suffer (pun-
ishment, cf. dare and capere).
penes [prob. ace. of stem in -us
akin to penitus], prep., in the power
of, in the control of
penetro, -avi, -atus, -are, [fpene-
tro-, from pene- (in penitus, etc.)
+ teruB (cf. inter, intro)], i. v. a.
and n., (go in deeper), enter, pene-
trate, force one's way in,
penitus [stem akin to penes,
penus, etc., + tus, cf. divinitus],
adv., far within, deeply, entirely,
utterly, deep within.
pensito, -avi, -atus, -are, [tpen-
8it6- (as if p.p. of penso, cf. dic-
tito)], i.v. a., weigh, — Hence, /cry
(cf. pendo).
1. per [unc. case-form of stem
akin to Gr. ictpi"], adv. (in composi-
tion) and prep., through. — Fig.,
through, by means of (cf. ab, by,
directly), by the agency of: per me,
etc. (Jby myself, without other aid) ;
per se {of itself). — Often accom-
panied by the idea of hindrance : per
anni tempus potuit {the time of the
year would allow) ; per vos licere
{you do not prevent, you allow, so
far as you are concerned, etc.) ; per
aetatem non audere {on account
of). — Of time, through, for: per
triennium. — In adjurations, by, for
the sake of.
2. per [perh. a different case of
same stem as I. per], adv. in comp.,
very, exceedingly.
peradulescens,-entis, [?, 2. per-
adulescens], adj., very young.
perago, -egi, -actus, -agere, [ i . per-
ago], 3. V. a., conduct through, finish,
accomplish^ carry through.
peragro, -avi, -atus, -are, [i. per-
agro], I . V. a. and n., traverse, travel
over, go over, travel, — Fig., spread.
132
Vocabulary.
perangustns, -a, -am, [2. per-
angastasj, adj., very narrow,
perbrevis, -e, [2. per-brevis],
adj., very shorty very brief.
percallesco, -u!, no p.p., -escere,
[2. per-callesco], 3. v. n., become
thoroughly hardened.
percello, -culi, -culsus, -cellere,
[per-fcello (cf. celer)], 3. v. a.,
knock over, strike down, overturn^
dash to the ground.
percipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere,
[i. per-capio], 3. v. a., take in (com-
pletely), learn, acquire, hear. — Esp.
of harvests, gather. — Hence, fig.,
reap, win, gain (but in Latin the
figure is retained).
percitus, -a, -um, [p.p. of per-
cieo], as adj., excited, incensed.
percommode [2. per-commode],
adv., very conveniently, very oppor-
tunely.
percrebresco (-besco), -brui
(-bui), no p.p., -brescere (-bescere),
[2. per-crebresco], 3. v. n., become
very frequent, become very common^
spread very widely.
percutio, -cussi, -cussus, -cutere,
[i. per-quatio], 3. v. a. and n., hit,
strike, run through, stab, strike a
blow. — Fig., strike with fear.
perd$, perdidi, perditus, perdcre,
[i. per-do], 3. V. a., destroy (cf. In-
terflcio), ruin, lose. — perditus,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., ruined, desper-
ate, abandoned, lost, overwhelmed.
perdQco, -diixi, -ductus, -ducere,
[i. per-duco], 3. v. a., lead through,
lead along, bring over, carry along,
introduce.
perduellio^ -onis, [perduelli-fo],
F., treason (technical, and not strictly
conforming to either our high or
petit treason).
^ peregrinor, -atus, -an, [peregri«
n6-] I. V. dep., travel abroad (also
fig., studia) ; also, be abroad (out
of sight or hearing).
peregrinus, -a, -um, [peregro +
inus], 2jd^y, foreign, outlandish.
perennis,-e [i. per-annas (weak-
ened)], adj., (lasting for the year?),
perennial, unfailing, eternal.
pere§, -ii (-ivi), -iturus, -ire, [ i . per-
eo], irr. v. n., perish, be killed, die^
be lost.
perexiguus, -a, -um, [2. per-
exiguas], adj., very small, very
short.
perfacilis, -e, [2. per-facilis],
adj., very easy. — Neut. as 2As.,jjery
easily.
perfectio, -onis,' [i. per-factio,
cf. perficio], F., the accomplishment,
the completion.
perfero, -tidi, -latus, - ferre, [ i . per-
fero], irr. v. a., carry through (or
over), bring over, bring, bear, carry.
— Also, bear through (to the end),
endure, suffer, submit to.
perficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere,
[i. per-facio], 3. v. a., accomplish^
effect, complete, finish, make (com-
plete).—With ut (uti), bring it
about, succeed in (doing or having
done or getting done), accomplish,
make (some one do something or
the like).
perfldia, -ae, [perfid5 + ia], F.,
perfidy, treachery, fa ithlessness.
perfringo, -fregi, -fractus, -frin-
gere, [i. per-firango], 3. v. a., break
through, break down, break the bar*
riers of.
perfruor, -fructus (-fruitus), -frui,
[i. per-fruor], 3. v. dep., enjoy to
the full, enjoy without alloy, continue
to enjoy, enjoy.
perftigio, -fugi, no p.p., -fugere,
[i. per-fhgioj, 3. V. n., run away^
Vocabulary.
133
fiei (to a place), escape to^ take ref*
uge in (ad portom).
perAig^um, -i, [i. per-tfagium,
cf. refugium], N., a place of refuge ,
refuge.
perfungor, -functus, -fungi, [i.
per-fungor], \ v. dep., fulfil^ per*
form (to the end). — Hence, have
done with f finish (and get rid of).
pergo, perrexi, perrectus ( ?), per-
gere, [i. per-rego], 3. v. n., {^keep
one*s direction}) t keep on, continue
to advance, advance, go on, proceed.
perhorresco, -horrui, no p.p.,
horrescere, [i. per-horresco], 3. v. n.
and a., shudder all over, shudder at.
periclitor,-atus,-an, [fpericlitd-
(as if p.p. of periculor)], i. v. dep.,
try, make a trial, be exposed, be put
in peril, imperil.
periclum, see periculum.
periculose [old abl. of pericu-
losus], adv., with peril.
periculosus, -a, -urn, [periculo
-f osos], adj., dangerous, perilous,
hazardouSy full of danger.
periculum (-clum), -i, [tperi-
(cf. experior) + colam], n., a
trial. — Hence, peril, danger, risk.
— Esp. of the defendant in a prose-
cution, y^tf/tfr^^,/rw^f«/7^« (in ref-
erence to the ^.CQyj&Q^) , defence, trial
(in court), accusation.
peiimS, -emi, -emptus, -imere,
[i. per-emo (Jake)"], 3. v. a., destroy^
put an end to.
peiinde, [i. per-inde], adv.,
(^straight through ?) , just, exactly,
periniquuB, -a, -urn, [2. per-
iniqaos], adj., very unfair, very
unjust.
peritUB, -a, -um, [tperi- (cf. ex-
perior) + tus], p.p. as adj., {tried),
experienced, skilled, skilful, of great
experience.
peijarluiiiy -i, [prob. fp^^is,
adj., from per (perh. a diff. case from
I and 2) Jus, + iom (cf. i^Jurius).
But possibly these are all abnormal
formations], H., perjury, false swear-
ing.
permagnus, -a, -um, [2. per-
magnus], adj., very great, very large.
permaneo, -mansl, -mansurus,
-manere, [i. per-maneo], 2. v. n.,
remain (to the end), continue, hold
out, persist, stay.
permitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere,
[i. per-mitto], 3. v. a., (^ve over),
grant, allow, give up, entrust, hand
over, put into the hands of.
permodestus, -a, -um, [2. per-
modestiis], adj., excessively modest.
permoveo, -mOvi, -mot us, -mo-
vere, [i. per-moveo], 2. v. a., move
(thoroughly), influence, affect. —
permotuB, -a, -um, p.p., much af-
fected, influenced, overcome.
permultus, -a, -um, [2. per-
multas], adj., very much, very many,
a great many : permnltam valere
{be very strong).
permutfitio, -onis, [permata +
tic], F., a change: remm (revolu-
tion, upheaval).
pernicies, -ei, [?, akin to nex],
F., destruction, ruin, injury, harm,
mischief, a plague (used of Verres).
pemicidsus, -a, -um, [pemicie-f-
osas], adj., destructive, ruinous,
mischievous.
pernobilis, -e, [2. per-nobilis],
adj., very noble, most noble, very
famous.
pernocto, -avi, -atus, -are, [i. per-
nocto], I. v. n. (and a.), pass the
night.
peroro, -avi, -atus, -are, [i. per-
oro], I. V. a. and n., finish arguing,
conclude (a case).
134
Vocabulary.
perparvus, -a, -urn, [2. per-
parvas], adj., very smally very Utile.
perpaucus, -a, -um, [2. per-
paucas], adj. — Plur., very few, but
very few f only a very few.
perpetior, -pessus, -peti, [i. per-
patior], 3. V. dep., suffer^ endure.
perpetuus, -a, -um, [i. per-
tpetuus ( Y^PET 4- rus)], adj., {keep-
ing on through), continuing, contin-
ual, continued, continuous, without
interruption, lasting, permanent,
everlasting: in perpetaom {for
ever).
p^rpolitus, -a, -um, [p.p. of per-
polio], as adj., refined, highly culti-
vated.
perarro [2. per-raro], adv., very
rarely, almost never.
Per8a(Per8e8),-ae, [Gr. n/po-r/s],
M., a Persian. — Plur., the Persians.
persaepe [2. per-saepe], adv.,
very often, many times.
persapienter [2. per-sapienter],
adv., very wisely, with great wisdom.
perscribo, -scripsi, -scriptus, -scri-
bere, [i. per-scribo], 3. v. a., write
out.
persequor, -secutus, -sequi, [i.
per-sequor], 3. v. dep., follow up,
pursue. — Hence, avenge, punish.
— P^SQ, follow out (a series of points),
take up (in detail).
Per8es(Per8a), -ae,[Gr. n/p<rT?s],
M., (cf. Persa, the same word), king
of Macedonia, son of Philip V. He
was conquered in the third Macedo-
nian war by ^milius Paulus.
perseveran tia, -ae, [perseverant
+ ia], Y., persistence, perseverance.
persolvo, -solvi, -solutus, -solvere,
[per-solvo], 3. v. a., pay in full,
pay: poenas {pay, suffer).
pers5na, -ae, [i. per-tsona, cf.
dlssonus], F., a mask. — Hence, a
part, a role, a character^ a person-
age, a party (in a suit).
perspicio, -spexi, -spectus, -spi-
cere, [i. per-fspecio], 3. v. a., see
through, see, inspect, examine. —
Also, see thoroughly. — Fig., see clear-
ly, see, understand, learn, observe,
find, discover.
perspicue [old abl. of perspl-
cuus], adv., clearly, plainly.
perspicuus, -a, -um, [i. per-
fspecuas (^spec4-vus, cf. conspl-
cuus)], adj., obvious, plain, clear.
persuadeo, -suasl, -suasus, -sua-
dere, [i. per-saadeo], 2. v. n. (and
9..), persuade, induce.
pertenuis, -e, [2. per-tennis],
adj., very thin, very slight.
perteireo, -terrul, -territus, -ter-
rere, [i. per-terreo], 2. v. a., terrify,
alarm.
pertimesco, -timui, no p.p., -ti-
mescere, [i. per-time + sec], 3. v. a.
and n., fear much, fear greatly,
dread, be alarmed.
pertlnacia, -ae, [pertinac -f- ia],
p., obstinacy (in a bad sense, cf. con-
%XAXkVkSL, firmness) .
pertinfix, -icis, [i. per-tenax,
cf. pertineo], 2^.^)., pertinacious, ob-
stinate.
pertineo, -tinui, no p.p., -tinere,
[i. per-teneo], 3. v. n., {hold a
course towards), tend, extend. — Fig.,
have to do with, concern, tend : ad
qaem maleficiam {belongs, whose is,
etc.) ; ad te non pertinere {to have
no concern for you) .
perturbo, -avi, -atus, -are, [i . per-
turbo], I. v. a., disturb, throw into
confusion, confuse, throw into dis-
order, alarm, terrify, agitate, make
anxious: turbata tempora {times
of disorder).
pervSdo, -vaa, -vasus, -vadere.
Vocabulary.
135
Ll. per-vado], 3. v. n. and a., (^pro-
ceed to), reach, spread to^ extend to^
enter f fill (of an idea).
pervagor, -atus, -ari, [i. per-
vagor], i.v.dep., roam, scatter ^ dif-
fuse itself — So, perva^tus, -a,
-um, p.p., wide-spread,
pervenio, -veni, -ventum (n. imp. ) ,
•venire, [i. per-venio], 4.v.n., {come
through to), arrive at, get as far as,
reach, come, arrive : ad earn locum
{come to this point) ; reg^om {come,
fall)', ad laudem {attain, equal).
pervolgo (-vulgo), -avi, -atus,
-are, [per-volgo], i. v. a., spread
abroad: pervolgatos hones {trite,
common).
pervolo, -avi, -aturus, -are, [i.
per-volo], I. V. n.,fiy through, fly
over^ hurry over.
pgs, pedis, [-0»AD as stem], m.,
the foot. — Also, as a measure, afoot,
pessime, superl. of male, wh. see.
pestifer, -era, -erum, [pesti-ffer,
cf. Lucifer], 2,^]., pestilent.
pestls, -lis, [ ?, perh. pes (in pea-
sum, pessimus) + tis], ?., plague,
pestilence. — Esp. fig. of persons and
things, a plague, a pest, a bane, a
scourge, a curse, a cursed thing. —
Less exactly, ruin, destruction : una
reipablicae pestis {convulsion).
Petillus, -i, [petilo (akin to peto)
+ ios], M., a Roman gentile name.
— Esp., Q. Petilius, one of the jury
in the case against Mile.
petitlo, -onb, [peti- (as a stem
of peto) -h tic], F., a thrust, an at-
tack. — Also, a seeking, a canvass {{ot
of&ce, cf. peto), a campaign (in
politics).
peto, petlvi, petitus, petere,
[^pat], 3. V. a. and n., {fain,fly}),
aim at, attack, make for, try to get,
be aimed at, seek, go to get, go to, —
Hence, ask^ request, look for, get,-^
Esp. of office, be a candidate for,
petulantia, -ae, [petolant+ia],
F., wantonness, impudence,
Phamaces, -is, [Gr. ^apviicus],
M., a son of Mithridates, king of
Pontus, conquered by Caesar, B.C. 47.
Pharsalla, -ae, [Pharsalo+ia],
F., the region about Pharsalus in
Thessaly, where the decisive battle
between Caesar and Pompey was
fought, B.C. 48.
PharsSUcus, -a, -um, [Pharsald
+ cus], adj., of Pharsalia,
Phlllppus, -I, [Gr. ♦(AiTiros], M.,
a common Greek and Roman proper
name. — Esp. : I. Philip V,, king of
Macedonia, defeated at Cynoscepha-
lae, B.C. 197 ; 2. Z. Philippus, cons.
B.C. 91.
phllosophus, -1, \(^Uo^s\, M.9
a philosopher.
Picenus, -a, -um, [fpice- (as a
kindred stem to plcus) -f- nus], adj.,
{of the woodpeckerT), — Also, of
Picenum (a region in eastern Italy,
north of Rome). — PicSnum, N.,
the region itself.
plctor, -toris, [ v^lG + tor], M.,
a painter.
plctnra, -ae, [tpictu (Vpig +
tos) -i- ra, cf. figura], f., paintings
a painting,
pie [old abl of plus], adv., duti^
fully, religiously, with dutiful affec^
Hon.
pletfis, -tatis, [pid+tas], T., filial
affection, affection (for the gods or
one's country, etc.), patriotism, reli-
gion (as a sentiment), /iV/y, dutiful
affection,
pignero, -avi, -atus, -are, [pig-
ner-], i. v. a., pledge. — Pass, as dep.,
take as a pledge, claim as one's own.
pignus, -oris (-eris), [fpign- (as
136
Vocabulary.
stem of pang^o or fpaglno) + lis*
cf. facinusjy n. , a pledge ^ a security.
— Fig., a hostage (reipublicae).
plla, -ae, [?, but cf. pello], F., a
bailt ball (as a game).
pilum, -i, [ ?], N., a pestle, — Also,
a javelin (the peculiar weapon of
the Roman legion, with a heavy shaft
2 or 3 in. thick and 4 ft. long, and an
iron head, making a missile more than
6 ft. long, and weighing over 10 lbs.).
pingo, pinxi, pictus, pingere,
[y^lG, cf. Gr. iro/ictAoy], 3. v. n.,
(daub with a greasy substance?),
paint,
pinguis, -e, [?, possibly ping- (as
root of pingo) + us (with inserted
1 as in levis, cf. the early methods
of painting with wax)], adj., fat. —
Hence, stupid, clumsy, coarse,
pirSta, -ae, [Gr. irtipar^s, an ad-
venturer'], M., a sea-rover (perhaps
like the ancient Northmen, cf. prae-
do, a piratCy more in the modern
sense), a corsair, a freebooter, a pirate
(without the above distinction).
piscis, -is, [?], u., a fish, — Col-
\Gci\\t\y, fish,
Piso, -onis, [pis5 + o], M., (a
man with a wart like a pea?, cf.
Cicero), a Roman family name.—
Esp., L, Calpurnius Piso Ccesonius,
father-in-law of Caesar, cons. B.C. 58
with Gabinius.
Pius, -i, [pias], m., a name of
Q. Metellus, given him for his duti-
ful conduct to his father.
place5, -ui, itus, -ere, [fplacft-
(cf. Viriplaca, placo, and placl-
dus)], 2. V. n., please, be agreeable.
— Esp. in third person, it pleases
(one), one likes, one approves, it is
thought best, one thinks best, one
determines, it is one's pleasure, one's
vote is.
plSco, -avi, -itus, -are, [fplaca-
(cf. Viiiplaca) ?, or plac5- (cf. pla-
cidus)], I. V. a., pacify, appechse^
reconcile, win one's favor,
plaga, -ae, [ y1>lag (in plango)
-f a], F., a blow, a stroke, a lash, a
stripe,
plane [old abl. of planus], adv.,
flatly, clearly, plainly, distinctly,
utterly, absolutely,
planus, -a,-um, [unc. root -f nns],
z.d\.,flat, level, — ¥ig., plain, clear.
plebejus, -a, -um, [plebe + ins],
adj., of the common people, plebeian :
ludi (a festival held Nov. 16, 17, and
18, under the direction of the ple-
beian sediles, in honor of some un-
certain advancement of the plebs) ;
purpura (a dark, dull red of a poorer
quality than that worn by the magis-
trates and senators).
plebs (plSbes), -is (-S), [ple-
(in plenus) + unc. term., cf. irA^oy],
F., the plebs, the common people (as
opposed to the upper classes at
Rome), the populace, the people, the
commons,
plSnus, -a, -um, [pie- (in fpl^
-f nus], adj., full : plena consen-
sionis (in perfect agreement),
plerumque, see plemsque.
plgrusque, -aque, -umque, [-y^PLE
(in pleo) + rus + que (cf. -pletui^
plenus)], adj. only in plur., most
of, very many.-^hcc, sing, as adv.,
plerumque, generally, usually, for
the most part, very often.
Plotlus, -i, [?, Plautd+ius], m.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., L.
Plotius, a Roman teacher of rhetoric.
PlStlus, -a, -um, [same word as
preceding], adj., of Plotius, Plotian:
lex (a law of M. Plotius or Plautius
Silvanus in relation to assault and
battery or breach of the peace).
Vocabulary.
nr
plOiimus, see nmltiis.
plus, see mtiltus.
poena, -ae, [perh. fpovi- (Vt*u)
4- na (cf. punio)], f., a penalty. —
Hence, a punishment (see persolvo,
repeto, constituo).
poenlo, see puido.
poenltety see paenltet.
poenitor, see punitor.
Poenus, '% -um, [borrowed from
a stem akin to Gr. ^cWiceos]» adj.,
Carthaginian. — Plur. as noun.
poSta, -ae, [Gr. iroiirr^y], M., a
poet,
polio, -ivi (-ii), -!tus, -ire, [?],
4. V. a., smooth, polish (also fig.)» —
Also, adorn, beautify,
polliceor, -liciius, -liceri, [fpor-
(= Gr. irpJy, cf. portendo) -liceor],
2. v.dep., offer, promise (voluntarily,
cf. promitto, by request, etc.), make
an offer, propose,
polluo, -ul, -utus, -uere, [tpor-
luo], 3. V. a., {stain as by water}),
pollute, defile, desecrate, violate,
pompa, -ae, [Gr. iro/nir^], F., a
procession (esp. of a funeral).
Pompgjus, -1, [tpompe- (dia-
lectic form of quinque) + ius], m.,
a Roman gentile or family name. —
Esp., Cneius Pompeius, the great
rival of Caesar.
Pompijus, -a, -um, [same word
as preceding], as adj., of Pompey:
▼ia Pompeja (a street at Syracuse).
Pomptinus (Pont-), -I, [cf.
Pompejus], M., a Roman family
name. — Esp., C. Pomptinus, praetor,
B.C. 63.
pondiis,-eris, [v^END(in pendo)
+ us], N., weight.
pdnS, posm, positus, ponere,
[prob. tpor-sino (cf. polliceor)],
3. V. a., lay down, place, put, set,
class, set before, station, lay, — Fig.,
place, lay, make depend on, base,
rest, found. -^ positus, -a, -um, p.p.,
situated, lying, depending on, de-
pendent upon,
p5n8, pontis, [ ?], m., a bric^,
pontifcx, -icis, [in form ponti-
(stem of pons) ffex (y'FAC as
stem); connection uncertain, but per-
haps from railings in temples, etc.],
M., a pontifex (a kind of high priest,
of which several formed a board,
having in charge most religious mat-
ters) : maximus (the chief of these).
Pontus, -i, [Gr. Udvros], M., the
ancient name of the Black Sea. —
Less exactly, of the region around.
— Esp., Pontus, the kingdom of
Mithridates, on the south-eastern
shore of the sea.
popa, -ae [?], m., an inferior
priest,
PopIUus, -1, [?, cf. popa], M., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp., C,
Popilius, a senator, convicted of re-
ceiving money illegally.
poplna, -ae, [popa + ina, (f. of
-inns), butcher's shop7'\, F., a tavern
(of a low order), a cookshop, a
brothel.
populfiris, -e, [popal5 -f- aris],
adj., of the («) people, of the popu-
lace,popular, — 'Es^., popular (favor-
ing the people), democratic,
populor, -atus, -ari, [populS-],
I. V. dep., {strip of people?, cf. Eng.
skin, shell, bark a tree), ravage, de-
vastate,— populStus, -a, -um, p.p.
as pass., ravaged, devastated,
populus, -i, ['0»AL? (in pleo)
reduplicated -f us], M., {the full
number, the mass), a people (in its
collective capacity), the people (the
state), a nation, a tribe (as opposed
to individuals) : popalus Romanus
(the official designation of the Ro-
138
Vocabulary.
man state). — Esp., the people (as dis-
tinguished from the higher classes,
no longer opposed to plebft), the
citizens (including all).
PorciuSy -i, [fPorcd- (porcus)
+ las], M., a Roman gentile name.
— Esp.: I. M. Porcius Cato^ the
Censor, aedile, B.c. 199; z, M, Por-
cius Lceca^ tribune, B.C. 199.
Porcius, -a, -um, [same word as
preceding], adj., of Porcius (one of
the two above mentioned), Porcian :
lex (tf law by one of the above,
securing the freedom of Roman citi-
zens from stripes and death except
by judgment of their peers).
porrlgo, -rexi, -rectus, -rigere,
[tpor- (cf, polliceor) -rego], 3.v.a.,
stretch forth, hold out to oncj put in
one's hand*
porro [?, akin to fpor (cf. pop-
rfgo)]> ^^^'i furthermore^ further,
moreover, then again.
porta, -ae, [-y/POR (cf« Gr. x6pos)
-f ta], F., {way of trafficT)^ a gcUe.
portentum, -i, [p.p. of porten-
do], N., a portent. — Hence, a mon-
ster, a prodigy (of crime or the like).
porticus, -us, [porta + cos, the
declens. prob. a blunder, cf. senatl,
etc.], F., a colonnade, a portico, an
arcade.
porto, -avi, -atus, -ire, [porta-?],
I. V. a., carry (perh. orig. by way
of traffic), bring.
portus, -tus, [yf^oiK. (cf. porta)
-f tus], M., {a place of access), a
harbor, a haven^ a port: ex porta
{Jrom customs').
posco, poposci, no p.p., poscere,
[perh. akin to prex], 3. v. a., dc
mand (with some idea of claim,
stronger than peto, weaker than
flagito), require, claim, call for,
ask for.
posBMsiS, -onis, Ctpor-tsesno
(cf. obsessio)], ¥., possession, occu-
pation.— Concretely (as in £ng.),
possessions, lands (possessed), es-
taies: de posseagione detraliere
(JancU in possession); libertatis
{enjoyment).
possideo, -sedi, -sessus, -siderc,
[tpor-sedeo], 2. v. a., {settle farther
on?), occupy, possess, hold possession
of enjoy.
possum, potui, posse, [pote (for
potls) -earn], irr. v. n., be able, can
(etc.), be strong, have power, have
weight, can do, etc. : plarimnm po-
test {is very strong, is very able,
has the greatest advantage)*, si fieri
potest {if it is possible) ; neque po-
test ia» etc. {it is impossible that he,
changing construction to keep em-
phasis).
post [?, prob. abl. of stem akin to
postis (cf. ante, antes, rows, and
antae, pilasters)'], adv. and prep.,
behind, after, later than, afterwards,
later, since: post diem tertiom
{three days after)', post memoriam
hominom {since); post conditam
Messanam {since the building of,
etc.). — post quam, see postquam.
poetea [post ea (prob. abl. or
instr.)], adv., afterwards, later, here-
after, by and by. — postefi quam,
see posteaquam.
poste&quam (often separate)
[postea quam], conjunctive adv.,
{later than),after (only with clause).
posteritSs, -tatis, [poster6+ta8],
F., after times, future ages: in pos-
teritatem {for the future, in ike
future, hereafter).
posterns, -a, -um, [post- (or stem
akin) + ms (orig. compar., cf. snpo-
rus)], adj., the next. Inter: posteri
{posterity); postero die {the mxi
Vocabulary.
139
bfary); in postenun (Jbr tkefiUure) .
— postremus, -a, -um, superl., lasty
the lowest, — postremS^ abl., lastly,
finally,
posthftc [post hac (prob. abl.
or instr.)], adv., hereafter,
postquam [post qoam], conjunc-
tive adv., (Jater than), after,
postremo, see posterus.
postremus, see posterus.
postridie [fposteri (Ice. of pos-
terus) -die], adv., the next day,
postulStto,-6nis, [postola+tio],
F., a demand, a request,
postulo, -avi, -atus, -are, [?],
I. V. a., claim (with ide#of right,
less urgent than posco), ask, re-
quest, require, call for, demand, ex-
pect: postulante nescio quo {at
somebody or other* s request) ; nullo
postulante {without any on^s ask-
ing it),
potens, -entis, [p. of possum as
adj.], adj., power ftil, influential, of
influence: potentiores {men of in-
fluence).
potentla, -ae, [potent + ia], f.,
power (political influence), author-
ity (not ofiicial or legal), domina*
Hon, domineering,
potestas, -tatis, [potent + tas],
p., power (ofiicial, cf. potentla, and
civil, not military, cf. imperlum),
ojfice, authority f power (generally),
control, ability, opportunity, chance^
permission (from a different point
of view), privilege: imperinm et
potestas {niilitary and civil power,
power and authority); praedonom
(Jhe power, the hands),
potior, potitus, potiri, [poti-, cf.
potis], 4. V. dep., become master of,
possess one's self of, get the control
of: renun (gain supreme control),
potior, -ns» -oris, [compar. of
potis], adj., preferable, — potius,
ace. as adv., rather, — pottssimum,
ace. of superl. as adv., rather than
any one (anything) else, particu-
larly, especially, most of all, by pref-
erence (over all others), better than
any other, best,
p5tus, -a, -um, [p.p. of fpoo, cf.
potto], p.p., having drunken, full
of wine,
prae [unc. case-form of same
stem as pro], adv. (in composition)
and prep., before, in comparison
with, — Esp. with words implying
hindrance, y^r, on account ^(some
obstacle). — In composition, before
others, very, before, at the head of ,
praebeo, praebui, praebitus, prae-
bere, [prae-habeo], 2. v. a., (hold
before one), offer, present, furnish,
afford: cmdelitati sanguis prae-
bitus (sacrificed), -^V^xiSi reflex.,
show, display, act (in any manner).
praeceps, -cipitis, [prae-caput],
adj., head-first, headlong, in haste,
hasty, inconsiderate, driven head-
long,
praeoeptom, -1, [p.p. of prae-
cipio], N., an instruction, an order,
a precept, instruction (in plur.).
praecipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere,
[prae-capio], 3. v. a. and n., take be-
forehand, anticipate, — Also, order,
give instructions, give directions,
praecipue [old abl. of praect-
puus], adv., especially,
praecipuus, -a, -um, [prae-
fcapuus (^CAP-f- vns)], adj., (tak-
ing the first place), special, particu-
larly great: hoc praecipuum (this
special advantage) .
praeclSrS [old abl. of praeclsr
rus], adv., nobly, gloriously, finely,
in a fine condiHon^ handsomely, very
weU,
140
Vocabulary.
praeclfiruQ, -a, •am, [prae-ola-
rus], adj., v^r^ nobU, glorious, very
famous^ excellent, magnificent, pre-
eminent, very fine, very beatUiful,
very striking, splendid : omnia prae-
clara sentire {fiave all the noblest
sentiments, etc.).
praecl&do, -clusi, -clusus, -clu-
dere, [prae-claudo], 3. v. a., {close
some one or something in front),
shut off, barricade, cut off,
praeco, -onis, [?], m., a herald,
praeconius, -a, -urn, [praecon+
iua], adj., of a herald, — Neut. as
subst., heralding,
praecurro, -cucurri (-curri), -cur-
surus, -currere, [prae-carro]» 3-v.n.
and a., run on before, hasten on be-
fore, hasten in advance, hurry on
before, outrun, outstrip,
praeda, -ae, [prob. prae-fhida
(root of -hendo+a)], f., booty, prey,
plunder.
praedator, -toris, [praeda+tor],
M., tf plunderer, a robber,
praedicatio, -onis, [praedica +
tio], F., a proclaiming, an assertion,
a statement, commendation, celebrity
(talk of people about one).
praedico, -dixi, -dictus, -dicere,
[prae-dico], 3. v. k., foretell, proph-
esy, tell beforehand, state first,
praedico, -avi, -atus, -are, [tprae-
dic5- (or similar stem from prae
with ^Dic, before the world or one*s
self, cf. praedico, before the event)],
I. V. a. and n., make known (before
ont^), proclaim, describe, boast, vaunt
one's self celebrate, report, say, tell
us, state^ declare: praedicari de se
volunt {to be talked about),
praeditus, -a, -um, [prae-datns,
cf. praebeo], p.p., endoruedy fur-
nishedy supplied^ possessing^ enjoying.
praedium, -i, [praed- (praes)
+ iom], N^ an estate (orig. as a
security).
praedS, -onis, [praeda + o], m.,
a robber, a freebooter, a pirate (cf.
pirata).
praeeo, -ivi (-ii), no p.p., -ire,
[prae-eo], irr. v. n. and a., go before,
precede. — Esp. of formulas, dictate,
— Hence, prescribe, dictate (gener-
ally).
praefectSra, -ae, [praefeo- (ast
stem of praeficio) + iura, cf. plc-
tara], F., the office ofprcefectus (sec
next word), a prefecture{l), — Abo,
the city governed by a prefect, a
prefectuf>e (as opposed to muni-
cipium and colonia, wh. see).
praefectus, -i, [p.p. of prae-
ficio, as subst.], M., a captain (of
auxiliary troops). — Also, a governor
(sent from Rome to govern a city of
the allies).
praefero,-tuli, -latus, -ferre, [prae-
fero], irr. v. a., place before, hand to,
place in onis hands, esteem above^
prefer to (with dat. or quam).
praeficio, -fed, -fectus, -ficere,
[prae-facio], 3. v. a., put before,
place in command of, set ffuer,
praefinio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire,
[prae-finioj, 4. v. a., {set a limit
before), limit, fix- (as a Umit).
praemitto, -misi, -missus, -mit-
tere, [prae-miito], 3. v. a., send for*
ward, send on,
praemium, -i, [?, perh. prae-
femiom (VE»f, in emo, -f- iam)],
(taken before the general distribu-
tion or disposal of booty?), N., a re-
ward, a prize,
praemoneo, -ni, 4tus, -ere, [prae-
moneo], 2. v. a., warn beforehand,
forewarn,
Praeneste, -is, [?], n. and p., a
city of Latium about twenty miles
Vocabulary.
141
firom Rome, strongly fortified, now
Palestrina.
praeparo, -avi, -itus, -are, [prae-
paxo], I. V. a., prepare beforehandy
provide for^ provide, prepare.
praepono, -posui, -positus, -po-
nere, [prae-pono], 3. v. a., put in
command, put in charge, place over :
praepositus est (^presides over).
praeripio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere,
[prae-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch atuay,
seize in advance, forestall.
praerogativus, -a, -um, [prae-
roga + tivus], adj., {asked first),
voting first. — Fem. as subst., the
first century (in voting). — Hence,
a decisive vote (given ilrst and so an
omen of the result), an indication,
an earnest.
praescribo, -scrips!, -scriptus,
-scribere, [prae-scribo], 3. v. a.,
{write down beforehand), prescribe,
order, direct, ordain: hoc beluis
natura {impress upon).
praesens, -entis, p. of praesum.
praesentia, -ae, [praeaent+ia],
F., presence, the present moment: in
praesentia {for the moment, at the
moment) .
praescntio, -sensi, -sensus, -sen-
tire, [prae-sentio], 4. v. a., see be-
forehand, find out in time, find out
(beforehand), look fonvard to.
praesertim [as if ace. of fprae-
sertis (^ser, in sero, + tis)], adv.,
{at the head of the raw}), especially,
particularly.
praesideo, -sedi, no p.p., -sidere,
[prae-sedeo], 2. v. n. (and a.)i {sit
in front of), preside over, guard.
praesidium, -i, [prae-fsidiom
(V^ED + ium), cf. obsidium], n.,
{a sitting down before), a guard, a
garrison, a force (detached for oc-
cupation or guard), an armed force.
a defence, — Fig., protection, assist"
ance, support, a defence, a safeguard,
a bulwark, a stronghold, a reliance,
prae8tabili8,-e, [praesta+ bilis],
adj., excellent, desirable.
praestans, see praesto.
praesto [?, perh. "praesto," /
am here (as if quoted)], adv., on
hand, ready, waiting for : praesto
esse {be waiting for, meet).
praesto, -stiti, -status, (-stitus),
-stare, [prae-sto], i . v. a. and n., stand
before, be at the head, excel, be supe^
rior : praestat {it is better). —
Also, causatively, {bring before), fur-
nish, display, give assurance of,
vouch for, maintain, assure, make
good. — Esp. with pred. ace, guar*
antee, insure, maintain. — prae-
stans, -antis, p. as adj., excellent,
superior, surpassing,
praestolor, -atus, -ari, [ ?, but cf.
stolidus and stolo], I. v. dep.,
ivait for, attend upon.
praesum, -fui, -esse, [prae-som],
irr. V. n., be in front, be at the head
of, be in command, preside over,
command (an army, etc.). — prae-
sens, -entis, p., present, immediate,
in person, here present, present in
person, with immediate acfion, act*
ing directly, direct (of the interposi-
tion of the gods) : animus {ready,
or together, presence of mind).
praeter [compar. of prae (cf.
inter)], adv. and prep., along by,
past, beyond. — Fig., except, beside,
contrary to, more than, beyond.
praeterefi [praeter-ea (abl.?)],
adv., furthermore, besides, and be-
sides, and also: nemo praeterea
{no one else); neque praeterea
qnicqaam {and nothing else) .
praetereo,-ii, -itus, -ire, [praeter-
eo], irr. v. a. and n.,go by, pass fy,
142
Vocabulary,
pass cveTt overlook, — praeteritus,
-a, -urn, p.p. as adj., past. — Esp. N.
plur., praeterita, the past (cf. " by-
gones ").
praetermitto, -misi, -missus, -mit-
tere, [praeter-mitto], 3. v. a., let
go by, let slipy omit, neglect ^ pass over.
praeterquam [praeter-qoam],
conjunctive s^v.^except^ further than.
praetervectio, -onis, [praeter-
vectio], F., a sailing by, a course
(where one sails by).
praetextfitus, -a, -urn, [praetex-
ta 4- tus], adj., clad in the pra-
texta^ in one's childhood.
praetextus, -a, -urn, [p.p. of
praetexo], p.p., bordered: in prae-
texta (the bordered toga worn by
children and magistrates, a symbol
for childhood^,
praetor, -toris, [prae-fitor ( V+
tor)], M., (tf leader) t a commander.
— Esp., a prator, one of a class of
magistrates at Rome. In early times
two had judicial powers, and the
others regular commands abroad.
Later, all, during their year of office,
had judicial powers, but, like the
consuls (who were originally called
praetors), they had a year abroad as
propraetors : orbanos (the judge of
the court for cases between citizens) .
praetSrlus, -a, -um, [praetor +
ins], adj., of a prcetor (in all its
senses) : praetoria cohors {the body
guardy of the commander, see prae-
tor); comitia (J6r the election of
prators)\ homo {an ex-prator). —
praetorium, N., the generaVs tent^
headquarters^ the prcetor's house,
praetQra, -ae, [prae-fitnra ?
(itu ■\- ra, cf. plctura)], f., {a going
before)^ the office of prator, the pm-
torship.
prandeo, prandi, prinsus, pran-
dere, [?], 2. v. n., breakfast, — Esp.
pransus, p.p., satiated.
pravitas, -tatis, [pravo+tas], f.,
{crookedness) . — H ence, wickedness,
depravity, evil intent,
pravus, -a, -um, [ ?], adj., crooked,
— Hence, perverse, vicious.
precor, -atus, -ari, [prec-], i. v.
dep., pray, supplicate, entreat.
premo, pressi, pressus, premere,
[?], 3- V. a., press, burden, press
hard, harass, overwhelm, oppress,
prettum, -i, [?, cf. Gr. irp/a/wu],
N., a price, money, value, a bribe :
in pretio esse {to be highly esteemed) ;
operae pretinm {worth one*s while).
tprox, tprecis, [?], f., a prayer.
pridem [prae (or stem akin)
-dem (cf. idem)], 9Av., for some
time : jam pridem {long ago, for
some time, for a long time),
pridie [pri- (prae or case of
same stem) die (loc. of dies)], adv.,
the day before. — Esp. in dates, pri-
die Kalendas, the day before the
Calends, etc.
PrOius (Pre-), -i, [?, M. of adj.],
M., with lacus, a lake in Etruria
{Castiglione).
primSrius, -a, -um, [primd +
arins], adj., of the first, superior,
excellent, of the first class,
primus, -a, -um, see prior.
princeps, -ipis, [primd-cepe
(y^CAP as stem, cf. manceps)], adj.,
M. and T., first, chief, a man of the
first rank, a chief, a chief man, a
principal man, a leader, a prime
mover : princeps esse and the like
{take the lead),
prlncipfitus, -tus, [princlp +
atns, cf. senatus], m., the first
place, the position of leader, the pre-
eminence.
princlplum, -i, [prindp -h inm],
Vocabulary.
143
N^ a beginning: prinoipio (in the
Jir si place),
prior, -us, [stem akin to pro+ior],
compar.y former, before: nox (Jast
night, night before last), — Neut
prius as adv., before, earlier, first,
— Esp. with quam, before, first , , ,
before, sooner , . , than. — Superl.,
primus, -a, -um, [pra.e (?) + mus
(cf. siunmus)], first, of the first
class, superior: decern primi {the
ten select men, a board of ten magis-
trates in many ancient cities); in
primis (see imprimia). — Ace. N.
(as adv.), primum, in the first
place (opp. to turn, deinde),^rj/',
the first time : cum primom (when
first, as soon as)-, ut primom (as
soon as). — Abl. N., primo (as adv.),
at first (opp. to postea, etc.).
pristinus, -a, -um, [prias-tinns,
cf. dintinus], adj., former (previ-
ously existing), old^ of old, oldtime,
time-honored,
prius, see prior.
priusquam, see prior.
privatus, p.p. of privo, which
see.
privo, -avi, -atus, -are, [priv6-],
I. v. a., (set apart}), deprive,—
£sp., privatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
(set apart from the general com-
munity), private, separate; individ-
ual, domestic (as opposed to public) .
— Masc. as subst., a private citizen,
a private individual, an individual.
pro, inter j., oh! ah! alas!
pro [for prod, abl. of stem akin
to prae, prior, etc.], adv. (in
comp.) and prep., in front of, before
(in place, time, or circumstance). —
Hence, in place of, for, on behalf of,
in return for, in view of, on account
cf, in proportion to, in accordance
with, according to, — Esp. with names
of officeis, as, acting as, ex-^ — Often
rendered by transference, proconsul,
proprcetor, — In comp. as adv., be-
fore, forth, away, for, down (as fall-
ing forward).
proavus, -i, [pro-avus], m., a
great-grandfather,
probe [old abl. of probus], adv.,
honestly, virtuously, with integrity,
well, very well,
probitfis, -tatis, [probS -f tas],
F., honesty, integrity.
probo, -avi, -atus, -are, [probo-],
I. v. a., make good, find good, ap-
prove, prove, show, make clear, be
satisfied with, make acceptable, (pass.,
be acceptable), — Esp., probfttus, -a,
-um, p.p. as adj., approved, accepta"
bU, esteemed,
probus, -a, -um, [pro + bus, cf.
morbus], adj., superior (perh. mer-
cantile word), excellent, good, honest,
procella, -ae, [pro-fcella, akin
to cello], F., a tearing, rushing
storm, a tempest, a storm, a hurri-
cane,
prOcessiS, -onis, [pro-cessio, cf.
procedo], F., an advance,
procrastino, -avi, -atus, -are,
[procrastind- (as if, perh. really,
pro-crastino)], i. v. a., put off till
to-morrow, postpone, procrastinate,
procreo, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro-
creo], I. v. a., generate, produce,
give birth to: procreatus (born).
procul [?, tproco- (pro+cus, cf.
reciprocus) -J- Ins (reduced, cf.
simul)], adv., at a distance (not
necessarily great), away, far away,
pr5cnratio, -onis, [procnra +
tio], F., a caring for, management,
superintendence,
pr5carator, -toris, [procura +
tor], Mi., a manager, a steward.
prodeo, -ivi (-ii), -itiirus, -ire,
144
Vocabulary.
[prod-eo], irr. v. n»tgo forth, appear
abroad, appear (in the streets).
prodlgium, -i, [fprodigd (pro-
dicns?) + iam], N., an omen, a por^
tent. — Hence, a prodigy, a monster,
pr9diffU8, -a, -um, [prod-fagns
(•^AG + us, of. agilis and Gr. \oxor
7<{s)], adj., wasteful (cf. prodigo),
prodigal, a spendthrift,
proditor, -toris, [pro-dator (cf.
prodo)], M., a betrayer, a traitor,
prodo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [pro-
do], 3. V. a., give or put forth, give
away, betray. — Also, publish, ap-
point, hand down, transmit,
prSdaco, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere,
[pro-duco], 3. V. a., lead forth, bring
out, produce, bring forward, intro'
duce,
proelium, -1, [?], n., a battle, a
fight,
prof&nus, -a, -uni, [pro-fanom,
decl. as adj.], adj., {outside the tern-
ple^, not sacred, secular, common.
profectio, -onis, [pro-factio, cf.
proficiscor], F., a departure, a
starting, a setting out.
profecto [pro-facto], adv., (for
a fact), certainly, surely ^ doubtless,
undoubtedly, no doubt, Pm sure,
profero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [pro-
fero], irr. v. a., bring forth ^ carry
forward, bring out, publish, bring
forward, introduce, produce, adduce,
prOfessio, -onis, [pro-ffasaio, cf.
profiteer], f., a declaration,
pr6ficlo,-feci,-fectum(N.),-ficere,
[pro-facio], 3. v. n., go forward,
gain, make progress,
proflciscor, -fectus, -ficisci, [pro-
tfaciscor (faclo)], 3. v. dep., set out,
start, depart, proceed, begin, arise:
ratio profecta {proceeding),
profiteor, -fcssus, -fiteri, [pro-
fateor], 2. v. dep., profess, declare.
offer, proffer, promise, make a decla-
ration,
prOfligS, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro-
fligo], I, V. a., dash down, overw/ulm,
lay prostrate, prostrate. — Esp., pro-
fligStus, -a, -urn, abandoned, cor-
rupt, unprincipled, profligate,
profiigio, -fugi, -f ugiturus, -f ugere,
[pro-fugio], 3. V. n,,flee away, es-
cape, flee, take tofliglU,
profUndo, -fudi, -fusus, -fundere,
[pro-fondo], 3. v. a., pour forth,
pour out, shed, waste,
proftindus, -a, -um, [pro-fun-
das], adj., deep. — Neut. as subst,
an abyss.
progpredior,-gressus,-gredi, [pro-
gradior], 3. v. dep., advance, pro-
ceed, go : nihil progreditor {takes
no step) : qao tandem progressn-
rus {how far he would go) ; qnem
in locum progressus {how far you
have gone, how much you are im-
plicated),
prohibeo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [pro-
habeo], 2. v. 2^, hold off, hinder, for-
bid, prevent, shut out, cut off. —
With a change of relation, keep (from
some calamity, etc.), protect, guard.
proicio(Jicio), -jeci, -jectus, -icere,
[pro-jacio], 3. v. a., cast forth, throw
away, expose: foras {throw out, get
rid of) ; insula projecta est {pro-
jects, runs out),
proinde [pro-inde], adv., {and
so on}), just the same, just. — Also,
therefore, hence: proinde quasi(yMi/
as if forsooth^ ironical).
prolato, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro-
latd-], I. v. a. and n., extend, put off,
shillyshally, procrastinate,
promlssum, -i, [p.p. of promlt-
to], N., a promise.
prQmptus, -a, -um, [p.p. of pro-
mo], as adj., {taken ouiof thegew
Vocabulary.
H5
erml store)^ on hand, readyt ac'
five,
prSmulgo, -av!, -atus, -are, [?,
prob. promnlgd- (pro-mnlgas, akin
to mulg^eo, miilto)], i. v. a. and n.,
impost a fineT)igive notice of (as a
law), publish, — Absolutely, give no-
tice of a bill.
prDnontio, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro-
nuntio], i. v. a., proclaim^ publish^
declare^ speak out,
propfig^o, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro-
pag&- (stem of propagfus), or kin-
dred stem], I. V. a., (^peg down, of
plants, propagate by layers^ , propa-
gate, extend, prolong, preserve : subo-
lem {rear),
prope [pro-tpe (cf. qulppe)],
adv. and prep., near, nearly, almost.
— Comp. propius, superl. proxi-
mo, as prep. : proxime decs {luery
near the gods),
propemodum [prope moduin],
adv., (often separate), nearly, very
nearly, pretty nearly: prope modum
erraxe (^come near making a mis-
take).
properS, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro-
^ per6-], I. V. a. and n., hasten : pro-
perato opus est (^there is need of
haste),
propinquus, -a, -um, [case of
prope+cus (cf. longlnquus)], adj.,
near. — Esp., nearly related, related.
— As subst., a relative, a kinsman,
propior, -us, [comp. of stem of
prope], adj., nearer, closer, — Superl.,
proximus, -a, -um, [tproc5+timas,
cf. reciprocus], nearest^ very near,
last, next, folloiving. — As subst., a
relative. — In plur., those nearest one^
one's kindred.
pr5pono, -posui, -positus, -ponere,
[pro-pono], 3. V. 2,., place before^ set
before, set forth; set up, propose, pur-
pose, imagine, conceive, set before as a
model, offer, offer for sale, threaten,
determine upon, present, bring for »
ward: mihi erai propositam {my
purpose was),
prSpraetor, -toris, [pro-praetor
(corrupted from pro praetore and
declined)], M., a proprcetor (one
holding over in a province after the
year of his praetorship).
propriS [old abl. of propilus],
adv., properly, peculiarly, strictly,
solely,
proprlus, -a, -um, [ ?, perh. akin
to prope], adj., one's own, peculiar,
characteristic, indefeasible, perma-
nent, appropriate, proper. — Often
rendered by an sAv,, peculiarly : pro-
prius est {peculiarly belongs) ; nos-
ter proprias {peculiarly ours);
popali Romani {the peculiar char-
acteristic of, etc.).
propter [prope-|-ter, cf. aliter],
adv. and prep., near, near at hand
— Hence, on account of, on behalf
of, for the sake of, by means of,
through (the agency of),
propterea, adv., on this account,
prSpudium, -!, [pro-fpudiam
(tpudd-, cf. pudet, + iupi), cf. re-
pudinm], N., shameftd conduct, a
disgrace. — Also, of persons, a dis-
grace (one who causes shame).
prSpagnSculum, -1, [propugna
+ culom], N., tf defence, a bulwark,
outworks.
propugnator, -t5ris, [pro-pug-
nator], m.» a champion.
propulso, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro-
pulso, cf. propello], i. v. a., repel^
ward off, avert: vim a vita {defend
one's life against, etc.).
prSripio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere,
[pro-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch away,
drag forth, drag off.
146
Vocabulary.
prOscribS, -8cr^>^ -scriptus, -scri-
bcre, [pro-scribo], 3. v. a., advev'
Use, publish (in writing). — Esp.,
proscribe (in a list of persons for-
feiting their estates), outlaw.
proscriptio, -onisy [pro-scriptio,
cf. proscribo], f., an advertising,
a sale (on execution). — Hence, a
proscription, outlawry, forfeiture of
goods.
prSsequor, -secutus, -sequi, [pro-
sequor], 3. v. dep., follow forth, ac-
company out, escort, honor, pay re*
sped.
prospere [old abl. of prospe-
rus], adv., successfully, prosperously,
with success.
prospicio, -spexi, -spectus, -spi-
cere, [pro-fspecio], 3. v. a. and n.,
look forward, see afar, look out for,
provide for.
prosternS, -stravi, -stratus, -ster-
nere, [pro-sterno], 3. v. a., lay low,
overwhelm, destroy, overthrow, lay
prostrate, prostrate.
prosum, profui, profuturus, pro-
desse, [pro-sum], irr. v. a., be of
advantage, profit, dom good, avail,
benefit.
protraho, -traxi, -tractus, -tra-
here, [pro-traJio], 3. v. a., drag
forth, drag out.
providentia, -ae, [provident 4-
ia]» F«» foresight. — Hence, fore-
tliought, precautions.
provide©, -vidi, -visus, -videre,
[pro- video], 2. v. a. and n., provide
for, foresee, see beforehand, take care,
make provision^ provide, arrange be-
forehand, use precaution, take pains
(to accomplish something), guard
against, provide for the future.
provincla, -ae, [fprovincd- (pro-
vincus, vine- as root of vinco +
m) -H ia], p., (office of one extend-
ing the frontier by conquest in the
field), office (of a commander or
governor), a province (in general),
a function, — Transferred, a prov-
ince (governed by a Roman magis-
trate).
prSvincifilis, -e, [provincia +
lis], adj., of a province, in the prov-
inces, in a province, promncial,
provoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro-
voco], I. V. a. and n., call forth^
rouse, provoke,
proximS, see prope.
proximus, see propior.
pradens, -entis, - [providens],
adj., far-seeing, wise, prudent: pa-
rum prudens {too indiscreet, too
careless^; prudens atque sciens
{knowingly and with one^s eyes open,
an old formula).
prSdentia, -ae, [prudent -|- ia],
F., foresight, discretion, wisdom, pru-
dence,
pruina, -ae, [?], F., hoarfrost,
frost.
Prytaneum, (-lum), -i, [Ilpwra-
vetbi'], N., a city-hall (a public build-
ing in a Greek city, where the mag-
istrates (irpvTdv€ii) met and lived
at the public expense, and where
public guests were entertained).
pabes (pBber), -eris, [?], adj.,
adult, — As subst., adults (collec-
tively), grown men, young men of
age, able-bodied men.
publicfinus, -a, -um, [publicd +
anus], adj., connected -luith the reve-
nue (publicum). — Esp. as subst.,
M., a farmer of the revenue.
pubUcfitl$,-onis, [publica-f-tio],
F., a confiscation (taking private prop-
erty into the publicum).
publics [old abl. of publlcus],
adv., publicly, in the name of tJu
state, as a state, on behalf of tki
Vocabulary,
147
state, officially: tnmiiltuB {of the peo-
ple , general),
Publicius, -i, [public6+ius], m.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., an
obscure Roman in the Catilinarian
conspiracy.
publico, -avi, -atus, -are, [publi-
co-], I. V. a., {maJie belong to the pub-
lic), confiscate.
publicus, -a, -mn, [populo-l-cus],
adj., of the people (as a state), of the
state, public^ official (as opposed to
individual). — In many phrases, esp.
res pubUca, the commonwealth^ the
public business, politics, control of
the state, form of government, the
affairs of state, the interests of the
state; consilium, a state measure,
the council of state^ the official coun-
cil; publico consilio, officially, as a
state measure ; consensus, the gen-
eral agreement, the united voice of
the people ; litterae, official commu-
nications, despatches ; tabulae, pub-
lic or official records, — publicum,
N., the public revenue, — Also, the
streets, public appearance (going
abroad, as opposed to seclusion), the
sight of the people.
Publius, -1, [prob. populo -f- ius,
of. publicus], M., a Roman prae-
nomen.
pudet, puduit (puditum est), pu-
dere, [?, cf. propudium], 2. v.
impers., {it shames), one is (etc.)
ashamed (translating the accusative
as subject).
pudicitia, -ae, [pudico+tia], f.,
chastity, modesty (as a quality, cf.
podor, modesty in general or as a
feeling) .
pudor, -oris, [v'pud (in pudet)
-f- or], M., shame, a sense of shame,
sense of honor ^ modesty y self-respect.
puer, -i, [?], M., a boy, — Plur.,
boys, children (of either sex) : ex
pueris (/r<wi childhood). — Also, a
slave.
puerilis, -e, [puero- (reduced) -f-
ilis], adj., of a child: aetas {of
childhood),
pueritia, -ac, [puero + tia], f.,
boyhood, childhood,
pSgna, -ae, fy^UG (in pungo)
-I- na], F., a fight (less formal than
proelium).
pngno, -avi, -atus, -are, [pugna-],
I. V. n., fight, engage.— ¥\g., fight,
contend. — Often impers. in pass.,
pagnatum est, etc., an engagement
took place, they fought, the fighting
continued, the battle was fought:
hostes pugnantes {while fighting,
in battle) ; pugnari videre {to see a
fight going on).
pulcher, -chra, -chnmi, [?], adj.,
beautiful, handsome, fine, attractive.
— Less exactly, glorious^ noble.
pulchre [old abl. of pulcher],
adv., beautifully, honorably, success-
fully.
pulchritado, -inis, [pulchro -f-
tudo], ¥., beauty: haec pulchritudo
{all this beau,ty).
pulsus, p.p. of pello.
pulvlnar, -aris, [pulvino+aris],
N., a couch of the gods (where the
images of the gods were feasted on
solemn occasions).
punctum, -i, [p.p. of pungo],
N., a pricky a point. — Hence, an
instant (temporis).
pungo, pupugi, punctus, pungere,
\_yfP\JG, cf. pugnus], 3. v. di., punch,
stab, pierce, prick.
Piinicus, -a, -um, [Poen6+cus],
adj., Carthaginian, Punic: bellum
(of the wars with Carthage).
punio (poenio), Ivi (-ii), -itus, -Ire,
[poena- or kindred -i stem, cf. im-
148
Vocabulary,
punts], 4. V. 2L., punish, — Also pas-
sive as deponent in same sense.
punitor (poen-), -tons, [puni-f
tor], M., a punisher, an (wenger.
purgo, -avi, -atus» -are, [fporigo-
(puro -f fagus, cf. prodigus)],
I. V. a., cUany cleanse y clear, — Fig.,
excuse f exonerale, free from suspi-
croHf exculpate^ absolve,
purpura, -ae, [Gr. iro^\tpa\ F.,
purple (the dye, really a dark red).
— Also, purple clothy purple gar-
ments, purple (in the same sense).
purpurfitus, -a, -urn, [purpura
-f-tus], adj., clad in purple. — Masc.
as subst., a courtier, a prime min-
ister,
pnrus, -a, -um, [v^u {clean) -f-
rus, cf. plerus], adj., clean, pure,
unsullied, unstained. — Also fig. ;
mens (^honest, pure, unselfish'),
pute^l, -alis, [pute5 + alls], n.,
a well-curb. — Esp., the Puteal Li-
bonis, an enclosure in the Forum
like a well-curb. The vicinity served
as a kind of Exchange.
puto, -avi, -atus, -are, [put6- (stem
of putus, clean)] y i. v. a., clean up,
clear up. — Esp. : rationes {clear
up accounts). — Hence, reckon, think,
suppose, imagine.
Pyrrhus, -i, [Gr. Ui^f^os], m.,
a common Greek name. — Esp., the
king of Epirus, who invaded Italy in
B.C. 280.
Q
Q., abbrev. for Qulntus.
qua [abl. or instr.(?) of qui],
rel. adv., by which (way), where.
quadraginta [quadra (akin to
quattuor) -|- ginta(?)], indecl.
num. adj.,yZ;r/j/.
quadriduum, -i,[qaadra-tduain
(akin to dies)], ii.,four days* time.
quadriiigeiiti, -ae, -a, [unc. form
(akin to quattuor) + genti (fur
cent!)], num. z.^].,four hundred.
quadringentiens (-ies) [cf. to-
tiens], num. adv., four hundred
times. — Hence (sc. centena millia),
forty million,
quaero, quaesivi, quaesitus, quae-
rere, [ ?, with r for original s], 3. v. a.
and n., search for, seek for, look for,
inquire about, inquire, ask, try to
get, get, find, desire, investigate, con-
duct investigations, preside over tri-
als, hold an investigation, be presi-
dent of a court: ex eis quaeritur
{they are examined) ; quid quaeris
amplins? {what more do you want?);
invidia quaeritur {one tries to ex-
cite odium); in quaerendo {in or
on investigation).
quaesitor, -toris, [quaesd- (as
stem of quaero, in 4th conj.) -f- tor],
M., an investigator. — Esp., a presi-
dent (of a court, who conducted the
trial).
quaeso (orig. form of quaero,
petrified in a particular sense), only
pres. stem, 3. v. a. and n., beg, pray :
quaeso (/ beg you, pray tell me),
quaestio, -onis, [quaes (as root
of quaero) -I- tio], f., an investiga-
tion, an examination (of a case, or
of witnesses, especially by torture),
a trial, a court, a question (on trial).
quaestor, -toris, [quaes- (as root
of quaero) -f- tor], m., {investiga-
tor, or acquirer, pcrh. both), a quas-
tor, a class of officers at Rome or on
the staff of a commander, who had
charge of money affairs and public
records. They also had charge of
some investigations, and perhaps
originally collected fines and the like :
pro quaestore {acting queestor).
quaestSrins, -a, -um, [quaestor
Vocabulary.
149
+ iiui]» adj., of a fuastor, of one^s
quastorship.
quaestuosuSy ^a, -um, [quaertu
4- osus], adj., lucrative,
quaestiira, -ae, [quaesta + ra,
cf. fl^^ura], F., {investigation or ac-
quisition, cf. quaestor), a quastor-
ship, the office of qncestor.
quaestus, -tus, [quaes (as root
of quaero) + tus], m., acquisition,
gain, profit^ business (for profit),
earnings : pecuniam in quaestu re-
linquere (^profitably employed, at in-
terest or used in business).
quSlis, -e, [quo- (stem of quis)
-f-alis]. a. Interr. adj., of what sort?
of what nature? what kind of a?
what sort of? quae qualia sint {the
character of which, etc.). — 6. Rel.
adj., of which sort, as (correl. with
talis), such as (with tails omitted).
quam [case-form of quis and
qui, cf. tain, nam], adv. and conj.
a. Interrog., how? how much? —
b. Rel., as, as . . . as, than : malle
quam (jrather than). — Often with
superlatives, as much as possible, the
utmost: quam maximas {^the great-
est possible) ', quam maxime {very
much). — See also postquam, prl-
usquam, which are often separated,
but are best represented in Eng. to-
gether.
quamdlS [quam diu], adv., see
the paiis, how long, as long, as long as.
quam ob rem (often found to-
gether), adv. phrase: i. Interrog.,
why? -^2. Relative, on which ac-
count, for which reason.
quamquam(quanquam )[quam
quam, cf. quisquis], rel. adv., {how-
ever), although, though. — Often cor-
rective, M^«^i4, ^'^/ (where Eng. takes
a diff. view), yet after all,
quamvis [quam vis], adv., as
you please^ however, no matter hffiu,
— Also, however much, although,
quando [quam -f unc. case-form
akin to de], adv. a. Indef., at any
time : si quando {if ever, whenever).
— 6. \nX.tttog.,when? — c. Relative,
when,
quandoquidem (often separate)
[quando quidem], phrase as adv.,
(when at least?), since.
quanto, see quantus.
quantopere, see opus.
quantus, -a, -um, [prob. for ka-
(root of qua) + vant + us], adj.
a. Interrog., how great? how much ?
tvhat? — 6. Relative, as great, as
much, as {core, to tan tus), as great
. . . as (with tantus omitted), such
. . . as, hoivever great, however much.
— quantum, n. ace. as adv., hozu
much (see above), as. — quantd,
N. abl., as, as much , , , as.
quantuscumque, quanta-, quan-
tum-, [quantus-cumque], rel. adj.,
however great,
quapropter [qua (abl. or instr.
of qui) -propter], adv., on which
account, wherefore, therefore.
quare [qua-re], adv., rel. and
interrog., by which thing, wherefore,
therefore, on account of which (cir-
cumstance, etc.), why. — The rela-
tive and interrogative senses are not
always distinguishable.
quartus, -a, -um, [quattuor- (re-
duced) -f tus], 2i^]., fourth : quar-
tus decimus {fourteenth).
quasi [quam (or qua) -si], conj.,
as if: quasi vero {as if forsooth,
ironical). — Also, about, say, a kind
of as it were, like.
quasso, -avi, -atus, -are, [quass5-],
I . V. a., shake violently, shatter.
qufitenus [qua tenus], adv., how
far, how long.
ISO
Vocabulary.
guattuor [ ?, reduced pl.]» indecl.
num. 9jd\,yfour,
•que (always appended to the word
or to some part of the phrase which
it connects) [unc. case-form of qui],
conj., and, — Sometimes connecting
the particular to the general, and in
general, and other,
quein ad modum, phrase as
adv., koiv,jusi as, as.
que5, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [?],
4. irr. V. n., be able, can,
querela, -ae, [unc. stem (akin to
queror) + la, cf. candela], f., a
complaint, a cause of complaint,
querimonla, -ae, [fquerd- (cf.
querulus) + monia (cf. parcimo-
nia)], F., a complaining, a com-
plaint.
queror, questus, queri, [?, with p
for original s], 3. v. dep., complain^
make a complaint, complain of, find
fault, find fault with, bewail,
qui, quae, quod, cujus, [prob. qu5-
+ i (demonstrative) ], rel. pron., whoy
which, that. — Often where a demon-
strative is used in Eng., this, that. —
Often implying an antecedent, he
who, etc., whoever, whatever, one
who, a thing which. — Often express-
ing some relation otherwise denoted
in English, in that, as, to, see gram-
mar. — quo, abl. of degree of differ-
ence, the (more, less, etc. ) . — See also
quls, quod, a. quo, b. quo, c. quo.
qui [old abl. or instr. of quis],
adv., how ?,
quia [ ?, case-form of qui, perh.
neuter plural of i-stem], conj., be-
cause, inasmuch as.
quicumque(quicunque), quae-,
quod-, [qui-camqae (cf. quisque)],
indef. rel., whoever, whichever, what-
ever, every possible, all who, etc.
quidam, quae-, quod- (quid-).
[qoi-dam (case of -/da, cf.
taiii)], indef. pron., a (possibly
known, but not identified), one, some,
a certain, certain, a kindof(xGiexxtd.
to as belonging to the class but not
exactly the thing spoken of) : divine
quodam spiritu {a kind of divine,
etc.) ; alia quaedam (a somewhat
different). — Often as subst, a man,
something, a thing, etc.
quidem [unc. case-form of qui
4- dem (from y/HK, cf. tandem,
idem)], conj., giving emphasis to a
word or strength to an assertion, but
with no regular English equivalent,
certainly, most certainly, and cer-
tainly, at least, at any rate, assur-
edly, Pm sure, let me say, I may say,
by the way, you know. — Often only
concessive, followed by an adversa-
tive, to be sure, doubtless, no doubt,
— Often emphasizing a single word :
mea quidem sententia {in my opin-
ion)-, mihi quidem ipsi {for my
own part)', quae quidem {and
these things); nam e lege quidem
{for by law). — Esp. : si quidem {if
really, since) ; ne . . . quidem {not
even, not , , , either),
qnies, -etis, [quie (stem of qui-
esco, etc.) + tis (reduced)], F., rest,
sleep, repose.
quiesco, -evi, -etus, -escere,[tquie-
(cf. old abl. quie) -f- sec, cf. quies],
3. V. n., go to rest, rest, sleep, be quiet,
do nothing, keep quiet: quiescens
{while at rest, asleep), — quiitus,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., quiet, at rest, at
peace, undisturbed, in quiet, inac-
tive, untroubled, ccdm,
quilibet, quae-, quod-, [qni-
libet], indef. pron., who you please,
any one whatever, what you please,
etc. : alius quilibet {any other you
please, any one whatever).
Vocabulary.
151
[qui (abL or instr. of qui)
•J-ne], conj., \viX.txxog.y how not? nay,
why! and relative, by which not:
qTiin etiam {nay even, in fact), —
After negative verbs of hindrance
and doubt, so but what, but what, but
that, that, from (doing a thing), to
(do a thing) : non dubito quin (/
doubt not that, also rarely, do not hesi-
tate to) ', nemo est quin {there is no
one but, etc.); non fuit recusan-
dum quin, etc. ({/ was not to be
avoided that); nese qoidem servare
potnit quin (without, etc.); non
quin (not that . . . not, not but what) ;
quin sic attendite (come, etc.).
quinam, see quisnam.
quindecim [quinque-decem],
indecl. num. Sid]., ffteen.
quingenti, -ae, -a, [quinque-
centum], num. adj.,y?z/^ hundred,
qainquSginta [quinque + unc.
stem], indecl., ^/?y.
quinque[ ?], indecl. num. 2i6].,five.
qiiintus,-a,-um, [quinque+tus],
adj., fifth, V, — Esp. as a Roman
prsenomen (orig. the fifth-born?), Q.
Quintus, -i, see quintus.
quippe [quid (?) + P©, cf. nem-
po], adv., (prob. what in truth!),
truly, of course, no doubt. — Often
ironical, forsooth,
Quiris, -itis, [ ?, perh. Curi + tis,
but in the orig. meaning of the name
of the town, cf. curia], M., a Roman
citizen, — Plur., fellow-citizens (ad-
dressed by a Roman).
quis (qui), quae, quid (quod), cu-
jus, [stem qui- and qu6] . a, Interrog.
pron., who, which, what. — As adj.
(qui and quod), what sort of, what :
qui esset ignorabas (what he was,
etc.). — Esp. neuter nom. and ace,
7uhat, why : quid est quod (why is
it that, what is there as to which) ;
quid, quid quod, quid vero (what I
tell me, moreover, and again, then
again) ; quid tibi obsto (wherein) ;
quid oppugnas (why)-, quid si
(what if, how if), — b, Indef., one,
any one, any thing, some, some one,
— See nequis, numquis, ecquis.
quisnam (qui-), quae-, quid-
(quod-), [quis-nam], interrog. pron.,
ivho^pray? 7vho? (with emphasis),
what (in the world) ? what?
quispiam, quae-, quid- (quod-),
cHjus-, [quis-piam (pe-jam, cf.
quippe, nempe)], indef. pron.,
any, any one, any thing, some one
(perhaps).
quisquam, quae-, quid- (quic-),
cujus-, [quis-quam], indef. pron.
used substantively (cf. ullus), only
with negatives and words implying a
negative, making a universal nega-
tive, any one, any thing, any man :
taetrior quam quisquam, etc. (than,
etc., implying a negative idea); quam
diu quisquam (as long as any one,
i.e., until nobody); neque servus
quisquam neque liber (no one,
either slave or freeman) ; neque vir
bonus quisquam (no honest man).
quisque, quae-, quid- (quod-),
cSjus-, [quis-que], indef. pron. (dis-
tributive universal), each, each one,
each man, every, all (individually).
— Esp. with superlatives, implying
that things are taken in the order of
their quality : nobilissimus quisque
(all the noblest, one after the other
in the order of their nobility) ; primo
quoque tempore (the very first op-
portunity). — With two superlatives,
often with ut and Ita, a proportion
is indicated, in proportion as , . . so,
the more . , , the more, most . . , the
most, the most . , , most, — Esp. with
unus, each one, each.
152
Vocabulary.
quisquis, quaequae, quidquid
(quicquid), cujuscujus, [quls, doub-
led], indef. rel. pron., 7vhoever, what-
ever ^ every one 7uho, all who : quoqao
modo {however, in an^^ase^,
quivis, quae-, quid- (quod-),
cujus-, [qui- vis], indef. pron., who
you please y any one, any whatever
(affirmative), any (whatever), any
possible, any man (no matter who).
a. quo, abl. of degree of differ-
ence, see qui.
b. quo [abl. of cause, etc.], as
conj., by which, on which account^
ivherefore. — Esp. with negatives,
not that, not as if. — Also, in order
that (esp. with comparatives), thai.
— Esp., quominus, that not, so that
not.
c. quo [old dat. of qui], adv.
a. Interrog., whither.^ how far? quo
usque {how long ? how far ? to what
extent?^. — b. Relative, whither,
where (in sense of whither), into
which, as far as (i.e., to what end) :
quo intendit {^vhathe is aiming at) ;
habere quo {have a place to go to,
or the like). — See also quoad.
quoad [quo ad], conj., {up to
which point), as far as, until^ as
long as: quoad longissime {Just as
far as),
quocumque (-cunque) [quo-
cumque], adv., whithersoever, wher-
ever, whichever tuay.
quod [n. of qui], conj., {as to
which), because, inasmuch as, in
that, as for the fact that, the fact that,
that, as for (with clause expressing
the action) : quod si {now if, but if) ;
quod sciam {so far as I know).
quom, see cam.
quSminus. see b. quo.
quSmodo, see quis and modus.
quondam [quom (cum) -dam
(.^DA, cf. tain)], adv., once, for^
vierly.
quoniam [quom (cum) -jam],
conj., {when now), inasmuch as,
since, as.
quoque [?], conj., following the
word it affects, {by all means?), also,
too, as well, even. Cf. etiani (usu-
ally preceding).
quot [qu6 + ti (unc. form from
^A, cf. tarn?)], pron. indecl.
a. Interrog., how many? — 6. Rela-
tive, as many, as many as (with im-
plied antecedent).
quotannis, often separate, [quot-
annis], adv., {as many years as
there are), every year, yearly.
quotidiSnus (ootid-), -a, -urn,
[quotidie (reduced) -f- anus], adj.,
daily.
quotidii (ootid-), [quot dies
(in unc. form)], adv., daily.
quotiens (quoties) [quot-f-iens,
cf. quinquien8],adv. cr. Interrog.,
how often? koiv many times? —
b. Relative, as often, as often as (with
implied antecedent).
quotiesounque (quotlenscum-
que)[quotiens-cumque], adv., ho7t}-
ever often, just as often aSy every
time that.
quotus, -a, -um, [quo- (stem of
qui) -I- tus, cf. quintus], adj., which
in number (cf. fifth). — Esp., quotus
quisque, how many {every "how
manieth "), what proportion <?/*(men).
quousque, see c. quo and us-
que.
qaovfs [c. quo vis], adv., w^iV^r
you please, anyivhere (cf. quivis)-
quum, late spelling for cum,
which sec.
Vocabulary.
153
radix, -ids, [?], f., a root —
Plur., the roots (of a tree), the foot
(of a mountain). — Fig., stocky stem.
Raeclus, -x, [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Only Z. Racius, a
knight in business at Palermo.
raeda, -artus, see rhe*.
rapina, -ae, [frapi- (stem akin
to rapio) + na (f. of -nus)], f.,
plunder ^ robbery, rapine.
rapio, rapui, raptus, rapere, [cf.
rapidus, Gr. opir({fw], 3. v. a. and n.,
seize f drag off, drag. — Less exactly,
hurry on, hurry. — Pass., hurry.
rapto, -avi, -atus, -are, [rapto-],
I. V. a., drag away^ drag as a cap-
tive, abuse, maltreat.
raro [abl. of rarus], adv., rarely.
ratio, -onis, [frati- (ra, in reop,
+ ti) 4- o], F., a reckoning.^ an ac-
count, — A mercantile word shading
off in many directions like Eng. busi-
ness and affair. — Esp. with habeo
or duco (cf. account), take account
of, have regard to, take into consid-
eration.— Less exactly, a calcula-
tion, a plan, a desigfi, a plan of ac-
tion, a method, an arrangement, a
way, a course, a means, business,
business relations, a consideration
(a thing to be considered), manner .
qua ratione (on what principle, in
what way, how) ; salntis (plan,
hope) ; criminnm (nature) ; omni ra-
tione (in everyway, by every means) ;
eadem ratione (of the same tenor) ;
fori et jadici (the business^ what is
to be done there) ; ratio pecnnia-
mm {money affairs, state of the
finances'); vitae rationes {plans,
plan)', studiomm {course); ratio
honomm {the course of ambition) ;
commoda ac rationes {plans of
lifoy interests) ; in dissimili ratione
{in different directions) . — More re-
motely, science, art, a system, reason,
a course of reasoning, sound reason,
a view, theoretical knowledge : bona
ratio {sound principles); facti et
consili {rationale, principles).
ratiocinor, -atus, -ari, [fratio-
cin5- (ration + cinus, cf. sermo-
cinor)], i. v. dep., reckon, reason,
calculate.
re-, red-, [abl. of unc. stem,perh.
akin to -rus], insep. prep., back,
again, away, out, un-. — Esp. im-
plying a giving or taking something
which is due, or which creates an
obligation by the taking, see recipio.
rea, -ae, [f. of reus], f., a de-
fendant (female, or conceived ~ as
such).
Reatinus, -a, -um, [Reati+nns],
adj., of Reate (a town of the Sa-
bines about forty miles north-east of
Rome).
recedo, -cessi, -cessurus, -cedere,
[re-cedo], 3. v. n., make way back,
retire, withdraw : recessnm est (re-
cessimus) ab armis {the war ceased,
we laid down our arms).
recens, -entis, [prob. p. of lost
verb freceo (formed from reco-, cf.
recipero)], adj., (?, just coming
back}), new, fresh, late, still fresh .^
still recent.
recensio, -onis, [re-censio, cf.
recenseo], f., the census (as taken
and recorded).
receptor, -toris, [re-captor, cf.
recipio], m., a receiver. — Fig., a
haunt.
receptrix, -icis, [f. of preceding],
F., a receiver (female).
recessus, -sus, [re-fcessus (cf.
recedo)], M., a retreat, a recess (a
place that withdraws).
154
Vocabulaty,
recidS, -cidi, -casuruSy -cidere,
[re-cado], 3. v. n., fall again, fall
back, fall upon, fall away, fall, be
reduced,
recipepo, see recupero.
reciplo, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere,
[re-capio], 3. v. a., take back, get
back, recover, take in, receive, admits
take upon (one's self), take up, un-
dertake, promise, — With reflexive,
retreat, fly, return, retire, get off,
withdraw, resort.
recito, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-cito],
I. V. a., read (aloud).
reclamito, no perf., no p.p., -are,
[re-clamito], i.v.n., cry out against.
reclamo, -avi, -alus (impers.),
-are, [re-clamo], i. v. n. (and a.),
cry out against (a thing).
recognosco, -novi, -nitus, -no-
scere, [re-cognosco], 3. v. a., review,
go over again, recognize.
recolo, -colui, -cultus, -colere,
[re-colo], 3. V. a., cultivate again.
— Less exactly, renew, review.
reconcUiatio, -onis, [reconcilia
+ tic], F., reconciliation, renewal
(concordiae).
reconcilio, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-
concilio], i. v. a., reconcile, regain,
win anew, restore (gratiam).
recondo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [re-
condo], 3. V. a., put away again,
put away, sheathe (a sword). — pe-
conditus, -a,, -um, p.p., concealed,
laid away, hidden, secret.
record&tio, -5nis,[recorda+tio] ,
F., a recalling to mind, a recollection.
pecordor, -atus, -ari, [frecord-
(cf. coDcors), but perhaps made im-
mediately from re and cop on anal-
ogy of concors], i. v. dep., recall to
mind^cor), recollect, remember (of a
single act of memory, cf. memlni,
which is more permanent), recall.
reoreS, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-ereo],
I. V. a., re-create. — Hence, revive,
restore, refresh, recover (esp. with
reflex, or in passive).
recte [old abl. of rectus], adv.,
rightly, properly, truly, with justice:
recte factum {a right action, a good
deed, a noble action),
rectus, see rego.
recupero (-ciperS), -avi, -atus,
-are, [frecipero-, from reo5- (cf.
recens, reclprocus) -f- parua (cf.
opiparus)], i. v. a., get back, re
cover, regain.
recurro, -curri, no p.p., -currerc,
[re-curro], 3. v. n., run back.—
Fig., return, revert.
recasati5, -onis, [recusa -h tio],
F., a refusal.
recuso, -avi, -atus, -ire, [re-
fcauso (cf. excuso)], i. v. a. and
n., {give an excuse for drawing
back), refuse, reject, repudiate, ob-
ject, object to : de transferendis ju-
diciis {object to, etc.) ; quin {refuse
to); quominus (^refuse to); peri-
culum (refuse to incur) ; non fuit
recusandum (tV was to be expected,
it was not to be avoided).
redSctus, -a,.-um, [p.p. of redl-
go], as adj., brought back, reduced.
redarg^o, -ui, -utus, -uere, [red-
argue], 3. V. a. and n., disprove.
reddo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [re-
(red-)do], 3. v.di.,give back, restore,
repay, pay (something due, cf. re),
render, return : bene reddita vita
{a life nobly lest). — Hence (as tak-
ing a thing and restoring in another
condition), render, make, cause to be.
redemptlo, -onis, [red-emptio, cf .
redimo], f., a buying up, a purchase,
a bargain for, a contract for,
redemptus, -a, -um, p.p. of re-
dlmo*
Vocabulary.
-^^l
redeo, -ii (-ivi), -itums, -ire, [re-
(red-)eo]; irr. v. n., go back, re-
turn, come back, be returned, be en'
tered (in a record), be restored,
redimio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [?,
prob. denom.], 4. v. a., bind up,
wreathe,
redlmo, -eim, -emptus, -imere,
[re- (red-) emo], 3. v. a., buy back,
redeem, purchase, buy. Esp., con-
tract for, bid for (on contract),/jr»i,
lease.
reditus, -tiis, [re- (red-) fitus],
M., a return,
redoleo, -olui, no p.p., -olere,
[red-oleo], 2. v. a. and n., smell,
smell oft be exhaled (pi the odor
itself).
rediic5, -duxi, -ductus, -diicere,
[re-duco], 3. v. a., lead back, bring
back, draw back, escort back,
redundo, -ivi, -atus, -are, [red-
ando], I. V. XL,,flow back, overflow.
— Also, overflow with, flow (with),
reek (with blood) : acervis et san-
guine {be filled with') . — Fig., spring
up, flow, cover (as with a flood).
reduvla, -ae, [red + unc. stem,
cf. exuviae], f., a hang-nail,
redux, -ucis, [re-dnx], adj., lead-
it^ back. — Also passive, returning,
restored (to one's city, etc.).
refello, -felli, no p.p., -fellere,
[re-fallo], 3. v. a., refute.
refercio, -fersi, -fertus, -fercire,
[re-farcio], 4. v. a., stuff up, stuff,
cram full, cram, crowd full, crowd,
pefero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre, [re-
fero], irr. v. a., bring back, return,
bring (where something belongs),
report, record (as an account), set
down \\n a record or to an account).
— Esp. : ad senatnm(or absolutely),
lay before (the senate for action),
consult {the senate), propose; de re
pablica {consult ihe senate in regard
to, etc.); gratiam (make a return,
repay, show one's gratitude),
refert, -tulit, no p.p., -ferre, [res
or re(?)fert], irr. v. impers. (cf.
e re and natura fert), it is onis
interest, it is important, it makes a
difference, it is of account,
reficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, [re-
fado], irr. v. a., repair, refresh, re-
cruit, relieve, revive,
reformido, no perf., no p.p., -are,
[re-fonnido], i. v. a. and n., dread,
shrink from: non reformido {be
free from alarm),
pefirigepo, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-
firigero], i. v. a., chill, cool down,
refUgio, -fugi, -fugitiirus, -fugere,
[re-fugio], 3. v. n. and a., run away,
escape, avoid. — Fig., recoil, shrink
refSto, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-ffuto,
cf. confute], I. V. a., check, repel,
— Hence, refute^ disprove,
regalis, -e, [reg 4- alia], adj., of
or like a king: nomen {of king),
regia, see regius.
regie [old abl. of regius], adv.,
royally, in a regal manner, tyran-
nically (like a rex).
regio, -onis, [^reg -f- io, but cf,
ratio], F., direction. — Hence, a di-
rection, a line, position, place, a
part (of the country, etc.), a bound-
ary, a region, a country, a district
(esp. in plur.) : regio atque ora
maritima {maritime region and
coast). — In plur., bounds, bounda-
ries, limits, regions, a country, a
quarter.
Reglum, -ini, see Rlie-.
regius, -a, -um, [reg+ius], adj.,
of a king, regal, royal, of the king, —
Esp., regia (sc. domus), a palace,
the palace {the Regia, the ancient
156
Vocabulary,
house of Noma, on the Fomm, kept
for religious purposes).
regno, -avi, -aturus, -are, [regnd-],
I. V. n., rule^ be in power ^ be a king,
hold a regal power,
regnum, -i, [-^/reg + nmn (n.
of -nus)], N., a kingdoniy royal
power, regal power, a throne, tyr^
anny. — Plur., the royal power (of
several cases), thrones,
rego, rexi, rectus, regere, [same
root as rex], 3. v. a., direct, manage,
rule, have control of, control, — Esp.,
rectus, -a, -um, p.p., {(directed^,
straight, right, just : recta (straight-
way), directly.
pegredior, -gressus, -gredi, [re-
gradior], 3. v. ^t^.,go back, return.
reicio (pejlclo), -jeci, -jectus,
-icere, [re-jacio], 3. v. a., throw back,
hurl back, drive back, throw off, throw
away, drive off, repel, spurn. — Fig.,
repel, reject, put away : judice8(rii<7A
lenge).
rejectio, -onis, [re-jactio, cf. re-
icio], F., a throwing away. — Esp.,
a challenge (of jurymen), empanel'
ling.
pelax5,-avi,-atus,-are, [re-laxo],
I. V. a., relax.
relego, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-lego],
I. V. a., remove, separate, banish,
exile.
relevo, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-levo],
I. V. a., raise up again, lift up. —
Fig., relieve.
religio, -onis, [?, re-legio (cf.
relego)], f., (the original meaning
uncertain, see Cic. N. D., 2, 28), a
religious scruple, a religious observ-
ance, the service of the gods, a super-
stition, a superstitious terror, reli-
gion, sacredness, sanctity (changing
the point of view), religious rever-
ence^ religious duty. — Esp., regard
for an oath, conscientiousness, the
sanctity of an oath. — Plur., sacred
objects, sanctuaries, affairs of reli-
gion, religion (abstractly).
religlosS [old abl. of reUglo-
sus], adv., scrupulously, conscien-
tiously, with regard to one's oath,
religlSsus, -a, -um, [perh. reli-
gion- (more prob. treligio-) +osus J
adj., religious (with much religio
in its several senses), conscientious
(with regard for an oath). — Also
(in the other sense of religio) »
sacred, holy, revered, held in reli-
gious reverence, venerated, venerable.
relinquo, -liqui, -lictus, -linquere,
[re-linquo], 3. v. a., leave behind,
leave, abandon, leave out, omit, leave
alone, leave undone, leave unavenged,
disregard.
reliquus, -a, -um, [re-fliquos
(-x/LiQ -h us)], adj., left, remaining,
the rest of, the rest, the other, ot/ier
(meaning all other), the others, all
other, future (of time, remaining),
subsequent,after, intervening (before
some other time) : res (which re-
main for the future, future) ; reli-
quus est (is left, remains, etc.);
reliqua (the future); nihil reliqni
(nothing left) ; nihil (reliqanm) re-
liqni fecere (leave nothing),
remaneo, -mansi, -mansiirus, -ma-
nere, [re-maneo], 2. v. n., remain
behind, remain, stay, reside, be, con-
tinue, last.
remfinsio, -onis, [re-mansio, cf.
remaneo], f., a remaining.
remex, -igis, [rem6- with unc.
term. (perh. t^-gns)], M., an oars-
man, a rower,
reminlscor, -minisci, [re-fmi-
ni8Cor(^MAN, in nieminl, -f iaco)l
3. v. dep., remember, bear in mind,
remissio, -onis, [re-misaio, cf.
Vocabulary.
157
remltto], f., a sending backf a re-
laxaiioiif a diminution^ a remission.
remittd, -misi, -missus, -mittere,
[re-mitto], 3. v. a., let go back^ send
backf throw back. — Fig., relax, re-
mit, give up. — remissus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., slack, lax, remits.
remoror, -atus, -an, [re-moror],
I. V. dep., stay behind, delay (act.
and intr.), retard: aliquem poena
(keep one waiting, give one a res-
pile).
reiiioveo, -movi, -motus, -movere,
[re-moveo], 2. v. a., mwe back,
fnove away, send away, remove, draw
away, get out of the way, separate,
leave out of the question : poenam
{set aside, take off, remove) ; remoto
Catilina (w//>5 C. out of the way)\ re-
motus (remote, far removed, apart),
rSmus, -i, [?], m., an oar,
renovo, -avi, -atus, -are,[re-novo],
I. V. a., renew,
renantio, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-
nimtio], I. V. a., bring back word,
bring news, report, proclaim, — Also,
renounce, abandon.
repello, -pull, -pulsus, -pellere,
[re-pello], 3. v. a., drive back, re'
pel, repulse, ward off, avert: te a
consnlatu (foil your attempt to gain,
etc.) ; furores a cervicibus (defend
on^s throat from, etc., rescue on^s
life from, etc.).
repente [abl. of repens?], adv.,
(creeping on so as to appear sud-
denly?), suddenly,
repentino, see repentlnus.
repentinus, -a, -um, [repent +
inns], adj., sudden, hasty, unex^
pected: speculator (transient, non»
•'indent); pecuniae (suddenly ac'
quired). — repentinS, abl. as adv.,
suddenly,
rep^lS, reppen, repertus, repe-
rire, [re-(red-)pario], 4. v. a., find
out, discover, find (by inquiry, cf.
invenio, accidentally, and compe-
rio, in reference to the complete
result), learn.
repeto, -petivi, -petitus, -petere,
[re-peto], 3. v. a., try to get back,
demand back, ask for, try again,
look back (at something past), claim
(as one's due) : poenam, poenas
(demand a penalty, inflict punish-
ment, wreak vengeance). — Esp. of
money got by extortion, demand
(restitution). — Hence, repetandae
(with or without pecuniae), the suit
for extortion (a process used against
any official for property unlawfully
acquired in his office), extortion
(where the suit is implied in other
words).
repleo, -plevi, -pletus, -plere, [re-
pleo], 2. v. 9.,, fill up, supply, — re-
pletus, -a, -um, i^.^.,full, crowded.
reporto, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-
porto], I. V. a., carry back, bring
back,
reposco, -poscere, [re-posco],
3. V. a., demand back, demand (some-
thing due).
reprehendo, -hendi, -hensus,
-hendere, [re-prehendo], 3. v. a.
and n., drag back, seize hold of, find
fault with, blame, censure, find fault,
object,
reprehSnsio, -onis, [re-prehen-
sio, cf. reprehendo], F., a finding
fault, censure, criticism,
repressor, -oris, [re-pressor, cf.
reprimo], M., a restrainer.
reprimS, -pressi, -pressus, -pri-
mere, [re-premo], 3. v. a., check,
thwart, foil: reprimi sed non com-
primi (put back but not put down).
repudio, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-
pudid-J, I. y. a., (spurn with a
IS8
Vocabulaty,
stroke, cf. tripudium), spurn, re-
fuse, reject.
repiigno, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-
pagno], I. V. n., resist. — Fig., be in
opposition,
reputo, -avI, -atus, -are, [re-pnto],
I. V. a., reckon up, think over.
requies, -etis (-ei), [re-quies], f.,
rest, repose.
requlesco, -evi, -etus, -escere, [re-
quieaco], 3. v. n., rest, repose,
requiro, -quisivi, -quisitus, -qui-
rere, [re-quaero], 3. v. a. and n.,
search out, enquire for, — Hence,
ask, ask for^ request, require, de-
mand, need, miss, be in want of
res, rei, [akin to reor], f., prop-
erty(^ ?), business, an affair, a matter,
a thing (in the most general sense).
— Hence determined by the context,
a fact, an occurrence, an event, a
case, an action, an act, a measure,
an object (aimed at), one's interest,
an art, a science, a point, a lawsuit,
a case (at law). — Esp. where no
word corresponding to the English
idea exists in Latin: res quae ex-
portantur (^jr/^^^r/j). — Often where
a pronoun is avoided : qua in re {in
what, in which) \ earn in rem (^for
that) ; ei quoque rei (^for this also),
— Esp. of public matters, with pub>
Ilea (also without), see publicus:
res maximae (^power, glory, career)*,
novae res {revolution, a change of
government) ; siimma potestas om-
nium rerum {of the whole state). —
Also, rem, res gerere {perform ex-
ploits, carry on war, act, operate,
conduct affairs)', res popoli Ro-
TnakDx{deeds, exploits, history, career)',
res gestae {exploits, acts) ; ipsa res
{the case itself, the circumstances of
the case, the facts); re vera {in
fact) ; re {by actions, as opposed to
words, in fact) ; in suam rem cons-
vertit {to his own use) ; haec acta
res est {this was the object aimed at,
this is what was accomplished) ; res
omnis tecum erit {all my business
will be, etc., / shall have only to deal
with you, etc.) ; in rebus judican-
dis {in trials) ; ob rem judicandam
{for deciding a case) ; res magnae
aguntur (^eat interests, etc.); mul-
tarum rerum societas {many asso-
ciations) ; res militaris (the art of
war, war) ; privatarum rerum de-
decus {private conduct) ; ita se res
habet {the case is such, it is so).
rescindo, -scidi, -scissus, -scin-
derc, [re-scindo], 3. v. a., cut away,
tear down, break down, destroy. —
Hence, rescind, annul.
reseco, -ui, -tus, -are, [re-seco],
I. V. a., cut off, cutaway.
reserve, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-
servo], I. V. a., keep back, reserve,
hold in reserve, keep.
resideo, -sedi, no p.p., -sidere,
[re-sedeo], 2. v. n., sit back, sit
down, remain behind, remain, rest,
stop,
resigno, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-
signo], I. V. a., unseal, annul, de-
stroy,
resisto, -stiti, no p.p., -sistere,
[re-sisto], 3. v. n., stand back, stop,
remain, survive, withstand, make a
stand, resist,
respicio, -spexi, -spectus,-spicere,
[re-fspecio], 3. v. a. and n., look
back, look back at, look behind one,
see behind one, review.
respiro, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-
spire], I. V. a. and n., breathe out, ex-
hale, breathe again, breathe, draw
one's breath,
respondeS, -spondi, -sponsiirus,
-spondere, [re-spondaol, 2. v. n.,
Vocabulary.
159
reply^ answer^ make an answering
argument or reply ; esp. of an oracle
or seer. — Fig., correspond^ match,
responsum, •!, [n. p.p. of re-
spondeo], N., a reply, a response.
— Plur., a reply (of several parts),
advice,
respublica, see res and publi-
cus.
respuo, -spui, no 4>.p., -spuere,
[re-spao], 3. v. a., spit out, — Fig.,
spurn, reject,
resting^o, -stinxi, -stinctus, -stin-
guere, [re-stinguo] , 3. v. a., extin-
guish, — Less exactly, destroy, anni'
hilate.
restituo, -stitul, -stitutus,-stituere,
[re-statuo], 3. v. a., set up again,
replace, restore, make anew, re- estab-
lish, revive, recall (one from exile).
restitiitor, -toris, [restitu- (as
stem of restituo) + tor], VL,,a re-
storer.
resto, -stiti (in common with re-
slsto), no p.p., -stare, [re-sto], i.v.n.,
remain, be left,
retardo, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-
tardo], I. V. a. and n., retard, check,
delay, keep back: non sopita sed
retardata consuetudo {not put to
sleep but dozing, or not lost but re-
laxed, abandoning the figure of dull-
ness, cf. tardus).
reticentia, -ae, [reticent -f- la],
F., silence.
reticeo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [re-
taceo], 2. V. n. and a., keep silence,
be silent, say nothing.
retineo, -tinui, -tentus, -tinere,
[re-teneo], 2. v. a., hold back, re-
strain{qa\n,from doing something),
detain, retain, preserve, keep, main-
tain (by not losing) : jura (observe,
maintain) ; id memoria {keep, bear
in mind).
retorqueo, -torsi, -tortus, -tor-
quere, [re-torqueo], 2. v. a., twist
back, hurl back, roll back, turn back.
retractatio, -onis, [retracta -f
tio], F., a drawing back : sine nlla
retractatione {without any shrink-
ing or hesitation).
retraho, -traxi, -tractus, -trahere,
[re-trahoj, 3. v. a., drag back, bring
back (a person), draw away.
retundo, -tudi, -tusus, -tundere,
[re-tundo], 3. v. a., beat back^ blunt ^
turn the edge of.
reus, -1, [re (as stem of res) -f
ius], M., {with a case in court), a
party (to a case). — Esp., a de-
fendant ^ an accused person., the ac-
cused. — Often to be rendered by a
phrase, under accusation : reum fa^
cere {bring to trial) .
revello, -velli, -vulsus, -vellere,
[re-vello], 3. v. a., tear away, pull
away, pull off.
reverto, -verti, -versus, -vertere,
[re-verto], 3. v. n., act. in perf.
tenses, return (turn about and go
back, cf. redeo, get back, come back),
— Pass, as deponent in pres. tenses,
return, go back, revert.
revinco, -vici, -victus, -vincere,
[re-vinco], 3. v. a. and n., subdue,
— Fig., refute, confute, put in the
turong.
revivisco (-esco), -vixi, no p.p.,
-viviscere, [re-vivisco], 3. v. n., come
to life again, revive.
revoco, -avi, -atus, -are, [re-voco],
I. V. a., call back (either from or to
something), call away, call off, re-
call, draw back, withdraw, try to
withdraw, restore (call back to).
rex, regis, [-y/REG as stem], M., a
king (esp. in a bad sense, as a ty-
rant).
rheda (raeda, reda), -ae, [perh.
i6o
Vocahulaty^
Celtic or Oscan form akin to rota],
F., a wagon (with four wheels).
rhedftrius (i«d-» raed-), -i, [rhe-
da + arias], m., driver of rheda.
Rhegiiil (R%-),-orum, [Rhegio-
+ mas], M., y\u., people oj Rhegium.
Rh%ium (R:^-)» -»» [Gr. *Pi^
yu>v]t Nm a city of Bruttium (Reggio),
BlieBus, 4, [?] M., the Rhine,
Rhodius, -a, -um, [Rhod6+ias],
adj., of Rhodes, — Plur., the Rhodi-
ans, the people of Rhodes,
Rhodus, -i, [Gr. 'P^JJoj], F.,
Rhodes^ an island off the coast of
Asia Minor, famous for its commerce
and navigation.
ridiculus, -a, -um, [fridd- (wh.
rldeo) + cuius, cf. molliculus],
adj., laughable, ridiculous, absurd,
ripa, -ae, [?], f., a bank,
rivus, -i, [akin to Gr. l>4<a], M., a
brook, a stream (not so large as
flumen).
robur, -oris, [?], N., oak, tough
wood, — Fig., strength (as resisting,
cf. vis), vigor, endurance, vitality,
— Esp., the flower, the strength.
robustus, -a, -um, [robos- (orig.
stem of robup) -f- tus], adj., en-
dowed with strength^ vigorous, strong,
rogatio, -onis, [roga + tio], f.,
an asking, a request. — Esp., (an
asking of the people in assembly), a
bill, a law (as proposed but not yet
enacted).
rogatus, -tus [roga+tas], u., a
request,
rogo, -avi, -atus, -are, [?], i. v. a.
and n., ask, request, ask for, — Esp.,
ask of the people, propose (a law, etc.),
pass (a bill, as the result of th©
asking).
Roma, -ae, [ ?, perh. akin to Gr.
^€ft», the river city'], f., Rome.
RomSnus, -a, -um, [Roma+nas],
adj., Roman. — As subst, a Roman :
ladi Romaoi (also magni?, a great
festival of the Romans, beginning
Sept. 4, and lasting some fifteen
days).
R^milius (also RSmuleiis), -a,
-um, [Romold + ins], adj., of Romu-
lus, Romilian. — Esp., Romilia, f.,
as the name of one of the tribes of
Rome, Romilian (sc. tribe).
Romulus,-!, [prob. manufactured
from Roma], M., the eponymous
hero, the founder of Rome. — Also
of a statue of him as an infant.
Roscius, -i, [?], M., a Roman
family name. — Esp.: i. Sex, Ros-
cius of Ameria, killed in the Sullan
proscription ; 2. Another of the same
name, the person defended against
the charge of this murder in one of
Cicero's orations; 3. Q. Roscius Cal-
lus, a famous actor and friend of
Cicero, also defended by him in an
extant oration; 4. T, Roscius Capito,
a kinsman of Sex, Roscius; 5. T.
Roscius Magnus, another kinsman of
the same.
rostrum, -i, [^rod- (in rodo)
-f- tram], n., a beak. — Esp. of a
ship, the beak, the ram (used as In
modern naval fighting). — Esp., ros-
tra, plur. the rostra or rostrum, a,
stage in the Forum from which the
people were addressed, ornamented
with the beaks of ships.
Rudiae, -arum, [?], F. plur., a
town of Calabria, where the poet
Ennius was born.
Rudinus, -a, -um, [Radia-f-inas],
Sid}., of Rudiae.
rudis, -e, [?], adj., rude, rough.
— Fig., uneducated, unpolished, ig'
norant.
Rfifio, -onis, [fRafid -f- o], M., a
slave's name.
Vocabulary.
i6i
R^B^^t 'h [prob. dialectic fonn
of rubus, red], M., a Roman sur-
name.
ruina, -ae, [prob. fmo- (V^u,
in ruo) + na (f. of -nus), cf. rues,
ruidus], F., a falling, an under-
mining,— Fig., a downfallf a crash^
a ruin,
rumor, -oris, [rum (cf. rumito,
as if root) + or], m., a rumor y a
story (confused report), report, repu-
tation (talk about one).
rumpo, rupi, ruptus, rumpere,
[^RUP (in rupes?)], 3. v. a., break
(as a door, cf. frango, as a stick),
burst.
ruo, rui, rutus (ruiturus), mere,
[^RU (cf. ruina)J, 3. v. a. and n.,
cause to fall, fall, go to ruin, be
ruined, go to destruction. — Also (cf.
fall upon), rush headlong, rush.
rnrsus [for reversus, petrified
as adv., cf. versus], adv., back again,
back, again, on the other hand.
rfls, ruris, [?], N., the country:
ruri (Jin the country),
riisticor, -atus, -arl, [rustled-],
I. V. dep., go to the country.
Fusticus, -^, -urn, [rus+ ticus],
adj., rural, rustic, country, — Masc.
as subst., a countryman, a rustic.
S.
Sabinns, -a, -um, [unc. stem (cf.
sabulum, sand) -f inus], M., Sa-
bine. — Plur. M., the Sabines,
sacer, sacra, sacrum, [-^/SAC (in
sancio) -f- TOA\,z.d^y,sacred, — Neut.
plur., sacred rites ^ sacred objects,
things sacred,
sacerd58,-dotis, [sacrd-dosC-vA^A
+ tis)], M. and F., {arranger of
sacred ritesT) , a priest.
•acramentum, -i, [saGra+men-
turn], N., a deposit (to secure an
oath, orig. in a bargain), an oath. —
Hence, a suit at law (of a peculiar
form in use at Rome).
sacrarium, -T, [n. of sacrarius
(sacrd -f- arius)], n., a shrine.
sacrificium, -1, [fsacrificd- (sa-
crd-ffacus, cf. beneficus) -f ium],
N., a sacrifice^
sacro, -avi, -atus, -are, [sacrd-],
I. v. a., consecrate : leges sacratae
{inviolable).
sacrosanctus, -a, -um, (some-
times separate), [sacro sanctus],
adj., hallowed by religious rites, sa-
cred, inviolable.
saeculum (seculum, saeclum),
-i, [prob. sec&- (or other stem akin
to secus, sex) + Ium (cf. Lucr, 4,
1223, no doubt y'SA in sero)], N.,
a generation (orig. a family of off-
spring), an age, — Esp. of future
ages,
saepe [n. of fsaepis (perh. same
as saepes)], adv., often: minime
saepe {most rarely). — saepius,
compar., many times, repeatedly^
again and again, so many times:
semel et saepius {once and again) ;
iterum et saepius {many many
times),
saepio (s6p-), -si (-ii), -tus, -ire,
[saepi- (cf. saepes, saepe)], 4. v. a.,
hedge in, enclose, surround, protect.
saeptum (sep-), -i, [n. p.p. ,{
saepio], N., an enclosure, a railing
(esp. of the voting places at Rome) .
sa^tus, -a, -um, [sago+atus],
adj., clad in the sagum, in the garb
of war, in arms.
sagax, -acis, [sag (root of sagio)
+ ax], adj., keen-scented, acute.
sagino, -avi, -atus, -are, [sagi-
na-], I. V. a., fatten, feed. — Pass.,
gorge one*s self, fatten (one's sclO.
l62
Vocabulary.
aagnm, •!, [prob. borrowed], n.,
a military cloak (of coarse wool) :
ad saga ire (^ptU on the garb of
war, as was done at Rome in times
of public danger); BOinere saga
(same meaning).
Salami nil, -orum, [Salamin +
ins], M. plur., tke people of Salamis
(the island off Attica, famous for the
battle with the Persians, B.C. 480).
saltern, [?], adv., at leasts at any
rate,
salto, -avi, -atus, -are, [as if salt5-
after analogy of rapto, etc.], i. v. n.,
dance^ leap.
saltus, -tus, [?, perh. yJs,KY. (in
sallo) + tas], M., a wooded height^
a glade^ a pass (in the mountains),
a pasture,
salos, -utis, [salv6(?) + tis (cf.
virtus, Garmentis)], f., healthy
well-beingy welfare,^ safety, preserva^
tion, relief deliverance, life (as
saved or lost), escape (safety in Azur
ger), acquittal (on a trial, the regular
word), restoration (to citizenship) :
ratio salatis {means of safety,
chances of acquittal) . — As a divinity,
Health (implying also deliverance),
who had a temple at Rome.
salotaris, -e, [salut+aris], adj.,
healthful, wholesome, beneficial, salu-
tary, saving: civis {valuable, as
aiding the welfare of the state) ;
salutaribas rebas tois {prosper*
ous, not only for himself, but for the
state).
salStS, -avi, -atus, -are, [salat-],
I. v. a., salute (wishing salus to
one, cf. salve). — Esp., visit, call
upon, a regular morning custom
among the Romans.
salvus, -a, -um, [v/sar (sal) +
rus, cf. 5Aoy], adj., safe, whole, sound,
saved, unharmed, uninjured. — In
I many phrases : nisi te salvo, etc. {un-
less all is well with you); salvus esse
{survive, avoid ruin, flourish) ; sal-
va urbe (so long as the city stands, in
the city still standing) ; salva repub-
lica (without detriment to) ; salvos
praestare {guarantee the safety of).
Samos (-us), -i, [Gr. 2c^$], F.,
a famous city on an island of the
same name off the coast of Ionia.
sanci$, sanxi, sanctus (-itus), san-
cire, ["y/sac (in sacer)], 4. v. a.,
bind (in some religious manner),
make sacred, solemnly establish (by
law), ordain. — sanctus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., holy, sacred, solemn, in-
violable, pure, venerable, inviolate,
revered, conscientious.
sanctS [old abl. of sanctus],
adv., piously, conscientiously.
sanctitas, -tatis, [sancto + tas],
F., sacredness, sanctity, inviolability,
PA^o, piety, purity, conscientiousness,
sanctus, see sancio.
sfinS [old abl. of sanus], adv.,,
soundly, discreetly, — Usually, as
weakened particle, no doubt, without
question, certainly. — Oftener giving
a light tone to the idea, by all means,
at any rate, Pm sure, enough, if you
like : sane ne haec qoidem mihi res
placebat {very much) , sane bene-
volo animo {Pm sure); Sicoli sane
liberi {pretty independent); dica-
tur sane {if he likes) ; sane varios
{motley enough) ; pereant sane (Jbr
all me); fines exigni sane {none
too wide); quaesierit sane {if you
like); 9kVigeBxanA98Ji»{by all means),
sanguis (-en), -inis, [?], M.,
blood (as the vital fluid, generally in
the body, cf. oraor), the life-blood
(also as just shed). — So also, bloodr
shed, blood, murder.
sfinitfis, -titi% [8an5 + ia0],F.,
Vocabulary.
163
souudnesSf sound mind, ordinary
discretion*
sSno, -avi, -atus, -are, [sand-],
I. V. a., make sound, make good, re-
pair, cure, heal,
sSnus, -a, -um, [-v/SA- (akin to
salvus) + nus], 2id)., sound (^\n body
or mind), sane, discreet: bene sajias
{really wise).
sapiens, -entis, [p. of sapio], as
adj., wise, discreet ^ of discretion, —
Esp. as subst., a philosopher,
sapienter [sapient + ter], adv.,
wisely, with wisdom .
sapientia, -ae, [sapient+ia], F.,
wisdom,
sapio, -ii (-ivi), no p.p., -ere,
[?, -^SAP (akin to Gr. vo<f^65)'],
3. V. a. and n., taste (actively or pas-
sively).— Hence, be wise, have in-
telligence.
Sapph5, -us, [Gr. 5air0(6], f., the
famous poetess of Mytilene in Les-
bos. — Of a famous statue Of her at
Syracuse, stolen by Verres.
Sardinia, -ae, [?], F., the island
still called by that name in the Tus-
can Sea.
satelles, -itis, [?], m. or T,,an at-
tendant, a tool, a minister, a minion,
satietfis, -tatis, [tsati5- (cf. sa-
ti8) + tas (cf. pietas)], f., satiety,
appetite (as satbfied).
satio, -avi, -atus, -are, [fsatid-
(akin to satis), cf. satietas], i.v.a.,
satiate, satisfy, sate, glut, feast,
satis [ ?], adv., enough^ sufficiently,
adequately. — Often with partitive,
equivalent to a noun or adj., enough,
sufficient: satis \B,\A{pretty widely)\
satis habere {consider sufficient, be
satisfied) ; satis facere, see below.
satisfacio, -feci, -factnrus, -fa-
cere, [satis facio], irr. v. n., do
enough for, satisfy.
satiiu [prob. compar. of satis],
adj. and adv., better, preferable,
SaturnSlia, -ium and -iorum,
[Satnmd + alls], n. plur., the Sat-
urnalia, the great feast of Saturn in
December, beginning the 17th, dur-
ing which the freedom of the golden
age was imitated by all classes.
SSturninus, -i, [prob. Saturnid
-I- inns], M., a Roman family name.
— Esp., Z. Appuleius Saturninus,
killed as a demagogue by Marius,
B.C. 100.
Satyrus, -i, [Gr. 2<{Ti/po$], M., <i
satyr, a half-human deity of the for-
ests, personating the vital force of
nature, a frequent subject for works
of art.
saucius, -a, -um, [?], adj.,
wounded.
Saxa, -ae, [?], M., a Roman fam-
ily name. — Esp., L, Decidius Saxa,
a friend of Antony.
saxum, -i, [?], N., a rock,
scaena (scg-), -ae, [Gr. vk^vti],
F., {a bower), a stage (from the
arched proscenium and background).
scaenicus (see-), -a, -um, [scae-
na + cus], adj., of the stage, scenic.
Scaevola, -ae, [scaevd + la, sc.
manus], M., a Roman family name.
— Esp., P, Mucins Sccevola, cons.
B.C 133.
scfilae, -arum, [^scad (in scan-
do) + la], F. plur., a flight of stairs,
stairs, steps,
Scantia, -ae, [?], F., a Roman
woman of the gens of that name, in
some way wronged by Godius.
Scaurus, -1, [scaorns, " club-
foot"], M., a Roman family name. —
E^p., M, jEmilius Scaurus, cons.
116, long famous as princeps sena-
tus, cons, a second time, and censor.
He was father-in-law of M*. Glabrio.
i64
Vocabulary^
scelerStIS [old abl. of scelera-
tu8]> adv., criminally, wickedly , itn-
piously,
sceleratus, -a, -um, [as if (perh.
really) p.p. of scelero (stain with
crime?)}, adj., villanous, accursed.
— As subst., a scoundrel, a vil-
lain.
Bcelestus, -a, -um, [scelas+tns],
adj., (of acts), criminal, impious,
wicked (cf.'sceleratus, of persons).
scelus, -eris, [?, cf. Gr. vkIko^,
perh. orig. ** crookedness,^^ cf. pravus
and wrong\, N., crime, villany, wick-
edness, a heinous crime: tantum
scelos {such monstrous wickedness).
Bcena, see scaena.
scenlcus, see scaenicus.
Schola, -ae, [schola], M., a Ro-
man name, see Causlnlus.
scientia, -ae, [sclent + ia], F.,
knaivledge, acquaintance with (thing
in the genitive, or clause).
scilicet [prob. sci (imperative)
licet], adv.,^^« may know, of course,
that is to say, in fact. — Often ironi-
cal, forsooth,
8ci5, scivi, scltus, scire, [?], 4.v.a.,
{separate}), distinguish, know (a
fact, cf. nosco), be aware: certo
scio {I am very sure) ; scitote {you
must kno7v, be assured, you may be
sure). — sciens, -entis, p. as adj.,
having knowledge, well-informed, ex-
perienced, skilful: prudens et sci-
ens {with full knowledge, and with
one^s eyes open); nee imperante
nee sciente nee praesente domino
{without the order or knowledge or
presence of, etc.) .
Sclpio, -onis, [scipio, staffs m.,
a Roman family name. — Esp. : i.
See AfHcanus; 2. See Nasica;
3. P. {Cornelius) Scipio {Nasica),
an influential, but not famous, mem-
ber of the family, active on the side
of Sex. Roscius.
sciscitor, -atus, -ari, [as if sci
scito-, p.p. of sciscoj, i. v. dep.,
learn, ask, examine, make enquiries.
scortum, -i, [?], n., a hide. —
Also, a harlot, a debauchee.
scriba, -ae, [^scrib -f a], m., a
clerk.
sciibo, scripsi, scriptus, scrihere,
[ ?], 3. v. a. and n., write, give an ac-
count (in writing), inscribe, set down,
draw up (of a law) , write about, com-
pose, record^ appoint (in a written
instrument), make (in writing).
scriptor, -toris, [v'scrib + tor],
M., a writer, an author.
scriptura, -ae, [y^scrib -f tara,
but cf. pictura], F., a writing. —
Also (from the registering of the
number of cattle pastured on the
public lands), the public pastures, the
pasture tax.
scrotbr, -atus, -ari, [scruta, rub-
bish"], I. V. dep., rummage, search,
pry into.
scotum, -!, [?], N., a shield, of
the Roman legion, made of wood,
convex, oblong (2 J by 4 ft.), cov-
ered with leather.
Scyllaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. IkvX-
Aotos], adj., of Scylla (the famous
rock in the Strait of Messina on the
Italian side, corresponding to Cha-
rybdis on the side ^f Sicily, danger-
ous to mariners), Scyllaan.
se- (sSd-) [same word as 8ed(?)1,
insep. prep., apart, aside, away, cic.
sScedo, -cessi, -c^um (impers.),
-cedere, [se-cedo], 3. v. n., vnth-
draw, retire, go away.
sScemS, -crevi, -cretus, -cernere,
[se-cerno], 3. v. a., separate. — Less
exactly, distinguish. — Also, set aside,
reject.
Vocabulary.
165
89c688iS, -oiiis, [se^seesio, cf. se-
cedo], F., a withdrawal^ a secession
(a withdrawal for political reasons).
secius, see secus.
8ec§, secui, sectus, secire, [prob.
causative of V^^^l* !• v. a^ cut^
reap. — There is possibly another
meaning, follow.
sector, -toris, [^sec (Jbllow or
r«/?, possibly two words) + tor], M.,
a cutler. — Also, a purchaser of con-
fiscated estates (or of booty taken in
war) : de manibus sectonun (of the
confiscation, harpies); sectores ac
sicarii (^sharpers and cut-throats).
sector, -atus, -ari, [prob. secta-
(^SEQU + ta, cf. moneta)], i. v.
dep., pursue, chase after, be in one's
train.
secundum, see secundus.
secundus, -a, -um, [part, in -das,
of sequor], zid^y, following. — Hence,
second, — Also (as not opposing),
favorable, successful: res secandae
(^prosperity). — :Neut. ace. as prep.,
along, in the direction of, in accord-
ance with, after.
secOris, -is, [v'sec -f- unc. term.],
F., an axe, — Esp., the axe of the lic-
tor (as a symbol of the power of life
and death) : duodecim secures (i.e.,
two praetors).
secus [V^EQ (in sequor) + unc.
term.], adv., (inferior), otherwise,
less. — Compar., secius (setlus),
less: nihilo secios {none the less,
nevertheless).
sed [abl. of unc. stem, cf. re],
conj., {apart) (cf. seditlo and se-
curus), but (stronger than autem
or at).
sedeo, sedi, sessum (sup.), sc-
dere, [fsedd- (v/sed -|- us, cf. doml-
seda and sedo)], 2. v. n., sit, sit
still, remain seated, sit (here, there.
etc.), sit by: vA portas imperator
(be in arms, be),
sedes, -is, [ v^sed -|- es (m. and F.
term, corresponding to N. -us)], F., a
seat. — Hence, an abode (both in
sing, and plur.), an abiding-place, a
place of abode, a home, a seat
(fig). ^
seditlo, -onis, [sed-fitio ( V +
tic)], F., a secession, a mutiny, an
uprising, a civil disturbance ^ an in*
surrection, a riot.
seditiose [old abl. of seditio-
sus], adv., treasonably, with sedi^
tious purpose, to excite a riot.
seditiSsus, -a, -urn, [sedition +
osas (poss. as if fseditid + osus, cf.
initiuni)], adj., seditious, factious,
sed5, -avi, -atus, -are, [causative
of ^/SEDjOr perhaps denominative of
sedd-, cf. domiseda], i. v. a., settle,
quiet, allay, appease, repress, check,
stop,
sedulitfts, -tatis, [sedald + tas],
F., assiduity, diligent attention, zeal,
earnest endeavor, painstaking.
seges,-etis, [unc. stem (cf. seco?)
+tis], F., a crop of grain (gromng),
a field (of grain) : seges ac mate-
riam gloriae (the fertile source and
raw material).
s€g^is, -e, [?], adj., slvw,, inae*
live. — s^gnior (^less active).
segniter [segni -f- ter], adv.,
slowly, sluggishly: nihilo segnius
{no less energetically).
segrego, -avi, -atus, -are, [segreg-
(se-grex, apart from the herd)^,
I. V. a., separate, exclude.
s^Jungo, -junxi, -junctus, -jun-
gere, [se-jungo], 3. v. a., disjoin^
separate.
sella, -ae, [^sed -f- la, cf. Gr.
?8pa], P., a seat, a bench, a stool, a
work-bench (probably only a stool) ;
i66
Vocabulary.
cnniliB (the cumle ehair, a camp-
stool with ivory legs, used by magis-
trates).
semel [prob. N. of adj., akin to
similisj, adv., oncet once only : se-
mel et saepias {more than once,
again and again) ; ut semel {when
once, as soon as),
semen, -inis, [-v/se (in sero) +
men], n., seed. — Also, figuratively.
semlnfiriuin, -i, [semin+arins],
N. (of adj.), a nursery, — Also figu-
ratively.
semiOstulatus (semos-), -a,
•urn, [p.p. of semlustulo], as adj.,
half-burned,
semper [tsem6-(?) (in semel)
-per (cf par um per)], adv., through
all timet ^^^ l^f time, always, every
time.
sempiternus, -a, -um, [semper
(weakened, for a stem) -H temus,
cf. hestemus], adj., eternal, forever.
Sempronius, -a, -um, [?], adj.,
of the gens Sempronia (itself the fem.
of the adj.). — Esp. of C, Sempro-
nius Gracchus (see Gracchus) :
lex Sempronia (^Sempronian law,
of Gracchus, securing the rights of
Roman citizens).
senator, -toris, [fsena- (as if
verb-stem akin to senex, perh. really
so, cf. senatus) -|- tor], M., {an
elder). — Hence, a senator (esp. of
Rome), a member of the Senate,
senatorius, -a, -um, [senator -f-
ins], adj., of the senators, of the Sen-
ate, of a senator, senatorial,
senatus, -tus, [fsena- (as if, perh.
really, verb-stem akin to senex)],
M., a senate (council of old men). —
Esp., the Senate (oi Rome, the great
body of nobles acting as an adminis-
trative council). (The word ex-
presses the body as an order in the
state, or as a council, and also a
meeting of the body.)
senatas cdnsultum, see the sep-
arate parts of the phrase.
senectos, -tiitis, [senec (as stem
of senex) + tus, cf. virtus], f.,
age (advanced), old age, riper years
(not necessarily age in Eng. sense).
senex [seni (stem of oblique
cases) + ens (reduced)], senis [?,
cf. seneschaf], adj. (only M.), old. —
Esp. as subst, an old man (al)ove
forty-five), the elder (of two of the
same name), senior,
senilis, -e, [seni- (see senex) +
lis (or -ills)], adj., <?/* an old man :
corpus (aged),
senium, -i, [seni- (see senex)
■{■ ium], N., age (as a decline), senil-
ity. — Less exactly, weakness, sad"
ness, torpor.
sensim [as if ace. of fsensis,
verbal of sen tic, cf. partim], adv.,
{perceptibly). — Hence (cf. subito
and repente, its opposites),^rtfdri#-
ally, by degrees, f
sensus, -us, [sent- (as root of
sentio) -f- tus], m., feeling (as be-
longing to humanity, etc.), sensation,
a feeling, feelings (in both sing, and
plur.), the senses (in both sing, and
plur.), consciousness, the power of
sense, a sentiment (a way of feeling).
— Hence, a sense, a meaning,
sententia, -ae, [fsentent- (p. of
simpler pres. of sentio) + ia], F.,
{feeling, thinking), — Hence, a way
of thinking, an opinion, a view, a
determination, a sentiment, a feel-
ing, a purpose, a design, — Esp.,
officially, a judgment, an opinion, a
sentence, a vote, a decision, an ex-
pression of opinion, a ballot (a writ-
ten expression of opinion). — Esp.:
verba atqae sententiae {worek and
Vocabulary.
167
ideas or expressions); divisa est
senteutia {the vote was divided) ; in
eandem sententiam(/;e7 the same pur-
port); de sententia amiconun (by
the advice^ etc.) ; in eadem senten-
tia {of the same mind). — senten-
tiae, plur., a verdict^ votes of a jury.
sentina, -ae, [?], F., bilge water,
— Fig., the dregs f a cesspool.
sentlo, sensi, sensus, sentire, [ ?],
4. V. a., perceive (by the senses), y^^/,
know, see, think (of an opinion made
up), learn about, learn, find (by ex-
perience). — Hence, hold an opinion,
take sides, side, hold a view (of some
kind): cf. sententia. — Also abso-
lutely, possess sensation, feel.
separo, -ivi, -atus, -are, [se-(8ed-)
paro], I. V. a., {get apartl), sepa-
rate. — Esp. p.p., separatus, -a,
-um, as adj., separate.
sepelio, -ivi (-ii), sepultus, -ire,
[?], 4. V. a., bury. — L«ss exacdy and
fig., put to rest, destroy, end, ruin,
bury in ruins,
sepes, see saepes.
seplo, see saepio.
Seplasia, -ae, [ ?], f., a place in
Capua where ointments (i.e., per-
fumes) were sold.
septem [ ?, cf. sevenl, indecl. num.
adj., seven.
Septimlus, -i, [septimd + ins].
M., a Roman gentile name, cf. Octa-
vius. — Esp., P. Septimius, an ob-
scure senator, condemned for extor-
tion.
septtmus, -a, -um, [septem +
mns, cf. primus], adj., the seventh.
sSptum^ see saeptum.
sepulcrom (sepulchrum), -i,
[fsepal (as if root of sepelio, or a
kindred stem) + cnun (cf. lava-
crum)], N., a tomb, a grave, a bur-
ial place.
sepultara, -ae, [fsepnltu (sepel,
in sepelio, prob. compound, -f- tos)
+ ra (f. of -ms)], f., burial, bury-
ing, burial rites, funeral rites (even
in cremation).
sequester, -tris, [akin to sequor,
prob. fseqnit- (cf. comes, eques)
+ tris (cf. equester)], m., (a de-
positary in a suit at law of the prop-
erty in dispute). — Less exactly, a
depositary (of money for bribery).
sequor, seciitus, sequi, [^sequ],
3. V. dep., follow, accompany, — Fig.,
follow the dictates of, obey, be guided
by, foHozv, adopt (an opinion), side
with, aim at,
Sergius, -i, [perh. Sabine], M., a
Roman gentile name, see Catillna.
— Also, T. Sergius Gallus (perh.
Sextius or Sestius), an unknown
person who had an estate at Bovillce.
sermo, -onis, [-^ser (in sero,
twine) -f mo (prob. -md+o)], M., {se-
ries}),— Hence, conversation (con-
tinuous series of speech), talk, inter-
course, conversation with, common
talk, speech. — Also, langtMge.
sSro [abl. of serus], adv., too late.
— Comp., serius, too late.
serpo, serpsi, no p.p., serpere,
[^SERP, cf. %(mu>], 3. V. n., creep. —
Fig., wind its way, spread.
Sertorianus, -a, -um, [Sertorio
+ anas], adj., of Sertorius, esp. the
one mentioned below.
Sertorius, -i, [8ertor(?) -f- ius],
M., {gar land-maker}), a Roman gen-
tile name. — Esp., Q. Sertorius, a
partisan of Marius, who held a com-
mand in Spain against the party of
Sulla from B.C. 80 to B.C. 72.
sertum, -i, [p.p. of sero, twine'],
N., a garland, a wreath.
sSrus, -a, -um, [perh. akin to
sero], adj., late, long delayed
i68
Vocabulary,
servllls, -e, [servi (as if stem of
servus or akin, cf. servio) + lis],
adj., of slaves y of a slave, servile: in
Bervilexn modam (Jike slaves) ; bel-
lum (ihe servile war, the revolt of
the slaves under Spartacus in B.a 73).
Servilius, -i, [servili + ius], m.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp. :
I. P. Servilius Vatia /sanicus, cons.
B.C. 79; 2. C Servilius Ahala, see
Ahala; 3. C. Servilius Glaucia, see
Glaucia; 4. P, Servilius Vatia, son
of I, cons. B.c 48 with Caesar.
servio, -ii (-ivi), -iturus, -ire,
[servi- (as if stem of servus or
akin, cf. servllis)], 4. v. n., be a
slave (to some one or something), be
in subjection. — Less exactly, devote
one's self to ^ cater to, be influenced
by, consult for, be subservient to, do
a service to.
servitlum, -i, [servS+tiom (cf.
amicitia)], n., {slavery). — Hence
(cf. juveutus), a body of slaves,
slaves (esp. in plural).
servitSs, -tutis, [as if fser^itu
(servo + tus) + tis, cf. luventus,
sementis, perh. immediately servo
+ tus, -tutis], F., sliivery, servitude.
Servlus, -i, [servo -f ius], M., a
Roman praenomen.
servo, -avi, -atus, -are, [servd-],
I. V. a., watch, guard, keep, preserve,
maintain. — Esp. in language of
augury, watch (for omens) : de caelo
{see an omen, a process used to stop
proceedings by one colleague against
another).
servolus (-ulus), -i, [serv6 4-
lus], M., a little slave, a slave (with
a suggestion of disparagement).
servus, -i, [unc. root (.^/SER,
bind}) 4- vus], M., a slave.
sese, see sui.
sestertluB, -1, [sMniB-terUiui (two
whole ones and) ike third a half?^
M. of adj. (with nammus), two and
a half asses, a sesterce (a sum of
money, about five cents).
Sestius (Sext-), -i, m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., P. Sestius, a
Roman defended by Cicero in an
oration still extant.
setius, see secus.
seu, see sive.
severe [old abl. of severus],
adv., with strictness, with severity,
harshly.
severltas, -tatis, [severd -f tas],
F., strictness, harshness, severity.
severus, -a, -um, [?], adj., stern,
strict, severe, harsh.
Sex., abbreviation for Sextus.
sexa^inta [sex + unc. term., cf.
Gr. €|^icoKTa],indecl. num. adj., sixty.
sextilis, -e, [sextd -f ilis], adj.,
(of the sixth), — Hence, of August.
Sextius, see Sestius.
sextus, -a, -um, [sex-|-tus], adj.»
sixth.
Sextus, -i, M., preceding as proper
name (orig. the sixth-born).
si [locative, prob. akin to se],
conj., (in this way, in this case, so,
cf. sic), if, in case, on condition
that, supposing. — Esp., to see if
whether. — See also si quis.
Sibyllinus, -a, -um, [Sibylla -f
inns], adj., of the Sibyl, Sibylline:
fata {the Sibylline books, a collection
of prophecies held in great venera-
tion at Rome).
sie [si-ce, cf. liic], adv., so, in
this manner, in such a manner, in
this toay, thus : sic . . . nt {so... that,
so well . . . that)', sic accepimos
{this) — sicud, sicut, as conj., /iwi
as, just as if, as.
sica, -ae, [prob. akin to seco], F.,
a dagger.
Vocabulary.
169
8lcSrtii8, •!, [sica+arios], m., an
• assassin f a cut-throaty a hired ruffian
(one who commits murder for mdney).
Sicilla, -ae, [Gr. 2wcc\(o], F.,
Sicily.
SiciliSnsis, -e, [Sicilia + ensis],
adj., 0/ Sicily, Sicilian. — As subst,
a Sicilian,
Siculus, -a, -urn, [Gr. SifccAc^s],
adj., Sicilian, of Sicily. — Plur. as
subst., the Sicilians,
sicut (sicuti), see sic.
Sigeum, -i, [Gr. l,ly(iov], N., a
promontory near Troy, where was the
supposed tomb of Achilles.
signifer, -feri, [signo-fer (-^fer
+ us)], M., rt standard-bearer.
signlficfitid, -onis, [significa +
tio], F., a making 0/ signs, a signal^
a sign, an intimation, a warning,
an indication^ signal.
significo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fsig-
nificd- (signo-ficus)], i. v. n. and a.,
make signs, indicate, make known,
spread news, give an intimation, give
information, intimate, hint at, give
an indication, show signs of
signum, -i, [unc. root + num (n.
of -nns)], N., (orig. a cut tally-mark? ,
a device'), a sign, a mark, a signal.
— Esp., a standard (for military pur-
poses, carried by each body of men,
consisting of some device in metal
on a pole). — So often, signa mili-
taria (to distinguish this meaning).
— In phrases: conlatis signis {in
a regular battle) ; signis inferendis
{in battle array, with an armed
force); see military expressions in
Vocab. to Csesar. — Also, a statue, a
sealj a constellation.
SilaniOn (-l5), -onb, [?], m., a
famous Greek sculptor of the time
of Alexander the Great.
Silfiniu, -If [?], M.y a Roman
family name. — Esp., D. Junius Si'
/anus, cons. B.C. 62, who voted in
the Senate for the death of the Cati-
linarian conspirators.
silentium, -i, [silent -\- iom], N.,
silence, quiet. — silentid, abl., in si-
lence, silently.
sileo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [ ?], 2. v, n.
and a., be silent, say nothing, be silent
about, pass over in silence.
silva, -ae, [ ?], F., a forest, woods,
forests. — Plur. in same sense.
SilvSnus, -i, [silva -f- nus], m.,
{of the woods). — A Roman family
name. — 'Ej&^.,Af.Plautius Silvanus,
tribune, B.C. 89, author of the Plau'
tian Papirian law, see Plotius.
Silvester (-taris), -tris, -tre, [silva-
(as if silves-, cf. palustri8)-ftris],
adj., woody, wooded.
similis, -e, [fsimd- (cf. simplex,
semper, simitu) -f lis], adj., like,
similar, almost equal.
similiter [simili -f- ter], adv., in
like manner, likewise, in like degree,
in the same way.
similitfido, -inis, [simili-f-tado],
F., likeness, resemblance {to, genitive).
simplex, -ids, [sim- (in similis,
etc.), -plex (^PLic, as stem)], adj.,
simple, without complication.
simpliciter [simplici- (as stem
of simplex) -I- ter], adv., simply,
with simplicity.
simul [n. of similis, cf. facul],
adv., at the same time, as soon as:
simul atque {as soon as),
simul&crum, •!, [simnla-l- crum],
N., an image, a statue, a representa-
tion, a likeness.
simulStio, -onis, [simolft+tio],
P., a pretence f a show,
simulo, -avi, -atus, -are, [simili-
(as if, perh. orig., tsimuld)], i. ▼. a.,
pretend, make a show <7/'(something).
I/O
Vocabulary,
simultAs, -tads, [cdmili- (cf. si-
mul) + tas], F., (Jikenesslf equal-
ity}) ^ rivalry, — Hence, a grudge^ a
quarrel^ an enmity,
sin [si-ne], conj., (Jfnot), but if.
sincerus, -a, -um, [?], adj.,/«r^,
unmixed, unadulterated, uncontam-
inated,
sine [ ?], prep., without, free from,
singulSris, -e, [singalo + aris],
adj ., solitary, single. — Hence, unique,
peculiar, special, extraordinary, un-
paralleled, unequalled, marvellous.
Binguli, -ae, -a, [sim- (in simills)
+ unc. term.], adj., one at a time,
single, each, one by one, several {sever-
ally), every, individually, separately.
sino, sivi, situs, sinere, [^si (of
unc. meaning)], 3. v. a., {Jay down,
cf. pono), leave. — Hence, permit,
allo7v, suffer, — In orig. meaning,
situs, lying: quantum est situm
in nobis {so far as in me lies),
Slnope, -es, [Gr. 2ty«6iny], F., a
city in Paphlagonia.
sinus, -us, [?], M., a fold. —
Hence, a bay, an inlet. — Esp., a
fold (of the toga across the bosom) ,
the bosom,
si quando, if ever, whenever. —
Cf. si and quando.
si quidem, if at least, in so far
as, since. — Cf. si and quidem.
si quis, see si and quis.
sis [si vis], phrase, if you please,
will you : cave sis {look out now).
sisto, stiti, status, sistere, [y^STA,
reduplicated], 3. v. a. and n., place,
set, stand, stop. — status, -a, -um,
p.p., set, appointed.
sitis, -is, [ ?], F., thirst.
situs, -tus, [v^si (in sino) + tus],
M., {a laying, a leaving), situation,
position,
sive. sen, [si-ve], conj., if either.
or if: sive . . . sive {either , , , or,
whether , . , or). «
Smyrnaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Xftvp-
vaios'], adj., of Smyrna (a city of
Ionia in Asia Minor). — Plur., tA€
people of Smyrna.
sobrius, -a, -um, [?, cf. ebriusj,
adj., sober,
socer, -eri, [?], m., a father-in-law.
socia, -ae, [f. of socius], F., a
sharer, an associate.
societas, -tatis, [socio -f- tas], f.,
a sharing, an alliance, an associa-
tion, a partnership. — Esp., a joint'
stock company (for great enterprises,
as in modern times), a company:
multarum rerum societas {many
associations)', in societatem venire,
se offeixe {to share, etc.).
socius, -i, [y^SEQU -H ius], m., a
companion, an ally, a sharer, an
associate, a partner.
sodalis, -is, [?], m. and f., a com-
panion, a comrade, a crony, a boon
companion,
sol, solis, [?], M., the sun. — See
also oriens, occidens, and ortus.
solScium, see solatium.
solatium (solac-), -i, [solatd +
ium], N., a consolation, a solace.
solennis, see sollemnis.
soleo, solitus sum, solere, [?],
2. V. n., be wont, be accustomed, do
commonly (with Eng. verb, as in con-
text), be in the habit, etc., use {to,
etc.) : sic fieri solet {is commonly
the case); sicut poetae solent {as
is the habit of poets),
solitodo, -inis, [sold + tudo], F.,
loneliness, — Hence, a wilderness, a
desert, solitude, seclusion, a lonely
place.
sollemnis (s51en-, sollen-), -c,
[fsollos- {every) annus], adj., an-
nual, yearly, stated, establishecL —
Vocabulary.
171
Hence,(established by religious sanc-
tion), solemn^ religious, sacred.
BoUicitStiS, -onis, [sollicita +
tio], F., (actively), a tampering with,
— Also, (passively), anxiety.
BOlllcito, -avi, -atus, -are, [sol-
licitd-], I. v.a. and n., stir up^ rouse,
instigate, make overtures to, tamper
with, approach (with money, etc.),
offer bribes to. — Also, disturb, make
anxious, trouble.
solllcltado, -inis, [as if, perh.
really, fsollicitu- (stem akin to sol-
Ucltus) + do], F., anxiety, solici-
tude.
sollicitHs, -a, -um, [tsoUS-citus,
wholly roused^ adj., agitated, anx-
ious, uneasy, troubled,
solum, see solus.
solum, -i, [?], N., ihe soil, the
foundation,
solus, -a, -um, [?], adj., alone,
only, the only. — solum, N. as adv.,
alone, only.
solGtio, -onis, [solvi- (as stem of
Bolvo) + tio, cf. solutus], F., a
setting free. — Esp. (cf. solvo), a
payment, payment.
solStus, -a, -um, p.p. of solvo.
solvo, solvi, solutus, solvere,
[prob. se-luo], 3. v. a., unbind, loose.
— Fig., set free, exempt, acquit, aln
solve. — Also, pay (release an obli-
gation), perform (a due). — Esp.,
solutus, -a, -um, p.p., set free, unre-
strained, unembarrassed, remiss.
somnus, -i, [somp- (as if root of
sopfo, etc., with intrusive n, as in
plngo) + nus], M., sleep, slumber.
• sono, -ui, -atiirus, -are, [partly
80n5-, partly root verb], I. v. n. and
a., sound. — With cognate ace, sound
with, have a sound (of a certain
character), 5<7»W.' pingue quiddam
(jound somewhat coarse^.
sonus, -i, CV^N + ^]t >^** ^
sound. *
sQplo, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [causa-
tive of ^sop (cf. somnus), or de-
nominative of kindred stem], 4. v. a.,
put to sleep: sopita consaetudo
(/«/ to sleep, asleep).
sordes, -is, [-^sord- (cf. swart)
+ es], F., dirt, filth. — Fig., mean-
ness, dirty tricks, mean dishonesty.
— Also, wretchedness (of apparel in
mourning), dust and ashes (J).
sordidatus, -a, -um, [sordidd -f
atus, cf. caudldatus, perh. real
p.p.], 9j^)., filthy. — Esp. of clothes,
(in mourning and otherwise), clad
in mourning (cf. " in sackcloth and
ashes").
soror, -oris, [?, cf. sister\ F., a sis*
ter : soror ex metre (a half-sister).
sors, sortis, [perh. ^^ser (in sero)
-f tis, but the orig. sense is unc],
F., a lot (for divination), a designa-
tion by lot, a choice by lot, a drawing
{pi a jury), an allotment.
sortlor, -itus, -iri, [sorti-], 4. v.
dep., cast lots, draw lots, draw a jury
(by lot). — Hence, obtain by lot.
sorti tio, -onis, [sorti -f- tio], F., a
drawing by lot, an allotment, a divi-
sion by lot, a drawing (of a jury by
lot).
sortitus, -tus, [sorti + tus], M.,
an allotment, an assignment (by lot).
Sp., abbreviation for Spurius
spargo, sparsi, sparsus, spargere,
[•y/sparg], 3. V. a., scatter, fling
about. — Fig., spread, extend.
Spartacus, -1, [?], m., a famous
gladiator, who roused a servile war
in Italy, B.C. 73.
spatiam, -1, [?], n., space, extent,
a space, a distance. — Transf., time,
space of time, lapse of time, a period.
species, -iei, [y^sPEC -J- ies (akin
1/2
Vocabulary,
to 'ia)], F^ (a iif^, prob. both act.
%nd pass.). — Passively, a sights a
show, an appearance, a spectacle, {a
splendid action).
spectficulum, -I, [spect& + cu-
lain], N.y a sight, a show, a spectacle,
specto, -avi, -atus,-are, [spect6-J,
I. V. a. and n., look at, regard, gaze
upon, have regard to, look towards,
aim at, be aimed at, tend. — spec-
tatus, p.p. as adj., tried, proved, es-
teemed, estimable,
specula, -ae, [fspeca- (v'sPEC+a,
cf. conspicor) + la], f., a watc.i-
tower, a lookout: in speculis (p.*t
the lookout).
speculfitor, •tons, [specula +
tor], M., a spy, a scout.
speculor, -atus, -ari, [specold-J,
I. V. dep., spy, reconnoitre, watch:
speculandi causa {as a spy).
spero, -avi, -atus, -are, [spes-
(prob. orig. stem of spes) with r
for s], I. V. a. and n., hope, hope for,
expect, have hope for : bene sperare
{have good hope).
spes, -ei, [?], v., hope, expectation,
hopes,
spiritus, -tus, [spiri- (as stem of
spire) + tus], M., breath, the air
we breathe. — Also, spirit, inspira-
tion. — Hence in plur., pride, arro-
gance,
spiro, -avi, -aturus, -are, [?], i.v.n.
and a., breathe, blow : spirante re-
publica {still breathing) ; spirans
{alive),
splendidus,-a,-um,[prob. fsplen-
d5+dus,cf. splendeo, splendico],
adj., bright, shining, brilliant : causa
splendidior fiet {gain in lustre), —
Esp. as epithet of the middle class,
distinguished (by wealth and char-
acter, cf. amplus), conspicuous^
prominent.
splendor, -oris, [splend (as ii
root of splendeo) -H or (for -os) j,
M., brilliancy, lustre. — Hence, prom-
inence, brilliant position, brilliant
character,
spoliatio, -onis, [spolia + tio],
F., a despoiling, a robbery, spoliation,
unlawful deprivation.
spoilt, -avi, -atus, -are, [spoliS-j,
I. V. a. and n., despoil, strip. — Fig.,
rob, deprive, despoil, plunder. — Ab-
solutely, despoil one's enemy, take the
spoil,
spolium, -i, [unc, cf. Gr. okZKov)^
N., {hideT), — Hence, spoil (of a
slain enemy, also fig.).
sponde5, spopondi, sponsus, spon-
dere, [prob. formed from borrowed
Gr. airov^, league"], 2. v. a. and n.,
promise {solemnly), pledge one^s self.
spongia, -ae, [Gr. (rwoyyid], F., a
sponge (used, as now, for cleaning).
spontis (gen.), sponte (abl.),
[prob. akin to spondeo], F., only
with pers. pron. or (poetic) genitive,
ofone^s own accord, voluntarily,
sporco, -avi, -atus, -are, [spurc6-],
I. V. a., defile,
Spurlus, -i, [spurius, bastard"],
M., a Roman praenomen.
squaleo,-ui, no p.p., -ere, [fsqua-
le- (cf. squales, squalidus)], 2.v.n.,
be filthy, — Esp. of mourning (cf.
sordidus), be in mourning, be in
sorrow (in the garb of sorrow).
squalor, -oris, [squal- (as root of
squaleo) + or (for-os)], m., squalor,
— Esp. for mourning, mournings
wretched apparel.
stabilio, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire,
[stabili-], 4. V. a., make firm, estab-
lish, secure, firmly establish.
stabills, -e, [ySTA -f bills, perh.
through intermediate stem], adj.,
standing firmly, stable, enduring.—
Vocabulary.
173
Fig., constant^ consistent^ unwatfer-
tng,
stabilitSs, -tatis, [stabili + tas],
p., steadiness, firmness^ firm founda-
tions,
Statilius, -1, [akin to sto], M., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp., L, Sta-
tiiitts, one of the Catilinarian con-
spirators.
statim [ace. of fstatis (sta +
tia)], adv., (as one stands, on the
spo(), at once, forthwith, immedi"
afely.
Stator, -toris, [^sta + tor], m.,
the Stayer, a name of Jove as stayer
of flight ; also, the Stay, Supporter,
Btatiia, -ae, [statu + a (or -va)],
p., a statue (usually of men, cf. slg-
num, effigies of gods as well).
statuo, -ui, -utus, -uere, [statn-],
3. V. a., set up, — Hence, establish,
resolve upon, determine, decide, con-
sider, make up one^s mind, take meas-
ures, set up as, regard as : modum
{set a limit) ; aliquid severe {take
any severe measures) ; in aliquem
{deal with one),
status, -tus, [^STA + tus], M.,
{a standing or setting up), a posi-
tion, a condition, a state,
status, -a, -um, see slsto.
sterno, stravi, stratus, stemere,
[^STER, cf. strages], 3. v. a., scat-
ter, strew. — Hence, lay loiv, pros-
trate : stratus {prostrate, lying low,
grovelling),
stimulus, -i, [tstigmS- (-x/stig
•f mas) + lus], M., a goad, a spur.
Fig., a stimulus, a spur, an incen-
tive,
stilpendifirlus, -a, -nm, [stipen-
di5 + arins], adj., tributary, under
tribute, subject to tribute (paying a
fixed sum, cf. vectigalls).
•tipeiidium, -i, [stipi- and stem
akin to pendo (perh. fpendus, cf.
pendulus) + iom], N., a tribute, —
Also, pay (for military service), ser^
vice, a campaign (as served and paid
for).
stipo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fstipd-
(cf. obstipus), akin to stipes],
I. V. a., crowd. — Hence, surround
with a crowd, surround,
stirps, stirpis, [?], M. and F., a
stock. — Fig., a race, a stock, the root
(malomm).
sto, steti, statHrus, stare, [-^sta],
1. V. n., (active meanings usually re-
ferred to sisto, the reduplicated
form), stand, stand up : stans {stand-
ing, not overthrown).
strepltus, -tus, [strepi- (as stem
of strepo) + tus], u., a noise, a
rattling, a murmur (of approval or
otherwise), a din.
studeo, studui, no p.p., studere,
[fstudd- (or fstudar), cf. studium],
2. V. n., be eager for or to, be devoted
to, pay attention to, attend to, desire,
be bent on (doing something), aim
at, be anxious (to, etc.).
studiose [old abl. of studiosus],
adv., eagerly, with care, with pains,
studiSsus, -a, -nm, [stadi5 +
osos], adj., zealous, fond of, devoted,
studium, -1, [prob. fstadd+iam,
cf. studeo], N., eagerness, zeal, in-
terest, desire, devotion, fondness (for
a thing), enthusiasm, — Hence, a
pursuit (to which one is devoted),
a profession, an occupation, a taste
(for anything), a study. — E^p., a
party, partisan zeal, party feeling,
partisan favor : in eo studio par-
tinm {in favor of that party) \ con-
silia studia {measures and party
spirit) ; studiis proseqaemor (accla-
mations).
stulte [stultus] 2Av,, foolishly.
174
Vocabulary.
stultitla, -ae, [stolid + tia], f.,
folly, stupidity,
Btultus, -a, -um [still (in stoli-
dus) + tus], adj., (stupefied ?),/7<>/-
ish, stupid, silly, — Often rendered
by a noun, a fool, utter folly, etc.
stuprum, A, [perh. akin to stu-
peo], N., rape, lewdness, debauchery.
Bufideo, suasi, suasus, suadere,
[causative of -^svad, cf. suavis,
but perh. partly denom., cf. suadus],
2. V. n. and a., {make agreeable to?),
advise, persuade (without effect, cf.
persuadeo), convince, — Esp. of
laws, favor, support.
sua vis, -e, [ v'svad + us, cf. le-
vis], adj., sweet, agreeable, pleasant.
sub (in comp. subs), [unc. case,
prob. abl. (cf. subs) akin to super],
adv. (in comp.) and prep. a. With
abl. (of rest in a place), under. —
A\ao,ju5t by. — 6. With ace. (of mo-
tion towards a place), under, close
to. — Of tm\e, just at, just before. —
c. In comp., under, up (from un-
der), away (from beneath), secretly
(underhand), in succession, a little,
slightly.
subSctus, -a, -urn, p.p. of subigo.
subc-, see succ*.
sube5, -ii, -itus, -ire, [sab-eo],
irr.v,a.,^ under, undergo, encounter,
subf-, see suff-.
subhorridus, -a, -um, [sub-hor-
ridos], adj., rather rough.
sobicio (subji-), -jeci, -jectus,
-icere, [sab-jacio], 3. v. a., throw
under, place below, place under ^ sub-
ject, expose to. — Esp. of fire, set,
use to light. — Also, palm off upon,
forge (of wills). — Also, throw up,
hand up.
subigo, -eg!, -actus, -igere, [sub-
igo]* 3- V. a., bring under, subject,
subdue, crush.
subitO, see subitua.
subitus, -a, -um, [p.p. of subeo],
z,di].,{coming up secretly from^ under),
sudden, suddenly (as if adv. taken
with the verb), guich, hasty. — sub-
it5, abl. as adv., suddenly, of a sud-
den, all at once.
subjector, -toris, [as if sab-fjac-
tor, cf. subicio], m., a forger,
subjiclo, see subicio.
sublatus, -a, -um, [sab-(t)latii8].
p.p. of tollo.
sublevo, -avi, -itus, -are, [sub-
levo], I. V. a., lighten up, lighten,
relieve, raise, raise up, assist, render
assistance,
suboISs (sob-), -is, [sub-toles
(.^OL+es, cf. olesco)], f., offspring.
subp-, see supp-.
subsellium, -1, [sab-fselliaiii
(sella + lorn)], N., a bench, a seat
(esp. in the senate house or court).
subsidium, -1, [sab-fsediom
(.^SED + ium)], N., {a sitting in
reserve), a reserve, a reinforcement,
help, relief, support, assistance, means,
resources, a source of supplies (pi any
kind) : patriae (stay),
subsidS, -sedi, -sessurus, -sidere,
[sub-sido], 3. V. n., sit down, remain
behind, stop, stay,
subsortior, -Itus, An, [sab-sor-
tior], 4. V. dep., draw in place of
some one, have a substitute (drawn
by lot).
substructl$,-onis, [snb-stmctio,
cf. Bubstruo], F., a foundation, a
substruction,
subsum, -fui, -futiirus,-esse, [sub-
som], Irr. v. n., be under, be under-
neath, be near, be close by (a certain
distance off), be near at hand, ap-
proach,
subterftigiS, -fngi, no p.p., -fu-
gere, [sabter-fiigio], 3. v. a. and a.,
Vocabulary.
m
escape (from under something that
impends).
sablilis, -e, [akin to sub and
tela], adj.,^»^, subtle,
subtiliter [subtili + ter], adv.,
finely^ acutely: judicare (be a
shrewd judge),
suburbSnus, -a, -urn, [snb-orbe
+ anus], adj., suburban, — Esp. N.
as subst., a suburban estate^ a villa.
succedS, -cessi, -cessurus, -cede-
re, [sub-cedo], 3. v. n., come up^ ad-
vance, come in place oft succeed tOy
take the place of come next, — Also,
be successful^ prosper,
succenseo, see suscenseo.
succurro, -curri, -cursurus, -cur-
rere, [sub-curro], 3. v. n., rush to
support^ rush to one's rescue^ relieve,
succor,
suffero, sustuli, sublatus (referred
to tollo), sufferre, [sub-fero], irr.
V. a., bear, suffer,
suflOrag^tio, -onis, [soffiraga +
tio], F., a support (for an office). —
Less exactly, a recommendation, a
supporter,
suffiragator, -toris, [saffiraga +
tor], M., rt supporter (for an office).
su^Qragium, •!, [sab-ffragiam,
i.e. prob. saffirag5 + ium (cf. suf-
fragor and suffiringo)], N., {a
pastern bone, cf. suffirago; or a
potsherd, cf. Gr. tarpaKov, either
used as a ballot), a ballot, vote,
sui (prop. gen. N. of suus), sib!,
si, [^sva], pron. reflexive, himself
etc. — Often to be translated by the
personal, he, she, it, etc., also each
other. — Esp. : inter se {from, with,
by, etc., each other) ; per se {of him-
self etc., without outside influence
or excitement); ipse per se {in and
of himself).
Sulla, -ae, f?!, m., a Roman fam-
ily name. — Esp., Lucius Cornelius
Sulla, the great partisan of the nobil-
ity, and opponent of Marius, called
the Dictator Sulla.
Sulplcius, -i, [?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp.: i. P, Sul-
picius Galba, prob. sedile, B.a 69,
one of the jury against Verres; 2. C,
Sulpicius Galba, praetor, B.a 63;
3. P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune, B.c.
88, a partisan of Marius.
sum, fm, futurus, esse, [V^s, cf.
am, w,], irr. v. n., be (exist). — Also,
with weakened force, be (as a mere
copula). — With many renderings
according to the context: est de
proscriptions {relates to); est in
lege {is prescribed); est aUcoi {one
has); qoid alicui com aliqno est?
{what has one to do with? etc.);
qaid de aliqno fatorom est? {what
will become of?); qui nunc sunt
{ncrw living); quae est civium
{consists of); est alicujus {it is
on^s part, it is on^s place, it belongs
to one, and the like) ; meliore esse
sensu {to have, etc.); esse veste
mutata {to put on mourning); esse
cum telo {to go armed); fuerat
ille annus {had passed) ; esto (be it
so, well); fore uti (that the result
will be).
summa, -ae, [f. of summus as
noun], F., {the top), the highest place,
the sum, the total, the main part:
belli {the general management, the
chief control); ad unam summam
referri {be set down to one account),
summus, see superus.
sumo, sumpsi, siimptus, -sumere,
[sub-emo {take)'], 3. v. a., take
away, take, get, assume: snppli-
cium {inflict, cf. capere) ; laborem
{spend); arma {take up); mihi
(take upon) ; exempla {draw) ; sus*
176
Vocabulary.
oepto bello {when the toot was be-
gun) ; saga {put on) ; nuUis armis
•mnptis (when there was no war),
ftSmptuSse [old abl. of sump-
tooftus}, adv., expensively^ extrava-
gantly : samptuoaius (with too much
magnificence),
somptuosus, -a, -um, [siiinpta+
osas], adj., expensive^ costly,
aomptas, -tus, [sab-femptas,
cf. sumo], M., {a taking out of the
stock on hand), expense : sumptibus
(extravagant expenditure^ extrava-
gance),
superbS [old abl. of superbus],
adv., haughtily, arrogantly, with ar-
rogance, with insolence,
superbus, -a, -um, [super+bus,
cf. morbus], adj., arrogant, haughty,
proud, insolent.
supercillum, -i, [saper-cilium,
(eyelid)'\, N., eyebrow, brow (as ex-
pressing emotions).
superior,. see superus.
superS, -avi, -atus, -are, [supero-],
I. V. a. and n., overtop, — Hence, get
the upper hand of, overcome, con-
quer, defeat, be superior to, pre-
vail, overmatch, survive (vita), sur-
pass.
supersum, -fui, -futurus, -esse,
[super-sum], irr. v. n., be over and
above, remain, survive: satietati
(remain in excess of).
superus, -a, -um, [fsupe- (stem
akin to sub, perh. same) -f- ms (cf.
inferus)], adj., higher, being above.
— Compar., superior, higher, upper,
preceding (of time), past, before,
superior.^ earlier, former, elder:
saperiora Ula (those former acts) ;
superior esse (have the advantage).
— Superl., supremus [supra- (?)
-I- imus(?)], highest, last: dies (last,
of a funeral) . — Also, summus [sup
-f milB], hi^ust, the highest part of,
the top of, — ¥ig,, greatest, most im-
portant, very great, most perfect,
perfect, supreme^ most violent, pre-
eminent, in the highest degree, most
severe^ of the utmost importance:
summa omnia (all the highest quali-
ties)-, summa hieme (the depth of
winter) ', tempus (most critical);
vir (very superior) ; quattuor aut
summum quinque (at the most);
summa respublica (the highest in-
terests of the state, the general wel-
fare of the state).
suppedito, -avi, -atus, -are, [?,
cf. suppeto], I. V. n. and a., suffice,
— Also, supply.
suppeto, -petivi, -petiturus, -pe-
tere, [sub-peto], 3. v. n., (?, but cf.
sufficio and subvenio), be on hand,
be supplied, be to be found: suppeiit
nobis (we have a store),
supplex, -icis, [sub-tplex( v^lic
as stem, cf. duplex)], m. and F., a
suppliant.
supplicatio, -onis, [supplica -|-
tio], F., a supplication. — Esp., a
thanksgiving (prayer to the gods
upon any signal success, decreed by
the senate).
supplicium, -1, [supplic- (stem
of supples) +ium], n., (a kneeling),
— Hence, a supplication. — Also, a
punishment (usually of death).
supplico, -avi, -atus, -are, [sup-
plic-], I. V. a. and n., supplicate, en-
treat, pray for mercy,
suppono, -posui, -positus, -ponerc,
[sub-pono], 3. V. a., put under,
fraudulently introduce, introduce
under cover of something,
supra [instr.(?) of superus],
adv. and prep., above, before.
supremus, see superus.
surgo, surrexi, surrectus, ^urgere,
Vocabulary.
177
[sab-rego], 3. t. a. and n^ raise, —
Also, rise.
Burrlplo (siibr-), -ripui, -reptus,
-ripere, [sub-rapio], 3. v. a. (and
n.), snatch privately^ steals take by
treachery,
suscenseo (succ-), -censui, -cen-
surus,-censere, [8ub8-(8ub-)cen8eo],
2. V. n., be incensed, be slightly angry ,
be offended.
suBcipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere,
[sabs-capio], 3. v. a., take up, take
upon one^s self (voluntarily, cf. re-
dpio, as a duty), engage in, adopt,
take in hand, undertake. — Also, un-
dergo, suffer, experience (of feelings) ,
bring upon one's self.
suspicio, -spexl, -spectus, -spicere,
[sub-specio], 3. v. a. and n., look up,
look up at, look askance at. — Hence,
suspect: saspectus {an object of
suspicion).
suspicio (-spitiS), -onis, [sub-
fspecio, cf. suspicio, -ere], f., sus-
picion.
suspiciose (suspl1>), [old abl.
of suspiciosus], adv., in a way to
excite suspicion.
suspiciosus (suspit-), -a, -um,
[prob. fsiispicid- (dub-tspecium, cf.
extispicium) + osus], adj., sus-
picious.
suspicor, -atus, -an, [fsiispic-
(cf. auspex)], i. v. dep., Suspect,
have a suspicion.
sustentS, -avi, -atus, -are, [subs-
tento (cf. sustineo)], i. v. a. and n.,
maintain, sustain, hold out, endure,
support : Bustentando {by patience").
sustineo, -tinui, -tentus, -tinere,
[snbs-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., hold
up under, withstand, endure, hold
out, sustain, support, bear, stop.
suus, -a, -um, [^SVA (in se) +
ins], poss. pron. (referring back to
subject), his, hers, its, theirs, etc. —
Sometimes emphatic, his own, etc. —
Often without subst., sui, M. plur.,
his {their) men, country men, friends,
etc. ; sua, N. plur., his {their) posses-
sions, property, etc. : omnia sua {all
he had),
symphoniacus, -a, -um, [Gr.
(Tvyu^viaK6s'], adj., musical: pueri
{musicians).
SyrScusae, -arum, [Gr. "Xv^v
ffoC], F. plur., Syracuse, the famous
city in Sicily.
SyrScusanus, -a, -um, [Syracosa
+ anus], adj., of Syracuse, Syra-
cusan. — Plur. M., the people of Syr-
acuse, the Syracusans.
Syria, -ae, [Gr. 2w/>(o], F., the
country lying at the eastern end of
the Mediterranean.
T., abbrev. for Titus.
tabella, -ae, [tabula -f- la], F.,
{a Utile board), a tablet, a ballot. —
In plur., tablets (as two were used
together), a document, a letter, a
writing.
taberna, -ae, [ ?, cf. tabella], F.,
a hut (of boards), a booth, a shop,
tfibSsco, -bui, no p.p., -bescere,
[tabe (in tabeo) + sco], 3. v. n.,
waste away, pine.
tabula, -ae, [ftabd- (v^A -{■
bos?, cf. taberna) 4- la], f., a board.
— Hence, a record (written on a
board covered with wax), a list, a
document. — Also, a panel (on which
pictures were painted), a picture, a
painting : novae tabulae {a reduc-
tion of debts, a settlement of debts by
legislation) ; dnodecim tabulae {the
laws of the Twelve Tables, the earli-
est collection of Roman laws).
178
Vocabulary,
tabnlHrluB, -a, -mn, [tabula +
arias (-rius?)], adj., (of records,
etc., see tabula). — Esp., N., a rec-
ord office, a registry, archives,
taceo, tacui, tacitus, tacere,[ttac5-
(^AC + U8)], 2. V. a. and n., be
silenty be silent about, keep secret,
keep silence, conceal, say nothing
(about), — tacltus, p.p. as adj., «-
lent, silently, in silence, — illis ta-
centibus (with their connivance),
tacite [old abl. of tacltus], adv.,
silently, in silence,
taclturnltSs, -tatis, [tadtomd
+ tas], F., silence,
tacltamus, -a, -um, [tacit5 +
nrnus, cf. dlurnus], adj., silent (as
a personal quality), taciturn,
taedet, -uit (pertaesum est), -ere,
[ttaed5-(cf. taedlum, taedulum)] ,
2. V. imp., it disgusts : aliquem (one
is disgusted).
taeter (teter), -tra, -trum, [akin
to taedet?], adj., disgusting, horrible,
loathsome,foul, abominable, shameful,
talaris, -e, [talo+aris], adj., ^
the ankles. — Esp. with tunica, reach-
ing to the heels (a sign of dandyism,
cf . the modem " box<oat."
t&lis, -e, [-v/TA^ + alls], adj. pron.,
such, so great,
tarn [unc. case -^A (cf. quam,
nam)], adv., so (as indicated in the
context), so much. — Often equal to
this, that, etc.
tamen [unc. case-form of ^A
(locat.?, cf. Sk. tasmin?)],adv., (in-
troducing a thought opposed to some
preceding concession expressed or
implied), yet, nevertheless, still, how-
ever, for all that, notwithstanding,
after all, at least,
tamets! [tarn? (but cf. tamen-
etsi) -etsi], adv., (still although, an-
ticipating the thought to which
properly belongs), although^ though.
after all,
tamquam, see tanquam.
tandem [tam-deni, cf. idem],
adv., (just so, even soT), at last,
finally, — In questions, to add em-
phasis, pray, tell me, or translated
only by emphasis: quo tandem?
(where in the world?).
tango, tetigi, tactus, tangere,
[.^ag], 3. V. a., touch, border on, be
close to, reach, find, — Esp. of light-
ning.— tactus (de caelo), struck
(by lightning).
tanquam (tamquam) [tarn
quam], adv., as much as, as, just as,
like, just like, — Aho, just as if, as if.
tanto, see tantus.
tantopere, see opus.
tantulus, -a, -um, [tantd-t-los],
adj., so small, so little, so trifling:
tantulo (at so small a price).
tantum, see tantus.
tantummodo [tantom mode],
adv., (so much only), only, merely^
only just,
tantus, -a, -um, [prob. y/iK +
VANT -I- us], adj., so much, so great,
so important, so large, this great, that
great, great, like this, like that, such
(of magnitude) : tanti est (is of so
much importance, is of so much
weight, it is worth the price, it is
worth while) ; tanta gratnlatio (so
warm); tantom civiom (so many
citizens)', in tantum aes aliennm
(so deeply in debt) ; pro tantis rebns
(for such important, etc.). — Also,
so much (and no more), only so much,
— tantum, N. as adv., only, merely,
— tantS, abl., so much,
tardS [old abl. of tardus], adv.,
slo7vly, tardily, with delay, late.
tarditfis, -tatis, [tard5-|-tas], F.,
slovmess, delay.
Vocabulary,
179
tardS, -avi, -5tus, -are, [tard6-],
I. V. a., retard^ cheeky hinder ^ delay.
tardus, -a. -um, [?], adj., slow,
Tarentini, -orum, [Tarento +
inus], M. plur., the people of Taren-
turn (an old Greek city on the Gulf
of Tarentum), M^ Tar entities.
Tarracinensis, -e, [Tarracina
+ ensis], adj., of Tarracina (a city
of the Volsci on the borders of La-
tium). — As subst., a man of Tarra-
cina.
Tauroraenitanus, -a, -um, [Tau-
romenid + tanus (i.e.. Or. Tavpojxevl-
Tijs+anus)], adj., of Tauromenium
(a city on the eastern coast of Sicily,
now Taormina').
taurus, -T, [perh. Vstav- + rus,
akin to 5teer\ M., a bull.
tectum, -i, [p.p. of tego], n., a
roof a house, a dwelling.
tego, texi, tectus, tegere, [ v/teg],
3. V. a., cover J thatch, hide, protect :
nocte tectus {under cover of night) .
telum, -i, [?], N., a weapon (of
offence), a missile, a javelin. — Also,
a weapon (generally), a deadly weap-
on : cum telo {armed).
Temenites, -is, [Greek], m., an
epithet of Apollo at Syracuse.
temerfirius, -a, -um, [ttemero
+ arius], adj., reckless, rash, hasty.
temere [old abl. of ftemerus],
adv., blindly, without reason, with'
out cause. — Hence, recklessly, has-
tily.
temeritfis, -tatis, [ftemero- (per-
haps akin to temulentus) + tas],
F., blindness, thoughtlessness, reck-
lessness, heedlessness, hasty temper.
temperantia, -ae, [temperant-
-|- ia], F., self-control, prudence.
tempero, -avi, -atus, -are, [tem-
per- (stem of tempus)], i. v. a.,
{divide), mix properly. — Hence,
control, control one's self, refrain,
moderate.
tempest&s, -tatis, [tempes- (stem
of tempus) -h tas], F., a season,
weather. — Esp., bad weather, a storm,
a tempest. — Also fig., a storm, a
blast.
tempestivus, -a, -um, [tempesto-
(cf. intempestus) ■{■ ivus], adj.,
early, timely, seasonable, suitable:
convivium {a daylight banquet).
templum, -1, [akin to tempus,
prob. ftemo- (V^em + us) -f lum,
cf. Gr. T(iJi€vos'], N., (in augury), a
consecrated spot, a temple.
tempto (tento), -avi, -atus, -are,
[tento-, p.p. of teneo], i. v. a.,
handle. — Hence, try, make attempts
upon, attack, assail, sound (try a
man's sentiments), attempt.
tempus, -oris, [-y/TEM {cut, with
root determinative or accidental p)
+ us], N., {a cutting). — Esp., a di-
vision of time, a time, the times, time
(in general), a season, an occasion,
an exigency, an emergency, a crisis,
circumstances, a necessity (of the
time), needs, the times, the circum-
stances of the time : omni tempore
{at all times) ; ante tempus {before
the time, prematurely) ; meum tem-
pus {my appointed time) ; summo
tempore reipnblicae {the most im-
portant crisis) ; procella temporis
{the storm of the times) ; O tempera I
{what a time!) ; ex tempore {on the
spur of the momefit) ; cederem tem-
pori {to the exigencies of the time) ;
motus communium temporum {the
general disturbance of the times) ;
uno tempore {at one and the same
time, at once).
tSmulentus, -a, -um, [ftemd- (?,
cf. abstemius) -f lentus]. a^)..
drunken, in a tipsy state.
i8o
Vocabulary.
tendS, tetendi, tensus (tentus),
tendere, [^en + do (of unc. ori-
gin)], 3. V. a., stretchy stretch out,
tenebrae, -arum, [?, perh. akin
to temere], f. plur., darkness^ ob-
scurity.
Tenedos (-us), -1, [Gr. TcVcSoj],
F., an island in the iEgean, near
Troy.
teneo, tenui, tentus, tenere.
[tten6-(v^EN4- us)], 2. v. a., hold,
hold fast^ hold en to, retain f keep,
possess ,^ occupy, hold bound, bind :
circaitus milia (occupy, extend), —
Also, restrain, detain, understand,
get at: legibus {bind), — Pass., be
caught, be in custody, be detected, be
possessed (by a feeling).
tener, -era, -erum, [-^/rEN-Hms],
adj., {stretched, thin), delicate, ten-
der, young, sensitive.^
tento, see tempto.
tenuis, -e, [-/ten 4- us, with ac-
cidental i, cf. gravis], adj., thin,
delicate, feeble, meagre, poor, slight,
humble (in position), insignificant.
tenuiter [tenui ■{■ ter], adv.,
thinly, slightly.
ter [prob. mutilated case of tres],
adv., three times.
tergiversfitlo, -onis, [tergiversa
■\- tio], F., shuffling, a subterfuge, a
false pretence.
tergum, -1, [?], N., the back: a
tergo {in the rear, behind one).
termino, -avi, -atus, -are, [ter-
minS-], I. V. a., bound, limit, end,
finish, set (Kmits).
terminus, -i, [VTe^ (?» cf. trans)
+ minus (cf. Gr. -/icvos)], m., a
boundary, a limit.
terra, -ae, [■v/rERs(?) -f- a, cf.
torreo], f., {the dry land), the
earth, the land. — Also, a land, a
r^ion. — Also, the ground. — Plur.,
the world: orbis terrarum {the
whole world) \ terra marique {on
land and sea).
terre6, terrui, territus, terrerc,
[tterr6-(?)], 2.\ .2,., frighten, alarm^
terrify.
terrestris, -e, [terra- (as if ter-
ret-, cf. equestris) -f- tris], adj.,
of the land, earthly (as opposed to
heavenly).
terribills, -e, [terri- (as if stem
of terreo) -f bills], adj., dreadful^
terrible.
terror, -oris, [terr (as if root of
terreo) -1- or], m., fright, alarm^
terror, dread, panic.
tertius, -a, -um, [prob. tri+tius],
adj.j third (in order).
testftmentum, -i, [testa 4- men-
turn], N., rt will.
testimonium, -i, [testi -f mo-
nium], li., proof, evidence, testimony ^
a testimonial,
testis, -is, [?], C, tf witness.
testor, -atus, -ari, [testi-], i. v.
dep., call to Tvitness, appeal to, as-
sert (solemnly). — testatus, p.p. in
pass, sense, proved, substantiated,
tetrarches, -ae, [Gr. tct/k^x'J*]*
M., a tetrarch, a prince,
Teutones, -um, (Teuton!, -orum),
[Teutonic], M. plur., a great German
people in Jutland who overran Gaul
in B.C. 113 along with the Cimbri.
They were defeated by Marius in
B.c 102 at Aquae Sextiae {Aix),
the&trum, -i, [Gr. dcarfwy], N., a
theatre.
Themistocles, -i (-is), [Greek],
M., a famous Athenian commander
in the time of the Persian war, the
founder of the Athenian naval power.
TheophanSs, -is, [Greek], M., a
Greek historian of Mytilene, who
wrote the exploits of Pompey.
VocalnUary.
i8i
Thespiae, -amm, [Gr. e^oTriaf],
F. plur., a city of Boeotia.
Thesplensis, -e, [Thespia + en-
sis], adj., of Thespia. — Plur., the
people of Thespia,
Tbraez (Thrcx, Thrax), -cis,
[Gr. 8p9|], adj., Ihracian. — As
subst., a Thracian.
Ti., abbrev. for Tiberius.
Tiberinus, -a, -um, [Tiberi +
inns], adj., of the Tiber,
Tiberis, -is, [?], m., the Tiber,
Tigranes, -is, [Persian, through
Greek], M., king of Armenia, son-in-
law of Mithridates.
timeo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [ftiind-
(cf. timidus)], 2. V. a. and n., be
afraid,, fear^ be alarmed. — With
dat., be anxious for ^ be anxious about:
nihil {have nothing to fear y be in no
danger) ', non timere (J>e free from
fear^ be without fear),
timide [old abl. of timidus],
adv., with timidity: non timide
(^fearlessly).
limiditSs, -tatis, [timidd -t- tas],
F., timidity yfaint'heartedness, — Plur.
same (of several cases).
timidus, -a, -um, [ftimd- (cf.
timeo)], adj., cowardly ^ timid.
timor, -oris, [tim- (as root of
timeo) + or], m., alarm ^ fear, ap-
prehension.
tiro, -onis, [?], M., a raw recruit,
a begini:trf a tiro,
Titus, -i, [?], M., a Roman prae-
nomen.
toga, -ae, [^eg + a], f., a toga
(the voluminous wrap worn by the
Romans in their civil Ufe) : ad togas
redire (resume the toga^ as in peace) ;
virilis {the virile toga^ the garb of
manhood) \ ^rs^ieiiA {the toga pro-
texta^ the garb of childhood, the
robe of office, see praeteztus). —
Hence, civil life (as opposed to
war).
togStus, -a, -um, [toga + tas],
adj., clad in the toga (as an emblem
of citizenship or of peace). — Hence,
unarmed, in the garb of peace, in
peace: mihi togato contigit (a
civil magistrate) ; togati {peaceable
citizens).
tolerabilis, -e, [tolera + bills],
adj., endurable, tolerable,
tolero, -avi, -atus, -are, [ftoler-
(y/TOL-^ ^s)], I. V. a. and n., {raise
up), bear, endure, hold out, — tol-
erandus, -a, -um, as adj., endurable,
tolerable,
toUo, sustuU, sublatus, toUere,
[^OL (with ya)], 3. V. a., raise,
carry, elevate, extol: in cmcem
{hang, nail). — Hence, carry off,
remove, take atuay, destroy, put an
end to, abolish, banish, get out of the
way, put to death,
Tongilius, -1, [?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Only an obscure
friend of Catiline.
tormentum, -i, [^ORQU-f men-
torn], N., {means of twisting), tor-
ture, the rack, — Also, an engine (for
throwing missiles by twisted ropes).
— Hence, a shot from an engine ^ a
missile.
Torquatus, -i, [torqni + atus],
M., (wearing a collar), a Roman
family name. — Esp., L, Manlius
Torquatus, cons. B.a 70.
tortor, -toris, [^ORQ (in tor-
queo) -f tor], m., a torturer.
tot [V^A (in tam, etc.) + ti],
indecl. adj., so many,
totiSns (toties) [tot + iens],
adv., so many times, so often,
totus, -a, -um, [-v^^^ + tns],
adj., the whole, the whole of, all
(as entire), entire, — Often translated
l82
Vocabulary.
by an adverb, entirely^ throughout,
wholly.
tracts, -avi, -at us, -are, [tractd-],
I. V. a., handle t trgal, conduct^ man-
age : in pericolia tractatus (^en-
^agedin^ exercised in^ drawn into),
trado, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [irans-
do], 3. V. a., hand over^ give up, give
over, deliver upt surrender. — Also,
pass along, hand down, teach, com-
municate.
tradaco, see transduco.
traductio (trans-), -onis, [trans-
dactio, cf. transduco], f., a trans-
fir.
tragoedia, -ae, [Gr. rpayoibia],
F., tragedy. — Fig. (in plur.), a com-
motion, a " to-do."
traho, traxi, tractus, trahere,
[^RAH (for fTRAGH)], 3. V. a.,
drag, drag along, drag in, draw, —
Fig., captivate, drag out, protract.
tranquillitas, -tatis, [tranquilld
-f tas], F., stillness, calm,^ fair
weather, a quiet state, a peaceable
condition, tranquillity, peace.
tranquillus, -a, -urn, [prob. akin
to trans and connected with navi-
gation], adj., calm, quiet, peaceable,
undisturbed.
trans [?, akin to terminus, te-
rebra], adv. (in comp.) and prep.,
across, over. — Hence, on the other
side of: ripam {on the bank opposite),
— In comp., over, across, through.
Transalpinus, -a, -urn, [trans-
Alpes 4- inus], adj.. Transalpine
(beyond the Alps from Rome).
transcendo, -scendi, -scensurus,
-scendere [trans-scando], 3. v. a.,
climb across, cross (mountains).
transduco (traduco),-diixi,-duc-
tus, -diicere, [trans-dnco], 3. v. a.,
lead over (with two accusatives), lead
across, bring over, lead through.
transport, draw ever, win aver^
transfer,
transeo, -ii, -itus, -ire, [irans-eo],
irr. V. a. and n., go across, cross, pass
over, go over, pass through, pass, mi-
grate, pass by,
transfero, -tuli, -latus, -ferre,
[trans-fero], irr. v. a., carry over,
transfer, change the place of, take
(and put somewhere else) : sese in
proximom annum {transfer his
canvass, etc.).
transigo, -egi, -actus, -igere,
[trans-ago], 3. v. a., carry through,
accomplish, manage, do, finish, carry
out,
transmarinus, -a, -um, [irans-
mare -f inns], adj., across the sea,
foreign,
transmitto, -misi, -missus, -mit-
tere, [trans-mitto], 3. v. a., send
over, send cuross ; pass oz>er, cross.
— Fig., transfer, devote, give over,
hand over, entrust.
transversuB (-vorsus), -a, -um,
[p.p. of transverto], as adj., across,
athwart, transverse, cross.
Tremellius, -i, [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., Cn, Tremel-
lius, one of the jury against Verres.
tremo, -ui, no p.p.,-ere,[Y^RE.vi ?,
cf. Gr. T/)€/A«], 3. V. n., tremble,
waver.
tres, tria, [stem tri-], plur. num.
adj., three,
tribunal, -alis, [tribund -t- alia],
N., {place of a tribune, in some early
sense of the word), a tribunal (a
raised platform where magistrates sat
or generals addressed their troops).
tribQnatu8,-tiis, [tribund-l-atus,
cf. consulatus], M., <i tribuneship,
the office of tribune.
tribunicius (-itius), -a, -um.
[tribund + ciua (-tins)], adj., of a
Vocabulary,
183
tribune, of the tribunes (csp. of the
people), iriifunicial.
tribiinuB, -i, [tribn-ntis], M., (a
chief of a tribe), — With or without
plebls, a tribune (one of several
magistrates elected in the assembly
of the plebs voting by tribes, to
watch over the interests of the com-
mons). — With militum or mill-
taris, a tribune of the soldiers, a
military tribune (one of six officere
of each legion who had charge of the
internal administration of the legion,
and were also employed in various
staff duties by the commander). —
With aerarius, a dean of a tribe
(?, one of certain officers of the
treasury, orig. no doubt presiding
officers of the tribes at Rome), a
treasury warden (?), a tribunus
ararius,
tribuo, -ui, -iitus, -uere, [tribu-],
3. v. a., {distribute by tribes), dis-
tribute. — Hence, ^a«/, render ^ pay,
assign^ attribute, pay a tribute (of
respect, etc.), confer, give, bestow.
tribus, -us, [tri (cf. tres) -h unc.
term. (perh. akin to fUi?)], F., (a
third part?), a tribe (a division,
originally local, of the Roman peo-
ple), a ward (J).
tiibatum, -i, [n. p.p. of tribuo],
N., a tribute (a stated sum, cf. vec-
tigal).
triciens (-ies) [triginta-f-iens],
num. adj., ^irty times: H. S. tri-
ciens (sc. centena milia, three
million sesterces).
triduum, -1, [tri -f- stem akin to
dies, cf. biduum], n., three day^
time, three days.
trlennium, -i, [trienni (tri-
annus) + inin], n., three years'
time, three years,
tripadio, -ivi, no p.p., -ire, [tri-
pndid-], 1. V. n., dance (in a solemn
rite). — Less exactly, dance for joy,
tristis, -e, [unc. root -f tis], adj.,
sad, gloomy, dejected, stern, — Also
as bringing sadness, melancholy, un-
fortunate, sad (as in Eng.) : litera
{dismal, cruel, of the vote for con-
viction).
triumpho, -avi, -itus, -are, [tri-
nmpho-], I. v. n. and a., have a tri-
umph, enjoy a triumph, triumph
(also fig.) : triumphans {in a tri-
umphal procession, in triumph).
triumphus, -i, [prob. Gr. Opiatx-
$os, a hymn in honor of Bacchus,
perh. a name of the god], m., ^
triumph (the entry of a general re-
turning after a victory, celebrated
with sacred rites). — Also, less ex-
actly, almost as in Eng. even, but
with a livelier figure.
tropaeum (troph-), -i, [Gr. rp6'
TTouov], N.^^J trophy.
trucido, -avi, -atus, -are, [ ?, akin
to trux], I. v. a., butcher ^ slaughter
in cold blood, massacre, cut down
without mercy, slay without mercy.
truculentus, -a, -um, [true- (as
if trucu-) -f- lentus], adj., grim,
savage, morose, churlish.
tu, tui, [ytVA], plur. vos [V^a],
pron. 2d person, you (sing.), you
(plur.), yourself — Esp., tibi, in a
loose connection with the sentence,
for you (as in Eng.), often untrans-
latable. — tote, you yourself, you,
tuba, -ae, [?], F., a trumpet Ca
straight instrument for iafantry).
Tiibero, -onis, [tuber -I- o], M., a
Roman family name. — Esp.: I. L.
^lius Tubero, a distinguished jurist,
a legatus of Q. Cicero in Asia; 2. Q.
^lius Tubero., son of I, complain-
ant against Ligarius.
tueor, tutus (tuitus), tueri, [?],
1 84
Vccabulary,
I
2. V. dep., waUh, guards protect ^ de^
fend. — AlsOy preserve, matntain,
keep, care /or,
TulUos, i, [Tnlld + ios], M., a
Roman gentile name. — E^p., M,
Tullius Ciceroy see Cicero.
TiiUus, -i, [?], M., a Roman fam-
ily name. — Esp., L. Volcatius TuU
lus, cons. B.C. 66.
turn [prob. ace. of -vA^D* *<Jv.,
then (at a time indicated by the con-
text), at that time, in that case: cam
. . . tum, see cura; tain vero (^then,
with emphasis, of the decisive point
of a narrative or of an important
condition) ; tum maxime {Just then,
but especially) ; tum . . . cum {at a
time when,when) : quid tum? (what
then?),
tumultus, -tus, [tumuld- (perh.
reduced) + tus], m., (« swelling, an
uprising^), an uproar, confusion, a
commotion. — Esp., an uprising, a
commotion (of a revolt, or a war not
regularly declared) : servilis (Jhe
servile war, see servilis).
tamulus, -i, [ttum6- (wh. tu-
meo) + lus], M., {a swelling}), a
hill, a mound. — Hence, a tomb.
tunc [tum-ce, cf. hie], 2id}.,just
then, then, by and by (witL cum),
in that case.
tunica, -ae, [?], F., a tunic (the
Roman undergarment, like a loose
shirt, but usually of wool).
turba, -ae, [^mjR (cf. turma
and Gr. 06pv$o5) -h ba (cf. morbus
and Gr. T^p&v)'i» F«> « throng (as in
confused motion, cf. turbo, -inis),
a crowd, a mob, a riot.
tiirbulentus, -a, -um, [turba (as
if turbd, perh. really) -f lentus],
adj., disorderly, disorganized, bois"
terous, stormy.
turma, -ae, [^tr <cf. turba.
turbo) -{■ ma], f., {a ihrongt)^ a
squadron (of horse, consisting of
thirty men), a troop of cavalry.
turpls, -e, [?], adj., ugly (in ap-
pearance). — Hence, unbecoming,
disgraceful, base, scandalous, vile.
turpiter [turpi + ter], adv., dis-
honorably, with dishonor.
turpitSdo, -inis, [turpi + tndo],
F., baseness, base conduct, turpitude.
— Hence, disgrace, dishonor, in-
famy.
TusculSnus, -a, -um, [Tuscul5+
anus], adj., of Tusculum (a town of
Latium). — Esp. N., a villa at Tus^
culum, a Tusculum villa.
tote, see tu.
tflto, see tutus.
tutor, -atus, -ari, [tntd-], i. v.
dep., guard, defend, protect.
tutus, -a, -um, [p.p. of tueor],
as adj., protected, safe, secure, well
fortified: victis nihil tutum (no
safety for the conquered). — tntS,
abl. as adv., in safety, safely.
tuus, -a, -um, [>/rvA + ius], adj.
pron., your, yours, of yours : omnes
tui {all your friends).
Tycha, -ae, [Gr. T^x'?]» ^'j a P^rt
of the city of Syracuse, so called
from a temple of Fortune in the
neighborhood.
tyrannus, -i, [Gr. rlpawos\, M.,
a tyrant (a usurping king), a tyrant
(generally, in the modem sense).
U.
uber, -eris, [perh. orig. subst, ci
Gr. olBap and vetus], adj., fertile,
rich, productive.
fiber, -eris, [ ?, cf. Gr. olBap^, N., a
pap, a dug, a breast.
ubertSs, -tatis, [uber -f- tas], F.,
fertility, productiveness.
ubi [supposed to be quo + bi,
Vocabulary,
185
dat. of qn5-], adv., interrog., and rel.,
where f in which, wherein: ibi nbi
(in the place where'), — Also, of
time, when: ubi primnin {as soon
as). — Without antecedent, a place
where,
ub!iiam[nbi-nam], interrog. adv.,
where in the world? where? (em-
phatic).
ubique [ubi-que, cf. quisqae],
adv^ everywhere,
ulciscor, ultus, ulcisci, [?], 3. v.
dep., punish (an injury, or the doer),
avenge (an injury or the person
wronged).
ullus, -a, -um ; gen. -Ius,[!in6+lus],
adj., a single (with negatives), any. —
. As subst. (less common), anybody.
ulterior, -us, [comp. of fulterS-,
cf. ultra], 2id]., farther. — Superl.,
ultimus, -a, -um, [ul (cf. uls) +
timus (cf. intLinu^)'], farthest, most
remote, last.
ultor, -toris, [^ulc (in ulclscor)
+ tor], M., an avenger.
ultrS [unc. case, perh. instr. of
fulter], adv. and prep., beyond.
ultrd [dat. of tulter(u8)], adv.,
to the farther side, beyond: oltro
citroque {this way and that, back
and forth). — Esp. beyond what is
expected or required, voluntarily,
without provocation : bellmn inferre
{make an offensive war, make war
without provocation) ,
Urabrenus, -i, [?, akin to Um-
bria], M., a Roman family name. —
Only P, Umbrenus, a freedman in
the Catilinarian conspiracy.
umeruB (humerus), -I, [?, cf.
Gr. 3/ios], M., the shoulder.
umquain, see unquam.
fina [instr. (or abl.?) of uuus],
adv., together, along, along with one,
with (any one), also.
unde [supposed to be for fcimde
(cain, cf. unquam, + de, cf. Inde)],
rel. and interrog. adv., whence, from
which, where: onde dare {through
whom, as a banker from whom money
is drawn).
undecimus, -a, -um, [onas-
decimiLs], adj., eleventh,
undequlnquSgSsimus, -a, -um,
[andeqaiiiqaaginta+esiiims], num.
adj., the forty-ninth,
undlque[ande-qne, cf. quisque],
2i<iw.,from every side, from all quar-
ters.— Also (cf. ab), on every side.
ung^entum, -i, [akin to ungo,
exact form unc], N., an ointment, a
perfume (as the perfumes were used
in oils instead of spirits).
' Snice [old abl. of unicus], adv.,
especially.
unicus, -a, -um, [un5+cas], adj.,
sole, only, unique.
tiniver8U8,-a,-um, [imd-versas],
adj., all together, all (in a mass),
entire, in a body, in general, united,
taken together.
unquam (umquam), [supposed
to be for cam-qaam.(cf. quisquana)],
adv., (with negatives, cf. quando,
aliquando), ever: neqae . . . un-
quam {and never).
Onus, -a, -um; gen. -ms, [?, old
oenus], adj., one, a single, the same,,
one only, only, alone : onus qoisqne
{each one),
urbSnus, -a, -um, [iirbi- (re-
duced) + anus], adj., of a city, —
Esp., of the city (Rome), in the city:
praetor (the officer who had juris-
diction of suits between citizens);
praetora {city prator ship, the office
of this magistrate); praedo joris
orbani {the plunderer of the rights
of citizens, of malfeasance in the
above office); quaestor {city, as
i86
Vocabulaty.
oppoied to those who were on the
staff of some commander); opes
{dofnestic, in the city, as opposed to
provinces); lites {quarrels between
citizens f settled in courts of law).
urbs, urbis, [ ?], f., a city, — Esp.,
the city (Rome) : ad orbem (near
the city),
urgeS (urgueo), ursi, no p.p.,
^g^re,[-^ARG, cf. vulgus], 2. v. a.
and n., press, press hard, urge, press
closely, beset, burden, be urgent
usitor, -atus, -ari, [fusitd- (as if
p.p. of fuso), freq. of utor, cf. dlc-
tito], I. V. dep., practise, — fisi-
tatus, -a, -urn, p.p. in passive sense,
used, practised, customary, much
practised, usual,
osquam [unc. case of qa5- (cf.
usque)-qaam], adv., anywhere{^\\\
negatives).
usque [unc. case of qud (cf.
ubi and usquam) -que (cf. quis-
que)], adv., {everywhere), all the
way, even to, all the time, till, even
till, even to that degree, to that de-
gree: usque ad eum finem {even
up to, etc.); quo usque? {to what
point ? how far 1) ; usque eo {to
that degree, so).
ustor, -toris, ly/vs (of uro) +
tor], M., {a burner). — Esp., an at-
tendant at a funeral pile.
Dsura, -ae, [usu + ra, cf. pic-
tura], F., use, enjoyment. — E^p.,
use (of money). — Hence, interest,
interest on a debt,
usiirpatio, -onis, [usurpa+tlo],
F., a taking by use, a using: civita-
tis {claim).
usurpo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fusurpo-
(usu-frapus, v^rap + us, cf. bustl-
papus)], i.v.a., {appropriate), make
use of employ, use, practise, speak
of, talk 9f.
1, -us, [ y/\Ji (in utor) -|- tns],
M., use, experience, exercise, practice,
intimacy. — Hence, advantage, ser-
vice.— Esp.: U8U8 est, it is neces-
sary, there is need,
ut (uti) [supposed to be for
quotl (quo + ti?)], adv. and conj.
a, Interrog., how.^ videre ut {see
how). -^ 6. Rel., as, so as, when,
whenever, inasmuch as : ut primum
{when first, as soon as). — Esp. with
subj. (expressing purpose or result),
that, in order that, to, so that, so as
to, as to, — Often with object clause,
compressed in Eng. into some other
form of speech, — Esp.: id facere
ut, do this {to wit, without "that"),
see to it that, take care that; £Eu;iam
hoc ut utar {I will do this, use,eic.);
committere ut mutetur {alloio to
be); ut non trahaut {so but what
they, etc., without dragging); vereri
ut {fear that not), — Also, though,
although.
uter, -tra, -trum; gen. -trius [qu5
(cf. ubi) + terus (reduced), cf. al-
ter], adj. a, Interrog., jtfhich (of
two) : uter utri {which to the other).
— 6. Relative, whichever (of two),
the onewho{o{ two). — Neut., utrum,
adv., {which of the two), whether.
uterque, utra-, utrum-, utrius-,
[uter-que, cf. quisque], adj., both,
each (of two). — Plur., of sets : utra-
que castra {both camps)", utrique
{both classes, both parties),
utervis, utra-, utrum-, [uter vis],
adj., which you please (of two), either
of the two, either,
uti, see ut.
Utica, -ae,^ [?], F., a town in
Africa near Carthage, capital of the
Roman province.
utiUs, -e, [futi- (stem akin to
utor) -f lis], adj., useful^ of use,
Vocabulary.
187
adtfaniageous, of advantage: utile
est (// ts a benefit),
iitUitas, -tatis, [utili + tas], F.,
advantagej profit, expediency, advan-
tages (things valuable, both in sing,
and plur.).
utinam [uti-nam, cf. quisnam],
adv., (how, pray?), would that. Oh
that, I wish.
ator, usus, uti, [?, old oetor,
(akin to aveo?)], 3. v. dep., avail
one's self of, use, exercise, practise,
enjoy ^ adopt, employ, have (in sense
of enjoy), possess, show (qualities
which one exercises), occupy (a
town), navigate (a sea), be intimate
with: testibus {present); proeliis
(Jight)', studiis {pursue) ; qua usus
est plurimum (whose especial friend-
ship he had enjoyed). — Esp. with
two nouns, or a noun and adj., em-
ploy as, find in one, find one.
utrum, see uter.
uxor, -oris, [?], F., a wife.
V.
vacillo, -avi, no p.p., -are, [?],
I. v. n., totter, waver, stagger.
vaco, -avi, •atvirus, -are, [prob.
fvaco- (cf. vacuus and Vaciina)],
I. V. n., be vacant., be free from, be
unoccupied, lie waste.
vacuefacio, -feci, -factus, -facere,
[fvacue- (stem akin to vacuus)
-facio], 3. V. a., make vacant, va-
cate.
vacuus, -a, -urn, [prob. -y/VAC
(cf. vaco) -f- vus], adj., free, unoc-
cupied, vacant, destitute of (ab or
abl.), free from : gladius vagiua
{stripped of, out of).
vadimdnium, -i, [vad- (as if
vadi) 4- monium, cf. testimo-
nium], N., bailf security, a surety.
vagina, -ae, [?], F., a sheath, a
scabbard,
vagor, -atus, -ari, [vag6-], i. v.
dep., roam about, wander: nomen
{spread abroad),
vagus, -a, -um, [Vvag(?) -I- us],
adj., roving, fickle.
valde [old abl. of validus], adv.,
strongly, thoroughly, much.
valeo, valui, valiturus, valere,
[ ?, prob. denominative, cf. validus],
2. V. n., ^^ strong, have weight, have
influence, be powerful, assail. — Often
with N. pron. or adj. as cogn. ace. :
plurimum valet {be very strong,
have great weight, have great influ-
ence) ; valere ad {be strong enough
to, have paiver to, amount to) ; mihi
valet ad gloriam {count to me for,
etc.); ad laudem doctrina valuit
{be sufficient for) ; poeta natura
valet {has his power from nature);
auspicia {be in force, have effect).
— Esp. (in imp. or subj.) as a part-
ing wish, farewell, prosper. — va-
lens, p. as adj., strong, vigorous,
stout.-
Valerius, -i, [akin to valeo], M.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp.: i.
L. Valerius Flaccus, cons. B.C. loo;
2. Another of the same name, inter-
rex, B.C. 82, by whom the law was
brought forward, which made Sulla
perpetual dictator.
Valerius, -a, -um, [same word as
preceding], adj., of Valerius (esp.
No. 2), Valerian.
valetudo, -inis, [valetu- (vale+
tus) 4- do], F., health (good or bad).
— Esp., ill health.
vallo, -avi, -atus, -are, [vallo-],
I. V. a., intrench, fortify.
valva, -ae, [?], f., a fold of a
door, — Usually plur., folding-doors,
doors.
1 88
Vocabulary.
\
Tinns, -ay-um, [•^tac (in yaco)
+ ntu], adj., ^m//^.-^HeDce, »»-
founded, false,
varietfis, -tatis, [vari5+tM], f.,
diversity f variety^ variation,
variS, -avi, -atus, -are, [varid-],
I. V. a. and n., vary, change. — va-
rllEtus, -a, -um, p.p., varied, vary-
ingf diverse.
varius, -a, -um, [prob. akin to
varus], adj., various, diverse,
VSnis, -i, [varus, knock-kneed^
M., a Roman family name. — Esp.,
P. Attius Varus, propraetor in Africa,
B.C. 50 (?).
vfis, vasis, pliir. -a, -onim, [?],
N., a vessel. — Hence, a utensil (of
any kind, for household or camp
use).
vfis, vadis, [ -^adh, cf. wedding],
M., (a pledge), security (a person
going bail), a voucher .^ bail,
vastStio, -onis, [vasta+tio], f.,
devastation l(the act), laying waste,
vastltSs, -tatis, [vastd + tas] F.,
desolation (the state), devastation.
vasto, -avi, -atus, -are, [vastd-],
I. V. a., lay waste, devastate, ravage.
vastus, -a, -um, [?], adj., waste,
desolate, vacant,
vfites, -is, [?], M. or f., a sooth-
sayer, a seer,
vfitlcinor, -atus, -ari, [vaticind-
(vati -f- cinus, cf. ratioclnor)],
I. V. dep., prophesy. — Hence, rave
(from the wildness of prophecy).
-ve [?, cf. Sk. va], conj. enclitic,
or (less exclusive than aut) .
vectigal,-alis, [n. of vectlg^alls],
N., a tax (in kind, or depending on
products, cf. tributum), a revenue.
vectigfilis, -e, [fvectigd- (vecti
+ igos, cf. castigo) -i- alls], adj.,
{of a toll-gatherer, fvectlg^s, perh.
orig. of tolls for transportation), of
the revenue, — Esp., paying taxes, a
tax-payer, tributary.
vector, -toris, [VVAGH-|-tor], m.,
a carrier, — Also (cf. vehor), a
passenger,
vehemSns, -entis, [?, prob. akin
to veho], adj., violent, impetuous,
forcible, active,
vehementer [vehement -|- ter],
adv., violently, severely, strongly,
hotly, exceedingly, very much, ur-
gently, earnestly,
vehiculum, -1, (j)erh. vehi (as
stem of veho) -f- cnlum, but as if
fvehicd ■{■ lum], n., a vehicle, a car-
riage. ^
veho, vexi, vectus, veherc,
[v^AGH], 3, V. a., carry. — Pass.,
ride.
vel [prob. imperative of volo],
conj., or (less exclusive than aut) :
vel . . . vel {either , , . or), — Also,
even {if you like?), often emphasiz-
ing superlatives {the very),
velox, -ocis, [stem akin to volo
(cf. colonus) + ens (reduced?)],
adj., S7tn/l,
velum, -1, [?, cf. vexilluna], n.,
a curtain, a veil — Also, a sail.
velut (veluti) [vel-ut], adv.,
{even as). Just as: velnt si {just
as if).
vena, -ae, [?], F., a vein, an
artery (also fig.).
vencUtio, -onis, [venom-datio,
cf. vendo], f., a sale,
vendito, -avi, -atus, -are, [ven«
ditd-], I. V. a., try to sell, offer for
sale, offer to sell, recommend,
vendo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [ vennm
do], 3. V. a., put to sale, sell,
venSflcus, -a, -um, [fvene- (stem
akin to venenum) -ficns], adj.,
poisonous, — Masc as sobst, a pois-
oner.
Vocabulary.
189
venSnimi, •!, [fvenS* (of one.
origin) + num (cf. esenus)], N., a
drug. — Esp., a poison.
veneo, -ivi (-ii), -iturus, -ire,
[venom eo], 4. v. n., go to sale (cf.
pereo), be sold,
veneror, -atus, -an, [vener- (stem
of Venus)], i. v. dep., (sometimes
venero, act.), {seek favorT)^ war-
shipy reverence^ supplicate,
venia, -ae, [?], F., indulgence^
favor, pardon, a privilege (as ac-
corded or asked).
venio, veni, venturus, venire,
[for gn^enio, v'gam], 4. v. n., come,
go, fall (into the hands of) ; in dis-
crimen venire (incur the danger) ;
tibi legis in mentem veniat {caU
to mind, remember).
Ventidius, -i, [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., P, Ventidius
Bassus, an officer and partisan of
Antony.
ventuB, -i, [?], m., /^ wind.
Venus, -eris, [v^an(?)+u8, cf.
venustas, veneror], f., (pferh. orig.
N.), grace (?). — Esp., personified,
Venus, as goddess of love, identified
with the Greek Aphrodite.
venustas, -tatis, [venus + taa],
F., grace.
vgr, veris, [prob. ^^AS, for fva-
sap, cf. Gr. ^of>], n., the spring.
fverber, -eris, [?], n. (usually
plur.), stripes, blows, lashes, flog-
ging.
verbepo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ver-
ber-], I. V. a., whip, scourge, beat,
flog
verbum, -i, [?, cf. morbus], n.,
a word, an expression. — Esp. : ver-
bum, verba facere {say much or
little, say anything, speak) ; his ver-
bis {in these words, in this form);
verbis ampliasimis {the strongest
terms) ; verbo {in words, inform) ;
verbi causa {for example).
vere [old abl. of verus], adv.,
with truth (cf. vero, in truth, etc.),
truly, rightly, justly, honestly, really,
with justice,
verecundia, -ae, [verecundd -H
ia], F., modesty.
vereop, -itus, -en, [proh. fverd-
(akin to wary)"], 2. v. dep., fear,
be afraid, respect. — veritus, p.p. in
pres. sense, fearing,
verisimills (often separate), -e,
[veri similis], adj., {like the truth),
probable, likely.
Veritas, -tatis, [vero -|- tas], P.,
trtUh.
vepo [abl. of verus], adv., in
truth, in fact. — With weakened
force, but, however, on the other
hand, now, and. — Often untrans-
latable, expressing an intensive (em-
phatic) opposition, or pointing to the
main time, circumstance, fact, or
agent in a narrative: tum vero
{then) ; nunc vero {but now, and
now, now)', quasi vero {as if for-
sooth) ; an vero {or is it possible
that? or tell me)-, jam vero {now
finally, but further) ; immo vero
{nay in fact) ; deum vero nullum
violavit {and as to divinities, etc.) ;
quid vero? {and then finally, and
further) ; est vero (1/ is you see,
it is in fact) ; ego vero {why I in
fact, for my part I) ; at vero {but
then, but on the other hand, but)',
minime vero {no, not in the least) ;
si vero {if however, if now).
Veppes, -is, [verres, boar"], m.,
a Roman family name. — Only C,
Cornelius Verres, propraetor in Sicily
in B.c 73 and after, accused of ex-
tortion in the famous orations against
Verres.
igo
Vocabulary.
versiculas, •!, [venm + colas],
M.» a short line, a verse,
versd, -avi, -atus, -are, [versd-],
I. V. a., turn (this way and that),
deal with (some one or some thing).
— Esp. in pass., as dep., turn one's
self J engage in, be busy, be, live, exist,
be employed, show itself, appear, con-
duct one's self, be founds find itself,
be used, be engaged, be at work, be
concerned: in severitate {show, ex-
hibit, act with)', versatus {experi-
enced, practised) ; bellum in multa
varietate versatum {carried on in
a great variety of circumstances).
versus, -a, -um, p.p. of verto.
versus (versum), [orig. p.p. of
verto], adv. and prep., towards, in
the direction of.
versus, -us, [^^ert -f tus], m.,
a turning. — Esp., a verse (of poetry,
where the rhythm turns and begins
anew), a line. — VXmx., poetry, verse.
verto, verti, versus, vertere,
[^vert], 3. V. a. and n., turn. —
Pass, and with reflex., turn, revolve,
depend.
verum [n. of verus], adv., but.
verumtamen [verum tamen],
adv., but still.
verus, -a, -um, [?, ^ver (in
vereor) + us], adj., (?, seen, visi-
ble), true, real, well grounded. —
Neut. as subst., the truth : repperit
esse vera {found the truth to be). —
Also, just, right. — See also vero and
verum : verius {nearer the truth) ;
re vera {in fact, in reality, in
truth) ; sententia {sound).
vesper, -cri (-eris), [?, cf. Gr.
•EiTircpos], u.,the evening: vesperi
(loc, in the evening).
vespera, -ae, [?, cf. vesper], f.,
the evening: ad vesperam {at even-
i^^f ^y evening).
Vesta» -ae, [ ^vas (in nro) +ta,
cf. Gr. 'Etrria], F., the goddess of
the household fire, the same as Gr.
'E<rT/o.
Vestalis, -e, [Vesta -f- lis], adj.,
of Vesta : virgines {the Vestal vir-
gins, who preserved the sacred fire
of Vesta, and were held in special
reverence).
vester, -tra, -trum, [ves + tor
(us) ] , adj. pron., your, yours : con-
spectus {of you).
vestibulura, -i, [?, prob. ve-
stabulum (orig. farm-yard})'], N.,
a vestibule (an open space in front
of a house-door). — Fig., a gate-
way, a doorway, an entrance, the
doors.
vestigium, -i, [fvestigd- (cf.
vestigo) 4- ium], N., the footsteps
the footprint, a track. — Esp. : e
vestigio {forthwith, from one's
tracks?); eodem vestigio {in the
same spot); in illo vestigio tem-
poris {at that instant of time). —
Hence, fig., a trace, an indication.
— Plur., ruins {traces where a thing
once was), relics, remains.
vestimentum, -i, [vesti -f- men-
tum], N., clothing.
vestio, -ivi (-ii),-itus, -ire,[ vesti-],
4. V. a., clothe, cover. — Pass., clothe
one's self with (with thing in abl.),
wear.
vestis, -is, [^AS {clothe) -f- tis],
F., clothing, garments, dress.
vestitus, -tus, [vesti -f tns], m.,
clothing, garments, dress : ad suum
vestitum redire {ordinary clothing).
veterSnus, -a, -um, [veterft- (as
if stem of vetero) -I- nus], adj., vet-
eran (long in service).
veto, vetui, vetitus, vetire, [stem
akin to vetos, cf. antlquo], i. v. a.,
forbid.
Vocabulary.
191
veliiB, -eris, [?, cf. Gr. ^tos], adj.,
old^ former: milites (old soldier s^
veterans); homines {of experience,
also of antiquity),
vetustas, -tatis, [vetos-tas], f.,
age, antiquity, former ages, long con-
tinuance, future ages, time (long
continued, either future or past).
vexatio, -onis, [vexa + tio], f.,
persecution, harassing, outrage.
vexfitor, -toris, [vexa + tor], m.,
a irouhler, a persecutor, a pursuer,
a disturber,
vex5, -avi, -atus, -are, [fvexo- (as
if p.p. of veho)], i.v a., {carry this
ivay and that), vex, harass, annoy,
commit depredations on, overrun (a
country), ravage (lands), plunder,
'Worry, persecute.
via, -ae, [for veha? (veh + a)],
F., a road, a way, a route, a street.
— Fig., a course, a way.
viator, -toris, [t"via- (as stem of
fvio) + tor], M., « traveller.
Vibienus, -i, [Vibi6+ enus], m.,
a Roman family name. — Esp., C.
Vibienus, a Roman senator killed in
a riot.
vibro, -avi, -atus, -are, [?], i. v. a.
and n.,- to shake, to brandish.
vicfitim [vied -f atim], adv., by
wards, by districts.
vicesimus (-Snslmus), -a, -um,
[viginti -f- ensimus], adj., twentieth.
vicinitas, -talis, [vicino + tas],
F., neighborhood, vicinity.
vicinus, -a, -um, [vied + inns],
adj., (belonging to the same vicus?),
near. — As subst., a neighbor.
vicissim [ace. adv. akin to vlcis],
adv., in turn, by turns.
vicissltfido, -inis, [tvicissi- (in
vicissim) -f- tudo], f., a change, a
vicissitude, a succession (of changing
events) .
vidima, -ae, [akin to vinco,
perh. going back to the sacrifice
of prisoners], F., a victim (sacri-
ficed).
victor, -toris, [V^ic (in vinco)
-f tor], M., a victor. — Often as adj.,
victorious, cf. victrix.
victoria, -ae, [victor -j- la], f.,
victory, success (in war), a triumph
(in the modern sense, cf. trium-
plius, the honor) : in ipsa Victoria
{at the moment of victory). — Esp.,
Victory, worshipped as a divinity by
the Romans : ludi victoriae (a fes-
tival established by Sulla in honor of
his victory, held October 27 to No-
vember i).
victrix, -icis, [V^ic (in vinco)
•\- trix], F., a victor (female, or con-
ceived as such). — As adj., victo-
rious.
victus, -tiis, [xAig(?) (cf. vixi)
+tns], M., living, life. — Also, vieans
of living, food : necessitates victus
{the necessaries of life)', in victn
arido {a dry and meagre way of
life or style of living). — Esp. : con-
suetudines victus {the intimacy of
daily life).
vicus, -i, [ VviC {enterl) + us, cf.
Gr. oXkos'], u., {a dwelling), a village
(a collection of dwellings). — In
cities, a quarter (more than a block,
cf. insula), a roiv (of houses), a
street (the houses on both sides).
videlicet [vide (imper. of video)
licet], adv., {see you may, one may
see), of course, doubtless, no doubt. —
Often \tovi\c^, forsooth, I suppose, no
doubt, you see, ' of course,
video, vidi, visus, videre, [-^viD,
perh. through a noun-stem (cf. in-
vidus)], 2. V. a., see, examine (re-
connoitre), observe, notice, take care
(see that). — In pass., be seen, seem.
192
Vocabulary.
teemdesi.-^Exp,: ea cernimos quae
videmas {zve distinguish what we
see) ; plus videre {have a keener in-
sight), ^
vigeo, no perf., no p.p., vigere, [?,
prob. \vigh- (VviG+U8,cf.vl«U)],
2. V. n., be strongs be active^ have life,
flourish.
Tig^ilia, -ae, [vigil + ia], F., wak-
ing, wakefulness, watching, — Esp.
in plur.,' vigils, sleepless nights, —
Also (in plur.)> watches, sentinels,
watchmen, — From military use, a
watch (one of the four divisions into
which the night was divided).
vlgilo, -ivi, -atus, -are, [vigil],
I. V. n. (and a.), watch, lie awake,
watch by night, keep awake, be up
{not sleep), — Fig., be on the watch,
be watchful, be vigilant, watch, look
out for, — Esp., vigilans, p. as adj.,
wakeful, watchful, vigilant, on the
watch, careful, active, wide awake,
vig^inti [dvi- (stem of duo) +
form akin to centum (perh. the
same)], num. adj., indecl., twenty,
vUis, -e, [?], adj., cheap, of little
value, worthless,
vflitSs, -tatis, [vili + taa], F.,
cheapness, low price,
villa, -ae, [?], F., a farm-house, a
country house, a villa,
vincio,vinxI,vinctus,vincire,[perh.
akin to vinco], 4. v. a., bind' fetter,
put in chains, restrain,
vinclum, see vinculum.
Tinc5, vici, victus, vincere, [ -^/vic],
3. V. a. and n., conquer, defeat, pre*
vail, be victorious, prevail ov^r, over-
come, surpass, outdo,
vinculum (vinclum),-i, [fvincS-
(stem akin to vinclo, perh. primi-
tive of it) + lum (n. of -Ins)], N., a
chain, — Plur., chains, imprisonment^
prison, — Fig., a bond, a connection.
vindez, -icis, [some forms of vis
and dico, perh. wrongly formed like
Judex], M. and F., a claimant. —
Hence, from technical use in law, a
protector, a defender, an avenger,
vindiciae, -arum, [vindic + ia],
F. plur., a claim (technical in law),
an action (of a peculiar sort).
vindico, -avi, -atus, -are,[vindio-],
I. V. a., claim, claim one's rights
against, defend (cf. Gktlliam in lib-
ertatem, establish the liberty of a
phrase derived from the formal de-
fence of freedom in a Roman court),
rescue, — Also, punish, avenge, seek
redress for, seek redress,
vinnm, -i, [?, cf. Gr. olvos\, N.,
wine,
violo, -avi, -atus, -are, [?], i. v. a.,
abuse, violate (a sacred object), pro^
fane, injure (a thing held sacred),
outrage: si quid violatnm est {any
profanation done),
vir, viri, [ ?], M., a man, a husband,
virSs, see vis.
virga, -ae, F., a twig, a rod, —
YSxx., flogging, stripes,
virg^o, -inis, [?], F., a maiden, a
maid, a virgin, a girl. — Esp., a
vestal virgin (see Vestalis).
virHis, -e, [vir6 4- ilis], adj.,
manly, of a man : toga {the garb
of manhood, the pure white toga as-
sumed by Romans as a sign of man-
hood and citizenship).
virtSs, -tiitis, [vir6- (reduced)
+tus], F., manliness, valor, prowess,
courage. — Also, merit (generally^,
noble conduct, virtue. — Plur., vir-
tues, merits, good qualities. — Also,
a sense of virtue, a love of virtue,
vis, vis (?), [?], F., force, might,
power, violence, energy, zngor, se-
verity, a quantity, a supply: vim
et maniiB (violent hands), ^-^Aho,
Vocabulary.
193
force^ effect^ validity, — Technically,
breach of the peace^ violence (for
which a special remedy at law was
established). — Plur., strength, force,
powers, bodily vigor,
vlscus, -eris, also plur. viscera,
-um, [?], N., the soft parts of the
body, the flesh, the entrails. — Fig.,
the vitals, the bowels, the entrails,
viso, visi, visus, visere, [prob. old
desiderative of video], 3. v. a. and n.,
(^desire to see), go to see, visit, see (in
reference to a sight or spectacle),
vita, -ae, [root of vivo + ta], F.,
life, the course of life.
vitium, -i, [?], N., a flaw, a
blemish, a defect, a fault, a vice,
vito, -avi, -atus, -are, [?, vita-?],
I. V. a., {escape with life, live
throughT), escape ^ avoid, dodge, shun.
vituperatio, -onis, [vitupera +
tio], F., abuse, fault-finding, an ac-
cusaiioHy a charge.
vltupero, -avi, -atus, -are, [fvitu-
pero- (vitid 4- fparus, cf. oplpa-
rus)], I. V. a., censure, find fault
with.
vivo, vixi, victus, vivere, [-yAiG
(vigor?), cf. victus], 3. v. vi.,live,
pass one^s life,
vivus, -a, -um, [Vvig(?) -1- ns],
adj., alive, living.
vix [poss. -y/vic (in vlnco)],
adv., with difficulty, hardly, hardly
ever. — Also, of time, hardly ( . . .
when)', vixdumcoeta dimisso(7(/^^/i
. . . scarcely yety almost before, etc.).
voco, -avi, -atus, -are, [voc- (stem
of vox)], I. V. a., call by name^ call,
summon, invite. — With In, ad, sum-
mon to, invite to, bring (into), attempt
to bring {into) : in integritatem spe
(attribute virtue to one in hope).
Volatenrae, -arum, [?], F. plur.,
a town of Etruria ( Volterra),
volgSrls (vDlg-), -e, [volgd -J-
arisj, adj., common, ordinary,
volgo, see volgus.
volgus (vulgas), -i, [^olg +
us], N., the crowd, the common peo-
ple, the mass : in volgus emanare
(get abroad, spread abroad). — vol-
go, abl. as adv., commonly, generally,
ordinarily, everywhere,
vollto, -avi, no p.p., -are, [as if
volito-, p.p. of volo, cf. agito],
I. V. T\,,flit about, hover about.
volnero (vul-), -avi, -atus, -are,
[volner-], i. v. a., wound, inflict a
wound, — Also fig., wound, harm,
offend,
volnus (vuIdus), -eris, [prob.
akin to vello], n., a ivound.
volo, volm, velle, [V^ol], irr.
V. a. and n., wish^ be willing, want,
desire, choose to have, choose, would
like, mean, signify. — With perf.
part., desire to have, desire to.
Volturclus (Vult-), i, [?], m.,
one of the conspirators with Catiline.
voltus (vul-), -tils, [v^^oL +
tus], M., ^jr/r«j/^« (of countenance),
the countenance, the look, the face,
the expression of countenance, the
mien,
volabilis, -e, [prob. volvi- (as
stem of volvo) + bills], adj., whirl-
ing. — Fig., changeable, inconstant.
voluntarius, -a, -um, [volent +
arius], adj., voluntary. — As subst.,
a volunteer.
voluntas, -talis, [volent + tas],
F., willingness, ivill, good-7vill, desire,
approval, consent, an inclination, a
zvish, a purpose, plans, desires, a dis-
position.
voluptas, -tatis, [volup- (akin to
volo) + tas], F., sensual pleasure,
pleasure, (a sensation of pleasure),
enjoyment.
194
Vocabulary,
t VolusSniis, -i, [ ?, cf . Voliuias],
M.y a tribune of the soldiers in Caesar's
army in Gaul. In Phil. xiv. 7, the
reading is uncertain, and the passage
is obscure.
vol&to, -avi, -atus, -are, [volutd-],
I. V. a. and n., roily grovel.
vSsmet [vos-met (akin to me)],
intensive of vos, you yourselves, you
(emphatic).
v5tivus, -a, -um, [void + ivns
(cf. captivos)], adj., votive: ludi
(a festival held in pursuance of some
vow).
T9taiii, -i, [n. p.p. of TOTeo],
N., a vow, a prayer,
voveo, Yovi, votus, vovere, [?],
2. v. a. and n., vorw, make a vow.
vox, vocis, [-x/voc as stem], f., a
voice, a wordfan expression, a shout.
— Collectively, cries, words, talk.
vulgftrls, see volgaris.
viilgS, see volgo.
vulgus, see volgus.
valuer^, see volnero.
vulnus, see volnus.
voltufl* see voltua.
1 17415
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