Cicero
IN MEMORIAM
BERNARD MOSES
CICERO.
(Bust in the Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.)
SELECT
ORATIONS AND LETTERS
OF CICERO
(ALLEN AND GREENOUGH'S EDITION)
REVISED BY
J. B. GREENOUGH and G. L. KITTREDGE
WITH A
SPECIAL VOCABULARY
BY
J. B. GREENOUGH
BOSTON, U.S.A.
GINN &^ COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
Cbe atl)cn8etim Press
1903
Copyright, i8g6, 1902
By GINN & COMPANY
A.I.L RIGHTS RESERVED
giHfiAIlD MOSES
Ho3
PREFACE ■ M/M
The present volume is not intended to supersede the
revised edition of Cicero's Select Orations. It has been pre-
pared to meet the needs of those teachers who prefer marked
quantities and who wish to introduce their students to
Cicero's Letters. Several orations have been omitted, and their
place is supplied by a careful selection from Cicero's corre-
spondence. The letters are arranged chronologically, like the
orations. They throw light on Cicero's character, on Roman
political history, and on various phases of ancient manners,
and at the same time they illustrate almost every variety of
letter-writing, — from hasty notes on family matters to weighty
discussions of public policy. One letter from Pompey to
Cicero and one from Caesar have also been included.
Several maps have been added, and a new plan of the
Forum, exhibiting the remarkable series of excavations begun
in 1899. These have brought to light the Comitium, the
Basilica Aemilia, the Lake and Sanctuary of Juturna, and
other important remains. The plan is taken, with slight
modifications, from that in Richter's Topographie der Stadt
Rom (edition of 1901). For permission to reproduce the
figure of the base of Ccesar's column from Lanciani's New
Talcs of Old Rome, the editors are indebted to Messrs.
Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, the putflishers of that inter-
esting work. Several new maps are also included in the present
volume. The vocabulary has been carefully revised.
The following extract from the Preface to the Select Ora-
tions may be appended : —
"The present volume is practically an entirely new work,
since the notes have been almost wholly rewritten, and very
885988
iv Preface
extensive additions have been made. The revising editors
have kept constantly in mind the original design, which gave
prominence to matters of historical and political interest.
Though in pursuance of the original design the orations are
arranged in chronological order, yet, by the fuller annotation
of Roscius and the Catilines, care has been taken to enable
teachers to begin with either, according to their judgment
or habit.
"The admirable historical and political work of the late
Professor W. F. Allen has not been reduced, but collected
into introductory chapters for convenience of continued read-
ing and reference. The grammatical discussions have been
much increased, the revisers having found, by instructive
experience, that in order to profit by a book the pupil must be
able to read it, and for this a knowledge of the usages of the
language is indispensable.
"The treatment of the orations rhetorically and logically
has been very much extended, with the hope of making the
book more useful, not only for the study of Latin, but also for
the study of rhetorical composition generally. The very
numerous illustrations have not been inserted merely to make
a picture book, but to give the pupil some sense of the reality
of the orations as a part of history. Teachers and others
who take a more intelligent interest in these ancient memo-
rials, will find much explanatory and critical comment in the
numbered list of illustrations. A very large increase of intro-
ductory matter has .seemed desirable in view of the growing
interest in the study of the history of civilization."
The editors have enjoyed the scholarly cooperation of
Mr. M. Grant Daniell, to whom they are indebted for many
valuable suggestions.
Cambridge, Mass.,
April, 1902.
CONTENTS
PAGE
List of Illustrations vii
List of Maps xii
Description of the View of the Forum xii
Plan of the Forum xii
Life of Cicero xiii
List of Orations and Other JVorks xxvii
Chronological Table xxxi
Roman Oratory xxxiv
Cicero as an Orator xliii
Latin and English Style xlvi
Ancient Oratorical Delivery xlix
The Roman Constitution 1
ORATIONS.
The Defence of Roscius i
The Impeachment of Verres 26
The Phaider of Syracuse 48
Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen 59
Pompey's Military Command {Pro Lege Manilla) 66
The Conspiracy of Catiline 98
I. Lnvective against Catiline 99
II. Character of the Conspiracy 113
III. Hoxv the Conspiracy was Suppressed 126
IV. Sentetice of the Conspirators 141
The Citizenship of Archias 154
V
VI
CofltCJltS
LETTERS
I. To Atticus. Att. {Ad Atticinn) 2
II. To Atticus. Att. 2. 21 ...
III. To his Family. Ydivn. {Ad Fatniliares)
IV. To Atticus. Att. 3. 27 . .
V. To Lentulus. Earn. 1.6. .
VI. To M. Marius. Earn. 7. i .
VII. To Ancharius. Earn. 13. 40
VIII. To Trebatius. Earn. 7. 10 .
IX. To Marcellus. Earn. 15. 11 .
X. To his Eamily. Earn. 16. 11
XI. To his Eamily. Eam. 14. 14
XII. Pompey to Cicero. Att. 8. 11
XIII. To Pompey. Att. 8. ii.D
XIV. Caesar to Cicero. Att. 10. 8
XV. To Sulpicius. Eam. 4. i .
XVI. To Terentia. Eam. 14. 10
XVII. To Terentia. Eam. 14. 23
XVIII. To Eurfanius. Eam. 6. 9
XIX. To Dolabella. Eam. 9. 14
XX. To Cassius. Eam. 12. 2 .
XXI. To Cffisius. Eam. 13. 51
14,
PAGE
169
170
173
176
179
179
181
1^2
1S4
184
185
189
190
192
194
197
201
Notes to Orations 203
Notes to Letters 369
Vocabulary i
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS.
Arch. Zeit. — Archaologische Zeitung.
Berlin.
Banm. — Baumeister, Denkmaler des klas-
sischen Altertums. Munich, 1885-8S.
Bernoulli. — J. J. Bernoulli, Romische
Ikonographie, 1882-94.
Brtmn. — Denkmaler griechischer und
romischer Sculptur. Unter Leitung
von Heinrich Brunn herausg. von Fried-
rich Bruckmann. Munich, 1888-.
Brunn u. Artidt. — Griechische und ro-
mische Portrats. Nach Auswahl und An-
ordnung von Heinrich Brunn und Paul
Arndt herausg. von Friedrich Bruck-
mann. Munich, i8gi-.
Cohen. — H. Cohen, Description generale
des Monnaiesde la Republiqueromaine.
P^ris, 1857.
De Clarac. — Musee de Sculpture. Par
M. le C" de Clarac. Paris, 1828-30.
D'' E scamps. — Yi&vwy D'Escamps, Galerie
des Marbres antiques du Musee Cam-
pana a Rome. 2« ed. Berlin, 1868.
von Falke. — Jacob von Falke, Hellas und
Rom. Stuttgart, 1878-80.
Head. — A Guide to the Principal Gold and
Silver Coins of the Ancients. By Bar-
clay V. Head. Second edition. London
(British Museum), 1S81.
Med. Illnst.— M. M. Vecchi, II Mediter-
raneo Illustrate. Florence, 1841.
Poole. — A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in
the British Museum. Edited by R. S.
Poole. London, 1S73, etc.
Visco7iti. — Visconti, Iconographie Romaine.
Paris, 1817-24.
IN THE TEXT.
PAGE
Cicero. Bust in the Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Photograph.
Frontispiece
Plan of the Forum and adjacent building.s. Founded on plan in
Middleton's Remains of Ancient Rome xii
Ruins of the Roman Forum. Photograph xiii
The Forum (restored), von Falke i
Allegorical statue of the Tiber (showing also Romulus and Remus
with the wolf). In the Louvre, Paris. Brn7in i
T. Cornelius Sulla. Bust in the Vatican (Museo Chiaramonti). Un-
certain. Bernoulli 4
Jupiter. Bust in the Vatican. Photograph 18
View of Messina {Messana). A fed. II lust 26
vii
viii List of Ilinstrations
PAGE
Coin of Syracuse. Obverse : head of Persephone. Reverse : victor
in quadriga. Head. 49
Coin of Hiero II. Obverse: head of Hiero with diadem. Reverse :
Nike (Victory) in quadriga. Head. 50
M. Claudius Marcellus. From coins (somevv'hat enlarged). Bernoulli. 51
Cathedral of Syracuse, formerly Temple of Minerva. Med. Illust. . . 52
Sappho. Villa Albani, Rome. Uncertain. Brunn u. Arndt. ... 55
The Quarries at Syracuse (Dionysius' Ear). Photograph 58
Coin of the Mamertini. Obverse : head of Ares (Mars). Reverse :
eagle on thunderbolt. Poole 60
Coin of Rhegium. Obverse: lion's scalp. Reverse: sitting male
figure. Poole 63
Pompey. Bust in the Vatican (Museo Chiaramonti). Uncertain.
Photograph 66
Fanaraky d'Europe (entrance to the Black Sea by the Bosphorus).
Laurens^ Voyage en Tiirqiiie 66
Mithridates VI. (from a coin). Head. 69
Tigranes, King of Armenia (from a coin). Head. 69
Site of Corinth (Acrocorinthus in background). Stackelberg, La
Grece 70
Antiochus III., King of Syria (from a coin). Head. 73
Philip v., King of Macedonia (from a coin). Head. 'jt^
View of Mt. Argaeus in Cappadocia. Texier, Asie Mineiire 74
Lucullus. Bust in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Identification
uncertain (see Arch. Zeit., N. F., XXIII, 9 ff.). D'Escamps. . . 77
View near Cape Misenum. Med. Illust So
Ruins of the Port of Ostia. Photograph 81
View in Pamphylia (Port of Adalia). LanckoroJiski, Les Villes de la
Pamphylie et de la Pisidie 82
Galley. From the Praeneste relief. Baumeister 85
Coin of Rhodes. Obverse : head of Helios (perhaps from the Colossus).
Reverse : rose. Head. 90
Coin of Perseus (Perses). Head. 91
Roman sacrificial procession. Relief in the Galleria degli Uffizi, Flor-
ence. Brunn 98
Ruins of the Temple of Jupiter Stator. Photograph 112
The Mulvian Bridge. Photograph 128
L, Cornelius Lentulus. Bust in the Museum at Naples. Very un-
certain. Photograph. 131
List of Illustrations ix
PAGE
Marcus Aurelius sacrificing in front of the Temple of Jupiter Capitoli-
nus. Relief from the Arch of M. Aurelius. Palazzo dei Conser-
vatori, Rome. Photograph 136
Roman Sacrificial Procession. Relief in the Galleria degli Uffizi,
Florence. Brunei 138
Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus at Rome (restored). Ilittorff, Architec-
ture antique de la Sicile 140
Ruins of the House of the Vestals. Photograph 142
Church of S. Maria in Aracoeli (site of the Roman Arx). Photograph. 150
P. Scipio Africanus. Photograph 152
Muses with Homer and Socrates. Ancient sarcophagus in the Louvre.
De Clarac 1 54
Coin of Heraclia. Obverse: head of Nike (Victory). Reverse:
Hercules seated. Head. 157
C. Marius. Impression of a coin. Visconti 163
Alexander the Great, represented as the god Ammon (hence the
horns). From a coin, enlarged. Imhoof-Blumer, Portrdtkdpfe. . 164
Adana in Cilicia (Cicero's province), with Taurus mountains in the
background. Fisher* s Views 169
Cato. Bust in the Capitoline Museum, Rome. Uncertain. Photograph. 171
Pompey's Theatre and the temple of Venus Victrix (restored). Canina,
V Architettura Romania 177
Mark Antony. Bust in the Vatican. Uncertain. Photograph. . . .183
Coin of Mark Antony and Octavia. Cohen 183
C. Julius Caesar. Bust in the Louvre. Photograph 189
Base of Caesar's Column. Lanciani, New Tales of Old Rome. . . . 195
Coin of M. Brutus, commemorating the murder of Caesar. Obverse :
head of Brutus. Reverse : liberty-cap between two daggers ;
inscription eid.mar {the Ides of March). Cohen 196
Marcus Junius Brutus. Bust in the Capitoline Museum, Rome.
Photograph 196
Medal struck by the Magnesians in honor of Cicero's son Marcus.
Visconti 201
IN THE NOTES.
Fig.
1. Cisium Rich'' s Dictionary.
2. Coin of Faustus Sulla. Obverse : head of Diana Tifatina.
Reverse : L. Sulla, seated ; Bocchus, King of Mauritania,
X List of IllustyatioHS
Fig.
delivers to him Jugurtha as a captive ; inscription FELIX
(surname assumed by Sulla) Viscoiiti.
3. Arch of Gallienus at Rome Photograph.
4. Victory writing on a tablet. Column of Trajan at Rome. . Brimn.
5. Q. Hortensius the orator. Bust in the Villa Albani, Rome. Visconti.
6. Plan of Syracuse
7. View of modern Syracuse Photograph.
8. Coin of Agathocles, King of Syracuse. Obverse : head of Per-
sephone. Reverse : Nike (Victory) setting up a trOphy. . Head.
!). Bronze door of the Cathedral at Pisa (twelfth century work).
Pohau/t de Fleiiry, ATonuinents de Pise.
ID. Head of Medusa. Marble mask in the Glyptothek at Munich. Brmin.
11. Doors of Temple of Romulus, with bullae Photograph.
12. T. Quinctius Flamininus. From a coin Bernoulli.
13. 14. Mensae Delphicae. From ancient ornamental marble
stands De Clarac.
15. Coin of Sex. Pompey. Obverse : pharos of Messana. Reverse:
Scylla Cohen.
16. View of Palermo [Panhormus) Photograph.
1 7. Coin of Porcius Laeca commemorating the Lex Porcia. Obverse :
head of Rome. Reverse : allegorical representation of P.
Porcius protecting an accused citizen Cohen.
18. Rostra. Froma coin
19. Coin of M.' Aquilius. Obverse: head of Virtus. Reverse:
armed soldier protecting a woman Cohen.
20. Cappadocian. Bust from Caesarea; now in the Jakobsen col-
lection at Copenhagen Brunn u. Arndt.
21. Coin of Amisus. Head of Pallas Poole.
22. Medea. Wall painting at Pompeii Brunn.
23. Coin of Pompey. Allegorical head of Africa Cohen.
24. Merchant ship. Ancient relief Baumeister.
25. Lictors with rods and axes. From a coin Cohen.
26. Coin with heads of Servilius Ahala and M. Junius Brutus.
Visconti.
27. Sacrarium (family shrine). From a Pompeian house. . . Baumeister.
28. Signa militaria. From coins Cohen.
29. The Mamertine prison (7/////^z;/z/w). Section. . . Middleton, Rome.
30. The same. Plan Middleton, Rome.
31. Coin of Sextus Pompey. Obverse: head of Sextus Pompey.
Reverse : heads of Sextus Pompey and Pompey the Great. Cohen.
List of Illustratio7is xi
Fig.
32. Bust of L. Junius Rusticus (Stoic philosopher of the time of
Uomitian), showing a rough " philosophic beard." . . . Visconti.
33. Statue of an unknown Roman with the toga Brunn.
34. Coin of C. Clodius. Obverse: head of Flora. Reverse : Vestal
with simpuhmi (sacrificial ladle) Cohen.
35. Writing implements : atramentarium (for black and red ink) ;
papyrus letter sealed and addressed ; tabellae and stihis. Wall
painting Overbeck's Pofupeii.
36. Romulus and Remus with the wolf. Bronze in the Capitoline
Museum, Rome PJiotograph.
37 Lectisternium Bartoli, Lucerne.
38. Coin of P. Licinius Crassus Junianus. Obverse: head of Jupi-
ter. Reverse: balance; cornucopia; curule chair. . . . Cohen.
39. Pompeian shop (restored) Baitmeister.
40. Plan showing the arrangement of Pompeian shops along the
streets Baumeister.
41. Bronze brazier {focus), from the baths of Pompeii. . . Photograph.
42. Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus. With a bust formerly identi-
fied with Ennius Photograph.
43. Coin of Cato Uticensis. Obverse : head of Liberty. Reverse :
Victory seated Cohen.
44. Writing Implements: tablets {tabellae), inkstands {atramen-
taria), pens {still), papyrus rolls {volumhia), box for holding
rolls {scrt7ih(?n); also money bags {sacculi) and coins {nuninii).
Wall painting Mtiseo Borbonico.
45. Girl Writing a Letter (showing tabellae and stilus). Wall
painting . Museo Borbonico.
46. Coin of Brutus and Casca. Obverse: head of Brutus. Reverse:
trophy, shields, etc Cohen
47. ^dile opening the games. Ancient statue Photograph.
48. Coin of Mark Antony and his Brother Lucius Visconti.
49. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus (from a coin) Cohen.
50. Coin of Lepidus and Octavianus as Triumvirs Cohen.
51. Coin of Pansa Cohen.
52. Coin of Q. Cassius. Obverse : head of Liberty. Reverse (in
memory of the condemnation of the Vestals by L. Cassius
Longinus, praitor B.C. 113): temple of Vesta, with curule ^
chair, voting urn, juror's ballot marked A {absolvo), and C
{condemno) : see p. Ixv Cohen.
xii List of Alaps
LIST OF MAPS.
Page
Imperium Romanum vi
Italia 1
Roma Ixv
Latium 99
Aegaeum Mare 169
Explanation of the View of the Forum.
The background shows the southeasterly side of the Capitoline hill.
The blank wall in the centre is the rear of the Palazzo dei Seitatori, which
stands on the saddle between the two summits {inter duos hicos). The
lower part of this wall is very old, and is commonly supposed to be the
wall of the Tabularimti, or Record Office.
The modern buildings on the right occupy the site of the ancient Citadel
{Arx)\ those on the left, that of the Capitoliutu. In front, projected
against the wall of the Tabulariiim , is, on the right, the Column of Phocas,
a late monument of slight importance ; at the left of that are the ruins of
the Temple of Vespasian (three Corinthian columns, of which only two
show in the view); farther to the left is a ruin with eight Ionic columns, —
the Temple of Saturn, built in the time of the Empire on the site of the
earlier Temple of Saturn, which served during the Republic as the Aera-
rhim, or Treasury. Below, at the right of the picture, is the Arch of
Septimius Severus : this probably occupies part of the space of the earlier
Senaculwn, or gathering-place of the Senators. Below the Temple and in
front of the Arch is the open space of the Forum, distinguishable by the
flagging : here stood the Rostra. To the left, below the Temple of Saturn,
are the ruins of the Basilica lulia. At the extreme left of the picture, in
the foreground, are three Corinthian columns, the only remains of the
famous Temple of Castor. Near the point where the spectator is sup-
posed to stand are the ruins of the Atrium Vcstae and the Regia.
THE FORUM
AlfD ITS SUKROUNDINGS.
t;
INTRODUCTION
I. LIFE OF CICERO.
Marcus Tullius Cicero, partly on account of his natural
abilities and partly on account of the times in which he lived,
has left a name associated with some of the most important
events in the history of the world, as well as with some of the
most potent forces in our civilization. Few men have made
so distinct an impression on modern literature and thought.
He touched many things which he did not adorn, but there is
hardly any kind of intellectual activity that is not conspicuously
indebted to his precepts or his example.
I. Cicero's Life from his Birth to the Opening of
HIS Political Career (b.c. 106-76).
Cicero was born at Arpinum, a city with the Roman franchise
(which was also the birthplace of Marius), Jan. 3, B.C. 106,
of an equestrian family. His grandfather, who had a small
estate in that region, was of Volscian stock, and thus belonged
to the old virile country people of the republic. His grand-
mother was a Gratidia, closely connected by adoption with the
great Marius and with prominent Roman politicians. His
father, who was the eldest son, had increased the family estate
by agriculture and by the profits of a fulling-mill, so that he
was among the richest of his townsmen, and possessed the
census of a Roman knight. By his marriage with Llelvia, a
woman of the nobility, he became connected with many sena-
xiv Introductio7i
torial families. She was a woman of great economic and
domestic virtues, and a strong support to her husband, who
was of a somewhat weak constitution. The father was a man
of cultivated mind and devoted himself to the education of his
two sons, Marcus, afterwards the orator, and the younger
brother Quintus. For this purpose he removed to the city.
His ambition, like that of every Roman of fortune, was to
have his sons enter politics and so to establish a senatorial
family. He lived to see both of them succeed in this career,
and the elder become one of the most distinguished men in
Rome.
Cicero himself was early stimulated by the success of Marius
and the general atmosphere of Roman ambition to desire a
prominent place in the state. ^ His father's connections with
men and women of rank brought the boy into contact with the
great orators M. Antonius and L. Crassus,^ who interested
themselves in his education.^ Among his companions were the
sons of Aculeo, Lucius Cicero, his cousin, his intimate friend
Atticus, L. Torquatus, C. Marius the younger, and L. ^iius
Tubero. His instructors were Greeks ; but, as he had already
formed the purpose of attaining office through the power of
oratory, he did not confine himself to theoretical or technical
learning. He frequented the Forum to hear the great orators
of his day, especially Antonius and Crassus, who discoursed
w'ith him on literary subjects, so that they became in a manner
his teachers. He received instruction from Archias^; he
sought the society of L. Accius, the poet, and he studied the
art of delivery in the theatre, becoming intimately acquainted
with the great actors Roscius and .-Esopus. He practised
^ TTofCkhv a.pL(TTev€iv Kal virdpoxos efx/xevai aWojv. Ad Quifitum Fratrem^
iii. 5, 6.
^ See p. xxxvii.
2 This debt he amply repays by his tribute to them in the De Oratore.
* See Defence of Archias, ch. i.
Life of Cicero xv
many kinds of composition, but his most important means of
education, as he tells us, was translation from the Greek.
At the age of sixteen (b.c. 90), Cicero received the toga
virilis (the " coming out " of a Roman boy), and from that
time he devoted himself to law and statesmanship as well as
oratory. For this purpose he was put under the charge of
Mucius SccEvola, the augur, and later he attached himself to
the no less celebrated Pontifex of the same name. In b.c. 89
he served one campaign in the army under Cn. Pompeius
Strabo. After this short military experience, he returned with
still greater vigor to his literary and political studies. He
studied philosophy under Phaedrus and Philo, oratory under
Molo of Rhodes, and all the branches of a liberal education
under Diodotus the Stoic.
When about twenty-five years of age, Cicero began his active
career. It was customary to win one's spurs by attacking
some political opponent ; but this was contrary to Cicero's
pacific nature, and throughout his life he prided himself on
always taking the side of the defence. His first oratorical
efforts have not been preserved to us. The earliest of his
orations which we possess is his defence of P. Quinctius in a
civil action (b.c. 81). This suit involved no political question;
but no case at that time could be entirely free from politics in
one form or another, and nothing is more significant of Cicero's
character than the skill with which he constantly used political
bias for his client's advantage without seeming to take sides.
To defend Quinctius was a bold undertaking for a young advo-
cate ; for the opposing counsel was the great orator Hortensius,'
backed by powerful influence on behalf of the plaintiff. The
case, too, was a somewhat dry one ; but Cicero's skill as an
advocate is shown by the fact that he raises it above the
ordinary business and technical level into a question of uni-
versal justice and the rights of common humanity.
1 See p. xxxix.
xvi Introduction
Next year occurred the trial of Sextus Roscius of Ameria
for parricide (b.c. 8o), a case growing out of the abuses of
Sulla's dictatorship.^ Cicero showed his courage by under-
taking the defence, and his forensic skill by converting his plea
into a powerful attack on the accusers in the regular manner
of Roman invective. In B.C. 79 he came into still more daring
antagonism with Sulla in the case of a woman of Arretium.
The oration has not come down to us, but from its boldness it
must have added greatly to the orator's fame. The same year
— either on account of his health or, less probably, from fear
of Sulla — he went to Greece and the East to continue his
studies ; for at that time such a journey was like " going to
Europe" among us. He visited the greatest orators, rheto-
ricians, and philosophers of the East, especially at Rhodes,
then a seat of the highest culture. After an absence of two
years, he returned to Rome, wdth an improved style of oratory,
and again engaged in law cases, in which he had as opponents
his two great rivals Hortensius and Cotta.
II. From the Qu.estorship m Sicily to the Consul-
ship (B.C. 75-64).
In B.C. 76 Cicero began his political career, becoming
candidate for the quaestorship (the lowest grade of the cuj-sus
honorum),^ while Cotta was candidate for the consulship and
Hortensius for the praetorship. All three were elected, and
Cicero's lot^ assigned him to the province of Sicily under
Sextus Peducaeus. It was in this administration that his
ability and honesty gained the favor of the Sicilians, which
gave him the great opportunity of his life in the impeachment
of Verres, in B.C. 70.'* This prosecution he undertook in the
interests of his own ambition, in spite of the fact that the
1 See pp. I, 2, below (Introduction to the Oration).
2 See p. lix. ^ See p. lix. * See pp. 26-28, below.
Life of Cicero xvii
Senate was as a class on the side of the accused, who was also
supported by many of the most influential men of the state.
But it was, on the other hand, a popular cause, and many of
the most decent of the nobility favored it. The orator's
success, by force of talent and honest industry, against the
tricks of Verres and his counsel Hortensius broke the domina-
tion of this rival in the courts,^ and made Cicero the first
advocate of his time.
In B.C. 69 Cicero became curule aedile, and in b.c. 67 he was
elected pr^tor with great unanimity. In the latter year began
the agitation for the Manilian Law,^ by his advocacy of which
Cicero endeared himself to the people and gained the favor of
Pompey, whose powerful support was a kind of bulwark against
the envious and exclusive nobility. In his praetorship (b.c.
66) he was allotted to the presidency of the Court for Extor-
tion,^ and in this, as in all his public offices, he was honest and
unselfish. During all these years he had continued his career
as an advocate, engaging in such cases as seemed likely to
extend his political influence and advance him most rapidly in
the regular succession of curule offices. After his praetorship
he refused a province ^ in order to remain at home and canvass
for his consulship.
III. Consulship (b.c. 63).
For the consulship of b.c. 63 there were six candidates, but
of these only Cicero, Catiline, and C. Antonius were prominent.
The contest was not merely one of personal ambition. The
first and second conspiracies of Catiline, as well as his notorious
character, could have left no doubt that his aims were treason-
able. Antonius had combined with him for mutual support in
securing election by illegal means, and was himself a weak and
1 See p. 250, below. * See p. Ixv, n.^
2 See p. 66, below. * See p. Ixi.
xviii Introduction
unprincipled man. On the other hand, Cicero was a novus
ho77io^ a champion of the Eqiiites (though without being an
enemy of the senatorial order), and had had an unusually clean
record in his office as well as in the Forum. Thus the cause
of Cicero's ambition was, at the same time, the cause of good
government against both the worthless and debauched members
of the senatorial order on the one hand, and the dregs of the
people on the other. It was also the cause of the great middle
class against the patricians and the official nobility, who were
so entrenched in power that for many years no 7iovus ho7Jio had
been elected consul. The success of Cicero unquestionably
prolonged the existence of the already doomed republic.
Antonius, the less dangerous of his two rivals, was elected as
his colleague.
Cicero had now reached the goal for which he had striven
from his earliest youth. His administration is famous for the
overthrow of the Catilinarian conspiracy, which has cast into
obscurity all his other consular acts. These, however, were of
such a character, in relation to the needs of the times, as to
be unimportant. By birth an eqnes, but by virtue of his offices
a member of the senatorial order, Cicero had always been eager
to reconcile and unite these, the two upper classes in Roman
society and politics.^ He failed to see that the real needs of
the commonwealth, as well as its real strength, centred in the
interests of the common people. His association with Pompey,
and his own rise in official rank, made him incline more and
more to the side of the Senate, and he seems to have thought
it his mission to restore that body, now thoroughly effete, to
its former purity and political importance. The minor acts of
his administration ^ were dictated by such sentiments as these,
1 See p. 1, below. ♦
2 On the strife between the Senate and the Eqiiites, see p. Ixv.
3 Such were his opposition to the agrarian law proposed by the tribune
RuUus, his support of the Lex Roscia, which gave the equites fourteen
rows of seats in the theatre, and his laws against bribery at elections.
Life of Cicero xix
and are significant only as illustrating his character and
opinions.
The history of Catiline's conspiracy is given in the Intro-
duction to the four Orations against Catiline/ and need not
be repeated here. The conspirators were completely thwarted,
and five of them were, in accordance with a resolution of the
Senate, put to death by the consul without a trial. This victory
was the climax of Cicero's career, and he always regarded it
as one of the greatest of human achievements. In fact, how-
ever, it marked the beginning of his downfall.
IV. Consulship to Banishment (b.c. 63-58).
The execution of the conspirators without the forms of law
was a blunder, and grievously did Cicero answer for it. He
had distinctly violated the constitution, and thus he had laid
himself open to the attacks of his enemies. At the end of his
consulate, one of the tribunes, Q. Metellus Nepos, prevented
him from making the customary speech to the people " because
he had put to death Roman citizens without a trial." The next
year, when he was defending P. Sulla, the accuser (L. Torqua-
tus) upbraided him as a tyrant, " the third foreign king of
Rome." A year later P. Clodius- began to speak of him in
the same terms. Clodius, indeed, continued to pursue him till
he accomplished his banishment and the confiscation of his
property. Almost the whole time from his consulship till the
year of his banishment was spent in seeking support against
his enemies. He attached himself more closely to Pompey,
and pleaded causes of all kinds to win friends, but in vain.
In B.C. 60 Roman politics took a turn extremely unfavorable
to Cicero. Pompey, who on his return from the East had been
^ See pp. 98, 113, 126, 141, below.
- Clodius was a man of abandoned character and an inveterate enemy
of Cicero (see p. xx, note i).
XX Introduction
unfairly treated by the extreme senatorial party, allied himself
with the democratic leaders, Caesar and Crassus, in a coalition
often called the First Triumvirate. As a result, the Senate
became for a time almost powerless, and everything was in the
hands of the popular party. The next year, Csesar, as consul,
procured the passage of an iniquitous law for dividing the
fertile and populous territory of Campania among needy citi-
zens of Rome. Cicero refused to serve on the board appointed
to execute this law. Thus he not only exasperated the mob, but
brought down upon himself the resentment of the triumvirs, who,
though two of them, Caesar and Pompey, still professed to be
his personal friends, refused to protect him against the attacks
of his enemies. Accordingly, in b.c. 58, Clodius, then tribune,^
brought forward a law that whoever had put to death a Roman
citizen, without trial, " should be denied the use of fire and
water " (the Roman formula for banishment). This bill was
obviously aimed at Cicero's action in the case of the Catilina-
rians. Cicero at once took alarm, and after appealing in vain
to the consuls of the year, L. Calpurnius Piso and A. Gabi-
nius, as well as to Pompey, left Rome about March 20, just as
the affair was coming to blows. Immediately after his depart-
ure, Clodius procured the passage of a special bill against him,
forbidding him, by Jiame, the use of fire or water anywhere
within four hundred miles of Rome. At the same time his
house on the Palatine ^ and his Tusculan ^ villa were pillaged
and destroyed by a mob. Upon receiving news of these pro-
ceedings, Cicero prepared to leave Italy altogether. He
embarked from Brundisium, April 29, and arrived at Thessa-
1 In order to be eligible for this office, Clodius, by birth a patrician, had
procured his adoption into a plebeian family. His express purpose in the
whole transaction was to accomplish the ruin of Cicero, with whom he was
incensed on account of evidence which Cicero had once given against him.
^ See note on Cat. i., sect, i, p. 99, 1. 4.
8 Cf. note on Plunder of Syracuse, sect. 12, p. 54, 1. 27.
Life of Cicero xxi
lonica on the 23d of May.^ Here he remained as the guest of
his friend Plancius, then quaestor of Macedonia, until Novem-
ber, when he removed to Dyrrachium. His friends at Rome
were constantly agitating for his recall, but without success.
The next year, however, B.C. 57, it suited the designs of
Pompey, then once more inclining to the senatorial party, to
allow his return. His influence with the nobility as well as
with the equestrian order, was a point to be secured in the
great game of politics. On the ist of January, the consul L.
Cornelius Lentulus Spinther brought forward a bill for his
recall. This was vetoed by a tribune. Other attempts were
made by his friends, which resulted only in riot and disorder.
Finally, partly through the efforts of T. Annius Milo, who met
the violence of Clodius with opposing violence, partly through
the partisanship of Pompey and the Senate, which brought to
the city the citizens of the Muiiicipia and the Italian colonies
("the country members"),^ a law was passed, Aug. 4, B.C. 57,
revoking the decree of exile. Cicero arrived in Rome Septem-
ber 4. His journey through Italy was like a continuous trium-
phal procession, and to his exalted imagination, freedom, which
had departed with him, was now returned to Rome. But in
fact his restoration had been merely a piece of selfish policy
on the part of the great leaders. He remained the most con-
summate rhetorician of all time, but his prominence in the state
was gone forever, except for a brief period (b.c. 43). He had
never been a statesman, and now he had not the chance to be
even a politician.
1 For the exact chronology of Cicero's flight, see C. L. Smith, Harvard
Studies in Classical Philvlogy, VII. 65 ff.
- See p. liii.
XX ii Introdiictiofi
V. From Cicero's Recall to the Breaking out of the
Civil \\'ar (b.c. 56-49).
Upon his return he dehvered two famous speeches ^ (one in
the Senate and one before the people), in which he thanked
the state for restoring him, and lauded Pompey to the skies.
The "triumvirs" were still all-powerful at Rome, and Cicero,
like the rest, was forced to conform to their wishes and designs.
In this same year he proposed a measure wdiich gave Pompey
extraordinary powers over the provincial grain market, for the
purpose of securing the city against scarcity of provisions.
Next year (b.c. 56) he spoke strongly in favor of continuing
Caesar's proconsular authority in Gaul.^ With Crassus, the
third "triumvir," Cicero had never been on good terms, but, at
the request of the other two triumvirs, he became reconciled
with him in e.g. 55, shortly before the latter set out on his
fatal expedition against the Parthians.
During these years, becoming less and less important in
politics, Cicero began to devote himself more to literature, and
wrote the De Oratore, the Republic, and the treatise De Legibiis.
He also continued his activity at the bar on his own behalf and
that of his friends, as well as at the request of the powerful
leaders. He secured the restoration of his property,^ and
defended Sestius,^ who had been active in his recall. Toward
the end of this period he also defended ?klilo for the murder of
Clodius.^ His defence of Gabinius and Vatinius (b.c. 54),
creatures of Pompey and Caesar respectively, was less honor-
able to him ; but he was hardly a free agent in these matters.
"I am distressed," he writes to his brother Quintus, "I am
1 Post Reditiitn : i. {in Senatu) ; ii. {ad Quirites).
2 See the oration De Consularihus Proz'inciis.
3 Pro Domo Sua (B.C. 57).
4 Pro P. Sestio, on a charge of assault (B.C. 56).
5 B.C. 52. See the oration /r^? Milone.
Life of Cicero xxiii
distressed that there is no longer any government nor any
courts, and that this time of my hfe, whicli ought to be brilliant
with the prestige of a Senator, is either worn out in the labors
of the Forum, or made endurable by literature at home. Of
my enemies, some I do not oppose, and others I even defend.
I am not only not free to think as I will, but not even to hate
as I will." 1
The disturbances following the death of Clodius led to the
appointment of Pompey as consul without colleague (practi-
cally dictator), in B.C. 52. One of his acts was to pass a law
postponing the provincial administration of consuls and prae-
tors, until five years after their year of office. The interval
was to be filled by such former magistrates as had never held
a province. Among these was Cicero, who therefore had to
submit to the lot. He drew Cilicia, in which an inroad of
the Parthians was expected.
About May i, B.C. 51, he set out for this province. His
administration was in accord with the principles expressed in
his writings, — clean and honest, — a thing worthy of notice in
an age of corruption and greed. He had the good fortune to
escape the test of a formidable war, but he was successful in
overcoming some tribes of plundering mountaineers. For this
he was hailed as iiiipe7'ator^ according to custom, and he even
hoped for the honor of a triumph, the highest conventional
distinction which a Roman could obtain. Fie returned to
Rome late in B.C. 50, and was still endeavoring to secure per-
mission to celebrate his triumph^ when the great Civil War
between Caesar and Pompey broke out (b.c. 49).^
^ Ad Quintum Fratrem, iii. 5 (6).
2 These efforts were unsuccessful.
* See p. 181, below.
xxiv Introduction
VI. From the Beginning of the Civil War to the
Murder of Caesar (b.c. 49-44).
Cicero was now in a very difficult position. It became
necessary for every man of importance to take sides ; yet he
could not see his way clear to join either party. For some
time he vacillated, while both Caesar and Pompey made earnest
efforts to secure his support/ His great hope was to mediate
between them ; and, after Pompey had left Italy, he remained
behind with this end in view. Finally, however, he decided
for Pompey as the champion of the senatorial party, and set
out, though with great reluctance, to join him at Dyrrachium
(June II, B.C. 49). In the camp he found things even worse
than he had expected, and he gave up the cause of the Repub-
lic for lost. On account of illness he was not present at the
Battle of Pharsalia (Aug. 9, B.C. 48). After the fate of the
contest was decided, he refused to continue the struggle or to
follow the adherents of the lost cause to Africa, but returned
to Italy (September, B.C. 48), to make terms with the conqueror.^
He remained at Brundisium until Caesar's return from Egypt ii
September, b.c. 47, when he at once sought an interview.
CiEsar received him with great kindness and respect, and
allowed him once more to return to Rome.
From this time until the assassination of Caesar in b.c. 44,
Cicero remained for the most part in retirement at his Tusculan
villa, absorbed in literary pursuits, though in B.C. 46 he
delivered his Oration for Marcellus (remarkable for its praise of
Caesar), and his Defence of Ligarius, and, in the following year,
his Defence of Ki?ig Deiotarus of Galatia, charged with attempt-
ing the murder of Caesar. The chief literary fruits of this
period of leisure were three works on oratory {De Claris Orato-
1 See the letters of Pompey (p. 185, below) and Caesar (p. 189).
Cf. Cicero's letter to Pompey, pp. 1S5 ff.
~ See pp. 192-193, below.
Life of Cicero xxv
ribiis. Orator, and De FartitioJie Oratorio)^ and several philo-
sophic works {De Finibus BoJiorum et Malorum, Academica^
Tusculatiae Qiiaestiones, De Natura Deorimi, De Senectute).
Meantime his domestic relations were far from happy. In
B.C. 46 he had divorced his wife Terentia and married his rich
young ward Publilia, from whom, however, he separated in the
following year. In B.C. 45 his daughter Tullia died suddenly.
Cicero was tenderly attached to her, and it was in part as a
distraction from his grief that he wrote some of the works just
mentioned. He now seemed to be thoroughly given over to a
life of dignified literary retirement, when the murder of Caesar
(March 15, B.C. 44) once more plunged the state into a condi-
tion of anarchy.
VII. From the Murder of Cesar to the Death of Cicero
(B.C. 44-43)-
Though Cicero had no share in the conspiracy against
Caesar, his sympathy was counted on by Brutus and Cassius,
and he hailed the death of the Dictator as the restoration of
the republic. But the conspirators had made no adequate pro-
vision for carrying on the government, and Cicero soon felt that
his hopes were doomed to disappointment. Bitterly chagrined
by the disorderly scenes that followed, he retired once more
to the country,^ and in July, B.C. 44, set out for a journey to
Greece, but, changing his plans in consequence of better news
from Rome, he returned to the city in the following month.
The chief power was now in the hands of the surviving consul,
Mark Antony, whose principal rival was Octavianus (afterwards
the Emperor Augustus), Caesar's adopted son.^ Cicero appeared
1 About this time were written the De Divinatione, De Fato, De
Amicitia, and De Officiis.
2 For further details see Introduction to Cicero's letter to Cassius,
pp. 197-199, below.
xxvi Introduction
again in the Senate and began his celebrated series of ora-
tions against Antony with the First Philippic (Sept. 2). Once
more he took an active part in poUtics, apparently assuming
his old position as leader, and speaking with all the charm and
effectiveness of his earlier days. But he had fallen upon evil
times ; arms could no longer yield to the gown, and it soon
became clear that there could be no peace except by the com-
plete victory of a single aspirant for the supremacy.
Octavianus at first joined with the Senate against Antony,
but he soon broke with the constitutional authorities, and, in
B.C. 43, formed with Antony and Lepidus the coalition knov/n
as the Second Triumvirate. A merciless proscription at once
began. Octavianus had every reason to be grateful to Cicero,
but he was of a cold and ungenerous nature, and when Antony
demanded his death he made no objection. Cicero's name was
accordingly placed on the list of proscribed citizens. Cicero
was at this time at his Tusculan villa. He made a half-hearted
attempt to escape from Italy, but was overtaken near his villa
at Formias by the soldiers of the triumvirs, and met his death
with firmness (Dec. 7, B.C. 43). Antony satisfied his hatred
by indignities to the mangled remains.
The career of Cicero is a remarkable example of a sudden
rise, followed by an utter collapse and fall. His rise was the
natural result of his own ability, industry, and ambition ; his
fall was as naturally caused by his defects, coupled with his
good qualities, — a mixture that produced a certain weakness
of character. Had he been less timid or less scrupulous, or,
on the other hand, had he been more far-sighted, he might have
remained on the pedestal to which he was proud to have raised
himself and on which he was ambitious to stand. But the
times needed a different kind of man, and others, far less worthy,
but able and willing to cope with the contending forces in the
state, supplanted him. One quality was particularly instru-
mental both in his rise and his fall. He excelled in forcible
Works of Cicero xxvii
and witty abuse. He dearly loved a bitter jest, and he lived
among a people that were constitutionally inclined to abusive
language. No doubt it was this talent for invective that made
him popular when it happened to be directed in accordance
with the people's taste. But it also alienated his friends, and
embittered his enemies. He was called a Scurra and a Cynic,
and it was perhaps a pun that cost him the favor of Octavianus ;
certainly it was his abuse of Antony and Fulvia that cost him
his life. But he was the first orator of all time, a literary worker
of the rarest gifts, and according to his lights a lover and
servant of the state.
The following list gives the titles and subjects of all of
Cicero's orations (except fragments) which have survived :
B.C. 8i. Pro P. OuixcTio : Defence of Quinctius in a prosecution
by Sex. Naevius, to recover the profits of a partnership in some land
in Gaul, inherited from his brother C. Quinctius.
B.C. 80. Pro Sex. Roscio Amerixo : Defence of Roscius on a
charge of parricide brought by Erucius as professional prosecutor, at
the instigation of Chrysogonus.
B.C. 76 (.?). Pro Q. Roscio Comoedo : Defence of the actor Ros-
cius from the claim of C. Fannius Chaerea to half the profits of certain
lands taken as the value of a slave held by them in partnership, and
killed by C. Flavius.
B.C. 72 (or 71). Pro M. Tullio : Plea for damages for an assault
made by a rival claimant on Tullius' estate.
B.C. 70. In Caecilium C'Divinatio ") : Plea on the technical right
of Cicero to conduct the prosecution against Verres.
In C. Verrem : Impeachment of Verres for plunder and
oppression in Sicily. Six Orations. — (i ) The general charge i^'' Actio
Prima ") ; (2) De Praetura Urbana : earlier political crimes of
Verres ; (3) De Iurisdictio7ie Siciliana : his administration in Sicily;
(4) De Frumento : peculation and fraud as to the supplies of grain ;
xxviii Introduction
(5) De Sigjiis : the plunder of works of art; (6) De Suppliciis :
cruelties of his government.
B.C. 69. Pro M. FONTEio : Defence of Fonteius' administration
of Gaul during Pompey's campaign against Sertorius, about B.C. 75.
Pro A. Caecixa : Defence against y4ibutius of Caecina's
right to an estate received by inheritance from his wife Caesennia,
widow of a rich money-lender, M. Fulcinius.
B.C. 66. Pro Lege Manilia, vel De Imperio Cn. Pompei :
Defence of the proposal of Manilius to invest Pompey with the
command of the war against Mithridates.
the charge of poisoning his stepfather Oppianicus, brought by the
younger Oppianicus, instigated by Sassia, the mother of Cluentius.
B.C. 63. De Lege Agraria : Against the Agrarian Law of Rullus.
Three orations : the first delivered in the Senate and the others before
the people.
Pro C. Rabirio : Defence of Rabirius on the charge of
killing Saturninus, about B.C. 100.
In L. Catilinam : On the Conspiracy of Catiline. Four
orations : the first and last delivered in the Senate, the second and
third before the people.
Pro L. Murexa : Defence of Murena on a charge of
bribery brought by Sulpicius, the defeated candidate for the con-
sulship. (P^ollowing previous orations on the same side by Hortensius
and Crassus.)
B.C. 62. Pro P. CoRXELio Sulla : Defence of Sulla from the
charge of sharing in Catiline's conspiracy.
Pro A. Licixio Archia ; Defence of the claim of the poet
Archias to Roman citizenship.
B.C. 59. Pro L. Valerio Flacco : Defence of Flaccus on a
charge of maladministration as proprietor in Asia.
B.C. ^']. Post Reditum : Thanks for Cicero's recall from exile.
Two orations : {}^ In Senatu ; (2) Ad Qiiirites.
Pro DoMO Sua : Appeal to the pontijices against the alien-
ation of Cicero's estate by Clodius.
De Haruspicum Respoxsis : Invective against the impieties
of Clodius.
Works of Cicero xxix
B.C. 56. Pro P. Sestio : Defence of Sestius, a partisan of Cicero,
on a charge of assault, the attack having been made on Sestius by
the dependants and partisans of Clodius.
In P. Vatinium (" Interrogatio ") : A personal attack on
Vatinius, one of the witnesses against Sestius.
Pro M. Caelio : Defence of the character of Caelius (a
dissolute young friend of Cicero) against a vindictive charge of
stealing and poisoning, brought by Atratinus, at the instigation
of Clodia.
De Provinciis Consularibus : Advocating the recall of
Piso and Gabinius, and the retaining of Caesar in the proconsulate
of Gaul.
Pro CoRNELio Balbo : Defence of Balbus (a citizen of
Gades) in his right of Roman citizenship, granted by Pompey.
B.C. ^i. In L. Calpurnium Pisonejvi : RetaHation for an attack
made by Piso after his return from the proconsulate of Macedonia.
B.C. 54. Pro Cx. Plancio : Defence of Plancius on the charge of
corrupt poHtical bargaining, brought by M. Junius Laterensis, the
defeated candidate for aedile.
Pro C. Rabirio Postumo : Defence of Rabirius, in a prose-
cution to recover money alleged to have been received from Ptolemy,
King of Egypt, in corrupt partnership with Gabinius.
B.C. 52. Pro T. Annio Milone : Defence of Milo on the charge
of the murder of Clodius.
B.C. 46. Pro M. Marcello : Speech of thanks to Caesar for the
pardon of Marcellus.
Pro Q. LiGARio : Petition of pardon for Ligarius, charged
with conducting the war in Africa against Caesar.
B.C. 45. Pro Rege Deiotaro : Defence of Deiotarus, King of
Galatia, charged with attempting the murder of Caesar.
B.C. 44-43. In M. Antomum : Orationes Philippicae XIV. —
B.C. 44. (i) (Sept. 2) Reply to an invective of Antony : exhortation
to the consuls Antony and Dolabella ; (2) Reply to a bitterer invec-
tive : a review of Antony's public and private life; (3) (Dec. 20)
Urging the support of Octavianus (Augustus) and D. Brutus against
Antony, now in Hither Gaul ; (4) (Dec. 20) Exposition to the people
of the acts of the Senate, and praise of D. Brutus, B.C. 43; (5) (Jan.
XXX Introduction
i) Protest against treating with Antony : he should be declared a
public enemy ; (6) (Jan. 4) Appeal to the people : the embassy to
Antony would be in vain ; (7) (end of January) Protest against those
who clamored for peace : Antony must not be suffered to escape ; (8)
(February) The war against Antony is instum bettum : his partisans
should be required to submit before the ist of March ; (9) (February)
Eulogy of Sulpicius, who had died while on the mission to Antony ;
(10) (February) Thanks to Pansa, and praise of M. Brutus; (11)
(about March) That Asia should be assigned to Cassius, to conduct
the war against Trebonius ; (12) (about March) Declining to serve,
with P. Servilius, on an embassy to Antony; (13) (March 20) There
can be no peace with Antony : praise of Sex. Pompey ; (14) (April
22) Thanksgiving proposed, and honors to the dead, after the defeat
of Antony at Bononia.
The titles of Cicero's other writings (exclusive of some frag-
ments and lost works) are as follows :
(?) Phaexomexa. (Translation from Aratus, in verse.)
84. De Inventione Rhetorica, 2 Books. 1
1 The Rhetorica ad C Herenniutn (in four Books), once ascribed to
Cicero, is certainly not from his hand.
55. De Oratore, 3 Books.
54-52. De Re Publica.
52 (and later). De Legibus.
46. De Claris Oratoribus {Brutus).
46. Paradoxa. (A treatment of six Stoic paradoxes in the manner
of that school.)
46. Orator.
46 (or 45). De Partitione Oratoria.
45. De Finibus Boxorum et Malorum, 5 Books. (On the ulti-
mate foundations of ethics.)
45. AcADEMiCA, 2 Books. (Defence of the philosophy of the New
Academy.)
45-44. TusculaxaeQuaestiones, 5 Books. (Incidental questions
concerning ethics.)
Chronological Table xxxi
3.C.
45 (or 44). TiMAEUS. (Free translation from Plato.)
45-44. De Natura Deorum, 3 Books.
45 (or 44). De Senectute (^Cato Maior).
44. De Divinatione, 2 Books.
44. De Fato.
44. TOPICA.
44. De Amicitia {Laelius).
44. De Officiis, 3 Books. (A treatise on practical ethics.)
44 (.?). De Optimo Genere Oratorum. (On the Attic and the
Asiatic style.)
62-43. Epistolae AD Familiares {Ad Diversos), 16 Books.
60-54. " AD QuiNTUM Fratrem, 3 Books.
68-43. " AD Atticum, 16 Books.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
106. Birth of Cicero (Jan. 3). Birth of Pompey (Sept. 30).
Marius finishes the Jugurthine War.
102. Birth of Quintus Cicero. The Teutones defeated by Marius
at Aquae Sextiae.
loi. The Cimbri defeated by Marius at Vercella^.
100 (perhaps 102). Birth of Caesar (July 12).
99. Death of Saturninus and Glaucia.
91. Murder of M. Livius Drusus. Social (or Marsic) War begins.
90. Cicero assumes the toga virilis.
89. Cicero serves under Cn. Pompeius Strabo in the Social War.
88. First Civil War begins. Flight of Marius. First Mithridatic
War begins (ends 84). Massacre of Roman citizens by
Mithridates. Sulla leaves Rome for the East.
^y. Conflict between Cinna and Octavius. Marius returns to Rome.
Massacre of the senatorial party.
86. Marius consul for the seventh time. Death of Marius. Rome
in the hands of Cinna.
84. Sulla ends the First Mithridatic War. Murder of Cinna.
83. Sulla returns to Italy. Second Mithridatic War (ends 82).
82. Sulla overthrows the Marian party. The Proscription (ends
June I, 81). Sulla appointed Dictator.
xxxii Introduction
B.C.
8i, Reforms of Sulla : the courts reorganized, etc. Cicero's De-
fence of P. Quinctius (his first extant oration).
80. Sulla's constitution goes into effect. The courts re-opened.
Cicero's Defence of Roscius of Ameria. Pompey celebrates
his first triumph.
79, Sulla resigns the dictatorship. Cicero goes to Greece.
'j'^. Cicero in Athens and Asia. Death of Sulla. Civil War of
Lepidus and Catulus.
'j'j. Cicero returns from Greece. He marries Terentia (perhaps
earlier).
76. War with Sertorius (ends 72).
'JS- Cicero quaestor in Sicily.
74. Third Mithridatic War begins. Lucullus goes to the East.
Cicero returns from Sicily to Rome.
73. War with Spartacus (ends with the death of Spartacus, 71).
Successes of Lucullus against Mithridates.
72. End of the Sertorian War in Spain (Pompey defeats
Perperna).
70. First consulship of Pompey and Crassus. Cicero's Impeach-
ment of Verres. Courts restored to the eqidtes. Tribuni-
cian power re-estabhshed.
69. Cicero curule aedile. Lucullus defeats Tigranes at Tigranocerta.
63. Successes of Mithridates against the lieutenants of Lucullus.
d"]. Glabrio appointed to supersede Lucullus. Gabinian Law.
Pompey takes command against the Pirates.
66. Cicero praetor. His Defence of Cluentius. The Piratic War
successfully ended by Pompey. Manilian Law (advocated
by Cicero). Pompey takes command against Mithridates.
65. Birth of Cicero's only son, Marcus. First Conspiracy of Cati-
Hne.
63. Cicero and C. Antonius consuls. Second Conspiracy of Cati-
line suppressed. Four Orations against Catiline. Birth of
Augustus (Sept. 23).
62. Return of Pompey from the East. Cicero's Defence of Archias.
61. Trial of Clodius for violating the mysteries. Cicero's strife
with him in the Senate.
Chronological Table xxxiii
B.C.
60. The First Triumvirate (coalition of C^sar, Pompey, and
Crassus).
59. First consulship of Caesar (with Bibulus). Clodius is chosen
tribune.
58. Tribunate of Clodius. His legislation. Cicero driven into
exile. Beginning of Caesar's conquest of Gaul (finished in
51)-
57. Cicero recalled from exile (law passed Aug. 4).
56. Cicero's Defence of Sestius.
55. Second consulship of Pompey and Crassus. Caesar's command
in Gaul renewed. His first invasion of Britain.
54. Caesar's second invasion of Britain,
53. Cicero made augur. Crassus and his army destroyed by the
Parthians (Battle of Carrhae).
52. Clodius killed (Jan. 20). Burning of the Senate-house. Pom-
pey elected consul without colleague (Feb. 25), Cicero's
Defence of Milo.
51. Cicero proconsul in Cilicia. His successful campaign against
the mountaineers.
SO. Cicero returns to Italy.
49. Caesar crosses the Rubicon. Beginning of the Great Civil
War (ends 46). Cicero's efforts for peace. Pompey retires
to Epirus, where Cicero joins him. Ca;sar acquires Spain.
Caesar dictator.
48. Battle of Pharsalia. Death of Pompey. Cccsar in Africa
(Alexandrine War). Caesar re-appointed dictator.
47. Caesar returns to Rome. He pardons Cicero. He sails for
Africa against the Pompeians.
46. Battle of Thapsus. Cato kills himself at Utica. C^sar
returns to Rome, undisputed master of the Empire. He is
made dictator for ten years. His reform of the calendar.
Revolt of the sons of Pompey in Spain. Cicero divorces
Terentia and marries Publilia. Cicero's Oration for Mar-
cellus ; for Ligarius.
45. Caesar defeats the sons of Pompey (Battle of Munda). Death
of Cicero's daughter, Tullia. Tusculan Questions, etc.
XXX iv Introduction
B.C.
Cicero divorces Publilia. Caesar appointed dictator for ten
years.
44. Cassar appointed dictator for life. Assassination of Caesar
(March 15). Octavianus in Rome. Struggle between Mark
Antony and the Senate begins. Cicero's first four Philip-
pics (against Antony).
43. Cicero's Philippics v.- XIV. The Mutina War. The Second
Triumvirate (Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus). Proscrip-
tion. Murder of Cicero (Dec. 7).
42. Battle of Philippi.
II. ROMAN ORATORY.
From the earliest times of which we have historical know-
ledge, up to the establishment of the Empire as the result of
Civil War, the constitution of Rome was republican, in so far
that all laws were passed and all magistrates elected by a vote
of all the citizens. The principle of " representation," how-
ever, which to us seems inseparable from republican institu-
tions, was unknown to the Romans. All laws were passed,
and all officers were elected, at what we should call a mass
meeting of the entire body of citizens, convened at the central
seat of government. The absence of newspapers, also, made
a distinct difference between ancient political conditions and
tho::e of our own times. Conversation and public addresses
were the only means of disseminating political ideas. And
even the scope of public addresses was much limited ; for
meetings could be called by a magistrate only, and could be
addressed by only such persons as the presiding magistrate
would permit. Obviously, under such a regime, public speak-
ing, which even now has a distinct potency in state affairs,
must have been far more efficacious as a political instrument
than it is to-day.
To this must be added the fact that under Roman polity
Roman Oratory xxxv
the only means of social adva?icement was success in 2, political
career. The Senate, the Roman peerage,^ consisted practically
only of persons who had been elected to one or more of the
three graded magistracies, quiEStorship, praetorship, consulship
(the cursus hoiioruni)? Hence every ambitious Roman, of high
or low estate, had to become a politician and follow the
regular course of office-holding. The curule magistrates were
at once generals, judges, and statesmen. To achieve success,
therefore, a politician had to show ability in all of these direc-
tions. Occasionally, to be sure, a man succeeded by virtue
of a single talent, — like Marius, who owed his advancement
solely to his valor and military skill ; but such instances were
rare. Next to military fame, the strongest recommendation to
the favor of the people was oratorical ability. Then, as now,
the orator's power to move the multitude in public affairs was
the readiest means of advancement. Further, political prosecu-
tions, and private suits prompted by political motives, were of
the commonest occurrence, and these afforded an eloquent
advocate abundant opportunity to make himself known and to
secure the favor of large bodies of supporters. Again, the
Senate was a numerous and somewhat turbulent body, always
more or less divided in a partisan sense ; and, though it had
no legislative functions, it still exercised a very strong influence
on politics. To be able to sway this large assembly by force
of oratory was of great moment to an aspiring Roman. Finally,
though the contention for office ceased with the consulship,
there still continued among the cons ula res, who formed almost
a distinct class in society and public life, a vehement rivalry
to be regarded as the leading man in the state. For all these
reasons, the art of oratory was perhaps more highly esteemed
and of greater practical value in the later period of the Roman
Republic than at any other time in the history of the world. '^
1 See p. 1. - See p. liv.
^ Cf. Cicero's remark on p. 199 (11. 1-3).
xxxvi Introduction
But even from the very establishment of the commonwealth,
oratory was highly prized, and Cicero gives a long roll of
distinguished orators from the First Secession of the Plebs
(B.C. 494) to his own time. The most eminent of those whose
art was still uninfluenced by Greek rhetoric, was Cato the
Censor (died B.C. 149), who may be called the last of the
natural Roman orators. His speeches are lost, but more than
a hundred and fifty of them were known to Cicero, who praises
them as acutae^ elegafttes, facetae, breves.
It was in Cato's lifetime that the introduction of Greek art
and letters into Rome took place ; and oratory, like all other
forms of literature, felt the new influence at once. The
oration, though still valued most for its effectiveness, soon
came to be looked on as an artistic work as well. The begin-
ning of this tendency is seen in Ser. Sulpicius Galba (consul
B.C. 144) and M. Lepidus (consul B.C. 137). Galba, in the words
of Cicero, " was the first of the Latins to employ the peculiar
arts of the orator, — digressions to introduce ornament, the
art of captivating the minds of his hearers, of moving them
with passion, of exaggerating a case, of appealing to pity, and
the art of introducing commonplaces.'"^ It was in Lepidus, how-
ever, that the full effect of Greek art first manifested itself,
not to such a degree as to destroy originality, but sufficiently
to foster native talent and develope a truly national school of
speaking. Cicero, who had many of his orations, declares
that he was " the first Roman orator to show Greek smooth-
ness and the unity of the period." ^ His influence was particu-
larly felt by C^Papirius Carbo (consul B.C. 120), the best
advocate of his time, Tiberius Gracchus, the illustrious tribune,
and Caius Gracchus, his younger brother. Of the last men-
tioned, Cicero speaks with great admiration as a man " of sur-
1 That is, digressions on general subjects which would fit any particular
oration when a point of the kind arose.
2 For the Latin period, see p. xlvi.
Roman Oratory xxxvii
passing genius " and of unequalled excellence, whose early-
death was a heavy loss to Latin literature.^
In the generation immediately preceding Cicero, in which
oratory was enthusiastically cultivated and carried to a high
pitch of perfection, two figures tower above all others, Marcus
Antonius (the grandfather of Mark Antony) and L. Crassus.
Both were Cicero's masters in his youth,^ and he finds it hard
to prefer one to the other ; but, on the whole, he seems to regard
Crassus as the greater orator. " The lofty earnestness and
dignity of his nature were relieved by the brightest humor and
the wittiest vein of genius. His diction was as choice and
elegant as it was free and unaffected, and with the mastery of
tasteful exposition he united the clearest logical development
of thought"^
Crassus appears in the Dc Oratore as the exponent of
Cicero's own views of the aim, function, appointments, and
preparation of the orator. To Crassus the orator was no mere
handicraftsman, confined to manipulating juries and popular
assemblies, but statesman and philosopher as well, requiring
for his equipment all the knowledge that could be gained on
the highest subjects that interest mankind. He was himself
familiar with all the ancient systems of philosophy as expounded
by the wise from Plato to Diodorus, and had discussed the
nature and functions of oratory with the philosophers of his
time in person at Athens. This ideal of the orator, contrasted
with Cato's definition vir bojius dicendi peritus, shows the
1 A little fragment of one of his speeches became classic at Rome and
used to be learned by heart. " Wretched man that I am ! Whither shall
I go } In what direction shall I turn ^ To the Capitol } But it is reeking
with the blood of my brother. To my home ? To see there my mother
crushed with grief and lamentation.^" — "These words," says Cicero,
" were delivered in such a way, by the help of eyes, voice, and gesture, that
even his enemies could not restrain their tears."
2 See p. xiv.
3 Cicero's testimony, as summed up by Piderit.
xxxviii Introdtictiofi
advance of the art as such between the earliest times and
those of Cicero.
Yet in the Roman orations, addressed as they were to an
intensely practical people, matter had always been more
attended to than manner, effective force than artistic elegance.
Even Cicero himself, in his public addresses, conceals, and
even disparages, his knowledge of Greek art, philosophy, and
literature. But in his time the study of oratory as an art began
to be pursued for a definite end, — the acquiring of a distinct
style. And in this study two different styles offered them-
selves to the choice of the aspiring young Roman, — namely,
the Asiatic and the Attic.
The precise difference between the tw^o styles cannot be
exactly determined ; but from the middle of the first century
B.C., both were advocated and practised by enthusiastic parti-
sans in a controversy like that between realism and romanti-
cism, or Wagnerism and classicism.
It would seem, in a general way, that Atticism stood for
directness, force, and naturalness, while Asiaticism (or Asian-
ism) represented display and affectation in all its forms.
Cicero says in one place,^ " The styles of Asiatic oratory are
two, — one epigrammatic and pointed, full of fine ideas which
are not so weighty and serious as neat and graceful ; the other
with not so many sententious ideas, but voluble and hurried in
its flow of language, and marked by an ornamented and elegant
diction." From these hints, as w^ell as from the practice of
imperial times (in which this style had full sway), we may
gather that the " Asiatic " orators sought the applause of the
audience and a reputation for smartness, and w^ere overstrained
and artificial.^
About Cicero's time a reaction had set in, and a school had
1 Brutus, xcv, 325.
2 This Asiatic oratory was the decayed development of the highly orna-
mented style cultivated by Isocrates (b.c. 436-33^^)-
Roman Oratory xxxix
arisen which called itself Attic, and attempted to return to the
simplicity of Xenophon and Lysias. But in avoiding the East-
ern exaggeration, it had fallen into a meagreness and baldness
very different from the direct force of Demosthenes. Probably
this tendency was really no more sincere than the other, for
both styles alike aimed to excite the admiration of the hearer
rather than to influence his mind or feelings by the effective
presentation of ideas.
Hortensius, the great contemporary and rival of Cicero, was
a special example of the Asiatic school. He was a somewhat
effeminate person, with a dandified air both in composition and
delivery. " His voice," we read, " was resonant and sweet, his
motions and gestures had even more art than is suitable for an
orator." ^
The extreme Attic school was represented by C. Licinius
Calvus.^ " Though he handled his style with knowledge and
good taste," writes Cicero, " yet being too critical of himself,
and fearing to acquire unhealthy force, he lost even real vital-
ity. Accordingly, his speaking, repressed by too great scrupu-
lousness, was brilliant to the learned and those who listened
to him attentively, but by the crowd and the Forum it was
swallowed like a pill."^
It is important to settle Cicero's own position in this con-
test. He himself fancied that he followed the true and best
form of Atticism. We see by his oratorical works that his
ideas were formed on the best models ; that he was familiar
with all the rhetorical systems of the Greeks of the best period,
and fully appreciated all the excellencies of the earlier Roman
orators, as well as the simplicity and directness of Demos-
thenes. But taste had declined, and everything had to be
overdone to satisfy the public. Cicero seems to have taken a
1 Brutus, xcv, 326.
2 Bom May 28, B.C. 82 ; died before B.C. 47.
^ Brutus, Ixxxii, 284.
xl hitrodnction
middle course, following the style of the Rhodian school, a
branch or outgrowth of the Asiatic, with strong Attic tendencies.
It professed to abhor the luxuriance and affectation of Asian-
ism and to aim at the old directness and true feeling ; but
Cicero was assailed in his own time for exaggeration, false
pathos, and artificial rhetoric, such as were characteristic of
Asianism. Nor could we expect anything else. He could
not restore a style which the age could not appreciate, nor
rise to a height for which his native genius was insufficient.
With him, however, Latin oratory reached the acme of its
development.
Immediately after Cicero, came the Empire with its suppres-
sion of free thought, and in this the extreme style of Asiatic
exaggeration and posing became the rage. Many literary men
endeavored to stem this tide, but in vain. The younger Pliny
attempted to take Cicero as his model, but the only oration of
his that we possess is merely a fulsome rhetorical exercise,
Quintilian wrote a treatise on the education of the orator, full
of sound learning and good sense. Oratory was the favorite
study of all literary men, and even emperors entered the lists
to contend for pre-eminence. But " art for art's sake " had
become the aim in literature generally ; and oratory, now
divorced from real feeling, could not but end in affected
brilliancy and false emotion, such as mark all we know of
later Roman work.
Before the Romans came into contact with Greek oratory,
that art had been reduced to a very elaborate and even pedantic
science. All the principles by which a public speaker could
proceed had been formulated into rules which even to this
day, with or without the speaker's knowledge, guide all discus-
sion. Without going into the minute details of the system,
one may well notice the scientific principles which had been
carefully mastered by Cicero, and which formed the basis of
his skill as an orator.
Roman Oratory xli
Naturally the first matter to be attended to was the settle-
ment of the question at issue {constitutio causae). As the
ancient science of rhetoric had to do with discourse of every
kind, all questions that might arise were divided into two
classes : those whose discussion was directed to acquiring
knowledge merely {quaesiioiies cognitionis), and those directed
to determining what action should be taken as the result of
the enquiry {quaestioncs aciiojtis). With the former we have
nothing to do here. They are confined to philosophical dis-
cussion only, and the orations of Cicero are all on practical
subjects.
The practical questions included under the quaestiones actionis
were of several different kinds : they might be judicial ques-.
tions coming before some form of court {genus iudiciale) ; they
might be deliberative and come before an assembly or senate
{genus deliberativuT7i)\ or they might be questions of praise or
blame in reference to some particular person or act not under
judicial investigation {genus demonstrativtun). The last class
would include eulogies and the like.
The oration itself had also its divisions, which were estab-
lished particularly in regard to the genus Judiciale diS the most
important of the three kinds. The exordiiwi contained neces-
sary preliminary remarks and the approach to the subject.
The narratw gave the facts on which the argument was
founded. The propositio was the statement of the theme or
view to be maintained, and often contained a pariitio or divi-
sion of the proposition. The argumentatio embraced the con-
Jirmatio or arguments for the main thesis, and the confutatio
{refutation or refutation of real or supposed arguments of the
opponent. The address ended with the peroratio, the place
for such application of the argument, or appeal to the hearers,
or general remarks, as were suitable to the occasion. Naturally,
as the art of speaking came before the science, and was at all
times more or less free from scientific trammels, these divisions
xlii Introduction
could not well cover the whole ground, and each of them was
accordingly subdivided into several smaller parts, which varied
according to the character of the oration. Thus the exordiiwi
contained 2, p7'ificipiu7n and an insmuatio (the suggestions to be
made in order to gain the favorable attention of the hearer),
and all the various forms of proof had their place as well as
their names in the co7ifirmatio. Even the main divisions are
not all clearly marked, but generally they can be made out in
Cicero's speeches. For examples, see the summary and the
running analysis of each oration in the notes.
With the same particularity were the necessary duties of the
orator divided, and furnished each with its technical name :
inve?itiOy the gathering of material ; disposition the arrangement ;
elocutio, the suitable expression in language ; 77ie?noria, the com-
mitting to memory ; actio, the delivery. Under each of these,
again, was a body of lore with its technical phrases. Elocutio
embraced the whole doctrine of what we should call style, and
the use of all rhetorical devices, ornaments {Iu77ii7id), and
forms of speech. So that no science was ever more completely
digested and labelled than this of oratory.
Of the orations in the present edition, Rosciics, Verres,
and A7'chias belong purely to the gc7ius iudiciale ; the Ma7iilia7i
Law and the four Oratio7is agai7ist Catili7ie belong to the ge7ius
delibe7'ativu77i.
Cicero as an Orator xliii
III. CICERO AS AN ORATOR.
Cicero's success as an orator was due more than anything
else to his skill in effectively presenting the strong points of a
case and cleverly covering the weak ones. For this he had
extraordinary natural talents, increased by very diligent
study and practice, and never, even in his greatest success,
did he relax the most careful study of his cases to this end.
Attention is called throughout the notes to his felicities in this
branch of his art, which, because it is not strictly literary, is
likely to be overlooked, and all the more because such art must
always be carefully concealed. It is sufficient, however, to
call attention to it here generally, referring the student to the
notes for details.
On the literary side of oratory, Cicero's only rival is Demos-
thenes, to whom he is superior in everything except moral
earnestness and the power that comes from it, a quality which
belongs to the man rather than the orator. Teuffel {Gesch. der
RojH. Lit.) ascribes to him an extraordinary activity of intel-
lect, a lively imagination, quickness and warmth of feeling, a
marvellous sense of form, an inexhaustible fertility of expres-
sion, an incisive and diverting wit, with the best physical
advantages. As to his "form," he speaks of it as *' clear,
choice, clean, copious, appropriate, attractive, tasteful, and
harmonious." The whole range of tones from light jest even
to tragic vehemence was at his command, and especially did
he excel in an appearance of conviction and emotion, which he
increased by an impassioned delivery. Of course he is not
always at his best, but it is never safe to criticise his com-
positions without a careful study of the practical necessities of
the occasion.
Thus Cicero's style is often criticised as redundant and
tautological, a criticism which must proceed either from igno-
xliv Introduction
ranee or inattention. One of the great arts of the public speaker
is to keep before his audience a few points in such a way that
they cannot be lost sight of. To accomplish this, these points
must be repeated as many times as possible, but with such art
that the fact of repetition shall not be noticed. Hence the
same thing must often be said again and again, or else dwelt
upon with a profusion of rhetoric, in order to allow time for
the idea to gain a lodgement. It was to this art that the late
Rufus Choate owed his success as an advocate, though the
literary critic would fain reduce his speeches to one-half their
length. Literary tautology is in fact a special oratorical virtue.
A spoken word you hear but once unless it is repeated, and
there are things which have to be heard many times before
they can have their effect.
Again, apart from " repetitional " tautology, it must be
remembered that the Latin language was in a sense a rude
tongue, lacking in nice distinctions. Such distinctions must
be wrought out by a long-continued effort to express delicate
shades of thought. Hence it often becomes necessary in Latin
to point the exact signification of a word or phrase capable of
several meanings, either by contrasting it with its opposite, or
else by adding another word which has an equally general
meaning, but which, like a stereoscopic view, gives the other
side of the same idea, and so rounds out and limits the vague-
ness of the first. Thus the two together often produce as
refined distinctions as any language which has a larger and
more precise vocabulary.
In the oration for the Manilian Law (i. 3), for instance, we
have singulari exiiTiiaque virtute. Here smgulari might mean
simply odd (not found in others). This of itself is not neces-
sarily a compliment any more than peculia?' is in English, but
when Cicero adds cximia the two words together convey the
idea that the virtus is not only peculiar to Pompey, but
exemplary and of surpassing merit. At the same time the two
Cicero as a7i Oi^ator xlv
words allow the orator to dwell longer on a point that he
wishes to emphasize.
In the same oration (v. 12) the words pe7'icidu7n et discrimen
occur. In a treatise on synonyms it would be impossible to
distinguish between these two, because each is very often used
for the other with precisely the same meaning. But when the
two are used together, as in this passage, they are not tautologi-
cal, as would at first appear to a microscopic critic. The first
refers to the immediate moment of doubt, the question whether
it (the sa/us) shall be preserved or not ; the second, to the
ultimate decisive moment, which determines that doubt and
finally decides. In English we should ordinarily put the whole
into one (modified) idea, and say '' most dangerous crisis," or
the like. But the Latin has a habit of dividing the two parts
of an idea and stating each separately. Hence we have the
figure that we call hendiadys, which simply means that one
language, or age, states separately and co-ordinately what
another language, or age, unites into one complex.
\vi. gloriam . . . tueri et conse^'vare {XkiO^ s?LVCi^ oration, v. 12),
tueri, the first word, refers to the action of the subject, the effort
to maintain; conservare, the second, to the result [to be] attained,
the preservation of the glory. To complete the idea both are
necessary, because from the general turn of the thought both
the effort and the result are alike important. In this way the
same general idea can be artfully repeated from two different
points of view without the hearer's suspecting a repetition.
To such causes as these is to be attributed the frequent use
of words in a manner often called tautological.
xlvi Introduction
IV. LATIN AND ENGLISH STYLE.
Two differences between Latin and English prose are notice-
able. Latin prose is periodic in its structure ; i.e. the main
idea, instead of being expressed at once, briefly followed or pre-
ceded by its modifications, all in short detached sentences (as
in English), is so put as to embrace all its modifying clauses
with itself in one harmonious whole. This is also done at times
in formal discourse in English, but in Latin it was the prevail-
ing style. Though this method of presentation seems to us
involved, yet it is after all only an artistic elaboration of the
loose parenthetical way of speaking habitual with unlettered
persons, or, in other words, it simply follows the natural
processes of the human mind. But when developed it allows
and stimulates an antithetic balance of thought both in sound
and sense, so that each element of an idea is brought into
notice by an opposing one, or is so embroidered on the level
surface of the main idea or injected into it that it cannot fail
to get its true effect at the instant when that effect is required.^
If we take the opening period of the oration for Roscius
(p. 2), the main clause is credo ego ; the rest of the sentence
is all the object of credo in the indirect discourse. The main
verb of the indirect discourse is mirari (changed from mirainini^^
with vos in the accusative as its subject. The object of 7?iirari
is the indirect question quid sit quod, etc., embracing all the
rest (changed from a direct question quid est quod, etc.). Again,
the subject of sit is all that follows, being a clause with quod,
of which sur7'exerim is the main verb and all the other clauses
are modifiers. The clause cuvi . . . sedea/it is a kind of adverbial
modifier of surrexerim, while the clause qui . . . sim . . . C07n-
parandus is a kind of adjective modifier of ego the subject of
surrexeriiTi, and qui sedeant is a kind of adjective modifier of his,
1 See A. S. Hill's Foundations of Rhetoric, pp. 220-222.
Latin and EnglisJi Style xlvii
Omnes hi, etc., is an independent sentence, but is connected in
thought with the preceding, and explains the fact at which the
jurors are supposed to be ^wx'^x\'s>Qdi^\.^. I suppose you wofider,
etc., but the fact is, etc.
In another sentence, the beginning of the Manihan Law, we
have a good example of the antithetic balancing of one word
or clause against another which marks the Latin periodic style.
The sentence consists of two parts, — the first concessive,
introduced \>y quamquam ; the second adversative, introduced
by tamen. So, in the first, conspectus balances locus, which is
brought into relief by autem (" and again "); while ad age?idu7n
amplissimus and ad dicenchwi oi'uatissimus are balanced in like
manner against each other. In the second part, the relative
clause qui . . . patuit (virtually concessive) is, as usual, embod-
ied in the main clause, bringing the relative as near as possible
to its antecedent aditu; voluntas and rationcs are set in anti-
thesis by sed ; while the main verb, prohibuerunt, comes last as
usual. The logical form of the whole is, " Though political
speaking has its advantages, yet I have been prevented," etc.
By stating first the leading thought {hoc aditu, etc.), and putting
the verb at the end, Latin is able to make the main clause
active, thus partly disguising the art of the antithesis. Here,
as elsewhere, it is of great help in reading to observe these two
rules: (i) that Latin puts first the main idea, the key to the
whole ; and (2) that it constantly deals in antitheses, often
forcing them when they do not naturally occur (as in amplissi-
mus and ornatissi7uus), each thought or expression having its
pendant, like ornaments which go in pairs.
The second main difference between Latin and English
prose style is that in English the emphasis gravitates towards
the end, while in Latin the more emphatic word always comes
first. This is not, like the corresponding usage in English,
a mere tendency, but a universal practice, which can be and is
managed by the writer with exquisite skill, so that a Latin prose
xlviii Introduction
sentence bears on its face its own emphasis, giving the same
effect to the eye that the best reader or speaker in English can
to the ear.
Thus the first paragraph of the oration for Roscius (above
cited) shows its emphasis as follows : '' I SUPPOSE (conceding
something he will presently contradict or explain) you (who do
not, as I do, know or think of the state of things) wonder why it
is that, etc., but the fact is (implied as the antithesis of the em-
phatic credd),^^ etc. Again, onmes is emphatic, i.e. " I am not the
only one, but all would speak were it not for circumstances,"
which he proceeds to mention. Even videtis has an emphatic
position : "who, as you see, are in attendance." KgdX\\.,piita?it
oportere defendi, i.e. " think (though they do nothing) ought to
be averted by a defence, but to make the defence themselves,'' etc.
If we take the beginning of the oration for Milo, there is the
same artistic arrangement : " Though I am AFRAID,^ gentle-
men, that it is not quite becoming, when I get up to speak for a
very brave 7nan, to be alarmed, and that it is particula?'ly unbe-
coming, when Titus Annius himself is more alarmed for the
welfare of the state than for his oivn, that / in his case cannot
show an equally lofty spirit, nevertheless this strange form of a
strange court terrifies me as I gaze on it, for zvherever my eyes
fall they miss the cust07?iary appearajice of the Forum and the
old established style of courts."
It is only by attention to this feature of Latin style that the
full force of the author, with all the implications, connotations,
and hints, can be clearly seen.
1 As we might say, " I am afraid you won't like it, but I have done so
and so."
Delivery xlix
V. DELIVERY.
The delivery of a Latin oration was marked by a fire and
force of which we have small conception. Though the Romans
were an extremely dignified and formal race, yet beneath the sur-
face they had all the violent emotions which we in modern times
associate with the Mediterranean nations. The actio or delivery
occupies one of the first places in ancient treatises on oratory
{actio in diccndo una dominatnr, de Or. Ill, Ivi, 213). The range
of expressed emotion was much wider than is usual with us, not
only in pitch of voice and inflection of tone, but also in bodily
activity, sometimes going beyond what the best orators of the
time regarded as becoming. Violent movements of the arms,
stamping of the feet, changes of position, gestures of the whole
body, so that sometimes the knee would touch the ground,
were not infrequent. The Latin language, however, did not
have that violent and sudden stress with which we are familiar,
and on which we depend for spasmodic force. It had instead
a more sustained and singing tone, capable of infinite variations.
The syllabic accent, too, was very slight, and almost merged in
a kind of rhythmic ictus depending on the quantity of the
syllables.
Hence particular attention was paid to the niimerus, or suc-
cession of long and short syllables, so as to give, along with
varying tones of emphasis, an agreeable musical cadence which
is foreign to the spirit of most modern languages. The most
emphatic words were indicated by an intensity of tone through-
out, as in modern music, and the less emphatic, coming at
the end, were pronounced with a full, orotund utterance, so as
to round out the period, but with a descending stress rather
than with a rising one such as we have in English. Such a
close as thneritds fill comprobavit was regarded as especially
effective. So quln eifisdem homhils sit qui Improbos probet
probos improbdre is praised by Cicero as an ideal cadence.
Introduction
VI. THE ROMAN COxNSTITUTION.
In the time of Cicero tlie Roman " State " had technically a republi-
can constitution, that is, every citizen had a share in the government. But
not every citizen had an equal share, partly from fixed constitutional prin-
ciples, and partly from differentiations in social prominence which affected
constitutional rights.
I. CITIZENSHIP AND ORDERS IN THE STATE.
Accordingly there were among Roman citizens three social (and in a
manner political) ranks {ordines) : the Senatorial Order (ordo senatorius),
the Equestrian Order {ordo equestris), and the People {popidus, in the
narrower sense). The first two of these made up the Roman aristocracy.
I. Senatorial Order. — The Ordo Senato7tics wz.?, strictly speaking
only another name for the Senate, the members of which, by virtue of their
life tenure of office, their privileges and insignia, and their esprit de corps,
formed a kind of Peerage. The list of Senators, regularly numbering 300,
was in early times made up by the Censors at their discretion from among
those who had held high magistracies. But after the reforms of Sulla
(B.C. 80) every person who had held the qusestorship — the lowest grade of
the regular magistracy (see below, p. lix) — was lawfully entitled to a seat
in the Senate. This aristocracy was therefore an official or bureaucratic
class. Their number fluctuated, running up to five or six hundred.
Nobility, however, did not really depend on holding offices oneself, but
on being descended from an ancestor who had held a curule office.^ When
any person not so descended was chosen a magistrate, he was called a
novus homo? and, though he of course became a member of the Senatorial
Orderj he was not regarded as a noble. His posterity, however, would be-
long to the nobility. But such instances were very uncommon ; for the
Senate and the magistrates had such control over the elections that it was
very difficult for any person not already a member of the nobility to be
chosen to any office entitling him to enter the Senate. Hence the Senato-
rial Order and the Nobility were practically identical, and " new men "
1 Whoever held any curule ofifice — that is, dictator, consul, interrex, praetor,
magister equitum, or curule aedile — secured to his posterity the ins imaginum ;
that is, the right to place in the hall and carry at funeral processions a wax mask of
this ancestor, as well as of any other deceased members of the family of curule rank.
The privilege was highly prized.
2 Examples are Cato the Censor, Marius, and Cicero.
The Ro7naii Constitution li
became necessarily identified with the class to which their posterity would
belong, rather than that from which they themselves had come. This
double relation of Cicero — a member of the Senate, but sprung from the
Equestrian Order — goes a great way to explain what is inconsistent and
vacillating in his political career.
II. Equestrian Order. — The title Equites was originally applied to
the members of the eighteen centuries equitum equo publico under the Ser-
vian constitution, to whom a horse was assigned by the state, together
with a certain sum of money yearly for its support, and who constituted
the old Roman cavalry. Those who served equo publico had to have the
equestrian census,^ i.e. possess a fortune of 400,000 sesterces ($20,000); and
the horses were assigned by the Censors, as a rule, to the young men of
senatorial families. These centuriae equitum were therefore composed of
young noblemen. When they entered the Senate, they were (in the later
years of the republic) obliged to give up the public horse. Therefore, on
becoming Senators, they voted in the centuries of the first class, not with
the Equites (see p. Iv, below). This aristocratic body had, however, long
before Cicero's time, ceased to serve in the field ; they formed a parade
corps (somewhat like the Royal Guards in England), from which active
officers of the legion, tribuni Diilitum, were taken.2
During the time that the equites equo publico still served in the field as
cavalry, another body grew up by their side, consisting of equites equo
privato : that is, persons of the equestrian census (having a property of
400,000 sesterces), who had not received a horse from the state, but who
volunteered with horses of their own. This body consisted mainly of
young men of wealth who did not belong to noble (that is, senatorial)
families. No very distinct line was, however, drawn between the two
classes until the Lex ludiciaria of C.Gracchus (B.C. 123), which prescribed
that the indices should not, as heretofore, be taken from the Senators (see
p. Ixv), but from those who possessed the equestrian census, and at the
same time were not members of the Senate. This law did not formally
exclude nobles who were not members of the Senate ; but the entire body
of nobility was so far identified in spirit and interest with the Senate,
that an antagonism immediately grew up between them and this new
judicial class. A principal cause of the antagonism was that members of
the Senate were prohibited from being engaged in any trade or business :
1 This requirement grew up only after the establishment of the equites equo
privato.
- When the Roman equites ceased to serve as cavalry, troops of horse were
demanded of the aUies; and in the time of Caesar we find that the Roman legion
consisted exclusively of infantry, the cavalry being madi up of such auxiliaries.
Hi Introduction
while, as has been shown above, the Senate, by its control over the elec-
tions, virtually filled its own vacancies, of course from the ranks of the
nobility. Hence, as rich men of non-senatorial families were excluded from
a political career, and so from the nobility, while Senators were excluded
from a business life, there were formed during the last century of the repub-
lic two powerful aristocracies, — the nobles, or Senatorial Order, a govern-
ing aristocracy of rank, and the Equestrian Order, an aristocracy of wealth,
corresponding to the moneyed aristocracy of our day. The name Ordo
Eqtiestris was given to the latter body because its members possessed the
original equestrian census ; that is, that amount of property which would
have entitled them to a public horse. From the ranks of the nobility were
taken the oppressive provincial governors : the Equestrian Order, on the
other hand, furnished ihe publicani, the equally oppressive tax-gatherers.
The Equestrian Order, Ordo Equestris, is therefore not merely distinct
from the centziriae equitum, but strongly contrasted with them. The for-
mer is the wealthy middle class, the latter are the young nobility. The
term eqiiites is sometimes applied to both indiscriminately, although the
strictly correct term for the members of the Equestrian Order was indices.
III. PoPULUS. — Below these two aristocratic orders, in estate and so
in social position, were all the rest of the free-born citizens not possessing
a census of 400,000 sesterces. Among these there was naturally great
variety in fortune, cultivation, and respectability ; but they all had a status
superior to that of the liberti7ti (freedmen) and the foreign residents. It
was this third class which was under the control of the tribtini plebis and
which by its turbulence brought on all the disturbances which ultimately
resulted in the overthrow of the republic. It must not be supposed, how-
ever, that these humbler citizens were debarred from political preferment
except by their want of money, and in fact many of them rose to positions
of wealth and influence.
The populus (in the narrower sense) was often confounded with the
plebs, but in reality the distinction between the flebs and the patricians
was in Cicero's time historical rather than political. The patricians had
been originally a privileged class of hereditary nobility, entirely different
from the later senatorial nobility ; but only a few patrician families remained,
and these, though still proud of their high birth, had no special privileges
and had been practically merged in the Senatorial Order. Opposed to the
patricians had been originally the plebs, a class of unknown origin (prob-
ably foreign residents) destitute of all political rights. These had gradu-
ally, in the long controversies of the earlier Republican times, acquired
ail the rights and privileges of full citizens, and a majority of the Senatorial
and Equestrian Orders were of plebeian origin. In \Sxa.Qplebs in an enlarged
The Roman Constitiition liii
sense and populus in its narrower acceptation had become synonymous,
meaning the " third estate " or, in other words, all citizens not Senators or
cquites. Officially, however, Populus (in its wider sense) includes all
Roman citizens.^
Roman Citizenship. — Roman citizenship, like all rights that have
grown up in a long period of time, included many minute details. The
important points, however, may be included under two heads : (i) political
rights, including those of voting {ius suffragii) and holding office {jus
honorum), and (ii) civil rights, especially those securing personal freedom
by the right of appeal {ius provocationis), etc., and by other privileges
limiting the arbitrary power of magistrates (see remarks on the imperium,
p. Iviii, below). Among the civil rights were those of trade {com??ierci:),
intermarriage {connubit), making a will {testamenti) , and others, which,
though affecting the status of a man before the law, were unimportant in
comparison with the great political and, civil privileges first mentioned.
Full citizens of Rome {cives optimo iure) enjoyed not only all the civil
rights referred to, but also the ius suffragii et honorum ; but many per-
sons, not cives optimo iure, had important civil rights without being en-
titled to vote or hold office. The ius provocationis was especially sought
after by foreigners as affording a powerful protection all over the world in
times when the rights of common humanity were scantily recognized.
Italian Towns. — Roman citizenship was originally restricted to the
inhabitants of the city and a small amount of adjacent territory. But as
Rome enlarged her boundaries the rights of citizenship were extended, in
different degrees, to the conquered Italians.
A native Italian town which lost its original independence and was
absorbed in the Roman state, ceased to be a separate civitas, and became
a niimicipium ; its citizens now possessed Roman citizenship as well as
that of their own town. This Roman citizenship was possessed in various
degrees. Some municipia lost all rights of self-government, without receiv-
ing any political rights at Rome in their place : that is, their political exist-
ence was extinguished, and their citizens became mere passive citizens of
Rome, with civil rights, but no political ones. A second class of towns
retained their corporate existence, with the right of local self-government,
but without the Roman franchise. The condition thus established was
called ius Caeritum, because the Etruscan town of Caere was taken as the
type. The most favored class of muiticipia retained all powers of self-
government, with magistrates of their own election, at the same time being
full citizens of Rome. If, as happened in many cases, colonists were sent
from Rome (or Latium) to occupy the conquered territory, these retained
1 So in the formula for the Roman government : Senatus Populusqjie Romanus.
liv Introduction
their full Roman citizenship though Hving at a distance from the city.
Thus a class of towns called ^c/(;;//«t', possessing special privileges, grew up.
After the Social War, which resulted (b.c. 90) in giving full Roman
citizenship to the inhabitants of all the Italian towns not already enjoying
it, there were practically but three classes of such towns : coloniae, muni-
cipia, and praefecturae. There was no longer any real distinction between
the coloniae and the nmnicipia, though the former were looked upon with
more respect. The fraefecUirae, however, had not full rights of self-gov-
ernment, for the administration of justice was in the hands of prefects
{traefecti) sent from the capital.
Provincials. — The foreign conquests of Rome were organized as fast
as possible as provinces {provinciae). The native inhabitants of these
would not be Roman citizens at all, unless citizenship, usually of the lowest
grade, was specially conferred upon them. Thus St. Paul was a free-born
citizen of Tarsus, for his father had in some way secured the lesser Roman
citizenship, which conferred civiP rights but did not carry with it the right
of suffrage or any other political privileges (see p. liii, above).
Freedmen. — Besides the free-born citizens {ingeftid), the Roman state
included a large class of libertini or freedmen. Manumitted slaves became
citizens, but their exact status was a standing subject of controversy in
politics. In Cicero's time they voted in the four city tribes, though there
had been various attempts to make them eligible for membership in all the
tribes so that their suffrages might count for more (see under Assemblies,
p. Iv, below). Throughout the history of the republic, there was a
constant tendency to extend the suffrage, in spite of the efforts of the upper
classes.
The government of this complex assemblage of citizens was in the
hands of a still more complex system of magistrates and assemblies. As
in our own day, we must distinguish the Legislative, the Executive, and the
Judicial, though these various branches of the state authority were not so
scrupulously kept separate as with us.
II. THE PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES.
The Legislative (or law-making) power proper resided in the Public
Assemblies {comitia). There were, in Cicero's time, two principal assem-
blies, both of them having as their basis the thirty-five local tribes into
which the whole people were divided for administrative purposes.
I. Comitia Centuriata. — The Cofnitia Cejituriata, ox gxQ2d. comitia,
was the military organization of Servius Tullius endowed with new
political powers at the foundation of the republic. Later it was re-
The Roman Constitution Iv
organized upon the basis of the thirty-five tribes. There is no precise state-
ment as to either the time or the manner of this reorganization. It must,
however, have taken place between the First and Second Punic Wars, and,
according to one theory, was carried out in the following manner. The old
division of the people into five classes (according to wealth) i being retained,
for each tribe there were now formed two centuries of each class, one of
seniores (above 45), one of hiniores, making in all 350 centuries. To these
were added 18 centuries of eqiiites (the young men of senatorial families, see
p. li), guilds of smiths, carpenters, hornblowers, and trumpeters, and a
century of freedmen and capite censi (those who had no property) — 373 in
all. Each century had one vote, determined by the majority of its voters.
These co7nitia were regularly presided over by the consul ; they elected all
the higher magistrates, and had full power of making laws, as well as juris-
diction in criminal cases so far as this had not been transferred to the
Qtiaesiioues Perpetuae.^
II. CoMiTiA Tributa. — Legislation had, before Cicero's time, how-
ever, practically passed into the hands of the tribal assembly (jComitia Tri-
buta). There were two distinct assemblies which passed under this name :
{a) The Comitia Tributa proper, an assembly of the entire people
according to the thirty-five tribes (each tribe having one vote), which
elected the inferior magistrates (curule aedile, quaestor, etc.), and was pre-
sided over by the praetor.
{b) The far more important tribal assembly of the plebeians exclusively,
presided over by the Tribune of the People. Strictly speaking, this latter
was not co7nitia, inasmuch as it was not composed of the whole people,
popiilics, — the patricians being excluded from it. But these were now
reduced to a few noble families, whose members would not have cared to
take part in this democratic assembly even if they had been permitted ; and
by the Hortensian Law (B.C. 287) acts of this assembly, plebiscita, had
received the validity of laws. This plebeian assembly elected the plebeian
magistrates (tribunes, plebeian aediles). It was also the principal organ for
making laws.
The Comitia Centuriata, which elected the higher magistrates, being
originally a military organization, could only be convened outside the city,
and accordingly met in the Campus Martins or parade-ground. The
Comitia Tributa^ however, being purely a civil assembly, usually met in
the Forum, but could be convened in any suitable place.
III. Comitia Curiata. — A third assembly, the Comitia Curiata,
more ancient than the other two, retained only certain formal functions,
1 See p. Ixii. 2 See p. Ixv.
Ivi Introduction
especially that of ceremonially investing the consuls with the imperium or
military authority (see p. Iviii, below). ^ It had no longer any real power
or political importance. Membership in the coniiiia curiata was originally
confined to patricians, but it is not clear whether this restriction was con-
tinued in Cicero's time.
CoNTio. — Besides these assemblies, there were meetings, theoretically
for discussion, called contiones. A cotitio could be called by any magistrate
who had a matter to lay before the people, and was held regularly in the
Comitium or the Forum. ^ After a rogatio (proposition of a law) had been
offered, such a meeting was regularly convened in order that the voters
might hear the arguments on both sides. After that, on the same or a
subsequent occasion, the comitia voted on the bill, Yes or No, at a regular
meeting for that purpose.
III. THE SENATE.
The Roman Senate {senatus), as its name indicates, was originally the
"council of elders" (cf. the Homeric ^ovKt] yepovTOJv), advisers of the king.
It had, therefore, strictly speaking, no authority to make laws or to enforce
their execution, and its votes were simply consulta, i.e. matters agreed upon
as advisable, and its power was aiictoritas. When annual magistracies
succeeded the regal power, this advisory function continued, but the in-
fluence of the Senate increased, and the increase went on until, in the
third century B.C., this body came to be the actual (though not formal)
governing power in the state, and its consulta became ordinatices, by which
the Senate directed the administration of the whole state, though it still
had no power to pass laws, and was itself subject to the laws. The organ-
ization of a new province, for example, was an executive measure, put in
force not by a law of the people, but by an ordinance of the Senate ; and
in this ordinance was embodied the entire authority of Rome over the
province, except so far as this was defined by general laws passed by the
whole people.
It will thus be seen that the Senate, though originally a " council," had
by the time of Cicero absorbed a great part of the legislative as well as
the executive power in the state.
For membership in the Senate, see p. 1, above.
The Senate could only be called together by some magistrate regularly
1 This was done annually by passing a law called lex curiata de imperio. On
such occasions the thirty curiae were represented by bailiffs (lictores).
2 For an example of an address at such a meeting see the Oration for the Manil-
ian Law.
The Roman Constitution Ivii
possessing the imperium (usually the Consul), or by the tribunes of the
people {tribuni plebis) : the magistrate who summoned it also presided, and
laid before it {referre) the business for which it was convened. He might
at this point give his own judgment. He then proceeded to ask {rogare) the
Senators individually their opinions {sentetitiac). The order was to ask in
their turns the coiisulares., praetorii, and aedilicii (that is, those who sat in
the Senate by virtue of having held these offices respectively). It has been
disputed whether the sejiatorcs pedarii — i.e. those who had held no curule
office — had the ius sentcntiae, or right to debate. There are, however,
numerous instances of their having taken part in discussion. If the annual
election had already taken place, — which was usually in July, six months
before the new magistrates assumed their offices, — the magistrates elect
{ciesignati) were called upon before their several classes. The princeps
Senatus (see note, Cat. iii., sect. lo) was called upon first of all, when there
were no constiles designati. The presiding officer, however, had it in his
power to vary the order, and honor or slight any Senator by calling upon
him extra 07-dinem. For a deliberative oration, delivered in the Senate,
see Catiline iv.
As the Senate was primarily a body of councillors, its business was as
a rule laid before it in general terms, not in any special form for action :
each Senator could, as he chose, give his judgment in full, by argument
{sententiam dicer c), or by simply expressing his assent to the judgment of
another {verbo adsentiri). No Senator had a right to introduce any matter
formally by motion, as with us, but it was possible for a Senator, when
called on, to give his opinion on any subject not included in the ques-
tions referred. The vote was taken by a division [discessio), i.e. the
Senators went to one side or the other of the house. When a majority had
decided in favor of any sententia, it was written out in proper form by the
secretaries {scribae), under the direction of the presiding magistrate, in
the presence of some of its principal supporters {adesse scribundd), and
promulgated. An example of a formal resolution of the Senate is con-
tained in the last chapter of Cicero's Fourteenth Philippic.
IV. THE EXECUTIVE.
The Consuls. — After the expulsion of the kings, their absolute author-
ity {imperium), both in peace and war, was vested in two Consuls (originally
praetores). Gradually, however, these autocratic powers were limited by
various checks, so that in one sense a Consul had no more power than the
president of a modern republic. He could, it is true, do anything in his
year of office without lawful question from anybody ; yet, as he could be
called to account at the end of his term, any violation of the constitution
Iviii Introduction
was extremely dangerous. Particularly was this true in regard to objec-
tions from any one of the ten tribunes.^ The danger of transgressing
this limitation was so immediate that it was rarely incurred, and practically
in almost all cases the " veto " {intercessio) of a tribune was sufficient to
stop any action on the part of the curule magistrates. Another limitation
on the consular power came from the curious Roman arrangement of
co-ordinate magistrates or "colleagues." The objection of one consul was
sufficient to annul any act of the other. This principle also applied to
other magistracies, so that the wheels of government could be stopped by
any colleague of equal rank. To override such an objection was an act of
unconstitutional violence, which, however, was often practised when public
opinion could be relied on to sustain the illegal action. In practice, the two
consuls either took turns in the administration (sometimes alternating
month by month) or agreed upon a division of functions.
The consuls were regularly elected in July and entered upon their office
on the first day of the following January. They possessed two kinds of
authority, — potestas^ or power in general (which all magistrates had in
some degree), and imperin7?i^ military or sovereign power, as of a general
in the field. This imperiiim was originally exercised by the consuls, not
only in the army but in the city, so that they had absolute authority of life
or death ; but this was limited, early in the history of the republic, by the
Lex Va/erm, vfhich. gave every citizen the right of appeal {ius provocationis)
to the comitia centuriata (see p. 321, below) against a sentence of capital
or corporal punishment, and later by the Lex Forcia, which forbade the
scourging of citizens. By the Lex Sempronia of Caius Gracchus the right
of appeal in capital cases was established even against the military
imperium?' In other respects, however, the military imperinm remained
practically absolute, but it could not be exercised inside the walls, except
by virtue of the senatus consultttm, " Dent operam consules ne quid res pub-
lica detrimenti capiat," which revived the ancient powers of the consuls and
was equivalent to a declaration of martial law.* After the Sullan reforms
(B.C. 80) the consuls did not receive the military imperium until their year
of office had expired and they were about to set out for their provinces.^
The civil powers of the consuls were analogous to those of any chief
1 See p. Ixii,
2 Of the other regular magistrates only the praetors possessed the imperuim
(see p. lix). The impermm was formally conferred on the consuls by the comitia
curiata (see p. Ivi).
3 Cf. Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen, sect. 6.
4 See note on Cat. i., sect. 2 (p. 100, 1. 12).
5 See p. Lxi.
The Roman Constitution lix
magistrate. Most important among them were the right to call together,
consult, and preside over the Senate, and the right to convene the comitia
centuriata and preside over the election of the higher curule magistrates.
For the consular auspicia., see p. Ixiii, below.
PR/ETORS. — Praetor was the original Italic title of the consuls, but, as
the result of the agitation for the Licinian Laws, in B.C. 366, a special mag-
istrate of that name was elected " who administered justice, a colleague of
the consuls and elected under the same auspices." ^ Gradually other prae-
tors were added, until in the time of Cicero there were eight. They were
essentially judicial officers, and their functions were assigned by lot.^ As
curule magistrates, however, they could on occasion command armies or
assist the consuls in emergencies (see Cat. iii. 5), and were assigned as
proprators to provinces abroad after their year of office.^ Like the consuls,
they were regularly elected at the comitia centuriata in July and began to
serve on the first of the following January.
Qu.-ESTORS. — The quaestors {quaestores), or public treasurers, were in
Cicero's time twenty in number. Two (called quacstores urbani) had charge
of the treasury and archives at Rome, while the others were assigned to the
several military commanders and provincial governors, to serve as quarter-
masters and paymasters. The quaestors entered upon office on Dec. 5,
when they drew lots to determine their respective places of service.^
CuRSUS IIoNORUM. — No one could be chosen praetor until he had
been quaestor, or consul until he had been prcetor. These three magis-
tracies, then, formed a career of office — the so-called cursiis honortim —
which it was the aim of every ambitious Roman to complete as soon as
possible. To be elected quaestor a man had to be at least 30 years old,^ and
the lowest legal ages for the praetorship and the consulship were 40 and 43
respectively. The consulship could in no case be held until three years
after the praetorship. Consuls and praetors were curule magistrates, but
this was not the case with the quaestor. The office of curule aedile (see
below) was often held between the quaestorship and the prsetorship, but it
was not a necessary grade in the cursiis honorttm. The minimum age for
this office was the twenty-seventh year.
1 He was, however, inferior in rank to the consul, who had maior potestas.
2 See p. Ixv.
3 See p. Ixi.
4 They were originally appointed by the consuls, but in Cicero's time were elected
by the comitia tributa. The practical management of the treasury was with the clerks
{scribae q7iaestorii), as in our modern civil service. These formed a permanent and
powerful corporation. Cf. Cat. iv., sect. 15 (p. 149, 11. 10, 11).
5 In the time of the Gracchi the age was 27,
Ix Introduction
iEoiLES. • — The aediles (from aedes, 2t. temple) were four magistrates,
who had the general superintendence of the police of the city, criminal
jurisdiction with the power of imposing fines, the care of the games,
public buildings, etc. They did not form a board {collegium), but were of
two grades, two being necessarily plebeians, while the other two, the curult
(Tciiles, who ranked with the higher magistrates, might be patricians. The
aedileship was not a necessary step in a political career, but it was eagerly
sought, between the quaestorship and the praetorship, by ambitious men,
for the reason that the superintendence of the public games gave great
opportunity for gaining popular favor. A certain sum was appropriated
from the public treasury for these games ; but an aedile who wished to
rise to higher positions, and not to be thought mean, took care to add a
good sum from his own pocket.^
LiCTORS, Insignia, etc. — The consuls and praetors were accompanied
by special officers called lictors {licto}-es), who were at the same time a
symbol of the supreme power and the immediate ministers of the will of
the magistrates. They carried a bundle of rods and an axe bound to-
gether (the fasces),'^ to inflict the punishment of flogging and death accord-
ing to the regular Roman mode of execution. Each consul had twelve
lictors, each praetor had six. After the right of appeal was established (see
p. Iviii, above), the lictors did not carry the axe inside the city. Besides
the " imperial " lictors, all magistrates were attended by ministers of various
kinds, viatores (summoners), praecones (criers), and slaves. All the curule
magistrates wore as a mark of authority the toga praetexta (white with a
crimson border), and the latus clavtes (or broad stripe of crimson) on the
front of the tunic. As commanders of armies, they wore instead of the
toga the paludamentinn, a. kind of cloak entirely of crimson. In fact, the
majesty of the law was symbolized in the most striking manner in the
case of all magistrates except the tribunes,^ who, as champions of the pleds,
wore no distinguishing dress, the quaestors and the plebeian asdiles.
Proconsuls and Propr^tors. — All the magistrates so far mentioned
were elected annually. When it was desired to retain the services of a
consul or a praetor after his term had expired, his tmperium was extended
{prorogatztm) by the Senate, and he was known as a proconsul ox proprcetor.
It was only the military tmpermm that was thus prorogued,* not the civil
1 Cf. Impeachment of Verres, sects, 37-40 (pp. 41, 42)-, Plunder of Syracuse,
sect. 19 (p. 58, 11. 2-5).
2 See Fig. 25, p. 290, below.
3 See p. Ixii.
4 Sometimes a private citizen was invested with the imperium and called pro-
consul (see Manil. Law, sect. 62).
The Roman Co7istitution Ixi
power. Thus the proconsul had no authority within the city, and could
not, like the consul, call together the Senate or an assembly of the
people.
As the " state " grew, it became customary to commit the government
of conquered provinces to proconsuls and propraetors, and to this end the
prorogation of the itnperiiim for a second year became regular. After the
time of Sulla, all provinces were so governed,^ one of his laws providing
that the consuls and praetors should set out for their provinces immediately
on the expiration of their term of office in the city.^ No difference was made
between the power of a proconsul and that of a propraetor. Both officers
had the full military and civil command and were almost absolute mon-
archs, except for their liability to be afterwards called to account (cf. p. Ivii,
above). Their opportunities for plunder were almost unlimited.^ Their
power, however, did not extend to the city itself, in which they were mere
private citizens. Hence it often happened that a commander, on returning
from his province, remained outside the city so as to retain his military
imperiuni for some reason or other.
Censors. — The censors {censores) were two in number, elected from
men of consular dignity {consulares), originally at a minimum interval of
four years, afterwards once in five years, — the interval called a lustrum, —
and holding office for eighteen months. They ranked as magistratus
maiores, but did not possess the imperium, and had no power to convene
either the Senate or an assembly of the people. Their functions were —
(i) to inspect the registry of citizens of every class and order ; (2) to
punish immorality, by removal from the Senate, the equestrian cen-
turies, or the Tribe i^nota censoria, i7ifamia, igitomi7iid) ; (3) to superintend
the finances (giving out contracts for collecting the revenues) and the public
works. In the intervals of the censorship, these last were under the care
of the aediles (see p. Ix, above). Sulla tacitly abolished the office of
censor, but it was revived in the consulship of Pompey and Crassus, B.C.
70.
The property registration, of which the censors had charge, was called
census, and on it depended not only taxation but the position of a citizen
in the centuriae (see p. Iv, above, on the comitia centuriata). The classes
under the census were divided as follows :
1 After the SuUan reforms (b.c. 80) the military imperium was not enjoyed by
the consuls and praetors until their year of civil magistracy had expired.
2 This arrangement was changed by a law of Pompey (b.c. 52) which provided
that five years should intervene between the magistracy and the provincial govern-
ment. See Life of Cicero, p. xxiii, above.
8 Cf. Impeachment of Verres.
bdi hitroduction
First class: having property valued at 100,000 asses or more.
Second class: " " " " 75,000 " " "
Third class : " " " " 50,000 " " "
Fourth class: " " " " 25,000 " " "
Fifth class: " " " " 11,000 " " «
The cejtsiis of a Roman cques was, in Cicero's time, 400,000 sesterces,
and this provision was one of long standing.
Tribuni Plebis. — Side by side with the " kingly " magistrates there
had arisen a class of magistrates of the people whose only privileges origi-
nally were prohibitive, but who had come to have great power in the
state.
The TribtiJii Plebis (or Plebi), ten in number and elected by the Comitia
Tribiita, were the magistrates of that portion of the people (a state within
the state) known as the Plebs. The plebeians at this epoch, however, com-
posed the whole people, with the exception of the few families of the
patrician aristocracy (such gentes as the Cornelian, Julian, ^Emilian, Clau-
dian).i Not being technically magistrates of the city or the whole people,
but only of a single class, the tribunes did not possess the imperhim, but
on\y potestas, had no real executive power, and indeed were not magistrates
at all in the strict sense of the term. On the other hand, their persons
were held sacred, and they had two very important and wide-reaching func-
tions : I. The right of interfering, itis hitercedendi f veto"), to arrest
almost any act of another magistrate. (This right practically extended
to a veto on legislation, elections, and ordinances of the Senate, these
being all under the direction of magistrates.) 2. The right to hold the
assembly of the plebs^ organized by tribes. In this assembly, known as
comitia tributa, the plebeian magistrates (tribunes and plebeian aediles) ^
were chosen, and laws were passed, //^(5/j-a^f, which of course were origi-
nally binding only upon the plebs, but which, by the Hortensian Law (b.c.
287), received the force of leges (see p. Iv, above) ; fines were likewise
imposed by this assembly.
Out of these original powers had been developed a very extensive
criminal jurisdiction, which made the tribunes and aediles the chief prose-
cuting officers of the republic, the tribunes acting in cases of a political
character. This order of things continued until the time of Sulla, when
the administration of criminal justice was entrusted to the standing courts,
quaestiones perpetuae, established by him (see p. Ixv, below). But Sulla's
provisions were abolished by Pompey (b.c. 70), the people fancying that
the corruptions of the courts could be remedied by restoring this power to
A See p. lii. 2 See p. Ix.
The Ro7nan Constitution Ixiii
the tribunes. The tribunes also had authority to convene the Senate and
bring business before it, preside, and take part in debate. These privileges
they acquired very early, by irregular practice passing into custom, rather
than by any special enactment.
The Auspices. — The absolute continuity of the government, which
was more necessary at Rome than elsewhere, on account of a kind of theo-
cratic idea in the constitution, was secured by a curious contrivance. The
" regular succession " in Roman magistrates was as rigid as later in the
Church. The welfare of the state was supposed to depend upon the favor
of the gods, and this could only be transferred from one officer to another
by an election which was practically a religious ceremony in which both
officers took part. This favor, technically known as the auspicia, would
lapse unless the election and inauguration were rightly performed. The
ceremony consisted in taking the auspices, a regular process of religious
divination by the flight of birds, etc., according to a very antiquated ritual
(see below).
Augurs. — The magistrates alone were authorized to consult the
auspices, that is, to observe the various signs by which the gods were
supposed to declare their will with regard to the state. The interpreta-
tion of the auspices, however, which had been developed into an extremely
technical science {^ius aitguriiint), was in the hands of a much honored
body {collegium) of distinguished citizens, called augurs (augures). These
were not themselves magistrates, but simply the official interpreters of the
ius augurium, which they alone were supposed to know. Since all impor-
tant public acts (especially the holding of the comitia) were done auspicato
(i.e., under authority of the auspices), the augurs naturally came to have
great political influence. Their interpretation and advice could be disre-
garded, but such disregard was at the risk of the magistrate and was
almost sure to affect his popularity, especially if misfortune followed.^ The
augurs held office for life. Originally they had the right to fill vacancies
on their board, but later such vacancies were sometimes filled by election
by the people.^ Cicero himself became an augur, B.C. 53.
Interrex. — Whenever there was a suspension of legal authority, by
vacancy of the chief magistracy, it was understood that the auspicia —
which were regularly in possession of the magistrates — were lodged (in
accordance with the most ancient custom) with the patrician members of
the Senate until new magistrates should be inaugurated. The renewal of
the regular order of things was begun by the patrician senators coming
together and appointing one of their own number zs, interrex. He held
1 Thus they were a conservative influence in the state.
2 The rule in this matter was several times changed by law.
Ixiv Intro diictiofi
office for five days, as chief magistrate of the commonwealth and possessor
of the auspicia ; then he created a successor, who might hold the coi7iitia for
the election of consuls, but who usually created another successor for that
purpose.
Dictator. — The dictator v.-as an extraordinary magistrate, possessing
absolute power, appointed by the consuls, at the instance of the Senate, in
times of great public danger. Properly he held office for but six months.
The laws of appeal, and other safeguards of individual liberty, had at first
no force against this magistrate. In later times (after B.C. 202) dictators
were no longer appointed, but instead the Senate, when occasion arose, in-
vested the consuls with dictatorial power.i Sulla, and afterwards Caesar,
revived the name and authority of the dictatorship ; but in their case the
office became equivalent to absolute sovereignty, since each of them was
appointed dictator for life {perpetuo). The Alagister Eqtiitum, appointed
by the Dictator, stood next in command to him and also had the iviperium.
V. THE COURTS.
Our division of legal business into civil and criminal, though not
exactly corresponding to the Roman classification of cases as causae privatae
and causae publicae, still affords the most convenient basis for an under-
standing of the ancient courts.
In Civil Cases between individual citizens as well as foreign residents,
the jurisdiction, originally belonging to the king, was, on the establishment
of the Republic transferred to the consuls, but in the times with which we
are especially concerned, it rested with the praetors. The praetor urbatius
had charge of all civil cases between Roman citizens ; X}cv^ praetor peregrinus,
of all civil suits to which an alien was a party. Civil processes were various
and complicated, and, since none of the orations in this edition were spoken
in such cases, they may be left out of account here.
Criminal Jurisdiction also originally rested with the king, and,
later, with the magistrates (consuls, etc.) who succeeded him. But by the
various laws concerning appeal, the trial of all important offences was
transferred to the assemblies of the people. In accordance with its origin
the jurisdiction of these bodies was always theoretically an appellant juris-
diction. The case was supposed first to be decided by the magistrate, who,
having given notice {diem dicere) to the defendant {reus), brought forward a
bill {rogatio) enacting the punishment. If the case was a capital one, i.e.
involving the life or status of a Roman citizen, it was brought before the
comitia centuriata convened by the magistrate for the purpose, and decided
like any other question. It would appear that any curule magistrate as
1 See p. Iviii.
The Roman Constitution Ixv
well as the tribunes could take such action. If the case involved only a
fine, it was tried before the comitia tributa by an aedile or tribune.
These methods of trial were practically superseded after the time of
Sulla by the establishment of the standing courts (see below). They were,
however, sometimes revived, as in Cicero's own case.
It had always been competent for the people to establish a quaestio or
investigation to try persons suspected of crimes i^quaestiones extraordi-
7iariae). After the analogy of this proceeding, Sulla established standing
courts {quaesHoTies perpetiiae) differing from previous qiiaestiones only in
that they were continuous instead of being appointed upon any particular
occasion. It was before these that most crimes were tried. ^ Examples of
such trials are found in Rose. Am. (p. i) and Verres (p. 26).
Such a court consisted of a presiding judge, qiiaesitor {^praetor, or index
qnaestionis), who caused a jury {indices) to be impanelled and sworn (hence
called iurati), varying in number in the different courts and at different
times, to try the case under his presidency. These indices were drawn by
lot from a standing body {indices selecti), the exact number of which is
unknown,^ and a right of challenging existed as with us. This body was
originally made up from the Senatorial Order, but a law of C. Gracchus
(B.C. 123) provided that the indices should be taken from non-Senators
who possessed the equestrian census (see p. Ixii, above). From this time
the Senators and the Eqnites contended for the control of the courts.
Sulla restored to the Senators the exclusive privilege of sitting as indices
(B.C. 80), but the Aurelian Law (B.C. 70) provided that the jurors should
be taken, one-third from the Senators and two-thirds from the Equestrian
Order, and that one-half of the Eqnites chosen (i.e. one-third of the whole
number of indices) should have held the office of Tribnnus Aerarins (i.e.
president of one of the thirty-five local tribes, see p. liv, above). This
regulation remained in force until the dictatorship of Caesar, B.C. 45, when
this decnria of Tribnni Aei-at'ii was abolished. A majority of the jurors
decided the verdict. The president had no vote, nor did he decide the law
of the case : he had merely charge of the proceedings as a presiding magis-
trate. (Cf. Verr. i. 32, for a hint at his powers.) Each juror wrote on his
ballot A {absolve) for acquittal or C or K {coudenino) for conviction.
1 Sulla's qnaestiones perpetuae were eight or ten in number. Six of these —
Repetnndae (extortion), Ambitus (bribery), Peculaius (embezzlement), Maicstas
(treason), de Sicariis et Ventpicis (murder), and probably Falsi (counterfeiting and
fraud) — were presided over by six of the eight praetors. For the other two (or four),
ex-asdiles {aedilicii) were appointed to preside as indices quaestionis.
2 For cases of extortion the number was specially fixed by the Lex Acilia at four
hundred and fifty, from whom fifty were chosen as jurors.
ft: s
° I
1)
H
SELECT ORATIONS OF CICERO
DEFENCE OF ROSCIUS.
{Pro Sex. Roscio Ameriuo.)
B.C. So.
Sextus Roscius was a rich and respected citizen of Ameria, an
Umbrian town {j?iunicipiu??i) about fifty miles north of Rome. He
had a taste for city life, and spent most of his time at the capital,
where he was on intimate terms with some of the highest families,
especially the Metelli and Scipios. Meantime his son Sextus, who
certainly lacked his father's cultivated tastes, and who w^as accused by
his enemies of rudeness and clownishness, had charge of the extensive
family estates at Ameria.
Sometime during the dictatorship of Sulla (probably in the autumn
of 8 1 B.C.) the elder Roscius was murdered one evening as he was
returning from a dinner party. The murder was no doubt procured,
or at lea.st connived at, by one Titus Roscius Magnus, his fellow-
townsman and enemy. However that may be, the name of the mur-
dered man was put upon the prosciiption list by a freedman and favorite
of Sulla, one Chrysogonus, who bought his confiscated estates at auction
at a nominal price. Three of these estates (there were thirteen in all)
2 Orations of Cicero
he transferred to a certain Titus Roscius Capito, another townsman and
enemy of the deceased, and a leading man at Ameria ; the remainder he
put in charge of Magnus as his agent. The younger Sextus, a man of
forty, thus robbed of his patrimony, had recourse to his father's friends
in Rome for protection and help. The three conspirators, fearing that
they might be compelled to disgorge, resolved to secure themselves by
accusing him of his father's murder. This they did through a pro-
fessional prosecutor {accusdtor) named Erucius, who undertook the
legal formalities of the prosecution.
The aristocratic friends of Roscius, not daring to brave the creature
of the dictator, but unwilling to leave their guest-friend {hospes) unde-
fended, prevailed upon Cicero, then young and ambitious, to undertake
the case. To oppose Chrysogonus was an act that called for disinter-
ested courage, and nothing in Cicero's career is more to his credit. By
his successful conduct of the case he obtained the well-merited rank
of a leader among the rising advocates of Rome. The Defence of
Roscius was the first of Cicero's public orations or pleas ; and it is
criticised by the author himself in his Orator, ch. 30.
Cicero's Apology for Appearing in the Defence.
CREDO ego vos, iiidices, mirari quid sit quod, cum tot
summi oratores hominesque nobilissimi sedeant, ego
potissimum surrexerim, qui neque aetate neque ingenio neque
auctoritate sim cum his, qui sedeant, comparandus. Omnes
5 hi, quos videtis adesse, in hac causa iniCiriam novo scelere
conflatam putant oportere defendi, defendere ipsi propter
iniquitatem temporum non audent ; ita fit ut adsint prop-
terea quod officium sequuntur, taceant autem idcirco quia
periculum vitant.
o 2. Quid ergo ? Audacissimus ego ex omnibus .? Minime.
At tanto officiosior quam ceteri ? Ne istius quidem laudis
ita sim cupidus, ut aliis earn praereptam velim. Quae me
igitur res praeter ceteros impulit, ut causam Sex. Rosci
reciperem ? Quia, si quis horum dixisset, quos videtis
5 adesse, in quibus summa auctoritas est atque amplitudo,
si verbum de re publica fecisset, — id quod in hac causa
fieri necesse est, — multo plura dixisse quam dixisset puta-
Defence of Roscius 3
retur : 3. ego etiamsi omnia quae dicenda sunt libere dixero,
nequaquam tamen similiter oratio mea exire atque in volgus
emanare poterit. Deinde, quod ceterorum neque dictum
obsciirum potest esse, propter nobilitatem et amplitiidinem,
neque temere dicto concedi, propter aetatem et prudentiam : 5
ego si quid llberius dixero, vel occultum esse, propterea
quod nondum ad rem publicam access!, vel ignosci adu-
lescentiae poterit, — tametsi non modo ignoscendi ratio,
verum etiam cognoscendi consuetiido iam de civitate sublata
est. 10
4. Accedit ilia quoque causa, quod a ceteris forsitan ita
petitum sit ut dicerent, ut utrumvis salvo officio facere se
posse arbitrarentur : a me autem ei contenderunt, qui apud
me et amicitia et beneficiis et dignitate plurimum possunt,
quorum ego nee benevolentiam erga me ignorare, nee auc- 15
toritatem aspernari, nee voluntatem neglegere debeam. His
de causis ego huic causae patronus exstiti, non electus linus
qui maximo ingenio, sed relictus ex omnibus qui minimo
periculo possem dicere ; neque uti satis firmo praesidio
defensus Sex. Roscius, verum uti ne omnino desertus 20
esset.
Character of the Elder Roscius, the Murdered Man.
VI. 5. Sex. Roscius, pater huiusce, mtjniceps Amerinus
fuit, cum genere et nobilitate et pecimia non modo sui
municipi verum etiam eius vicinitatis facile primus, tum
gratia atque hospitiis florens hominum nobilissimorum. 25
Nam cum Metellis, Serviliis, Scipionibus erat ei non modo
hospitium, verum etiam domesticus iisus et consuetiido ;
quas (ut aequum est) familias honestatis amplitudinisque
gratia nomino. Itaque ex omnibus suis commodis hoc
solum filio reliquit : nam patrimonium domestici praedones 30
vi ereptum possident, fama et vita innocentis ab hospitibus
amicisque paternis defenditur. 6. Is cum omni tempore
nobilitatis fautor fuisset, tum hoc tumultu proximo, cum
4 Oi'ations of Cicero
omnium nobilium dignitas et salus in discrimen veniret,
praeter ceteros in ea vicinitate eam partem causamque
opera, studio, auctoritate defendit : etenim rectum putabat
pro eorum honestate se pugnare, propter quos ipse hones-
5 tissimus inter suos numerabatur. Posteaquam victoria con-
stituta est, ab armisque recessimus, — cum proscriberentur
homines, atque ex omni regione caperentur ei qui adversarii
fuisse putabantur, — erat ille Romae frequens ; in foro et in
ore omnium cotidie versabatur, magis ut exsultare victoria
lo nobilitatis videretur, quam timere ne quid ex ea calamitatis
sibi accideret.
His Old Feud with the Titi Roscii.
7. Erant ei veteres inimicitiae cum duobus Rosciis Ame-
rinis, quorum alterum sedere in accusatorum subselliis video,
alterum tria hiiiusce praedia possidere audio. Quas inimi-
15 citias si tam cavere potuisset, quam metuere solebat, viveret.
Neque enim, iudices, iniuria metuebat. Nam duo isti sunt
T. Roscii, quorum alteri Capitoni cognom.en est, iste qui
adest Magnus vocatur, homines huius modi : alter pluri-
marum palmarum vetus ac nobilis gladiator habetur, hie
20 autem nuper se ad eum lanistam contulit ; quique ante
hanc pugnam tiro esset, [quod sciam,] facile ipsum magis-
trum scelere audaciaque superavit.
The Murder.
VII. 8. Nam cum hie Sex. Roscius esset Ameriae, T.
autem iste Roscius Romae, — cum hie filius adsiduus in
25 praediis esset, cumque se voluntate patris rei familiari vitae-
que rusticae dedisset, iste autem frequens Romae esset, —
occiditur ad balneas Palacinas rediens a cena Sex. Roscius.
Spero ex hoc ipso non esse obscurum, ad quern suspicio
malefici pertineat: verum id, quod adhuc est suspiciosum,
30 nisi perspicuum res ipsa fecerit, hunc adfinem culpae iiidi-
catote.
SULLA.
(Bust ill the Vatican.)
Defence of Roscins 5
The News Brought to his Enemies at Ameria.
9. Occiso Sex. Roscio, primus Ameriam nuntiat Mallius
Glaucia quidam, homo tenuis, libertinus, cliens et familiaris
istius T. Rose!, et nCintiat domum non fili, sed T. Capitonis
inimici ; et cum post horam primam noctis occisus esset,
primo diluculo nuntius hie Ameriam venit. Decem horis 5
nocturnis sex et quinquaginta milia passuum cisiis pervo-
lavit, non modo ut exoptatum inimico nuntium primus
adferret, sed etiam cruorem inimici quam recentissimum
telumque paulo ante e corpore extractum ostenderet.
The Conspiracy to Seize his Property.
10. Quadriduo quo haec gesta sunt, res ad Chrysogonum 10
in castra L. Sullae Volaterras defertur. Magnitudo pecCmiae
demonstratur ; bonitas praediorum (nam fundos decem et
tris reliquit, qui Tiberim fere omnes tangunt), hfiius inopia et
solitiido commemoratur. Demonstrant, cum pater hiiiusce
Sex. Roscius, homo tam splendidus et gratiosus, nullo 15
negotio sit occisus, perfacile hunc hominem incautum et
riisticum, et Romae ignotum, de medio tolli posse. Ad
eam rem operam suam pollicentur. Ne diutius teneam,
iudices, societas coitur. VIII. 11. Cum nulla proscrip-
tionis mentio fieret, cum etiam qui antea metuerant redi- 20
rent, ac iam defunctos sese periculis arbitrarentur, nomen
refertur in tabulas Sex. Rosci, studiosissimi nobilitatis.
Manceps fit Chrysogonus. Tria praedia vel nobilissima
Capitoni propria traduntur, quae hodie possidet ; in reli-
quas omnes fortiinas iste T. Roscius, nomine Chrysogoni, 25
quemadmodum ipse dicit, impetum facit. [Haec bona
emuntur duobus milibus nummum.]
Sulla not Implicated.
12. Haec omnia, iudices, imprudente L. Sulla facta esse
certo scio ; neque enim mirum — cum eodem tempore et ea
quae praeterita sunt et ea quae videntur instare praeparet, 30
6 Orations of Cicero
cum et pacis constituendae ration em et belli gerendi potes-
tatem solus habeat, cum omnes in unum spectent, unus
omnia gubernet, cum tot tantisque negotiis distentus sit
ut respirare libere non possit — si aliquid non animad-
5 vertat, cum praesertim tam multi occupationem eius obser-
vent tempusque aucupentur, ut, simul atque ille despexerit,
aliquid huiusce modi moliantur. HCic accedit, quod quamvis
ille felix sit, sicut est, tamen [in] tanta felicitate nemo potest
esse, in magna familia qui neminem neque servum neque
lo libertum improbum habeat.
The Younger Roscius Dispossessed.
13. Interea iste T. Roscius, vir optimus, procurator Chry-
sogoni, Ameriam venit ; in praedia hiiius invadit ; hunc
miserum, luctu perditum, qui nondum etiam omnia paterno
funeri iusta solvisset, nudum eicit ; domo atque focis patriis
15 disque penatibus praecipitem, iudices, exturbat; ipse amplis-
simae pecuniae fit dominus. Qui in sua re fuisset egentis-
simus, erat, ut fit, insolens in aliena. Multa palam domum
suam auferebat, plura clam de medio removebat ; non pauca
suis adiutoribus large effuseque donabat ; reliqua constituta
20 auctione vendebat; quod Amerinis tisque eo visum est indig-
num, ut urbe tota fletus gemitusque fieret.
Protest by Delegates of Ameria.
IX. 14. Etenim multa simul ante oculos versabantur :
mors hominis florentissimi Sex. Rosci crudelissima, fili
autem eius egestas indignissima, cui de tanto patrimonio
25 praedo iste nefarius ne iter quidem ad sepulcrum patrium
reliquisset, bonorum emptio flagitiosa, possessio, furta, rapi-
nae, donationes. Nemo erat qui non ardere ilia omnia
mallet, quam videre in Sex. Rosci viri optimi atque hones-
tissimi bonis iactantem se ac dominantem T. Roscium.
30 15. Itaque decurionum decretum statim fit, ut decern primi
Defe7tcc of Rosciiis 7
proficlscantur ad L. Sullam, doceantque eum qui vir Sex.
Roscius fuerit ; conquerantur de istorum scelere et iniuriis ;
orent ut et illius mortui famam et fill innocentis fortunas
conservatas velit. Atque ipsum decretum, quaeso, c5gnos-
cite. \_Dec?'etum Decuriomwi.'] 5
The Delegates Hoodwinked by the Conspirators.
Legati in castra veniunt. Intellegitur, iiidices^ id quod
iam ante dixi, impriidente L. Sulla scelera haec et fiagitia
fieri. Nam statim Chrysogonus et ipse ad eos accedit et
homines nobilis adlegat, ab eis qui peterent ne ad Sullam
adirent, et omnia Chrysogonum quae vellent esse facturum 10
poUicerentur. 16. Usque adeo autem ille pertimuerat, ut
mori mallet quam de his rebus Sullam doceri. Homines
antiqui, qui ex sua natura ceteros fingerent, cum ille con-
firmaret sese nomen Sex. Rosci de tabulis exemptiirum,
praedia vacua filio traditurum, cumque id ita futurum T. 15
Roscius Capito, qui in decem legatis erat, appromitteret,
crediderunt : Ameriam re inorata reverterunt. Ac primo
rem differre cotidie ac procrastinare isti coeperunt ; deinde
aliquanto lentius, nihil agere atque deludere ; postremo —
id quod facile intellectum est — insidias vitae huiusce [Sex. 20
Rosci] parare, neque sese arbitrari posse diutius alienam
pecuniam domino incolumi obtinere.
The Younger Roscius takes Refuge with Friends at Rome.
X. 17. Quod hie simul atque sensit, de amicorum cogna-
torumque sententia Romam confugit, et sese ad Caeciliam
[Nepotis filiam], quam honoris causa nomino, contulit, qua 25
pater usus erat plCirimum ; in qua muliere, iiidices, etiam
nunc (id quod omnes semper existimaverunt) quasi exempli
causa vestigia antiqui offici remanent. Ea Sex. Roscium
inopem, eiectum domo atque expulsum ex suis bonis, fugi-
entem latronum tela et minas, recepit domum, hospitique 30
8 Oratiofis of Cicero
oppresso iam desperatoque ab omnibus opitulata est. Eius
virtute, fide, dlligentia factum est, ut hie potius vivus in reos
quam occisus in proscriptos referretur.
A Trumped-up Charge of Parricide is Brought.
18. Nam postquam isti intellexerunt summa diligentia
5 vitam Sex. Rosci custodiri, neque sibi ullam caedis faci-
undae potestatem dari, consilium ceperunt plenum sceleris
et audaciae, ut nomen huius de parricidio deferrent, ut ad
eam rem aliquem accusatorem veterem compararent, qui de
ea re posset dicere aliquid, in qua re nulla subesset suspicio;
lo denique ut, quoniam crimine non poterant, tempore ipso
pugnarent. Ita loqui homines : quod iudicia tam diu facta
non essent, condemnari eum oportere, qui primus in indicium
adductus esset ; huic autem patronos propter Chrysogoni
gratiam defuturos ; de bonorum venditione et de ista socie-
15 tate verbum esse facturum neminem; ipso nomine parricidi
et atrocitate criminis, fore ut hie nullo negotio tolleretur,
cum ab nullo defensus esset. Hoc consilio atque adeo hac
amentia impulsi, quem ipsi cum cuperent non potuerunt
occidere, eum iugulandum vobis tradiderunt.
Wretched Condition of the Defendant.
20 XI. 19. Quid primum querar } aut unde potissimum,
iudices, ordiar ? aut quod aut a quibus auxilium petam ?
Deorumne immortalium, populine Romani, vestramne, qui
summam potestatem habetis, hoc tempore fidem implorem ?
Pater occisus nefarie, domus obsessa ab inimicis, bona
25 adempta, possessa, direpta, fili vita infesta, saepe ferro
atque insidiis appetita, — quid ab his tot maleficiis sceleris
abesse videtur .? Tamen haec aliis nefariis cumulant atque
adaugent : crimen incredibile confingunt, testis in hunc et
accusatores huiusce pecunia comparant. Hanc condicionem
30 misero ferunt, ut optet, utrum malit cervices Roscio dare,
Defence of Roscius 9
an, insutus in culeum, per summum dedecus vitam amittere.
Patronos huic defuturos putaverunt : desunt : qui libere
dicat, qui cum fide defendat, — id quod in hac causa
est satis, — quoniam quidem suscepi, non deest profecto,
iudices. 5
Three Things Make against the Defendant.
XIII. 20. Tres sunt res, quantum ego existimare pos-
sum, quae obstent hoc tempore Sex. Roscio : crimen adver-
sariorum, et audacia, et potentia. Criminis confictionem
acciisator [Erucius] suscepit ; audaciae partis Roscii sibi
poposcerunt; Chrysogonus autem, is qui plurimum potest, 10
potentia pugnat. De hisce omnibus rebus me dicere opor-
tere intellego. Quid igitur est ? Non eodem modo de
omnibus, ideo quod prima ilia res ad meum officium per-
tinet, duas autem reliquas vobis populus Romanus imposuit.
Ego crimen oportet diluam ; vos et audaciae resistere, et 1 5
hominum eius modi perniciosam atque intolerandam poten-
tiam primo quoque tempore exstinguere atque opprimere
debetis.
Enormity of the Charge.
21. Occidisse patrem Sex. Roscius arguitur. Scelestum,
di immortales ! ac nefarium facinus, atque eius modi, quo 20
lino maleficio scelera omnia complexa esse videantur. Ete-
nim si, id quod praeclare a sapientibus dicitur, voltii saepe
laeditur pietas, quod supplicium satis acre reperietur in eum
qui mortem obtulerit parenti, pro quo mori ipsum, si res
postularet, iura divina atque hCimana cogebant t In hoc 25
tanto, tam atroci, tam singulari maleficio, quod ita raro
exstitit ut, si quando auditum sit, portenti ac prodigi simile
numeretur, quibus tandem tii, C. Eriici, argiimentis accusa-
torem censes uti oportere ? Nonne et audaciam eius qui in
crimen vocetur singularem ostendere, et mores feros, imma- 30
nemque naturam, et vitam vitiis flagitiisque omnibus deditam,
lo Oratiojis of Cicero
[et] denique omnia ad perniciem profligata atque perdita ?
quorum tu nihil in Sex. Roscium, ne obiciendi quidem
causa, contulisti.
Improbability from the Character of the Defendant.
XIV. 22. ' Patrem occidit Sex. Roscius.' Qui homo .''
5 Adulescentulus corruptus et ab hominibus nequam induc-
tus ? annos natus maior quadraginta. Vetus videlicet sica-
rius, homo audax et saepe in caede versatus ? at hoc ab
accusatore ne dici quidem audistis. Luxuries igitur hominem
nimirum, et aeris alien! magnitude, et indomitae animi cupi-
lo ditates ad hoc scelus impulerunt ? De luxuria purgavit
Erucius, cum dixit hunc ne in convivio quidem uUo fere
interfuisse. Nihil autem umquam cuiquam debuit. Cupi-
ditates porro quae possunt esse in eo qui, ut ipse accusator
obiecit, riiri semper habitarit, et in agro colendo vixerit ? —
15 quae vita maxime disiuncta a cupiditate est, et cum officio
coniuncta.
Absence of Motive.
23. Quae res igitur tantum istum furorem Sex. Roscio
obiecit ? ' Patri ' inquit ' non placebat.' Quam ob causam t
Necesse est enim eam quoque iustam et magnam et perspi-
20 cuam fuisse : nam, ut illud incredibile est, mortem oblatam
esse patri a filio sine pliirimis et maximis causis, sic hoc
veri simile non est, odio fuisse parent! filium, sine causis
multis et magnis et necessariis. Rursus igitur eodem rever-
tamur, et quaeramus quae tanta vitia fuerint in unico filio,
25 quare is patri displiceret. At perspicuum est nullum fuisse.
Pater igitur amens, qui odisset eum sine causa quem pro-
crearat. At is quidem fuit omnium constantissimus. Ergo
illud iam perspicuum profecto est, si neque amens pater
neque perditus filius fuerit, neque odi causam patri neque
30 sceleris filio fuisse.
Defence of Roscius 1 1
Necessity of Showing a Motive.
XXII. 24. De parricidio causa dicitur : ratio ab accu-
satore reddita non est, quam ob causam patrem filius Occi-
dent. Quod in minimis noxiis, et in his levioribus peccatis
quae magis crebra et iam prope cotidiana sunt, maxime et
primum quaeritur, — quae causa malefici fuerit, — id Erucius 5
in parricidio quaeri non putat oportere. In quo scelere, indi-
ces, etiam cum multae causae convenisse unum in locum
atque inter se congruere videntur, tamen non temere credi-
tur, neque levi coniectura res penditur, neque testis incertus
auditur, neque acciisatoris ingenio res iiidicatur : cum multa 10
antea commissa maleficia, tum vita hominis perditissima,
tum singularis audacia ostendatur necesse est, neque auda-
cia solum, sed summus furor atque amentia.
Necessity of Direct Evidence.
25. Haec cum sint omnia, tamen exstent oportet expressa
sceleris vestigia, — ubi, qua ratione, per quos, quo tempore 15
maleficium sit admissum ; quae nisi multa et manifesta sunt,
profecto res tam scelesta, tam atrox, tam nefaria credi non
potest. Magna est enim vis humanitatis ; multum valet
commfmio sanguinis ; reclamitat istlus modi suspicionibus
ipsa natiira ; portentum atque monstrum certissimum est, 20
esse aliquem humana specie et figiira, qui tantum immani-
tate bestias vicerit, ut propter quos banc suavissimam liicem
aspexerit, eos indignissime luce privarit, cum etiam feras
inter sese partus atque educatio et natura ipsa conciliet.
Examples from Other Cases.
XXIII. 26. Non ita multis ante annis, aiunt T. Caelium 25
quendam Tarracinensem, hominem non obscurum, cum
cenatus cubitum in idem conclave cum duobus adoles-
centibus filiis isset, inventum esse mane iugulatum. Cum
neque servus quisquam reperiretur, neque liber, ad quem ea
12 Orations of Cicero
suspicio pertineret, id aetatis autem duo filii propter cubantes
ne sensisse quidem se dicerent, nomina filiorum de parri-
cidio delata sunt. Quid poterat tarn esse suspiciosum ?
Neutrumne sensisse ? Ausum autem esse quemquam se
5 in id conclave committere, eo potissimum tempore, cum
ibidem essent duo adulescentes filii, qui et sentire et defen-
dere facile possent? 27. B>at porro nemo in quem ea
suspicio conveniret. Tamen cum planum iudicibus esset
factum, aperto ostio dormientis eos repertos esse, iudicio
lo absoluti adulescentes et suspicione omni liberati sunt.
Nemo enim putabat quemquam esse, qui, cum omnia divina
atque humana iura scelere nefario polluisset, somnum statim
capere potuisset ; propterea quod, qui tantum facinus com-
miserunt, non modo sine cura quiescere, sed ne spirare
15 quidem sine metu possunt.
Need of Strongest Proof Shown by the Severity of the Penalty.
28. Quare hoc quo minus est credibile nisi ostenditur,
eo magis est, si convincitur, vindicandum. Itaque cum
multis ex rebus intellegi potest maiores nostros non modo
armis plus quam ceteras nationes, verum etiam consilio
20 sapientiaque potuisse, turn ex hac re vel maxime, quod in
impios singulare supplicium invenerunt : insui voluerunt in
culeum vivos, atque in flumen deici. O singularem sapien-
tiam, iudices ! Nonne videntur hunc hominem ex rerum
natura sustulisse et eripuisse, cui repente caelum, solem,
25 aquam terramque ademerint : ut qui eum necasset, unde
ipse natus esset, careret eis rebus omnibus, ex quibus omnia
nata esse dicuntur ? 29. Noluerunt feris corpus obicere, ne
bestiis quoque, quae tantum scelus attigissent, immanioribus
uteremur : non sic nudos in fiumen deicere, ne, cum delati
30 essent in mare, ipsum polluerent, quo cetera, quae violata
sunt, expiari putantur. Denique nihil tam vile neque tam
volgare est ctiius partem ullam reliquerint. Etenim quid est
Defe7ice of Roscins i 3
tarn commune quam spiritus vivis, terra mortuis, mare fluc-
tuantibus, litus eiectis ? Ita vivunt, dum possunt, ut ducere
animam de caelo non queant. Ita moriuntur, ut eorum ossa
terra non tangat. Ita iactantur fluctibus, ut numquam adlu-
antur. Ita postremo eiciuntur, ut ne ad saxa quidem mortui 5
conquiescant. 30. Tanti malefici crimen, cui maleficio tam
insigne supplicium est constitutum, probare te, Eruci, censes
posse talibus viris, si ne causam quidem malefici protuleris ?
Si hunc apud bonorum emptores ipsos accusares, eique
iudicio Chrysogonus praeesset, tamen diligentius paratiusque 10
venisses. Utrum quid agatur non vides, an apud quos
agatur ? Agitur de parricidio, quod sine multis causis
suscipi non potest ; apud homines autem prudentissimos
agitur, qui intellegunt neminem ne minimum quidem malefi-
cium sine causa admittere, 15
No Opportunity to Commit the Crime.
XXVII. 31. Esto : causam proferre non potes. Tametsi
statim vicisse debeo, tamen de meo iure decedam, et tibi
quod in alia causa non concederem in hac concedam, fretus
huius innocentia. Non quaero abs te qua re patrem Sex.
Roscius occiderit : quaero quo modo occiderit. Ita quaero 20
abs te, C. Eriici, quo modo ; et sic tecum agam, ut meo
loco vel respondendi vel interpellandi tibi potestatem faciam,
vel etiam, si quid voles, interrogandi.
32. Quo modo occidit t Ipse percussit, an aliis occiden-
dum dedit ? Si ipsum arguis, Romae non fuit : si per alios 25
fecisse dicis, quaero servosne an liberos ? j-J/tvliberos, quos
homines ? indidemne Ameria, an hosce ex urbe sicarios ? si
Ameria, qui sunt hi ? cCir non nominatur ? si Roma, unde
eos noverat Roscius, qui Romam multis annis non venit,
neque umquam plus triduo fuit? ubi eos convenit? quicum 30
locutus est ? quo modo persuasit .'' ' Pretium dedit.' Cui
dedit? per quem dedit? unde aut quantum dedit? Nonne
14 Orations of Cicero
his vestigiis ad caput malefici perveniri solet? Et simul
tibi in mentem veniat facito, quern ad modum vitam huiusce
depinxeris : hunc hominem ferum atque agrestem fuisse;
numquam cum homine quoquam conlocutum esse ; num-
5 quam in oppido constitisse.
33. Qua in re praetereo illud, quod mihi maximo argu-
mento ad hiiius innocentiam poterat esse, in rusticis moribus,
in victu arido, in hac horrida incultaque vita, istius modi
maleficia gigni non solere. Ut non omnem frugem neque
lo arborem in omni agro reperire possis, sic non omne facinus
in omni vita nascitur. In urbe luxuries creatur ; ex luxuria
exsistat avaritia necesse est, ex avaritia erumpat audacia;
inde omnia scelera ac maleficia gignuntur. Vita autem
haec rustica, quam tu agrestem vocas, parsimoniae, diligen-
15 tiae, iustitiae magistra est.
No Agents Available.
34. Verum haec missa facio. Illud quaero, — is homo,
qui, ut tute dicis, numquam inter homines fuerit, per quos
homines hoc tantum facinus tam occulte, absens praesertim,
conficere potuerit. Multa sunt falsa, iiidices, quae tamen
20 argui suspiciose possunt ; in his rebus si suspicio reperta
erit, culpam inesse concedam. Romae Sex. Roscius occi-
ditur, cum in agro Amerino esset filius. Litteras, credo,
misit alicui sicario, qui Romae noverat neminem. 'Arces-
sivit aliquem.' Quem aut quando ? ' Niintium misit.'
25 Quem aut ad quem .'* ' Pretio, gratia, spe, promissis indiixit
aliquem.' Nihil horum ne confingi quidem potest, et tamen
causa de parricidio dicitur !
If Committed by Slaves, — by whose Slaves?
35. Reliquum est ut per servos id admiserit. O di
immortales ! rem miseram et calamitosam, quod in tali
30 crimine quod innocenti saloti solet esse, ut servos in
Defence of Rose ins 15
quaestionem polliceatur, id Sex. Roscio facere non licet.
Vos, qui hunc accCisatis, omnis eius servos habetis. Unus
puer, victQs cotidiani minister, ex tanta familia Sex. Roscio
relictus non est. Te nunc appello P. Scipio, te, Metelle.
Vobis advocatis, vobis agentibus, aliquotiens duos servos 5
paternos in quaestionem ab adversariis Sex. Roscius postu-
lavit. Meministisne T. Roscium recusare .'' Quid ? ei servi
ubi sunt .'' Chrysogonum, iudices, sectantur : apud eum
sunt in honore et pretio. Etiam nunc ut ex eis quaeratur
ego postulo, hie orat atque obsecrat. Quid facitis ? cur 10
recusatis 1 Dubitate etiam nunc, iudices, si potestis, a quo
sit Sex. Roscius occisus, — ab eone, qui propter illius mortem
in egestate et in insidiis versatur, cui ne quaerendi quidem
de morte patris potestas permittitur, an ab eis qui quaes-
tionem fugitant, bona possident, in caede atque ex caede 15
vivunt.
Sulla's Favorite, Chrysogonus, Implicated.
XLIII. 36. Venio nunc ad illud nomen aureum [Cliryso-
goni], sub quo nomine tota societas latuit : de quo, iudices,
neque quo modo dicam neque quo modo taceam reperire
possum. Si enim taceo, vel maximam partem relinquo ; 20
sin autem dico, vereor ne non ille solus, id quod ad me nihil
attinet, sed alii quoque plures laesos se esse putent.
Tametsi ita se res habet, ut mihi in communem causam
sectorum dicendum nihil magno opere videatur ; haec enim
causa nova profecto et singularis est. 25
He is the Purchaser of the Property.
37. Bonorum Sex. Rosci emptor est Chrysogonus.
Primum hoc videamus : eius hominis bona qua ratione
venierunt, aut quo modo venire potuerunt? Atque hoc
non ita quaeram, iudices, ut id dicam esse indignum, homi-
nis innocentis bona venisse ; si enim haec audientur ac 30
libere dicentur, non fuit tantus homo Sex. Roscius in civi-
1 6 Orations of Cicero
tate, Lit de eo potissimum conqueramur. Verum [ego] hoc
quaero : qui potuerunt ista ipsa lege, quae de proscriptione
est, — sive Valeria est, sive Cornelia, non enim novi nee
scio, — verum ista ipsa lege bona Sex. Rosci venire qui
5 potuerunt ? Scriptum enim ita dicunt esse, ut eoriun bona
veneanf, qui proscripti sunt — quo in numero Sex. Roscius
non est — aut eorum qui in adversaria nun praesidiis occisl
sunt. Dum praesidia ulla fuerunt, in Siillae praesidiis fuit ;
postea quam ab armis recessum est, in summo otio rediens
lo a cena Romae occisus est. Si lege, bona quoque lege
venisse fateor ; sin autem constat, contra omnis non modo
veteres leges verum etiam novas occisum esse, bona- quo
iure aut quo more aut qua lege venierint quaero.
XLIV. 38. In quern hoc dicam quaeris, Eruci .? Non in
15 eum quern vis et putas ; nam SCillam et oratio mea ab initio
et ipsius eximia virtus omni tempore purgavit. Ego haec
omnia Chrysogonum fecisse dico, ut ementiretur, ut malum
civem Roscium fuisse fingeret, ut eum apud adversaries
occisum esse diceret, ut his de rebus a legatis Amerinorum
20 doceri L. Sullam passus non sit. Denique etiam illud sus-
picor, omnino haec bona non venisse : id quod postea, si
per vos, iudices, licitum erit, aperietur.
The Sale by Proscription Illegal.
39. Opinor enim esse in lege, quam ad diem proscrip-
tiones venditionesque fiant : [nimirum] Kalendas lunias.
25 Aliquot post mensis et homo occisus est, et bona venisse
dicuntur. Profecto aut haec bona in tabulas publicas nCilla
redierunt, nosque ab isto nebulone facetius eludimur quam
putamus ; aut, si redierunt, tabulae publicae corruptae aliqua
ratione sunt : nam lege quidem bona venire non potuisse
30 constat. Intellego me ante tempus, iudices, haec scrCitari,
et prope modum errare, qui, cum capiti Sex. Rosci mederi
debeam, reduviam curem. Non enim laborat de pecunia ;
Defence of Roscius \J
non lillius rationem sui commodi ducit ; facile egestatem
suam se laturum putat, si hac indigna suspicione et ficto
crimine liberatus sit.
40. Verum quaeso a vobis, iudices, ut haec pauca quae
restant ita audiatis, ut partim me dicere pro me ipso putetis, 5
partim pro Sex. Roscio. Quae enim mihi indigna et intole-
rabilia videntur, quaeque ad omnis, nisi providemus, arbitror
pertinere, ea pro me ipso ex animi mei sensu ac dolore pro-
nuntio ; quae ad huius vitae [casum] causam[que] perti-
neant, et quid hie pro se dici velit, et qua condicione 10
contentus sit, iam in extrema oratione nostra, iudices,
audietis. XLV. 41. Ego haec a Chrysogono, mea sponte,
remoto Sex. Roscio, quaero : primum, qua re civis optimi
bona venierint ; deinde, qua re hominis eius, qui iieque pro-
scriptus neque apud adversaries occisus est, bona venierint, 15
cum in eos solos lex scripta sit ; deinde, qua re aliquanto
post earn diem venierint, quae dies in lege praefinita est ;
deinde, cur tantulo venierint. Quae omnia si, quem ad
modum solent liberti nequam et improbi facere, in patronum
suum voluerit conferre, nihil egerit : nemo est enim qui 20
nesciat propter magnitiidinem rerum multa multos fCirtim
imprudente L. Sulla commisisse.
Sulla not Responsible.
42. Placet igitur in his rebus aliquid impriidentia praeter-
iri ? Non placet, itjdices, sed necesse est. Etenim si
luppiter optimus maximus, cCiius nutii et arbitrio caelum 25
terra mariaque reguntur, saepe ventis vehementioribus aut
immoderatis tempestatibus aut nimio calore aut intolerabili
frigore hominibus nocuit, urbis delevit, fringes perdidit,
quorum nihil pernicii causa divino consilio, sed vi ipsa et
magnitudine rerum factum putamus ; at contra, commoda 30
quibus utimur lijcemque qua fruimur spiritumque quem
diacimus ab eo nobis dari atque impertiri videmus, — quid
i8
Oj^atiojis of Cicero
miramur L. Sullam, cum solus rem publicam regeret, orbem-
que terrarum gubernaret, imperique maiestatem quam armis
Jupiter.
receperat legibus confirmaret, aliqua animadvertere non
potuisse ? Nisi hoc mirum est, quod vis divina adsequi
5 non possit, si id mens humana adepta non sit.
Defence of Roscius 1 9
The Cause of the Nobility not Involved.
43. Vereor, iudices, ne quis imperitior existimet me cau-
sam nobilitatis victoriamque voluisse laedere : tametsi meo
iure possum, si quid in hac parte mihi non placeat, vitupe-
rare ; non enim vereor ne quis alienum me animum habuisse
a causa nobilitatis existimet. XLVII. Sciunt ei qui me 5
norunt, me pro mea tenui infirmaque parte, — postea quam
id quod maxime volui fieri non potuit, ut componeretur, —
id maxime defendisse, ut ei vincerent qui vicerunt. Quis
enim erat, qui non videret humilitatem cum [dignitate de]
amplitudine contendere ? Quo in certamine perditi civis 10
erat non se ad eos iungere, quibus incolumibus, et domi
dignitas et foris auctoritas retineretur. Quae perfecta esse
et suum cuique honorem et gradum redditum gaudeo, iudices,
vehementerque laetor ; eaque omnia deorum voluntate,
studio populi Romani, consilio et imperio et felicitate L. 15
Sullae, gesta esse intellego.
44. Quod animadversum est in eos qui contra omni
ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere ; quod viris
fortibus, quorum opera eximia in rebus gerendis exstitit,
honos habitus est, laudo. Quae ut fierent, idcirco pugnatum 20
esse arbitror, meque in eo studio partium fuisse confiteor.
Sin autem id actum est, et idcirco arma sumpta sunt, ut
homines postremi pecOniis alienis locupletarentur, et in
fortunas uniuscCiiusque impetum facerent, et id non modo
re prohibere non licet, sed ne verbis quidem vituperare, tum 25
vero in isto bello non recreatus neque restitiitus, sed subactus
oppressusque populus Romanus est. Verum longe aliter est;
nihil horum est, iiidices : non modo non laedetur causa nobi-
litatis, si istis hominibus resistetis, verum etiam ornabitur.
Chrysogonus' Cause not that of the Nobility.
XLVIir. 45. Quapropter desinant aliquando dicere male 30
aliquem locutum esse, si qui vere ac libere locutus sit;
20 Oratio7is of Cice^v
desinant suam causam cum Chrysogono communicare ;
desinant, si ille laesus sit, de se aliquid detractum arbitrari;
videant ne turpe miserumque sit eos, qui equestrem splendo-
rem pati non potuerunt, servi nequissimi dominationem ferre
5 posse. Quae quidem dominatio, iudices, in aliis rebus antea
versabatur ; nunc vero quam viam miinitet, quod iter adfec-
tet videtis, — ad fidem, ad iusiurandum, ad iiidicia vestra,
ad id, quod solum prope in civitate sincerum sanctumque
restat. Hicine etiam sese putat aliquid posse Chrysogonus ?
10 Hie etiam potens esse volt ? O rem miseram atque acer-
bam ! Neque, mehercules, hoc indigne fero, quod verear ne
quid possit ; verum quod ausus est, quod speravit sese apud
talis viros aliquid posse ad perniciem innocentis, id ipsum
queror.
15 XLIX. 46. Idcircone exspectata nobilitas armis atque
ferro rem piiblicam reciperavit, ut ad libidinem suam liberti
servolique nobilium bona, fortunas possessioneso^Me nostras
vexare possent .? Si id actum est, fateor me errasse qui hoc
maluerim ; fateor insanisse qui cum illis senserim. Tametsi
20 inermis, iudices, sen si. Sin autem victoria nobilium orna-
mento atque emolumento rei piiblicae populoque Romano
debet esse, tum vero optimo et nobilissimo cuique meam
orationem gratissimam esse oportet. Quod si quis est qui
et se et causam laedi putet cum Chrysogonus vituperetur,
25 is causam ignorat ; se ipsum probe novit. Causa enim
splendidior fiet, si nequissimo cuique resistetur. Ille impro-
bissimus Chrysogoni fautor, qui sibi cum illo rationem com-
municatam putat, laeditur, cum ab hoc splendore causae
separatur.
The Attack on Chrysogonus is Cicero's : Roscius Asks only for Life.
30 47. Verum haec omnis oratio, ut iam ante dixi, mea est,
qua me uti res publica et dolor meus et istorum iniuria
coegit. Sex. Roscius horum nihil indignum putat, neminem
Defence of Roschts 21
accusat, nihil de suo patrimonio queritur. Putat homo
impeiitus morum, agricola et rusticiis, ista omnia, quae vos
per Siillam gesta esse dicitis, more, lege, iure gentium facta.
Culpa liberatus et crimine nefario solutus, cupit a vobis dis-
cedere. SI hac indlgna suspicione careat, animo aequo se 5
carere suis omnibus commodis dicit. Rogat oratque te,
Chrysogone, si nihil de patris fortunis amplissimis in suam
rem convertit, si nulla in re te fraudavit, si tibi optima lide
sua omnia concessit, adnumeravit, appendit, si vestitum quo
ipse tectus erat, anulumque de digito suum tibi tradidit, si 10
ex omnibus rebus se ipsum nudum neque praeterea quic-
quam excepit, ut sibi per te liceat innocenti amicorum opi-
bus vitam in egestate degere. L. 48. ' Praedia mea tii
possides, ego aliena misericordia vivo : concede, et quod
animus aequus est, et quia necesse est. Mea domus tibi 15
patet, mihi clausa est : fero. Familia mea maxima tu uteris,
ego servum habeo niillum : patior et ferendum puto. Quid
vis amplius ? Quid insequeris ? Quid oppugnas ? Qua in
re tuam voluntatem laedi a me putas .'' Ubi tuis commodis
officio 1 Quid tibi obsto .'' ' Si spoliorum causa vis hominem 20
occidere, quid quaeris amplius.^ Si inimicitiarum, quae sunt
tibi inimicitiae cum eo, cuius ante praedia possedisti quam
ipsum cognovisti ? Si metus, ab eone aliquid metuis, quem
vides ipsum ab se tam atrocem iniiiriam propulsare non
posse ? Sin quod bona quae Rosci fuerunt tua facta sunt, 25
idcirco hunc illius filium studes perdere, nonne ostendis id
te vereri, quod praeter ceteros tu metuere non debeas, ne
quando liberis proscriptorum bona patria reddantur ?
Pretended Appeal to Chrysogonus for Mercy.
49. Facis iniuriam, Chrysogone, si maiorem spem emp-
tionis tuae in huius exitio ponis, quam in eis rebus quas L. 30
Sulla gessit. Quod si tibi causa niilla est cur hunc miserum
tanta calamitate adfici velis, si tibi omnia sua praeter ani-
22 Orations of Cicero
mam tradidit, nee sibi quicquam paternum ne monument!
quidem causa clam reservavit, per deos immortalis, quae
ista tanta crudelitas est ? Quae tarn fera immanisque
natura ? Quis umquam praedo fuit tam nefarius, quis pirata
5 tam barbarus, ut, cum integram praedam sine sanguine
habere posset, cruenta spolia detrahere mallet ? 50. Scis
hunc nihil habere, nihil audere, nihil posse, nihil umquam
contra rem tuam cogitasse ; et tamen oppugnas eum quem
neque metuere potes, neque odisse debes, nee quicquam
10 iam habere reliqui vides quod ei detrahere possis. Nisi
hoc indignum putas, quod vestitum sedere in iudicio vides,
quem tu e patrimonio tamquam e naufragio nudum expulisti ;
quasi vero nescias hunc et ali et vestiri a Caecilia, [Baliarici
filia, Nepotis sorore,] spectatissima femina, quae cum cla-
15 rissimum patrem, amplissimos patruos, ornatissimum fratrem
haberet, tamen, cum esset mulier, virtute perfecit ut, quanto
honore ipsa ex illorum dignitate adficeretur, non minora
illis ornamenta ex sua laude redderet.
Powerful Friends of the Defendant.
LI. 51. An quod diligenter defenditur, id tibi indignum
20 facinus videtur ? Mihi crede, si pro patris huius hospitiis
et gratia vellent omnes huius hospites adesse, et auderent
libere defendere, satis copiose defenderetur ; sin autem pro
magnitndine iniiiriae, proque eo quod summa res piiblica
in huius periculo temptatur, haec omnes vindicarent, con-
25 sistere mehercule vobis isto in loco non liceret. Nunc ita
defenditur, non sane ut moleste ferre adversarii debeant,
neque ut se potentia superari putent 52. Quae domi ge-
renda sunt, ea per Caeciliam transiguntur ; fori iudicique
rationem M. Messala, ut videtis, iudices, suscepit. Qui, si
30 iam satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Roscio
diceret : quoniam ad dicendum impediment© est aetas et
pudor qui ornat aetatem, causam mihi tradidit, quem sua
Defence of Rosciiis 23
causa cupere ac debere intellegebat ; ipse adsiduitate, con-
silio, auctoritate, diligentia perfecit, ut Sex. Rosci vita,
erepta de manibus sectorum, sententiis iudicum permit-
teretur. Nimirum, iudices, pro hac nobilitate pars maxima
civitatis in armis fuit ; haec acta res est, ut el nobiles resti- 5
tuerentur in civitatem, qui hoc facerent quod facere Mes-
salam videtis, — qui caput innocentis defenderent, qui
iniiiriae resisterent, qui quantum possent in salute alterius
quam in exitio mallent ostendere; quod si omnes qui eodem
loco nati sunt facerent, et res piiblica ex illis et ipsi ex 10
invidia minus laborarent.
Appeal to the Court against Chrysogonus.
LII. 53. Verum si a Chrysogono, iudices, non impetra-
mus, ut pecCmia nostra contentus sit, vitam ne petat, —
si ille adduci non potest, ut, cum ademerit nobis omnia quae
nostra erant propria, ne lucem quoque banc, quae communis 1 5
est, eripere cupiat, — si non satis habet avaritiam suam
pecunia explere, nisi etiam crCidelitati sanguis praebitus sit,
— iinum perfugium, iudices, una spes reliqua est Sex.
Roscio, eadem quae rei pCiblicae, vestra pristina bonitas
et misericordia. Quae si manet, salvi etiam nunc esse 20
possumus ; sin ea criidelitas, quae hoc tempore in re publica
versata est, vestros quoque animos — id quod fieri profecto
non potest — duriores acerbioresque reddidit, actum est,
iudices : inter feras satius est aetatem degere, quam in hac
tanta immanitate versari. 54. Ad eamne rem vos reservati 25
estis, ad eamne rem delecti, ut eos condemnaretis, quos
sectores ac sicarii iugulare non potuissent .'' Solent hoc
boni imperatores facere, cum proelium committunt, ut in eo
loco quo fugam hostium fore arbitrentur milites conlocent,
in quos, si qui ex acie fugerint, de improviso incidant. 30
Nimirum similiter arbitrantur isti bonorum emptores, — vos
hie, talis viros, sedere, qui excipiatis eos qui de suis manibus
24 Orations of Cicero
effugerint. Di prohibeant, iudices, ut hoc, quod maiores
consilium publicum vocari voluerunt, praesidium sectorum
existimetur.
Real Danger to Roscius Comes from Greed of Dominant Party.
55. An vero, iudices, vos non intellegitis nihil aliud agi
5 nisi ut proscriptorum liberi quavis ratione tollantur, et eius
rei initium in vestro iureiurando atque in Sex. Rosci periculo
quaeri ? Dubiumne est ad quem maleficium pertineat, cum
videatis ex altera parte sectorem, inimicum, sicarium eun-
demque accusatorem hoc tempore ; ex altera parte egentem,
lo probatum suis filium, in quo non modo culpa nulla, sed ne
suspicio quidem potuit consistere ? LI 1 1. 56. Numquid
huic aliud videtis obstare [Roscio], nisi quod patris bona
venierunt ? Quodsi id vos suscipitis, et earn ad rem operam
vestram profitemini, si idcirco sedetis, ut ad vos adducantur
15 eorum liberi quorum bona venierunt, cavete, per deos
immortalis, iudices, ne nova et multo crudelior per vos pro-
scriptio instaurata esse videatur. Illam priorem, quae facta
est in eos qui arma capere potuerunt, tamen senatus susci-
pere noluit, ne quid acrius quam more maiorum comparatum
20 esset publico consilio factum videretur. Hanc vero, quae
ad eorum liberos atque ad infantium puerorum incOnabula
pertinet, nisi hoc iudicio a vobis reicitis et aspernamini,
videte, per deos immortalis, quem in locum rem publicam
perventuram putetis.
The Court Implored to Rescue him.
25 57. Homines sapientes et ista auctoritate et potestate
praeditos, qua vos estis, ex quibus rebus maxime res
publica laborat, eis maxime mederi convenit. Vestrum
nemo est quin intellegat populum Romanum, qui quondam
in hostis lenissimus existimabatur, hoc tempore domestica
30 crudelitate laborare. Hanc tollite ex civitate, iudices.
Defence of Roscius 25
Hanc pati nolite diutius in hac re publica versari. Quae
non modo id habet in se mali, quod tot civis atrocissime
sustulit, verum etiam hominibus lenissimis ademit miseri-
cordiam consuetiidine incommodorum. Nam cum omnibus
horis aliquid atrociter fieri videmus aut audimus, etiam
qui natura mitissimi sumus, adsiduitate molestiarum sensum
omnem hiimanitatis ex animis amittimus.
IMPEACHMENT OF VERRES.
{In C. Ver?'em.)
B.C. 70.
Caius Verres, a man of noble birth, but notorious for his crimes
and exactions in the civil war and in the offices he had held since,
was city praetor {praetor tirbantis) B.C. 74. At the close of his term
of office, he went, in accordance with the law, as propraetor, to govern
the province of Sicily. By reason of the disturbed condition of Italy,
from the revolt of Spartacus, he was not relieved at the end of a
year, as the law required, but continued two years longer in the gov-
ernment of the province, when he was succeeded by Lucius Caecilius
Metellus. During these three years he was guilty of the most abom-
inable oppressions and exactions ; and the Sicilians, as soon as they
were relieved of his presence, brought suit against him in the court of
Repetundae (that for the trial of cases of Extortion), then presided over
by the prsetor Manius Acilius Glabrio. To conduct the prosecution
they had recourse to Cicero, who already stood high among Roman
advocates, and who was personally known and trusted by the Sicilians
on account of his honorable administration of the quasstorship in their
island in B.C. 77. Cicero willingly took charge of the case, the more so
26
ImpeacJiment of Venues 2/
as the counsel for Verres was Hortensius, the leading lawyer of the
time, against whom he was eager to measure his strength.
Although the cruelty and rapacity of Verres were notorious, yet his
relations to the Roman nobility insured him the same kind of support
at home which recently, under somewhat similar circumstances, was
afforded to Governor Eyre in England, on his return from Jamaica :
not only Hortensius, but Curio, a man of excellent reputation, with
members of the eminent families of Scipio and Metellus, stood firmly
by him. The only hope of Verres lay in preventing a fair and speedy
trial. First he tried to obtain a prosecutor who should be in collusion
with him, and would not push him too hard. For this purpose one
Ca^cilius was put forward, an insignificant person, but a native of Sicily.
Cicero's first speech in the case (/;/ Q. Caecilhmi) was therefore a pre-
liminary argument before the praetor Glabrio in person, to show that
he, rather than Caecilius, should be allowed to conduct the case. This
it was not hard to do, and he set out at once for Sicily to collect
evidence, for which purpose he was allowed one hundred and ten days.
To consume time the opposition had planned to bring before the
same court a trumped-up action against another provincial governor
which should have precedence of the trial of Verres. To this end they
had procured for the prosecutor in the rival suit an allowance of one
hundred and eight days for collecting evidence in Achaia — or two days
less than the time which Cicero was expected to need. This intrigue
was foiled by Cicero's industry and skill. He used not quite half of
the time allowed him, arriving in Rome, with ample evidence, not only
before the prosecutor in the rival case was ready, but even before the
latter had left Italy on his pretended tour of investigation. The trial
of Verres was now fixed for Aug. 5, B.C. 70 (consulship of Pompey and
Crassus).
Meantime (in the latter part of July) the elections were held for the
next year. As was the custom in Rome, these occurred several months
before the newly elected magistrates were to enter upon their offices.
The successful candidates, under the title of designati, enjoyed a
dignity almost equal to that of the actual magistrates, although with
no real power (see ch. ix.). In these elections Cicero was designated
aedile ; but his rival Hortensius was chosen consul, with Quintus
Metellus Creticus, Verres' fast friend, as his colleague. More than
this, Marcus Metellus, brother of Quintus, was chosen praetor, and the
lot fell to him to preside the next year in the court of Repetimdae. If
now the trial could be put over till the next year, when Hortensius and
the two Metelli would be in the three most influential positions in the
28 Orations of Cicero
State, Verres felt quite sure of getting clear. Neither did it seem as
if this would be very hard to bring about ; for the last six months of
the Roman year were so full of festivals and other days on which the
court could not sit, that the case would be liable to constant inter-
ruptions and delays. The postponement would have disappointed Cicero
sorely, for, by good luck in drawing the names, and sagacity in chal-
lenging, he had a jury that he could trust, and he was not willing to
run the risk of a change.
Under these circumstances Cicero made the second speech of the
Verrine group — that which is known as the Actio Prima (included in
the present edition, pp. 28-47 below). In this oration he declared his
intention of departing from the usual course of procedure in order to
push the trial through before the New Year. It was customary for
the prosecutor, after opening the case (as in the present speech), to
present his proofs and arguments in a long connected oration (or a
series of orations) ; there followed a reply from the defendant's coun-
sel, and then the witnesses were introduced. Cicero, omitting the long
statement just described, proceeded to bring forward his witnesses
immediately. Since the only hope of the defence lay in putting off the
trial, Cicero's promptitude was decisive : Hortensius soon threw up his
case, and Verres went into exile, with a name forever associated with
extortion and misgovernment. Full restitution of the plunder was,
however, not obtained : a compromise was made, by which a less sum
was paid in satisfaction of the claims. The five speeches known as the
" Accusation " proper {Actio Seciinda) were never delivered, but were
wiitten out and published in order to put on record the facts which
Cicero had gathered with so much pains, and to give a specimen of
his powers in the way of forensic composition.
The Senatorial Jurors have a Chance to Retrieve their Reputation.
QUOD erat optandum maxime, iudices, et quod Cinum
ad invidiam vestri ordinis infamiamque ifidiciorum
sedandam maxime pertinebat, id non humano consilio, sed
prope divinitus datum atque oblatum vobis summo rei
5 pCiblicae tempore videtur. Inveteravit enim iam opinio
perniciosa re! piiblicae, vobisque periculosa, quae non
modo apud populum Romanum, sed etiam apud exteras
nationes, omnium sermone percrebruit : his iudiciis quae
Impeachment of Verves 29
nunc sunt, pecuniosum hominem, quamvis sit nocens,
neminem posse damnari, 2. Nunc, in ipso discrimine
ordinis iudiciorumque vestrorum, cum sint parati qui con-
tionibus et legibus banc invidiam senatus inflammare
conentur, [reus] in iudicium adductus est [C. Verres], 5
homo vita atque factis omnium iam opinione damnatus,
pecuniae magnitudine sua spe et praedicatione absolutus.
Huic ego causae, iiidices, cum summa voluntate et
exspectatione populi Romani, actor accessi, non ut augerem
invidiam drdinis, sed ut infamiae communi succurrerem. 10
Adduxi enim hominem, in quo reconciliare existimationem
iudiciorum amissam, redire in gratiam cum populo Romano,
satis facere exteris nationibus, possetis ; depeculatorem
aerari, vexatorem Asiae atque Pamphylic^e, praedonem iuris
urbani, labem atque perniciem provinciae Siciliae. 3. De 15
quo si vos vere ac religiose iiidicaveritis, auctoritas ea,
quae in vobis remanere debet, haerebit; sin istius ingentes
divitiae iudiciorum rehgionem veritatemque perfregerint,
ego hoc tamen adsequar, ut iudicium potius rei piiblicae,
quam aut reus iudicibus, aut accusator reo, defuisse videatur. 20
Bribery the Defendant's Only Hope.
II. Equidem, ut de me confitear, iiidices, cum multae
mihi a C. Verre insidiae terra marique factae sint, quas
partim mea diligentia devitarim, partim amicorum studio
officioque repulerim ; numquam tamen neque tantum peri-
culum mihi adire visus sum, neque tanto opere pertimui, 25
ut nunc in ipso iudicio. 4. Neque tantum me exspec-
tatio accusationis meae, concursusque tantae multitudinis
(quibus ego rebus vehementissime perturbor) commovet,
quantum istius insidiae nefariae, quas uno tempore mihi,
vobis, M'. Glabrioni, populo Romano, sociis, exteris nati- 30
onibus, ordini, nomini denique senatorio, facere conatur :
qui ita dictitat, eis esse metuendum, qui quod ipsis solis
30 Oratio7is of Cicero
satis esset surripuissent ; se tantum eripuisse, ut id multis
satis esse possit ; nihil esse tarn sanctum quod non violari,
nihil tarn miinitum quod non expugnari peciinia possit.
His Designs Patent.
5. Quod si quam audax est ad conandum, tarn esset
5 obscurus in agendo, fortasse aliqua in re nos aliquando
fefellisset. Verum hoc adhiic percommode cadit, quod
cum incredibili eius audacia singularis stultitia coniimcta
est. Nam, ut apertus in corripiendis pecuniis fuit, sic in
spe corrumpendi iiidici, perspicua sua consilia conatusque
10 omnibus fecit. Semel, ait, se in vita pertimuisse, turn cum
primum a me reus factus sit ; quod, cum e provincia recens
esset, invidiaque et infamia non recenti, sed vetere ac
diiiturna fiagraret, tum, ad indicium corrumpendum, tempus
alienum offenderet. 6. Itaque, cum ego diem in Siciliam
15 inquirendi perexiguam postulavissem, invenit iste, qui sibi
in Achaiam biduo breviorem diem postularet, — non ut is
idem conficeret diligentia et industria sua quod ego meo
labore et vigiliis consecutus sum, etenim ille Achaicus
inquisitor ne Brundisium quidem pervenit ; ego Siciliam
20 totam quinquaginta diebus sic obii, ut omnium populorum
privatorumque literas iniuriasque cognoscerem ; ut perspi-
cuum cuivis esse posset, hominem ab isto quaesitum esse,
non qui reum suum adduceret, sed qui meum tempus
obsideret.
He is Intriguing for Postponement.
25 III. 7. Nunc homo audacissimus atque amentissimus
hoc cogitat. Intellegit me ita paratum atque instructum
in iudicium venire, ut non modo in auribus vestris, sed in
oculis omnium, sua furta atque flagitia defixurus sim.
Videt senatores multos esse testis audaciae suae-; videt
30 multos equites Romanes frequentis praeterea civis atque
socios, quibus ipse insignis iniurias fecerit. Videt etiam
ImpeacJimcnt of Verres 3 1
tot tarn gravis ab amicissimis civitatibus legationes, cum
publicis auctoritatibus convenisse. 8. Quae cum ita sint,
usque eo de omnibus bonis male existimat, usque eo
senatoria iudicia perdita profligataque esse arbitratur, ut
hoc palam dictitet, non sine causa se cupidum peciiniae 5
fuisse, quoniam in peciinia tantum praesidium experiatur
esse : sese (id quod difficillimum fuerit) tempus ipsum
emisse iudici sui, quo cetera facilius emere postea posset ;
ut, quoniam criminum vim subterfugere nuUo modo poterat,
procellam temporis devitaret. 10
But the Court is Incorruptible.
9. Quod si non modo in causa, verum in aliquo honesto
praesidio, aut in aliciiius eloquentia aut gratia, spem ali-
quam conlocasset, profecto non haec omnia conligeret atque
aucuparetur ; non usque eo despiceret contemneretque ordi-
nem senatorium, ut arbitrate eius deligeretur ex senatu, qui 15
reus fieret ; qui, dum hie quae opus essent compararet,
causam interea ante eum diceret. 10. Quibus ego rebus
quid iste speret et quo animum intendat, facile perspicio.
Quam ob rem vero se confidat aliquid perficere posse, hoc
praetore, et hoc consilio, intellegere non possum. Unum 20
illud intellego (quod populus Romanus in reiectione iudi-
cum iudicavit), ea spe istum fuisse praeditum ut omnem
rationem salutis in peciinia constitueret ; hoc erepto prae-
sidio, ut niillam sibi rem adiumento fore arbitraretur.
Earlier Crimes of Verres.
IV. Etenim quod est ingenium tantum, quae tanta 25
facultas dicendi aut copia, quae istius vitam, tot vitiis
flagitiisque convictam, iampridem omnium voluntate iiidi-
cioque damnatam, aliqua ex parte possit defendere t
11. Ciiius ut adulescentiae maculas ignominiasque prae-
teream, quaestiira [primus gradus honoris] quid aliud 30
32 Orations of Cicero
habet in se, nisi [Cn. Carbonem spoliatum] a quaest5re
suo pecunia publica nudatum et proditum consulem ?
desertum exercitum ? relictam provinciam ? sortis neces-
situdinem religionemque violatam ? Cuius legatio exitium
5 fuit Asiae totius et Pamphyliae : quibus in provinciis
multas domos, plurimas urbis, omnia fana depopulatus
est, turn cum [in Cn. Dolabellam] suum scelus illud pris-
tinum renovavit et instauravit quaestorium ; cum eum,
cui et legatus et pro quaestore fuisset, et in invidiam suis
lo maleficiis addiixit, et in ipsis periculls non solum deseruit,
sed etiam oppiignavit ac prodidit. 12. Cuius praetura
urbana aedium sacrarum fuit publicorumque operum depo-
pulatio ; simul in iure dicundo, bonorum possessionumque,
contra omnium institiita, addictio et condonatio.
His Reckless Career in Sicily.
15 lam vero omnium vitiorum suorum plurima et maxima
constituit monumenta et indicia in provincia Sicilia ; quam
iste per triennium ita vexavit ac perdidit ut ea restitui in
antiquum statum niillo modo possit ; vix autem per multos
annos, innocentisque praetores, aliqua ex parte recreari
20 aliquando posse videatur. 13. Hoc praetore, Siculi neque
suas leges, neque nostra senatus-consulta, neque communia
iura tenuerunt. Tantum quisque habet in Sicilia, quantum
hominis avarissimi et libidinosissimi aut imprudentiam sub-
terfugit, aut satietati superfuit.
25 Y. Nulla res per triennium, nisi ad niitum istius, iudi-
cata est : nulla res cuiusquam tam patria atque avita fuit,
quae non ab eo, imperio istius, abiudicaretur. Innumera-
biles pecuniae ex aratorum bonis novo nefarioque institute
coactae ; socii fidelissimi in hostium numero existimati ;
30 cives Romani servilem in modum cruciati et necati ; homi-
nes nocentissimi propter pecunias iudicio liberati ; hones-
tissimi atque integerrimi, absentes rei facti, indicta causa
Impeachment of Verves 33
damnati et eiecti ; portus munitissimi, maximae tutissimae-
que urbes piratis praedonibusque patefactae ; nautae mili-
tesque Siculorum, socii nostrl atque amici, fame necati ;
classes optimae atque opportiinissimae, cum magna igno-
minia populi Roman!, amissae et perditae. 14. Idem iste 5
praetor monumenta antiquissima, partim regum locupletis-
simorum, quae illi ornamento urbibus esse voluerunt, partim
etiam nostrorum imperatorum, quae victores civitatibus
Siculis aut dederunt aut reddiderunt, spoliavit, niidavitque
omnia. Neque hoc solum in statuis ornamentlsque publicis 10
fecit; sed etiam delubra omnia, sanctissimis religionibus
consecrata, depeculatus est. Deum denique nullum Siculis,
qui ei paulo magis adfabre atque antique artificio factus
videretur, reliquit. In stupris vero et flagitiis, nefarias eius
libidines commemorare pudore deterreor : simul iilorum cala- 15
mitatem commemorando augere nolo, quibus liberos coniu-
gesque suas integras ab istius petulantia conservare non
licitum est.
His Guilt is Notorious.
15. At enim haec ita commissa sunt ab isto, ut non cog-
nita sint ab hominibus ? Hominem arbitror esse neminem, 20
qui nomen istius audierit, quin facta quoque eius nefaria
commemorare possit ; ut mihi magis timendum sit, ne multa
crimina praetermittere, quam ne qua in istum fingere, exis-
timer. Neque enim mihi videtur haec multitude, quae ad
audiendum convenit, cognoscere ex me causam voluisse, sed 25
ea, quae scit, mecum recognoscere.
Hence he Trusts in Bribery Alone.
VI. Quae cum ita sint, iste homo amens ac perditus alia
mecum ratione piignat. Non id agit, ut alicuius eloquentiam
mihi opponat ; non gratia, non auctoritate ciiiusquam, non
potentia nititur. Simulat his se rebus confidere, sed video 30
quid agat (neque enim agit occultissime) : proponit inania
34 O rat to f IS of Cicero
mihi nobilitatis, hoc est, hominum adrogantium, nomina ;
qui non tarn me impediunt quod nobiles sunt, quam adiuvant
quod noti sunt. Simulat se eorum praesidio confidere, cum
interea aliud quiddam iam diu machinetur.
Previous Attempts at Bribery.
5 16. Quam spem nunc habeat in manibus, et quid moliatur,
breviter iam, iudices, vobis exponam : sed prius, ut ab initio
res ab eo constituta sit, quaeso, cognoscite. Ut primum e
provincia rediit, redemptio est huius iudici facta grand!
pecunia. Man sit in condicione atque pacto usque ad eum
10 finem, dum iudices reiecti sunt. Postea quam reiectio iudi-
cum facta est — quod et in sortitione istius spem fortuna
populi Romani, et in reiciendis iudicibus mea diligentia,
istorum impudentiam vicerat — renuntiata est tota condicio.
17. Praeclare se res habebat. Libelli nominum vestrorum,
15 consilique huius, in manibus erant omnium. Nulla nota,
nullus color, nullae sordes videbantur his sententiis adlini
posse : cum iste repente, ex alacri atque laeto, sic erat
humilis atque demissus, ut non modo populo Romano, sed
etiam sibi ipse, condemnatus videretur.
The Election Gives him Fresh Courage.
20 Ecce autem repente, his diebus paucis comitiis consularibus
factis, eadem ilia vetera consilia pecunia maiore repetuntur ;
eaedemque vestrae famae fortunisque omnium insidiae per
eosdem homines comparantur. Quae res primo, iCidices,
pertenui nobis argumento indicioque patefacta est : post,
25 aperto suspicionis introitu, ad omnia intima istorum consilia
sine ullo errore pervenimus.
VII. 18. Nam, ut Hortensius, consul designatus, domum
reducebatur e Campo, cum maxima frequentia ac multitudine
fit obviam casu ei multitudini C. Curio ; quem ego hominem
30 honoris [potius quam contumeliae] causa nominatum volo.
ImpeacJnnent of Verves 35
Etenim ea dicam, quae ille, si commemorarl noluisset, non
tanto in conventu, tarn aperte palamqiie dixisset : quae tamen
a me pedetentim cauteque dicentur ; ut et amicitiae nostrae
et dignitatis illius habita ratio esse intellegatur.
19. Videt ad ipsum fornicem Fabianum in turba Verrem : 5
appellat hominem, et ei voce maxima gratulatur : ipsi Hor-
tensio, qui consul erat factus, propinquis necessariisque eius,
qui tum aderant, verbum nullum facit : cum hoc consistit ;
hunc amplexatur; hunc iubet sine cura esse. ' Renuntio,'
inquit, ' tibi, te hodiernis comitiis esse absoliitum.' Quod 10
cum tam multi homines honestissimi audissent, statim ad
me defertur: immo vero, ut quisque me viderat, narrabat.
Aliis illud indignum, aliis ridiculum, videbatur : ridiculum
eis qui istius causam in testium fide, in criminum ratione,
in iudicum potestate, non in comitiis consularibus, positam 15
arbitrabantur : indignum eis, qui altius aspiciebant, et hanc
gratulationem ad iiidicium corrumpendum spectare vide-
bant. 20. Etenim sic ratiocinabantur, sic honestissimi homi-
nes inter se et mecum loquebantur : aperte iam et perspicue
nulla esse indicia. Qui reus pridie iam ipse se condemna- 20
tum putabat, is, postea quam defensor eius consul est factus,
absolvitur! Quid igitur? quod tota Sicilia, quod omnes
Siculi, omnes negotiatores, omnes publicae privataeque lit-
terae Romae sunt, nihilne id valebit? nihil, invito consule
designate ! Quid } indices non crimina, non testis, non 25
existimationem populi Romani sequentur ? Non : omnia in
tinius potestate ac moderatione vertentur.
His Friend Metellus is to be Judge Next Year.
VIII, Vere loquar, indices: vehementer me haec res
commovebat. Optimus enim quisque ita loquebatur : iste
quidem tibi eripietur : sed nos non tenebimus iiidicia diutius. 30
Etenim quis poterit, Verre absolute, de transferendis iiidi-
ciis recusare ? 21. Erat omnibus molestum : neque eos tam
36 Orations of Cicero
istius hominis perditi subita laetitia, quam hominis amplis-
simi nova gratulatic3, commovebat. Cupiebam dissimulare
me id moleste ferre : cupiebam animi dolorein vultu tegere,
et taciturnitate celare. Ecce autem, illis ipsis diebus, cum
5 praetores designati sortirentur, et M. Metello obtigisset, ut is
de pecunils repetundis quaereret, nuntiatur mihi tantam isti
gratulationem esse factam, ut is domum quoque pueros mit-
teret, qui uxori suae nuntiarent.
Attempt to Defeat Cicero's Election as ^dile.
22. Sane ne haec quidem mihi res placebat: neque fa?ne?i,
10 tanto opere quid in hac sorte metuendum mihi esset, intel-
legebam. Unum illud ex hominibus certis, ex quibus omnia
comperi, reperiebam : fiscos compliirls cum pecunia Sicili-
ensi, a quodam senatore ad equitem Romanum esse trans-
lates : ex his quasi decem fiscos ad senatorem ilium relictos
15 esse, comitiorum meorum nomine : divisores omnium tribuum
nocta ad istum vocatos. 23. Ex quibus quidam, qui se omnia
mea causa debere arbitrabatur, eadem ilia nocte ad me venit :
demonstrat, qua iste oratione Gsus esset : commemorasse
istum, quam liberaliter eos tractasset [etiam] antea, cum
20 ipse praeturam petisset, et proximis consularibus praetori-
isque comitiis : deinde continue esse pollicitum, quantam
vellent peciiniam, si me aedilitate deiecissent. Hie alios
negasse audere ; alios respondisse, non putare id perfici
posse : inventum tamen esse fortem amicum, ex eadem fami-
25 lia, Q. Verrem, Romilia, ex optima divisorum disciplina,
patris istius discipulum atque amicum, qui, HS quingentis
milibus depositis, id se perfectiirum polliceretur : et fuisse
tum non ntrllos, qui se Ona facturos esse dicerent. Quae
cum ita essent, sane benevolo animo me, ut magno opere
30 caverem praemonebat.
InipeacJwient of V^erres 37
Cicero Made Anxious, but Finally Elected.
IX. 24. Sollicitabar rebus maximis uno atque eo per-
exiguo tempore. Urgebant comitia ; et in his ipsis oppCig-
nabar grandi peciinia. Instabat iudicium : el quoque negotio
fisci Sicilienses minabantur. Agere quae ad iudicium perti-
nebant libere, comitiorum metii deterrebar : petition! toto 5
animo servire, propter iudicium non licebat. Minari denique
divisoribus ratio non erat, propterea quod eos intellegere
videbam me hoc iudicio districtum atque obligatum futurum.
25. Atque hoc ipso tempore Siculis denuntiatum esse audio,
primum ab Hortensio, domum ad ilium ut venirent : Siculos jo
in eo sane liberos fuisse ; qui nuam ob rem arcesserentur
cum intellegerent, non venisse. Interea comitia nostra, quo-
rum iste se, ut ceterorum hoc anno comitiorum, dominum
esse arbitrabatur, haberi coepta sunt. Cursare iste homo
potens, cum filio blando et gratioso, circum tribiis : paternos 15
amicos, hoc est divisores, appellare omnes et convenire.
Quod cum esset intellectum et animadversum, fecit animo
libentissimo populus Romanus, ut cuius divitiae me de fide
deducere non potuissent, ne eiusdem pecunia de honore
deicerer. 20
Consuls Elect Intrigue for Postponement.
26. Postea quam ilia petitionis magna cura liberatus sum,
animo coepi multo magis vacuo ac solfito, nihil aliud nisi de
iudicio agere et cogitare. Reperio, iudices, haec ab istis
consilia inita et constitiita, ut, quacumque posset ratione,
res ita diiceretur, ut apud M. Metellum praetorem causa 25
diceretur. In eo esse haec commoda : primum M. Metellum
amicissimum ; deinde Hortensium consulem non * [solum,
sed] etiam Q. Metellum, qui quam isti sit amicus attendite :
dedit enim praerogativam suae voluntatis eius modi, ut isti
pro praerogativis earn reddidisse videatur. 30
38 O ratio) IS of Cicero
27. An me taciturum tantis de rebus existimavistis ? et
me, in tanto rei publicae existimationisque meae periculo,
cuiquam consulturum potius quam officio et dignitati meae ?
Arcessit alter consul designatus Siculos : veniunt non nulli,
5 propterea quod L. Metellus esset praetor in Sicilia, Cum
iis ita loquitur : se consulem esse ; fratrem suum alterum
Siciliam provinciam obtinere, alterum esse quaesiturum de
pecuniis repetundis ; Verri ne noceri possit multis rationibus
esse provisum.
10 X. 28. Quid est, quaeso, Metelle, iiidicium corrumpere,
si hoc non est 1 testis, praesertim [Siculos], timidos homines
et adflictos, non solum auctoritate deterrere, sed etiam con-
sulari metfi, et duorum praetorum potestate ? Quid faceres
pro innocente homine et propinquo, cum propter hominem
15 perditissimum atque alienissimum de officio ac dignitate
decedis, et committis, ut, quod ille dictitat, alicui, qui te
ignoret, verum esse videatur ?
Next Year a more Pliable Court.
29. Nam hoc Verrem dicere aiebant, te non fato, ut cete-
ros ex vestra familia, sed opera sua consulem factum. Duo
20 igitur consules et quaesitor erunt ex illius voluntate. ' Non
solum effugiemus ' inquit ' hominem in quaerendo nimium
diligentem, nimium servientem populi existimationi, M'.
Glabrionem : accedet etiam nobis illud. ICidex est M.
Caesonius, conlega nostri acciisatoris, homo in rebus iiidi-
25 candis spectatus et cognitus, quem minime expediat esse
in eo consilio quod conemur aliqua ratione corrumpere :
propterea quod iam antea, cum iudex in ICmiano consilio
fuisset, turpissimum illud facinus non solum graviter tulit,
sed etiam in medium protulit. Hunc iudicem ex Kal.
30 lanuariis non habebimus. 30. Q. Manlium, et Q. Corni-
ficium, duos severissimos atque integerrimos iudices, quod
tribuni plebis tum erunt, iudices non habebimus. P. Sulpi-
Impeachment of Vej'res 39
cius, iudex tristis et integer, magistratum ineat oportet Nonis
Decembribus. M. Crepereius, ex acerrima ilia equestri fami-
lia et disciplina ; L. Cassius ex familia cum ad ceteras res
turn ad iudicandum severissima ; Cn. Tremellius, homo
summa religione et diligentia, — tres hi, homines veteres, 5
tribuni militares sunt designati : ex Kal. lanuariis non
iudicabunt. Subsortiemur etiam in M. Metelli locum, quo-
niam is huic ipsi quaestioni praefuturus est. Ita secun-
dum Kalendas lanuarias, et praetore et prope toto consilio
commutato, magnas accusatoris minas, magnamque exspec- 10
tationem iudici, ad nostrum arbitrium libidinemque elu-
demus.'
Remainder of this Year dangerously Short.
31. Nonae sunt hodie Sextiles : hora VII I. convenire
coepistis. Hunc diem iam ne numerant quidem. Decem
dies sunt ante liidos votivos, quos Cn. Pompeius facturus 15
est. Hi liidi dies quindecim auferent : deinde continue
Romani'consequentur. Ita prope XL. diebus interpositis,
turn denique se ad ea quae a nobis dicta erunt responsuros
esse arbitrantur : deinde se ducturos, et dicendo et excii-
sando, facile ad liidos Victoriae. Cum his plebeios esse 20
coniianctos ; secundum quos aut niilli aut perpauci dies
ad agendum futCiri sunt. Ita defessa ac refrigerata accii-
satione, rem integram ad M. Metellum praetorem esse
ventiiram : quern ego hominem, si eius fidei diffisus essem,
iiidicem non retinuissem. 32. Nunc tamen hoc animo sum, 25
ut eo iiidice quam praetore hanc rem transigi malim ; et
iiirato suam quam iniiirato aliorum tabellas committere.
Cicero's Plan for Despatch.
XI. Nunc ego, iiidices, iam vos consulo, quid mihi
faciendum putetis. Id enim consili mihi profecto taciti
dabitis, quod egomet mihi necessario capiendum intellego. 30
Si Citar ad dicendum meo legitime tempore, mei laboris,
40 Orations of Cicero
industriae, diligentiaeque capiam fructum ; et [ex accusa-
tione] perficiam iit nemo umquam post hominum memo-
riam paratior, vigilantior, compositior ad iudicium venisse
videatur. Sed, in hac laude industriae meae, reus r.e
5 elabatur summum periculum est. Quid est igitur quod
fieri possit ? Non obsciirum, opinor, neque absconditum.
33. Fructum istum laudis, qui ex perpetua oratione percipi
potuit, in alia tempora reservemus : nunc hominem tabulis,
testibus, privatis publicisque litteris auctoritatibusque accu-
10 semus. Res omnis mihi tecum erit, Hortensi. Dicam
aperte : si te mecum dicendo ac diluendis criminibus in
hac causa contendere putarem, ego quoque in accusando
■ atque in explicandis criminibus operam consumerem ; nunc,
quoniam pugnare contra me instituisti, non tam ex tua
15 natiira quam ex istius tempore et causa [malitiose], necesse
est istius modi rationi aliquo consilio obsistere. 34. Tua
ratio est, ut secundum binos ludos mihi respondere incipias ;
mea, ut ante primos ICidos comperendinem. Ita fit ut tua
ista ratio existimetur astiita, meum hoc consilium necessa-
20 rium.
Corrupt Influence of Hortensius Dangerous.
XII. Verum illud quod institueram dicere, mihi rem
tecum esse, huius modi est. Ego cum banc causam Sicu-
lorum rogatu recepissem, idque mihi amplum et praeclarum
existimassem, eos velle meae fidei diligentiaeque periculum
25 facere, qui innocentiae abstinentiaeque fecissent ; tum sus-
cepto negotio, maius quiddam mihi proposui, in quo meam
in rem piiblicam voluntatem populus Romanus perspicere
posset. 35. Nam illud mihi nequaquam dignum industria
conatuque meo videbatur, istum a me in iiidicium, iam
30 omnium iudicio condemnatum, vocari, nisi ista tua intolera-
bilis potentia, et ea cupiditas qua per hosce annos in qui-
busdam iudiciis usus es, etiam in istius hominis desperati
causa interponeretur. Nunc vero, quoniam haec te omnis
Impcaclmicnt of Verves 41
dominatio regnumque iiidiciorum tanto opere delectat, et
sunt homines quos libldinis infamiaeque suae neque pudeat
neque taedeat, — qui, quasi de industria, in odium offensio-
nemque populi Roman! inruere videantur, — hoc me profiteor
suscepisse, magnum fortasse onus et mihi periculosissimum, 5
verum tamen dignum in quo omnis nervos aetatis indus-
triaeque meae contenderem.
36. Quoniam totus ordo paucorum improbitate et auda-
cia premitur et urgetur infamia iudiciorum, profiteor huic
generl hominum me inimicum accusatorem, odiosum, adsi- to
duum, acerbum adversarium. Hoc mihi sumo, hoc mihi
deposco, quod agam in magistratu, quod agam ex eo loco
ex quo me populus Romanus ex Kal. lanuariis secum agere
de re piiblica ac de hominibus improbis voluit : hoc mimus
aedilitatis meae populo Romano amplissimum pulcherrimum- 15
que poUiceor. Moneo, praedico, ante deniintio; qui aut depo-
nere, aut accipere, aut recipere, aut polliceri, aut sequestres
aut interpreters corrumpendi iudici solent esse, quique' ad
banc rem aut potentiam aut impudentiam suam professi
sunt, abstineant in hoc iiTidicio mantis animosque ab hoc 20
scelere nefario.
This Influence must be Met by Proofs of Corruption.
XIII. 37. Erit turn consul Hortensius cum summo impe-
rio et potestate ; ego autem aedilis, hoc est, paulo amplius
quam privatus. Tamen huius modi haec res est, quam me
acturum esse polliceor, ita populo Romano grata atque 25
iucunda, ut ipse consul in hac causa prae me minus etiam
(si fieri possit) quam privatus esse videatur. Omnia non
modo commemorabuntur, sed etiam, expositis certis rebus,
agentur, quae inter decern annos, postea quam indicia ad
senatum translata sunt, in rebus iiidicandis nefarie fiagiti- 30
oseque facta sunt. 38. Cognoscet ex me populus Romanus
quid sit, quam ob rem, cum equester ordo iudicaret, annos
42 Orations of Cicero
prope quinquaginta continues, in nullo iudice [equite Romano
iudicante] ne tenuissima quidem suspicio acceptae pecuniae
ob rem iudicandam constitiita sit : quid sit quod, iiidiciis ad
senatorium ordinem translatis, sublataque populi Roman! in
5 unum quemque vestrum potestate, Q. Calidius damnatus
dixerit, minoris HS triciens praetorium hominem honeste
non posse damnari : quid sit quod, P. Septimio senatore
damnato, Q. Hortensio praetore, de peciinils repetundis lis
aestimata sit eo nomine, quod ille ob rem iudicandam pecu-
lo niam accepisset ; 39. quod in C. Herennio, quod in C.
Popilio, senatoribus, qui ambo peculatus damnati sunt ;
quod in M. Atilio, qui de maiestate damnatus est, hoc
planum factum sit, eos pecuniam ob rem iudicandam acce-
pisse ; quod inventi sint senatores, qui, C. Verre praetore
15 urbano sortiente, exirent in eum reum, quem incognita causa
condemnarent ; quod inventus sit senator, qui, cum iudex
esset, in eodem iudicio et ab reo pecuniam acciperet quam
iudicibus divideret, et ab accusatore, ut reum condemnaret.
40. lam vero quomodo illam labem, ignominiam, calamita-
20 temque totius ordinis conquerar ? hoc factum esse in hac
civitate, cum senatorius ordo iudicaret, ut discoloribus signis
iuratorum hominum sententiae notarentur ? Haec omnia me
diligenter severeque acturum esse, poUiceor.
Acquittal of Verres Subversive of Whole Judicial System.
XIV. Quo me tandem animo fore putatis, si quid in hoc
25 ipso iudicio intellexero simili aliqua ratione esse violatum
atque commissum ? cum planum facere multis testibus pos-
sim, C. Verrem in Sicilia, multis audientibus, saepe dixisse,
' se habere hominem potentem, cuius fiducia provinciam
spoliaret : neque sibi soli peciiniam quaerere, sed ita trien-
30 nium illud praeturae Siciliensis distribiitum habere, ut secum
praeclare agi diceret, si unius anni quaestum in rem suam
converteret ; alterum patronis et defensoribus traderet ; ter-
hnpeacJimeiit of Verves 43
tium ilium uberrimum quaestuosissimumque annum totum
iudicibus reservaret.'
41. Ex quo mihi venit in mentem illud dicere (quod
apud M'. Glabrionem nuper cum in reiciundis iudicibus
commemorassem, intellexi vehementer populum Romanum 5
commoveri), me arbitrari, fore uti nationes exterae legates
ad populum Romanum mitterent, ut lex de pecuniis repe-
tundis iudiciumque tolleretur. Si enim iudicia nulla sint,
tantum linum quemque ablaturum putant, quantum sibi ac
liberis suis satis esse arbitretur : nunc, quod eius modi 10
iudicia sint, tantum Ijnum quemque auferre, quantum sibi,
patronis, advocatis, praetori, iudicibus, satis futurum sit :
hoc profecto infinitum esse: se avarissimi hominis cupidi-
tati satisfacere posse, nocentissimi victoriae non posse.
42. O commemoranda iudicia, praeclaramque existima- 15
tionem nostri ordinis ! cum socii populi Romani iudicia de
pecuniis repetundis fieri nolunt, quae a maioribus nostris
sociorum causa comparata sunt. An iste umquam de se
bonam spem habuisset, nisi de vobis malam opinionem
animo imbibisset ? Quo maiore etiam (si fieri potest) apud 20
vos odio esse debet, quam est apud populum Romanum,
cum in avaritia, scelere, periiirio, vos sui similis esse arbi-
tretur.
Jurors Urged to Vindicate the Courts.
XV. 43. Cui loco (per deos immortalis !), iudices, con-
sulite ac providete. Moneo praedicoque — id quod Intel- 25
lego — tempus hoc vobis divinitus datum esse, ut odio,
invidia, infamia, turpitiidine, totum ordinem liberetis. Nulla
in iudiciis severitas, niilla religio, nulla denique iam exis-
timantur esse iudicia. Itaque a populo Romano con-
temnimur, despicimur : gravi diiaturnaque iam flagramus 30
infamia. 44. Neque enim iillam aliam ob causam populus
Romanus tribuniciam potestatem tanto studio requisivit ;
quam cum poscebat, verbo illam poscere videbatur, re vera
44 Oi'atio7is of Cicero
iiidicia poscebat. Neque hoc Q. Catulum, hominem sapien-
tissimum atque amplissimum, fiigit, qui (Cn. Pompeio, viro
fortissimo et clarissimo, de tribunicia potestate referente),
cum esset sententiam rogatus, hoc initio est summa cum
5 auctoritate iisus : ' Patres conscriptos iudicia male et flagi-
tiose tueri : quod si in rebus iudicandis, populi Roman i
existimationi satis facere voluissent, non tanto opere homi-
nes fuisse tribuniciam potestatem desideraturos.' 45. Ipse
denique Cn. Pompeius, cum primum contionem ad urbem
lo consul designatus habuit, ubi (id quod maxime exspectari
videbatur) ostendit se tribuniciam potestatem restituturum,
factus est in eo strepitus, et grata contionis admurmuratio.
Idem in eadem contione cum dixisset ' populatas vexatasque
esse provincias ; iiidicia autem turpia ac flagitiosa fieri ; ei
15 rei se providere ac consulere velle ; ' turn vero non strepitii,
sed maximo clamore, suam populus Romanus significavit
voluntatem.
All Rome is on the Watch.
XVI. 46. Nunc autem homines in speculis sunt : obser-
vant quern ad modum sese iinus quisque nostrum gerat in
20 retinenda religione, conservandisque legibus. Vident adhuc,
post legem tribiiniciam, Cmum senatorum hominem vel tenu-
issimum esse damnatum : quod tametsi non reprehendunt,
tamen magno opere quod laudent non habent. Niilla est
enim laus, ibi esse integrum, ubi nemo est qui aut possit
25 aut conetur corrumpere. 47. Hoc est iudicium, in quo vos
de reo, populus Romanus de vobis iudicabit. In hoc homine
statuetur, possitne, senatoribus iiidicantibus, homo nocentis-
simus pecimiosissimusque damnari. Delude est eius modi
reus, in quo homine nihil sit, praeter summa peccata maxi-
30 mamque peciTmiam ; ut, si liberatus sit, niilla alia suspicio,
nisi ea quae turpissima est, residere possit. Non gratia, non
cognatione, non aliis recte factis, non denique aliquo mediocri
vitio, tot tantaque eius vitia sublevata esse videbuntur.
Impeachment of Venues 45
Corruption Sure to be Detected.
48. Postremo ego causam sic agam, iudices : eius modi
res, ita notas, ita testatas, ita magnas, ita manifeslas pro-
feram, ut nemo a vobis ut istum absolvatis per gratiam
conetur contendere. Habeo autem certam viam atque ratio-
nem, qua omnis illorum conatus investigare et consequi pos- 5
sim. Ita res a me agetur, ut in eorum consiliis omnibus
non modo aures hominum, sed etiam oculi [populi Romani]
interesse videantur. 49. Vos aliquot iam per annos con-
ceptam huic ordini turpitMinem atque infamiam delere ac
tollere potestis. Constat inter omnis, post haec constituta 10
indicia, quibus nunc utimur, nuUam hoc splendore atque
hac dignitate consilium fuisse. Hie si quid erit offensum,
omnes homines non iam ex eodem ordine alios magis ido-
neos (quod fieri non potest), sed alium omnino ordinem ad
res iudicandas quaerendum arbitrabuntur. 15
XVII. 50. Quapropter, primum ab dis immortalibus,
quod sperare mihi videor, hoc idem, iudices, opto, ut in
hoc iiidicio nemo improbus praeter eum qui iampridem
inventus est reperiatur : deinde si pi tires improbi fuerint,
hoc vobis, hoc populo Romano, iudices, confirmo, vitam 20
(mehercule) mihi prius, quam vim perseverantiamque ad
illorum improbitatem persequendam defuturam.
Glabrio Urged to Stand Firm.
51. Verum, quod ego laboribus, periculis, inimicitiisque
meis, tum cum admissum erit dedecus severe me persecii-
turum esse polliceor, id ne accidat, tu tua auctoritate, 25
sapientia, diligentia, M'. Glabrio, potes providere. Suscipe
causam iudiciorum : suscipe causam severitatis, integritatis,
fidei, religionis : suscipe causam senatiis, ut is, hoc iudicio
probatus, cum populo Romano et in laude et in gratia esse
possit. Cogita qui sis, quo loco sis, quid dare populo 30
46 Orations of Cicero
Romano, quid reddere rnaioribus tuis, debeas : fac tibi
paternae legis [Aciliae] veniat in mentem, qua lege popu-
lus Romanus de peciiniis repetundis optimis iiidicils seve-
rissimisque iudicibus iisus est. 52. Circumstant te summae
5 auctoritates, quae te oblivisci laudis domesticae non sinant ;
quae te noctis diesque commoneant, fortissimum tibi patrem,
sapientissimum avum, gravissimum socerum fuisse. Qua re
si [Glabrionis] patris vim et acrimoniam ceperis ad resis-
tendum hominibus audacissimis ; si avi [Scaevolae] prii-
10 dentiam ad prospiciendas insidias, quae tuae atque horum
famae comparantur ; si soceri [Scauri] constantiam, ut ne
quis te de vera et certa possit sententia demovere ; intelleget
populus Romanus, integerrimo atque honestissimo praetore,
delectoque consilio, nocenti reo magnitudinem pecimiae plus
1 5 habuisse momenti ad suspicionem criminis quam ad ratio-
nem salutis.
Cicero will Push the Trial.
XVIII. 53. Mihi certum est, non committere ut in hac
causa praetor nobis consiliumque miitetur. Non patiar rem
in id tempus adduci, ut [Siculi], quos adhiic servi designa-
20 torum consulum non moverunt, cum eos novo exemplo uni-
verses arcesserent, eos turn lictores consulum vocent ; ut
homines miseri, antea socii atque amici populi Romani, nunc
servi ac supplices, non modo ius suum fortiinasque omnis
eorum imperio amittant, verum etiam deplorandi iuris sui
25 potestatem non habeant. 54. Non sinam profecto, causa a
me perorata [quadraginta diebus interpositis], tum nobis
denique responderi, cum acciisatio nostra in oblivionem
diuturnitate adducta sit : non committam, ut tum haec res
iudicetur, cum haec frequentia totius Italiae Roma disces-
30 serit : quae convenit uno tempore undique, comitiorum,
ludorum, censendique causa. Huius iudici et laudis fruc-
tum, et offensionis periculum, vestrum ; laborem sollicitudi-
hnpeacJnnent of Verves 47
nemque, nostram ; scientiam quid agatur, memoriamque
quid a quoque dictum sit, omnium puto esse oportere.
His Plan for Despatch.
55. Faciam hoc non novum, sed ab eis qui nunc principes
nostrae civitatis sunt ante factum, ut testibus utar statim :
illud a me novum, iudices, cognoscetis, quod ita testis con- 5
stituam, ut crimen totum explicem ; ut, ubi id [interro-
gando] argumentis atque oratione firmavero, tum testis ad
crimen adcommodem : ut nihil inter illam iisitatam accusa-
tionem atque hanc novam intersit, nisi quod in ilia tunc,
cum omnia dicta sunt, testes dantur; hie in singulas res 10
dabuntur; ut illis quoque eadem interrogandi facultas,
argumentandi dicendique sit. Si quis erit, qui perpetuam
orationem accusationemque desideret, altera actione audiet :
nunc id, quod facimus — ea ratione facimus, ut malitiae
illorum consilio nostro occurramus — necessario fieri intel- 15
legat. Haec primae action is erit accusatio.
Brief Statement of the Charges.
56. Dicimus C. Verrem, cum multa libidinose, multa
crudeliter, in civis Romanes atque in socios, multa in deos
hominesque nefarie fecerit tum praeterea quadringentiens
sestertium ex Sicilia contra leges abstulisse. Hoc testibus, 20
hoc tabulis privatis piiblicisque auctoritatibus ita vobis
planum faciemus, ut hoc statuatis, etiam si spatium ad
dicendum nostro commodo, vacuosque dies habuissemus,
tamen oratione longa nihil opus fuisse.
Dixi. 25
THE PLUNDER OF SYRACUSE.
{/fi C. Verrem : Actio II., Lib. IV., ch. 52-60.)
The passage which follows is from the fourth oration of the Accu-
satio, the most famous of all, known as the De Signis because it treats
chiefly of the works of art stolen by Verres. Cicero has been describ-
. ing the plundering of many temples and public buildings, and in this
passage he recounts in detail the case of one chief city, Syracuse, as a
climax. Syracuse was by far the largest and richest of all the Greek
cities of Italy and Sicily. It was a colony of Corinth, founded B.C. 734,
and in course of time obtained the rule over the whole eastern part of
Sicily. It remained independent, with a considerable territory, after the
western part of the island (far the larger part) passed under the power of
Rome in the First Punic War; but in the Second Punic War (b.c. 212)
it was captured by Marcellus, and ever after was subject to Rome. It
was at this time the capital of the province.
Verres the Governor: Marcellus the Conqueror.
NIUS etiam urbis omnium pulcherrimae atque ornatis-
simae, Syracusarum, direptionem commemorabo et in
medium proferam, iiidices, ut aliquando totam huius generis
orationem concliidam atque definiam. Nemo fere vestrum
5 est quin quern ad modum captae sint a M. Marcello Syracu-
sae saepe audierit, non numquam etiam in annalibus legerit.
Conferte banc pacem cum illo hello, huius praetoris adven-
tum cum illius imperatoris victoria, huius cohortem impuram
cum illius exercitu invicto, huius libidines cum illius conti-
10 nentia: ah illo, qui cepit, conditas, ab hoc qui constitiitas
accepit, captas dicetis Syracusas.
2. Ac iam ilia omitto, quae disperse a me multis in locis
dicentur ac dicta sunt : forum Syracusanorum, quod introitu
48
TJie Plunder of Syracuse
49
Marcelli purum caede servatum esset, id adventu Verris
Siculorum innocentium sanguine redundasse : portum Syra-
cusanorum, qui turn et nostris classibus et Karthaginiensium
clausus fuisset, eum isto praetore Cilicum myoparoni prae-
donibusque patuisse : mitto adhibitam vim ingenuis, matres 5
Coin of Syracuse.
familias violatas, quae turn in urbe capta commissa non sunt
neque odio hostill neque licentia militari neque more belli
neque iure victoriae : mitto, inquam, haec omnia, quae ab
isto per triennium perfecta sunt : ea, quae coniiincta cum
illis rebus sunt, de quibus antea dixi, cognoscite. 10
Description of Syracuse.
3. Urbem Syraciisas maximam esse Graecarum, pulcher-
rimam omnium saepe audistis. Est, iiidices, ita ut dicitur.
Nam et sitii est cum miinito tum ex omni aditii, vel terra
vel m.iri, praeclaro ad aspectum, et portfis habet prope in
aedificatione aspectuque urbis incliisos : qui cum diversos 15
inter se aditus habeant, in exitu coniunguntur et confluunt.
Eorum coniiinctione pars oppidi, quae appellatur Insula,
mari diiuncta angusto, ponte rursus adiungitur et conti-
netur.
LIII. 4. Ea tanta est urbs, ut ex quattuor urbibus maxi- 20
mis constare dicatur : quarum una est ea quam dixi Insula,
so
Orations of Cic
CIV
quae duobus portubus cincta, in utriusque portus ostium
aditumque proiecta est, in qua domus est, quae Hieronis
regis fuit, qua praetores liti solent. In ea sunt aedes
sacrae compliires, sed duae quae longe ceteris antecellant :
5 Dianae, et altera, quae fuit ante istius adventum ornatis-
sima, Minervae. In hac insula extrema est fons aquae
Coin of Hiero II.
dulcis, cui nomen Arethusa est, incredibili magnitiidine,
plenissimus piscium, qui fliictu totus operiretur, nisi muni-
tione ac mole lapidum diiiinctus esset a mari. 5. Altera
lo autem est urbs Syracusis, cui nomen Achradina est : in qua
forum maximum, pulcherrimae porticiis, ornatissimum pryta-
neum, amplissima est ciaria templumque egregium lovis
Olympii ceteraeque urbis partes, quae una via lata perpetua
multisque transversis divisae privatis aedificiis continentur.
15 Tertia est urbs, quae, quod in ea parte Fortunae fanum
antiquum fuit, Tycha nominata est, in qua gymnasium
amplissimum est et complures aedes sacrae : coliturque ea
pars et habitatur frequentissime. Quarta autem est, quae
quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur : quam
20 ad summam theatrum maximum : praeterea duo templa sunt
egregia, Cereris unum, alterum Liberae signumque Apol-
linis, qui Temenites vocatur, pulcherrimum et maximum :
quod iste si portare potuisset, non dubitasset auferre.
TJie Plimder of Syracuse
51
Marcellus.
Marcellus Touched Nothing.
LIV. 6. Nunc ad Marcellum revertar, ne haec a me sine
causa commemorata esse videantur : qui cum tam prae-
claram urbem vi copiisque cepisset, non putavit ad laudem
populi Romani lioc pertinere, hanc pulcliritudinem, ex qua
praesertim periculi nihil ostenderetur, delere et exstinguere.
Itaque aedificiis omnibus, piiblicis privatis, sacris profanis,
sic pepercit, quasi ad ea defendenda cum exercitu, non
oppugnanda venisset. In ornatu urbis habuit victoriae
rationem, habuit humanitatis. Victoriae putabat esse multa
Romam deportare, quae ornamento urbi esse possent, hiima-
nitatis non plane exspoliare urbem, praesertim quam con-
servare voluisset. 7. In hac partitione ornatus non pliis
victoria Marcelli populo Romano appetivit quam humanitas
Syracusanis reservavit. Romam quae apportata sunt, ad
aedem Honoris et Virtutis itemque aliis in locis videmus.
Nihil in aedibus, nihil in hortis posuit, nihil in suburbano :
putavit, si urbis ornamenta domum suam non contulisset,
domum suam ornamento urbi futuram. Syracusis autem
permulta atque egregia reliquit : deum vero nullum violavit,
nullum attigit. Conferte Verrem : non ut hominem cum
homine comparetis, ne qua tali viro mortuo fiat iniCiria,
sed ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et iuris dicti-
onem cum ferro et armis, adventum et comitatum cum
exercitu et victoria conferatis.
15
52
Orations of Cicero
Verres Plundered even Temples.
LV. 8. Aedis Minervae est in Insula, de qua ante dixi :
quam Marcellus non attigit, quam plenam atque ornatam
reliquit : quae ab isto sic spoliata atque direpta est, non ut
ab hoste aliquo, qui tamen in bello religionum et consuetu-
't%\K
^''^r^-' :
-^^■6^^ ^'
Church at Syracuse (formerly Temple of Minerva).
5 dinis iura retineret, sed ut a barbaris praedonibus vexata
esse videatur. Piigna erat equestris Agathocli regis in
tabulis picta: his autem tabulis interiores templi parietes
vestiebantur. Nihil erat ea pictura nobilius, nihil Syracusis
quod magis visendum putaretur. Has tabulas M. Marcellus
10 cum omnia victoria ilia sua profana fecisset, tamen religione
The Plunder of Syracuse 53
impeditus non attigit : iste, cum ilia iam propter diuturnam
pacem fidelitatemque populi Syracusani sacra religiosaque
accepisset, omnes eas tabulas abstulit : parietes, quorum
ornatus tot saecula manserant, tot bella effugerant, nudos
ac deformatos reliquit. 9. Et Marcellus, qui, si Syracusas 5
cepisset, duo templa se Romae dedicaturum voverat, is id,
quod erat aedificaturus, iis rebus ornare, quas ceperat,
noluit : Verres, qui non Honori neque Virtuti, quem ad
modum ille, sed Veneri et Cupidini vota deberet, is Minervae
templum spoliare conatus est. Ille deos deorum spoliis 10
ornari noluit : hie ornamenta Minervae virginis in meretri-
ciam domum transtulit. Viginti et septem praeterea tabulas
pulcherrime pictas ex eadem aede sustulit : in quibus erant
imagines Siciliae regum ac tyrannorum, quae non solum
pictorum artificio delectabant, sed etiam commemoratione 15
hominum et cognitione formarum. Ac videte quanto tae-
trior hie tyrannus Syracusanus fuerit quam quisquam supe-
riorum: cum illi tamen ornarint templa deorum immortalium,
hie etiam illorum monumenta atque ornamenta sustulerit.
Robberies Detailed.
LVI. 10. Iam vero quid ego de valvis illius templi com- 20
memorem ? Vereor ne, haec qui non viderint, omnia me
nimis augere atque ornare arbitrentur : quod tamen nemo
suspicari debet, tam esse me cupidum, ut tot viros primaries
velim, praesertim ex iudicum numero, qui Syracusis fuerint,
qui haec viderint, esse temeritati et mendacio meo conscios. 25
Confirmare hoc liquido, indices, possum, valvas magnificen-
tiores, ex auro atque ebore perfectiores, niillas umquam iillo
in templo fuisse. Incredibile dictu est quam multi Graeci
de harum valvarum pulchritiidine scriptum reliquerint.
Nimium forsitan haec illi mirentur atque efferant. Esto : 30
verum tamen honestius est rei pnblicae nostrae, iiidices,
ea quae illis pulchra esse videantur imperatorem nostrum in
54 Orations of Cicero
bello reliquisse, quam praetorem in pace abstulisse. Ex
ebore dlligentissime perfecta argiimenta erant in valvis : ea
detrahenda ciiravit omnia. 11. Gorgonis os pulcherrimum,
cinctum anguibus, revellit atque abstulit : et tamen indicavit
5 se non solum artificio, sed etiam pretio quaestuque duci.
Nam bullas aureas omnes ex iis valvis, quae erant multae
et graves, non dubitavit auferre : quarum iste non opere
delectabatur, sed pondere. Itaque eius modi valvas reliquit,
ut quae olim ad ornandum templum erant maxime, nunc
lo tantum ad claudendum factae esse videantur. Etiamne gra-
mineas hastas — vidi enim vos in hoc nomine, cum testis
diceret, commoveri, quod erat eius modi, ut semel vidisse
satis esset ; in quibus neque manu factum quicquam neque
pulchritiido erat lilla, sed tantum magnitude incredibilis, de
15 qua vel audire satis esset, nimium videre plus quam semel
— etiam id concupisti ?
Statue of Sappho Stolen.
LVII. 12. Nam Sappho, quae sublata de prytaneo est,
dat tibi iustam exciisationem, prope ut concedendum atque
ignoscendum esse videatur. Silanionis opus tam perfectum,
20 tam elegans, tam elaboratum quisquam non modo privatus,
sed populus potius haberet quam homo elegantissimus atque
eruditissimus, Verres ? Nimirum contra dici nihil potest.
Nostrfun enim unus quisque — qui tam beati quam iste est
non sumus, tam delicati esse non possumus — si quando
25 aliquid istius modi videre volet, eat ad aedem Felicitatis, ad
monumentum Catuli, in porticum Metelli ; det operam ut
admittatur in alicOius istorum Tusculanum ; spectet forum
ornatum, si quid iste suorum aedilibus commodarit : Verres
haec habeat domi, Verres ornamentorum fanorum atque
30 oppidorum habeat plenam domum, villas refertas. Etiamne
huius operari studia ac delicias, iudices, perferetis ? qui ita
natus, ita educatus est, ita factus et animo et corpore, ut
TJie Plunder of Syi-acuse
55
multo appositior ad ferenda quam ad aiiferenda signa esse
videatur. 13. Atque haec Sappho sublata quantum deside-
rium sul reliquerit dici vix potest. Nam cum ipsa fuit egre-
gie facta, tum epigramma Graecum pernobile incisum est in
Sappho.
basi : quod iste eruditus homo et Graeculus, qui haec sub- 5
tiliter iudicat, qui solus intellegit, si unam htteram Graecam
scisset, certe non tulisset. Nunc enim, quod scriptum est
inani in basi, declarat quid fuerit, et id ablatum indicat.
Other Thefts.
14. Quid } signum Paeanis ex aede Aesculapi praeclare
factum, sacrum ac religiosum, non sustulisti ? quod omnes 10
propter pulchritudinem visere, propter religionem colere
solebant. Quid ? ex aede Liberi simulacrum Aristaei non
tuo imperio palam ablatum est t Quid 1 ex aede lovis
56 Orations of Cicero
religiosissimum simulacrum lovis Imperatoris, pulcherrime
factum, nonne abstulisti ? Quid ? ex aede Liberae, t parinum
caput illud pulcherrimum, quod visere solebamus, num dubi-
tasti tollere ? Atque ille Paean sacrificils anniversariis simul
5 cum Aesculapio apud illos colebatur : x\ristaeus, qui [ut
Graeci ferunt, Liberi filius] inventor olei esse dicitur, una
cum Libero patre apud illos eodem erat in templo con-
secratus.
Statue of Jupiter.
LVIII. 15. lovem autem Imperatorem quantd honore in
lo suo templo fuisse arbitramini ? Conicere potestis, si recor-
dari volueritis quanta religione fuerit eadem specie ac forma
signum illud, quod ex Macedonia captum in Capitolio
posuerat Flamininus. Etenim tria ferebantur in orbe ter-
rarum signa lovis Imperatoris uno in genere pulcherrime
15 facta : iinum illud Macedonicum, quod in Capitolio vidimus;
alterum in Ponti ore et angustiis ; tertium, quod Syracusis
ante Verrem praetorem fuit. Illud Flamininus ita ex aede
sua sustulit, ut in Capitolio, hoc est, in terrestrl domicilio
lovis poneret. Quod autem est ad introitum Ponti, id, cum
20 tam multa ex illo mari bella emerserint, tam multa porro in
Pontum invecta sint, usque ad hanc diem integrum inviola-
tumque servatum est. Hoc tertium, quod erat Syracusis,
quod M. Marcellus armatus et victor viderat, quod religioni
concesserat, quod cives atque incolae Syracusani colere,
25 advenae non solum visere, verum etiam venerari solebant,
id Verres ex templo lovis sustulit.
16. Ut saepius ad Marcellum revertar, iudices, sic habe-
tote : plijres esse a Syracusanis istius adventu deos, quam
victoria Marcelli homines desiderates. Etenim ille requisisse
30 etiam dicitur Archimedem ilium, summo ingenio hominem ac
disciplina, quem cum audisset interfectum, permoleste
tulisse : iste omnia, quae requisivit, non ut conservaret,
verum ut asportaret requisivit.
The Phmder of Syracuse 57
Even Trifles Carried off.
LIX. 17. lam ilia quae leviora videbuntur ideo prae-
teribo, — quod mensas Delphicas e marmore, crateras ex
aere pulcherrimas, vim maximam vasorum Corinthiorum
ex omnibus aedibus sacris abstulit Syracusis. Itaque,
iudices, ei qui hospites ad ea quae visenda sunt solent 5
ducere, et linum quidque ostendere, quos illi mystagogos
vocant, conversam iam habent demonstrationem suam.
Nam, ut ante demonstrabant quid ubique esset, item nunc
quid undique ablatum sit ostendunt.
Feelings of the Citizens Outraged.
18. Quid tum ? mediocrlne tandem dolore eos adfectos 10
esse arbitramini .'' Non ita est, iudices : primum, quod
omnes religione moventur, et deos patrios, quos a maioribus
acceperunt, colendos sibi diligenter et retinendos esse arbi-
trantur : deinde hie ornatus, haec opera atque artificia,
signa, tabulae pictae, Graecos homines nimio opere delec- 15
tant. Itaque ex illorum querimoniis intellegere possumus,
haec illis acerbissima videri, quae forsitan nobis levia et con-
temnenda esse videantur. Mihi credite, iudices — tametsi
vosmet ipsos haec eadem audire certo scio, — cum multas
acceperint per hosce annos socii atque exterae nationes 20
calamitates et iniurias, nCillas Graeci homines gravius ferunt
ac tulerunt, quam huiusce modi spoliationes fanorum atque
oppidorum.
Empty Pretence of Purchase.
19. Licet iste dicat emisse se, sicuti solet dicere, credite
hoc mihi, iudices : nulla umquam civitas tota Asia et Graecia 25
signum ullum, tabulam pictam, uUum denique ornamentum
urbis, sua voluntate cuiquam vendidit, nisi forte existimatis,
postea quam iudicia severa Romae fieri desierunt, Graecos
homines haec venditare coepisse, quae tum non modo non
58 Orations of Cicero
venditabant, cum iudicia fiebant, verum etiam coemebant; aut
nisi arbitramini L. Crasso, Q. Scaevolae, C. Claudio, potentis-
simis hominibus, quorum aedilitates ornatissimas vidimus,
commercium istarum rerum cum Graecis hominibus nonfuisse,
5 eis qui post iudiciorum dissolCitionem aediles facti sunt fuisse.
Works of Art Held Priceless by Greeks.
LX. 20. Acerbiorem etiam scitote esse civitatibus falsam
istam et simulatam emptionem, quam si qui clam surripiat
aut eripiat palam atque auferat. Nam turpitudinem summam
esse arbitrantur referri in tabulas publicas, pretio adductam
lo civitatem (et pretio parvo) ea quae accepisset a maioribus
vendidisse atque abalienasse. Etenim mirandum in modum
Graeci rebus istis, quas nos contemnimus, delectantur.
Itaque maiores nostri facile patiebantur, haec esse apud
illos quam plarima : apud socios, ut imperio nostro quam
15 ornatissimi florentissimique essent : apud eos autem, quos
vectigalis aut stipendiaries fecerant, tamen haec relinque-
bant, ut illi quibus haec iucunda sunt, quae nobis levia
videntur, haberent haec oblectamenta et solacia servitutis.
21. Quid arbitramini Reginos, qui iam cives Romani
20 sunt, merere velle, ut ab eis marmorea Venus ilia aufera-
tur } quid Tarentinos, ut Europam in tauro amittant ? ut
Satyrum, qui apud illos in aede Vestae est ? ut cetera ?
quid Thespienses, ut Cupidinis signum [propter quod anum
visuntur Thespiae] ? quid Cnidios, ut Venerem marmoream.?
25 quid, ut pictam, Coos ? quid Ephesios, ut Alexandrum ?
quid Cyzicenos, ut Aiacem aut Medeam .? quid Rhodios, ut
lalysum ? quid Athenienses, ut ex marmore lacchum aut Para-
lum pictum aut ex acre Myronis buculam ? Longum est et
non necessarium commemorare quae apud quosque visenda
30 sunt tota Asia et Graecia : verum illud est quam ob rem haec
commemorem, quod existimare hoc vos volo, mirum quendam
dolorem accipere eos, ex quorum urbibus haec auferantur.
THE QUARRIES OF SYRACUSE.
(Dionysius' liar.)
CRUCIFIXION OF A ROMAN CITIZEN.
{In C. Verrem : Actio II., lib. V., ch. 61-66.)
Cruelties of Verres.
QUID nunc agam? Cum iam tot horas de uno genere
ac de istius nefaria crudelitate dicam, — cum prope
omnem vim verborum eius modi, quae scelere istius digna
sint, aliis in rebus consumpserim, neque hoc providerim, ut
varietate criminum vos attentos tenerem, — quem ad modum 5
de tanta re dicam? Opinor, unus modus atque lina ratio
est. Rem in medio ponam, quae tantum habet ipsa gravi-
tatis, ut neque mea (quae niilla est) neque cuiusquam, ad
inflammandos vestros animos, eloquentia requiratur.
Unguarded Complaints of Gavius.
2. Gavius hie, quem dico, Consanus, cum in illo numero 10
civium Romanorum ab isto in vincla coniectus esset, et
nescio qua ratione clam e lautumiis profugisset, Messa-
namque venisset, — qui tam prope iam Italian! et moenia
Reginorum civium Romanorum videret, et ex illo metu
mortis ac tenebris, quasi luce libertatis et odore aliquo 15
legum recreatus, revixisset, — loqui Messanae et queri coe-
pit, se civem Romanum in vincla esse coniectum ; sibi
recta iter esse Romam; Verri se praesto advenienti futu-
rum.
His Words Reported to Verres.
3. Non intellegebat miser nihil interesse, utrum haec 20
Messanae, an apud istum in praetorio loqueretur. Nam
(ut ante vos docui) hanc sibi iste urbem delegerat, quam
haberet adiutricem scelerum, furtorum receptricem, flagiti-
orum omnium consciam. Itaque ad magistratum Mamer-
59
6o
Orations of Cicero
tinum statim deducitur Gavius : eoque ipso die casu
Messanam Verres venit. Res ad eum defertur : esse
civem Romanum, qui se Syraciisis in lautumiis fuisse
Coin of the Mamertini.
quereretur : quern, iam ingredientem in navem, et Verri
5 nimis atrociter minitantem, ab se retractum esse et asser-
vatum, ut ipse in eum statueret quod videretur.
Gavius Scourged.
4. Agit hominibus gratias, et eorum benevolentiam erga
se diligentiamque conlaudat. Ipse, inflammatus scelere et
furore, in forum venit. Ardebant oculi : toto ex ore crude-
10 litas eminebat. Exspectabant omnes, quo tandem progres-
surus aut quidnam acturus esset ; cum repente hominem
proripl, atque in foro medio nudari ac deligari, et virgas
expediri iubet. Clamabat ille miser, se civem esse Roma-
num, municipem Consanum ; meruisse cum L. Raecio,
15 splendidissimo equite Romano, qui Panhormi negotiaretur,
ex quo haec Verres scire posset. Tum iste, se comperisse
eum speculandi causa in Sicilian! a ducibus fugitlvorum esse
missum ; cuius rei neque index, neque vestigium aliquod,
neque suspicio cuiquam esset ulla. Deinde iubet undique
20 hominem vehementissime verberari.
He is Threatened with the Cross.
5. Caedebatur virgis in medio foro Messanae civis Roma-
nus, iudices ; cum interea niillus gemitus, nulla vox alia
Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen 6i
illius miseri inter dolorem crepitumque plagarum audie-
batur, nisi haec, Cwis Rdjjmnus sum! Hac se commemo-
ratione civitatis omnia verbera depulsurum, cruciatumque
a corpore deiecturum, arbitrabatur. Is non modo hoc non
perfecit, ut virgarum vim deprecaretur ; sed, cum imploraret 5
saepius, usiirparetque nomen civitatis, crux — crux, inquam
— infelici et aerumnoso, qui numquam istam pestem vide-
rat, comparabatur.
Rights of a Roman Citizen Outraged.
LXIII. 6. O nomen dulce libertatis ! O ius eximium
nostrae civitatis ! O lex Porcia, legesque Semproniae ! 10
O graviter desiderata, et aliquando reddita plebi Romanae,
tribiinicia potestas ! Hiicine tandem omnia reciderunt, ut
civis Romanus, in provincia populi Romani, in oppido
foederatorum, ab eo qui beneficio populi Romani fascis et
securis haberet, deligatus in foro virgis caederetur? Quid? 15
cum ignes ardentesque laminae ceterique cruciatus admove-
bantur, si te illius acerba imploratio et vox miserabilis non
inhibebat, ne civium quidem Romanorum, qui tum aderant,
fletii et gemitii maximo commovebare ? In crucem tCi agere
ausus es quemquam, qui se civem Romanum esse diceret ? 20
7. Nolui tam vehementer agere hoc prima actione, iudices :
nolui. Vidistis enim, ut animi multitudinis in istum dolore
et odio et commiinis periculi metCi concitarentur. Statui
egomet mihi tum modum oration i meae, et C. Numitorio,
equiti Romano, primo homini, testi meo ; et Glabrionem, id 25
quod sapientissime fecit, facere laetatus sum, ut repente
consilium in medio testimonio dimitteret. Etenim vere-
batur ne populus Romanus ab isto eas poenas vi repetisse
videretur, quas veritus esset ne iste legibus ac vestro iudicio
non esset persoluturus. 3°
62 Orations of Cicero
Gavius was not a Spy.
8. Nunc, quoniam exploratum est omnibus quo loco
causa tua sit, et quid de te futurum sit, sic tecum agam :
Gavium istum, quern repentinum speculatorem fuisse dicis,
ostendam in lautumias Syracusis abs te esse coniectum.
5 Neque id solum ex litteris ostendam Syracusanorum, ne
possis dicere me, quia sit aliquis in litteris Gavius, hoc
fingere et eligere nomen, ut hunc ilium esse possim dicere ;
sed ad arbitrium tuum testis dabo, qui istum ipsum Syra-
cusis abs te in lautumias coniectum esse dicant. Produ-
lo cam etiam Consanos, municipes illius ac necessaries, qui te
nunc sero doceant, iudices non sero, ilium P. Gavium, quem
tu in crucem egisti, civem Romanum et municipem Con-
sanum, non speculatorem fugitivorum fuisse.
His Claim of Citizenship Deserved Inquiry.
LXIV. 9. Cum haec omnia, quae polliceor, cumulate
15 tuis patronis plana fecero, tum istuc ipsum tenebo, quod
abs te mihi datur : eo contentum me esse dicam. Quid
enim nuper tu ipse, cum populi Romani clamore atque
impetu perturbatus exsiluisti, quid, inquam, locutus es ?
Ilium, quod moram supplicio quaereret, ideo clamitasse se
20 esse civem Romanum, sed speculatorem fuisse. lam mei
testes veri sunt. Quid enim dicit aliud C. Numitorius 1
quid M. et P. Cottii, nobilissimi homines, ex agro Taurome-
nitano t quid Q. Lucceius, qui argentariam Regii maximam
fecit t quid ceteri ? Adhuc enim testes ex eo genere a me
25 sunt dati, non qui novisse Gavium, sed se vidisse dicerent,
cum is, qui se civem Romanum esse clamaret, in crucem
ageretur. Hoc tu, Verres, idem dicis ; hoc tu confiteris
ilium clamitasse, se civem esse Romanum ; apud te nomen
civitatis ne tantum quidem valuisse, ut dubitationem ali-
30 quam crucis, ut crudelissimi taeterrimique supplici aliquam
parvam moram saltem posset adferre.
Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen 6^
Coin of Rhegium.
Roman Citizenship a Protection Anywhere.
10. Hoc teneo, hie haere5, iudices. Hoc sum contentus
uno; omitto ac neglego cetera; sua confessione induatur ac
iuguletur necesse est. Qui esset ignorabas ; speculatorem
esse suspicabare. Non quaero qua suspicione : tu.a te
acciiso oratione. Civem Romanum se esse dicebat. Si 5
tu, apud Persas aut in extrema India deprehensus, Verres,
ad supplicium ducerere, quid aliud clamitares, nisi te civem
esse Romanum ? Et, si tibi ignoto apud ignotos, apud
barbaros, apud homines in extremis atque ultimis gentibus
positos, nobile et inlustre apud omnis nomen civitatis tuae 10
profuisset, — ille, quisquis erat, quem tu in crucem rapiebas,
qui tibi esset ignotus, cum civem se Romanum esse dice-
ret, apud te praetorem, si non effugium, ne moram qui-
dem mortis, mentione atque iisurpatione civitatis, adsequi
potuit ? 15
LVX. 11. Homines tenues, obscuro loco nati, navigant ;
adeunt ad ea loca quae numquam antea viderunt ; ubi
neque noti esse eis quo venerunt, neque semper cum cogni-
toribus esse possunt. Hac lina tamen fidiicia civitatis,
non modo apud nostros magistratiis, qui et legum et exis- 20
timationis periculo continentur, neque apud civis solum
Romanes, qui et sermonis et iuris et multarum rerum
societate iuncti sunt, fore se tiitos arbitrantur ; sed, quo-
64 Orations of Cicero
cumque venerint, banc sibi rem praesidio sperant futiiram.
12. Tolle banc spem, tolle boc praesidium civibus Romanis ;
constitue nibil esse opis in bac voce, Cn'is Romdnus sum,
posse impune praetorem, aut aHum quembbet, suppbcium
5 quod vebt in eum constituere qui se civem Romanum esse
dicat, quod eum quis ignoret : iam omnis provincias, iam
omnia regna, iam omnis bberas civitates, iam omnem orbem
terrarum, qui semper nostris bominibus maxime patuit,
civibus Romanis ista defensione praeclCiseris. Quid si
lo L. Raecium, equitem Romanum, qui tum in Siciba erat,
nominabat ? etiamne id magnum fuit, Panbormum btteras
mittere ? Adservasses bominem ; custodiis Mamertinorum
tuorum vinctum, clausum babuisses, dum Panbormo Rae-
cius veniret ; cognosceret bominem, aliquid de summo sup-
15 pbcio remitteres. Si ignoraret, tum, si ita tibi videretur,
boc iuris in omnis constitueres, ut, qui neque tibi notus
esset, neque cognitorem locupletem daret, quamvis civis
Romanus esset, in crucem toUeretur.
Verres the Enemy of all Roman Citizens.
LXVI. 13. Sed quid ego pliira de Gavio ? quasi tu
20 Gavio tum fueris infestus, ac non nomini, generi, iuri
civium bostis. Non illi (inquam) bomini, sed causae
communi libertatis, inimicus fuisti. Quid enim attinuit,
cum Mamertini, more atque institute suo, crucem fixissent
post urbem, in via Pompeia, te iubere in ea parte figere,
25 quae ad fretum spectaret; et boc addere — quod negare
nubo modo potes, quod omnibus audientibus dixisti palam
— te idcirco ibum locum debgere, ut iUe, quoniam se civem
Romanum esse diceret, ex cruce Itabam cernere ac domum
suam prospicere posset ? Itaque ilia crux sola, iudices,
30 post conditam Messanam, illo in loco fixa est. Italiae
conspectus ad eam rem ab isto delectus est, ut ille, in
dolore cruciatuque moriens, perangusto fretu divisa ser-
Crucifixion of a Roman Citizeii 65
vitutis ac libertatis iiira cognosceret ; Italia autem alum-
num suLim servitutis extremo summoque supplicio adfixum
videret.
Shameless Audacity of the Crime.
14. Facinus est vincire civem Romanum ; scelus verbe-
rare ; prope parricidium necare : quid dicam in crucem 5
tollere t verbo satis digno tarn nefaria res appellari niillo
modo potest. Non fuit his omnibus iste contentus. Spectet
(in quit) pat7'ia7?i : in conspcctu leguvi libertatisque 7noriatur.
Non tu hoc loco Gavium, non unum hominem nescio quern
[civem Romanum], sed communem libertatis et civitatis 10
causam in ilium cruciatum et crucem egisti. lam vero
videte hominis audaciam. Nonne eum graviter tulisse arbi-
tramini, quod illam civibus Romanis crucem non posset in
foro, non in comitio, non in rostris defigere ? Quod enim
his locis, in provincia sua, celebritate simillimum, regione 15
proximum potuit, elegit. Monumentum sceleris audaciae-
que suae voluit esse in conspectCi Italiae, vestibule Siciliae
praetervectione omnium qui ultro citroque navigarent.
POMPEY'S MILITARY COMMAND.
{Pro Lege Manilid.)
B.C. 66.
The last serious resistance to the Roman power in the East was
offered by Mithridates VI., king of Pontus, the most formidable enemy
encountered by Rome since the death of Hannibal. The dominions
of Mithridates embraced the whole eastern coast of the Black Sea
(Pontus Euxinus), including the kingdom of Bosporus (Crimea) on
the one hand, and Paphlagonia on the other, while the king of Armenia
also was closely allied to him by marriage. There were three several
" Mithridatic Wars." In the First the Romans were commanded by
Sulla (8S-84 B.C.), who gained great successes, and forced Mithridates
to pay a large sum of money. In the Second (83-S2), a short and
unimportant affair, Murena, the Roman commander, was worsted.
The Third broke out B.C. 74, and was successfully conducted by Lucius
Licinius Lucullus, the ablest general of the aristocracy.
When this war had continued for several years, the democratic
faction {popular es) took advantage of some temporary reverses sus-
tained by Lucullus, and of the unpopularity of his administration, to
revoke his command and give to the consul of B.C. 67, M'. Acilius
Glabrio (the same who had presided at the trial of Verres), the eastern
war as his " province." The law effecting this change was proposed by
66
POMPEY.
(Bust in the Vatican.)
Pompey^s Military Coniviand 6y
the tribune A. Gabinius, one of the most active demagogues of the time.
Another law {lex Gabinia), proposed B.C. 67 by the same poUtician,
required the Senate to appoint a commander of consular rank, with
extraordinary powers for three years by land and sea, to suppress the
piracy which infested every part of the Mediterranean, having its chief
seat in Cilicia. It was understood as a matter of course that Gnaeus
(or Cneius) Pompey, who had been living in retirement since his con-
sulship, B.C. 70, would receive this appointment. Pompey accomplished
his task with the most brilliant success, and in three months had the
seas completely cleared. (See below, ch. xii.)
Meantime Glabrio had shown himself wholly incompetent to conduct
the war against Mithridates, and early in B.C. 66, the tribune Caius
Manilius proposed a law extending Pompey's command over the entire
East. Power like this was quite inconsistent with the republican insti-
tutions of Rome and with the established authority of the Senate; so
that the law was of course opposed by the aristocracy {optimates), led by
Hortensius and Catulus. Cicero was now praetor. He was no demo-
crat of the school of Gabinius and Caesar; but on the other hand he
had no hereditary sympathies with the Senate, and he probably failed
to recognize the revolutionary character of the proposition and con-
sidered merely its practical advantages. He therefore advocated the
passage of the Manilian law with ardor.
The law was passed, and Pompey fulfilled the most sanguine expec-
tations of his friends. Pie brought the Mithridatic War to an end,
organized the Roman power throughout the East, and returned home,
B.C. 61, with greater prestige and glory than had ever been won by
any Roman before him.
The Oration on the Manilian Law was Cicero's first political speech.
Till now he had been a public-spirited lawyer; from this time on he
was essentially a politician, and it is not hard to see how unfavorably
his character was influenced by contact with the corrupt politics of that
day.
Cicero's Reasons for Addressing a Political Assembly.
OUAMQUAM mihi semper frequens conspectus vester
multo iucundissimus, hie autem locus ad agendum
amplissimus, ad dicendum ornatissimus est visus, Quirites,
tamen hoc aditu laudis, qui semper optimo cuique maxime
patuit, non mea me voluntas adhuc, sed vitae meae ratio-
6S Oj'atio7is of Cicero
nes ab ineunte aetate susceptae prohibuerunt. Nam cum
antea per aetatem nondum hiiius auctoritatem loci attingere
auderem, statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum ingenio,
elaboratum industria adferri oportere, omne meum tempus
5 amicorum teraporibus transmittendum putavi. 2. Ita neque
hie locus vacuus umquam fuit ab eis qui vestram causam
defenderent, et meus labor, in privatorum periculis caste
integreque versatus, ex vestro iiidicio fructum est amplis-
simum consecutus. Nam cum propter dilationem comiti-
10 orum ter praetor primus centuriis cCmctis renuntiatus sum,
facile intellexi, Quirites, et quid de me iudicaretis, et quid
aliis praescriberetis. Nunc cum et auctoritatis in me tan-
tum sit, quantum vos honoribus mandandis esse voluistis,
et ad agendum facultatis tantum, quantum homini vigilanti
15 ex forensi usn prope cotidiana dicendi exercitatio potuit
adferre, certe et si quid auctoritatis in me est, apud eos
utar qui eam mihi dederunt, et si quid in dicendo consequi
possum, eis ostendam potissimum, qui ei quoque rei fruc-
tum suo iudicio tribuendum esse duxerunt. 3. Atque illud
20 in primis mihi laetandum iiire esse video, quod in hac
insolita mihi ex hoc loco ratione dicendi causa talis oblata
est, in qua oratio deesse nemini possit. Dicendum est enim
de Cn. Pompei singulari eximiaque virtute : huius autem
orationis difficilius est exitum quam principium invenire.
25 Ita mihi non tam copia quam modus in dicendo quaeren-
dus est.
The Situation in Asia.
II. 4. Atque, — ut inde oratio mea proficiscatur, unde
haec omnis causa ducitur, — bellum grave et periculosum
vestris vectigalibus ac sociis a duobus potentissimis regibus
30 infertur, Mithridate et Tigrane, quorum alter relictus, alter
lacessitus, occasionem sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam
esse arbitrantur. Equitibus Romanis, honestissimis viris,
adferuntur ex Asia cotidie litterae, quorum magnae res
Pompey's Military Covirnaiid
69
aguntur in vestris vectigalibus exercendis occupatae : qui
ad me, pro necessitudine quae mihi est cum illo ordine,
causam rei piiblicae periculaque rerum suarum detulerunt :
5. Bithyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, vicos exustos
esse compluris ; regnum Ariobarzanis, quod finitimum est 5
MiTHRIDATES VI.
vestris vectigalibus, totum esse in hostium potestate ; L.
Lijcullum, magnis rebus gestis, ab eo bello discedere ; huic
qui successerit non satis esse paratum ad tantum bellum
administrandum ; unum ab omnibus sociis et civibus ad id
bellum imperatorem deposci atque expeti, eundem hunc 10
unum ab hostibus metui, praeterea neminem.
Importance of the Mithridatic War.
6. Causa quae sit videtis : nunc quid agendum sit con-
siderate. Primum mihi videtur de genere belli, deinde de
magnitudine, tum de imperatore deligendo esse dicendum.
Genus est belli eius modi, quod maxime vestros animos 15
excitare atque inflammare ad persequendi studium debeat :
in quo agitur populi Romani gloria, quae vobis a maioribus
cum magna in omnibus rebus tum summa in re militari
tradita est ; agitur salus sociorum atque amicorum, pro
qua multa maiores vestri magna et gravia bella gesserunt ; 20
aguntur certissima populi Romani vectigalia et maxima,
quibus amissis et pacis ornamenta et subsidia belli requi-
70 Oratio7is of Cicero
retis; aguntur bona multorum civium, quibus est a vobis
et ipsorum et rei publicae causa consulendum.
Ill Success of the Former Wars in Asia.
III. 7. Et quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter
ceteras gentis atque avidi laudis fuistis, delenda est vobis.
5 ilia macula [Mithridatico] bello superiore concepta, quae
penitus iam insedit ac nimis inveteravit in populi Romani
nomine, — quod is, qui iano die, tota in Asia, tot in civita-
tibus, uno niintio atque una significatione [litterarum] civis
Roman5s necandos trucidandosque denotavit, non modo
lo adhiic poenam niillam suo dignam scelere suscepit, sed ab
.illo tempore annum iam tertium et vicesimum regnat, et ita
regnat, ut se non Ponti neque Cappadociae latebris occul-
tare velit, sed emergere ex patrio regno atque in vestris
vectigalibus, hoc est, in Asiae luce versari. 8. Etenim
15 adhuc ita nostri cum illo rege contenderunt imperatores,
ut ab illo insignia victoriae, non victoriam reportarent.
Triumphavit L. Sulla, triumphavit L. Murena de Mithri-
date, duo fortissimi viri et summi imperatores ; sed ita
triumpharunt, ut ille pulsus superatusque regnaret. Verum
20 tamen illis imperatoribus laus est tribuenda quod egerunt,
venia danda quod reliquerunt, propterea quod ab eo bello
SuUam in Italiam res publica, Murenam Sulla revocavit.
Strength of the Enemy,
IV. 9. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non ad
oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem novi con-
25 tulit : qui [postea] cum maximas aedificasset ornassetque
classis exercitusque permagnos quibuscumque ex gentibus
potuisset comparasset, et se Bosporanis finitimis suis bellum
inferre simularet, usque in Hispaniam legates ac litteras
misit ad eos duces quibuscum tum bellum gerebamus, ut,
30 cum duobus in locis disiunctissimis maximeque diversis uno
fe-ol
''..a 1 1 f )i-«S^~
Pompey's Military Command yi
consilio a biiiis hostium copiis bellum terra marique gerere-
tur, vos ancipiti contentione district! de imperio dimicaretis.
10. Sed tamen alterius partis periculum, Sertorianae atque
Hispaniensis, quae multo pliis firmamenti ac roboris habe-
bat, Cn. Pompei divino consilio ac singular! virtute depul- 5
sum est ; in altera parte ita res a L. Lucullo summo viro
est administrata, ut initia ilia rerum gestarum magna atque
praeclara non felicitati eius, sed virtuti, haec autem extrema,
quae nCiper acciderunt, non culpae, sed fortunae tribuenda
esse videantur. Sed de Lucullo dicam alio loco, et ita 10
dicam, Quirites, ut neque vera laus ei detracta oratione
mea neque falsa adficta esse videatur : 11. de vestri imperi
dignitate atque gloria — quoniam is est exorsus orationis
meae — videte quem vobis animum suscipiendum putetis.
Is the Roman Spirit Declining ?
V. Maiores nostri saepe mercatoribus aut naviculariis 15
nostris iniuriosius tractatis bella gesserunt: vos, tot mili-
bus civium Romanorum uno nuntio atque uno tempore
necatis, quo tandem animo esse debetis ? Legati quod
erant appellati superbius, Corinthum patres vestri totius
Graeciae lumen exstinctum esse voluerunt : vos eum regem 20
inultum esse patiemini, qui legatum populi Romani con-
sularem vinculis ac verberibus atque omni supplicio
excruciatum necavit .'' Illi libertatem imminutam civium
Romanorum non tulerunt : vos ereptam vitam neglegetis ?
ills legationis verbo violatum illi persecuti sunt : vos lega- 25
tum omni supplicio interfectum relinquetis? 12. Videte
ne, ut illis pulcherrimum fuit tantam vobis imperi gloriam
tradere, sic vobis turpissimum sit, id quod accepistis tueri
et conservare non posse.
The Allies in Peril : they Call for Pompey.
Quid ? quod saliis sociorum summum in periculum ac dis- 30
crimen vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre debetis 1 Regno
72 Orations of Cicero
est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, socius populi Roman! atque
amicus; imminent duo reges t5ti Asiae non solum vobis
inimicissimi, sed etiam vestris sociis atque amicis ; civitates
autem omnes cuncta Asia atque Graecia vestrum auxilium
5 exspectare propter periculi magnitudinem coguntur; impe-
ratorem a vobis certum deposcere, cum praesertim vos
alium miseritis, neque audent, neque se id facere sine
summo periculo posse arbitrantur. 13. Vident et sentiunt
hoc idem quod vos, — iinum virum esse, in quo summa
lo sint omnia, et eum propter esse, quo etiam carent aegrius ;
cuius adventu ipso atque nomine, tametsi ille ad maritimum
bellum venerit, tamen impetus hostium represses esse intel-
legunt ac retardates. Hi vos, quoniam libere loqui non
licet, tacite rogant, ut se quoque, sicut ceterarum provin-
15 ciarum socios, dignos existimetis, quorum salutem tali viro
commendetis; atque hoc etiam magis, quod ceteros in pro-
vinciam eius modi homines cum imperio mittimus, ut etiam
si ab hoste defendant, tamen ipsorum adventus in urbis
sociorum non multum ab hostili expugnatione differant.
20 Hunc audiebant antea, nunc praesentem vident, tanta tem-
perantia, tanta mansuetudine, tanta humanitate, ut ei beatis-
simi esse videantur, apud quos ille diutissime commoratur.
The Revenues at Stake.
VI. 14. Qua re si propter socios, nulla ipsi iniuria laces-
siti, maiores nostri cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, cum Aeto-
25 lis, cum Poenis bella gesserunt, quanto vos studio convenit
iniuriis prpvocatos sociorum salutem una cum imperi vestri
dignitate defendere, praesertim cum de maximis vestris vec-
tigalibus agatur ? Nam ceterarum provinciarum vectigalia,
Quirites, tanta sunt, ut eis ad ipsas provincias tutandas vix
30 content! esse possimus : Asia vero tam opima est ac fertilis,
ut et ubertate agrorum et varietate fructuum et magnitudine
pastionis et multitudine earum rerum quae exportantur,
Pompey's Military Commaftd
73
facile omnibus terris antecellat. Itaque haec vobis pro-
vincia, Quirites, si et belli utilitatem et pacis dignitatem
retinere voltis, non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu
calamitatis est defendenda. 15. Nam in ceteris rebus cum
venit calamitas, tum detrimentum accipitur ; at in vecti-
galibus non solum adventus mali, sed etiam metus ipse
adfert calamitatem. Nam cum hostium copiae non longe
absunt, etiam si inruptio nulla facta est, tamen pecuaria
Antiochus III.
Philip V.
relinquitur, agri cultura deseritur, mercatorum navigatio
conquiescit. Ita neque ex portu neque ex decumis neque lo
ex scriptura vectigal conservari potest : qua re saepe totius
anni fructus uno rumore periculi atque uno belli terrore
amittitur. 16. Quo tandem igitur animo esse existimatis
aut eos qui vectigalia nobis pensitant, aut eos qui exercent
atque exigunt, cum duo reges cum maximis copiis propter 15
adsint ? cum una excursio equitatus perbrevi tempore totius
anni vectigal auferre possit ? cum publican i familias maxi-
mas, quas in saltibus habent, quas in agris, quas in portubus
atque custodiis, magno periculo se habere arbitrentur?
Putatisne vos illis rebus frui posse, nisi eos qui vobis friictui 20"
sunt conservaritis non solum (ut ante dixi) calamitate, sed
etiam calamitatis formidine liberates ?
74 Orations of Cicero
Financial Crisis at Rome.
VII. 17. Ac ne illud quidem vobis neglegendum est, quod
mihi ego extremum proposueram, cum essem de belli genere
dicturus, quod ad multorum bona civium Romanorum perti-
net, quorum vobis pro vestra sapientia, Quirites, habenda
5 est ratio diligenter. Nam et publicani, homines honestissimi
atque ornatissimi, suas rationes et copias in illam provin-
ciam contulerunt, quorum ipsorum per se res et fortfmae
vobis curae esse debent. Etenim si vectigalia nervos esse
rei piiblicae semper duximus, eum certe ordinem, qui exercet
10 ilia, firmamentum ceterorum ordinum recte esse dicemus.
18. Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnavi atque indus-
trii partim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos absentibus
consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea provincia pecunias ^^C
magnas conlocatas habent. Est igitur humanitatis vestrae-
15 magnum numerum eorum civium calamitate prohibere, sapi-
entiae videre multorum civium calamitatem a re publica
seiunctam esse non posse. Etenim primum illud parvi
refert, nos publica his amissis [vectigalia] postea victoria
recuperare. Neque enim isdem redimendi facultas erit
20 propter calamitatem, neque aliis voluntas propter timorem.
19. Deinde quod nos eadem Asia atque idem iste Mithri-
dates initio belli Asiatici docuit, id quidem certe calamitate
docti memoria retinere debemus. Nam turn, cum in Asia
res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione
25 impedita, fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una in
civitate multi rem ac fortiinas amittere, ut non plures secum
in eandem trahant calamitatem. A quo periculo prohibete
rem publicam, et mihi credite id quod ipsi videtis : haec
fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in
30 foro versatur, implicata est cum illis pecuniis Asiaticis et
cohaeret. Ruere ilia non possunt, ut haec non eodem labe-
facta motu concidant. Qua re videte num dubitandum vobis
" o
> ^
i §
■^ o
o
>
Pompey's Military Conimaiid 75
sit omni studio ad id bellum incumbere, in quo gloria nomi-
nis vestri, salus sociorum, vectigalia maxima, fortunae pluri-
morum civium coniunctae cum re publica defendantur.
Exploits of LucuUus.
VIII. 20. Quoniam de genere belli dixl, nunc de magni-
tudine pauca dicam. Potest hoc enim dici, belli genus esse 5
ita necessarium ut sit gerendum, non esse ita magnum ut
sit pertimescendum. In quo maxime elaborandum est, ne
forte ea vobis quae diligentissime providenda sunt, contem-
nenda esse videantur. Atque ut omnes intellegant me L.
LucuUo tantum impertire laudis, quantum forti viro et sapi- 10
enti homini et magno imperatori debeatur, dico eius adventu
maximas Mithridati copias omnibus rebus ornatas atque
instriictas fuisse, urbemque Asiae clarissimam nobisque
amicissimam, Cyzicenorum, obsessam esse ab ipso rege
maxima multitudine et oppugnatam vehementissime, quam 15
L. Lucullus virtiite, adsiduitate, consilio, summis obsidionis
periculis liberavit : 21. ab eodem imperatore classem mag-
nam et ornatam, quae ducibus Sertorianis ad Italiam studi5
atque odio inflammata raperetur, superatam esse atque
depressam ; magnas hostium praeterea copias multis proeliis 20
esse deletas, patefactumque nostris legionibus esse Pontum,
qui antea populo Romano ex omni aditu clausus fuisset ;
Sinopen atque Amisum, quibus in oppidis erant domicilia
regis, omnibus rebus ornatas ac refertas, ceterasque urbis
Ponti et Cappadociae permultas, iino aditu adventuque esse 25
captas ; regem, spoliatum regno patrio atque avito, ad alios
se reges atque ad alias gentis supplicem contulisse ; atque
haec omnia salvis populi Romani sociis atque integris vecti-
galibus esse gesta. Satis opinor haec esse laudis, atque ita,
Quirites, ut hoc vos intellegatis, a nullo istorum, qui huic 30
obtrectant legi atque causae, L. Lucullum similiter ex hoc
loco esse laudatum.
J 6 Oratiojis of Cicero
The War still a Great One.
IX. 22. Requiretur fortasse nunc quern ad modum, cum
haec ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse bellum. Cognos-
cite, Quirites. Non enim hoc sine causa quaeri videtur.
Primum ex suo regno sic Mithridates profiigit, ut ex eodem
5 Ponto Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur, quam praedi-
cant in fuga fratris sui membra in eis locis, qua se parens
persequeretur, dissipavisse, ut eorum conlectio dispersa,
maerorque patrius, celeritatem persequendl retardaret. Sic
Mithridates fugiens maximam vim auri atque argenti pul-
10 cherrimarumque rerum omnium, quas et a maioribus acce-
perat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia direptas in suum
regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem reliquit. Haec dum
nostri conligunt omnia diligentius, rex ipse e manibus
effugit. Ita ilium in persequendi studio maeror, hos laetitia
15 tardavit. 23. Hunc in illo timore et fuga Tigranes rex
Armenius excepit, diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit, et
adflictum erexit, perditumque recreavit. Cuius in regnum
postea quam L. Lucullus cum exercitu venit, plures etiam
gentes contra imperatorem nostrum concitatae sunt. Erat
20 enim metus iniectus eis nationibus, quas numquam populus
Romanus neque lacessendas bello neque temptandas puta-
vit : erat etiam alia gravis atque vehemens opinio, quae
animos gentium barbararum pervaserat, fani locupletissimi
et religiosissimi diripiendi causa in eas oras nostrum esse
25 exercitum adductum, Ita nationes multae atque magnae
novo quodam terrore ac metu concitabantur. Noster autem
exercitus, tametsi urbem ex Tigrani regno ceperat, et proeliis
usus erat secundis, tamen nimia longinquitate locorum ac
desiderio suorum commovebatur.
Mithridates Defeated but not Subdued.
30 24. Hie iam plura non dicam. Fuit enim illud extremum
ut ex eis locis a militibus nostris reditus magis matiirus
Pompey ' s Militaiy Command
77
quam processio longior quaereretur. Mithridates aiitem et
suam manum iam confirmarat, [et eorum] qui se ex ipsius
regno conlegerant, et magnis adventiciis auxiliis multorum
regum et nationum iuvabatur. Iam hoc fere sic fieri solere
accepimus, ut regum adflictae fortiinae facile multorum
opes adliciant ad misericordiam, maximeque eorum qui aut
LUCULLUS.
reges sunt aut vivunt in regno, ut eis nomen regale magnum
et sanctum esse videatur. 25. Itaque tantum victus efficere
potuit, quantum incolumis numquam est ausus optare. Nam
cum se in regnum suum recepisset, non fuit eo contentus,
quod ei praeter spem acciderat, — ut illam, postea quam
pulsus erat, terram umquam attingeret, — sed in exercitum
nostrum clarum atque victorem impetum fecit. Sinite hoc
yS Orations of Cicero
loco, Quirites, sicut poetae solent, qui res Romanas scribunt,
praeterire me nostram calamitatem, quae tanta fuit, ut earn
ad auris [Luculli] imperatoris non ex proelio nuntius, sed ex
sermone rumor adferret.
Lucullus Superseded.
5 26. Hie in illo ipso malo gravissimaque belli offensione,
L. Lucullus, qui tamen aliqua ex parte eis incommodis
mederi fortasse potuisset, vestro iussii coactus, — qui imperi
diuturnitati modum statuendum vetere exemplo putavistis, —
partem militum, qui iam stipendiis confecti erant, dimisit,
lo partem M'. Glabrioni tradidit. Multa praetereo consulto,
sed ea vos coniectiira perspicite, quantum illud bellum
factum putetis, quod coniungant reges potentissimi, renovent
agitatae nationes, suscipiant integrae gentes, novus imperator
noster accipiat, vetere exercitu pulso.
Who shall be Appointed Commander?
15 X. 27. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor, qua re esset
hoc bellum genere ipso necessarium, magnitudine periculo-
sum. Restat ut de imperatore ad id bellum deligendo ac
tantis rebus praeficiendo dicendum esse videatur.
Pompey's Military Experience.
Utinam, Quirites, virorum fortium atque innocentium
20 copiam tantam haberetis, ut haec vobis deliberatio difficilis
esset, quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac tanto bello
praeficiendum putaretis ! Nunc vero — cum sit unus Cn.
Pompeius, qui non modo eorum hominum qui nunc sunt
gloriam, sed etiam antiquitatis memoriam virtiite superarit
25 — quae res est quae cuiusquam animum in hac causa dubium
f acere possit 1 28. Ego enim sic existimo, in summo
imperatore quattuor has res inesse oportere, — scientiam
rei militaris, virtutem, auctoritatem, felicitatem. Quis igitur
hoc homine scientior umquam aut fuit aut esse debuit ?
Pompey's Military Command 79
qui e ludo atque e pueritiae disciplinis bello maximo atque
acerrimis hostibus ad patris exercitum atque in militiae
disciplinam profectus est; qui extrema pueritia miles in
exercitu fuit summi imperatoris, ineunte adulescentia maximi
ipse exercitus imperator ; qui saepius cum hoste conflixit 5
quam quisquam cum inimico concertavit, plCira bella gessit
quam ceteri legerunt, plures provincias confecit quam alii
concupiverunt ; cuius adulescentia ad scientiam rei militaris
non alienis praeceptis sed suis imperiis, non offensionibus
belli sed victoriis, non stipendiis sed triumphis est erudita. 10
Quod denique genus esse belli potest, in quo ilium non
exercuerit fortuna rei pCiblicae ? Civile, Africanum, Trans-
alpinum, Hispaniense [mixtum ex civitatibus atque ex belli-
cosissimis nationibus], servile, navale bellum, varia et diversa
genera et bellorum et hostium, non solum gesta ab hoc fmo, 15
sed etiam confecta, ntillam rem esse declarant in lisu posi-
tam militari, quae huius viri scientiam fugere possit.
His Former Successes.
XI. 29. lam vero virtiiti Cn. Pompei quae potest oratio
par inveniri ? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo dignum
aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum possit adferre ? 20
Neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes imperatoriae, quae
volgo existimantur, — labor in negotiis, fortitudo in periculis,
industria in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, consilium in
providendo : quae tanta sunt in hoc lino, quanta in omnibus
reliquis imperatoribus, quos aut vidimus, aut audivimus, non 25
fuerunt. 30. Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla
huius virtute et subsidio confessus est liberatam. Testis est
Sicilia, quam multis undique cinctam periculis non terrore
belli, sed consili celeritate explicavit. Testis est Africa,
quae, magnis oppressa hostium copiis, eorum ipsorum san- 30
guine redundavit. Testis est Gallia, per quam legionibus
nostris iter in Hispaniam Gallorum internecione patefactum
8o
Orations of Cice^'o
est. Testis est Hispania, quae saepissime plurimos hostis
ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit. Testis est iterum
et saepius Italia, quae cum servili bello taetro periculosoque
premeretur, ab hoc auxilium absente expetivit : quod belhim
5 exspectatione eius attenuatum atque imminutum est, adventu
sublatum ac sepultum.
His Recent Success against the Pirates.
31. Testes nunc vero iam omnes orae atque omnes exterae
gentes ac nationes, denique maria omnia cum universa, tum
View near Cape Misenum (p. 82).
in singulis oris omnes sinus atque portus. Quis enim toto
[o mari locus per hos annos aut tam firmum habuit praesidium
ut tutus esset, aut tam fuit abditus ut lateret t Quis navi-
gavit qui non se aut mortis aut servitutis periculo commit-
teret, cum aut hieme aut referto praedonum mari navigaret t
Hoc tantum bellum, tam turpe, tam vetus, tam late divisum
[5 atque dispersum, quis umquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus
imperatoribus imo anno aut omnibus annis ab uno impera-
Pompey's Military Command 8 1
tore confici posse ? 32. Quam provinciam tenuistis a prae-
donibus liberam per hosce annos ? quod vectigal vobis tutiim
fuit ? quern socium defendistis ? cui praesidio classibus
vestrig fuistis ? quam multas existimatis insulas esse deser-
tas ? quam multas aut metu relictas aut a praedonibus captas 5
urbis esse sociorum ?
XII. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro ? Fuit hoc
quondam, fuit proprium populi Romani, longe a domo bel-
PORT OF OSTIA.
lare, et propiignaculls imperi sociorum fortunas, non sua
tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostris mare per hos annos 10
clausum fuisse dicam, cum exercitiis vestrl numquam a
Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmlserint ? Qui ad vos ab
exteris nationibus venirent captos querar, cum legatl populi
Romani redempti sint ? Mercatoribus tutum mare non fuisse
dicam, cum duodecim secures in praedonum potestatem 15
pervenerint ? 33. Cnidum aut Colophonem aut Samum,
82 Orations of Cicerv
nobilissimas urbis, innumerabillsque alias captas esse com-
memorem, cum vestros portus, atque eos portus quibus vitam
ac spiritum diicitis, in praedonum fuisse potestatem sciatis ?
An vero ignoratis portum Caietae celeberrimum ac plenissi-
5 mum navium inspectante praetore a praedonibus esse direp-
tum ? ex Miseno autem eius ipsius liberos, qui cum
praedonibus antea ibi bellum gesserat, a praedonibus esse
sublatos ? Nam quid ego Ostiense incommodum atque illam
labem atque ignominiam rei publicae querar, cum, prope
lo inspectantibus vobis, classis ea, cui consul populi Roman!
praepositus esset, a praedonibus capta atque oppressa est ?
The Celerity of his Movements,
Pro di immortales ! tantamne Cmius hominis incredibilis
ac divina virtus tam brevi tempore ICicem adferre rei publicae
potuit, ut vos, qui mode ante ostium Tiberinum classem
View in Pamphylia (Port of Adalia).
15 hostium videbatis, ei nunc nullam intra Oceani ostium prae-
donum navem esse audiatis ? 34. Atque haec qua celeritate
gesta sint quamquam videtis, tamen a me in dicendo praeter-
eunda non sunt. Quis enim umquam aut obeundi negoti
aut consequendi quaestus studio tam brevi tempore tot loca
20 adire, tantos cursus conficere potuit, quam celeriter Cn.
Pompeio duce tanti belli impetus navigavit ? Qui nondum
Pompey's Military Coimnand 83
tempestivo ad navigandum marl Siciliam adiit, Africam
exploravit ; inde Sardinian! cum classe venit, atque haec
tria frumentaria subsidia rei piiblicae firmissimis praesidiis
classibusque mimivit ; 35. inde cum se in Italiam recepisset,
duabus Hispaniis et Gallia [transalpina] praesidiis ac 5
navibus confirmata, missis item in oram Illyrici maris et in
Achaiam omnemque Graeciam navibus, Italiae duo maria
maximis classibus firmissimisque praesidiis adornavit ; ipse
autem ut Brundisio profectus est, undequinquagesimo die
totam ad imperium populi Romani Ciliciam adiOnxit ; omnes, 10
qui ubique praedones fuerunt, partim capti interfectique
sunt, partim unius huius se imperio ac potestati dediderunt.
Idem Cretensibus, cum ad eum usque in Pamphyliam lega-
tes deprecatoresque misissent, spem deditionis non ademit,
obsidesque imperavit. Ita tantum bellum, tam diuturnum, 15
tarn longe lateque dispersum, quo bello omnes gentes ac
nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme appara-
vit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit.
Pompey has all the Qualities of a General.
XIII. 36. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus impera-
toris. Quid ceterae, quas paulo ante commemorare coepe- 20
ram, quantae atque quam multae sunt ? Non enim bellandi
virtiis solum in summo ac perfect© imperatore quaerenda
est, sed multae sunt artes eximiae hiiius administrae comi-
tesque virtiitis. Ac primum, quanta innocentia debent esse
imperatores ? quanta deinde in omnibus rebus temperantia ? 25
quanta fide? quanta facilitate? quanto ingenio ? quanta
hiimanitate ? Quae breviter qualia sint in Cn. Pompeio
consideremus : summa enim omnia sunt, Quirites, sed ea
magis ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa per sese cognosci
atque intellegi possunt. 37. Quem enim imperatorem possu- 30
mus iillo in numero putare, cuius in exercitu centuriatus
veneant atque venierint ? Quid hunc hominem magnum
84 Oj'ations of Cicero
aut amplum de re publica cogitare, qui pecuniam, ex aerario
depromptam ad bellum administrandum, aut propter cupidi-
tatem provinciae magistratibus diviserit, aut propter avari-
tiam Romae in quaestu reliquerit ? Vestra admurmuratio
5 facit, Quirites, ut agnoscere videamini qui haec fecerint :
ego autem nomino neminem ; qua re irasci mihi nemo pote-
rit, nisi qui ante de se voluerit confiteri. Itaque propter
hanc avaritiam imperatorum quantas calamitates, quocum-
que ventum est, nostri exercitus ferant quis ignorat ? 38. Iti-
10 nera quae per hosce annos in Italia per agros atque oppida
civium Romanorum nostri imperatores fecerint recordamini :
turn facilius statuetis quid apud exteras nationes fieri existi-
metis. Utrum pluris arbitramini per hosce annos militum
vestrorum armis hostium urbis, an hibernis sociorum civi-
15 tates esse deletas ? Neque enim potest exercitum is conti-
nere imperator, qui se ipse non continet, neque severus esse
in iudicando, qui alios in se severos esse iudices non volt.
39. Hie miramur hunc hominem tantum excellere ceteris,
cuius legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint, ut non modo manus
20 tanti exercitus, sed ne vestigium quidem cuiquam pacato
nocuisse dicatur ? lam vero quem ad modum milites hiber-
nent cotidie sermones ac litterae perferuntur : non modo ut
sumptum faciat in militem nemini vis adfertur, sed ne cupi-
enti quidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis enim, non ava-
25 ritiae perfugium maiores nostri in sociorum atque amicorum
tectis esse voluerunt.
His Self-Restraint and Consequent Popularity.
XR^. 40. Age vero : ceteris in rebus quali sit temperantia
considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et tam incredi-
bilem cursum inventum putatis ? Non enim ilium eximia
30 vis remigum aut ars in audita quaedam gubernandi aut venti
aliqui novi tam celeriter in ultimas terras pertulerunt ; sed
eae res quae ceteros remorari solent, non retardarunt : non
Ponipey 's Military Command
85
avaritia ab instituto cursu ad praedam aliquam devocavit,
non libido ad voluptatem, non amoenitas ad delectationem,
non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, non denique labor ipse
ad quietem ; postremo signa et tabulas ceteraque ornamenta
Graecorum oppidorum, quae ceteri tollenda esse arbitrantur,
ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem existiraavit. 41. Itaque omnes
nunc in eis locis Cn. Pompeium sicut aliquem non ex hac
Galley. (From the Pr^neste Relief.)
urbe missum, sed de caelo delapsum intuentur. Nunc deni-
que incipiunt credere fuisse homines Romanes hac quon-
dam continentia, quod iam nationibus exteris incredibile ac 10
falso memoriae proditum videbatur. Nunc imperi vestri
splendor illis gentibus lucem adferre coepit. Nunc intelle-
gunt non sine causa maiores suos, tum cum ea temperantia
magistrates habebamus, servire populo Romano quam impe-
rare aliis maluisse. Iam vero ita faciles aditus ad eum pri- 15
vatorum, ita liberae querimoniae de aliorum iniuriis esse
dicuntur, ut is, qui dignitate principibus excellit, facilitate
86 Orations of Cicero
infimis par esse videatur. 42. lam quantum consilio, quan-
tum dicendi gravitate et copia valeat, — in quo ipso inest
quaedam dignitas imperatoria, — vos, Quirites, hoc ipso ex
loco saepe cognovistis. Fidem vero eius quantam inter
5 socios existimari putatis, quam hostes omnes omnium gene-
rum sanctissimam iudicarint? Humanitate iam tanta est,
ut difficile dictu sit utrum hostes magis virtutem eius pug-
nantes timuerint, an mansuetiidinem victi dilexerint. Et
quisquam dubitabit quin huic hoc tantum bellum transmit-
10 tendum sit, qui ad omnia nostrae memoriae bella conficienda
divino quodam consilio natus esse videatur ?
His Prestige as a Commander.
XV. 43. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis adminis-
trandis multum atque in imperio militari valet, certe nemini
dubium est quin ea re idem ille imperator plurimum possit.
15 Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella administranda quid
hostes, quid socii de imperatoribus nostris existiment quis
i£:norat, cum sciamus homines in tantis rebus, ut aut con-
temnant aut metuant aut oderint aut ament, opinione non
minus et fama quam aliqua ratione certa commoveri } Quod
20 igitur nomen umquam in orbe terrarum clarius fuit } cuius
res gestae pares? de quo homine vos, — id quod maxime
facit auctoritatem, — tanta et tam praeclara iudicia fecistis ?
44. An vero iillam Cisquam esse oram tam desertam putatis,
quo non illius diei fama pervaserit, cum liniversus populus
25 Romanus, referto foro completisque omnibus templis ex
quibus hie locus conspici potest, Cmum sibi ad commune
omnium gentium bellum Cn. Pompeium imperatorem depo-
poscit ? Itaque — ut pliira non dicam, neque aliorum exem-
plis confirmem quantum [huius] auctoritas valeat in bello —
30 ab eodem Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum exempla
sumantur : qui quo die a vobis maritime bello praepositus
est imperator, tanta repente vilitas annonae ex summa inopia
Ponipcy's Military Command Zj
et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta est unius hominis spe
ac nomine, quantam vix in summa ubertate agrorum diiiturna
pax efficere potuisset. 45. lam accepta in Ponto calamitate
ex eo proelio, de quo vos paulo ante invitus admonui, —
cum socii pertimuissent, hostium opes animique crevissent, 5
satis firmum praesidium provincia non haberet, — amisissetis
Asiam, Quirites, nisi ad ipsum discrimen eius temporis divi-
nitus Cn. Pompeium ad eas regiones fortuna populi Roman!
attulisset. Huius adventus et Mithridatem insolita inflam-
matum victoria continuit, et Tigranem magnis copiis mini- 10
tantem Asiae retardavit. Et quisquam dubitabit quid virtute
perfecturus sit, qui tantum auctoritate perfecerit ? aut quam
facile imperio atque exercitu socios et vectlgalia conserva-
turus sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit ?
His Special Reputation in the East.
XVI. 46. Age vero, ilia res quantam declarat eiusdem 15
hominis apud hostis populi Roman! auctoritatem, quod ex
locis tarn longinquis tamque diversis tarn brevi tempore
omnes huic se imi dediderunt ? quod a communi Creten-
sium legati, cum in eorum insula noster imperator exerci-
tusque esset, ad Cn. Pompeium in ultimas prope terras 20
venerunt, eique se omnis Cretensium civitates dedere velle
dixerunt ? Quid .? idem iste Mithridates nonne ad eundem
Cn. Pompeium legatum lisque in Hispaniam misit ? eum quem
Pompeius legatum semper iiidicavit, ei quibus erat [semper]
molestum ad eum potissimum esse missum, speculatorem quam 25
legatum iudicari maluerunt. Potestis igitur iam constituere,
Quirites, hanc auctoritatem, multis postea rebus gestis magnis-
que vestris iudiciis amplificatam, quantum apud illos reges,
quantum apud exteras nationes valituram esse existimetis.
His Lucky Star.
47. Reliquum est ut de felicitate (quam praestare de se 30
ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de altero
S8 Oi'ations of Cicero
possumus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate deorura)
timide et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sic existimo : Maximo,
Marcello, Scipioni, Mario, et ceteris magnis imperatoribus non
solum propter virtutem, sed etiam propter fortunam saepius
5 imperia mandata atque exercitas esse commissos. Fuit
enim profecto quibusdam summis viris quaedam ad amplitCi-
dinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene gerendas divi-
nitiis adiuncta fortuna. De huius autem hominis felicitate,
de quo nunc agimus, hac iitar moderatione dicendi, non ut in
10 illius potestate fortimam positam esse dicam, sed ut praeter-
ita meminisse, reliqua sperare videamur, ne aut invisa dis
immortalibus oratio nostra aut ingrata esse videatur. 48. Ita-
que non sum praedicattirus quantas ille res domi militiae,
terra marique, quantaque felicitate gesserit ; ut eius semper
15 voluntatibus non modo cives adsenserint, socii obtempera-
rint, hostes obedierint, sed etiam venti tempestatesque obse-
cundarint : hoc brevissime dicam, neminem umquam tarn
impudentem fuisse, qui ab dis immortalibus tot et tantas
res tacitus auderet optare, quot et quantas di immortales
20 ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. Quod ut illi proprium ac
perpetuum sit, Quirites, cum communis saliitis atque imperi
tum ipsius hominis causa, sicuti facitis, velle et optare
debetis.
49. Qua re, — cum et bellum sit ita necessarium ut neglegi
25 non possit, ita magnum ut accuratissime sit administrandum ;
et cum ei imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia
belli scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima auctoritas, egregia
fortijna, — dubitatis Quirites, quin hoc tantum boni, quod
vobis ab dis immortalibus oblatum et datum est, in rem
30 publicam conservandam atque amplificandam conferatis ?
He is on the Spot.
XVII. 50. Quod Si Romae Cn. Pompeius privatus esset
hoc tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus
Pompey's Militajy Cormnand 89
atque mittendus : nunc cum ad ceteras summas utilitates
haec quoque opportiinitas adiungatur, ut in eis ipsis locis
adsit, ut habeat exercitum, ut ab eis qui habent accipere
statim possit, quid exspectamus ? aut cur non ducibus dis
immortalibus eidem, cui cetera summa cum salute rei piib- 5
licae commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellum regium commit-
tamus ?
Objection of Hortensius and Catulus.
51. At enim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rei piiblicae,
vestris beneficiis amplissimis adfectus, Q. Catulus, itemque
summis ornamentis honoris, fortunae, virtutis, ingeni prae- 10
ditus, Q. Hortensius, ab hac ratione dissentiunt. Quorum
ego auctoritatem apud vos multis locis plurimum valuisse et
valere oportere confiteor ; sed in hac causa, tametsi cognos-
citis auctoritates contrarias virorum fortissimorum et claris-
simorum, tamen omissis auctoritatibus ipsa re ac ratione 15
exquirere possumus veritatem, atque hoc facilius, quod ea
omnia quae a me adhuc dicta sunt, eidem isti vera esse
concedunt, — et necessarium bellum esse et magnum, et
in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia. 52. Quid igitur
ait Hortensius ? Si uni omnia tribuenda sint, dignissimum 20
esse Pompeium, sed ad unum tamen omnia deferri non
oportere. Obsolevit iam ista oratio, re multo magis quam
verbis refutata. Nam tii idem, Q. Hortensi, multa pro tua
summa copia ac singulari facultate dicendi et in senate con-
tra virum fortem, A. Gabinium, graviter ornateque dixisti, 25
cum is de uno imperatore contra praedones constituendo
legem promulgasset, et ex hoc ipso loco permulta item
contra eam legem verba fecisti.
Hortensius Answered by Facts.
53. Quid t turn (per deos immortalis !) si plus apud popu-
lum Romanum auctoritas tua quam ipsius populi Romani 30
salus et vera causa valuisset, hodie banc gloriam atque hoc
90 Orations of Cicero
orbis terrae imperium teneremus ? An tibi turn imperium
hoc esse videbatur, cum populi Romani legati quaestores
praetoresque capiebantur ? cum ex omnibus provinciis com-
meatu et private et publico prohibebamur ? cum ita clausa
5 nobis erant maria omnia, ut neque privatam rem transmari-
nam neque publicam iam obire possemus ?
XVIIL 54. • Quae civitas antea umquam fuit, — non dico
Atheniensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenuisse dici-
tur ; non Karthaginiensium, qui permultum classe ac mari-
10 timis rebus valuerunt ; non Rhodiorum, quorum usque ad
nostram memoriam disciplina navalis et gloria remansit, —
sed quae civitas umquam antea tam tenuis, quae tam parva
insula fuit, quae non portus suos et agros et aliquam partem
regionis atque orae maritimae per se ipsa defenderet ? At
15 (hercule) aliquot annos continues ante legem Gabiniam ille
populus Romanus, cCiius iisque ad nostram memoriam nomen
invictum in navalibus piignis permanserit, magna ac multo
maxima parte non modo utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperi
Coin of Rhodes.
caruit. 55. Nos, quorum maiores Antiochum regem classe
20 Persenque superarunt, omnibusque navalibus pugnis Kar-
thaginiensis, homines in maritimis rebus exercitatissimos
paratissimosque, vicerunt, ei nfiUo in loco iam praedonibus
pares esse poteramus : nos, qui antea non modo Italiam
ttitam habebamus, sed omnis socios in ultimis oris auctori-
25 tate nostri imperi salvos praestare poteramus, — tum cum
Ponipcy's Military Coviniajid 91
insula Delos, tarn procul a nobis in Aegaeo mari posita, quo
omnes undique cum mercibus atque oneribus comnieabant,
referta divitiis, parva, sine miiro, nihil timebat, — eidem non
modo provinciis atque oris Italiae maritimis ac portubus nos-
tris, sed etiam Appia iam via carebamus ; et eis temporibus
non pudebat magistrates populi Roman i in hunc ipsum
locum escendere, cum eum nobis maiores nostri exuviis
nauticis et classium spoliis ornatum reliquissent.
Brilliant Success of the Gabinian Law.
XIX. 56, Bono te animo tum, Q. Hortensi, populus
Romanus et ceteros qui erant in eadem sententia, dicere 10
existimavit ea quae sentiebatis : sed tamen in salute com-
miini idem populus Romanus dolori suo maluit quam aucto-
ritati vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una lex, unus vir, unus
annus non modo nos ilia miseria ac turpitiidine liberavit,
sed etiam effecit, ut aliquando vere videremur omnibus gen- 15
tibus ac nationibus terra marique imperare. 57. Quo mihi
etiam indignius videtur obtrectatum esse adhiic, — Gabinio
dicam anne Pompeio, an utrique, id quod est verius .'' —
ne legaretur A. Gabinius Cn. Pompeio expetenti ac postu-
lanti. Utrum ille, qui postulat ad tantum bellum legatum 20
quem velit, idoneus non est qui impetret, cum ceteri ad expi-
landos socios diripiendasque provincias quos voluerunt lega-
92 Orations of Cicero
tos eduxerint ; an ipse, ciiius lege salus ac dignitas populo
Romano atque omnibus gentibus constitiita est, expers esse
debet gloriae eius imperatoris atque eius exercitus, qui con-
silio ipsius ac periculo est constitutus ? 58. An C. Falci-
5 dius, Q. Metellus, Q. Caelius Latiniensis, Cn. Lentulus,
quos omnis honoris causa nomino, cum tribuni plebi fuis-
sent, anno proximo legati esse potuerunt : in uno Gabinio
sunt tam diligentes, qui in hoc bello, quod lege Gabinia
geritur, in hoc imperatore atque exercitu, quem per vos
10 ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo iure esse deberet ? De quo
legando consules spero ad senatum relaturos. Qui si dubi-
tabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me profiteer relatiirum. Neque
me impediet cuiusquam inimicum edictum, quo minus vobis
fretus vestrum ius beneficiumque defendam ; neque praeter
15 intercessionem quicquam audiam, de qua (ut arbitror) isti
ipsi, qui minantur, etiam atque etiam quid liceat conside-
rabunt. Mea quidem sententia, Quirites, Onus A. Gabinius
belli maritimi rerumque gestarum Cn. Pompeio socius ascri-
bitur, propterea quod alter uni illud bellum suscipiendum
20 vestris suffragiis detulit, alter delatum susceptumque con-
fecit.
Catulus Answered : Breach of Precedent not Unheard of.
XX. 59. Reliquum est ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et sen-
tentia dicendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis quaereret,
si in iano Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo factum
25 esset, in quo spem essetis habituri, — cepit magnum suae
virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum omnes iina prope voce
in [eo] ipso vos spem habituros esse dixistis. Etenim talis
est vir, ut nulla res tanta sit ac tam difficilis, quam ille non
et consilio regere et integritate tueri et virtute conficere pos-
30 sit. Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime dissentio, quod,
quo minus certa est hominum ac minus diuturna vita, hoc
magis res publica, dum per deos immortalis licet, frui debet
summi viri vita atque virtute. 60. 'At enim ne quid novi fiat
Pompey's Military Command 93
contra exempla atque instituta maiorum.' Non dicam hoc
loco maiores nostros semper in pace consuetudini, in bello
utilitati paruisse ; semper ad novos casus temporum novo-
rum consiliorum rationes adcommodasse : non dicam duo
bella maxima, Punicum atque Hispaniense, ab uno impera- 5
tore esse confecta, duasque urbis potentissimas, quae huic
imperio maxime mmitabantur, Karthaginem atque Numan-
tiam, ab eodem Scipione esse deletas : non commemorabo
nuper ita vobis patribusque vestris esse visum, ut in uno
C. Mario spes imperi poneretur, ut idem cum lugurtha, 10
idem cum Cimbris, idem cum Teutonis bellum administraret.
61. In ipso Cn. Pompeio, in quo novi constitui nihil volt
Q. Catulus, quam multa sint nova summa Q. Catuli volun-
tate constitiita recordamini. XXI. Quid tarn novum quam
adulescentulum privatum exercitum difficili rei publicae tem- 15
pore conficere ? Confecit. Huic praeesse 1 Praefuit. Rem
optime ductu suo gerere ? Gessit. Quid tam praeter con-
suetildinem quam homini peradulescenti, cuius aetas a sena-
torio gradu longe abesset, imperium atque exercitum dari,
Siciliam permitti, atque Africam bellumque in ea provincia 20
administrandum ? Fuit in his provinciis singulari innocen-
tia, gravitate, virtute : bellum in Africa maximum confecit,
victorem exercitum deportavit. Quid vero tam inauditum
quam equitem Romanum triumphare ? At eam quoque rem.
populus R5manus non modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio 25
visendam et concelebrandam putavit. 62. Quid tam inCisi-
tatum quam ut, cum duo consules clarissimi fortissimique
essent, eques Romanus ad bellum maximum formidolosis-
simumque pro consule mitteretur ? Missus est. Quo qui-
dem tempore, cum esset non nemo in senatu qui diceret 30
nd7i oportere mittl homifiem privatum pro consule, L. Philippus
dixisse dicitur noji se ilium sua sententia pro consule, sed pro
consulibus mittere. Tanta in eo rei piiblicae bene gerendae
spes constituebatur, ut duorum consulum munus unius adu-
94 Orations of Cicero
lescentis virtuti committeretur. Quid tarn singulare quam
ut ex senatus consulto legibus solutus consul ante fieret,
quam uUum alium magistratum per leges capere licuisset ?
quid tarn incredibile quam ut iterum eques Romanus ex
5 senatus consulto triumpharet ? Quae in omnibus homini-
bus nova post hominum memoriam constituta sunt, ea tarn
multa non sunt quam haec, quae in hoc uno homine vide-
mus. 63. Atque haec tot exempla, tanta ac tam nova, pro-
fecta sunt in eundem hominem a Q. Catuli atque a ceterorum
10 eiusdem dignitatis amplissimorum hominum auctoritate.
Judgment of the People should Overrule such Objections.
XXII. Qua re videant ne sit periniquum et non ferun-
dum, illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dignitate a vobis
comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab illis de eodem homine
iudicium populique Roman! auctoritatem improbari ; prae-
15 sertim cum iam suo iure populus Romanus in hoc homine
suam auctoritatem vel contra omnis qui dissentiunt possit
defendere, propterea quod, isdem istis reclamantibus, vos
unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis quem bello praedonum
praeponeretis. 64. Hoc si vos temere fecistis, et rei publi-
20 cae parum consuluistis, recte isti studia vestra suis consiliis
regere conantur. Sin autem vos plus turn in re publica
vidistis, vos eis repugnantibus per vosmet ipsos dignitatem
huic imperio, saliitem orbi terrarum attulistis, aliquando isti
principes et sibi et ceteris populi Romani ijniversi auctoritati
25 parendum esse fateantur.
Pompey Alone can Retrieve the Roman Reputation.
Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum militaris
ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae
quoque virtiites animi magnae et multae requiruntur. Diffi-
cile est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria regnisque interiorum nationum
30 ita versari nostrum imperatorem, ut nihil aliud nisi de hoste
Pompey's Militaiy Cofjima7id 95
ac de laude cogitet. Deinde etiam si qui sunt pudore ac
temperantia moderatiores, tamen eos esse talis propter mul-
titudinem cupidorum hominum nemo arbitratur. 65. Diffi-
cile est dictii, Quirites, quanto in odio simus apud exteras
nationes propter eorum, quos ad eas per hos annos cum 5
imperio misimus, libidines et iniurias. Quod enim fanum
putatis in illis terris nostris magistratibus religiosum, quam
civitatem sanctam, quam domum satis clausam ac munitam
fuisse ? Urbes iam locupletes et copiosae requiruntur, qui-
bus causa belli propter diripiendi cupiditatem inferatur. 10
66. Libenter haec coram cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio,
summis et clarissimis viris, disputarem. Noverunt enim
sociorum volnera, vident eorum calamitates, querimonias
audiunt. Pro sociis vos contra hostis exercitum mittere
putatis, an hostium simulatione contra socios atque ami- 15
cos ? Quae civitas est in Asia quae non modo imperatoris
aut legati, sed tanius tribuni militum animos ac spiritiis
capere possit ?
XXIII. Qua re, etiam si quern habetis qui conlatis signis
exercitus regies superare posse videatur, tamen nisi erit 20
idem, qui [se] a pecuniis sociorum, qui ab eorum coniugi-
bus ac liberis, qui ab ornamentis fanorum atque oppidorum,
qui ab aur5 gazaque regia manus, oculos, animum cohibere
possit, non erit idoneus qui ad bellum Asiaticum regiumque
mittatur. 67. Ecquam putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse quae 25
locuples sit 1 ecquam esse locupletem quae istis pacata esse
videatur.^ Ora maritima, Quirites, Cn. Pompeium non solum
propter rei militaris gloriam, sed etiam propter animi con-
tinentiam requisivit. Videbat enim praetores locupletari
quot annis pecunia publica praeter paucos ; neque eos 30
quicquam aliud adsequi, classium nomine, nisi ut detrimen-
tis accipiendis maiore adfici turpitudine videremur. Nunc
qua cupiditate homines in provincias, quibus iactiiris et
quibus condicionibus proficiscantur, ignorant videlicet isti,
96 Oratiojis of Cicero
qui ad unum deferenda omnia esse non arbitrantur ? Quasi
vero Cn. Pompeium non cum suis virtutibus turn etiam ali-
enis vitiis magnum esse videamus. 68. Qua re nolite dubi-
tare quin huic lini credatis omnia, qui inter tot annos unus
5 inventus sit, quem socii in urbis suas cum exercitu venisse
gaudeant.
Favorable Opinions of Leading Men.
Quod si auctoritatibus hanc causam, Quirites, confirman-
dam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum omnium maxi-
marumque rerum peritissimus, P. Servilius, cuius tantae res
10 gestae terra marique exstiterunt, ut cum de bello deliberetis,
auctor vobis gravior nemo esse debeat ; est C. Curio, summis
vestris beneficiis maximisque rebus gestis, summo ingenio et
prudentia praeditus ; est Cn. Lentulus, in quo omnes pro
amplissimis vestris honoribus summum consilium, summam
15 gravitatem esse cognovistis ; est C. Cassius, integritate, vir-
tute, constantia singular!. Qua re videte ut horum auctori-
tatibus illorum orationi, qui dissentiunt, respondere posse
videamur.
Peroration.
XXIV. 69. Quae cum ita sint, C. Manili, primum istam
20 tuam et legem et voluntatem et sententiam laudo vehemen-
tissimeque comprobo : deinde te hortor, ut auctore populo
Romano maneas in sententia, neve cuiusquam vim aut
minas pertimescas. Primum in te satis esse animi perse-
verantiaeque arbitror : deinde cum tantam multitudinem
25 cum tanto studio adesse videamus, quantam iterum nunc
in eodem homine praeficiendo videmus, quid est quod aut
de re aut de praeficiendi facultate dubitemus ? Ego autem
quicquid est in me studi, consili, laboris, ingeni, quicquid
hoc beneficio populi Romani atque hac potestate praetoria,
30 quicquid auctoritate, fide, constantia possum, id omne ad
hanc rem conficiendam tibi et populo Romano polliceor ac
Povipey's Militaiy Coinviaiid 97
defero : 70. testorque omnis deos, et eos maxime qui huic
loco temploque praesident, qui omnium mentis eorum qui
ad rem piiblicam adeunt maxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque
rogatii facere ciiiusquam, neque quo Cn. Pompei gratiam
mihi per hanc causam conciliari putem, neque quo mihi ex 5
cuiusquam amplitudine aut praesidia periculis aut adiiimenta
honoribus quaeram ; propterea quod pericula facile, ut homi-
nem praestare oportet, innocentia tecti repellemus, honorem
autem neque ab uno neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem ilia
nostra laboriosissima ratione vitae, si vestra voluntas feret, 10
consequemur. 71. Quam ob rem quicquid in hac causa
mihi susceptum est, Quirites, id ego omne me rei publicae
causa suscepisse confirmo ; tantumque abest ut aliquam mihi
bonam gratiam quaesisse videar, ut multas me etiam simul-
tates partim obsciiras, partim apertas intellegam mihi non 15
necessarias, vobis non inutilis suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc
honore praeditum, tantis vestris beneficiis adfectum statui,
Quirites, vestram voluntatem et rei publicae dignitatem et
saliitem provinciarum atque sociorum meis omnibus com-
modis et rationibus praeferre oportere. 20
THE CONSPIRACY GF CATILINE.
B.C. 63.
Lucius Sergius Catiline was a Roman noble of ruined fortunes
and the vilest character; he was an intimate friend of Verres, the
plunderer of Sicily, and was, like him, distinguished for an infamous
career in the army of Sulla. Fearless, ambitious, and unscrupulous,
such a man was well adapted to act as ringleader in arraying the dis-
contented elements of Roman society in any desperate enterprise
against the state.
The absence of Pompey in the East, by removing from Rome the
only man powerful enough to maintain order, gave Catiline his oppor-
tunity. He expected, probably, to make himself tyrant, as Dionysius
and Agathocles — men no better than he — had done in Syracuse; but
it was suspected at the time, and is believed by many at the present
day, that he was, after all, only a tool of Ccesar and Crassus, the
leaders of the democratic party.
Catiline's plan was to make use of the consulship as a stepping-stone
to absolute power ; and accordingly he desired to be a candidate for
this office for the year B.C. 65. He was shut out both that "year and the
next, on account of a charge of repetundae pending against him ; but of
this he was at last acquitted in season to present himself for the year
B.C. 63. There followed a very exciting canvass, which resulted in the
election of Cicero, the candidate of the moderate party, by an over-
98
Fij'st Oration against Catiline 99
whelming majority, while a confederate of Catiline, Caius Antonius, —
who was son of the distinguished orator, and uncle of the triumvir, —
was elected as his colleague. Catiline, nothing daunted, offered him-
self again at the next election. This time, however, he found himself
opposed by both consuls. For Cicero had transferred the rich province
of Macedonia, which had fallen to him for his proconsular year, to
Antonius, and had thus obtained the cooperation of the latter in pro-
curing the defeat of Catiline.
Catiline now gave up the attempt to gain his ends by means of the
consulship, and conspired with other men of desperate fortunes for an
immediate outbreak. As a private citizen he had lost the advantages
which the consulship would have given him, and even among his asso-
ciates the only conspirator who held a magistracy was the vain and
indolent Lentulus, praetor and of consular rank. In the course of
October, B.C. 63, a body of troops was collected at Faesulae (now
Fiesole, close to Florence) by the conspirators ; this was put in com-
mand of the centurion Caius Manlius, Catiline himself remaining in the
city to direct operations there. Cicero, however, had kept track of
every move of the conspiracy, and, in consequence of his representations,
the Senate, October 21, invested the consuls with dictatorial power. On
November 7 Cicero called a special meeting of the Senate in the temple
of Jupiter Stator. Catiline had the effrontery to appear in his usual
place, w^hereupon Cicero burst upon him with the fiery invective which
follows — the first of his four " Orations against Catiline."
J'his speech, probably the best known of all Roman orations, is a
striking example both of Cicero's power and of that violent invective
which was one of the characteristics of Roman oratory.
/. INVECTIVE AGAINST CATILINE.
{In L. Catilina??i Ordtio I.)
In the Senate, Nov. 7.
Effrontery of Catiline.
QUO usque tandem abiatere, Catilina, patientia nostra?
Quam diii etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet ? Quern
ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia ? Nihilne te
nocturnum praesidium Palati, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil
timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hie 5
lOO Orations of Cicero
mimitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora voltus-
que moverunt ? Patere tua consilia non sentis ? constrictam
iam horum omnium scientia teneri coniurationem tuam non
vides ? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi
5 fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consili ceperis, quern nostrum
ignorare arbitraris ?
Culpable Weakness of the Consuls.
2. O tempora ! O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit, con-
sul videt : hie tamen vivit. Vivit ? immo vero etiam ^hi_
senatum venit, fit public! consili particeps, notat et designat
io"ocuris ad caedem unum quemque nostrCim. Nos autem,
fortes viri, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si istius furo-
rem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci iussu
consulis iam pridem oportebat ; in te conferri pestem quam
tu in nos [iam diu] machinaris. 3. kxi vero vir amplissimus,
15 P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labe-
factantem statum rei publicae privatus interfecit : Catilinam,
orbem terrae caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos
consules perferemus? Nam ilia nimis antiqua praetereo,
quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem
20 manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re piiblica
virtiis^ ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum
quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus senatus
consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave. Non deest
rei publicae consilium, neque auctoritas hiiius ordinis : nos,
25 nos, dico aperte, consules desumus.
Contrast with Former Magistrates.
II. 4. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul
videret ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. Nox nulla
intercessit : interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum sus-
piciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, maioribus ; occi-
30 sus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili senatiis
First Oration against Catiline loi
consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio cor-sul'bns est.perrrissa res
publica : num unum diem postea L. SaLurninum tribunum
plebis et C. Servilium praetorem [aic-rs a-.] re) ' p-^bli'^cae
poena remorata est? At nos vicesiinaia' iam* ditim pati-
mur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim 5
huiusce modi senatus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis,
tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex senates consulto
confestim te interfectum esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis, et
vivis non ad deponendam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam.
Cupio, patres conscripti, me esse clementem : cupio in tan- 10
tis rei publicae periculis me non dissoliitum videri ; sed iam
me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno.
The Situation Calls for Immediate Action.
5. Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in
Etruriae faucibus conlocata : crescit in dies singulos hos-
tium numerus ; eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducem- 15
que hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus,
intestinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molien-
tem. Si te iam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici iussero,
credo, erit verendum mihi ne non hoc potius omnes boni
serius a me, quam quisquam crCidelius factum esse dicat. 20
Reasons for the Delay.
Verum ego hoc, quod iam pridem factum esse oportuit,
certa de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Tum denique
interficiere, cum iam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tam
tui similis inveniri poterit, qui id non iure factum esse fateatur.
6. Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives ; 25
et vives ita ut vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis oppres-
sus, ne commovere te contra'fem publicam possis. Multo-
rum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhiic
fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.
102 Oratio7is of Cicero
The Con.suls fully Informed of the Conspiracy.
. III. .Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod iam amplius exspec-
tes, £l neque nox teaebris obscurare coetiis nefarios, nee
privata domus parietibus continere voces coniurationis [tuae]
potest ? si inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia t MOta iam
5 istam mentem : mihi crede, obliviscere caedis atque incen-
diorum. Teneris undique : luce sunt clariora nobis tua
consilia omnia, quae iam mecum licet recognoscas. 7. Me-
ministine me ante diem xii. Kalendas Novembris dicere in
senatu, fore in armis certo die — qui die^s futiirus esset ante
10 diem vi. Kal. Novembris — C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem
atque administrum tuae ? Num me fefellit, Catilina, non
modo res tanta, tam atrox tamque incredibilis, verum — id
quod multo magis est admirandum — dies ? Dixi ego idem
in senatu caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem
IS v. Kalendas Novembris, tum cum multi principes civitatis
Roma non tam sui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum
reprimendorum causa proffigerunt. Num infitiari potes te
illo ipso die, meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum,
commovere te contra rem piiblicam non potuisse, cum tu
2o discessu ceterorum, nostra tamen qui remansissemus caede,
te contentum esse dicebas ? 8. Quid 1 cum te Praeneste
Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu
esse confideres, sensistine illam coloniam meo iussii [meis]
praesidiis custodiis vigiliis esse mfmitam ? Nihil agis, nihil
25 moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed
etiam videam planeque sentiam.
Latest Acts of the Conspirators.
IV. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superi-
orem : iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad saliitem
quam te ad perniciem rei pOblicae. Dico te priore nocte
30 venisse inter falcarios — non agam obscure — in M. Laecae
First Oratio7i against Catiline 103
domum ; convenisse eodem compliirls eiusdem amentiae
scelerisque socios. Num negare audes ? quid taces ? con-
vincam, si negas. Video enim esse hie in senatii quosdam,
qui tecum una fuerunt. 9. O di immortales ! ubinam gen-
tium sumus ? in qua urbe vivimus ? quam rem publicam 5
habemus ? Hie, hie sunt, in nostro numero, patres con-
scripti, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consi-
lio, qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de huius urbis atque
adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hos ego video
[consul] et de re publica sententiam rogo, et quos ferro 10
trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce volnero. Fuisti igitur
apud Laecam ilia nocte, Catilina: distribuisti partis Italiae ;
statuisti quo quemque proficisci placeret ; delegisti quos
Romae relinqueres, quos tecum educeres ; descripsisti urbis
partis ad incendia : confirmasti te ipsum iam esse exiturum ; 15
dixisti paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod ego viverem.
Reperti sunt duo equites Romani qui te ista ciira liberarent,
et sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo ante liicem me in meo lectulo
interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 10. Haec ego omnia, vix-
dum etiam coetii vestro dimisso, comperi : domum meam 20
maioribus praesidiis munivi atque firmavi ; excliisi eos quos
tu ad me salutatum miseras, cum illi ipsi venissent, quos
ego iam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis ventures
esse praedixeram.
Why does not Catiline Leave the City?
V. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti. 25
Egredere aliquando ex urbe : patent portae : proficiscere.
Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra deside-
rant. Ediic tecum etiam omnis tuos ; si minus, quam pluri-
mos : purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum modo
inter me atque te murus intersit Nobiscum versari iam 2,0
diutius non potes : non feram, non patiar, ' non sinam.
11. Magna dis immortalibus habenda est, atque huic ipsi
I04 O ratio 7is of Cicero
Jovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi huius urbis, gratia, quod
banc tarn taetram, tarn horribilem tamque infestam rei
publicae pestem totiens iam effugimus. Non est saepius in
uno homine summa salus periclitanda rei publicae. Quam
5 dill mihi consul! designato, Catilina, insidiatus es~ non
publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defend!. Cum
proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in Campo et
competitores tuos interficere voluisti, compress! conatiis
tuos nefarios amicorum praesidio et copiis, nullo tumultu
lo publice concitato : denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per
me tibi obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum
magna calamitate rei publicae esse coniunctam. 12. Nunc
iam aperte rem publicam universam petis : templa deorum
immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam
15 [denique] totam ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Qua re,
quoniam id quod est primum, et quod huius imperi discipli-
naeque maiorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo, faciam
id quod est ad severitatem lenius, et ad communem salutem
utilius. Nam si te interfici iussero, residebit in re pOblica
20 reliqua coniuratorum manus. Sin tii, quod te iam dudum
hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna
et perniciosa sentina rei publicae.
Life There should be Intolerable to him.
13. Quid est, Catilina ? num dubitas id me imperante
facere, quod iam tua sponte faciebas ? Exire ex urbe iubet
25 consul hostem. Interrogas me, num in exsilium t Non
iubeo ; sed, si me consulis, suadeo. VI. Quid est enim,
Catilina, quod te iam in hac urbe delectare possit 1 in qua
nemo est extra istam coniurationem perditorum hominum
qui te non metuat, nemo qui non oderit. Quae nota domes-
30 ticae turpitiidinis non iniista vitae tuae est ? Quod priva-
tarum rerum dedecus non haeret in fama ? quae libido ab
oculis, quod facinus a manibus umquam tuis, quod fiagitium
First Oration against Catiline 105
a t6t5 corpora afuit ? Cui tu adulescentulo, quern corrupte-
larum inlecebris inretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut
ad libidinem facem praetulisti ? 14. Quid vero ?(, nuper cum
morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacuefecisses',
nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti ? 5
quod ego praetermitto et facile patior sileri, ne in hac civi-
tate tanti facinoris immanitas aut exstitisse aut non vindi-
cata esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum,
quas omnis impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties. Ad
ilia venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuo- 10
rum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem,
sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum
vitam saliitemque pertinent. 15. Potestne tibi haec lux,
Catilina, aut huius caeli spiritus esse iucundus, cum scias
horum esse neminem qui nesciat te pridie Kalendas lanu- 15
arias Lepido et Tullo consulibus stetisse in comitio cum
telo ? manum consulum et principum civitatis interficien-
dorum causa paravissej sceleri ac furori tuo non mentem
aliquam aut timorem [tuum], sed fortunam populi RomanI
obstitisse .^ Ac iam ilia omitto — neque enim sunt aut 20
obscura aut non multa commissa — quotiens tu me designa-
tum, quotiens consulem interficere conatus es ! quot ego
tuas petitiones, ita coniectas ut vitari posse non viderentur,
parva quadam declinatione et (ut aiunt) corpore effugi !
[Nihil agis,] nihil adsequeris, [nihil moliris,] neque tamen 25
conari ac velle desistis. 16. Quotiens tibi iam extorta est
ista sica de manibus ! quotiens vero excidit casu aliquo et
elapsa est ! [Tamen ea carere diutius non potes,] quae
quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit nescio,
quod eam necesse putas esse in consulis corpore defigere. ^o
All Good Citizens Fear and Hate him.
VII. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita.-* Sic enim iam
tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo,
io6 O ratio jis of Cicero
sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paulo
ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia, tot ex
tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit ? Si hoc post hominum
memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas contumeliam,
5 cum sis gravissimo iiidicio taciturnitatis oppressus ? Quid,
quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt ? quod
omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti
fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum
niidam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo tibi
lo ferendum putas ? 17. Servi (mehercule) mei si me isto
pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes cives tui, domum
meam relinquendam putarem : tu tibi urbem non arbitraris ?
et, si me meis civibus iniuria suspectum tam graviter atque
offensum viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam infestis
15 omnium oculis conspici mallem. Tu, cum conscientia scele-
rum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi
debitum, dubitas quorum mentis sensiisque volneras, eorum
aspectum praesentiamque vitare ? Si te parentes timerent
atque odissent tui, neque eos ulla ratione placare posses,
20 tu (opinor) ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes. Nunc te
patria, quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac
metuit, et iam diu te nihil iudicat nisi de parricidio suo
cogitare : hiiius tu neque auctoritatem verebere, nee iudi-
cium sequere, nee vim pertimesces ?
His Native City Begs him to be Gone.
25 18. Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit, et quodam modo tacita
loquitur : ' Nullum iam aliquot annis f acinus exstitit nisi per
te, nullum fiagitium sine te : tibi lini multorum civium neces,
tibi vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera : tu
non solum ad neglegendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam
30 ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti. Superiora' ilia,
quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potui, tuli : nunc
vero me totam esse in metu propter unum te, quicquid incre-
First Oration against Catiline 107
puerit Catilinam timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium
iniri posse quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum.
Quam ob rem discede, atque hunc mihi timorem eripe : si
est verus, ne opprimar ; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando
timere desinam.' VIII. 19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria 5 (<^^
loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere
non possit ? Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti ?
quod vitandae suspicionis causa, ad M'. Lepidum te habitare
velle dixisti t a quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus
es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me 10
quoque id responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse isdem
parietibus tiito esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem
quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum prae-
torem venisti : a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum
optimum, M. Marcellum demigrasti ; quem tu videlicet et ad 15
custodiendum [te] diligentissimum et ad suspicandum saga-
cissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed
quam longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse debere,
qui se ipse iam dignum custodia iudicarit ? 20. Quae cum
ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non potes, 20
abire in aliquas terras, et vitam istam, multis suppliciis
iustis debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare 1
All Good Men Urgent for his Departure. ^•
'Refer' inquis 'ad senatum : ' id enim postulas, et, si hie
ordo placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, obtemperaturum
te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret a meis mori- 25
bus ; et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi de te sentiant.
Egredere ex urbe, Catilina ; libera rem publicam metu ; in
exsilium, si hanc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. Quid est,
Catilina ? ecquid attendis ? ecquid animadvertis horum
silentium ? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas auctorita- 30
tem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis 1
21. At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo P. Sestio, si -732^
io8 Orations of Cice7'o
fortissimo viro M. Marcello dixissem, iam mihi consul!, h5c
ipso in templo, senatus iiire opiimo vim et maniis intulisset.
De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant : cum patiun-
tur, decernunt : cum tacent, clamant. Neque hi solum, —
5 quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, — sed
etiam illi equites Roman i, honestissimi atque optimi viri,
ceterique fortissimi cives, qui circumstant senatum, quorum
tu et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo
ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diu
10 manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam, ut te haec,
quae vastare iam pridem studes, relinquentem usque ad
portas prosequantur.
The Consul Entreats him to Go.
^ IX. 22. Quamquam quid loquor ? Te ut iilla res frangat ?
tu ut umquam te corrigas ? tu ut uUam fugam meditere? tu
15 ut exsilium cogites .^ Utinam tibi istam mentem di immor-
tales duint ! tametsi video, si mea voce perterritus ire in
exsilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae nobis
— si minus in praesens tempus, recenti memoria scelerum
tuorum, at in posteritatem - — • impendeat : sed est tanti, dum
20 modo ista sit privata calamitas, et a rei publicae periculis
seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis commoveare, ut legum
poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei publicae cedas, non
est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut
pudor umquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio
25 a furore revocarit. 23. Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam dixi,
proficiscere ; ac, si mihi inimico (ut praedicas) tuo conflare
vis invidiam, recta perge in exsilium : vix feram sermones
hominum si id feceris ; vix molem istius invidiae, si in exsi-
lium iussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servire
30 meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importiina scele-
ratorum manu: confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos
civis, secerne te a bonis, infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio
First Oration against Catiline 109
latrocinio, ut a me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad
tuos isse videaris.
But he will Go Out only as a Declared Enemy.
24. Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo iam sciam esse
praemissos qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur
armati 1 cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem ? 5
a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam quam tibi ac tuls
omnibus confido perniciosam ac fiinestam futuram, cui domi
tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum fuit, sciam
esse praemissam ? Tu ut ilia carere diiitius possis, quam
venerari ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a cuius altaribus 10
saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti ?
X. 25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te iam pridem ista tua
cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim tibi
haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem volup-
tatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exer- 15
cuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium, sed
ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. Nanctus es ex
perditis atque ab omni non modo fortuna verum etiam spe
derelictis conflatam improborum manum. 26. Hie tu qua
laetitia perfruere ! quibus gaudils exsultabis ! quanta in 20
voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque
audies virum bonum quemquam neque videbis ! Ad huius
vitae studium meditati illi sunt qui feruntur labores tui, —
iacere humi non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam
ad facinus obeundum ; vigilare non solum insidiantem somno 25
maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes ubi osten-
tes tuam illam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae
rerum ornnium^ quibus te brevi tempore confectum esse
senties. 27. Tantum profeci tum, cum te a consulatu rep-
puli, ut exsul potius temptare quam consul vexare rem publi- 30
cam posses, atque ut id quod est a te scelerate susceptum,
latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur.
no Oratio7is of Cicei'O
The Consul may be Charged with Remissness.
XI. Nunc, ut a me, patres conscript!, quandam prope
iustam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite,
quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris
mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, quae mihi
5 vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res
publica, loquatur : ' M. Tulli, quid agis ? Tune eum, quem
esse hostem comperisti, quem ducem belli futiarum vides,
quem exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, auc-
torem sceleris, principem coniurationis, evocatorem servo-
10 rum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non
emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur?
Non hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo
supplicio mactari imperabis ? 28. Quid tandem te impedit ?
Mosne maiorum ? At persaepe etiam privati in hac re
15 publica perniciosos civis morte multaverunt. An leges,
quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt ? At
numquam in hac urbe qui a re piablica defecerunt civium
iura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times ? Praecla-
ram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te hominem
20 per te cognitum, nulla commendatione maiorum, tam matiire
ad summum imperium per omnis honorum gradus extulit,
si propter invidiae aut aliciiius periculi metum saliitem
civium tuorum neglegis. 29. Sed si quis est invidiae metus,
num est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam
25 inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda .? An cum bello vasta-
bitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non
existimas invidiae incendio conflagraturum ? '
But he has been Biding his Time.
XII. His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus, et eorum
hominum qui hoc idem sentiunt mentibus, pauca respon-
30 debo. Ego, si hoc optimum factii iudicarem, patres con-
scripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram horae gladia-
First Oration against Catiline 1 1 1
tori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si summi et
clarissimi viri Saturnini et Gracchorum et Flacci et superio-
rum compliirium sanguine non modo se non contaminarunt,
sed etiam honestarunt, certe verendum mihi non erat ne
quid hoc parricida civium interfecto invidiae mihi in posteri- 5
tatem redundaret. Quod si ea mihi maxime impenderet,
tamen hoc animo fui semper, ut invidiam virtute partam
gloriam, non invidiam putarem. 30. Quamquam non nulli
sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent non videant,
aut ea quae vident dissimulent : qui spem Catilinae molUbus 10
sententiis aluerunt, coniurationemque nascentem non cre-
dendo corroboraverunt : quorum auctoritatem secCiti multi
non solum improbi, verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc ani-
madvertissem, criideliter et regie factum esse dicerent.
Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra 15
pervenerit, neminem tarn stultum fore qui non videat con-
iurationem esse factam, neminem tam improbum qui non
fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto, intellego hanc rei
publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum com-
primi posse. Quod si se eiecerit, secumque suos eduxerit, 20
et eodem ceteros undique conlectos naufragos adgregarit,
exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec tam adulta
rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum
omnium.
For Half-way Measures would have been of No Avail.
XIII. 31. Etenim iam diii, patres conscripti, in his peri- 25
culis coniurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo
pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae matu-
ritas in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. Quod si ex tanto
latrocinio iste iinus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve
quoddam tempus cura et metii esse relevati ; periculum 30
autem residebit, et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in
visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo
112
Oratiojis of Cicei'o
gravi, cum aestu febrique iactantur, si aquam gelidam bibe-
rint, primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius vehemen-
tiusque adfiictantur ; sic hie morbus, qui est in re publica,
relevatus istius poena, vehementius reliquis vivis ingraves-
5 cet. 32. Qua re secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis,
iTmum in locum congregentur, miaro denique ([id] quod
Ruins of Temple of Jupiter Stator.
saepe iam dixi) discernantur a nobis: desinant insidiari
'• domi suae consuli, circumstare tribunal praetoris urbani,
obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad inflam-
10 mandam urbem comparare : sit denique inscriptum in fronte
unius cuiusque quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor hoc
vobis, patres conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore
diligentiam, tantam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equiti-
bus Romanis virtiitem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensio-
15 nem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta, inlustrata,
oppressa, vindicata esse videatis.
Second Oration against Catiline 113
Appeal to Jupiter to Save Rome.
33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae
salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum exitio qui
se tecum omni scelere parricidioque iunxerunt, proficiscere
ad impium helium ac nefarium. Tu, luppiter, qui isdem
quibus haec urbs auspiciis [a Romulo] es constitutus, quem 5
Statorem huius urbis atque imperi vere nominamus, hunc
et huius socios a tuis ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac
moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium [omnium] arcebis, et
homines bonorum inimicos, hostis patriae, latrones Italiae,
scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate coniunctos, 10
aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis.
//. CHARACTER OF THE CONSPIRACY.
{In I. Catiiinam Ordtio II)
Before the People, Nov. 8.
When Cicero had finished his speech and taken his seat, Catiline
attempted to reply, but was interrupted by the cries and reproaches
of the Senators. With a few threatening words, he rushed from the
temple, and left the city the same night, for the camp of Manlius. The
next morning the consul assembled the people, and announced to them
the news, in the triumphant speech which follows.
Catiline is Gone.
TANDEM aliquando, Quirites, L. Catiiinam, furentem
audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie
molientem, vobis atque huic urbi ferro flammaque minitan-
tem, ex urbe vel eiecimus vel emisimus, vel ipsum egre- 15
dientem verbis proseciiti sumus. Abiit, excessit, evasit,
erupit. Nijlla iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio
114 Oi^ations of Cicero
moenibus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc
quidem unum huius belli domestici ducem sine controversia
vicimus. Non enim iam inter latera nostra sica ilia versa-
bitur : non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique
5 intra domesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco ille motus
est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum hoste nullo
impediente bellum [iustum] geremus. Sine dubio perdidi-
mus hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum ilium ex occultis
insidiis in apertum latrocinium coniecimus. 2. Quod vero
lo non cruentum mucronem (ut voluit) extulit, quod vivis nobis
egressus est, quod ei ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod
incolumis civis, quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto tandem
ilium maerore esse adflictum et profligatum putatis ? lacet
ille nunc prostratusque est, et se perculsum atque abiec-
15 tum esse sentit, et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad hanc
urbem, quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse liiget : quae
quidem mihi laetari videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit
forasque proiecerit.
He Ought to have been Put to Death.
11. 3. Ac si quis est talis, qualis esse omnis oportebat,
20 qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me
vehementer accuset, quod tam capitalem hostem non com-
prehenderim potius quam emiserim, non est ista mea culpa,
sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. Catilinam et gravis-
simo supplicio adfectum iam pridem oportebat, idque a me
25 et mos maiorum et huius imperi severitas et res pCiblica
postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse putatis qui quae ego
deferrem non crederent? [quam multos qui propter stulti-
tiam non putarent ?] quam multos qui etiam defenderent ?
[quam multos qui propter improbitatem faverent ?] Ac si
30 illo sublato depelli a vobis omne periculum iudicarem, iam
pridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae meae, verum
etiam vitae periculo sustulissem.
Second Oration against Catiline 115
But the Time was not Ripe.
4. Sed cum viderem, ne vobis quidem omnibus re etiam
tum probata, si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, fore
ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequi non possem, rem
hue deduxi, ut tum palam pugnare possetis, cum hostem
aperte videretis. Quem quidem ego hostem quam vehe- 5
menter foris esse timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis,
quod etiam moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus
exierit. Utinam ille omnis secum suas copias ediixisset !
Tongilium mihi ediixit, quem amare in praetexta coeperat,
Publicium et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contractum in 10
popina nullum rel publicae motum adferre poterat : reliquit
quos viros ! quanto acre alieno ! quam valentis ! quam
nobills !
His Worthless Partisans Remain, but are Powerless,
III. 5. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanis legio-
nibus, et hoc dilectu quem in agro Piceno et Gallico Q. 15
Metellus habuit, et his copiis quae a nobis cotidie com-
parantur, magno opere contemno, conlectum ex senibus
desperatis, ex agresti ICixuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex
eis qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum malu-
erunt : quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitus nostri, 20
verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident.
Hos, quos vide5 volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam,
quos etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui
fulgent purpura, mallem secum milites eduxisset : qui si
hie permanent, mementote non tam exercitum ilium esse 25
nobis quam hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, pertimescendos.
Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod quicquid cogi-
tant me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. 6. Video
cui sit Apiilia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum
Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas insidias caedis 30
atque incendiorum depoposcerit : omnia superioris noctis
1 1 6 Orations of Cicero
consilia ad me perlata esse sentiunt : patefeci in senatu
hesterno die : Catilina ipse pertimuit, profugit : hi quid
exspectant ? Ne illi vehementer errant, si illam meam pris-
tinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant futuram.
Let them Follow him.
5 IV. Quod exspectavi, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes
factam esse aperte coniCirationem contra rem publicam vide-
retis : nisi vero si quis est qui Catilinae similis cum Catilina
sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitati locus : severitatem
res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc concedam : exeant,
10 proficiscantur ; ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum
tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : Aurelia via profectus est : si
adcelerare volent, ad vesperam consequentur.
He was the Ringleader of all Scoundrels and Profligates.
7. O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem banc sentinam
urbis eiecerit ! Uno (mehercule) Catilina exhausto, levata
15 mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali aut
sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest quod non ille conceperit ?
Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis
sicarius, quis parricida, quis testamentorum subiector, quis
circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae
20 mulier infamis, quis corruptor iuventutis, quis corruptus,
quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum Catilina non fami-
liarissime vixisse fateatur ? quae caedes per hosce annos
sine illo facta est ? quod nefarium stuprum non per ilium }
8. Iam vero quae tanta umquam in uUo homine iuventutis
25 inlecebra fuit, quanta in illo ? qui alios ipse amabat turpis-
sime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat : aliis fructum
libidinum, aliis mortem parentum non modo impellendo,
verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. Nunc vero quam
subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris ingentem
30 numerum perditorum hominum conlegerat ! Nemo non
Second Oration against Catiline 117
modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae
oppressus aere alieno fuit, quern non ad hoc incredibile
sceleris foedus asciverit.
V. 9. Atque ut eius diversa studia in dissimili ratione
perspicere possitis, nemo est in liido gladiatorio paulo ad 5
facinus audacior, qui se non intimum Catilinae esse fatea-
tur; nemo in scaena levior et nequior, qui se non eiusdem
prope sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque idem tamen,
stuprorum et scelerum exercitatione adsuefactus, frigore et
fame et siti et vigiliis perferendis, fortis ab istis praedicaba- 10
tur, cum industriae subsidia atque instrumenta virtutis in
libidine audaciaque consumeret.
Let his Associates Depart or Take the Consequences.
10. Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, si ex urbe
exierint desperatorum liominum flagitiosi greges, O nos
beatos ! O rem publicam fortunatam ! O praeclaram lau- 15
dem consulatus mei ! Non enim iam sunt mediocres liomi-
num libidines, non liumanae ac tolerandae audaciae : niliil
cogitant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas. Patri-
monia sua profuderunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt : res eos
iam pridem, fides nuper deficere coepit : eadem tamen ilia, 20
quae erat in abundantia, libido permanet. Quod si in vino
et alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent, essent illi
quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi : hoc vero quis
ferre possit, inertis homines fortissimis viris insidiari, stultis-
simos priidentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormientis vigilanti- 25
bus .'' qui mihi accubantes in conviviis, complex! mulieres
impudicas, vino languidi, conferti cibo, sertis redimiti, un-
guentis obliti, debilitati stupris, eructant sermonibus suis
caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia, 11. Quibus ego
confido impendere fatum aliquod, et poenam iam diu impro- 30
bitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini debitam aut instare iam
plane, aut certe appropinquare. Quos si mens consulatus,
1 1 8 07'ations of Cice^v
quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, non breve nescio
quod tempus, sed multa saecula propagarit rei publicae.
Nulla est enim natio quam pertimescamus, nullus rex qui
helium populo Romano facere possit. Omnia sunt externa
5 unius virtute terra marique pacata : domesticum bellum
manet; intus insidiae sunt, intus inclusum periculum est,
intus est hostis. Cum luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum
scelere certandum est. Huic ego me bello ducem profi-
teor, Quirites : suscipio inimicitias hominum perditorum.
lo Quae sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione sanabo ; quae
resecanda erunt, non patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere.
Proinde aut exeant, aut quiescant, aut, si et in urbe et in
eadem mente permanent, ea quae merentur exspectent.
Catiline is not in Exile : he has Joined his Hostile Army.
VI. 12. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me in exsi-
15 Hum eiectum esse Catilinam. Qupd ego si verbo adsequi
possem, istos ipsos eicerem, qui haec loquuntur. Homo
enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vocem con-
sulis ferre non potuit : simul atque ire in exsilium iussus
est, paruit. Quid ? ut hesterno die, Quirites, cum domi
20 meae paene interfectus essem, senatum in aedem lovis Sta-
toris convocavi, rem omnem ad patres conscriptos detuli :
qu5 cum Catilina venisset, quis eum senator appellavit ?
quis salutavit ? quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem,
ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem ? Quin etiam
25 principes eius ordinis partem illam subselliorum, ad quam
ille accesserat, nudam atque inanem reliquerunt. 13. Hie
ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo civis in exsilium eicio,
quaesivi a Catilina in nocturne conventu ad M. Laecam
fuisset necne. Cum ille, homo audacissimus, conscientia
30 convictus, primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera : quid ea nocte
egisset, quid in proximam constituisset, quem ad modum
esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui. Cum haesita-
Second Oration against Catiline 119
ret, cum teneretur, quaesivi quid dubitaret prolicisci e5, quo
iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum seciiris, cum fascis, cum
tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam,
cui ille etiam sacrarium [scelerum] domi suae fecerat, scirem
esse praemissam. 14. In exsilium eiciebam, quem iam 5
ingressum esse in bellum videbam ? Etenim, credo, Manlius
iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra posuit, bellum
populo Romano suo nomine indixit, et ilia castra nunc non
Catilinam ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus in exsilium se
Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conferet. 10
Men Say the Consul has Driven him into Exile : Would the Charge
were True !
VII. O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae,
verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! Nunc si L. Cati-
lina consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis circumclusus ac debi-
litatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam mutaverit, deseruerit
suos, consilium belli faciendi abiecerit, ex hoc cursii sceleris 15
ac belli iter ad fugam atque in exsilium converterit, — non
ille a me spoliatus armis audlciae, non obstupefactus ac
perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatiique depulsus,
sed indemnatus, innocens, in exsilium eiectus a consule vi
et minis esse dicetur ; et erunt qui ilium, si hoc fecerit, non 20
improbum, sed miserum, me non diligentissimum consulem,
sed criidelissimum tyrannum existimari velint ! 15. Est
mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae falsae atque iniquae
tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis huius horribilis belli
ac nefarii periculum depellatur. Dicatur sane eiectus esse 25
a me, dum modo eat in exsilium. Sed, mihi credite, non
est iturus. Numquam ego a dis immortalibus optabo, Qui-
rites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L. Catilinam diicere
exercitum hostium atque in armis volitare audiatis : sed
tridup tamen audietis : multoque magis illud timeo, ne mihi 30
sit invidiosum aliquando, quod ilium emiserim potius quam
I20 Orations of Cicero
quod eiecerim. Sed cum sint homines qui ilium, cum pro-
lectus sit, eiectum esse dicant, eidem si interfectus esset
quid dicerent? 16. Quamquam isti, qui Catilinam Massi-
liam ire dictitant, non tarn hoc queruntur quam verentur.
5 Nemo est istorum tam misericors, qui ilium non ad Man-
lium quam ad Massiliensis ire malit. Ille autem, si (me-
hercule) hoc quod agit numquam antea cogitasset, tamen
latrocinantem se interfici mallet quam exsulem vivere. Nunc
vero, cum ei nihil adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem cogita-
lo tionemque acciderit, nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profectus
est, optemus potius ut eat in exsilium quam queramur.
Character of his Partisans.
VIII. 17. Sed cur tam diu de un5 hoste loquimur, et de
hoste qui iam fatetur se esse hostem, et quem,' quia (quod
semper volui) murus interest, non timeo : de eis qui dissi-
15 mulant, qui Romae remanent, qui nobiscum sunt, nihil dici-
mus ? Quos quidem ego, si iillo modo fieri possit, non tam
ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei publicae,
neque id qua re fieri non possit, si me audire volent, intel-
lego. Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex quibus generibus
20 hominum istae copiae comparentur: deinde singulis medi-
cinam consili atque orationis meae, si quam potero, adferam.
First: Rich Men in Debt.
18. Unum genus est eorum, quj magno in aere alieno
maiores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore adducti
dissolvi nuUo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est
25 honestissima — sunt enim locupletes : voluntas vero et causa
impudentissima. Tu agris, tu aedificiis, tu argento, tu
familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis, et dubites
de possessione detrahere, adquirere ad fidem ? Quid enim
exspectas? bellum ? Quid ergo? in vastatione omnium,
30 tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras putas ? An tabulas
Second Oration agaijist Catiline I2i
novas? Errant qui istas a Catilina exspectant : meo bene-
ficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctionariae. Neque
enim isti, qui possessiones habent, alia ratione iilla salvi
esse pos3unt. Quod si maturius facere voluissent, neque —
id quod stultissimum est — certare cum tisuris fructibus prae- 5
diorum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus uteremur.
Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, quod aut
deduci de sententia possunt, aut, si permanebunt, magis
mihi videntur vota facttiri contra rem piiblicam quam arma
latiiri. ' 10
Second : Men Eager for Power and Wealth.
IX. 19. Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam pre-
muntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum
potiri volunt, honores, quos quieta re publica desperant,
perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. Quibus hoc
praecipiendum videtur, — - Cmum scilicet et idem quod reli- 15
quis omnibus, — ut desperent id quod conantur se consequi
posse : primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, provi-
dere rei piiblicae ; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis
viris, magnam concordiam in maxima multitudine, magnas
praeterea copias militum ; deos denique immortalis huic 20
invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi, con-
tra tantam vim sceleris praesentis auxilium esse latiiros.
Quod si iam sint id, quod cum summo furore cupiunt,
adepti, num illi in cinere urbis et in sanguine civium, quae
ment'e conscelerata ac nefaria concupiverunt, se consules ac 25
dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futures ? Non vident id
se cupere, quod si adepti sint, fugitive alicui aut gladiatori
concedi sit necesse ?
Third : Old Soldiers of Sulla.
20. Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen
exercitatione robustum ; quo ex genere iste est Manlius, 30
cui nunc Catilina succedit. Sunt homines ex eis coloniis
122 Oratiojis of Cicero
quas Sulla constituit : quas ego universas civium esse opti-
morum et fortissimorum virorum sentio ; sed tamen ei sunt
coloni, qui se in insperatis ac repentinis pecuniis sumptuo-
sius insolentiusque iactarunt. Hi dum aedificant tamquam
5 beati, dum praediis lectis, familiis magnis, conviviis appa-
ratis delectantur, in tantum aes alienum inciderunt, ut, si
salvi esse velint, Sulla sit [eis] ab inferis excitandus : qui
etiam non niillos agrestis, homines tenuis atque egentis, in
eandem illam spem rapinarum veterum impulerunt. Quos
lo ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum direptorumque
pono. Sed eos hoc moneo : desinant furere ac proscrip-
tiones et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim illorum tempo-
rum dolor inustus est civitati, ut iam ista non modo homines,
sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse videantur.
Fourth : Ruined Debtors.
15 X. 21. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et tur-
bulentum, qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam emer-
gunt, qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo negotio, partim
etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant ; qui vadi-
moniis, iiidiciis, proscriptione bonorum defatigati, permulti
20 et ex urbe et ex agris se in ilia castra conferre dicuntur.
Hosce ego non tam milites acris quam infitiatores lentos
esse arbitror. Qui homines primum, si stare non possunt,
conruant ; sed ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne vicini quidem
proximi sentiant. Nam illud non intellego, quam ob rem,
25 si vivere honeste non possunt, perire turpiter velint; aut
cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis, quam si soli
pereant, arbitrentur.
Fifth and Sixth: Cut-throats and Debauchees.
22. Quintum genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, denique
omnium facinorosorum : quos ego a Catilina non revoco ;
30 nam neque ab eo divelli possunt, et pereant sane in latro-
Second Oration against Catiline 123
cinio, quoniam sunt ita multi ut eos career eapere non possit.
Postremum autem genus est non solum numero, verum etiam
genere ipso atque vita, quod proprium Catilinae est, — de
eius dilectu, immo vero de complexu eius ac sinu ; quos
pexo capillo, nitidos, aut imberbis aut bene barbatos videtis, 5
manicatis et talaribus tunicis, velis amictos non togis, quo-
rum omnis industria vitae et vigilandi labor in antelucanis
cenis expromitur. 23. In his gregibus omnes aleatores,
omnes adulteri, omnes impiiri impudicique versantur. Hi
pueri tam lepidi ac delicati non solum amare et amari, neque 10
saltare et cantare, sed etiam sicas vibrare et spargere venena
didicerunt ; qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si Catilina
perierit, scitote hoc in re publica seminarium Catilinarum
futurum. Verum tamen quid sibi isti miseri volunt ? Num
suas secum mulierculas sunt in castra ducturi ? Quem ad 15
modum autem illis carere poterunt, his praesertim iam noc-
tibus? Quo autem pacto illi Apenninum atque illas pruinas
ac nivis perferent ? nisi idcirco se facilius hiemem tolera-
tijros putant, quod niidi in conviviis saltare didicerunt.
These Followers of Catiline Contrasted with the Defenders of the State.
XI. 24. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum 20
hanc sit habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem praetoriam !
Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tam praeclaras Catilinae
copias vestra praesidia vestrosque exercitiis. Et primum
gladiatori illi confecto et saucio consules imperatoresque
vestros opponite ; deinde contra illam naufragorum eiectam 25
ac debilitatam manum florem totius Italiae ac robur ediicite.
Jam vero urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum respondebunt
Catilinae tumulis silvestribus. Neque ego ceteras copias,
ornamenta, praesidia vestra cum illius latronis inopia atque
egestate conferre debeo. 25. Sed si, omissis his rebus, 30
quibus nos suppeditamur, eget ille, — senatii, equitibus Ro-
manis, urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cOncta Italia, provinciis
124 Orations of Cicero
omnibus, exteris nationibus, — si, his rebus omissis, causas
ipsas quae inter se confligunt contendere velimus, ex eo ipso
quam valde illi iaceant intellegere possumus. Ex hac enim
parte pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia ; hinc pudicitia, illinc
5 stuprum ; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio ; hinc pietas, illinc sce-
lus; hinc constantia, illinc furor; hinc honestas, illinc tur-
pitiido ; hinc continentia, illinc libido ; denique aequitas,
temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, [virtutes omnes,] certant
cum iniquitate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate [cum vitiis omni-
lo bus] ; postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita,
mens sana cum amentia, bona denique spes cum omnium
rerum desperatione confligit. In eius modi certamine ac
proelio, nonne, etiam si hominum studia deficiant, di ipsi
immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtutibus tot et
15 tanta vitia superari ?
Citizens Need not Fear: the Consul will Protect the City.
XII. 26. Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quem ad
modum iam antea, vestra tecta custodiis vigiliisque defen-
dite : mihi, ut urbi sine vestro motu ac sine ullo tumultu
satis esset praesidi, consultum atque provisum est. Coloni
20 omnes municipesque vestri, certiores a me facti de hac
nocturna excursione Catilinae, facile urbis suas finisque
defendent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissimam
fore putavit, — quamquam animo meliore sunt quam pars
patriciorum, — potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. Q.
25 Metellus, quem ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum
Picenumque praemisi, aut opprimet hominera, aut omnis
eius motus conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis autem de
rebus constituendis, maturandis, agendis, iam ad senatum
referemus, quem vocari videtis.
The Conspirators Warned.
30 27. Nunc illos qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui
contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe a Catilina
Second Oration against Catiline 125
relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia sunt cives,
monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas si cui adliuc
solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id quod latebat erum-
peret. Quod reliquum est, iam non possum oblivisci meam
lianc esse patriam, me horum esse consulem, milii aut cum 5
liis vivendum aut pro liis esse moriendum. Nullus est portis
custos, nullus insidiator viae : si qui exire volunt, conivere
possum. Qui vero se in urbe commoverit, cuius ego non
modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve contra patriam
deprehendero, sentiet in hac urbe esse consules vigilantis, 10
esse egregios magistrates, esse fortem senatum, esse arma,
esse carcerem, quern vindicem nefariorum ac manifestorum
scelerum maiores nostri esse voluerunt.
There shall be No Disturbance.
XIII. 28. Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut
maximae res minimo motu, pericula summa nullo tumultu, 15
bellum intestinum ac domesticum post hominum memoriam
crudelissimum et maximum, me uno togato duce et impera-
tore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si
ullo modo fieri poterit, ne improbus quidem quisquam in
hac urbe poenam sui sceleris sufferat. Sed si vis manifestae 20
audaciae, si impendens patriae periculum me necessario de
hac animi lenitate deduxerit, illud profecto perficiam, quod
in tanto et tam insidioso bello vix optandum videtur, ut
neque bonus quisquam intereat, paucorumque poena vos
omnes salvi esse possitis. 25
The People may Trust in the Immortal Gods.
29. Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia neque hii-
manis consiliis fretus polliceor vobis, Quirites, sed multis
et non dubiis deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus
ego ducibus in hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus ;
qui iam non procul, ut quondam solebant, ab externo hoste 30
126 Orations of Cicero
atque longinquo, sed hie praesentes suo numine atque auxilio
sua templa atque urbis teeta defendunt. Quos vos, Quirites,
precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam urbem pul-
eherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, banc, omnibus
5 hostium copiis terra marique superatis, a perditissimorum
civium nefario scelere defendant.
///. HOW THE CONSPIRACY WAS SUPPRESSED.
[In I. Catilinafti Or at id III)
Before the People, Dec. 3.
Now that Catiline had been driven into open war, the conspiracy
within the city was in the hands of utterly incompetent men. Lentulus,
who claimed the lead by virtue of his consular rank, was vain, pompous,
and inefficient. The next in rank, Cethegus, was energetic enough, but
rash and bloodthirsty. The consul easily kept the run of events, and at
last succeeded in getting the conspirators to commit themselves in
writing, when he had no difficulty in arresting them and securing the
documents. How this was accomplished is told in the third oration.
The Citizens Congratulated on their Deliverance,
REM PUBLICAM, Quirites, vitamque omnium vestrum,
bona, fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros, atque hoc
domicilium clarissimi imperi, fortCmatissimam pulcherrimam-
10 que urbem, hodierno die deorum immortalium summo erga
vos amore, laboribus, consiUis, periculis meis, e flamma atque
ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis conser-
vatam ac restitutam videtis. 2. Et si non minus nobis
iucundi atque inlustres sunt ei dies quibus conservamur,
15 quam illi quibus nascimur, — quod salCitis certa laetitia est,
nascendi incerta condicio ; et quod sine sensii nascimur,
cum voluptate servamur, — profecto, quoniam ilium qui
TJiird Oration against Catiline 127
hanc urbem condidit ad deos immortalis benevolentia
famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos posterosque vestros in
honore debebit is qui eandem hanc urbem conditam ampli-
ficatamque servavit. Nam toti urbl, templis, delubris,
tectis ac moenibus subiectos prope iam ignis circumda- 5
tosque restinximus ; idemque gladios in rem publicam
destrictos rettudimus, mucronesque eorum a iugulis vestris
deiecimus. 3. Quae quoniam in senatu inlustrata, pate-
facta, comperta sunt per me, vobis iam exponam breviter,
Quirites, ut et quanta et qua ratione investigata et compre- 10
hensa sint, vos qui ignoratis et exspectatis scire possitis.
The Story of the Arrest.
Principio, ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe,
cum sceleris sui socios, huiusce nefarii belli acerrimos
duces, Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et providi, Qui-
rites, quem ad modum in tantis et tam absconditis insidiis 15
salvi esse possemus. II. Nam tum, cum ex urbe Catilinam
eiciebam, — non enim iam vereor huius verbi invidiam, cum
ilia magis sit timenda, quod vivus exierit, — sed tum, cum
ilium exterminari volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum ma-
num simul exituram, aut eos qui restitissent infirmos sine 20
illo ac debilis fore putabam. 4. Atque ego, ut vidi quos
maximo furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam eos
nobiscum esse, et Romae remansisse, in eo omnis dies noc-
tisque consumpsi, ut quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem
ac viderem ; ut, quoniam auribus vestris propter incredi- 25
bilem magnitiidinem sceleris minorem fidem faceret oratio
mea, rem ita comprehenderem, ut tum demum animis saluti
vestrae provideretis, cum oculis malelicium ipsum videretis.
Itaque, ut comperi legates Allobrogum, belli Transalpini et
tumultus Gallici excitandi causa, a P. Lentulo esse sollici- 30
tatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos civis, eodemque itinere
cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilinam esse missos, comi-
128
Orations of Cice7V
temque eis adiunctum esse T. Volturcium, atque huic ad
Catilinam esse datas litteras, facultatem mihi oblatam pu-
tavl, ut — quod erat difficillimum, quodque ego semper
optabam ab dis immortalibus — tota res non solum a me,
5 sed etiam a senatu et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur.
At the Mulvian Bridge.
5. Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum
praetores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rei publicae viros,
ad me vocavi ; rem exposui, quid fieri placeret ostendi. Illi
^ r 4/^
The Mulvian Bridge.
autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia sen-
lo tirent, sine reciisatione ac sine ulla mora negotium suscepe-
runt, et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem Mulvium
pervenerunt, atque ibi in proximis villis italDipartito fuerunt,
utrTiberis\ inter eos et pons interesset. Eodem autem et
ipsi sine ciiiusquam suspicione multos fortis viros eduxerant,
15 et ego ex praefectura Reatina compluris delectos adules-
TJiird Oration against Catiline 129
centis, quorum opera utor adsidue in re publica praesidi9^ —
cum gladiis miseram. 6. Interim, tertia fere vigilia exactk,
cum iam pontem Mulvium magno comitatu legati Allo-
brogum ingredi inciperent, unaque Volturcius, fit in eos
impetus ; educuntur et ab illis gladii et a nostris. J^^_ 5
praetoribus^_erat nota soils, ignorabatur a ceteris.
The Conspirators Arrested.
III. Tum, interventii Pomptini atque Flacci, pugna [quae
erat commissa] sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in eo
comitatu, integris signis praetoribus traduntur; ipsi compre-
hensi ad me, cum iam dilucesceret, dediicuntur. Atque 10
horum omnium scelerum improbissimum machinatorem
Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad^ ine, nihil dum suspicantem,
vocavi ; deinde item arcessitus est L. Statilius, et post eum
C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo quod
in litteris dandis praeter consuetiidinem proximo nocte vigi- 15
larat. 7. Cum summis ac clarissimis huius civitatis viris
(qui audita re frequentes ad me mane convenerant) litteras
a me prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferrem placeret, —
ne, si nihil esset ihventum, temere a me tantus tumultus
_ - / _
iniectus civitati videretur, — (negayi me esse facturum, ut d^ 20
periculo publico jion ad consilium publicum rem integram' ^'^
deferremJ Etenim, Quirites, si ea quae erant ad me delata
reperta non essent, tamen ego non arbitrabar, in tantis rei
publicae periculis, esse mihi nimiam diligentiam pertimes-
cendam. Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vidistis, coegi. 25
8. Atque interea statim, admonitu Allobrogum, C. Sulpicium
praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus Cethegi si
quid telorum esset efferret : ex quibus ille maximum sica-
rum numerum et gladiorum extulit.
The Conspirators before the Senate.
IV. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis : fidem publicam 30
iussii senatiis dedi : hortatus sum, ut ea quae sciret sine
130 Orations of Cicero
timore indicaret. Turn ille dixit, cum vix se ex magno
tinioxe recreasset, ab Lentulo se habere ad Catilinam man-
data et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut ad urbem
quam primum cum exercitu accederet: id autem eo con-
5 silio, ut, cum urbem ex omnibus partibus quem ad modum
descriptum distribiitumque erat incendissent, caedemque
infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui et fugi-
entls exciperet, et se cum his urbanis ducibus coniungeret.
— 9. Introducti autem Galli'^s^s iurandum sihPet litteras ab
10 Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse dixe-
runt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse praescriptum,
ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mitterent; pedestris
sibi copias non defuturas. Lentulum autem sibijconfirmasse,
ex fatis Sibyllinis haruspicumque responsis, se esse tertium
15 ilium Cornelium, ad quem regnum huius urbis atque impe-
rium pervenire esset necesse ; Cinnam ante se et Sullam
— fuisse ; eundemque dixisse fatalem hunc annum esse ad
interitum huius urbis atque imperi, qui esset annus decimus
post virginum absoliitionem, post Capitoli autem incensio-
20 nem vicesimus. 10. Hanc autem Cethego cum ceteris con- ^0
troversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et aliis Saturnalibus
caedem fieri atque urbem incendi placeret, Cethego nimium
id longum videretur.
The Letters Produced.
V. Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri iussimus,
25 quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primum ostendimus Ce-
thego signum : cognovit. Nos linum incidimus : legimus.
Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allobrogum senatui et populo,
sese quae eorum legatis confirmasset facturum esse ; orare
ut item illi facerent quae sibi eorum legati recepissent.
30 Tum Cethegus, qui paulo ante aliquid tamen de gladiis ac
sicis, quae apud ipsum erant deprehensa, respondisset dixis-
setque se semper bonorum ferramentorum studiosum fuisse,
Third Oration against Catiline 131
recitatis litteris debilitatus atque abiectus conscientia repente
conticuit. Introductus est Statilius : cognovit et signum et
manum suam. Recitatae sunt tabellae in eandeni fere sen-
tentiam : confessus est. Turn ostendi tabellas Lentulo, et
quaesivi cognosceretne signum. Adnuit. ' Est vero,' in-
quam, ' notum quidem signum, imago avi tui, clarissimi viri,
qui amavit unice patriam et civis suos ; quae quidem te a
tanto scelere etiam muta revocare debuit.' 11. Leguntur
eadem ratione ad senatum AUobrogum populumque litterae.
Lentulus Confesses.
Si quid de his rebus dicere vellet, feci potestatem. Atque i
ille privo quidem negavit ; post autem aliquanto, toto iam
indicio exposito atque edito, surrexit ; quaesivit a Gallis
One of the Lentuli.
quid sibi esset cum eis, quam ob rem domum suam venis-
sent, itemque a Volturcio. Qui cum illi breviter constanter-
que respondissent, per quern ad eum quotiensque venissent,
quaesissentque ab eo nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis
locutus, tum ille subito, scelere demens, quanta conscientiae
132 Of-atioiis of Cicero
vis esset ostendit. Nam cum id posset infitiari, repente
praeter opinionem omnium confessus est. Ita eum non
modo ingenium illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper
valuit, sed etiam propter vim sceleris manifest! atque depre-
5 hensi impudentia, qua superabat omnis, improbitasque de-
fecit.
12. Volturcius vero subito litteras proferri atque aperiri ^
iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catilinam datas esse dicebat.
Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus tamen et
10 signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem [scriptae]
sine nomine, sed ita : Quis sim scies ex eo quern ad te misl.
Curd ut vir sis, et cogitd quern in locum sis p?'dgressus ; vide
ecquid tibi iam sit necesse, et curd ut onuiium tibi auxilia adiun-
gds, etiam itifinidriwi. Gabinius deinde introductus, cum
15 primo impudenter respondere coepisset, ad extremum nihil
ex eis quae Galli insimulabant negavit. 13. Ac mihi qui-
dem, Quirites, cum ilia certissima visa sunt argiimenta atque
indicia sceleris, — tabellae, signa, manus, denique unius
ciiiusque confessio ; tum multo certiora ilia, — color, oculi,
20 voltus, taciturnitas. Sic enim obstupuerant, sic terram
intuebantur, sic furtim non numquam inter sese aspiciebant,
ut non iam ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se ipsi viderentur.
Action of the Senate.
VI. Indiciis expositis atque editis, senatum consului de
summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt a
25 principibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, quas
senatus sine ulla varietate est secutus. Et quoniam
nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria
vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit exponam. 14. Pri-
mum mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod virtute,
30 consilio, providentia mea res publica maximis periculis
sit liberata: deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomptinus prae-
tores, quod eorum opera forti fidelique usus essem, merito
Third Oration agaiiist Catiliite 133
ac iure laudantur ; atque etiam viro forti, conlegae meo,
laus impertitur, quod eos qui huius coniiirationis participes
fuissent a suis et a rei publicae consiliis removisset. Atque
ita censuerunt, ut P. Lentulus, cum se praetura abdicasset,
in custodiam traderetur ; itemque uti C. Cethegus, L. Stati- 5
lius, P. Gabinius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in custodiam
traderentur ; atque idem hoc decretum est in L. Cassium,
qui sibi procurationem incendendae urbis depoposcerat, in
M. Ceparium, cui ad sollicitandos pastores Apuliam attri-
butam esse erat indicatum, in P. Furium, qui est ex eis lo
colonis quos Faesulas L. SCiUa deduxit, in Q. Annium Chi-
lonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac AUobro-
gum solHcitatione versatus, in P. Umbrenum, libertinum
hominem, a quo primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos
esse constabat.^ Atque ea lenitate senatus est lisus, Qui- 15
rites, ut ex tanta coniiiratione, tantaque hac multitiidine
domesticorum hostium, novem hominum perditissimorum
poena re publica conservata, reliquorum mentis sanari
posse arbitraretur. 15. Atque etiam supplicatio dis immor- ^tf
talibus pro singular! eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, 20
quod mihi primum post hanc urbem conditam togato con-
tigit. Et his verbis decreta est : quod urbem incendiis^
caede clvis^ Italiam hello llberassem. Quae supplicatio si
cum ceteris conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene
gesta, haec iin a conservata re publica .constituta est. Atque 25
illud, quod faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum
est. Nam P. Lentulus — quamquam patefactis indiciis,
confessionibus suis, iudicio senatus non modo praetoris
ius, verum etiam civis amiserat — tamen magistratii se
abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non 30
fuerat, quo minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominatim erat
decretum, praetorem occideret,. ea nos religione in privato
P. Lentulo puniendo liberaremur. ...
134 Orations of Cicero
The Conspiracy now Thwarted.
VII. 16. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi peri- '1 ^'
culosissimique belli nefarios duces captos iam et compre-
hensos tenetis, existimare debetis omnis Catilinae copias,
omnis spes atque opes, his depulsis urbis periculis, conci-
5 disse. Quern quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc pro-
videbam animo, Quirites, — remoto Catilina, non mihi esse
P. Lentuli somnum, nee L. Cassi adipes, nee C. Cethegi
furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam.
Character of Catiline.
Ille erat unus timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tam diia,
10 dum urbis moenibus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium
aditiis tenebat : appellare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, aude-
bat : erat ei consilium ad facinus aptum, consilio autem
neque manus neque lingua deerat. Iam ad certas res con-
ficiendas certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat.
15 Neque vero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat :
nihil erat quod non ipse obiret, occurreret, vigilaret, labo-
raret. Frigus, sitim, famem, ferre poterat. 17. Hunc ego
hominem tam acrem, tam audacem, tam paratum, tam calli-
dum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam in perditis rebus dili-
20 gentem, nisi ex domesticis insidiis in castrense latrocinium
compulissem, — dicam id quod sentio, Quirites, — non facile
hanc tantam molem mali a cervicibus vestris depulissem.
■^ '^ox^. ille nobis Saturnalia constituisset, neque tanto ante
exsili ac fati diem rei publicae deniintiavisset ; neque com-
25 mississet ut signum, ut litterae suae testes manifesti sceleris
deprehenderentur.) Quae nunc illo absente sic gesta sunt,
ut nullum in privata domo furtum umquam sit tam palam
inventum, quam haec tanta in re publica coniuratio mani-
festo inventa atque deprehensa est. Quod si Catilina in
30 urbe ad hanc diem remansisset, quamquam, quoad fuit,
Third Oration against Catiline 135
omnibus eius consiliis occurri atque obstiti, tamen, ut levis-
sime dicam, dimicandum nobis cum illo fuisset ; neque nos
umquam, cum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis periculis rem
publicam tanta pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio liberassemus.
Thanks Due to the Gods.
VIII. 18. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirltes, ita sunt a 5
me administrata, ut deorum immortalium niitu atque con-
silio et gesta et provisa esse videantur ; idque cum coniec-
tiira consequi possumus, quod vix videtur human! consill
tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse ; tum vero ita
praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, 10
ut eos paene oculis videre possemus. Nam ut ilia omittam,
— visas nocturno tempore ab occidente faces, ardoremque
caeli, ut fulminum iactiis, ut terrae motias relinquam, ut
omittam cetera, quae tam multa nobis consulibus facta sunt,
ut haec, quae nunc fiunt, canere di immortales viderentur, 15
— hoc certe, quod sum dicturus, neque praetermittendum
neque reliquendum est.
Signs and Omens.
19. Nam profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et Torquato
consulibus, compluris in Capitolio res de caelo esse per-
cussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt, et statuae 20
veterum hominum deiectae, et legum aera liquefacta : tac-
tus est etiam ille qui hanc urbem condidit Romulus, quem
inauratum in Capitolio, parvum atque lactentem, uberibus
lupinis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo quidem tempore
cum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenissent, caedes atque 25
incendia et legum interitum et bellum civile ac domesticum,
et totius urbis atque imperi occasum appropinquare dixe-
runt, nisi di immortales, omni ratione placati, suo nCimine
prope fata ipsa flexissent. 20. Itaque illorum responsis ^^
tum et ludi per decem dies facti sunt, neque res ulla quae 30
136 Oi'atiojis of Cicero
ad placandos deos pertineret praetermissa est; idemque
iusserunt simulacrum lovis facere maius, et in excelso con-
locare, et (contra atque antea fuerat) ad orientem conver-
tere ; ac se sperare dixerunt, si illud signum, quod videtis,
5 solis ortum et forum curiamque conspiceret, fore ut ea con-
silia, quae clam essent inita contra saliitem urbis atque
imperi, inlustrarentur, ut a senatu populoque Romano per-
spici possent. Atque [illud signum] conlocandum consules
illi locaverunt ; sed tanta fuit operis tarditas, ut neque
10 superioribus consulibus, neque nobis ante hodiernum diem,
conlocaretur.
Jupiter Watches over the City.
IX. 21. Hie quis potest esse tarn aversus a vero, tarn
praeceps, tam mente captus, qui neget haec omnia quae
videmus, praecipueque banc urbem, deorum immortalium
15 nutu ac potestate administrari ? Etenim cum esset ita
responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei publicae com-
parari, et ea per civis, — quae tum propter magnitudinem
scelerum non nullis incredibilia videbantur, — ea non modo
cogitata a nefariis civibus, verum etiam suscepta esse sen-
20 sistis. Illud vero nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu lovis
Optimi iMaximi factum esse videatur, ut, cum hodierno die
mane per forum meo iussu et coniurati et eorum indices in
aedem Concordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum sta-
tueretur ? quo conlocato atque ad vos senatumque converse,
25 omnia [et senatus et vos] quae erant cogitata contra salii-
tem omnium, inlustrata et patefacta vidistis. 22. Quo etiam
maiore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni, qui non solum
vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam deorum templis
atque delubris sunt fiinestos ac nefarios ignis inferre conati.
30 Quibus ego si me restitisse dicam. nimium mihi siimam, et
non sim ferendus. Ille, ille luppiter restitit : ille Capito-
lium, ille haec templa, ille ciinctam urbem, ille vos omnis
salvos esse voluit. Dis ego immortalibus ducibus banc
!is«8^.'.r:3^s^'
/^'
-^ ^^^^^'
MARCUS AURELIUS SACRIFICING.
(Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in the Background.)
Third Oration against Catiline 137
mentem, Quirites, voluntatemque suscepi, atque ad haec
tanta indicia pervenl. lam vero [ilia Allobrogum soUici-
tatio] ab Lentiilo ceterisque domesticis hostibus tarn demen-
ter tantae res creditae et ignotis et barbaris [commissae
litterae] numquam essent profecto, nisi ab dis immortalibus 5
huic tantae audaciae consilium esset ereptum. Quid vero ?
ut homines Galli, ex civitate male pacata, quae gens una
restat quae bellum populo Romano facere posse et non
nolle videatur, spem imperi ac rerum maximarum ultro sibi
a patriciis hominibus oblatam neglegerent, vestramque salii- 10
tem suis opibus anteponerent, id non divinitus esse factum
putatis ? praesertim qui nos non pugnando, sed tacendo
superare potuerint ?
Citizens Exhorted to Thanksgiving.
X. 23. Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pul-
vinaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum 15
coniugibus ac liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe honores
dis immortalibus iusti habiti sunt ac debiti, sed profecto
iustiores numquam. Erepti enim estis ex crudelissimo ac
miserrimo interitii ; erepti sine caede, sine sanguine, sine
exercitii, sine dimicatione. Togati me uno togato duce et 20
imperatore vicistis. 24. Etenim recordamini, Quirites, om-
nls civilis dissensiones : non solum eas quas audistis, sed
eas quas vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P.
Sulpicium oppressit ; [eiecit ex urbe] C. Marium, custodem
hiiius urbis, multosque fortis viros partim eiecit ex civitate, 25
partim interemit. Cn. Octavius consul armis expulit ex
urbe conlegam : omnis hie locus acervis corporum et civium
sanguine redundavit, Superavit postea Cinna cum Mario :
tum vero, clarissimis viris interfectis, lumina civitatis ex-
stincta sunt. Ultus est huius victoriae crudelitatem postea 30
Sulla : ne dici quidem opus est quanta diminutione civium,
et quanta calamitate rei publicae. Dissensit M. Lepidus
I3S
Orations of Cicero
a clarissimo ac fortissimo viro Q. Catulo : attulit non
tain ipsius interitus rei publicae luctum quam ceterorum.
25. Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant eius modi,
quae non ad delendam, sed ad commiitandam rem publicam
5 pertinerent. Non illi nullam esse rem publicam, sed in ea
quae esset, se esse principes ; neque hanc urbem confla-
grare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. [Atque illae
tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium rei publi-
^ _^ =
4.h^
A Roman Sacrificial Procession.
cae quaesivit, eius modi luerunt, ut non reconciliatione con-
10 cordiae, sed internecione civium diiudicatae sint.] In hoc
autem uno post hominum memoriam maximo crudelissimo-
que bello, quale bellum nulla umquam barbaria cum sua
gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo, Catilina,
Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut omnes, qui salva urbe salvi
IS esse possent, in hostium numero ducerentur, ita me gessi,
Quirites, ut salvi omnes conservaremini ; et cum hostes
vestri tantum civium superfuturum putassent, quantum infi-
nitae caedi restitisset, tantum autem urbis, quantum flamma
TJiird Oratio)i against Catiline 139
obire non potuisset, et urbem et civis integros incolumisque
servavi.
Cicero Asks for No Reward.
XI. 26. Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego a
vobis praemium virtutis, nullum inslgne honoris, nullum
monumentum laudis postulo, praeterquam huius diei memo- 5
riam sempiternam. In animis ego vestris omnis triumphos
meos, omnia ornamenta honoris, monumenta gloriae, laudis
insignia condi et conlocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest
delectare, nihil tacitum, nihil denique eius modi, quod etiam
minus digni adsequi possint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, res 10
nostrae alentur, sermonibus crescent, litterarum monumentis
inveterascent et conroborabuntur ; eandemque diem intel-
lego, quam spero aeternam fore, propagatam esse et ad
salutem urbis et ad memoriam consulatus mei ; linoque
tempore in hac re publica duos civis exstitisse, quorum 15
alter finis vestri imperi non terrae, sed caeli regionibus
terminaret, alter eiusdem imperi domicilium sedlsqiie ser-
varet.
He Relies on the Devotion of the Citizens.
XII. 27. Sed quoniam earum rerum quas ego gessi non
eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum qui externa 20
bella gesserunt, — quod mihi cum eis vivendum est quos vici
ac subegi, isti hostis aut interfectos aut oppresses reliquerunt,
— vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt,
mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. Mentes enim homi-
num audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne vobis nocere 25
possent ego providi ; ne mihi noceant vestrum est provi-
dere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem ipsi nihil ab istis
iam noceri potest. Magnum enim est in bonis praesidium,
quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum est; magna in re
pablica dignitas, quae me semper tacita defendet ; magna 30
vis conscientiae, quam qui neglegunt, cum me violare volent,
se [ipsi] indicabunt.
I40
Orations of Cicei'o
He has No Fear for the Future.
28. Est etiam nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo
nullius audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnis improbos ultro
semper lacessamus. Quod si omnis impetus domesticorum
hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me iinum convertit, vobis
5 erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos esse
velitis, qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae periculis-
li.
Temple of Jupiter (Restored).
que omnibus : mihi quidem ipsi, quid est quod iam ad vitae
friictum possit adquiri, cum praesertim neque in honore
vestro, neque in gloria virtutis, quicquam videam altius, quo
lo mihi libeat ascendere t 29. Illud profecto perficiam, Qui-
rites, ut ea quae gessi in consulatu privatus tuear atque
ornem : ut si qua est invidia conservanda re publica sus-
cepta, laedat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique
ita me in re publica tractabo, ut meminerim sem-per quae
15 gesserim, ciaremque ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse
videantur.
FoiirtJi Oration against Catiline 141
The Assembly Dismissed,
Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam nox est, venerati lovem, ilium
custodem huius urbis ac vestrum, in vestra tecta discedite ;
et ea, quamquam iam est periculum depulsum, tamen'aeque
ac priore nocte custodiis vigiliisque defendite. Id ne vobis
diiitius faciendum sit, atque ut in perpetua pace esse pos-
sitis, providebo.
IV. SENTENCE OF THE CONSPIRATORS.
{In I. Catilinam, Ordtio IF.)
In the Senate, Dec. 5.
Two days later the Senate was convened, to determine what was to
be done with the prisoners. It was a fundamental principle of the
Roman constitution that no citizen should be put to death without the
right of appeal to the people. Against the view of Caesar, which
favored perpetual confinement, Cicero urged that, by the fact of taking
up arms against the Republic, the conspirators had forfeited their
citizenship, and that therefore the law did not protect them. This view
prevailed, and the conspirators — Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, Gabi-
nius, and Caeparius — were strangled by the public executioners.
Solicitude of the Senate for Cicero.
VIDEO, patres conscript!, in me omnium vestrum ora
atque oculos esse converses. Video vos non solum de
vestro ac rei piiblicae, verum etiam, si id depails-um sit, de "^
meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi iiicunda in mails et 10
grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas : sed eam, per deos
immortalis, deponite ; atque obliti salutis meae, de vobis ac
de yestris liberis cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulatiis
data est, ut omnis acerbitates, omnis dolores cruciatiisque
perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, 15
14- Oratio7is of Cicero
dum modo meis laboribus vobis populoque Romano dignitas
salusque pariatur. 2. Ego sum ille consul, patres conscripti,
cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur, non
campus consularibus auspiciis consecratus, non curia, sum-
5 mum auxilium omnium gentium, non domus, commune per-
fugium, non lectus ad quietem datus, non denique haec
sedes honoris [sella curulis] umquam vacua mortis periculo
-^ at que ms|diis fuit. Ego multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa
concessi, multa meo quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi.
lo Nunc si hunc exitum consulatus mei di immortales esse
voluerunt, ut vos populumque Roman um ex caede miser-
rima, coniuges liberosque vestros virginesque Vestalis ex
acerbissima vexatione, templa atque delubra, banc pulcher-
rimam patriam omnium nostrum ex foedissima flamma,
15 totam Italiam ex bello et vastitate eriperem, quaecumque
mihi unl proponetur fortuna, subeatur. Etenim si P. Lentu-
ius suum nomen, mdiictus a vatibus, fatal e ad perniciem rei
publicae fore putavit, cCir ego non laeter meum consulatum
ad salCitem populi Romani prope latalem exstitisse ?
They Need not Fear for him,
20 II. 3. Qua re, patres conscripti, consulite vobis, prospi-
cite patriae, conservate vos, coniuges, liberos fortunasque
vestras, populi Romani nomen salutemque defendite : mihi
parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum debeo
sperare omnis deos, qui huic urbi praesident,^pio eo mihi ac
25 mereor) relaturos esse gratiam ; deinde, si quid obtigerit,
aequo animo paratoque moriar. Namj'neque turpis mors
forti viro potest accidere, neque immatura consulari, nee
misera sapienti. Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui fratris
carissimi atque amantissimi praesentis maerore non movear,
30 horumque omnium lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum
videtis. Neque meam mentem non domum saepe revocat
exanimata uxor, et abiecta metu filia, et parvolus filius,
5 X
p O
o ro
i o
"5- -I
Fourth Oration against Catiline 143
quem mihi videtur amplecti res publica tamquam obsidem
consulatus mei, neque ille, qui exspectans huius exitum diei
adstat in conspectu me5 gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus,
sed in earn partem, uti salvi sint vobiscum omnes, etiam si
me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius quam et illi et nos una rei 5
publicae peste pereamus.
4. Qua re, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem rei
publicae, circumspicite omnis procellas, quae impendent
nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus
plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios concitare 10
conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmium occidit,
in discrimen aliquod atque in vestrae severitatis indicium
adducitur : tenentur ei qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram
omnium caedem, ad Catilinam accipiendum, Romae restite-
runt ; tenentur litterae, signa, manils, denique unius cuius- 15
que confessio ; sollicitantur Allobroges, servitia excitantur,
Catilina arcessitur ; id est initum consilium, ut interfectis
omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem populi Romani
nomen atque ad lamentandam tanti imperi calamitatem
relinquatur. 20
How shall the Conspirators be Punished?
III. 5. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi sunt, j^r^^
vos muitis iam iudiciis iiidicavistis : primum quod mihi '
gratias egistis singularibus verbis, et mea virtute atque
diligentia perditorum hominum coniurationem patefactam
esse decrevistis ; deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare 25
praetura coegistis ; tum quod eum et ceteros, de quibus
iOdicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis ; maximeque
quod meo nomine supplicationem decrevistis, qui honos
togato habitus ante me est nemini ; postremo hesterno die
praemia legatis AUobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistis am- 30
plissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, ut ei qui in custo-
diam nominatim dati sunt sine ulla dubitatione a vobis
damnati esse videantur. ,
144 Orations of Cicero
6. Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscript!, tam-
quam integrum, et de facto quid iudicetis, et de poena quid
censeatis. Ilia praedicam quae sunt consulis. Ego mag-
num in re publica versari furorem, et nova quaedam misceri
5 et concitari mala iam pridem videbam ; sed hanc tantam,
tarn exitiosam haberi coniurationem a civibus numquam
putavi. Nunc quicquid est, quocumque vestrae mentes
inclinant atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante noctem
est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit videtis. Huic si
10 paucos putatis adfinis esse, vehementer erratis. Latins
opinione disseminatum est hoc malum : inanavit non solum
per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpis, et obsciare ser-
pens multas iam provincias occupavit. Id opprimi susten-
tando ac prolatando nullo pacto potest. Quacumque ratione
15 placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est.
Silanus Proposes Death; Caesar, Imprisonment.
IV. 7. Video adhuc duas esse sententias : unam D.
Silani, qui censet e.os, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte
esse multandos ; -alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam
removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnis acerbitates amplec-
20 titur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum magnitii-
dine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos qui nos
omnis, [qui populum Romanum,] vita privare conati sunt,
qui delere imperium, qui populi Romani nomen exstinguere,
punctum temporis frui vita et hgc commimi spiritu non putat
25 oportere; /atque hoc genus poertae saepe in improbos civis
in hac re piablica esse Cisurpatum recordatur. £j\lter intel-
rj legit mortem ab dis immortalibus non esse supplici causa
^?!?><J- constitutam, sed aut necessitatem naturae, aut laborum ac
miseriarum quietem. Itaque eam sapientes numquam in-
30 viti, fortes saepe etiam libenter oppetiverunt. Vincula vero
et ea sempiterna certe ad singularem poenam nefarii sceleris
inventa sunt. Municipiis dispertiri iubet. Habere videtur
^.
Fourth Oration agaifist Catiline 145
ista res iniquitatem si imperare velis, difficultatem si rogare.
Decefrnatur tamen, si placet. 8. Ego enim suscipiam, et (ut
spero) reperiam qui id quod salutis omnium causa statueritis, ^
non putent esse suae dignitatis recusare. Cldiungit gravem
poenam mimicipibus, si quis eorum vincula ruperit/ horri- 5
bilis custodies circumdat, et dignas scelere hominum perdi-
torum ; sancit ne quis eorum poenam quos condemnat, aut
per senatum aut per populum, levare possit ; eripit etiam
spem, quae sola hominem in miseriis consolari solet ; bona
praeterea pCiblicari iubet ; vitam solam relinquit nefariis 10
hominibus, quam si eripuisset, multos uno dolores animi
atque corporis et omnis scelerum poenas ademisset. Itaque,
ut aliqua in vita formido improbis esset posita, apud inferos
eius modi quaedam illi antiqui supplicia irapiis constituta
esse voluerunt, quod videlicet intellegebant, eis remotis, non 15
esse mortem ipsam pertimescendam.
Caesar's Proposition Discussed.
V. 9. Nunc, patres conscripti, ego mea video quid intersit.
Si eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam banc is in
re piiblica viam quae popularis habetur seciitus est, fortasse
minus erunt — hoc auctore et C6gnit5re huiusce sententiae 20
— mihi populares impetus pertimescendi : sin illam alteram,
nescio an amplius mihi negoti contrahatur. Sed tamen
meorum periculorum rationes utilitas j;ei publicae vincat.
Habemus enim a Caesare, sicut ipsius dignitas et maiorum
eius amplitude postulabat, sententiam tamquam obsidem 25
perpetuae in rem piiblicam voluntatis. -Jntellectum est quid
interesset inter levitatem contionatorum et animum vere
popularem, saliiti populi consulentem. 10. Video de istis,
qui se popularis haberi volunt, abesse non neminem^ne de
capite videlicet civium Romanorum sententiam feratr--' At 30
is et nudius tertius in custodiam civis Romanos dedit, et
supplicationem mihi decrevit, et indices hesterno die maxi-
146 Orations of Cicero
mis praemiis adfecit. lam hoc nemini dubium est, qui reo
custodiam, quaesitori gratulationem, indici praemium decre-
vit, quid de tota re et causa iudicarit. At vero C. Caesar
intellegit legem Semproniam esse de civibus Romanis con-
5 stitutam ; qui autem rei publicae sit ho^Jti^, eum civem nullo
modo esse posse ; denique ipsum latorem^ Semproniae legis
iussu populi poenas rei publicae dependisse. Idem ipsum
Lentulum, largitorem et prodigum, non putat, cum de per-
nicie populi Romani, exitio huius urbis tam acerbe, tam
10 crudeliter cogitarit, etiam appellari posse popularem. Ita-
que homo mitissimus atque lenissimus non dubitat P. Len-
tulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare, et sancit in
posterum, ne quis huius supplicio levando se iactare, et in
perniciem populi Romani posthac popularis esse possit :
15 adiungit etiam pOblicationem bonorum, ut omnis animi cru-
ciatus et corporis etiam egestas ac rriendicitas consequatur.
Death None too Severe a Penalty,
VI. 11. Quam ob rem, sive hoc statueritis, dederitis
mihi comitem ad cBiitionem populo carum atque ificundum ;
sive Silani sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me [atque
20 vos] crudelitatis vituperatione e^s^Tveritis, atque obtinebo
eam multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, patres conscript!,
quae potest esse in tanti sceleris immanitate punienda crCi-
delitas ? Ego enim de meo sensu iudico. Nam ita mihi
salva re piiblica vobiscum perfrui liceat, ut ego, quod in hac
25 causa vehementior sum, non atrocitate animi moveor — quis
est enim me mitior ? — sed singular! quadam humanitate et
misericordia. A^ideor enim mihi videre banc urbem, liicem
orbis terrarum atque arcem omnium gentium, subito Cmo
incendio concidentem, Cerno animo s%)'ulta in patria mise-
30 ros atque insepultos acervos civium. Versatur mihi ante
oculos aspectus Cethegi, et furor in vestra caede bacchantis.
12. Cum vero mihi proposu! regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse
Foui'tJi Oration against Catiline 147
ex fatis se sperasse confessus est, purpuratum esse huic
Gabinium, cum exercitu venisse Catilinam, turn lamentatio-
nem matrum familias, turn fugam virginum atque puerorum
ac vexationem virginum Vestalium perhorresco ; et quia
mihi vehementer haec videntur misera atque miseranda, 5
idcirco in eos qui ea perficere voluerunt me severum vehe-
mentemque praebeo. Etenim quaero, si quis pater familias,
liberis suis a servo interfectis, uxore occisa, incensa domo,
vsupplicium de servo non quam acerbissimum sumpserit, /
utrum is clemens ac misericors, an inhumanissimus et cru- 10
delissimus esse videatur^.^ Mihi vero importunus ac ferreus,
qui non dolore et cruciatii nocentis suum dolorem crucia-
tumque lenierit. Sic nos in his hominibus, — qui nos, qui
coniuges, qui liberos nostros trucidare voluerunt ; qui sin-
^gulas iinius ciiiusque nostrum domos et hoc Oniversum rei 15
publicae domicilium delere conati sunt ; qui id egerunt, ut
gentem Allobrogum(in vestigiis hiiius urbis atque in cinere
deflagrati imperi conlocarent/Y- si vehementissimi fuerimus,
misericordes habebimur : sin remissiores esse voluerimus,
summae nobis crudelitatis in patriae civiumque pernicie 20
fama subeunda est.
Opinion of L. Caesar.
13. Nisi vero,,Guipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et aman- "
tissimus rei publicae, crudelior niidius tertius visus est, cum
sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem et audi-
entem vita privandum esse dixit, cum av;um suum iussii 25
consulis interfectum, filiumque eius impuberem, legatum a
patre missum, in carcere necatum esse dixit. Quorum quod
simile factum ? quod initum delendae rei publicae consi-
lium ? Largitionis voluntas turn in re piiblica versata est,
et partium quaedam contentio, Atque eo tempore huius 30
avus Lentuli, vir clarissimus, armatus Gracchum est perse-
cutus. Ille etiam grave tum volnus accepit, ne quid de
148 Orations of Cicero
SLimma re publica deminueretur : hie ad evertenda rei publi-
cae fundamenta Gallos arcessit, servitia concitat, Catilinam
vocat, attribuit nos trucidandos Cethego, et ceteros civis
interficiendos Gabinio, urbem inflammandam Cassio, totam
5 Italiam vastandam diripiendamque Catilinae. Vereamini,
censeo, ne in hoc scelere tarn immani ac nefando nimis
ahquid severe statuisse videamini : multo magis est veren-
diim ne remissione poenae crudeles in patriam, quam ne
severitate animadversionis nimis vehementes in acerbissimos
10 hostis, fuisse videamur.
Severe Measures will be Supported by the People.
VII. 14. Sed ea quae exaudi5, patres conscripti, dissimu-
lare non possum. laciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt
ad auris meas, eorum qui vereri videntur ut habeam satis
praesidi ad ea quae vos statueritis hodierno die transigunda.
15 Omnia et provisa et parata et constituta sunt, patres con-
scripti, cum mea summa ciira atque diligentia, tum multo
etiam maiore populi Romani ad summum imperium reti-
nendum et ad communis fortunas conservandas voluntate.
Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, omnium denique
20 aetatum : plenum est forum, plena templa circum forum,
pleni omnes aditus huius templi ac loci. Causa est enim
post urbem conditam haec inventa sola, in qua omnes sen-
tirent unum atque idem, praeter eos qui, cum sibi viderent
esse pereundum, cum omnibus potius quam soli perire volu-
25 erunt. 15. Hosce ^go homines excipi5 et secerno libenter,
neque in improborum civium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium
numero habendos puto.
All Orders in the State United.
Ceteri vero, di immortales ! qua frequentia, quo studio,
qua virtute ad communem saliitem dignitatemque consen-
30 tiunt ! Quid ego hie equites Romanos commemorem ? qui
FourtJi Oration against Catiline 14^
vobis ita summam ordinis consilique concedunt, ut vobiscum
de amore rei publicae certent ; quos ex multorum annorum
dissensione hiiius ordinis ad societatem concordiamque revo-
catos hodiernus dies vobiscum atque haec causa coniungit :
quam si coniunctionem, in consulatu confirmatam meo, per- 5
petuam in re publica tenuerimus, confirmo vobis nullum
posthac malum civile ac dmnesticum ad ullam rei publicae
partem esse venturum. Pari studio defendundae rei pub-
licae convenisse video tribunes aerarios, fortissimos viros ;
scribas item universes, quos cum casu hie dies ad aerarium 10
frequentasset, video ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem com-
mimem esse converses. 16. Omnis ingenuorum adest mul-
titndo, etiam tenuissimorum. Quis est enim cui non haec
templa, aspectus urbis, possessio libertatis, lux denique haec
ipsa et [hoc] commune patriae solum, cum sit carum turn 15
vero dulce atque iiicundum ?
The Humblest Citizens are Staunch.
VIII. Operae pretium est, patres conscripti, libertinorum
hominum studia cognoscere, qui, sua virtute fortunam hiiius
civitatis consecuti, hanc suam patriam iudicant, — quam
quidam hie nati, et summo loco nati, non patriam suam sed 20
urbem hostium esse iudicaverunt. Sed quid ego hosce
homines ordinesque commemoro, quos privatae fortunae,
quos communis res publica, quos denique libertas, ea quae
dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae defendendam excitavit ?
Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condicione sit servi- 25
tiitis, qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat, qui non haec
stare cupiat, qui non quantum audet et quantum potest
conferat ad salutem jvohjiilalis. 17. Qua re si quem v.es- ~
trum forte commovet hoc, quod auditum est, lerionem quen-
dam Lentuli concursare circum tabernas, pretio sperare 30
sollicitari posse animos egentium atque imperitorum, — est
id quidem coeptum atque temptatum ; sed nulli sunt inventi
ISO
Orations of Cicero
tain aut fortuna miseri aut voluntate perditi, qui non ilium
ipsum sellae atque operis et quaestus cotidiani locum, qui
non cubile ac lectulum suum, qui denique non cursum hunc
otiosum vitae suae salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima
5 pars eorum qui in tabernis sunt, immo vero — id enim potius
est dicendum — genus hoc liniversum, amantissimum est oti.
Etenim omne instrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus
frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio : quorum si quaes-
tus occlusis tabernis minui solet, quid tandem incensis futii-
lo rum fuit ?
The Senators Urged to Act Fearlessly.
18. Quae cum ita sint, patres conscripti, vobis populi
Romani praesidia non desunt : vos ne populo Romano
Site of the Arx (Church of S. Maria in Aracceli).
deesse videamini providete. IX. Habetis consulem ex
plurimis periculis et insidiis atque ex media morte, non ad
15 vitam suam, sed ad salutem vestram reservatum. Omnes
FoitrtJi Oration against Catiline 151
ordines ad conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate,
voce consentiunt. Obsessa facibus et telis impiae coniura-
tionis vobis supplex maniis tendit patria communis ; vobis
se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis arcem et Capitolium,
vobis aras Penatium, vobis ilium ignem Vestae sempiter- 5
num, vobis omnium deorum templa atque delObra, vobis
miiros atque urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de vestra
vita, de coniugum vestrarum atque liberorum anima, de
fortnnis omnium, de sedibus, de focis vestris, hodierno die
vobis iudicandum est. 19. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, 10
oblitum sui, quae non semper facultas datur : habetis omnis
ordines, omnis homines, universum populum Romanum —
id quod in civili causa hodierno die primum videmus —
unum .^atque idem sentientem. Cogitate quantis laboribus
fundatum imperium, quanta virtCite stabilitam libertatem, 15
quanta deorum benignitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas,
una nox paene delerit. Id ne umquam posthac non modo
non confici, sed ne cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno
die providendum est. Atque haec non ut vos, qui mihi
studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus sum ; sed ut 20
mea vox, quae debet esse in re piiblica princeps, officio "^
functa consulari videretur.
Cicero is Undismayed.
X. 20. Nunc, ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me ^q^
pauca dicam. Ego, quanta manus est coniuratorum, quam
videtis esse permagnam, tantam me inimicorum multitiidi- 25
nem suscepisse video : sed earn iudico esse turpem et infir-
mam et abiectam. Quod si aliquando alicOius furore et
scelere concitata manus ista plias valuerit quam vestra ac
rei publicae dignitas, me tamen meorum factorum atque con- ""
siliorum numquam, patres conscripti, ppenitebit. Etenim 30
mors, quam illi fortasse minitantur, omnibus est parata :^ _,^
vitae tantam laudem, quanta vos me vestris decretis hones-^
152 Orations of Cicero
tastis, nemo est adsecutus. Ceteris enim semper bene gesta,
mihi uni conservata re publica, gratulationem decrevistis.
His Fame is Secure.
21. Sit Scipio ille clarus, cuius consilio atque virtute
Hannibal in Africam redire atque Italia decedere coactus
5 est; 5rnetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas urbis
huic imperio infestissimas, Karthaginem Numantiamque,
delevit ; habeatur vir egregius Paulus ille, cuius currum rex
potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses honestavit ;
sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et metu
10 servitutis liberavit; anteponatur omnibus Pompeius,(^uius
- res gestae atque virtutes isdem quibus solis cursus regioni-
bus ac terminis continenturj) erit profecto inter horum
laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, — nisi forte maius est
patefacere nobis provincias quo exffe possimus, quam
15 cOrare ut etiam illi qui absunt habeant quo victores rever-
tantur. 22. Quamquam est lino loco condicio melior exter-
nae victoriae quam domesticae, — quod hostes alienigenae
aut oppressi serviunt, aut recepti in amicitiam beneficio se
obligates putant ; qui autem ex numero civium, dementia
20 aliqua depravati, hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos
cum a pernicie rei piiblicae reppuleris, nee vi coercere nee
beneficio placere possis. Qua re mihi cum perditis civibus
aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro
bonorumque omnium auxilio, memoriaque tantorum pericu-
25 lorum, — quae non modo in hoc populo, qui servatus est,
sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper
haerebit, — a me atque a meis facile propulsare posse con-
fide. Neque ulla profecto tanta vis reperietur, quae con-
iimctionem vestram equitumque Romanorum, et tantam
30 conspirationem bonorum omnium, confringere et labefac-
tare possit.
SCIPIO AFRICANUS.
Fourth Oration against Catili?te 153
Let the Senate Dare to Act Rigorously.
XI. 23, Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu,
pro provincia, quam neglexi, pro triumpho ceterisque laudis
insignibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque salutis
custodiam repudiata, pro clientelis hospitiisque provincia-
libus/quae tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore tueor 5
quam compare," pro his igitur omnibus rebus, pro meis in
vos singularibus studiis, proque hac quam perspicitis ad
conservandam rem publicam diligentia, nihil a vobis nisi
huius temporis totiusque mei consulatus memoriam postulo :
quae dum erit vestris fixa mentibus, tutissimo me miiro 10
saeptum esse arbitrabor. Quod si meam spem vis impro-
borum fefellerit atque superaverit, commendo vobis parvum
meum filium, cui profecto satis erit praesidi non solum ad
salutem, verum etiam ad dignitatem, si eius, qui haec omnia
suo solius periculo conservarit, ilium filium esse memineritis. 15
24. Quapropter de summa salute vestra populique Romani,
de vestris coniugibus ac liberis, de arls ac focis, de fanis
atque templis, de totius urbis tectis ac sedibus, de imperio
ac libertate, de salute Italiae, de imiversa re piiblica, decer-
nite diligenter, ut instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum con- 20
sulem qui et parere vestris decretis non dubitet, et ea quae
statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum praestare
possit.
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARC HI AS.
[P}d A. Licitiio Arch id Poetd.)
B.C. 62.
The case of Archias, though not a pubUc one, yet had its origin in
the politics of the time. The aristocratic faction, suspecting that much
of the strength of their opponents was derived from the fraudulent
votes of those who were not citizens, procured in B.C. 65 the passage of
the Lex Papia, by which " all the strangers who possessed neither
Roman nor Latin burgess-rights were to be ejected from the capital."
Archias, the poet, a native of Antioch, but for many years a Roman
citizen, a friend and client of Lucius Lucullus, was accused in B.C. 62,
by a certain Gratius, under this law, on the ground that he was not a
citizen. Cicero, a personal friend of Archias, undertook the defence,
and the case was tried before the brother of the orator, Quintus Cicero,
then praetor.
It was a very small matter to disprove the charge and establish
Archias' claims to citizenship. The greater part of this speech, there-
fore, is made up of a eulogy upon the poet and upon poetry and litera-
ture in general. It is, for this reason, one of the most agreeable of
Cicero's orations, and perhaps the greatest favorite of them all.
Cicero's Obligations to Archias.
SI QUID est in me ingeni, iiidices, quod sentio quam sit
exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua me
non infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si hiiiusce rei
^=54
The CitizejisJiip of ArcJiias 155
ratio aliqua ab optimarum artium studiis ac disciplina pro-
fecta, a qua ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus abhor-
ruisse, earum rerum omnium vel in primis hie A. Licinius
fructum a me repetere prope suo iure debet. Nam quoad
longissime potest mens mea respicere spatium praeteriti 5
temporis, et pueritiae memoriam recordari ultimam, inde
usque repetens hunc video mihi principem et ad suscipien-
dam et ad ingrediendam rationem horum studiorum exsti-
tisse. Quod si haec vox, hiiius hortatii praeceptisque
conformata, non nullis aliquando saliiti fuit, a quo id acce- 10
pimus quo ceteris opitulari et alios servare possemus, huic
profecto ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, et opem et saliTi-
tem ferre debemus. 2. Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte
miretur, quod alia quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingeni, neque
haec dicendi ratio aut disciplina, ne nos quidem huic iini 15
studio penitus umquam dediti fuimus. Etenim omnes artes,
quae ad humanitatem pertinent, habent quoddam commune
vinculum, et quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur.
He Justifies the Unusual Tone of his Argument.
II. 3. Sed ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur me in
quaestione legitima et in iiidicio piiblico — cum res agatur 20
apud praetorem populi Romani, lectissimum virum, et apud
severissimos iiidices, tanto conventu hominum ac frequen-
tia — hoc uti genere dicendi, quod non modo a consuetu-
dine iiidiciorum, verum etiam a forensi sermone abhorreat ;
quaeso a vobis, ut in hac causa mihi detis hanc veniam, 25
adcommodatam huic reo, vobis (quem ad modum spero) non
molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque eruditissimo homine
dicentem, hoc concursu hominum literatissimorum, hac ves-
tra humanitate, hoc denique praet5re exercente iudicium,
patiamini de studiis humanitatis ac litterarum paulo loqui 30
liberius, et in eius modi persona, quae propter otium ac
studium minime in iodiciis periculisque tractata est, fiti
156 Oratiojis of Cicero
prope novo quodam et inusitato genere dicendl. 4. Quod
si mihi a vobis tribui concedique sentiam, perficiam profecto
ut hunc A. Licinium non modo non segregandum, cum sit
civis, a numero civium, verum etiam si non esset, putetis
5 asciscendum fuisse.
Earlier Career of Archias.
III. Nam ut primum ex pueris excessit Archias, atque ab
eis artibus quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem informari
solet se ad scribendi studium contulit, primum Antiochiae —
nam ibi natus est loco nobili — celebri quondam urbe et
10 copiosa, atque eruditissimis hominibus liberalissimisque
studiis adfluenti, celeriter antecellere omnibus ingeni gloria
contigit. Post in ceteris Asiae partibus ciTmctaeque Grae-
ciae sic eius adventus celebrabantur, ut famam ingeni
exspectatio hominis, exspectationem ipsius adventus admi-
15 ratioque superaret. 5. Erat Italia tunc plena Graecarum
artium ac disciplinarum, studiaque haec et in Latio vehe-
mentius tum colebantur quam nunc eisdem in oppidis, et
hie Romae propter tranquillitatem rei publicae non negle-
gebantur. Itaque hunc et Tarentini et Regini et Neapoli-
20 tani civitate ceterisque praemiis donarunt ; et omnes, qui
aliquid de ingeniis poterant iudicare, cognitione atque
hospitio dignum existimarunt. Hac tanta celebritate famae
cum esset iam absentibus notus, Romam venit Mario con-
sule et Catulo.
His Distinguished Patrons at Rome.
25 Nactus est primum consules eos, quorum alter res ad
scribendum maximas, alter cum res gestas tum etiam stu-
dium atque auris adhibere posset. Statim Liiculli, cum
praetextatus etiam tum Archias esset, eum domum suam
receperunt. Sic etiam hoc non solum ingeni ac litterarum,
30 verum etiam naturae atque virtutis, ut domus, quae hiiius
adulescentiae prima fuit, eadem esset familiarissima senec-
TJie CitizejisJiip of Arc J li as 157
tiiti. 6. Erat temporibus illis iucundus Metello illi Numi-
dico et eius Pio filio ; audiebatur a M. Aemilio ; vivebat
cum Q. Catulo et patre et filio ; a L. Crasso colebatur ;
Liicullos vero et Drusum et Octavios et Catonem et totam
Hortensiorum domum devinctam consuetiidine cum teneret,
adficiebatur summ5 honore, quod eum non solum colebant
qui aliquid percipere atque audire studebant, verum etiam
si qui forte simulabant.
He Becomes a Citizen of Heraclia.
IV. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum M.
Lucullo in Sicilian! profectus, et cum ex ea provincia cum
eodem Lucullo decederet, venit Heracliam : quae cum esset
- ' ^'' v'>^^
10
Coin of Hekaclia.
civitas aequissim5 iure ac foedere, ascribi se in eam civita-
tem voluit ; idque, cum ipse per se dignus putaretur, tum
auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus impetravit.
He is Enrolled as a Roman Citizen.
7. Data est civitas Silvani lege et Carbonis : Si qui foedc- 15
rails clvitatibics ascrlptl fuissent ; si tiim^ cum lex ferebatur^
in Italia domicilitcm habuissent ; et si sexaginta diebus apud
praetdrcfn essent professl. Cum hie domicilium Romae mul-
tos iam annos haberet, professus est apud praetorem Q.
Metellum familiarissimum suum. 8. Si nihil aliud nisi de 20
civitate ac lege dicimus, nihil dico amplius : causa dicta est.
Quid enim horum infirmari, Grati, potest ? Heracliaene esse
tum ascriptum negabis ? Adest vir summa auctoritate et
158 Oratio7is of Cicero
religione et fide, M. Lucullus, qui se non opinari sed scire,
non audisse sed vidisse, non interfuisse sed egisse dicit.
Adsunt Heraclienses legati, nobilissimi homines : huius
iudici causa cum mandatis et cum publico testimonio [vene-
5 runt]; qui hunc ascriptum Heracliensem dicunt. Hie tu
tabulas desideras Heracliensium publicas : quas Italico bello
incenso tabulario interisse scimus omnis. Est ridiculum ad
ea quae habemus nihil dicere, quaerere quae habere non pos-
sumus ; et de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum memo-
10 riam flagitare ; et, cum habeas amplissimi viri religionem,
integerrimi municipi ius iurandum fidemque, ea quae depra-
vari nullo modo possunt repudiare, tabulas, quas idem dicis
solere corrumpi, desiderare.
9. An domicilium Romae non habuit is, qui tot annis ante
15 civitatem datam sedem omnium rerum ac fortunarum sua-
rum Romae conlocavit ? At non est professus. Immo
vero eis tabulis professus, quae solae ex ilia professione
conlegioque praetorum obtinent publicarum tabularum auc-
toritatem. V. Nam — cum Appi tabulae neglegentius ad-
20 servatae dicerentur ; Gabini, quam diu incolumis fuit, levitas,
post damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fidem resig-
nasset — Metellus, homo sanctissimus modestissimusque
omnium, tanta diligentia fuit, ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem
et ad iiidices venerit, et unius nominis litura se commotum
25 esse dixerit. Li his igitur tabulis niillam lituram in nomine
A. Licini videtis.
Evidence of the Census not Necessary.
10. Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de eius civitate
dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque in civitatibus fuerit
ascriptus ? Etenim cum mediocribus multis et aut niilla
30 aut humili aliqua arte praeditis gratuito civitatem in Grae-
cia homines impertiebant, Reginos credo aut Locrensis aut
Neapolitanos aut Tarentinos, quod scenicis artificibus largiri
The Citize7isliip of Archias 159
solebant, id huic summa ingeni praedito gloria noluisse !
Quid ? cum ceteri non modo post civitatem datam, sed
etiam post legem Papiam aliquo modo in eorum mimici-
piorum tabulas inrepserunt, hic, qui ne iititur quidem illis
in quibus est scriptus, quod semper se Heracliensem esse 5
voluit, reicietur ? 11. Census nostros requiris scilicet. Est
enim obscurum proximis censoribus hunc cum clarissimo
imperatore L. LOcullo apud exercitum fuisse ; superioribus,
cum eodem quaestore fuisse in Asia; primis lulio et Crasso
nOUam populi partem esse censam. Sed — quoniam census 10
non ius civitatis confirmat, ac tantum modo indicat eum qui
sit census [ita] se iam turn gessisse pro cive — eis tempori-
bus quibus tii criminaris ne ipsius quidem iudicio in civium
Romanorum iiire esse versatum, et testamentum saepe fecit
nostris legibus, et adiit hereditates civium Romanorum, et 15
in beneficiis ad aerarium delatus est a L. Lucullo pro con-
sule. VI. Quaere argumenta, si qua potes : numquam
enim hic neque suo neque amicorum iiidicio revincetur.
Study of Letters an Indispensable Relaxation.
12. Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cOr tanto opere hoc homine
delectemur. Quia suppeditat nobis ubi et animus ex hoc 20
forensi strepitu reficiatur, et aures convicio defessae con-
quiescant. An tii existimas aut suppetere nobis posse quod
cotidie dicamus in tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos nostros
doctrina excolamus ; aut ferre animos tantam posse conten-
tionem, nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus ? £2:0 vero fateor 2^
&^
me his studiis esse deditum : ceteros pudeat, si qui se ita
litteris abdiderunt ut nihil possint ex eis neque ad com-
munem adferre fructum, neque in aspectum lucemque pro-
ferre : me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos ita vivo, iudices,
ut a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo aut otium 30
meum abstraxerit, aut voluptas avocarit, aut denique somnus
retardarit ? 13. Qua re quis tandem me reprehendat, aut
i6o Oratio7is of Cicero
quis mihi iure suscenseat, si, quantum ceteris ad suas res
obeundas, quantum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos,
quantum ad alias voluptates et ad ipsam requiem animi et
corporis conceditur temporum, quantum alii tribuunt tem-
5 pestivis conviviis, quantum denique alveolo, quantum pilae,
tantum mihi egomet ad haec studia recolenda sumpsero ?
Atque hoc ideo mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his
studiis haec quoque crescit oratio et facultas ; quae, quan-
tacumque in me est, numquam amicorum periculis defuit.
lo Quae si cui levior videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa
sunt, ex quo fonte hauriam sentio.
Literature a Source of Moral Strength.
14. Nam nisi multorum praeceptis multisque litteris mihi
ab adulescentia suasissem, nihil esse in vita magno opere
expetendum nisi laudem atque honestatem, in ea autem
15 persequenda omnis cruciatiis corporis, omnia pericula mor-
tis atque exsili parvi esse ducenda, numquam me pro salute
vestra in tot ac tantas dimicationes atque in hos profligato-
rum hominum cotidianos impetus obiecissem. Sed pleni
omnes sunt libri, plenae sapientium voces, plena exemplorum
20 vetustas : quae iacerent in tenebris omnia, nisi litterarum
lumen accederet. Quam multas nobis imagines — non solum
ad intuendum, verum etiam ad imitandum — fortissimorum
virorum expressas scriptores et Graeci et Latini reliquerunt?
Quas ego mihi semper in administranda re pfiblica propo-
25 nens, animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione hominum
excellentium conformabam.
All Famous Men have been Devoted to Letters,
VII. 15. Quaeret quispiam : 'Quid? illi ipsi summi viri,
quorum virtutes litteris proditae sunt, istane doctrina, quam
tu effers laudibus, eruditi fuerunt ? ' Difficile est hoc de
30 omnibus confirmare, sed tamen est certe quod respondeam.
The Citizenship of Arc J das i6i
Ego multos homines excellenti animo ac virtute fuisse, et
sine doctrina naturae ipsius habitu prope divino per se
ipsos et moderates et gravis exstitisse, fateor: etiam illud
adiungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem natiiram sine
doctrina quam sine natura valuisse doctrinam. Atque idem 5
ego contendo, cum ad naturam eximiam atque inliistrem
accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque doctrinae, tum
illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere exsistere.
16. Ex hoc esse hunc numero, quern patres nostri viderunt,
divinum hominem Africanum ; ex hoc C. Laelium, L. Furium, 10
moderatissimos homines et continentissimos ; ex hoc fortis-
simum virum et illis temporibus doctissimum, M. Catonem
ilium senem : qui profecto si nihil ad percipiendam [colen-
dam] virtutem litteris adiuvarentur, numquam se ad earum
studium contulissent. Quod si non hie tantus fructus osten- 15
deretur, et si ex his studiis delectatio sola peteretur, tamen
(ut opinor) hanc animi adversionem humanissimam ac libera-
lissimam iudicaretis. Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt
neque aetatum omnium neque locorum : haec studia adules-
centiam alunt, senectiitem oblectant, secundas res ornant, 20
adversis perfugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi,
non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur,
rusticantur.
Great Artists are of Themselves Worthy of Admiration.
17. Quod si ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensu nostro
gustare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus, etiam cum 25
in aliis videremus. VIII. Quis nostrtjm tam animo agresti
ac duro fuit, ut Rosci morte nuper non commoveretur ? qui
cum esset senex mortuus, tamen propter excellentem artem
ac venustatem videbatur omnino mori non debuisse. Ergo
ille corporis motu tantum amorem sibi conciliarat a nobis 30
omnibus : nos animorum incredibilis motus celeritatemque
ingeniorum neglegemus ? 18. Quotiens ego hunc Archiam
1 62 Orations of Cicero
vidi, iudices, — iitar enim vestra benignitate, quoniam me
in hoc novo genere dicendi tarn diligenter attenditis, — quo-
tiens ego hunc vidi, cum litteram scripsisset nOllam, magnum
numerum optimorum versuum de eis ipsis rebus quae tum
5 agerentur dicere ex tempore ! Quotiens revocatum eandem
rem dicere, commiitatis verbis atque sententiis ! Quae vero
adcijrate cogitateque scripsisset, ea sic vidi probari, ut ad
veterum scriptorum laudem perveniret. Hunc ego non dili-
gam? non admirer? non omni ratione defendendum putem?
The Poet Especially Sacred.
lo Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditissimisque accepi-
mus, ceterarum rerum studia et doctrina et praeceptis et
arte constare : poetam natura ipsa valere, et mentis viribus
excitari, et quasi divino quodam spiritu inflari. Qua re suo
iure noster ille Ennius sanctos appellat poetas, quod quasi
15 deorum aliquo dono atque munere commendati nobis
esse videantur. 19. Sit igitur, iudices, sanctum apud vos,
hiimanissimos homines, hoc poetae nomen, quod nulla um-
quam barbaria violavit. Saxa et solitudines voci respondent,
bestiae saepe immanes cantii flectuntur atque consistunt :
20 nos, institiiti rebus optimis, non poetarum voce moveamur ?
Homerum Colophonii civem esse dicunt suum, Chii suum
vindicant, Salaminii repetunt, Smyrnaei vero suum esse con-
firmant, itaque etiam deliibrum eius in oppido dedicaverunt :
permulti alii praeterea pugnant inter se atque contendunt.
25 IX. Ergo illi alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mortem etiam
expetunt : nos hunc vivum, qui et voluntate et legibus noster
est, repudiabimus ? praesertim cum omne olim studium atque
omne ingenium contulerit Archias ad populi Roman! gloriam
laudemque celebrandam ? Nam et Cimbricas res adulescens
30 attigit, et ipsi illi C. Mario, qui durior ad haec studia vide-
batur, iucundus fuit.
TJie CitizensJiip of A re hi as
163
The Poet is the Herald of Fame.
20. Neque enim quisquam est tarn aversus a Musis, qui
non mandari versibus aeternum suorum laborum facile
praeconium patiatur. Themistoclem ilium, summum Athe-
nis virum, dixisse aiunt, cum ex eo quaereretur, quod
acroama aut cuius vocem libentissime audiret : Eiiis, a quo
sua virtus optirne praedicairtur. Itaque ille Marius item
eximie L. Plotium dilexit, cuius ingenio putabat ea quae
gesserat posse celebrari. 21. Mithridaticum vero bellum.
Marius.
magnum atque difficile et in multa varietate terra marique
versatum, totum ab hoc expressum est : qui libri non modo 10
L. Lucullum, fortissimum et clarissimum virum, verum
etiam populi Romani nomen inlustrant. Populus enim
Romanus aperuit LucuUo imperante Pontum, et regiis quon-
dam opibus et ipsa natura et regione vallatum : populi
Romani exercitus, eodem duce, non maxima manii innu- 15
merabilis Armeniorum copias fiidit : populi Romani laus
est urbem amicissimam Cyzicenorum eiusdem consilio ex
omni impetu regio atque totius belli ore ac faucibus erep-
tam esse atque servatam : nostra semper feretur et prae-
dicabitur, L. LucuUo dimicante, cum interfectis ducibus 20
164 Orations of Cicero
depressa hostium classis, et incredibilis apud Tenedum
piigna ilia navalis : nostra sunt tropaea, nostra monimenta,
nostri triumphi. Quae quorum ingeniis efferuntur, ab eis
populi Roman! fama celebratur. 22. Carus fuit Africano
5 superior! noster Ennius, itaque etiam in sepulcro Scipionum
putatur is esse constitutus ex marmore. At eis laudibus
certe non solum ipse qui laudatur, sed etiam populi Romani
nomen ornatur. In caelum huius proavus Cato toUitur :
magnus honos populi Romani rebus adiungitur. Omnes
10 denique illi Maximi, Marcelli, Fulvii, non sine commiini
omnium nostrum laude decorantur. X. Ergo ilium, qui
haec fecerat, Rudinum hominem, maiores nostri in civita-
tem receperunt : nos hunc Heracliensem, multis civitatibus
expetitum, in hac autem legibus constitutum, de nostra civi-
15 tate eiciemus ?
Alexander at the Tomb of Achilles.
23. Nam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex Grae-
cis versibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vehementer errat :
propterea quod Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus,
Alexander the Great (from a Coin).
Latina suis finibus, exiguis sane, continentur. Qua re si
20 res eae quas gessimus orbis terrae region ibus definiuntur,
cupere debemus, quo manuum nostrarum tela pervenerint,
TJie Citizenship of ArcJiias 165
eodem gloriam famamque penetrare : quod cum ipsis popu-
lis de quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, tum eis
certe, qui de vita gloriae causa dimicant, hoc maximum et
periculorum incitamentum est et laborum. 24. Quam mul-
tos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander secum 5
habuisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, cum in Sigeo ad Achillis
tumulum astitisset : O fortfDiate inquit aduiescefis, qui tuae
virtiltis Ho7nenim praecdnc7?i inveneris I Et vere. Nam nisi
Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem tumulus, qui corpus eius contex-.
erat, nomen etiam obruisset. Quid ? noster hie Magnus, 10
qui cum virtute fortimam adaequavit, nonne Theophanem
Mytilenaeum, scriptorem rerum suarum, in contione mili-
tum civitate donavit ; et nostri illi fortes viri, sed riistici ac
milites, dulcedine quadam gloriae commoti, quasi participes
eiusdem laudis, magno illud clamore approbaverunt ? 15
Many would have been Eager to Give Archias the Citizenship.
25. Itaque, credo, si civis Romanus Archias legibus non
esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore civitate donaretur perficere
non potuit. Sulla cum Hispanos donaret et Gallos, credo
hunc petentem repudiasset : quem nos in contione vidimus,
cum ei libellum malus poeta de populo subiecisset, quod 20
epigramma in eum fecisset, tantummodo alternis versibus
longiusculis, statim ex eis rebus quas tunc vendebat iubere
ei praemium tribui, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea scri-
beret. Qui sedulitatem mali poetae duxerit aliquo tamen
praemio dignam, huius ingenium et virtutem in scribendo 25
et copiam non expetisset ? 26. Quid ? a Q. Metello Pio,
familiarissimo suo, qui civitate multos donavit, neque per se
neque per Liicullos impetravisset ? qui praesertim Osque eo
de suis rebus scribi cuperet, ut etiam Cordubae natis poetis,
pingue quiddam sonantibus atque peregrinum, tamen auris 30
suas dederet.
1 66 Orations of Cicero
All Men Thirst for Glory.
XI. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum (quod obscurari
non potest) sed prae nobis ferendum : trahimur omnes
studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxinie gloria ducitur.
Ipsi illi philosophi, etiam in eis libellis quos de contem-
5 nenda gloria scribunt, nomen suum inscribunt : in eo ipso,
in quo praedicationem nobilitatemque despiciunt, praedicari
de se ac nominari volunt. 27. Decimus quidem Brutus,
summus vir et imperator, Acci, amicissimi sui, carminibus
templorum ac monumentorum aditus exornavit suorum.
lo lam- vero ille, qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite bellavit, Ful-
vius, non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare.
Qua re in qua urbe imperatores prope armati poetarum
nomen et Musarum deliibra coluerunt, in ea non debent
togati iudices a Musarum honore et a poetarum salute
15 abhorrere.
28. Atque ut id libentius faciatis, iam me vobis, iudices,
indicabo, et de meo quodam amore gloriae, nimis acri for-
tasse verum tamen honesto, vobis confitebor. Nam quas
res nos in consulatfi nostro vobiscum simul pro salute
20 huiusce imperi et pro vita civium proque universa re
publica gessimus, attigit hie versibus atque inchoavit : qui-
bus auditis, quod mihi magna res et iucunda visa est, hunc
ad perficiendum adornavi. Nullam enim virtus aliam mer-
cedem laborum periculorumque desiderat, praeter hanc
25 laudis et gloriae : qua quidem detracta, iudices, quid est
quod in hoc tarn exiguo vitae curriculo [et tam brevi] tantis
nos in laboribus exerceamus ? 29. Certe si nihil animus
praesentiret in posterum, et si quibus regionibus vitae spa-
tium circumscriptum est, eisdem omnis cogitationes termi-
30 naret suas ; nee tantis se laboribus frangeret, neque tot
curis vigiliisque angeretur, nee totiens de ipsa vita dimi-
caret. Nunc insidet quaedam in optimo quoque virtus,
TJie Citize7tsJiip of Archias 167
quae noctis ac dies animum gloriae stimulis concitat, atque
admonet non cum vitae tempore esse dimittendam comme-
morationem nominis nostri, sed cum omni posteritate adae-
quandam.
Literature the Most Enduring of Monuments.
XII. 30. An vero tam parvi animi videamur esse omnes, 5
qui in re publica atque in his vitae periculis laboribusque
versamur, ut, cum usque ad extremum spatium nullum tran-
quillum atque otiosum spiritum diixerimus, nobiscum simul
moritura omnia arbitremur .^ An statuas et imagines, non
animorum simulacra sed corporum, studiose multi summi 10
homines reliquerunt ; consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum
nostrarum effigiem nonne multo malle debemus, summis
ingeniis expressam et politam ? Ego vero omnia quae gere-
bam, iam tum in gerendo spargere me ac disseminare arbi-
trabar in orbis terrae memoriam sempiternam. Haec vero 15
sive a meo sensu post mortem afutura est sive — ut sapien-
tissimi homines putaverunt — ad aliquam mei partem per-
tinebit, nunc quidem certe cogitatione quadam speque
delector.
Archias the Poet should be Protected in his Rights.
31. Qua re conservate, ifidices, hominem pudore eo, 20
quem amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate tum
etiam vetustate ; ingenio autem tanto, quantum id con-
venit existimari, quod summorum hominum ingeniis ex-
petitum esse videatis ; causa vero eius modi, quae bene-
ficio legis, auctoritate municipi, testimonio Luculli, tabulis 25
Metelli comprobetur. Quae cum ita sint, petimus a vobis,
ifidices, si qua n5n modo humana, verum etiam divina in
tantis ingeniis commendatio debet esse, ut eum qui vos, qui
vestros imperatores, qui populi Romani res gestas semper
ornavit, qui etiam his recentibus nostris vestrisque domes- 30
ticis periculis aeternum se testimonium laudis dati^irum esse
1 68 O ratio )is of Cicero
profitetur, estque ex eo numero qui semper apud omnis
sancti sunt habiti itaque dicti, sic in vestram accipiatis
fidem, ut hiimanitate vestra levatus potius quam acerbitate
violatus esse videatur. 32. Quae de causa pro mea consue-
5 tiidine breviter simpliciterque dixi, iudices, ea confido pro-
bata esse omnibus. Quae autem remota a mea itadicialique
consuetCidine, et de hominis ingenio et commiiniter de
ipsius studio locutus sum, ea, iudices, a vobis spero esse in
bonam partem accepta ; ab eo qui iudicium exercet, certo
10 scio.
SELECT LETTERS OF CICERO
I. {Att. 2. lO.)
A friendly and somewhat jocose note written by Cicero (B.C. 59)
at Appii Forum while on his way from Rome to his villa at Formiae.
T. Pomponius Atticus, a wealthy Roman banker, was Cicero's most
intimate friend. The letters to Atticus cover every subject in which
Cicero felt an interest, from the fate of the republic to the choice of
words in composition. Atticus belonged to the equestrian order — the
"capitalist class" among the Romans. He was a highly cultivated
man, of honorable character, and deeply interested in literature and
philosophy. He had spent much time in Greece and was noted for his
thorough acquaintance with the niceties of the Greek language — hence
his surname "the Attic."
CICERO ATTICO SAL.
VOLO ames meam constantiam : liidos Anti spectare non
placet ; est enim virodoXoixov, cum velim vitare omnium
deliciarum suspicionem, repente dvit(f>atveaOaL non solum deli-
cate, sed etiam inepte peregrinantem : qua re usque ad Nonas
169
I/O Letters of Cieero
Maias te in Formiano exspectabo. Nunc fac ut sciam quo
die te visuri simus. Ab Appi Foro, hora quarta. Dederam
aliam paulo ante a Tribus Tabernis.
II. {Att. 2. 2 1.)
This letter was written from Rome (B.C. 59) shortly before Cicero's
banishment. Atticus, to whom it is addressed, was on his estate in
Epirus. The so-called First Triumvirate was in power, and Caesar had
received the consulship as a part of the political bargain which he had
made with Pompey and Crassus. His colleague Bibulus was in vain
attempting to prevent him from carrying out his plans. Clodius,
Cicero's bitterest enemy, was active, and Cicero was beginning to fear
that Pompey's protection might not be sufficient. For the political
situation and the causes of Cicero's banishment, see Life of Cicero,
Introduction, pp. xix-xx.
Cicero expresses the fear that the course of the " Triumvirs " may
lead to civil war. Pompey, by his compact with Caesar, has alien-
ated his own party. His popularity is waning. He has lately had a
mortifying experience in a public assembly, where he vainly attempted
to reply effectively to the attacks of Bibulus. Finally, Cicero expresses
much anxiety as to his own prospects.
CICERO ATTICO SAL.
De re publica quid ego tibi subtiliter ? Tota periit atque
5 hoc est miserior quam reliquisti, quod turn videbatur eius
modi dominatio civitatem oppressisse, quae iucunda esset
multitudini, bonis autem ita molesta, ut tamen sine pernicie,
nunc repente tanto in odio est omnibus, ut quorsus eruptura
sit horreamus ; nam iracundiam atque intemperantiam illo-
10 rum sumus expert!, qui Catoni irati omnia perdiderunt. Sed
ita lenibus uti videbantur venenis, ut posse videremur sine
dolore interire : nunc vero sibilis volgi, sermonibus honesto-
rum, fremiti! Italiae vereor ne exarserint.
Equidem sperabam, ut saepe etiam loqui tecum solebam,
15 sic orbem rei publicae esse conversum, ut vix sonitum audire
To Atticiis
17
vix impressam orbitam videre possemus, et fuisset ita, si
homines transitum tempestatis exspectare potuissent, sed
cum diu occulte suspirassent, postea iam gemere, ad extre-
mum vero loqui omnes et clamare coeperunt. Itaque ilie
amicus noster, insolens infamiae, semper in laude versatus,
circumfluens gloria, deformatus corpore, fractus animo, quo
Cato.
se conferat nescit ; progressum praecipitem, inconstantem
reditum videt; bonos inimicos habet, improbos ipsos non
amicos.
Ac vide mollitiem animi : non tenui lacrimas, cum ilium 10
a. d. VIII. Kal. Sextilis vidi de edictis Bibuli contionantem ;
qui antea solitus esset iactare se magnificentissime illo in
loco, summo cum amoje populi, cunctis faventibus, ut ille
tum humilis, ut demissus erat, ut ipse etiam sibi, non eis
1/2 Letters of Cicero
solum, qui aderant, displicebat ! O spectaculum uni Crasso
iucundum, ceteris non item ! Nam, quia deciderat ex astris,
lapsus quam progressus potius videbatur, et, ut Apelles, si
Venerem, aut Protogenes, si lalysum ilium suum caeno obli-
5 tum videret, magnum, credo, acciperet dolorem, sic ego hunc
omnibus a me pictum et politum artis coloribus subito
deformatum non sine magno dolore vidi.
Quamquam nemo putabat, propter Clodianum negotium,
me illi amicum esse debere, tamen tantus fuit amor, ut
lo exhauriri nulla posset iniuria. Itaque Archilochia in ilium
edicta Bibuli populo ita sunt iucunda, ut eum locum, ubi
proponuntur, prae multitudine eorum, qui legunt, transire
nequeamus, ipsi ita acerba, ut tabescat dolore, mihi meher-
cule molesta, quod et eum, quem semper dilexi, nimis excru-
15 ciant, et timed tam vehemens vir tamque acer in ferro et tam
insuetus contumeliae ne omni animi impetu dolori et ira-
cundiae pareat.
Bibuli qui sit exitus futurus, nescio ; ut nunc res se habet,
admirabili gloria est : qui cum comitia in mensem Octobrem
20 distulisset, quod solet ea res populi voluntatem offendere,
putarat Caesar oratione sua posse impelli contionem, ut iret
ad Bibulum ; multa cum seditiosissime diceret, vocem expri-
mere non potuit. Quid quaeris ? Sentiunt se nCillam iallius
partis voluntatem tenere ; eo magis vis nobis est timenda.
25 Clodius inimicus est nobis ; Pompeius confirmat eum nihil
esse factnrum contra me : mihi periculosum est credere ; ad
resistendum me paro.
Studia spero me summa habiturum omnium ordinum. Te
cum ego desidero, tum vero res ad tempus illud vocat. Plii-
30 rimum consili, animi, praesidi denique mihi, si te ad tempus
videro, accesserit. Varro mihi satis facit ; Pompeius loquitur
divinitus. Spero nos aut cum summa gloria aut certe sine
molestia discessuros. Tu, quid agas, quem ad modum te
oblectes, quid cum Sicyoniis egeris, ut sciam cijra.
To his Family 173
III. {Fam. 14. I.)
A family letter, addressed to Cicero's wife Terentia, his daughter
TuUia, and his son Marcus. It was written from Dyrrachium, n.c. 58,
while Cicero was in exile. See Life of Cicero, Introduction, pp. ix-xxi.
TULLIUS TERENTIAE SUAE, TULLIOLAE SUAE,
CICERONI SUO SALUTEiM DICIT.
Et litteris multorum et sermone omnium perfertur ad mu,
incredibilem tuam virtutem et fortitudinem esse teque nee
animi neque corporis laboribus defatigari. Me miserum ! te
ista virtfite, fide, probitate, humanitate in tantas aerumnas
propter me incidisse ! Tulliolamque nostram, ex quo patre 5
tantas voluptates capiebat, ex eo tantos percipere liictus !
Nam quid ego de Cicerone dicam ? qui cum primum sapere
coepit, acerbissimos dolores miseriasque percepit. Quae si,
tu ut scribis, fato facta putarem, ferrem paulo facilius, sed
omnia sunt mea culpa commissa, qui ab eis me amari puta- 10
bam, qui invidebant, eos non sequebar, qui petebant.
Quod si nostris consiliis usi essemus neque apud nos tan-
tum valuisset sermo aut stultorum amicorum aut improbo-
rum, beatissimi viveremus : nunc, quoniam sperare nos amici
iubent, dabo operam, ne mea valetiido tuo labori desit. Res 15
quanta sit, intellego, quantoque fuerit facilius manere domi
quam redire ; sed tamen, si omnis tribunes pi. habemus, si
Lentulum tarn studiosum, quam videtur, si vero etiam Pom-
peium et Caesarem, non est desperandum.
De familia, quo modo placuisse scribis amicis, faciemus ; 20
de loco, nunc quidem iam abiit pestilentia, sed quam diu fuit,
me non attigit. Plancius, homo officiosissimus, me cupit
esse secum et adhuc retinet. Ego volebam loco magis
deserto esse in Epiro, quo neque Hispo veniret nee milites,
sed adhuc Plancius me retinet ; sperat posse fieri, ut mecum 25
in Italiam decedat : quem ego diem si videro et si in vestrum
complexum venero ac si et vos et me ipsum recuperaro,
174 Letter's of Cice^'o
satis magnum mihi friictum videbor percepisse et vestrae
pietatis et meae. Pisonis hiimanitas, virtus, amor in omnis
nos tantus est, ut nihil supra possit : utinam ea res ei volup-
tati sit ! Gloriae quidem video fore.
5 De Q. fratre nihil ego te accusavi, sed vos, cum praesertim
tam pauci sitis, volui esse quam coniunctissimos. Quibus me
voluisti agere gratias, egi et me a te certiorem factum esse
scrips!. Quod ad me, mea Terentia, scribis te vicum vendi-
turam, quid, obsecro te, — me miserum ! — quid futurum est .''
lo Et, si nos premet eadem fortuna, quid puero misero fiet .?
Non que5 reliqua scribere — tanta vis lacriraarum est, —
neque te in eundem fletum adducam.
Tantum scribo : si erunt in officio amici, pecunia non deerit;
si non erunt, tu efificere tua peciinia non poteris. Per fortiinas
15 miseras nostras, vide, ne puerum perditum perdamus. Cui
si aliquid erit, ne egeat, mediocri virtute opus est et mediocri
fortiina, ut cetera consequatur. Fac valeas et ad me tabella-
rios mittas, ut sciam, quid agatur et vos quid agatis. Mihi
omnino iam brevis exspectatio est. Tulliolae et Ciceroni
20 salutem die. Valete. D. a. d. vi. K. Decemb. Dyrrachi.
Dyrrachium veni, quod et libera civitas est et in me
ofificiosa et proxima Italiae ; sed si offendet me loci cele-
britas, alio me conferam, ad te scribam.
IV. {^Att. 3. 27.)
A hasty note, written at Dyrrachium, when Cicero's immediate
recall from exile seemed unlikely, and begging Atticus to help him and
to protect his family. The precise occasion of the letter is unknown ;
perhaps it was the affray of Jan. 25, B.C. 57, when Clodius by mob
violence prevented the passing of a law recalling Cicero.
CICERO ATTICO SAL.
Ex tuis litteris et ex re ipsa nos funditus perisse video :
25 te oro ut, quibus in rebus tui mei indigebunt, nostris miseriis
ne desis ; ego te, ut scribis, cito videbo.
To Lent II I us 175
V. (Fam. I. 6.)
B.C. 56. Between this letter and the preceding came Cicero's tri-
umphant return from exile (by a law passed Aug. 4, B.C. 57) : see Life
of Cicero, Introduction, p. xxi. The Lentulus to whom the letter is,
addressed (P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther) was consul when Cicero
was recalled. He was now proconsul in Cilicia. He had been eager
for the office of restoring to the throne of Egypt Ptolemy XH (Auletes),
father of Cleopatra, whose subjects had driven him out, but the busi-
ness had dragged along at Rome, and Lentulus was mortified by having
the commission withdrawn after it had passed the Senate. Ptolemy
was restored by Gabinius, B.C. 55.
Cicero expresses his regret at the turn which the affair is taking,
and declares that Lentulus has not been fairly treated. He refers to
his own exile and finds some consolation for Lentulus in remembering
how that ended in increased honor. He urges Gabinius to endure the
attacks of his enemies with fortitude and dignity. In closing, Cicero
promises to stand by his coi respondent to the best of his power. The
letter is full of good sense and kindly feeling skilfully expressed.
M. CICERO S. D. P. LENTULO PROCOS.
Quae gerantur, accipies ex PoUione, qui omnibus nego-
tiis non interfuit solum, sed praefuit. Me in summo dolore,
quern in tuis rebus capio, maxime scilicet consolatur spes,
quod valde suspicor fore, ut infringatur hominum improbitas
et consiliis tuorum amicorum et ipsa die, quae debilitat 5
cogitationes et inimicorum et proditorum tuorum. Facile
secundo loco me consolatur recordatio meorum temporum,
quorum imaginem video in rebus tuis ; nam etsi minore in
re violatur tua dignitas quam mea adflicta est, tamen est
tanta similitudo, ut sperem te mihi ignoscere, si ea non 10
timuerim, quae ne tii quidem umquam timenda duxisti. Sed
praesta te eum, qui mihi a teneris, ut Graeci dicunt, ungui-
culis es cognitus : inlustrabit, mihi crede, tuam amplitudi-
nem hominum iniuria. A me omnia summa in te studia
ofificiaque exspecta ; non fallam opinionem tuam. 15
1/6 Lett CIS of Cicero
VI. {Fam. 7. I.)
Cicero has observed that his friend Marius did not attend the dedica-
tion of Pompey's Theatre and his temple of Venus Victrix, and writes
to congratulate him on his superiority to vulgar fashion (see Letter L).
He expresses the hope that it was not ill health that kept his friend
away and gives a lively criticism of the performances, which had
offended him by their ostentation and brutality. The celebration here
described took place in B.C. 55. It lasted for several days and eclipsed
anything of the kind that the Romans had ever seen. The theatre,
which stood in the Campus Martins, was the first Roman theatre to be
built of stone and held forty thousand spectators.
Nothing is known of this C. Marius except what is contained in
Cicero's four letters to him. He seems to have been a man of wealth
and of cultivated tastes, whose delicate health forced him to live in
retirement on his estates in the country.
M. CICERO S. D. M. MARIO.
Si te dolor aliqui corporis aut infirmitas valetCidinis tuae
tenuit, quo minus ad liidos venires, fortunae magis tribuo
quam sapientiae tuae; sin haec, quae ceterl mirantur,
contemnenda diixisti et, cum per valetudinem posses, venire
5 tamen noluisti, utrumque laetor, et sine dolore corporis te
fuisse et animo valuisse, cum ea, quae sine causa mirantur
alii, neglexeris ; modo ut tibi constiterit fructus oti tui, quo
quidem tibi perfrui mirifice licuit, cum esses in ista amoeni-
tate paene solus relictus.
10 Neque tamen dubito quin tu in illo cubiculo tuo, ex quo
tibi Stabianum perforasti et patefecisti Misenum, per eos
dies matiitina tempora lectiunculis consumpseris, cum illi
interea, qui te istic reliquerunt, spectarent communis mimos
semisomnl. Reliquas vero partis diel tu consumebas els
15 delectationibus, quas tibi ipse ad arbitrium tuum compa-
raras ; nobis autem erant ea perpetienda, quae Sp. Maecius
probavisset.
Omnino, si quaeris, liidi adparatissimi, sed non tui stoma-
ch! ; coniectiiram enim facio de meo : nam primum honoris
To M. Marius
177
causa in scaenam redierant ei, quos ego hon5ris causa
de scaena decesse arbitrabar ; deliciae vero tuae, noster
Aesopus, eius modi fuit, ut ei desinere per omnis homines
liceret. Is iiarare cum coepisset, vox eum defecit in illo
loco ' si sciens fallo.' Quid tibi ego alia narrem ? nosti 5
enim reliquos ludos, qui ne id quidem leporis habuerunt,
quod Solent mediocres ludi ; adparatas enim spectatio toUe-
bat omnem hilaritatem, quo quidem adparatu non dubito
quin anim5 aequissimo cariieris : quid enim delectationis
Pompey's Theatre (Restored).
habent sescenti muli in Clytaemnestra ? aut in Equo Tro-
iano creterrarum tria milia ? aut armatiira varia peditatus
et equitatus in aliqua pugna ? quae popularem admirationem
habuerunt, delectationem tibi nuUam attulissent.
Quod si tu per eos dies operam dedisti Protogeni tuo, dum
modo is tibi quidvis potius quam orationes meas legerit, ne
tii baud pauio plus quam quisquam nostrum delectationis
habuisti ; non enim te puto Graecos aut Oscos ludos deside-
rasse, praesertim cum Oscos ludos vel in senatu vestro
1^8 Letters of Cicero
spectare possis, Graecos ita non ames, ut ne ad villam quidem
tuam via Graeca ire soleas. Nam quid ego te athletas putem
desiderare, qui gladiatores contempseris ? In quibus ipse
Pompeius confitetur se et operam et oleum perdidisse.
5 Reliquae sunt venationes biriae per dies quinque, magni-
ficae — nemo negat, — sed quae potest tiomini esse polito
delectatio, cum aut homo imbecillus a valentissima bestia
laniatur aut praeclara bestia venabulo transverberatur ? quae
tamen, si videnda sunt, saepe vidisti ; neque nos, qui haec
10 spectamus,quicquam novi vidimus. Extremus elephantorum
dies fuit, in quo admiratio magna volgi atque turbae, delec-
tatio niilla exstitit : quin etiam misericordia quaedam conse-
cuta est atque opinio eius modi, esse quandam illi beluae
cum genere hiimano societatem.
15 His ego tamen diebus [ludis scaenicis], ne forte videar tibi
non modo beatus, sed liber omnino fuisse, dirupi me paene
in iudicio Galli Canini, familiaris tui. Quod si tam facilem
populum haberem, quam Aesopus habuit, libenter meher-
cule artem desinerem tecumque et cum similibus nostri
20 viverem ; nam me cum antea taedebat, cum et aetas et
ambitio me hortabatur et licebat denique, quem nolebam,
non defendere, tum vero hoc tempore vita nialla est; neque
enim fructum iillum laboris exspecto, et cogor non numquam
homines non optime de me meritos rogatu eorum, qui bene
25 meriti sunt, defendere.
Itaque quaero causas omnis aliquando vivendi arbitratu
meo, teque et istam rationem oti tui et laudo vehementer et
probo, quodque nos minus intervisis, hoc fero animo aequi-
5re, quod, si Romae esses, tamen neque nos lepore tuo neque
^o te — si qui est in me — meo frui liceret propter molestissimas
occupationes meas ; quibus si me relaxaro — nam, ut plane
exsolvam, non postulo, — te ipsum, qui multos annos nihil
aliud commentaris, docebo profecto, quid sit humaniter
To AncJiarius 179
Til modo istam imbecillitatem valetudinis tuae sustenta et
tuere, ut facis, ut nostras villas obire et mecum simul lecti-
cula concursare possis. Haec ad te pluribus verbis scripsi
quam soleo, non oti abundantia, sed amoris erga te, quod
me quadam epistula subinvitaras, si memoria tenes, ut ad 5
te aliqiiid eius modi scriberem, quo minus te praetermisisse
ludos paeniteret. Quod si adsecutus sum, gaudeo ; sin
minus, hoc me tamen consolor, quod posthac ad ludos
venies nosque vises neque in epistulis relinques meis
spem aliquam delectationis tuae. 10
VII. {Fam. 13. 40.)
B-C. 55. Q. Ancharius was proconsul in Macedonia. Little is known
of the young men for whom Cicero wrote this note, which is here given
as a good specimen of a letter of introduction.
M. CICERO S. D. Q. ANCHARIO Q. F. PROCOS.
L. et C. Aurelios L. filios, quibus et ipsis et patre eorum,
viro Optimo, familiarissime iitor, commendo tibi maiorem in
modum, adulescentis omnibus optimis artibus ornatos, meos
pernecessarios, tua amicitia dignissimos. Si iilla mea apud
te commendatio valuit, quod scio multas plurimum valuisse, 15
haec ut valeat, rogo. Quod si eos honorifice liberaliterque
tractaris, et tibi gratissimos optimosque adulescentis
adiunxeris et mihi gratissimum feceris.
VIII. {Fcmi. 7. 10.)
B.C. 54. C. Trebatius Testa was a jurisconsult of about thirty-five,
whom Cicero had befriended. He was at this time with Caesar in
Gaul, whither Cicero had despatched him, in this same year, with a
warm letter of recommendation, which had ensured him a favorable
reception, for Cicero was now on good terms with Caesar. Campaigning
was not to the city lawyer's taste, and Cicero seems to have feared that
I 80 Letters of Cicero
he would return without making his fortune. His bantering letters were
successful, however, and Trebatius came back in easy circumstances.
He lived to become very distinguished as a jurist in the Augustan
age. Horace addressed one of his Satires to him.
CICERO S. D. TREBATIO.
Legi tuas litteras, ex quibus intellexi te Caesari nostro
valde iiire consultum videri : est quod gaudeas te in ista loca
venisse, ubi aliquid sapere viderere. Quod si in Britanniam
quoque profectus esses, profecto nemo in ilia tanta insula
5 peritior te fuisset. Verum tamen — rideamus licet ; sum
enim a te invitatus — subinvideo tibi, ultro te etiam arces-
situm ab eo, ad quern ceteri, non propter superbiam eius,
sed propter occupationem, adspirare non possunt. Sed tu
in ista epistula nihil mihi scripsisti de tuis rebus, quae
10 mehercule mihi non minori curae sunt quam meae.
Valde metuo ne frigeas in hibernis ; quam ob rem camino
liiculento utendum censeo — idem Miicio et Manilio placebat,
— praesertim qui sagis non abundares : quamquam vos nunc
istic satis calere audio ; quo quidem nuntio valde mehercule
15 de te timueram. Sed tu in re militari multo es cautior quam
in advocationibus, qui neque in Oceano natare volueris, stu-
diosissimus homo natandi, neque spectare essedarios, quem
antea ne andabata quidem defraudare poteramus. Sed iam
satis iocati sumus.
20 Ego de te ad Caesarem quam diligenter scripserim, tOte
scis ; quam saepe, ego. Sed mehercule iam intermiseram,
ne viderer liberalissimi hominis meique amantissimi volun-
tati erga me diffidere ; sed tamen eis litteris, quas proxime
dedi, putavi esse hominem commonendum. Id feci : quid
25 profecerim, facias me velim certiorem et simul de toto statu
tuo consiliisque omnibus ; scire enim cupio quid agas, quid
exspectes, quam longum istum tuum discessum a nobis futu
rum putes.
To Marcclliis 1 8 1
Sic enim tibi persuadeas velim, iinum mihi esse solatium,
qua re facilius possim pati te esse sine nobis, si tibi esse id
emolumento sciam ; sin autem id non est, nihil duobus nobis
est stultius : me, qui te non Romam attraham, te, qui non
hiic advoles. Una mehercule nostra vel severa vel iocosa 5
congressio pKiris erit quam non modo hostes, sed etiam fra-
tres nostri Haedui. Qua re omnibus de rebus fac ut quam
primum sciam :
aut consolando aut consilio aut re iuvero.
IX. {Fam. 15. II.)
This letter was written from Cilicia (B.C. 50) just before the Civil War
broke out. Cicero had finished his provincial administration in Cilicia
and was about to return home. He had hoped for a triumph, but in
vain. The Senate voted him the honor of a supplicatio (or thanksgiving
to the gods), and in this letter he thanks Marcellus, the consul, for
exerting himself to procure him this tribute of respect. This was
C. Marcellus, cousin of Cicero's friend M. Marcellus (in whose behalf
the oration Pro AT. Mar cello was delivered).
M. CICERO IMP. S. D. C. MARCELLO COS.
Quantae ciirae tibi meus honos fuerit et quam idem 10
exstiteris consul in me ornando et amplificando, qui fueras
semper cum parentibus tuis et cum tota domo, etsi res ipsa
loquebatur, cognovi tamen ex meorum omnium litteris ;
itaque nihil est tantum, quod ego non tua causa debeam
facturusque sim studiose ac libenter. Nam magni interest 15
cui debeas ; debere autem nemini malui quam tibi, cui
me cum studia commiinia, beneficia paterna tuaque iam
ante coniunxerant, tum accedit mea quidem sententia maxi-
mum vinculum, quod ita rem publicam geris atque gessisti,
qua mihi carius nihil est, ut, quantum tibi omnes boni 20
debeant, quo minus tantundem ego Onus debeam, non
recusem. Quam ob rem tibi velim ei sint exitiis, quos
1 82 Letters of Cicero
mereris et quos fore confido : ego,
morabitur, quae incurrebat in ipsos etesias, propediem te,
ut spero, videbo.
X. {Fam. 1 6. II.)
Cicero had returned from his Cilician proconsulship in B.C. 50, reach-
ing Brundisium Nov. 25. This letter was written Jan. 12, B.C. 49. He
had not yet entered Rome, but was outside the walls, awaiting the
decision of the Senate as to the triumph which he desired in recognition
of his victories over certain mountaineers.
The letter is addressed to M. Tullius Tiro, Cicero's freedman and
secretary, who had been with him in Asia and had fallen sick on the
way back and was now at Patree. Tiro was a highly accomplished
man, and the relations between him and his patron were very honorable
to both. He survived Cicero and is thought to have been active in
collecting and arranging his works, particularly his correspondence.
The great Civil War had just broken out and Cicero was vacillating,
while both Caesar and Pompey made efforts to secure his support. He
did not actually set out to join the Pompeian party until June of this
year. See Life of Cicero, Introduction, p. xxiv.
TULLIUS ET CICERO, TERENTIA, TULLIA, Q. Q.
TIRONI SAL. PLURIMAM DIC.
Etsi opportiinitatem operae tuae omnibus locis desidero,
5 tamen non tarn mea quam tua causa doleo te non valere ;
sed quoniam in quartanam conversa vis est morbi — sic
enim scribit Curius, — spero te diligentia adhibita iam fir-
miorem fore. Modo fac, id quod est hfimanitatis tuae, ne
quid aliud ciires hoc tempore, nisi ut quam commodissime
10 convalescas. Non ignoro, quantum ex desiderio labores ; sed
erunt omnia facilia, si valebis. Festinare te nolo, ne nauseae
molestiam suscipias aeger et periculose hieme naviges.
Ego ad urbem accessi pr. Non. Ian. Obviam mihi sic
est proditum, ut nihil possit fieri ornatius ; sed incidi in
15 ipsam flammam civilis discordiae vel potius belli, cui cum
MARK ANTONY.
To J lis FaiJiily
8
cupcrem mederi et, ut arbitror, possem, cupiditates certo-
rum hominum — nam ex utraque parte sunt qui pugnare
cupiant^ — impedimento mihi fuerunt. Omnino et ipse Cae-
sar, amicus noster, minacis ad senatum et acerbas litteras
mlserat, et erat adhiic impudens, qui exercitum et provin- 5
ciam invito senatu teneret, et Curio meus ilium incitabat.
Antonius quidem noster et Q. Cassius, nulla vi expulsi, ad
Caesarem cum Curione profecti erant, postea quam senatus
consulibus, praetoribus, tribunis pi. et nobis, qui pro coss.
sumus, negotium dederat ut curaremus ne quid res publica 10
detrimenti caperet.
Numquam maiore in periculo civitas fuit ; numquam
improbi cives habuerunt paratiorem ducem. omnino ex
Coin of Mark Antony and Octavia.
hac quoque parte diligentissime comparatur ; id fit aucto-
ritate et studio Pompei nostri, qui Caesarem sero coepit 15
timere. Nobis inter has turbas senatus tamen frequens
flagitavit triumphum ; sed Lentulus consul, quo maius
suum beneficium faceret, simul atque expedisset quae
assent necessaria de re piiblica, dixit se relaturum, nos
agimus nihil cupide eoque est nostra pluris auctoritas. 20
Italiae regiones discriptae sunt, quam quisque partem tue-
retur : nos Capuam sumpsimus. Haec te scire volui.
Tu etiam atque etiam cura ut valeas litterasque ad me
mittas, quotienscumque habebis cui des. Etiam atque etiam
vale. D. pr. Idus Ian. 25
184 Lcttc7's of Cicero
XL {Fa77i. 14. 14.)
Written at Minturiice, Jan. 23, B.C. 49. Between this letter and the
preceding, Caesar had crossed the Rubicon, and Pompey and his party,
including the Senate, had abandoned the city. Cicero is on his way to
Capua ; his family are in Rome.
TULLIUS TERENTIAE ET PATER TULLIAE, DUABUS
ANIMIS SUIS, ET CICERO MATRI OPTIMAE,
SUAVISSIMAE SORORI S. P. D.
Si vos valetis, nos valemus. Vestrum iam consilium est,
non solum meum, quid sit vobis faciendum. Si ille Romam
modeste venturus est^ recte in praesentia domi esse potestis ;
sin homo amens diripiendam urbem daturus est, vereor ut
5 Dolabella ipse satis nobis prodesse possit. Etiam illud
metuo, ne iam intercludamur, ut, cum velitis exire, non
liceat. Reliquum est, quod ipsae optime considerabitis,
vestri similes feminae sintne Romae ; si enim non sunt,
videndum est ut honeste vos esse possitis.
10 Quo modo quidem nunc se res habet, modo ut haec nobis
loca tenere liceat, bellissime vel mecum vel in nostris prae-
diis esse poteritis. Etiam illud verendum est, ne brevi tem-
pore fames in urbe sit. His de rebus velim cum Pomponio,
cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis, ad
15 summam animo forti sitis. Labienus rem meliorem fecit;
adiuvat etiam Piso, quod ab urbe discedit et sceleris con-
demnat generum suum. Vos, meae carissimae animae, quam
saepissime ad me scribite et vos quid agatis et quid istic
agatur. Quintus pater et filius et Riifus vobis s. d. Valete.
20 VIII. Kal, Minturnis.
XII. {Att. 8. II. c.)
Written at Canusium in Apulia, Feb. 20, B.C. 49. Caesar had over-
run Picenum and had laid siege to Corfinium (February 13 or 14), which
was held for Pompey by L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cato's brother-in-law.
Po7npcy to Cicero 185
Domitius sent to Pompey for aid, which Pompey refused, ordering
Domitius to evacuate the city and come to his own headquarters at
Luceria, in northern Apulia. At the same time Pompey determined to
abandon Italy, sail to Epirus, and, when he had gathered a sufificient
force, to return and resume hostilities. Accordingly he left Luceria and
set out for Brundisium {Brindisi), the usual port of departure for Greece
and the East.
The present letter was written at Canusium, on the way from Luceria
to Brundisium. It is in reply to a letter from Formiae (February 15) in
which Cicero informs Pompey of recent events in that region, and
expresses his opinion that the coast can be held, but adds that if Pompey
wishes to concentrate all his forces, he is willing to join him at once.
Before receiving this reply of Pompey's, Cicero had actually set out,
but the activity of Caesar cut off all access to Pompey, and he retired to
Formias. See the next letter.
CN. MAGNUS PROCOS. S. D. M. CICERONI IMP.
S. V. b. e. Tuas litteras libenter legi ; recognovi enim
tuam pristinam virtiitem etiam in salute communi. Consules
ad eum exercitum, quern in Apulia habui, venerunt. Magno
opere te hortor, pro tuo singular! perpetuoque studio in rem
publicam, ut te ad nos conferas, ut communi consilio rei 5
publicae adflictae opem atque auxilium feramus. Censeo,
via Appia iter facias et celeriter Brundisium venias.
XIII. {Att. 8. II. D.)
Written at Formiae, Feb. 27, B.C. 49. In the first part of the letter
Cicero explains his failure to join Pompey. He had started from
Formiae for Luceria. On reaching Teanum, in northern Campania, he
heard that Caesar was advancing rapidly toward Capua and had already
reached ^semia (in Samnium). He therefore went no farther than
Cales (a short distance south-east of Teanum) and waited for news.
There he received a copy of a letter from Pompey to the consul Lentulus,
from which he inferred that it was Pompey's design to raise the siege of
Corfinium (see introduction to Letter XII.). It was impossible for Cicero
to go thither, since Caesar was near that city, and he awaited developments
in a state of intense anxiety. The next information was that Corfinium
1 86 Letters of Cicero
had surrendered to Caesar (February 20) and that Pompey was fleeing to
Ikundisium, with Caesar in hot pursuit. For Cicero to overtake Pompey
was out of the question, to say nothing of the danger of being inter-
cepted by Caesar. Accordingly he retired to Formiae and subsequently
to his villa at Curnas.
In the latter part of the letter, Cicero expresses his surprise and
regret that Pompey had found it necessary to leave Italy, and defends
his own course, which he was aware might appear vacillating and half-
hearted. He had always hoped, he says, for a reconciliation between
the two great rivals, but he now sees that there is no hope of that, and
he closes with professions of fidelity to Pompey.
Pompey was besieged at Brundisium by Caesar, but escaped by sea
(March 15) with almost all his forces to Dyrrachium (formerly Epidam-
nus, in Illyria), where Cicero finally joined him in the late autumn or
early winter.
M. CICERO IMP. S. D. CN. MAGNO PROCOS.
Cum ad te litteras misissem, quae tibi Canusi reclditae
sunt, suspicionem nullam habebam, te rel piiblicae causa
mare transiturum, eramque in spe magna fore ut in Italia
possemus aut concordiam constituere, qua mihi nihil litilius
5 videbatur, aut rem publicam summa cum dignitate defendere:
interim nondum meis litteris ad te perlatis ex eis mandatis,
quae D. Laelio ad consules dederas, certior tui consili factus
non exspectavl, dum mihi a te litterae redderentur, confe-
stimque cum Q. fratre et cum llberis nostris iter ad te in
10 Apuliam facere coepi.
Cum Teanum Sidicinum venissem, C. Messius, familiaris
tuus, mihi dixit aliique complures, Caesarem iter habere
Capuam et eo ipso die mansurum esse Aeserniae : sane sum
commotus, quod, si ita esset, non modo iter meum interclii-
15 sum, sed me ipsum plane exceptum putabam ; itaque tum
Calls process!, ut ibi potissimum consisterem, dum certum
nobis ab Aesernia de eo quod audieram referretur. At
mihi, cum Calibus essem, adfertur litterarum tuarum exem-
plum, quas tu ad Lentulum consulem misisses.
Cicero to Po7}ipcy 187
Hae scriptae sic erant, litteras tibi a L, Domitio a. d. xiir.
Kal. Martias adlatas esse, earumque exemplum subscrip-
seras, magnique interesse rei publicae omnis C(3pias primo
quoque tempore in linum locum convenire, et ut praesidi
quod satis esset Capuae relinqueret. His ego litteris lectis 5
in eadem opinione fui, qua reliqui omnes, te cum omnibus
copiis ad Corfinium esse ventiirum, quo mihi, cum Caesar
ad oppidum castra haberet, tutum iter esse non arbitrabar.
Cum res in summa exspectatione esset, utrumque simul
audivimus, et quae Corfini acta essent, et te iter Brundi- 10
sium facere coepisse, cumque nee mihi nee fratri meo
dubium esset quin Brundisium contenderemus, a multis qui
e Samnio Apiiliaque veniebant, admoniti sumus ut cavere-
mus ne exciperemur a Caesare, quod is in eadem loca, quae
nos petebamus, profectus celerius etiam quam nos possemus, 15
eo, quo intenderet, venturus esset ; quod cum ita esset, nee
mihi nee fratri meo nee cuiquam amicorum placuit commit-
tere, ut temeritas nostra non solum nobis, sed etiam rei pub-
licae noceret, cum praesertim non dubitaremus quin, si etiam
tutum nobis iter fuisset, te tamen iam consequi non possemus. 20
Interim accepimus tuas litteras Canusio a, d. x. K. Martias
datas, quibus nos hortaris ut celerius Brundisium veniamus ;
quas cum accepissemus a. d. iii. K. Martias, non dubitaba-
mus quin tu iam Brundisium pervenisses, nobisque iter illud
omnino interclusum videbamus, neque minus nos esse captos 25
quam qui Corfini fuissent ; neque enim eos solos arbitraba-
mur capi qui in armatorum maniis incidissent, sed eos nihilo
minus, qui regionibus exclusi intra praesidia atque intra
arma aliena venissent.
Quod cum ita sit, maxime vellem primum semper tecum 30
fuissem, quod quidem tibi ostenderam, cum a me Capuam
reiciebam : quod feci non vitandi oneris causa, sed quod
videbam teneri illam urbem sine exercitii non posse ; acci-
dere autem mihi nolebam quod doleo viris fortissimis
1 88 Letters of Cicero
accidisse. Quoniam autem tecum ut essem non contigit,
utinam tui consili certior factus essem ! Nam suspicione
adsequi non potui, quod omnia priu_s arbitratus sum fore,
quam ut haec rei publicae causa in Italia n5n posset duce
5 te consistere. Neque vero nunc consilium tuum repre-
hendo, sed fortiinam rei publicae liigeo, nee, si ego, quid
tu sis secutus, non perspicio, idcirco minus existimo te nihil
nisi summa ratione fecisse.
Mea quae semper fuerit sententia, primum de pace vel
lo iniqua condicione retinenda, deinde de urbe — nam de
Italia quidem nihil mihi umquam ostenderas, — meminisse
te arbitror ; sed mihi non sumo, ut meum consilium valere
debuerit : seciitus sum tuum, neque id rei publicae causa, de
qua desperavi, quae et nunc adflicta est nee excitari sine
15 civili perniciosissimo bello potest, sed te quaerebam, tecum
esse cupiebam, neque eius rei facultatem, si quae erit, prae-
termittam.
Ego me in hac omni causa facile intellegebam pugnandi
cupidis hominibus non satis facere : primum enim prae me
20 tuli me nihil malle quam pacem, non quin eadem timerem
quae illi, sed ea bello civili leviora diicebam. Inde suscepto
bello, cum pacis condicicnes ad te adferri a teque ad eas
honorifice et large responderi viderem, duxi meam rationem,
quam tibi facile me probaturum pro tuo in me beneficio
25 arbitrabar : memineram me esse unum, qui pro meis maximis
in rem piiblicam meritis supplicia miserrima et criidelissima
pertulissem, me esset unum, qui, si offendissem eius animum,
cui, cum iam in armis essemus, consulatus tamen alter et
triumphus amplissimus deferebatur, subicerer eisdem proe-
30 liis, ut mea persona semper ad improborum civium impetCis
aliquid videretur habere populare ; atque haec non ego prius
sum suspicatus, quam mihi palam dentin tiata sunt, neque ea
tam pertimui, si subeunda essent, quam declinanda putavi,
si honeste vitare possem. Quam brevem illius temporis,
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CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR.
(Bust in the Museum of the Louvre.)
C(£sar to Cicc7'o 189
dum in spe pax fuit, rationem nostram vides, reliqui facul-
tatem res ademit.
Eis autem, quibus non satis facio, facile respondeo : neque
enim ego amicior C. Caesari umquam fui quam illi, neque
illi amiciores rei publicae quam ego. Hoc inter me et illos 5
interest, quod, cum et ill! cives optimi sint et ego ab ista
laude non absim, ego condicionibus (quod idem te intellexe-
ram velle) illi armis disceptari maluerunt ; quae quoniam
ratio vicit, perficiam profecto ut neque res piiblica civis a
me animum neque tu amici desideres. . 10
XIV. {Att, 10. 8. B.)
B.C. 49. Pompey's flight left Caesar master of Italy. He did not
pursue Pompey, but, after settling affairs at Rome, went to Spain to
suppress the Pompeians and their supporters in that quarter. On his
way he sent the following letter (dated April 16) to Cicero, with whom
he had already had a frien-dly conference on March 28.
Caesar urges Cicero to take no active part with Pompey, assuring
him that his best course is to keep aloof from the war. The tone of the
letter is a singular combination of skilful suggestion and magnanimity.
The respect in which Caesar holds Cicero and the value that he ascribes
to Cicero's influence are alike noteworthy.
CAESAR IMP. SAL. D. CICERONI IMP.
Etsi te nihil temere, nihil impriidenter factiirum iudicaram,
tamen permotus hominum fama scribendum ad te existimavi
et pro nostra benevolentia petendum, ne quo progredereris
proclinata iam re, quo integra etiam progrediendum tibi non
existimasses ; namque et amicitiae graviorem iniuriam feceris 15
et tibi minus commode consulueris, si non fortunae obsecutus
videbere — omnia enim secundissima nobis, adversissima illis
accidisse videntur , — nee causam secutus — eadem enim tum
fuit, cum ab eorum consiliis abesse iudicasti, — sed meum
aliquod factum condemnavisse, quo mihi gravius abs te nil 20
accidere potest ; quod ne facias, pro iure nostrae amicitiae a
190 Letters of Cicei'o
te peto. Postremo, quid viro bon5 et quieto et bono civi
magis convenit quam abesse a civilibus controversiis ? Quod
non nulli cum probarent, periculi causa sequi non potuerunt :
tu explorato et vitae meae testimonio et amicitiae iudicio
5 neque tiitius neque honestius reperies quicquam quam ab
omni contentione abesse. xv. Kal. Maias ex itinere.
XV. {Fam. 4. i.)
The following letter was written toward the end of April, B.C. 49,
shortly after Caesar's departure for Spain. Cicero was living in retirement
at his Cumaean villa. Caesar had not molested him, and he could not
help contrasting Caesar's moderation with the violence of the Pompeians.
Yet his conscience troubled him. He felt that his place was with Pom-
pey, though he had come to see that the latter was no less a menace to
the state than Caesar. His hesitation lasted almost two months, for it
was not until June 7 that he actually set sail for Dyrrachium.
The present letter dates from this interval of unrest. Cicero had
visited Rome in January ; but he had not entered the city, for he was
hoping to be allowed to celebrate a triumph. After his retirement
to Cumae, Sulpicius, who was now in the city, had expressed his
regret at not meeting him. Cicero replies, offering to arrange for a
conference, but despairing of the state. It is too late, he thinks, for
them to accomplish anything. If they could have met immediately
after his return from Cilicia, before hostilities had actually broken out,
they might perhaps have retarded the fall of the republic. But now
the w-hole world is at war, and the city of Rome itself is without law-
ful government. There is nothing to hope for ; scarcely anything to
pray for. The interview took place at Cum^e, May 8, but came
to nothing. Cicero describes Sulpicius {ad Att. x. 14) as very much
alarmed.
Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, to whom the letter is addressed, was an emi-
nent lawyer, Cicero's friend, and a man of the strictest integrity.
Though a Pompeian, he was fond of peace, and readily became recon-
ciled with Caesar, who made him governor of the province of Achsea
(B.C. 46). At the time of Caesar's death he was in Rome. He was an
important member of the Senatorial party in the events that followed,
and died while on an embassy from the Senate to Antony (B.C. 43).
Cicero's Ninth Philippic is a eulogy on Sulpicius.
To Siilpicius 191
M. CICERO S. D. SER. SULPICIO.
C. Trebatius, familiaris meus, ad me scripsit te ex se
quaesisse, quibus in locis essem molesteque te ferre quod
me propter valetudinem tuam, cum ad urbem accessissem,
non vidisses, et hoc tempore velle te mecum, si propius
accessissem, de officio utriusque nostrum communicare. 5
Utinam, Servi, salvis rebus — -sic enim est dicendum — con-
loqui potuissemus inter nos ! Profecto aliquid opis Occident!
rei piiblicae tulissemus. Cognoram enim iam absens te haec
mala multo ante providentem defensorem pacis et in consu-
latu tuo et post consulatum fuisse : ego autem, cum consi- 10
Hum tuum probarem et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam ;
sero enim veneram, solus eram, rudis esse videbar in causa,
incideram in hominum pugnandi cupidorum insanias.
Nunc, quoniam nihil iam videmur opitulari posse rei pub-
licae, si quid est in quo nobismet ipsis consulere possimus, 15
non ut aliquid ex pristine statu nostro retineamus, sed ut
quam honestissime liigeamus, nemo est omnium, quicum
potius mihi quam tecum communicandum putem ; nee enim
clarissimorum virorum, quorum similes esse debemus, exem-
pla neque doctissimorum, quos semper coluisti, praecepta 20
te fugiunt. Atque ipse antea ad te scripsissem te frustra in
senatum sive potius in conventum senatorum esse venturum,
ni veritus essem ne eius animum offenderem, qui a me ut te
imitarer petebat : cui quidem egomet, cum me rogaret ut
adessem in senatii, eadem omnia, quae a te de pace et de 25
Hispaniis dicta sunt, ostendi me esse dicturum.
Res vides quo modo se habeat: orbem terrarum imperiis
distribiitis ardere bello ; urbem sine legibus, sine iiidiciis,
sine iure, sine fide relictam direptioni et incendiis. Itaque
mihi venire in mentem nihil potest, non modo quod sperem, 30
sed vix iam quoc audeam optare. Sin autem tibi, homini
prudentissimo, videtur utile esse nos conloqui, quamquam
192 Letters of Cicero
longius etiamcogitabam ab urbe discedere, cuius iam etiam
nomen invitus audio, tamen propius accedam, Trebatioque
mandavi ut, si quid tu eum velles ad me mittere, ne recu-
saret, idque ut facias velim, aut, si quern tuorum fidelium
5 voles, ad me mittas, ne aut tibi exire ex urbe necesse sit
aut mihi accedere.
Ego tantum tibi tribuo quantum mihi fortasse adrogo, ut
exploratum habeam, quicquid nos communi sententia statu-
erimus, id omnis homines probaturos. Vale.
XVI. i^Fam. 14. 10.)
Caesar returned from Spain, victorious, in September, B.C. 49, and
was appointed dictator. He soon proceeded against Pompey, who was
still at Dyrrachium and had mustered a great army. In the first battle,
near that city, Caesar was defeated. He retired into Thessaly, followed,
after a time, by Pompey. The Battle of Pharsalus (or Pharsalia),
Aug. 9, B.C. 48, decided the Civil War. Pompey fled to Egypt, where
he was murdered. Cicero was permitted by Caesar to return to Italy,
and remained for eleven months at Brundisium, where this letter was
written July 9, B.C. 47. His wife Terentia was at Rome, but it was not
safe for Cicero to go to the city until he had come to an understanding
with Caesar, who was in Asia. Caesar arrived in Italy late in September
of this year. He treated Cicero with great consideration, and the latter
returned to Rome early in October.
The present letter and that which follows (Aug. 12, B.C. 47) are given
as specimens of familiar domestic correspondence.
TULLIUS S. D. TEREXTIAE SUAE.
10 Quid fieri placeret, scripsi ad Pomponium serius quam
oportuit : cum eo si locuta eris, intelleges quid fieri velim.
Apertius scribi, quoniam ad ilium scripseram, necesse non
fuit. De ea re et de ceteris rebus quam primum velim nobis
litteras mittas. Valetudinem tuam ciira diligenter. Vale.
15 VII. Idus Quinctilis.
To Tercntia and Inirfanins 193
XVII. {Favi. 14. 23.)
TULLIUS TERENTIAE SUAE S. D.
S. V. b. e. V. Redditae mihi tandem sunt a Caesare litterae
satis liberales, et ipse opinione celerius venturus esse dici-
tur ; cui utrum obviam procedam, an hie eum exspectem,
cum constituero, faciam te certiorem. Tabellarios mihi velim
quam primum remittas. ValetCidinem tuam cura diligenter. 5
Vale. D. pr. Id. Sext.
XVIII. {Fa77i. 6. 9.)
B.C. 46. A letter of introduction (cf. Nos. VII. and XXI.), written
from Rome in behalf of A. Csecina, a former partisan of Pompey. Caesar
had pardoned Cscina, but kept him in exile, and he was at this time
in Sicily, where T. Furfanius (to whom the letter is addressed) was
governing as proconsul.
M. CICERO T. FURFANIO PROCOS. S.
Cum A. Caeclna tanta mihi familiaritas consuetudoque
semper fuit, ut nulla maior esse possit; nam et patre eius,
claro homine et forti viro, plurimum sum lisus, et hunc a
puero, quod et spem magnam mihi adferebat summae 10
probitatis summaeque eloquentiae et vivebat mecum con-
ifmctissime non solum amicitiae officiis, sed etiam studiis
commiinibus, sic semper dilexi, nullo ut cum homine con-
iiinctius viverem. Nihil attinet me pliira scribere ; quam
mihi necesse sit eius salutem et fortiinas quibuscumque 15
rebus possim tueri, vides. Reliquum est ut, cum cognorim
pluribus rebus, quid tu et de bonorum fortuna et de rei piib-
licae calamitatibus sentias, nihil a te petam nisi ut ad eam
voluntatem, quam tua sponte erga Caecinam habitiirus es,
tantus cumulus accedat commendatione mea, quanti me a te 20
fieri intellego : hoc mihi gratius facere nihil potes. Vale.
194 Letters of Cicero
XIX. {Fam. 9. 14.)
P. Cornelius Dolabella (born about B.C. 69) married Cicero's daughter
Tullia in B.C. 50, while her father was governor of Cilicia. When the
Civil War broke out, in B.C. 49, Dolabella joined the party of Caesar,
whose favor he always retained. He fought at Pharsalia (b.c. 48) and,
returning to Rome after the battle, was (like Clodius before him)
adopted by a plebeian, that he might become a candidate for the tribunate.
His turbulent actions in this position (B.C. 47) and his infamous private
character caused a separation between him and Tullia, and in B.C 46
they were formally divorced. Cicero, however, remained on friendly
terms with him and even gave him lessons in oratory.
Caesar designated Dolabella as one of the consuls for the year B.C. 44,
and he assumed that office after the dictator's assassination. He nego-
tiated with the conspirators, suppressed the mob that threatened them,
and threw down a column erected in Csesar's honor. This conduct was
enthusiastically approved by Cicero, who had shown unmeasured delight
at Caesar's death, and who cherished vain hopes of a restored republic.
The present letter of congratulation was written at Cicero's Pompeian
villa, May 3, b.c. 44, about six weeks after the murder, and while Dola-
bella was on good terms with Brutus and Cassius. Cicero praises him
without stint, congratulates himself on having had him as a pupil, and
exhorts him to persevere in well-doing. But Dolabella soon veered
round, made friends with Antony, and received Syria as his province.
He committed suicide at Caesarea, B.C. 43, to avoid falling into the
hands of Cassius.
CICERO DOLABELLAE CONSULI SUO S.
Etsi contentus eram, mi Dolabella, tua gloria satisque ex
ea magnam laetitiam voluptatemque capiebam, tamen non
possum non confiteri cumulari me maximo gaudio, quod
volgo hominum opinio socium me adscribat tuis laudibus.
5 Neminem conveni — convenio autem cotidie pliirimos ; sunt
enim permulti optimi viri, qui valetudinis causa in haec loca
veniant, praeterea ex miinicipiis frequentes necessarii mei, —
quin omnes, cum te summis laudibus ad caelum extulerunt,
mihi continue maximas gratias agant ; negant enim se
10 dubitare quin tu meis praeceptis et consiliis obtemperans
To Dolabella
195
praestantissimum te civem et singularem consulem praebeas :
quibus ego quamquam verissime possum respondere te,
quae facias tuo iudicio et tua sponte facere nee cuiusquam
egere consilio, tamen neque plane adsentior, ne imminuam
tuam laudem, si omnis a meis consiliis profecta videatur,
neque valde nego — sum enim avidior etiam quam satis est
gloriae ; — et tamen non alienum est dignitate tua, quod ipsi
Agamemnoni, regum regi, fuit honestum, habere aliquem
Base of Cesar's Column.
in consiliis capiendis Nestorem ; mihi vero gloriosum te
iuvenem consulem florere laudibus quasi alumnum disci- 10
plinae meae.
L. quidem Caesar, cum ad eum aegrotum Neapolim venis-
sem, quamquam erat oppressus totius corporis doloribus,
tamen ante quam me plane salutavit, ' O mi Cicero,' inquit,
'gratulor tibi, cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam quantum 15
si ego apud sororis filium valerem, iam salvi esse possemus.
igO Letters of Cicero
Dolabellae vero tuo et gratulor et gratias ago ; quern quideni
post te consulem solum possumus vere consulem dicere.'
Deinde multa de facto ac de re gesta ; turn nihil magnifi-
centius, nihil praeclarius actum umquam, nihil rei piiblicae
5 salutarius. Atque haec iina vox omnium est.
A te autem peto ut me banc quasi falsam hereditatem
alienae gloriae sinas cernere meque aliqua ex parte in socie-
tatem tuarum laudum venire patiare. Quamquam, mi Dola-
bella — haec enim iocatus sum, — libentius omnis meas, si
10 modo sunt aliquae meae, laudes ad te transfuderim quam
aliquam partem exhauserim ex tuis : nam cum te semper
tantum dllexerim quantum tu intellegere potuisti, tum his
Coin of ]\I. Brutus.
tuis factis sic incensus sum ut nihil umquam in amore fuerit
ardentius ; nihil est enim, mihi crede, virtute formosius, nihil
15 pulchrius, nihil amabilius.
Semper amavi, ut scis, M. Briitum propter eius summum
ingenium, suavissimos mores, singularem probitatem atque
constantiam : tamen Idibus Martiis tantum accessit ad amo-
rem ut mirarer locum fuisse augendi in eo quod mihi iam
20 pridem cumulatum etiam videbatur, Quis erat qui putaret
ad eum amorem quem erga te habebam posse aliquid acce-
dere ? Tantum accessit ut mihi nunc denique amare videar,
antea dilexisse.
Qua re quid est quod ego te horter ut dignitati et gloriae
25 servias ? Proponam tibi claros viros, quod facere solent,
qui hortantur ? Neminem habeo clariorem quam te ipsum ;
te imitere oportet, tecum ipse certes ; ne licet quidem tibi
MARCUS JUNIUS BRUTUS.
(Bust in the Capitoline Museum.)
To Cassitis 197
iam tantis rebus gestis non tui similem esse. Quod cum ita
sit, hortatio non est necessaria, gratulatione magis utendum
est : contigit enim tibi quod haud scio an nemini, ut summa
severitas animadversionis non modo non invidiosa, sed etiam
popularis esset et cum bonis omnibus tum infimo cuique 5
gratissima.
Hoc si tibi fortuna quadam contigisset, gratularer felici-
tati tuae ; sed contigit magnitiidine cum animi tum etiam
ingeni atque consili ; legi enim contionem tuam : nihil ilia
sapientius ; ita pedetemptim et gradatim tum accessus a te 10
ad causam facti, tum recessiis, ut res ipsa maturitatem tibi
animadvertendi omnium concessu daret. Liberasti igitur et
urbem periculo et civitatem metu, neque solum ad tempus
maximam utilitatem attulisti, sed etiam ad exemplum. Quo
facto intellegere debes in te positam esse rem publicam tibi- 15
que non modo tuendos, sed etiam ornandos esse illos viros,
a quibus initium libertatis profectum est. Sed his de rebus
coram plura propediem, ut spero : tti quoniam rem publicam
nosque conservas, fac ut diligentissime te ipsum, mi Dola-
bella, cGstodias. 20
XX. {Fafn. 12. 2.)
Julius Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March (March 15),
B.C. 44, by a band of conspirators, headed by Marcus Junius Brutus and
Caius Cassius Longinus. The conspirators fancied that if the dictator
were out of the way the old constitution could be restored. But Caesar's
victory had made a republic forever impossible. Nor had the con-
spirators made any arrangements for a permanent government, or even
for their own safety. The sole question was, who should succeed to the
supreme power of the murdered dictator. And the only persons who
had any real claims were Caesar's surviving colleague in the consulship,
Mark Antony, and the young Octavianus, Caesar's grand-nephew,
adopted son, and heir (afterwards the emperor Augustus).
Antony, who had come into possession of Caesar's papers and estates,
caused his "acts" to be legally confirmed, seized the public funds,
abolished the office of dictator, and secured as large a share of authority
198 Letters of Ciceiv
as he could. He was a man of inordinate ambition, controlled only
by an equally unbounded self-indulgence, utterly without principle or
scruple, and (if we may trust the character of him drawn by Cicero) a
monster of profligacy and crime. He had married for his third wife
Fulvia, widow of Publius Clodius, and shared, with her, that tribune's
vindictive hate of Cicero. His colleague was Dolabella (see p. 238),
Cicero's son-in-law, who had assumed the consulship at Caesar's death,
on the ground that the latter had appointed him his successor in that
ofifice. Dolabella dallied with the conspirators, suppressed the violence
of the mob that threatened them, and might have had some pretensions
to the power, with the support of the aristocracy, but was easily out-
generalled or bought off by Antony. Lepidus, who had a military com-
mand, and in whom the aristocracy had some hope, was also gained
over by him. Octavianus, now twenty years old, hastened from Epirus
to claim his inheritance and take part in the conflict which he saw
approaching. He was a young man of precocious talent, of cool and
wary temper, of ambition equal to Antony's, and of a political sagacity
which, through his long life, seems never to have been at fault.
Neither of the two chief claimants was strong enough alone to be
quite independent of the other. At first, however, they stood in the
attitude of rivals, and in their antagonism there seemed still some hope
for the republic. Each endeavored to secure the countenance of the
Senate and to gain control over the public armies ; and each succeeded
in attaching to himself a considerable force, though neither was strong
enough to hold the capital against the other.
Meanwhile Cicero, who at first hailed the death of Caesar as the
restoration of the republic, lost courage, and set out in July for Greece.
Detained, however, by contrary winds, and receiving more favorable
news from Rome, he returned to the city at the end of August, to find
that all his hopes were idle. Still, he made an effort at conciliation, in
a speech in the Senate, on the 2d of September. In this he replied
severely to an attack made upon him by Antony the day before, but
still took pains to leave the door open for a restoration of good-will.
It was to no purpose. Antony replied, September 19, with such bitter-
ness — directly charging Cicero with the murder of Clodius and of
Caesar — that it was clear he meant there should be no alternative but
civil war. Cicero did not venture to answer him in the Senate ; but
replied, ten weeks later, in a pamphlet — by many regarded as his mas-
terpiece — as bitter and uncompromising as the consul's attack. From
its likeness in tone to the famous invectives of Demosthenes against
Philip of Macedon, this was called a " Philippic " ; and the term has
To Casstus 1 99
been extended to the entire series of fourteen orations against Antony,
commencing with that of September 2, and ending with a triumphant
speech of April 22, B.C. 53, with which Cicero's political career closed.
Brutus and Cassius had fled from Rome to escape mob violence after
Caesar's funeral. They remained for some time in Italy, making prep-
arations for their departure for the East, where Brutus secured the
province of Macedonia and Cassius that of Syria. The present letter
was written from Rome in September, B.C. 44, to Cassius, who was in
the neighborhood of Puteoli. It gives an account of Antony's speech
of September 19, in reply to Cicero's First Philippic.
The winter was spent in attempts at negotiation, every stage illus-
trated by the running commentary of Cicero's Philippics. At last, in
the spring of B.C. 43, diplomacy was at an end. Actual hostilities broke
out first in Cisalpine Gaul, where Decimus Brutus — who had taken
command of that province, according to Czesar's last will — held the
town of Mutina {Modena) against Antony. Octavianus, with his inde-
pendent force, had also ranged himself on the side of the Senate. The
consuls of that year, Aulus Hirtius and C. Vibius Pansa, had, after
some hesitation, vigorously taken up the same cause. In April the
consuls met Antony in two battles, — on the 15th at Bononia {Bologna),
on the 27th near Mutina. In both he was defeated ; but in the first
Pansa was mortally wounded, and in the second Hirtius was killed. It
was on the reception of the news of the victory at Bononia, while
Pansa's fate was unknown, that Cicero, in the Senate, delivered his
Fourteenth and last Philippic (April 22).
The rejoicings were soon at an end. Octavianus found that his own
interests were best served by uniting with Antony against the Senate.
These two — with Lepidus as a third trhitnvir — came easily into pos-
session of supreme power. A remorseless proscription followed, in
which the most illustrious victim was Cicero (Dec. 7, B.C. 43), sacrificed
to Antony's resentment, the vindictive hate of Fulvia, and the cold
ingratitude of Octavianus.
CICERO CASSIO SAL.
Vehementer laetor tibi probari sententiam et orationem
meam ; qua si .saepius iiti liceret, nihil esset negoti liberta-
tem et rem publicam reciperare. Sed homo amens et per-
ditus multoque nequior quam ille ipse, quem tii nequissimum
occisum esse dixisti, caedis initium quaerit, nullamque aliam 5
200 Letters of Cicero
ob causam me auctorem fuisse Caesaris interficiendi crimi-
natur, nisi ut in me veteran! incitentur : quod ego periculum
non extimesco ; modo vestri facti gloriam cum mea laude
commiinicet. Ita nee Pisoni, qui in eum primus invectus
5 est nuUo adsentiente, nee mihi, qui idem tricensimo post die
feci, nee P. Servilio, qui me est consecutus, tuto in senatum
venire licet : caedem enim gladiator quaerit eiusque initium
a. d. XIII. Kal. Octobr. a me se facturum putavit, ad quem
paratus venerat, cum in villa Metelli compliiris dies com-
10 mentatus esset.
Quae autem in lustris et in vino commentatio potuit esse ?
Itaque omnibus est visus, ut ad te antea scripsi, vomere suo
more, non dicere. Qua re, quod scribis te confidere aucto-
ritate et eloquentia nostra aliquid profici posse, non nihil,
15 ut in tantis malis, est profectum : intellegit enim populus
Romanus tris esse consularis, qui, quia quae de re piiblica
bene senserint libere locuti sint, tiito in senatum venire non
possint.
Nee est praeterea quod quicquam exspectes ; tuus enim
20 necessarius adfinitate nova delectatur : itaque iam non est
studiosus ludorum infinitoque fratris tui plausu dirumpitur.
Alter item adfinis novis commentariis Caesaris delenitus est.
Sed haec tolerabilia : illud non ferendum quod est qui vestro
anno filium suum consulem futurum putet ob eamque causam
25 se huic latroni deservire prae se ferat. Nam L. Cotta fami-
liaris mens fatali quadam desperatione, ut ait, minus in sena-
tum venit ; L. Caesar, optimus et fortissimus civis, valetudine
impeditur ; Ser. Sulpicius et summa auctoritate et optime
sentiens non adest.
30 Reliquos exceptis designatis ignosce mihi si non numero
consularis. Habes auctores consili ptjblici : qui numerus
etiam bonis rebus exiguus esset, quid censes perditis ? Qua
re spes est omnis in vobis, qui si idcirco abestis, ut sitis in
tuto, ne in vobis quidem : sin aliquid dignum vestra gloria
To CcBsii
20I
cogitatis, velim salvis nobis ; sin id minus, res tamen publica
per vos brevi tempore ius suum reciperabit. Ego tuis neque
desum neque deero : qui sive ad me referent sivc non referent,
mea tibi tamen benevolentia fidesque praestabitur. Vale.
XXI. {Fam. 13.51.)
A letter of introduction (cf. Nos. VII. and XVIII. ). Notliing is
known of P. Messienus. P. Caesius, to whom the letter was sent, was
a native of Ravenna. The date is uncertain,
M. CICERO P. CAESIO S. D.
P. Messienum, equitem Romanum, omnibus rebus orna- 5
tum meumque perfamiliarem, tibi commendo ea commenda-
tione, quae potest esse diligentissima. Peto a te et pro
nostra et pro paterna amicitia, ut eum in tuam fidem recipias
eiusque rem famamque tueare : virum bonum tuaque ami-
citia dignum tibi adiiinxeris mihique gratissimum feceris. 10
Medal of Cicero Junior.
NOTES
DEFENCE OF ROSCIUS
ARGUMENT
[Omitted portions in brackets.]
Chap. i. Exordium. Cicero's reasons for undertaking the case. —
[2. Political aspect of the trial, showing {a^ why others refused to under-
take it ; (/^) why the jury ought to be especially cautious.] — N^arratio.
6. Character of Sex. Roscius, the murdered man ; his old feud with the
Titi Roscii. — 7. The murder : circumstances pointing to Magnus as the
procurer : Chrysogonus is informed, and a conspiracy made with him by
Capito and Magnus. — 8. Proscription and sale of the property : Chryso-
gonus buys it up for a nominal sum : Sulla not implicated. Sex. Roscius
is dispossessed. — 9. Amerians take up his cause and apply to Sulla, but
are .staved off by Capito, who was on the committee. — 10. Roscius flies
to his friends at Rome : a trumped-Up charge of parricide is brought. —
II. Commiseration of his client's position, with review of the circum-
stances. — 13. Partitio. Three things make against the defendant : {^a) the
charge; {b) thef reckless villany of the two Titi Roscii; (c) influence of
Chrysogonus. — Defensio. (I) 14. The crime is not in accordance with
the character of the defendant : no motive can be shown : no enmity
between father and son. — [15-17- His rustic employment: this is no
evidence of ill-will. — 19. Alleged intention to disinherit: no proof. —
20. No case is made out : hence the accuser (Erucius) is attacked for
bringing such a charge. — 21. The case rests only on the negligence of the
court, and supposed friendlessness of the defendant. — 22. For the con-
spirators' manner changed when they found there would be a real defence.
— Recapitulation:] no motive existed: necessity of direct evidence. —
33-26. Examples from other cases [and from literature]. Need of strong-
est proof shown by the severity of the penalty. — 27, 28. No means of
committing the crime. — [29. Again: the accuser's presumption in trying
20;
204 Notes
to force a conviction. — (II) 30. Countercharge : T. Roscius the probable
murderer :' in his case there are motives. — 31. It was for his advantage. —
32. He was the murdered man's enemy. — t^t^. He had opportunities (com-
pare the two cases). — 34. His acts after the murder: hasty message to
Capito ; his character. — 36. His testimony at the trial. — 37. Speedy
announcement to Chrysogonus — apparently from the Roscii, for they
have received the reward and possess the property. — 38, 39. Capito's
perfidy to the committee. — 41. Magnus refuses the slaves for question. —
42. Influence of Chrysogonus.] — (HI) 43- Chrysogonus the purchaser:
the sale was illegal, for proscriptions had ceased. — 44-47. Lawlessness
and insolence of Chrysogonus : Sulla is artfully excused : the cause of the
nobility not involved. — 48. Chrysogonus' cause not that of the nobility. —
49. Responsibility of the attack on Chrysogonus is Cicero's : Roscius asks
only his life. — Per or alio. 50-51, Simulated appeal to Chrysogonus, to stir
sympathy of the jury : incidental mention of the powerful friends of the
defendant. — 52, 53. But if Chrysogonus does not spare him, he appeals
confidently to the court.
In the Notes, § signifies Allen and Greenough's Grammar (references in
parentheses are to the new edition"! ; B , Bennett ; G , Gildersleeve ; H , Hark-
ness's Latin Grammar (Complete Latin Grammar) ; H. & B., Hale & Buck.
I. Exordium (§§ 1-4)
Sects. 1-4. Cicero undertakes the defence in default of any abler
advocate.
By this skilfully modest opening, Cicero not only explains why he, an
obscure young advocate, appears in so important a case, but he indicates
on which side are the sympathies of the best citizens, and he contrives at
the same time to suggest the odds against which Roscius and his counsel
must contend. Thus the remarks are not merely personal and introduc-
tory, but form an essential part of the argument. A famous modern ex-
ample of similar art is Erskine's Exordium in his Defence of Lord George
Gordon on a charge of high treason.
Page 2. Line 1. (Sect, i.) ego: not emphatic itself, but expressed
merely to set off VOS, which is. The Latin is so fond of putting pronouns
in contrast that one is often (as here) expressed for the mere purpose of
antithesis. — iudices : not judges, but rather jurors. They were persons
selected by law to try facts (under the presidency of a praetor or iudex
quaestionis'), and varied in number from a single one to fifty or more.
They were originally selected from the Senators, but C. Gracchus had
Defence of Roscius 205
transferred the right to sit as indices to the Equites (or wealthy middle
class). Sulla, whose reforms went into operation B.C. So, had restored
this right to the Senators, and the present case was the first to occur
under the new system. It was brought in the Quaestio inter sicarios (or
court for the trial of murder), under the presidency of the prastor M.
P'annius. — quid sit quod, luhy it is that. — quod (causal) . . . surrexerim
expresses a fact, and takes the subj. of informal ind. disc, as depending on
the indirect question quid sit : § 341, /^ ( ); cf. B. 323; G. 663, i ;
H. 529,11 (652); H. cS:B.
2 2 summi oratores, homines nobilissimi : notice the chiastic order;
§344,/( ); 15,350,11,^/0.682; H. 562 (666, 2) ; H. & B.
. — cum sedeant : cum has a slight concessive force : render by when or
while ; though would be too strong. Since Sulla's victory had restored the
aristocracy to power, it might be expected that men of rank (^nobilissimi')
would have courage to come forward and defend Roscius : their presence
showed their sympathies, though they did not rise to defend him. — ego :
emphatic, as opposed to the orators and men of rank.
2 3 potissimum, rather than any other. — aetate : Cicero was but
twenty-six years old.
2 4 sim : in direct disc, this might be either subj. to indicate the char-
acter of Cicero, or indie, to denote a mere fact about him; here it is neces-
sarily subj. as being an integral part of the clause quod . . . surrexerim;
§ 342 ( ) ; B. 324, I ; G. 663, I ; H. 529, ii (652, l) ; H. Ov B.
which is itself dependent on quid sit. — sedeant, sit still, instead of rising
to speak : subj. of integral part, dependent on sim comparandus.
2 5 hi : strongly demonstrative ; accompanied, perhaps, with a gesture,
— these men here. — iniuriam, injustice. — novo scelere (abl. of means),
the strange (almost = unheard of) charge (of parricide).
2 6 oportere : this verb is always impersonal ; its subject here is the
clause iniuriam def endi. — defendi, defendere : see Vocab. ; supply but
(suggested in Latin by the close juxtaposition of the two infs.) before
defendere in translating.
2 7 iniquitatem temporum, i.e. the disturbed state of politics, while
the wounds of the Civil War were still fresh. — ita fit : the subject is the
clause ut adsint, etc. — adsint, they attend: opposed to taceant ; the
position of taceant indicates this antithesis. The friends of any party to
a suit attended court to give him the advantage of their presence and
influence (cf. Caes. B.C. i. 4). Such friends were technically called advo-
cati, but they did not, like the modern advocate, speak in court.
2 8 officium, duty, arising from their relations to the murdered man,
2o6 Notes
who had stood in the relation of hospitium (see hospes in Vocab.) with
some of the highest families.
2 10 (Sect. 2.) audacissimus, i.e. is it that I have more effrontery
than any of the rest?
2 11 ne . . . quidem, «^/ . . . ^zV/z(fr, enclosing, as usual, the emphatic
word: § 151, e { ) ; B. 151, e\ G. 448, n.^ ; H. 569, iii, 2; H. & B.
. — istius, i.e. that which is in your thoughts : § 102, <: ( ) ; B.
87 ; G. 306 ; H. 450 (507, 3) ; H. & B.
2 12 sim, conjunctivus juodestiae: § 311, (^ ( ) ; cf. B. 280, 2; G.
257, I ; H. 486, i (556) ; H. & B. . — aliis, dat. : § 229 ( ) ; B.
180,2, d; G. 345 ; H. 386, 2 (429, 2); H. & B. . — praereptam :
prae- gives here the force of getting the start of others in snatching it (cf.
pre-vent, from praevenio). — me: so emphatic as to throw igitur out of
its usual place.
2 14 reciperem, undertake a case offered; suscipere is to take up of
one's own motion.
2 15 amplitudo, position, from birth, wealth, office, or the like.
2 16 id quod, a thing lohich: § 200, ^ ( ) ; G. 614, R.2 ; H. 445,
7 (399,6); H. &B.
2 17 dixisset, an integral part of putaretur. — putaretur: apodosis of
fecisset; § 308 ( ) ; B. 304, i; G. 597; H. 510 (579); H. & B.
, while the whole from si verbum through putaret is the apodosis
of si quis dixisset in 1. 14. Translate, if any one had spoken, in case he
had made any allusion to politics, he zvould, etc.
3 1 (Sect. 3.) ego, etc., but in my case, even if I, etc. — etiamsi . . .
dixero, . . . poterit : § 307, c (^ ) ; B. 264, a ; G. 244, 2 ; H. 508, 2
(574,2); H. &B. .
3 2 similiter, /;/ like manner, i.e. as if a man of rank had spoken.
— exire, etc., i.e. this speech will not be quoted and talked over, and
hence any allusions to politics which it may contain will not seem more
significant than they really are.
3 3 emanare : not to be confounded with manere. — deinde quod :
the second reason, corresponding to quia in 1. 14. — ceterorum, opposed
to ego in 1. 6, below. — dictum: noun, limited by ceterorum; dicto (1. 5)
is also a noun, though modified by an adv. ; § 207, <: ( ) ; G. 437, R.;
H. & B.
3 5 concedi, impersonal : § 230 ( ); B. 187, ii, b ; G. 217 ; H. 384,
5 (426, 3); H.&B.
3 7 nondum . . . accessi, / have not yet gone into public life, i.e.
become candidate for any office, Cicero began his political career five
years later, with the quaestorship.
Defence of Roscius 207
3 8 tametsi, allhongh, in its so-called "corrective " use, — the conces-
sion coming after the general statement, as a kind of limitation of it. —
ignoscendi ratio, the idea of pardon. The vaguely general v^^ord ratio with
the gen. of the gerund expresses little more than our word pardoning alone.
The Latin, being poor in abstract words, has to resort to such shifts as
this to supply their place. So cognoscendi COnsuetudo, the habit of judicial
investigation, is almost equivalent to judicial investigation simply. This
was a bold speech to make under the rule of the tyrant Sulla.
3 11 (Sect. 4.) accedit, there is in addition : used as a kind of passive
of addo. — ilia, this, i.e. the following (a common use of this pronoun). —
quod, that: § 333 ( ) ; B- 299, i. ^; G. 525, i; H. 540, iv (588, 3);
H. cv: B. . — a ceteris, jro/n the others, i.e. the nobles.
3 12 petitum sit: for subjunc. see § 334, ^ and n. ( ) ; G.
457, 2, N.; H. p. 267, footnote ^. — ut dicerent [causam], subst. clause of
purpose, subj. of petitum sit : § 331, // ( ) ; G. 546 ; H. 499, 3 (565,
2), H. & B. . — dicere causavi is the technical expression for defend-
ing a case. — ut . . . arbitrarentur : a clause of result, dependent on ita
petitum sit: § 319 and r. ( ) ; B. 284, i ; G. 552 ; H. 500
and N.^ (591) ; H. & B. . — utrumvis, either [course, i.e. to speak
or be silent], at their choice: lit. either [of the two] yot^ please. — salvo
officio (abl. of manner), without a breach of dufy.
3 13 arbitrarentur : imperf. following petitum sit, which is regarded
as a secondary tense since it represents the perf. indie; § 287, a { ) ;
B. 268, I ; G. 511, N.2 ; H. 495, i (546); II. & B. . — a me autem,
etc., lit. but from ME, etc. (opposed to a ceteris above). The emphasis
may be preserved by changing the construction in English : but as for
myself, men have tirged it [i.e. that I should undertake the defence of
Roscius] on me ivho, etc. — ei, men ; here used simply as a correlative to
qui, and not in a really demonstrative sense. The reference is of course
to the noble friends of Roscius.
3 16 debeam, subj. of characteristic : § 320 ( ) ; B. 283, i ; G. 631, 2:
H. 503, i (591, i); H. & B. . — his: emphatic, summing up the
reasons he has given for undertaking the case ; ego, emphatic as opposed
to the others present.
3 17 patronus, advocate, the word advocati having a different meaning
(see note on p. 2, 1. 7, above). — unus, as the one man.
3 20 uti ne : in purpose clauses the double form is often used instead
of ne alone. — desertus, etc.: observe that Cicero not only attempts to
win the sympathies of the jurors for the helplessness of his client, but that
he also contrives to suggest, in advance of the formal statement of facts,
208 Notes
that there is a combination or conspiracy of some kind against young
Roscius. The same thing was insinuated in sect, i by the use of con-
flatam (1. 6).
II. Narratio (§§ 5-19)
Sects. 5-9. Character of the murdered man, Sex. Roscius the elder.
His political affiliations. His old feud with T. Roscius Capito and
T. Roscius Magnus. The murder. Suspicion points to Magnus as
procurer of the crime and to Capito as at least accessory after the
fact.
3 22 (Sect. 5,) huiusce, of tny client. — municeps Amerinus, a citi-
zen of the free town Ameria. The Latin uses an adj. of possession when it
can, often where the English prefers of: § 190 ( ) ; B. 354, 4 ; G. 362,
R.i ; H. 395, N.^ ; H. & B. ; cf. .Tlneid, ii. 55, 487, etc.
3 2.5 hospitiis, giiest-friendships. The hospititim was a relation be-
tween individuals of different cities or states, at a time when there were
no international relations; it included the duties of hospitality and pro-
tection, was transmitted from father to son, and was vouched for by a
ticket {tessera). Roscius not only had this formal relation to several of
the greatest families at Rome, but he was also on intimate terms of per-
sonal friendship with them. Hence, in line 27, domesticus . . . consue-
tudo, intercourse and companionship [with them] in their homes.
3 28 honestatis . . . gratia (so honoris causa, sect. 17), ivith all
honor. It seems to have been held a liberty to mention the name of any
person of quality in a public address ; hence such mention is generally ac-
companied by a form of compliment. Cf. the modern parliamentary usage
of referring to members of a deliberative body by the names of their offices
(or as the "gentleman from ") rather than by their own names.
3 29 hoc solum, i.e. the hospititim.
3 30 domestici, of his own house.
3 .31 ereptum possident, have seized and 11070 hold : § 292, r. ( ) ;
G. 664, R.i ; H. 549, 5 (639) ; H. & B. ; possidere does not signify
to own, in the modern sense, but merely to hold or occupy. — innocentis,
i.e. fill : in Latin any noun may be left out if there is an adj. or a part,
to determine its case.
3 32 defenditur : Cicero skilfully contrives to keep before the jury the
fact that Roscius has powerful friends who desire his acquittal.
3 32 (Sect. 6.) This section tells of Roscius's political associations.
He was a favorer of the nobility (Sulla's party), and therefore had
nothing to fear from the proscription instituted by Sulla after his final
Defence of Roscins 209
victory over Marius. These facts are skilfully brought in at this point so as
to prepare the jurors for the statement, made later, that the insertion of
Roscius's name in the proscription list after his murder was manifestly
part of a plot to get possession of his estate. They also prepare for the
exoneration of Sulla (in sect. 12), since it w^as not to be supposed that he
would have consented to the proscription of so zealous a member of his
own party. Throughout the oration Cicero is under the necessity of hold-
ing the dictator blameless. — cum, ivhejt, introducing the general situation;
turn, the particular circumstance. — omni tempore, at all times, as opposed
to the time of the Civil War : notice the emphatic position.
3 33 hoc tumultu, this last disturbance (euphemistic) : i.e. the final
scenes of the Civil War of Marius and Sulla, which Cicero will not call
bellum. — cum, at a time ivheti.
4 1 in discrimen veniret (subj. of characteristic, not simply cum
temporal), was at stake.
4 3 rectum: render no more than- right (thus giving the emphasis of
its position).
4 4 se pugnare, simply to fight: object of putabat, while rectum is an
adj. in pred. apposition with se pugnare. — honestate, honestissimus
refer respectively to the rank and dignity of these great families, and the
credit which his connection with them gave him in his own neighborhood.
4 5 victoria, i.e. of Sulla's party.
4 6 proscriberentur : the number of the proscribed in Sulla's time was
4700. " Whoever killed one of these outlaws was not only exempt from
punishment, like an executioner duly fulfilling his office, but also obtained
for the execution a compensation of 12,000 denarii (nearly $2400); any
one, on the contrary, who befriended an outlaw, even his nearest relative,
was liable to the severest punishment. The property of the proscribed was
forfeited to the state, like the spoil of an enemy; their children and grand-
children were excluded from a political career, and yet, so far as of sena-
torial rank, were bound to undertake their share of senatorial burdens."
(Mommsen.) At first only the names of those who had justly forfeited
their lives were proscribed ; afterwards it became easy for friends and
favorites of the dictator (like Chrysogonus, attacked in this oration) to put
upon the list the names of innocent men, and even of men already dead,
so as to work confiscation of their property. Sulla's proscriptions nomi-
nally ceased June i, B.C. 81.
4 8 erat Romae : this shows that he had no reason to fear the pro-
scription.—frequens: § 191 ( ); B. 239; G. 325, R.6; H. 443 (497)5
H. &B.
2 1 o Notes
4 9 ut . . . videretur, clause of result.
4 12 i^¥JC\.'j.)'\Vi\vci\Z\\\dA, causes QX occasions of enmity ; for the plur.,
see§75, r( ); B. 55,4, ^; G. 204, N.-5 ; 1^1.130,2(138,2); H. & B.
. By this sentence Cicero suggests to the jury what he afterwards
develops in the argument : that a motive for the murder existed in the case
of the Titi Roscii, He thus prepares the way for the elaborate counter-
charge (omitted in this book) made against these two later in the oration.
Observe the emphasis that comes from the juxtaposition of sects. 6 and 7 :
Roscius had nothing to fear from the proscription. He had enemies, how-
ever, — the very men who are now prosecuting his son.
4 13 accusatorum : prosecutions might be brought by private persons
(as by Cicero against Verres). In this instance these two Roscii were
associated with Erucius as prosecutors.
4 14 huiusce, of my client (see note on sect. 9, below).
4 16 neque enim, nor, you see. — iniuria : used adverbially. — isti, i.e.
of the party of prosecution. Iste, the so-called " demonstrative of the
second person," is regularly used of one's opponent in a suit or debate,
as hie is used of one's client. See § 102, a, c (^ ) ; B. 87 ; G.
306; H. 450 (505); H. &B.
4 17 Capitoni: § 231, b { ); B. 190, i; G. 349, r.^ ; H. 387, n.^
(430, i); H. & B. : following cognomen.
4 19 palmarum, prizes : sarcastically spoken, as if his many acts of
violence had been victories in gladiatorial tights. — XiQ\y)X\^, famous (as of
artists, actors, etc.). — hie, the one here present (Magnus) ; eum, referring
to the one just mentioned, the absent one (Capito).
4 20 lanistam (in app. with eum) carries out the sarcastic figure of
palmarum and gladiator.
4 21 quod sciam, so far as I know, sc. id; adv. ace, § 240, b (^ ) ; B.
283,5; ^- ll^^ I' ^- 37^' 2 (416); H. & B. : i.e. he must have
been a mere apprentice (tiro) at the trade : " this is the first of his actual
murders that I know of." For mood, see § 320, d { ) ; B. 283, 2 ; G.
627, R.i ; H. 503, i, N.i (591, 3); H. & B. . (Passages in brackets
in the text are thought to be spurious insertions.)
4 23 (Sect. 8.) hie, this man (with a gesture), i.e. here at my side
(my client); iste, that man, i.e. there on the accusers' bench (Magnus).
4 24-26 eum . . . asset : parenthetical (repeating, in greater detail,
the clause that precedes).
Observe that Cicero remarks (as it were, casually) that in thus devoting
himself to a rural life, the younger Roscius was obeying his father's wishes.
This prepares the way for his subsequent assertion (sect. 23) that there was
Defence of Roschis
211
no ill-will between father and son, — an important matter in the question
of motive. It also anticipates the answer given in sect. 22 to the argument
that the defendant was a rude, boorish fellow, of gloomy and sullen dis-
position, and therefore likely to have committed murder. The effectiveness
of a forensic discourse depends in great part on the skill with which the
mind of the hearer is prepared, by such apparently insignificant remarks,
for a definite assertion or argument that is to follow.
4 20 iste : T. Roscius Magnus ; the repetition of the words frequens,
etc., emphasizes the suggestion that he was likeliest to be the murderer.
4 27 Palacinas : the reading is uncertain, and the place unknown.
4 30 hunc, i.e. my cHent. — iudicatote : § 269, d <y ) ; B. 281, i, « ;
G. 268, 2; H. 487, 2 (560, 4); H. & B. . The second or longer
form of the imperative is regular where the action is not to be performed
immediately, especially when a future appears in protasis : § 307, ^/ ( ) ;
B. 302, 4 ; G. 595 ; H. 508, 4 ; H. & B.
5 1 (Sect. 9.) Ameriam nuntiat, brings the Jtews to Ameria; do-
mum, two lines below, shows the same construction.
5 3 T. Capitonis : Cicero thus insinuates that Magnus and Capito had
planned the murder together. The speed with which the one sent the
news to the other was, of course, suspicious, as well as the further pro-
ceedings described in sects. 10 and 1 1, including the proscription and the
sale of the property.
5 4 inimici: cf. the same word in lines 32, t^t^. The reason for thus
harping on the inimicitiae mentioned
in sect. 7, above, must be evident. —
horam primam : the night from sun-
set to sunrise was divided into twelve
hours.
5 6 nocturnis: the travelling would
be more difficult and slow in the night,
though the night hours would be longer
than the day hours in the late autumn
or winter, when the murder is thought
to have been committed. — cisiis : the plural form shows that there were
relays of carriages (Fig. i).
Sects. 10-12. The two Titi Roscii communicate with Chryso-
gonus, who has the name of the murdered man inserted in the pro-
scription list and buys his confiscated estates for a nominal sum.
Capito receives three farms for his share. Magnu? is made the
2 1 2 Notes
agent of Chrysogonus to take possession of the others. No blame
attaches to Sulla, who was ignorant of what was going on.
5 10 (Sect, io.) quadriduo, etc. : we should say zuithin four days
from the time 7i<hen.
5 11 in castra : the idea of motion, vividly conceived, suggests the
ace. of place as well as person ; we should say TO Chrysogonus in Sulla's
camp AT V. ; § 259, // ( ) ; B. 182, 2, d.; G. 337, R.^ ; H. &B.
— Volaterras. " Here some of the Etruscans and of those proscribed by
Sulla made a stand and were blockaded for two years, and then surren-
dered on terms." — def ertur : this word implies an intentiojial conveying
of the information, as if in the manner of a formal report.
5 12 fundos, different estates, i.e. lands or buildings, whether in town
or country.
5 13 tris — ties : the ace. termination in -is remained in this and a
few other words for a considerable time after the form in -es became the
more common. — Tiberim : the nearness of the river facilitated both
irrigation and transportation, and so added much to the value of the
estates.
5 15 splendidus, etninent: the regular complimentary epithet oi eqtii-
tes and persons of similar rank ; gratiosus, in favor : referring to his
relations with great families, which Cicero takes care never to let the jury
forget. — nullo negotio, without any diffiailty.
5 18 ne teneam, not to detain you: a purpose clause after some verb
of saying, etc., which is regularly omitted, as in English ; § 317, <: ( ) ;
B. 282, 4 ; G. 688 ; H. 499, 2, n. (568, 4) ; H. & B.
5 19 (Sect, ii.) cum, etc. : the proscriptions nominally ceased June I,
B.C. 81; the murder was committed some months after this date (see
below, sect. 39).
5 21 iam, already (with reference to time preceding) ; nunc would
refer only to the moment itself. — def unctos, rid of, so. esse.
5 22 studiosissimi, devoted to the party of Sulla, and so not likely to
be proscribed (see note to sect. 6, p. 3, 1. 32, above).
5 23 vel (emphasizing the superlative), the very, etc.
5 24 propria, as his ozvn.
5 25 iste, ji'<?;^^<?^, on the accusers' benches. — nomine, i.e. as agent.
5 26 impetum facit, makes a raid upon, implying violence, as of a
charge in battle.
5 27 duobus milibus nummum, i.e. about $100: § 378 ( ); H. 647
(757); H. & B. : they are estimated in ch. ii to have been worth
^300,000.
Defence of Rosctus
213
5 28 (Sect. 12.) Since Chrysogonus was a favorite of Sulla's, Cicero
had to be careful not to appear to attack the Dictator. Hence he inter-
rupts the story of the plot to express his certainty that Sulla had not
known what was going on and to excuse him on the ground of the pressure
of public business.
5 29 z^i\.<^sz\0, I feel sure: §i5i,ir( ). — neque enim : negative
of et enim, introducing a point obvious or indisputable, for, you see, it is
not surprising (cf. p. 4, 1. 16, above); § 156, </ ( ). — mirum [est]
is the apodosis and si . . . animadvertat (p. 6, 1. 4) is the protasis, mirum
[est] is the main clause of the whole period.; the long parenthesis (lines
29-4) consists of a string of causal clauses with cum (which may be trans-
lated either when or since).
5 30 praeparet, must provide for.
6 1 pacis . . . rationem, i.e. the ordering of the new constitution.
6 4 si aliquid (more emphatic than si quid) non animadvertat, if
there is something he does not notice : protasis with mirum [est], above ;
^r^Z,^^- ( ); G. 542, N.i; H. &B.
6 6 ut . . . moliantur (clause of purpose), that as soon as he turns
away his eyes they may get up something of this sort. — despexerit, perf.
subj.:§342( ); B. 324, i; G. 663, i; H.529,ii(652); H. &B. ;
for fut. perf., § 286, end ( ) ; B. 269, \,b; G. 514 ; H. 496, ii (541,
2); H. &B.
6 7 hue accedit, add to this. Notice the difference of order and con-
sequently of emphasis between hue aceedit {add to this) here, and accedit
ilia {there is in addition) in sect. 4, above. — quamvisfelix sit : § 313, a
( ) ; B. 309, l; G. 606; H. 515, iii (586, ii) ; H. & B. , how-
ever fortunate he 7?iay be. Sulla was so impressed with his own good fortune,
that he assumed the agnomen Felix, which implied, according to ancient
notions, the peculiar favor of
the gods. (See Manil., sect.
47.) Fig. 2 shows a coin of
Faustus Sulla's with this in-
scription.
6 9 familia, household of
slaves and dependants (see
under sect. 35). — qui ha-
beat, as to have : § 320, a (
ii); H. & B.
6 10 libertum: a freedman still remained attached to his former
master (now his patronus), often lived in his family, did various services
Fig.
); B. 283, 2; G. 631,2; H. 500, i (589,
214 Notes
for him, and stood towards him in relation somewhat like that of a son
under the patria potestas. Towards others he was a libertinus, fully free,
but with some political disqualifications; towards his former master he was
a libertus.
Sects. 13-17. The younger Roscius is ejected from his estates by
T. Roscius Magnus. The Amerians send delegates to Sulla to pro-
test ; but the purpose of the delegation is frustrated by Capito.
Roscius the younger takes refuge with Caecilia, a friend of his
fatker's at Rome.
6 13 (Sect. 13.) qui . . . solvisset, though he had not yet, etc. : § 320, e
( ); B.283,3; G.634; H.5i5,iii(593,2); H. & B. .—omnia
. . . iusta, all the due rites of bm'ial : these ended with a sacrifice on t'he
ninth day {noveuidialia) after the death or burial ; paterno funeri is indir.
obj. of solvisset (lit. had 7tot yet paid all due rites to his father's funeral').
6 16 pecuniae, /r^/^r/j'. — qui (causal) . . . fuisset, since he had been,
etc.:§320,^( ); B.283,3; G. 633 ; H. 517 (592); H. & B.
6 17 ut fit, as generally happens. — insolens, here ivasteful and extrava-
gant.—^QmViOS. suam : § 258, b, x.i ( ) ; G. 337, r.^ ; H. 380, 2
(419); H.&B.
6 18 auferebat, began to, etc.: § 277, f ( ); B. 259, 2 ; G. 233 ;
H. 469, I (535. 3) ; H. & B.
6 21 urbe tota : § 258,/ 2 ( ) ; B. 228, \,b; G. 388 ; H. 425,
ii, 2(455, 0; H.&B.
6 22 (Sect. 14.) This section, though in form a mere statement of the
reasons that prompted the Amerians to send a delegation to Sulla, is in
fact and intent a brief and powerful recapitulation of the history of the
conspiracy. Its effect is to strengthen the impression which Cicero has
from the first been trying to produce : namely, that the murder was the
first act in the plot of the two Titi Roscii, the latest act being the false
charge brought against his chent.
6 25 iter, right of way, such as was usually reserved in case of the sale
of any estate on which was a family burial-place ; by the proscription this
right was cut off.
6 2G bonorum emptio : the technical term denoting /?/rr//^7^^ at public
sale. — furta refers to clam ; rapinae to palam, above.
6 30 (Sect. 15.) decurionum: these constituted the municipal senate
or city council. The decem primi were a standing executive committee
of the town, to whom, in this instance, an unusual piece of business was
intrusted. If the delegates had been a special committee appointed
Defence of Roscius 2 1 5
expressly to report the case to Sulla, Capito, one of the conspirators,
would hardly have been chosen a member.
7 1 qui vir, what sort of man, i.e. especially in his political principles.
The delegates were apparently to certify to the fact that Roscius had been
of Sulla's party.
7 4 ut . . . velit, that he will consent. — decretum : the decree was
here read to the courtj'but it has not been preserved. Its reading must
have produced considerable effect. It was not only important testimony
to the innocence of the younger Roscius, but it was introduced by ("icero
at such a point in the case as to repeat and confirm the summary of the
plot just given.
7 G id quod, as (see note on p. 2, 1. 16, above).
7 9 nobilis, ace plur. — ab eis qui peterent, to beg of them : § 317, 2
( ); B. 282, 2; G. 630; II. 497, i (590); H. c\: B. ; eis
refers to the decern primi. — ne . . . adirent, obj. of peterent.
7 10 vellent: § 336, 2 ( ); B. 314, i; G. 508, 2; II. 524 (643;;
II. c\: B.
1 11 pollicerentur, same constr. as peterent.
7 13 (Sp:ct. 16.; antiquij p/ ///^ old stamp, i.e. plain, honest men. —
ex sua natura, after their own nature. — ceteros, subj. of esse understood,
depending on fingerent, imagined. — confirmaret, assured them.
7 17 re inorata, ivithout having stated their ease : the primary meaning
of oro implies not entreaty, but statement or argtiment (cf. orator). — re-
verterunt: the active form of this verb is found only in the tenses of the
perfect stem; otherwise it is deponent.
7 18 isti, i.e. Chrysogonus and Capito.
7 19 lentius, less energetically. (On account of the natural correlation
of opposites, it is often convenieut to translate adjectives and adverbs by
the negative of their contraries.) — nihil agere, i.e. refrain from action. —
deludere, [and thus] to juake fools f/" the Amerians (by having rendered
their whole embassy ineffectual).
7 20 id quod, etc., as we may easily infer : this point is an inference,
not, like the rest, an attested fact.
7 21 neque, atid . . . not, the negative qualifying posse: and judge
that they can no longer, etc. In English the negative is placed near the
verb; in Latin it is attracted by the connective, and so often stands at the
beginning of the clause.
7 22 domino incolumi (abl. abs.), so long as the owner was alive.
7 23 (Sect. 17.) hie, my client. — de, in accordance with. — cogna-
torum, blood-relations : these were accustomed to hold a consilium, or
2 1 6 Notes
formal deliberation, on important family affairs, — like the modern " fam-
ily council " of the French.
7 24 Caeciliam : see sect. 50.
7 25 honoris causa: cf. note on sect. 5, p. 3, 1. 28, above. — qua . . .
plurim.uni, zvhose especial friendship his father had enjoyed.
7 27 id quod, etc., i.e. she showed on this occasion (nunc) the gener-
ous traits which everybody supposed she possesse(^. — quasi . . . causa,
as if to serve as a model.
7 28 antiqui offici, old fashioned fidelity ; officium means the perform-
ance of duties as well as the duties themselves.
7 29 domo: § 258, a ( ); B. 229, \, b; G. 390, 2 ; H. 412, ii, I
(462, 4) ; H. & B. , without the prep., while bonis requires ex.
8 2 vivus . . . referretur : § 332, a { ) ; B. 297, 2 ; G. 553, i ;
H. 501, i (571, i); H. & B. , brought alive to trial, rather than
murdered and put on the proscription list. This implies that their first
plan was to treat him as they had treated his father, but that, frustrated in
this, they have trumped up a charge of parricide against him.
Sects. 18-19. The conspirators bring a charge of parricide
against the younger Roscius, thinking that, for political reasons,
nobody will dare defend him. The condition of Roscius is indeed
miserable, but an advocate, however inefficient, has been found in
the person of the speaker.
8 7 (Sect. 18.) ut . . . deferrent, compararent, pugnarent: subst.
clauses of purpose in app. with consilium, 1. 6 ; § 331, headnote (
); cf. B. 295 ; G. 546, N.2 ; H. 499, 3 (564) ; H. & B. .—
nomen deferrent, i.e. lay a formal charge before the president of the
proper court. — de parricidio : § 220, <^, 2 ( ) ; G. 378, r.^ ; H.
410, ii, 3 (456, 3); H. &B.
8 8 veterem, old in the trade : the reign of terror through which
Rome had just passed had given ample practice.
8 9 de ea re, etc., in a case in which, etc. — posset, clause of purpose,
rather than result (but the two constructions approach each other so
closely that it is not always possible to distinguish between them). —
subesset, subjunc. of characteristic. — suspicio, i.e. should be able, from
his skill as a prosecutor, to make a show of a case even when there was no
ground for suspicion against the accused.
8 10 crimine (abl. of means), on the charge itself, i.e. by any strength
in the incriminating evidence. — poterant : indicative as being their reason
given by Cicero on his own authority; § 321 ( ) ; B. 286, i ; G. 540;
Defence of Roscius 217
H. 516, i (588, i); H. & B, . — tempore (opposed to crimine), the
circumstances of the times (i.e. partly the generally disturbed condition
of the state, partly the fact that the courts were now first reopened, after
their reorganization by Sulla).
8 11 loqui: historical infin.; § 275 ( ) ; B. 335; G. 647; H. 536, i
(610); H. & B. . — tarn diu, i.e. during the Civil War.
8 12 eum, the man (i.e. any one). — oportere, was sure to. — qui
primus : this was the first case that came before the Quaestio inter
Sicarios.
8 13 adductus esset : for fut. perf. of direct disc. — huic : the emphatic
position may be rendered by in His case.
8 14 gratiam, favor or influence, i.e. with Sulla.
8 16 fore ut, etc.: the usual periphrasis for the fut. infin. pass.; the
supine with iri is rare. — nullo negotio : cf. sect. lo, p. 5, 1. 15. — tolle-
retur : cf. de medio tolli, sect. 10.
8 17 nullo : for the abl. of nemo, which is never used. — atque adeo,
or rather.
8 18 quem : the antecedent is eum below.
8 19 iugulandum, i.e. for judicial murder: §294, d {^ ) ; B. t^};].
7, ^, 2 ; G. 430 ; H. 544, N.2 (622) ; H. & B.
8 20 (Sect. 19.) querar, deliberative subj.; § 268 ( ); B. 277; G.
265 ; H. 484, V (559, 4) ; H. & B. . — unde, ivhere, lit. whence : the
Latin conceives the speaker as proceeding from some point, whereas the
English represents him as beginning at some point. — potissimum (superl.
of potius, as if ra/hest), best (rather than anywhere else); cf. sect, i, 1. 3.
8 23 summam potestatem, unlimited poiver (i.e. with respect to ren-
dering a verdict). — fidem, i.e. the protection required by good faith.
8 24 pater, etc. : these nominatives are in no grammatical construction,
but are used to enumerate in a vivid way the crimes of the conspirators
afterwards referred to by his (1. 26) : cf. § 292, a { ) ; B. 337, 5 ; G.
664, R.2 ; H. 549, N.2 (636, 4) ; H. & B.
8 25 infesta, imperilled.
8 27 nefariis, abl. of instr. after cumulant : the idea in Latin is that
of making a heap of what already exists, by means of other things piled
on it (hence ace. and abl.) ; but translate, upon these they heap tip other
infamies.
8 29 huiusce (emphatic instead of eius) : translate \>y his ozun. — con-
dicionem, terrtis (or dilemma') : as containing the idea of a bargain, it is
followed by ut; § 331, ^ ( ) ; cf. B. 295, 4; G. 546, N.^ ; H. 498, i
(564, iii); H. &B.
2 1 8 Notes
8 30 cervices : this word is used by early writers in the plural only.
9 1 insutus in culeum : the old punishment for a parricide was to
be " beaten with blood-red rods, then sewed into a sack, with a dog, a
cock, a viper, and an ape, and thrown into the deep sea " (see below,
sect. 29).
9 2 patronos : Cicero's modesty will not allow him to call himself a
patronus (cf. note on p. 3, 1. 17). — qui . . . dicat, purpose-clause: the
antecedent is the subj. of deest, below.
III. Partitio (§20)
9 C) (Srct. 20.) This contains the formal statement of the technical
partitio or division of the matter of the defence {defensio) into its parts or
heads. These are distinguished as the charge (^criiiien') brought by Eru-
cius, the effrontery {aiuiacia) of the two Titi Roscii, and the illegal influ-
ence { potentid) of Chrysogonus. The charge Cicero says it is his business
to refute. If he can do this he trusts to the jury to see that the effrontery
of the Roscii and the influence exercised by Chrysogonus shall not injure
his client. Sects. 20-35 ^""^ given to disproving the critnen, chs. xxx.-xli.
(omitted in this edition) to opposing the audacia of the Roscii by bringing
a counter-accusation (especially against Capito, who is directly charged
with the murder), and sects. 36-46 to disposing of Chrysogonus.
9 6 quantum, so far as (adverbial ace).
9 12 quid igitur est? /!07o then ?
9 17 primo quoque tempore, the very first opportmiity (i.e. that which
the present case affords) since the violence and disorder of the Civil War.
— exstinguere debetis : the courts had just been restored by Sulla after a
long interval of lawlessness, and the case of Roscius was the first to come
before the reorganized Quaestio inter Sicarios. There was a general feel-
ing that the courts ought to do something at once, — a feeling that might
well be prejudicial to the defendant even though he was innocent. To re-
move this prejudice Cicero (i) suggests that the conspirators relied on it in
bringing their iniquitous charge (sect. 18: ita loqui homines . . . esset),
and (2) shows that an acquittal, by rebuking the effrontery and violence of
men like Chi-ysogonus and his confederates, would do much to restore law
and order.
IV. Defensio (§§ 21-47)
Sects. 21-23. The guilt of the defendant is antecedently improb-
able. His character does not suit the crime. No motive has been
Defence of Roscius 219
shown. The alleged ill-will between the father and the son has not
been proved and is unlikely.
9 20 (Sect. 21.) eius modi quo uno maleficio, of such a kind, that
in this one crime (rel. clause of result).
9 22 VOltu, by a look.
9 24 si . . . postularet, . . . COgehami, zuould compelit if the case re-
quired : see § 308, b { ) ; cf. B. 304, 3 ; G. 597, K.-^ ; H. 51 1^ (581, i) ;
H. & B. ) ; iura COgebant is equivalent to a verb of necessity, and
hence the imperf. indie, in the apodosis appears with the imperf. subj. in
the protasis.
9 27 auditum sit, a general condition; subj. because integral part of
the result clause.
9 28 tu (emphatic), j)/0M, a professional prosecutor.
9 29 censes : the word used to express deliberate judgment, after dis-
cussion or the like.
9 30 mores, character, as resulting from habits of life; naturam, natu-
ral disposition.
10 2 tU: emphatic, as opposed to the general run oi accusers.
Cicero is here using the famous " argument from probability," a favorite
with ancient orators and rhetoricians from the fifth century B.C. " For
example, if a physically weak man be accused of an assault, he is to ask
the jury, ' Is it probable that a weakling like me should have attacked any-
body ? ' while if the accused is a strong man he is to claim that it is im-
probable that he should have committed an assault in a case where his
strength was sure to be used as a presumption against him."
10 4 (Sect. 22.) Here the "argument from probability" is very skil-
fully carried out. In sect. 22 Cicero draws such a contrast between the
nature of the crime and the character of the defendant as to appeal power-
fully to the imagination of the jury as well as to their reason. Describing
briefly and vividly the three types of men who might be recognized as
likely to commit such a murder (the weak-minded stripling led astray by
evil companions, the hardened cut-throat, the ruined debauchee), he
points to the life and character of Roscius as having nothing in common
with any of these. This leads up at once to the question of motive :
if Roscius' character was so little suited to the crime, the motive must
have been extraordinarily powerful ; but no motive at all has been shown
(sect. 23).
10 4 patrem, etc. : to preserve the emphasis we may render a par-
ricide has been committed by Sex. Roscius. — qui homo? what sort oj man
(is it who has committed such a crime) ?
220 Notes
10 5 adulescentulus : the diminutive suggests a weak stripling led
astray (inductus) ; the defendant was, in fact, a man of forty. — nequam,
with hominibus.
10 C maior : anomalous for the more usual plus or amplius ; § 247, c
( ); B. 217,3; G. 311, K.-^; H. 417, I, N.^ (471,4); H. &B.
— vetus (emphatic), old (in the sense of the English derivative inveterate).
— videlicet, no doubt, of course.
10 10 de luxuria: for constr. see note on de parricidio (p. 8, 1. 7).
10 12 cuiquam : words in italics are not in the manuscripts, but are
supplied by modern scholars (from conjecture) as being necessary to the
construction or the sense.
10 14 Obiecit : the accuser had made it a point in his argument that
the defendant was of a morose temper, shunning all society and burying
himself in the country. Cicero deftly turns these assertions to the advan-
tage of his client.
10 15 officio, sense of duty, and consequent discharge of it ; especially
used with reference to filial duty {pietas).
10 16 (Sect. 23.) In ancient trials, as at present, it was particularly
important to show a motive in order to secure a conviction for murder.
Erucius had alleged two motives, — ill-feeling between father and son, and
intended disinheritance. In this section (and in the two chapters that
follow, omitted in this edition) Cicero disposes of the former; in ch. xix.
(also omitted) he argues that there is no evidence that the elder Roscius
meant to disinherit his son. In chs. xx. and xxi. (omitted) he goes on to
say that the prosecutor has shown no case and to inveigh against him for
bringing a baseless charge.
10 19 iustam, siifficient or well-grounded.
10 20 illud, this (referring forward to the inf. clause following), i.e. the
point previously treated; hoc, the new point now introduced.
10 22 odio . . . parenti: § 233, « ( ); B. 191, 2; G. 356; H.
390, i (433) ; H. & B.
10 23 eodem, to the same point (as that treated in the preceding sec-
tion).
10 25 displiceret, was disliked by.
10 26 qui odisset, in that he hated (according to their argument) : see
§ 341, d (^ ) ; B. 323 ; G. 628 ; H. 528, i (649, i) ; H. & B.
10 27 constantissimus (opposed to amens), most steady-minded
("level-headed")-
10 28 illud refers forward (as usual) to causam fuisse. — iam, by this
time.
Defence of Roscius 221
Sects. 24-30. Recapitulation. Erucius had to show not only a
strong motive, but, in the case of so unnatural a crime, to bring
the clearest testimony as to the facts — where , how, by whose means.,
when the murder was committed. A recent case of acquittal (sect.
26), even against strong circumstantial evidence, since absolute
proof is needed to establish such a charge. Enormity of the crime,
as shown by the severity of the legal punishment (sects. 28-29).
Yet Erucius has no evidence to offer — he has not even established
a plausible motive.
11 3 quod, referring to id in 1. 5 : cf, in English, " w/iom therefore
ye ignorantly worship, /lim declare I unto you."
11 4 iam prope COtidiana, which have now come to be an ahnost every-
day affair.
11 5 quae, etc. : the question which is referred to in quod . . . quae-
ritur.
11 7 COnvenisse . . . videntur, seem to have converged upon one spot
and to agree together : the phrase inter se may express any sort of recipro-
cal relation; § i96/( ) ; B. 245, i; G. 221; H. 448, N. (502, i);
H. & B.
11 10 ingenio, talent (i.e. power in putting the case). — cum, not otily.
11 12 ostendatur: § 331, / R. ( ); B. 295, 6 and 8 ; G. 535,
R.2 ; H. 502, I (564, ii, i) ; H. & B.
11 14 (Sect. 25.) sint, exist. — exstent : cf. note on ostendatur,
above. — expressa vestigia, distinct footprints.
11 15 ratione, manner, i.e. the whole plan of the act.
11 19 suspicionibus : governed by reclamitat, which, on account of
its meaning, takes an indir. obj.
11 21 esse, that there should be, etc.
11 23 feras : notice the emphatic position. The emphasis may be
expressed in English either by changing the verb to the passive (in order
to keep feras at the beginning of the clause) or by turning thus : even in
the case of wild beasts, etc.
11 25 (Sect. 26.) As an example of what cogent proof is required to
overcome the presumption against the possibility of so unnatural a crime
as parricide, Cicero cites a recent case in which strong circumstantial evi-
dence was held insufficient. — ita, so very.
11 26 non obscurum, respectable.
11 29 servus : here used as adj.; § 188, ^ ( ); G. 288, R.; H.
441, 3 (495, 3) ; H. & B.
12 1 pertineret, subj. of characteristic. — id aetatis : § 240, b{ );
222 Notes
B. 185, 2 ; G. 336, N.2 ; H. 378, 2 (416, 2) ; H. & B. , i.e. too old for
the sound sleep of childhood. — autein, on the other hand. — propter,
near by.
12 4 neutrumne sensisse, the idea that, etc. : infin. of exclam., § 274
( ) ; B. 334 ; G. 534 ; H. 539, iii (616, 3) ; H. & B. ; cf. .-Eneid,
i. 37-
12 5 potissimum, of all others ; cf. sect, i, 1. 3.
12 7 (Sect. 27.) porro . . . conveniret, could naturally fall (really
in the same constr. as pertineret, 1. i, above).
12 9 iudicio (abl. of means), on the trial (more lit. by the court).
12 13 potuisset, subj. of characteristic (in dir. disc, potuerit).
12 14 no n mo do . . . "possunt, Jiot only cannot, etc. : § 149 ^ ( );
B. 343, 2, a; G. 482, R.i ; H. 552, 2 (656, 3) ; H. & B. ; the verb
is sufficiently negatived by ne.
12 16 (Sect. 28.) quo . . . eo, the less . . . the more.
12 18 multis = many other (implied in the generalizing CUm, not only,
followed by turn, but also).
12 19 armis, abl. of specification.
12 20 turn, but also (correlative with Cum in 1. 17). — vel : in the em-
phasizing use, to strengthen maxime ; § 93 '^ ( ) ; B. 240, 3 ; G.
303 ; H. 444, 3.
12 21 singulare, special (lit. unique).
12 22 sapientiam, ace. of exclamation.
12 23 rerum natura, the universe, represented by air (caelum), tire
(solem), water, and earth, the elements " from which all things are said to
be produced" (omnia nata esse, 1. 26).
12 25 ademerint, subord. clause in ind. disc.
12 27 dicuntur: for mood, see § 342, a { ); cf. B. 314, 4; G.
629, R., b ; H. 529, ii, N.i (652, i); H. & B.
12 27 (Sect. 29.) ci\i\z^x^, cast forth to. — ne bestiis . . . uteremur,
lest we should find the very beasts 7nore savage (immanioribus, in predicate
apposition).
12 28 attigissent, subj. of integral part.
12 29 sic nudos, naked as they were.
12 30 ipsum, even that. — violata, defiled.
12 31 expiari : sea water, as well as running water, was regarded as
having a ceremonially purifying quality, — an opinion prevailing in various
religions, and found in the forms of ablution, baptism, and the like. —
putantur: for mood cf. dicuntur, 1. 27, above. — tarn . . . volgare, so
cheap or so common.
Defence of Rosciiis 223
12 32 cuius . . . reliquerint, clause of result. — etenim, i.e. it needs
no argument to show, etc.
13 2 eiectis, to castaways. — ita, in such a way.
13 8 (Sect. 30.) talibus viris, "to this intelligent jury." — ne
causam quidem, not even a motive (to say nothing of evidence of
guilt).
13 !» emptores, tJie purchasers (of the confiscated property), i.e. men
having the strongest interest in his conviction, with Chrysogonus himself
as their presiding officer.
13 11 venisses, you should have come : § 266, ,? ( ) ; G. 272, 3 ;
IT. 483, 2, N. (558, i); H. & B. . — utrum ... an, i.e. which
is it — the nature of the question or the character of the court [another
compliment to the jury] — that you do not see?
13 14 ne . . . quidem : § 209, ^, i ( ) ; B. 347, 2 ; G. 445 ;
H. 553, 2 (656,2); II. c^B.
Sects. 31-35. Roscius had not only no motive to commit the
crime, but no means of committing it. Erucius is challenged to
tell how Roscius could himself have killed his father or could
have procured his death through others.
13 16 (Sect. 31.) ts\Si,zvell then (to quit that point). — causam pro-
ferre, to allege a motive.
13 17 vicisse debeo, / ought to have now gained the case, i.e. by my
past argument; ought to have conquered (yn the past) would be vincere
debui: § 288, r/ ( ) ; B. 270, 2 ; G. 280, b, N.3 ; H. 537, I (618, 2);
H. c^- B.
13 18 in alia causa, in another case : an implied condition of which
concederem is the apodosis; § 310, ^ ( ) ; B. 305, i; G. 600, i; H.
507, N.' (583); H. &B.
13 19 qua re, why ; quo mode, how. Cicero contends that he is not
obliged to discuss the manner of the murder, since Erucius has not raised
that point, and has not even been able to assign a motive. His own posi-
tion in the argument is so strong, however, that, he says, he can afford to
concede a point by waiving the question of motive and allowing Erucius to
argue the case on the basis of the means by which Roscius could have
committed the crime. This is of course a rhetorical device to introduce
one of Cicero's strongest arguments. It cannot be proved that it was even
possible for Roscius to kill his father under the circumstances. By calling
for the details of the murder Cicero shows that none can be produced.
The whole passage serves also as an effective preparation for the counter-
224 Notes
charge (omitted in this edition), in which it is shown that Sex. Roscius
Magnus had not only a motive, but every opportunity,
13 21 sic, i.e. I will deal with you on these terms. — meo loco, in my
place, i.e. in the time allotted to the defence ; this was determined for each
party by the prittor.
13 22 respondendi, i.e. at the end of a question; interpellandi, i.e. in
the middle of any question, to answer a part of it ; interrogandi, i.e. by
asking questions in his turn.
13 24 (Sect. 32.) ipse percussit, did he strike the fatal blow himself?
13 25 ipsum, sc. pe7-cussisse. — per alios : for abl. of means, when per-
sons are intended, see § 246, b (^ ) ; G. 401 ; H. 4 15, i, N.^ (46S, 3) ;
H. & B.
13 27 indidemne Ameria, /^c;;z Ameria thei-e? (lit. the satne place). —
hosce sicarios, these cut-throats here of ours.
13 30 convenit, i.e. to bargain for the murder.
13 32 unde, i.e. on whom did he draw for the money? All such bank-
ing business being in a manner public, the sum could be traced, as by
cheques and the like in modern times.
14 1 Cdi^Vit, foujitain-head.
14 2 tibi, dat. instead of poss. gen.: § 235, a { ) ; B. 181, i, N.;
G. 350, i; H. 384, 4, N.2 (425, 4, N.); H. & B. . — veniat, with
facito (fac) for simple imperat. : § 269, ^ ( ) ; cf. G. 553, i; cf. H.
489, 2 (561, 2); H. & B. . The fut. form of the imperat. is used,
because the accuser is bidden to reflect on the point raised, so that there is
a distinct reference to future time : § 269, ^/ ( ) ; B. 281, I, <? ; G. 268,
2; H. 487, 2 (560, 4); H. &B.
14 3 agrestem, boorish (see next clause).
14 5 in oppido COnstitisse, stayed in any tozun ; oppidum is distin-
guished both from urbs, the great city, and vicus, a country village ; it
would be a place of some society and cultivation.
14 6 (Sect. 33.) qua in re, on this point. — praetereo, etc. : an excel-
lent example of the rhetorical device called praeteritio (" omission ") . The
speaker dwells upon the point while pretending to pass it over in
silence.
14 7 poterat, might, i.e. if I chose to use it : § 31 1, <r ( ) ; B. 304,
3; G. 597, R.3; H. 511, I, N.3(583); H. & B.
14 8 victu arido, dry or meagre -way of living. — inculta, uncouth.
14 10 possis, potential subj., § 311, a: ( ) ; B. 280 ; G. 257, i;
H. 485(552); H.&B.
14 11 in urbe (emphatic), i.e. not in the country, where Roscius was
Defence of Roscins 225
14 12 exsistat, erumpat, dependent on necesse est. — erumpat, burst
forth : a strong word is used on account of audacia, reckless daring.
14 13 autem, on the other hand.
14 14 agrestem: see note on 1. 3. — parsimoniae, thrift (in a good
sense).
14 16 (Sect. 34.) missa facio, / let that pass (missa agreeing with
haec, obj. of facio) ; such phrases are often used colloquially or with
emphasis, for the simple verb: § 292, d { ) ; G. 537; H. & B.
— illud quaero, this is zvhat I ivant to know.
14 17 per quos : these words are the interrogative expression with
which the clause grammatically begins; is homo is put first for em-
phasis.
14 20 suspiciose, i.e. so as to look suspicious. — in his rebus, but in
THESE circumstances, i.e. those in our case (emphatic position). — sus-
picio . . . culpam: i.e. in so clear a case I will not ask Erucius for proof
of guilt; if he can show any suspicious circumstance, it shall suffice.
14 22 credo, I suppose : jronical, as usual when parenthetical.
14 27 causa dicitur, the defendant is on trial (a technical term: lit.
the case is argued, i.e. by the defendant).
14 28 (Sect. 35.)admiserit: § 332, « ( ); B. 297, 2 ; G. 553,4;
H. 501, i, I (571, I); H. &B.
14 29 quod, that.
14 30 quod: the antecedent is id (p. 15,1. i); the clause ut . . . pol-
liceatur is in apposition with quod.
15 1 quaestionem, question in the technical sense, i.e. examination by
torture, the regular legal way of examining slaves. An accused person
could, of his own accord, offer his slaves for that purpose (poUiceri) : in
this case Roscius had lost his slaves, and so was deprived of that privilege.
15 2 unus puer, as i/mch as a single slave.
15 3 minister, i.e. to wait upon him. — familia : this word, in its
primary meaning, properly embraced the entire body of free persons,
clients, and slaves, under the patriarchal rule of the paterfamilias. In
time, the meaning was divided, applying either (i) to the family proper —
^ho. paterfamilias, with his wife, children, etc.; or (2) to a body (or gang)
of slaves. The latter is the meaning here.
15 4 Scipio, Metelle : these were, probably, P. Scipio Nasica, father
of Metellus Scipio (a leader on Pompey's side in the Civil War), and his
cousin, Q. Metellus Nepos, brother of Qecilia (sect. 50), and father of the
Celer and Nepos referred to in the orations against Catiline.
15 5 advocatis, called in (as friends of the accused) ; agentibus, taking
226 Notes
active part. The demand seems to have been formal, and these friends
were present to attest it.
15 7 meministisne : -ne = nonne ; § 210, ^ ( ); B. 162, 2, c,
G. 454, N.^; H. & B. . — T. Roscium, i.e. Magnus.
15 8 sectantur, are in the trai^i of.
15 10 quid facitis : up to this point Cicero appears to l)e merely ac-
counting for the fact (which might have made against his case; that the
younger Roscius had not offered his slaves for examination. With this
abrupt question he shows the true bearing of the refusal of Magnus, re-
torting suddenly the countercharge, which he carries out in a chapter here
omitted. The effect on a jury of such an appeal as Dubitate, etc., must
have been very great.
Sects. 36-42. The sale of the property of the elder Roscius was
illegal and his proscription in every way irregular. For this act
Chrysogonus is to be blamed, not Sulla, for Sulla was necessarily so
much occupied with affairs of state that details of this kind escaped
his attention.
15 17 (Sect. 36.) aureum: the Greek name Chrysogonus vatzxvi gold-
born.
15 18 latuit : because his was the only name that appeared.
15 22 alii quoque, i.e. other purchasers of confiscated estates.
15 23 ut mihi, etc., i.e. I have no occasion to say anything of the pur-
chasers of confiscated estates in general, for this case, by its atrocity, is
taken out of the common category (haec enim causa, etc , 1. 24, below).
15 24 sectorum : these were the purchasers of confiscated property in
the lump, who afterwards divided it (seco) to sell again in detail.
15 28 (Sect. 37.) venierunt, from veneo, not venio.
15 30 si enim haec, for if such retnarks, etc., i.e. if I may be allowed
to speak freely.
15 31 tantus homo, stich a great person : a hint that more important
men than he had suffered. In fact, all the really eminent victims of the
Civil War had perished before the proscription.
16 2 qui (adv.), how?
16 3 Valeria : the law by which Sulla was made perpetual dictator
and invested with absolute power of life and death (B.C. 82) ; it was pro-
posed by L. Valerius Flaccus as interrex. Laws were designated by the
gentile name of their proposer ; all laws, for example, carried by L. Corne-
lius Sulla were known as Leges Corneliae. — Cornelia : this appears to have
been enacted some time after the lex Valeria, in order to regulate the
Defence of Roscius 227
details of the proscription, Cicero's ignorance of the law is no doubt
affected. — novi, I know the thing or person; scio, I know the fact : I am
not acquainted zvith the law, and do not knoiv which it is.
16 G proscripti sunt : the indie, must mean those already proscribed
when the law was passed. Future cases of proscription would have been
referred to by the subj. or fut. perf. (see Verr. ii. chs. xli, xlii).
16 7 in . . . praesidiis, among the armed forces, etc.
16 8 dum, so lo)2g as : § 276, ^, N. ( ) ; G. 569 ; H. 519, i
(603, i); H. &B.
16 12 veteres, those of the regular code; novas, those of the SuUan
revolution. — occisum esse, indir. disc, with constat; the subj. ace. is
omitted.
16 14 (Sect. 38.) in eum, i.e. Sulla. Here it is necessary for the
orator to proceed with great caution : even if not himself present, Sulla
would watch sharply the first case before his own criminal court.
16 15 ab initio, from the beginning of this trial (see sect. 12); omni
tempore, throughout his whole career.
16 17 ut ementiretur, . . . passus non sit, clauses in appos. with
haec omnia : for the change of tense, see § 279, d { ) ; H. & B.
16 18 apud adversaries, in the enemy'' s ranks ( = in praesidiis, above).
16 21 postea : the passage referred to appears to have been lost out of
the oration, probably in the gap in ch. xlv. The scholiast represents Chry-
sogonus as saying that he had used the property in building a villa at
Veil.
16 24 (Sect. 39.) Kalendas lunias, ace, in the same constr. as diem.
16 2G tabulas: confiscated property belonged to the state, and public
records of its seizure and sale were, of course, kept. — nulla, not at all :
§ 191 ( ) ; B. 239 ; 0. 325, R.6 ; H. 457, 3 (S^S, 3) ; H. & B.
16 27 redierunt = relata sunt. — facetius, more cleverly : in the case
supposed, the pretended proscription would never have occurred and the
property would have been taken without even the forms of law.
16 30 ante tempus, too early, i.e. before it is time to raise so trivial a
question as that of a title to property (Roscius is now on trial for his life).
16 32 reduviam curem (proverbial), treat a sore finger, i.e. in a case
of life and death I deal only with some trifling ailment. For mood see
§ 320, e{ ) ; B. 283, 3 ; G. 586 ; H. 517 (592) ; H. & B.
17 1 non rationem ducit, he does not take account (a mercantile
phrase).
17 5 (Sect. 40.) partim pro va^, partly in my own name. To avoid
entangling the case of his client with politics, Cicero makes himself respon-
228 Notes
sible for everything that may have a political bearing; he was a well-known
partisan of the nobility and could afford to speak freely.
17 7 quae-que: not from quisque. — ad omnis pertinere, concerns
all.
17 8 sensu ac dolore, feeling and pain, i.e. painful feeling (so-called
hendiadys) .
17 11 iam, with the ivX., presently.
17 12 (Sect. 41.) ego, opposed to Roscio.
17 17 diem: fern.; § 73 ( ); B. 53; G. 64; H. 123(135); H.cScB.
. — praefinita,yfx^c/ 2« advance, as the limit (finioj.
17 19 patronum, i.e. Sulla. See note on libertum, p. 6, 1. 10.
17 20 conferre, throw the responsibility for. — egerit, will effect, fut.
perf. for fut.: § 281, R. ( ) ; G. 244; H. 473 (540); H. & B.
17 22 imprudente : cf. p. 5, 1. 28.
17 23 (Sect. 42.) placet, do I like ? i.e. do I think it right? — impru-
dentia, ivant of foresight.
17 24 etenim si, etc. (the apod, is quid miramur, p. 18, 1. 1). The com-
parison that follows is perhaps somewhat strained; but it accords with the
habits of thought of the ancients, to whom the powers of a supreme ruler
appeared in a manner divine. (Cf. the language used of Caesar in the
Oration for Marcellus.) The tone in which kings were addressed in mod-
ern literature until very recent times may be compared (see, e.g.. Bacon's
dedication of his Advancement of Learning \.o James I.).
17 29 pernicii, for perniciei: § 74, rt: ( ) ; B. 52, 2; G. 63, n.I; H.
121, I (134, 2 and 3) ; H. & B. . — vi ipsa . . . rerum, by the very
violence of the elements, — the agents or powers which he has to control.
18 1 cum is causal, but may be translated when.
18 4 nisi, here as often (more commonly with forte or vero) intro-
ducing a rediutio ad absurdum : § 315, '^ N. ( ) ; G. 591, R.'*; H. & B.
. — quod, pron. : the anteced. is id.
18 5 possit, adepta sit, informal indirect disc, as expressing the
thought of the person surprised: § 341 ( ) ; B. 323 ; G. 662; H. 528
(649, i); H. & B. . — si . . . sit, clause with mirum : § 2>Zi r.
( ); G. 542, N.i; H. &B.
Sects. 43-46. In thus attacking Chrysogonus. Cicero is not
assailing the cause of the nobility. On the contrary, that cause
is honored by resistance to him. His insolence and power are
unbearable. It was not to advance such slaves as lie that Sulla
fought and conquered.
Defence of Roscms 229
19 1 (Sect. 43,) vereor: for emphat. position cf. credo, p. 2, 1. i.
— imperitior: § 93, « ( ) ; B. 240, i ; G. 297, 2; H. 444, i (498);
H. & B.
19 2 tametsi, and yet. — meo iure, with perfect right (zs belonging to
that party); iure alone would rat^ca justly ; meo limits it to the speaker's
own case. The passage that follows is interesting, as showing the way in
which Cicero regarded the general principles at stake in the Civil War, and
the excesses of the victorious party.
19 6 pro mea, etc., to the extent of my poor and feeble ability.
19 7 ut componeretur, that reconciliation should be made : a clause of
result in appos. with id : § 332 and head-note ( ) ; B, 297 and 3 ;
G. 557; H. 501, iii (571,4); H. &B.
19 8 qui vicerunt, who did (in fact) conquer : the subj. here would
mean, whatever party might conquer: § 342, N. ( ) ; G. 629, R. ; H.
529, ii, N.i (652, i) ; H. & B.
19 9 humilitatem, not merely low rank, but meanness and vulgarity;
^^.gmtaXe, personal worth, from birth and services; amplitudine, rank or
position — prominence in the state. With all his arrogance, blood-thirsti-
ness, and narrow conservatism, Sulla was, in fact, the representative of
orderly government against anarchy and mob-law.
19 10 perditi civis erat (pred. gen.), it was the part of a bad citizen:
§214, ^( ); B. 198, 3; G. 366; H.401,402 (439); H.&B.
19 11 quibus incolumibus (abl. abs.), by -whose safety.
19 12 retineretur zvoitld be preserved : fut. cond., the protasis being
quibus incolumibus: § 3oj,f( ); G. 596, 2; H. 507, n.' (575, 9);
H. & B. . — quae, i.e. the reinstating of the nobility.
19 15 felicitate: see note on p. 6, 1. 7.
19 17 (Sect. 44.) quod animadversum est (impers.) in eos, that
those have been punished (a euphemistic expression for the proscription).
Observe the chiastic order of ideas : {a) the punishment ; {f) the persons
on whom it was inflicted; {b\) the persons rewarded ; (ai) the reward.
19 20 quae, referring to both the punishment and the reward just
spoken of.
19 21 in eo studio partium, in favor of that party : studium is the
regular word for siding with a particular party.
19 22 id actum est, this was the object. — idcirco, antecedent to the
purpose clause. — ut . . . facerent, purpose clause in appos. with id.
19 23 postremi, the lowest (in class or character).
19 25 tum vero : here the apodosis begins.
19 28 nihil horum est, none of these things is true (i.e. is the fact).
230 Notes
19 29 oraabitur. Nothing can exceed the skill with which, through-
out this oration, Cicero keeps before the minds of the jury the distinction
between the great cause of Sulla and the nobility and the unscrupulous
greed of some of Sulla's partisans. His continual allusions to his client's
hereditary friendships with the aristocracy have this end, among others,
in view.
19 30 (Sect. 45.) male : to speak ill is to utter abuse or calumny.
20 1 causam communicare, identify their cause with that of, etc.
20 3 equestrem, referring to the struggle for the iudicia and the
extensive sympathy of the equites with the party of Marius. Cf. note to
Verr. sect. i.
20 4 servi : Chr}'sogonus had been Sulla's slave.
20 6 versabatur, displayed itself — quam viam munitet (indir.
quest.) : for road-building, both literal and figurative, the Romans used
the engineering term munire.
20 7 fidem, etc., r^wr honor (good faith), i't>?o- oath, and your courts ;
i.e. after getting possession of political power, these low-born fellows were
now aiming at the courts, the one security of public faith and good govern-
ment. — iusiurandum : the jurors were under oath to give a righteous
judgment.
20 9 hicine (emphat.), here, i.e. in the courts (as opposed to politics).
20 11 neque . . . possit : Cicero does not wish to encourage him by
admitting for a moment that he can really do anything in this case : it is
the fact that he has dared to hope to accomplish something, that is an
outrage. — verear: subj. because it expresses not a real reason, but one
introduced for the sole purpose of being contradicted: § 321, R. ( ) ;
B. 286, \,b;Q. 541, N.2 ; H. 516, 2 (588, ii) ; H, & B.
20 13 talis viros: cf. p. 13, 1. 8.
20 15 (Sect. 46.) exspectata, so long zvaited for. For some years
(B.C. 87-83), while Sulla was in the East, the Marian faction had full con-
trol at Rome, and a reign of terror prevailed.
20 17 servoli, diminutive of contempt. — bona, estates; fortunas
(more generally), wealth.
20 18 id actum est: cf. p. 19, 1. 22.
20 19 senserim, sided with them : this verb, with its noun sententia,
often refers to political opinions.
20 20 inermis, i.e. had he taken up arms, his regret would have been
deeper.
20 22 cuique, to every man in proportion as he is, etc. : § 93 ^ ( ) ;
cf. B. 252, 5, c ; G. 318, 2 ; H. 458, I (515, 2) ; H. & B.
Defence of Roscius 231
20 25 probe novit: note the strong sarcasm, which points the dis-
tinction between the noble cause which was at stake and the sordid
motives of Chrysogonus.
20 26 resistetur, impersonal. — ille : here indefinite, referring to the
supposed person who thinks himself attacked.
20 27 rationem, interests (so that what touches one touches the
other) : a mercantile figure, as we might say, " who thinks his accounts
are mixed up with his."
20 28 laeditur, etc., is injured hy being separated, etc.
V. Peroratio (§§ 47-57)
Sects. 47-52. The attack on Chrysogonus is Cicero's : Roscius
asks for life alone. Feigned appeal to Chrysogonus to spare his
victim. Powerful friends of Roscius.
With sect. 47 begins the last formal division of the speech, — the
peroratio. This consists, as was common with Roman advocates, in an
appeal to the sympathy of the court (there is a good example in the closing
portion of Cicero's Defence of Milo).
20 30 (Sect. 47.) mea, emphatic. Cicero wishes to avoid prejudice
to his client by himself assuming sole responsibility for these words. At
the same time this section serves as a skilful means of transition. It is so
important for Cicero to show that this case has no political bearings that
he has been forced to abandon the question of the murder for a time, and
to discuss the illegal sale of the property. He must now return to the
charge against his client, and he does so by remarking that Roscius has no
complaint to make of his treatment by Chrysogonus if the latter will only
let him off with his life.
21 2 morum, the ways of men. — vos, i.e. Chrysogonus and his abet-
tors in the accusation ; vos is expressed, not as being specially emphatic,
but from the Latin fondness for contrasting persons with each other.
21 3 more, in the regular way. — iure gentium: the "law common to
all nations," as opposed to ius civile, or law of the state; thus it is used as
nearly equivalent to natural right.
21 4 a vobis, i.e. once clear of guilt, and acquitted of this shocking
crime, he will leave you unmolested.
21 6 rogat : a feigned appeal to his persecutors, intended to move the
compassion of the jury for Roscius and their indignation against Chrysogo-
nus.
21 7 in suam rem : in a former passage (omitted in this edition)
232 Notes
allusion is made to a charge that Roscius had fraudulently kept back part
of his father's property.
21 9 concessit, etc., has given up (the immovable property), cotinted
and weighed (the rest).
21 10 anulum, probably the gold ring indicating his rank as eques.
21 11 se ipsum, etc., and has reserved nothing else besides his naked
self.
21 14 (Sect. 48.) quod, quia: § 321 ( ); B. 286, i ; G. 540; H.'
516, i (588, I); H. &B.
21 27 praeter ceteros, }?iore than anybody else. — ne quando : i.e.
some time when there comes a political reaction.
21 28 patria, of their fathers.
21 29 (Sect. 49.) facis inuriam, i.e. yoji do wrong (i.e. to Sulla). —
maiorem spem: in this and the preceding sentence Cicero artfully sug-
gests that Chrysogonus has no confidence that Sulla's constitution will
last, and that he therefore wishes to remove a dangerous claimant in case
of another political overturn. This insinuation would, of course, tend to
prejudice the partisans of Sulla against Chrysogonus.
22 6 cruenta (pred.) : the expression of the thought is made more
vivid by the use of words exactly appropriate to the killing of a man and
the stripping (detrahere) of his dead body.
22 8 (Sect. 50.) rem tuam, your interests.
22 13 quasi nescias, as if you did not knozv. § 312 ( ) ; B. 307,
I and 2 ; G. 602 ; H. 513, ii, and N.i (584, 2) ; H. & B.
22 14 spectatissima, most estimable ; the friends of Roscius are pur-
posely exalted, in order to influence the court. — CUm, concessive.
22 16 cum esset, though she was, etc. — femina, mulier: observe the
distinction between the words, the latter being always used in speaking of
the tenderness of the feminine nature. — quanto : translate however much
(though the Latin is definite) ; the usual correlative is supplied by non
minora, fully as great.
22 19 (Sect. 51.) Observe the clever transition. Cicero suggests that,
since there are no other assignable causes for the implacability of Chryso-
gonus, perhaps he may be offended by the zeal of the defence. This
enables him to pass at once to an emphatic assertion of the influential
connections of his client.
22 20 pro patris, etc., in accordance with his father^ s friendly relations
and personal influence (see above, sect, i), i.e. by an advocacy propor-
tionate in number and influence to the number and attachment of his
father's friends.
Defc7ict of Rosctiis 233
22 22 sin . . . vindicarent, i.e. if all the citizens were disposed to
right his wrongs.
22 23 pro eo, etc., in viezv of the fact that (i.e. with a due regard to
the way in which) the highest interests of the State (summa res publica)
are assailed.
22 24 haec, these outrages. Observe that English often requires descrip-
tive words which the Latin can omit as being implied in the context. —
COnsistere, etc., hinting that the accusers would be in danger of violence.
22 25 nunc, as it is ("as things stand": opposed to the preceding
suppositions).
22 26 sane, Pm sure.
22 27 (Sect. 52.) quae domi : i.e. the personal protection of Roscius,
supply of money, providing of witnesses, etc.
22 28 fori . . . rationem, the business of forum and court, i.e. the pre«
liminaries of the trial.
22 29 ut videtis, i.e. he is here in court. '
22 31 aetas, j^?////.
23 1 adsiduitate, constant presence, probably at the preliminary pro>
ceedings.
23 3 sectorum, a pun : the word means both buyers (of confiscated
property) and cut-throats.
23 \ hac nobilitate, i.e. such nobles as he.
23 5 haec res, the present state of things. — ei, such.
23 6 qui . . . facerent : in this clause (as often in Latin) purpose and
result approach so closely as to be indistinguishable.
23 10 loco, rank in life.
Sects. 53-57. Final appeal to the jurors.
23 13 (Sect. 53.) nostra, nobis, identifying himself with his client.
23 16 si . . . habet, if lie is not content (lit. does not regard [it] as
enough).
23 17 nisi, etc., unless his cruelty is also sated with blood (lit. blood is
furnished to his cruelty^.
23 21 hoc tempore, in these times.
23 22 versata est, has prevailed.
23 25 versari, live.
23 25 (Sect. 54.) ad eamne rem, is it for this that, etc.
23 27 solent, the emphat. position may be represented by translating,
it is the custom, etc.
23 32 qui excipiatis, to cut off.
2 34 Notes
24 2 consilium : the jury, or body of indices, was called consilium.
By calling it a public council, Cicero enhances its dignity and importance.
24 4 (Sect. 55.) an vero, or can it be true that, etc. In this use of
an, the first question is omitted, and the second is often a reductio ad ab-
surdum, as here. The full thought is, " Do you not agree ivith tne, or can
it really (vero) be ? " etc. (See § 21 1, ^ ( ); B. 162, 4, « ; G. 457, i ;
H. 353, N.^ (380, 3); H. & B. .) — agi, is their object (aliquid agere
is to aim at so7nethi7ig).
24 5 ut . . . tollantur, that . . . be got rid of, in one way or another.
24 6 in vestro iureiurando, i.e. in the severity which your oath might
seem to bind you to exercise. — periculo, the case (often used with refer-
ence to defendants).
24 7 ad quem pertineat, i.e. on whom the suspicion rests.
24 8 sectorem . . . accusatorem, i.e. T. Roscius Magnus, rt'/^jwr*? /?<;--
chaser, enemy, cut-throat, and accuser.
24 12 (Sect. 56.) obstare, stands against (cf. sect. 20, above).
24 18 suscipere noluit : the law by which the proscriptions were insti-
tuted was passed by the people directly, without the action of the Senate.
24 19 more maiorum, i.e. that every capital judgment was subject to
an appeal to the people in the comitia centuriata.
24 20 publico consilio, i.e. by their official action.
24 21 eonim, refers back to eos, 1. 18, above.
24 22 reicitis, etc., pres. for fut. : § 276, ^r ( ) ; G. 228; H. 467, 5
(533,2); H.&B.
24 26 (Sect. 57.) quibus : the antecedent is eis (1. 27).
24 28 quin intellegat : %Z\%d{ ); B. 284, 3 ; G. 556; H. 504, i
(595); H.&B.
25 1 pati nolite, do not suffer : § 269, a ( ) ; B. 276, c ; G. 271, 2 ;
H. 489, I (561, I); H.&B.
25 3 hominibus, etc., has taken from the gentlest of men the sense of
mercy, through familiarity with distress (lit. in plur.). For the dative, see
§ 229 ( ) ; B. 180, 2, /; G. 345 and R.i; H. 386 (429) ; H. & B.
IMPEACHMENT OF VERRES
argument
Chap. i. The jurors are congratulated on the opportunity of restor-
ing the good name of the senatorial courts by convicting Verres. — 2, 3.
Attempts of Verres to avoid the trial : placing all his hope in bribery, he is
Impeachment of Verves 235
intriguing for the postponement of the case. — 4, 5. His crimes in admin-
istration, of pillage, extortion, and cruelty, are flagrant and notorious. — 6.
Hence bribery is his only resource : his attempt to contract in advance for
acquittal. — 7, 8. His hopes in the election of Hortensius as consul and
Metellus as praetor for the following year. — 9, 10. Cicero's anxiety. The
great effort to have the case tried before Metellus, which was to be effected
by delaying the trial till after the holidays. — 11. Cicero proposes to dis-
play his case at once, without argument, and so prevent its being laid
over. — 12, 13. The domination of Hortensius is dangerous to the state
and must be met by proofs of corruption in the senatorial courts. — 14, 15.
The acquittal of Verres will be subversive of the whole judicial system : the
jurors are urged to vindicate the courts by convicting him. — 16. All
Rome is on the watch : the court itself is on trial : acquittal can have but
one meaning. — 17. Glabrio is urged to stand firm. — 18. The Sicilians
must not be baffled. Cicero, by despatch, will prevent the case from going
over to the next year: he will introduce his witnesses at once, without
previous argument. Brief statement of the charges, including the plunder
of 4,000,000 sesterces from the Sicilians.
With the trial of Verres the student may compare the impeachment of
Warren Hastings in the eighteenth century, probably the most famous
modern instance of the arraignment of a provincial governor for alleged
misgovernment, extortion, and cruelty. The prosecution in this case (and
in particular Burke) seem to have modelled their speeches on the Verrine
orations of Cicero, and many parallels may easily be discovered. A few
of these are quoted in these notes. That the similarity of the two situa-
tions was clearly felt at the time may be seen from Lord Erskine's Defence
of Stockdale (Dec, 1789) on a charge connected with the impeachment of
Hastings : " When Cicero impeached Verres before the great tribunal of
Rome, of similar cruelties and depredations in her provinces, the Roman
people were not left to such inquiries. All Sicily surrounded the Forum,
demanding justice upon her plunderer and spoiler, with tears and impreca-
tions. It was not by the eloquence of the orator, but by the cries and
tears of the miserable, that Cicero prevailed in that illustrious case. Verres
fled from the oaths of his accusers and their witnesses, and not from the
voice of Tully."
Chap. I. The trial of Verres gives the senatorial order an
opportunity to redeem the reputation of the courts.
Verres had no defence, but had expected to escape by bribing the jury
in case he should be prosecuted. His guilt was notorious, so that the
236 Notes
chief question now to be determined was that of the integrity of the jury.
Cicero accordingly makes this the main point of the present oration : it is
the court, he insists, that is on trial rather than Verres.
Page 28. Line 1. (Sect, i.) erat optandum, what was chiefly to be
wished: not implying a protasis contrary to fact. See § 311, c ( );
B. 304, 3; G. 254, R.i; H. 511, i,N.3(583); H. & B. . — quod . . .
pertinebat, the one tiling zvhich most tended (or, zvas of chief itjiportance^.
28 2 invidiam infamiamque. odium and ill repute, from the partisan
use of the courts by the Senators. — vestri ordinis, i.e. the senatorial
order. The word ordo signified, loosely, any recognized body of citizens
— as freedmen, publicans, clerks; but it was more especially used of the
two powerful classes of the Roman aristocracy, the Senatorial and the
Equestrian, which struggled with each other for power during the last
century of the Republic. The Senators, from whom the jurors were at
this time taken (see note on Rose. Am., p. 2, 1. i), formed a limited (300
to 600) order of nobility which virtually controlled the government. The
equites constituted a moneyed aristocracy. Naturally these two orders had
opposing interests, as the Senators were excluded from trade and the
equites practically from political power. Their antagonism showed itself
more especially in the matter of the provinces, which the Senators wished
to oppress by official plunder and the equites by commercial extortion.
28 4 summo . . . tempore, fuost critical time (more lit. extreme
crisis) : the year of the consulship of Pompey and Crassus (B.C. 70).
28 5 inveteravit (emphatic position), there has come to be deeply
rooted {ohser Ye that the figure is quite different in the Latin). — opinio,
notion or idea (not so strong as our opinion, which would be sententia).
28 7 exteras nationes : the reference is, of course, to the peoples
subject to Rome, who were aggrieved by the rapacity of the provincial
governors.
28 8 his iudiciis : in consequence of the situation described above
(note on ordinis, 1. 2), it became all important for one class or the other
to control the courts, before which any misdoings of either party were
likely to come for trial. For years these two orders had struggled for
such control. At this particular time the courts were in the hands of the
Senators, who were bound together by a common cause to shield any one
of their number who might be charged with misconduct as a provincial
governor.
29 2 neminem (more emphatic than nullum) : translate, never.
29 3 (Sect, 2,) cum (causal) sint, when men are ready. — contionibus
et legibus, harangues and bills (proposed laws). The proposition of a
InipeacJiment of Verves 237
law which took the exchisive control of the courts from the Senators was
even now pending, and the law (^lex Atirelia) was passed before the case
of Verres was decided.
29 5 conentur, purpose clause.
29 7 magnitudine, abl. of means ; spe, abl. of specification.
29 9 actor, complainant, i.e. agent or attorney for conducting the suit
in personal processes {in personam).
29 11 adduxi enim hominem, etc. : cf. Burke, Impeachment of
Warren Hastings : " We have brought before your Lordships the first
man in property and power ; we have brought before you the head, the
chief, the captain-general in iniquity, — one in whom all the frauds, all
the peculations, all the tyranny in India are embodied, disciplined, and
arrayed. Then, if we have brought before you such a person, if you
strike at him, you will not have need of a great many more examples, ■ —
you strike at the whole corps if you strike at tlie head." — in quo, in
whose case. — reconciliare, etc., zcin back the lost repute.
29 13 possetis, purpose. — depeculatorem, etc.: for a more complete
statement of these charges, see chs. iv., v.
29 14 iuris urbani, i.e. -ba praetor nrbanus (see sect. 12).
29 16 (Sect. 3.) vos, opposed to ego, below. — religiose, according to
your oath.
29 18 religionem veritatemque : \\tx<i, feeling of obligation and regard
for the truth. Notice that the Latin, having a comi)aratively poor vocab-
ulary, is obliged to used one word for all the phases or sides of an idea ;
hence such a word as Veritas may mean truth (abstractly), a truth (con-
cretely), the truth (generally), regard for truth, or truthjul condtict.
29 19 iudicium, etc., i.e. the court will be found wanting, — not a
suitable defendant or a zealous prosecutor.
29 21 equidem, i.e. for my own part.
29 22 quas partim, some of which.
29 23 devitarim. subj. as a part of the concession contained in cum
. . . sint: § 342 ( ); B. 324, i ; G. 663, i ; H. 529, ii (652); H. &
B.
Chaps. II, III. Verres had already relied on bribing the courts.
His vain attempt to delay his trial by the trumped-up Achaian case.
His present effort to procure a postponement by corrupt means.
29 24 neque . . . neque, following numquam, does not destroy the
negative, but is more emphatic than aut . . . aut.
29 29 (Sect. 4.) istius: see note on Rose. Am., p. 4, 1. 16.
238 Notes
29 30 Glabrioni : the praetor presiding.
29 31 ordini . . . senatorio, the senatorial order, nay, the very name
of Senator.
29 32 dictitat, constantly repeats : § 167, /^ ( ); B. 155, 2, a\
G. 191, I ; n. 336 (364); H. & B. , . — esse metuendum: for erat
met. in dir. disc; § 336 A, n.^ ( ) ; H. & B. , hence fol-
lowed by the secondary sequence, i.e. those would have to fear (if the case
were theirs), but he, etc. — quod, i.e. only what.
30 1 multis, i.e. not only for himself but also for his counsel and for
those whom he may wish to bribe, — in particular, the jurors (see sect. 40).
30 3 pecunia belongs to both clauses, as is shown by their parallelism.
— possit: for tense, see § 287, c (^ ) ; B. 268, 7; G. 513; H. 495,
vi(55o); H. &B.
30 4 (Sect. 5.) esset: imperf. subj. in protasis of a continued condi-
tion lasting till now ; § 308, « ( ) ; B. 304, 2 ; G. 597, R.^ ; H. 510,
N.'^ (579, I) ; H. &B.
30 6 fefellisset, he 'would have eluded us. — cadit : pres. tense, of an
action lasting till now ; § 276, « ( ) ; B. 259, 4; G. 230; H. 467, 2
(533);H.&B.
30 9 corrumpendi iudici. of bribing the court (cf. our phrase "bribery
and corruption ").
30 11 factus sit : for sequence, see § 287, <r, n. ( ) ; B. 268, 6 ;
G. 513; H. 495, vi (550); H. & B. ; notice that the perf. would
necessarily be used in the dir. disc, with cum primum.
30 13 tempus . . . offenderet, he hit an unfavorable time ; because
popular sentiment was already so exasperated in regard to the corruption
of the courts.
30 14 (Sect. 6.) in Siciliam inquirendi, \.q. for going into Sicily to
make an investigation (hence the ace).
30 15 invenit qui, he found some one zvho.
30 16 in Achaiam, sc. inquirendi: on this trumped-up case, which
was intended to have the precedence of the trial of Verres, see Introd. to
this Oration (p. 27). — ut . . . conficeret, purp. clause dependent on
invenit.
30 19 Brundisium, Brindisi, the port whence the greater part of
Italian travel, now as then, embarks for the East.
30 20 obii, went throughout. — populorum, communities : the word
populus, meaning originally nmltitude, is a semi-abstract noun often used
to denote the community in its official capacity. Our use of the word
people in some later meanings frequently produces confusion in the minds
hnpeachment of Verves 239
of beginners. The political system of the ancients was composed of an
indefinite number of petty communities, all possessing a certain degree of
independence. Hence the plur. is used here to indicate several such
communities.
30 21 ut . . . posset (clause of result), imperf. by seq. of tenses:
translate, however, can.
30 23 qui . . . obsideret (purpose), to block my chance (of bringing
Verres to trial).
30 25 (Sect. 7.) nunc : i.e. now that his former scheme has failed.
30 26 hoc, this 7iew idea. What the idea is is detailed in sects. 7, 8 :
viz. the reasons for desiring a postponement together with grounds for
hoping for it.
30 30 civis, citizens, i.e. Romans travelling or doing business in the
provinces, or provincials who had received the citizenship.
30 31 socios, allies : citizens of communities which, although embraced
within the boundaries of Roman provinces, had, for special reasons, been
allowed to retain a nominal independence, with their own laws and
magistrates.
31 2 auctoritatibus, documents, i.e. official testimony (" resolutions,"
etc.) relating to the acts of Verres.
31 3 (Sect. 8.) bonis, good citizens : here, as generally in Cicero, used
in a partisan sense for the aristocracy.
31 6 experiatur : this violates the sequence of tenses in order to make
the meaning clear ; the imperf. would refer to the time of getting the
money, not to the present moment ; cf. § 287, h, N. ( ) ; B. 268, 7 ;
G. § 509, I, N. ; H. & B.
31 7 fuerit: the subj. shows that this is the thought of Verres, and not
merely something thrown in by Cicero. — tempus : the present scheme of
the defence is by corrupt means to stave off the trial to a more advantageous
time (see chs. vi-viii).
31 8 posset : imperf. to express his purpose at the time of the pur-
chase.
31 9 criminum vim, the force of the charges. — poterat : indie, the
reason being Cicero's. (The whole passage is an instructive example of
the freedom of a living language from its own trammels. Rules are made
for language, not language for rules.)
31 12 (Sect. 9.) eloquentia, gratia : even mere rhetorical skill or
personal influence would be, to a criminal who had no case (causa),
a respectable (honesto) means of escape compared with these attempts
at corruption.
240 Notes
31 13 profecto, / am sure.
31 14 aucuparetur, he fishing for (lit. set nets for birds').
31 15 ut . . . fieret, as to have some one chosen to be put on trial ; the
Senate itself was insulted by the selection of one of its nriembers to be set
up as a man of straw, that Verres might get clear. The reference is to
the trumped-up case with regard to abuses in Achaia (see sect. 6).
31 16 hie. i.e. Verres.
31 17 causam diceret, stand trial.
31 17 (Sect. 10.) quibus rebus, from this (abl. of means with per-
spicio).
31 20 ZQVi&Wxo, panel, i.e. the body of jurors (cf. Rose. Am., p. 24, 1. 2).
An obvious, and apparently a deserved, compliment. Whatever the gen-
eral character of the courts, Cicero had in this instance secured a jury on
whom he could rely.
31 21 in reiectione iudicavit, decided at the challenging (" throwing
out") of the jury : i.e. on seeing the kind of men challenged by the two
sides respectively.
31 22 ut . . . constitueret . . . arbitraretur : subst. clauses of result
(justitied by the introductory ea) instead of the more regular ace. and inf.
ofind. disc; § 332,/( ); G. 557, R. and X.^ ; H. cf. 501, iii (571, 4) ;
H. & B.
Chaps. IV, V. Crimes of Verres from his youth up. His quaes-
torships. His city-prsetorship. His career in Sicily. His guilt is
notorious.
31 25 etenim, introducing the reason of nullam sibi rem, etc., above.
31 29 (Sect, ii.) adulescentiae, i.e. before he entered public life.
31 30 quaestura, quastorship, the first grade of political honor.
32 1 Carbonem : Carbo was the leader of the Marian faction after the
death of Marius and Cinna. He was consul B.C. 82, the year of Sulla's
return and victory. Verres was his qusestor {o'c paymaster), and went over
to the enemy with the money-chest when he saw which side was likely to
prevail. . ,
32 3 necessitudinem religionemque : the qusestor was originally nom-
inated specially by the consul ; and the peculiarly close and sacred relation
(necessitudo) existing between them was known zs, pietas, — a sentiment
akin to filial affection. The designation by lot {sors) was also held to be a
token of divine will, and therefore sacred (religio). In betraying his con-
sul, then, Verres was guilty of more than an ordinary breach of trust, — he
committed an act of impiety.
Impeachment of Verves 241
32 4 legatio : Verres was in B.C. 80-79 legatiis and acting quaestor
(pro quaestore) of Dolabella, whose province was Cilicia. The extortions
of the two were practised in the adjoining regions of PamphyHa, Pisidia,
and parts of Asia (i.e. of the Roman province of Asia, the old kingdom of
Pergamus, embracing the western part of Asia Minor); totius is a rhetori-
cal exaggeration.
32 7 scelus . . . quaestorium : Verres treated Dolabella much as he
had treated Carbo. Neither of these infamous commanders deserved
better treatment ; but this does not excuse the perfidy of Verres.
32 9 pro quaestore, acting qucestor: when there was a vacancy in a
provincial quaestorship, the commander might appoint any person to per-
form the duties of the office.
32 10 adduxit : Dolabella, in addition to the odium of his own crimes,
had to bear the infamy of the outrageous acts of Verres ; and after all
Verres saved himself by turning against him (oppugnavit) and appearing
as a witness in his trial for extortion.
32 12 (Sect. 12.) aedium, etc The public buildings were regularly
under the charge of the sedile, not of the praetor ; the cases referred to
here were certain flagrant instances of corruption and extortion arising out
of contracts for public buildings, in which the praetor had it exceptionally
in his power to interfere for his own advantage.
32 13 in iure dicundo : ius dicere ( iurisdictio) declaring the law was
the primary function of the prretor. bonorum addictio is the adjudging
of property to a claimant ; COndonatio (grant) is the act of giving it up
to a defendant : no matter which way the decision of Verres went in a
case, his action was sure to be unlawful and for his own corrupt ends.
32 14 instituta, precedents. The edicts of the praetors made up a body
of common law, not absolutely binding, however, on their successors.
32 15 iam vero, but finally, introducing the climax of the list of crimes.
32 18 possit: for tense, see § 287, c { ) ; B. 268, 7; G. 513 ;
H. 495» vi (550) ; H. & B.
32 21 (Sect. 13.) communia iura, the same as ius gentium, those
laws common to all mankind (see note on ius gentium, Rose. Am., p. 21,
1. 3). The terms leges, senatus-consulta, iura include the three sources of
provincial law. — tantum, [only] so much.
32 23 imprudentiam subterfugit, escaped his vigilance (lit. zvant of
vigilance).
32 25 res, case.
32 26 Its, property.
32 27 ab eo, away from him, i.e. the possessor.
242 Notes
32 28 aratorum, cultivators (whether tenants or proprietors), who paid
tithes {jLieciimae) to the state.
32 29 socii: see note on p. 30, 1. 31.
32 30 cruciati et necati: a Roman citizen could not legally receive
any punishment touching life or limb, excep. by judgment of his peers in
Rome. Thus, Jesus was crucified by the Roman governor Pilate under
the ordinary provincial law applying to Jews ; while Paul, a Roman citizen
of the free city Tarsus, appealed to Caesar, and was sent to Rome for trial.
(See extract from Verr. vi, pp. 59-65 : " Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen.")
32 32 rei facti, accused {j^\ from reus). The details of these charges
are given in the five orations of the Accusatio ; it would require too much
space to repeat them here.
33 1 eiecti, expelled from the country.
33 4 optimae, best in themselves ; opportunissimae, most valuable
under the circumstances.
33 6 (Seci'. 14.) regum: the famous kings of Syracuse, — Hiero,
Agathocles, etc.
33 8 imperatorum : Marcellus, who conquered Syracuse, and Scipio
Africanus the elder, who had Sicily as his province and crossed over from
there for the conquest of Carthage.
33 12 deum, i.e. statue of a god (see pp. 55, 56).
33 14 videretur : suhj. of characteristic.
33 15 commemorare : complem. infin. for subj. with ne or quominus ;
§ 271, a { ) ; B. 295, 3 and N. ; G. 548, N.2 ; H. 505, ii ; H. & B.
000.
33 19 (Sect. 15.) at enim (a supposed objection), but, you may say.
33 21 quin . . . possit: § 319^2' ( ) ; B. 284, 3; G. 556;
H. 504, 1 (595. 0 ; H. & B.
33 22 ut . . . timendum sit : clause of result.
33 24 multitudo: including a large number of Sicilians, present at
Rome for the purpose of prosecuting Verres, and of course personally
cognizant of his crimes.
Chaps. VI, VII. Verres attempted to buy up the court in advance,
but, on the selection of the present jury, lost heart (sects. 16, 17).
The election of Hortensius to the consulship gave him fresh courage
(sect. 17). A significant incident on election day (sects. 18-20).
Cicero here returns to the subject of bribery. He has already asserted
(sects. 3-10) that this had always been the sole hope of Verres; he has
pointed out that Verres need not expect to corrupt the present tribunal
Impeachment of Verves 243
(sect. 10), and that his guilt is so enormous and so notorious that no
honest jury could fail to convict him (sects. 10-14). He now goes on to
show that in endeavoring to postpone the trial Verres is, as heretofore
trying to defeat justice by corrupt means. In establishing this point, the
orator reviews the several schemes of bribery, thus leading up to the mat-
ter immediately before the court and bringing out the fact that it is like the
devices that had preceded it.
33 28 eloquentiam, etc.: see note on p. 31, 1. 12.
33 30 potentia, control of the courts : a stronger word than gratia
("personal influence") or auctoritate ("official influence") and indicat-
ing a kind of domination over the courts. — simulat, proponit: notice
the emphatic position of these verbs, as opposed to what Verres is really
doing.
33 31 proponit, ///A forward {\.e. as his backers). — inania, idle: i.e.
mere names, because Verres does not really rely upon these men, but upon
a scheme which Cicero details in the following sections.
34 3 noti, notorious. — simulat : cf. note on simulat, 1. 30, above.
34 8 (Sect. 16.) redemptio: a contract with another party for buying
up the court.
34 9 mansit . . . pacto, held on to the terms of the bargain (hendi-
adys) : until the jury was actually made up, the bargain could not be
absolutely concluded ; when the character of the jury was known, the
contract was annulled.
34 10 reiectio : after Cicero's careful challenging, the lot had fortunately
given a trustworthy jury.
34 13 istorum, i.e. the partisans of Verres.
34 14 (Sect. 17.) praeclare, admirably zvell for the cause of justice,
— libelli, lists.
34 16 color : a covert allusion to a former case, in which Hortensius
had been counsel, and in which colored ballots were given to the bribed
jurors in order to make sure that they voted as they had agreed (see
sect. 40). — sententiis : this is the word regularly used for a formal and
official expression of opinion in the Senate {vote) or in a court of justice
{verdict).
34 17 cum, wheretipon (inversion) : § 325, b { ) ; B. 288, 2 ; G.
581 ; H. 521, ii, I (600, i, i) ; H. & B. . — ex alacri,/;-^;;/ heijig, etc.;
cf. the Latinism in Milton, Par. Lost, ix. 563 : " How cam'st thou speak-
able of mute ? "
34 20 his diebus paucis, a few days ago : the consular and other elec-
tions were held this year, as usual, toward the end of July.
244
Notes
34 22 famae, fortunis, dat. after insidiae comparantur. — per eosdem
homines, i.e. the same professional bribers (the redemptor,^X.c., referred to
in sect. i6).
34 25 aperto, etc., when the door to suspicion had once been opened.
34 27 (Sect. i8.) nam : introducing Cicero's account of the significant
incident referred to above in the words pertenui argumento (1. 24).
34 28 reducebatur : the successful candidate was escorted home by his
friends after the election. — Campo : see note on p. 104, 1. 7.
34 29 Curio : C. Scribonius Curio, one of the leaders of the aristocratic
* j,j(j ^ party, was always a good friend of
Cicero's. Curio, like Hortensius and
Metellus, was a man of excellent
reputation. His support of Verres
was due to political and social ties.
34 30 honoris causa : see note
un Rose. Am., p. 3, 1. 28. The
words in brackets are probably
not genuine.
35 2 tamen, i.e. in spite of
Curio's open way of speaking.
35 4 ratio, consider atioji.
35 5 (Sect, 19.) videt, etc.:
observe the hist, pres., marking a
change to lively narrative. — forni-
cem Fabianum, the Fabian Arch,
erected B.C. 109 by Q. Fabius
^Nlaximus Allobrogicus, — one of
the earliest triumphal arches in Rome. It stood at the southern end of
the Forum, and served as an entrance to it. Fig. 3 (Arch of Gallienus)
shows the situation of such structures with respect to streets.
35 12 defertur signifies a formal announcement by some one person ;
narrabat means told, casually, as a piece of news. The use of tenses in
viderat . . , narrabat is like that in the general condition in past time :
§ 309, c{ ) ; B. cf. 302, 3 ; G. 594, N.i ; H. & B.
35 14 criminum ratione, the nature of the charges.
35 15 positam, resting on.
35 16 altius, deeper.
35 18 (Sect. 20.) ratiocinabantur, reasoned (the imperf. describing
a state of mind, and one existing in different persons).
35 20 ipse, etc. : cL sect. 17, 11. 17-19.
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Impeachment of Verves 245
35 22 qvLOdi, the facUhai.
35 23 negotiatores, Roman citizens doing business in Sicily. — omnes
. . . litterae, all kinds of, etc. — publicae, official, from cities of Sicily (as
auctoritates, above).
35 26 existimationem, opinion, i.e. their estimate of the character of
Verres.
35 27 unius, i.e. Hortensius. — moderatione, control. — vertentur, are
to ttirn on.
Chaps. VIII-IX (sect. 25). Metellus is chosen (by lot) to pre-
side over the Court of Extortion for the next year. Joy of Verres.
His attempts to defeat by bribery Cicero's election to the sedileship
revealed to Cicero. Cicero made anxious, but finally elected.
35 30 quidem (concessive), // is /rue : this criminal may be rescued,
but such a thing will not be alloM'ed to happen again; the judicial power
will be given into other hands (i.e., those of the eqiiiles) ; cf. de trans-
ferendis iudiciis, below. — nos, i.e. we Senators.
36 1 (Sect. 21.) hominis amplissimi, i.e. Curio : the congratula-
tions of so honored a man showed the expected effect of the election on
this trial.
36 2 nova, strange (surprising). — dissimulare, to conceal the fad that,
etc.
36 5 sortirentur, were drawing their lots: the particular posts or
duties of coordinate magistrates (like the several prretors) were assigned
by lot. — Metello : a brother of Q. Metellus Creticus, consul elect, and of
L. Metellus, praetor in Sicily. — obtigisset, had fallen to (the regular word
for this kind of assignment). — ut . . . quaereret, to have charge of the
Court of Extortion: subst. clause of result; § 332, c?, 2 ( ) ; B.
297, 2 ; G. 553, 3 ; H. 501, i, I (571, I) ; H. & B.
36 (i de pecuniis repetundis, of extortion (lit. concerning demanding
back the [extorted] property').
36 7 factam, offered. — pueros, slaves.
36 9 (Sect. 22.) sa.ne, yott may he sure. — ne haec quidem, etc., this
incident did not please me either. — neque . . . intellegebam, i.e. his
confidence in the integrity of Metellus was so great that he did not even
yet see through the tricks of the defence.
36 10 tanto opere, so very well (with intellegebam).
36 12 reperiebam : the imperf. denotes a succession of items of infor-
mation.
36 13 senatore, etc. : the Senator, a man of the same class as Verres,
246 Notes
put the money to be used in the elections and trial into the hands of an
eques, one of the class that had the management of all such financial opera-
tions. He retained, however, say (quasi) ten baskets, to be used directly
to defeat Cicero's election as aedile,
36 15 nomine, on account of. — divisores, managers. The money to
be used at elections was put into the hands of seqtustres (election agents),
who themselves made use of divisores to approach the voters personally.
( )n this occasion, the exigency was so great that Verres (istum) sum-
moned the divisores to his own house, without the mediation oi sequestres.
36 16 (Sect. 23.) omnia debere, was bound to do anything for me.
36 20 proximis, the last.
36 23 negasse audere, said they did not dare.
36 24 fortem, stanch (ironical), in allusion to audere (1. 23).
36 25 Romilia, without tribu expressed, — the regular way of giving
the name of a man's tribe. — ex optima disciplina, from the best school
(ironical), i.e. that of Verres' father.
36 2G HS : the defeat of Cicero would, therefore, cost nearly
$25,000; see §§ 377-380 ( ) ; G. 493; H. 647 (757, 2); H. &
B.
36 28 se una facturos esse, that they %vould act with him.
37 1 (Sect. 24.) A lively description of the embarrassment in which
Cicero was placed at the end of July by the election and the trial, both
coming on together.
37 2 in his ipsis, in that too (as well as the trial).
37 4 agere . . . deterrebar, from doing freely what, etc., / was de-
terred by, etc. : § 331, ^, 2 ( ) ; B. 295, N. ; G. 423, 2, N.2 ; H. 505, ii
(596,2); H.&B.
37 5 petitioni, canvass.
37 7 ratio, good policy.
37 9 (Sect. 25.) denuntiatum esse, that a message was sent. This
compound implies a peremptory and threatening message.
37 10 primum corresponds to arcessit alter, etc., p. 38, 1. 4, below. —
utvenirent: subj. of purpose, since denuntiatum est expresses a command;
§ 332, h{ ); B. cf. 295, i; G. 546, N.i; H. 540, iii (564); H. & B.
000.
37 11 sane liberos, pretty independent, i.e. in refusing to come. If he
had been consul, instead of merely consul elect, they would have had to come.
37 12 venisse : the subj. ace. is eos, the implied antecedent of qui.
37 13 ceterorum, i.e. those for consuls and praetors, which had lately
been held.
Impeachment of Verres 247
37 14 cursare (historical infinitive), ran hither and thither.
37 15 paternos amicos : see p. 36, 1. 26.
37 16 appellare et convenire, accosted and conferred with.
37 18 cuius : the antecedent is eiusdem (1. 19). — de fide, i.e. his good
faith to the Sicilians: probably a hint that Cicero himself had been ap-
proached with a bribe.
Sects. 26-31. Cicero learns of the efforts made to have the trial
postponed to the next year in order that it might be brought before
Metellus. The Sicilians are threatened by one of the consuls elect
(Q. Metellus Creticus) (sects. 26-28). By that time not only would
there be a favorably disposed presiding judge, but most of the jury
would have been changed. It seemed easy to get the trial put ofiF,
for many holidays intervened (sects. 29-31).
37 26 (Sect. 26.) eo, in this course, i.e. postponing the trial. — esse:
ind. disc.
37 27 The asterisk marks a defect in the text.
37 29 praerogativam, an earnest. In the comitia centuriata, it was
determined by lot which century should first cast its vote. The vote of
this century, z2\\^di praerogativa (prae-rogo), was superstitiously regarded
as an omen or earnest of the result which it was likely to decide. Hence
the word is here used of the effective support given to Metellus at the
polls by Verres. The praerogativa which Q. Metellus gave to Verres,
in return for the praerogativae of the comitia, is described in the next
section.
38 3 (Sect. 27.) z\x\Q^diVS\, for anything.
38 4 alter consul designatus : Q. Csecilius Metellus Creticus (see
sect. 21). The three brothers, fast friends of Verres, were so situated as to
promise the greatest help the next year, when Quintus would be consul,
and Marcus praetor, presiding over the court of Repetundae, while Lucius
was already pro-prgetor in Sicily. Some of the Sicilians, therefore, obeyed
the summons of Metellus, although they had disregarded that of Horten-
sius (sect. 25). The object of Metellus was to induce the Sicilians to
withdraw the suit, or at any rate to refrain from appearing as witnesses.
38 7 quaesiturum (technical term), was to preside over the court.
38 13 (Sect. 28.) quid faceres : apodosis of cont. to fact construc-
tion, with protasis implied in innocente.
38 15 alienissimum, no kin zvhatever of yours.
38 16 dictitat, says incessantly (see next section). — alicui depends
upon videatur.
248 Notes
38 17 ignoret, subj. of characteristic.
38 18 (Sect. 29.) fato, ut ceteros, etc. : the Metelli seemed born to
hold office. Cicero here alludes to a verse written by the poet Nasvius, a
hundred and fifty years before: "Fato Metelli Romae fiunt consules."
38 22 populi existimationi, reputation with the people. — M'. Gla-
brionem : observe the skill with which this compliment to the praetor
before whom Cicero is now arguing the case, and the following compli-
ments to the iudices, are put into the mouth of Verres.
38 23 illud : referring to what follows. Cicero makes Verres point
out the changes in the jury which must follow from changes in the gov-
ernment that is to come in with the new year.
38 24 conlega : both Caesonius and Cicero were aediles designati.
38 25 expediat: fut. apodosis with conemur as its protasis, but hardly
to be distinguished from subj. of characteristic (cf. § 319, headnote).
38 27 luniano consilio : referring to a case four years before, in which
wholesale bribery had been proved, so that the presiding praetor, Junius,
as well as almost the entire consilium (body of jurors), had been stamped
with infamy. Csesonius, a member of the jury, had been proof against
corruption, and had disclosed the whole affair (in medium protulit).
38 29 hunc iudicem, hii7i as juryman. — ex Kal. Ian. : after the New
Year; for at that time he would be excluded from the panel by his aedile-
ship.
38 32 (Sect. 30.) P. Sulpicius : he had probably just been elected
quaestor.
39 1 Non. Dec. (Dec. 5) : on this day the new quaestors entered on
their office.
39 3 L. Cassius : the family characteristic here stated was proverbial
( Cassiani indices') .
39 6 tribuni militares : at this time legion-commanders. — non iudi-
cabunt, will not serve as jicrors.
39 7 subsortiemur, i.e. we shall draw another /c yf////z>/Az(:^. This is
the regular use of sub in similar compounds : as suffectus, subrogatus, etc.
39 9 prope toto : the jury, therefore, apparently consisted of about
twelve or fifteen.
39 13 (Sect. 31.) Nonae, etc.: it was, therefore, about 3 p.m. of the
5th of August.
39 15 votivos : these games were in celebration of Pompey's victory
over the Marian party in Spain (B.C. 72). — The votive games would
occupy from Aug. 16 to Sept. i (August had at this time only 29 days);
on Sept. 4 began the Ludi Romani, continuing till the 19th. The inter-
Impeac/n/icnt of Verves
249
vening days (Sept. 2, 3) were of no account for the trial, so that it could
not be resumed before Sept. 20, a suspension of 34 days {prope quad-
ragijita). The Ltidi Victoriae (established by Sulla in honor of his vic-
tory) would continue from Oct. 27 to Xov. I, and the Ludi Flebeii from
Nov. 4 to Nov. 17. All these Fig.
games were sacred festivals, dur-
ing which business was sus-
pended : the time was occupied
with religious observances, ac-
companied by races and dramatic
entertainments.
39 18 turn denique, not till
then.
39 20 Victoriae : see Fig. 4
(from the Column of Trajan).
39 21 perpauci : for the
month of December was full of
festivals.
39 23 rem integram, i.e.
from the beginning. The zeal
of the prosecution would have
flagged, the public interest would
have cooled down, and the jury
w^ould be almost wholly new.
The case would therefore have to be talcen up Je jioio.
39 25 non retinuissem, i.e. I should have challenged him.
was now one of the jurors.
39 25 (Sect. 32.) nunc, opposed to si dif&sus essem, above.
39 26 eo, etc. (abl. abs.), zvith him as jtirymaii.
39 27 ixiXdXQ, on oath. The z«/(//V^i were sworn; the praetor was not.
IVIetellus might therefore be trusted to vote honestly as a juror, though
he might, when praetor, connive at the corruption of the jurymen. Cicero
ran less risk of offending Metellus by thus accusing him of extreme parti-
sanship than if he had accused him of perjury.
Metellus
Sects. 32-50. To prevent postponement. Cicero will push the trial,
dispensing with the usual long opening argument. He is forced to
this by the tactics of Hortensius (sects. 32, 33). Cicero will oppose
the arrogance of Hortensius and offers himself as the opponent of
any who shall hereafter attempt to bribe the courts. The illegal
250 Notes
domination of Hortensius is dangerous to justice. It must be met
by proofs of judicial corruption, which are abundant (sects. 34-39).
The acquittal of Verres will be subversive of the whole judicial
system (sects. 40-42). The jurors are urged to vindicate the courts
(sects. 43, 45). All Rome is on the watch, and bribery is sure to
be detected. Not Verres, but the senatorial courts are on trial
(sects. 46-50).
The skill of the argument in sects. 32-50 is remarkable. Cicero con-
trives, without directly asserting that Hortensius is guilty of judicial cor-
ruption, to suggest that he is in a measure responsible for its prevalence.
He declares his intention of devoting his sedileship to exposing such prac-
tices, and adds that he expects to be opposed by Hortensius. He calls
attention to several notorious cases of bribery which he means to use as
illustrations in pressing his reforms. Then, in a moment, he makes it
clear, by a sudden turn, that he has not been digressing, but simply accu-
mulating force for his main point : " How shall I feel," he asks suddenly
(sect. 40), "if I find this present case of Verres added to the long list of
instances of corruption? His guilt is clear: IT is the court that is
ON TRIAL ! " In this way what appears at the outset to be a personal
attack on the opposing counsel is made a most effective means for the
introduction of the central point of the whole oration.
39 31 legitime tempore : he had a right to use twenty days for devel-
oping the points of the prosecution.
40 1 capiam, i.e. by showing, in a long speech, how carefully he had
prepared his case.
40 4 ne elabatur, with periculum est, which takes the constr. of a
verb of fearing.
40 6 possit: see § 320, a ( ) ; B. 283, 2; G. 631, 2; H. 503, i
(591), H.&B.
40 7 (Sect, t^^.^ perpetua oratione, a continuous argument, before
bringing up the witnesses. This is what we possess in the five speeches of
the Accusatio, which, in the usual order of proceeding, would have been
delivered before bringing up the witnesses, but which were in fact never
spoken at all (see Introd. to the oration, page 28). — percipi, reaped : the
regular term for gathering crops.
40 8 potuit, ?night have been : § 308, e ( ) ; B. 304, 3, «; G. 597,
R.3; H. 511, i,N.3 (583); H. &B.
40 9 publicis: see note on p. 35, 1. 23. — tabulis, records ; auctori-
tatibus, documents.
40 10 res omnis : here, after stating his plan briefly, Cicero goes off
ImpeacJiment of Verves 251
into a seeming digression against Hortensius. In this he shows clearly
one of his principal motives in undertaking the prosecution, namely, to
overthrow the latter's excessive control of the courts. The attack is skil-
fully introduced. His sole reason, he says, for departing from the ordi-
nary course of procedure is that Hortensius does not wish to meet him in
fair legal fight. The sally against Hortensius, again, serves as a transition
to Cicero's final appeal to the sense of shame and the prudence of the court.
40 11 diluendis, explicandis : technical terms in argument (see
Vocab.).
40 14 ex tua natura : Hortensius, like M. Metellus, was personally an
amiable and honorable man, though pledged to a bad cause.
40 16 rationi, scheme, course, looking to the method ; consilio, plan of
action, looking to the end. Cicero contrasts them more than once.
40 17 (Sect. 34.) binos ludos, i.e. Pompey's games and the Roman.
40 18 comperendinem, close viy case (lit. adjourn ove?-). After the
testimony was all in, it was customary to adjourn over to the next day but
one (comperendinare), in order to give opportunity for a rehearing
(usually a brief one). When this stage had been reached, there was no
chance for further postponement. Cicero's determination to bring about
a comperendinatio before Pompey's games — i.e. within ten days — settled
the case in his favor; for, as has been shown, the only hope of the defence
lay in putting off the trial, Hortensius having absolutely nothing to say in
behalf of his chent's innocence.
40 19 necessarium, unavoidable (not a mere shrewd trick like that of
Hortensius).
40 23 id: refers forward to eos velle, etc. (1. 24). — amplum et prae-
clarum, an honor and distinctio)i (translating as nouns).
40 25 innocentiae (an almost technical term), purity of administration
in Sicily (see Introd. to the oration).
40 26 maius quiddam : what this was is explained in sect. 35.
40 28 (Sect. 35.) illud: refers to istum . . . vocari (1. 29).
40 31 potentia, domineering (i.e. his illegal control of the courts) ;
cupiditas (in a bad sense), unscrupulous eagerness (for gaining your case).
40 33 interponeretur : for fut. ind. of the dir. disc. — nunc: opposed
to the time of videbatur.
41 1 regnum iudicionim, lording it over the courts.
41 2 homines, i.e. the corrupt senatorial jurors.
41 4 inruere, etc., to be bent on making themselves hateful and offensive.
— hoc, i.e. to break down Hortensius's control, and the corruption of a few
Senators.
2 52 Notes
41 6 nervos aetatis : Cicero was now 36.
41 8 (vSect. 36.) ordo, i.e. the Senate. — paucorum, artfully put so as
not to offend the whole body.
41 12 loco: the Rostra (see Vocab., under rostrum).
41 13 secum agere : the technical expression for transacting business
in the cotnitia was agere ciini populo (or piebe). Cicero refers to the office
Fig t
of curule oedile, upon which he was to enter January I. One of the most
important functions of this magistrate was the administration of criminal
justice (de hominibus improbis) in cases where there had been an appeal
from the sentence of a court to the judgment of the public assembly.
41 14 munus, service. The word also means the public games, which
were given to the people by the ^diles especially; hence there is a kind
of pun here.
Impeachment of Verves 253
41 16 moneo, etc. : observe the climax. — deponere, deposit with the
sequestres (see note on p. 36, 1. 15).
41 17 accipere, take (money) ; recipere, undertake to do anything
(upon request or the like). — polliceri, offer.
41 18 interpretes, go-betweens : the divisores are probably meant.
41 19 potentiam : it is hardly accidental that this is the same word
used above (sect. 35, 1. 31) of the influence of Hortensius. In the next
section Cicero expressly asserts that he expects to meet with all possible
opposition from the latter.
41 22 (Sect. 37.) erit, ivill be (it is true) : notice the emphatic posi-
tion, opposing it to the clause with tamen (1. 24). — imperio et potestate,
military and civil power. Of the regular magistrates, all possessed potestas,
i.e. power in general (including military power) ; but only consuls and
pr?etors possessed the imperium, — i.e. sovereign power, as of a general in
the field, somewhat limited, however, in the city by special privileges of
Roman citizens.
41 28 commemorabuntur, shall be mentioned (by me). — certis rebus,
well-ascertained facts.
41 29 agentur, made ground of action. — inter decern annos, i.e. since
Sulla's Lex iudiciaria, transferring the courts to the senatorial order (see
note on Rose. Am., p. 2, 1. i).
42 1 (Sect. 38.) quinquaginta, i.e. from the law of Caius Gracchus,
B.C. 123, to that of Sulla, B.C. 80.
42 2 ne tenuissima quidem suspicio : one of the exaggerations of the
advocate. If the courts were really worse in B.C. 70 than they had been in
90, it was simply because the times were worse.
42 4 sublata, taken away. — populi Romani, etc., i.e. the ability of the
people to hold in check the senatorial order by means of the tribunician
power suspended by Sulla (see note on p. 43, 1. 32).
42 5 Q. Calidius : prsetor, B.C. 79 ; condemned for extortion in Spain.
It seems that Calidius, being condemned de repetiindis, with bitter irony
assailed the bribed jurors on account of the smallness of the bribe for
which he was condemned-, saying that it was not respectable (honestum)
to condemn an ex-praetor for so small a sum. The allusion shows that the
corruption was notorious and universal.
42 6 HS triciens : 3,000,000 sestertii = $1 '^0,000 (nearly); § 379
( ); G. p. 493 ; H. 647, iv, I (757); H. & B. . — praetorium :
an ex-magistrate kept the rank of the highest office he had held, — as
consularis, praetorius, aedilicius.
42 7 P. Septimio (Scaevola), condemned B.C. 72; the damages were
254 Notes
increased because of his connection with the odious consilium luniamim
(sect. 29). The amount extorted was estimated in a separate process (^litis
aestimatio), and in this case the money taken in bribery was included in
the reckoning.
42 14 (Sect. 39.) inventi sint represents an hist, perf., and hence takes
the secondary sequence (exirent) : see § 287, z ( ) ; B. cf. 268, 7, /; ;
G. 517, R.i; H. & B.
42 15 sortiente : the jurymen were drawn by lot by the presiding officer;
in the case mentioned there was collusion between Verres and the persons
drawn, so that the lot was a mere form. — qui . . . exirent (purp. clause),
to be drawn for [the case of] a defendant to condemn him 7uit/iout a hearing
(through a corrupt bargain between Verres and the packed jury).
42 19 (Sect. 40.) iam vero, and finally (introducing the climax of
all). — illam, i.e. the one described in the passage hoc factum esse, etc.
42 21 discoloribus signis : see note on color, p. 34, 1. 16, The case
referred to was one in which Hortensius was counsel.
42 23 acturum esse, will attend to (i.e. officially, as eedile : cf. the use
of agere, above).
42 24 (Chap, xiv.) In this chapter Cicero reaches the climax of his
accusations and insinuations against Hortensius, and at the same time
makes a clever transition to the case in hand (1. 28), having worked up
to his main point, which he proceeds to state with great force : that it is
not Verres that is on trial, but the court itself.
42 28 hominem, i.e. Hortensius. — cuius: obj. gen.
42 30 secum . . . agi, he was doing very well (see Vocab. under ago).
42 31 in rem suam, into his own pocket. — patronis : see note. Rose.
Am., sect. 4, p. 3, 1. 17.
43 3 (Sect. 41.) quod, at -which (with commoveri, 1. 6) : cf. § 238,
b{ ); cf. B. 176, 2 ; G. 2>Z1>, i ; H. 378, 2 (416, 2) ; H. & B.
43 4 apud Glabrionem, i.e. in the preliminary proceedings. — reici-
undis iudicibus (locat. abl.), at the time of challenging (making up the
jury).
43 6 toxQ Viil, that the result would be.
43 8 toUeretur, should be abolished (purp. clause with legatos mitte-
rent, which is equiv. to a verb of requesting).
43 14 victoriae, i.e. in the courts. They could endure it if a man
stole only enough to satisfy his own avarice (sibi ac liberis suis), but they
cannot afford to be robbed of enough besides to secure him an acquittal
by bribery, if guilty (nocentissimi victoriae). Cf. the similar argument in
Burke's Opening Speech on the Impeachment of Warren Hastings : " If,
Impeachment of Verves 255
from any appearance of chicane in the court, justice should fail, all men
will say, ' Better there were no courts at all.' "
43 20 (Sect. 42.) animo : abl. of means. — maiore . . . odio : abl. of
quality.
Sects. 43-50. Sudden and powerful appeal to the jurors to save the
senatorial courts from present infamy and threatened destruction.
43 24 (Sect. 43.) loco, /^/«/ (raised in his argument).
43 29 contemnimur : Cicero uses the first person to include himself as
a member of the Senate.
43 32 (Sect. 44.) tribuniciam potestatem: referring chiefly to the
power of the tribunes to try criminal cases before the comitia trihiUa ; this
power, greatly abridged by Sulla, had been restored by a law of Pompey
early in this year, B.C. 70.
43 33 verbo, in name ; re vera, in fact ; illam, the tribunician power
(because this was a check on the power of the Senators).
44 1 Catulum : Q. Lutatius Catulus was the best and most eminent
man of the aristocracy.
44 2 fugit, has escaped.
44 3 referente, consulting {the Senate'\ : the technical expression for
bringing a matter before the Senate for action.
44 4 rogatus : each Senator in turn was asked his opinion (senten-
tiam) by the consul, or other presiding officer ; cf. hos sententiam rogo.
Cat. i., sect. 9.
44 5 patres conscriptos: see note on Cat. i., sect. 9, p. 103, 1. 6.
44 8 fuisse desideraturos ("the regular way of expressing the cont. to
fact apodosis in indir. disc), would have missed ; § 337, b,2 { ) ; B.
321, A. 2 ; G. 656, N.-^ ; H. 527, iii (647) ; H. & B.
44 9 (Sect. 45.) contionem habuit, tnade a speech: contio means,
strictly, an assembly called for the purpose of listening to discussion
merely (so in I. 12, below). — ad urbem, i.e. in the Campus Martius, not in
the city. Pompey was elected in his absence, and while still clothed with
the military imperium ; he could not therefore enter the city to meet the
citizens, but called them to him outside the walls.
44 10 ubi, in which.
44 12 in 60, at that point (properly on that point').
44 16 suam by its emphatic position gives the force of the English,
what they desired.
44 20 (Sect. 46.) religione, regard for oath.
44 21 tribuniciam, i.e. the law referred to in the note on sect. 44. —
256 Notes
unum, one, it is true ; but since he was a man of no means at all (vel tenu-
issimum), his conviction was no proof of the integrity of the courts. The
present trial will afford the people the criterion they wish.
44 29 (Sect. 47.) nihil sit, etc., i.e. this is simply a case of guilt and
money: there are no political or other disturbing influences. To acquit
him, then, will be to admit that you were bribed.
44 31 gratia., pei'sonal popularity.
45 1 (Sect. 48.) agam, conduct.
45 2 res, facts. — manifestas : a technical word, denoting direct
proof, not circumstantial evidence.
45 3 a vobis . . . contendere, urge tipon you.
45 G eorum, i.e. of the defence.
45 8 (Sect. 49.) VOS : opposed to former juries, which have occa-
sioned the scandal.
45 9 huic ordini : dat. of agent ; § 232, a (^ ) ; B. 189, 2; G. 354 ;
H. 388, I (431); H. &B.
45 10 post haec, etc., i.e. since the reorganization of the courts by
Sulla (see note on Rose. Am., sect. i).
45 11 utimur, have. — splendore, personal distinction, from wealth and
exploits ; dignitate, dignity, from rank and office.
45 12 si . . . offensum, if there is any slip (a euphemism).
45 17 (Sect. 50.) opto, pray. Observe the adroit union of compli-
ment and threat in this passage, which at the same time forms the transi-
tion to the appeal to the praetor presiding.
Sects. 51, 52. Appeal to Glabrio, the presiding praetor, to prevent
bribery.
45 28 (Sect. 51.) is : referring to the Senate. — indicia : abl. of means.
45 30 qui sis, 7vhat sort of man you are.
46 1 reddere, pay back, — tac . . . veniat: § 33i> / R- ( ) ;
cf. B. 295, 8 ; G. 553, I (end) ; H. 499, 2 (565, 4) ; H. & B.
46 2 legis Aciliae : this (probably b.c. ioi) provided that there should
be neither ampliatio (further hearing) nor camper endinatio (see note on
sect. 34, p. 40, 1. i8) in cases of repetundae. All earlier laws were super-
seded by the Cornelian law of Sulla.
46 4 (Sect. 52.) summae auctoritates, i'/rf/z^t-^/ z«/??<t'«(:^.f, especially
family traditions, etc. To the Roman mind an auctor, in this sense, was
a pattern for imitation.
46 5 quae . . . non sinant: best regarded as a purpose clause; cf.
§ 320, N. ( ) ; H. & B.
Impeachment of Verves 257
46 11 ut ne quis, etc. : § 319, a, n. ( ) ; G. 545, R.^ ; H. 499, i ;
H.&B.
46 14 nocenti reo, etc., for the accused, if guilty, his great wealth has
had more weight to increase (lit. towards) the suspicion of guilt than {to
secure) a means of safety.
Sects, 53-56. Cicero states his plan for preventing delay. He
will introduce his witnesses at once, without preliminary argument.
Brief statement of the charges against Verres. End.
46 17 (Sect. 53.) mihi certum est, for my part (emph.) / atn
resolved. — non committere, not to allow (in the weak sense of letting it
occur by mistake or fault). — ut . . . mutetur, to be changed; § 332, e
( ) ; <^- 553. i; ^f"- H. 498, ii, N.'-^ (566, I); H. & B. .—
nobis (eth. dat.), our.
46 10 servi, etc.: Hortensius and Metellus (sects. 25, 27), while con-
suls elect, had sent for the Sicilians, but of course without any authority
to enforce their coming. Cicero suggests that, if the case is put off till
the next year, the summons may be repeated, this time by means of lictors.
Each consul was attended by twelve of these officers, who had the power
of arresting and coercing (see Manil. Law, note on sect. 32, p. 81, 1. 15).
46 20 novo exemplo, in an unheard-of manner.
46 23 ius suum, their [lost] rights.
46 24 eorum : this word suggests in a skilfully vague way that Verres,
the Metelli, and Hortensius are all in the same conspiracy, as it were,
to rob the Sicilians, Verres having used his imperium to carry out the
actual robbery, the others using theirs to protect him by intimidating the
victims,
46 27 (Sect. 54.) nobis responderi, i,e, the argument for the defence
to be made.
46 28 adducta sit: § 342 ( ) ; B. 324, i ; G. 663, i ; H. 529, ii
,(652) ; H. & B. ; if this were not dependent on responderi, it would
be fut. perf. ind.
46 30 comitiorum, ludorum: the trial came just between the elections
and Pompey's votive games (sect. 31).
46 31 censendi causa, on account of the census-taking {registration) .
At this time censors were in office, for the first time since Sulla's domina-
tion : they were holding a registration of property and voters, at which
citizens from all parts of Italy were obliged to report. The importance of
proceeding with the trial while Rome was thus filled with citizens and
provincials is obvious.
2 58 Notes
46 32 vestrum, nostram (;;z?;z^),and omnium (next page) are predi-
cate after esse (p. 47, 1. 2).
47 1 quid agatur (ind. quest.) depends on the verbal noun scientiam,
as the next clause does on memoriam.
47 2 omnium, i.e. not the inhabitants of Rome alone.
47 3 (Sect. 55.) principes: the two distinguished brothers, L. and
M. Lucullus.
47 5 ita testis constituam, etc. : this is the crimimim ratio (sect. 19,
1. 14). Cicero's plan appears to be so to arrange his witnesses that their
examination shall make the usual long introductory acaisatio unnecessary.
He will, he says, produce his witnesses in such an order and with such
introduction in each case as to bring out the crimen totum in the course of
these proceedings. When he has explained what he expects to prove in a
given instance, he will immediately bring forward the appropriate wit-
nesses, and so on till the whole case is in.
47 6 crimen totum, the impeachment as a whole; crimen (below), //^^
special charge of extortion (stated formally in the next section), the only
charge for which Verres was really on trial.
47 10 dantur, are offered. — in singulas res, to each point.
47 11 illis, the counsel for the defence.
47 13 altera actione, i.e. after the comperetidinatio : in this sense the
speeches of the Acciisatio are correctly called Actio Secjinda (see note
above). ---.
47 16 haec (referring forward to sect. 56), etc., ////^ is all the Accusatio
there will be in the first Action.
47 19 (Sect. 56.) quadringentiens {^cente^ia 7nilia'\ sestertium,
40,000,000 sestertii, = ^2,000,000 (nearly) : § 379 ( ) ; G. p. 493 ;
H. 647, iv,i(757); H. &B.
47 23 habuissemus : cont. to fact protasis regularly retained, without
change of mood or tense, in indir. disc; § 337, <5 ( ) ; B. 321, B ; G.
659; H. 527,111 (647); H. & B. ; the apodosis is opus fuisse for
opus fuit, there would have been no need : § 308, c { ) ; B. 304, 3, a;
G. 597, R.3rt; H. 476, 4 (525, I); H. &B.
47 25 Dixi, I have done : a common formal ending.
The Plunder of Syraeitse 259
THE PLUNDER OF SYRACUSE
Sects. 1, 2. Contrast between the treatment of Syracuse by the
conqueror Marcellus in time of war and its treatment by Verres, the
governor, in time of peace.
Page 48. Lines. (Sect, i.) aliquando, c?/ /</^/, implying impatience,
here assumed as a kind of apology to his hearers for the length of his
account.
48 5 Marcello : M. Claudius Marcellus, of a noble plebeian family (all
the other families of the Claudian ^^wj were patrician), was the ablest gen-
eral the Romans had in the early years of the Second Punic War, but
illiterate and cruel. His capture of Syracuse was in B.C. 212. tie was
killed in battle B.C. 208.
The contrast in sect. I is a brilliant one : nevertheless, the orator exag-
gerates, as on so many occasions. "Not only did Marcellus stain his
military honor by permitting a general pillage of the wealthy mercantile
city, in the course of which Archimedes and many other citizens were put
to death ; but the Roman Senate lent a deaf ear to the complaints which
the Syracusans afterwards presented regarding that celebrated general, and
neither returned to individuals their property nor restored to the city its
freedom." (Mommsen.)
48 8 imperatoris : this title, properly belonging to every holder of the
imperium, was by usage assumed by the commander only after his first
considerable victory. — cohortem, train of courtiers, etc.: the provincial
magistrates, representing the Roman imperium, had almost a royal suite,
as well as other insignia of royalty.
48 12 (Sect. 2.) omitto: a good example of the rhetorical device
known as praeteritio. — locis, i.e. in the other speeches of the Accusatio.
48 13 forum : every ancient town had its central market-place or
square {foriim, dy opd), an open space, used for trading, public assemblies,
and the administration of justice. The same feature exists in European
towns at the present day.
49 4 clausus fuisset : Marcellus had been obliged to starve out the
city. — Cilicum : Cilicia was the chief seat of the organized bands of
pirates who ruled the Mediterranean at this time.
49 10 illis rebus, i.e. the plunder of temples, etc.
Sects. 3-5. Situation and topography of Syracuse.
49 11 (Sect. 3.) maximam: the circuit of its walls was about 180
stadia, = more than 20 miles.
26o
Notes
49 13 ex omni aditu limits praeclaro ad aspectum.
49 14 in aedificatione, etc, i.e. enclosed by the buildings of the city.
Ancient harbors (as at Athens) were often at a considerable distance.
49 16 coniunguntur : Ortygia
(or Insula), the site of the orig-
inal town, had an independent
harbor on each side connected by
a narrow channel. This channel
is the exitus mentioned.
50 2 (Sect. 4.) Hieronis:
Hiero II, king of Syracuse (b.c,
270 to about 216), who was during
most of his reign a steadfast ally
of Rome.
50 5 Dianae : the quail, bprv^
(whence the name Ortygia), was
sacred to Diana (Artemis). — is-
tius, i.e. of \'erres.
50 7 Arethusa : for the myth
of Arethusa and Alpheus, see
Ovid, j\Iet. V. 573-641 ; Gay ley,
Classic Myths. For view of the
fountain, see Virgil's Eclogues,
p. 29.
50 10 (Sect. 5.) Achradina, the plain and table-land north of Ortygia.
50 11 prytaneum : the building in which the city was conceived to
have its home. Here was the hearth, sacred to Vesta, whence colonists
carried the sacred fire to kindle a new hearth in the prytaneiwi of their
new home. It was also used for courts of justice, public banquets, etc.
Such public buildings were usually grouped round the forum in the centre
of the city.
50 13 urbis, i.e. Achradina. — perpetua, r wining its whole length.
50 14 continentur, are lined in continuous rozvs.
50 16 gymnasium : the place for exercise and baths, with porticos,
groves, and halls.
50 19 coaedificata, built up. — Neapolis, i.e. "the new city." — quam
ad summam, at the highest point of which.
■^%?%;%.
Sects. 6, 7. Marcellus, the conqueror at Syracuse : compare
Verres, the governor.
The Plunder of Syi^acuse
261
51 4 (Sect. 6.) pul-
chritudinem : the Eng-
lish would put it less
abstractly, — this beauti-
ful city.
51 8 in, in respect to.
— habuit victoriae ra-
tionem, had regard for
the right of victory.
51 10 deportare : a
Roman custom, imitated
in the nineteenth century
by Napoleon. — possent,
subj. of characteristic. —
humanitatis, the part of
humanity.
51 15 (Sect. 7.) Hono-
ris, etc. : the worship of
abstractions was a char-
acteristic of the Roman
religion. Marcellus re-
stored the temple of
Honor and built the
temple of Virtus; the
two were so connected
that in common parlance
they were referred to as
a single edihce.
51 16 in aedibus, i.e.
in his own house in
town.
51 18 ornamento, i.e.
as being free from stolen
treasures.
51 19 deum nullum:
translate, in order to
keep the emphasis of
the position, of the gods
not one (i.e. not a single
statue).
262 Notes
51 21 comparetis, i.e. in renown and in personal character.
51 22 pacem cum bello, etc. : implying that the administration of Verres
in time of peace was worse than the armed capture by Marcellus. — forum
et iuris dictionem, law and justice : the forum is mentioned as being the
place where the prsetor administered justice ; iuris dictio was his special
function (see note on Verres, i., sect. 12, p. 32, 1. 13).
Sects. 8-17. Details of the robberies of Verres.
52 1 (Sect. 8.) aedis Minervae : the illustration shows how this
ancient temple of Minerva in Syracuse has been made over into a
church.
52 4 tamen in bello : translate though in war, still, etc. The particle
tamen ("still '') often suggests a concession (" although"), not expressed,
but loosely implied in the
context or the circumstances :
here the implied concession
is " though the rights of an
enemy in war are unlimited."
■ — religionum, things sa-
cred. — consuetudinis, i.e.
things hallowed by use.
52 6 Agathocli : tyrant
of Syracuse, B.C. 317-289.
(Fig. 8, a coin of Agathocles, shows the head of Persephone, and, on the
reverse, a figure of Victory erecting a trophy.)
52 9 visendum : see Manil., sect. 40, p. 85, 1. 6, note.
52 10 profana fecissent : the Romans had a formula by which they
called away {evocare') and gained over to their side the tutelary deities of
any cities they were besieging. Of course, the temples of these gods then
lost all their sanctity, and became profane buildings. With the same idea
the true name of Rome and that of its tutelar divinity were said to be kept
as a mystery, lest they should become known to an enemy, who might
thus disarm the city of its protector. Notwithstanding this doctrine, the
Romans were often, as in the case of Marcellus, prevented by religious
feeling (religione) from violating the sacred edifices of conquered cities.
Often, too, they transferred the worship of the deities in question to Rome.
On the whole idea, cf. .•Eneid, ii. 351, and note.
53 1 iam belongs with sacra religiosaque.
53 6 (Sect. 9.) id quod, zvhat.
53 9 deberet: subj. of characteristic
The Plunder of Syracuse
Fig. 9
263
53 13 in quibus erant, upo)i ivhich 7vere represented.
53 16 cognitione formarum, acqziaintqnce with their features.
53 18 tamen: see note on Fk;. 10
p. 52, 1. 4.
53 20 (Sect. 10.) valvis:
such ornamentation may be
seen in a mediaeval example in
Fig. 9 (doors of the Cathedral
at Pisa).
53 23 tarn . . . cupidum,
that I am so eager (in appos.
with quod).
53 30 illi, i.e. the Greeks,
as being over-fond of art. The
Romans were inclined to look
down upon culture and the
fine arts as being less manly
than politics and war ; cf. the famous passage in the .Eneid, vi. 846-853.
54 2 argumenta, subjects or stories (in relief); cf. vEneid. vi, 20, and
note.
264
Notes
54 3 (Sfxt. II.) Gorgonis: the head of Medusa, a favorite subject
of ancient art. See Fig. 10, from an ancient marble mask.
54 C bullas, i.e. knobs, similar to those in Fig. 11.
54 11 in hoc nomine, at this item (i.e. wondering why Verres should
have taken these).
Fig. II ^^ ^ .
_ 54 12 commoveri, were
sicrprised.
54 13 satis asset, i.e. they
were only curiosities. Any
natural object which was, in
the view of the ancients, out
of the common order of nature
was regarded as a monstrut?i
ox prodigium, and as therefore
associated in some way with
the gods; hence such objects ^
were frequently dedicated in
temples.
54 16 id merely repeats
hastas.
54 17 (Sect. 12.) nam
explains (ironically) why he
asks the last question. A
passion for art might, he sug-
gests, excuse the theft of such
an object as the Sappho, but the stealing of the bamboos was a wanton
sacrilege.
54 21 potius, etc., rather than this most tasteful and cultivated man.
haberet
268 (
) ; B. 277 ; G. 265 ; H. 484, v (559, 4); H. &
B.
54 22 nimirum (continuing the irony), of course.
54 23 nostrum, ^/us (emph.), opp. to Verres.
54 25 eat (hort. subj.), must go. — ad aedem Felicitatis: the temple
of Felicitas was adorned with the spoils of conquered Corinth. Catulus
had adorned his temple of Fortuna, and Metellus his portico, with
splendid works of art.
54 27 istorum, Verres and his friends. — Tusculanum, villa at Tuscu-
lum (about 15 miles southeast of Rome) where the w-ealthy Romans,
Hortensius among the rest, had splendid country-houses.
54 28 ornatum, i.e. as it was on festal davs. — commodarit, lent : such
The Plunder of Syracuse
265
works of art were often placed temporarily in the Forum ; cf. our modern
" loan exhibitions."
54 31 operari, mere day -laborer : said in contempt of Verres' preten-
sions to culture. — stuiia., fine tastes; delicias, luxurious pleasures (both
ironical).
55 1 appositior, better fitted.— d.^ ferenda, etc., to carry (as a porter)
than to carry off (as a connoisseur) : a sarcasm on Verres' coarse ami
heavy build.
55 5 (Sf.ct. 13.) Graeculus: in contemptuous allusion to his pretenc
of taste. — subtiliter iudicat, is a fine connoisseur of.
55 7 nunc, no-v (as it is) opposed to si . . . tulisset.
56 2 (Sect. 14.) parinum (corrupt and meaningless) : the common
reading is parvum ; perhaps the old conjecture Parium, of Parian
marble, is best.
56 7 Libero patre : not Liber his father, h\xi father liber, pater being
a common attribute
r T M n f Fig. 13 Fig. 14
of Liber as well as ot
Mars and other gods.
Liberi filius (1. 6) is
spurious.
56 9 (Sect. 15.)
lovem : the statue was
of Zevs ovpio^, god of
Fig. 12
favorable weather, identified, from some fancied resemblance, with /uj>/ter
iniperator.
56 10 SUO : the emphatic position continues the emphasis on lovem.
56 13 Flamininus: T. Quinctius Flamininus (Fig. 12, from a coin),
who defeated Philip of Macedon at Cynoscephak-e, B.C. 197.
56 16 in Ponti ore : the Thracian Bosporus, the strait extending from
Constantinople to the Black Sea, about 17 miles.
266 Notes
56 18 sua: § 196, c { ); cf. B. 244, 4; G. 309, 2 ; H. 449, 2
(503, 2) ; H. & B. . — Capitolio : the Capitol, or Temple of Jupiter
Capitolinus, had three cellae, or chapels, sacred to the Capitolian triad,
Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. This was now the most illustrious temple,
*' the earthly abode," of Jupiter.
56 24 incolae, residents : i.e. persons of foreign birth who made Syra-
cuse their home, without having obtained citizenship ; advenae, visitors.
56 28 (Sect. 16.) adventu, abl. of cause.
57 2 (Sect. 17.) mensas Delphicas: tables with three legs, like the
Delphic tripod (see Figs. 13, 14). — vasa Corinthia were made of a kind
of bronze, of peculiar beauty and very costly.
Sects. 18-21. Robberies of works of art are especially odious to
men of Greek blood.
57 17 (Sect. 18.) levia et contemnenda: cf. note on p. 53, 1. 30.
57 22 fanorum, shrines; the word indicates the consecrated spot
rather than the temple or altar erected upon it.
57 27 (Sect. 19.) nisi forte: introducing, as usual, an absurd sup-
position.
57 28 desierunt, ceased, i.e. by the transference of the courts to the
Senators.
58 2 Crasso : I>. Licinius Crassus, the famous orator, and (^uintus
Scsevola, pontifex maxinuis, the famous jurist and statesman, were close
friends, and colleagues in nearly every office. They were curule aediles,
B.C. 103, and gave the first exhibition of lion-fights. The splendor of their
sedileship was the work of Crassus, a man of elegant and luxurious tastes,
while Scaevola was moderate and simple in his habits. — Claudio : probably
a brother of Claudia, the wife of Tiberius Gracchus. In his i^dileship, 15. c.
99, he exhibited fights of elephants.
58 4 commercium : Crassus and Claudius would have bought such
objects of art if anybody could have done it.
58 5 fuisse, sc. commercium.
58 9 (Sect. 20.) referri, be entered, has for subject pretio . . . abali-
enasse.
58 12 rebus istis, things of that sort.
58 13 apud illos, i.e. the Greeks generally.
58 19 (Sect. 21.) The cities referred to in this section were all centres
of Greek art or celebrated for the possession of some masterpiece. Reginos :
Rhegium, Reggie, was a very ancient Greek city, at the point of Italy
nearest Sicily. It was a colony of Chalcis, probably founded in the eighth
Crucifixion of a Roman Citi::cn 267
century B.C., and became a Roman niuniciphim after the Social War,
B.C. 91-90.
58 20 merere velle, uKntld take. — ilia, that famous.
58 21 Tarentinos : Tarentum was the largest Greek city in Italy, a
colony of Sparta, founded in the eighth century B.C., subjugated by Rome
just after the invasion of Pyrrhus, B.C. 272.
58 24 Cnidios . . . Coos : observe the chiasm.
58 28 buculam : the celebrated bronze cow of Myron. — longum est,
/■/ would be tedious: § 311, <: ( ) ; B. 304, 3; G. 254, R.^; H. 476, 5
(525,2); H.&B.
CRUCIFIXION OF A ROMAN CITIZEN
Page 59. Line 1. (Sect, i.) nunc, opposed to the time of the actio
prima, which he has just referred to. — uno genere, this one class of crimes.
— tot horas . . . dicam : § 276, ^? ( ) ; B. 259, 4; G. 230; H. 467, iii, 2
(533); H.&B.
59 5 tenerem: for tense, see § 287, z ( ) ; B, 268, 7, ^; G. 511,
R.2; H.495, i (547,1); H.&B.
59 6 de tanta re, etc. : Cicero has now arrived at the climax of his
accusation : the case of Gavius is so outrageous that it would require all
his powers to characterize it. But, he says, he has already used the strong-
est language of which he is master in describing other and less heinous
crimes, and he has not attempted to keep the attention of the jurors by
variety in the charges. What, then, can he do to make this horrible case,
the most abominable of the crimes of Verres, sufficiently impressive ?
There is but one thing left to do: he will tcU the bare facts, which need
no eloquence to emphasize them.
59 7 rem (emphat.), the bare facts. — in medio, before you.
59 10 (Sect. 2.) in illo numero : Cicero has been describing the treat-
ment of a number of fugitives from the insurrectionary army of Sertorius
in Spain who had made their way to Sicily after the death of Sertorius,
B.C. 72, and the overthrow of his faction by Pompey.
59 12 lautumiis, the stone-pits (ancient quarries) at Syracuse, used as
a prison. The illustration shows the present condition of that part of the
lautumiae known as Dionysius' Ear. — Messanam (now iMessiiia^, Xh^
point of Sicily nearest Italy. Messana, founded as a Greek colony in
the eighth century B.C., was at this time one of the very few privileged
towns (^civitates foederatae) of Sicily. It was specially favored by Verres,
268
Notes
and, according to Cicero, was an accomplice of his iniquities. Fig. 15
shows a representation of the ///ar^j (lighthouse) of Messana from a coin
of Sex. Pompey; the reverse has a
representation of Scylla.
59 14 Reginorum : Rhegium is
almost in sight of Messana.
59 15 odore, breath.
59 18 recta, sc. via.
59 21 (Sect. 3.) in praetorio, the
house (or official residence) of the
prietor.
59 23 adiutricem, etc. : § 184, ^( ); B. 169, 3; G. 321 ; H. 363,
I (393,0; H.&B.
59 24 magistratum Mamertinum, a magistrate of Messana : the city
of Messana had been treacherously taken possession of by a body of mer-
cenaries, who called themselves Majjiertini (children of Mars), about
B.C. 282. Though the name of the city was not changed, its citizens
were from this time called Maniertini. See cut in text, which shows the
head of Ares.
60 10 (Sect. 4.) exspectabant, zvere on the zvatch to see. — quo tandem,
how far : tandem (as also nam) gives a sense of wonder to the question.
Fig. 16
r
■£yffii-
■^T-^
View of Palermo.
Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen 269
60 13 expediri, to be got ready, i.e. by untying xSxq fasces (rods and axe),
which were the badge of the praetor's iniperiuni.
60 14 meruisse (sc. stipendla), served 2.% a soldier.
60 15 Panhormi {all harbor), the present Palermo: see Fig. 16. —
negotiaretur, i.e. as head or agent of some house engaged in speculation
(cf. Verr. i., sect. 20). This kind of business was generally carried on by
Roman equites, and on a large scale.
60 17 fugitivorum, runaway slaves, who had been concerned in the
frightful servile war of Spartacus, B.C. 73-71.
60 19 esset: subj. of characteristic.
60 21 (Sect. 5.) caedebatur: observe the emphatic position. This
imperf. and those following make a lively description of the scene instead
of a mere statement of the facts.
61 1 audiebatur, could be heard ; § 2'j'],g { ); G. 233.
61 3 commemoratione, claim.
61 7 pestem, accursed thiug.
61 10 (Sect. 6.) lex Porcia : this forbade the scourging of citizens.
See Fig. 1 7, a coin struck by a member of the Porcian family : the reverse
commemorates this law ; the tigure
at the right is a lictor with rods. —
leges Semproniae (of Caius Grac-
chus) : these gave Roman citizens
the right of appeal to the judgment
of the whole people in capital cases,
even against the military ii/ipe-
riian. In civil life this right had
existed ever since the foundation of tlie republic. Cf., in English law, the
right of trial "by one's peers."
61 12 tribunicia potestas : see note on Verr. i., sect. 44 (p. 43, 1. 32).
61 18 non inhibebant: cf. note on audiebatur (1. i).
61 22 (Sect. 7.) ut (interrog.), how.
61 25 Glabrionem : subj. of facere.
61 26 ut . . . dimitteret : result clause, in appos. with id.
61 27 consilium, y?^/ J .• he feared that the lynch law would get the
start of a legal verdict.
61 28 repetisse, inflicted (lit. exacted, punishment being regarded as a
forfeit).
61 29 veritus esset has for its subject populus Romanus. Observe
the exactness of tense-relations expressed by the plup. and the periphrastic
esset persoluturus, was not likely to pay.
270 Notes
62 '1 (Sect. 8.) quid . . . sit, what zvill happen fo yoti.
62 3 Gavium istum, that G. of yours (i.e. the G. whom you misrepre-
sent).— repentinum, suddenly discovered.'
62 5 neque, etc., ajtd this I will show, etc. Notice that in Latin the
connective attracts the negative whenever it can.
62 6 aliquis : Gavius was a very common name in South Italy.
62 8 ad arbitrium tuum, at your discretion (i.e. as many as you
like).
62 11 sero, too late (for you, but not too late for the court). — iudices,
obj. of doceant.
62 15 (Sect. 9.) patronis : see note on Rose. Am., p. 3, 1. 17. — istuc
ipsum, that single fact.
62 17 nuper tu, etc. : of course an imaginary incident, since this ora-
tion was never delivered.
62 19 ideo,>r this reason, i.e. quod . . . quaereret.
62 20 iam, i.e. after you have said that.
62 2-1 ex eo genere : explained by the clause non qui . . . dicerent
(characteristic).
63 2 (Sect. 10.) induatur, etc.: § in, a { ) ; B. 175, 2, d ;
G. 218 ; H. 377 (407); H. & B, ; tie himself up and strangle him-
self {2.% in a noose) ; cf. our "give the man rope enough and he'll hang
himself."
63 3 qui esset, what he ivas (i.e. whether a citizen or not).
63 5-8 si . . . ducerere, quid . . . clamitares, etc. : . in this past con-
dition, cont. to fact, the imperf. is used instead of the pluperf., because the
supposition is general rather than particular ; § 308, a ( ) ; G. 597, R.' ;
H. 510, N.2 (579, i); H. & B. ; if you, caught, etc., had ever been
in the hands of men who 7oere dragging you off to ptmishment, what other
cry would von have raised than, " / am a Ro7nan citizen " ?
63 11 profuisset, would have availed, i.e. in the case supposed (as
defined in the preceding sentence) : thus profuisset involves its own
protasis ; § 311 ( ) ; B. 305, l ; G. 600, I ; H. 507, N." ; H. & B.
It is a complete proposition, which is made conditional by si and is made
the protasis of a new apod., potuit, 1. 15 ; § 311, ^ ( ); § 311, <:
( ); B.304,3; 0.597, R.^«; H. 51 1,1, N.3 (583); H.&B.
63 12 qui, concessive ; cum, causal.
63 14 usurpatione, claim (lit. ?^j?;?^ the word) .
63 18 (Sect, ii.) quo = ad quos. — cognitoribus, vouchers.
63 20 legum existimationis, obj. gen. with periculo.
63 21 continentur, are restrained.
Crucifixion of a Roman Citizen 271
63 22 sermonis . . . SOCietate, by fellowship in langicage, rights, and
interests.
64 2 (Sect. 12.) tolle, a sort of protasis : § 310, /y ( ) ; B. 305, 2 ;
G. 598 ; H. 487, 3 (560, 3) ; H. cV B. ; the apod, is iam . . . prae-
cluseris (11. 6-9, below).
64 5 quod velit (subj. of integral part), any he pleases.
64 6 quod . . . ignoret, because one may not know him.
64 7 liberas civitates : the allied states in the provinces, which were
not strictly under the jurisdiction of the praetors.
64 9 praecluseris, fut. perf,
64 12 SidiSei^ SiSSQS, yoti might have kept. — custodiis : abl. of means.
64 1-4 cognosceret, should he know ; equiv. to a protasis with si ;
§ 310, /; ( ) ; B. 305, 2 ; G. 59S ; H. 507, iii, I (573, N.) ; H. & B.
000.
64 15 si ignoraret : Cicero here ironically lays down, under the form
of a calm and reasonable alternative, the principle that Verres might crucify
any Roman citizen whom he did not personally know and who could not
furnish a rich man to identify him.
64 IG hoc iuris : § 216, </, 3 ( ) ; B. 201, 2 ; G, 369 ; H. 397, 3
(442, I); H. e^ B.
64 18 ut . . . tolleretur : clause of purpose.
64 21 (Seci\ 13.) hostis, i.e. by his acts he has virtually declared him-
self the open enemy of the state as if he were a foreign power making war
on the rights of Roman citizens (hence hostis rather than inimicus). —
non illi : both words are emphatic, • — ■ // is not to this person (in particu-
lar) but to, etc., that you were hostile.
64 22 quid enim attinuit, &\.c.,for tuhat did it have to do with the case
that you should order, etc. : why should you have ordered, etc., unless by
these gratuitous severities you wished to show your hatred of the very
name of citizen ?
64 25 fretum, the strait of Messina.
64 32 divisa, thus divided.
65 1 alumnum, foster-child, i.e. adopted citizen.
65 4 (Sect. 14.) Observe the double chmax : facinus, scelus, parri-
cidium ; vincire, verberare, necare. For the crucifixion of a citizen
Cicero can find no word strong enough ; hence the summit of the climax
is reached in quid dicam ?
65 5 parricidium : for the horror with which this crime was regarded
by the Romans, see Rose. Am., sects. 28, 29.
65 14 in comitio : i.e. publicly in Rome and in the very centre of
2/2 Notes
Roman freedom and Roman life. The comitium was an open space north
of the Forum, on higher ground (see Plan of Forum, top) ; it was used for
the most ancient comitia, the curiata (in which the people were assembled
by the thirty hereditary curiae), for hearing lawsuits, and for contiones.
The curia, or Senate-house, fronted toward the comitium. — quod, i.e.
that point which.
65 15 celebritate, i.e. as being a crowded thoroughfare.
65 16 potuit, sc. fieri.
65 18 praetervectione, etc., on the track of all who sail to and fro (by
the Strait of Messina, the necessary route to Greece).
THE MANILIAN LAW
ARGUMENT
Chap. i. Exordium. Why this is Cicero's first appearance before a
political assembly. — Narratio. 2. Statement of the case : Mithridates and
Tigranes have invaded the Roman domain. This war is demanded by
the dignity and safety of the State. — Confirmatio. I. Character of the
war. — 3. Ill success of the First and Second Mithridatic Wars. — 4.
Strength of the enemy. — 5. Present tameness of the Roman people
contrasted with their ancient pride. The allies, whose safety is at stake,
demand Pompey as commander. — 6. The chief revenues are in peril, en-
dangered by mere suspicion of calamity. — 7. Financial crisis at Rome
(general ruin would result from disaster to the publicani). — II. 8. Mag-
nitude of the war. Lucullus achieved great success in his campaign. —
9. But the war is still a great one: Mithridates is not subdued; our army
has suffered reverses; Lucullus has been removed. — III. lo. Who then
should be appointed? Military experience of Pompey. — ii, 12. His
successes, especially in the Piratic War. — 13, 14. He has all the qualities
of a general, including not only courage, but moral qualities: blameless-
ness, humanity, self-restraint, easy manners. — 15. His prestige and influ-
ence, especially as derived from the Piratic War. — 16. His special
reputation in the East, largely resulting from his brilliant fortune. —
17. Moreover, he is on the spot. — Confutatio. Objection of Hortensius,
that all power ought not to be given to one man. — 18. Answered by facts
as to the result of the Gabinian law. — 19. Brilliant success of this law
(incidentally, Gabinius should be assigned to Pompey as legatus'). —
20. Objection or Catulus, that the proposition is against precedent. —
The Manilian Law 273
21. Answered by referring to other violations of precedent in Pompey's
case. — 22, 23. Appeal to the people against these objections. Pompey
alone can retrieve the Roman reputation. Many leading men favor the
Manilian Law. — Peroratio. 24. Cicero supports the law purely from
devotion to the commonwealth.
The Oration for the Manilian Law is a famous example of a deliberative
oration constructed on a systematic rhetorical plan.
L Exordium (introduction): Chap. i.
IL Narratio (statement of the case) : Chap. 2.
in. Confirmatio (affirmative argument) : Chaps. 3 (sect. 6) --17
(sect. 50).
1. The character of the war: Chaps. 3 (sect. 6) -7.
2. The importance of the war : Chaps. 8, 9.
3. The selection of a commander: Chaps. 10-17 (sect. 50).
IV. Confutatio (answers to objections) : Chaps. 17 (sect. 51) -23.
V. Peroratio (peroration).
The oration was delivered in a contio or public meeting of Roman citi-
zens held not for voting, but for debate or address merely. A contio could
be called by any magistrate who had a matter to lay before the people, and
was held regularly in the Comititvji or the Forum. After a rogatio (propo-
sition of a law) had been offered, such a meeting was regularly convened
in order that the voters might hear the arguments on both sides. Later
the comitia voted on the bill, Yes or No.
Thus the present speech in many respects resembled our modern
political addresses on important public measures, like the tariff or the
currency. It has, however, an official character.
I. Exordium (Chap. I)
Sects. 1-3. Chap. I. This is Cicero's first appearance before a
political assembly. Hitherto he has given all his time to defending
his friends as a lawyer. He rejoices that in this his first political
oration he has a subject on which any one, however unpractised,
cannot fail to speak well, — the valor and ability of Pompey.
67 1 (Sect, i.) For a discussion of the structure of the opening
period, see general Introd. p. xlvii. — frequens conspectus vester, the
sight of you in full assembly.
67 2 hie locus, the Rostra{Y\g. 18, from a coin). The scanty remains
of the rostra may be seen at the left of the Temple of Concord in the
cut, p. xi. — ad agendum, for public business : i.e. among the many
274
Notes
Fig.
duties of a magistrate there is none more dignified (amplissimus) than
this of addressing the whole people in a political assembly; agere cum
popido was the technical expression for
transacting business in the coniitia or a
contio.
67 3 ornatissimus, honorable (of
private glory as an orator). — Quirites,
felloiv-citizens : the name by which the
Romans were addressed when acting in a
civil capacity. — hoc aditu, this avenue
(i.e. addressing the people on political
questions).
67 4 Optimo cuique, i.e. to such as
the presiding magistrate would permit, for
only these had a right to speak in a contio.
67 5 rationes, plan : the plural indicates the details of the plan, i.e.
the particular considerations that determine a general course of conduct.
68 1 cum (temporal), zvhile ; § 323, 2 ( ) ; B. 288, i, h ; G. 585 ;
H. 521, 2 (600, ii. I); H. & B.
68 2 auctoritatem : the act of speaking in a ^^'w/zi? indicated that the
speaker was a proper person to advise the people, and hence it would
confer auctoritas {weight, prestige'). — attingere, aspire to.
68 3 ^txitZ\.\xm.\VL%Qma, perfected by force of intellect : i.e. the fruit of
fully developed mental power.
68 4 elaboratum, carefidly wrought (such, therefore, as needed more
practice than youth could give).
68 5 amicorum temporibus, exigencies of my friends. A Roman
lawyer was not regarded as doing a service for hire, but was expected to
defend his friends gratuitously. He was, indeed, prohibited from receiving
pay ; but, though no bargain was made, the obliged party was expected to
give a liberal present, in some form or other, to h.\?, patronus.
68 5 (Sect. 2.) neque . . . et: here the first clause is virtually con-
cessive ; we may render while . . . at the same time.
68 7 caste, with clean hands ; integre, in good faith (toward the client).
68 8 iudicio, i.e. their action in electing him. — fructum, i.e. the sev-
eral grades of office he had already filled : he was now praetor.
68 9 dilationem, adjotimment. There were many things which could
break up an assembly and put off the business, especially unfavorable
auguries, the announcement of which was a favorite device of politicians.
If an election was thus interrupted by adjournment, the votes already taken
The Mmiilian Laiv 275
were null and void and the whole proceeding had to be gone through with
again. The comitia at which Cicero was chosen praetor were twice
adjourned in this way, so that there were three meetings before the
election was complete. At each of these Cicero was the first (primus) of
the eight praetors to secure a majority, and hence he was thrice declared
elected (ter renuntiatus sum), primus does not here imply a superiority
in rank, for the eight praetors were regarded as colleagues and they deter-
mined their functions by lot.
68 11 quid aliis, etc. : i.e. this action of the voters showed that they
approved his course of life, and was a suggestion to others how to attain
similar honors.
68 12 nunc, opposed to the time referred to in sect. I.
68 14 ad agendum, /^r speaking (cf. note on 1. 2, above).
68 15 forensi usu : the courts were held in the Forum.
68 18 quoque, i.e. to forensic as well as to military or political activity.
68 19 (Sect. 3.) atque (the strongest of the and'?,), and further. —
illud (nom.) laetandum : the construction illud laetor changed to the
passive; § 238, b (^ ); cf. B. 176, 2; G. 2>2)Z^ i? ^-M H. 371, iii
(405); H. &B.
68 20 mihi, following insolita.
68 21 ratione, manner.
68 22 oratio, language; orationis (1. 24), argumejit (abstract from
Oro, in its original sense of to speak).
68 23 virtute, good qualities generally.
II. Narratio (§§ 4-5)
Sects. 4-5. Present state of the Mithridatic War. A leader is
necessary, and there is but one leader fit to cope with the situation.
Observe that these two sections, though apparently a mere statement of
facts, are so expressed as to contain, in brief and powerful form, the sub-
stance of the whole oration. The appointment of Pompey is not a matter
for argument, Cicero contends throughout the speech, but an absolute
necessity : the condition of affairs demands action, and this is the only
action that can avail.
68 27 (Sect. 4.) atque (cf. note on 1. 19, above), and now (to come
to the point). — indie, fro/n that point.
68 29 vectigalibus ac sociis, tributaries and allies (of the latter some
were tributary and others not).
2j6 Notes
68 30 relictus, i.e. before the contest was fully decided ; lacessitus,
only assailed, not seriously attacked. By using these words Cicero artfully
prepares for the assertion which he is about to make of the need of an
energetic commander.
68 31 Asiam, i.e. the province of this name, occupying the western
half of Asia Minor and bordering on the dominions of Mithridates.
68 3-2 equitibus, etc. : keep the emphasis by changing the construction :
Roman eqidtes are daily receiving, etc.
68 33 quorum . . . OCCupatae, whose large properties, invested in man-
aging your revenues, are endangered. The revenues were farmed out to
societates (companies) of publicani, who were members of the equestrian
order (see sect. 14).
69 2 necessitudine : Cicero was of an equestrian family.
69 4 (Sect. 5.) Bithyniae: this territory had been bequeathed to
the Roman republic by Nicomedes III, B.C. 74.
69 5 Ariobarzanis : king of Cappadocia, which had been overrun by
Mithridates.
69 7 Lucullum : Lucullus was related to both branches of the family
of Metellus, and had married Clodia, sister of the notorious Publius
Clodius. It was chiefly this mischievous demagogue, who was serving
as one of his officers, that stirred up the dissensions and mutinies which
robbed Lucullus of the fruits of his victories. — discedere, is on the point
of zvithdrazving. — huic qui successerit, his successor, Glabrio.
69 8 non satis paratum, not adequately furnished — an understate-
ment : Glabrio had shown himself thoroughly incompetent, but Cicero was
on good terms with him. This was the Glabrio who had presided over
the court in the case of Verres.
69 9 sociis, i.e. Asiatics ; civibus, Romans engaged in business in Asia.
69 10 imperatorem (in pred. appos. with unum), as commander.
III. CONFIRMATIO (§§ 6-5 o)
Having briefly stated the facts (in the narratio, sects. 4, 5), Cicero asks
what is to be done (sect. 6). His discussion of this question falls under
three heads: (i) the nature of the war (sects. 6-19); (2) its magnitude
(sects. 20-26); (3) the choice of a commander (sects. 27-50). In the
first and second divisions he represents the nature and magnitude of the
war in such a way as to make the conclusion under the third head inevi-
table, — that Pompey mzcst be chosen comma7ider.
The Manilian Law 277
I. The Nature of the War (§§ 6-19)
This is considered under four heads (defined in sect. 6) : there are at
stake, (i) the dignity and prestige of Rome (sects. 7-11); (2) the safety
of the allies (sects. 12-13); (3) the chief revenues of the state (sects.
14-16); (4) the investments of the ptiblicani, whose embarrassment
would cause a financial panic in Rome itself (sects. 17-19).
69 17 (Sect. 6.) agitur, is at slake.
69 21 certissima : the surest because Asia was the richest and most
fruitful of all the provinces ; hence the price paid by \.\\t publican i for the
privilege of farming its taxes was always certain to be large.
69 22 quibus amissis: equiv. to a fut. protasis. — ornamenta, orna-
ments, i.e. "all that exalts and embellishes civilized life."
70 1 a vobis : the abl. with a is used instead of the dat. of agent
because there is another dat. dependent on consulendum ; § 232, n.
( ) ; B. 189, i,a-G. 355, R. ; H. 388, N. (431, i) ; H. & B.
Sects. 7-11. The war affects both the dignity and the welfare of
Rome. The massacre of Roman citizens by Mithridates is as yet
unpunished. So far no Roman general has succeeded in checking his
aggressions. Has the Roman spirit declined ? Our ancestors were
more active in taking vengeance for insult and wrong.
70 8 (Sect. 7.) civis Romanes, etc.: this massacre (b.c. 88), in
which 80,000 persons perished, was intended by Mithridates as a step
toward the entire expulsion of the Romans from Asia.
70 11 regnat : for tense, see § 276, a { ) ; B. 259, 4 ; G. 230 ;
H. 467, 2 (533) ; H. & B.
70 14 (Sect. 8.) etenim,/^;- (you will notice).
70 17 triumphavit de : not triumphed over, but celebrated a triumph
for a victory over. The word is repeated in emphatic antithesis to the
clause sed . . . regnaret.
70 19 regnaret, ivas still a king (i.e. in possession of his kingdom). —
verum tamen, but still.
70 20 quod egerunt./'r what they have done : by a Latin idiom quod
is here equivalent to propter id quod.
70 22 res publica, the public interest. Sulla had hastened to make an
unsatisfactory peace, that he might return and restore order in Italy,
which was in the power of the Marian faction.
70 23 (Sect. 9.) autem, noiv (in contrast to the action of the Roman
generals). — reliquum, that followed.
2/8 Notes
70 27 Bosporanis, the people of Bosporus, a flourishing Grecian state,
embracing the Crimea and adjoining lands.
70 29 ad eos duces, i.e. Sertorius and his comrades. Sertorius was
the ablest general of the Marian faction in the Civil Wars. After the
victory of Sulla, and the complete overthrow of his own party else-
where, he continued to hold Spain, where he attempted to found a new
republic, entering into alliance with Mithridates and other enemies of
Rome.
71 1 gereretur (for fut. indie.) : subj. of integral part.
71 2 de imperio, for supretnacy.
71 3 (Sect, io.) alterius corresponds to altera, 1. 6, below.
71 4 firmamenti, outward support ; roboris, internal strength.
71 5 Cn. Pompei : Pompey and Metellus Pius conducted the war
against Sertorius from B.C. 77 till B.C. 72 without being able to subdue
him. In 72 Sertorius was assassinated by his lieutenant Perperna, whom
Pompey had no difficulty in defeating. Cicero, it will be observed, sup-
presses these details, preferring to give Pompey credit, in general terms,
for putting an end to " the danger from Sertorius."
71 6 in altera parte, i.e. in the East.
71 8 felicitati : observe the chiastic order of the ideas, — felicitati,
virtuti ; culpae, fortunae. — haec extrema (an intentional euphemism),
these late disasters.
71 9 tribuenda, attributable. In fact the ill success of LucuUus was
in great part due to the machinations of politicians at Rome ; he was not
properly supported by the home government.
71 15 (Sect. II.) mercatoribus, etc. : abl. abs. expressing cause.
71 19 appellati, addressed. — superbius, too haughtily.
The orator is here appealing to the passions of his hearers, and his
statements must be interpreted accordingly. In B.C. 148, Roman ambas-
sadors demanded that the Achaean League give up all its recent acquisi-
tions ; at which the incensed
€^ ""■ ^^ «- — ^T^'Ni populace insulted the ambassa-
,^X /\ ^^K^^ ^^"^^ ^^'^ drove them away. In
^ \j =|''^6=-=**-^^®^ U ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ followed, Corinth
fe/V H53(^s-C^ i? ^^^ captured by Mummius and
^/ N^^l^^^r destroyed, while Greece was
^^*'--^'*'^ made into a province by the
name of Achaia. The insult to
the ambassadors was but a pretext for the war, which was, in fact, merely
one act in the general Roman policy of conquest. The extinction of the
The Manilian Law
279
Fig. 20
" eye of Greece," too, was not from motives of vengeance, but in order to
remove a powerful rival to Roman commerce.
71 21 legatum, etc. : M'. Aquilius, the person referred to, had in fact
forfeited all claim to the inviolability of an ambassador by actually taking
command of an army against Mithridates. He was taken prisoner and put
to death (B.C. 88). Aquilius had done service to the State by suppress-
ing the Servile War in Sicily (see Fig. 19).
Sects. 12, 13. Our suffering allies implore aid. For their own
sake they beg that the command be intrusted to Pompey.
71 26 (Sect. 12.) videte ne : the
Latin expresses in the form of a purpose
clause ("see to it lest," etc.) what we
should put in the form of an indir. quest,
("see whether it be not," etc.).
71 27 ut, <7j, correl. with sic. — illis,
i.e. your ancestors.
71 29 non posse : subj. of sit. .
71 30 quid ? a regular formula of
transition, again. — quod, that; § 333, b
( ); G.542; H.540,iv,N.(588,3);
H. & B. . — periculum ac discri-
men, a dangerous crisis: the former ; ' ■
word signifying the trial ; the latter the
decision. (See Introd. p. xlv.) -^ *
72 1 Ariobarzanes : king of Cappa-
docia. It was the designs of Mithridates upon this kingdom that first
brought him into collision with Rome. (Fig. 20 is from a fine bust of
some unknown Cappadocian.)
72 6 certum, a particular. — cum : causal.
72 7 sine summo periculo, i.e. by offending Lucullus and Glabrio.
72 10 (Sect. 13.) propter, a/ /^fl«a^. — quo: abl. of degree of differ-
ence with aegrius.
72 11 adventu ipso, by his mere coming. — maritimum, i.e. the war
against the pirates, which Pompey had just finished with great glory.
72 14 ceterarum provinciarum, i.e. those assigned to Pompey by the
Gabinian Law, which gave him power over the entire Mediterranean and
the coasts fifty miles inland. This would not include the province of
Bithynia, nor the greater part of Asia. The Manilian Law extended his
power over the entire East.
/
28o Notes
72 15 quorum , . . commendetis : § 320,/ ( ) ; B. 282, 3 ;
G. 631, I ; H. 503, ii, 2 (591, 7) ; H. & B.
72 17 etiam si defendant : subj. of integral part.
72 r.» non multum, etc. ; the expression was hardly too strong for the
general type of provincial governors. Cf. "The Plunder of Syracuse,"
sects. I, 6, 7, where Cicero contrasts the moderation of Marcellus in time
of war with the rapacity of Verres in time of peace.
Sects. 14-16. The safety of the largest and surest revenues of
Rome is also at stake.
72 23 (Sect. 14.) The neatness of Cicero's transitions may be seen to
good advantage in this oration. In the present section he passes by a
clever turn from the safety of the allies to the safety of the revenues. Our
ancestors took all possible pains to defend their allies even when they had
suffered nothing themselves : shall we hesitate to defend our allies when
our government has been insulted, — especially when on their safety de-
pend our chief revenues ?
72 23 propter socios (emphat.) ; these wars have a place in the argu-
ment solely on account of their motive. The events referred to are the
following : Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, was defeated by Scipio
Asiaticus at Magnesia, B.C. 190. Philip V, king of Macedonia, was
defeated by Flamininus, at Cynoscephalae, B.C. 197. The .T^tolians had
helped Rome against Philip, and then joined Antiochus against her : they
were obliged to submit after the battle of Magnesia. Carthage had been
forced into a third war in B.C. 149, and was taken and destroyed by Scipio
.Emilianus in B.C. 146.
72 28 agatur, etc., it is a question of your richest 7-evenues. The prov-
ince of Asia, like Sicily, paid as a tax the tenth of all products {dectimae).
The collection of this was farmed out by the censors to companies oi publi-
cani belonging to the equestrian order. All other provinces regularly paid
a stipejidiian, or fixed tax, which they raised themselves.
72 29 tanta, only so great. — eis, abl. with contenti. — vix contenti,
i.e. they will hardly pay the costs of their own defence.
72 30 Asia: this description of Asia Minor is no longer true, for bad
government and bad cultivation have exhausted its natural wealth.
72 32 pastionis, pasture land, let to publicans, who paid a tax called
scriptura. — exportantur : the portoria were tolls and customs duties paid
upon goods both exported and imported : the rate was 2|, or (in Sicily)
5 per cent ad valorem.
73 8 (Sect. 15.) pecuaria, etc : cf. the summary of the resources of
Asia, p. 72, 11. 30-32.
TPie Maiiilian Law 281
73 10 portu, decumis, scriptura : these repeat, in inverse order, pecu-
aria, agri cultura, navigatio.
73 12 fructus, income (i.e. to the Romans).
73 14 (Sect, 16.) exercent, manage, refers to the societates pnblica-
norum, who took contracts for collecting the revenues ; exigunt, collect^
refers to the agents and slaves who attended to the details of the collec-
tion.
73 17 familias : see note on Rose. Am., p. 15,1.3. The Roman slaves
were not merely rude Gauls and Thracians, but educated Greeks and
Asiatics. The latter served in noble families as secretaries, stewards, and
tutors, and would naturally be employed by the great tax-collecting corpo-
rations as agents and servants,
73 18 saltibus, monntain pastures. Here again three classes of
revenue are alluded to: scriptura (?';? saltibns), decumae (^in agris),
portoria {in portnbiis'). Observe the art with which Cicero constantly
repeats, in different order and different terms, the same detailed description
of the revenues, in order to keep this important point before the minds of
his hearers.
73 19 custodiis, coast-guards, stationed to prevent smuggling, at the
custom-houses and toll-houses.
73 20 posse, can : for construction of posse, see § 307, (/ ( ) ; G.
248, R. ; H. &. B. ; the protasis is nisi . . . conservaritis (fut. perf.).
Sects. 17-19. The investments of the puhUcani and others are
endangered by this war ; hence there is fear of a financial crisis
at Rome.
74 1 (Sect. 17,) ac ne, etc., nor must you neglect this point either.
74 2 cum essem . . . dicturus : see above, sect. 6, where the divisions
of the subject are specified.
74 3 quod . . . pertinet, -which hears icpon, etc. The antecedent is
illud,
74 5 nam et corresponds to deinde (sect, 18), Two classes are men-
tioned : (i) t\\Q publicani or tax-farmers, and (2) other citizens who have
money invested in Asia (sect. 18).
74 6 rationes, business enterprises ; copias. fortunes. — in illam pro-
vinciam, i.e. the farming of the revenues there.
74 7 ipsorum per se,/or their own sake (i.e. apart from all question
of the safety of the revenues).
74 8 nervos : the same figure is seen in our phrase " the sinews of
war."
282 Notes
74 9 eum . . . ordinem, i.e. the eqtiites : these not only farmed the
taxes, but they were, in general, the capitalists and bankers of Rome.
74 11 (SEcr. 1 8.) ex ceteris ordinibus refers to men of humbler
rank who were carrying on business in Asia, as well as to Senators who
had money invested (conlocatas) there.
74 13 eorum (redundant) limits partim.
74 14 humanitatis vestrae : § 214, ^/( ); B. 198, 3; G. 366 ;
H. 401, N.- (439, 3) ; H. & E. ; sapientiae is in the same construc-
tion.
74 17 etenim primum introduces the tirst reason why the losses of
private citizens are a matter of public concern ; the second reason is intro-
duced by deinde quod (sect. 19). — illud parvi refert, etc, // is of slight
consequence that 7ve can afterwards zvin back by victory ; § 252, a ( ) ;
B. 211, 3, <2 ; G. 379, 380 ; H. 408, iii (449, 3) ; H, & B.
74 18 publica either agrees with vectigalia, or may be taken abso-
lutely, omitting the doubtful word vectigalia. — his, i.e. the publicani ;
amissis, lost, i.e. as bidders for the revenues.
74 19 redimendi, contracting for the revenues.
74 21 (Sect. 19.) deinde: introducing another important point ; gen-
eral credit will invariably suffer when a large class of moneyed men are
ruined. The student should remember that Rome was a great commercial
centre like London to-day.
74 22 initio belli, i.e. in the First Mithridatic War.
74 23 memoria, loc. abl,; § 254, a (^ ) ; G. 389; IT. 425, i, 2 (485,
I); H. &B.
74 24 cum amiserant, xvhen (as you remember), etc. : § 325, a
( ); cf. B. 288, I, a\ G. 580; H. 521, ii, i (601); H. & B.
— solutione . . . concidisse (brief description of a financial panic), t^/Z/d-;/
payment was embarrassed, credit fell. Similar panics in recent times may
help us conceive the political importance of commerce in antiquity.
74 25 non enim possunt: translate (to preserve the emphasis),/^;- it
is ifnpossible that.
74 26 ut non . . . trahant (clause of result), without dragging (lit.
so as not to drag).
74 27 prohibete : for the two senses of this verb, see Vocab. (cf. also
defendo).
74 28 id: § 225, a.
74 29 xaXiO ^eCMniaxvim., financial system.
74 30 versatur, (f<?;//;v^. — i^ecuniis, finances.
74 31 ilia, i.e. those in Asia ; haec, i.e. at Rome.
The Manilian Laiv 283
74 32 num . . . sit, ivhethcr you 02tght to hesitate. — dubitandum sit,
impersonal.
75 1 incumbere : the usual constr. after non dubito in this sense ;
§ 332, g, N.'-^ ( ) ; B. 298, b ■ G. 555, R.3 ; H. 505, i, 4 ; H. & B.
000, o.
75 2 fortunae, etc. : with this chapter Cicero closes the discussion
" de genere belli." There is no anticlimax, for the stability of the whole
Roman financial system was of course more important than either the
safety of the allies or the revenues of a single province.
II. The Magnitude of the War (§§ 20-26)
Having shown, in the preceding division, that the war is necessary (i.e.
that much is at stake), Cicero now proceeds to prove that it is a dangerous
war (i.e. that the outcome is uncertain). To do this he needs only to
sketch the history of the contest, ending with the recall of Lucullus and
the appointment of Glabrio.
Sects. 20-26. Exploits of Lucullus. The war still a great one.
Roman reverses and discouragement of the army. Mithridates
unsubdued. Lucullus superseded by Glabrio.
75 5 (Sect. 20.) potest (emphatic position), etc., // may be said, i.e.
in answer to the preceding arguments: of course, in order to justify the
wisdom of so exceptional a measure as the Manilian Law, it was necessary
to show that the war was of sufficient gravity to require the appointment
of Pompey. Observe the skilful transition from the genus of the war to
its magnitudo. — belli genus, i.e. the war, in its character.
75 7 elaborandum est : use the personal construction in translating.
75 12 ornatas, equipped ; instructas, organized.
75 14 obsessam, invested: oppugnatam, attacked (by the active oper-
ations of siege) : the English verb besiege includes both ideas. This was
B.C. 74.
75 18 (.Sect. 21.) ad Italiam : a fleet which Mithridates had de-
spatched for Italy with a contingent furnished by Sertorius, had been
defeated by Lucullus near the island of Lemnos. — ducibus Sertorianis :
abl. abs. — studio, zeal (for one party) ; odio, hate (for the other).
75 20 proeliis : § 259, a ; cf. B. 230, 2 ; G. 394, r. ; H. & B.
75 21 Pontum, i.e. the Euxine Sea.
75 22 ex omni aditu, at e7>ery approach.
75 23 Sinopen, Amisum : towns on the north coast of Asia Minor.
284
Notes
Fig. 21
Coin of Amisus.
75 25 aditu, approach ; adventu, arrival. The fact is, that both Sinope
and Amisus had made a very stubborn resistance, which the orator chooses
to ignore. A certain vagueness in Cicero's
whole account in this and the following chap-
ter is doubtless due to a wish to spare
LucuUus.
75 26 alios reges: his son Machares, king
of Bosporus, and his son-in-law Tigranes, kinj
of Armenia.
75 28 salvis, i.e. without harming the
allies ; integris, i.e. without impairing tlic
revenues.
75 29 ita, of such a kind.
75 30 a nuUo, etc . : thus Cicero's praise
of Lucullus has a definite place in the argument. It is important for
him to show that this law can be advocated by one who fully appreciates
the merits of Lucullus.
76 1 (Sect. 22.) requiretur, the
question will be asked (emph.).
76 4 primum : the corresponding
particles (" secondly," etc.) are omitted ;
the next point begins at sect. 23.
76 5 PontO: the old kingdom of
Colchis, the scene of Jason's adven-
tures in winning the Golden Fleece
(see Gayley, Classic Myths, §§ 145 ff.),
was on the eastern shore of the Eux-
ine and formed a part of Mithridates'
kingdom of Pontus. — Medea : see
Fig. 22 (from a wall-painting). — quam
praedicant, who, as they tell. (The
usual sign of indir. disc, in English,
that, cannot be used with a relative.)
76 7 persequeretur, was likely to
follow. This is a subord. clause in
indir. disc. ; but, even if the story
were being told in dir. disc, (without
praedicant), we should still have per-
sequeretur on the principle of infor-
mal indir. disc, expressing the thought
The Maui Hail Law 285
of Medea : § 341, d (^ ); B. 323 ; G. 628; H. 528, i (649, i); H.
& B. ; this is shown by the use of se (not earn) in 1. 6. — conlectio
dispersa, the scattered gathering : the phrase vividly expresses the idea of
his wandering about to pick them up.
76 9 vim auri, etc.: the immense treasures which Mithridates had
accumulated in his several fortresses came into the hands of LucuUus : not
money simply, but works of art, etc.
76 10 quas et . . . et, equiv. to quas partim . . . partini.
76 14 ilium, hos, denote distance and nearness of time. Render in
the pass, to keep the emphasis, the one was detained by, etc.
76 15 (Sect. 23.) hunc, i.e. Mithridates.
76 16 confirmavit, reassured.
76 19 erat enim, etc. : explaining the reason why these nations dis-
played hostility, though the Romans had no designs on them.
76 20 eis nationibus, i.e. those near Armenia.
76 22 gravis atque vehemens, potent and very strongly held.
76 23 fani : " the temple of the Persian Nanaea, or Anaitis, in Elymais,
or the modern Luristan [that part of Susiana nearest to the Euphrates],
the most celebrated and the richest shrine in the whole region of the
Euphrates." Such a rumor would at once fire the population of the whole
East.
76 27 urbem : Tigranocerta, the new capital of Tigranes, situated in
the southwest part of his kingdom, near the river Tigris. This city was
destroyed by Lucullus.
76 29 commovebatur, xvas affected. After all his successes, Lucullus
had made somewhat the same mistake as Napoleon in his Russian expedi-
tion, and had found himself in an awkward situation, far from his base of
operations, and in the midst of infuriated enemies.
76 30 (Sect. 24.) hie, on this point. — extremum, the climax.
76 31 ut . . . quaereretur, subst. clause of result : § 332, headnote
( ); B. 297, 3; G. 553, 4; H. 501, i, 2 (571, 2); H. &B.
77 G opes . . . misericordiam : a short expression for " win them
over to pity and call out their resources."
77 7 ut . . . videatur, a result-clause following qui . . . regno : the
more natural way to express the idea in English would be by a coordinate
clause with and therefore.
77 8 (Sect. 25.) victus, zvhen beaten; incolumis, at the height of his
p07ver.
77 11 ut . . . attingeret, in appos. with eo following contentus. We
should regularly have quod with the indie; cf. § 333, ^ ( ); G. 542 ;
286 Notes
H. 535, iii (614) ; H. & B. ; but the form of the clause appears to be
determined by acciderat, which takes a subst. clause of result; § 332, a, 2
( ); B. 297, 2; G. 553, 3; H. 501, i, I (571, I); H.&B.
77 12 umquam : not aliquajido, on account of the neg. idea implied
in praeter spem ; § 105, h { ).
77 13 victorem: as adj.; § 188, d { ); G. 288, r.; H. 441, 3
(495.3); H. &B.
78 1 poetae : such were Nasvius, who wrote a Bellnm Putiicum, and
Ennius, author of Annales, recounting events of Roman history ; both
lived in the third century B.C.
78 2 calamitatem : i.e. the defeat of Triarius (b.c. 67), who was lead-
ing reinforcements to Lucullus. Only a severe wound of Mithridates saved
the Roman army from utter destruction. As it was, the rout was so com-
plete that no [regular] f?iessenger, etc.
78 4 sermone, comftion talk.
78 6 (Sect. 26.) tamen, i.e. though the defeat was so disastrous.
78 7 potuisset: subj. of characteristic ; the cont. to fact idea which is
also contained in the word would not have required the subj.; § 311, ^
( ); B. 304, 3; G. 597, R.3«; H. 511, i, N.3 (583); H. & B.
— vestro iussu, i.e. by the Gabinian Law (see Introd., p. 66). — imperi:
the military imperiu}?i could be extended after the term of office by the
Senate. The holder of a command thus extended { prorogattini) was
called proconsul or proprcetor. In this case Lucullus had now held com-
mand seven years, from B.C. 74.
78 12-14 coniungant, etc. : this sums up the considerations already
urged as to the magnitude of the war (from sect. 23).
78 13 integrae, fresh (cf. p. 76, 11. 20, 21).
III. The Choice of a Commander (§§ 27-50)
The plan of this division is simple but effective. Four things are requisite
in a great commander : scientia, virtus, auctoritas, felicitas, Pompey has
all these qualities in the highest degree : (i) scientia (sect. 28) ; (2) virtus
of every kind (sects. 29-42) ; (3) aucto7'itas (sects. 43-46) ; (4) felicitas
(sects. 47, 48). Hence he should be appointed (sect. 49), especially since,
by Divine Providence, he is at this moment in the East {opportunitas)
(sect. 50).
78 15 (Sect. 27.) By way of transition, Cicero sums up (in 11. 15-18)
the state of the argument. — satis . . . videor, / have said enough, /
think [to show] 7<jhy, etc. Observe that the Latin prefers the personal
construction {I seem to myself) to our impersonal {it seems to me). — esset.
TJie Manilian Law 287
is : imperf. by seq. of tenses after fecisse; § 336 B, n.^ ( ); B.
268,2; G. 518; H. 495, iv (548) ; H. &B.
78 17 restat ut, etc., it remains for ?fte, as it seems, to speak ; § 329, n.
( ); G. 553, 4; H. 501, i, I (571, I); H. & B.
78 19 utinam . . . haberetis, / wish yoti had; § 267 ( ) ; B. 279,
2; G. 260, 261; H. 483, I, 2 (558, I, 2); H. & B. . — innocentium :
innocens was an almost technical word to express cleanness of hands on
the part of an official; we may translate by blameless or incorruptible.
78 22 nunc vero, but now (i.e. as things stand) : opposed to the unful-
filled wish, utinam . . . haberetis. — cum : causal. — unus, but one.
78 23 qui non modo, etc : this remarkable exaggeration, which puts
the exploits of Pompey above those of Alexander, Hannibal, Scipio, and
other generals of antiquity, probably suited well enough the temper of the
assembly. The student should remember the hyperbole of personal praise
and blame characteristic of most political oratory, especially in a " cam-
paign."
78 24 virtute, excellence (not valor only).
78 25 cuiusquam, used on account of the neg. idea in the question quae
res, etc. (see note on umquam, p. 77, 1. 12, and cf. umquam, below, 1. 29).
Sect. 28. The four things requisite in a commander are all pos-
sessed by Pompey in the highest degree : (1) scientia (experience
and knowledge in the art of war).
79 1 (Sect. 28.) belle . . . hostibus: loc. abl. expressing the circum-
stances ; we may translate by a clause with when.
79 2 ad patris exercitum : Fompey, then seventeen years old, served
with his father, Cn. Pompeius Strabo, consul B.C. 89, the last year of the
Social War.
79 4 summi imperatoris : his father, who commanded on the side of
the Senate against Cinna, B.C. 87.
79 5 imperator : in b.c. %■}> the young Pompey raised an army (chiefly
from his father's immense estates in Picenum) and joined Sulla, who com-
plimented him as imperator, although he had not yet held even the quses-
torship.
79 6 quisquam, used on account of the neg. idea in saepius . . .
quam; see note on cuiusquam, p. 78, 1. 25. — inimico, a private adver-
sary (e.g. before a court).
79 9 imperiis : all Pompey's commands had been either assumed by
him or irregularly conferred upon him until he obtained the consulship in
B.C. 70.
288 Notes
79 12 Civile, Africanum, etc. : Pompey's exploits in these various
wars are referred to in the same order but in greater detail below (sects.
30-35), where see notes. The last mentioned, that with the pirates
(bellum navale), is of course specially dwelt on (sects. 31-35).
Sects. 29^2. (2) The second requisite in a commander: virtus
(excellence, of all kinds). The virtutes of Pompey include not only
virtus hellandi (sects. 29-35), but incorruptibility (sect. 37), self-
restraint (sect. 40), wisdom, eloquence, good faith, and humanity
(sect. 42).
Sects. 29-35. Pompey's virtus hellandi: his former successes
(sect. 30) ; his recent success against the pirates (sects. 31-33) ; the
celerity of his movements (sects. 34-35).
79 21 (Sect. 29.) neque enim illae : Cicero does not mention what
the other good qualities are till sect. 36. By an oratorical device he begins
as if he did not mean to talk about the ordinary virtutes recognized as
necessary for a general, but intended to speak of certain others, equally
necessary but perhaps less common (incorruptibility, etc.), for whicli
Pompey was eminent. But he goes on at once to emphasize the possession
of the commonly recognized soldierly qualities by Pompey, as if he had
forgotten his point in his enthusiasm. Then, with sect. 36, he suddenly
pulls himself up, as from a digression, and returns to consider the good
qualities he had, as he says, " begun to enumerate." By this method, not
only is an air of spontaneity given to the praise of Pompey (as if the orator
were carried away by his theme ; cf. sect. 3), but the special and rare
virtues on which he wishes to lay stress are much emphasized by being, as
it were, brought in twice, — a second time when the orator seems in danger
of forgetting them (sect. 36).
79 26 (Sect. 30.) testis est, etc. : the enumeration corresponds to
that in sect. 28, 11. 12-14, above (Civile, Africanum, etc.).
79 26-28 Italia, Sicilia, i.e. in the Civil War, — Italia: Pompey raised
an army to help Sulla against Cinna and Carbo, the Marian leaders (b.c.
^^). — Sicilia, Africa : after
" ^ Sulla's final victory in Italy,
he intrusted to young Pompey
the subjugation of Sicily and
Africa, where Carbo, with the
remnants of his power, had
taken refuge. P'ig. 23 shows
a coin of Pompey, on which is an allegorical head of Africa.
The Manilian Lazv
289
79 31 Gallia : this refers to certain hostilities in Gaul when Pompey
was on his way to Spain to the war against Sertorius (B.C. 77) ; these are
referred to as bellum Transalpinum in sect. 28.
80 1 Hispania : in the war with Sertorius (see, however, note on
P- 71. 1- 5)-
80 2 iterum: Pompey, on his way back from Spain (B.C. 71), fell in
with the remnants of the troops of Spartacus and cut them to pieces in
Cisalpine Gaul ; but the whole passage is a rhetorical exaggeration.
80 7 (Sect. 31.) omnes orae, etc.: referring to the Piratic War.
There is no extravagance in this ; the suppression of piracy was the most
glorious part of Pompey's career.
80 12 servitutis : the slave system of the ancients made cai)tives a
lucrative booty in war.
80 13 hieme, i.e. he either had to sail in the winter, exposed to the
danger of being lost at sea (mortis), or, etc.
80 14 tarn vetus : the piratical forces were made up of the wreck of
those numberless arniies beaten and broken up in the wars of the past half-
century or more. When the lesser states lost their independence, their
bravest men would often prefer the outlaw freedom of piracy to personal
slavery, or even to political subjugation. In fact, the pirate state in Cilicia
made a sort of republic,
unrecognized and de-
fiant.
80 15 quis . . . arbi-
traretur: § 268 ( );
B. 277; G. 265; H. 484,
v(559,4); H. &B. .
81 7 (Sect. 32.) fuit :
for position, see § 344, d,
3( ).
81 11 cum . , . trans
miserint : like a relative
clause of characteristic ;
translate w/ieu, etc.
81 12 Brundisio, i.e.
the short passage to
Greece.
81 13 legati : the case
is not known; probably not an ambassador, as one would expect from
the preceding words, but in another sense, — a military aid. The plur. is
290 Notes
perhaps used rhetorically for the sing. — qui: the omitted antecedent
(^eos) is the subj. of captos [^j^*?].
p^^ ^ 81 14 mercatoribus : see Fig. 24 for a trading vessel
(from an ancient relief).
81 15 duodecim secures, tivo prcetors ; lit. twelve
axes (i.e. twelve lictors). As provincial governors, the
praetors were each attended by six lictors ; in the city
they had but two. For an ancient representation of
lictors, see Fig. 25 (from a coin).
82 2 (Sect, -^^t^^ vitam ac spiritum : ports of entry
are the breath of life to a city which, like Rome, must import its daily
supplies of food.
82 3 potestatem : ace, because it is implied that they fell into their
power.
82 5 praetore : who he was is not known.
82 6 liberos (a rhetorical use of the plural for the singular) : this was
a daughter of the distinguished orator Marcus x\ntonius, who had cele-
brated a triumph for a victory over the pirates, B.C. 102.
82 10 classis ea, a fleet (not that fleet); followed by a subj. of charac-
terfttic (praepositus esset). — consul: who he was is not known.
82 15 Oceani ostium, the Strait of Gibraltar.
■ 82 16 audiatis: for tense, see § 287, c { ) ; B. 268, 7; G. 513;
H. 495,vi(55o); H. & B.
82 18 (Sect. 34.) sunt : plur., agreeing directly with haec, instead of
sing, est with the indir. question as subject; cf. § 334, c, R. ( ); cf.
G. 468 ; cf. H. 529, ii, 2 (649, ii, 4) ; H. & B.
82 21 tanti belli, etc., the rush of so great a war sped over the sea.
83 13 (Sect. 35.) Cretensibus : Quintus Metellus, the proconsul (the
friend of Verres), had reduced Crete nearly to submission, deriving from
this his cognomen Creticus. The Cretans, alienated by his harshness, sent
to Pompey, that he, rather than Metellus, might receive their surrender,
which Pompey was very willing to do. Civil war nearly broke out between
the two commanders in consequence. Pompey, however, who had his
hands full in Asia, withdrew from the field and left the honors to his
rival.
Sects. 36-42. Not only hellandi virtus is requisite in a com-
mander, but other virtutes as well, all of which Pompey possesses :
incorruptibility (sect. 37) ; self-restraint (sect. 40) ; wisdom, elo-
quence, good faith, and humanity (sect. 42).
TJie Manilian Laiv 291
83 20 (Sect. 36.) quid ceterae ? hoiv ivith the others? — paulo ante,
i.e. in sect. 29 (see note).
83 24 innocentia: see note on innocentium, p. 78, 1. 19.
83 27 quae, subj. of sint (neuter, as referring to antecedents of differ-
ent genders) : translate these.
83 28 summa (emphat.), in the highest degree.
83 31 (Sect. 37.) putare (in its earlier meaning of reckon : see Vocab.),
etc., count '(^s, finch). — centuriatus : two centurions commanded each
manipulus of 120 men. The centurions were advanced from the ranks by
the commander ; hence there were opportunities for favoritism and bribery.
83 32 veneant, subj. of characteristic.
84 1 aerario : the Treasury was in the Temple of Saturn, under the
superintendence of the two city qusestors. The actual management of the
funds was in the hands of a large body of clerks, scribae, who formed a
permanent collegium.
84 3 provinciae : dependent on cupiditatem ; apparently the person
referred to tried to purchase the influence of the magistrates in order to be
allowed to retain his province longer than the regular time ; but nothing
is known of the case.
84 4 in quaestu, on speculation. — facit ut, etc., shows that you recog-
nize.
84 11 (Sect. 38.) recordamini : imper. as protasis; § 310, b { );
B. 302, 4 ; G. 593, 4 ; H. 487, 3 (560, 3) ; H. & B.
84 12 quid existimetis : in the dir. question it would be the same
form, as deHberative subjunc; § 268 ( ); B. 277; G. 259; H. 486,
ii(557); H.&B.
84 14 hibernis : notice the strong antithesis to armis.
84 17 iudicando : a great part of the imperator's business would be
deciding cases of extortion by the publicani, who were of the same class
{equites) that held the judicial power in Rome. By not being strict
(severus) with them, he might purchase immunity for himself, if brought
to trial afterwards on a similar charge.
84 18 (Sect. 39.) hie, in such a case (properly, at this point in my
discourse).
84 19 manus, vestigium, i.e. not only was there no intentional injury
done, but no unintended evils followed in its train.
84 21 iam vero : here simply a particle of transition. Pompey's winter
quarters are contrasted with such as are referred to above in hibernis (1 14).
84 22 sermones, reports, by way of common talk. — ut . . . f aciat, to
incur expense in entertaining officers and soldiers.
292 Notes
84 24 enim : the connection of thought is, — [and in this he follows
old custom] for, etc. — hiemis, /row ivinter (obj, gen.), — avaritiae,/(?r
avarice (subj. gen.): cf. § 217, N. ( ) ; G. 363, K.'- ; H. 396, ii and
iii (440, I and 2) ; H. & B. " .
84 28 (Sect. 40.) celeritatem, speed. — cursum, extent of travel.
84 29 non . . . quaedam . . . aliqui, it was not that some, etc.
84 30 remigum : galleys, worked by oars and independent of the wind,
were generally used as war vessels. In the Mediterranean (particularly in
the Barbary States) their use was continued till a very late day ; and for
some purposes they are still employed. Their trained crews of rowers
gave them a speed hardly less than that of steam vessels.
85 2 amoenitas : used of objects of sight, beauty of scenery, etc.
85 3 labor, toil, always with the sense of effort and fatigue.
85 5 ceteri, as Verres, for instance (see "The Plunder of Syracuse,"
pp. 48ff.)-
85 6 visenda : the passion for travel and sight-seeing was as common
among the ancients as in modern times (cf. "The Plunder of Syracuse,"
p. 52,1.9; p. 57,11. 5-7).
85 9 (Sect. 41.) f uisse : cf. fuit in p. 81, 1. 7 (and note). — hac con-
tinentia, i.e. such as his.
85 10 iam . . . videbatur, ivas now getting to see?n.
85 11 nunc: notice the emphatic repetition (^anaphora).
85 14 servire quam imperare : a rhetorical exaggeration for prefer-
ring the condition of subject allies to nominal independence.
86 1 (Sect. 42.) consilio, etc. : cf. p. 83, 11. 26, 27.
86 2 ipso, of itself.
86 3 hoc . . . loco, i.e. the Rostra.
86 4 fidem vero, etc : render and as to his good faith, etc., changing
the construction so as to keep the emphasis.
86 5 quam, etc. : render when the enemy esteemed it, etc. (contrasting
hostes with socios).
86 7 pugnantes, in battle. — victi, in defeat.
Sects. 43-46. (3) The third requisite in a commander: mictorita.s,
(prestige). This Pompey possesses in a high degree. It has already-
shown its effect in the East.
86 17 ut . . . ament : clause of result, dependent on commoveri.
86 22 indicia, expressions of opinion (i.e. by conferring offices on him) ;
cf. what Cicero says of himself in sect. 2 (p. 68, 11. 12, 13).
86 23 (Sect. 44.) ullam usquam: see note on sect. 27 (p. 78, 1. 25).
The Manilian Lazv 293
86 24 illius diei: that of the passage of the Lex Gabinia, which con-
ferred upon Pompey the ccmmancl against the pirates.
86 26 commune : as being against pirates, enemies of all mankind.
86 28 aliorum exemplis : it is not necessary to cite examples of other
generals ; Pompey's own history furnishes instances enough.
86 31 qui quo die, on the day on which he, etc. : the relatives, admis-
sible in Latin, cannot be literally reproduced in English.
87 3 potuisset : § 308, c, N.i ( ) ; B. 304, 3, rt', N. ; G. 597,
R.3, ^; cf. H. 511, I, N.3 (583); II. & B. : the protasis is implied
in in summa ubertate, etc.
87 4 (Sfxi". 45) proelio : the defeat of Triarius (see sect. 25).
87 c provincia, i.e. Asia.
87 8 ad eas regiones, i.e. only into the neighborhood, for Pompey's
authority did not extend to the seat of war ; this force is given by the
preposition ad : in would mean into.
87 12 perfecturus sit: § 334, a { ); of. B. 269, 3; G. 514, b ;
H. 529, ii, 4 (649, ii, i); H. & B. . — perf ecerit : subj. of charac-
teristic.
87 15 (Sect. 46.) ilia res : in appos. with the clause quod . . . dedi-
derunt.
87 18 Cretensium : towns of the same region or race were often
united in leagues or confederacies, chiefly for religious purposes. After
the Roman conquest, such comrnunia were sometimes left in existence,
and even new ones were organized and allowed to exercise some subordi-
nate political function. The existence of a coinimute Cretensitun is known
from inscriptions.
87 19 noster imperator : Q. Metellus (see note on p. 83, 1. 13).
87 22 ad eundem, i.e. to Pompey.
87 23 eum quem, one %vho.
87 24 ei quibus, while they, etc., i.e. those who were jealous of
Pompey's reputation.
87 25 potissimum, rather than to any one else (i.e. rather than to Q.
Metellus Pius, who also had a command in Spain and who was much older
than Pompey). Nothing further is known of this embassy.
87 27 hanc auctoritatem : translate, as to this prestige, though it is
really the subj. of valituram esse, the whole clause being governed by
existimetis.
Sects. 47, 48. (4) The fourth requisite in a commander : felicitas.
87 30 (Sect. 47.) felicitate : in this quality is implied a special favor
294 A'^otcs
of the gods, which it would be presumptuous to arrogate to one's self
(hence timide), although Sulla had done so by assuming the cogiio/iii-ii
Felix (see Rose. Am., sect. 12, p. 6, 1. 7, and note).
88 2-3 Maximo : Quintus Fabius Maxinnis, " the shield of Rome '" ;
Marcello : Marcus Claudius Marcellus, "the sword of Rome," both distin-
guished in the Second Punic War. — Scipioni : either Africanus the elder,
or .^^milianus ; from sect. 60 it might appear to be the latter. — Mario :
Caius Marius, who vanquished Jugurtha, subdued the Cimbri and Teu-
tones, and afterwards (B.C. 88) engaged in civil war with Sulla.
88 4 saepius, repeatedly: Marius was consul seven times.
88 5 fuit (emphatic), (here really has been; § 344, d, 2 { ),
88 9 hac moderatione : a shorthand expression for hoc inodo Dwderato,
in which iiioderato would refer merely to the result clause ut . . . vide-
amur. — non ut (not to be confounded with ut non), etc., i.e. not of such
a kind as to say, etc., but such, etc.
88 11 invisa : because presumptuous.
88 13 (Sect. 48.) non sum praedicaturus : this affectation of passing
a subject over in silence is called praeteritio.
88 14 ut, hoiv (introducing an indir. quest.).
88 18 qui . . . auderet : rel. clause of result.
88 19 quot et quantas, correl. with tot et tantas above. Translate
l)y the single word as ; § 106, h ( ).
88 20 proprium ac perpetuum, secured to hhn forever.
88 21 cum, introducing the general consideration (communis) : turn-
the particular consideration (ipsius).
Sects. 49, 50. Pompey should be appointed commander in Asia, —
especially since he is on the spot. Cicero recapitulates the argument
and applies it : since all that I have proved is so, can you hesitate
to appoint the general whom Heaven provides. — especially (and here
a new and powerful reason is added, as if it were an afterthought)
since he is on the spot already 9
88 26 (Sect. 49.) sit : subj. of characteristic.
88 28 quin . . . conferatis : § 332, g, n."^ ( ) ; B. 298, h ;
G. 555, 2, R.3; H. 505, I (596, I) ; H. & B.
88 32 (Sect. 50.) erat deligendus : § 308, c { ) ; B. 304, 3, a ;
G. 597, R.3 ; H. 511, 2 (582) ; H. & B.
89 1 nunc, as things stand.
89 3 adsit, habeat, possit : result clauses in appos. with opportunitas.
— eis qui habent. i.e. LucuUus, Glabrio, and Marcius Rex, who were still
TJic Maniliaii Law 295
in command of Roman armies in Asia. For mood of habent, see § 342, a,
N. ( ) ; G. 629, K. ; II, 529, ii, N.^ 2 (652, i) ; H. & B.
89 4 cur . . . committamus : observe the different mood in the pre-
ceding question quid expectamus ?
IV. CONFUTATIO (§§ 51-68)
Sects. 51-58. Objection of Hortensius, — that supreme power
ought not to be given to one man. Answer : Hortensius made a
similar objection to the Gabinian Law ; yet that law turned out
extremely well : acting under its provisions Pompey cleared the sea
of pirates. Incidental answer to the objection made to sending
Gabinius as lieutenant with Pompey (sects. 57, 58).
89 8 (Sect. 51.) at enim (objection), hut, you will say.
89 9 adfectus = ^///f'i'///^. — Catulus : Quintus Lutatius Catulus, at
this time the leader of the senatorial party ; an estimable man and an
experienced statesman, but no soldier. The beneficia amplissima are
the successive offices that had been conferred upon him.
89 11 Hortensius : the leading lavi'yer of the time (see oration against
Verres). — ratione, 77^^'.
89 14 auctoritates contrarias : of course there were men of influence
on the side of the Maniiian I .aw as well as opposed to it ; Cicero brings
forward the names of several in sect. 68, below.
89 15 ipsa re ac ratione : this appeal from theoretical objections (as
Cicero thinks them) to experience (i.e. in the Piratic War) would, of
course, be very effective in a public assembly, for theoretical considera-
tions weigh little with such bodies in comparison with facts. Cicero
makes it doubly effective by pointing out that his opponents agree with
his premises as to the necessity and magnitude of the war and the eminent
ability of Pompey as a general, but that they avoid, on these merely tech-
nical grounds, what seems to him the obvious conclusion : viz., that Pom-
pey should be appointed.
89 20 (Sect. 52.) tribuenda sint : condition with nothing implied
(in dir. disc, sunt).
89 23 pro, in accordance with.
89 24 in senatu : laws did not require any ratification by the Senate.
The expression of opinion by Hortensius must therefore have been inan
informal discussion, after the promulgation of the law (i.e. its announce-
ment as a proposed bill).
89 25 Gabinium: see Introd., p, 67 of text.
296 Notes
89 27 promulgasset : a bill intended to be brought before either comi-
tia was regularly announced to the Senate and posted in the city two
Roman weeks (at least 17 days) before it could be voted on. — ex hoc ipso
loco, i.e. in the public discussion of the law, before the vote, in the contio
(see sect, i ).
89 31 (Sect. 53.) banc, i.e. which we have now.
90 1 an implies a strong negative ; § 211, ^ ( ) ; B. 162, 4, a ;
G.457. i; H. 353, N.^ (380,3); H.&B.
90 2 legati, etc. : observe that Cicero seizes the opportunity to recall
briefly to the minds of his hearers certain important facts which he has
already dwelt on in greater detail (in sects. 31-33).
90 3 ex omnibus, etc. : translate, froju communication (commeatu,
really abl. of specification) ivith all the provinces. — neque iam, no longer.
90 8 (Sect. 54.) Atheniensium : the Athenian empire of the sea, in
the fifth century B.C., resulted from the great victories in the Persian
War.
90 9 Karthaginiensium : the maritime power of Carthage was at its
height in the third century B.C.
90 10 Rhodiorum : the city of Rhodes was the chief naval power of
the Mediterranean during the last three centuries before Christ : its power
was broken B.C. 42, at its capture by Cassius.
90 17 permanserit : subj. of characteristic.
90 19 (Sect. 55.) Antiochum : Antiochus the Great, king of Syria,
defeated at Magnesia, B.C. 190.
90 20 Persen : Perses or Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, defeated
at Pydna, B.C. 168. — Karthaginiensis : Carthage was mistress of the sea
at the time when her wars with Rome began ; but in the First Punic War
she was beaten at her own weapons.
90 22 ei repeats nos : %ue, i.e. that nation.
91 1 Delos : a very small island in the .Egean Sea, sacred as the
birthplace of Apollo and Artemis. It had an excellent harbor, and this,
added to its peculiar sanctity, gave it high importance. It had at all times
a flourishing commerce and in the time of Cicero was the great slave market
of the world, 10,000 slaves being sometimes sold there in a single day.
91 3 eidem repeats nos (1. 23, above).
91 5 Appia Via : the principal highway of Italy, running from Rome
to Capua, and thence to Brundisium (see map of Italy, p. 1.). It was
begun by Appius Claudius Caecus, in his censorship, B.C. 312. — iam, at
length.
91 6 pudebat magistratus (ace. pi.) : no special case is referred to,
The Manilian Laiv 297
but it is implied that any magistrate ought to have felt shame, seeing that
the beaks of ships, rostra, were naval trophies.
91 7 cum : concessive.
91 VI (Sect. 56.) dolori : we should be likely to use a more general
word, like feelings, which would be defined by the context. Such differences
between two languages in the expression of thought are constantly found,
91 15 aliquando, at last (cf. Cat. ii., sect, i, 1. i).
91 20 (Sect. 57.) utrum, etc., is it that, etc. ? Cf. the obsolete use
of whether to introduce direct questions in English, as in "whether is it
better."
91 IT (Sect. 57.) obtrectatum esse : the subject of obtrectatum esse
is the wish of the opponents to defeat the proposed measure (the appoint-
ment of Gabinius as lieutenant) ; as this wish, if successful, would be (like
the affirmative measure) a determination, it is expressed by a purpose clause,
ne legaretur. — adhuc : this opposition began in connection with the
Gabinian Law and is still continued in connection with the Manilian.
91 19 expetenti, earnestly requesting. — ^o^txAaViW, claiming (as a
right).
91 20 legatum : the Senate assigned {legare) subordinate officers to
a military commander or provincial governor. These legati had much
responsibility, often performing independent duties like those of modern
officers " detailed " from the regular line. The usual number of legati
was two or three ; but Pompey received fifteen by the Gabinian Law, to
whom ten more were afterward added.
91 21 velit, coniunctivns modestiae ; § 311, ^ ( ) ; cf. B. 280, 2,
«; G. 257; H. 486,1 (556); H.&B. . — impetret: §320,/( );
B. 282, 3; G. 631, I ; H. 503,11. 2 (591, 7); H.&. B. . — cum: con-
cessive.
92 4 periculo, i.e. a political risk such as any politician would incur
in carrying an important measure.
92 4 (Sect. 58.) an: § 211, Z* ( ) ; B. 162, 4, a ; G. 457, i ;
H. 353, >!.■* (380, 3); H. & B. . — C. Falcidius, etc.: Gabinius had
not been allowed to receive an appointment as legatus under the Gabinian
Law, perhaps because he was tribune when it was passed. Cicero urges
that there is no reason why he should not be appointed under the Manilian
Law, since he no longer holds that office.
92 G honoris causa, see note on Rose. Am,, p. 3, 1. 28. — plebi: old
genitive.
92 7 in uno Gabinio, in the case of, etc.
92 8 diligentes, /(^?;'//t7/A/;-, i.e. in urging a technical objection. — qui
. . . deberet : if this were not a clause of characteristic, we should have
debebat to express the cont. to fact idea; § 311, <: ( ) ; B. 304, 3;
G. 597, R.3, a ; H. 511, i, N.^ (583) ; H. & B. ; of. oportebat, Cat. i.,
sect. 2, 1. 13.
92 11 relaturos : the consuls were the natural persons to consult the
Senate, but Cicero, as pmetor, also had this power.
92 13 impediet : either consul could, as having maior potestas than a
praetor, forbid Cicero to bring the matter before the Senate ; but, if he
persisted, his act would still be valid.
92 14 defendam : § 319, t- ( ) ; B. 295, 3 ; G. 549 ; H. 499, 3, n.2
(568,8); H. &B.
92 15 intercessionem : the veto of a tribune, which could stop any
political action, and which Cicero would be bound to respect.
92 IG quid liceat, i.e. how far they can safely go. — considerabunt,
i.e. before they set themselves against the manifest will of the people.
92 18 socius : not as legatus, but simply as partner in his former honor
and credit. This association of Gabinius with Pompey is used as an argu-
ment for giving him the office of legatus now.
Sects. 59-63. Objection of Catulus, — " precedents should not be
violated." Answer : " In time of war the Roman people have always
consulted expediency rather than precedent ; in Pompey's own case
there have already been many violations of precedent."
92 22 (Sect. 59.) ut . . . videatur: § 332 ^?, 2 ( ); B. 297,2;
G. 553, 4 ; H. 501, 2 (571, 2) ; H. & B. . — auctoritate et sententia,
i.e. the weight which one must attach to the opinion of so great a man as
Catulus (a kind oi hendiadys).
92 23 cum quaereret : cf. cum dixistis, just below ; § 323 ( ) ;
G. 579 ; H. 521, ii. 2 (600, ii, i) ; H. & B.
92 24 si poneretis : fut. protasis ; the apod, is the compound sentence
si . . . factum esset, in quo spem essetis habituri, which itself consists
of a fut. prot. and apod.; § 311-, d { ). The tenses depend for their
sequence on the perf. cepit. — si . . . esset, if anything sJiould happen to
him (a common euphemism then as now). — eo : § 244, d (^ ) ; B.
218,6; G. 40i,N.'; H. 415, iii, N.^ (474, 3); H. & B.
92 25 essetis habituri: indir. quest.; for use of periphrastic form, see
§ 334, a ( ); B. 269, 3; G. 515 ; H. 529, ii, 4 (649, ii, i); H. &
B.
92 31 quo minus . . . hoc magis : § 250, r. ( ) ; B. 223 ; G.
403; H. 423 (479); H.&B.
The Manilian Lazv 299
92 33 (Sect. 60) at enim: see first note on sect. 51.
93 1 exempla, precedents : instituta> established customs. — non
dicam, etc. : an excellent specimen of the rhetorical device known as
praeteritio (cf. note on p. 88, 1. 13, above).
93 3 paruisse, adcommodasse, i.e. they disregardcfl precedents in
great emergencies. — temporum depends on casus, consiliorum on ra-
tiones (chiastic order).
93 5 ab uno imperatore: Scipio Africanus the younger (/Emilianus),
who captured Carthage (b.c. 146) and Numantia (B.C. 133). In his time
there had been a law that no person should be consul twice in succession.
93 9 ut . . . poneretur: clause of purpose with visum est (here a
verb of decreeing).
93 10 C. Mario : IMarius was chosen consul five years in succession, to
carry on the wars here referred to.
93 12 (Sect. 61.) The argument in this and the following section is a
telling one : " In the case of Pompey himself precedent has often been vio-
lated with the full assent of Catulus. Why, then, should Catulus be so
scrupulous now, M'hen the highest interests of the state are involved?"
For the several occurrences referred to, see notes on sects. 28-30, above.
93 15 privatum, i.e. nt)t a magistrate.
93 18 a senatorio gradu: no one couhl legally enter the Senate until
after holding the qua;storship, the minimum age for which was thirty at
least, and regularly thirty-six, while Pompey was at the time referred to
(B.C. 82) only twenty-three.
93 20 in ea provincia, i.e. Africa.
93 21 fuit : translate, he shoived, etc. (in order to render the abls. of
quality, which come in in a way foreign to our idiom).
93 23 victorem, victorious (pred. adj.). — exercitum deportavit : this
was one of the essential conditions of a triumph.
93 24 equitem, i.e. not a member of the Senate, having never held a
magistracy. — triumphare : the honor of a triumph was restricted to com-
manders who possessed the i))iperium by virtue of holding a regular magis-
tracy. Until he was elected consul for the year B.C. 70, Pompey had never
had the imperiwn except by special appointment from the Senate ; both
his triumphs, therefore, B.C. 80 and 71, were contrary to precedent.
93 27 (Sect. 62.) duo consules: Mamercus Lepidus and Decimus
Brutus, B.C. 77. Instead of either of these being sent to Spain as pro-
consul the next year, against Sertorius, Pompey, though a simple eques,
was designated for that service.
93 29 pro consule : when it was desired to retain the services of a
300 Notes
magistrate after his term of office had expired, his iviperium was extended
(J>rorogaiu>n) l)y the Senate, and was held by him pro consuie or pro
praetore, that is, as having the power of a consul or praetor while no longer
actually a magistrate. It was not strictly legal to appoint a private citizen
in such a capacity ; but sometimes, as in Pompey's case, this was done. —
quidem, by the way.
93 30 non nemo, a man or too.
93 31 Philippus, a prominent member of the aristocracy (consul, B.C.
91), distinguished for his wit ; a man of liberal temper, but a vehement
partisan.
93 32 pro COnsulibus, in place of both consuls.
93 33 mittere : for mitto of the dir. disc. Philippus seems to have
put his bon mot into the regular form of a sententia, or formal expression
of opinion in the Senate, using the simple present tense, with the qualify-
ing med sententia; § 276, b { ) ; B. 259, 2 ; G. 227, x.- ; H. 467, iii,
6 (530) ; H. & B.
94 2 ut . . . fieret : subst. clause of result after the analogy of the
subj. with verbs of happening ; § 332, / ( ) ; G. 553, 4 ; H. 501, i
(571, I) ; H. & B. . — ex senatus consulto : another irregularity,
for the comitia were the law-making body and therefore of course had the
sole power of exempting from the laws. — legibus solutus, exempted from
the operation of the lazus, i.e. those limiting the age of magistrates {leges
annates).
94 3 magistratum : the legal age of a consul was not below forty-
three, and that of a praetor not below forty. Pompey, however, was
elected consul (b.c. 70) at the age of thirty-six, which was the regular age
for the quaestorship.
94 4 iterum : Pompey celebrated his second triumph Dec. 31, B.C. 71,
and the next day entered upon the consulship.
94 5 in, 171 the case of
Sects. 63-68. The judgment of the people should overrule such
objections (sect. 63, 1. 11-sect. 64, 1. 25). Pompey alone can retrieve
the Roman reputation in the East (sect. 64, 1. 26-sect. 67). Favor-
able opinions of leading men (sect. 68).
94 8 (Sect. 63.) atque haec, etc., and all these many precedents, so
weighty attd so new, have been established in the case of this single man
(Pompey), and have originated, too, in measures pro?noted by Q. Catuhis
and the other, etc. Lit. "all these many examples (i.e. acts establishing
precedents (have come upon this same man (Pompey) [proceeding] from
The Manilian Laiv 301
the [senatorial] approval of Q, Catulus," etc. The Latin tends to com-
press two or more assertions into a single clause, where in English it is
more natural to use separate clauses,
94 ]() amplissimorum : a regular epithet for dignitaries. — auctori-
tate, i.e. since they were then prominent members of the Senate.
94 13 comprobatam, i.e. the people, in electing Pompey consul, had
only followed the example of the Senate in conferring these repeated
honors.
94 14 iudicium, formal decision, expressed by passing the Gabinian
Law.
94 16 vel, even.
94 18 delegistis : not literally correct. The Gabinian Law merely
prescribed that an ex-cons ill should receive this command : the Senate
selected the man. In fact, however, it was a law made for Pompey, and
the Senate would not have ventured to appoint anybody else.
94 21 (Sect. 64.) sin : the protasis extends to attulistis, the con-
nective being omitted. — plus . . . vidistis, had a keener insight in
affairs of state.
94 L'3 aliquando : cf. p. 91, 1. 15, and note. — isti : this pron., since
it is often used of an opponent in a suit, here at once suggests the oppo-
sition now existing between Gicero and Catulus.
94 24 auctoritati : § 230.( ); B. 256, 3 ; G. 217; 1^.385,1,465,1
(426, I, 518, I) ; H. & B.
94 26 Asiatico et regio : the two adjectives enhance the imi^ression of
the difficulty of the war by emphasizing its distance and the dignity of the
enemy.
94 30 YQXSdiXi, conduct himself {%e.QNoc?ih.).
95 1 si qui sunt, ruhen they are (lit. if there are any). — pudore (abl.
of specification), respect for others. — temperantia, self-restraint.
95 9 (Sect. 65.) requiruntur, are in demand, i.e. pretexts of war are
sought, with cities that we hardly know of ; inferatur, may be fastened.
95 11 (Sect. 66.) With Cicero's account of the depredations of the
provincial governors, cf. Sheridan's celebrated description in his Speech
in Summing up the Evidence on the Second Charge against Warren Hast-
ings : "Should a stranger survey the land formerly Sujah Dowlah's, and
seek the cause of the calamity — should he ask what monstrous madness
had ravaged thus, what widespread war, what desolating foreign foe, what
disputed succession, what religious zeal, vv-hat fabled monster, had stalked
abroad, and, with malice and mortal enmity to man, has withered, with the
gripe of death, every growth of nature and humanity, all the means of
302 N'otcs
delight, and each original, simple principle of bare existence, — the answer
will be (if any answer dare be given) : ' No, alas I not one of these things,
— no desolating foreign foe, no disputed succession, no religious super-
serviceable zeal ! This damp of death is the mere effusion of British
amity : we sink under the pressure of their support, we writhe under the
gripe of their pestiferous alliance 1 ' " — libenter, etc., / should be glad to
argue this face to face, etc. ; § 310, ^7 ( ) ; B, 305, l ; (j. 600, I ;
H. 507, N." (575. 9) ; H. «& B.
95 15 hostium simulatione, under a pretence of [the existence] of
enetnies : notice the chiastic order.
95 17 animos ac spiritus, pride and insolence.
95 V.) conlatis signis, i.e. in actual warfare.
95 L'O nisi erit idem, zinless he shall also be one.
95 24 idoneus qui mittatur: see note on impetret, p. 91, 1. 21.
95 25 (Sect. 67.) pacatam, etc. : in the forcible extension of the
Roman Empire, a province was spoken of as pacata when actual resist-
ance had ceased on the part of the conquered, — quae . . . sit, subj. of
characteristic; for tense, see § 287, <: ( ) ; B. 268, 7; G. 513; H.
495. vi (550); H. &B.
95 29 praetores, i.e. proprietors : for, after the time of Sulla, the
prtetors regularly remained at Rome during their term of office,
95 30 publica, i.e. that allowed them for the support of their fleets and
armies.
95 33 iacturis, expenses, in securing their election.
95 34 condicionibus, corrupt bargains, with creditors, etc.
96 1 quasi . . . non . . . videamus : § 312 ( ) ; B. 307, 2 ; G. 602 ;
H. 513, ii, and N.i (584 and 2) ; H. cS: B.
96 3 (Sect. 68.) dubitare quin, hesitate. The usual construction in
this sense would be with the infin.; § 332,^, N.- ( ) ; B. 298,^;
G. 555, R.3; H. 505, i (596,1); H.&B.
96 7 auctoritatibus, i.e. the opinions of influential men (cf. auctor in
the next line).
96 8 est VObis auctor, you have as authority. P. Servilius (Vatia
Isauricus) was one of the most reputable men of the time. He held the
proconsulship of Cilicia, B.C. 78-75, in which he gained great successes over
the pirates. It was probably his intimate knowledge of the region and the
kind of warfare, that led him to support this vigorous measure.
96 11 debeat: for tense, see § 287, a { ); cf. B. 268, i. — Curio:
see note on Impeachment of Verres, sect. 18, p. 34, 1. 29.
96 13 Lentulus : Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, cos, b,c, 72 ; not
The Maniliaii Laiv 303
to be confounded with Lentulus Sura, cos. B.C. 71, the accomplice of
Catihne.
96 15 Cassius : for the character of this family, see note on Verr, i.,
sect. 30, p. 39, 1. 3.
V. Peroratio (§§ 69-71)
Sects. 69-71. Manilius is encouraged to stand firm. Cicero
protests that his own advocacy of the law is disinterested and
patriotic.
96 21 (Sect. 69.) auctore populo Romano: the Roman people has
already shown its opinion of Pompey Vjy passing the (lal^inian Law ;
hence Manilius has the auctoritas of the whole people behind him, as
opposed to the auctoritas of a few aristocrats like Hortensius and Catulus
(cf. sect. 63).
96 22 neve, and not.
96 25 iterum: alluding to the former unanimity of the people in pass-
ing the Gabinian Law.
96 27 de re . . . facultate, the cause itself, or the poTvei- of earrvinjr
it through. — dubitemus : § 320, a { ); B. 283, 2; G. 631, r.- ;
H. 503,1(591, I); H.&B.^
96 29 potestate praetoria, official influence as praetor ; more oflkial
than auctoritate.
97 1 ^ti^XQ, put at your service.
97 2 templo, i.e. the rostra. The term templutn was applied to any
place consecrated by regular auspices {a7igurato). As the public assembly
was held augurato, the place of holding it was a consecrated one.
97 3 ad rem publicam adeunt, are engaged in public affairs.
97 4 neque quo, nor because; § 321, r. ( ) ; B. 286, i, b ; G.
541, R.2 ; H. 516, ii. 2 (588, ii, 2) ; H. &. B.
97 7 honoribus : the term honor is regularly applied to honors con-
ferred by the people, i.e. public offices. These he proposes to earn, not by
the arts of a politician, but by fidelity in his profession as an advocate. —
pericula relates to the simultates in the next section. It was not possible
for him to espouse this democratic measure so earnestly, wdthout incurring
coolness, at least on the part of the aristocracy. — ut, so far as a MAN, etc.
(Cf. our "humanly speaking," "the Lord willmg," and the like.)
97 9 ab uno, i.e. he expects no reward in the way of public ottice from
Pompey's influence. — ex hoc loco, i.e. by political activity (cf. sect. i).
304 Notes
97 12 (Sect. 71.) mihi: § 232, a { ); B. 189, 2; G. 354; H.
388,1 (431); H.&B.
97 13 tantum . . . abest ut videar, / a7n so far from seeming :
§ 332, d{ ) ; G. 552, K.i ; H. 502, 3 (570, 2) ; H. cV B.
97 10 hoc honore, i.e. the prcetorship.
97 20 oportere, T a?fi bound : me (1. 16) is subj. of praeferre, and me
praeferre depends on oportere.
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE
ARGUMENT
Chap. i. Propositio. Catihne's eftrontery in appearing in the Senate
when his guilt is known. — 2. Weakness of the consuls in allowing him to
live. Contrast with former magistrates in the cases of Gracchus, Satur-
ninus, and Servilius. The situation calls for action : reasons for the delay.
— 3, 4. The consul fully informed : latest acts of the conspirators. —
Hortatio. 5. Catiline is exhorted to go out and join his confederates. —
6, 7. Life in the city should be intolerable to him : he is feared and
hated by all good citizens: his native city begs him to begone. — 8. He
has offered to go into custody : all good men urgent for his departure :
the Senate shows by its silence approval of Cicero's words. — 9, 10. The
consul urges him to depart : but he will go out only as a public enemy. —
Peroratio. ii, 12. The consul may ])e charged with remissness: but he
has been biding his time. — 13. For halfway measures would have been
of no avail : Catiline's death would not have freed the state from his con-
federates. Let Catiline depart. Appeal to Jupiter to save Rome.
I. Propositio (Chaps. I-IV)
Chaps, I, II. Effrontery of Catiline in appearing in the Senate.
Weakness of the consuls in allowing him to live contrasted with
the vigorous action of former times in less flagrant cases. Reasons
for the delay.
Page 99. Line 2. (Sect, i.) etiam (et iam), still. — eludet, baffle,
i.e. his mad conduct makes fools of the Roman people, as it were, by con-
tinuing to escape the just punishment that would suppress it. — quern ad
finem : almost equivalent to quamdiu, but implying some shock or crisis
(finem) which must follow.
99 3 sese iactabit, insolently display itself. — nihil (adv. ace), not
at all.
First Oration against Catiline 305
99 4 Palati : one of the strongest positions in the city, commanding
the P'orum, and so most likely to be seized by the conspirators. The
Palatium, an isolated hill, of a rudely quadrangular shape, was the original
seat of the city of Rome, from which the city spread gradually over the
other hills. In the last years of the republic, the Palatine became the
fashionable place for residences. Here was Cicero's house as well as
Catiline's. It was because of its nearness to his house, as well as because
of the strength of its position, that Cicero selected this temple for the
meeting of the Senate on this occasion. Under the Empire the Palatine
became the seat of the imperial residence, and its name, palace, has passed
in this sense into most modern languages.
99 5 bonorum : the Senate was surrounded by a crowd of equites and
other citizens (see sect. 21, below).
100 1 locus : the Senate was assembled, not, as usual, in the Curia
Hos/ilia, but in the Temple of Jupiter Stator, which occupied a command-
ing position on the brow of the Palatine Hill and faced the Sacred Way.
The ruins of this temple were discovered some years ago (see view in text).
— horum (with a gesture), i.e. the Senators present. — ora, features;
VOltus, expression : the phrase is a sort of hendiadys, almost equivalent
to expression of tJieir features ; § 385 ( ); B. 374, 4; G. 698; H.
636, iii, 2 (751, 3, N.i); H. & B.
100 2 patere : note the emphatic position. — non : observe the abrupt-
ness and force given by omitting the interrog. particle -ne. — constrictam
. . . teneri, is held fast bound : § 292, <: ( ) ; cf. B. 337, 6 ; G. 238 ;
H. 388, I, N. (431, I); H. &B.
100 4 proxima, superiore : for what was done on the night of Nov. 6,
see sect. 4 ; as to proxima, last night, we meet with nothing but general
assertions.
100 7 (Sect. 2.) 0 tempora, etc., what a time ! what a state of things !
(mores = customs of the time.)
100 8 immo, )iay more: immo here negatives not the /??«:/ of the pre-
ceding statement (vivit), but only \\.% form as not being strong enough ;
nay is similarly used in English, as in Midsummer Nighfs Dream, iii. 2.
313: "To strike, to spurn me, — nay, to kill me too ! "
100 11 videmur, etc. = think we do enough for (i.e. fulfil our duty to the
state). — si . . . vitemus : in the dir. form, satis facimus si vitamus.
100 12 ad mortem : the consuls originally possessed full powers of
judgment in criminal cases, including punishment by death. These highest
powers of the imperium were suspended within the city by laws which
gave the right of appeal to the people (note, p. no, 1. 16), but the Senate
3o6 Notes
could revive them in cases of danger by the formula Videant consules ne
quid res publica detrimenti capiat, — a proceeding analogous to the procla-
mation of martial law. This action the Senate had taken Oct. 21, nearly
three weeks before.
100 13 oportebat, apod, of an implied cond. : § 311, c- ( ) : B.
304, 3, a ; G. 254, R.i ; H. 511, i,N.3(583); H. & B. ; the imperf.
is used with iam pridem, where in English we might expect the pluperf. ;
§ 277, b\ B. 260, 4; G. 234 ; H. 469, 2 (535); H. & B. ; opor-
tebat alone would mean " you ought [now] to be [but are not] "; with iam
pridem it means " you ought to have been long ago and still ought to be."
100 14 iam diu : words in brackets are thought to be spurious inser-
tions in the text.
100 14 (Sect. 3.) an vero properly belongs both to interfecit and
perferemus ; in English we should connect the two clauses by and. On
the force of an, see § 211, /' ( ) ; B. 162, 4, a ; G. 457, i ; H. 353, N.*
(380, 3) ; H. & B. . — vir amplissimus, pontifex maximus : ob-
serve how these words strengthen the force of the example.
100 15 Ti. Gracchum : Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, a young man
of high rank and great purity of character, attempted to carry through
some important reforms, particularly touching the tenure of the public
lands, B.C. 133. Requiring more time to make his legislation effective, he
attempted illegally to secure his own re-election as tribune, when he was
attacked and killed by a mob of Senators headed by P. Scipio Nasica.
100 16 privatus : at the time referred to, Nasica was only a private
citizen of consular rank. He afterwards went into exile, and was made
Pontifex Maximus in his absence. The word privatus is rhetorically
opposed to nos consules.
100 18 ilia, that case, plural for singular as referring to the circum-
stances of the case.
100 1'.' Ahala : the magister equitiim of the famous Cincinnatus ; he
killed without legal process the
eques Maelius, on suspicion that
the latter was aiming at royal
power (B.C. 439) ; see Fig. 25. —
novis rebus (the classic expres-
sion for a violent change of gov-
ernment), revolution: dat. after
studentem.
100 20 fuit (emphat.), there zoas, etc., implying that it is so no longer ;
§ 344, c/, 3 ( ) ; cf. fuit Ilium, -Eneid, ii. 325.
OF Britl
First Oration against Catiline 307
100 22 habemus (emphat.), i.e. it is not that we lack, etc. — senatus
COnsultum : i.e. the decree conferring dictatorial power on the consuls
(see note on sect. 2, 1, 12, above), td videajit consules, etc.
100 23 vehemens, severe, as regards Catiline ; grave, carrying jveight,
and so justifying the consuls in any extreme measures, — non deest, etc.,
it is not that the state lacks zvise counsels, etc., but that the consuls are
remiss in executing them.
100 2G (Sect. 4.) decrevit : translate, to preserve the emphasis, there
was once a decree, etc. — ut . . . videret, subst. clause of purp., obj. of
decrevit : § 331 ( ) ; B. 295, 4 ; G. 546 ; H. 498 (564, i) ; H. & B.
. — Opimius : Lucius Opimius was consul B.C. 121, when Caius
Gracchus, the younger brother of Tiberius, was attempting to carry
through a series of measures far more revolutionary than those of his
brother. The Senate took alarm, and entrusted the consul with absolute
poM^er. In the tumult that ensued, some 3000 are said to have lost their
lives, including Gracchus and his leading associate, Fulvius.
100 27 ne . . . caperet, obj. of videret.
100 28 interfectus est (emphat.), i.e. in that case death was promptly
inflicted.
100 29 patre : Tiberius Gracchus, the elder, one of the most eminent
statesmen of his day. — avo : Scipio Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal.
101 1 Mario (dat. after permissa) : this was in Marius' sixth consul-
ship (B.C. 100). He was secretly in league with the revolutionists, —
Saturninus and Servilius Glaucia, corrupt demagogues, unworthy imitators
of the noble Gracchi. When it came to the point, however, the courage
of Marius failed him : he deserted his accomplices, and joined the Senate
in crushing the revolt.
101 3 rei publicae, poss. gen., the punishment being looked on as
something belonging to the party avenged, and exacted from the other
party as a payment due.
101 4 remorata est (governing Saturninum, etc.), keep Satzcrninus
and Servilius icaiting, i.e. did they have to wait one day, etc. ? — vicesi-
mum : strictly speaking, it was now (Nov. 6) the 19th day by Roman
reckoning from Oct. 21 ; cf. § 259, c ( ) ; G. 336, r} ; H. & B.
— patimur ; for tense, see § 276, a ( ) ; B. 259, 4; G. 230; H.
467, 2 (532, 2); U.&K
101 5 horum, i.e. the Senate.
101 6 huiusce modi, i.e. like those just mentioned ; §101, footnote
( ); B. 87, footnote 2 ; G. 104, I. N.i ; H. 186, I (178, 3) ;
H. & B. . — tabulis : brazen tablets, on which the laws, etc., were
308 Notes
inscribed. The edict is said to be shut up in them (until put in force),
like a sword hidden in its scabbard.
101 8 interfectum esse : § 288, ^ ( ) ; B. 270, 2, a; G. 280, 2 ;
H. & B. . — convenit, perf. : § 311, c; B. 304, 3, a ; G. 254, r.i ;
H. 511, I, N.=^(583); H.&B.
101 9 ad deponendam, etc. : § 300 ( ) ; B. 338, 3 ; G. 432 ;
H. 542, iii, 544, I (628, 623) ; H. cS; B.
101 10 cupio (emphat.), I am anxious: a concession, opposed by
sed, below, — me esse : § 331, b, n. ( ) ; B. 331, iv, a; G. 532, r.-;
H.535,ii (614); H.&B. .
101 11 dissolutum, arbitrary.
101 12 ipse : Latin in such cases emphasizes the subject ; English, the
object; § 195, / ( ) ; B. 249, 2; G. 311, 2; H. 452, i (509, i) ;
H. & B.
101 12 inertiae : § 220 ( ) ; B. 228, 2; G. 378; H. 409, ii
(456); H.&B.
101 13 (Sect. 5.) castra sunt, etc. : an enumeration of the circum-
stances which make a mild policy no longer possible.
101 14 iaxxcihviS, narrow pass, leading north from Etruria, through the
Apennines. — conlocata : § 291, b { ) ; B. t^t,-], 2; Ci. 250, r.- ;
H. 471, 6, N.i (538, 4) ; H. cS: B.
101 18 iam, at once.
101 19 erit verendum, etc., I shall have to fear, I suppose (ironical),
that all good citizens will fail to say (lit. will 7iot say) that I have acted too
late rather than that anybody will say that I have acted too cruelly, i.e. I
shall have to fear that I shall be accused of cruelty rather than slackness.
— ne non . . . dicat: § 331, /( ); B. 296, 2, a -, G. 550, 2 ; H. 498,
iii, N.- (567, 2); H. & B. . — boni (sc. dicant) : here, as usual, the
well-intentioned, i.e. those who held the speaker's views.
101 21 ego: opposed to omnes boni (1. 19, above). — factum esse:
§ 288, d { ); B. 270, 2, a; G. 280, R.- — oportuit: § 311, ^ ( );
B. 304, 3, a ; G. 597, R.^ c^ ; H. 511, I, X.3 (583); H. & B.
Chaps. Ill, IV. The consul is fully informed. Latest acts of the
conspirators.
101 22 denique, i.e. then, and not before.
101 23 iam, at length.
101 24 fateatur: for mood, see § 319, 2 ( ) ; B. 284, 2 ; G. 631,
I ; H. 500, 1 (589, ii, 591); H. & B.
101 26 (Sect. 6.) ita. ut \Vf\s, Just as yoti ai-e [now] living.
First Oration against Catiline 309
101 27 ne , . . possis : purpose (not result).
101 28 etiam, besides the forces on guard.
101 29 speculabuntur : probably referring to the spies in the interest
of the government, who were in the very heart of the conspiracy,
102 1 quid, etc., zvhat is there for you to wait for more? — quod
. . . exspectes : rel. clause of purpose.
102 4 inlustrantur, opposed to obscurare ; erumpunt, to continere.
102 7 recognoscas, review, with licet, ut omitted : see § 331, /j k.
( ); B. 295, 8; G. 553, R.i; PI. 502, l; (564, ii, l); H. & B.
102 8 (Sect. 7.) dicere : fur tense, see § 336 A, n.^ ( ) ; G. 281,
2, N.; H. 537, I (618, 2); H. &B.
102 9 futurus esset : subord. clause in ind. disc.
102 11 num., etc., ^uas I mistaken in, etc. (lit. did tlie fact escape me).
102 13 idem (nom.) has the force of also.
102 14 optimatium, i.e. of the Senatorial party. — in ante diem :
§ 259, e{ ); B. 371, 6; G. p. 491 ; H. 642, 4 (754, 3); H. & B.
000, o.
102 iG sui conservandi . . . causa : § 298 a, c { ) ; B. 339, 5 ;
G. 428, K.i and R.- ; H. 542, N.i (626, 3); H. & B. ; this passage
is neatly turned so as to save their self-respect by attributing their flight
to that discretion which is the better part of valor.
102 19 cum . . . dicebas : we should except diceres ; the imperf.
indie, is probably an archaic survival; cf. § 277, e, and N. ( ).
102 20 tamen: opposed to discessu ("though the rest were gone,
yet," etc.).
102 21 (Sect. 8.) Praeneste (Palestrina), an important town of
Latium, about twenty miles from Rome, in a very commanding situation.
Its possession would have given Catiline a valuable military post. Prse-
neste had been a chief stronghold of the Marian party in the Civil War,
and Sulla had punished it by establishing a military colony there (hence
coloniam).
102 23 sensistine, did yotc not find? -ne here = nonne : § 210, d, and
N. ( ) ; G. 454, N.5 ; H. & B.
102 24 praesidiis, ///^,^<'7rr?.y^;« manning the walls; custodiis, sentinels
at the gates; vigiliis, watchmen (i.e. night -guard). — agis, etc.: notice
the climax.
102 27 noctem illam superiorem, ///«/ night, — night before Last, \.e.
Nov. 6 ; priore (1. 29, below) refers to the same night.
102 29 quam te : § 336, a, i, R. ( ); H. 524, i' (643, i):
H. & B.
310 Notes
102 30 inter falcarios, i.e. to the street of the scythe-makers. — non
agam obscure, i.e. I will speak out and be more definite. — in domum:
§258, /;, N.i ( ); G. 337, R.3; H. & B.
103 1 eodem, at the same place (lit. to the same place, according to the
Latin idiom).
103 4 (Sect. 9.) gentium : § 216, rt', 4 ( ); B. 201, 2; G. 372,
N.3; H. 397,4(443); H. &B.
103 5 quam rem republicam, what sort of state ?
103 G hie, hie, here, right here. — patres [t'Z] eonseripti: the formal
designation of the Senators ; patres were the patrician members of the
Senate, eonseripti were the plebeians enrolled in that originally patrician
body. The conjunction is regularly omitted (as often in such combina-
tions). Observe that the stock English translation conscript fathers is
inexact.
103 8 qui : the antecedent is the understood subject of sunt. — atque
adeo, and in fact.
103 9 cogitent: § 320, a ( ); B. 283, 2; G. 631, 2; H. 503, i
(591, I); H.&B.
103 11 oportebat: see sect. 2 and note. — voce volnero : the allitera-
tion is intentional and may easily be imitated in English, — wound with a
word. — igitur (resumptive), then (i.e. as I said^.
103 13 quemque, each (of the conspirators). — placeret, indir. quest.
103 14 relinqueres, edueeres, delib. subj. in an indir. quest. : § 334, b
( ) ; B. 302 ; G. 265 ; H. 484, v (559, 4) ; H. & B.
103 16 morae, partitive gen. — viverem : subj. in subord. clause in
indir. disc.
103 17 equites: these were C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius.
103 19 (Sect. 10.) omnia . . . comperi: Cicero's contemporaries
made sport of him for using this phrase so often in the case of the con-
spirators.
103 22 salutatum: supine; § 302 ( ) ; B. 340, i; G. 435 ; H.
546 (633); H.&B. . All prominent citizens were accustomed to
hold a kind of morning reception (cf. "the king's levee''^) to which their
friends and dependents came to bid them good morning and to escort
them to the Forum. — eum . . . venissent: best translated hy zuhen, etc.
103 23 id temporis, at that very time: §§ 216, a, 3, 240 (
); B. 201, 2, 185, 2; G. 336, N.2, 369; H. 378, 2, 397, 3 (416, 2,
442); H.&B.
103 24 praedixeram : Cicero had thus put on record, as it were, the
fact that he was acquainted with the details of the conspiracy.
First Oration against Catiline 311
103 27 desiderant, have been wanting: § 276, a { ) : B. 259, 4;
G. 230 ; 11. 467, 2 (532, 2) ; H. & B.
103 28 si minus (sc. omnes), if not.
II. HoRTATio (Chaps. V-X)
Chaps. V-VII. Why does not Catiline leave the city? Life
there should be intolerable to him. He is feared and hated by all
good citizens. His native city begs him to be gone.
103 30 murmus, i.e. city wall (cf. parietibus, tualis of a house, sect. 6).
— intersit: § 3H ( ); ^- 3io» ii ; G. 573; H. 513, i (587); H. & B.
000, o.
103 31 non feram, etc. : the same idea is repeated for emphasis, but,
for variety, different words are used.
103 32 (Sect, ii.) atque, and particularly. — huic, i.e. in whose
temple we are met. ^
104 1 Statori (sto) : the one who causes to stand firm. The temple
to Jupiter Stator was vowed by Romulus when his troops were giving way,
and built upon the spot where their flight was stayed. The remains of this
temple have been recently discovered on the Palatine, near the Arch of
Titus.
104 3 in uno homine, by one man (Catiline) ; lit. in the case of one
juan.
104 7 proximis: the consular election was usually held in July; but
in this year, on account of the disturbed condition of things, it did not take
place until Oct. 28. — in Campo : the comitia centuriata, in which the
higher magistrates were elected, were held in the Campus Martius, or
military parade-ground, north of the city. This is the space covered by
the main part of modern Rome.
104 8 competitores : Catiline's successful competitors were D. Silanus
and L. Murena.
104 9 copiis, i.e. persons in the employ of his friends, — slaves and
hired retainers. — nullo . . . concita.tO, without exciting {a. very common
way of expressing this idiom in Latin).
104 11 videbam, / saw all along (observe the force of the imperf.).
104 12 (Sect, 12.) nunc iam, now at length.
104 16 huius imperi, i.e. that which I now possess : namely, that con-
ferred upon the consuls by the special decree of the Senate dent operam,
etc. (see note on p. 100, 1. 12). Without this decree they possessed impe-
3 1 2 Notes
riiD/i, it is true, but it was limited (in the city) by special privileges of
Roman citizens,
104 20 tu : opposed to comitum,
104 22 sentina rei T^vibliCdiQ, polUical rabble ; or, keeping the original
figure, we might say, bilge-water of the ship of state.
104 24 (Sect. 13.) faciebas, were on the point of doing : § 277, c
( ) ; B. 260, 3 ; G. 233 ; H. 469, I (534, 2) ; H. & B.
104 25 hostem, a ptiblic enemy, whom the consul would have the
right to expel from the city. — non iubeo : Cicero avoids the appearance
of ordering a citizen to go into exile, since that was something which the
consul had no right to do.
104 27 iam, longer.
104 29 metuat: cf. note on cogitent, p. 103, 1. 9.
104 30 privatarum rerum, /// private life, i.e. intercourse with others
out of the family (distinguished from domesticae, above).
105 2 quern . . . inretisses, i.e. after entangling, etc. (subj. of char-
acteristic).— ferrum . . . facem, i.e. arm him f(^ acts of violence, or in-
flame him to deeds of lust.
105 3 (Sect. 14.) o^i^ytxo, and say !
105 4 novis nuptiis, etc. : this crime is mentioned by no other writer,
and is perhaps one of the orator's exaggerations.
105 5 alio . . . scelere : Sallust mentions, as a matter of common
belief, that Catiline killed his own son, in order to gratify his new wife
Aurelia Orestilla, "a woman praised for nothing but beauty."
105 8 ruinas : this charge was undoubtedly correct. The conspiracy
was mainly composed of men of ruined fortunes, who hoped to better
themselves in the general scramble of a revolution.
105 9 Idibus: the Calends and Ides — the beginning and middle of
the month — were the usual times for the payment of debts. Catiline's
failure in his consular canvass had probably stirred up his creditors to push
him for payment.
105 14 (Sect. 15.) cum: causal, but best translated by Tc/^t-w.
105 15 prid. Kalendas lanuarias, etc. : Dec. 31, b.c. 64. The act
here mentioned seems to have been in preparation for a rising that had
been planned by Catiline for the next day, Jan. I, B.C. 63. On this day
the consuls Cotta and Torquatus entered upon their office, and it was the
intention of CatiUne to take advantage of their inauguration to murder
them and seize the government. The plot got whispered about, and its
execution was put off to Feb. 5, when it failed again through Catiline's
precipitancy in giving the word.
First Oration agaiiist Catiline. 313
105 1C> cum telo (a technical expression), zueapon in hand.
105 17 manum: a band (of assassins). — interficiendorum causa:
§ 29S, r ( ) ; G. 428, R.2 ; H. & B.
105 18 mentem aliquam, some change of juind.
105 20 aut . . . aut, etc., either ohscitre or few.
105 21 non multa, etc., i.e. they were too well known to need reca-
pitulation, and too numerous to admit of it. — COmmissa, which you have
perpetrated.
105 23 petitiones, thrusts, the word regularly used for the attack of
a gladiator. Cicero uses this and similar terms as an affront to Catiline. —
ita coniectas, etc., so aimed that they seemed impossible to be shunned. The
Latin has no adj. for " impossil^le."
105 24 COrpore, i.e. dodging with the body (a common colloquialism,
— hence ut aiunt).
105 26 (Sect. 16.) tibi (dative of reference), etc., w;vj/i?<://;'c'/;/j't^/<?
hands: § 235, « ( ) ; B. 188, l ; G. 350, I; H. 384, 4, N.-^
(425, 4, N.) ; H. & B.
105 28 quae quidem, etc., / knoiv not by wJiat rites it has been con-
secrated and set apart, that you think, etc. (as if Catiline had solemnly
pledged himself to use this dagger on nobody lower than a consul),
105 31 nunc vero, but now (indicating a marked transition). — vita,
i.e. that you should desire to prolong it (cf. sect. 15).
106 1 quae nulla, nothijig of which : § 216, e { ) ; B. 201, i, b ;
G. 370, R.-2 ; H. & B.
106 3 necessariis : this word is used of any close relation, as that
of kinsman, client, guest, comrade, member of the same order, etc. (see
note on necessitudinem, Verr. i, sect. 11, p. 32, 1. 3).
106 5 quid quod, 7^;//^/ ^////z>, — ///a/, etc.
106 6 subsellia : undoubtedly wooden benches brought in for the
occasion.
106 7 consulares : these voted as a class, and probably sat together.
Catiline, as ■z. praetorius, no doubt sat in their neighborhood.
106 10 ferendum [esse] is the pred. of the clause quod . . . reli-
querunt.
106 10 (Sect. 17.) servi : emphatic, and hence preceding si.
106 13 iniuria, unjustly, rvrongfully.
106 14 carere aspectu, be deprived of the sight of.
106 20 d\\c\y\.0 ZQ>ViZt^^Xt%, 7vould retire somewhere. — nunc: opposed
to the cont. to fact si, etc.
106 22 te nihil . . . cogitare, that you think of nothing (depending
314 Notes
on iudicat). — iudicat : for tense, see § 276, a (^ ) ; B. 259, 4;
G. 230 ; H. 467, 2 (532, 2) ; H. & B.
106 23 auctoritatem, etc : observe the climax in both nouns and verbs.
106 25 (Sect. 18.) quae (i.e. patria) . . . agit, she thus pleads
wi/h yon.
106 2G annis : § 256, /> { ) ; B, 231, i ; G. 393, r.^ ; H. 379, i
(417, I and 2) ; H. & B.
106 28 sociorum, i.e. the allied cities of the province of Africa, which
Catiline had governed as proprietor, B.C. 67.
106 29 leges et quaestiones, i.e. in his lawless career both as praetor
in Rome and as propraetor in Africa. — neglegendas implies only evasion ;
evertendas, violence.
106 30 superiora ilia, those for /ner crimes of yours.
106 32 me . . . esse, etc. : this and the two following infin. clauses
(Catilinam timeri and nullum videri . . . consilium) are subj. of est
ferendum ; posse depends on videri. — quicquid increpuerit, subjunc. of
integral part ; § 342 ( ) ; B. 324, i ; G. 663, I ; H. 529, ii (652) ;
II. e^- B.
107 2 abhorreat (subj. oi c\\?iX2,c\.Q.x\?,\\c), is inconsistent ivitJi.
107 3 hunc . . . eripe, rescue me from, etc., lit. snatch it from me;
i; 229 ( ) ; B. 188, 2, d; G. 345, R.i; H. 386, 2 (429, 2) ; H. cS: B.
000, o.
107 4 ne opprimar : § 306, <? ( ) ; B. 302, 4 ; G. 595 ; H. 508, 4
(580) ; H. & B. . — aliquando, some time or other (implying im-
patience).
Chaps. VIII-X. Catiline has offered to give himself into custody.
The consul bids him depart : the Senators show by their silence their
approval of the order. The consul entreats him to leave the city,
but he will go only as a declared enemy,
107 6 (Sect. 19.) etiam si . . . possit : § 313, ^ ( ) ; cf. B.
309 ; G. 604 and R.- ; H. 515, ii (585) ; Ii. & B.
107 7 in custodiam dedisti, i.e. into free custody, on parole. This
appears to have been late in October, when Catiline was prosecuted on the
Lex Plautia de vi. When a respectable Roman was charged with a crime
it was customary for some person to bail him out, as it were, by becoming
responsible for his appearance. Being thus responsible, the surety kept the
accused in a kind of custody at his house.
107 8 ad M'. Lepidum, etc. : ad = apud. Lepidus was the consul of
B.C. 66.
■ First Oration against Catiline 315
107 9 ad me : this was of course intended by Catiline as a demonstra-
tion of his innocence.
107 10 domi meae : 258, e; G. 411, k.* ; H. & B.
107 12 parietibus, loc. abl. ; moenibus, abl. of means. Observe the
difference of meaning in these words and the emphasis of the contrast. —
qui . , . essem : this would be subj. (sim) in dir. disc, as implying the
reason; § 320, e ( ) ; B. 283, 3; G. 626, R. ; H. 517 (592, 598) ;
H. & B.
107 13 Metellum : Q. Metellus Celer, consul B.C. 60 ; he afterwards
did good service in the campaign against Catiline.
107 14 virum optimum, an excellent man (ironical, of course).
107 10 sagacissimum, keen-scented ; fortissimum, energetic and fear-
less.
107 18 videtur debere, does it seem that he ought to lie? Observe
that the Latin prefers the personal construction ("does he seem," etc.),
which the English idiom with ought does not allow us to imitate :
§330> '''>!( ); B-332, '^; G. 528, R.2; 11.534, I, N.i (611, N.i);
H. & B.
107 19 (Sect. 20.) Two courses were open to Catiline, — to leave the
city or to run his chances of being put to death. If he left the city, he
could, of course, either join his accomplice Manlius in the insurgent camp
at Fffisuke, or abandon his projects and go into voluntary exile. Appar-
ently some of the Senators had privately urged him to adopt the latter
alternative, promising, in that case, that all proceedings should be dropped,
and Catiline, though rejecting their advice, had declared that he would not
refuse to obey a senatus-consultum decreeing his banishment. Such a
decree would, however, have been favorable to Catiline's plans, for, since
he had not been formally^brought to trial, he would have been able to pose
as an injured citizen exiled by an arbitrary aristocratic party. Hence
Cicero refuses to put the question to the Senate, though he asserts there
could be no doubt about the result. By taking this course Cicero forced
Catiline to make his intentions plain by the overt act of leaving the city of
his own accord and hastening to the camp of Manlius.
107 23 refer ad senatum : the technical term for the action of the
presiding officer (regularly the consul) in bringing a matter before the
Senate for action. See general Introduction, p. Ivii. — si, etc.: fut. cond.
in indir. disc.
107 24 placere (sc. sibi) : the subj. is te . . . exsilium.
107 25 abhorret, is contrary to : because the Senate would have no
legal power to pronounce such a judgment.
3i6 Notes
107 26 faciam ut, etc. : § 332 ( ) ; B. 297, i ; G. 553, i ; H. 498,
ii (568); H. & B. ; to make the feelings of the Senate clear, Cicero
formally commands Catiline to leave the city (egredere, etc.) ; then pauses
to allow the Senators a chance to protest, and then points out that no
objections are heard.
107 29 ecquid attendis, are you listening? The adverbial ecquid {at
all) can hardly be idiomatically rendered, but gives an emphasis to the
question.
107 30 patiuntur, they tolerate this, i.e. they make no objection to
this extreme exercise of authority on my part. — quid, etc.: why do you
zv ait for those to express their opinion in words whose wishes you see clearly
by their silence? The Latin idiom is quite different : why do you wait for
the expressed opinion (auctoritatem) of [those] speaking whose ivishes you
see [when] silent?
107 32 (Sect. 21.) huic, this . . . here: the demonstrative pronouns
are often thus employed in the so-called deictic use, accompanied by a
gesture. — Sestio : a member of the aristocratic party whom Cicero after-
wards defended in one of his greatest orations.
108 1 M. Marcello : a prominent member of the aristocracy, consul
B.C. 51 ; not to be confounded with the person of the same name men-
tioned in sect. 19. He took a leading part in the Civil War against Ccesar,
and was afterwards defended by Cicero (see p. 213). — iam, by this time. —
COnsuli, consul as I am.
108 2 in templo, i.e. notwithstanding the sacredness of the place. —
vim et manus (hendiadys), violent hands.
108 3 cum quiescunt, i.e. by keeping quiet : § 326, a { ) ; G. 582 ;
H. 517, 2; H. .^ B.
108 5 videlicet cara, alluding to his demand to have the matter sub-
mitted to the Senate.
108 8 voces, cries (of the crowd outside).
108 10 haec (with a gesture, cf. huic, sect. 21, first note), i.e. all that
is round us, the city, etc.
108 12 prosequantur, escort. It was the custom for those who were
going into voluntary exile to be thus accompanied to the gate by their
friends. Cicero sarcastically declares that, if Catiline will depart, the
whole Senate will be so glad to be rid of him as to forget his crimes and
pay him this honor.
108 13 (Sect. 22.) te ut . . . frangat, i.e. break down your stubborn-
ness (purpose clause after loquor ; though it may be an exclam. clause with
ut : § 332, c{ ) ; G. 558 ; H. 486, ii, N. (559, 5) ; H. & B.
First Oration agaijist Catiline 317
108 15 uti nam . . . duint : § 267, b { ) ; cf. E. 279 ; G. 201 ;
H. 483, I (559, i); H. & B. ; for form, see § 128, e'- \ B, 127, 2;
G, 130, 4 ; H. 240, 3 (244, 3); H. & B.
108 16 ire: § 271, « ( ); B. 295, 4, n. ; G. 532, and R."- ; H.
498, i,N. (565,5); H. &B.
108 18 recenti memoria (abl. of time) : translate by a while clause.
108 19 est tanti, it is worth the cost : § 252, cz ( ); cf. B. 203, 3;
G. 380, I, R.; H. 405 (448, 4) ; H. & B.
108 20 sit: §3i4( ); B. 310, li ; G. 573; 1^.513,1(587); H.
&B.
108 21 ut . . . commoveare, etc., subj. of est postulandum : § 331, /^
( ) ; cf. B. 295 ; G. 546, I ; H. 499, 3 (564, ii) ; H. & B.
108 23 is es . . . ut : § 319, I, R. ( ) ; B. 284, I ; G. 552 ; H.
500, ii (570) ; H. & B.
108 26 (Sect. 23.) inimico,«/rzV«/f ^//d'wr, thus attributing to Cicero
personal motives of opposition.
108 27 recta {^cyid^), straightway. — vix feram, etc.: for Catiline's
going into voluntary exile would tend to prove that he was innocent and
had been persecuted by the consul (see note on p. 107, 1. 19).
108 29 sin autem, etc. : Catiline's going to Manlius would prove his
guilt and show the wisdom of Cicero's action.
109 1 latrocinio, brigandage, i.e. partisan warfare, as opposed to a
regular war {iustum belluni).
109 3 (Sect. 24.) quamquam, ^z;/^/ iv/ .■ § 3i3,/( ); B. 309, 5 ;
G. 605, R.2; H. 515, iii, N- (586, 4); H. & B. ; cf. the same use of
quamquam, p. 108, 1. 13, and of tametsi, p. 108, 1. 16. — invitem:
§ 268 ( ); B. 277; G.265; H. 486, ii (557); H. & B. . — sciam:
characteristic subj.
109 4 Forum Aurelium: a small place on the Via Aurelia, about
fifty miles from Rome. The Via Aurelia was the road which led along
the sea-coast of Etruria, by which Catiline left the city the following night.
— praestolarentur : rel. clause of purpose.
109 6 aquilam : the silver eagle had been adopted by Marius as the
standard of the legion, and the eagle in question was said to have been
actually used in the army of Marius.
109 8 sacrarium : it was customary in Roman houses to have a little
shrine (see Fig. 27) for the worship of the lares and other protecting divin-
ities. Doubtless Catiline was believed to have placed this eagle in such
a shrine as an object of superstitious worship.
109 9 ut possis : exclam. jlause with ut (see note on p. 108, 1. 13).
318
Notes
109 13 (Sect. 25.) rapiebat : § 277 /^ ( ) ; B. 260, 4 ; H.& B.
the imperf. is used instead of the pres. because the action is conceived of as
ceasing at the moment when
Cicero discovered the plot.
109 14 haec res, i.e. leav-
ing the city as an enemy and
taking up arms.
109 16 non modo, to say
nothing of; § 209, «, I (
) ; B. 347, 2 ; G. 445 ;
11.553,2(656,2); H.&B.
000, o.
109 18 atque connects
perditis and derelictis ; ab
connects fortuna and spe
with derelictis.
109 19 conflatam, i-jin
together (like molten metal).
109 19 (Sect. 26.) hie,
i.e. in this band.
109 21 bacchabere, ivill
revel. To a Roman the word
suggested the wild orgies
of the frenzied Bacchanals,
so that it is much stronger than our revel, which in course of time has be-
come rather vague: cf. ^neid, iv. 301 (and illustrations).
109 23 meditati sunt, have been practised ; feruntur, are talked about.
— labores : cf. Sallust's Catiline^ ch. v : L. Catilina nobili genere natus
fuit, jnagna vi et animi et corporis, sed ingenio mala pravoque. Huic ab
adulescentia bella intestina caedes rapinae discordia civilis grata fuere
ibique iuventutem suajn exercuit. Corpus patiens inediae algoris vigiliae
supra quaf?i ciiiquam credibile est.
109 25 facinus, deed of violence, contrasted with stuprum, debauchery ;
just as bonis otiosorum, property of peaceful citizeits, is with somno mari-
torum, the repose of htisbands.
109 26 ubi ostentes (purpose clause), opportu7iity to display (lit. a
place, ivhere, etc.).
109 29 (Sect. 27.) reppuli: § 323, i ( ); B. 288, \,a; G. 580 ;
H. 521, i (600); H. & B. . Cicero here takes credit to himself for
using his influence as consul to defeat the election of Catiline.
First Oration against Catiline 319
109 30 exsul, consul: observe the play upon words (see Vocab.).
109 32 latrocinium : cf. note on latrocinio, 1. i, above.
III. Peroratio (Chaps. XI-XIII)
Chaps. XI-XIII. The consul may be charged with remissness ;
but he has been biding his time. For halfway measures would
have been useless. Appeal to Jupiter to save Rome.
110 2 querimoniam, i.e. for not having suppressed the eonspiracy
more vigorously. — detester ac deprecer (construed with a me, above),
remove by protest and plea.
110 4 patria : the personified patria is dramatically introduced as
accusing Cicero of remissness in letting Catiline go unharmed.
110 6 M. TuUi (voc.) : the regular way of formal address ; the use of
the family name (^Cicero) is more familiar.
110 9 evocatorem servorum, a summoncr of slaves, i.e. to enhst under
him against the state. To the Romans (as to all peoples who, having a
large slave population, are in constant fear of servile revolts) such an accu-
sation was the most violent reproach conceivable.
110 12 duel, rapi, mactari : § 331, </, n.i.( ) ; cf B. 295, 4, n.;
G. 546, N.3; H. 535, ii (614); H. & B.
110 IG (Sect. 28.) rogatae sunt: the magistrate who proposed a law
formally asked the people whether they would accept it ; hence rogo was
the word regularly used for this act, and the proposition itseU" was called
rogatio. The leges in question, Valeria, Portia, and Seinpronia (of Caius
Gracchus), were enacted to protect — like our laws securing the habeas
corpus and trial by jury — the life and liberty of citizens against the arbitrary
power of magistrates, M'hich in this case would apparently be used by
Cicero. — at numquam, etc.: as a fact, however, the precedents here re-
ferred to had been really violations of the constitution.
110 IK praeclaram . . . gratiam, you shozu a noble gratitude (cf
habere gratiain and agere gratias^.
110 20 nulla commendatione maiorum : though by the Roman con-
stitution the higher ofiices were open to all citizens, yet it was rare that a
man whose ancestors had not held these offices could succeed in attaining
them himself If, like Cicero, he did so, he was called a novus homo, and
his descendants belonged to the nobility. — tam mature: Cicero attained
the quaestorship, the prcetorship, and the consulship (honorum gradiis) at
the earliest age possible in each case. This was a mark of public confi-
dence which had never happened to a novus homo before.
320 Notes
110 21* invidiae, i.e. the odium which might attach to the consul's
apparently exceeding his constitutional authority. In fact Cicero was later
brought to trial and exiled on this very charge.
110 24 (Sect. 29.) num est, pray is (implying strong negation) :
§ 210, c { ); B. 162, 2, b; G. 464, R.; H. 351, I, X.3 (378); H. &
B. 000, o.
110 25 inertiae, sc. invidia, the reproach. — an belongs M-ith non
existimas.
110 27 conflagraturum, luill be consumed (lit. xvill burn up).
110 29 idem sentiunt, have the same views. — mentibus, thoughts.
110 30 factu, the rare "latter supine" : § 303 ( ) ; B. 340, 2; G.
436 ; H. 547 and N.i (635 and 4) ; H. & B.
110 31 gladiatori : the gladiators were trained slaves owned by rich
men, and \vere often employed as bullies in political campaigns. Hence
the word came almost to mean ruffian, "bruiser,''^ "thug."'''
111 1 si . . . honestarunt: notice that the simple condition here ex-
presses cause ; § 306, a, x. ( ).
Ill 2 superiorum, before them.
The variety of the conditional sentences in sects. 29, 30 is instructive :
si iudicarem, . . . non dedissem (cont. to fact), p. no, 1, 30-p. iii, 1. i ;
si . . . honestarunt, verendum non erat (nothing implied), p. in, 11. 1-4 ;
si impenderet, fui (mixed), 11. 6, 7 ; si animadvertissem, dicerent (cont.
to fact), 11. 13, 14 ; si pervenerit, fore (fut., indir. disc), 11. 15, 16 ; hoc
interfecto, posse (fut., indir. disc, protasis disguised), 11. 18-20; si
eiecerit, exstinguetur (fut., more vivid), 11. 20-22.
Ill 6 maxime, ever so much.
Ill 7 ut . . . putarem, result clause explaining hoc (not a subst.
clause). — partam (from pario), acquired (a very common meaning).
Ill 8 (Sect. 30.) non nulli, etc. : it should be remembered that there
were many well-intentioned citizens who either doubted the existence of a
conspiracy or thought Cicero's fears of it greatly exaggerated ; and that
even among those who admitted the fact there was considerable variety of
partisan feeling.
Ill 9 videant, dissimulent : subj. of charact. (not coord, with dice-
rent), expressing the character of the men referred to, while aluerunt, etc
(1. 11), merely gives additional /rt'r/.y about them (hence indie).
Ill 14 regie, despotically : the Roman idea of a king and kingly gov-
ernment was associated with Tarquinius Superbus. Here the word also
implies the assumption of unlawful power {= tyrantiice), as well as its
abuse.
First Oration against Catiline 321
111 15 nunc, as it is. — quo; § 201, /? ( ); H. &. B. : the
antecedent is in castra.
Ill 17 improbum, dishonest.
Ill 18 hoc . . . interfecto, disguised fut. protasis; § 310, a { );
B. 305, i; G. 600, i; H. 507, N.^ (575, 9); H. & B. ; the apod.
posse is fut. in sense; 307, </ ( ) ; G. 248, R. ; H. & B.
Ill 20 eiecerit: for tense, see § 307, ^ ( ) ; G. 244, 2; H. 508, 2
(574,2); H.&B.
Ill 21 eodem, to the same place.
Ill 22 d.^Vi\\.dL, full-groion, as opposed to stirps, the root (properly the
stock from which new shoots may spring out), and semen, the seed.
Ill 25 (Sect. 31.) iam diu: the conspiracy was ready to break out
B.C. 65 (see note on p. 105, 1. 15).
Ill 26 versamur, have lived. — nescio quo pactO, somehow or other ;
§ 334, e { ); B. 253, 6; G. 467, N.; cf. H. 455, 2 (512, 7); H. & B.
000, o.
Ill 27 veteris (sharply contrasted with nostri), i.e. the disease is of
long standing, but its outbreak has occurred just in my consulship.
111 32 visceribus, vitals (properly the great interior organs, as the
heart, lungs, etc.).
112 1 aestu febrique, //^<? 7/^(7/ ^yy^z^^r (hendiadys).
112 4 reliquis vivis : abl. absolute.
112 8 (Sect. 32.) circumstare, hang round, for the purpose of intimi-
dation : the praetor urbanus had his tribunal in the Forum.
112 15 patefacta, laid hare ; inlustrata, set in full light ; oppressa,
crushed ; vindicata, punished. Observe the climax.
113 1 (Sect. 2>?i-^ ominibus, prospects. What Cicero has just said
(p. 112, 11. 11-16) makes the omen under which Catiline is to depart, —
an omen of good for the state, but of evil for him.
113 4 luppiter : thus the oration closes with a prayer to Jupiter
Stator, in whose temple the Senate was now assembled.
113 6 Statorem, the Stay. The name was apparently first given to
Jupiter as the Stayer (sto, sisto) of flight (see note to sect. 11, p. 104,
1. i), but it is here applied to him as the Stay (supporter) of the Roman
state, a meaning which the word may well have from its derivation.
113 8 arcebis, used as a mild imperative ; § 269,/ ( ) ; B. 261, 3 ;
G. 265I ; H. 487, 4 (560, 4, N.) ; H. cS: B.
113 0 latrones : cf. latrocinium in sect. 27 (p. 109, 1. 32).
322 Notes
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE
ARGUMENT
Pars I. Chap. i. Catiline is gone : the city breathes again; there is
now open war, and no longer a concealed intestine conflict. — 2. He ought
to have been put to death ; but all were not convinced : now, his guilt is
manifest. — 3. His worthless partisans remain at Rome ; but they are
powerless, being closely watched. — 4. Let them follow him. He was the
leader of all scoundrels and profligates. — 5. His associates are desperate
but contemptible; let them depart or take the consequences. — Pa7-s II.
6, 7. Catiline is not in exile ; he has joined his army. Men say the consul
has driven him into exile : would the charge were true ! — Pars HI. 8-10.
Character of Catiline's partisans : (i) rich men in debt ; (ii) men eager
for power and wealth ; (iii) Sulla's veterans ; (iv) ruined men, hoping
for any change ; (v) criminals ; (vi) profligates and debauchees, men of
Catiline's own stamp. — ii. Superiority of the patriot forces arrayed
against them. — Peroratio. 12. Citizens need not fear; the consul will
protect the state. The conspirators warned. — 13. There shall be no
disturbance : the people may trust in the gods.
I. Pars Prima (§§ i-ii)
Sects. 1-4. Catiline is gone. He ought to have been put to death :
but the time was not ripe, for all were not convinced of his guilt.
Page 113. Line 15. (Sect, i.) eiecimus, expelled (with violence) ;
emisimus, let [him] go. The words vel . . . vel {or, if you like) imply
that the same act may be called by either name. — ipsum, of his own
accord.
113 16 verbis prosecuti may apply as well to kind words of dismissal
as to invective. — abiit, simply, is gone ; excessit, has retreated before the
storm ; evasit, has escaped by stealth ; erupit, has brokefi forth with vio-
lence,— a climax of expression, but nearly identical in sense.
114 1 moenibus (dat. following comparabitur), against, etc. — atque
(adding with emphasis), and so. — hunc quidem, hitn at any rate.
114 2 sine controversia, zuithout dispute = unquestionably.
114 3 versabitur, zvill be busy.
114 4 campo, foro, curia, parietes : observe the narrowing climax.
114 5 loco motus est, he lost his vantage-ground : a military expres-
Second Oration against Catiline 323
sion, hence the simple abl. ; § 258, a, N.^ ( ) ; cf. B. 229, i ;
G. 390, 2, n;^; H. 414, ii (463) ; H. & B.
114 G nuUo impediente, i.e. his defenders till now could screen him
by forms of law.
114 7 iustum (if retained in the text), rei^tdar, in due for di; cf. note
on latrocinium, p. 109, 1. i.
114 9 (Sect. 2.) quod . . . extulit, etc. : § t,t,t^, /v ( * ) ; B.
331, V, rt ; G. 542 ; H. 540, iv, N. (588, i) ; H. & B.
114 10 cruentum (pred.), reeking ivith blood. — vivis nobis (abl. abs),
Reaving us alive.
114 12 civis : ace. plur,
114 13 iacet, etc., lies prostrate, etc.
114 15 retorquet oculos begins the figure of a wild beast, which is
continued in faucibus. — profecto, no doid>t.
114 IG quae quidem, which really.
114 17 quod . . . proiecerit : see note on quod extulit, 1. 9, above ;
for mood, see § 341, d (^ ) ; B. 323 ; G. 541 ; II. 516, ii (588, ii) ;
H. & B. . —
114 19 (Sect. 3.) For the contents of this and the following section,
cf. Cat. i., sects. 27, 28, where the supposed complaint against Cicero for
not having put Catiline to death and his reply to it are given at greater
length. — qualis omnis : ace. plur. — oportebat : § 311, f ( );
B. 304, 3, a; G. 254 R.2; H. 511, I, N.3 (583) ; H. & B.
114 20 qui . . . accuset, as to accuse : § 320 ( ) ; B. 283, i ; G.
631, 2; H. 503,1 (591, I); H. &B.
114 22 ista : for gender, see § 195, <:/ ( ) ; cf. B. 250, 3 ; G. 211,
R.5 ; H. 445, 4 (396, 2) ; H. & B.
114 23 interfectum esse : § 288, d{ ) ; B. 270, 2, a; G. 280, r."-^ ;
H. & B. ; observe the emphatic position.
114 24 oportebat: for tense, see note on Cat. i., p. 100, 1. 13.
114 25 huius imperi : see note on Cat. i., p. 104, 1. 16. — res pub-
lica, the public interest.
114 27 quam multOS, etc. : the passages in brackets are probably
spurious ; it will be observed that they merely repeat the preceding state-
ment in each case.
115 1 (Sect. 4.) cum (causal) viderem, seeing ; its obj. is fore ut . . .
possem (which is the apod, of si multassem) : § 288, /( ); B. 270,
3 ; G. 248 ; H. 537, 3 (619, 2) ; II, & B. . — ne . . . probata: nearly
equivalent to cum ne vos quidem . . . probaretis; implying that \i they
do not sustain the act, much less will the people at large.
324 Notes
115 2 multassem: for fut. perf. of direct; § 337, 3 ( ) ; B. 319,
B; G. 657, 5; H. 527, i (646); H. & B. . — fore ut, the result
would be that, etc.
115 4 ut . . . possetis, result clause explaining hue.
115 5 videretis : § 342 ( ) ; B. 324, i ; G. 663, i ; H. 529, ii (652) ;
H. & B. ; if not dependent on possetis, it would be videbitis. —
quern quidSm, whom, by the ivay.
115 6 intellegatis: § 331, i { ); B. 295, 6 ; G. 553, 2 ; H. 499,
3(564,11, I); H.&B.
115 7 quod . . . exierit: § 341, d { ); B. 323; G. 539; H. 516^
ii (588, 11); H. & B.
115 9 mihi: eth. dat.; § 236 ( ) ; B. 188, 2, b ; G. 35 1 ; H. 389
(432); H. & B. ; as if, " I notice."
115 10 aes alienum, etc., i.e. petty debts run up in cook-shops and the
like ; not like the heavy mortgages spoken of afterwards.
115 11 reliquit : notice the emphatic position.
115 12 quos viros : for a characterization of Catiline's partisans, see
sects. 18-23.
Sects. 5-11. His worthless partisans remain at Rome, but are
powerless : let them follow him. He was the ringleader of all scoun-
drels and profligates. Let his associates depart or take the con-
sequences.
115 14 (Sect. 5.) prae, in cowparison with. — Gallicanis, i.e. those
permanently stationed in Cisalpine Gaul. The ager Galliciis below was
that strip of sea-coast north of Picenum formerly occupied by the Senones,
but at this time reckoned a part of Umbria.
115 15 hoc dilectu, refers to a levy recently raised. — Q. Metellus
(Celer) : see note on Cat. i., sect. 19, p. 107, 1. 13.
115 17 senibus, etc., i.e. those classes who naturally look forward to a
revolution to mend their fortunes.
115 18 luxuria = high-li^'ers : abstract for concrete, as common in
Latin and older English ; cf. Shakspere, All's Well, ii. i. 91 : "Bring in
the admiration" (i.e. this wonderful person).
115 19 vadimonia deserere, desert their bondsmen, i.e. leave them in
the lurch in their creditors' suits.
115 21 edictum praetoris, in effect like a sheriff's writ. Any official
order of a magistrate w-as an edictum.
115 22 hos, as opposed to those he did take out.
115 24 fulgent purpura, i.e. displaying their rank as Senators, w^ho
Second Oi'aiion against Catiline 325
alone had the right to wear the broad purple stripe (flatus clavus) on the
tunic. The reference, therefore, is to foppish young nobles. — mallem :
§ 311, /; ( ) ; B. 280, 4 ; G. 258, and N.i ; H. 486, i (556) ; H. & B.
. — eduxisset: § 331, f, r. ( ); B. 295, 8 ; G. 546, r.^; H.
499, 2 (565, 2) ; H. & B. . — si . . . permanent : a future condition ;
§ 307, a, N. ( ); G. 228; H. 467, 5 (533, 2); H. & B. ,
115 25 mementote, i.e. let them remember that they are objects of
suspicion and shall be watched accordingly.
115 27 atque hoc, etc., i.e. their effrontery makes them still more a
cause for alarm.
115 28 (Sect. 6.) video, i.e. I know perfectly well.
115 29 cui sit, etc. : cf. Cat. i., sect. 9.
115 31 superioris noctis, i.e. three nights ago.
116 3 ne, surely : an affirmative particle sometimes wrongly spelled
nae.
116 5 ut . . . videretis : clause of result explaining quod.
116 7 nisi vero : ironical (as usual), introducing a reductio ad absur-
dwn. (The si only doubles that in nisi.)
116 8 non . . . iam, no longer.
116 11 Aurelia via : see Cat. i., sect. 24.
116 13 (Sect. 7.) rem publicam: § 240, <-/ ( ); B. 183; G. 343,
I; H, 381 (421); H.& B. . — sentinam, refuse (see Cat. i., p. 104,
1. 22).
116 14 eiecerit : the conclusion is implied in 0 fortunatam. — ex-
hausto, drained off {ci. sentina).
116 15 recreata, invigorated.
116 17 tota Italia: § 258, / 2 ( ); B. 228, i, b; G. 388; H.
425, 2 (485, I); H. & B.
116 18 subiector, forger ; circumscriptor, sxvindler.
116 21 perditus, abandoned wretch.
116 22 hosce: § loi, footnote ( ) ; B. 87, footnote 2 ; G. 104,
i, N.i; H. 186, I (178, 2); H. &B.
117 3 (Sect. 8.) asciverit : for tense, see § 287, r ( ) ; B. 268, 6;
G. 513; H.495. vi (550); H. &B.
117 4 (Sect. 9.) ut . . . possitis : § 317, c { ) ; B. 282,4; G.
545, R.3; cf. H. 499, 2, N. (568, 4) ; H. & B. . — diversa studia. In
another passage (Gael, xiii) Cicero ascribes to Catiline: Cum tristibus
severe, cum remissis iucunde, cum senibus graviter, cum iuventute comiter,
cum facinorosis audaciter, cujh libidinosis luxuriose vivere. — in dissimili
ratione, in different directions.
326 Notes
117 5 ludo, the regular /rtf////;;^-.rt//<?^/.— gladiatorio: see Cat. i., p.
no, 1. 31, and note.
117 7 levior, etc. : the Roman actors, though some of them achieved
distinction, were generally regarded as a low class of men.
117 8 tamen, i.e. though a companion of such dissolute persons, yet
he possessed the (|ualities of fortitude and endurance so much admired by
the Romans.
117 it exercitatione (abl. of means), etc., trained by the practice of de-
baucheries and crimes to endure, etc. — frigore . . . perf erendis : abl. with
adsuefactus ; § 301, n. ( ); G. 431 ; H. & B.
117 10 ioxiis, a strong and able fellow. — istis, those creatures : §102,
c ( ) ; B. 246, 4 ; G. 306, N.; H. 450, i, n. (507, 3) ; H. & B.
117 11 cum . . . consumeret (not concessive), -while consuming. —
subsidia, etc., i.e. means (his uncommon powers of body and mind) which
might have been used, etc.
117 13 (Sect. 10.) sui: § 196, c { ) ; B. 244, 4; G. 309, 2; H.
449» 3 (503, 2); H. &B.
117 17 audaciae, acts of audacity.
117 19 Q)\>\vidiVtiyiVi\, enctimbered. — XQS, property ; ^diGS, credit.
117 21 libido, i.e. luxurious habits and tastes.
117 23 quidem (concessive), no doubt.
117 24 homines, viris : observe the difference in sense,
117 2G mihi : the ethical dat. gives the phrase a familiar and con-
temptuous turn which may be reproduced in English hy forsooth.
117 28 obliti: observe the quantity.
117 29 caedem, etc. : notice the strong contrast between the character
of these worn-out debauchees and the sanguinary nature of their threats.
117 31 (Sect, it.) instare, is close at hand; plane merely emphasizes
the idea of the verb.
118 2 propagarit : for tense, see § 307, c, r. ( ) ; G. 595, n.^;
H. 473 (540); H.e\:B.
118 3 pertimescamus, possit: subj. of characteristic.
118 5 unius : Pompey, just returning from his triumphs in the East.
118 10 quacumque ratione, ^c. fieri potest.
118 11 resecanda erunt, shall need the knife (lit. must be cut azvay) :
the figure is derived from surgery.
118 12 si . . . permanent: § 307, a, n. ( ) ; G. 228 ; H. 467,
5(533,2); H.&B.
118 13 exspectent: hort. subj. in apod.; § 307, ^/ ( ); B. 305, 2;
G. 595 ; H. 508, 4 (580) ; H. & B.
Second Oration against Catiline
327
II. Pars Secunda (§§ 12-16)
Sects. 12-16. Catiline is not in exile: he has joined his hostile
army. Men say the consul has driven him into banishment ; would
the charge were true !
118 14 (Sect. 12.) etiam, still (after all that has been done).
118 15 quod, obj. of adsequi, if I could effect it (referring to ipsos,
etc.), i.e. their expulsion.
118 17 enim, i.e. the idea is absurd, as is implied in the irony follow-
118 19 quid, tell me: i.e. "is that possible ?" in view of the circum-
stances, which he proceeds to narrate. — hestemo die qualifies convocavi.
118 21 detuli: technical term for laying a matter before the Senate;
cf. referre (ad senatum) in the Vocal )ulary.
118 L's (Sect. 13.) quaesivi, etc.: see Cat. i., sect. 9.
); B. 162, 4; C;. 459; II. 353,
); B. 189, 2; G. 354;
H.
aquilam: see
118 29 necne: § 211, d (
(380, I); II. & B.
118 u2 ei : dat. of agent; § 232, a (
388, I (431,2); H.&B.
119 1 teneretur, zvas caught.
119 2 pararet: for plup. (see note on Cat. i., p. 100, 1. 13). — securis,
f ascis : the use of these signified that Catiline intended to assume the
authority and imperium of consul (see Fig. 25, p. 290).
119 3 signa militaria: see Fig. 28 (from cuius).
Cat. i., p. 109, 1. 6, and note.
119 5 (Sect. 14.) eiciebam : co-
native imperf. ; § 277,^ ( ) ; B.
260, 3 ; G. 233 ; H. 469, I (534, 2) ;
H. & B.
119 6 credo : ironical, as very
often in this parenthetical use.
119 8 suo nomine, i.e. not by
Catiline's order; the whole is, of course, ironical, as is already indicated
by credo.
119 10 Massiliam : Marseilles, an ancient Greek city of Gaul, always
faithful and friendly to Rome. It was a favorite place of sojourn for
Romans who went into voluntary exile.
119 11 condicionem, tejnns.
119 12 nunc, even now.
328 Notes
119 14 pertimuerit, take alarm.
119 18 spe conatuque : referring of course to his treasonable hopes
and designs.
119 22 (SEcr. 15.) est mihi tanti, it is -vorih my ivhile : § 252, a
( ) ; cf. B. 203, 3 ; G. 380, I, K. ; H. 404 (448) ; H. & B.
119 25 depellatur : § 3H ( ); B. 310, ii ; G. 573; H. 513, i
(587) ; H. lS: B. . — sane (concessive), if you like (see Vocab.).
119 28 invidiae, etc. : rather than have his predictions verified in this
way, Cicero prefers the unjust odium of having arbitrarily driven out Cati-
line to exile.
119 31 aliquando, some day. — quod . . . emiserim : § 341, d { ) ;
B. 323; G. 541 ; H. 516, ii (588, ii); H. & B. . — emiserim . . .
eiecerim, let him go . . . drove him out.
120 2 si interfectus, etc. : he thus adroitly excuses himself to those
vv^ho would have preferred harsher measures. Notice the identity in sound
in pro-fectus, inter-fectus, and observe how the argument a fortiori is
brought out by the exact antithesis.
120 3 (Sect. 16.) quamquam (corrective), and yet.
120 4 dictitant : notice the frequentative.
120 5 nemo, Jiot a man. — misericors : his going to Manlius was his
inevitable ruin, and yet, for all their pity, they still wished him to go.
120 8 latrocinantem, in partisan warfare (see note on p. 109. 1. l).
— vivere: § 336, c, n.^ ( ); G. 644, r.^, b; cf. H. 535, i, 6
(613,7); H.&B.
120 10 vivis nobis, i.e. without assassinating me.
III. Pars Tertia (§§ 17-25)
Sects. 17-23. Character of Catiline's partisans : (i) rich men in
debt (sect. 18) ; (ii) men eager for power and wealth (sect. 19) ;
(iii) old soldiers of Sulla (sect. 20); (iv) rui led debtors (sect. 21);
(v) cutthroats and criminals (sect. 22); (vi) debauchees (sects.
22, 23).
120 17 (Sect. 17.) sanare : cf. note* on vivere, 1. 8, above. — sibi,
for their ozvn good: for reflexive, see § 196, c, N. ( ); G. 520;
H. & B. . — placare, gain over.
120 20 comparentur, are made up. — singulis, to them one by one.
120 21 si quam, sc. adferre.
120 22 (Sect. 18.) est eorum, consists of those (pred. gen.).
120 23 possessiones, landed property.
Secojtd Oration against Catiline 329
120 23 dissolvi, sc. a possessionihus : i.e. although they might pay
their debts by the sale of their estates, they cannot make up their minds
to do so.
120 25 voluntas et causa, their purposes and claims, i.e. their posi-
tion before the world.
120 26 tu : the use of the singular, as if he were addressing one of
these men directly, gives point to his reproach of the whole class.
120 27 sis : § 268 ( ) ; B. 277 ; G. 466 ; H. 484, v (559, 4) ; H. &
B.
120 30 tuas: emphatic. — tabulas novas, nerv accounts, i.e. a general
scaling down of debts by legislative enactment, such as that, B.C. 86,
*' which reduced every private claim to the fourth part of its nominal
amount, and cancelled three-fourths in favor of the debtors."
121 2 auctionariae : a forced sale of their estates would give them
" new accounts" {tabulae) by reducing their debts ; auctionariae [tabulae]
would be the placards advertising the sale in question.
121 4 quod, obj. of facere, relating to the forced sale. — neque, and
not, connects facere and certare.
121 5 certare cum usuris, struggle to meet the interest : § 248, b
( ); II. 419, i^; H. & B. , — fructibus: abl. of means.
121 6 uteremur, 2ve should find.
121 7 hos-ce : more emphatic than hos.
121 9 vota facturi, likely to offer prayers, i.e. they will confine them-
selves to sympathizing with Catiline's revolt ; no active cooperation with
him need be feared from them.
121 11 (Sect. 19.) premuntur: notice the emphasis, — this class is
insolvent ; the former class is heavily in debt, but has resources.
121 13 quieta re publica : no poor man could hope to gain political
prominence at Rome in ordinary times ; these men therefore look to
anarchy to achieve their political ends.
121 15 scilicet, in fact.
121 16 desperent, have no hope.
121 17 me . . . vigilare, etc., indir. disc, dependent on the idea of
saying imphed in praecipiendum : § 336, n.2 ( ) ; G. 652, r., 2 ;
H. 523, i, N. (642, i) ; H. & B.
121 18 magnos animos : see Vocab. under animus.
121 22 praesentis agrees with deOS: willbe at hand, and, etc.
121 23 quod si, notu if (as often). The quod is merely adverbial ace. :
§ 240, b { ) ; B. 185, 2 ; G. 610, R.2 ; H. 378, 2 (416, 2) ; H. & B.
; not like quod in 1. 4, above. — iam, at once. — sint . . . adepti :
330 Notes
fut. cond. less vivid. — cum summo furore : § 248, n. ( ) ; G. 399 ;
H.419, iii, N.i (473, 3, N-); H. &B.
121 2G non vident, don't they see? § 210, h { ) ; B. 162, 2, d;
G.453; H. 351, 3 (378,1); H.&B.
121 27 adepti sint, for the fut, perf. indie, of the direct disc. — fugi-
tive, i.e. one of their own slaves ; for, vv^hen law is overthrown, brute force
will control all.
121 28 sit necesse : § 307, rt' ( ); G. 595; H. 508, 4 (580);
H. cV B.
121 31 (Sect. 20.) ex eis COloniis : Sulla rewarded his veterans
(120,000 in number) by liberal grants of land, partly in nniiiicipia already
existing, partly in new colonies which he founded for them.
122 1 universas, as a whole ; civium esse, consist of, etc.
122 2 ei sunt COloni, these are colonists of this sort (as opposed to the
general character of the colonies, which Cicero does not wish to impugn).
122 5 beati, men of wealth.
122 7 Sulla, etc., Sulla will have to be raised fro f?i the dead, for they
can have no such hope in Catiline.
122 8 a.giQs\.ls, farmers, not Sulla's colonists.
122 9 veterum : alluding to the plunder of the disorderly times follow-
ing Sulla's victory over the Marian party.
122 12 illorum temporum, i.e. the times of proscription.
122 18 (Sect. 21.) vacillant, stagger under. — vadimoniis, etc., the
three steps in bankruptcy, — bail, judgment, and sale of property ; pro-
scriptio is strictly the public notice that property is for sale.
122 21 infitiatores lentos, ^//A^/^rj ^/^/^/t^r^ (lit. ^^«?V;-.y, i.e. persons who
avoid payment of their debts by every possible subterfuge).
122 22 stare, keep their feet.
122 23 ita, in such a taay. — non modo, etc. : § 149, <? ( ) ; B. 343,
2, a; G. 482, 5, R.i ; H. 552, 2 (656, 3) ; H. & B.
122 29 (Sect. 22.) non revoco : § 276, b { ) ; B. 259, 2 ; G. 233 ;
H. 467, 6 (530) ; H. & B.
123 1 career : this is the 7\(Uianum, a dungeon near the Forum,
still existing. It was properly a jail for temporary detention, as imprison-
ment was not recognized in Rome as a form of punishment (see Figs.
29, 30).
123 2 numero, in order. — genere, rank.
123 5 imberbis : a mark of effeminacy ; bene barbatos, full-bearded,
doubtless a military affectation, as, until lately, the wearing of a mus-
tache. Figs. 31, 32 illustrate Roman fashions of wearing the beard.
Second Oration against Catiline
331
Fig. 31 (obverse) shows a military cut (head of Sextus Pompey) ; Fig. 32,
the rough beard of a philosoi^her (L. Junius Rusticus) ; cf. Fig. 26.
Fig. 29
3=^
123 G velis, veils, rather than the substantial toga, which was of un-
bleached wool. The whole description suggests foppishness and effeminacy.
123 11 (Sect. 23.) saltare et
cantare : these accomplishments
were hardly regarded as respectable
by the better classes. — spargere, i.e.
in food or drink : poisoning has in
all ages been carried to a high ait in
Italy.
123 13 scitote : notice the sec-
ond (fut.) impera. (regularly used in
this word).
Fig. 31
IfclVNiI-RVSflCI
123 1(J his noctibus : although this was spoken Nov. 9, yet tlie
Roman year was at this time in such a state of confusion that the true
date was probably some time in December, just when the winter was
setting in.
332
Notes
Fig. 33
Sects. 24, 25. These followers of Catiline contrasted with the
defenders of the state. The issue of such a contest cannot be doubt-
ful.
123 27 (Sect. 24.) urbes coloniarum, etc. : the colonies and free com-
munities {mjinicipia) included the walled cities {^iirbes) in their territory.
These well-manned walls would be more than a match for Catiline's rude
works {tumuli s).
124 1 (Sect. 25.) causas, i.e. the cause of the conspirators and that
of the state in their moral aspect (cf. in eius modi, etc., 1. 12 below).
124 2 ex eo ipsc/r^w the very cotn-
parison.
124 10 bona ratio, good counsel ;
perdita, desperate.
124 17 (Sect. 26.) custodiis vigi-
liisque : see Cat. i., sect. 8, and note.
124 19 consultum, etc., provident
measures have been taken. — coloni mu-
nicipesque : a colony differed from a
municipiuni in being founded by Roman
(or Latin) citizens, who retained from
the first their citizenship, either in whole
or in part. By Cicero's time there was
no longer any real difference between
the two classes of towns ; but the colo-
nies always retained a certain precedence
in rank.
124 20 hac . . . excursione : see
Introd., p. 113 of text.
124 22 gladiatores : see p. 117, 1. 5.
124 23 quamquam (corrective), re-
ferring to manum certissimam.
124 24 tamen : pointing the con-
trast between the suppression of this body
and Catiline's expectations from them.
124 29 vocari videtis : the members of the Senate had their gathering
place {senaculum) adjoining the curia, and were summoned by heralds
{praecones) from this into the building. If any were absent, the heralds
were sent to their houses. The curia and senaculum were visible from
the place of assembly in the Forum, and the heralds could no doubt be
seen going their rounds.
TJiii'd Oratiojt against Catiline 333
IV. Peroratio (§§ 26-29)
Sects. 26-29. Citizens need not fear : the consul will protect the
city. The conspirators warned. There shall be no disturbance.
The gods will lend their aid.
125 2 (Sect. 27.) monitos vole : § 292, a', n. ( ) ; G. 537 ;
H. & B.
125 3 solutior: for cumpar., see § 93, « ( ) ; B. 240, I ; G. 297 ;
H. 444, I (498) ; H. & B.
125 4 quod, etc., as for the rest (i.e. what remains to be done).
125 5 horum and his relate to the citizens by whom he is surrounded,
and imply a gesture.
125 8 cuius : referring, like qui, to the subject of sentiet.
125 17 (Sect. 28.) me, etc., abl. abs. — togato, ?« perfect peace, i.e.
without any military demonstration : the toga was the regular dress of the
Roman in time of peace. (See Fig. -^^t^, from an antique statue.)
125 22 illud: in appos. with ut . . . possitis : I will secure t/iat, (tic.
125 24 neque . . . -que, not . . . and.
125 28 (Sect. 29.) quibus . . . ducibus, tmder whose guidance.
126 3 quam urbem . . . hanc, this city which : § 200, <^, n. ( ) ;
G. 616 ; H. 445, 9 (399, 5); H. & B. ; or (repeating the noun) the
city zvhich, etc., — that city.
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE
ARGUMENT
Chap. i. Exordium. The citizens are congratulated on their deliver-
ance. — Narratio. 2, 3. Story of the arrest : the conspirators' plans were
watched: arrest of certain leaders at the Mulvian Bridge. — 4. The con-
spirators before the Senate: testimony of Volturcius and the Gauls. —
5. The letters produced. Confession of Cethegus, Lentulus, and Gabinius.
— 6. The Senate decrees that the traitors be kept in custody, and that a
general thanksgiving be held. — 7. Now all is safe : Catiline alone was to
be feared, and that only while in the city. Character of Catiline. — 8,
9. The divine aid manifest in sundry omens : Jupiter watches over the city.
— Peroratio. 10. Exhortation to keep the thanksgiving: this bloodless
victory compared with others more costly. — ii. Cicero claims no reward
but a grateful remembrance. — 12. But he is less fortunate than victors in
334 Notes
foreign war, since the conquered are still citizens. He relies on the devo-
tion of his countrymen, and has no fear for the future. The assembly
dismissed.
I. ExORDIUxM (§§ I, 2)
Sects. 1, 2. The citizens congratulated on their deliverance.
Page 126. Line 7. (Sect, i.) vitam, lives: the plural would rarely
be used in Latin.
126 8 bona, estates (landed property) ; fortunas, goods (personal
property).
126 16 (Sect. 2,) nascendi . . . condicio, ///^ /c^/ ^//^/r///.
126 17 ilium: Romulus, who, after his death, w^as deified and identi-
fied with the Sabine god of war, Quirinus.
127 4 urbi, etc.: dat. with subiectos.
127 6 idem (plur.), / . . . have also, etc. : § 195, e { ) ; B. 248,
i; G. 310; H.451, 3 (508,3); H.&B.
127 7 eorum, i.e. of the swords.
II. Narratio (§§ 3-22)
Sects. 3-7. Story of the arrest. The conspirators watched : their
attempts to tamper with the AUobroges disclosed to Cicero : the
arrest at the Mulvian Bridge : seizure of incriminating letters.
127 8 (Sect. 3.) inlustrata, patefacta, comperta: the anticlimax is
only apparent, for comperta expresses the most difficult as well as the most
important of the three acts.
127 9 vobis : opposed to in senatu (1. 8).
127 10 investigata, traced out (observe the figure).
127 11 tT^^-^^z\.dX\^, are waiting to hear.
127 12 ut, ever since.
127 16 possemus : § 334, b{ ) ; B. 300, 2 ; G. 467, 0 ; cf. H. 523,
ii, i, N. (642, 3); H. & B. . — cum . . . eiciebam : notice the tense
{at the time I was engaged in driving out, etc., also volebam, below^), as
compared with erupit {burst forth, once for all). Notice also the differ-
ence in mood {at the time, etc.), compared with cum reliquisset in 1. 14
(not referring to time at all, but to circumstance : having left behind, etc.) :
see § 323, 325, a { ) ; B. 288, i; G. 580, 585; H. 521, i, ii (600,
601); H.&B.
127 17 invidiam: see Cat. i., p. 128, 1. 27, and note.
Third Oration against Catiline 335
127 18 ilia, sc. iuvidia. — quod . . . exierit : § 341, d { ); B,
323; G. 539; II. 516, ii (588, ii); H.cKiB.
127 20 restitissent : in dir. disc, this would be restiterint (fut. perf.).
127 25 (Sect. 4.) quoniam . . . faceret, because (as I thought), etc.;
hence the subj. rather than f aciebat : § 341, rt', r. ( ); fi. 541 ;
H. 516, ii (588, ii); H. & B.
127 2G (^XdX\Q), avi^unient ; fidem isLCeret, gain credence.
127 27 rem comprehenderem, ,^^v/ hold of the matter. — ut . . . provi-
deretis : purpose.
127 28 cum . . . videretis : subj. of integral part (otherwise it would
be videbitis).
127 29 Allobrogum : the AUobroges were a Gallic nation, between the
Rhone and tlie Alps (in the modern Dauphine and Savoy); subdued B.C.
121, and united with the province Narbonensis. They were restless under
their new masters (see sect. 22), and inclined to take up with Catiline's
movement. Their ambassadors had come to complain of certain exactions
of their provincial governor. — belli, i.e. when out of the range of the
Roman jurisdiction ; tumultus, rebellion, i.e. when nearer home.
127 .30 Lentulo, see Introd., p. 126: he had been consul B.C. 71, but
had been expelled from the vSenate the next year, with sixty-three others, on
account of his character, and he now held the prittorship with the view of
beginning the career of office over again.
128 5 manifesto deprehenderetur, taken in the act : the words apply
strictly to the criminals themselves.
128 7 (Sect. 5.) praetores : although the regular duties of the prcetors
were judicial, yet they possessed the imperiwn, and in virtue of this could
command troops in the absence of the consuls, or under their authority.
128 9 qui . . . sentirent (subj. of characteristic), as men who, etc.
128 11 pontem Mulvium : the bridge over the Tiber, about two miles
above the city, by which the principal roads (the Flaminian and Cassian)
led into north Italy.
128 13 inter eos, i.e. between the two divisions.
128 15 praefectura : the title given to the politically lowest class of
Italian towns, which had lost their independence; cf. Vocab. under colonia
and municipium. — Reatina : Reate was a very ancient town of the
Sabines, about forty miles northeast of Rome. Cicero was the patronns
of Reate ; that is, acted as its attorney and legal counsel : which accounts
for his having this body-guard of young men from that place. Besides,
these simple mountaineers still retained something of the old Italian
virtues, and therefore were well fitted for this service.
336 Notes
129 1 praesidio : dat. of service.
129 2 (Sect. 6.) tertia . . . exacta, about 3 a.m. : the night, from sunset
to sunrise, was divided by the Romans into four vigiliae of equal length.
129 3 magno comitatu : abl. of accomp.; § 248, «, n. ( );
cf. B. 222, I ; G. 392, R.i ; H. 419, i^ (474, 2); H. & B.
129 5 res : the occasion of the attack.
129 6 ignorabatur, etc. Though the Allobroges had played the con-
spirators false, and knew that the consul had his plans ready, they did not
know what these plans were, and therefore were as much taken by surprise
as Volturcius himself. Even the troops would appear not to have known
what special enterprise they were engaged in.
129 11 machinatorem : Gabinius had been the go-between in this
case ; he and Statilius were to burn the city (Sail. Cat. 43, 44).
129 14 venit : of course he had been summoned like the others.
129 15 praeter, etc., since Lentulus was notoriously lazy.
129 IG (Sect. 7.) viris, dat. after placeret, which has for subject lit-
teras . . . aperiri, etc.
129 18 deferrem, integral part of aperiri ; otherwise it would probably
be defers : see § 327, <:/ ( ); cf. B. 291, i ; G. 574 ; H. 520 (605, 2);
H. & B.
129 20 esse facturum governs the result clause ut . . . deferrem : we
may translate, / said I would not fail to lay before the public council a
matter touching the public danger before it had been tampered with (inte-
gram).
129 22 etenim ... si, for if you see.
129 23 reperta . . . essent: in dir. disc, this would be reperta erunt.
Sects. 8-13. The conspirators before the Senate. Evidence of
Volturcius and the Allobroges. The letters produced. Confession
of the conspirators.
129 27 (Sect. 8.) si quid . . . esset, whatever weapons there might be.
129 30 introduxi, sc. in senatum. — fidem publicam, assurance of
safety : he was to be used as state's evidence.
129 31 sciret : subj. of integral part.
130 3 servorum : the recollection of the terrible servile insurrections
in Sicily, and especially that of Spartacus in Italy, less than ten years be-
fore, would make this shock and terrify Cicero's hearers beyond measure.
— ut . . . uteretur : % zz^ 'k ); B. 295, 4 ; G. 546 ; H. 498, i (565);
H. & B. ; obj. of the verb of commanding implied in mandata, etc
130 4 id : in a sort of apposition with ut . . . accederet.
Third Oration against Catiline
337
130 5 cum . . . incendissent : subj. because integral part of ut . . .
praesto esset ; otherwise it would be incenderimus (fut. perf.).
130 0 erat : § 336, ^ ( ) ; B. 314, 3; G. 628, k.; H. 524, 2
(643,4); II. &B.
130 12 (Sect. 9.) ut . . . mitterent : purpose. — equitatum : the
Roman cavalry was at this time chiefly composed of Gallic and other
auxiliaries.
130 13 sibi (copias) refers to the conspirators ; sibi (confirmasse) to
the envoys : § 196, a, i and 2 ( ) ; B. 244, i, ii ; 11. & B.
— defuturas [esse] depends on the idea oi saying\xa^\\Q<\ in praescriptum.
130 14 fatis : the books bought by Tarquinius Superbus of the
Cumsean Sibyl. They were kept in charge of a board, collegitmi, the quin-
decimviri sacris faciundis, and consulted in cases of great public emer-
gency (cf. /Eneid, vi. 71, and note). — haruspicum : the haruspices were
Etruscan soothsayers, who interpreted the will of the gods, chiefly from
the entrails of animals sacrificed. They were a private class, of low stand-
ing, and are not to be confounded with the augurs, who were a board of
Roman noblemen, of high rank, who interpreted the auspices according to
the native Roman rules, chiefly by the flight of birds, by lightning, etc.
130 16 Cinnam, etc. : L. Cornelius Cinna was colleague of Marius,
and ruled Rome after his death, B.C. 86. L. Cornelius Sulla ruled Rome
B.C. 82-79 (see sect. 24).
130 19 virginum : the Vestal Virgins, six in number, maidens of
high rank, consecrated to chastity
and the service of Vesta. (See Fig. Fig 34
34.) They were peculiarly sacred,
and were highly privileged. Viola-
tion of their vow of chastity was
incestus, and was regarded as a pro-
digium of very bad omen. Of the
incident referred to here nothing
further is known. — Capitoli : the
temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (see " Plunder of Syracuse,
burned during the rule of the Marian faction, B.C. 83.
130 21 (Sect. 10.) Saturnalibus : a very ancient festival in honor of
Saturn, the god of seed-sowing, celebrated Dec. 19. During this festival
every serious business was suspended ; and it was so complete a holiday
that slaves feasted at the same tables with their masters. No better
opportunity could be found for the outbreak of an insurrection than this
season of unrestrained jollification.
sect. 15) was
33<S
Xotes
130 24 tabellas, tablets of wood : wax was spread on the inside, and
on this the writing was scratched with a stilus. When used for letters, the
tablets were tied about with a linen thread, linuin, and sealed. See Fig.
35 (from a Pompeian wall-painting) and Fig. 44.
130 27 ipsius manu : the ambassadors had made sure to get all the
conspirators committed in writing except Cassius, who alone had the
sagacity to keep out of it. — senatui : the Gallic tribes were governed by
an aristocracy, hav-
FiG. 35 . " .,
mg a council or
senate as its mouth-
piece.
130 28 sese,
etc. : in dir. disc,
faciam quae vestris
legatis confirviavi.
130 29 Ut . . .
illi, etc. : in the
direct form, — vos
facite quae sibi ves-
tri legati receperunt. Note the change of pronouns as well as of moods
and tenses. — sibi recepissent, had taken upon themselves.
130 30 qui . . . respondisset, qui concessive. — tamen, i.e. in spite
of the strong evidence agamst him.
131 5 est vero, etc., i.e. you may well recognize it : it is, etc.
131 6 avi tui : Cornelius Lentulus, cos. B.C. 162. He was princeps
senatus, that is, designated by the censors as first man of the Senate : an
honorary office, held ordinarily by patricians.
131 8 debuit, ought to have recalled : § 288, a { ); B. 270, 2;
G. 254, R.i ; H. 537, I (618, 2) ; H. & B. . (The joining of such
opposites as muta and revocare is called oxyvioi-on, or paradox.^
1319 (Sect. II.) QSi^QruTaMonQ, to the same purport.
131 10 si vellit : § 341, r ( ) ; cf. B. 323 ; G. 663, 2, b (direct, si
vis). — feci potestatem, I gave him leave.
131 16 nihilne : equiv. to nonne aliquid.
132 1 esset, 2.y .• imperf. by seq. o^ tenses ; § 287, </ ( ); H.495,v
(549) ; H. & B.
132 11 (Sect. 12.) quis sim, etc.: this letter is given with slight
variations by Sallust, Cat. 44.
132 12 quern in locum, etc., hozu far you have gone (alluding to the
fact that he was thoroughly compromised).
Third Oration against Catiline 339
132 14 infimorum, i.e. slaves ; see note, p. 130, 1. 3, al)ove.
132 17 (Sect. 13.) ilia, the following; § 102, (^ ( ) ; B. 246, 2 ;
G. 307, 3 ; H. 450, 3 (507) ; H. & B.
132 21 furtim, stealthily ("like thieves"); so English stealth from
steal.
132 23 senatum COnsului: deliberative assemblies in ancient times
were under the control of the presiding officer, and members could not
speak or introduce business except when called upon by him. He laid a
subject before them {consider e senatum, refert-e ad senatum), and asked
their opinions individually, in a definite order, usually according to their
rank or dignity. In the case of a general question he was said referre
{consulere) de sum ma re publica. The form would be, die, C. luli, senten-
tiam. (See Introd., p. Ivii.)
132 25 a principibus, the leading men. — sententiae : the views of the
individual Senators (see note on 1. 23, above),
132 27 perscriptum : the opinions (sententiae) of the Senators (given
as just -described) merely determined the substance of the ordinance, which
was afterwards written out in regular form by the secretaries in the presence
of some of its advocates and under the direction of the presiding officer.
Sects. 14, 15. Action of the Senate : the chief conspirators are
given into custody and a thanksgiving is voted.
132 31 (Sect. 14.) L. Flaccus: see note on p. 128, 1. 7.
133 1 conlegae : C. Antonius; see Introd. to Cat. i., p. 99.
133 3 rei publicae consiliis, the public counsels, i.e. his own (officially)
as consul.
133 4 cum se abdicasset, after abdicating. Lentulus could not prop-
erly be called to account during his magistracy; but he might be forced to
resign, and could then be proceeded against.
133 6 erant : notice that this and similar clauses in this section, since
they are explanations made by Cicero and not parts of the decree, take the
indicative.
133 7 L. Cassium, etc. : these last mentioned had not yet been arrested,
but Ceparius was caught in his flight and brought back.
133 9 pastores : Apulia was, as now, used chiefly for pasturage. In
the summer, when these broad plains were dried up, the flocks were driven
to the mountain pastures of Samnium and Lucania. These pastoral regions
have always been the home of a lawless and restless population, prone to
brigandage.
133 11 COlonis, etc.: cf. sect. 20, above (pp. 121, 122).
340 Notes
133 19 (Sect. 15.) supplicatio: a day of prayer, proclaimed by the
Senate, either in thanksgiving (^gratulatio) as in the present case, or in
entreating favor of the gods.
133 20 eorum, i.e. the gods.
133 '-'1 togato, as a civilian: cf. Cat. ii., p. 125, 1. 17 and note. See
133 23 liberassem : in the decree, liberavit.
133 24 hoc interest, there is this difference. — bene gesta, as well as
conservata, agrees with re publica (abl. abs.).
133 2G faciendum . . . fuit : observe that this form has not here its
usual cont. to fact implication.
133 29 ius, rights. — tamen : he was allowed to resign instead of being
put to death without resigning (as in the case below).
133 30 quae . . . fuerat, what had not been a scruple to Marius = a
scruple which had not prevented M. from (quo minus, etc.).
133 31 quo minus occideret, to prevent his killing, following religio :
§ 319, c{ ) ; B. cf. 295, 3 ; G. 549 ; H. 499, 3, N.2 (568, 8) ; H. & B.
. — C. Glauciam : see note on Cat. i., p. loi, 1. i. — nominatim, i.e.
Marius acted merely under the general authority conferred on him by the
Senate in the formula, Videant consules, etc. (see note on Cat. i., p. 100,
1. 12).
Sects. 16, 17. The conspiracy is now crushed. Character of
Catiline.
134 5 (Sect. 16.) pellebam : conative imperf.; cf. p. 127,1. 16, and
note.
134 8 pertimescendam : observe the intensive force of per.
134 It ille erat, etc. : with this character of Catiline, cf. notes on Cat. i.,
26 (p. 109, 1. 23) and ii., 9 (p. 117, 1. 4).
134 10 continebatur : for tense, see § 276, e, n. ( ); G. 569 ;
H. 519, i (603); H. &B.
134 12 consilium, ability to plan.
134 15 mandarat : for mood and tense, see §§ 322, 309, c { ) ;
B. 287, 2 ; G. 567 ; H. 472, 2 (539, 2) ; H. & B.
134 22 (Sect. 17.) QLt^vli^^^vss., pushed aside : the image is of averting
a crushing weight (molem), just ready to fall.
134 23 non ille, etc., i.e. as Cethegus did. — Saturnalia, i.e. so dis-
tant a date. — constituisset : the prot. (cont. to fact) is implied in ille ;
§ 310, a ( ); B. 305, 2; G. 593, 3; H. 507, nJ (575, 9); H. & B.
000, o.
Third Oration against Catiline
341
134 24 rei publicae : dat. after denuntiavisset.
134 25 testes : in appos. with both signum and litterae,
134 26 quae : referring to Cicero's success in securing (lit. capturing)
the evidence of guilt.
135 3 hostis (pred. appos.), as an enemy.
Sects. 18-22. Thanks due to the gods. Signs and omens. Jupiter
watches over the city.
135 7 (Sect. 18.) cum (correl. with tum vero, 1. 9), i.e. we cannot
merely guess it (for tlie reason in the quod clause following), but still
more we can almost see it with our own eyes.
135 8 quod . . . potuisse (parenthetical), because, etc. — consili (pred.
gen. limiting gubernatio), to belong to human wisdom.
135 11 possemus: for tense, see § 287, « ( ) ; B. 268, 7 ; G. 511,
R.3; H. 495, i (546); H. & B.
135 12 faces, etc. : these omens are such as the Romans observed and
noted carefully. Livy's history is full of them.
135 16 praetermittendum, inadvertently; relinquendum, intentionally.
135 18 (Sect.
19.) Cotta et Tor-
quato : consuls is.c.
65, the year in which
Catiline first in-
tended to carry out
his conspiracy.
135 21 aera : the
laws were engraved
on bronze tables.
135 22 ille . . .
Romulus : there is a
bronze statue of the
wolf suckling the in-
fants in the Capito-
line Museum at
Rome, which bears
marks either of lightning seaming one of its hind legs, or of some defect
in the casting (Fig. 36). This is probably identical with that here
mentioned.
135 25 haruspices: see note on p. 13d, 1. 14.
135 29 flexissent: in dir. disc, flexerint, following appropinquare.
342 Notes
which points to the future ; § 307, d\ G. 595; H. 508, 4 (580) ; H. & B.
000, o.
135 29 (Sect. 20.) illorum, i.e. the haruspices.
135 30 ludi : festivals in which races and theatrical performances were
celebrated in honor of the gods ; such festivals were especially appointed
to appease the deities in times of danger and distress ; cf. Verres, i., sect.
31-
136 1 idem (plur.), they also.
136 3 contra atque, opposite to ivhat : § 156, rt: ( ) ; B. 341, i, c ;
G. 643; H. 459, 2 (516,3); H. &B.
136 5 solis . . . conspiceret : the Forum and the Senate house {curia)
were east of the south end of the Capitoline Hill, on which stood the Capi-
tolium, or temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (see Plan of Forum).
136 7 inlustrarentur : the word is chosen with reference to the omen
of Jupiter looking toward the rising sun.
136 8 conlocandum locaverunt : locare with the gerundive is the
regular expression for giving out a contract ; § 294, d { ) ; B. 337,
7, b, 2 ; G. 430 ; H. 544, N.-^ (622) ; H. & B.
136 9 illi, i.e. of year before last.
136 10 consulibus and nobis : abl. abs. expressing the date.
136 13 (Sect. 21.) praeceps, headstrong; mente captus, insane. —
haec omnia, i.e. the universe.
136 15 ita is explained by caedes . . . comparari, below.
136 IG responsum : the regular expression for any prophetic answer
as of an oracle or seer. — rei publicae (dat.), against the state.
136 17 et ea, and that too (cf. /cat ravTo).
136 18 ea : referring to caedes, etc., above.
136 20 illud : referring forward to the result clause ut . . . statueretur
(11. 21-23).
136 23 in aedem Concordiae : one of the principal temples at the
northern end of the Forum (see Plan), where the Senate had held its
session on this day. It was built by the consul L. Opimius, B.C. 121, after
his bloody victory over C. Gracchus.
136 26 (Sect. 22.) quo, %vherefore ; see § 250, n. ( ).
136 28 vestris, etc : observe the contrast between vestris and deorum,
which is emphasized by their respective positions.
136 31 non ferendus, intolerable for arrogance. — ille, etc. : anaphora;
see § 386 ( ) ; B. 350, \\,b; cf. G. 682 ; H. 636, iii, 3 (666, i) ; H. &
B.
137 2 ilia, etc, : omit the words in brackets as being a manifest gloss.
TJiird Oration against Catiline 343
137 r> consilium, etc. : cf. the proverb, qiievi dens perdere volt, prius
defuentat.
137 7 ut introduces the result clause ut . . . neglegerent, with which
id is in apposition, the whole forming the subject of esse factum. — gens
refers here to the Ciauls as a whole, not to the AUobroges in particular.
137 10 patriciis : the old patricians, though having no special political
privileges, still retained considerable prestige as an hereditary aristocracy.
Cf. note on Verres, i., sect. I (p. 28, 1. 2). Of the conspirators, Catiline,
Lentulus, and Cethegus were jnitricians.
137 12 qui . . . superare potuerint : cf. note on p. 131, 1. 8 ; qui, as
subj. of the charact. clause, may be translated by when they.
III. Peroratio (§§ 23-29)
Sects. 23-25. Citizens exhorted to thanksgiving.
137 14 (Sect. 23.) pulvinaria, shrines : properly cushions, upon which
the statues of the gods were laid, when a feast was spread before them. This
was called lectisterniuni, and was usually connected with the supplicatio (see
note on p. 133, 1. 19). Only certain gods, chiefly Grecian, had pulvinaria,
and the rite was established by direction
of the Sibylline books (see note, sect. 9).
— celebratote : the future imperative is
used on account of its reference to a set
time in the future ; § 269, d (^ ) ; G.
268, 2; H. 487, ii (560, 4); H. 6c B.
. The figure in the text (from an
ancient altar relief) represents a procession
such as was usual on occasions of this kind.
Fig. 37 (from an ancient lamp) shows the
images at such a feast.
137 20 duce, i.e. in actual command ;
imperatore, i.e. holding the sovereign power, whether actually commanding
that particular operation or not.
137 22 (Sect. 24.) dissensiones : for case, see § 219, <5 ( ) ; G.
376, R.2 ; H. 407, N.i (455) ; H. & B.
137 23 p. Sulpicium [Rufum], a young man of remarkable eloquence,
a leader in the reforming party among the aristocracy. He was tribune
B.C. 88, and his quarrel with C. Caesar was the first act of the Civil War. By
his proposition, the command in the Mithridatic War was transferred from
344 Notes
Sulla to Marius ; and when Sulla refused to obey, and inarched upon the
city, Sulpicius was one of the first victims.
137 27 conlegam : Lucius Cornelius Cinna, the Marian partisan (see
note on p. 130, 1. 16). He and Cn. Octavius, a partisan of Sulla, were con-
suls B.C. 87, after the departure of Sulla for the East, and in their dissensions
the Civil War broke out afresh. The victory of Cinna later recalled Marius
from exile.
137 29 lumina : among these were Octavius; C. Caesar (see above),
and his brother Lucius ; Q. Catulus, father of the opponent of the Manilian
Law (see below) ; i\L Antonius, the great orator ; and the pontifex ??iaxi-
mus, Q. Scaevola.
137 30 ultus est : to preserve the emphasis, render, the cruelty, etc.,
zvas avenged by Sulla.
137 32 dissensit, there zuas a quarrel between, etc. — M. Lepidus,
father of the triumvir, was consul B.C. 78 (after Sulla's death), with Q.
Catulus, son of the one murdered by Cinna. The scheme of Lepidus to
receive the Marian party resulted in a short civil war, in which he was de-
feated by his colleague and killed.
138 2 ipsius : he was the victim of his own violence, and therefore less
regretted.
Sects. 26-29. Cicero asks for no reward except the memory of
this day. He relies on the devotion of the citizens, and has no fears
for the future. The assembly dismissed.
138 3 (Sect. 25.) tamen, i.e. though these disturbances cost a great
many lives, yet they were not so revolutionary as this conspiracy, which has
been put down without bloodshed.
138 4 commutandam rem publicam, a change of government.
138 12 quale bellum, a war such as.
138 13 quo in bello : § 200, a ( ); B. 351, 4; G. 615; H. &
B.
138 14 omnes, etc., i.e. everybody except the desperate.
138 17 tantum, only so many.
138 18 restitisset (resisto), should survive.
139 8 (Sect. 26.) mutum : such as a statue, for example.
139 12 eandem, diem, etc, the same period of time — eternal as I hope
— is p>-olonged, both for the safety of the city, etc.
139 15 duos civis, i.e. Pompey and himself.
139 20 (Sect. 27.) quae, as : § 201,^ ( ).
139 22 isti (contrasted with mihi), refers to illorum (1. 20).
Fourth Oration against Catiline 345
139 24 mentes, counsels.
139 27 nihil noceri potest, no harui can he done.
139 30 dignitas, etc., i.e. the majesty of the Roman state will be an
invisible safeguard for me ; cf. " the divinity " that " doth hedge a king "
(Hamlet, iv. 5. 123).
139 31 conscientiae, etc., i.e. my enemies, conscious of their guilty
sympathy with this conspiracy, will, in their attempts to injure me, inevi-
tably commit some act which will show them to be traitors to the state.
140 2 (Sect. 28.) ultro, i.e. without waiting to be attacked.
140 3 domesticorum hostium: oxymoron; § 386 ( ) ; B. 375, 2;
G. 694; H. 637, xi, 6 (752, 12); H. & B. ; cf. the same figure in
Cat. i., sect. 21 (p. 108, 1. 4) : cum tacent, clamant.
140 4 convertit : pres. for fut., as often, especially in protasis,
140 6 obtulerint : subjxmc. of integral part.
140 8 in honore vestro : honor is used here, as usual, to denote
external honors (offices) conferred by the people. Holding the consul-
ship, he had nothing higher to look forward to.
140 13 (Sect. 29.) conservanda re publica: abl. of means.
140 14 in re publica, in public life.
140 15 virtute non casu, etc., i.e. he will show this l)y such conduct as
shall be consistent with this glorious achievement.
141 1 lovem : the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus is shown in the back-
ground of the illustration opposite p. 136; the figure in the text at p. 140
is a restoration of this temple.
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE
ARGUMENT
Chap. i. Exordium. Solicitude of the Senate for Cicero. The ques-
tion of the traitors' doom must, however, be settled without regard to such
considerations. — Propositio. 2, 3. The Senators need not fear for Cicero.
Let them take counsel for the welfare of the state. Enormous guilt of
the conspirators. Judgment already rendered by the action of the Senate.
The sole question is : What shall be the penalty ? — 4. Silanus proposes
death; Csesar, perpetual imprisonment. — 5. Caesar's proposition discussed.
— Contentio. 6. Death none too severe a penalty: severity to the con-
spirators is mercy to the city. Opinion of L. Caesar. — 7. Severe measures
will be supported by the people. — 8. The humblest citizens are stanch,
34t) Notes
— 9, The Senators urged to act fearlessly: the consul will not fail them. — >
Peroratio. 10. Cicero is undismayed: his fame is secure, whatever happens
to him. He has undertaken a perpetual war with the bad elements in
the state, but the result is certain. — 11. Then let the Senate dare to act
rigorously.
As this is the first deliberative oration, delivered in the Senate, con-
tained in this collection, it will be well for the student to consult the
account of a senatorial debate given in the Introduction, p. Ivii.
In the present case — in which the question was what sentence should
be passed upon the captured conspirators — the consul elect, D. Junius
Silanus, had advised that they be put to death; C. Julius Cassar (as praetor
elect), on the contrary, that they be merely kept in custody. At the end
of the discussion, Cicero, as presiding consul, gave his views as expressed
in the present oration. (For the speeches of Ccesar and Cato, see Sallust,
Catiline, chs. 51, 52.)
I. Exordium (§§ i, 2)
Sects. 1. 2. Solicitude of the Senate for Cicero. But the question
of the traitors' doom must be settled without regard to such consid-
erations.
Page 141. Line 13. (Sect, i.) si haec, etc., i.e. if the consulship has
been given me on these terms.
141 14 ut . . . perferrem, subst. clause of purpose in apposition with
condicio.
142 2 (Sect. 2.) ego sum ille consul, I am a consul (i.e. that kind
of consul).
142 3 aequitas : in the P^orum was the tribunal of the pn^tor who
administered justice between citizens.
142 4 campus : see note on Cat. i., sect. 1 1 (p. 104, 1. 7) . — auspiciis :
the taking of the auspices always preceded the election.
The Roman commonw^ealth was regarded as depending directly upon
the will of the gods. Their will was thought to be expressed in signs sent
by them {auspicia). These could be observed only under the supervision
of the board of Augurs, a body whose duty it was to know the rules of
interpretation as a special science called ins aiiguriiim. Most public acts
of any kind had to be performed aiispicato, especially the holding of all
public assemblies in which business was transacted. Thus the Campus was
"consecrated by auspices" every time that the comitia centuriata were
held.
Fourth Oration against Catiline 347
142 5 auxilium: the Roman Senate, having the management of
foreign affairs, was at this time a great court of appeal for subject or
friendly nations.
142 7 sedes honoris, i.e. the sella curulis or seat used by the curule
magistrates : viz. interrex, dictator,
magister equitum, consul, proetor, y\o. 38
censor, and curule aedile. It was
like a modern camp-stool without
back or sides, with crossed legs of
ivory, so that it could be folded up
and carried with the magistrate
wherever he went. See Fig. 38
(from a Roman coin).
142 8 fuit: we should expect the subj. of characteristic, but the indie,
is used (as often) to emphasize \}[i^ fact.
142 11 ut . . . eriperem (1. 15, below) : subst. clause of result, in appos.
with exitum (1. 10).
142 14 foedissima, horrible, with the added idea of polluting things
sacred.
142 17 fatale: see Cat. iii., sect. 9 (p. 130).
142 18 laeter: § 268 ( ); B. 277 ; G. 466 ; H. 484, v (559, 4) ;
H. & B. : apodosis, see § 306, a (^ ) ; G. 595 ; H. 508, 4 (580) ;
H. & B.
II. Propositio (§§ 3-10)
Sects. 3-6. The Senators need not fear for Cicero : they should
take counsel for the welfare of the state. Enormous guilt of the
conspirators, judgment has been already rendered by the action of
the Senate. The sole question is: What shall be the punishment?
142 24 (Sect. 3.) pro eo . . . ac mereor, in proportion as I desei-ve.
142 25 relaturos gratiam, zvill re%vard (" return favor " : cf. habere,
agere) .
142 27 immatura : because an ex-consul had reached the highest
point of Roman ambition.
142 28 misera : the philosophy of the ancients professed to make
them despise death (see Plato, Apologia, and Cicero, Titsc. Quaest. i. — ille
ferreus qui, so iron-hearted as (hence movear, subj.) — fratris : his brother
Quintus, younger than he, and at this time praetor elect. He served with
credit in Caesar's Gallic campaigns.
348 Notes
142 31 neque . . . non, nor can it he but that, etc. ; the two negatives
make an affirmative, but with a kind of emphasis which the simple affirma-
tive statement could not give.
142 32 uxor: his wife Terentia. — filia : his daughter TuUia, married
to C. Calpurnius Piso. Daughters took the gentile name of the father ;
see § 8o, ^ ( ) ; G. p. 493 ; H. 649, 4 (354, 9) ; H. & B. . — filius :
his son Marcus, now two years old.
143 3 gener: Piso was not yet a member of the Senate, and was
probably standing in the lobby. — moveor (emphat., as shown by its posi-
tion), I am affected.
143 4 uti sint, [to wish] that, etc. (the verb being implied in moveor) ;
pereamus is in the same construction as sint.
143 5 una . . . peste, i.e. by a destruction which is at the same time
that of the whole state.
143 9 (Sect. 4.) non Ti. Gracchus, etc. : to preserve the emphasis,
render it is not Ti. Gracchus who, etc. For the historical allusions, cf.
Cat. i., sects. 3, 4 (p. 100), and notes.
143 10 agrarios : see note on p. 147, 1. 29.
143 11 Memmium: C. Memmius, one of the most upright men of his
time ; he was a candidate for the consulship against Glaucia, was mur-
dered by instigation of Glaucia and Saturninus (B.C. 100).
143 13 tenentur, are in custody ; to preserve the emphasis we may
change the voice, — we have in our hands. — vestram omnium : § 184, d
( ) ; B. 243, 3, « ; G. 321, R.-^ ; H. & B.
143 18 ut . . . nemo : instead of the usual ne quis or ne quisquam ;
§ 319, d, R., cf. § 105, d, N. ( ) ; G. 543, 4, cf. 317, I ;
H. 497, ii, cf. 457 (568, cf. 513) ; H. c\: B. ; because of the following
ne . . . quidem.
143 22 (Sect. 5.) iudiciis : their verdict on the conspirators' guilt
consisted in the acts recounted in the following clauses.
143 23 gratias egistis : cf. relaturos, p. 142, 1. 25.
143 25 abdicare, etc. : see Cat. iii., sect. 14 (p. 133, 1. 4), and note.
144 1 (Sect. 6.) sed, i.e. though you have in fact decided. — tam-
quam integrum, as if an open questioji (i.e. as if you had not already
expressed your judgment).
144 2 iudicetis refers to their judgment as a court with respect to the
facts ; censeatis, to their view as a pubHc council respecting the punish-
ment.
144 3 ilia . . . COnsulis, etc., / 7vill say in advance what belongs to
[me as] the consul : i.e. declare the need of instant action; zvhat action,
Foiirtli Oration against Catiline 349
it is for the Senate to determine ; for construction, see § 214, ^ ( );
G.366; H. 401 (439); H. &B.
144 4 nova . . . misceri, that a revoliction subversive of the goverji-
mentivas on foot; nOva (subj. of misceri) means innovations or tincon-
stitutional measures; misceri refers to the disorder which these would
produce.
144 5 concitari mali, that evil designs were set in motion. — videbam :
for tense, see § 277, b { ) ; B. 260, 4; G. 234; H. 469, 2 (535);
H. & B.
144 11 opinione: § 247, b { ); B. 217, 4; G. 398, n.i ; H. 417,
I, N.5(47i, 7); H.&B.
144 13 provincias, especially Spain, with which Cn. Piso had had
relations. It had not yet become fully reconciled since the overthrow
of Sertorius, only eight years before. — sustentando, by forbearance ; pro-
latando, by procrastination.
144 14 ratione : abl. of manner.
144 15 placet, sc. vindicare.
Sects. 7-10. Silanus proposes death ; Caesar, perpetual imprison-
ment. Caesar's proposition discussed.
144 17 (Sect. 7.) haec (with a gesture), all this, i.e. city, citizens, and
government.
144 19 amplectitur, adopts.
144 '-'0 pro, /// accordance with.
144 21 versatur in, exhibits.
144 'JT mortem, etc.: a doctrine of the Epicureans, to which sect
Coesar and many other eminent Romans belonged.
144 31 et ea : cf. note on p. 136, 1. 17.
144 32 municipiis dispertiri, sc. eos in custodiam.
145 1 iniquitatem, since it might expose them to danger, and it would
be unjust to choose among so many; difficultatem, since they might decline
the service.
145 3 (Sect. 8.) statueritis: subj. of integral part.
145 4 dignitatis : § 214, ./ ( ) ; cf. B. 198, 3 ; G. 366, r.i ; H.
401, N.- (439, 3); H.&B. . — adiungit, he (Caesar) adds to his
proposal.
145 5 niperit: § 341, ^ ( ); cf. B. 323 ; G. 366 ; H. 401 (439);
H. & B. .
145 7 sancit, ordains (under penalties).
145 8 per senatum, by an executive decree ; per populum, by a law.
350 Notes
145 11 uno, sc. dolor e.
145 12 itaque, etc. : an artful way of making the punishment of death
seem less cruel ; since death is a relief, these myths, says Cicero, have been
invented to give it terror.
145 15 eis remotis: equiv. to a fut. protasis; § 310, iz ( ) ; G.
593,2; H. 549, 2 (638,2); H.&B.
145 17 (Sect. 9.) mea : § 222, a { ); B. 211, i, ^ ; G. 381 ;
H. 408, i, 2 (449, I); H. & B.
145 19 popularis, not popular, but devoted to the people, democratic :
Caesar was now the recognized leader of this party.
145 20 auctore (abl. abs.), proposer ; cognitore, sponsor (a legal term).
145 24 maionim : none of Caesar's ancestors were men of any distinc-
tion, although some distant relatives were prominent in public affairs in
the time of Sulla ; see note on p. 137, 1. 22. He belonged, however, to one
of the oldest patrician families.
145 25 obsidem, i.e. he is pledged at all events to defend the state as
against the conspirators.
145 27 interesset: for tense, see § 287, </ ( ); H. & B. . —
levitatem, want of principle, i.e. of the steady purpose, or stability of
character, implied in gravitas.
145 28 saluti, i.e. not voliintati : their interests, not their capricious
wishes.
145 29 (Sect. 10.) non neminem: it is said that the person referred
to was Q. Metellus Nepos, brother of Celer (see Cat. i., sect. 19), a partisan
of Pompey and an enemy of Cicero.
145 31 dedit, decrevit, adfecit, i.e. gave his vote for these acts. With
this, of course, his present action is inconsistent.
146 1 qui has for antecedent the subject of iudicarit.
146 3 re, the matter (in general) ; causa, the issue to be decided. —
C. Caesar: the full name gives emphasis, contrasting him with the nojt
nemo (p. 145, 1. 29). Caesar votes for a judgment against the conspirators
which seems contrary to the Sempronian Law, but he, a true friend of the
people {yere popularis), recognizes that this law applies to Roman citizens
only, and that it therefore cannot protect these traitors.
146 4 Semproniam : see note on "Crucifixion," etc., p. 61, 1. 10.
146 6 latorem, i.e. C. Gracchus.
146 7 iussu populi : not strictly true, for C. Gracchus was put to death,
not by order of the people, but by virtue of the dictatorial authority con-
ferred upon the consuls by the Senate. — rei publicae : dative. — depen-
disse : punishment with the Romans was regarded as a penalty /^zV by
Fourth Oration agaijist Catiline 35 1
the ofifender to the injured party (hence dare, solvere, pendere oi the guilty;
capere, petere, repetere, postulare, etc., of the person wronged).
146 8 Lentulum : by discussing this conspirator as an example of the
would-be popularis, Cicero skilfully throws discredit on the non nemo
(p. 145, 1. 29) and others like him. — largitorem, etc., i.e. however lavish,
— a symptom of courting the popular favor.
146 13 se iactare, i.e. as a pretended friend of liberty, like the tion
netiio above.
146 15 omnis cruciatus : accusative plural.
III. CONTENTIO (§§ II-19)
Sects. 11-14. Death is none too severe a penalty: rigor in
punishing the conspirators is mercy to the city. Opinion of L.
Caesar.
146 17 (Sect, ii.) quam ob rem, etc.: because Caesar's view has
in Caesar a popular sponsor, while the view of Silanus is in fact the more
merciful one. — statueritis, dederitis : § 307, c, and n. ( ) ;
G. 595, N.2 ; H. 473, 2 (540, 2) ; H. & B.
146 1« COntio : see Introd. to Manilian Law in notes (p. 272). The
action of the consul would have to be justified before the people, who
might regard it as a tyrannical measure. In this justification Cicero would
have Caesar to assist him.
146 20 obtinebo eam, make it appear that it (this view), etc.
146 23 ita . . . liceat : an asseveration like our "so help me God."
The point lies in the idea of " so and not otherwise " implied in ita.
146 24 ut . . . moveor, as [it is true that] I am influenced, etc.
146 29 animo, /;/ my mind''s eye (properly, abl. of means). — patria,
native city.
146 32 (Sect. 12.) cum vero: vero introduces (as often) the most
striking point. The other conspirators are bad enough, but ivJie)i, etc.
147 4 Vestalium: see note on p. 130, 1. 19.
147 7 si quis: for form, see § 104, a, n. ( ); G. 106, r.; H.
454, I (512,1); H.&B.
147 9 sumpserit: see note on dependisse, p. 146, 1. 7 ; for tense, see
note on statueritis, p. 146, 1. 17.
147 IS ut . . . conlocarent: purp. clause in appos. with id (1. 16).
147 22 (Sect. 13.) nisi vero, etc. : reductio ad absurdum, as usual with
thisphrase; §3I5,/7,N. ( ) ; G. 591, R."* ; H.cS:B. .—L.Caesar:
L. Cresar (consul B.C. 64), was a distant relative of the Dictator, son of
352 Notes
Lucius Caesar (consul B.C. 90, the year of the Social War), the author of the
law giving citizenship to the Italian allies (see note, Arch,, sect. 7). The sis-
ter of Lucius Caesar (the younger) was married to Lentulus, and his mother,
Fulvia, was daughter of M. Fulvius Flaccus, the leading adherent of C. Grac-
chus. When Gracchus and Placcus found themselves (B.C. 121) drawn
into a collision with the Senate, they sent the young son of Flaccus with a
proposition of compromise. The Senate, however, refused to listen to any
terms, threw the messenger into prison, — where he was afterwards strangled,
— and moved upon the insurgents with all the power of the state. In the
contest that followed, both leaders and several thousands of their partisans
lost their lives. It was to these events that L. Ciesar had appealed, in
justifying his vote in condemnation of his brother-in-law Lentulus.
147 2G eius refers to avum. — legatum : of course the informal
messenger of insurgents could have no claim to the title ambassador^ or
to the privileges which attached to the title in ancient as well as modern
times.
147 27 quorum limits factum : understand with simile some word
describing the present conspiracy {ivhat act of theirs was like this ?).
147 29 largitionis . . . versata est: the plans of C. Gracchus em-
braced not only a lex frumentaria, allowing every citizen to buy a certain
amount of corn from the state at less than half its market rate, and a lex
agraria, providing for the distribution of public land among the poorer
citizens ; but also the establishment of several colonies, both in Italy and
the provinces, the object of which was at once to provide poor citizens with
land, and to relieve the city, by emigration, of a part of its proletariat.
Though these grants were perhaps just, yet their proposal was regarded by
the nobility as a political bid for popular favor, and hence gave rise to
violent party jealousy (partium contentio).
147 31 avus (see note on p. 131, 1. 6) : he was an active supporter of
the Senate on this occasion ; ille (1. 32) refers to the same person.
148 4 urbem inflammandam : according to Sallust's Catiline, ch. 43,
this work was assigned to Gabinius and Statilius.
148 5 vereamini follows censeo (ironical), as if with ut omitted.
Sects. 14-19. Severe measures will be supported by the people.
The humblest citizens are stanch. The Senators are urged to act
fearlessly : the consul will not fail them.
148 12 (Sect. 14.) voces, remarks.
148 13 eorum, on the part of those, etc. — vereri . . . ut : § 331,/
( ); B. 296, 2 ; G. 550, 2 ; H. 498, iii, N.i (567, i); H. & B.
Fourth Oration against Catiline 353
148 16 mea, etc. : observe the antithesis between mea summa cura
and maiore populi . . . voluntate.
148 28 (Sect, 15.) ad,>;-.
148 29 consentiunt, unite.
149 1 ita . . . ut, only to, etc. (Ht. 7vith this limitation thai) : see
§ 3195 '''' ( ); ^^- 552, R.'^ ; H. cK; B. . — summam ordinis consi-
lique, superiority in rank and precedence in counsel.
149 3 huius ordinis (i.e. the Senate) limits dissensione in the sense
o{ cum hoc, etc. For the long contest here alluded to, see Introd., p. Ixv.
149 5 quam si, etc., and if we keep this union, etc.
149 6 confirmo, I assure, in a different sense from confirmatam : Latin
style does not (as ours does) object to such repetitions with a variation in
meaning.
149 9 tribunes aerarios, deans of the tribes. The Roman people were
divided into thirty-hve tribes, local and territorial, like wards. These tribes
were made the basis of the comitia centuriata, as well as the coinitia
tributa. They served also as general administrative and financial divisions.
From the latter character the name tribuni aerarii was given to their
presiding ofilicers.
149 10 scribas : the scribae quaestorii (treasury clerks) formed an im-
portant and powerful corporation. As they were a permanent body, while
the qusestors (treasurers) were elected annually, they had the real responsi-
bility in the management of the treasury.
149 11 sortis : the qugestors entered upon office on the Nones of De-
cember (Dec. 5) ; all other patrician magistrates on the first of January.
The scribae had therefore come together in order to be present while the
quaestors drew lots for their provinces.
149 12 (Sect. 16.) ingenuorum, /;v^-<^^r;z. Freedmen, //7^^;7z«/, were
always regarded as inferior in rank, if not in civil and political rights.
Even these, however, are shown in the next chapter to be interested in the
safety of the republic.
149 18 sua virtute : manumission was very commonly bestowed as the
reward of some peculiar merit in the slave.
149 20 hie nati, i.e. citizens, as contrasted with the manumitted slaves
(who were for the most part of foreign birth).
149 25 qui modo ... sit : § 320, d ( ). — condicione : § 251, n.
( ); cf.B. 224,1; G.400; H.419, 2* (473, 2, N.i); H.& B.
149 28 voluntatis : partitive gen. with quantum, as if tanttim voluntatis
quanttim, etc.
149 30 (Sect. 17.) circum tabernas, i.e. among the artisans. The
354
XoUs
Roman shops w^re like little stalls along the street, open in front, with a
'* long room," or perhaps two, at the back. See Fig. 39 (Pompeian shop,
restored); Fig. 40 shows the arrangement of such shops along the streets.
Fig. 39
150 3 cubile ac lectulum : both words mean nearly the same thing, and
imply a very humble way of living.
150 4 oi\os,nrs\, peaceable ; so oti (1. 6).
150 8 quorum relates to eorum, three lines above.
150 9 incensis, sc. tabemis. — futurum fuit = fuisset; § 308, d
( )' G. 597, R.^ ; H. 511, 2 (582) ; H. & B. ; the protasis is
implied in incensis.
150 11 (Sect. 18.) populi Romani, as contrasted with the Senate :
cf. the formula Senaius Populusque Romamis.
Fourth Oration against Catiline
355
151 2 impiae, impious (in its strict sense a want of filial duty).
151 4 arcem et Capitolium : the Capitoline was a saddle-shaped hill,
having the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (Capitolium) on the southwestern
point and the old citadel (arx) on the northeastern (see Cat. iii., sect. 20).
Since Jupiter Capitolinus was the protecting divinity of Rome, his temple
was the most sacred spot in the whole empire.
151 5 aras Penatium : the Penates were gods of the household and
the larder {penics), worshipped by q\ try paterfamilias in his own atrium.
The state, being developed from the family, had likewise its Penates, which
were fabled to have been brought by yEneas from Troy and established at
Fig. 40
Lavinium, whence they were transferred to Alba Longa, and afterwards to
Rome. Their temple was on the Velia, the low hill connecting the Pala-
tine and Esquiline. — ignem Vestae : the temple of Vesta was on the
Sacra Via, toward the Palatine, — a small round building containing the
symbolic household fire of the Roman state. See note on the Vestals,
p. 130, 1. 19-
151 9 focis : the focus, the symbol of household life, was a brazier for
burning charcoal. It originally stood at the rear end of the atrium, or
great hall, of the house. Later it was moved, for all practical purposes, to
the kitchen, but a representative focus remained in the atrium and con-
tinued to be the symbol of household life. Fig. 41 shows a great bronze
foctts from the baths of Pompeii. The domestic focus was, of course, much
smaller, but was similar in shape.
151 11 (Sect. 19.) quae f acultas : § 201, c/ ( ); cf. B. 251,4,^^;
G. 616, 2; H. &B.
356
Notes
151 13 in civili causa, on a political question.
151 14 quantis . . . delerit : this clause will be best turned into
English by translating the participles fundatum, etc. as verbs, and
Fig. 4
delerit as a relative clause, — with how great toil this empire was estab-
lished, WHICH one night, etc. In Latin the question is contained in the
interrogative modifiers of imperium and not in the main clause.
IV. Peroratio (§§ 20-24)
Sects. 20-24. Cicero is undismayed : his fame is secure. He has
undertaken a perpetual war with the bad elements in the state ; but
the result is certain. Then let the Senate dare to act rigorously.
151 29 (Sect. 20.) me . . . factorum : for cases, see § 221, /^ ( ) ;
B. 209, I ; G. 377 ; H. 409, iii (457) ; H. e^' B.
152 1 gesta : abl. abs. with re publica.
152 3 (Sect. 21.) Scipio : the elder Africanus, who brought the
Second Punic War to a triumphant close by the battle of Zama, B.C. 202.
By " carrying the w-ar into Africa," he forced Hannibal to retire from
Italy.
152 5 alter Africanus : the younger, surnamed .^imilianus. He was
son of L. ^'Emilias Paulus (mentioned below), and adopted by the son of
the elder Africanus. He captured Carthage, B.C. 146, and Numantia, in
Sp.ain, B.C. 133.
152 7 Paulus : father of the younger Africanus, and, like his son,
Fourth Oration against Catiline 357
the most eminent and upright man of his generation. He brought the
Third Macedonian War to a close by the battle of Pydna, B.C. 1 68, and led
King Perseus captive in his triumphal procession. — currum \jriumpha-
km'] : the captives did not go with or behind the triumphal chariot, but
preceded it in the procession.
152 9 bis liberavit : by the victories over the German invaders, —
over the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (B.C. 102), and the Cimbri at Vercellae
(B.C. lOl).
152 10 Pompeius : it should be remembered that Pompey was now
in the East, in the midst of his career of conquest, and that his return was
looked for with expectancy by all parties. Cicero took every means to
win the confidence of the great general, and gain him over to his views in
public affairs ; but to no purpose. After some wavering, Pompey asso-
ciated himself with Caesar, thus giving the Senate a blow from which it
never recovered, and preparing the way for his own downfall.
152 13 aliquid loci : § 216, a;, 3 ( ) ; B. 202, 2; G. 369;
H. 397, 3 (442) ; H. & B.
152 16 (Sect. 22.) quamquam, and yet. — uno loco, in one respect.
152 18 Q'^^XQSSi^^iy'vxvA., are crushed and enslaved; § 292, R. ( );
cf.B. 337, 2; H. &B. .
153 1 (Sect. 23.) pro imperio, in place of: all these honors, which
Cicero might have gained by a foreign command, he has renounced in
order to stay at home and protect the city.
153 4 clientelis hospitiisque : the relation of cliens to patromis was
that of a subordinate to a superior, carrying with it services on the one
side and protection on the other ; the hospiies were, on the other hand,
equals, and their connection was one of mutual aid and friendship.
Foreign states and citizens were eager to form such ties with influential
Romans, and they were equally advantageous to the Roman. Of course
a provincial governor had peculiar opportunities for this.
153 5 urbanis opibus, the means afforded by a city life. Such ties
would be more easily formed by a sojourn in a province, but they could
also be formed by a statesman who remained at home ; for the value of
such a relation to the provincial consisted in the opportunities for protec-
tion and assistance which the statesman possessed in the city itself.
153 6 pro meis studiis, in return for my efforts.
153 10 quae dum, and as long as this. — mentibus : § 254, a ( ) ;
cf. B. 228, I ; H. 425, i'-^ (485, I) ; H. & B.
153 15 suo solius : § 197, <? ( * ) ; B. 243, 3, a ; G. 321, r.^;
H. 398, 3 (446, 3) ; H. & B.
358 Notes
153 20 (Sect. 24.) eum . . . qui, a consul who, etc. ; § 102, d
( ) ; B. 247, I, a; H. & B.
153 22 per se ipsum praestare, make good [so far as he may] on his
oivn part.
ORATION FOR ARCHIAS
ARGUMENT
Chap. I. Exorditim. Cicero's obligations to Archias. — 2. He justifies
the unusual tone of his argument. — Narratio. 3. Early career of Archias :
he is enrolled as a citizen of Heraclia. — Confirjuatio. 4. His technical
claim: his registry, acts of citizenship, domicile. — 5. Argument from the
public records. — 6. The case is now closed. Further argument is unnec-
essary. Literature an indispensable relaxation, and also a source of moral
strength. — 7. All famous men have been devoted to letters. — 8, 9. Great
artists are of themselves worthy of admiration. The poet is especially
sacred : he is the herald of fame. — lo. Greek is a surer passport to fame
than Latin. Men inferior to Archias have been honored with citizenship.
— II, 12. Fame is the strongest motive to acts of public virtue. Liter-
ature is the most enduring of monuments. — Peroratio. 12 (sect. 31).
Appeal to the court to protect Archias the poet in his rights.
I. Exordium (§§ 1-3)
Sects. 1-3. Cicero's obligations to Archias make it a duty to
undertake his defence. The unusual tone of the argument justified.
Page 154. Line 1. (Sect, i.) iudices, i.e. the members of a special
court (quaestio) established by the Lex Papia (see Introd. to the oration,
p. 154) to inquire into cases arising under that law.
154 3 versatum: cf. the date of the defence of Roscius and the
opening passage of that oration. — huiusce rei, i.e. dicendi.
155 1 ratio, knoivledge, i.e. theoretic acquaintance, contrasted with
exercitatio, practice.
155 3 A. Licinius : following the custom of naturalized foreigners, as
well as freedmen, Archias had taken the gentile name of his noble friends
and patrons, the Luculli. Cicero's motive in always speaking of him by
his Roman name is obvious.
155 6 'v[i^(Si^X%Q^Q,fro7n as far back as that, Isay.
Oration for Archias 359
155 7 principem, master.
155 8 rationem, course. For the connection of the meanings of this
word, see Vocab.
155 10 a quo relates to huic, which is dat. after ferre ; quo relates to
id : surely, to the man himself from whom I have received that ivhereby^ etc.
155 11 ceteris, all the rest [of my fellow-citizens], i.e. other than
Archias. — alios, some of them.
155 12 opem corresponds to opitulari ; salutem, to salvare.
155 14 (Sect. 2.) neque, and not.
155 15 dicendi ratio aut disciplina, art or science of oratory. — ne
nos quidem, etc., i.e. not even I, though by profession an orator, have
devoted myself to oratory alone.
155 20 (Sect. 3.) quaestione legitima: see note on iudices, p. 154,
1. I.
155 22 severissimos, i.e. before men of the old Roman stamp, who
might not be favorably impressed by such praise of literature.
155 24 forensi sermone is not used here in its special meaning, " the
language of the courts," but in its wider sense, the language of the Forum,
i.e. the ordinary tone of practical affairs (the Forum being the centre of
Roman business and politics).
155 27 ut . . . patiamini, a purp. clause in appos. with veniam (1. 25).
155 28 hoc concursu, loc. abl. expressing the circumstances ; so also
hac vestra humanitate, with men of yotir cultivation.
155 29 hoc praetore : Q. Cicero was himself a poet and man of criti-
cal taste.
155 30 paulo . . . liberius, zvith somewhat unusual freedotn : § 93, a
( ); B. 240, I ; G. 297 ; H. 444, I (498); H. & B.
155 31 otium ac studium, a quiet life of study (almost hendiadys) ;
so iudiciis periculisque below.
II. Narratio (§§ 4-6)
Sects. 4-6. Earlier career of Archias. His celebrity in Asia
and elsewhere. His removal to Rome and his distinguished patrons
there. He becomes a citizen of Heraclia.
156 3 (Sect. 4.) cum, causal, but best translated when.
156 4 esset : for tense, see § ZZI* ^^- ^ ( ) ; B. 268, 4 ; G. 597,
R.4; H. 527, iii (647); H. cS:B.
156 5 asciscendum fuisse : in the direct, asciscendus erat : § 308, d
( ); B. 304, 3, <^; G. 597, R.3^; H. 511, 2 (582); H. &: B. j
360 Notes
cf. note on Pompey's Mil. Command, sect. 49 (p. 88, 1. 32), erat deli-
gendus.
156 y urbe: § 184, r ( ); G. 411, r.^; H. 363, 42 (393, 7); H.
cS:B.
156 12 contigit : sc. ei, i.e. Archias. — post, afterwards.
156 15 (Sect. 5.) tunc, at that tirne. This was the long period of
comparative quiet between the Gracchan disturbances (B.C. 133-121) and
the tribunate of Drusus (B.C. 91), which was followed by the Social War
and the civil wars of Marius and Sulla.
156 IG Latio : not the geographical Latium merely, but all towns
which at that time possessed Latin citizenship ; that is, the Latin colonies,
such as Venusia, the birthplace of the poet Horace.
156 21 de ingeniis, i.e. could form some opinion about the talents of
literary men.
156 23 absentibus, /(?<T/'/<? at a distance. —Mario et Catulo (coss. B.C.
102) ; of these, Marius was renowned for his exploits, while Catulus was a
good officer, and also a man of culture.
156 25 nactus est, etc., he happened to find holding the consulship. —
eos quorum alter, men of such a kind that one of thetn, etc. This would
not only furnish him with themes for his poetry but insure appreciation of
his genius.
156 27 Luculli : Lucius, the one who fought against Mithridates, and
his brother Marcus: both of them belonged to the highest ranks of the
aristocracy, and were men of distinguished taste and culture.
156 29 ingeni, pred. gen. after an understood erat : this was [a proof]
not only of his genius, etc.
156 30 ut . . . esset, result clause in app. with hoc (1. 29).
157 1 (Sect. 6.) iucundus, etc. : ever since the introduction of Greek
culture at Rome, it had been customary for cultivated Romans of high
rank to entertain Greek men of letters in their houses, partly as tutors
and partly as companions. Such associates frequently accompanied their
patrons on their journeys and even on their campaigns. — Metello Numi-
dico : the most distinguished member of this family. He was predecessor
of Marius in the war against Jugurtha, and from this service in Numidia
received his agnomen.
157 2 Aemilio, i.e. M. ^milius Scaurus (cos. B.C. 115), for many years
princeps senatus.
157 3 Catulo : see note on p. 156, 1. 23. — L. Crasso : the most dis-
tinguished orator of his time, a man of genius and culture (see Introd.,
ch. ii, p. xxxiv); he died B.C. 91.
Oration for ArcJiias 361
157 4 Drusum (M. Livius), tribune B.C. 91, a distinguished orator and
statesman, who lost his Hfe in a vain attempt to reconcile the aristocratic
and democratic factions in the republic. — Octavios : see Cat. iii., sect. 24.
— Catonem : probably the father of the famous Cato of Utica is meant.
157 5 Hortensiorum : the most eminent of these was Q. Hortensius,
the rival of Cicero and his opponent in the case of Verres.
157 8 si qui forte, those {if there were any) who, etc.
157 11 Heracliam: an important Greek city, on the southern coast
of Lucania. In the war with Pyrrhus it had fought on the side of the
Romans, and B.C. 278, it entered into an alliance of the closest and most
favorable character (aequissimo iure ac foedere).
III. Confirm ATio (§§ 7-30)
Sects. 7-11. Archias received Roman citizenship under the Lex
Plautia-Papiria, complying with all the provisions of that law. The
evidence of this cannot be shaken ; the testimony of the census is
unnecessary. No further argument is needed ; the case is closed.
157 15 (Sect. 7.) Silvani lege, etc., i.e. the Lex Plautia-Papiria, of
the tribunes M. Plautius Silvanus and C. Papirius Carbo (not to be con-
founded with his infamous cousin Cneius, the Marian leader after the death
of Cinna), extended the Roman citizenship to all Italian communities which
had not yet received it. These towns now exchanged their independence
for Roman citizenship, and became incorporated with the republic; though
many of them, as Heraclia, hesitated about making the change, and did it
with great reluctance. They lost all rights of independent government
(such as that of coining money, the ius exsili, etc.). Latin became the
official language ; justice was administered by Roman law ; and in most
cases their government was organized on the model of Rome, having
duumviri for consuls, and a curia for the Senate. The passage here
given from the Plautian-Papirian Law contains its application to citizens
of foreign birth, like Archias. — si qui, etc.: the law is quoted in indir.
disc, but the main clause is omitted, being implied in data est ; see
§ 341, c { ); G. 663, 2, ^; H. &B.
157 18 essent professi, should have declared their intention.
157 19 Q. Metellum [Pium], praetor, B.C. 89: the most eminent living
member of this family, and one of the leaders of the aristocracy.
157 22 (Sect. 8.) Grati, the complainant (see Introd., p. 154 of text).
158 1 religione, conscientiousness.
158 tt desideras, call for (lit. miss, feel the wantof). — \\.dL\\zo bello,
362 Notes
(i.e. the Social War) : § 259, « ( ) ; G. 394, r. ; H. 429 (486) ;
H. & B.
158 11 municipi : since the bestowal of the Roman citizenship, the
Italian civitates had become Roman mutiicipia (see Introd., p. liii).
158 12 'vdj&m., you yourself {\\\.. the same man).
158 15 (Sect. 9) In sect. 8 Cicero shows that Archias was a citizen of
Heraclia and so came under the first requirement of the law ; in sect. 9
he claims that his client had also complied with the other two requirements
(domicilium and prof essio) . — civitatem datam, i.e. by the law before
cited.
158 17 professione, list of declaratiojis.
158 18 conlegio : the prstors, when regarded as a whole, could be
spoken of as a " board."
158 19 cum, while. — Appi, i.e. Appius Claudius, husband of Ccecilia
(the friend of Roscius : see Rose. Am., sect. 50) and father of the infamous
Clodius.
158 20 Gabini : see Introd. to Pompey's Military Command.
158 21 damnationem : he was condemned, B.C. 54, for extortion on
complaint of the Achccans.
158 23 L. Lentulum : nothing further is known of him ; he probably
presided over a court (iudices) to determine cases involving citizenship
under the new law.
158 29 (Sect. 10.) multis and praeditis are dat. after impertiebant ;
arte, abl. after praeditis.
158 30 Graecia, i.e. Magna Griecia, the Greek cities of Italy.
158 31 credo (ironical), / suppose. — Locrensis : Locri Epizephyrii, a
Greek city near Rhegium.
158 32 quod relates to id, which is governed by largiri understood.
159 1 ingeni limits gloria, which depends on praedito.
159 2 civitatem datam, i.e. by the Lex Plautia-Papiria.
159 3 legem Papiam : see Introd. to the Oration, p. 154 of text.
159 4 illis, sc. tabulis, i.e. of Tarentum, Rhegium, and Naples.
159 G (Sect, ii.) census: the lists of citizens made out by the cen-
sors for purposes of taxation. These were, of course, excellent evidence
on a question of citizenship ; but they were not needed in this case. —
requiris : cf. desideras in the same sense in sect. 8 (p. 158, 1. 6).
159 7 est obscurum (ironical), it is not generally knozvn. — proximis,
abl. of time : translate by under. The censors referred to were L. Gellius
and Cn. Lentulus (b.c. 70.) — clarissimo : observe the art with which
Cicero here again calls attention to the connection of Archias with the dis-
Oration for ArcJiias 363
tinguished Romans any one of whom could at any moment have procured
him the citizenship if he had not already possessed it.
159 8 apud exercitum, i.e. in the war against Mithridates (see Oration
for the Manilian Law). — superioribus, sc. censoribus. New censors were
regularly appointed every tive years : those here referred to were Q. Mar-
cius Philippus and M. Perperna (B.C. 86). In the present instance the
succession had been interfered with by Sulla, but restored in B.C. 70.
159 9 in Asia: this was in the First Mithridatic War, in which LucuUus
served as quaestor to Sulla. — primis, i.e. the first after the passage of
the Lex Plaiitia-Papiria : these were L. Julius C?esar and P. Crassus
(B.C. 89).
159 14 esse versatum (sc. eum), /im/ availed himself of: this clause
is the obj. of criminaris. — testamentum, etc., acts which no foreigner
could do.
159 16 in beneficiis, etc.: his naviezvas reported for a retvard from
the state (i.e. on the ground of some special merit) : this, of course, implied
citizenship.
159 18 suo, etc., i.e. Archias and his friends knew that he was a citizen
and had acted as such, whatever might be said on the other side.
At this point Cicero practically rests his case. The remainder of his
speech is devoted to the praise of poetry and literature. This eulogy is,
however, skilfully connected with the argument. Literature is useful in
the state, he contends, and poets are particularly in favor with great men.
Hence Archias could not have failed to receive the citizenship as a gift
from some of his illustrious Roman friends if he had not held it already.
Since he is a citizen, so eminent and useful a man should be protected in
his rights.
Sects. 12-16. Literature is an indispensable relaxation : and also
a source of moral strength. Hence all famous men have been devoted
to letters. The dignity and delight of liberal study.
159 20 (Sect. 12.) ubi {—locum iibi) . . . reficiatur, rel. clause of
purpose.
159 22 suppetere has for subject the suppressed antecedent of quod.
— posse (with a fut. force), should de able.
159 24 contentionem, strain.
159 25 ego (emphat.), etc., for my part I admit, etc. We should re-
member that the more old-fashioned of Cicero's contemporaries were still
inclined to regard literary and artistic pursuits as frivolous in comparison
with the more " truly Roman " professions of war and politics (cf. .'Eneid,
364 Notes
vi. 847 ff.). Hence it was important for Cicero to show that literature was
of practical value to the man of affairs.
159 2G his studiis, the study of letters in general, including all varieties
of literature, poetry as well as prose.
159 30 nuUius tempore, etc., the necessities or interests of no one (i.e.
as a client).
160 1 (Sect. 13.) ceteris depends on conceditur (1. 4).
160 3 ad ipsam requiem, even to repose.
160 4 temporum limits quantum (1. 3), which has tantum (1. 6) for
antecedent. — alii: notice how this differs in meaning from ceteris (1. i),
— the first mentioned pursuits (attending to business, celebrating festivals,
etc.), are common to everybody, the last (being dissipations) belong only
to " some people." — tempestivis conviviis, early dinners, i.e. beginning
by daylight, or in business hours, — a mark of luxury and idleness : we
should refer to "late dinners."
160 8 oratio et facultas, hendiadys. — quantacumque, etc., i.e. such
as I have (a modest disclaimer).
160 9 periculis : Cicero prided himself on defending cases rather
than acting for the prosecution (cf. amicorum temporibus, etc., Pompey's
Mil. Command, sect. i).
160 10 quae, i.e. the mere ability to speak. — ilia (obj. of hauriam),
i.e. the moral character resulting from the praecepta mentioned below.
160 12 (Sect. 14.) multorum, i.e. great minds whose thoughts have
found expression in literature. — multis litteris, wide reading.
160 13 nihil esse, etc. : these doctrines had been the commonplaces
of philosophy and letters for hundreds of years before Cicero wrote, and
to the cultivated Roman they took the place which with us belongs to the
ethical teachings of sacred literature.
160 16 parvi, of slight account ; § 252, ^ ( ); B. 169, 4; G. 379,
380, I ; H. 404 (448) ; H. & B.
160 19 exemplorum, i.e. examples of heroism and virtue recorded in
hterature. The moral education of the ancients consisted largely in the
study of the lives of eminent men of past ages.
160 21 accederet, were thrown upon them.
160 27 (Sect. 15.) Observe the attitude of the Romans toward litera-
ture, which they valued as a source of ethical and political cultivation, and
not, like the Greeks, for its own sake or as a means of affording aesthetic
pleasure.
161 9 (Sect. 16.) ex hoc, etc. : Cicero enumerates the most distin-
guished patrons of the newly introduced Greek culture. Cato is separated
Oration for Archias 365
from the rest because he was in theory opposed to this tendency on
account of its imagined ill effects ; hence the rather apologetic tone in
which Cicero speaks of him.
161 10 Africanum : Scipio the younger (^milianus). — Laelium :
the younger Laelius (surnamed Sapiens), whose friendship with Scipio
^milianus forms the groundwork of Cicero's famous treatise De Amicitia.
— Furium : I>. Furius Philus (cos. B.C. 136) a patron of literature. These
three men belonged to the so-called Scipionic Circle, which was especially
influential in the introduction of Greek culture.
161 12 Catonem : M. Porcius Cato, called the Censor, was one of the
leading men of Rome in the first half of the second century B.C. : a
shrewd, hard-headed Roman of the old school, full of prejudices, and
priding himself on his blunt manners. He was a distinguished antiqua-
rian, and wrote books on antiquities and agriculture.
161 13 senem : he gives the nanfe to Cicero's dialogue on Old Age
(^Cato Maior).
161 15-23 quod si, etc. : even if literature, Cicero argues, had no great
practical or ethical value (as it has), it would still be worthy of respect as
a means of mental refreshment and diversion. The passage is a very
famous tribute to liberal studies.
161 18 ceterae, sc. animi adversiones (from 1. 17).
161 21 adversis [rebus], dat. with praebent.
Sects. 17-24. Great artists are themselves worthy of admiration.
The poet is especially sacred : he is the herald of fame. Alexander
at the tomb of Achilles.
161 25 (Sect. 17.) deberemus : 308, c, n.i ( ) ; B. 304, 3, a, n. ;
G. 597, R.3, /; ; cf. H. 511, I. N.3 (583) ; H. &. B.
161 26 videremus : subj. because an integral part of the cont. to fact
apodosis.
161 27 Rosci : Q. Roscius, the most eminent actor of his time, defended
by Cicero in a speech which is still extant.
161 30 corporis : observe the emphatic position as opposed to ani-
morum (1. 31). In the ancient drama the action was much more impor-
tant as compared with the delivery and facial expression than is the case
on the modern stage,
162 2 (Sect. 18.) novo genera : such praise of letters was, of course,
an innovation on the formal proceedings of a Roman court. — quotiens,
etc. : given as a remarkable instance of poetical improvisation illustrating
the celeritas mentioned in 1. 31, above.
366 Notes
162 5 revocatum [hunc], subj. of dicere. The enco7-e was a common
Roman practice, as with us.
162 10 sic, tJds (referring to the indir. disc, that follows).
162 14 Q. Ennius : the father of Latin poetry. He was born at Rudige
in Magna Grsecia (B.C. 239), but wrote in Latin. His principal work was
the Annales, an epic poem upon Roman history, lost except for a few
fragments.
162 19 (Sect. 19.) bestiae, etc. ; alluding to the myths of Orpheus
and Arion (see Ovid, Met. x. 3, Fasti, ii. 83-118; Virg. Eel. viii. 56).
162 21 Homerum, etc. : the names of the cities which thus claimed
Homer are given in the following hexameter verse :
Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenae.
162 27 olim, almost equiv. to an adj. ; cf. § 188, ^ ( ) ; G. 439, N.'* ;
H. 359, N.* (497, 5) ; H. & B.
162 29 Cimbricas res : the war with the Cimbri and Teutones, who
invaded Italy and were at length defeated by Marius (the Teutones, B.C.
102 ; the Cimbri, loi).
162 30 durior : Marius was a rude and illiterate soldier. The illustra-
tion (p. 163) shows what seems to be the most trustworthy portrait of
Marius (from the impression of a coin, now lost) ; various busts have been
identified with him, but without any probable evidence.
163 3 (Sect. 20.) Themistoclem : the great Athenian statesman
and general, who won the battle of Salamis, in the second Persian invasion
(B.C. 480), and afterwards, by his skilful policy, raised Athens to its greatest
height of power.
163 8 (Sect. 21.) For the statements in this section, see Oration for
Manilian Law.
163 14 natura et regione, hendiadys.
163 17 eiusdem, i.e. LucuUus.
163 19 nostra, as oias (predicate), agreeing with pugna. Cicero
means that these exploits, since they have been immortalized by Archias,
will always remain the glory of the Roman people.
164 3 quae, these things (just mentioned) ; quorum limits ingeniis
and refers to eis.
164 4 (Sect. 22.) Africano superior! : the conqueror of Hannibal.
164 5 in sepulcro Scipionum : this tomb on the Appian Way has
been discovered, and in it a bust of peperino (not marble), which has by
some been supposed to be that here referred to. It now stands upon the
sarcophagus of Scipio in the Vatican museum (Fig. 42).
Oration for ArcJiias
Fig. 42
367
rvf 1,.,../ a..., ^^ 4 .ffiiii
Fig. 43
164 8 huius : M, Porcius Cato, later called Uticensis, from his killing
himself at Utica after Caesar's victory. Cato the Censor was his great-
grandfather.
164 10 Maximi, etc. : Q. Fabius
Maximus, " the shield of Rome," in the
Second Punic War; M. Marcellus, " the
sword of Rome " (see note on p. 48, 1.
5) ; Q. Fulvius Flaccus, a distinguished
ofificer in the same war.
164 11 ilium, i.e. Ennius.
164 13 Heracliensem : Heraclia
(see note on p. 157, 1. ii), as being an important city, is here contrasted
with the insignificant Rudiie. — civitatibus : § 232, « ( ); G. 354;
H. 388, I (431, 2); H. & B.
164 18 (Sect. 23.) Graeca leguntur, Crt'^,^ /5 r^^7^/. Greek was, in the
ancient world, almost the universal language of polite society; cf. the use
of French in modern times.
164 21 quo {i.vhither') relates to eodem {thither^ ; cupere governs the
clause quo . . . penetrare.
165 1 populis, dat. after ampla, a noble thing for them.
Coin of Cato Uticensis
368 Notes
165 2 eis, i.e. the individuals by whom these exploits are performed as
contrasted with their peoples as a whole.
165 10 (Sect. 24.) Magnus, i.e. Pumpey.
Sects. 25-30. Many would have been glad to give Archias the
citizenship if he had not already possessed it. All men thirst for
glory, which he can confer. Literature is the most enduring of
monuments,
165 17 (Sect. 25.) asset: § 308, a ( ); B. 304, 2; G. 597, r.i ;
H. 510, N.'- (579, i); H. & B. . — civitate donaretur: § 225, d
( ); B. 187, i, a ; G. 348; H. 384, ii, 2 (426, 6); H. & B.
165 18 donaret, so. civitate.
165 13 repudiasset: the protasis is implied in petentem. — quem,
sub), of iubere, below.
165 20 de populo, of the people, i.e. of low birth. — quod . . . fecisset,
which he had made as an epigram (poetical address) to hi/n ; for gender,
see§i95, rt'( ); B. 250, 3 ; cf. G. 2ir, R.^ ; H. 445, 4 (396, 2); H. &
B.
165 21 tantummodo . . . longiusculis, merely ivith the alternate verses
a little longer, i.e. it was written in some metre in which (as in elegiac
verse) long and short lines alternated ; tantummodO implies that this was
its only merit.
165 22 eis rebus : i.e. confiscated goods. Apparently a commander
could take out from the booty anything he desired to bestow upon a sol-
dier as a reward; and here the confiscated goods are treated in the same
manner.
165 30 (Sect. 26.) pingue atque peregrinum, cognate accusatives;
§ 240, a ( ) ; B. 176, 2, h, N.; G. 333, 2, X.6 ; H. 37 1, ii (409 and i);
H. & B.
166 2 prae nobis ferendum, a thing to be proud of.
166 3 optimus quisque : § 93, <: ( ) ; B. 252, 5, c ; G. 318, 2 ; H.
458, I (515.2); H.&B.
166 5 in eo ipso, in the very act.
166 6 praedicari, impersonal.
166 7 (Sect. 27.) Brutus: D. Junius Brutus (cos. B.C. 138) conquered
the Lusitanians (of Portugal).
166 8 Acci : L. Accitis (less properly Attius), a tragic poet (born B.C.
170); distinguished for vigor and sublimity; he lived long enough for
Cicero in his youth to converse with him.
166 10 Fulvius: M. Fulvius Nobilior (cos. B.C. 189) subdued ^tolia.
Oration for Archias 369
He was distinguished as a friend of Greek literature, and built, from the
spoils of war, a temple to Hercules and the Muses.
166 12 prope armati, having scarce laid aside their arms.
166 14 tOgati: see note on p. 125, 1. 17.
166 18 (Sect. 28.) quas res, i.e. the suppression of Catiline's con-
spiracy.
166 23 adornavi, I supplied him with materials (i.e. facts).
166 25 quid est quod, etc.: § 317, 2 ( ); B. 282, 2 ; G. 631, 2 ;
H. 497, i (590); H. &B.
166 30 (Sect. 29.) nee tantis, etc. : here the apod, begins.
167 5 (Sect. 30.) parvi animi, mean-spirited : § 215 ( ) ; B. 203,
i; G. 365; H. 396, V (440,3); H.&B.
167 9 imagines, busts. Whoever held any curule office (dictator, con-
sul, interrex, praetor, curule aedile) thereby secured to his posterity the ius
imaginum, i.e. the right to place in their halls and carry in funeral pro-
cessions a wax mask of him as well as of any other deceased members of
the family of curule rank. Since this right was a distinguishing mark of the
Roman nobility, it was naturally highly prized.
IV. Peroratio (§31)
Sect. 31. Archias the poet should be protected in the rights of
citizenship, which are legally his.
167 20 (Sect. 31.) pudore eo, of such high character (i.e. sense of
honor and self-respect, as contrasted with the unprincipled Greek hangers-
on with whom Roman society was infested).
167 22 vetustate, i.e. long-continued friendship (see sect. 5). — id
existimari depends on convenit, it is fitting.
167 24 videatis, subjunctive of integral part.
167 25 municipi, i.e. Heraclia.
167 26 comprobetur, subjunc. of characteristic.
167 28 ut, with accipiatis, p. 168, 1. 2.
168 I ex eo numero, i.e. of poets.
168 9 ab eo qui, etc.: Q. Cicero (see Introd., p. 154 of text).
LETTERS
The customs of the Romans in regard to letter-writing were much Hke our
own : we have long letters and short letters to familiar friends, business letters,
formal communications, and letters to known enemies. But in the details there
was considerable difference,
370 Notes
There were two forms of material, — the tabellae (" tablets," whence we have
tabellarius, " letter-carrier "), and the papyrus, or roll made from the pith of the
papyrus reed. The tabellae were made of two or more very thin boards {tabu-
lae) fastened together like a double slate, and covered on the inside with a thin
coating of wax. The writing was done by scratching with a sharp-pointed metal
instrument (the stilus) , and erased, when necessary, with the other end of the
same, which was left fiat for the purpose. The rolls were made of the solid pith
of the papyrus reed, sliced longitudinally, about a foot long, a quarter of an inch
thick, and, in proportion to the diameter of the reed, an inch or two inches in
width. This reed formerly grew abundantly in Eg\pt, but now is extinct there.
It still survives in a wild state in Sicily, on the White Nile, and elsewhere. The
slices were laid down as we lay down boards to make a floor, close together
in two layers at right angles to each other, and pressed, dried, and polished so
as to make a coarse kind of paper in squares, which were glued together in
strips of convenient length.
The ancient writing shows all forms of capital letters, from the more than
printed regularity of an ofificial inscription to the almost illegible rudeness of
school-boy scrawls and business documents, but no current hand of joined letters
is anywhere found.
If the tabellae were used, they were closed with a string {limun) ; if the
-"-^pyrus was used, it was rolled up and tied with a string. In either case the
ultimate closure, as well as the authentication, was made by the sender's seal, in
gypsum or wax, attached to the knot of the string.
The letter was addressed to the receiver on the outside in the dative (perhaps
also in the accusative with ad).
There was no public post-ofifice, but the administration had slaves provided
beforehand as letter-carriers {fabellarii), and large business interests might
have the same arrangement. Less frequent correspondents used chance facili-
ties, or sent private slaves. It would appear also that persons whose special
business it was to act as managers or cojnmissionaires could be hired in the
Forum.
The formal part of the letter was always in the third person, containing the
name of the writer (in the nominative) and that of the recipient (in the dative).
Usually there was added a formal expression of good will : " Salutem plurimam
dicit " (or salutem dicit, or merely salutem i) , frequently abbreviated to S. P. D.
(S. D. orS.).
Of course a signature was unnecessary. If the letter was dictated, the seal
was the only authentication. It was customary to close the letter with Vale
(" farewell").
If the date was given, it was in the form of the ablative or locative of the
place, and the day of the month (according to Roman reckoning), preceded by
the word data (sc. epistola), i.e. "given" (to the messenger from the place
mentioned).
1 The indirect expression of the common greeting Salve.
Letters
371
3/2 Notes
When Cicero's letters were written, this form of composition was hardly
recognized as literature. Still, great care was often used in letter-writing, and
copies may have been kept for publication. Tiro, Cicero's favorite freedman
and private secretary, is thought to have collected his master's letters and given
them to the world. Somewhat later, however, epistolary writing became more
or less a literary genre (as in the case of Pliny the younger) ; and in modern
times the publication of correspondence has become very common.
169 1 ames, approve. For omission of ut, see § 331, /, R. ( );
B. 296, \,a; G. 546, R."^; H. 499, 2 (565, 2); H. & B. . — ludos: to
visit the games was fashionable with the Romans, like "going to the
Derby " (races) in England. Hence to stay away was strength of ?nind
(constantiam).
169 2 vTroabXoLxov, sotnething of a solecisvi (an absurd or inconsistent
action) ; see the etymology and meanings of soleeist?i in any large English
dictionary. Greek was the " polite language " of ancient times, as French
is to-day. All cultivated Romans could speak and write Greek, and it was
the fashion to use Greek phrases in society and in letter-writing, as we use
savoir faire, comnie il fatit, preciser, and the like.
169 3 dvacpaiveadaL (inf., subject of est), to appear, to let myself be seen.
The participial construction (peregrinantem) is in accord with the Greek,
which takes a participle after di/a^atVo/xat; but the case of peregrinantem
accords with the Latin idiom (ace, agreeing with the implied subject me).
— delicate . . . inepte : the common jest about the freedom which re-
spectable men allow themselves when away from home explains this pas-
sage. Cicero says that if he were to visit the Antian games, he might
appear not merely to be self-indulgent (delicate), but even to be making
a fool of himself (inepte) on his tour. Cf. Henry V in Shakspere's play
(act i, scene 2) :
" We never valued this poor seat of England ;
And therefore, living hence, did give ourself
To barbarous license, as 'tis ever common
That men are merriest when they are from home."
170 2 ab : the Romans often dated from (rather than c?/) a place.
Appii Forum and Tres Tabernae were villages on the Appian Way (see
Acts yc^\\\\. 15). x\tticus was at Rome. Cicero has written one letter at
Tres Tabernae, and now despatches a second from his next stopping-place,
Appii Forum. — dederam, / have written : on the epistolary tense, see
§ 282 ( ); B. 265; G. 252; H. 472, I (539, I); H. & B.
Letters
373
II
170 4 re publica, //^£' condition of the state. — ego : the verb (scribam)
is omitted; such ellipses are especially common in the epistolary style. —
subtiliter, in detail.
170 5 hoc (degree of difference) . . , miserior, it is the more ivretchea.
170 G dominatio, tyranny : especially used of unconstitutional rule,
usurpation of power in a free state.
170 7 bonis, i.e. the aristocracy (as opposed to the rabble, who were
not regarded as "good"), the conservatives (Cicero's party). — ita . . . ut
tamen, though . . . still.
170 8 nunc . . . omnibus, is noio, of a sudden, so hateful to all (both
to the conservatives and the populace) ; omnibus is in the dat. with tanto
in odio, which is equiv. to tam odiosa : § 234, a { ); B. 192, i;
G. 359; H. 391, I
(434,2);.H.&B.
000, o. — erup-
tura sit : indir.
quest.; for tense,
see § 334, a and
N.( );
cf. B. 269, 3; G.
515; H. 529, ii,
4(649,11, I); H.
&B.
170 9 horrea-
mus, 7i<e shudder
to think. — illo-
rum, Caesar, Pom-
pey, and Crassus,
— the so-called
First Triumvirate.
Fig. 45
Girl writing a Letter
170 10 Catoni, afterwards called Uticensis (from Utica, the place of
his suicide), the leader of the Conservative or Old Republican party, — an
uncompromising aristocrat and enemy of Caesar, upright and patriotic, but
narrow-minded and impracticable. His death afterward caused him to
be regarded as a martyr to ancient liberty. His daughter Porcia was the
wife of Brutus, the conspirator.
170 11 videbantur : the force of the imperf. may be reproduced by
translating y6!rwt'/-/j' they seemed. — venenis : poisoning was not uncommon
at Rome; hence this figure was natural to a Roman.
374 Notes
170 12 sibilis volgi, by the hisses of the commoji people.
170 13 exarserint, have become infuriated. The actions of the " tri-
umvirs " are such that Cicero thinks they have lost patience, and are ready
to resort to open violence.
170 15 orbem . . . conversum, i.e. that the revolution in the state
had been accomplished. To keep the figure expressed in orbitam (yViit,
loheel mark), we may translate, that the wheel of the government had made
a complete revolution.
171 1 fuisset, it Tvould have been (apodosis, contrary to fact).
171 2 homines, people (i.e. the Romans and Italians in general, who
have not been able to let the revolution take place without expressing
their feelings).
171 5 amicus, i.e. Pompey. — insolens infamiae, not accustomed to
ill- repute.
171 6 deformatus corpore : this probably means merely that his health
and personal appearance had suffered from his anxiety and chagrin.
171 7 progressum . . . reditum (observe the chiastic order), i.e. the
way before him is a headlong descent, and if he turns back, there is no
firm footing. The figure is uncommonly vigorous and condensed.
171 8 bonos, i.e. the optimates (see note on p. 170, 1. 7). — inimicos
(pred. ace), as his enemies.
171 10 mollitiem animi, 77iy tenderness of heart. — non tenui lacrimas,
could not keep back the fears. — ilium, i.e. Pompey.
171 11 edictis Bibuli : M. Calpurnius Bibulus, Caesar's colleague in the
consulship of B.C. 59, M^as such a nonentity that the year was jocosely spoken
of as " the consulship of Julius and Caesar " (instead of " Bibulus and
Caesar"). Caesar was anxious to pass certain bills, — especially an act for
the division of the public land among the poorer citizens and an act to
legalize the acts of Pompey in Asia. Bibulus shut himself up in his house,
whence he issued edicts opposing Caesar's bills, and assailing him and
Pompey with unmeasured abuse. These edicts made a great noise but
had no permanent effect. — contionantem, addressing the people (in reply
to the edicts directed against him by Bibulus). For the nature of a contio,
see p. 273.
171 12 illo in loco, i.e. in the Forum, where (or in the Comitiuni)
such public meetings for address or debate were held.
171 13 ut, how (exclamatory).
172 1 Crasso : Crassus was an old enemy of Pompey's, and, though
now his political partner, might be supposed to take secret satisfaction in
his waning popularity.
Letters 375
172 3 lapsus quam progressus, i.e. rather to have got into his present
position by carelessness than to have advanced into it with his eyes open.
172 6 pictum, etc. : Cicero refers to Pompey as a work of art and of
himself as the artist. He has in mind the splendid encomium contained in
the Oration for the Manilian Law (see pp. 66-97).
172 8 Clodianum negotium, the Clodins affair. In order to become
eligible for the tribunate, Clodius had procured his adoption into a ple-
beian faiiiily. Pompey had countenanced this proceeding, acting as ait-
spex at the ceremony. This was enough to estrange Cicero from him, as
everybody thought, for Clodius was Cicero's bitterest enemy.
172 10 Archilochia : the Parian poet Archilochus, said to have invented
iambic verse, was a proverbially savage satirist. The edicts of Bibulus
handled both Pompey and Caesar without gloves.
172 12 proponuntur, are posted up.
1.12, 13 ipsi, i.e. to Pompey himself.
172 18 qui : § 104 ^ ( ) ; B. 90 ; G. 106 ; H. 188, ii, i (184, i) ;
H. & B. . — sit . . . futurus: for tense, see note on p. 170, 1. 8.
172 10 comitia . . . distulisset : Bibulus had issued an edict
postponing the consular elections for the following year. They finally
took place on October 18, when L. Calpurnius Piso (Caesar's father-in-
law) and A. Gabinius (a partisan of Pompey's : see p. 67) were elected.
Such postponements were usually disliked by the common people.
172 21 iret ad Bibulum, i.e. to his house, to terrify him by a display
of mob-violence.
172 22 vocem exprimere, squeeze out a single voice (in favor of this
demonstration against Bibulus).
172 23 quid quaeris ? ivhat would you have? — sentiunt, i.e. Caesar,
Pompey, and Crassus.
172 24 partis, /«r/j. — eo magis, etc. : to carry through their plans
the triumvirs may have to conciliate Clodius by sacrificing Cicero. — nobis
(dat. of agent) ; equiv. to mihi.
172 25 eum, i.e. Clodius.
172 28 sXxAidi, good will, devotion. It was Cicero's weakness to exag-
gerate his own popularity.
172 29 cum, not only. — res . . . vocat, the circumstances themselves
sumjfion you (to Rome). — ad tempus iWvid., for that (critical) moment.
172 31 Varro, i.e. M. Terentius Varro, who had served under Pompey
in the East.
172 32 divinitus (adv.), like one inspired. Pompey was full of pro-
fessions of friendship, but he did nothing to prevent Cicero's exile.
376 Notes
172 33 discessuros, come out of the affair (the struggle with Clodius).
— tu: emphatic. Cicero has been writing of his own travels ; he closes
with an incjuiiy about the doings of his correspondent.
172 34 cum Sicyoniis : Atticus was having difficulty in collecting a
large sum of money which the Sicyonians owed him. The details of the
transaction are not known, but it is several times mentioned in Cicero's
letters.
Ill
173 3 me miserum: § 240, d (^ ); B. 183 ; G. 343, i ; H. 381
(421); H. & B. . — te (emphatic) . . . incidisse : exclam. inf.;
§ 274 ( ) ; B. 334 ; G. 534 ; H. 539, iii (616, 3) ; H. & B. , to think
that you have, etc. Tulliolam . . . percipere (11. 5-6) is in the same
construction.
173 5 Tulliolam : Cicero's favorite child. Observe the pet name
(diminutive of Tullia). — ex quo patre ... ex eo, etc., should suffer
such grief for her father, in whoj7i she used to take so much delight! For
the order of clauses, see § 201, <: ( ), G. 620 ; H. 572, ii, N. (683, 2) ;
H. & B.
173 7 Cicerone: M. Tullius Cicero, only son of the orator, was born
B.C. 65, and was therefore a mere boy at this time. He was educated at
Athens, where he was studying when
Brutus, after the death of Cassar,
visited that city on his way to Mace-
donia. Young Cicero joined the army
of Brutus, and was present at the Bat-
tle of Philippi (B.C. 42). He made
his peace with Octavius and was his
Com OF Brutus and Casca colleague in the consulship in the
year B.C. 30. The figure in the text
(p. 201) is from a medal struck in his honor by the Magnesians. — sapere,
to knoiv anything (be old enough to understand anything).
173 10 ab eis : the aristocratic party, who had not stood by Cicero in
his struggle with Clodius.
173 11 qui petebant, i.e. the triumvirs (see preceding letter) or their
party.
173 12 nostris, our ozvn.
173 15 ne valetudo . . . desit, that sickness on my part may not
thwart your efforts. Terentia showed much energy in working for her
husband's recall and in managing his affairs during his exile. She had
Letters 'i,y'j
apparently expressed her fear that Cicero might fall a victim to the plague
(see 1. 2i), but he promises to look out for his health. — res, the business
(of procuring Cicero's recall).
173 16 quantoque . . . redire, how much easier it was to stay at home
than (it is) to return (now that I am in exile).
173 17 habemus, have (on our side).
173 20 familia, our slaves. What the advice of friends was is not
certain. In a previous letter Cicero had said that his slaves were to be
freed if his property were confiscated and he were not allowed to buy it in.
173 L'l loco, this place, i.e. Thessalonica, where the body of the letter
was written. A postscript was added at Dyrrachium.
173 22 Plancius : Cn. Plancius, at this time quaestor in Macedonia.
He was afterward (b.c. 54) successfully defended by Cicero on a charge
of corrupt political bargaining. The oration (^Pro Cn. Flancio) is extant.
173 24 Hispo : who he was is unknown, perhaps an officer who was
keeping his eye on Cicero's movements. Possibly Cicero uses Hispo as a
nickname for his enemy, L. Calpurnius Piso, who had been active in pro-
curing his banishment. — veniret : subjunc. of characteristic.
173 25 retinet : for tense, see § 276, a { ) ; B. 259, 4 ; G. 230 ;
H. 467, in, 2 (533, I); H. &B.
174 2 Pisonis : C. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, the husband of Cicero's
daughter, TuUia. He did everything in his power to procure Cicero's
recall, but died (B.C. 57) shortly before it took place. Tullia afterwards
married Dolabella (see p. 194).
174 5 Q. fratre : Cicero's brother Quintus, with whom Terentia had
not been quite friendly.
174 7 egi, sc. eis gratias. — me a te, etc.: Terentia had informed
her husband of the good offices of various friends and had asked him to
thank them by letter.
174 10 puero : the younger Cicero ; for case, see § 244, d { ) ;
of. B. 218, 6; G. 401, R.' ; H. 415, iii, n.i ; H. & B.
174 13 tantum, so much only. — erunt in officio, do their duty, stand
by us.
174 14 efficere, make out. — tua pecunia : Terentia's private fortune
was considerable, and the estate which she meant to sell was probably her
own.
174 15 ne . . . perdamus, not to ruin our boy, ivho is, indeed, ruined
already. Observe the alliteration. — cui . . . egeat, if he has something
to keep him from poverty, it will require only moderate courage, etc., on
his part to achieve everything else.
378 Notes
174 19 iam brevis, at all events I have not long to u^ait noiu. The
question of his recall will soon be decided one way or the other.
174 20 d. a. d. VI. K. Decemb., i.e. datae ante diem sextum Kalendas
Decembris.
174 21-23 A postscript. See note on p. 173, 1. 21, above. — libera
civitas being a "free city," Dyrrhacium had the "right of exile" {ius
exsili), i.e. though subject to Rome it was technically foreign territory,
and exiles could live there unmolested.
IV
174 25 tui: genitive with indigebunt.—mei (subject of indigebunt),
i}iyfa!nily. — nostii& . . . desis, «o/ /tf/7/V [us in our] misfortunes.
V
175 1 Pollione : C. Asinius Pollio, now about twenty years of age. He
afterwards became one of Csesar's most trusted friends, arid acted an im-
portant part in the events that followed the dictator's death ; but he is best
known as a lover of literature and a patron of Virgil and Horace. Virgil's
fourth Eclogue was dedicated to him. He died a.d. 4, in his eightieth
year.
175 4 fore ut infringatur : § 288, / ( ) ; B. 270, 3 ; G. 656 ;
H. 537. 3 (619, 2) ; H. & B.
175 5 ipsa die, by time itself: for gender, see § 73 ( ) ; B. 53 ;
G. 64; H. 123 (135); H.&B.
175 6 proditorum tuorum, those who have betrayed you.
175 7 secundo loco, in the second place. — temponim, misfortunes
(his exile).
175 9 violatur, adflicta : observe the difference in the strength of the
verbs ; the honor of Lentulus is being attacked ; Cicero's had been laid
low. — quam mea, than [that in which] mine, etc.
175 12 praesta te eum qui, t\.c., shoza yourself that [same] jnan that I
have known, etc., i.e. don't change your character now ; be consistent with
my knowledge of you. — a teneris unguiculis, i.e. from infancy. The
Greek phrase is e| bv^xijiv or e^ airaXwv 6vvxi>}v. Horace uses de tenero
ungui.
175 14 hominum iniuria, the injustice that men do you.
Letters 379
VI
176 5 utrumque laetor, I am glad of two things. — et, both.
176 7 modo ut COnstiterit, etc., provided only you have derived some
advantage from your leisure.
176 8 in ista amoenitate : Marius was at his villa near Stabise on
the Campanian shore. To enjoy the prospect of Misenum (see illustra-
tion, Greenough and Kittredge's Virgil, p. 161), he had opened a window
looking out on the Bay of Cumae. Stabianum perforasti seems to be corrupt.
176 12 \ecii\xnz\x\\s, pleasant little readittgs. — cum (temporal), w/^z7^.
176 13 istic, in that place of yours.
176 16 Sp. Maecius : Sp. Mtecius Tarpa, licenser of plays.
176 17 probavisset (subj. of characteristic), such plays as ALvcius had
approved.
176 18 tui stomachi, to your taste. — meo, sc. stomacho.
177 1 in scaenam, etc. : i.e. certain famous actors who were past their
prime had been induced to appear on this occasion, not to the advantage
(Cicero thinks) of their reputation. The pun on honoris causa is obvious.
177 2 decesse = decessisse: § 128, /;( ) ; B. 116, 4, <;; G. 131,
4,4; H. 235, 3 (238,3); H.&B. • .
177 3 Aesopus : Claudius (or Clodius) /Esopus, the most celebrated
tragic actor at Rome and a friend of Cicero's. He had retired from the
stage, and was now very old, but he appeared (for the last time) on this
occasion.
177 4 iurare, i.e. to recite some oath taken by a character in the play.
177 7 adparatus, etc. : the lavish display offended Cicero's taste, or so
he says. The same criticism is often passed on modern performances.
177 9 carueris, got along without, dispensed with.
\11 10 sescentis : used in Latin for any large number, as we say " a
thousand." — Clytaemnestra, a lost tragedy of L. Attius, the celebrated
Roman dramatist. Its subject was the murder of Agamemnon by his wife
Clytemnestra on his return from the Trojan War. This is also the plot
of the Agamemnon of yEschylus. The mules probably carried Trojan
booty, for we know that the play included Agamemnon's return from Troy.
Equo Troiano : a tragedy by Livius Andronicus, the earliest of Roman
dramatists (third century, B.C.).
177 11 creterrarum {craterarum is the common form) : these differed
from the " properties " in the modern theatre in that they were real.
177 14 Protogeni : cultivated Romans employed highly trained slaves
(usually Greeks) to read to them.
38o
Notes
177 15 ne, adv., ivithout doubt.
\11 17 Oscos ludos, Oscan plays : rustic farces {fabulae Atellanae),
said to have come originally from the Oscan town of Atella. They were
very popular at Rome.
177 18 vel in senatu vestro : the local senate of the town, probably
Stabiiis. Cicero jestingly insinuates that their delil)erations must be farcical
enough.
178 1 ita non ames, j'^« are so far from liking.
178 2 via Graeca : this road is said to have been out of repair. At
all events, the jest at Marius' dislike of things Greek is obvious enough. —
athletas, apparently Greek athletes,
imported to give eclat to the show,
but less successful in pleasing the
spectators than ordinary gladiators
would have been.
178 3 gladiatores contempse-
ris : perhaps an allusion to assist-
ance rendered to Cicero against
Clodius' band of roughs.
178 4 operam et oleum perdi-
disse, has 7vasted his pains and his
money (lit. pains and oil) : a pro-
verbial expression for fruitless labor.
Apparently it comes from the waste
of " midnight oil " over plans that
come to naught. Ilere, however,
there is probably a punning allu-
sion to the oil used by the athletes.
— Pompeius : the giver of the
games (see p. 176).
178 9 neque nos, not e-'en I.
178 11 volgi atque turbae, the
vulgar rabble, the coiujuon herd:
hendiadys ; § 385 ( ) ; B. 374,
4; G. 698; H. 636, iii, 2 (751,
3, x.i); H.&B.
178 12 misericordia : Pliny
the Elder {^Hist. Nat. viii. 7) tells an extraordinary story which illustrates
the excitability of the Roman crowd. So far were they from being pleased
with the slaughter of the elephants that when the beasts trumpeted with
/Edile opening the Games
Letters 381
terror, and seemed " by a gesture impossible to describe " to beg mercy
of the spectators, the beholders burst into tears, and, springing to their feet,
called down curses on Pompey's head.
178 17 Canini : L. Caninius Gallus. Nothing is known of this case. —
facilem, ready to spare me, or imhilgent.
178 I'O cum, noi only (correlative with turn in 1. 22).
178 22 non defendere, to refuse to defend (i.e. to take only such cases
as I chose). — vita nulla est, this is no life for me.
178 26 quaero . . . arbitratu, / am seeking every possible pretext for
living finally as I should like to live (arbitratu meo, lit. according to my
oivn wishes), i.e. for getting rid of court business and devoting myself to
literature and philosophy ; aliquando implies that Cicero thinks it is high
time to rest from his toilsome profession. His friend Marius was a man
of leisure, apparently, — partly from choice and partly because of ill
health.
178 28 quod-que, etc, and that yon, etc.: the clause is in apposition
with hoc, object of fero.
178 31 plane exsolvam, get rid of them entirely. Cicero does not
affect a wish to leave public life altogether ; he wishes for more leisure
and greater independence.
178 33 commentaris, have been studying. — humaniter vivere, to live
as a man of culture should.
179 2 mecum lecticula . . . concursare, run about (i.e. make excur-
sions) -vith me in my litter ; lecticula is literally abl. of means.
VII
179 11 L. filios, i.e. Luci (gen.) filios.
179 12 familiarissime utor, I am on very friendly terms. — maiorem
in vcvO^xwa., particularly (suggesting that this is not a mere formal recom-
mendation).
179 15 multas, many [of my letters of introduction] have had much
influence with you.
179 17-18 gratissimos . . . gratissimum : cf. § 344, w ( ) ; B.
350, 10 ; G. 681 ; H. 563 (667) ; H. & B.
VIII
180 3 Britanniam : Trebatius had declined to accompany Ctesar in
his First Invasion of Britain. Cicero, doubtless somewhat disappointed,
here suggests in a jocose way that it would have been for the interest of
Trebatius to take part in the expedition.
382 Notes
180 5 verum tamen, but to be seriotis.
180 6 ultro, of his ozcji acco?-d, without anybody's asking him (Caesar).
180 7 eo, Coesar. — ad quern, to ivhose compajiionship.
180 9 in ista epistula, in that letter of yours.
180 10 curae : § 233, a{ ) ; B. 191 ; G. 356; H. 390, i (433) ; H.
tS: B. . Cicero was always generous and painstaking in assisting
young men of talent like Trebatius.
180 11 frigeas, take cold. Some have seen here a suggestion of a
double meaning : " I fear you have not consulted your own interests in stay-
ing in winter quarters in Gaul instead of going to Britain." But the passage
seems merely jocose, Trebatius was longing for the comforts of the city.
180 12 Mucio, etc. : Q. Mucius ScKvola and M. Manilius, famous
jurists of the previous century, whose "professional opinion" on the sub-
ject of keeping up a good fire in winter Cicero pretends to quote. — idem
placebat, this was also the opinion of
180 13 qui . . . abundares, since you had no great supply, etc. (when
you left Rome). There is a jocose suggestion that Trebatius was not very
well off when he set out on this campaign, and hence that he ought to
look out for his own interests now. Perhaps there is a suggestion that
Trebatius went away from Rome to mend his fortunes. Cicero is con-
stantly reminding him that his campaign ought to make him well off.
180 14 calere : the Gauls were " making things warm " for the Romans.
180 16 natare : Trebatius was fond of swimming ; yet, says Cicero, he
would not go to Britain, even for the sake of sea baths.
180 17 essedarios : the war chariots of the Britons, which Trebatius,
who was fond of sports, might have been supposed likely to find worth
seeing. There is a pun on essedarii, a kind of gladiators.
180 18 andabata, gladiators of the lowest class, who fought blindfold.
To care for them was a sign of passionate devotion to such sports. The
suggestion is that surely a British chariot ought to have been an attraction
to a man who never missed seeing the andabatae.
180 24 quid profecerim, how far I succeeded (in advancing your for-
tunes by the letter referred to).
180 25 facias (object of velim, sc. ut), etc., / should like to have you
let me know.
181 2 id, i.e. your absence.
181 3 sin autem, etc. : again the suggestion that Trebatius is neglect-
ing his opportunities.
181 4 qui (causal) . . . attraham, that I do not, etc.
181 6 pluris : see § 252, a (^ ) ; B. 203, 4 ; G. 379, 380 ; H.
Letters 383
405 (448, 4) ; H. & B. . — fratres, etc.: the Haedui had been for-
mally addressed as fratres coiisanguineique by the Roman Senate (see
Caesar, B. G. i. t^t,).
181 9 aut COnsolando, etc. : a line from one of Terence's comedies,
Hautontimorumenos ("The Self-Tormentor"), i. 34; quoted as we might
quote Shakspere.
•IX
181 10 quantae curae tibi fuerit, how zealous you have been for: for
the two datives, see § 233, a { ) ; B. 191- ; G. 356 ; H. 390, i (433) ;
H. & B. . — honos, the supplicatio, which Cato had opposed, but
which had finally been decreed, after much wrangling. — quam . . . fueras,
and how, as consul, you have shown the same disposition to honor me and
increase my reputation that you and your parents and your whole family
had always shozvn (lit. you have stood out as the sa?}ie that you had always
been, etc.) ; fuerit and exstiterit are indirect questions dependent on cog-
novi below.
181 14 quod . . . debeam, that I ought not to do it for your sake.
181 15 magni interest, it makes a great difference.
181 IG debeas, are indebted.
181 19 ita rem publicam, etc. : it cannot be said that Marcellus showed
any great ability in his administration ; but he was of Cicero's party.
181 20 ut . . . non recusem : clause of result after ita geris, etc. ;
quo minus . . . debeam (1. 21) depends on recusem.
181 22 exitus : the result of the agitation of Marcellus was the actual
breaking out of the great Civil
War and the destruction of the
party to which he belonged.
He was attached to the Pom-
peian party, and is best known
for the vigor with which he
opposed Ccesar at this time.
After the Civil War he made
, . . 1 ^ TT- Coin of Mark; Antony and his Brother
his peace with Caesar. His t
^ _ Lucius
wife was Octavia, afterwards
married to Mark Antony (see coin of Antony and Octavia, p. 183).
182 1 si . . . morabitur, unless I am obliged to postpone my voyage
(lit. unless my voyage shall keep me waiting^.
182 2 incurrebat, falls in with; for epistolary imperf., cf. note on
p. 170, 1. 2.
384 Notes
182 (address) Q. Q., i.e. the two Quintuses, — Cicero's brother Quiutus
and the latter's son.
182 4 opportunitatem operae tuae, the advantage of your devotioji.
182 c. quartanam : the disease appears, then, to be not a malignant
fever, as had been feared, but a quartan ague.
182 7 Curius : M. Curius, a banker at Patris, who was keeping Cicero
informed of Tiro's condition.
182 8 id quod . . . tuae, as befits your refined ctdture. Cicero jest-
ingly tells Tiro that so highly cultivated a man ought to have the wisdom
to attend to nothing but recovery. He is anxious lest Tiro's devotion may
lead him to resume his journey before he is strong enough.
182 13 ad urbem : he could not enter the city since he was still a
military commander. — obviam . . . proditum : such a procession came out
to meet me.
182 14 incidi, etc : though Caesar did not cross the Rubicon until
July, B.C. 49, — more than six months after Cicero's arrival at the walls of
the city, — yet the Civil War had virtually begun when this letter was
written.
183 1 mederi : Cicero tried to mediate between Caesar and Pompey.
Apparently he did not perceive how inevitable the struggle was. Indeed,
no contemporary could understand the signihcance of the great Civil War.
To most of them it must have appeared merely a political struggle of
unusual proportions. They could not see that the victory of Caesar meant
a new era in human civilization. Probably Caesar himself was the only
man then alive who had any conception of the true nature of the crisis. —
Ctrto^Vim., particular perso7is (whom I could name).
183 3 omnino, in a word.
183 4 amicus : Cicero was at this time on good terms with the leaders
of both parties. — minacis . . , litteras : Caesar was proconsul in Gaul,
and was candidate for the consulship, — an office which insured con-
tinuance of his military authority. His enemies wished him to disband
his army, which, unless Pompey had done the same thing, would have been
madness. His ultimatum (the letter here referred to) was received by
the Senate Jan. i, B.C. 49. Caesar says that it made very easy demands
(^B.C. i. 5), and it certainly offered great concessions. But the Pompeians
carried the day. The Senate voted that Caesar must disband his army
before a fixed date (probably Feb. i) or be declared a public enemy. The
tribunes interposed their veto, but were forced to flee from the city and
Letters 385
take refuge with Caesar at Ravenna. The Senate appointed Pompey
dictator only a few days before this letter was written.
183 5 miserat, has sent ; erat, is ; incitabat (1. 6), is egging him on ;
profecti erant (1. 8), have gone (a colorless word — not taken refuge or
the like); the tenses are "epistolary" (see note on p. 170, 1. 2).
183 u Curio meus : C. Scribonius Curio, a friend of Cicero's (as his
father had been), was tribune B.C. 50. He was a man of talent, but
notoriously profligate, and owed immense sums (33,000,000, it is said).
Caesar paid these debts and thus won him over from the Pompeians, to
whose party he naturally belonged. In the disputes that preceded the
crossing of the Rubicon, Curio acted with great adroitness. It was he
who proposed that both Ccesar and Pompey should give up their military
commands, — a proposition which put Pinipey completely in the wrong,
since he had no intention of becoming a private citizen, even for a
moment. Curio fought on Caesar's side in the Civil War, and fell in
Africa.
183 7 Antonius . . . Q. Cassius : the tribunes for B.C. 49, both parti-
sans of Caesar. — nulla vi expulsi : this is literally true ; yet Antony and
C'assius had certainly been threatened, and they fled from Rome disguised
as slaves. Caesar was at Ravenna, where they joined him.
183 9 nobis, us, i.e. Pompey and Cicero. Ordinarily the proconsuls
were not included, but the whole object of the vote was to make Pompey
practically dictator.
183 10 ne quid, etc. : the regular formula for proclaiming martial law
(see note on p. 100, 1. 12). It "had been a signal of death to the
Gracchi, to Saturninus, to the Catilinarian conspirators." But Caesar
was ready for the struggle, and the Pompeians, in whose hands the con-
stitutional authority now technically rested, were absolutely unprepared
for action.
183 13 ex hac quoque parte, on our side as 7vell.
183 15 sero : Pompey was madly self-confident. His famous boast
that he had but to stamp his foot to raise up soldiers was not justified by
the event.
183 17 Lentulus : L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus, consul (with C. Claudius
Marcellus) for B.c 49 ; a violent Pompeian. He was friendly to Cicero,
and had assisted him against Clodius, but he thought the application for a
triumph inopportune when the state was in danger. Cicero suggests
that he is delaying to make his services to Cicero seem the greater when
he does bring forward the motion. But the passage is intentionally rather
vague.
386 Notes
183 18 expedisset ( = expedivisset : see note on p. 177, 1. 2), etc.,
had made the necessary arrangements for the safety of the state (lit. had set
in order [the things] which were necessary, etc.) ; expedisset is subord.
clause in indir. disc, (for fut. perf. of the direct).
183 19 relaturum : it was the consul's business to bring such a matter
before the Senate.
183 20 cupide : a just remark. Cicero was less actuated by selfish
ambitions and low greed than almost any public man of his time. — pluris :
gen. of price (see note on p. 181, 1. 6); both parties were anxious to
secui;e Cicero.
183 21 quisque, i.e. each of the officers mentioned in the decree
spoken of above. — tuereter : indirect question.
183 22 Capuam : Cicero soon withdrew to Capua, which had thus
been put in his charge. For his further movements, see pp. 185-186.
XI
184 (address) Tullius Terentiae, etc. : the address includes a greeting
from Cicero to his wife Terentia and his daughter Tullia, and from Cicero's
son Marcus (here called simply Cicero') to the same (matri, sorori). For
S. P. D., see greeting in Letter X.
184 1 si vos valetis, etc.: a regular formula; cf. the old-fashioned
" I write these few lines to inform you that I am in good health," etc. —
vestrum (emphatic), it is for you to consider. The special question
was, whether they should remain at Rome, whither Caesar was advancing
rapidly.
184 2 ille, i.e. Caesar.
184 4 diripiendam, to be plundered : § 294, d{ ) ; B. 337, 7, ^, 2;
G. 430 ; H. 544, 2, N.- (622) ; H. & B. . Ccesar's moderation in
the moment of victory was contrary to all Roman precedent in civil wars ;
quite different from what was to be expected of the Pompeians. But
Cicero could not foresee this. No one then knew that Caesar's plans were
constructive, not merely revolutionary. — ut, that . . . not.
184 5 Dolabella : the husband of Cicero's daughter Tullia. He was
a profligate and unscrupulous man, but high in Caesar's favor, and likely
to be influential in protecting Cicero's family. See p. 194.
184 8 vestri similes, ajiy ladies of your station; both Terentia and
Tullia are meant. For case of vestri, see § 234 d, 2 (^ ) ; B. 204,
3; G. 359, R.i and N.*; H. 391, ii. 4 (435, 4); H. & B. .— ne,
whether.
184 9 ut, hozv (indirect question).
Lettei's 387
184 10 modo ut, provided only. — haec . . . loca, i.e. the Capuan
territory, to which Cicero had been assigned as governor.
184 14: Camillo : C. Camillas, a lawyer, whom Cicero elsewhere speaks
of as his close friend ; Camillus was then at Rome. — videbitur, seem best.
184 15 rem meliorem fecit, has followed the better cause. Labienus,
Ceesar's legatus in Gaul, had joined the Pompeian party.
184 IG Piso: L. Calpurnius Piso Csesoninus, Caesar's father-in-law,
who had accompanied Pompey. He had once been a bitter enemy of
Cicero. — sceleris : gen. of the charge; § 220 ( ) ; B. 208; G. 378; H.
409, ii (456) ; H. & B.
184 18 istic, where yotc are.
184 19 Rufus : probably Mescinius Rufus, who had been one of
Cicero's quaestors in his Cilician province.
184 L'O Kal., i.e. of February.
XII
185 1 S. V. b. e., i.e. j'z vales bejie est (see note on p. 184, 1. i). — lit-
teras, i.e. Cicero's letter of Feb. 15. — recognovi, i.e. in the letter.
185 2 consules : C. Marcellus and L. Lentulus, partisans of Pompey.
185 4 pro, in accordance iviih.
185 5 ut conferas : obj. of hortor ; ut feramus : dep. on conferas.
185 7 facias : obj. of censeo; for the omission of ut, see § 331, f. R.
( ) ; B. 295, 8 ; G. 546, R.^ ; H. 499, 2 (565, 4) ; H. & B.
XIII
186 1 litteras, i.e. Cicero's letter of Feb. 15 (see introduction to Letter
XVI) . — Canusi, at Caiitisiwn in Apulia, where Pompey halted on hi^
way from Luceria to Brundisium.
186 2 rei publicae causa : Pompey was the representative of lawful
authority, being a proconsul with dictatorial power and having both con-
suls on his side. Csesar was technically a rebel ; Cicero elsewhere calls
him a " tyrant " and a " Pisistratus."
186 3 fore ut . . . possemus : periphrasis for the fut. inf. ; § 288
( ) ; B. 270, 3 ; G. 248 ; H. 537, 3 (619, 2) ; H. & B.
186 4 concordiam : to the very last Cicero had hoped for a peaceful
settlement of the quarrel (see note on p. 183, 1. i) ; but Pompey's flight
had left Ccesar master of Italy.
186 5 dignitate : Pompey's conduct in abandoning Corfinium and
fleeing from Italy was extremely mortifying to Cicero. He speaks of it in
some of his letters to Atticus in terms of unmeasured contempt.
388 Notes
186 7 ad consules, for the consuls (i.e. to be carried to them). —
consili : Fompey had sent orders by D. Laelius that one consul should join
him at Luceria in ApuHa and that the other should go to Sicily with such
troops as had been collected about Capua. These orders he subsequently
rescinded, on learning of the siege of Corfinium (see Att. viii. 12. a).
186 8 non exspectavi, etc, / did not ivait for you to reply to my letter
(i.e. the letter of March 15). — redderentur: § 328 ( ); B. 293 ; G. 572;
H. 519 (603) ; H. &B.
186 9 -que, but. — in Apuliam : Pompey had written on Feb. 10,
advising Cicero to join him at Luceria.
186 12 Caesarem . . . Aeserniae : a false rum )r. Caesar was still be-
sieging Corfinium.
186 14 si ita esset : subjunc. in subord. clause in ind. disc; Cicero's
thought was, — si ita est, iter meuin interclusmn est.
186 15 exceptum, caught.
186 16 certum, trustworthy information. — ab Aesernia : ab is used
because the news would come from the neighborhood of the town, not from
within its walls; § 258, a, N.i ( ) ; B. 229, 2; G. 391, R.i ;
H. 412, ii, 3, N. (462, 3) ; H. & B.
186 19 misisses : subjunc. in informal ind. disc. ; § 341 ( ) ;
B. 323 ; G. 508, 3 ; H. 528, I (649, i) ; H. cK: B.
187 1 litteras, etc. : here follows Pompey's letter reported in ind.
disc. ; compare the same in the direct discourse as inclutled by Cicero in a
letter to Atticus (viii. 6) : Litterae mihi a L. Domitio ad. Xiii Kalend.
PiG_ 4g Mart, adlatae sunt: earu7n exemplum infra scripsi.
Nunc, ut [i.e. although] ego non scribam, tua sponte
te intellegere scio, quanti rei publicae intersit omnis
copias in unum locum primo quoque tempore convenire.
Tu, si tibi videbitur, dabis operam quai7i primum ad
nos veuias, praesidi Capuae qtiantum constitueris satis
esse, relinquas. — L. Domitio : the commander at Cor-
finium. His letter informed Pompey that Caesar had
encamped before the town. (See Fig. 49 : head of L. Domitius Aheno-
barbus, from a coin.)
187 2 earumque . . . subscripseras, you appended a copy of this
letter; subscripseras is in the indie because (though the statement
actually stood in Pompey's letter : see note on 1. i) Cicero asserts the
fact on his own authority and does not make it a part of the indir. disc.
For the epistolary tense, see note on p. 1 70, 1. 2. — exemplum, copy.
187 3 magni : see note on pluris, p. 181, 1 6. — rei publicae : § 222
Letters 389
( ) ; B. 211 ; G. 381 ; H. 406, iii (449, i) ; H. & B. . — primo
quoque tempore, at the earliest possible nionienl (quoque, abl. of quisque).
187 4 ut . . . relinqueret : dependent on the idea of command im-
plied in what pn-cedes and in the general tone of the letter.
187 4 in unum locum : Cicero and " everybody else " (reliqui
Omnes) were wrong in supposing this mustering place was to be Cor-
finiiiJii. Pompey had no intention of trying to raise the siege of that
town. lie had determined to collect all his troops at Brundisitun, there
to embark for Dyrrhacium in Illyria,
187 6 qua : translate by as.
187 7 ad Corfinium: § 258, h, ^? ( ) ; B. 182, 3; G. ^^2>1,
R-t ; H. 380, ii, I (418, 4) ; H. & B. . Cf. ab Aesernia (p. u^ 1. 17).
187 9 cum . . . esset, while we zoej'e awaiting res tilts witl ie most
intense anxiety. — utrumque simul, tivo things at the same timl The first
of these two pieces of news is expressed in the form of an indir. question
(quae . . . acta assent); the second in indir. disc, (te . . . COepisse).
Both clauses are in apposition with utrumque.
187 10 quae . . . acta essent : Domitius concealed the truth from the
garrison, pretending that he still expected Pompey to come to the rescue.
But "his looks belied his words" (C^s, B.C. i. 19); the facts transpired ;
the soldiers arrested their commander, delivered up the town to Caesar,
and enlisted in his service.
187 11 cum, although. — nee . . . contenderemus, neither I nor my
brother felt any hesitation about hastening forivard to Brundisium (to join
Pompey) ; § 332, g, N.- ( ) ; B. 298, b; G. 555, 3; H. & B.
187 13 ut caveremus: § 331 ( ); B. 295, 296; G. 546; H. 498, i
(565); H. &B.
187 14 in eadem loca: Cresar left Corfinium immediately, and was
now in close pursuit of Pompey.
187 14-1 G quod . . . venturus esset, because . . . he was sure to reach
his destination (Brundisium) even sooner than 7ue could. For mood of
venturus esset, see § 321 ( ); B. 286; G. 541 ; H. 516, ii (588, ii) ;
H. & B. : the reason is given on the authority of those who dis-
suaded Cicero from the attempt.
187 15 possemus . . . intenderet : for mood, see § 342 ( ) ; B. 324;
G. 663; H. 529, ii, N.i I (652, i); H. & B. . The informants
said : Caesar celeriiis etiam quam vos poteritis eo quo contendit venturus est
(or veniet').
187 17 committere ut . . . noceret, to injure by our rashness not only
ourselves, but the stale as well : § 332 and e { ); B. 297, l; (i.
390 Notes
553, I ; H. 498, ii (564, i); H. & B. . To allow themselves to be
captured by Caesar would do Pompey no good, and would be an injury to
the commonwealth.
187 10 quin . . . possemus: § 332, ^ and r. ( ) ; B. 298;
G. 555, 2 ; H. 504, 3, 2 (595, i); H. & B. . — si . . . fuisset : § 342
( ) ; B. 324 ; G. 663 ; H. 529, ii, N.i, i (652) ; H. & B. . Their
thought was : si etiam tutiii7i nobis iter fuerit, Ponipeium ia?He/i iain con-
sequi 7ion poteriinus {ox possumiis').
187 21 tuas litteras : this is the letter immediately preceding in this
edition (No, XII).
187 26 qui . . . fuissent: § 336, 2 ( ); B. 314, i ; G. 650; H.
524 (643) ; H. «& B. .A number of important members of the Pom-
peian party had fallen into Caesar's hands on the surrender of Corfinium,
all of whom he released, in accordance with his custom.
187 28 regionibus (abl. of separation) exclusi, shut out from (certain)
regio7is (as Cicero now was from Apulia).
187 29 arma aliena, the armed hands of another (i.e. a hostile or
opposed) party.
187 30 maxime vellem primum, viy first and most earnest zvish is;
vellem implies that the wish is now unfulfilled: § 311, ^ ( ) ; cf. B.
280, 2; G. 258, N. I ; H. 486, i (556); H. & B. . — vellem . . .
fuissem: § 267, <f ( ); cf. B. 180, 2, a; G. 261, R. ; PI. & B.
For ut omitted, see § 331,/ R. ( ) ; B. 295, 8; G. 546, R.2 ; H.
499, 2 (565, 2) ; H. & B. . For tenses, see § 267 ( ) ; B. 279;
G. 256, I ; H. 4S3, 2 (558, 1); H. & B.
187 31 ostenderam, I showed: for epistolary tense, see note on dede-
ram (p. 170, 1. 2).
187 33 sine exercitu: the attempt to collect troops in the Capuan dis-
trict had not been very successful, and Pompey, after fleeing from Rome,
had shown little concern for the west of Italy.
187 34 viris fortissimis, i.e. Domitius and the other Pompeians at
Corfinium. The allusion conveys a delicate shade of reproach to Pompey
for making no attempt to relieve that town. Cicero regarded his conduct
as cowardly and disgraceful (see note on p. 187, 1. 34).
188 1 non contigit, it zvas not my good fortune.
188 2 consili : Cicero elsewhere complains that he had known nothing
of Pompey's plans : " Shall he who did not inform me of his plans until
Corfinium was lost find fault at my not having gone to Brundisium when
Csesar was between me and Brundisium ? " ( Att. ix. 2. A.) In fact, Pompey
had had no real plan for the Italian campaign. The rapid marches of
Letters 391
Caesar had disconcerted him completely, and he was driven out of the
country almost before he realized his situation. — suspicione adsequi, szis-
pect (or guess) it (i.e. your plan). Here, and in what follows, Cicero,
though using the most courteous language, makes it clear enough what
he thought of Pompey's abandonment of Italy.
188 3 omnia . . . fore, etc., / thought nothing so unlikely to happen
as that this, the cause of the state, should be tenable to maijitain itself, etc.
188 4 quam ut . . . posset : clause of result,
188 5-7 Notice the artful accumulation of negatives: neque, non, minus,
nihil, nisi.
188 G quid . . . secutus (ind. quest.), ivhat your purpose has been.
188 7 idcirco, o)i that account- (i.e. because I do not understand your
purpose). — te . . . i.QZ\%SQ, that you have taken no step without exercising
the very best judg/nent ; a purely formal expression of respect. Pompey
had acted weakly and spasmodically. His plans — such as they were —
had been demoralized by the rapidity of Caesar's movements, and the pres-
tige gained by his distinguished military career had suffered severely.
Cicero knew all this well enough. Nor is there anything in this part of
his letter, despite its courteous phrases, which actually conceals his opinion
from Pompey.
188 9 mea: emphatic. — vel iniqua condicione, even on unfavorable
terms. Cicero had been a consistent advocate of peace ; but the Pompeians
had been insanely confident and eager for war. One reason for Cicero's
vacillation, indeed, was the outspoken ferocity of his own party as opposed
to the mild policy of Caesar.
188 10 de urbe (sc. retinenda) : Pompey had fled from Rome on the
news of Caesar's approach, and his example was followed by the consuls.
Cicero believed that this was a wrong move. He calls it a " mad plan "
{aDientissiinum consilium, Att. vii. lo). — de Italia (sc. retinendd) : Cicero
had not made known to Pompey his opinion as to holding Italy, because
Pompey had never suggested to him till now that there was any question
about that. The parenthesis conveys a subtle reproach, none the less
stinging for its delicacy of expression.
188 12 mihi non sumo, / do not presume to think. — ut . . . debuerit
(clause of result instead of indir. disc), ought to have prevailed (been
adopted); for tense of inf., see § 288, « ( ) ; B. 270, 2; H. 537, I
(618, 2); PI. & B.
188 1.3 neque id . . . causa, and that (cf. Or. koX radra) not for the
sake of the commonu'ealth.
188 14 ai^f^\z\.di, prostrate.
392 Notes
188 16 eius rei, i.e. of being with you. In fact Cicero joined Pompey
at Dyrrachium several months later (in late autumn or early winter).
188 18 pugnandi cupidis, as the Pompeians had been from the first.
188 li» prae me tuli, / jnade no secret of the fact that, etc.
188 20 non quin . . . timerem: § 156,/ 321, k. ( );
B. 286, ^; G. 541, 2; H. 516, ii. 2 (588,ii, 2); II. & B. . — eadem,
i.e. the abuses and the danger to the constitution likely to result from
Caesar's having a share in the government. Caesar was the leader of the
popular party, and counted among his adherents some of the most turbu-
lent elements in the state. The optimates (Cicero's party) of course
regarded him as a furious demagogue.
188 21 inde, then (fc^llowing primum, 1. 19).
188 22 ad te, i.e. from Csesar. The excuses that follow, though they
may sound somewhat hollow, were just and reasonable. So long as
Pompey showed himself willing to make terms w^hich would allow Ctesar
some share in the government, Cicero could not be blamed for refusing to
treat Cassar as an out-and-out public enemy.
188 23 responderi: used impersonally. — honorifice et large, in hon-
orable and genero2is terms. Caesar was to be allow-ed to stand for the con-
sulship provided he would evacuate the towns he had taken in Italy, and
withdraw to his province. This, however, he was unwilling to do. The
negotiations referred to took place near the end of January, but came to
nothing. — duxi meam rationem, I cons7ilted tjiy owti interests (lit. drew tip
my own account : a mercantile figure, like many Latin idioms).
188 24 tibi probaturum [esse], / should easily justify to you. — pro:
see note on p. 185, 1. 4.
188 25 pro, in return for.
188 26 meritis, i.e. in suppressing the conspiracy of Catiline. — sup-
plicia, i.e. his banishment,
188 27 si offendissem, etc. : in dir. disc, si offender 0 . . . subiciar.
— eius, i.e. Caesar.
188 28 cum, although. — consulatus, etc : see note on 1. 23.
188 29 deferebatur, was offered {mcWc. because it is stated as a fact).
The argument is unanswerable. If Pompey and the Senate were actually
trying to come to terms with Caesar, why should Cicero go out of his way to
offend the latter ? He had already suffered enough. These allusions to
his exile are veiled reproaches to Pompey, who had not stood by him in his
time of trouble (see Introduction to Letter II, p. 170). — eisdem proeliis,
the same contests (i.e. the same as those which he had passed through after
the condemnation of Catiline, which resulted in Cicero's exile).
Letters 393
188 30 semper . . . populare, seemed always to be a kind of favorite
object for the attacks of evil-minded citizens. The use of populare suggests
that it was easy to win the applause of the popular party l)y attacking
Cicero.
188 31 non prius . . . quam, no sooner . . . than. Cicero says that
he not merely suspected the danger ; he had plain notification that it ex-
isted. He seems somewhat to have exaggerated his peril. It is not likely
that Caesar would have treated him with harshness. Caesar's mild policy,
however, was not at that time understood. A reign of terror was feared,
like that of the Sullan proscriptions.
188 32 neque ea . . . possem, / did not fear them, if they 7vere neces-
sary evils (lit. if they had to be undergone^, so much as I thought it my
duty to shun them if I could avoid them honorably.
188 33 essent . . . possem : suhjunc. in informal indir. disc. ; per-
timui is, in effect, a "verb of thinking."
188 34 quam . . . ademit, you have my accotmt of myself, put in the
briefest possible way, for the time during zvhich there zvas hope of a peaceful
settlement ; for the time remaining (i.e. for all the rest of the time since
peace became impossible), the course of events (res, the facts of the case)
has deprived me of the poiver {of action) ; i.e. I have given a good account
of myself up to the moment when peace was despaired of, showing you why
I was not more active on your side ; since that moment I have had no
chance of joining you (for the reasons explained in the first part of the
letter). — quam brevem, for quam brevissimam, as brief as possible.
189 1 rationem : lit. an accoiDit or reckoning, such as an agent makes
to his principal (a commercial figure, continuing that in p. 188, 1. 23). —
reliqui (sc. temporis), dependent on facultatem.
189 3 neque ego, etc., i.e. my course has not been dictated by friend-
liness to Caesar or by disloyalty to the state. I have simply preferred to
oppose Caesar by diplomacy (which, indeed, I understood to be the method
that you yourself wished to follow) rather than by armed force. The policy
of violence has now been adopted, — and I acquiesce. The republic will
find me a good citizen, and you will find me a faithful friend.
189 5 hoc . . . interest, there is only this difference.
189 6 quod, that. — cum, ichile. — ista laude, i.e. the merit of being a
patriotic citizen.
189 7 ego : supply malui from maluerimt in 1. 8. — condicionibus
(al)l. of means), negotiations. — quod . . . velle (parenthetic), a method
ivhich I had understood that you (also) preferred (alluding, of course, to
Pompey's negotiations with Ca-sar already mentioned).
394 Notes
189 8 disceptari (impersonal), that the controversy should be condiccted.
— quae quoniam ratio, and since the latter plan (i.e. armed violence).
189 9 ut . . . desideres: result, obj. of perficiam. — a me . . . desi-
deres, shall miss in me.
189 10 amici, sc. animum.
XIV
189 12 fama : i.e. reports that Cicero was likely to join Pompey.
189 13 ne quo progredereris, that you would not take any step (liter-
ally, advance to any position),
189 14 proclinata iam re, now that affairs have taken a favorable turn
for me. Cicero had never dared hope for the ultimate success of Pompey.
— Integra, i.e. re Integra, when the whole matter was an open question.
189 16 si, inasmuch as. In following Pompey now, Caesar argues,
Cicero will not seem to be following fortune (for Pompey is unlikely to
win), nor the catise (since in that case he would have joined the Pompeians
at once) ; he will rather seem to be acting in condemnation of Caesar.
189 19 meum aliquod factum, some act of mine.
190 2 quod, a course which.
190 5 reperies : a distinct enough promise ; as if Caesar had said,
" Only do not join the Pompeians, and I will see that your safety and
dignity are provided for."
XV
191 1 C. Trebatius: see Letter VIII, p. 179.
191 2 moleste te ferre, that yoti feel regret. — quod, that.
191 3 ad urbem, to the walls of the city.
191 4 si . . . accessissem : for the fut. perf. of the direct discourse.
191 5 de officio, about the duty of us both (as citizens in the present
crisis). — nostrum: § 194, b { ); B, 242, 2; G. 364, r. ; H. 446, n.^
(500,4); H.&B.
191 6 salvis rebus, zuhile the state was still in safety. The expression
is much stronger than a literal English translation suggests. The foixe of
the words may be given by some such phrase as before the downfall of the
state. — sic . . . dicendum, for that is the word to use.
191 8 absens, i.e. in my Cilician province.
191 9 mala, i.e. the Civil War. — multo ante, long before they took
place. — in.consulatu: Sulpicius was consul B.C. 51.
191 10 cum, though. — consilium, i.e. his purpose of reconciling Caesar
and Pompey.
Letters 395
191 12 sero, too late (since the quarrel had gone too far). — solus eram,
I stood alone. — rudis, etc., / was thought to be not zvell acquainted zvith the
case (the figure is that of a lawyer who has not the facts well in hand).
191 14 nunc: opposed to salvis rebus (1. 6). — nihil (emphatic), not
at all, in no possible zoay : adverbial ace; § 240, a { ); B. 176, 3 ;
G. 333; 11.378,2(416,2); H.&B.
191 15 nobismet ipsis consulere, to take counsel for our ozun ivelfare
(since the state is past hope). — possimus : subj. of characteristic.
191 17 iugeamus: suggesting that there is nothing to be done but to
express our sorrow at the catastrophe. — quicum : § 104, <: ( ) ; B.
89, footnote I ; G. 105, 3 ; H. 187, I, 2 (182, i, 2); H. & B.
191 19 clarissimorum, etc., i.e. Sulpicius is well acquainted with
history and philosophy. The ancients valued both of these studies as
affording rules for human conduct, not merely for the cultivation of the
mind (cf. p. 160, 11. 18-26).
191 L'l te f Ugiunt, escape your memory. — scripsissem (cont. to fact) :
the protasis is ni veritus essem (1. 23). — in senatum, i.e. the Senate called
together by Caesar. Sulpicius had taken his seat in this body, but this
Cicero had refused to do. He will not even call it the Senate — it is rather
a mere informal meeting of senators (conventum senatorum).
191 23 ne . . . offenderem, to hurt the feelings of one who, etc., i.e. of
Caesar, who had expressed the hope that Cicero would take his seat in the
reorganized Senate.
191 25 eadem omnia, etc. : Cicero had told Caesar that he should
regard it as his duty, in case he acceded to Caesar's request and entered
the Senate, to speak against Caesar's proposed Spanish expedition and his
purpose to pursue Pompey with an army. He dexterously compliments
both Sulpicius and himself by remarking that Sulpicius had taken the same
independent attitude on these questions.
191 27 res . . . habeat (indir. quest.), you see what the position of
affairs is. — imperils distributis (abl. abs.), divided up among different
military commands.
191 28 ardere (indir. disc), is ablaze.
191 30 non modo : § 209, a { ) ; B. 347, 2 ; G. 445 ; H. 553, 2
(656, 2); H. & B. . — quod sperem: § 320, a { ); B. 283, 2;
G. 631, 2; H. 503, i (591, I); H.&B.
192 1 longius : Cicero was thinking of leaving Italy altogether. His
words were doubtless intended to hint at his purpose of going to Greece
to join Pompey. — cogitabam : for mood, see § 313, ^ ( ) ; B. 309, 2 ;
G. 605; H. 515, i (586, I); H.&B.
396 Notes
192 3 ut . . . ne recusaret, so that he may tiot refuse: § 319, a, n.
( ) ; G. 546, 2 ; H. 499, I ; H. & B.
192 4 ut facias : purp. clause, obj. of velim ; in the line before, velles
takes the ace. and inf.; § 331, b and N, ( ) ; B. 331, iv, a ; G.
546, 2, R.i ; H. 498, i, 535, ii (614) ; H. & B. . — tuorum fidelium,
of your own confidential friends.
192 5 mittas : in the same construction as facias (1. 4).
192 s exploratum habeam : result, following tantum in 1. 7 ; the
relative clause with quantum is in a manner parenthetical. We might
express the sense by translating: I ascribe so much credit to you (^and per-
haps I claim as much for myself^ that I regard it as certain that, etc.
XVI
192 10 quid fieri placeret, 7^;/^^?/ I ivished to be done, i.e. with reference
to the divorce of Cicero's daughter Tullia, whose husband, Dolabella, had
been making a great deal of trouble (see introductory note to Letter XIX,
p. 194). — ad Pomponium, i.e. T. Pomponius Atticus, who was at Rome.
192 13 velim: § 311, /^ ( ); cf. B. 280, 2, a ; G. 257 ; H. 486, i
(556); H.&B.
XVII
193 2 liberales, courteous and kind. Ceesar's letter is lost, but
Cicero says elsewhere (/« Ligarittni, § 7): "[Caesar] ad me ex Egypto
litteras misit, ut essem idem qui fuissem " (an assurance that his dignity
was not to sufter). — Opinione : § 247, b { ) ; B. 217, 4 ; G. 398, N.i ;
H.417, I. N.5 (471, 7); H. &B.
193 3 cui: § 228, b { ). — hie, i.e. at Brundisium. Cresar landed
at Tarentum, and started for Brundisium by land. His interview with
Cicero is described by Plutarch, Life of Cicero, 39.
193 4 mihi: not to me (which would be ad me), but rather for me.
XVIII
193 7 familiaritas consuetudoque, friendship and intimacy.
193 8 patre eius : Cicero had defended the elder Ccecina in an oration
{Pro Caecina) which is still extant.
193 9 plurimum sum usus, enjoyed the especial friendship. — hunc,
i.e. the younger Caecina.
193 12 studiis communibus : Caecina was himself an author.
193 15 quibuscumque rebus possim, byez>ery means in my poiver.
193 16 reliquum est ut . . . petam : § 332, a { ) ; B. 297, 2 ;
Letters 397
G. 553, 4; H. 501, i, I (571, 0; H. & B. , — cum cognorim, ^z;/*:^
/ knoiv (lit. hav^ perceived).
193 17 pluribus, many. — quid . . . sentias (indir. quest.), ivhat your
sentiments arc. — \iQvaQi\xva., good citizens, i.e. the optiinates.
193 IS nisi, except.
193 is-21 ut ad earn voluntatem, etc., t/iat to the good will which you
are sure to feel toivard Ccecina of your own accord, you add, by reason of
my recommendation, an amount proportionate to the regard in which I
kno-w I am held by yoii.
193 1*0 quanti (correl. with tantus) : gen. of indefinite value with fieri;
§ 252, .z ( ); B. 211,3, .z; G. 379; H. 405(448, 4); H.&B.
XIX
194 1 etsi . . . eram . . . capiebam : for mood, see § 313, <: ( ) ;
cf. B. 309 ; G. 604 ; H. 515, ii (586, ii) ; H. & B.
194 2 non possum non confiteri, I must confess.
194 (1 valetudinis causa : the region of Pompeii was a favorite
" health resort " ; Baise was especially noted for its salubrious air.
194 7 praeterea, etc , and besides, my friends from the free towns in
great numbers. Yox: inunicipium, see Introduction, pp. liii-liv.
194 8 quin . . . agant : § 319, d ( ) ; B. 284, 3; G. 632;
H. 504, I (595, 4) ; H. & B. . — cum . . , extulerunt : § 323, i,
325 ( ) ; G. 580; H. 521, i (600) ; H. & B.
195 1 te . . . -prdiehQaiS, ai-e sho-wing yourself
195 3 quae facias . . . facere, do ivhat you are doing. — nee . . . con-
silio, and need nobodfs advice.
195 5 omnis, altogether, entirely. — profecta, to have sprung from.
195 G valde, emphatically.
195 8 Agamemnoni : Agamemnon was commander of the Greeks at
Troy ; Nestor, the oldest of the Grecians, was their counsellor. Cicero
takes pleasure in thinking of himself as a veteran consul, who has saved
the state on a former occasion and now sees one of his pupils saving it in
his turn. The exaggeration of this passage is not more remarkable than
its easy and finished eloquence.
195 !)-io te . . . florere : subject of est, understood after gloriosum.
— iuvenem : Dolabella was under the legal age (see p. lix) and had
never been praetor. — quasi, as it were.
195 12 L. Caesar : L. Julius Caesar, a relative of the great Caesar and
one of his legati in Gaul. After Caesar's death he joined the Senatorial
party.
398 Notes
195 11' ad eum . . . Neapolim, to him at N'aples : observe the difference
of idiom, and cf. § 259, // ( ) ; B. 182, 2, h ; G. 337,,6 ; H. (418, i) ;
H. & B.
195 15 cum tantum vales, etc., thai you are so strong with Dolabella.
For mood, see § 326, a{ ) ; cf. B. 290, i ; G. 582 ; H. 517, 2 (599) ;
H. & B. . — quantum si ego . . . valerem, and if I had as much
(influence), etc.
195 16 sororis filium : Antony, who was the son of L. Caesar's sister
Julia. For the pohtical position of Antony, see p. 197.
195 1(3 possemus : apod, of a present condition contrary to fact ; for
mood, see § 308, c, N.i ( ) ; B. 304, 3, x. ; G. 597, r. 3, (b);
H. & B.
196 2 post te consulem, since your consulship. Cicero had reason to
be proud of his own consular administration.
196 3 deinde multa (sc. dixit), etc., next he had much to say of what
you had done and of your management of the affair, and then (he added)
that nothing, etc. This alludes to Dolabella's act in demolishing a column
erected in the Forum " to C^sar, Father of his Country," and in punishing
with death those who had set it up. The figure on p. 195 shows what is
thought to be the base of this column. It is taken from Lanciani's ' New
Tales of Old Rome,' where an interesting account of excavations in and
near the Forum may be found.
196 4 actum [esse] : indir. disc. ; the subject is nihil.
196 7 alienae gloriae, of another's glory. — cernere, to accept; cernere
was the technical term for entering upon an inheritance. — aliqua ex parte,
to some extent.
196 8 quamquam, and yet : § 313,/ ( ) ; B. 309, 5; G. 605,
R. 2 ; H. 515, N. 2 (5S6, 4) ; H. & B.
196 9 haec enim iocatus sum, for in all this I have merely been
jesting (i.e. in what he has said about having a share in Dolabella's
glory) ; haec is cogn. ace. with iocatus sum ; § 238, b (^ ) ; cf. B.
176, 2; G. 333; H. 375 (412) ; H, & B. . — si modo sunt aliquae
meae, if, to be sure, I have any.
196 10 transfuderim . . . exhauserim : § 311, rt; ( ) ; B. 280;
G. 257, 2; H. 486, i (556); H. &B.
196 11 cum . . . tum, not only . . . but also; cum is also causal here
(hence the subjunctive). The passage cannot well be literally rendered.
We may translate : while I have always loved you, I afn noiv, in addition
(tum) so fired by your actions that no love (lit. nothing in affection) ivas
ever more ardent.
Letters 399
196 15 amabilius, more worthy of love,
196 16 M. Brutum : the conspirator.
196 18 constantiam, strength of character. — Idibus Martiis (abl. of
time) : the date of Caesar's murder. The conspirators were regarded by
Cicero and by themselves as tyrannicides, as assertors of their country's
freedom. "The Ides of March " became the watchword of the Senatorial
party. See Fig. on p. 196, the famous coin of Brutus, struck in commemo-
ration of the deed. The reverse shows a cap of liberty between two daggers
and the legend EID-MAR ("the Ides of March "). — tantum accessit,
so much was added.
196 10 locum f uisse augendi, that there was room for increase.
196 20 quiputaret: § 320, ^? ( ); B. 283, 2 ; G. 631,2; 11.503,!
(591,1); H.&B.
196 22 nunc denique, 71070 for the first time (lit. now at length, i.e. now
and not before).
196 23 dilexisse, merely to have had a liking for you (a weaker word
than amare).
196 24 quid est quod, etc., ^uhy should I, etc. : see note on p. 102, 1. i.
196 25 servias, devote yourself to. — proponam, shall I set before you
(as examples)? § 268 ( ) ; B. 277; G. 465; H. 484, v (559,4); H. &
B. ; see note on p. 193, 1. 19. — quod . . . solent, as those are wont
to do ; the unexpressed subject of solent is the antecedent of qui.
196 27 te (emphatic) imitere, etc., you must i>nitate yourself (your
own example), j(?//; must vie zuith yourself. — imitere . . . certes : § 331, ?',
and N.i ( ); B. 295, 6; G. 535, R.- ; H. 502, i (564, ii, i);
H. & B.
197 2 utendum est : § 294, c and n. ( ) ; B. 337, 7, l> ;
G. 251, 2, 427, N.4; H. & B.
197 3 contigit . . . tibi, it has been your happy lot. — quod . . . nemini,
so/nething that I rather think has never happened to any one else (anticipat-
ing the substantive clause ut . . . esset).
197 4 se Veritas animadversionis, j/^rw;?^^^ ijithe infliction of punish-
'i.ient. Dolabella had caused some of the persons concerned in setting up
the column in Caesar's memory to be thrown from the Tarpeian Rock and
had crucified others. Cicero regards his action as necessary and laudable.
— invidiosa, a cause of oditim.
197 5 popularis, a source of popularity. — cum . . . tum, not only . . .
but also, both . . . and (so in 1. 8, below). — bonis, i.e. (as usual) the
opti mates.
197 8 magnitudine : abl. of cause.
400 Notes
197 9 contionem : an address at a public meeting of citizens held fot
debate or address only (see p. 273).
197 10 accessus {approaches) . . . recessus {jvithdraivals) : nom. pi.,
subj. of facti [sunt]. Translate: so cazitioiisly and gradually did you (in
your speech) now make your approaches to the case, and then again drazv
hack fr 0771 the subject, that the facts the 771 selves, by com 771011 conse7it, gave ripe
occasio7i for the punish77ie/it (which you inflicted) : i.e. all agreed that it
was high time for such severe measures as those you took.
197 12 liberasti, etc. : the column in Caesar's honor had been a rally-
ing place for disorderly Caesarians. There had been much rioting, and a
general e77ieute was feared. Dolabella's sharp measures (characteristic of
Roman cruelty) cowed the populace for a time.
197 13 ad tempus, y^'v- the preseiit crisis.
197 1-4 ad exemplum,/^raw^jfrt?;///^ (to posterity); cf. p. 196, 11. 26-27.
197 15 in te positam, etc., the safety of the state depends on you. — tibi :
dat. of agent.
197 16 tuendos : Dolabella had protected the conspirators — the
" liberators," as Cicero calls them — from mob violence. — illos viros, i e.
Brutus and his associates.
197 18 coram,/? (ft- to face. — plura, sc. dicain.
197 19 conservas : note the tense ; the state is not yet safe, but Dola-
bella is saving it. — fac ut: § 269,^'- ( ) ; G. 271, i ; H. & B.
XX
199 1 sententiam et orationem, i.e. the opiniuns expressed by Cicero
in the First Philippic, and the form in which he expressed them.
199 2 qua . . . liceret, if I zoere free to express myself in that zcay
oftener ; the antecedent of qua is sententiam et orationem. — nihil esset
negoti, there would be no difficulty. — libertatem . . . reciperare : Cicero
found that the death of Caesar had not restored the constitution. Antony
had become in his eyes a worse tyrant than Caesar himself. He more than
once gave utterance to his regret that Antony had not been murdered too.
199 3 homo amens, i.e. Antony.
199 4 ille ipse, i.e. Caesar. — quem tu, etc., whom you have said to be
the greatest cri77ii7ial that zvas ever p7it to death.
199 5 caedis, a 7nassacre.
200 1 auctorem, instigator. This charge was brought against Cicero
by Antony in his reply to the First Philippic.
200 2 veterani, i.e. Caesar's veterans.
200 3 modo, // ofily. — facti, i.e. the assassination of Caesar.
Letters
401
200 4 communicet : §3i4( ); B. 310, ii; G. 573 ; 11.513,1(587);
H. cS: B. . — Pisoni : Csssar's father-in-law, L. Calpurnius Piso (see
note on p. 184, 1. 16. — invectus est: Piso's speech against Antony was
delivered in the Senate, August i, ]?.C. 44.
200 5 tricensimo die : i.e. in the F"irst Philippic.
200 I! P. Servilio : P. vServilius Vatia, Qiesar's colleague in the consul-
ship in B.C. 48. He was now a member of the Senatorial party, and had
spoken against Antony on Sept. 2. — est COnsecutus, follozved in my
footsteps.
200 7 caedem (emphatic), for a massacre is what the cut- throat is
striving for. Gladiator is one of Cicero's epithets for Antony.
200 8 a. d. XIII. Kal. Octobr., on the nineteenth of September (the date
of Antony's reply to the First Philippic). — a me, with tne (lit. from me). —
ad quern, on 7vhich (flay).
200 ;• venerat, i.e. into the Senate. — Metelli, i.e. L. Metellus Scipio,
Pompey's father-in-law. He had commanded the Pompeian forces in
Africa, and had committed suicide (B.C. 46) after Caesar's victory at
Thapsus. His villa at Tibur was now in Antony's possession, and it was
there that he prepared the speech in question. — COmmentatus esset, had
prepared his speech.
200 13 quod scribis, etc., as to your luriting that, etc.
200 1.") ut in tantis malis, considering the desperate circumstances (lit.
as in so great evils').
200 16 tris . . . consulares : Piso, Cicero, and Servilius. — quae . . .
senserint, i.e. their patriotic sentiments.
200 1!> nee est, etc., and there is no reason ivhy you should expect any-
thing further (to be accomplished), i.e. anything beyond what has just
been mentioned.
200 20 necessarius : M. Lepidus, afterwards the triumvir (see Fig. 50).
He and Cassius had married half-
sisters of Brutus. — adfinitate, alli-
ance (by marriage). Lepidus' son
had recently married Antony's
daughter.
200 21 ludorum : the ///(// Apol-
linares (in honor of Apollo), held
June 5, had been paid for by Brutus,
though he was unable to be present.
The favor with which they were received was a tribute to the liberator, and
therefore unpleasant to Lepidus. Cicero says, jestingly, that Lepidus has
Coin of Lepidus and Oct.-
Triumvirs
402
Notes
lost his taste for sports. — fratris tui (obj. gen,): probably L. Cassius.
The applause referred to may have been at the ludi Apollinaj-es, or on
some other public occasion. It was construed as a compliment to C.
Cassius, who was not in the city. — dirumpitur, i.e. with envy.
200 22 alter . . . adfinis : some connection of Cassius, whom Antony
has conciliated by means of bribery; it is not known who is meant. — novis
commentariis, by means of a new instalment of Ccesar''s com?}ientaries.
Antony had got possession of Caesar's papers, and professed to be acting in
accordance with instructions and plans which they contained. Many of the
documents which he produced were, however, forged grants of money, etc.,
in which he and his wife, Fulvia, drove a thriving trade. Caesar's writings
on the Gallic and the Civil War were called commentarii (i.e. notes), and
Cicero is here punning on the word.
200 23 quod est qui, that there is a man who ; § 333 ( ) ; B. 299, i,
b\ G. 540; H. 540, iv, N. (588, i); H. & B. . It is not known who
this was. — vestro anno : observe the plural possessive, applying to Brutus
as well as Cassius. They w^ere now praetors, and were not eligible for the
consulship until B.C. 41 (see note on the cursus honorum, Introduction,
p. lix). Before this year had come, both of the "liberators" were dead
(the Battle of Philippi took place in B.C. 42).
200 25 huic latroni, i.e. Antony. — prae se f erat, declares. — Cotta :
L. Aurelius Cotta (consul B.C. 65) ; an old friend of Cicero's. It was he
who proposed the supplicatio for the suppression of Catiline's conspiracy,
and he was instrumental in Cicero's recall from exile (B.C. 57). — nam:
Cicero is giving the reasons why Cassius has little to expect from any of his
friends at Rome. He began with enim, in 1. 19, and now^ continues with
nam, after a kind of parenthesis (sed haec . . . ferat, 11. 23-25).
200 27 L. Caesar: see p. 195, 1. 12 and note.
200 28 Sulpicius: Cicero's friend, the eminent lawyer, Servius Sul-
picius Rufus (see introduction to Letter XV, p. 190). — summa auctori-
tate, a man of the greatest influence.
200 29 non adest, ?>^z//^//^«^«.
200 30 designatis, the consuls
elect. These were Aulus Hirtius
and C. Vibius Pansa (see p. 199).
200 31 consularis, as men of
consular rank (i.e. they were not
worthy of the name). — habes, etc.,
here you have (i.e. in the enumera-
tion just given).
Fig
Coin of Pansa
Letters
403
200 32 etiam bonis rebus, even if the condition of public affairs were
good ; an informal protasis, contrary to fact, of which the apodosis is esset.
— perditis (belongs to rebus), %ohen ?V (i.e. the condition of affairs) is
desperate.
200 33 qui si, but if you. — abestis, i.e. from Rome. — idcirco : § 317,
« ( ); G. 545, i; H. 497, ii, i (568, 3) ; H. & B. . — ut sitis
in \.Vi\.0,for the sake of your own safety.
200 34 aliquid, some measure (or movement').
201 1 velim salvis nobis, / wish (it may take place) while I am alive.
This sounds Hke a presentiment of Cicero's fate. See Introd., p. xxvi. —
sin id minus, but if that is not to be, i.e. if I do not live to see you restore
the state.
201 2 ego : emphatic. — tuis, your friends.
201 3 ad me referent, apply to me (or consult me).
201 10 adiungeris
XXI
feceris: cf. p. 179, 1. 18, and note.
Fig. 52
Coin of Q Cassius
VOCABULARY
SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS
a., act. .
active.
lit literal{ly).
abs. . .
. absolutcijy).
loc locative.
adv. . .
adverb., adverbially.
M., masc. . . masculine.
borr. . .
borrowed.
n neuter (intransitive).
c. . . .
coviDion gender.
N., neut. . . neuter.
cf. . .
coinpare.
neg negatively).
cog. . .
cognate.
num numeral.
comm. .
. commonly.
opp opposed.
comp. .
. composition.
orig originally.
compar.
comparative.
p present participle.
conn.
connection.
part particle.
decl. . .
declined.
pass passive.
def. . .
definite., defective.
perf perfect.
dem. . .
demonstrative.
perh perhaps.
dep. . .
deponent.
pi., plur. . . plural.
dim., dimin
.
dimijtiitive.
poss possibly, possessive.
distrib. .
distributive.
p.p perfect participle.
emph. .
emphatic.
prob probably.
Eng. . .
English.
pron pro7toun, pronominal.
esp. . .
especially.
prop properly.
et seq. .
and following.
q.v. {quod vide) which see.
etym. .
etymology.
reduced . . . indicates the loss of a
F., fem. .
feminine.
syllable in derivation
f. p., fut. p
f tit lire participle.
or composition.
fig. . .
Jignrativeijy).
redupl. . . . reduplicated.
form, .
formation.
reflex. . . . refiexive{ly).
fr. . .
from.
rel relative.
freq. . .
frequentative.
sc supply.
Gr. . .
Greek.
sing singular.
imp., impel
imperative.
Sk Sanskrit.
impers. .
impersonal.
subj. .... subjtinctive, subject.
increased
indicates the addition
subst. . . . substantiveijy).
of a letter or letters.
superl. . . . superlative.
ind. . .
indicative.
tech technically).
indecl. .
indeclitiable.
term termination.
indef. .
indefitiitc.
transf. . . . transferred (i.e. from
indep. .
indcpcndcnt{ly).
a proper to a forced
insep. .
inseparable.
meaning).
instr.
instrumental.
unc uncertain.
intens. .
intensive.
V verb.
interr. .
interrogative.
weakened . . indicates a change of
irr. . .
irregtilar.
vowel.
Other common abbreviations will be
'eadily understood.
A hyphen (-) at the end of a word
means that the word is a stem ; between
two words it means composition.
A plus sign ( + ) indicates derivation
Dy means of a- derivative suffix following
the sign.
A root is generally given in small c
\PITALS.
A dagger (j) denotes a word not actu
ally found, but assumed as having once
existed.
A query (?) denotes a doubtful etymo
logy or meaning.
Full-faced type in parentheses denote
s other spellings or forms.
h 2, 3, 4
re
fer to conjugations of verb
s.
VOCABULARY
A
A., abbreviation for Aulus.
a. d., ante diem, see ante.
a, see ab.
ab (a, abs) [reduced case of unc.
stem, akin to Gr. dwo, Eng. oj^, of],
adv. (only in comp.), and prep,
with abl., away from, fr 0771 (cf. ex,
oiit of, and de, dow7t fro77i, off
fro77i). — Of place, with idea of
motion, fro77i : rediens a cena. —
With expressions of measure, off,
away, at a distance of: procul a
nobis ; a senatorio gradu longe
abesse. — Of time, /rtw/, since: a
kal. Ian. — Fig., frotn (with more
or less idea of motion as in Eng.) :
ab hoste defendere ; ab auro manus
cohibere; urbs ab armis conqui-
escere ; ab eo metuere ; seceme te a
bonis ; are publica deficere. — When
the idea is slightly different in
Eng. : vacuus ab, destitute of ;
quaere a vobis, /ask you ; a scelere
abhorrere {be i7ico7isiste7tt with) ;
postulare ab, ask of ; a vobis con-
tendere {urge upo7t) ; ab isto poenas
repetere (see poena). — Esp. with
passives and words of similar
import, by (cf. accidere a Caesare,
at the hands of, showing the origin
of this meaning). — Esp. also (prob.
as the place whence the impression
comes), 071 the side of, 07i, at, 07i
the part of: a tergo interclusus (m
the rear). — In comp., away, off,
apart. — Also with negative force,
7lOt, U71-.
. abalieno, -are, -avl, -atus [ab-
alieno], i. v. a., {piit away to a)i-
othci-), alie7tate.
abdico, -are, -avT, -atus [ab-
dico], I. v. a., {assig7i away). —
With reflex., abdicate: se praetura
{resign the prcctorship).
abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [ab-do
{put)'\, 3. V. a., put away, re77iove,
hide. — With reflex., co7iceal 07ie^s
self, hide, bury 07ie's self (litteris) ;
sol {hide its face at sunset). — With
in and ace. or abl., hide in, with-
di'aw to {take refuge a77i07ig), with-
draw and hide away. — abditus,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., hidden, re77iotc,
secluded.
abduco, -diicere, -duxT, -ductus
[ab-duco], 3. v. 2i., lead aiuay, draw
away, take away, lead off, carry
away (of persons or things which
move of themselves).
abeo, -ire, -il, -iturus [ab-eo], irr.
V. Vi.,go away, go off, retire, go (out
of sight or away) : abiit, he is gone
aberro
abstine5
(without regard to cause or man-
ner).— Fig., f ass, £-0 by: abiit ille
annus [passed away).
aberro, -are, -avi, -aturus [ab-
erro], I. V. n., {wander away or off),
go astray, wander away. — Fig.,
go astray, deviate from : studia
aberrantia a communi utilitate (at
variance with, not in harmony
luith).
abhorred, -ere, -ul, no p.p. [ab-
horreo], 2. v. n., shrink from. —
Less exactly and fig., be at variance
tvith, be inconsistent with, be averse
from, be indisposed to : a tuo sce-
lere ; a meis moribus ; a Musarum
honore ; animi a causa (be estrangea
from).
abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [ab-
iacio], 3. V. a., throw away, throw
down, throw (away from one's self).
— Lit., cadaver in publicum {cast
forth). — Esp., at one's feet as a
suppliant, prostrate, throw {one's
self). — Fig., cast aside : humanita-
tem. — abiectus, -a, -urn, p.p. as
adj., downcast, overwhelmed, abject,
broken, worthless, fallen.
abiectus, see abicio.
abies, -ietis [.''], w, fir ox spruce
(tree or wood), prob. including all
short-leaved coniferae.
abiudico, -are, -avi, -atus [ab-
iudico], I. V. a., adjudge away, take
away (by legal decision).
abiungo,-iungere, -iunxi, -iunctus
[ab-iungo], 3. v. a., disjoitt, detach.
abnuo, -nuere, -nul, -nutus, -nui-
turus [ab-nuo], 3. v. a. and n.,
{refuse by a nod). — Less exactly,
refuse, declifie.
abripio, -ripere, -ripuT, -reptus
[ab-rapio], 3. v. a., carry off {w\\.\\
\iolence), drag away, drag off.
abrogo, -are, -avi, -atus [ab-rogo,
in its political sense], i. v. z.., pass
a vote to annul or take away : colle-
gae magistratum {deprive of).
abrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -rup-
tus [ab-rumpo], 3. v. a., break off.
— With reflex., break away, with-
draw (with violence).
abs, see ab.
abscido, -cTdere, -cIdT, -cisus
[abs-caedo], 3. v. a., cut off, lop off,
tear off, tear away.
abscondo, -dere, -didi, -ditus
[abs-condo], 3. v. a., hide away. —
absconditus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
hidden, obscure, far to seek.
absens, see absum.
absimilis, -e [ab-similis], adj.,
unlike.
absisto, -sistere, -stiti, no p.p.
[ab-sisto], 3. v. n., stajtd away,
withdraw. — Fig., leave off, keep
aloof.
absoliitio, -onis [ab-solutio ; cf .
absolve], F., {a setting free), an
acquittal. — Also, a completion.
absolve, -vere, -vT, -utus [ab-
solve], 3. v. a., {loosen), acquit. —
Also, co7nplete, pe7fect.
abstergeo, -tergere, -tersT, -ter-
sus [abs-tergeo], 2. v. a., wipe off,
wipe away : fletum.
abstinentia, -ae [abstinent- -f
ia], F., self-restraint (abstaining
from gratifying one's passions) :
innocentia et abstinentia.
abstineo, -tinere, -tinuT, -tentus,
[abs-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., hold
abstraho
5
accusator
off: manus animosque {keep, wit/i-
hold).
abstraho, -trahere, -tiaxT, -trac-
tus [abs-traho], 3. v. a., drag off,
drag away. — Fig., draw a7vay.
absum, -esse, -fuT (afui), -futu-
rus [ab-sum], irr. v. n., he away, be
absent, he off (at a distance).—
Fig. : tantum abes a perfectione ;
flagitium a corpora {)iot be foiDid
on); haec a meo sensu {be unper-
ceived hy). — Esp. impersonally, be
so far from, etc. : tantum abest ut
videar, so far am I frovi seeming.
— absens, -entis, p. as adj., /'// one's
absence.
abundantia, -ae [abundant- +
ia], F., abundance.
abundo, -are, -avi, -aturus [tab-
undo-], I. V. n., overflow. — Fig.,
abound. — Transf. (of the place,
etc., containing the thing), be strong
in, he rich in, abound in.
abutor, -iiti, -usus [ab-utor], 3.
V. dep., misuse, abuse, take advan-
tage of (by misuse).
ac, shorter form for atque.
accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessu-
rus [ad-cedo], 3. v. \\.,move towards,
draw near, approach, come up, come
near, come {io), advance to, advaiice.
— Fig., come to : huic causae {take
up) ; litterarum lumen {shine upo/i).
— Esp., be added, where often an
explanatory word is necessary in
Eng. : illud nobis {we shall have
also this advantage) ; so with quod,
there is also the fact that, there is
also the reason that, or simply,
moreover, then again.
accelcro (adc-), -are, -avI, -atus
[ad-celero], i. v. a. and n., hasten
(towards something).
accessus, -iis [ad-tcessus ; cf.
accedo], m., a)i approach.
accido, -cidere, -cidi, no p.p.
[ad-cado], 3. v. n., fall tipon,fall :
tela gravius {strike). — Fig., hap-
pen, occur, present itself turn out,
arise. — Often euphemistically for
death, defeat, etc' : si quid ipsi (of
conviction).
accido, -cidere, -cIdT, -clsus [ad-
caedo], 3. v. a., cut into, partly ctit.
accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus
[ad-capio], 3. v. a., take, receive:
bellum {take up). — Less exactly,
receii:e, suff'er, meet with, experi-
ence: iniurias ; dolorem. — Fig.,
accept, learn, hear, get, take.
Accius (Attius), -I [.^], m., a
Roman family name. — Esp., L.
Accius, 3. tragic poet, born B.C. 170.
accommodo, -are, -avI, -atus [ac-
commodo-, or ad-commodo-], i. v. a.,
ft on, fit, put on, adjtist. — Fig.,
adapt, suit, coniform, accommodate
(testis ad crimen). — accommoda-
tus, -a, -um, p.p., fitted, adapted,
zvell suited.
accubo, -are, no perf., no p.p.
[ad-cubo], I. V. n., lie at, lie near.
— Esp., recline (at table).
accurate [old abl. of accuratus],
a Iv., with care, carefully.
accusatio, -onis [accusa- + tio],
F., an accusation, a prosecution,
an arraig)iment (speech of prose-
cutor).
accusator, -oris [accusa- + tor],
M., a prosecutor, an accuser, a con-
ductor of a prosecutiofi.
actio
accuse, -are, -avT, -atus [ad-
tcauso (cf. causor)], i. v. a., accuse,
blame, find fatdt with. — Esp., coti-
duct a proseciction against, p7'oseciite,
accuse, arraign, be prosecutor.
acer, -cris, -ere [ac (cf. acus),
+ lis (cf. -rus in purus)], adj.,
sharp. — Fig., keen, active, violent,
energetic, spirited, severe, harsh :
homo ; duces ; familia ; sententiae ;
supplicia ; acri auimo, zoitk great
spirit: in f erro (juith the sword).
acerbe [old abl. of acerbus],
adv., bitterly. — Fig. (of the mind),
with bitterness, severely : ferre {s7if-
fer severely from, etc.).
acerbitas, -atis [acerbo- -f tas],
F., bitterness. — Fig., harshness,
severity, bitter feeling. — Concrete
in plur. (with change of point of
view in Eng.), sufferijigs.
acerbus, -a, -um [acer (treated
as stem) -f bus ; cf. superbus], adj.,
bitter (to the taste). — Fig. (to the
mind), bitter, hard to bear, cruel,
harsh, grievous : res ; supplicium.
— Transf. to the feeling subject,
bitter, 7'iolent: adversarius; animus;
imploratio.
acerrime (acerrume), superl. of
acriter.
acervus, -T [acer (as stem) +
vus ; cf. torvus], m., {pointed?), a
heap, a pile.
Achaicus, -a, -um ['Axai'/cos],
adj., of Achcva, Achcean, Grecian.
Achaius (Achaius), -a, -um
['Axaia], adj., Achcean. — Fem.
as subst., Achcea, a province of
Greece. — Later, Greece, as a Ro-
man province.
Achilles, -is (-eT,-ei, -I) [ AxtXXei/s] ,
M., Achilles, the hero of the Tro-
jan war.
Achradina, -ae ['AxpaStm], f.,
a part of the city of Syracuse.
acies, -ei [ac -f ies ; cf. series],
F., point, sharp edge, edge, sharp-
ness of the edge, keen glance, glare :
auctoritatis {.edge, fig.). — Esp.,
li)te, battle line, array, army (as in
battle array; cf. agmen), rajik (of
an army in several ranks) : in acie
cadere {in battle array) ; Pharsalica
{battle).
Acilius, -i [unc. stem + ius,
prop, adj.], M., a Roman gentile
name. — Esp., 71/'. Acilius Glabrio,
who, as tribune of the people,
carried a severe law against of-
ficial extortion. — Hence, as adj.,
Acilian (lex).
acquiesce, -escere, -evi, no p.p.
[ad-quiesco], 3. v. n., acquiesce.
acquire, see adquiro.
acrim5nia, -ae [aero- -f monia],
F., {sharpness). — Fig., severity,
acrimony, energy : ad resistendum,
acriter [aero- + ter (prob. neut.
of -terus reduced)], adv., sharply.
— Fig., actively, sharply, violently,
with spirit.
acroama, -atis \a.Kpoaixa\, n., an
entertainment (musical or dra-
matic).
actio, -onis [as if ag -f tio, prob.
tacti- + 0], F., a doing (including
all the performances expressed by
ago). — Y.%^., political action, official
conduct : Lentuli consulis. — Also,
a civil action, a prosecution : per-
duellionis. — Also, a pleading (of
actor
adduco
a case), a hearing (changing the
point of view).
actor, -oris [ag + tor], m., a doer
(cf. actio). — Esp., a pleader (of a
case, on the side of the plaintiff),
a prosecutor, an advocate (of the
plaintiff), an attorney : actor hie
defensorque causae meae.
actum, -1 [n. p.p. of ago], n., a
proceeding (official), an act.
actus, -lis [ag -f tus], m., a
driving, a doing. — Esp., an act
(of a play).
acuo, -uere, -ui, -utus [acu-, stem
of acus], 3. V. a., sharpen. — Fig.,
irritate, excite, spur on. — aciitus,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., sharpened,
sharp, acute.
acus, -us [AC -f us], F., a needle.
a. d., see ante.
ad [?], adv. (only in comp.), and
prep, with ace. With idea of
motion, to, towards, against. —
Where the idea of motion is more
or less obliterated, to, towards,
for, at, on, against, iji, in regard to.
— Of time, till, at, or on : ad ves-
peram ; quam ad diem {up to, as a
limit). — Esp., of place, at (not
exactly in wox 071), around, near:
ad Achillis tumulum {by) ; ad rhe-
dam {aroujid) ; ad curiam ; quam
ad summam, at the summit of
which (city) ; ad inferos, /;/ the world
beloxo ; ad urbem, near the city (of
a commander with the imperium,
who could not enter the walls) ;
ad populum, before the people (of
official action) ; ad senatorem ilium
{at the house of, etc.). — Also fig.,
to, tozvards, for : fatale ad perni-
ciem {fated for) ; ad quietem ; ad
iudicandum severus (/'«) ; momen-
tum ad suspicionem {cause for,
etc.) ; ad laudem contendere {strive
for). — Esp., with gerund to denote
purpose or tendency, to : audax ad
conandum {in). — Also, in respect
to, in accordance with, at : praecla-
rus ad adspectum (/// appearance) ;
ad severitatem lenius {in respect
to) ; ad libidinem {at) ; ad nutum ;
ad arbitrium. — In comp. as adv.,
to, in, by, towards.
adaequo, -are, -avT, -atus [ad-
aequo], i . v. a., make equal to : cum
virtute fortunam (match). — More
commonly neuter, become equal to,
equal.
adamo, -are, -avT, -atus [ad-amo],
I . V. a., fall in love with, take a
fancy to, covet.
adauge5, -augere, -auxi, -auctus
[ad-augeo], 2. v. 2^., add to, increase.
ado-, see ace-.
addico, -dicere, -dlxi, -dictus [ad-
dico], 3. v. a., adjudge, assign (by
legal decision). — addictus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj. and subst., assigned (to
one in satisfaction of a debt), bound,
given over to, devoted.
addictio, -onis [ad-dictio ; cf.
addico], F., an adjtidging, a)i assign-
7nent (by legal decision).
addo, -dere, -did!, -ditus [ad-do
{put and give)^ 3. v. a., give to. —
Also, put to, add.
adduco, -ducere, -duxT, -ductus
[ad-duco], 3. V. a., lead to, draw to,
bring in (of persons), bring, draw
in (towards one), drive, force: in
eas oras exercitum ; in iudicium ;
adeo
8
adfligo
in invidiam {bring, expose) ; in ob-
livionem {consign) ; in spem {raise) ;
pretio adducta civitas ; amore ad-
ducti {fascinated). — Fig., induce,
persuade, drive, lead.
^adeo, -ire, -ii, -itiirus [ad-eo], irr.
V. a. and n., go to, visit, get at,
come to, come up, go to (a place),
get in (to a place), advance (some-
where), attack, approach (speak
with) : with or without ad, visit.
— Fig., encounter, incur, go into,
take : periculum ; ad rem publicam
{take part in); hereditates {take).
"adeo [ad-eo], adv., to that point.
— Less exactly, to that degree,
so tnuch, so: usque adeo {to that
degree). — Weakened, in fact, at
all, exactly. — Esp., atque adeo, atid
in fact, and even, or rather.
adeps, -ipis [.^], c, fat. — Plur.,
corpulence (of men).
adfabre (aff-) [old abl. of adfa-
ber], adv., skilfully.
adfecto (aff-), -are, -avi, -atus
[ad-tfacto; cf. adficio], i. v. a.,
{make for ; cf. proficiscor), aim at,
pursue : iter {run a course).
adfero (aff-), -ferre, -tidl, -latus
[ad-fero], irr. v. a., bring to, bring.
— Fig., cause, produce, bring forth,
bring forward, allege, report, an-
nounce, bring about : moram ; facul-
tatis tantum {produce) ; lucem
{cause to shine, bring) ; vim {apply,
use) ; salutem ; rei publicae mo-
tum ; medicinam {apply) ; vim {of-
fer) ; manus {lay tipon).
adficio (aff-), -ficere, -feci, -fectus
[ad-facio], 3. v. a., do to, affect:
quonam modo vos {treat). — With
ace. and abl., affect with, inflict
upon, produce in, cause to, visit
with, fill with : praemiis {confer
upon, honor with) ; populum laeti-
tia {fill with). — In passive, suffer,
receive, be in (a condition), be af-
flicted by, suffer from : calamitate ;
honore {receive) ; dolore {suffer) ;
beneficiis {receive) ; turpitudine {in-
cur) ; supplicio {be visited with) ;
aetate adfectus {wor}i) ; vitiis ad-
fectus {possessed by).
adfigo (aff-), -figere, -fixl, -fixus
[ad-figo], 3. V. 2i., fasten to, crucify.
adfingo (aff-), -fingere, -finxl,
-fictus [ad-fingo], 3. v. a., make up
in addition, invent more, coiinter-
feit besides.
adfinis (aff-), -e [ad-finis], adj.,
borderijig 071. — Fig., akin to (by
marriage). — Also, implicated (in
anything) : culpae. — As subst.,
kinsman (by marriage).
adfinitas (aff-), -atis [adfini- +
tas], F., 7iearness. — Esp., of rela-
tion by marriage, relationship, alli-
ance, connection.
adfirmo, -are, -avI, -atus [ad-
firmo]. I. v. a., c on firyn, strengthen,
corroborate. — Hence, declare, as-
sert.
adflicto (aff-), -are, -avi, -atus
[ad-flicto; cf adfligo], i. v. a., rt'^Kf//
against, dash upon, dash to the
i^rojind. — Hence, overthrow, oz'er-
whelm, wreck. — Fig., afflict (with
disease), prostrate.
adfligo (aff-), -fligere, -flixi, -fllc-
tus [ad-fligo], 3. V. a., dash upon. —
Hence, overthrow, wreck, over-
turn : equestrem ordinem {ruin) ;
adfluo
administer
consulate nomen ; causam suscep-
tam ; Catilinam. — adflictus, -a,
-um, p.p. as adj., cast down, broken,
disheartened, laid prostrate, riiinea
(fortunae), overwhelmed.
adfluo (afQ-), -fluere, -fluxl, no
p.p. [ad-fluo], 3. V. Vi., flow to. —
Hence, with change of relation,
floiv (with anything), abound in. —
adfluens, -entis, p. as adj., abound-
ing in, full of, replete with : urbs
studiis ; unguentis (Gabinius).
adgrego (agg-), -are, -avi, -atus
[ad-tgrego], i. v. a., laiite together,
assemble, gather together.
adhaeresco, -ere, no perf., no p.p.
[ad-haeresco ; cf. adhaereo], 3. v. n.,
adhere to, cling to.
adhibed, -ere, -ui, -itus [ad-
habeo], 2. v. a., have /;/. — Hence,
call in, adi?rit, bring with (one). —
Fig., employ, use: vim {ofl'er, use,
employ) ; studium atque aures {af-
ford, lend, fir nish) ; orationem.
adhuc [ad-huc], adv., hitherto
(of place). — Of time, up to this
time, till iww, to this day, thus far,
hitherto, so far.
adimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus [ad-
emo {take)\, 3. v. a., take away (the
action regarded as done to some-
body), take from, deprive of rob of,
remove from (a person).
adipiscor, -ipTscT, -eptus [ad-
apiscor], 3. v. dep., obtain, secure,
attain: gloriam [win, gain).
aditus, -lis [ad-itus ; cf. ladeo],
M., approach, arrival, coming, com-
ing forward, access. — Concretely,
an avenue (of approach), access
(excuse for approaching), vieans
of approach, means of access, way
of approach (in military sense),
entrance : laudis {road to glory) ;
faciles aditus ad eum privatorum
{access) ; omnium aditus tenebat.
adiumentum, -I [ad-tiumentum;
cf. adiuvo], n., aid, assistance : adiu-
mento esse, be of assistance. —
Concretely, an aid, a means (of
assistance).
adiungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iiinc-
tus [ad-iungo], 3. v. a., Join to,
unite to, attic h, unite zvith, add:
divinitus adiuncta fortuna, with the
addition of fortune from above.
adiiitor, -oris [ad-tiutor; cf. ad-
iuvo], M., helper, assistant, abettor.
adiutrix, -Tcis [ad-tiutrix ; cf.
adiuvo], F., a helper (female, or
conceived as such in gender), an
assistant, an abettor, accoinplice.
adiuvo, -iuvare, -iuvl, -iutus [ad-
iuvo], I. v. a., assist, help, help on,
aid, be of advantage, be an assistance
to, give assistance : causam {sup-
tort).
adlego (all-), -are, -avI, -atus
[ad-lego], I. V. a., commission (for
some purpose), despatch, send (as
agents).
adlicio (all-), -licere, -lexi, -lectus
[ad-lacio], 3. v. a., entice, allure,
draw, persuade : ad misericordiam.
adlino (all-), -linere, -levT, -litus
[ad-lino], 3. v. a., besmear, smear on.
adluo (all-), -luere, -uT, no p.p.
[ad-luo], 3. V. a., 7vash (as of the
sea, etc.).
administer, -trl [ad-minister],
M., a sercuint, an assistant, an abet-
tor, a tool (of persons) : scelerum.
administra
lO
adpello
administra, -ae [ad-ministra] ,
F., (7 serzant (female), ati assistant,
a handmaid : virtutis.
administro, -are, -avi, -atus [ad-
ministro-], i. v. a. and n., serve. —
Also, manage, administer, carry on,
conduct: bellum ; rem publicam.
admirabilis, -e [ad-mirabilis ;
cf. admiror], adj., admirable, ?nar-
vellous, astonishing.
admiratio, -onis [ad-miratio ; cf.
admiror], F., admiration, wonder,
surprise, astonishment : ipsius ad-
ventus admiratioque, his arj'ival
and the ?narvel at the man himself.
admiror, -arl, -atus [ad-miror],
I. V. dep., be surprised, wonder at,
admire. — admirandus, -a, -um, as
adj., surprising. — admiratus, -a.
-um, p.p. in pres. sense, beijig sur-
prised.
admitto, -mittere, -misl, -missus
[ad-mitto], 3. v. a., let go to, admit,
let go : in Tusculanum ; ad con-
silium admittitur casus. — Fig.,
allow (cf. com- and per-mitto) : in
se facinus {commit a crime) ; dede-
cus [permit to be incurred). — Also,
without in se, comtnit.
admodum [ad modum], adv., to
a degree. — Hence, veiy, very ?nuch,
greatly, exceedingly, so (very) tnuch.
admoneo, -ere, -uT, -itus [ad-
moneo], 2. v. a., warn, urge, remind.
admonitus, -us [ad-monitus ; cf.
admoneo], m., a reminder, a warn-
i)ig, a sjiggestion.
admoveo, -movere, -m5vl, -motus
[ad-moveo], 2. v. a., move to, ap-
proach.— Less exactly, apply: ignis
ceterosque cruciatus.
admurmuratio, -onis [ad-mur-
muratio], f., a viurmur (at some-
thing), murmurs of intelligence (or
approval or displeasure).
adnumero (ann-), -are, -avi, -atus
[ad-numero], i. v. a., cou7it out to.
adnuo (ann-), -nuere, -nul, no
p.p. [ad-nuo], 3. v. n., nod to, nod
assent. — Less exactly, assent.
adolescens, see adulescens.
adolescentia, see adulescentia.
adolesco, -olescere, -olevi, -ultus
[ad-olesco], 3. v. n., grow up (to
maturity), mature. — adultus, -a,
-um, p.p. as adj., grown up, mature.
— Fig., full grown, fill developed.
See also adulescens.
adorior, -orirl, -ortus [ad-orior],
3. and 4. v. dep., {rise tip against),
attack, assail.
adorno, -are, -avi, -atus [ad-omo],
I. V. a., adorn, furnish, provide, fit
out : maria classibus ; hunc ad per-
ficiendum {furjiish with material,
etc.).
adparatus (app-), -us [ad-pa-
ratus ; cf. adparo], lA., preparation.
— Concretely, preparations, equip-
ments, furnishings.
adpareo (app-), -ere, -uT, -iturus
[ad-pareo], 2. v. n., appear. See
pareo.
adparo (app-), -are, -avi, -atus
[ad-paro], i. v. a., {get for some
purpose ? ), prepare, arrange, make
preparations for (with a conception
of the object from Eng.) : bellum ;
iter. — adparatus, -a, -um, p.p. as
2.^]., prepared (with effort), splen-
did, magnificent, elaborate.
adpello (app-), -are, -avi, -atus
adpendo
11
adsequor
[tadpello- (ad-pello-, akin to pello)],
I. V. a.; accost, address, call to,
appt^al to, call upoi : te nunc ap-
pello. — Also, call, name: quae
appellatur Insula ; sanctos poetas.
adpendo (app-),-pendere, -pendT,
-pensus [ad-pendo], 3. v. a., weigh
out to.
adpeto (app-), -ere, -IvI, -Itus [ad-
peto], 3. V. a. and n., seek to gain, de-
sire, ai^n at : plus ornatus; regnum;
inimicitias (I'oluntarily incur) ;
vita ferro adpetita {attempted). —
adpetens, -entis, p. as adj., desirous,
eager for, covetous : gloriae.
adpono (app-), -ponere, -posui,
-positus [ad-pono], 3. v. a., place
near, put to, fit. — appositus, -a,
-uni, p.p. as adj., stiited, fitted.
adporto (app-), -are, -avi, -atus
[ad-porto], i. v. a., bring in, bring
(to some place).
adprobo (app-), -are, -avi, -atus
[ad-probo], i. v. a., approve of , agree
with (an opinion or action).
adpromitto (app-), -mittere,
-misl, -missus [ad-promitto] , 3. v. a.
and n.,pro?nise in addition, promise
as surety.
adpropero (app-), -are, -avT,
-atus [ad-propero], i. v. a. and n.,
hasten towards, hasten in, hurry up,
hasten (to something).
adpropinquo (app-), -are, -avi,
no p.p. [ad-propinquo], i. v. n.,
approach, come nearer, come near,
be at hand.
adquiro (acq-), -quirere, -quisTvT,
-quisitus [ad-quaero], 3. v. a. and
n., {get in addition), acquire, gain :
adquirere ad fidem, gain in credit.
adripio (arr-), -ripere, -ripul,
-reptus [ad-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch
up, seize, catch.
adroganter (arr-) [adrogant-
(stem of p. of adrogo) -f ter],
adv., with presumption, preszini-
ingly, with ifisolence.
adrogo (arr-), -are, -avi, -atus
[ad-rogo], i. v. a., {ask in addi-
tion), claim, dernand. — adrogans,
-antis, p. as adj., arrogajit, pre-
suming.
adscendo (asc-), -seen de re,
-scendl, -scensus [ad-scando], 3. v.
a. and n., climb tip, climb, ascend,
mount, rise : ad caelum.
adscensus (asc-), -iis [ad-tscan-
sus ; cf. adscendo], m., a climbing
up, an ascent, a going up. — Con-
cretely, a way up, a means of ascent.
adscisco (asc-), -sclscere, -scivT,
-scitus [ad-scisco], 3. v. a., attach
(by formal decree), adopt. — Less
exactly, attach to (one's self), unite
with (one's self).
adscribo (asc-), -scrlbere,
-scrips!, -scrlptus [ad-scribo], 3. v.
a., write dozvn (somewhere), eti-
roll, assign (by enrollment) : civita-
tibus {enroll as citizens of).
adsensio (ass-), -onis [ad-sensio;
cf. adsentior], f., assent. — Con-
cretely, a>i expression of assent.
adsentio, -sentire, -sensT, -sensus,
also dep., adsentior (ass-), -sentlrl,
-sensus [ad-sentio], 4. v. dep., as-
sent, give assent : voluntatibus {de-
fer tl).
adsequor (ass-), -sequl, -secutus
[ad-sequor], 3. v. dep., follow after,
overtake. — Fig., attain, secure.
adservo
adventus
^aitiy accomplish (as an end). —
Also, cotnpi-eheud, understand.
adservo (ass-), -are, -avi, -atus
[ad-servo], i . v. a., guaj-d, keep, keep
under guard : hominem ; tabulas.
adsido (ass-), -sidere, -sedl, -ses-
surus [ad-sido], 3. v. n. and a., sit
down (near or by something).
adsidue (ass-) [old abl. of adsi-
duus], adv., diligently, constantly.
adsiduitas (ass-), -atis [adsi-
duo- + tas], F., diligeftce, assiduity,
constancy, unremitting effort: mo-
lestiarum {constant pressure).
adsiduus (ass-), -a, -um [ad-
tsiduus (SED + uus ; cf. residuus)],
adj., {sitting by), constant, con-
tinued, incessant, untiring, inde-
fatigable : adversarius ; adsiduus in
praediis {coistantiy ejnployed).
adsigno (ass-), -are, -avi, -atus
[ad-signo], \.\.2i., assign, attribute.
adspectus (asp-), -us [ad-lspec-
tus ; cf . adspicio] , m , ^r looking at, a
sight, a view. — Transf., a7Z appear-
ajice, an aspect, a vietu (objectively).
adspernor, see aspernor.
adspicio (asp-), -spicere, -spexl,
-.spectus [ad-tspecio], 3. v. a. and
n., look tip on, look at, look, see :
altius {look, aim).
adspiro (asp-), -are, -avi, -atus
[ad-spiro], 1. v. n., {breathe upon).
— Fig., strive to reach, aspire.
adsto (ast-), -stare, -stiti, no p.p.
[ad-sto], I. V. n., stand by, stand
near, stand (by or near).
adsuefacio (ass-), -facere, -feci,
factus [tadsue- (unc. case, akin
to suesco) facio], 3. v. a., accustom,
train. — Pass., be accusto?ned.
adsum, -esse, -fuT, -futurus [ad-
sum], irr. V. n., be near, be by, he
present, be at hand, be there {here),
appear, attend (at a place) : propter
{be near by) ; animis {be attentive).
— Esp., be by to assist, assist, defend.
— Also, be close by, impend.
adtendd, see attendo.
adtineo, see attineo.
adtingo, see attingo.
adtribuo, see attribuo.
adulescens, -entis [p. of ado-
lesco], adj., young. — As subst., a
youth, young man. — With proper
names, the younger {Jr., to distin-
guish one from his father).
adulescentia, -ae [adulescent-
-f ia], F., youth.
adulescentulus, -I [adulescent-
(as if adulescento-) + lus], m.
(often as adj.), a ??iere boy, very
yoting.
adulter, -erl [ad-tulter (cf. ulte-
rior, ultra), ^;/^ who roams abroad .^] ,
M., an aditlterer, a paramour.
adulterium, -i [adulter- -f ium],
N., adultery.
advena, -ae [ad-tvena (vex -f
a)], M., a chance comer (as op-
posed to a native), a stranger, a
visitor.
advenio, -venire, -venT, -venturus
[ad-venio], 4. v. n., come to, come,
arrive : Verri advenienti {on his
arrival).
adventicius, -a, -um [tadven-
tico- (adventu- or 6- -f cus) + ius],
adj., coming by chance (cf. advena),
foreign, exterjml, additional (to
one's own resources).
adventus, -lis [ad-tventus ; cf.
adversarius
13
aegre
advenio and eventus], m., a co7?i-
ing, ait arrival, an advent.
adversarius, -a, -um [adverso-
(reduced) + arius ; cf. onerarius],
adj., {turned toivards), opposed. —
As noun, aii opponent., an adversary.
adversio, -onis [ad-tversio- ; cf.
adverto], f., a turning: animi
{occtipation, einploynient). See
animadversio.
adversus, prep., see adverto.
adverts, -vertere, -vertT, -versus
[ad-verto], 3. v. a., turn towards:
animum {turn the attention., notice ;
see animadverto), tiirn against,
turn (to anything). — adversus, -a,
-um, p.p. as adj., iii froiit, opposed,
opposite, in opposition, adverse :
proelium {unsjiccessftil); res adver-
sae, adversity, zua/it of success. —
adversi, those in front. — adversus
[petrified as adv. and prep, with
ace; cf. versus], against.
advesperascit, -ere, no perf., no
p.p. [ad-vesperascit], 3. v. impers.,
grow dark, approach evening.
advocatio, -onis [advoca- + tio],
F., a summoning (for legal assist-
ance), a legal consultation : in
advocationibus, as an advocate.
advoco, -are, -avi, -atus [ad-voco],
I. V. a., call (to one), summon. —
advocatus, -I, p.p. as subst., a wit-
ness (called in to some transaction
as witness and adviser), a sup-
porter, a counsel (assisting one
in a suit but not a pleader; cf.
patronus).
advolo, -are, -avT, -aturus [ad-
volo], I. V. n.,fly to, fly at. — Also,
fig.,_/7j', rush.
aedes, -is [idh (cf. aestas) -f es
(cf. honos) and -is (cf. orbis)], f.,
{a fireplace?), a te?nple (a regular
edifice ; cf. templum, a consecrated
spot, andfanum, a shrine, generally
ancient). — Also (only in plur.), a
house, a dwelling.
aedificatio, -onis [aedifica- -f
tio], f., building: portus in aedifi-
catione aspectuque urbis inclusi {the
plan, the site).
aedificium, -T [taedific- (cf.
artifex) + ium], n., ^ building.
aedifico, -are, -avi, -atus [taedific-;
cf. artifex], i. v. a., build (of
houses), erect, construct. — Less
exactly, of ships.
aedilis, -is [aedi- (as stem of
aedes) -f lis], m., {belonging to a
tefnple ?), an cedile, an officer at
Rome. There were two classes
of these officers, — the curule,
who had charge of the public
games and were important civil
magistrates, and the plebeian, who
had the duties of police commis-
sioners.
aedilitas, -atis [aedili- -f tas], f.,
cedileship (the office of asdile).
Aiegaeus, -a, -um [At7aros], adj.,
yEgcEan (of the .^gaean Sea) :
mare {the ALgcean).
aeger, -gra, -grum [unc. root
( } IG, shake) -f rus], adj., sick, dis-
abled.— A\so,fig.,suffering,afi^icted,
enfeebled.
aegerrime, superl. of aegre.
aegre [old abl. of aeger], adv.,
feebly. — Jlence, zvith difficulty,
hardly, scarcely, unwillingly (suffer
from doing something).
aegrotus
aestas
aegrdtus, -a, -um [aegro- + tus],
adj., sick, diseased.
Aegyptus, -I [At'7i'7rTos], f.,
Egypt.
Aelius, -1 [?], M., a Roman gen-
tile name (strictly an adj.). — Esp.,
Q. ^liiis, consul B.C. 148. — Plur.,
the yElii (members of the gens).
Aelius, -a, -um [properly same
word as last], adj., ALlian (belong-
ing to the yElian gens). — Esp.,
^lian (belonging to Q. ALlius) :
lex (a law regulating the auspi-
ces of the comitia).
Aemilius, -I [.^aemul6- (reduced)
+ ius], M., a Roman gentile name.
— Esp., JMarcus Ainiilius Scauriis.,
consul B.C. 115.
aemulus, -a, -um [.^ cf. aequus ?],
adj., envious, rivalling, emtdons. —
Masc. and fern, as subst., a rival.
aequabiliter [aequabili- -f ter],
adv., tiniforjnly, zoithoiit distinction.
aequalis, -e [aequo- + alls], adj.,
eqtial, nnifortn.
aequalitas, -atis [aequali- -f tas],
F., equality.
aequaliter [aequali- -f ter; cf.
acriter], adv., evenly, iinifornily,
equally, on an equality.
aeque [old abl. of aequus], adv.,
equally, evenly, in the same way, as
viiich,just (as).
aequitas, -atis [aequo- + tas],
F., evenness. — Hence (cf. aequus),
fairness, justice. — Esp., aequitas
animi, evenness of ?nind, content-
ment, resignation, equanimity.
aequus, -a, -um [i*, perh. akin to
unus (toenos)], adj., even, level,
equal. — Hence, /^?/r, just, eqtiitable.
right: civitas aequissimo lure {on
a pel feet equality as to rights^. —
Esp., aequus animus, equanimity,
contentment, resignatiott ; aequo
animo, zoith co7nposure ; with verb,
be resigned to, be satisfied to, be con-
tent to ; aequus animus est, / am
content, resigned ; aequo animo
paratoque, with resignation and
composure ; aequo animo esse, be
iijidisturbed.
aerarius, -a, -um [aer- (as stem
of aes) -f arius ; cf. onerarius],
adj., {having to do with copper). —
tribuni (see that word). — Neut. as
subst., the treasury (cf. aes).
aerumna, -ae [?], f., hardship,
trouble, toil, suffering.
aerumnosus, -a, -um [aerumna-
-f osus], adj., toilsome, painful,
full of suffering, wretched.
aes, aeris [perh. akin to Eng.
iron^ N., copper (for the arts,
or as money). — Hence, jnoney. —
Esp., alienum {debt, another man's
money). — Also, bronze (of which
copper is a chief ingredient), a
tablet (of bronze, used for perpetu-
ating ollicial documents).
Aesculapius, -1 ['Ao-zcX'^Trtos], m.,
the god of medicine among the
ancients.
Aesernia, -ae [.^], p., a town of
Samnium on the river Volturnus,
now Iserfiia.
Aesopus, -I [At'o-wTTos], M., a
tragic actor, friend of Cicero.
aestas, -atis [stem akin to aedes
-f tas, or perh. aesta- (cf. iuventa)
-f tis(cf. virtus)], F., {heat), summer
(the season for military operations).
aestimo
5
ager
aestimo, -are, -avi, -atus [aesti-
mo- (aes-tumus, tu- in tueor? +
mus ; cf. aeditumus)], i. v. a.,
value, estimate^ assess (of damages,
by a process regular in Roman
law).
aestus, -us [root of aedes -f
tus], M., heat (plur. in same sense) :
aestu f ebrique, by the burning heat
of fever. — Hence, boiling, tide.
aetas, -atis [aevo- (stem of
aevum) -f tas], f., age (of old or
young), 7C7«///, old age, life : aetata
a.^iQCt\is,oppressedwithyears; aetas
atque robur, youth and strength ;
aetatem degere, pass one^s life;
nervos aetatis, sinews of youth ; ab
ineunte aetate, from early man-
hood; aetatis tempus, time of life.
— Also, age (time, generation).
aetatula, -ae [aetat- + ula (as
if aetato- + la)], f., youthful age,
early years (as a period of life).
aeternitas, -atis [aeterno- -f tas],
F., eternity, never-ending time, ever-
lasting ages.
aeternus, -a, -um [aevo- (stem
of aevum) + temus ; cf . hester-
nus], adj., eternal, lasting, never-
en ding, ever I a sting.
Aetolia, -ae [Aetola- -f ia (fern, of
-ius)], F., a region of Greece north
of the Gulf of Corinth, conquered
by M. Fulvius Nobilior in B.C. 189.
Aetolus, -a, -um [Ai'rajXos], adj.,
/Etolian (of ^tolia). — Plur., the
Aitolians (the people of the coun-
try).
aff-, see adf-.
Africanus, -a, -um [Africa- +
nus], adj., of Africa, African : hel-
ium (of various wars, esp. one
fought by Pompey against Do-
mitius, a partisan of Marius, in B.C.
81). — Esp., as surname of various
Scipios, Africanus. — So, i . P.
Cornelius Scipio Africajms the
elder, proconsul B.C. 210, the con-
queror of Hannibal ; and 2. his
adopted grandson (son of /Emilius
Paullus) consul B.C. 147, the de-
stroyer of Carthage and Numantia.
Africus, -a, -um [Afro- (stem of
Afer) + cus], adj., of Africa. —
Africa, f. as subst., the country of
Africa. — Esp., in a limited sense,
the Roman province of that name,
including the territory of Carthage
and the regions to the west.
afuisse, afutiirus, see absum.
Agamemnon, -onis ['kyaij.^iji-
vuv], M., king of Mycenae, and
commander-in-chief of the Grecian
forces at Troy.
Agathocles, -is ['A7a^o/cX?7s], m.,
a tyrant of Syracuse (born B.C.
361) who long waged an active
warfare against Carthage.
age, see ago.
ager, agri [ag {drive ?) + rus ;
cf. Gr. dypos, Eng. acre], M., land
(cultivated), fields, country (op-
posed to city), territory (country),
cultivated lands, fields (as opposed
to woods) : fusi per agros (of rude
men) ; ubertas agrorum {of the
land, of the soil). — Esp., of the
possession of a particular city,
land, territory, country. A state
in ancient times consisted of a
fortified city or town (urbs, oppi-
dum), the dwelling-place or refuge
agito
16
agricola
of all the citizens, and the lands
cultivated by them around. Farms
in the modern fashion were not
common. — Cf. per agios atque
oppida civium Romanorum ; agar
Tauromenitanus ; ager Picenus et
Gallicus.
agito, -are, -avi, -atus [agito- (as
if stem of p.p. of ago)], i. v. a.,
drive, chase. — Hence, rouse., stir
up, excite, vex, trouble. — Fig., turn
over (in mind), propose, discuss,
purpose.
agnoscd, -noscere, -novl, -nitus
[ad-(g)nosco], 3. v. a., recognize (in
some relation to one's self; cf.
cognosco), recogftize as otters own,
claim, acknowledge.
ago, agere, egl, actus [ag], 3. v.
a. and n., drive (apparently from
behind; cf. duco, lead). — With a
wide range of meaning, do (esp. of
official business ; cf. conduct and
carry on), act, treat, disctiss, plead,
manage, conduct, carry on, take part
(in any business), deal with, take
up, handle, take action. — In many
phrases : cum aliquo bene [male]
agere, treat ojte well or /'// ; secum
praeclare agi {that he is lucky) ;
mecum male agitur, I fare hard ;
agam cum populo, lay before the
people, (of magistrates, who had
this right) ; agam in magistratu
{take up, deal with) ; non agam ob-
scure (/ will not treat the matter,
etc.) ; sic tecum agam {address,
deal with, plead with) ; ita quidam
agebat {represent, urge, argue) ;
agere causam {plead) ; ad agen-
dum, to plead the case ; res agetur
{be treated) ; locus amplissimus ad
agendum {for public business) ; ali-
quid agere, aim at sotncthing, work
for something : id actum est, this
is what was accomplished, this was
the end and aim ; quid agis ? what
are you doing ? what are you about ?
what are you aiming at ? quid gla-
dius agebat ? {ivhat was it doing ?) ;
nihil agere, accomplish nothijig,
also, be idle, do nothing purposely ;
magnae res aguntur, great interests
are at stake ; quid agitur, what is
the question ? res agitur, the ques-
tion is, also, the case is tried, the
cause is heard ; de quo nunc agi-
mus {is now in question) ; si mori-
bus ageret, if he should make it a
question of 771 orals ; actum est, //
is all over with us ; de vectigalibus
agitur, the revoiues are at stake ;
quid potest agi severius ? {how caji
the case be conducted, etc.) ; quae
turn agerentur, which were the7t
7i7ider discussion, goi/ig 07i ; nego-
tium meum ago, atte7id to my ow7i
interests ; festos dies {celebrate) ;
triumphum {e/ij'oy, celebrate); fun-
damenta {lay) ; gratias {f-eftder,
pay, express ; cf. habeo and refero) :
in crucem {drag, 7iail) ; age, age
vero, co77ie, cotne now, see, well.
agrarii, -orum [agro-], m. plur.,
agraria7i partisa7is.
agrestis, -e [unc. stem (from
agrS-) + tis ; cf. caelestis], adj.,
of the fields, 7-ustic. — Plur., rustics,
fa7'77iers. — Hence, barbarous, 7'ude,
clow7iish, boorish.
agricola, -ae [agio- + cola ; cf .
incola], m., a farmer.
agricultura
17
aliquis
agricultura (often as separate
words), -ae [agro-cultura or agri
cultura], F., land tillage, fartning.
Ahala, -ae [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., C. Servilius
Ahala, who, in B.C. 439, killed Sp.
Maelius on account of his popular-
ity and his good will to the lower
classes, shown by gifts of grain.
Aiax, -acis [Afas], m., Ajax, the
name of two heroes of the Trojan
war. — Esp., the more famous one,
son of Oileus, who contended with
Ulysses for the arms of Achilles,
and was the subject of many liter-
ary and artistic works. — Hence, of
a statue of him, as we say, " Pow-
ers' ' Eve.' "
aio [.''], 3- def. v. n., say, assert :
aiunt, they say, they tell its.
alacer, -cris, -ere [?], 2id]., active,
eagej; enej'getic, spirited.
Alba, -ae[fem. of albus {the white
town)], ¥., the name of several
cities in Italy. — Esp.: i. All>a
Fucensis, a city of the Marsi ; 2.
Alba Longa, the supposed mother
city of Rome.
Albanus, -a, -um [Alba- + nus],
adj.. of Alba, Albaft. — Neut. sing.,
Albanum, -1, an estate near Alba
(in which region many Romans had
country-seats), a7i Alban villa.
I alea, -ae [.^], f., a die (for play-
ing).— Also, dice (as a game).
I aleator, -oris [alea- + tor ; cf.
viator], m., a dicer, a gamester.
Alexander, -dri ['AXe'laj^Spos],
M., a common Greek name. — Esp.,
Alexander the Great, son of Philip
of Macedon.
Alexandria (-ea), -ae [ AXe^av-
bpeta], v., any one of several
towns named after Alexander the
Great. — Esp., the famous city
built by Alexander on the coast
of Egypt.
alienigena, -ae [alieno-tgena
(gen- -fa; cf. incola)], m., a for-
eigner, foreign-borji.
alieno, -are, -avi, -atus [alieno-],
I. V. a., make anothe7'''s. — Also,
make strange, estrange, alienate.
alienus, -a, -um [unc. stem akin
to alius (prob. imitated from verb-
stems of second conjugation) +
nus; cf. egenus], adj., another'' s,
of others, others\ other people's :
pecuniae ; misericordia ; in alieno,
on another's land. — Hence, strange,
foreign, estranged, unfavorable (cf.
suus), foreign to the purpose : tem-
pus ; eiectus ad alienos (strangers) ;
iter [out of one's way). — Superb
as subst., a perfect strajiger.
alio [abl. of alius], adv., else-
whither, elsewhere (of end of
motion).
aliquando [unc. form; cf. quando
and aliquis], adv., at some time. —
Emphatically, at last (at some time,
though not before).
aliquanto, see aliquantus.
aliquantus, -a, -um [ali- (re-
duced stem of alius) quantus (cf.
aliquis)], adj., considerable. — Neut.
as subst., a good deal, a considerable
part. — aliquanto (as abl. of meas-
ure), by cofisiderable, considerably.
aliquis (-qui), -qua, -quid (quod),
[ali- (reduced stem of alius) quis],
pron. (more forcible than quis ; not
aliquo
8
alter
definite, like quidam ; not univer-
sal, like quisquam), some, some or
other, any. — Emphatic, some (con-
siderable), a)ty (important). — As
subst., some one, any one, some-
thing, anything. — Also, rarely,
almost if not quite equal to quis
alius (cf. derivation), so7ne other ;
abire in aliquas terras, Cat. 1. 8, 20.
aliquo [abl. of aliquis], adv.,
somewhither, someivhere (in sense
of whither).
aliquot [ali- (reduced stem of
alius) quot], pron. indecl., several,
some (more than one, but not con-
ceived as many), several persons.
aliquotiens [ali- (reduced stem
of alius) quotiens], adv., several
times, a member of times.
aliter [ali- (reduced stem of
alius) + ter; cf. acriter], adv.,
otherwise, differently : longe aliter
est, the case is far otherwise.
aliunde [ali-unde; cf. aliquis],
adv., from another quarter, from
elsewhere, from some other quarter.
alius, -a, -ud, gen. -lus [unc. root
(cf. else) + ius (va)], pron. adj.,
attother (any one, not all), other,
different, else, another (of the sec-
ond of three or more). — Repeated
(either in separate clauses or in
S2ime), one . . . another, one another,
one one {thing) . . . another another,
some . . . others : alius alia causa
inlata, alleging different reasons ;
alius ex alio, from different, etc.,
one from one, another from att-
other ; alius atque, see atque.
allatus, see adfero.
allego, see adlego.
allicio, see adlicio.
allino, see adlino.
Allobrox, -ogis [Celtic], m., one
of the Allobroges. — Plur., the Al-
lobroges, the tribe of Gauls living
in Dauphiny or Savoy, about the
upper waters of the Rhone, subdued
in B.C. 121 by Fabius Maximus.
alluo, see adluo.
alo, alere, aluT, altus [al ; cf.
adolesco], 3. v. a., cause to grow,
feed, nurse, support (supply with
food), foster, raise (of animals). —
Fig., foster, fo77ient, feed, increase :
haec studia adulescentiam {are the
food of).
Alpes, -ium [alp (Celtic form
of albh; cf. albus) -f is], f. plur.,
the Alps, more or less loosely used
of the whole mass of mountains
between Italy (Cisalpine Gaul),
Gaul, and Germany.
Alsiensis, -e [Alsio- + ensis],
adj., of Alsium. — As sul)st., a
villa near Alsium, a town on the
coast of Etruria.
altaria, -ium [? alto- -f aris], n.
plur., the temporary structure on
the altar for burning the victim (?).
— Less exactly, an altar.
alte [old abl. of altus], adv.,
high, deeply, deep : altius adspicere,
look higher, look farther.
alter, -era, -erum, gen. -lus [al-
(in alius) -f ter (for -terus, com-
par. suffix)], pron. adj., the other
(of two), one (of two) : alter
ambove, one or both. — Plur., the
other party. — Repeated (cf. alius),
one the other, one another (of two),
07te . . . the other. — Plur., one
alternus
19
Amisus
party . . . the other. — Also, the
second, another (the second of
three): centesima et altera, ////;/-
dred and second. — Also (esp. with
negatives), a ji other (besides one's
self, where all are conceived as two
parties, one's self and all the rest).
alternus, -a, -um [alter- (as stem)
+ nus], adj., alternate, reciprocal,
mutual, alteriiating : versus {every
second).
alteniter [alter-uter; cf. ali-
quis], -tra, -trum, gen. -trius, pron.
adj., one of the two, one or the other.
alius, -a, -um [p.p. of alo as
adj.], high. — From another point
of view, deep. — Neut. as subst.,
the sea, the deep : in alto, in deep
7vater, on the sea.
alumnus, -T [alo- (stem of alo)
+ mnus (cf. -ixevos}), the fostered^,
M., rt foster child, a nursling.
alveolus, -T [alveo- + lus], m., a
little basiji. — Esp., a dice box, the
dice box (as a symbol of gaming).
amabilis, -e [ama- 4- bills], adj.,
loxutble, attractive.
amans, see amo.
amb- [akin to ambo, a.[i.(p'C\, prep,
only in comp., about.
ambitio, -on is [amb-titio ; cf.
ambio], f., {a going round). — Esp.,
to canvass for office, a canvassing.
— Hence, ambition.
ambitus, -us [amb-itus ; cf. am-
bio], M., {a going round). — Esp.,
to canvass (cf. ambitio), but only
of illegal means of canvassing,
bribery (at elections), iinlawful
canvas si?ig : de ambitu, on a charge
of this crime.
ambo, -ae, -o, -orum [akin to
amb-], num. adj., both (together;
cf. uterque, both separately).
amburo, -urere, -ussT, -ustus
[amb-uro], 3. v. a., burn around,
scorch, half burn.
amens, -entis [ab-mens], adj., ,
{having the fnind away), mad,
crazy, insane : audacissimus atque
amentissimus, of the greatest reck-
lessness and madness.
amentia, -ae [ament- -\- ia], f.,
madness, frenzy, (mad) folly, in-
sanity.
Ameria, -ae [}], v., an old city of
Umbria, about fifty miles up the
Tiber from Rome, now Amelia,
but only a ruin.
Amerinus, -a, -um [Ameria- (re-
duced) + inus], adj., of Ameria.- —
Masc. plur., the people of' Ameria.
amicio, -icTre, -icuT (-ixi), -ictus
[amb-iacio], 4. v. a., throtv round
(of clothing), wrap about. — Also,
with object of the person, wrap,
throw around, clothe (with outside
garments) : velis amicti non togis.
amicitia, -ae [amico- + tia], f.,
friendship, friendly relations, alli-
ance (opposed to hospitium, which
see), personal friendship.
amicus, -a, -um [unc. stem from
AM (in amo) -f cus ; cf. pudicus, po-
sticus], ■A.fS.]., friendly, well-disposed.
— Masc, as subst., a friend, an
ally.
amissus, see amitto.
Amisus, -1 [.''], F., an important
commercial city of Pontus, on the
Sinus Amisenus, a bay of the
Euxine.
20
Ancharius
amitto, -mittere, -misl, -missus
[ab-mitto], 3. v. a., let go (away),
let slip, let pass. — Hence, lose
(esp. of military losses) : classes
amissae et perditae {lost, by negli-
gence, and ricified, by misdoing).
am5, -are, -avi, -atus [?], i. v. a.
and n., love. — amans, -antis, p. as
2id].,foncl.
amoenitas, -atis [amoeno- -f tas],
F., beauty (as of scenery and the
like), beautiful scenery, loveliness
(only of things pleasant to the
eye).
amor, -oris [am (in amo) + or
(for -os)], iM., love, affection. —
Also, toward \}Li\\\^%, fondness f 07-,
delight in.
ample [old abl. of amplus], adv.,
widely, largely. — amplius,compar.,
farther, more, longer : quid vis am-
plius (in such cases it may be re-
garded either as adj. or adv., see
amplus).
amplector, -plecti, -plexus [amb-
plecto], 3. V. dep., {twine around).
* — Hence, embrace, hold in one's
arms. — Fig., include, contain. —
P^'io, favor, court the favor of.
amplexor, -arl, -atus [amplexo-,
stem of p.p. of amplector], i. v.
dep., embrace.
amplifico, -are, -avT, -atus [am-
plifies-), I. V. a., increase, enlarge,
extend, heighten, niag)iify.
amplitude, -inis [amplo- -f tudo],
F., size, extent, great^iess. — Esp.,
of station or fame, greatness,
dig?iity, position, prominence.
amplus, -a, -um [.', perh. amb -f
stem akin to plus, planus], adj.
Of size and extent, lit and fig.,
large, wide, great, grand : curia. —
Esp., prominetit, of consequence,
splendid, noble, distinguished, glo-
rious : praemia {lavish, valuable) ;
fortunae ; patrui amplissimi {most
distinguished) ; homo {great) ; am-
plum et praeclarum, a great and
glorious thifig ; munus {noble);
locus ad agendum {honorable) ; fruc-
tus {splendid, valuable) ; magnum
aut amplum cogitare, have a great
or noble thought ; beneficia amplis-
sima {highest) ; verba amplissima,
strongest tertn s ; laus amplior
{higher). — amplius, neut. compar.
as subst. or adv. (see ample) (cf.
plus), more, a greater number,
further, besides.
an [.'], conj. introducing the sec-
ond member of a double question,
or, or rather: ab eone an ab eis
qui, etc. ; Gabinio anne Pompeio {or).
— Often with the first member
only implied, or, (is it not so .-* ) or,
(as an impossible alternative) or:
utrum ... an, whether . . . or. —
Esp., baud scio an,nescio an, I know
not but, I a?n inclined to think, it
may be, probably, perhaps, very
likely. — an vero, see vero.
anceps, -cipitis [amb-caput],
adj., {having a head on both sides),
double-headed. — Less exactly, two-
fold, double : contentio (i.e. with
two foes). — Hence, doubtful : for-
tuna (as looking both ways, and
hence undecided).
Ancharius, -1 [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., Q. Ancharius,
a friend of Cicero.
ancilla
21
ancilla, -ae [anculo- (anco- + lus)
+ la], F., a 7naid-scrva}it, a hand-
77 1 aid.
andabata, -ae [?], m., a hlijid-
folded gladiator, whose helmet was
without holes for the eyes.
angiportus, -iis (and -i) [tango-
(ang + us) + portus], M., a la7ie,
a 7tarrow alley.
ango, angere, anxi, no p.p. [ang ;
cf. anxius, angustus], 3. v. a., thi-ot-
tU. — Fig., distress, 7nake a7ixioiis :
V3hementer angebar, / was 771 ucA
distressed; tot curis vigiliisque
angi (distress 07ie's self).
anguis, -is [ang (cf. ango) +
is], M. and F., a serpent.
angulus, -T [tango- (cf. angi-
portus) + lus], jM., a cor7ier, an
angle.
angustiae, -arum [angusto- -f
ia], F. plur., 7ia7'rows, stratts :
Ponti (i.e. the Dardanelles). —
Fig., straits (cf. " in a tight place "),
7iarrow bounds.
angustus, -a, -um [angor (for
angos) + tus], adj., narrozv, con-
fi)ied : angustiora castra {less ex-
tensive) ; montes {eo7tJitti7ig, by
7vhieh 07ie is he77i7)ied /«). — Fig.,
animus {iiarrozv, S77iall).
anhelo, -are, -avi, -atus [amb(?)-
halo], I. V. a. and n., pant, breathe
heavily, breathe (with force).
anima, -ae [ani- (treated as root,
fr. an, blow) + ma (fern, of -mus) ;
cf. animus], f., breath. — Hence,
soul, life : liberorum anima {the
lives); as term of endearment,
darli7tg. — Plur., the soul (of man,
abstractly).
animadversio, -onis [animo- (?)
adversio ; cf. animadverto] , F., a
7totici7ig, attentio7t (to a thing). —
Hence, pU7tish7nent.
animadverto, -vertere, -vertT,
-versus (also animum adverto un-
contracted) [animum adverto], 3.
V. a., tur7i the nmid to, atte7td to:
in aliquem {puiiish, cf. the domes-
tic " attend to " ). — - Less exactly,
observe, 7iotice, I ear 71.
animosus, -a, -um [animo- -f
osus], adj., spirited, courageous.
animus, -1 [ani- (stem as root,
fr. an, blow) -f mus ; cf. dve/xos,
wi/id], M., breath, life, soul (vital).
— Usually (the above meanings
being appropriated to anima, which
see), soul (as thinking, feeling),
heart, 77ii7id, feeli7igs, feeli7ig, intel-
lect (but cf. mens), spirit, passio7i,
desire: concitatio animorum {feel-
ings) ; animi ad causam excitati ;
animum vincere {passio7is) ; ani-
morum motus, the activity of the
i/itellect ; magnus animus, a great
soul, a man of great soul ; animo
meliore, better disposed ; quo ani-
mum intendit, at what is he aimi7ig?
animis providere, a7iticipate, provide
in thought ; cerno animo (/'« 7ny
mi7td''s eye) ; bono animo, with good
i7ite7tt ; virtutes animi, moral vir-
tues. — Also (in a good sense, often
in plur.), spirit, co7ista7icy, courage,
resolutio7i : opes animique, re-
sources and spirit. — Also : animus
magnus, courage, 7nag7ianimity,
lofty spirit : animi magnitudo, lofty
spirit. — Esp. (as directly opposed to
mens, which see), the t/ioral po7vers.
annalis
22
Antiochia
will, desires, affections, etc., the
heart, the feelings, the disposition :
animus et mens, heart and mind ;
ex animi mei sensu {the feelings of
my heart). — Also, fig., of a person
beloved, dear one, darling : duabus
animis suis. For animus aequus,
see aequus ; for animum advertere,
see animadverto.
annalis, -e [anno- + alis], adj.,
yearly. — As subst. (sc. libri), an-
nals (books of history arranged in
years), history.
Annius, -T [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp. : i. T. An-
nius Milo, a supporter of Cicero,
defended by him in the oration
pro Alilone ; 2. Q. Annius Chilo,
a fellow-conspirator with Cati-
line,
anniversarius, -a, -urn [anni-
verso- + arius], 2id]., yearly, rettirn-
ing every year.
annona, -ae [stem akin to annus
-f na ; cf. colonus, Pomona], f.,
grain crop (of the year). — Hence,
grain market, price of grain : vili-
tas annonae, cheapness of grain ;
annonam levare, relieve the 7narket,
loiver the price of grain.
annus, -T [?], m., a year (as a
point of time, or as the course of
the year, or as a period).
ansa, -ae [?], f., a handle. —
Also, fig., sermones ansas dabant
{handles, to get hold of).
ante [old antid, abl. of tanti-
(cf. post and postis)], adv., before
(of place and time), /;/ front, in
advance, beforehand, first (before
something else) : ante quam, earlier
than, before, zintil, etc. ; paulo ante,
a little while ago ; multis ante
annis, many years ago ; iam ante,
already before, already. — Prep,
with ace, before (of place or time),
/// advance of, iji frofit of. — In
dates: ante diem (a. d.) {on such
a day before) ; ante diem xii Kal.
Nov., Oct. 2ist. — In comp., before
(of place, time, and succession).
antea [ante ea (prob. abl. or
instr. ; cf. ea, qua)], adv. (of time),
before, previously, once, formerly,
hitherto, ofice.
antecello, -ere, no perf., no p.p.
[ante-cello], 3. v. n., surpass, excel.
antefero, -ferre, -tulT, -latus
[ante-fero], irr, v, a., place in ad-
vance, prefer. — Pass., b>e preferred,
be t lie first, have the superiority.
antelticanus, -a, -um [ante-luc /'
+ anus], adj., before the light: '
cenae [late, prolonged till dawn).
antepono, -ponere, -posuT, -posi-
tus [ante-pono], 3. v. a., place -in
advajice (cf, antefero), think of
viore importance, prefer, place be-
fore, value more highly.
antequam, see ante.
antestor, -arl, -at us [amb (.^)
-testor], I. V. dtp., call to witness,
appeal to.
anteverto, -vertere, -vertl, -versus
[ante-verto] , 3. v. a., turn in front
(cf, antepono), prefer. — Also, aji-
ticipate, get in advance of.
Antiochia (-ea),-ae ['Airioxeta],
F., the name of several ancient
cities of the East. — Esp., Antioch,
a city of Syria founded by the son
of- Antiochus,
Antiochus
23
Appius
Antiochus, -I ['AutIoxos], m.,
the name of several Eastern poten-
tates. — Esp., Anfioc/ius the Gi-eat,
king of Syria, who had a long con-
test with the Romans and their
allies for supremacy in the East,
but was conquered in B.C. 190 by
the Scipios.
antiquitas, -atis [antique- + tas],
F., antiquity, ancient times.
antiquus, -a, -um [tanti- (cf.
ante) + cus (cf. posticus)], adj.,
old (existing from early times, not
so much in reference to present
age as to former origin ; cf. vetus),
ancient. — Less exactly, foi'}?ier :
status (of a state that had existed
only three years before, but was of
great antiquity previous to that) ;
ilia antiqua, those ancient examples ;
antiqui, the ancients. — Hence, of
the old stamp, old fashioned : homi-
nes (of men still living).
Antium, -I \^'kvrLov\, n., an
ancient town of Latium, not far
from the coast, now Porto d'' Anzio.
Antonius, -I \)\ im., a Roman
family name. — Esp.: i. Marcus
(Mark Antony), the famous trium-
vir ; also, 2. his brother, Lucius,
consul B.C. 41.
anulus (ann-), T [ano- + lus],
M., a ring.
Ap., al)breviation for Appius.
Apelles, -is ['ATreXX^s], M., a
famous Greek painter in the time
of Alexander the Great.
Apenninus, -I [Celtic], m., the
Apennines, the great range of
mountains which forms the back-
bone of Italv.
aperi5, -perire, -peruT, -pertus
[ab-pario {get off) ; cf. operio, cover'],
4. v. a., uncover, open. — Fig., dis-
close, open, lay bare, lay open. —
apertus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., open,
exposed, uncovered, nnobstrticted,
jinprotected, without concealment.
aperte [old abl. of apertus],
adv., openly, unreservedly, rvithcut
concealment, plainly, clearly.
Apinius, -1 [?], m., a Romcri
gentile name. — Esp., P. Apinius,
a young man robbed by Claudius.
Apollo, -inis [?], M., the son of Ju-
piter and Latona and twin brother
of Diana, god of the sun, of divi-
nation, of poetry and music, and
president of the Muses. He was
also god of archery, of pestilence,
and, on the other hand, of heal-
ing. He is identified by Casarwith
some Celtic divinity.
apparatus, see adparatus.
appareo, see adpareo.
apparo, see adparo.
appello, see adpello.
appendo, see adpendo.
appeto, see adpeto.
Appius, -a -um [Appius deck as
adj.], adj., Appian, of Appius. —
Esp., referring to Appius Claudius
Civcus : via (the road from Ron e
to Capua made by him); App'a
(without via), in same sense. —
Appi Forum, a small market-town
in Latium on the Via Appia, now
Poro Appio.
Appius, -I [.^ prop, adj.], M.,
a Roman first name. — Esp.: i.
Appius Claudijis, consul T5.C. 54 ;
2. Appius Claudius, nephew of
applied
Archilochius
P. Clodius, and one of Milo's
accusers ; 3. a brother of Clodius.
applico, see adplico.
appono, see adpono.
apport5, see adporto.
approbo, see adprobo.
appromitto, see adpromitto.
appropero, see adpropero.
appropinquo, see adpropinquo.
aptus, -a, -um [ap (in apiscor)
+ tus], adj., {fitted to), suited,
adapted, fit, apt.
apud [akin to ab and airo], prep,
with ace, at, among, with, before, on
one^s part, in relation to (a person),
in one^s house {covipany, possession),
ajHOjig: apud Tenedum ; adversa-
rios (i.e. in their ranks); inlustre
apud omnis nomen (i.vith, among);
apud vos in honore {-with, a7nong);
populum Romanum et exteras nati-
ones ; apud Laecam {at the house of).
Apuleius, -i [Apulo- + eius?],
M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp.,
P. Apuleius, a tribune of the people
who supported the cause of the
senate against x^ntony.
Apulia, -ae [Apulo- + la (fern, of
-ius)], F., that part of Italy east of
Campania and Samnium and north
of Lucania, famous chiefly for its
pastures.
aqua, -ae [.^], f., water, a water-
course : aqua atque igni interdicere
(a form of banishment among the
Romans).
aquila, -ae [fern, of aquilus, darh
gray, perh. remotely akin to aqua],
F., an eagle. — Esp., the standard of
the Roman legion, consisting of an
eagle on a staff.
ara, -ae [?], F., an altar.
arator, -oris [ara- -f tor], m., a
ploughmati. — Also, a latidholder
(a person who cultivated the pub-
lic lands, paying tithes for the
privilege).
arbiter, -tri [ad-tbiter (bi, in
bito, -f trus ; cf. -trum)], m., a wit-
ness. — Less exactly, a referee, an
arbitrator.
arbitratus, -us [arbitra- + tus],
M., a decision: arbitratu eius, at
his bidding. — Also, will, pleasure,
choice : arbitratu meo.
arbitrium, -T [arbitro- + ium ;
cf. iudicium], N., judginent, will,
bidding, pleastire (what one sees fit
to do or have done) : ad arbitrium.
arbitror, -arl, -atus [arbitro-],
I. V. dep., fudge, think, suppose
(judge).
arbor, -oris [?], f., a tree.
area, -ae [arc- (in arceo) + a],
F., a chest, a box, a cell.
arceo, arce re, arcuT,arctus [tarco-
(stem akin to area)], 2. v. a., con-
fine. — Hence, by a change of the
point of view, keep off, prevent, drive
azoay : a templis homines {defend
from).
arcesso, -ere, -TvT, -Ttus [akin
to accedo, but the exact relation
uncertain], 3. v. a., siimmon, invite,
sold for (persons), call in.
Archias, -ae ['Apxt'as], m., a poet
of Greek extraction, whose claim
to citizenship Cicero defended in a
famous oration.
Archilochius, -a, -um [Archilocho-
-f ius], adj., of Archilochus, Archi-
lochian. — Fig., severe, acrimonious.
Archimedes
25
Armenius
Archimedes, -is ['Apx'M^S'?^])
M., the famous mathematician of
Syracuse, by whose assistance that
city was long defended against the
Romans.
architectus, -I [prob. corruption
of dpx'-'reKTLbi'], M., an architect, a
builder.
arcus, -us [?], M., a Innv.
ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus [prob.
arido-j cf. ardifer], 2. v. n., he hot,
be in a blaze, be on fire. — Fig., be
excited, he in a blaze, hum, flash
fire (of the eyes). — ardens, -entis,
p. as adj., red hot, blazing, flash-
ing.
ardor, -oris [ard (in ardeo) -f or],
M., « blaze, heat, flre : caeli {a blaz-
ing sky). — Yig., fire, fijiry : animo-
rumet armorum {fire of passion ajid
fury of arms); animi {excitement).
Arethiisa, -ae [^kpedovaa], f., a
celebrated fountain near Syracuse.
argentarius, -a, -um [argento-
+ arius], adj. Fem. as subst. (sc.
res), money business, banking busi-
ness.— Masc. as subst., a banker, a
m oney -changer.
argenteus, -a, -um [argento- +
eus], adj., of silver, silver (as adj.).
argentum, -1 [akin to arguo], n.,
{the shining metal), silver (the
metal). — Also, of things made of
the metal, silverware, silver.
argumentor, -arl, -atus [argu-
mento-], i. v. dep., argue, reason.
argumentum, -I [argu- (as if
stem of arguo) + mentum], n., an
argument, a proof (drawn from rea-
soning, as opposed to witnesses),
an iftferettce, a subject (in art).
arguo, arguere, arguT, argutus
[prob. targu- (stem akin to Argus
and argentum) -f io (.'')], 3. v. a.,
make clear, prove. — Esp., accuse
(prove guilty), charge.
Aricia, -ae [.-*], f., a town of
Latium on the Appian Way, at the
foot of the x^lban Mount, now Ric-
cia. Near l)y was a famous temple
of Diana.
aridus, -a, -um [taro- (cf. areo)
+ dus], adj., dry. — Less exactly,
meagre : victus.
Ariobarzanes, -is [Persian], m.,
a name of several Persian mon-
archs. — ^ Esp., a king of Cappa-
docia, established on his throne by
the Romans, several times driven
out by Mithridates and Tigranes,
and finally restored by Pompey,
B.C. 65.
Aristaeus, -T [ 'Apto-raTos], m., an
old divinity of Greece, patron of
pasturage, bee-keeping, and oil-cul-
ture; cf. Virg. Georg. iv. 315 et seq.
arma, -5rum [ar, fit (cf. armus,
the shoulder-joint) -f mus], N. plur.,
tools, esp. arfus, equipmetit. —
Fig., arms (as symbol of war),
war, conflict, forces : isdem in armis
fui {oti the safue side, in a civil war);
tua quid arma voluerunt {your
ar?)i ed ca7?ipaig)i ) .
armattira, -ae [arma- (stem of
armo) + tura], v.,armor,equipment.
armatus, -a, -um, see armo.
Armenius, -a, -um [jXpixevLa
treated as adj.], di.d]., of Armenia
(the whole country south of Pon-
tus and Colchis, west of the river
Araxes and the Caspian mountains.
26
Atilius
east of Cappadocia, north of the
Niphates mountains). — Also,
used of Lesser Armenia, the part
west of the Euphrates. — Masc.
plur. as subst., the Armenians^
inhabitants of the countiy.
armo, -are, -avT, -at us [anno-,
stem of arma], i. v. a., eqicip, fur-
nish with weapons, arm. — Pass.,
in middle sense, arm (one's self).
^armatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
armed, in arms, equipped ; masc.
plur. as subst., armed ?nen.
arripio, see adripio.
Arrius, -i [.-'], m., a Roman gen-
tile name. — Esp., Q. Arriiis, a
friend of Cicero.
arroganter, see adroganter.
arrogo, see adrogo.
ars, artis [ar -f tis (reduced)],
F., skill, art. — Also, a quality
(especially a good one). — Plur.,
the arts, the useful arts, branches
of learnijig, branches (of learning,
implied).
artifex, -icis [arti-tfex (fac as
stem)], M. and F., an artist.
artificium, -T [artific- (stem of
artifex) + ium], n., workmanship,
skill (of an artist), a skilful contriv-
ance, an artifice, a trick. — Also, a
trade (opposed to ars, a higher
art). — Concretely, a work of art :
opera atque artificia.
arx, arcis [arc (in arceo, area)
-f is (reduced)], f., a stronghold,
a fortress, a citadel.
ascendo, see adscendo.
ascensus, see adscensus.
ascisco, see adscisco.
ascribo, see adscribo.
Asia, -ae ['Ao-t'a], f., the country
now called Asia Minor. — Esp.,
the Roman province of Asia, em-
bracing Phrygia, Caria, Mysia, and
Lydia.
Asiaticus, -a, -um [Asia- + ti-
cus], adj., of Asia, Asiatic: pecu-
niae {in Asia, i.e. invested there).
aspectus, see adspectus.
aspere [old abl. of asper], adv.,
roughly.
aspernor, -arl, -atus [tasperno-,
stem akin to ab-spemo], i. v. dep.,
spur/i.
aspicio, see adspicio.
asporto, -are, -avi, -atus [abs-
porto], I . V. a., carry off", carry away.
assidue, see adsidue.
assiduitas, see adsiduitas.
assiduus, see adsiduus.
assuefacio, see adsuefacio.
astrum, -T [aarpovl, X., a star, a
constellation. — Less exactly (in
plur.), heaven, the skies, on high :
deciderat ex astris.
astutus, -a, -um [astu- + tus ;
cf. barbatus], adj., cunning, crafty,
astute.
at [prob. form of ad], conj., but,
at least. — See also enim and vero.
Athenae, -arum ['A^-^j^at], f.
plur.. Athens.
Atheniensis, -e [Athena- -f en-
sis], adj., of Athens, Athenian.—
Plur., the Athenians.
athleta, -ae {aQX-qr -}]%], m., a
wrestler, an athlete.
Atilius, -1 [.'], M., a Roman gen-
tile name. — Esp.: i. M. Atilius,
a Roman who, as iudex, was
found guilty of receiving bribes;
atque
27
auctionarius
2. Atilins CiaviiDiiis, a tribune of
the people at the time of Cicero's
recall.
atque (ac) [ad-que], conj., and
(generally introducing some more
important idea), and even, andespc-
liiilly, and further, and ?noreover,
and Jioiv. — Also, as, than : par
atque, the same as ; simul atque,
as soon as ; similis atque,/« j-^ like ;
aliter ac, otherwise than, di/feretit
from what, etc. ; contra atque, dif-
ferent from, etc. ; atque adeo, and
even, and in fact, or rather ; pro
eo ac, according as; perinde ac,
just as.
atqui [at-qui (old abl. or instr.)],
conj., {di/t somehow F), but yet, but,
still, now.
atrium, -T [?, atro- + ium], n.,
the atrium [the hall of a Roman
house). — Also, a hall (of a temple,
prob. made in the fashion of a
house).
atrocitas, -atis [atroci- (as if
stem of atrox) + tas], f., cruelty :
animi [savage disposition). — Also,
of things, atrocity, enormity.
atrociter [atroci- + ter], adv.;
savagely, cruelly: aliquid atrociter
fieri {some atrocious crueltyi); nimis
atrociter minitans {too violently) ;
atrociter ferre {pass a cruel larv).
atrox, -ocis [stem akin to ater -|-
cus ; cf. colonus, aegrotus, and ve-
rax], adj., savage, cruel. — Also,
of things, atrocious, cruel, inhu-
man, monstrous.
attendo (adt-), -tendere, -tend!,
-tentus [ad-tendo], 3. v. a. and n.,
{stretch towards). — Esd., with ani-
mum, tur}i the attention to, attend
to, attend. — Also, without animum,
attend, notice : ecquid attendis, (// c-
you paying any attention ? me tarn
diligenter {listen to) ; parum atten-
ditis, you are too careless. — atten-
tus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., attentive.
attenuo (adt-), -are, -avi, -atus
[ad-tenuo], i. v. a., thin out. — Fig.,
lessen, diminish, reduce.
attineo (adt-), -tinere, -tinuT,
-tentus [ad-teneo], z. v. a. and n.,
hold out towards. — Esp., reach,
touch, have to do with, make a dif-
ference, be of importance : nihil
attinet, it is useless, unnecessary.
attingo [adt-], -tingere, -tigi,
-tactus [ad-tango], 3. v. a. and n.,
touch, reach, affect, set foot on, have
to do with, come in contact with :
auctoritatem {aspire to) ; Cimbricas
res {touch upon in literary compo-
sition).
Attius, -T [Atto- -f ius], m.,' a
Roman gentile name. — Esp., P.
Attius Vartis, praetor in Africa
in the war between Caesar and
Pompey.
attraho (adt-), -trahere, -traxT,
-tractus [ad-traho], 3. v. a., dratv
to, attract. — Fig., draw, allure :
te Romam.
attribuo (adt-), -tribuere, -tribuT,
-tributus [ad-tribuo], 3. v. a., assign,
appropriate.
attuli, see adfero.
auctio, -onis [aug (as root) -f
tio], F., an ijtcrease. — Hence, {a
raising of bids), ati auction.
auctionarius, -a, -um [auction-
+ arius], adj , of an auction, by
auctor
28
Aurelius
auction : tabulae novae {liquidation
by forced sale).
auctor, -oris [aug (in augeo) +
tor], M., a voucher (for any act or
statement), an authority, an ad-
viser : sceleris {leader') ; auctor
esse, approve, advise; auctore
populo {jvith the approval of, sup-
ported />y) ; pads (counsellors).
auctoritas, -atis [auctor- (as if
i-stem) + tas], f., infljiejice, pres-
tige, authority (not political nor
military, cf. imperium and potestas,
but proceeding from official char-
acter). — Concretely, an expres-
sion of opinion (as an authority):
cum publicis auctoritatibus, jvith
official expressions of opinion, on
the authority of the state or
city; summa cum auctoritate, with
the greatest effect : circumstant te
summae auctoritates {the strong-
est influences) ; auctoritates con-
trarias {weighty opinions, etc.) ;
auctoritas et gratia, prestige from
official character, and infltioice
from private friendship and the
like. — In technical phrase, sena-
tus {the expressed opinion, having
no legal binding force, but car-
rying weight from its official char-
acter).
aucupor, -ari, -atus [aucup-], i.
V. dep., hunt birds. — Fig., search
out, hunt for, watch for.
audacia, -ae [audac- -f ia], f.,
daring, boldness, effrontery, reck-
lessness, reckless daring, deeds of
daring, desperate undertaking.
audax, -acis [auda- (as if stem
of audeo) -\- cus (reduced)], adj..
daring (in a bad sense), reckless,
bold, desperate.
audeo, audere, ausus sum [prob.
avido-, stem of avidus], 2. v. a.
and n., dare, venture, risk, dare
to try (or do). — ausus, -a, -um,
p.p. in pres. sense, daring.
audio, -ire, -ivi, -Ttus [prob. akin
to aurisj, 4. v. a., hear, hear of,
listen to : audita dico {what I have
heard)', multis audientibus {in the
hearing of, etc.).
aufer5, auferre, abstull, ablatus
[ab-fero], irr. v. a., carry off, carry
azvay, renioz'e, take aivay.
augeo, augere, auxl, auctus
[AUG (causative or fr. unc. noun-
stem)], 2. V. a., increase, viagfiify,
enhance, add to (something). —
Pass., be increased, increase.
augur, -uris [?, avi- + unc. term.],
M., an augur (one of the official
soothsayers of the Roman state.
They formed a college which de-
cided all matters connected with the
pul^lic auspices, and these auspices
were very closely connected with
the Roman polity ; in fact, no im-
portant matter was ever begun
without first consulting them).
augustus, -a, -um [.?, perh. taugor-
(aug -f or) 4- tus, but the meaning
is somewhat inconsistent with this
etym.], adj., cojisecrated (either by
augury or perhaps with the same
sense that lies in auctor, auctoritas),
venerable, august.
Aulus, -T [?], M., a Roman prae-
nomen.
Aurelius, -T [for Auselius, akin
to aurum, Aurora, and uro], m.,
Aurelius
29
a Roman gentile name. — Esp.,
Lucius and Cams, friends of Cicero.
Aurelius, -a, -um [same word as
preceding, declined as adj.], adj., of
Aurelius, Aurclian : Forum Aure-
lium, a market town on the Aurc-
lian Waym. Etruria, about 50 miles
from Rome ; via (the old Aurclian
Way, the great military road lead-
ing from Rome along the coast of
Etruria); tribunal (a raised judg-
ment-seat near the east end of the
Forum).
aureus, -a, -um [auro- -f eus],
adj., of gold, golden, gold: nomen
{gilded, the name Chrysogonus,
gold-born').
auris, -is [akin to Eng. ear, stem
tauri-; cf. audio], f., an ear: adhi-
bere, dare {listening ears, attention).
aurum, -i [akin to uro], n., gold.
auspicium, -1 [auspic- + ium
(neut. of -ius)], N., an augury (an
observation of the omens), auspices
(in the plural).
aut [?, but cf. autem], conj., or
(regularly exclusive ; cf. vel). — Re-
peated, either . . . or.
autem [?, akin to aut], conj.,
lut (the weakest degree of opposi-
tion ; cf. sed), on the other hand,
however, then again, now (explana-
tory), again, whereas (in slight op-
position to something preceding),
and evoi (where not only has been
implied before).
auxilium, -T [tauxili- (akin to
augeo ; cf. fusilis) -f ium], n., assist-
ance, aid, remedy, relief, help: ferre
{to assist, to aid, to render assist-
ance) ; adventicia auxilia {reinforce-
fttents, etc.); omnium auxilia, the
aid of all ; summum omnium gen-
tium {source of help) ; auxilia soci-
orum, auxiliaries, reinforcements,
as opposed to the regular troops
of the Romans.
avaritia, -ae [avaro- + tia], f.,
greed, avarice, love of mojicy, greed
of gain.
avarus, -a, -um [tava- (stem
akin to aveo) + rus ; cf. gnarus],
3.(\]., greedy of gain, miserly, avari-
cious: homo avarissimus, a man
of the greatest greed, of the greatest
az'arice.
aveo, -ere, no peif., no p.p.
[prob. tavo- (av + us)], 2. v. a.,
desire, be eager.
aversus, -a, -um, see averto.
averto, -vertere, -verti, -versus
[ab-verto], 3. v. a., turn aside,
divert, turn away, avert: mentem
alicuius {deter). — aversus, -a, -um,
p.p.. as adj., averse to, ifidisposed to.
avide [old abl. of avidus], adv.,
greedily, eagerly, with eagerness,
7vith avidity.
avidus, -a; -um [tavo- (cf. aveo
and avarus) -f dus], adj., eager,
desirous.
avitus, -a, -um [avo- (as if avi-)
-f tus], adj., of one^s grandfather,
of one's aiicestors, ancestral.
avoco, -are, -avT, -atus [ab-voco],
I. V. a., call a7vay, call off.
avunculus, -I [avo- (as if avon-,
or perh. through it as intermediate
stem) + cuius], m., an uncle (on
the mother's side ; cf. patruus).
avus, -T [perh. akin to aveo], m.,
a grandfather.
bacchor
30
benignitas
B
bacchor, -an, -atus [Baccha-], i.
V. dep., join in a bacchanal 07'gy. —
Less exactly, rave, mn riot, revel.
Baliaricus (Bale-), -a, -um [Bale-
ari- + cus], adj., of the Balearic
isles. — Y.<.^., Baliaricus, as a Roman
surname applied to Ca^cilius Metel-
lus, who conquered these islands ;
cf. Africanus.
balneum, -I (plur., -ae or -a)
[corruption of BaXai/etoj^], N. and
F., a hath. — Plur., public baths.
barbaria, -ae [barbaro- + ia], f.,
savagenes's. — Also, a barbarous
nation ; cf. heathendom.
barbanis, -a, -um [prob. from
the inarticulate sound of foreign
speech], adj., strange, foreign, out-
landish.— Also, savage, uncivilized,
rude, barbarous, cruel. — Plur. as
subst., barbarians, barbarous people.
barbatus, -a, -um [barba- -f tus,
as if p.p. of denom. verb tbarbo ;
zi. bearded\ adj., bearded. — Esp.
oftheoldRomans,^,?araV<r/a«r/>;//j-,
unshaveJi old 7voi-thies.
basis, -is (-eos) [/Sdcrts], f., a
pedestal.
beatus, -a, -um [p.p. of beo],
adj., blessed, happy, fortunate. —
I'^sp. (in wealth), rich, well-to-do.
belle [old abl. of bellus], adv.,
prettily, neatly, finely, well, well
off.
bellicosus, -a, -um [bellico- +
osus], adj., warlike.
bellicus, -a, -um [bello- -f cus],
adj., of war, in war.
bello, -are, -avi, -atus [bello-],
I. V. w., fight, make war: bellandi
virtus, excellence in war.
bellum, -I [old duellum, from
duo ; (/ strife betweeti two], N., 7var
(as declared and regular ; cf. latro-
cinium), a 7var : bellum inferre,
j:iake war (offensive) ; parare bel-
lum, make zvarlike preparatiotts.
belua, -ae [.'], f., a wild beast. —
Fig., a brute, a monster, a wild beast.
bene [old abl. of bonus], adv.,
well : bene gerere rem {be successful
in, etc. ; see gero) ; ad res bene geren-
das, for success in great exploits ;
bene sanum, thoroughly soicnd ;
bene sperare, have good hope.
beneficium, -1 [benefico- (re-
duced) -f ium (but perh. bene-
ificium ; cf. officium)], n., well-
doitig, a service, a favor, often
rendered by Eng. plur., services,
favors shown, services rendered:
meo beneficio, thanks to me; in
beneficiis, among the beneficiaries.
— Esp., of the favors of the people
as shown by election to office :
vestrum ius beneficiumque, your
rights and favors conferred ; hoc
beneficium populi Romani, this favor
showji me by the Rotnan people.
beneficus, -a, -um [bene- + ficus
(fac + us)], adj., beneficent.
benevolentia, -ae [benevolent-
+ ia], v., good-will, kindness.
benevolus, -a, -um [bene-tvolus
(vol + us)], adj., well-wishing,
kindly.
benignitas, -atis [benigno- 4-
tas], F., kindness, favor.
bestia
31
bustum
bestia, -ae [?], f., a brute (as-
opposed to man ; cf. belua, a jnoii-
ster ox ferocious beast), a beast.
bibo, bibere, bibl, bibitus [?, pa
reduplicated], 3. v. a. and n., drink.
Bibulus, -1 [tbibo- + lus], m., a
Roman family name. — Esp., Mar-
cus Calpurnius Bibuhis, consul
with Cassar u.c. 59.
1 biduum, -T [tdvi-duum (akin to
dies)], N.,t7vo days^ time, tzvo days.
bini, -ae, -a [tdvi + nus], adj.
plur., two each, two sets of, two (of
things in pairs or sets).
bipartito [abl. of bipartitus],
adv., in tzuo diTisions.
bis [for dvis, unc. case-form of
duo; cf. cis, uls], adv., twice.
Bithynia, -ae [^lOvvLo], v., Bi-
thynia, part of Asia Minor on the
Propontis.
blandus, -a, -um [?], adj., coax-
ing, persuasive, fascinating.
bonitas, -atis [tbono- + tas],
F., goodness, kindness : praediorum
{ferti/ity).
bonus, -a, -um [?], adj., good :
bona ratio cum perdita, sound rea-
son with desperate counsels ; bono
animo esse, to be well disposed ;
optimum est, it is best; optimum
iudicium facere, express so high an
opinion ; Bona Dea (a goddess of
Rome worshipped by women in
secret); Optimus Maximus, official
title of Jupiter. — Neut. as subst.,
good, advantage : tantum boni, such
an advantage. — Plur., goods, prop-
erty, estate. — Masc. plur., good
men (esp. of the better class of
citizens), honest men, good citizens.
Bosporanus, -a, -um [Bosporo-
-f anus], adj., of Bosporus. — Plur.,
the people of Bosporus.
brevis, -e [for tbregus, iiRA(;ii
+ us], adj., short (of space or
time), brief.
brevitas, -atis [tbrevi- -f tas],
F., shortness.
breviter [tbrevi- -f ter], adv.,
briejly.
Brocchus, -I [?], m., Roman
name. — Esp., Titus Brocchus, an
uncle of Ligarius.
BrundUsinus, -a, -um [Brundu-
sio- -f inus], adj., of Brundusiufn.
— Plur., the people of Brundusiufu.
Brundusium (Brundis-), -I [.^],
N., a port of Apulia, now Brindisi.
Brutus, -I [brutus, heavy^ m.,
a family name at Rome. — Esp. :
1. Marcus Junius Brutus, one of
Csesar's assassins ; see below.
2. Decimus Junius Brutus Albi-
nus, a legatus of Ceesar. He dis-
tinguished himself in command of
C Cesar's fleet off the coast of Gaul,
and afterwards in the civil war on
the side of Caesar. But he joined
the conspiracy against Cassar with
Marcus Brutus, and was one of
Caesar's assassins. He was after-
wards killed in Gaul by order of
Antony. 3. Decim2is Junius Brti-
tus, consul B.C. 138, conqueror of
Lusitania.
bucula, -ae [bovi- -f cula], p., a
heifer.
bulla, -ae [?], p., a bubble. —
Also, a knob, a boss.
bustum, -i [.^ perh. neut. p.p. of
buro (cf. comburo)], n., a totnb.
32
Caesonius
C, numeral for lOO.
C., abbreviation for Gaius, usu-
ally called in Eng. Cains.
cadaver, -eris [?, unc. form., akin
to cado], N., a corpse, a body
(dead).
cado, cadere, cecidi, casurus
[cad], 3. V. n., fall, be killed. — •
Fig., happen, turn out, come to be.
— Also, fail, cease, come to tiojight.
Caecilia, -ae [fem. of following
word], F., the name of several
women of the gens Cacilia (see
following word). — Esp. : i. Circilia
Metella, a daughter of Q. Caecilius
Metellus Baliaricus, and wife of
Appius Claudius Pulcher.
Caecilius, -T [?, caeculo- + ius],
M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp. :
I. L. Cc€ciliiis Rtifiis, prastor B.C.
57, who was instrumental in pro-
curing the return of Cicero.
Caecina, -ae [Etruscan], m., a
family name. — Esp., A. Lici/iius
CcEcina, an intimate friend of
Cicero.
caecus, -a, -um [?], adj., blind
(also fig.). — Also, dark. — Esp.,
Ca!C2is as a Roman name ; see
Claudius.
caedes, -is [tcaed (as root of
caedo) + is], ¥., murder, massacre,
slaughter, assassination, butchery,
a deadly affray : maximam f acere
{co?nmit wholesale murder^.
caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesus
[prob. causative of cado ; cf. fall,
fell\ 3. v. a., strike, strike down,
beat (as with rods), beat (as of an
army), fell (of trees), cut down,
slay.
Caelius, -i [.'], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp. : i . yl/. Ccrlius,
a tribune of the people B.C. 52, and
a protege of Cicero, who exerted
himself in behalf of ]\Iilo ; 2. Q.
Ciclius Latiniensis, a tribune of
the people ; 3. T. Ccslius, a gentle-
man of Terracina, mysteriously
assassinated.
caelum, -i [?], x., the sky, the
atmosphere, the air, the heavens,
heaven (as the abode of the gods) :
in caelum tollere, extol to the skies.
caementum, -1 [caed- (as root of
caedo) -f mentum], N., loose stones,
rubble.
caenum, -1 [?], n., tnud. — Ap-
plied to persons, matt of filth.
caerimonia, -ae [?], f., a cere-
mony, a rite.
Caesar, -aris [.^], m., a family
name in the gens Julia. — Esp. : i,
C. Julius CcEsar, the conqueror of
Gaul; 2. L. Juliics Ccesar, a kins-
man of the former, acting as his
legatus in Gaul ; 3. C Ccvsar, a
name given to Octavius (Augustus)
as adopted son of No. i.
Caesetius, -i [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., C. Ccrsetiits,
a friend of Ligarius.
Caesius, -I [akin to caeruleus],
M., a Roman family name. — Esp.,
P. Ccvsius.
Caesonius, -I [?, cf. Caesar], m.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., M.
Ccesonius, a colleague of Cicero in
Caieta
33
capesso
the aedileship, and one of the
indices in the case of Verres.
Caieta, -ae [?], f., a port on the
coast of Italy, now Gaeta.
Caius, see Gaius.
Cal., see Calendae.
calamistratus, -a, -um [calamis-
tro- (as if verb-stem in a- ; cf .
barbatus) + tus], adj., ivith curled
hair., cri»ipcd.
calamitas, -atis [?], f., disaster
(orig. to crops ?), defeat, misforttme
(also euphemistically for death),
mill.
calamitosus, -a, -um [calamita-
(ti ?) -f osus], adj., unfortunate:
res calamitosa est {a matter of
7nisfortnne).
calceus, -I [calc- + eus], m., a
shoe.
Calendae, see Kalendae.
caleo, -ere, -ul, no p.p. [ I calo-,
cf. calidus], 2. v. n., be zvarni or
hot, glow.
Cales, -ium [/caXr^o-ta] , F. plur.,
a town in Campania, now Calvi.
Calidius, -I [.^ calido- -f ius], m.,
a Roman gentile name. — P2sp.,
Q. Calidius, a Roman ex-prastor,
condemned for extortion.
callidus, -a, -um [tcallo- (cf. cal-
lum) + dus], adj., {tough ?), shrewd,
cznuiing, skilful.
calor, -oris [cal- (as root of
caleo) -f or], m., heat.
calumnia, -ae [.^ icalumno- (cf.
alumnus) -f ia], F., trickery (orig.
in an diCCnsdition), falsity.
calx, -cis [?, cf. calculus], f.,
(m. ?), a stone. — Esp., lime.
Camillus, -T [camillus, a young
religious servaiit, prob. akin to ca-
no, carmen, Camena], M., a Roman
family name. — Esp., Camillus, a
friend of Cicero.
caminus, -I [/cd/itj'os], m., a fur-
nace (for forging or for warming).
— Fig., a fire (for warming).
campus, -T [.''], M., a plain. —
Esp., the Catnpus Martins (the
meeting-place of the Roman comi-
tia, just outside the city proper, in
the region now occupied by mod-
ern Rome). — Fig., a field (of
activity).
candidatus, -a, -\m\ [candido-
(as if verb-stem in -a) + tus ; cf.
barbatus], adj., clad in zvhite. —
Hence, a candidate (because these
appeared in newly whitened togas).
Caninius, -T [)^, m., a Roman
gentile name.- — Esp., L. Caninius
Callus, tribune of the plebs, B.C. 56.
canis, canis [.?], m. and f., a
dog, a hound.
cano, canere, cecinl, cantus
[can], 3. V. a. and n., sitig, sound
(with voice or instrument). —
Hence (because oracles and most
prophecies were in \&vse), prophesy,
foretell, predict, give warning be-
forehand.
canto, -are, -avT, -atus [canto-],
I. V. a. and n., sing, play (on an
instrument).
cantus, -us [can -f tus], m., a
song, a tune, singing, playing,
tnusic.
Canusium, -T [.^], n., an ancient
town of Apulia, now Canosa.
capesso, -ere, -ivT, -itus [akin tt^
capio with unc. form.], 3. v. a.,
capillus
34
Cassianus
seize, take hold of: rem publicam
{engage in politics) .
capillus, -i [adj. form, akin to
caput], M., the hair (collective).
capi5,capere,cepi, captus [cap],
3. V. a., take, capture, take possession
of, get, acquire, seize : arma {take
up); urbes, legates {take captive);
consilium {adopt) ; magistratum
{etiter upon) ; vim {take up, adopt);
fructus {reap); somnum {take, en-
joy); dolorem {feel) ; mens aliquid
{conceive) ; career aliquos {hold, con-
tain) ; amentiam civitas {endure) ;
vos oblivio {possess); captus eques-
ter ordo {taken captive) ; mente cap-
tus, stricken in fnind, insane.
capitalis, -e [capit- + alls], adj.,
{relating to the head), chief, prin-
cipal: hostis {deadly; cf. arch
enemy).
Capito, -onis [capit- + 0], m., a
Roman family name; cf. Naso,
Cicero. — Esp., T. Roscius Capito,
an enemy of Sex. Roscius.
Capitolinus, -a, -um [Capitolio-
+ inus], adj., of the Capitol : clivus
{the hill of the Capitol, the road
leading up from the Forum to the
top of the Capitoline Hill) : cohortes
{the guards of the Capitol).
Capitolium, -i [capit- (with unc.
terminations and connection)], N.,
the Capitoline Hill. — Also, the
Capitol, the temple of Jupiter on
this hill.
Cappadocia, -ae [KaTTTraSo/cta],
F., one of the districts of Asia
Minor, south of Pontus, west of
the Euphrates, north of the Taurus
range, and east of Phrygia.
Capua, -ae [?], f., the chief city
of Campania, famed for its wealth
and luxury.
caput, capitis [.?], N., the head.
— Hence, life, existence (as a citi-
zen), civil rights: iudicium de
capite, capital trial. — Also, chief
point, sour ce , fountain-head, highest
point, climax : caput urbis {centre,
the senate-house).
Carb5, -onis [.'], m., {coal). —
Also, as a Roman family name. —
Esp.: I. C. Papirius Carbo, cowsxA
B.C. 82, the last leader of the
Marian faction ; 2. C Papirius
Carbo, tribune of the people B.C.
89, one of the proposers of the
Lex Plautia Papiria in regard to
Roman citizenship ; 3. C. Papirius
Carbo, tribune B.C. 128, father of
2. and uncle of i., a demagogue
attached to the party of the Gracchi,
but afterwards opposed to them.
career, -eris [prob. borrowed fr.
Gr. KapKapov], M., a prison, a gaol.
careo, -ere, -uT, -iturus [.?], 2. v.
n., be without, go withotit, be de-
prived of lose, deprive one^s self of :
aegrius {suffer from the want of) ;
foro {stay away from).
caritas, -atis [caro- -f tas], f.,
dearness, preciousness, high pj'ice.
— Also, with change of point of
view, affection, fondness.
carmen, -inis [.', akin to cano],
N., a song, a verse (of poetry),
poetry.
carus, -a, -um [?], adj., dear,
precious, valuable.
Cassianus, -a, -um [tCassiS-
(reduced) + anus ; cf. Romanus],
Cassius
35
Catulus
adj., of Cassius: illud Cassianum,
that saying of Cassius.
Cassius, -T [?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp. : i . Z. Cassius
Longimis Ravilla, consul B.C. 127
(see Cassianus); 2. L. Cassius Lon-
gtjizis, one of the jurors in the case
of Verres ; 3. C. Cassius Longinus,
another of the same family, who
voted in favor of the Manilian law;
4. L. Cassius, one of the associates
of Catiline ; 5. C. Cassius Longinus,
one of the assassins of Caesar, to
whom Cicero wrote several let-
ters.
caste [old abl. of castus], adv.,
with piirity, purely, virtuously.
Castor, -oris [Kdo-rwp], m., the
brother of Pollux, son of Jupiter
and Leda, worshipped by the
Greeks and Romans, with his
brother, as a divinity. Their tem-
ple was in the forum : ad Castoris,
to the temple of Castor.
castrensis, -e [castro- -f ensis],
adj., of the camp: latrocinium
{armed, open, as by a pitched
camp instead of hidden crime).
castrum, -1 [skad .^ {cover) +
trum], N., a fortress. — Plur., a
camp (fortified, as was the manner
of the Romans) : annis et castris
dissidebamus, we were at variance
in arms and in pitched battle.
casus, -lis [cad + tus], m., (what
befalls), an accident, a chance (good
or bad), a mischance, a misfortune :
casus temporum, the exigencies of
the times ; casus humani, vicissi-
tudes ; casu, by chance, by accident,
accidentally, as it happened.
Catilina, -ae [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., L. Sergius
Catilina, who was charged by
Cicero with an attempt to burn
the city and overthrow the gov-
ernment (see Orations against Cati-
line).
Catilinarius, -a, -um [Catilina-
-f arius], adj., of Catiline.
Cato, -onis [prob. cato- (stem
of catus ; cf. Catulus) -f 0], m., a
Roman family name. — Esp.: \.M.
Porcius Cato, called the Censor
(also Sapiens, Major, and Orator),
of plebeian origin and a noz-us
homo, but a violent supporter of
the old Roman aristocracy. He
began his military service as early
as B.C. 217, and only ended his po-
litical career at his death in B.C. 149,
having been one of the most promi-
nent men in the state during the
whole of that interval. 2. 31.
Porcius Cato, grandson of the pre-
ceding, a friend of Sulla, and father
of Cato U tic ensis. 3. M. Porcius
Cato Utic ensis, son of the preced-
ing, and nephew of M. Livius
Drusus, famous for the constancy
(perhaps obstinacy) of his charac-
ter and for his death at Utica,
which he sought with his own
hands rather than submit to Caesar.
He was one of the indices in the
case of Milo.
Catulus, -T [cato- -f lus; cf.
Cato], M., {little hound?), a Roman
family name. — Esp. \ \. Q. Luta-
tius Catulus, consul B.C. 78, one of
the best and most eminent men
of the aristocracy in the times
36
following the retirement of Sulla.
He was one of the opposers of
the Manilian law. 2. Q. LiUatius
Cattihis, father of the preceding,
consul B.C. 102 with Marius.
causa, -ae [prob. akin to caveo],
F., a case (at law), a cause. — Hence,
a side (in a dispute), a party, a
case, a situation, a claim, a reason,
a motive, a purpose. — Esp., abl.
causa, following a noun, for the
sake of, for: sua causa, for his
sake ; monumenti causa, for a
7fionu?nent.
Causinius, -i [?], m., a Roman
name. — Esp., C. Causitiius Schola,
a man of Interamna, a witness in
the case of Milo.
caute [old abl. of cautus], adv.,
cajitiously, ivith cautio)i, carefully.
cautio, -5nis [cavi- (as if stem
of caveo) + tio], f., taking care,
caution, a security (a means of
taking care).
cautor, -oris [cavi- + tor], m.,
one who takes care, one who guards
against, a security (a person acting
as such).
caveo, cavere, cavi, cautus [?],
2. V. a. and n., take security (perh.
orig. a legal word), he on one's
guard, guard against, take care, be-
ware, look out for (something so as
to prevent it). — Esp., cave with
subj. in prohibitions with or with-
out ne, do not, take care not to, see
that you do not. — cautus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., cautious, oji one's guard.
cedo, cedere, cessl, cessurus [?],
3. V. n., niake way (giving place). —
Esp., give way, retreat, retire i
possessione {yield the possession).
— Fig., yield, give 7vay, retire,
alloT^v, permit : temporibus rei pub-
licae.
celeber, -bris, -bre [.^], adj.,
crowded, frequent, m uch frequented:
locus {public); urbs {populous);
gratulatio {j'cry general). — Hence,
famous.
celebritas, -atis [celebri- -f tas],
F., nicmbers, freqiiency, a crowd,
populousness, publicity. — Hence
(cf. celeber), celebrity: famae
{widely extended fame); supremi
diei {public cerem.onies, etc.).
celebro, -are, -avi, -atus [cele-
bri-], I. V. a., crowd, throjig, fre-
quent. — Hence, celebrate, talk of,
spread abroad, fioise abroad, extol,
praise : festos dies ; adventus ;
gloriam.
celer, -eris, -ere [cel (in cello)
+ ris], adj., sivift, quick, speedy, fast.
celeritas, -atis [celeri- -f tas] , f.,
swiftness, activity, speed, prompt-
ness: quae celeritas reditus, how
speedy a return.
celeriter [celeri- + ter], adv.,
quickly, speedily, rapidly, in hasie,
very soon, soon.
celo, -are, -avi, -atus [?, akin to
clam and caligo], i. v. a., conceal,
hide. — Pass., pass unnoticed.
cena (coe-), -ae [?], F., a dinner
(the principal meal of the day,
eaten at various times in the after-
noon).
ceno, -are, -avi, -atus [cena-],
I. v. n., dine. — cenatus, -a, -um,
p.p. in active sense, having dined,
after dinner.
censeo
37
censeo, censere, censui, census
[?], 2. V. a., {perh. yi/n'), review (of
the censor), assess, enroll (as a
citizen), reckon^ estimate. — Less
exactly, give one''s opinion, advise,
decree (of the Senate), determine,
think : censendi causa, /or tJie
cejtstis (to be reviewed by the
censor).
censor, -oris [cen- or cent- (as
root of censeo) + tor], M., t/ie censor
(the officer at Rome who enrolled
and taxed the citizens) : proximis
censoribus, at the last census.
census, -us [akin to censeo], m.,
a numbering, a census, an enrol-
ment (of citizens by the censor).
centesimus, -a, -um [cento- +
esimus], num. adj., the hiindredth.
centum [?], indecl. num. adj.,
one hundred.
centuria, -ae [cento- (or centu-)
-f line, term.], F.,^! hundred. — Esp.,
a century (a division of the Roman
people in their elective capacity as
originally organized in an army, in
which a century was half of a
maniple).
centuriatus, -us [centuria- +
tus], M., office of ceiiturion, a coitu-
rionship.
centurio, -are, -avi, -atus [cen-
turia-], I. v. a., divide into ce7ituries.
— centuriatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
divided into centuries. — Esp., of
the people : comitia centuriata (the
chief election of the Roman people),
see comitia.
centurio, -5nis [centuria- (or
kindred stem) -f o], m., a centu-
rion (a commander of one-half a
maniple, answering nearly to a
modern sergeant).
Ceparius (Cae-), -I [cepa- -f arius,
onion-seller\ M., a Roman gentile
name. — Esp., M. Ceparitcs, one of
the Catilinarian conspirators.
Ceres, -eris \}, unc. root + es,
the beneficent ?\ F., the goddess of
grain among the Romans.
cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus
[cer], 3. V. a., separate. — Hence,
distinguish, see, behold, descry, per-
ceive, discer7i: hereditatem {accept).
certamen, -inis [carta- (in certo)
+ men], N., « struggle, a contest,
rivalry.
certatim [certa- -f tim (as if ace.
of tcertatis ; cf. partim)], adv., (///
a rivalry), eagerly.
certe [old abl. of certns], adv.,
certainly, sjirely, no doubt, at least
(surely what is mentioned, if noth-
ing more).
certo [abl. of certus], adv., xuith
certainty: certo scio, / am per-
fectly sure, I a7n co}ivinced, I am
certain, I am well aivare.
certo, -are, -avT, -atus [certo-],
I. v. n. (and a.), contend, struggle,
vie (with one in doing anything).
certus, -a, -um, p.p. of cerno as
adj., deto-mined, fixed, certain (of
the thing as well as the person),
sure, established, tried, trtistzuorthy,
trusty, certain (in its indefinite use
as a pronoun), some, a particular,
a special, a certain: ratio {sound);
mihi certum est, I a>n determined.
cervix, -Tcis [prob. akin to cere-
brum, cornu, cervus], f., the back
of the fzech, the neck, the shoulders
ceterus
38
circumcludo
(the back just below the neck, esp.
in plur.) : molem a cervicibus de-
pellere, tJn-ow off a weight frot?i tJie
shoulders; cervices diaxe, offer one's
throat to be eiit (properly, lean for-
ward to have one's head struck off,
esp. in fig. sense); furores a cervi-
cibus repellere, repel a mad attack
frorn one's throat.
(ceterus), -a, -um [ce (in ecce,
hie) -f terus (cf. alter)], adj., the
other, the rest of (cf. alius, other,
not including all). — Plur., the rest,
the remaining, the others, every one
else, everythifig else, others (mean-
ing all others) : ad ceteras res, in
every other respect ; ceteris {the
rest) opitulari et alios {others, not
all) servare ; cetera tua, your other
deeds.
Cethegus, -T [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., C. Cethegus,
one of the Catilinarian conspira-
tors.
Chil5, -5nis [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., Q. Annins
Chilo, one of the Catilinarian con-
spirators.
Chius,-a,-um[X?os],adj.,^C/^/(?j-
(an island in the .Egean). — Masc.
plur. as siibst., the Chians.
Chrysogonus, -T [Xpu<T67oi'os],
M., {gold-born), ^{3.\' or lie of Sulla,
who enriched himself from the
property of the proscribed.
cibus, -T [?], u.,/ood.
Cicero, -onis [cicer- + 0 (orig. a
nickname, possibly from excres-
cences on the nose)], m., a name
of a Roman family from Arpinum.
— Esp. : I . Marcus Tullius Cicero,
the great orator; 2. Quiutus {Tul-
lius), his brother; 3. Marcus
{Ttillius), his son.
Cilices, -um [KtXt/ces], m. plur.,
Cilicians, the people of Cilicia.
Cilicia, -ae [KiXi/ct'a], f., the
country of Asia Minor south of
the Taurus, a favorite place of
refuge for pirates.
Cimber, -bri [.=], m., used in the
plur. of the Citnbri, a German tribe
of Jutland, conquered at Vercellas
by Marius and Catulus. — Also
used as a Roman name ; esp.,
Gabinius Cimber, one of the con-
spirators with Catiline.
Cimbricus, -a, -um [Cimbro- -f
cus], adj., of the Cimbri : res {the
story of the Cimbri, the history of
their invasion and defeat).
cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus [?],
3. V. a., surrouJid, encircle.
cinis, cineris [?], m. and f.,
ashes.
Cinna, -ae [.'], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., L. Cornelius
Cinna, a colleague of Marius, and
one of his adherents in the civil
war with .Sulla.
Cinnanus, -a, -um [Cinna- +
anus], adj., of CiJina : dies (the day
when Cinna slaughtered the adher-
ents of the consul Octavius and
re-established the party of Marius).
circum [ace. of circus ; cf . cir-
ca], adv. and prep., around, about :
tribus {around, among).
circumcludo, -cludere, -clu.sT,
-clusus [circum-claudo], 3. v. a.,
enclose around, encircle, place a
band around, shut in, hem in.
circumdo
39
civitas
circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datus
[circum-'-do], i. v. a., put a7-oitnd :
ignes {set (7 round); custodias {set).
— By a confusion of ideas, sur-
round, e7tcircle.
circumfluo, -fluere, -fliixT, no p.p.
[circum-fluo], 3. v. n. and a., Jlorv
round, overflozv. — t ig., overfloxv
with, have in abundance, be rich
in : gloria.
circumfund5, -fundere, -ffidl,
-fusus [circum-fundo], 3. v. a..,/>our
around. — Pass, (as reflexive), /^^wr
in, rush around, rush in oji all
sides. — Also (cf. circumdo), su?--
ronnd : copiis circumfusus.
circumscribo, -scrlbere, -scrlpsT,
-scrlptus [circum-scribo], 3. v. a.,
write aro7ind, drazu around. —
Hence, hold i 71 check, limit, confine,
cheat, defraud.
circumscriptor, -oris [circum-
scriptor], m., a cheat.
circumsedeo, -sedere, -sedT, -ses-
sus [circum-sedeo], 2. v. a., sit
around, surround. — Hence, block-
ade, besiege.
circunispici5, -spicere, -spexT,
-spectus [circum-specio], 3. v. a.,
look about for. — Fig., think over,
consider, cast about for, survey.
circumsto, -stare, -stetl, no p.p.
[circum-sto], i. v. a., swround.
circus, -T [prob. for tcicrus (unc.
root -f rus) ; cf./cu/cXos], M., {round?),
a circus (a building orig. oval, for
races, etc.) : Flaminius {the Flam if i-
ian circus, one of the most famous
of these buildings, situated by the
Campus Martius, near the Capito-
line and the river; used for meet-
ings of the peoplt') ; maximus {the
Circus Maximus, the largest and
most important of these buildings,
between the Palatini and the
river).
cisium, -T [.^ prob. a foreign
word], N., a chaise (a light two-
wheeled vehicle, something like a
chaise without a top).
Cispius, -I [.'], M., a Roman gen-
tile name. — Esp., AT. Cispius, a
tribune of the people at the time
of Cicero's return from exile.
cito [abl. of citus, p.p. of cieo],
adv., quickly. — citius, compar.,
sooner, rather.
cito, -are, -avT, -atus [cito-], i. v.
a., urge on, hurry, set in motion. —
Also, sum??ion, cite.
citro [dat. of citer (ci- -f ter)J,
adv., {to this side) : ultro citroque,
this way and that, back and forth.
civilis, -e [civi- -f lis] , adj., of a
citizen (or citizens), civil, internal
(in reference to the state), intes-
tine: bellum {civil); causa {politi-
cal); odium {partisan, political);
ius {civil, as opposed to natural).
civis, -is [ci (in quies) -f vis
(weakening of -vus)], c, a citizen,
a fellow-citizen.
civitas, -atis [civi- + tas], v.,
the state of being a citizen, citiztn-
ship. — Esp., Roman citizenship,
the Roman franchise. — Less ex-
actly, a body of fellow-citizens, the
citizens (as a body), one's fellotv-
citizens, a state (composed of citi-
zens) a city (abstractly ; cf. urbs,
a city, locally), a nation, a tribe
(politically) : nomen civitatis, the
clades
40
Clodius
nat)ic of citizen ; fortunam huius
civitatis {0/ citizenship in this city).
clades, -is [?, perh. akin to /cXctw],
F., a da7nage, a disaster, loss, dc-
stricctio7i, ruin. — Esp., in war,
defeat, disaster.
clam [case of stem akin to
caligo, etc.], adv. and prep., secretly.
clamito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
clamo, perh. tclamita- (cf. nauta)],
I. V. a., keep ciying out, vociferate,
cry ojit.
clamo, -are, -avI, -atus [stem akin
to KaXeoj, perh. tclama- (cf. fama)],
I. V. a. and n., cry out, exclai?n.
clamor, -oris [clam (as if root of
clamo) + or], M., a shouting, a shout,
a cry, aji outcry, clamor, shouts (as
if plur.).
clarus, -a, -um [cla (in clamo)
+ rus], adj., loud, distinct, bright,
clea r. — Fig. , fam ous, distingu ish ed,
eminent, glorious.
classis, -is [cla (in clamo) + tis],
F., (a su??imoning). — Less exactly,
the army (called out ; cf. legio, a
levy). — Esp., an army (called out
for duty at sea), a fleet (the most
common later meaning), naval
forces.
Claudius, -1 [claudo- -f ius (prop.
adj.)], M., a Roman gentile name.
— Esp. : I. Appius Claudius Ccecus,
consul in B.C. 54 ; 2. C. Claudius,
aedile B.C. 99.
claudo, claudere, clausT, clausus
[of unc. formation, akin to clavis],
3. V. a., close, shut, fasten, shut up
(of a prisoner), confne.
clavus, -1 [prob. klu (in claudo,
increased) -f us], M., a nail. —
Also (cf. clava), a tiller, a rjidder,
the helm.
Clemens, -entis [perh. cla (in
clarus) + mens ; cf. vehemens],
adj., {bright ?), gentle (of weather).
— Fig., gentle, kind, merciful,
humane, gracious, kindly, clement.
clementer [clement- -f ter], adv.,
mercifully, graciously.
dementia, -ae [clement- + ia],
F., ki?idness, gentleness, humanity,
cle?nency.
cliens, -entis [pres. p. of clueo],
C, {a hearej-), a dependent, a vas-
sal, a retainer. It was the cus-
tom at Rome for persons of humble
origin to attach themselves to some
prominent Roman in a kind of
vassalage.
clientela, -ae [client- -f ela (imi-
tating suadela, etc.)], f., vassalage
(as condition of a cliens). — Also,
a relation of clientage, a cojinection
"with a client: pro clientelis, in
place of clients.
clivus, -T [cLi (in clino) -f vus],
RL, a slope, a declivity, an acclivity :
Capitolinus {the road to the Capitol,
the street in Rome which ascended
from the Forum to the Capitol).
cloaca, -ae [akin to cluo, cleanse^
F., a se7uer.
Clodianus, -a, -um [Clodio- -f
anus], adj., of Clodius: crim.en
(made by him) ; leges (passed by
him).
C15dius, -1 [the popular form of
Claudius], M., a Roman gentile
name, belonging to the plebeian
branch of the gens Claudia. —
Esp. : \. P. Clodius, a most bitter
Clytaemnestra
41
cognitio
enemy of Cicero. He was killed
in a fray by T. Annius Milo'.
2. C. Clodius, another of the
same family.
Clytaemnestra, -ae [KX^rat/iyeV-
rpa\, F., Clytenuiestra, wife of
Agamemnon and mother of Ores-
tes, Iphigenia, and Electra. — Also,
a tragedy of that name by Accius.
Cn., abbreviation for Gnaeus ;
cf. C. and Caius.
Cnaeus, see Gnaeus.
Cnidius (Gn-), -a, -um [Kj/i5ios],
adj., of Ciiidiis. — Masc. plur. as
subst., the people of Cnidus.
Cnidus (Gni-), -I [KytSos], f., a
city of Caria, famous for a statue
of Venus.
coactus, -a, -um, see cogo.
coaedifico, -are, -avT, -atus [con-
aedifico], i. v. a., build togethej-,
join (in building), build audjoiti.
C0argu5, -arguere, -arguT, -argu-
tus [con-arguo],3. v. 2i., prove, prove
guilty, acciise.
COemo, -emere, -emi, -emptus
[con-emo], 3. v. a., buy up.
coeo, -ire, -Ivi, no p.p. [con-eo],
irr. V. n., conie together, tinite,forni
(by uniting).
coepi, -isse [con-tapi (perf. of
tapo, cf. apiscor)], def. v. a., (Jiave
taken hold of), began, undertook,
started: perge quo coepisti {have
started). — coeptus, -a, -um, p.p.,
used in the same sense as active
with passive infinitives.
coerceo, -ercere, -ercuT, -ercitus
[con-arceo] , 2. v. a., confijie, keep in
check, put down, crush, coerce, re-
press.
coetus, -us [con-itus], m., a
meeting, aji assembly (not regularly
convened ; cf. contio), a}L assemblage,
a concourse.
c5gitate [old abl. of cogitatus],
adv., thoughtfully, purposely, de-
signedly.
cogitatio, -onis [cogita- + tio],
F., thought, a design, a plan, an
expectation, imagifiation, an idea.
cogito, -are, -avi, -atus [con-agito
(in sense of revolve, discuss)'], i. v.
a., consider, think over, thi7ik of
— Esp. (as to some plan of action),
think about, discuss (what to do),
have an idea of, intend, consider
(that something may happen), ex-
pect (contemplate the possibility) :
cogitate ne, see that not, think how
not, plan to prevent ; nihil cogitate,
have no thought, think of nothiiig;
nihil cogitasse, Jieverhada thought ;
hoc cogitat, has this idea ; magnum
aut amplum cogitate, have any great
or noble idea ; nihil cogitas, medi-
tate nothing ; cogitate de, think of
meditate, plan ; ut exsilium cogites,
dream of any exile ; nihil esse a me
nisi optime cogitatum, that I had
had none Init the best designs ; cogi-
tati futotes {meditated, intended) ;
cogitatum f acinus (^premeditated).
cognatio, -onis [con-(g)natio],
F., connection by birth, kinship, kin-
dred, relationship : non gtatia non
cognatione, not by influejice of per-
sonal friends or powerful relations.
cognitio, -onis [con-(g)notio ; cf.
cognosco] , F., I caroling, study, be coin-
ing ac(]uai)ited with, examination,
acquaintance.
cognitor
42
col5nia
cognitor, oris [con-t(g)notor ;
cf. cognosce], M., {one who investi-
gates ?), an attorney. — Less exactly,
a defender, a supporter, an advo-
cate. — Also, one who is acquainted
with (a person), a voucher, sponsor.
cognomen, -inis [con-{g)nomen],
N., a }iame. — Esp., the personal
or family last nafne, a sobriquet, a
nickfiatne.
COgnosco, -gnoscere, -gnovi, -gni-
tus [con-(g)nosco], 3. v. a., learn,
find out, Jind, become aware, becovie
acquainted with, recognize, hear (a
thing read). — Esp., investigate,
inquire into, learn about, study,
consider. — In perfect tenses (cf.
nosco), know, be aware, be ac-
quainted with : cognitum est {zvas
known) ; causa cognita, tipon a full
investigation, after trial ; specta-
tus et cognitus, tried and proved ;
cognoscendi consuetude {of investi-
gation).
COgO, cogere, coegT, coactus
[con-ago], 3. V. a., bring together,
collect, assemble, get together. —
Esp., of money, collect, exact —
Hence, /<7;r^, compel, oblige : sena-
tum {assemble, of the consul, who
could enforce attendance).
COhaereo, -h^terere, -haesT, -hae-
surus [con-haereo] , 2. v. n., clifig
together, cohere, be closely connected.
cohibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibitus
[con-habeo], 2. v. 2.., hold together,
hold in check, restrain, keep (from
anything), control.
COhors, -hortis [con-thortis (re-
duced), akin to hortus], F., an
enclosure, — Hence, a body of
troops, a coho7-t (the tenth part
of a legion, corresponding as a
unit of formation to the company
of modern tactics, and containing
from 300 to 600 men). — Loosely,
soldiers, infantry, armed men. —
Also, any body of infantry or per-
sons conceived as such, a troop, a
company, a band : praetoria {a body-
guard, attending the commander,
originally praetor).
cohortatio, -onis [con-hortatio ;
cf. cohortor], F., an exhortation,
an encouraging, encouragevient.
— Esp. (to soldiers), a7i address
(almost invariably a preliminary
to an engagement).
cohortor, -arl, -atus [con-hortor] , -
I. V. dep., encourage, rally, exhort,
address (esp. of a commander).
coUaudo, see conlaudo.
collectio, see conlectio.
collega, see conlega.
collegium, see conlegium.
colligo, see conligo.
collinus, -a, -um [colli- -f nus],
adj., of the hill. — Esp., of the
tribe of that name, the Collina (a
name of great antiquity and un-
certain meaning).
colloco, see conloco.
colloquor, see conloquor.
CoUuvio, see conluvio.
COlo, colere, colul, cultus [col;
cf. inquilinus], 3. v. a., ////, culti-
vate : agrum ; studia. — Also, wor-
ship, reverence, court, show respect
to, observe : delubra {zvorship at).
colonia, -ae [colono- + ia], f., \
{state of a colojtist). — Concretely, I
a colony (both of the establishment
colonus
43
commemoratio
and the persons sent). The Roman
colonists were and continued to
be Roman citizens, and served as
armed occupants of the soil where
they were sent in the interests of
the mother country ; cf. munici-
pium, a conquered city, partially
incorporated into the Roman state.
colonus, -T [verb-stem akin to
colo- + nus ; cf. patronus, aegro-
tus], M., a fanner. — Esp., a colo-
nist (a Roman citizen to whom
lands were granted away from the
city), a citizen of a colony.
Coloph5n, -5nis [KoXo^wi/], m.,
a town of Lydia, one of the seven
that claimed Homer as their citizen.
Colophonius, -a, -um [Colophon-
+ ius], adj., of Colophon. — Plur.,
the people of Colophon.
color, -5ris [prob. akin to caligo,
as opposed to white'], m., color,
cojnplexion.
COlumen, -inis [stem akin to
columna, incolumis (.''), cello (.^ cf.
excelsus) + nien (cf. crimen)], N.,
a pillar, a prop, a stay : rei publicae
(as in Eng.).
columna, -ae [stem akin to colu-
men + mna ; cf. alumnus], F., a
column u, a pillar. — Esp., the Col-
n/nn (moenia, a pillar in the Forum
on which notices of insolvency
were posted).
com- (con-, co-) [the same as
cum], adv. in comp., zvith, together,
up. Often intensifying the mean-
ing without definite translation.
coma, -ae [/c6yu.r;], F., hair (on
the head), locks (hair arranged or
ornamented).
combiiro, -urere, -ussl, -ustus
[con-tburo (.-*), relation to uro very
uncertain; cf. bustum], 3. v. a.,
l>iir}i np, consume.
comes, -itis [con-tmitis (ma (in
meo) -f tis ; cf. semita)], c, a com-
panion (esp., an inferior as attend-
ant or follower), a follower, an
adherent, an associate, an attoidant.
c5missatio, -onis [comissa- + /
tio], F., a revel (in the streets after
a debauch).
comitatus, -us [comita- + tus],
M., an accompanying, a company,
a train, a following, followers, an
escort.
comitium, -T [?, perh. comit-
(see comes) + ium, the assemblage
of followers ; cf. servitium], n., a
part of the Forum at Rome. —
Plur., the assembly (of the people
for voting), an election.
comitor, -arl, -atus [comij;-],
I. v. dep., accotnpany. — comitatus,
-a, -um, p.p. in pres. sense, accom-
panying; pass, sense, accojnpanied.
commeatus, -us [con-meatus ;
cf. commeo], M., a going to and
fro, an expedition (back and forth),
a trip. — Hence, commnnicatiotis
(of an army), com7minication (gen-
erally).— So also, supplies (of an
army), provisions.
commemorabilis, -e [con-memo-
rabilis ; cf. commemoro], adj., }iotc-
worthy, notable, praiseworthy,
remarkable.
commemoratio, -onis [con-memo-
ratio ; cf. commemoro], F., a calling
to mind, mention, cotnm em oration
(calling to mind with respect), a
commemoro
44
communico
reminder^ rcnievihrance (putting in
Eng. the result for the process).
commemoro, -are, -av!, -atus
[con-memoro], i. v. a., remind one
of. — Hence, speak of, mention, state
(in a narrative) : iudicia commemo-
randa {noteworthy').
commendatio, -onis [con-tman-
datio ; cf. commando], f., a reco7n-
mendatiofi.
commends, -are, -avi, -atus [con-
mando], i. v. a., intrust, reco7nmend,
surrender, commend (for help or
protection).
commentarius, -I [commento- +
arius ; orig. adj., sc. liber], m., a
notebook, a commentary.
commentatio, -onis [commenta-
+ tio], F., a diligent i?ieditation
(upon something), a careful prepa-
ration.
commentor, -arl, -atus [com-
ments- ; cf. comminiscor], i. v. dep.,
consider thoroughly , meditate, study,
7nake careful preparation.
comme5, -are, -avI, -aturus [con-
meo], I. V. n.,^^ back and forth.- —
With ad, "visit, resort to.
commercium, -I [tcommerc- +
ium ; cf. commercor], y>.,co7nmercial
intercourse, trade, comtnerce, deal-
ings (in the way of trade).
commisce5, -miscere, -miscul,
-mixtus (-stus) [con-misceo], 2. v. a.,
mijigle, mix.
committo, -mittere, -misi, -missus
[con-mitto], 3. v. a., {let go (send)
together or altogethej-). — Hence,
Join, tmite, attach : proelium {eii-
gage, begin the engagement). — Also,
entrust, trust : tabulas committere
{put into the hands of etc.) ; nihil
his committere {place no confidence
in, etc.). — Also, admit, allow (to
happen), commit (suffer to be
done ; cf. admitto), peipetrate, do :
committere ut posset, leave it pos-
sible ; nihil committere, do nothing
wrong.
commode [old abl. of commo-
dus], adv., conveniently, fitly, duly,
completely.
commodo, -are, -avi, -atus [con-
modo-], I. V. a., adapt. — Also (cf.
commodus), loan, letid.
commodum, see commodus.
commodus, -a, -um [con-modus,
see A. & G., 168^], adj., {having
the saf?ie measure with), fitting,
suitable, cofivenient, advantageous :
commodissimum est, it is the best
thing, most advantageous. — Neut.
as subst., conve7tie}ice, comfort, ad-
va7itage, i7iterest : commodo nostro,
at our co7ive7iie7ice ; commoda qui-
bus utimur {blessings).
commoneo, -monere, -monuT,
-monitus [con-moneo], 2. v. a.,
remi7id.
commoror, -arl, -atus [con-mo-
ror], I. V. dep., delay, stay, wait.
commoveo, -movere, -inovi, -mo-
tus [con-moveo], 2. v. a., 7nove, stir,
agitate. — With reflex, or in pass.,
be 7noved, move (intrans.), stir. —
Fig., disturb, agitate, affect, ala7'7n,
i7iflue7ice (with idea of violent feel-
ing), move, tro7cble.
communico, -are, -avi, -atus
[tcommunico- (communi- + cus)],'
I. V. a., {77iake co7n7>i07t), share, com-
municate, consult (with a person
communio •
45
comprehends
about a thing, and so make it com-
mon), add (a thing to another),/?//
in along with (something else) :
causam {confound with that of an-
other) ; ratio cum illo communi-
catur {shared by hifn).
communio, -onis [communi- + o ;
cf. legio], F., /participation (in
common), sharing: sanguinis {the
ties of blood).
commiinis, -e [con-munis (cf.
munia, d('?//zk'j-)], adj., {having shares
together), conimojt, general, in com-
mon : ex communi consensu, by
general agreement ; consilium {gen-
eral flan, concerted action); iura
{ttniversal, nattcral) ; quid tam
commune {imiversal). — Neut. as
subst., a co7Ji7niinity, an association :
a Cretensium communi, from the
Cretans in common.
communiter [communi- + ter],
adv., /// co»i7non, in general.
commutabilis, -e [commuta- -f
bilis], adj., changeable.
commiitatio, -onis [con-muta +
tio ; cf. commuto], f., change.
commuto, -are, -avi, -atus [con-
muto], I. V. a., change, exchange.
comparatio, -onis [con-paratio ;
cf. comparo], F., a co?nparison, a
preparatioji.
comparo, -are, -avi, -atus [con-
paro], I. V. a., get ready, prepare,
win, secure, procure, gain, .get to-
gether, prepare for (with a different
view of the object in Eng.), ar-
range, establish, ordain {oi institu-
tions): insidias {lay); uxor se {get
ready). — Also (cf. confero), com-
pare (possibly a different word).
compello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsus
[con-pello], 3. V. a., drive together
(or altogether), dri7>e iti, force,
drive.
comperendino, -are, -avi, -atus
[conperendino-], i. v. a. and n., ad-
journ (of a court). — Also, of one
of the parties, close the case (so as
to be ready for adjournment).
comperio, -perlre, -perl, -pertus
[con-pario], 4. v. a., {get together),
find out (by inquiry), discover.
competitor, -oris [con-petitor],
M., a co7npetitor, a rival.
complector, -plecti, -plexus [con-
plector], 3. V. dep., embrace, in-
chide, enclose.- — Less exactly, love,
cherish : sententia {express con-
cisely) .
comple5, -plere, -plevT, -pletus
[con-pleo], 2. V. a., fill up, fill. —
With a different conception of the
action from Eng., cover, man (of
walls).
complexus, -us [con-tplexus ; cf.
complector], m., an ejnbrace.
compliires, -plura (-ia) [con-plus],
adj. plur., very many, a great many,
a great number of.
compono, -ponere, -posui, -posi-
tus [con-pono], 3. v. a., put together.
— Also, settle, ?nake a settlement.
— compositus, -a, -um, p.p. as
adj., settled, composed, arranged.
comporto, -are, -avI, -atus [con-
porto], I. V. a., bring together.
compos, -Otis [con-potis], adj.,
i?t possession of, participating in :
huius urbis {a citizen).
comprehends, -hendere, -hendi,
-hensus [con-prehendo], 3. v. a.,
compnmo
46
Concordia
seize, catch, take into custody, arrest,
capture, grasp (one by the hand or
clothing). — Fig., take, catch (of
fire), Jirmly grasp (of facts).
comprimo, -primere, -press!,
-pressus [con-premo], 3. v. 2i., press
closely, crjish, repress, foil, put
do7vn.
comprobo, -are, -avi, -atus [con-
probo], I. V. a., approve, sanction,
prove.
conatus, -us [cona- (stem of
Conor) -f tus], m., an attempt, an
effort, an undertaki)ig.
concedo, -cedere, -cessT, -cessus
[con-cedo], 3. v. a. and n., retire,
go out of the way. — Also, give up
(a thing to one), allow, grant, as-
sign (leave, where the rest is taken
away), permit, yield the palm (to a
superior), yield, admit, concede.
concelebr5, -are, -avI, -atus [con-
celebro] , i . v. a., celebrate, attend in
th rongs.
concertatio, -onis [con-certa- +
tio], F., rivalry, contention.
concerto, -are, -avi, -aturus [con-
certo], I. V. n , contend.
concessus, -us [con-tcessus ; cf.
concedo], M., a concession, a per-
m.ission.
concido, -cidere, -cidi, -casurus
[con-cado], 3. v. n., fall down,
fall. — Fig., fail, be i77ipaired, col-
lapse.
concido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus [con-
caedo], 3. v. a., cut to pieces, cut
down (kill), cut up, t?i angle.
conciliatricula, -ae [concilia-
trie- -f ula], F., a little conciliator
(female or conceived as such), an
insinuatiiig charmer, a faltering
commendation.
concilio, -are, -avi, -atus [con-
cilio- (stem of concilium)], i. v. a.,
bring together (cf. concilium). —
Hence, win over (originally by per-
suasion in council ?), secure (even
by force), win, gain : feras inter
sese {attach to each other).
concilium, -i [con-tcilium(cAL +
ium ; cf. Calendae)], n., <z meeting.
— Esp., an assembly (of war or
state), a council, a conference, a
united body (of merchants, farmers,
or the like), the people (assembled
in the comitia tributa). — Cf. con-
silium, which is often equivalent,
but refers rather to the action or
function than the body.
COncipio, -cipejre, -cepi, -ceptus
[con-capio], 3. v. a., take up, take
on, take in, get (maculam), incur
(infamiam). — Of the mind, con-
ceive, plan, devise.
concitatio, -onis [con-citatio ; cf.
concito], F., excitement.
concito, -are, -avi, -atus [con-cito
(freq. of cieo)], i . v. a., arouse, stir
up, call out (and so set in motion),
excite, agitate : mala (set in motion).
conclave, -is [con-clavis] , n., a
chamber (originally locked).
concliido, -cludere, -clusi, -clusus
[con-claudo], 3. v. a., shut up, en-
close.— Also, conclude, fnish.
Concordia, -ae [concord- -f ia],
p., harmony, coJtcord, jatanimity.
— Esp., Concord (worshipped as
a goddess by the Romans, like
many other qualities, and having
a famous temple on the slope of
47
c5nfici6
the Capitoline looking towards the
Forum).
concors, -ordis [con-cor], adj.,
harmojtious : fratres {mutnai/y af-
fectionate.
concupisco, -cuplscere, -cupTvT
(-il), -cupitus [con-tcupisco], 3. v. a.,
covet, desire earnestly, long for.
concurro, -currere, -curri (-cu-
currl), -cursus [con-curro], 3. v. n.,
rii/i together, msh tip, rush in, rush
(advance), yfi?^:/^ to, hasten in: con-
cursum est, there was a rush.
concurso, -are, -avi, -atfirus [con-
curso], I. V. n., rush to and fro, run
about.
concursus, -us [con-cursus ; cf.
concurro], m., a rtishing to and fro,
a dashing together (collision). —
Esp., a charge, onset, a crowd run-
nifig, a crowd, a crowding together,
a concourse, an assembling (in a
tumultuous manner), an assem-
bly.
condemno, -are, -avT, -atus [con-
damno], i. v. a., condemn, find
guilty. — Less exactly, cofidemn
(not in a court).
condicio, -onis [con-dicio ; cf.
condico], F., terms, conditioti, terms
of agreement, terms (of fighting),
state (of slavery), lot, situation, a
bargain, position.
conditio, see condicio.
condo, -dere, -did!, -ditus [con-
^do], 3. V. a., put together, found,
build. — Also, lay up, preserve (cf .
condio).
condonatio, -onis [con-donatio ;
cf. condono], F., a giving up, a
donation.
COnd5no, -are, -avT, -atus [con-
dono], I. V. a., give up, pardoji for
the sake of.
condiico, -ducere, -duxl, -ductus
[con-duco], 3. V. a., bri7ig together,
bring up (soldiers). — Also, hire.
confectio, -5nis [con-factio ; cf.
conficio], F., a finishing.
confercio, -fercTre, -fersi, -fertus
[con-farcio] , 4. v. a., crowd together.
— confertus, -a, -uni, p.p. as adj.,
(both of the thing crowded and
the place), close, crowded, dense,
closely crowded, in close order, in a
solid body : confertus cibo, crannned
7vith food.
confero, -ferre, -tull, -latus [con-
fer©], irr. v. a., bring together, get
together, bring in, gather, collect. —
With or without culpam, lay the
blame on, charge, ascribe. — With
reflex., betake one^s self remove,
take refuge, devote. — So with other
words, remove, establish. — Also,
postpone, delay, devote, confer, con-
tribute, set, appoint, cotnpare. —
Esp. : signa {join battle in a regu-
lar engagement) ; pestem [bring
tipon, visit iipon); spem {set
upoti something) ; orationem {di-
rect towards).
confertus, -a, -um, see confercio.
confessio, -onis [con-tfassio ; cf .
confiteor], Y.,a confession.
c5nfestim [ace. of tcon-festis
(cf. festino)], adv., in haste, imme-
diately, at once.
c5nficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus
[con-facio], 3. v. a., {do up), ac-
complish, complete, finish up, carry
out, finish, perform. — Also, make
confictio
48
congruo
«/, get together, write up (of a
document), work up (of skins
tanned). — Also (cf, Eng. " done
up "),y?A'/.5'// up, exhaust, wear out,
kill.
confictio, -onis [con-fictio ; cf.
confingo], F., a viakiiig up, an
inveiitioji.
confido, -fidere, -fisus sum [con-
fide], 3. V. n., be co7ifident, trust,
trust to, have confidence in, rely on,
feel assured. — confisus, -a, -urn,
p.p. in active sense, trusting in.
confingo, -fingere, -finxl, -fictus
[con-fingo], 3. V. a., make tcp, manu-
facture, invent, imagine.
confirmo, -are, -avT, -atus [con--
firmo], I- V. 2l., strengthen. — Fig.,
strengthen, establish, encourage, con-
firm, re-establish, reassiire. — Hence
(of things and statements), r(?;/;?;-;«,
declare, assert, assure (one of a
thing), prove, support (a state-
ment) : Galliam praesidiis ; causam
auctoritatibus ; audaciam ; con-
iunctionem ; imbecillitatem {give
strength to) .
confisus, -a, -um, see confido.
confiteor, -fiterl, -fessus [con-
fateor], 2. v. dep., confess, acknowl-
edge, adyftit, make confession.
conflagro, -are, -avT, -atus [con-
flagro], I. V. n., be oji fire, burn,
be burned. — Fig. : invidia {be con-
sumed by afire of ifidignation).
confligo, -fligere, -flixT, -flictus
[con-fligo], 3. V. a. and n., dash
against, contend, fight.
conflo, -are, -avi, -atus [con-flo],
I. V. a., blow up (of a fire). — Fig.,
excite, kindle. — K\2>o,fise, 7nelt. —
Hence (fig.), get together, gather,
fuse : iniuria novo scelere conflata
(^^^61/ up, devised).
confluo, -ere, -fluxT, no p.p. [con-
fluo], 3. V. n.,fiozv together. — Less
exactly (of persons), y?^<r/' together :
portus {iifiite their waters).
conformati5, -onis [con-forma-
tio; cf. conformo], f., (concretely),
form, conformation, strJicture,
forming, training.
conformo, -are, -avT, -atus [con-
formo], 1. V. dc., form, mould, train.
confringo, -fringere, -fiegi, -frac-
tus [con-frango], 3. v. a., break up,
shatter.
confugio, -fugere, -fugi, no p.p.
[con-fugio], 3. V. Vi.,fiee, take refuge.
congero, -gerere, -gessT, -gestus
[con-gero], 3. v. a., bri)ig together,
heap together, mass together, heap
upo?i. '
congredior, -gredl, -gressus [con-
gradior], 3. v. dep., come together.
— In peace, unite with. — Esp., in
war, come in contact with, engage,
fight.
congrego, -are, -avi, -atus [con- !
tgrego; cf. aggrego], i. v. a., brifig
together, gather together, collect. —
With reflex, or in pass., assemble,
gather.
congressio, -onis [con-gressio ;
cf. congredior], f., a meeting, an
interviezu, a conferejice.
congruo, -gruere, -gruT, no p.p.
[?, congruo- (con-grus ; cf. flock
together, herd together, dog one's
footsteps, crane the neck)], 3. v. n.,
flock together (cf . example below). —
Hence, harmonize, agree: multae
49
conloco
causae convenisse unum in locum
atque inter se congruere {combine).
conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [con-
iacio], 3. V. a., throw together, hurl,
cast, discharge, aim : se conicere,
rush ; sortem (cast, draw). — Less
exactly (esp. in a military sense),
throw (into prison), put, place,
station (cf. military throw troops
into, etc.), force. — Fig., ptit to-
gether (of ideas), conjecture, guess :
in noctem se conicere, rush out into
the darkness, rush out at night.
coniectura, -ae [con-iactura ; cf.
conicio], f., a guess ("putting two
and two together " ), a conjecture,
an inferettce.
coniuncte [old abl. of coniunc-
tus], adv., intimately, o>i familiar
terms.
coniunctio, -onis [con-iunctio ;
cf. coniungo], f., a tiniting, a
tmion, a connection.
coniungo, -iungere, -iunxT, -iunc-
tus [con-iungo], 3. v. a., unite, con-
nect, fasten together. — In pass, or
with reflex., luiite (neut.), connect
one's self, join. — coniunctus, -a,
-um, p.p. as adj., united, closely
connected, in conjunction with : cum
his (ludis) plebeios esse coniunctos
{follow immediately)', quod (hel-
ium) reges {unite to wage).
coniiinx, -iugis [con-tiux (jug,
as stem, with intrusive n from
iungo)], c, a spouse. — Esp., fem.,
a wife.
coniuratio, -onis [con-iuratio ;
cf. coniuro], f., a conspiracy, a
confederacy.
coniiiratus, see coniuro.
coniiiro, -are, -avT, -atus [con-
iuro], I. V. n., swear together, take
an oath (together), swear mutual
oaths. — Hence, conspire. — coniii-
ratus, -T, masc. p.p. as subst., a
conspirator.
coniveo (conn-), -nlvere, -nivi /
(-nlxT), ho p.p. [con-niveo], 2. v. n.,
wink (also fig. as in Eng.), shut
the eyes, connive.
conlatus (coll-), -a, -um, see
confero. ^'
conlaudo (coll-), -are, -avT, -atus
[con-laudo], i. v. a., praise (in set
terms).
conlectio (coll-), -onis [con-lec-
tio], F., a collecting, a gathering.
conlega (coll-), -ae [con-tlega
(leg -f a)], M., a 'Colleague (one
of two or more persons holding
an office with equal powers).
conlegium (coll-), -1 [con-legium
(?) or conlega- + ium], n., « body
of colleagues, a body (composed of
such persons). — Also, a corpora-
tion, an organized body, a chcb, a
guild.
conligo (coll-), -ligere, -leg!, -Iec-
tus [con-lego], 3. v. a., gather, col-
lect, acquire (by accumulation). ■ —
With reflex., collect one''s self,
recover, gather: naufragi conlecti
{picked up).
conloco (coll-), -are, -avT, -atus
[con-loco], I. V. a., place, set, station
(of troops, etc.), set up, lay : insi-
dias. — Esp. (with or without nup-
tum), give in marriage, fnarry (of
a father or guardian). — Fig., settle,
place (spem), invest (pecunias),
locate (sedem).
conloquor
50
considero
conloquor (coll-), -loquT, -locutus
[con-loquor], 3. v. dep., confer^ hold
an intervicio (or parley), far ley,
converse.
conluvio, -onis [con-tluvio (akin
to luo)], F., wash, dregs.
conniveo, see coniveo.
Conor, -ari, -atus [?, con- + stem
akin to onus], i. v. dep., attempt,
try, endeavor. — conatum, -I, neut.
p.p. as subst., a)i attempt.
conqueror, -querl, -questus [con-
queror], 3. V. dep., complain, make
complaint.
C0nquiesc5, -quiescere, -quievT,
-quieturus [con-quiesco], 3. v. n.,
rest, repose, find rest, be quiet, be
idle.
conquisitor, oris [con-quaesitor],
M., an investigator, a searcher, a
detective.
Consanus (Comps-), -a, -um
[Consa- + anus], adj., of Consa (a
city of the Hirpini). — Masc. plur.
as subst., the people of Consa.
consceleratus, -a, -um [con-scele-
ratus], adj., accused, criminal.
conscientia, -ae [con-scientia ;
cf. consciens], f., consciousness,
p7'ivity, conscience, consciousness
of guilt.
conscius, -a, -um [con-tscius
(sci, in scio, + us)], adj., knowing
(v\ath one's self or another), con-
scious, privy, a witness, a confi-
dant.
c5nscribo, -scrlbere, -scripsi,
-scrlptus [con-scribo], 3. v. a.,
write down. — Esp., enroll, cofi-
scribe, levy. — Esp. : patres con-
scripti, Senators, the Senate.
consecro, -are, -avT, -atus [con-
sacro], I. V. a., hallow, consecrate.
— consecratus, -a, -um, p.p. as
adj., consecrated, sacred, hallozved :
Aristaeus in tempio (worshipped);
viri ad immortalitatis et religionem
et memoriam consecrantur {are held
in r eve roue).
consensio, -onis [con-tsensio ;
cf. consentio], P., agreement, una-
nimity, conspiracy.
consensus, -us [con-sensus ; cf.
consentio], M., agreetnoit, consent,
harjnonious (or concerted) action,
J I na Ji im ous a ctio n .
consentio, -sentlre, -sensi, -sen-
surus [con-sentio], 4. v. n., agree,
conspire, tnake connnon cause, act
with (some one).
consequor, -sequl, -secutus [con-
sequor], 3. v. dep., follow up, fol-
low, overtake. — Hence, obtain, se-
cure, attain, succeed in (some pur-
pose), arrive at. — A\so, follow close
upon, succeed, ensue, result : quaes-
tum {get); fructum {reap).
conservatio, -onis [con-serva- -f
tio ; cf. conserve], f., preservation.
conservator, -oris [con-serva- +
tor; cf. conservo], m., a preserver,
a saviour.
conserve, -are, -avi, -atus [con-
servo], I. V. a., save, preserve, spare,
keep. — Also, observe (law, right),
regard.
consessus, -us [con-sessus ; cf.
consedeo], m., a sitting together, a
session, a body (sitting together),
a bench (of judges).
considers, -are, -avi, -atus \), poss.
tconsiderS- (from adj. stem of
Considius
conspiro
which sidus is neut. ; cf. deside-
rium)], I. V. a., dwell u^ofi, con-
sider, contemplate.
Considius, -I [con-tsidius (akin
to sedeo)], m., a Roman name. —
Esp., C Considius Longtis,\n Africa
as propraetor B.C. 50.
consido, -sTdere, -sedl, -sessurus
[con-sido], 3. v. n., sit down (in a
place). — Less exactly, take a posi-
tion, halt, encamp, settle.
consilium, -1 [con-tsilium; cf.
consul (akin to salio, in some earlier
unc. meaning)], N., deliberation.
— Esp., wise counsel, advice, wis-
do7n,p7'udence, discretion. — Hence,
a plan, a cotinsel, design, purpose,
eoinse (as design carried out),
measure, conduct, a policy, a strata-
gem. — Esp., a deliberative body
(more abstract and with more ref-
erence to the act or function of
deliberating than concilium, which
see), a council, a body of counsel-
lors, a bench (of judges), a panel
(of a jury), a court (consisting of
a body of indices) : casus ad con-
silium admittitur, chance is not
ad?nitted to council ; privato con-
silio non publico, as a private not a
public measure, by private and not
by official action ; partim consiliis
partim studiis, partly 7vith policy,
partly with political feeling ; pub-
lico consilio factum {as a state
fneasure); uno consilio, with one
co72ti7tuous purpose or policy ; con-
silium publicum, council of state (of
the Senate) ; ad consilium publicum
rem deferre {the established couucil
of state) ; nou dccst rei publicae
consilium {a plan of action settled
by the council of state) ; erat ei con-
silium ad f acinus aptum {power of
plannifig) ; consilio malitiae occur-
rere {with ivise measures) ; aliquod
commune consilium, any consjdting
body.
c5nsistO, -sistere, -stitT, no p.p.
[con-sisto], 3. V. n., take a stand,
take a position, stand, keep one''s
position, form (of troops). — In
perf. tenses, have a position, stand.
— Hence, stand still, stop, halt,
make a stand, hold one''s groufid,
run aground (of ships), remain,
stay. — With in, occupy, rest on. —
Fig., depend on, rest 07i.
consobrinus, -i [con-sobrinus],
M., fi'st cousin (on the mother's
side). — Less exactly, (any) cousin
german.
consolatio, -onis [con-solatio ;
cf. consolor], f., consolation, solace.
— Also, as in Eng., a means of
co7isolation.
consolor, -ari, -atus [con-solor],
I. V. dep., console. — c5nsolatus,
-a, -um, p.p. as pres., coitsoling.
consors, -sortis [con-sors], adj.,
associating, sharing, a sharer.
conspectus, -us [con-spectus ;
cf. conspicio], m., sight, a view.
conspicio, -spicere, -spexT, -spec-
tus [con-tspecio], 3. v. a., look
tip 0)1, see.
conspiratio, -onis [con-spiratio ;
cf. conspiro], v., a co>ispiracy, a
combi>iation (not in a bad sense).
conspiro, -are, -avT, -atus [con-
spiro], I. V. n., sound together, —
I'^ig., haniicnizc. — Also, conspire,
c5nstans
52
cdnsulo
league together : consensus conspi-
rans, a l>le?ided harmo7iy.
constans, -antis, see consto.
constanter [constant- + ter],
adv., consistently, ttniformly, stead-
ily, with constancy, Jirtnly.
constantia, -ae [constant- + ia],
F., firmness, constancy, iindannted
courage, strength of character.
constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -sti-
tutus [con-statuo], 3. v. a. and n.,
erect, set tip, raise, put together,
?nakenp. — Plence, establish, station,
arrange, form, draw up. — Fig.,
determine, appoint, agree tipon,
determine upon, ordain, fix, decide
upon, establish a principle that,
etc. : lupiter constitutus [conse-
crated) ; colonias [plant) ; rationem
salutis {base, found) ; spem {repose) ;
suspicionem {make otit); supplicium
{decide upon, infiict) ; imperatorem
{create, appoint') ; exercitum {set on
foot ) ; consulates ad caedem {destine,
7nark out).
consto, -stare, -stiti, -staturus
[con-sto], I. V. n., stand together. —
Fig., agree, be cojtsistent (esp. of
accounts). — Hence, be established,
appear, be agreed upon, be evident :
modo ut tibi constiterit fructus, pro-
vided you have derived some real
advantage. — Also (from accounts),
cost. — Also, depend upon, consist, be
composed. — constans, -antis, p. as
adj., consisteftt, steady, firm, stead-
fast.
C0nstring5, -stringere, -strlnxi,
-strictus [con-stringo], 3. v. a., bind
fast, hold fast bound, bind hajtd
and foot, hold in check, restrain. —
In many fig. uses, the figure is
retained in Latin where it can
hardly be kept in Eng.
consuesco, -suescere,-suevl, -sue-
tus [con-suesco], 3. v. n., become
accjisto7ned. — In perf. tenses, be
accustomed, be wont. — consuetus,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., acctistomcd,
tvont, used.
consuetudo, -inis [con-tsuetudo
(prob. tsuetu + do, as in gravedo,
libido); cf. consuesco], f., habit,
custom, habits (collectively), man-
ners, customs, precedejtt, ordinary
method, habittial ijitercourse, inter-
course : victus {customary mode of
living) ; incommodorum {the habit
of enduring, etc.).
consul, -ulis [con-sul (cf. prae-
sul, exsul), root of salio in some
earlier unc. meaning], m., a consul
(the title of the chief magistrate
of Rome; cf. consilium). — \Yith
proper names in abl., the usual
way of indicating dates : M. Mes-
sala et M. Pisone consulibus (/;/ the
consulship of, etc.) ; se consule, ut
his constdship (as a date or occa-
sion) ; pro consule, see proconsul.
consularis, -e [consul- -f aris],
adj., of a consid, of the consuls,
constdar. — Esp. with homo, etc.,
or as subst., ati ex-consul.
consulatus, -iis [tconsula- (cf.
exsulo) + tus], M., cofisulship (cf.
consul), the office of cojtsul.
consuls, -sulere, -sului, -sultus
[prob. consul, though poss. a kin-
dred or independent verb], 3. v. a.
and n., deliberate, constdt, take coun-
sel, decide. — With ace, constdt.
consults
53
contineo
take one's advice, ask the advice
of. — With dat., take counsel f 07-,
consult the interests of, consult for
the welfare of look out for, do a
service to. — See also consulto and
other participial forms.
c5nsultO [prob. like abl. absolute
p.p. used impersonally ; cf. auspi-
cate], adv., with deliberation, pitr-
posely, designedly.
consultum, -I [n. p.p. of consulo],
N., « decision, an order, a decree. —
Esp., senatus consultum, a7t order
of the senate.
consultus, -a, -um [p.p. of con-
sulo], adj., skilful, well-practised,
learned (esp. in th e law) . — iure con-
sultus, masc. as adj. or subst., {one)
learned in the law, a lawyer, a jurist.
consumo, -siimere, -siimpsi,
-sumptus [con-sumo], 3. v. a., {take
out of the general store). — Hence,
waste, consume, destroy, s/end, ex-
haiist, use up.
contamino, -are, -avT, -atus [con-
tamin- (stem of con-ttamen, i.e.
TAG + men)], i. v. a., bring info
contact, unite. — Esp. with notion
of contagion (cf. contagio), contami-
nate. — Hence, defile, disJionor, dis-
grace.
contego, -tegere, -texl, -tectus
[con-tego], 3. V. a., cover up, cover,
bury.
contemno, -temnere, -tempsT,
-temptus [con-temno], 3. v. a., de-
spise, disregard, hold in contempt.
— contemptus, -a, -um, p.p. as
adj., despicable, contemptible.
COntendo, -tendere, -tend!, -ten-
tus [con-tendo], 3. v. n., strain,
struggle, strive, try, endeavor, exert
■• one^s self, attempt, be zealous. —
1 Esp., -with verbs of motion,/r^.fj-^«,
/ hasten. — A\so, fight, contend, wage
7uar. — With ad and in like con-
structions, press towards, hasten,
march, start to go (in haste). —
With ab, urge upon one, persuade,
induce. — Also, compare, contrast.
— Absolutely, maintain {that, etc.),
contend (in same sense).
contentio, -onis [con-ttentio- ; cf.
contends], F., a strain, struggle,
efforts. — Esp., cofitest, fighting. —
Also, coinparison (cf. contendo).
contentus, -a, -um, see contendo
and contineo.
conticesc5, -ticescere, -ticul, no
p.p. [con-ttacesco], 3. v. n., be-
come silent, cease to speak, be
hushed.
continens, -entis, see contineo.
continenter [continent- + ter],
adv., co7itinually, without stopping,
contifzuously.
continentia, -ae [continent- +
la], F., self-restraint.
contineo, -tinere, -tinuT, -tentus
[con-teneo], 2. v. a., hold together,
connect, contain, hold in. — Hence,
in many fig. meanings, restrain,
hold in check, keep (within bounds),
hem in, retain (in something). —
Pass, or with reflex., keep within,
remain, be included in, be bounded,
consist in (be contained in), depend
upon. — continens, -entis, p. as adj.,
{holding together), contifuial, con-
tiguous, continuous. — As subst.,
the continuotis la?id, the conti7iefit.
— Also, restraining ofie's self
contingo
54
cojitinent. — contentus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., contented, co>ite?it,
satisfied.
contingo, -tingere, -tigl, -tactus
[con-tango], 3. v. a. and n., touch,
reach, join. — With dat. (expressed
or implied), happen, have the good
fortufie (of the person). — Rarely
in a general sense, occur, be the
case.
continue [abl. of continuus],
adv., immediately, straightzuay,
forthwith.
continuus, -a, -um [con-ttenuus
(ten, in teneo, + uus)], adj., con-
tinuous, successive, in succession.
contio, -onis [prob. for conven-
tio], F., ati assembly. — Esp., the as-
sembly of the people convened by a
magistrate for di-scussing any pub-
lic matter, but not for voting (cf.
comitia), or a like assembly of sol-
diers before their commander. —
Less exactly, a harangue (on such
an occasion), <?;/ address: comes
ad contionem, an associate to address
the people) ; in contione, /// ha-
rangties.
contionator, -oris [contiona- -f
tor], M., a haranguer, a demagogtie.
COntionor, -arl, -atus [contion-],
I. V. dep., ha)-angue, address (an
assembly or an army).
contra [unc. case-form (instr.?)
of tconterus (con -f terus) ; cf. su-
perus, supra], adv. and prep.,
opposite, contrary to, against, i?i
opposition, on the other hand, on
the other side, to the contrary :
contra atque, different from what,
etc., contrary to what, etc.
contractio, -onis [con-tractio ;
cf. contraho], f., a drawing to-
gether, a contraction : frontis {a
frown).
contraho, -trahere, -traxT, -trac-
tus [con-traho], 3. v. a., draw to-
gether, draw ill, bring together,
gather together, contract, narrow,
make smaller, bring into sfnaller
compass : aes alienum {contract) ;
amplius negoti {get one's self into).
contrarius, -a, -um [tcontero-
(see contra) + arius], adj., opposite
(lit. and fig.), contrary, contradic-
tory.
contremisco, -tremlscere, -tre-
muT, no p.p. [con-tremisco], 3. v. n.,
begin to tret?ible : fides virtusque
(zoaver).
controversia, -ae [contro-verso-
-f ia], F., a turning against. —
Hence, a cotitroversy, a dispute:
sine controversia, without question.
contrucido, -are, -avT, -atus [con-
trucido], I. V. a., cut to pieces,
slaughter, massacre. — Less exactly,
tear in pieces (rem publicam).
contubernalis, -is [con-taberna-
+ alis], M. and F., (prop. adj.). a
tent compajiion, a messmate.
contumelia, -ae [.\ cf. tumeo],
F., an insult, an affrotit, an outrage.
convalesco, -ere, -uT, no p.p.
[con-valesco], 3. v. n., get better.
conveho, -vehere, -vexT, -vectus
[con-veho], 3. v. a., bring together.
convenio, -venire, -venl, -ventus
[con-venio], 4. v. a. and n., come
together, meet, assemble, come in,
arrive, agree upon, agree. — With
ace, meet, come to. — Also, of
conventiculum
55
Cornelius
things, be agreed upon, be fif/iug,
be necessary (in a loose sense in
Eng.). — Esp. impers., // is fitting,
ougJit: qui convenit, hoiv is it likelv /
how can it be ? tibi cum sceleratis
convenire, yon be on good terms
with, etc.; in aliquem suspicio {can
fall).
conventiculum, -i [convents- +
culum], N., a little group.
conventus, -us [con-tventus ; cf.
convenio and adventus], m., aji
assembly, a ifieeting. — Esp., an
assize (the regular assembly of
Roman citizens in a provincial
town on stated occasions, at which
justice was dispensed), an associa-
tion of merchants (in a province,
who were united into a sort of
guild).
conversus, -a, -urn, see con-
verto.
converto, -vertere, -vertT, -versus
[con-verto], 3. v. a., tnrn about,
turn. — Fig., divert, change, con-
vert, appropriate : se convertere,
tnrn.
convicium (convit-), -i [tcon-
vic- (con-vox) + ium], n., a wran-
gle, rvrangling.
convince, -vincere, -vTcI, -victus
[con-vinco], 3. v. a., prove, make
good (a charge, etc.) : avaritia
convicta, found guilty of avarice
(changing the point of view for
the Eng. idiom). — Also (as in
Eng.), of the person, convict, proi'e
guilty.
convivium, -T [conviva- + ium ;
cf. conlegium], n., a living together,
a banq74et, a carousal.
convoco, -are, -avT, -atus [con-
voco], I. V. a., call together, sum-
fnon, call (a council or the like).
copia, -ae [tcopi- (con-ops) -f
ia ; cf. inopia, inops], f., abun-
dance, plenty, supply (both great
and small), quantity, number. —
Esp., luxury (abundance of every-
thing).— Plur. (esp. of forces),
forces, reso7irces, sjipplies, armed
forces, capital : dicendi {^fluency) ;
in dicendo {fthtess of matter).
copiose [old abl. of copiosus],
adv., /////v.
copiosus, -a, -um [copia (re-
duced) -f osus], adj., well supplied,
7uealthy, full of resources, well
to do.
coram [unc. case, formed from
con and os], adv. and prep., face
to face [with), personally, present,
in persoti, iji the presence of.
Corduba, -ae [.?], f., a city in
Spain, now Cordova.
Corfidius, -i [.'], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., L. Coffidius,
a friend of Ligarius.
Corfinium, -i [KopcplvLov], n., a
strongly fortified town in central
Italy, now Pel i no.
Corinthius, -a, -um \KoplvdLos'],
adj., of Corinth, Corinthian. —
Masc. plur., the Corinthians.
Corinthus, -T [K6pLvdo%'], F., Cor-
inth, the famous city on the
isthmus between Greece and the
Peloponnesus, destroyed by Mum-
mius, B.C. 146.
Cornelius, -I [?], m., a famous
Roman gentile name. — Esp. :
I. Cornelius Cinna (see Cinna) ;
Cornelius
56
creber
2. Z. Cornelius Sulla (see Sulla) ;
3. L. Co7-nelius Leiituhis (see Len-
tulus).
Cornelius, -a, -um [same word
as preceding], adj., of Cornelius.
— Esp., Cornelian (of the laws
passed by Sulla).
Cornificius, -1 [tcornifico- + ius],
M., a Roman gentile name. —
Esp., Q. Cornificius, one of the
indices in the case against Verres.
Corniitus, -I [comu- + tus ; cf.
barbatus], isi., a Roman family
name. — Esp., M. Cormitus, praetor
in B.C. 43.
corona, -ae [?], f., a garland. —
Fig., a circle [line, of soldiers), a
circle of spectators.
corpus, -oris [unc. root + us],
^.,the body, the person, the frame :
petitionis corpora effugere (by dodg-
ing, a gladiator's term).
corrigo (conr-), -rigere, -rexl, -rec-
tus [con-rego], 3. v. a., {straighten),
correct, reform, amend : te corrigas,
amend (as if intrans.).
corripio, -ripere, -ripuT, -reptus
[con-rapio], 3. v. a., seize, seize
upon, plunder.
corroboro, -are, -avi, -atus [con-
troboro (robur)], i. v. a., strengthen,
CO 71 fir 771.
corrumpo, -rumpere, -rupT, -rup-
tus [con-rumpo], 3. v. a., spoil, rui7i,
tamper with (of documents or of a
court), bribe (of a court, etc.). —
corruptus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
cor7'upt, profligate.
corruo, -ruere, -ruT, no p.p. [con-
ruo], 3. V. a. and n., fall i/i rui/is,
fall. — Also, overthrow.
corruptela, -ae [prob. corrupto-
-f ela ; cf. querela], F., ?/iea7is of
seductio7i, a7i e7itice77ie7it, a7i allure-
7/ie7it.
corruptor, -oris [con-ruptor ; cf.
corrumpo], m., a cor7-uptor, a
seducer.
cotidianus (quot-),-a, -um [coti-
die- -f anus], adj., daily.
cotidie (quot-) [quot-die (loc. of
dies)], adv., daily, every day.
Cotta, -ae [?], m., a Roman fam-
ily name. — Esp., L. Aurelius Cotta,
consul B.C. 65, and later "Princeps
Senatus."
Cottius, -T [.'], M., the name
of two Romans from Taurome-
nium, who were witnesses against
Verres.
Coils, -a, -um [Kwos], adj., of
Cos (an island in the /Egean). —
Masc. plur. as subst., the Coans.
eras [.^], adv., to-7norrow.
Crassus, -1 [crassus, fat'\, m., a
Roman family name. — Esp. :
I. Marcus [Lici/tius) Crassus,
consul with Pompey B.C. 55; one
(with Caesar and Pompey) of the
combination called the First Tri-
umvirate. 2. L. Lici7iius Crassus,
the great orator, censor B.C. 103.
3. P. Lici7tius C7'assus, censor
B.C. 89.
cratera, -ae [prob. from ace. of
/v'paT77p], F., a vase (for mixing wine,
corresponding to " punch-bowl " ),
a jar.
creber, -bra, -brum [ore (in creo)
-f ber ; cf. saluber], adj., thick,
close, 7iu77ierous, frcq7te7it : sermo
[ge7ieral).
crebro
57
cubiculum
crebro [prol). abl. of creber], adv.,
■frequently^ constatitly, hi 7-apid suc-
cession, at short intervals.
credibilis, -e [credi- (as stem of
credo) + bills], adj., to be believed,
credible : non credibilis, i»ipossible
to believe.
credo, credere, credidT, creditus
[tcred {faith, of unc. formation) +
- do], 3. V, a. and n., trust, entritst,
believe, suppose, believe i)i. — Esp.,
parenthetically, credo, / suppose
(ironical) : mihi crede, take my
word for it, take my advice.
crein5, -are, -avT, -atus [.^], i. v. a.,
burn, consume (esp. of the dead,
perh. orig; only of flesh; cf. cremor).
creo, -are, -avi, -atus [unc. form
akin to cresco], i. v. a., {cause to
grow), create, generate. — Esp.,
elect, choose.
Crepereius, -1 [.^], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., AT. Crepe-
reius, a Roman knight, a index in
the case of Verres.
crepitus, -us [crepi- (as stem of
crepe) + tus], m., a noise, a rattling,
a sound.
Cres, Cretis [Kp^s], m., a Cretan.
cresco, crescere, crevi, cretus
[stem ere- (also in creo) with -sco],
3. V. n., grow, increase, swell (of a
river), be swelled, increase in influ-
ence (of a man), be increased.
Cretensis, -e [Creta- + ensis],
adj., of Crete, Cretan. — Masc. plur.
as subst., the Cretans.
creterra, -ae [/cpTjxTjp], Y.,a mix-
ing vessel, a bowl.
crimen, -minis [cri- (stem akin
to cerno) + men], N., (a decision).
— Less exactly, a charge, a fault,
a crime.
criminor, -arl, -atus [crimin-],
I. V. dep., accuse, bring an accusa-
tion, charge, find fault with.
criminose [old abh of crimino-
sus], adv., i7i the spirit of an
accuser.
criminosus, -a, -um [crimin- +
osus], adj., crijuinal, ground for
an accusation.
cruciatus, -us [crucia- (stem of
crucio) + tus], M., crucifying. —
Hence, torture. — With a change
of relation, suffering (of the person
tortured).
crucio, -are, -avI, -atus [cruc- (as
if crucio-)], i. v. a., crucify, torture.
crudelis, -e [tcrude- (in crudesco,
akin to crudus) -f lis ; cf. Aprllis,
edulis, animalis], adj., {bloody?),
cruel (also of the things suffered,
as in Eng.).
criidelitas, -atis [crudeli- -f tas],
F., cruelty.
crudeliter [crudeli- + ter], adv.,
cruelly, with cruelty, harshly.
cruento, -are, -avI, -atus [cru-
ento-], I. V. a., stain with blood.
cruentus, -a, -um [cru- (in cruor,
crudus) -f entus ; cf. tantus], adj.,
bloody, blood-stained.
cruor, -oris [cru- (in crudus) +
or], M., blood (out of the body),
gore.
crux, crucis {}], ¥., a cross (the
usual instrument for the punish-
ment of slaves), death on the cross.
cubiculum, -I [cubo- + culum],
N., {a place for reclining), a sleep-
ins'-room.
cubile
58
cublle, -is [tcubi- (stem akin to
cumbo) + lis (cf. crudelis), neut. of
adj.], N., a couch, a rcsthig-/>lcice, a
bed, a lair.
cub5, -are, -uT, -itum [cu]>],
I. V. n., lie down, lie, lie asleep:
cubitum ire, go to bed.
culeus (cull-), -1 [\-6Xeos], M., a
sack.
culpa, -ae [?], v., a fault, blajfte,
guilt.
cultiira, -ae [cultu- + ra (fern, of
-rus; cf. figura)], f., cultivation,
culture : agri cultura or agricultura,
the cultivation of the soil.
cum [.'', another form of con-],
prep. w. abl., with, along with, in
company with, armed with.
cum (quom) [case-form (prob.
ace.) of qui], conj., when, while,
whenever. — Often rendered by a
different construction in Eng. : cum
mulier esset, being a wojnan. —
Of logical relations (usually with
subjv.), when, while, since, inas-
much as, though, although. — cum
. . . turn, while . . . so also, not only
. . . but especially, while . . . besides,
not only . . . but also, not only . . .
but as well, while . . . as well, while
. . . so (in particular), both . . . and,
as well . . . as ; cum primum, as
soon as, the first time.
cumulate [old abl. of cumula-
tus], adv., in full measure, fully.
cumulo, -are, -avi, -atus [cumu-
16-], I. V. a., heap up, fill full, add
to : alio scelere hoc scelus {add to
this, etc., another, etc.) ; ea quae
promisimus studiose cumulata red-
demus {in the fullest measure).
cumulus, -T [tcumo- (akin to
Kviia) 4- lus], M., {the swelling
heap), a heap. — Hence, the last
stroke, the last touch (added to
something already complete), an
extra weight, an increase.
cunctus, -a, -um [for coniunc-
tus?], adj., all (together, in a
mass) : Italia {the whole of, etc.) ;
urbs {the entire).
cupide [old abl. of cupidus],
adv., eagerly, zealously, earnestly.
cupiditas, -atis [cupido- -f tas],
F., desire, eagerness, greed, cupidity,
greed of gain, selfish desire.
cupido, -inis [unc. form akin to
cupio], F., desire. — Masc. (personi-
fied), Cupid (the god of desire).
cupidus, -a, -um [noun stem
akin to cupio -f dus], adj., eager,
desirous, longing {for), fotid of,
ambitious {for), with a passion
{for), overzealous, greedy.
cupio, -ere, -Ivi (-il), -Itus [partly
root verb, partly from tcupi- ; cf.
cupidus], 3. (and 4) v. a. and n.,
be eager {for), be anxious, desire
(stronger than volo). — With dat.,
wish ivell to, be zealotis for : quid
cupiebas, quid optabas {desire, as
a passive longing, wish for, as an
active prayer or wish).
ciir (quor) [perh. for qua re].
adv., rel. and interr., why.
cura, -ae [for tcavira, akin to
caveo], F., care, anxiety, attention.
curia, -ae [prob. akin to Quiris],
F., the meeting-place of the old
aristocracy of Rome. — Hence, a
senate-house. — Esp., the Cu7'ia
Ifostilia on the Forum.
Curio
59
de
Curio, -onis [curia- + o {priest
of a curid)\ M., a Roman family
name. — Esp., C. Scriboiiits Curio,
a friend of Cicero.
ciiriosus, -a, -um [tcuria (cf. in-
curia) +osus], adj., curious, pryini^.
Curius, -T [cf. curis, spea?-], .\i.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp.,
A/\ Ctirius, a banker of Patrse.
euro, -are, -avT, -atus [cura], i.
V. a. and n., take care (of), treat
(medically). — With gerundive,
cause (to be done), have (done).
curriculum, -i [from unc. stem
akin to curro and currus ; cf. ve-
hiculum], N., a course, a ru7uiing.
curro, currere, cucurrT, cursurus
[? for tcurso], 3. v. n., run.
currus, -us [cur (?) + us ; cf.
curro], M., a chariot. — Esp., a tri-
umphal chariot.
curso, -are, -avi, no p.p. [curso-],
I. V. n., run, rush, hurry.
cursus, -us [cuR (?) + tus ; cf.
curro], M., a runnijig, runnivg,
speed, a run, a course, a voy-
age, a career: celeritas et cursus
{activity, as a quality, speedy pas-
sage, as the result accomplished);
cursus sceleris (fig., as in Eng.) ;
quemcunque fortuna dederit {what-
ever wanderings); orationis {flow).
curulis, -e [prob. curru- -f lis],
adj., {of a chariot ?). — Esp., sella
curulis, the curtile chair (the ivory
chair of magistrates at Rome).
custodia, -ae [custod- + ia], v.,
custody, guard (state of being
guarded). — Plur. (concretely),
guards, keepers.
custodio, -Ire, -Tvi (-il), -itus [cus-
tod-, as if custodi-], 4. v. a. and
abs. (as if x\.), guard, do guard duty.
custos, -odis [unc. stem -f dis
(cf. merces, palus)], c, a guard,
a xvatchman, a keeper, a guardian.
Cyrus, -I [KOpos], m., a common
name among the Greeks. — Esp.,
an architect or builder employed
by Clodius.
Cyzicenus, -a, -um \\s.v<;iKr\vo%\,
adj., of Cyzicum, a city of Mysia,
on the Propontis. — Plur., the
people of the city, Cyzicenes.
D
d., see a. d.
D [half of *, CID = M], 500.
D., abbrev. for Decimus.
damnatio, -onis [damna- + tio],
F., a finding guilty, a conviction.
damno, -are, -avT, -atus [damno-],
I . V. a., {fine), find guilty, conde?nn,
convict.
de [unc. case-form of pron. stem
DA (in idem, dum)], prep, with abl.,
{down, only in comp. as adv.),
down from, off from, f)om, aiuay
from. — Hence, qua de causa, for
ivhich reason ; de aliquo mereor
{deserve well or /'// of, properly win
from); de consilio {/>y, cf. ex);
multa de nocte, late at night. —
Esp. in partitive sense, out of of:
pauci de nostris. — Also (cf. P^ng.
of), about, ty" (about), /;/ regard to,
co>icer)ii)ig, for: de regno despe-
rare ; nihil de bello timere, Jiave
dea
60
declino
710 fear of war ; contendere, dimi-
care {about, fo?-) ; triumphare {tri-
umph over, triumph for a victory
over) ; quid de te futurum est,
7c>hat will becof/ie of you ; de maies-
tate {for) ; de improviso, of a sud-
den ; de industria, on purpose. — In
comp., down, off, away, through
(and be done with).
dea, -ae [fern, of deus], f., a god-
dess.— Esp., Bona Dea, see bona.
debe5, -ere, -ul, -itus [de-habeo],
2. V. a., {have off from one''s posses-
sions), owe, be bound, ought, cannot
help, should, be under obligation.
— Pass., be due, be ozving : non
debeo, have no right; omnia de-
bere, be bound to do everything. —
debitus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., due,
deserved.
debilis, -e [de-habilis] , adj ., T^tvz/',
feeble, helpless, eifeebled.
debilito, -are, -avT, -atus [debili-
(through intermediate stem)], i.
V. a., cripple, weaken, ejifeeble,
break down (in health, etc.). —
Fig., overcome, paralyze.
deced5, -cedere, -cessi, -cessurus
[de-cedo], 3. v. n., {make way off ;
cf. cede), retire, withdraw (de
scaena), withdraw from, shun. —
Esp. (from life), die : de officio
{sacrifice, abandon) ; de iure {yield,
give up).
decern [?], indecl. num. adj., ten.
December, -bris, -bre [decern
+ unc. term.; cf. saluber], adj.,
{tenth ?). — Esp., of December.
decempeda, -ae [decem-tpeda
(fern, of tpedus?)], F., a ten-foot
pole, a measure (of ten feet).
decerno, -cernere, -crevT, -cretus
[de-cerno], 3. v. a. and n., {decide
off, so as to clear away), decide,
determijie, decree, order (as a
result of determination), vote (of
a consulting body, or of a single
member of it).
decerpo, -cerpere, -cerpsi, -cerp-
tus [de-carpo], 3. v. -a.., phick off. —
Fig., detract, take away.
decerto, -are, -avT, -atus [de-
certo], I. V. a. and n., contend (so
as to close the contest), decide the
issue, try the issue (of war), car^y
071 war, fight (a general engage-
ment) : de fortunis decertari, 07ie''s
fortu7ies are at stake.
decessus, -us [de-tcessus ; cf.
decedo and incessus], m., with-
dratval, departure.
decet, -ere, -uit, no p.p. [?, cf.
decus], 2. V. impers., // is fitti7ig, it
is beco7ning, it becomes.
decido, -cidere, -cidT, no p.p.
[de-cado], 3. v. n., fall down,
fall.
decimus (decu-), -a, -um [stem
of decern -fmus], adj., the tenth. —
Esp., Decimus, as a Roman praeno-
men. — decuraa, -ae (sc. pars), f., a
tithe (of the produce of land let by
the state on shares).
declar5, -are, -avi, -atus [de-
claro], I. V. a., {clear off), 7nake
plai7i, declare, shozu.
declinatio, -onis [declina- + tio] ,
F., a Iea7ii7ig, a side 77iove77ie7it.
declin5, -are, -avi, -atus [de-
clino], I. V. a. and n., move aside,
avoid (as if by a deviation of the
body), elude, fii7zch.
decoctor
defetigo
decoctor, -oris [de-coctor ; cf.
decoquo], m., {one who boils down),
a speyidthrift.
decoro, -are, -avT, -at us [decor-],
I. V. a., adorn, embellish. — Fig.,
honor, praise.
decretum, -I [prop. neut. of de-
cretus], N., a decree, a decision,
resolution.
decuma, see decimus.
decuria, -ae [decern + unc. term. ;
cf. centuria], f., a decnry (a divi-
sion of ten men of the original
Roman heads of families, also
more generally of cavalry and
other bodies).
decurio, -onis [decuria- + o], m.,
a president of a decury, a decnrion.
— Also, a member of the senate
in a provincial town, a provincial
senator.
decurio, -are, -avi, -atus [decu-
ria-], I. V. a., divide into de cu-
ries.
decus, -oris [dec- (as root of
decet) + us], n., an ornament, an
embellishment. — Fig., a7i honor.
dedecus, -oris [de-decus], x.,
a disgrace, dishonor, a stain.
dedico, -are, -avI, -atus [de-dico],
I. V. a., dedicate, devote.
deditio, -onis [de-datio ; cf.
dedo], F., surrender : spes dedi-
tionis, hope that one''s surrender
would be received.
dedo, -dere, -did!, -ditus [de-do],
3. V. a., give over, surrender, give
up. — In pass, or with reflex., sur-
render one''s self, submit: aures
{listen to).
deduco, -ducere, -duxT, -ductus
[de-duco], 3. V. a., lead down or off,
lead away, withdraw, draw off
(praesidia), take away (of men),
bring away, lead (from one place
to another), bring (into a situa-
tion). — Fig., induce, bring, lead.
— Esp. of ships, launch (draw
down) ; of women, marry (used of
the man) ; of things, bring, draw,
turn. So, raise (a man to fortune) :
rem hue {bring) ; de fide {seduce) ;
de sententia {dissuade) ; de lenitate
{drive) ; coloniam {plant) ; servos
ex Apennino {bring do7vn).
defatigatio, see defetigatio.
defatigo, see defetigo.
defendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fensus
[de-fendo], 3. v. a., ward off, de-
fend one 'j- self against. — Also, with
changed relation, defend, protect,
maintain (a C2i\xse), fight for.
defensio, -onis [de-tfensio ; cf.
defendo], f., a defence.
defensor, -oris [de-tfensor ; cf.
defendo], m., a defender: necis {a
preventer).
defero, -ferre, -tull, -latus [de-
fero], irr. v. a., carry dow7i, carry
away, bring, land (of ships). —
Pass., be borne dozvn or on, drift
(of ships), t2irn aside: delati in
scrobes {falling). — Fig., confer
upon, put in one\ hands, report,
lay before, devote : nomen alicuius
{accuse one)-, studium {tender).
defessus, -a, -um, see defetiscor.
defetigatio (defat-), -onis [de-
fatigatio], F., exhaustion.
defetigo (defat-), -are, -avi, -atus
[de-fatigo], i. v. a., wear out, ex-
haust, worrv, tire out.
defetiscor
62
delicatus
defetiscor, -fetlsci, -f ess us [de-
fatiscor], 3. v. dep., crack open. —
Fig., become exhausted. — defessus,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., exhausted,
7uorn out, wearied : accusatio
{grouni stale).
defici5, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [de-
facio], 3. V. a. and n., fail, fall
azuay, revolt, fall off, almudon (with
ab).
defigo, -figere, -flxl, -fixus [de-
figo]' 3- V- ^M y^-^ (^^' or down),
plant, set, fasten, drive down : in
oculis flagitia {set before) ; curas
{devote).
definio, -Ire, -Tvi, -itus [de-finio],
4. V. a., set limits to, fix, appoint,
liviit, bring to a close, mark out.
deflagro, -are, -avi, -atus [de-
flagro], I. V. n., burn up, be con-
sumed : imperium deflagratum
{burned to the ground).
defluo, -fluere, -fluxT, -fluxurus
[de-fluo], 3. V. n., flow do-wn, ffnv
apart, divide (of a river), fall a7uay.
defore, see desum.
deformo, -are, -avT, -atus [de-
formo], I. V. a., deform, disfigjire.
defraudo, -are, -avi, -atus [de-
fraud-], I. V. a., defraud, overreach,
cheat.
defungor, -fungi, -fiinctus [de-
fungor], 3. V. de\)., perform, f7tish,
be done 7vith, get I'id of.
dego, degere, degl, no p.p. [de-
ago], 3. V. 2i., pass, spend.
deicio (deiicio), -icere, -iecl,
-iectus [de-iacio], 3. v. a., throxv
down, keep off, ivard off, deprive,
keep out (one from a thing), repel,
eject, oust.
dein [de-in ; cf. deinde], adv.,
theji, next.
deinde [de-inde], adv., from
thence, then, after that, then again.
delabor, -labl, -lapsus [de-labor],
3. V. dep., slip down, slip away :
de caelo {fall, descend, come down).
delectati5, -onis [delecta- -f tio],
I"., delight, pleasure, enjoymefit.
delecto, -are, -avi, -atus [de-
tlecto; cf. deiicio and allecto],
I. V. a. and n., {allure), delight,
please, give pleasure to. — Pass.,
take delight, delight (in a thing) :
Graecos delectat, the Greeks take
pleasure.
delectus (di-), -lis [de-lectus ; cf.
deligo], M., a choosing, an enrol-
ment, a levy, a conscription.
delenio, -Ire, -IvI (-il), -Itus [de-
lenio], 4. V. a., soothe, soften, pacify.
deleo, -ere, -evi, -etus [de-tleo
(akin to lino)], 2. v. a., {smear out),
blot out, wipe out (of a disgrace). —
Fig., annihilate, destroy.
deliberatio, -onis [delibera- +
tio], F., a deliberation, a discussion,
a decision (through deliberation).
deliberator, -oris [delibera- +
tor], M., a deliberator. — Used sar-
castically of one who reserves his
decision in order to be bribed.
delibero, -are, -avi, -atus [de-
libero], i . v. a. and n., {disetitangle ?),
decide. — Also, discuss, deliberate,
xveigh .
delicate [old abl. of delicatus].
adv., delicately, luxuriously. —
Also, at ojie's ease, slowly.
delicatus, -a, -um [?, perh. p.p.
of tdelico, 7vean (or abandon) ; cf.
deliciae
63
demum
delicus, deliculus], adj., (' cos-
seted'" ?), fat?i/^ereJy luxurious.
deliciae, -arum [delico- (cf. de-
liculus) + ia], F. plur., {cosset-
ing .^), delights, allurements, luxu-
rious pleasures ; also, in sing, sense,
darling, pet, favorite.
delictum, -i [n. p.p. of delinquo],
N., {something left undone), a fail-
ure, a fault, a wrottg-doing, an
offence.
deligo, -are, -avi, -atus [de-ligo],
I. V. a., bind down, fastoi, bind,
tie up (to a stake).
' deligo, -ligere, -leg!, -lectus [de-
lego], 3. V. a., select,pick ottt, choose.
delinquo, -linquere, -iTquT, -lictus
[de-linquo], 3. v. w., fail (in one's
duty), do wrong : quid deliqui, what
ivrong have I do7ie (cognate ace).
Delos, -1 [A^Xos], F., an island
in the /Egean.
Delphicus, -a, -um [AeX0t/c6s],
adj., of Delphi (the seat of the
most famous worship of Apollo),
Delphic: mensa (a table made in
the form of a tripod).
delubrum, -i [de-tlubrum (lu -f
brum)], N., an expiatory shrine, a
shri/ie (cf. aedes, a temple gener-
ally ; templum, a place consecrated
by augury; fanum, an oracular (.'')
shrine).
deliido, -ludere, -liisT, -lusus
[de-ludo], 3. V. a. and n., deceive,
prevaricate.
demens, -entis [de-mens ; cf.
amens], adj., mad, crazy, insane:
scelere demens {^naddened, etc.).
dementer [dement- -f ter], adv.,
madly, crazily, senselessly.
dementia, -ae [dement- + ia], f.,
7Hadness, idiocy, utter folly.
demerge, -mergere, -mersi, -mer-
sus [de-mergo], 3. v. a., sink, drown,
submerge, plunge.
demigro, -are, -avi, -aturus [de-
migro], I. V. n., move away (change
residence), tnove one^s effects, move
over.
deminuo, -uere, -uT, -utus [de-
minuo], 3. v. a. and n., dimi)iish,
curtail, lessen, detract front : ne
quid de summa re publica deminue-
retur, that the supreme power in
the state should suffer no diminu-
tion.
deminutio, -onis [de-tminutio ;
cf. deminuo], F., a diminution, a
loss, a sacrifice (of lives, etc.).
demitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus
[de-mitto], 3. v. a., let go down (cf.
mitto), let down, stick down. — In
pass, or with reflex., let one^s self
down, descend, set one's self down.
— Fig., despo)id (se animo), be dis-
couraged. — demissus, -a, -um, p.p.
as adj., low-hanging {bowed, of the
head), downcast (of a person).
dem5nstratio, -onis [demonstra-
+ tio], F., a pointing out, a show-
ing, a manner of showing.
demonstro, -are, -avi, -atus [de-
monstro], i. v. a., point out, show,
state, indicate, mention.
demove5, -movere, -movl, -m5tus
[de-moveo], 2. v. a., remove, dis-
lodge: de sententia {shake one in,
etc.).
demum [ace. of tdemus (superl.
of de), nethermost, last], adv., at
last, at length (not before). —
denegd
64
deprehendS
Hence, only (not till a certain
point is reached), not tifitii.
denego, -are, -avl,-atus [de-nego],
I. V. a. and n., deny, refuse, say not.
deni, -ae, -a [for decni, decern
reduced + nus], num. adj. plur.,
ten each, ten (on each side), ten
(in sets of ten).
denique [tdeno- (de + nus, cf.
demum) que], adv., at last. — Of
order, finally. — Of preference, at
any rate (if no better, etc.): turn
denique, not till then, then and
then only; hora decima denique
{not until, etc.).
denoto, -are, -avi, -atus [de-noto],
I. V. a., mark out, mark, appoint.
deniintio, -are, -avi, -atus [de-
nuntio], i. v. a., annoujice (with
notion of threat), declare, ivarn,
order, command, give to u?ider-
stand, threaten one with.
depeculator, -oris [depecula- +
tor; cf. depeculor], m., an embez-
zler, a plunderer.
depeculor, -arl, -atus [de-pecu-
lor], I. V. dep., embezzle, plunder,
pillage, rifle.
depello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsus
[de-pello], 3. V. a., d7'ive off, drive
out, drive (away), dislodge, avert,
repel, remove, ward off, save 07te''s
self from : molem {throw off) ; ali-
quem de spe {force) ; simulacra
{throw down).
dependo, -pendere, -pendl, -pen-
sus [de-pendo], 3. v. a. and n.,
weigh out. — Hence, pay.
depingo, -pingere, -pinxi, -pictus
[de-pingo], 3. v. a., paint (so as to
make something), depict, represent.
deploro, -are, -avi, -atus [de-
ploro], I. V. a., lament, bewail the
loss of, 7nour}i for.
deponOj -ponere, -posui, -positus
[de-pono], 3. v. a., lay down, lay
aside, deposit. — Fig., lose, abandoji
(hope), blot out (memory), resigti.
depopulatio, -onis [de-populatio ;
cf. depopulor], f., a ravaging, a
plundei-itig.
depopulor, -ari, -atus [de-popu-
lor], I. V. dep., ravage, lay waste,
plunder.
deporto, -are, -avi, -atus [de-
porto], I. V. a., carry off, carry
away., re?}iove, bring off, bring
home.
deposco, -poscere, -poposci, no \j
p.p. [de-posco], 3. V. a., demand,
call for, claim, ask for.
depravo, -are, -avi, -atus [de-
pravo], I. V. a., distort. — Fig., co7'-
rupt, lead astray, pervert, ta77iper
with.
deprecator, -oris [de-precator ;
cf. deprecor], m., a 7nediator (to
beg off something for somebody). '
deprecor, -ari, -atus [de-precor],
I. V. dep., pray to avert so77iethi7ig,
pray (with accessory notion of re-
lief), beg, beg off, pray for pardon,
pray to be spared, resort to prayers,
save 07ie^s self from by prayers, re-
7nove by prayers : quo deprecante, by
whose 77iediation ; ad deprecan-
dum valebat, had the force of eft-
treaties.
deprehendo, -hendere, -hendl,
-hensus [de-prehendo], 3. v. a.,
capture, catch, seize, take possessiofi
of — As in Eng., catch {co7ne upo7i)y
deprimo
65
despero
surprise, find, detect, discover : fac-
tum {find, in the sense of catch
one at something). — Fig., grasp,
comprehend, tmderstand.
deprimo, -primere, -press!, -pres-
sus [de-premo], 3. v. a., press down,
sink.
depromo, -promere, -prompsi,
-promptus [de-promo], 3. v. a.,
draw out, appropriate.
depugno, -are, -avi, -atus [de-
pugno], I. V. n., fight ont (deci-
sively), resist with arms (so as to
decide the issue).
, derelinquo, -linquere, -liquT, -lic-
tus [de-relinquo], 3. v. a., leave
behind, abandon.
derivo, -are, -avi, -atus [perh.
immediately fr. de-rivus, prob.
through adj. -stem], i. v. a., draw
ofi" (water), divert: crimen {shift
upon another).
derogo, -are, -avi, -atus [de-rogo,
in its political sense], i. v. a., take
awav, withdra7v.
descends, -scendere, -scendl,
-scensurus [de-scando], 3. v. n.,
climb dozvn, descend. — Fig., resort
to, have recourse to, adopt: ad
accusandum {resort to a prosecu-
tion). — Fsp., cof?ie doxun to the
Foricm (from the hills on which
the Romans lived ; of. " go down
town ").
\ describo, -scrlbere, -scrips!, -scrlp-
tus [de-scribo], 3. v. a., write down,
set down (in writing), mark out,
map out, describe, drazu up (ius),
reduce to a system.
desero, -severe, -semi, -sertus
[de-sero], 3. v. a., disunite. — Ivsp.,
abandon, forsake, desert, give up,
leave in the lurch. — desertus, -a,
-um, p.p. as ^dc]., deserted, solitary :
vadimonia {forj'eit).
deservio, -servire, no. perf., no
p.p. [de-servio], i. v. n., serve zeal-
ously, be devoted to.
desiderium, !- [?, perh. tdesidero-
+ ium ; cf. desidero], n., lo^iging
for, desire (of som.ething lost),
grief for loss (of anything).
desidero, -are, -avi, -atus [?, tde-
sidero-, out of place ; cf. considero],
I. v. a., feel the want of, desire,
miss, need, regret the loss of, lose
(of soldiers). — Pass., be fnissing
{be lost) : desiderat neminem, has
71 ot lost a 7nan.
desidia, -ae [desid- (stem of
deses, de- sed) -j- ia], f., idleness,
sloth.
designo, -are, -av!, -atus [de-
signo], I. V. a., mark out, indicate,
?nean, designate. — designatus, p.p.
as adj., elected, elect (of officers not
yet in office).
desilid, -silire, -silu!, -sultus [de-
salio], 4. v. n., leap do7vn, leap
(down). Jump overboard: de rheda
{Jump out, spring out).
desino, -sinere, -s!v! (-si!), -situs
[de-sino], 3. v. a. and n., leave off,
desist, cease.
desisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stiturus
[de-sisto], 3. V. n., stand off, cease,
stop, desist from, abandon.
desperatio, -onis [de-tsperatio ;
cf. despero], f., despair, desperation.
despero, -ilre, -av!, -atus [de-
spero], r. v. a. and n., cease to hope,
despair, despair of. — desperatus,
desperandus
66
dexter
-a, -um, as pass., despaired of. —
Also as adj., {hopeless ?, perh. orig.
despaired of), hence desperate.
— desperandus, -a, -um, gerundive,
to be despaired of.
despicio, -spicere, -spexT, -spec-
tus [de-specio], 3. v. a. and n., look
down, look down upon, look away.
— Fig. (cf. Eng. equivalent), look
down upon, despise, express one''s
contempt for.
despicor, -ari, -atus [despico-],
I. V. A&^., despise. — despicatus, -a,
-um, p.p. as pass., despised, despi-
cable.
destringo, -stringere, -strinxl,
-strictus [de-stringo], 3. v. a., strip
off. — Also (cf. despolio), strip,
draw (of swords, stripping them
of their scabbards).
desum, -esse, -fuT, -futurus [de-
sum], irr. V. n., {be away), be want-
ing, be lacking, fail. — Esp., fail to
do one''s duty by, etc. — Often, lack
(changing relation of subj., and fol-
lowing dat.), be without, not have.
deterreo, -terrere, -terruT, -terri-
tus [de-terreo], 2. v. a., frighten
off, deter, prevent (esp. by threats,
but also generally).
. detestor, -arl, -atus [de-testor],
I. V. a., {call the gods to witness to
prevent something), entreat (from a
thing), remove by protest (call the
gods to witness to avoid).
detracts (-trecto), -are, -avi, -atus
[de-tracto], i. v. a., {hold off from
one''s self), avoid, shun.
detraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus
[de-traho], 3. v. a., drag off, tear
off, snatch (away). — With less
violence, take away, take off, with-
draw (with no violence at all).
detrecto, see detracto,
detrimentum, -I [de-ttrimentum
(tri- in tero -f mentum) ; cf. detero],
N., {a riibbing off), loss, harm,
injury. — Esp., defeat, disaster.
deus, -I [akin to divus, lovis,
dies], M., a god. — Also, in accord-
ance with ancient ideas, of a statue,
in adjurations: di boni, good heav-
ens! per deos im.vcioita.\is, for heav-
en 'j- sake ! heaven help us !
deveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus
[de-veho], 3. v. a., ca?'7y away,
bring (away, e.g. on horseback),
bring doxvn (esp. by vessel).
devert5, -vertere, -verti, -versus
[de-verto], 3. v. a. and n., turn
away, turn aside, turn off (the road
to stop by the way), stop (turning
aside from the way).
devincio, -vincire, -vinxl, -vinctus
[de-vincio], 4. v. a., bind down, bind,
attach , firm ly attach .
devinco, -vincere, -vIcT, -victus
[de-vinco], 3. v. a., conquer (so as
to prostrate), subdue (entirely).
devito, -are, -avT, -atus [de-vito],
I. v. a., avoid, shun, escape.
devoco, -are, -avi, -atus [de-voco],
I. V. a., call down (or away). —
Esp., fig., invite, bring.
devord, -are, -avi, -atus [de-voro],
I. V. a., swallow tip, devour, gulp
down: verbum {eagerly devour).
devoveo, -vovere, -vovi, -v5tus
[de-voveo], 2. v. a., vow (away). —
Less exactly, devote, consecrate.
dexter, -tera(-tra), -terum (-trum)
[unc.stem (perh. akin to digitus?)
Diana
6y
dignitas
+ terus], adj., right (on the right
hand). — dextra, -ae, F., (sc. ma-
nus), the right hand (esp. used as a
pledge of faith, as with us).
Diana, -ae [prob. fern, of lanus ;
cf. Atwi'T;], P\, a divinity of the
Romans entirely identified with
the Greek Artemis, the goddess of
the chase and patroness of celi-
bacy.
dico, dicere, dIxT, dictus [dic,
in dico and -dicus], 3. v. a. and n.,
{point out ? ; cf. 5€lkuv/xl), say, tell,
speak, name, speak of, inention. —
Esp., with authority, name, ap-
poi)it, fix: ius {administer; cf.
dico) ; sententiam {give, express).
— Special uses : dicunt, they say ;
causam dicere, plead one^s cause,
hence be tried, be brought to trial ;
facultas dicendi, po7ver of oratory ;
dixi, / have done ; incredibile dictu,
incredible ; quid dicam ? ivhat shall
I call it ? why should I speak ?
TV hat shall I say ? ad dicendum,
for addressing the people ; diem
dicere, bring a charge (liefore the
people) ; salutem dic, greet, re-
member ?ne to, give my regards to.
dictator, -oris [dicta- -f tor], m.,
a dictator (a Roman magistrate
appointed in times of danger by
the highest existing officer, and
possessing absolute power). —
Also, a similar officer in a munici-
pal town.
dictatura, -ae [dicta- + tura (i.e.
tdictatu -f ra ; cf. figura)], F., the
office of dictator, a dictatorship.
dictio, -onis [dic (as root of
dico) + tio]. P., a speaking, a plead-
ing (cf. dico) : causae {pleading
one''s cause, trial) ; iuris {adminis-
tration).
dictito, -are, -avT, no p.p. [akin
to dicto, form unc, perh. tdictita-
(dicto- + ta)], I. V. a., repeat, keep
saying.
dictum,
[n. p.p. of dico as
subst.], N., a sayi)ig, an expression,
words.
dies, -el [prob. for dives, uyu
+ as], M. (rarely f. in some uses),
a day (in all Eng. senses). — Also,
time : in dies, from day to day
(with idea of increase or diminu-
tion) ; illis ipsis diebus, at that very
time ; noctes diesque, night and
day ; diem dicere (see dico).
differo, differre, distulT, dilatus
[dis-fero], irr. v. a. and n., bear
apart, spread. — Also, postpone, de-
fer, put off, differ.
difficilis, -e [dis-facilis], adj.,
}tot easy, difficult.
difiicultas, -atis [difficili- (weak-
ened) + tas], F., difficulty, trouble,
diffictdt circuffistances.
diffido, -fidere, -fisus sum [dis-
fido], 3. V. n., distrust, not have con-
fidencc {in).
difflu5, -fluere, -fluxl, no p.p.
[dis-fluo], 3. V. n., flow apart, be-
come loose, become lax, run wild.
digitus, -T [.^], M., a finger.
dignitas, -atis [digno- + tas],
F., zvorthiness, zaorth, dignity, pres-
tige, position (superior), claims
(founded on worth), advaticement
(as the consequence of worthi-
ness), self-respect, the dignity of
one^s position.
dignus
68
discedo
dignus, -a, -urn [?, perh. root
of dico + nus], adj., worthy, de-
ser7'i>ig.
diiudico, -are, -avT, -atus [dis-
iudico], I. V. a. and n., decide (Ije-
tweeii two).
diiunctio, -onis [dis-iunctio ; cf.
diiungo], F., a sepiu-atioji.
diiungo (dis-), -iungere, -iunxT,
-iunctus [dis-iungo], 3. v. a., dis-
join, separate, divide.
dilabor, -labl, -lapsus [dis-labor],
3. V. dep., glide apart, slip a^vay,
fall away.
dilacero, -are, -avi, -atus [dis-
lacero], l. v. a., tear asunder, tear
ift pieces.
dilanio, -are, -avT, -atus [dis-
lanio], I. V. a., tear in pieces.
dilatio, -onis [dis-latio], f., a
postponcjuent, aji adjournment.
dilectus (de-), -us [dis-tlectus ;
cf. diligo], M., a choosijig, a levy,
a co7tscription.
diligens, -entis, p. of diligo, as
adj., diligent, pai)i staking, careful.
diligenter [diligent- -f ter], adv.,
carefiilly, with care, with exactness,
exactly, with pains, scrnpnlonsly.
diligentia, -ae [diligent- -f ia],
F., care, pains, paitistaking, dili-
gence: remittere {cease to take
pains, take less care).
dilig5, -ligere, -lexT, -lectus [dis-
lego], 3. V. a., {choose out), love, be
fond of. — See also diligens.
diliicesco, -lucescere, -luxl, no
p.p. [dis-lucesco], 3. v. n., gro7v
light, daivn. — Usuallyimpersonal.
diluculum, -T [dis-tluculum (lu-
cu- -f lus)], N., daybreak, dawn.
diluo, -lucre, -lul, -lutus [dis-luo],
3. V. a. and n., dissolve away, dis-
solve.— Fig., refute (tech. term).
dimicatio, -5nis [dimica- -f tio],
v., fighting, a c 071 test, a struggle.
dimico, -are, -avT, -aturus [dis-
mico], I. V. n., {brandish swords to
decide a contest '^), figlit (a decisive
battle), risk an engagement, co7i-
tend.
diminu5, see deminuo.
dimitto, -niittere, -mlsl, -missus
[dis-mitto], 3. v. a., let go away,
let slip, let pass, let go, give up, relin-
quish, abafidon : oppugnationem
{raise) ; victoriam {let go, on pur-
pose).— Also, send in different di-
rectio7is, seJid about, despatch, detail,
disband, disfniss, adjourn, dis-
charge.
direptio, -onis [dis-traptio ; cf.
diripio], f., plundering, plunder.
direptor, -oris [dis-raptor; cf.
diripio], m., a robber, a plu7iderer.
diripio, -ripere, -ripuT, -reptus
[dis-rapio], 3. v. a., seize (in differ-
ent directions), plu7ider, pillage.
dirumpo, -rumpere, -rupT, -rup-
tus [dis-rumpo], 3. v. a., break to
pieces, break, shatter, burst : dirupi
me paene, / ca77ie near bursting.
dis-, di- (dir-) [akin to duo?],
insep. prep, (adv.), in comp., asu7i-
der, ill differ ejit directio7is. Cf.
discedo, discemo, dirimo, diffundo.
Dis, Ditis [akin to dives, as the
earth is the source of riches], M.,
Pluto (the god of the underworld,
and so of death).
discedo, -cedere, -cessT, -ces-
siirus [dis-cedo], 3. v. n., withdraw,
disceptatio
69
dissensid
depart, retire, leave (with ab), go
away.
disceptatio, -onis [discepta- +
tio], F., a contest, a coiitejitio)!, a
discussion.
disceptator, -oris [discepta-
(stem of discepto) + tor], m., a
Judge, an arbiter.
disceptd, -are, -avi, -atus [dis-
capto], I. V. a., discuss, consider
and decide, decide.
discerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cretus
[dis-cerno], 3. v. a., separate, dis-
tingicish.
discessio, -onis [dis-cessio ; cf.
discedo], F., a departure, a with-
drawal, a division (as in Parlia-
ment), a vote: contionis {a division
of opinion in, etc.) ; discessionem
facere, take a vote.
discessus, -us [dis-fcessus ; cf.
discedo], M., a departure, a with-
drawal, absence.
discidium, -1 [dis-tscidium (scin
-f ium)], N., a separation, a dis-
sension.
disciplina, -ae [discipulo- (re-
duced) -f ina ; cf. rapina], f., {pu-
pilage?), discipline, instruction,
trainifig, a system (of doctrine,
etc.), a course of instruction, edu-
cation, a school (fig. as in Eng.) :
pueritiae disciplinae, the studies of
childhood ; navalis {skill, as the
result of discipline) ; maiorum
(strict conduct).
discipulus, T [?, akin to disco],
M., a pupil.
discliido, -cludere. -clusT, -clusus
[dis-claudo], 3. v. a., shut apart,
keep apart, separate, divide.
disco, discere, didicT, disciturus
[for tdicsco (dig + sco)], 3. v. a.
and n., learn.
discolor, -oris [dis-color], adj.,
parti-colored, differ e7it-colored.
discordia, -ae [discord- + ia ; cf.
concors], f., dissension, discord,
disagreement.
discribo, -scrlbere, -scrips!, -scrip-
tus [dis-scribo], 3. v. a., distribute,
apportion, assign.
discrimen, -inis [dis-crimen ; cf.
discerno], n., a separation, a de-
cision. Hence, a moment of de-
cision, a crisis, critical cotidition,
danger, peril, a critical moment, a
turjiing-point of one'' s fortunes.
disiungo, -iungere, -iunxT, -iunc-
tus [dis-iungo], 3. v. a., disunite, sep-
arate : disiunctissimus, -a, -um, very
far distant, very widely separated.
dispergo, -spergere, -spersT, -sper-
sus [dis-spargo], 3. v. a., scatter,
disperse, separate.
disperse [old abl. of dispersus],
adv., in different places, separately.
dispertid, -ire, -IvI (-ii), -Itus, also
dispertior, as dep. [dis-partio],
4. V. a. and dep., divide, distribute.
displiceo, -ere, -uT, -itus [dis-
placeo], 2. V. n., displease, be unsat-
isfactory, be disliked by.
disputo, -are, -avT, -atus [dis-
puto], I. V. n. and a., discuss (cf.
puto), argue.
dissemino, -are, -avi, -atus [dis-
semino], i. v. a., scatter, sotv
ividely, spread, disseminate.
dissensio, -onis [dis-tsensio ; cf.
dissentio], f., difference of opinion,
disas^recfnent, dissensio7i.
dissentio
70
dives
dissentio, -sentlre, -sensi, -sen-
surus [dis-sentio], 4. v. n., diffe7- in
opinion., dissent, differ, be at vari-
ance.
disside5, -sidere, -sedT, no p.p.
[dis-sedeo], 2. v. n., sit apart. —
Hence, disaj^ree, have a dissension.
dissimilis, -e [dis-similis], adj.,
tinlike, different, various.
dissimilitudo, -inis [dissimili- +
tudo], F., unlikeness, unlike iiatiire,
differcjit jiitture.
dissimulo, -are, -avT, -atus [dis-
simulo], I. V. a. and n., {pretend
something is not), conceal (what is),
dissemble, conceal the fact that, pre-
tend not to.
dissipo, -are, -avT, -atus [dis-
Isupo, throiiP^, I. V. a., scatter, dis-
perse, strew, spread abroad : dissi-
pates congregarunt {the scattered
people).
dissolutio, -onis [dis-solutio ; cf.
dissolve], 1'., a dissolving, abolition.
dissolve, -solvere, -solvI,-solritus
[dis-solvo], 3. V. a., unloose, relax,
separate. — dissolutus, -a, -um, p.p.
as adj., lax, iDirestrained, arbitrary
(as unrestrained by considerations
of policy or mercy).
distineo, -tinere, -tinuT, -tentus
[dis-teneo], 2. v. a., keep apai-t,
hold asunder, keep from uniting,
cut off (in military sense), isolate,
distract.
distraho, -trahere, -traxi,-tractus
[dis-traho], 3. v. a., d7-ag asunder,
tear asunder, separate. — Hence,
distract, divide: distractae senten-
tiae {zvidely divergent).
distribuo, -tribuere, -tribui, -tri-
-butus [dis-tribuo], 3. v. a., assign
(to several), distribute, divide.
distringo, -stringere, -strlnxl,
-strictus [dis-stringo], 3. v. a., stretch
apart, distract, engage, occupy.
disturbo, -are, -avi, -atus [dis-
turbo], I. V. a., drive away in con-
fttsion : contionem {break up).
ditissimus, -a, -um, superb of
dives.
diti [prob. ace. of stem akin to
dies], 2idv., for a time, a long time,
for some time, long: tarn diu, so
long; quam diu, how long, as
long: diutius, atty longer.
diurnus, -a, -um [tdius- (akin to
diu and dies) -f nus], adj., of the
day, daily (as opposed to nightly):
fur {by night).
dius [akin to divus], M., onl^ in
nom., in phrase me dius fidius,
hea7'en help me, as sure as / live,
good heavens !
diuturnitas, -atis [diuturno- -f
tas], F., length of time, long con-
tinua7ice, length (in time).
diuturnus, -a, -um [diu + tur-
nus ; cf. hestemus], adj., lotig con-
tinued, long (in time) ; minus diu-
tuma vita {shorter).
divello, -vellere, -velll, -volsus
[dis-vello], 3. v. a., tear apart, rend
asunder, tear (from).
diversus, -a, -um, see diverto.
divertd, -vertere, -verti, -ver-
sus [dis-verto], 3. v. a. and n.,
ttirji aside (or apart), separate. —
diversus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
separate, distant, diverse, different,
various.
dives, -itis [?], adj., rich.
divido
71
domicilium
divido, -videre, -visT, -visas [dis-
tvido, viDH (?), cf. viduus], 3. v. a.,
divide, separate, distribute. — divi-
SUS, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., divided.
divinitus [divino- + tus ; cf . cae-
litus], didw., from heaven, divinely,
providentialiy, by the gods. — Less
exactly, admirably, excelletitly.
divino, -are, -avi, -atus [divino-],
I. V. 2.., propJiesy, coijeetiire, foresee,
imagine (as likely to happen).
divinus, -a, -um [divo- (as if
diyi) + nus], adj., of the gods, di-
vine, providential, superhuman,
more than human, t?'anseendent,
godlike: res divinae, religious in-
stitutions.
divisor, -oris [dis-tvisor; cf.
divido], M., a distributer, a dis-
tributing agent, an agent (for bri-
bery).
divitiae, -arum [divit- -f ia], i".
plur., wealth, riches.
^do, dare, dedi, datus [da ; cf.
5t'5aj/it], I. V. a., give, bestow, grant,
furnish, vouchsafe, present, offer :
excusationem {afford) ; cognitorem
{furnish, bring fo7'7vard); literas,
epistulam (write). — See also opera.
-do [dha, place; cf. riQt]ixi\,
confounded with ^ do, but appear-
ing in comp., place, put.
doceo, docere, docul, doctus
[unc. formation akin to dico and
disco], 2. V. a., teach, show, inform,
represent, state. — dOCtus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., learned, educated, cul-
tivated, skilful.
docilitas, -atis [docili- -f tas], f.,
teachableness, aptness, capability (i>f
learning).
doctrina, -ae [doctor- -f ina ; cf .
medicina], f., teaching, systematic
instruction, education, training,
study, learning.
documentum, -I [docu- (?) (as
stem of doceo) -f mentum], n., a
means of teaching, a proof a warn-
ing, an exafnple.
Dolabella, -ae [dolabra- + la,
''little hatchet''\ M. (orig. F.), a
Roman family name. — Esp. : i. Cn.
Dolabella, in command of Cilicia
in B.C. 80, under whom Verres was
legatus : 2. P. Cornelius Dolabella,
Cicero's son-in-law, who was An-
tony's colleague in the consulship,
B.C. 44.
doleo, dolere, doluT, doliturus
[perh. dolo- (stem of dolus)], 2. v. n.,
feel pain, suffer. — Esp. mentally,
be pained, grieved.
dolor, -oris [dol- (as root of
doleo) -f or], m., pain (physical or
mental), suffering, distress, indig-
nation, chagrin, I'exation, sense of
injury : magno dolore ferre, be very
indignant, feel much chagrin ;
magno esse dolori, to be a great
annoyance or sorrozv ; dolor et
crepitus plagarum {cries of pain,
etc.).
domesticus, -a, -um [domo- (as
if domes-; cf. modestus) + ticus],
adj., {of the house), of one^s home,
one^s ozvn, at home. — Hence,
domestic, internal, intestine, within
the state or city, private : dolor
{personal) ; usus {at ofie''s house).
domicilium, -I [perh. domo- +
tcilium (fr. root of colo)], n., an
abode, a house, a dwelling-place, a
domina
72
dudum
house (as a permanent home), rz resi-
dence (in a legal sense) : imperi
{seat).
domina, -ae [f. of dominus], f.,
a viistress.
dominatio, -5nis [domina- + tio],
F., ifiastery, control, tyranny, poxver
(illegal or abnormal).
dominor, -arl, -atus [domino-],
1. V. dep., be master, rule, lord it
02>er, tyrannize, dominate.
dominus, -T [tdomo- {ruling ; cf.
-5a/ios) + nus], M., a master, a?t
owner : esse {have control).
Domitius, -1 [domito- (reduced)
-f ius], M., a Roman gentile name.
— Esp., Lucius Domitius Aheno-
barbus, consul in B.C. 54.
domitor, -oris [domi- (as stem
of domo) + tor], m., a ta7ner, a
queller.
domo, -are, -uT, -itus [tdomo-,
cf. dominus], i. v. a., tajne, quell,
subdue, master.
domus, -us (-T) [noM {build?)
+ us (-OS and -us)], f., a house, a
home, a house {a family) : domi, at
home ; domum, home, to one'' s home ;
domo, from home ; domo exire, go
away, emigrate.
donatio, -onis [dona- -f tio],
F., a gift, a donatio9i, a giving
away.
dono, -are, -avi, -atus [dono-],
I. V. a., present, give (as a gift). —
Also, honor with a gift, present
(one with a thing) ; civitate aliquem
donare, honor one with, etc., give
one the rights of^citizenship.
donum, -I [da -f nus], n., a gift.
dormio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum
(supine) [prob. from noun-stem],
4. V. n., sleep.
DrQsus, -i [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., M. Livius
Drusus, tribune B.C. 91, who
attempted some reform in favor
of the Italians. He was assassi-
nated by his opponents.
dubitatio, -onis [dubita- (stem
of dubito) + tio], F., doubt, hesita-
tion, question.
dubito, -are, -avi, -atiirus [t du-
bito- (p. of lost verb dubo ? cf. du-
bius)], I. V. n., doubt, have doubt, be
in doubt, feel doubtful.— hX'&o (abso-
lutely, or with inf., rarely (\yi\Vi), hesi-
tate, feel hesitation, vacillate.
dubius, -a, -um [tdubo- (duo +
bus ; cf. superbus and dubito) -\-
ius], adj., doubtful: est dubium,
there is doubt, it is doubtful.
ducenti, -ae, -a [duo-centi (plur.
of centum)], num. adj., twohicndred.
duco, ducere, duxi, ductus [dug
(in dux)], 3. V. a., lead, draw, bring
(of living things), conduct, drag. —
Esp. of a general, lead, march. —
With (or without) in matrimonium,
marry (of the man). • — Fig., pro-
long, drag out, attract. — As mer-
cantile word, and so fig., reckon,
consider, regard: rationem {take
account, also in fig. sense); spiri-
tum {draw breath); causa ducitur
{springs) ; pueros {have with one) ;
parietem {make, carry, run).
ductus, -us [dug -f tus], M.,
lead, co7nmand : suo ductu, in ac-
tual co?7i?naJid (opposed to acting
by a subordinate).
dudum, see iamdudum.
duint
73
edoceo
duint, see do.
dulced5, -dinis [dulci- + edo], F.,
sweetness, charm.
dulcis, -e [?], adj., sweet (also
fig.): aqua {fres/i).
dum [pron. da, prob. ace. ; cf.
turn] , conj . (orig. adv.) , at that twie.
— Also, while, so long as. — Hence,
//■//, until : dummodo (or separate),
only so long, provided. — With
negatives, yet, as yet: tarn diu
dum, so hvig as.
dummodo, see dum,
dumtaxat [dum taxat], adv.,
ojily, merely, at any rate.
duo, -ae, -o [dual, of stem tdvo- ;
cf. bis], num. adj., tzvo.
duodecim [duo-decem], indecl.
num. adj., twelve.
duodecimus, -a, -um [duo-de-
cimus], num. adj , tzvelfth.
duplico, -are, -avT,-atus [duplic-],
I. V. a., double, increase twofold.
dUre [old abl. of durus], adv.,
hardly, harshly.
durus, -a, -um [?], adj., hard. —
Fig., hard, severe, difficult, harsh,
rough.
duumviratus, -iis [duumvir- +
atus ; cf. senatus], m., the office of
duumvir (a magistrate of provin-
cial towns, corresponding to the
consuls).
dux, ducis [dug as stem],
M. and F., a leader, a guide, a
co?nfnander : Pompeio duce, ihi-
der the command of Pompey ;
ducibus dis, under the guidafice
of the gods.
Dyrrachium (Dyrrha-), T [Avp-
pdx'-ov'], N., a town in Illyria nearly
opposite Brundisium in Italy.
e, see ex.
ea [instr. or abl. of is], adv., this
way, that way, thus, there.
ebriosus, -a, -um [ebrio- + osus],
adj., given to drinking, a toper.
ebrius, -a, -um [?], adj., drunk.
ebur, -oris [prob. Phoenician?],
N., ivory.
ecce [en-ce ; cf. hie], interj., lo!
behold!
ecf-, see eff-.
ecquis (-qui), -qua, -quid (-quod)
[en-quis], interrog. pron., is {does,
etc.) any one ? any (in an interrog.
sentence). — Esp., ecquid, neut.
ace. as adv., at all.
eculeus (equu-), -T [equo- -f leus],
M., a little horse. — Esp., as an in-
strument of torture, the horse.
edico, -dieere, -dixT, -dictus [ex-
dico], 3. V. a., issue an edict, pro-
claim, order.
edictum, -I [neut. p.p. of edico],
N., edict, an order, a proclatjiation :
edictum praetoris, aft order of court,
an execution.
edo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [ex-do],
3. V. a., put forth, give forth, pub-
lish.— Also, raise up. — editus, -a,
-um, p.p. as adj., elevated, raised,
high, lofty.
edoceo, -docere, -docuT, -doctus
[ex-doceo], 2. v. a., show forth, ex-
plain, inform.
educatid
74
egredior
educatio, -onis [educa- + tio],
F., rearing, trahiing, education.
educo, -are, -avT, -atus [teduc- (cf.
redux)], i . v. a., rear, train, bring np.
educo, -ducere, -duxl, -ductus
[ex-duco], 3. V. a., lead out, lead
forth, draw (a sword), bring out,
march out (an army), take out.
effemino (ecf-), -are, -avT, -atus
[ex-tfemino, or perh. teffemino-
(or -i), in either case from femina],
I. V. a., make into a woman. —
Less exactly, {make like awotnan),
enervate, zueaken. — effeminatus,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., effeminate,
untnanly-
effero (ecf-), efferre, extull, ela-
tus [ex-fero], irr. v. a., carry out,
bring out, carry away. — Less ex-
actly and fig., spread abroad, make
known, publish abroad, puff up, elate
(cf. Eng. "carried away"). — Also
(cf. edo), raise up, extol, praise.
efficio (ecf-), -ficere, -fed, -fectus
[ex-facio], 3. v. a., make out, make,
enable, accomplish, cause, produce,
cause to be, make into, make out,
bring about. — Esp. with ut or ne,
bring it about that, cause (to be or
not to be^, make (a thing to be, etc.).
effigies (ecf-), -el [ex-tfigies
(fig ■\- ies)], F., an image, a statue,
a portrait, a representation, a coun-
terfeit presentrnent.
effingo (ecf-)r -fingere, -finxl,
-fictus [ex-fingo], 3. v. a., %vipe up,
mould, form.
efflagito (ecf-), -are, -avl, -atus
[ex-flagito] , i. v. a., demand ear-
nestly, clamor for, importunately
demand.
efQo (ecf-), -flare, -flavi, -flatus
[ex-flo], I. V. a. and n., blow out,
breathe forth : animam efflans,
drawing the last breath, breathing
one V last.
effrenate [old ahl. of effrenatus],
adv., "without restraint.
effrenatio (ecf-), -onis [effrena-
-f tio], F., unbridled impulse.
effreno (ecf-), -are, -avi, -atus
[effreno-], i. v. a., unbridle, let loose.
— Esp., effrenatus, -a, -um, p.p. as
adj., unbridled, U7irestrained.
effugio (ecf-), -fugere, -fugi, -fugi-
turus [ex-fugio], 3. v. a. and n.,
escape, flee (absolutely), fly from,
get rid of, avoid.
effugium (ecf-), -I [ex-tfugium ;
cf. effugio and refugium], N.,(/ way
of escape, an escape.
effundo (ecf-), -fundere, -fudi,
-fusus [ex-fundo], 3. v. 2^., pour out,
shed : spiritum {breathe out).
effuse (ecf-) [old abl. of effusus],
adv., profusely.
egens, -entis, see egeo.
egeo, egere, eguT, no p.p. [tego-
(cf. indigus)], 2. v. n., want,
need, lack, be in 7vant. — egens,
-entis, p. as adj., needy, destitute,
beggarly.
egestas, -atis [unc. stem (perh.
agent-) + tas], v., pin'erty, destitu-
tion, want, need.
ego, mei [cf. Eng. /], pers.
pron., / {me, etc.). — Plur., nos,
we, zis, etc. — Often of one person,
/. — egomet, see -met.
egredior, -gredi, -gressus [ex-
gradior], 3. v. dep., march out, go
out, VI ore beyond.
egregie
75
emitto
egregie [old abl. of egregius],
adv., remarkably, finely, extremely
7vell.
egregius, -a, -um [egrege- (cf.
exlex) + ius], adj., oitt of the com-
mon, remarkable, superior, excel-
le)it, uncommon, special, noble, very
fine.
eicio, -icere, -iecT, -iectus [ex-
iacio], 3. V. a., cast out, drive out,
expel, cast up (cf. edo). — With re-
flex., rush out, rush, hasten azvay.
— Fig., disperse, oust, turn out. —
eiectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., cast
up 071 shore, cast away, shipwrecked.
eiectus, -a, -um, see eicio.
eiusmodi (often written sepa-
rately) [eius modi], as adj. phrase,
of this kind, of such a kind, such,
of a kind, of such a nature, in stick
a state.
elabor, -labT, -lapsus [ex-labor],
3. V. dep., slip out, escape, slip.
elaboro, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-
laboro], i. v. a. and n., accomplish
by toil, 7vork out, effect, strive dili-
gently, spend one 'j- efforts. — elabo-
ratus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., wrought
out, highly wrought.
elegans, -antis [p. of telego (cf.
relego)], adj., fastidious, choice,
dainty, nice. — Transf.,yf;/^, choice,
elegant.
elephantus, -T [Gr. ace. eXecpavra,
declined], m., an elephant.
elicio, -lice re, -licuT, -licit us [ex-
lacio], 3. V. a., entice out, drazv out.
eligo, -ligere, -leg!, -Iectus [ex-
lego], 3. V. a., pick out, select, choose.
— eiectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
picked (troops).
eloquentia, -ae [eloquent- + ia],
v., eloquence.
eliido, -ludere, -lusT, -lusus [ex-
ludo], 3. V. a. and w., play out, end
(one's play). — Also, ''play off,"
party (a thrust), avoid, elude. —
Fig., mock, befool, fool, deceive,
make sport of, baffle. — Absolutely,
play one's game freely (dodging
all opposition).
eluo, -luere, -lul, -lutus [ex-luo],
3. V. a., wash azvay, wash out, ivash
off--
emano, -are, -avi, -aturus [ex-
mano], i. v. n., flow 02it. — Fig.,
spread abroad, leak out, get abroad.
ementior, -mentirl, -mentltus
[ex-mentior], 4. v. dep., get up a
falsehood, forge a lie.
emerge, -mergere, -mersT, -mer-
sus [ex-mergo], 3. v. a. and n.,
rise {from tinder watej-). — Fig.
(of analogous situations), rise,come
otit of, emerge, get one's head aboi'e
water. — emersus, '-a, -um, p.p. in
active sense, emerging, having
emerged.
emigre, -are, -avT, -aturus [ex-
migro], I. V. n., remove (perma-
nently), emigrate. — With domo (in
same sense).
emineo, -ere, -ul, no p.p. [ex-
mineo], 2. v. n., statid out, project.
— Fig., radiate (from), appear (in) :
ex ore crudelitas (cf. the vulgar
" stick out ").
emitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus
[ex-mitto], 3. v. a., let go, drop,
send out, throw, hurl, discharge. —
Pass., or with reflex., rjish out : ex
urbe vel eiecimus {expel, as by
76
equidem
force) vel emisimus {se7td out, as
by a mere order).
emo, emere, emi, emptus [em ?,
orig. take\ 3. v. a., {take, only in
compounds). — Esp., buy (cf. Eng.
sell, orig. give), pier chase : interces-
sio empta {bribed).
emolumentum, -1 [ex-moli-
mentum ; cf. emolior?], N., gain,
advantage.
emorior, -mori (-moriri), -mor-
tuus [ex-morior], 3. (cf. inf.), v.
dep., die off, die.
emptio, -onis [em + tio], f., a
buying, a purchase.
emptor, -oris [em + tor], m., a
buyer.
enarr5, -are, -avT, -atus [ex-nar-
ro], I. V. a., tell, relate, recount.
enim [prob. e (in en, ecce) -f
nam], adv., really. — Esp., as ex-
planatory, for, but, now: neque
enim, for of course . . . not ; at
enim, but you say (of an objection) ;
et enim, y^T . . . you see, for natu-
rally, for you knozv.
enitor, -niti, -nisus (-nixus) [ex-
nitor], 3. V. dep., struggle out (or
up), struggle, strive, exert one'' s self.
Ennius, -1 [?], m., a Roman gen-
tile name. — Only of Q. Ennius,
the father of Roman poetry, born
B.C. 240.
enumero, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-
numero], i. v. a., count up.
eo, Ire, ivi (il), itum [i ; cf. eiixi,
for AYAMi], irr. v. n., go, pass,
inarch : ad saga ire, put on the
garb of war (cf. " go into mourn-
ing ") : ad Bibulum {go to his house,
with hostile intent).
60 [old dat. of is], adv., thither,
there (in sense of thither). — Often
translated by more definite expres-
sions in Eng., to the place (where,
etc.), on theffi {it, hifn, etc.).
60 (abl.), see is.
60dem [old dat. of idem; cf. eo,
thither'], adv., to the sa?ne place, in
the same place (cf. eo), there also:
eodem convenire {to the same place) ;
eodem penetrate {there also).
Ephesius, -a, -um ['E^eVios],
adj., of Ephesus, a famous city of
Asia Minor, famous for its temple
of Artemis (Diana). — Masc. plur.
as subst., the Ephesians.
epigramma, -atis [e7rt7pa/xyaa],
N., a7i epigram.
epistula (epistola), -ae {ktvLG-
ro\y]\, F., a letter.
epulor, -an, -atus [epulo-], i. v.
di^^., feast, banquet, revel.
epulum, -T (-ae, -arum) [?], n.
and F., a feast, a banquet.
eques, -itis [equo- + tis (re-
duced)], M., a horseman, a rider.
— Plur., cavalry. — Esp. (as orig.
serving on horseback), a knight
(one of the moneyed class at
Rome, next in rank to the Senate).
equester, -tris, -tre [equit- -f
tris], adj., of knights, of cavalry,
equestrian.
equidem [e (in en, ecce), qui-
dem], adv., (particle of assevera-
tion), surely, at least, to be sure. —
Often untranslatable in Eng.
except by emphasis, change of
order of words, or some similar
device. — Usually only with the
first person, / for my part, I
equitatus
n
Etruria
certainly : dixi equidem modo, 7vJiy !
Isaidjustno7v ; laudabam equidem,
I praised, to be sure.
equitatus, -us [equita- + tus],
M., cavalry, horse (troops serving
on horseback).
equito, -are, -avi, -atum [equit-],
I. V. n., ride, serve in the cavalry.
equus, -1 [ak {s7vift) -f vus],m.,
a horse : Equus Troianus, The Tro-
jan Horse, the title of a play by
Livius Andronicus.
erga [prob. instr. of same stem
as ergo], prep., towards (of feeling
and conduct), in behalf of : benevo-
lentia erga aliquem.
ergo (-6 rarely) [unc. form, perh.
dat. ; cf. erga], adv. with ^ow., for
the sake of. — Alone, therefore, then.
erigo, -rigeie, -rexl, -rectus [ex-
rego], 3. V. a., set up straight (cf.
rego), raise up. — Fig., rouse tip,
restore. — With reflex., get up. —
erectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., high,
high and straight, roused.
^ eripi5, -ripere, -ripuT, -reptus [ex-
(/ rapio], 3. V. a., snatch away, tear,
wrest (a thing from), deprive (one
of a thing, changing the relation
in Eng.), relieve, rescue, save, ex-
tort, rob, take from : ereptam vitam
negligetis (the taking of life) ; pudi-
citiam {violate) ; se eripere ne, etc.,
save one^s self from, etc.
erratum, -1 [n. p.p. of erro], n.,
an error, a mistake.
erro, -are, -avi, -aturus [?], i. v. n.,
wander, go astray, err, be mistakcji,
make a mistake.
error, -oris [terr- (as if root of
erro) + or], n., ati error, a mistake.
Erucius, -1 [eruca (?) -f ius], m.,
a Roman gentile name. — Only
of the prosecutor against Sex.
Roscius.
eruct5, -are, -avT, -atus [e-ructo],
I. V. a., belch forth (lit. and fig.).
erudio, -Ire, -IvT (-ii), -Itus [ex-
rudio (rudi-, from training in fenc-
ing ; cf. rudimentum)], 4. v. a.,
train, instruct, educate. — eruditUS,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., learned, highly
educated : homo {man of learftittg).
erumpo, -rumpere, -rupT, -ruptus
[ex-rumpo], 3. v. a. and n., btirst
out, sally out, fuake a sally, break
forth (with violence), break out (of
unexpected events).
escendo, -scendere, -scendi, -scen-
sus [ex-scando], 3. v. n. (and a.),
climb up, ascend, go tip.
essedarius, -I [essedo- (-a) (re-
duced) + arius], m., a charioteer
(a warrior fighting from an
essedum) ; also, a kind of gladiator.
et [akin to en], conj., ajid, even,
also .• et . , . et, both . . . and.
etenim, see enim.
etesiae, -arum [iT-qaiai], f. plur.,
etesian winds (that blow annually
during the dog days for forty
days), trade winds.
etiam [et iam], conj., even now,
still, even yet, even, also : quin
etiam, nay even ; etiam atque
etiam, again and again ; etiam si,
even if, althotigh.
etiam si, see etiam.
Etriiria, -ae [tEtrus- + ia ; cf.
Etruscus], F., the country of cen-
tral Italy north of the Tiber and
west of the Apennines.
Etruscus
78
excello
Etruscus, -a, -um [tEtrus- +
cus ; cf. Etruria], adj., of Etrnria,
Etruscan, Etrurian. — Masc. plur.
as subst., the Etruscans.
etsi [et si], conj., even if, al-
though, though.
evado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasurus
[ex-vado], 3. v. n., escape, get away.
evell5, -vellere, -velll (-volsi),
-volsus [ex-vello], 3. v. a., tear out.
evenio, -venire, -venl, -ventum
[ex-venio], 4. v. n., come out. — Fig.,
turn out, happen. — eventum, p.p.
as subst., outcome, result.
eventus, -us [cf. evenio], m., an
event, an accident.
eversor, -oris [ex-versor ; cf .
everto], m., a7i overturner.
everto, -vertere, -vertT, -versus
[ex-verto], 3. v. a., overturn, over-
throw, utterly destroy, cut down.
evocator, -oris [ex-vocator], m.,
one who calls forth, a rallier.
evoco, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-voco],
I. v. a., call out, call forth, suvi7no}i,
challenge, carry away, ifivite. —
evocatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj. and
subst., veteran (of soldiers who
have served their time and are
called out only in emergencies).
evolo, -are, -avi, -aturus [ex-
volo], I. V. w., fly out, rush out.
evomo, -vomere, -vomuT, -vo-
mitus [ex-vomo], 3. v. a., vomit out,
vent, throw off, throzv out.
ex (e) [?], adv. (in comp.) and
prep., out of (cf. ab, away from),
out. — Less exactly, from (lit. and
fig.), of (made of) : ex alacri erat
humilis {from being, etc.). — Hence,
after. — Also, on accoicnt of by
means of, in pursuance of in ac-
cordance with, according to. — Also,
above (raised from). — Also (cf. ab),
in, on : una ex parte, 07i one side ;
e re publica, for the advantage of
the state ; ex caede vivunt {on,
upon); ex aliqua parte, in some
measure.
exaggero, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-
aggero], i. v. a., heap zip, enlarge.
examino, -are, -avT, -atus [ex-
amin- (stem of examen, tongue of
the balance)'], i. v. a., weigh.
exanimo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-
animo-], i. v. a., deprive of breath
{life), kill. — Less exactly, half kill,
prostrate (with grief, etc.). — exa-
nimatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., out
of breath, exhausted, half dead (with
fright, etc.), overwhelmed.
exardesco, -ardescere, -arsi, no
p.p. [ex-ardesco], 3. v. n., blaze up.
— Fig., become iitflamed, become en-
raged, become excited, burst forth.
exaudio, -Ire, -IvI, -Itus [ex-
audio], 4. V. a., hear (from a dis-
tance), overhear.
excedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessurus
[ex-cedo], 3. v. n., go out, leave (with
abl.), withdraw, retire, depart: ex
pueris {outgrow one^s boyhood).
excellens, -entis, see excello.
excello, -cellere (-cellul), -celsus
[ex-tcello], 3. v. a. and n., raise.
— Also, rise, be superior, excel. —
excellens, -entis, p. as adj., supe-
rior, prominent, remarkable. —
excelsus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
high, elevated, lofty, commanding :
in excelso, in a lofty position,
hizh up.
excido
79
exigo
excido, -cidere, -cidT, no p.p. [ex-
cado], 3. V. n., fall out, fall.
excido, -cidere, -cidT, -cTsus [ex-
caedo], 3. v. a., cut out, cut off,
break dowfi, razf.
excipio, -cipere, -cepT, -ceptus[ex-
capio], 3. V. a., take off, take up, pick
up, receive, catch, take in. — Hence,
follow, come after, come next. —
Also, take out, reserve, except.
excito, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-cito ;
cf. excieo], i. v. a., call out, roiise,
stimulate, induce. — Also, call up
(esp. from the dead), raise, stir tip,
kindle, set ifi motion.
exclamo, -are, -avI, -atus [ex-
clamo], I. V. a. and n., cry out.
exclude, -cludere, -clusT, -clusus
[ex-claudo], 3. v. a., shut out, cut
off (from doing a thing), prevent.
excogito, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-
cogito], I. V. a., think out, devise,
invent.
excolo, -colere, -colul, -cultus
[ex-colo], 3. V. a., cultivate (to some
effect), trai7i.
excruci5, -are, -avT, -atus [ex-
crucio], I. V. a., torture, torfnent.
excubiae, -arum [texcubo- +ia],
F. plur., a watch, sentinels, watch-
men, pickets.
excursio, -onis [ex-cursio; cf.
excurro], f., a sally, a raid, an
incursioti.
excusati5, -onis [ex-tcausatio ;
cf. excuse], F., an excuse.
exciiso, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-
tcauso], I. V. a. and n., give as an
excuse, make an excuse, excuse one V
self. — Also (with change of rela-
tion), excuse, exculpate.
exemplum, -T [ex-templum, E\f
(in emo) -f lus (cf. querulus), with
parasitic p], N., {something taken
out), a sample, a copy, a specimett,
a precedent, an example, an illus-
tration : crudelissimis exemplis, in
the most cruel manner.
exeo, -ire, -il, -itum [ex-eo], irr. v.
n., go forth, go out, emigrate, march
out, remove, depart, come out, get
abroad, be drawn (of lots),
exerceo, -ercere, -ercuT, -ercitus
[ex-arceo], 2. v. a., traifi, practise,
exercise, harass, fatigue : vectigalia
{collect); iudicium {preside over).
exercitatio, -5nis [exercita- (stem
of exercito) + tio], f., pi-act ice, exer-
cise, training : virtutis {opportuiiity
for the practice of, etc.).
exercito, -are, -avT, -atus [exer-
cito-; cf. exerceo], i. v. 3.., train,
practise. — exercitatus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., trained. — Superl., very
well trained.
exercitus, -us [as if ex-tarcitus ;
cf. exerceo], m., {a training). —
Concretely, {a body trained or /;/
training), an army (large or small,
acting independently), a force.
exhaurio, -haurlre, -hausT, -haus-
tus [ex-haurio], 4. v. a., drain off.
— Less exactly, carry off, get rid
of, exhaust, bring to an end.
exhibe5, -hibere, -hibuT, -hibitus
[ex-habeo], 2. v. a., hold out, show,
exhibit.
exigo, -igere, -egT, -actus [ex-
^go]» 3- V. a., {lead otit), pass, spend,
finish, complete. — Also, collect, ex-
act.— Esp., exacta vigilia, etc. {at
the end of).
exiguus
80
expeto
exiguus, -a, -um [ex-iaguus (ag
+ uus); cf. exigo], adj., {exact?).,
tiarrotv, scanty, sffiall, jneagre.
eximie [old abl. of eximius],
adv., especially, peculiarly, pa?--
tiailarly.
eximius, -a, -um [ex-temius (em
+ ius); cf. eximo], adj., {taken otit),
exceptional, remarkable, very high,
very great, most admirable, very
valuable.
eximo, -imere, -emi, -emptus [ex-
emo], 3. V. a., take out {off), take off.
existimati5, -5nis [ex-aestima-
tio ; cf. existimo], f., estimate,
opinion, public opinion. — Less ex-
actly, expectation. — From the other
side, repjitation, rep7ite.
existimator, -oris [ex-aestima-
tor ; cf. existimo], m., an appraiser,
a judge : iniustus existimator re-
rum, unjust in his opinion of
affairs.
existimo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-
aestimo], i. v. a. and n., estimate,
believe, think, suppose, imagine, re-
gard, esteem, deem,' judge : male
{think ill of, have a poor opinion of).
exitiosus, -a, -um [exitio- +
osus], adj., destructive, j-uinous,
pernicious.
exitium, -T [exitu- + ium, perh.
ex + titium (cf. officium)], N., ex-
tinction, destruction, 7'uitt, 77iischief.
exitus, -us [ex-itus ; cf. exec],
M., {a going out), a passage (out,
concretely). — Hence, an end, the
last part: quem habere exitum
{what is the result of, etc.). — Fig.,
a result, a turn (of fortune), an
issue, an event.
exoletus, -a, -um [p.p. of exo-
lesco, as adj.], adult. — As subst.,
a creature of lust.
exopto, -are, -avT, -atus [ex-opto],
I. V. a., desire earnestly, long for.
exorior, -orlrl, -ortus [ex-orior],
3. (and 4.) V. dep., rise up.
exorno, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-omo],
I. V. a., array, adorn, fit out,
etnbellish.
exoro, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-oro],
I. V. a. and n., entreat (and prevail).
exorsus, -us [ex-torsus ; cf. ex-
ordior], M., a beginning.
expecto and compounds of ex
with S-, see exs-.
expedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [prob.
texpedi- (stem of adj. from ex-
pes)], 4. V. a. and n., disentangle,
diseficumber, set free (cf. im-
pedio). — Less exactly and fig.,
set in order, get ready, arraitge,
station (of troops): salutem {se-
cure).— Also, be of advantage. —
expeditus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
etictanbered, easy (iter), not diffi-
cult, quick, active.
expello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsus
[ex-pello], 3. V. a., drive out, bajiish,
expel.
experior, -perlri, -pertus [ex-
tperior, pass, of pario ; cf. opperior],
4. V. dep., {get for one ''s self ? ), ex-
perience, try, find {by experiejice).
expers, -pertis [ex-pars], adj.,
without a share, without, destitute :
sensus {out of sympathy with).
expet5, -ere, -IvI (-il), -itus [ex-
peto], 3. V. a., seek for, desire, ear-
tie stly ask for, try to secure : poenas
{inflict).
expilo
8i
exspectatio
expilo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-pilo],
I. V. a., rob. — i\lso, plunder, steal.
expio, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-pio],
I. V. a., purify, expiate. — Tiansf.
to the signs of divine viX2^^\, expiate.
expleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletus
[ex-pleo], 2. V. a., fill out, fill up,
make up, satisfy, satiate, fill the
measure of.
explico, -are, -ui (-avi), -itus
(-atus) [ex-plico], i. v. a., unfold,
set forth.- — Also (unfold something
out of entanglement), disentangle,
set free. — So esp. in argument.
explore, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-ploro,
prob. search by calling or crying],
I. V. a., investigate, explore, search,
examine, reconnoitre. — explora-
tus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., assured,
certain : exploratum habere, be
assured, feel certain.
expon5, -ponere, -posul, -positus
[ex-pono], 3. V. a., place out, set
out: exercitum {disembark ; also,
draw up, array). — Fig., set forth
(in speech), expose.
exporto, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-
porto], I. V. a., carry out, carry
away, export.
exposco, -poscere, -poposci, no
p.p. [ex-posco], 3. V. a., demand
(with eagerness).
exprimo, -primere, -press!, -pres-
sus [ex-premo], 3. v. a., press out,
force out, elicit, get out (of any-
thing).— Hence, represent: ves-
tigia expressa {well ?fiarked).
expr5mo, -prSmere, -pr5mpsT,
-promptus [ex-promo], 3. v. a., deal
out, bring out, display.
expiignatio, -onis [ex-pugnatio ;
cf. expugno], F., a stortning (of a
city), taking (of a city by storm).
expiigno, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-
pugno], I. v. a., take (by storm),
capture (by storming a city, also
%)•
exquiro, -quirere, -quislvi (-il),
-quisltus [ex-quaero], 3. v. a.,
search out.
exsanguis, -e [ex-sanguis], adj.,
(with the blood out), bloodless, nerve-
less, feeble, lifeless.
exscind5, -scindere, -scidi, -scis-
sus [ex-scindo], 3. v. a., cut down,
tear down, break down, destroy,
overt hrozv.
exsecratio, -onis [ex-sacra tio],
F., a curse, an oath (ratified by an
imprecation), an imprecation.
exsequiae, -arum [texsequo- -f
ia ; cf. pedisequus], f. plur., {a fol-
lowing out). — Esp. to the grave,
a funeral, funeral rites.
exsiliS, -silire, -silui, no p.p. [ex-
salio], 4. V. n., spring zip, Jump up.
exsilium (exil-), -I [exsul- + ''
ium], N., exile.
exsist5, -sistere, -stitT, -stitu- |f
rus (?) [ex-sisto], 3. v. n., stand out,
rise up, cofne out, ensue, break out,
grow out, arise, cotne forward, show
itself, be shown, appear, be performed
{perpetrated, committed), turn out,
be the result, be, exist.
exsolv5, -solvere, -solvi, -solutus
[ex-sol vo], 3. V. a., unloose, acquit,
explain, tnake clear.
exspectatio (exp-), -onis [ex-
spectatio; cf. exspecto], f., a
waiting for, expectatiofi, afitici-
pation.
exspecto
82
exspecto (exp-), -are, -avi, -atus
[ex-specto], i. v. a. and n., look
out for, wait for, wait, wait to see
(si, whether, etc.), expect, antici-
pate, be in expectation.
exspolio, -are, -avI, -atus [ex-
spolio], I. V. a., strip off. — Also,
strip of (cf. despolio). — Fig., de-
prive, rob [of, abl.).
exstlnctor (extinc-), -oris [ex-
stinctor ; cf. exstinguo], M., a de-
stroyer, a siippresser.
exstinguo (ext-), -stinguere
-stlnxl, -stinctus [ex-stinguo] , 3. v.
a., {punch out, as a fire in the
woods }), extinguish (lit. and fig.),
destroy, put an end to, stamp out,
blot out.
exsto, -stare, no perf., no p.p. [ex-
sto], I. V. n., stand out, be preserved.
exstructi5, -onis [ex-structio ;
cf. exstruo], f., a building up, a
strticture.
exstruo, -struere, -struxT, -struc-
tus [ex-struo], 3. v. a., heap up,
build up, pile tip, construct, erect.
exsul (exul), -ulis [cx-sal (root
of salio ; cf. praesul) as stem, with
some lost connection of meaning ;
cf. consul], c, an exile.
exsulo (exulo), -are, -avi, no p.p.
[exsul], I. V. n., be an exile, be in
exile.
exsulto (exult-), -are, -avi, no
p.p. [ex-salto; cf. exsilio], i.v. n.,
{dance with Joy, as in a war dance
trampling on a prostrate foe ; cf.
Mil. 21), exult, rejoice.
extenuo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-
tenuo], I. V. a., extenuate, dispar-
age, diminish, belittle.
exter, -tera, -terum [ex 4- terus
(reduced)], adj., outer, outside, for-
eign.— extremus, -a, -um, superl.,
farthest, extreme, last : in extrema
oratione {at the end of etc., and
often in this sense) ; ad extremum,
till the last, at last, finally ; in ex-
trema India, in farthest India ; in
extremis atque ultimis gentibus
{farthest in distance, and last in
reckoning) ; extremum summumque
supplicium, the utmost and most
extreme severity of ptmishment ;
fuit illud extremum {the last thing
to be thoicght of) ; comites {farthest
behind).
extermino, -are, -avT, -atus [ex-
termino-], i. v. a., drive beyond the
bounds, banish, get out of the way,
expel, drive into exile.
externus, -a, -um [exter- (as
stem of exter) -f nus], adj., outside,
external, foreign, abroad.
extimesco, -timescere, -timul,
no p.p. [ex-timesco], 3. v. a., dread,
fear : voltu {show terror).
extollo, -tollere, no perf., no p.p.
[ex-tollo], 3. V. a., raise Jip.
extorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, -tor-
tus [ex-torqueo] , 2. v. a., wrench
from , wrest from , force from .
extra [abl. or instr. (?) of exter;
cf. supra], adv. and prep., outside,
out of, outside of.
extraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus
[ex-traho], 3. v. a., drag out, draw
out, draw (from).
exturbo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex-
turbo], I. V. a., dj-ive out, thrust out.
exuo, -uere, -ui, -utus [ex-tuo
(of unc. meaning; cf. induo)].
83
facio
3. V. a., throw off\ strip off] cast
aside.
exuro, -lirere, -ussi, -ustus [ex-
uro], 3. V. a., btirn ///, burji down,
burn to the ground.
exuviae, -arum [exuo- (cf. exu5)
+ ia], F. plur., spoils, cast-off clothes,
trophies (as beaks of ships stripped
off).
Fabianus, -a, -um [Fabio- +
anus], adj., of Fabius. — Esp., for-
nix Fabianus, the arch of Fabius
(which stood at the easterly end
of the Forum).
Fabricius, -i [tfabrico- + ius],
M., a Roman gentile name. —
Esp., Q. Fabricius, a tribune of
the people the year of Cicero's
recall.
fabula, -ae [fa (as stem of for)
+ bula (f. of bulum)], f., a myth,
a story, a play.
facete [old abl. of facetus], adv.,
wittily, facetiously, humorously,
cunttingly, neatly.
facilis, -e [tfaco- (cf. benefi-
cus) -f lis], adj., easy (to do ; cf.
habilis), convenient, without diffi-
culty, easy (generally). — facile,
neut. as adv., easily, conveniently,
without diffictUty, plainly, readily :
facile primus {without question,
etc.).
facilitas, -atis [facili- + tas], f.,
facility, ease, easy manners, cour-
tesy.
facinorosus, -a, -um [facinor- +
osus], adj., criminal.
facinus, -oris [ffacin- (as if root
of tfacino, longer form of facio ; cf.
prodino) -f us], n., a deed (of any
kind), an action. — Esp. (as in Eng.),
a deed (of crime), a misdeed, a
crime, guilt (referring to some
particular act), criminal conduct ;
aliud {degree of guilt).
facio, facere, feci, factus [fac
(DHA -f k) + io (ya)], 3. V. a.
and n., make, do, act, commit;
of persons, value, esteem. — Used
in a great variety of senses, as in
Eng., and in many where we use a
more special word : insidias {lay) ;
consulem {elect); verbum {speak,
titter) ; gratulationem {offer) ; vota
{offer); ludos {celebrate, hold);
manu factus {wrought, etc.) ; ita
factus {formed, fashioned, of such
a character) ; sumptum {incur) ;
iudicia {hold, as trials of courts,
express, give, render, as decisions) ;
auctoritatem {give) ; fidem {pro-
duce,gain) ; potestatem {giz'e, offer) ;
reliquum facere {leave) ; proelium
{fight) ; missa facere {let go) ; co-
mitia {hold) ; strepitum {7-aise). —
Esp. with clause of result, cause
(to), do (omitting in Eng. the con-
nective that, and expressing the
thing done in the indicative), see
to it that, take care that. — So : facit
ut videamini, makes you appear ;
facio ut deferrem {allow myself to,
etc.); fac veniat {let, etc.); fac va-
\QdiB,farexuell, take care of yoxirself.
factum
84
familiaris
— So in pass., be done, be caused,
happen, result, ensue, occur, turn
out, be, become : aliquid atrocitatis
fieri, some atrocity be committed ; fit
obviam, come to meet, 7neet, happen
to jueet ; si quid eo factum esset,
if anything should happen to him ;
ut fit, as usually happens; fit
dominus, makes himself master. —
Often with two aces, (or with adj.
corresponding to second ace),
make, render. — factum, -T, N. of
p.p., half noun and half participle,
and to be translated by either, act,
thing done, action, etc. — fio, fieri,
as pass, in all senses.
factum, see facio.
facultas, -atis [facul- (for facil- ;
cf. simul) + tas], f., ease, facility.
— So, chance, power, opportunity,
privilege: facultas ingeni, intel-
lectual power, form of genius ; ora-
tio et facultas, poiver of oratory ;
manendi nulla facultas {no possi-
bility).
faenerator (fen-), -oris [faenera-
+ tor], M., a usurer.
Faesulae, -arum [prob. Etruscan,
though the foiTn is Roman], F.
plur., an old Etruscan city north
of the Arno, colonized by Sulla,
now Fie sole.
Faesulanus, -a, -um [Faesula-
+ nus], adj., of Fiesole.
falcarius, -a, -um [falc- -f arius],
adj., belonging to a scythe or sickle.
— Masc. as subst., a scythemaker :
inter falcarios, /;/ the scythemakcrs'
quarter (cutlers' street).
Falridius, -i [?, tfalcido- (falc -f
dus) + ius], M., a Roman gentile
name. — Only, C. Falcidius, a trib
una of the people.
fallax, -acis [fall- (as if root of
fallo) + ax], adj., deceitful, treach-
erous, fallacious.
fallo, fallere, fefelll, falsus
[? SPHAL, trip up\ 3. V. a. and n.,
deceive, escape {one''s notice), dis-
appoint: num me fefellit, was I
mistaken in, etc., and often in that
sense. — falsus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
deceived.— A\so (transf. to things),
false, unfounded : laus {unde-
served).— falso, abl. as 2l^\., falsely.
falso, see fallo.
falsus, see fallo.
falx, -Icis [?], F., a scythe, sickle,
or billhook (including many instru-
ments with curved blades), a knife
(with a curved blade, used by
gladiators).
fama, -ae [fa (in for) + ma],
Y., speech, common talk, reptitation,
fame. — Concretely, a rumor, a
story.
fames, -is [.^], f., hunger, starva-
tion, famine: famenecatus, starved
to death.
familia, -ae (-as) [famulo- (re-
duced; cf. famul) -f ia], f., a col-
lcctio7t of attoidants, a household
(including children), slaves, a gang
of slaves. — Also, a family (in
our sense). — mater familias, see
mater.
familiaris, -e [prob. familia- +
ris, but treated as famili- + aris ;
cf. alaris, animalis], adj., of the
household, friendly, intimate : res
{estate, property ; also , domestic life,
household affairs). — Esp. as subst.
familiaritas
H5
felix
(though compared), a friend, an
intimate friend.
familiaritas, -atis [familiari- +
tas], F., intimacy [zvit/i, genitive),
a relation of intimacy.
familiariter [familiari- + ter],
adv., familiarly, intimately.
fanum, -T [?, fa + nus, perh.
orig. consecrated ; cf. effatus], N.,
a shrine (cf. aedes), a temple (esp.
a foreign one, templum being a
word of Roman augury).
fas [fa (in for) + as], n., indecl.,
right (in conscience, or by divine
law), permitted, allowed. — Esp.
with negatives expressed or implied.
fascis, -is [} ; cf. fascia], m., a
bundle. — Esp., in plur., the fasces,
the bundle of rods with an axe,
carried by the lictor before the
higher magistrates.
fastidio, -Ire, -ivi (-il), -Itus [tfas-
tidi-; cf. fastiditas], 4. v. a. and n.,
disdain, be disgusted, take offence.
fastus, -a, -urn [fas- + tus],
adj., secular (of days when the
courts, etc., could rightly be held).
— Masc. plur. as subst., the fasti (the
list of such days), the calendar. —
Also, the list of consuls (orig. kept
in the calendar).
fatalis, -e [fato- + alls], adj.,
fated, fatal, designed hy fate.
fateor, faterl, fassus [prob.
fat5-], 2. V. dep., confess, acknowl-
edge, admit.
fatum, -I [neut. of fatus, p.p. of
for], N., {what is spoken ; cf. fas),
destiny, fate, lot, a fatality. — Hence,
ruin, death, destruction : fata Sibyl-
lina, the Sihvllinc books.
fauces, -ium [?], f. plur. (also
fauce, sing.), the gullet, the throat.
— Hence, of animals, the jaws
(with a slightly different fig. from
the Eng.). — So of any narrow
entrance, a pass : fauces Etruriae
{the gates).
fautor, -oris [fav- (as if root of
faveo) + tor], "M., a favorer, a par-
tisan, a supporter.
faux, see fauces.
faveo, favere, favl, fauturus [?],
2. V. u., favor, be well disposed
towards.
Favonius, -i [tfavono- (cf. colo-
nus) -f ius], M., the west zuind. —
Also, a Roman gentile name. —
Esp., M. Favonius, a friend of
Cato of Utica, and a violent
opponent of Clodius. He was
afterwards one of the assassins of
Caesar.
fax, facis [?], F., a torch, a fire-
brand, fire, a blazing fire (in the
sky): omnes faces invidiae subi-
cere, use every means to kindle the
flame of hatred.
febris, -is [for tfervris (poss.
tfervis), ferv- -f ris (or -is)], f.,
fever.
Februarius, -a, -um [februo- +
arius], adj., of February.
felicitas, -atis [felic- (as if felici-)
-f tas], F., good fortune, good luck,
lucky star. — Plur. in same sense.
— Esp., Good Fortune, worshipped
as a divinity by the Romans.
feliciter [felic- (as if felici-) +
ter], adv., happily, success filly.
felix, -Tcis [akin to fee], adj.,
fruitful, fortunate.
femina
86
fiducia
femina, -ae [fe (stem of feo) +
mina], v., a wotnaii, a female.
fenerator, see faen-.
fera, see ferus.
fere [? ; abl. of stem tfre5- (akin
to fero ; cf. Lucifer)], adv., almost,
about. — Also, almost always, gene?-
ally, tisually, for the most part. —
With negatives, hardly : nemo fere,
hardly anybody.
feritas, -atis [fero- + tas], f.,
wildness, barbarous condition.
fero, ferre, tulT, latus (for tlatus)
[bhar, bear, and tol (tla) in tollo] ,
irr. V. a. and n., bear, carry, bring,
endtire, tolerate, stand, withstatid,
carry off, take, receive, win. — Often
in a loose sense, translated by vari-
ous special words in Eng., co7ntnit,
offer, etc. — With reflex, or in pass.,
rush, pass, proceed, roll {pi 2. river).
— With advs. indicating manner of
receiving anything, suffer, bear, take
it, feel: indigne {feel indignant);
moleste (take it hard, be annoyed by,
etc.) ; graviter {be annoyed, be vexed,
take it ill). — Esp., of report, say,
report. — Also, of laws, propose (to
the people), carry, decide, propose a
law, pass a law, bring an accusation
(before the people): vestra voluntas
{decide, turn that way); quaestionem
{vote); ita natura rerum {decree). —
Also, prae se ferre, avow, declare,
boast of, vaunt (facinus, etc.).
ferScitas, -atis [feroc- (as if
feroci-) + tas], f., fierceness, sav-
age cruelty.
ferramentum, -i [as if ferra-
(stem of verb from ferrum) + men-
turn], N., « tool (of iron), a weapon.
ferrous, -a, -um [ferro- + eus
(-YAs)], adj., of iron, iron (made
of iron). — Fig., iron-hearted.
ferrum, -I [?], n., iron, steel, the
sword (as a symbol of war): acer
in ferro, see acer.
fertilis, -e [prob. tfert5- (fer +
tus, cf. fero) + lis], adj., fertile,
fruitful, productive.
ferus, -a, -um [fer (dhvar,
rush) + us; cf. deer^ adj., wild,
cruel, ferocious. — fera, -ae, fem.
as subst., a wild beast, gafne.
• festinatio, -onis [festina- -ftio],
p., haste.
festino, -are,-avT, -atus [tfestino-,
perh. akin to festus], i. v. a. and
n., make haste, hasten.
festus, -a, -um [unc. root (cf.
feriae) -f tus], did]., festive, festival.
fidelis, -e [fide- (stem of fides)
+ lis], adj., faithful.
fides, -ei [fid (bhid, bind) -f
es], F., a promise, a pledge. —
Also, good faith, fidelity, hottesty.
— Transf., confidence, faith (in),
credit ; fidem facere, gain credence,
produce confidence. — Esp., of prom-
ised protection, protection, depend-
ence, alliance. — Also, credit (in
a mercantile sense).
fidius (but only in nom.) [i", fido
+ ius], M., {of good faith ?). — Only
in me dius fidius (sc. adiuvet), on
my faith, as sttre as I live, by
heaven.
fido, fidere, fisus sum [fid,
increased], 3. v. n., trtist, have
confidence.
fiducia, -ae [tfiduc- (tfidu--f cus)
-f ia ; cf. audacia], f., cofifidence,
fidus
87
Flamininus
confident reliance. — Also, ground
of confidence.
fidus, -a, -um [fid (in fido) +
us], 2,^]., faithful.
figo, figere, flxT, fixus [fig?],
3. V. a., fasten (by insertion in
something), fix, nail: crucem
{plant) \ mucronem {plunge). —
Also fig., memoria mentibus fixa.
figura, -ae [tfigu- (fig, in fingo,
+ us) + ra (fern, of -rus)], f.,
shape, form.
filia, -ae [fern, of filius], f.,
a daughter.
filius, -1 [?], M., a son.
fingo, fingere, finxl, fictus [fig ;
cf. figura], 3. V. a., mould. — Fig.,
invent, contrive, pretend, imagine,
devise: fingite animis, imagine. —
fictus, -a, -um, p.p. as did]., false,
trumped up, fictitious, imaginary.
finis, -is [.-'], m., a limit, an end :
quem ad finem, how far ; usque
ad eum finem dum, even up to the
very moment when. — Plur., lim-
its, boundaries, borders, territories,
country.
■ finitimus (-tumus), -a, -um [fini-
-f timus ; cf. maritimus], adj., on
the borders, rieighboring, adjacejit,
neighbors {of). — Plur. as subst.,
neighbors.
fio, see facio.
firmamentum, -I [firma- + men-
tum], x., support. — Fig., a bul-
7C'arh, a corjier-stone : ceterorum
ordinum.
firmo, -are, -avi, -atus [firmo-],
I. V. a., make strong, strengthen,
fortify, put in a state of defence.
firmus, -a, -um [dhar -f mus].
adj., strong (for resistance), firm,
steady.
fiscus, -I [.''], M., a wicker basket
(used for carrying money), a money-
bag (\.o imitate the figure in Eng.).
Flaccus, -T [flaccus, flabby^ m.,
a Roman family name. — Esp.,
L. Valerius Flaccus, consul with
Marius B.C. 100, and afterwards
killed by Fimbria in the East.
flagitiose [old abl. of flagitio-
sus], adv., shamefully, disgrace-
fully (with the added idea of
criminality).
flagitiosus, -a, -um [flagitio- +
osus], adj., shamefully criminal,
iftfamous, disgraceful, scandalous.
flagitium, -I [tflagito- + ium ;
cf. flagito], N., {a crime of pas-
sion ?), a disgraceful crime, a burbl-
ing shame, an enormity.
flagito, -are, -avi, -atus [as if
tflagito-, p.p. of tflago, burn ? (cf.
0Xe'7aj), akin to flagrum], i. v. a.,
ask (in heat ?), demand earnestly,
importune, insist upon, call for :
severitatem {cry for) ; flagitans
senatus {importutiate) ; pacem fla-
gitans {being importunate for).
flagro, -are, -avi, -aturus [flagro-,
in an earlier sense of a burn ?'],
I. V. n., burn, blaze, consume, be on
fire. — Also fig. as in Eng., be in a
blaze of, be consumed in a fire of :
invidia ; infamia.
flamen, -inis [prob. flag (cf.
flagro) + men], m., {the kindler of
sacrificial fires .-*), a priest (of a par-
ticular divinity).
Flamininus, -I [Flamini5- -f
inusl, M., a Roman fam.ilv name
Flaminius
forensis
— Esp., T. Qiiincthts Flamiftmtts,
who defeated Philip of Macedonia
at Cynoscephala;, B.C. 197.
Flaminius, -I [flamin- + ius], al,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., Q.
FhifniniiiSy consul B.C. 223. — Also,
as adj., Flamijiian (of this Fla-
minius) : circus (the circus built
by him as censor, B.C. 220).
flamma, -ae [flag + ma], f.,
JlaJtie, Jire, conflagration.
flecto, flectere, flexl, flexus [.^],
3. V. a., bend, turn. — Fig., change,
afl'ect, draw (from a course), chajige
the minds of, etc.
fleo, flere, flevi, fietus [?], 2. v. a.
and n., weep : flens, /;/ tears.
fietus, -us [fie- (stem of fleo as
root) -f tus], M., iveeping, lafnen-
tation, tears.
flexibilis, -e [flexo- (as stem
of flexus) + bills], adj., flexible,
changeable.
florens, -entis, see floreo.
floreo, -ere, -ul, no p.p. [flor-],
2. V. n., blosso7n, bloom. — Fig., be
prosperous, flourish, be in power,
be distinguished : accessus {be bril-
liant).— florens, -entis, p. as adj.,
flourishing, prosperotis, brilliajit,
highly favored, eminent (for wealth
and the like), successful.
floresco, fl5rescere, floruT, no
p.p. [flore- (as stem of floreo)
-f sco], 3. V. n., flourish, grow
bright.
flos, floris [?], M., a flower. —
Fig., the flo7ver (of troops).
fluctuo, -are, -avi, no p.p. [fluc-
tu-], I. V. n., floaty d7-ift, be tossed
on the waves.
fluctus, -lis [flu(g) (in flue, cf.
fluxi) + tus], M., a wave (also
fig.), 7vaves (collectively).
fluito, -are, -avI, no p.p. [tfluito-
(as if stem of p.p. of fluo ; cf.
agito)], I. V. \\., float, drift.
flumen, -inis [fli(g) (in fluo;
cf. frumentum) + men], N., a river.
— Y\g.,flow.
fluo, fluere, fiuxl, fluxus (fluxu-
rus, flucturus, fluiturus) [flu(g),
cf. fruor], 3. V. x\.., flow.
focus, -I [fov (as root of foveo)
-f cus], M., a brazier (a fixed -or
movable hearth, with coals foi
heating or cooking), a hearth. —
Fig. (as a symbol of home), hearth,
fireside.
foederatus, -a, -um [p.p. of foe-
dero], adj., federate, allied (by
treaty on equal terms). — Masc.
plur. as subst., allies.
foedus, -eris [fid (in fides; cf.
fidus) -|- us], ^., a treaty, an alliance,
a bond (of any similar kind), cojidi-
tions (of a treaty), a compact, an
agreefnent (of a serious or solemn
sort).
foedus, -a, -um [?], adj., foul,
unseemly, ho7'rible, vile, dreadful.
fons, fontis [?], m., a fountain,
a spring. — Fig., a source, a foun-
tain.
foras [ace. plur. of tfora], adv.,
{to the doors), outdoors, abroad (as
end of motion). — Fig., forth, out,
away.
fore, see sum.
forensis, -e [foro- -f ensis], adj.,
of the Foriim, in the Forutn (cf.
various meanings of forum). —
foris
frater
Also, eveiy day, ordiitary, of daily
life.
foris [abl. plur. of ffora; cf.
foras], adv., out of doors (as place
where), abroad, outside.
forma, -ae [dhar (in firmus)
+ ma], F., shape, form, features,
the person, an effigy, a likeness, an
image.
Formianus, -a, -um [Formia- +
nus], adj., of or belonging to
Formiae, Fonnian. — Neut. as
subst., a villa in For?niae.
formido, -inis [prob. formido-
(cf. formid5) + o (cf. cupido), akin
to formus ? (from the hot flash of
fear)], Y.,fear, dread, terror, alarm.
formidolosus, -a, -um [fformi-
dolo- (formido- + lus ? ) + osus] , ad j . ,
formidable, alarmiiig.
formosus, -a, -um [forma- (re-
duced) -f osus], adj., beatitifnl,
lovely.
fornix, -icis [fomo- (cf. fornax) +
cus (? reduced)], M., {the arch of
an oven ?), an arch.
fors, fortis [FER-f tis (reduced)],
F., chance. — forte, abl. as adv., by
chance, perchance, accidentally, as
it happened, perhaps.
forsitan [fors sit an, it may be a
chance whethe7'~\, adv., perhaps, it
may be, possibly.
fortasse [.'', forte -f unc. form,
perh. sis (si vis)], adv., perhaps,
possibly, it may be.
forte, see fors.
fortis, e . [for tforctis, akin to
firmus], adj., strong, sturdy, gal-
lant, staunch, brave, dauntless,
undaunted, able : vir (a 7?ian of
courage, a man of constancy, and
the like); sententia {firm).
fortiter [forti- + ter], adv.,
bravely, stoutly, undauntedly, with
courage, xvith constancy, with fi mi-
nes s.
fortitudo, -inis [f orti- + tudo] , f.,
strength, courage, bravery, fortitude,
steadiness, firmness.
fortiina, -ae [tfortu- (for -f tu ;
cf. fors) + na (fern, of -nus)], f.,
fortune, chance, fate. — Esp., good
fortune. — l^lur., fortunes, prop-
erty, fortjine, wealth. — Esp., For-
tune (worshipped as a goddess by
the Romans).
fortunatus, -a, -um [p.p. of for-
tuno], 2id]., fortunate, blessed.
forum, -I [akin to foras and
foro], N., {an open place), a for inn,
a market-place. — Esp., the Forinn
(the great market-place of Rome,
used also for all public purposes).
— Esp., as a symbol of law and
justice, the forum. — See also
Aurelius.
fragilis, -e [tfrago- (cf. foederi-
fragus) -f lis], adj., brittle. — Fig.,
delicate, sensitive, tender.
fragilitas, -atis [fragili- -f tas],
F., brittleness, frailty.
fragmentum, -i [frag (infrango)
+ mentum], N., a broken piece, a
fragment.
frango, frangere, fregi, fractus
[frag], 3. V. a., break (as a solid
body). — Esp. of ships, wreck. —
Fig., break down, crush, break the
force of, exhaust.
frater, -tris [prob. fer -f ter ;
cf. pater], y\., a brother.
fraterne
90
Fufius
fraterne [old abl. of fraternus],
adv., like a brother, fraternally .
fraternus, -a, -um [f rater- + nus] ,
adj., of a brother, frateriial.
fraudatio, -onis [frauda- + tio],
F., cheat ifig.
fraudo, -are, -avi, -atus [fraud-],
I. V. a., cheat, defraud.
fraus, fraudis [?, akin to frus-
tra], F., loss. — Hence, treachery,
deceit, wickedness.
fremitus, -us [fremi- (stem of
fremo) + tus], M., a murmur, a
confused noise, a din.
freno (frae-), -are, -avi, -atus
[freno-], i. v. a., bridle, curb. —
Also fig.
frenum (frae-), -I [root or verb-
stem akin to firmus -f nam], N., a
bridle.
frequens, -entis [orig. p. akin to
farcio], adj., crowded, numerous, in
great numbers: conspectus vester
{your crowded assejnblage); sena-
tus {full). — Also of time, as if
adv., frequently.
frequenter [frequent- + ter],
adv., in great numbers, populously.
— Also, of time, frequently.
f requentia, -ae [frequent- -f ia] ,
F., a throng, a crozvd, a multitude,
fiumbers (as great numbers); sena-
tus {a full meeting of, etc.).
frequento, -are, -avT, -atus [fre-
quent-], I. v. a. and n., assemble i>i
great Jiumbers, celebrate, resort to,
visit.
fretus, -a, -um [root akin to
firmus + tus], adj., relying on,
confident in (on account of).
fretus, -us [.'], M., and fretum,
-I [.''], N., rt strait. — Esp., the Strait
(of Messina, between Sicily and
the mainland).
frigeo, frigere, frixl, no p.p.
[tfrigo- ; cf. frigidus], 2. v. n., be
cold.
frigus, -oris [frig (in frigeo,
etc.) + us], N., cold. — Plur., cold
(cold "snaps," frosts).
frons, frontis [?, akin to brow^
F., brow, face, forehead.
fructu5sus, -a, -um [fructu- -f-
osus], adj., fruitful, fei-tile.
friictus, -us [fru(g) -f tus], m.,
enjoymejit, fruition. — Hence, (w/za/
one enjoys), fruit (of the earth, or of
any kind of labor), produce, crops,
ificome, advantages, emolument, re-
ward: fructui esse, to be an advan-
tage, to be beneficial, to be profitable.
friigalitas, -at is [frugali- + tas],
F., ecoJto7ny , frugality .
frumentarius, -a, -um [frumento-
(reduced) + arius], adj., of grain :
res [grain supply, provisions,
grain); inopia {scarcity of grain).
— See also subsidia.
frumentum, -I [fru(g) -f men-
tum], N., grain (cf. fructus).
fruor, fruT, friictus (fruitiirus)
[fru(g); cf. fruges], 3. v. dep.,
enjoy, reap the benefit {fruit) of.
frustra [abl. or instr. of stem
akin to fraus], adv., to no purpose,
without effect, vainly.
frux, friigis [fru(g) in fruor, as
stem], F., fruit (not only in the
modern sense, but also all " fruits
of the earth " ), grain, crops.
Fufius, -a, -um [.^], adj.— Masc,
as a Roman gentile name. — Also,
fuga
91
furiosus
as adj., Fujian (belonging to one of
that gens). — Esp., lex Fufia (a law
in regard to the auspices at elec-
tions, giving power to certain magis-
trates to stop the proceedings).
fuga, -ae [fug -f a], f., flight.
fugio, fugere, fugl, fugiturus
[fug (in fuga)], 3. v. a. and n.,
fly, fly from. — Fig., s/iun, avoid.
— Also, escape t/ie notict' of, escape
(in saip.e sense).
fugitivus, -a, -um [fugi- (stem
of fugio ?) + tivus], adj., runaway.
— As subst., a ritiiaivay slave.
fugito, -are, -avT,-aturus [fugi- (as
stem of fugio) + to, but cf. agito],
I. V. a. and w., fly, flee from, avoid.
fulgeo, fulgere, falsi, no p.p.
[.?], 2. V. n., shine (also fig.).
fulmen, -inis [fulg- (in fulgeo)
-|- men], n., <z thunderbolt, a light-
ning flash, lightning.
Fulvius, -i [fulvo- + ius], m., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp.: \. M.
Fnlvius FlaccHs, a partisan of the
Gracchi, slain by Opimius ; 2. AT.
Fulvius Nobilior, consul B.C. 1S9,
who subdued vEtolia.
fiimo, -are, -avT, -atus [fumo-],
I. V. n., smoke (also fig.).
fumus, -T [fu (dhu)+ mus, akin
to dust'], M., smoke.
fundamentum, -i [funda- -f
mentum], n., a foundation.
funditus [fun(io-+ tus ; cf. divi-
nitus], adv., from the foundation,
utterly, completely.
fundo, -are, -avT, -atus [fundo-], i.
V. 3.., found, lay the foundations of.
fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus
[fud], 3. V. a., pour. — Less ex-
actly, scatter. — Esp. of battle, put
to rout, rout.
fundus, -I [akin to bottom^, m.,
the bottom (of anything). — Also (cf.
real estate), an estate, a farm (in-
cluding house and land).
fiinesto, -are, -avT, -atus [fu-
nesto-], I. V. a., pollute (orig. by a
death or the like?), desecrate:
urbem (as orig. consecrated to the
gods).
funestus, -a, -um [funes (old stem
of funus) -f tus], adj., {^fraught
with death ?), deadly, fatal. — Also
(cf. funesto), polluted (orig. by a
death .'), ill-o?nened.
fungor, fungi, functus [?], 3. v.
dep., perform (with abl.).
funis, -is [.?], M., a rope.
fiinus, -eris [unc. root (akin to
(popos) -f us], N., {murder ?), death,
a fujieral.
fur, furis \¥¥.k} cf. 0w/)], M.
and F., a thief.
Furfanius, -I [.''], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., T. Fmfanius,
a man robbed by Clodius.
furia, -ae [tfuro- (cf. furo)+ ia],
F., madness, insanity. — Often in
the plur. in same sense. — Esp.
personified (representing the mad-
ness of a guilty conscience), a Fury
(also used of persons),^// avenging
F^ury. — Hence, a madman.
furibundus, -a, -um [perh. furi-
(as stem of f uro) + bundus, but after
the analogy of tfuro + bo -f on +
dus], adj., raving, going mad, crazy.
furiosus, -a, -um [tfuro- (perh.
furia) -f osus], adj., viad, crazy,
insane.
Furius
92
Gavius
Furius, -I [perh. ffuro- (cf. furia)
+ ius], M., a Roman gentile name.
— Esp., P. Furius, one of the con-
spirators with Catiline.
furo, -ere, -uT, no p.p. [.^ cf.
furor],
V. n., rave, be fnad, be
furor, -oris [fur {cf. furo) + or],
M., madness, frenzy, fury.
furtim [fur + tim ; cf. statim],
adv., by stealth, stealthily, secretly.
furtum, -1 [as if p.p. of verb \
akin to fur, thief (cf. furtim)], N.,
theft, a theft.
fuscus, -a, -um [perh. for tfurs-
cus ; cf. furvus 2.\\f\ broi^>ii\, adj.,
dark, tawny.
fustis, -is [?], M., a club.
Gabinius, -1 [Gabino- (cf. Gabii)
-f ius], M., a Roman gentile name.
— Esp. : I. Aulus Gabinius, consul
with Lucius Piso in B.C. 58, the
proposer of the two laws giving
Pompey command in the East ;
2. Cimber Gabinius, one of the
conspirators with Catiline.
Gabinius, -a, -um [preceding
word as adj.], adj., of Gabijiius
(esp. the one first mentioned),
Gabinian.
Gaius (Caius, C), -I [?], m., a
Roman prcenomen.
Galba, -ae [Celtic, meaningy^?/],
M., a Gallic and Roman family
name.
Gallia, -ae [fern, of adj. in
-ius, Gallo- -f ius], F., Gaul, in-
cluding all the country bounded
by the Po, the Alps, the Rhine,
the ocean, the Pyrenees, and the
Mediterranean, thus occupying
all northern Italy, France, and
Belgium.
Gallicanus, -a, -um [Gallico- +
anus], adj., Gallic.
Gallicus, -a, -um [Gallo- + cus],
adj., of the Gauls, Gallic: agar
Gallicus, the Gallic territory (in
Cisalpine Gaul, taken from the
Gauls by the Romans).
Gallus, -a, -um [Celtic], adj., of
Gaul, Gallic. — As subst., a Gaul,
the Gauls. — Also, as a Roman
family name. See Sergius and
Caninius.
ganea, -ae [?], f., a low tavern,
a brothel.
ganeo, -onis [prob. ganea- -f 0],
M., a profligate, a spendthrift.
gaudeo, gaudere, gavTsus sum
[tgavido- (.', cf. audeo)], 2. v. n.,
be delighted, rejoice.
gaudium, -I [tgavido- -f ium ;
cf. gaudeo], n., joy (expressed),
rejoicing, an expression of joy.
(Cf. laetitia, inward joy, but see
]\Iilo xxviii. 77.)
Gavianus, -a, -um [Gavio- +
anus], adj., of Gavius. — Esp., Ga-
vianus as a Roman family name,
see Atilius.
gavisus, see gaudeo.
Gavius, -1 [?, cf. gaudium], m.,
a Roman family name. — Esp.,
P. Gavius, a Roman citizen cruci-
fied bv Verres.
gaza
93
Glaucia
gaza, -ae [Pers. through yd^a],
F., treasiu'e.
gelidus, -a, -um [gelu- + dus],
adj., icy, cold.
gemitus, -us [gemi- (as stem of
gemo) + tus], M., a groan, groan-
ing, an outcry.
gemo, -ere, -uT, no p.p. [.^ cf.
76/110;], 3. V. a. and n., groan, cry
ont (in pain).
gener, -eri \}\ m., « son-iji-hno.
gens, gentis [gen + tis (re-
duced)], F., a tribe, a clan, a
people, a nation : ius gentium, the
law of nations, iiJiiversal law (as
opposed to the ius civile of any
one nation); ubinam gentium?
where in the world?
genus, -eris [gen -f us], n., a
generation, a race, a family {stock),
a nation, a tribe. — Less exactly, a
kind, a sort, a class. — Also, ab-
stractly, kijid, character, fiatnre,
fnethod, way, manner, sort of things,
class of things.
Germania, -ae [fern, of adj. in
-ius; cf. Gallia], F., Germany, the
whole country between the Rhine,
the Danube, the Vistula, and the
sea.
germanitas, -atis [germano- +
tas], F., brotherhood.
Germanus, -a, -um [?], adj., Ger-
?nan (of the country of Germany
or its people). — Masc. plur. as
subst., the Germans.
germanus, -a, -um [?], adj., of
fill blood, ozun (brother or sister,
etc.).
gero, gerere, gessT, gestus [gks, of
unc. kin], 3. v. a., carry (indicat-
ing a more lively action than fero),
caj-ry on, manage, wage (war), hold
(a magistracy), do (any business).
— Pass., be done, go on (of opera-
tions) : rem {operate siiccessfnlly or
otherwise, carry on operations, suc-
ceed well or ill); res gestae, ex-
ploits, operations, a campaign ; se
gerere, conduct one 's self, act ; rem
publicam {manage affairs of state) ;
magistratum {perform the duties
of, act as a magistrate or the like) ;
in rebus gerendis, in action, in the
management of affairs ; in ipsa re
gerenda {while engaged in, etc.) ; in
gestis rebus, /'// exploits actiuilly
performed ; gesta, acts. %
gestio, -ire, -TvT (-il), no p.p.
[tgesti- (ges -f- tis); cf. gestus],
4. V. a. and n. (express joy or long-
ing h^z.z'iiow), exult, rejoice. — Also,
yearn, long.
gigno, gignere, genui, genitus
[gen, redupl.], 3. v. a., beget, pro-
duce.
Glabrio, -onis [tglabrio- -f 0],
M., a Roman family name. — Esp.,
M. Glabrio, the prsetor who pre-
sided at the trial of Verres.
gladiator, -5ris [gladia- -f tor],
M., {a szuordsman), a gladiator. —
Less exactly, a ruffian, a cut-throat.
gladiatorius, -a, -um [gladiator-
-f ius], adj., gladiatorial.
gladius, -T [.'], m., a sword.
glaeba (gle-), -ae [?], f., a clod
(of earth), a lu?np.
Glaucia, -ae [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., C. Servilius
Glaucia, a demagogue killed by
Marius, B.C. 100.
gloria
94
gratus
gloria, -ae [?, for tclovosia ; cf.
inclutus], F., fatne, glory.
glorior, -arl, -atus [gloria-], i. v.
dep., glory in, boast of.
gloriose [old abl. of gloriosus],
adv., boastfully, exultingly.
gloriosus, -a, -um [gloria- + osus] ,
adj., glorious. — Also, boastful.
Gnaeus (Cneius, Cn.), -i [akin to
gnavus], M., a Roman prcenomen.
gnavus, -a, -um [gna, in nosco],
adj., (wise), active, ettcrgetic, dili-
gent.
Gorgon, -onis [r6/)7aj], f., a
Gorgon (a fabulous monster,
whose sight turned everything
to stone).
Gracchus, -i [.^], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp. : i. Tiberius
Sempronius Gracchus, the great
popular reformer, tribixne B.C. 133;
2. C. Sempronius Gracchtis,'hxo\h.QX
of the preceding, tribune B.C. 121.
gradatim [as if ace. of tgradatis ;
cf. gradus and partim], adv., step
by step, by degrees, gradually.
gradus, -iis [grad- + us], m., a
step, a grade (in a series), rank,
position.
Graecia, -ae [Graeco- -f ia (fem.
of -ius)], F., Greece.
Graeculus, -T [Graeco- -f Ius],
M., an affected Greek, a petty Greek,
a Greekling.
Graecus, -a, -um [rpai/c6s], adj.,
of the Greeks, Greek, Greciafi, of
Greece. — As subst., a Greek, the
Greeks. Cf. Germanus for relation
to Graecia.
gramineus, -a, -um [gramin- +
eus], adj., of grass: hasta {a spear
of grass, probably bamboo or cane
of great size, kept in a temple in
the hands of a divinity).
grandis, -e [?], adj., tall, large
(by growth ; cf . magnus, generally) :
pecunia {a large sum of etc.).
gratia, -ae [grato- -f- ia], f.,
{gratefulness, in all Eng. senses).
— On one side (feeling grateful),
gratitude, thanks (esp. in plur.).
— On the other side (the being
agreeable), influence (cf. auctoritas,
official prestige), favor, popularity.
— Phrases : agere gratias, return
thanks, render thanks ; habere gra-
tiam (or gxait\3is), feel thankful, feel
gratitude, be grateful ; ref erre gra-
tiam, make a grateful return, repay
a favor, reqtdte reward ; auctoritate
et gxatidi, political and personal in-
fluence. — gratia, abl. following a
genitive, yi^r the sake of, to.
gratiosus, -a, -um [gratia- -f
osus], adj., influential, poptilar.
Gratius, -T [grato- -f ius], m., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp., the
accuser against Archias.
gratuito [abl. of gratuitus],
adv., gratjiitously, voluntarily.
gratulatio, -onis [gratula-4- tio],
F., a congratulation (of others or
one's self), rejoicing, a vote of
thanks.
gratulor, -ari, -atus [tgratulo-
(grat6--f Ius)], i. v. dep., cojigratu-
late: felicitati {congratulate one's
self for, etc.).
gratus, -a, -um [p.p. of lost
verb], adj., pleasing, grateful,
agreeable: gratum (gratissimum)
facere, do a {great) favor. — Also,
gravis
95
habitus
pleased, grateful (cf. gratia), ap-
preciative.
gravis, -e [for tgarvis, for tga-
rus; cf. jSapiJs], adj., heavy. — Fig.,
serious., severe, hard, weighty, of
weight, dignified, strong, deep,
potent, grave : legatio ; infamia ;
vir ; bellum ; opinio ; offensio ; auc-
tor ; senatus ; consultum ; consi-
lium ; iudicium ; morbus.
gravitas, -atis [gravi- + tas],
F., weight. - — Fig., itnp ortance,
power, tveight, force, force of char-
acter, seriousness.
graviter [gravi- + ter], adv.,
heavily, rvith great weight, forcibly,
with force. — Fig., severely, seri-
ously : graviter ferre {tahe to heart,
be indignant at, suffer front) ; de-
siderata {ea rttestly) ; suspectus
{grievously).
gravo, -are, -avi, -atus [gravi-],
I. V. a., weigh down, burden. —
Pass, as dep., be vexed, be indig-
nant, be reluctant.
grex, gregis [?], m. (and f.),
a herd, a flock. — Less exactly, a
horde, a crowd, a band, a throng, a
train, a troop.
gubernaculum (-clum), -T [gu-
berna- + culum], N., the helm, the
rudder. — Often in plur., because
anciently there were two.
gubernatio, -onis [gubema- +
tio], F., steering, nai'igation.
gubernator, -oris [guberna- +
tor], M., a pilot, a helmsman.
guberno, -are, -avT, -atus \kv-
jSepvQ], I. V. a. and n., steer, pilot,
manage, direct. - — Esp., of the
" ship of state."
gust5, -are, -avI, -atus [tgust6-
(stem akin to gustus, Gr. yevo),
Eng. choose)], I. v. a., taste, eat.
gymnasium, -T \yv\xv6.(SLov\, n.,
a gymnasiitm.
H
H., see H. S.
habeo, habere, habui, habitus
[>, thabo- (cf. habilis)], 2. v. a.
and n., have, hold, keep, occupy,
possess. — In various uses where
we have a somewhat different con-
ception : senatum {hold) ; comitia
{hold); contionem {hold an assem-
bly, make an address) ; honores
(render); coniurationem {form);
hominem clausum {keep); dilectum
{hold, make) ; sic habetote, think
thus ; quid aliud habet in se (rvhat
else is there in, etc.) ; alienum ani-
mura {have); ita se res habet,
this is the case ; Italiam tutam
{possess in safety, keep safe). —
Esp. with p.p. as a sort of con-
tinued perfect (whence the perf. of
modern languages), have, hold,
keep. — Esp., rationem habere, keep
ati account, take an account of,
have regard for, cofisider, regard,
act in view of ; satis habere, be
satisfied, be content.
habito, -are, -avi, -atus [habito-],
I. V. a. and n., live, dwell, inhabit,
have one V abode.
habitus, -us [habi- (as stem
of habeo) -f tus], m., {the act of
Haeduus
96
hie
Jiolding), condition, chayacter ^way
of holding one's self), nature.
Haeduus (Aed-), -a, -um [Celtic],
adj., of the Hcediii, a powerful
Gallic tribe between the Loire and
the Saone. — Masc. plur. as subst.,
the Hcrdui.
haereo, haerere, haesi, haesurus
[?, for haeseo], 2. v. n., get caught,
stick, cling fast, cling, hang about
or upon, be fastened.
haesito, -are, -avl, -aturus [thae-
sito- ; cf. agito], i. v. \\.,be caught,
hesitate.
Hannibal, -alis [Phoenician], m.,
the great general of the Cartha-
ginians in the Second Punic war.
haruspex, -icis [unc. stem -f
tspex; cf. auspex], m. and f., a
soothsayer, a diviner.
hasta, -ae [.', perh. akin to pre-
hendo], F., a spear, a shaft. — See
also gramineus.
haud [?], adv., not (modifying a
single word ; cf . non) ; haud dubi-
tans, 7vithout hesitation.
haurio, haurire, hausi, haustus
[? for hausio], 4. v. a., drain, draw,
drink, imbibe.
hebesco, -ere, no perf., no p.p.
[hebe- + sco], 3. v. n., groiu dull,
be blunted.
Heraclia (-clea),-ae ['HpdKXeta],
p., the name of several ancient
cities {city of Hercules). — Esp.,
Heraclea, a Greek city of Lu-
cania.
Heracliensis, -e [Heraclia- +
ensis], adj., of Heraclea. — Masc.
plur. as subst., the people of Hera-
clea.
Hercules, -is ['Hpa/cXT^s], m., the
great divinity, son of Jupiter and
Alcmena, originally of Phoenician
origin, who presided especially
over journeys and adventures. —
Voc, heavens !
hereditas, -atis [hered- (as if
heridi-) -f tas], f., inheritance, an
inheritance.
Herennius, -I [.?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., C. Herennius,
a senator convicted of embezzle-
ment.
heres, -edis [.'], m. and f., aji
heir, an heiress.
hesternus, -a, -um [hesi- (heri-)
-f ternus; cf. diuturnus], adj., of
yesterday, yesterday's, yesterday (as
if adv.) ; hesterno die, yesterday.
heus [.''], interj., look you I here!
ho!
hiberno, -are, -avl, -aturus [hi-
berno-], i. v. n., pass the ivinter,
zvinter : quern ad modum milites
(conduct themselves in winter
quarters).
hibernus, -a, -um [hiem- -f emus ;
cf. nocturnus], adj., of winter, wi7i-
ter (as adj.). — Neut. plur. (sc.
castra), winter quarters, a winter
enca77ipment.
hie [thi- (loc. of hi-c) ce], adv.,
here (cf. hie), in this place, there
(of a place just mentioned), on
this occasion, now, on this point.
hie, haec, hoc [hi- (pron. stem)
+ ce ; cf. ecce, cetera], dem. pron.
(pointing to something near the
speaker in place, time, ox interest) ^
this, these, he, they, this man{T.voman
or thing), the present, like this. — -
hicine
97
honestus
Referring to things before men-
tioned (but with more emphasis
than is), this, these, etc. — Less
commonly, of what follows, the fol-
lowing, as follows, these. — Often
with a gesture, tliis, this here pres-
ent, the one before me, ?ny client:
horum omnium, of all these here
present; pater huiusce {of the one
here, of 771 y client). — Esp., hoc est,
that is to say ; huic imperio {this of
ours); per hosce annos, these last
years ; his paucis diebus, within a
few (lays. — hoc, neut. abl., used
adverbially, in this respect, on this
account, by so mnch : hoc magis,
all the more. — Often hie . . . ille,
the one . . . the other, this (near by)
. . . the other (farther off), this last
(nearer on the page) . . . the other,
the latter . . . the former. — huius
modi, see modus.
hicine [hie- (hice) ne], adv., here
(in emphatic question).
hiemps (-ems), -emis [akin to
Xet/x'«'^]? F-) winter.
Hiero, -onis ['lepw;/], M.,the name
of several kings of Syracuse. —
Esp., Hiero II., the son of Hiero-
cles, in the third century B.C., just
before the Second Punic war.
hilaritas, -atis [hilari- + tas],
cheerfulness, joyousness, merri-
meitt, hilarity.
hinc [thim (loc. of hie, cf. in-
terim)+ce], adv., from here, hence.
— Also (cf. ab and ex), 071 this side,
here : hinc , . . bine, on this side . . .
071 that.
Hirtius, -I [hirto- + ius], m., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp., Atihis
Hirtius, consul \\.<Z. 43, in the
struggle against Mark Antony.
Hispania, -ae [Hispano- + ia (fern,
of -ius)], F. (of adj.; cf. Gallia),
Spai7i. — riur., the two provinces.
Hispaniensis, -e [Hispania- +
ensis], adj., of Spai7i, Spa7iish.
Hispanus, -a, -um [.?], adj.,
Spa7iish.
Hispo, -onis [.''], an unknown
person, perhaps a spy upon Cicero
in his exile (possibly an abusive
nickname devised by Cicero to
conceal the identity of the person
meant).
hodie [ho (abl. of hi-c), die],
adv., to-day, 7iow.
hodiernus, -a, -um [hodie- + er-
nus], adj., of to-day, to-day's : hodi-
ernus dies, to-day, this day.
Homerus, -i ["O/xTjpos], M.,Ho/ner.
hom5, -inis [prob. hum6-+ 0],
c, a hu77ia7i being (cf. vir, a 77ia7t, as
a male), a 7nan (including women).
— Sometimes, since vir is the com-
plimentary word, implying con-
tempt, eic, fellow, creature, perso7i.
honestas, -atis [fhonos (stem of
honor as adj.)4- tas], F., ho7ior, re-
spectability, ho7torable positio7i.
honeste [old abl. of honestus],
adv., ho7iorably, decently, with
h 071 or, with dece7icy.
honesto, -are, -avi, -atus [ho-
nesto-], I. v. a., 77iake ho/io7-able,
ho7ior : se {gai7i ho7io7-); eurrum
{ado7'7i as a captive).
honestus, -a, -um [honos (orig.
stem of honor) +tus], adj., estee7ned,
ho7iored, respected, worthy, ho7io7--
able, respectable, creditable. — Very
honor
98
hospes
often as an epithet of the mid-
dle class ; cf. splendidus (used in
reference to success and fortune),
ornatus, amplus (used of digni-
taries).
honor (-Os), -oris [unc. root -f or
(orig. -OS, cf. -77s)], M., hono?; a 7nark
of honor, a source of honor, an honor.
— Esp. of honors conferred by the
people, a post of hojtor, an office,
a dignity, a high positioji. —
Phrases : in honore, quanto honore
esse, be honored; gradus honoris,
honorum {advancetnent) ; honoris
causa, with due respect (an apology
for mentioning a person's name).
honorifice [old abl. of honori-
ficus], adv., honorably, with honor,
7vith respect.
honorificentissimus, -a, -um,
superl. of the following.
honorificus, -a, -um [honor- (as if
honori) + ficus], adj., honorable, in
honorable terms.
hora, -ae [i-jpa, orig. season?],
F., an hour. The Roman hours,
being reckoned from sunrise to
sunset, were not of equal length
at all times of the year, but were
always so many twelfths of the
solar day.
Horatius, -I [.'], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., M. Horatius,
the victor in the triple combat with
the Curiatii, who was tried for
killing his sister.
horreo, horrere, horruT, no p.p.
[thorr5- (horr, orig. hors) + us;
prob. used orig. of the sensation
called "goose pimples," where the
hair seems to stand on end. In
Sanskrit the root is used of intense
delight, which is sometimes accom-
panied by the same sensation],
2. V. n. and a., bristle (see above).
— ■ Hence, shudder at, dread.
horribilis, -e [horro- (as if stem
of horreo, but prob. stem of thor-
rus, see above) -f- bilis], adj., to be
shuddered at, frightful, dreadful.
horridus,-a,-um [thorro- (whence
horreo) -f dus], adj., horrid, hor-
rible, dreadful.
hortatio, -onis [horta- + tio], f.,
admonition, encouragement, exhor-
tation.
horta tus, -us [horta- + tus], m.,
admonition, encouragement, exhor-
tation.
Hortensius, -I [prob. hortensi-
+ ius], M.,a Roman gentile name.
— Esp., Q. Hortensius Hortalus,
the great orator, contemporary
and rival of Cicero.
hortor, -arl, -atus [for horitor,
freq. of old thorior], i. v. dep., en-
courage, urge on, tirge, address. —
Less exactly, of things, urge, move,
prompt.
hortus, -1 [.'], M., a garden.
hospes, -itis [prob. ghas-patis,
orig. host {lord of eating)'], M., a
host. — Also, a guest, a stranger, a
visitor. — Hence, a guest friend
(in the peculiar relation of hos-
pitium, which was a kind of
hereditary friendship between per-
sons of different countries, not
personal, but of a family or state),
a friend (of the kind above men-
tioned) : familiaris et hospes, a per-
sonal and family friend.
hospitium
99
hospitium, -I [hospit- + ium],
N., the relation of host (or guest).
— Hence (cf. hospes), friendship,
a friendly relation, a relation of
friendship.
hostilis, -e [hosti- + lis], adj.,
hostile, of the enemy.
hostis, -is [prob. giias + tis], m.
and F., {a stranger ; cf. hospes), a>t
enemy (of the state ; cf. inimicus),
a public enemy. — Collectively, the
enemy. — Rarely, an enemy (in a
general sense), a bitter enemy.
H S. [prob. for lis (duo semis,
2\ asses)], a sign for sestertii, ses-
tertium, or sestertia.
hiic [ho- (dat. of hi-c) + ce],adv.,
hither, here (in sense of hither), to
this {place, and the like; cf. eo), to
this poi fit.
hucine [thoce (cf. hue) -ne],
adv., hither, etc., as interrogative.
huius modi, see modus.
hiimanitas, -atis [humano- +
tas], F., humanity (as opposed to
brutishness), civilization, cultiva-
tion, refinement, courtesy, human
feeling, culture.
hiimaniter [humano- + ter], adv.,
humanly, like a man, as becomes a
fnan ; also, in a civilized or refined
7i'ay, elegantly.
hiimanus, -a, -um [stem akin to
homo and humus (?) + nus], adj.,
human, of man, civilized, culti-
vated, refined.
humerus, see umerus.
humilis, -e [humo- + lis], adj.,
low, shallow (cf. altus, deep). —
Fig., low, hujnble, poor, humbled,
abased, of low origiti, obscure, mean.
humilitas, -atis [humili- -f tas],
F., lowness, shallowness. — Fig.,
humble position.
humus, -i [?, cf. x«/"a'']. I'm ^■^'^
ground: humi, on the ground.
iacchuSj-T ["la/cxos], yi., Bacchus.
iaceo, -ere,-ui, -itiirus [tiaco-; cf.
iaculum], 2. v. n., lie, lie dead, lie
low, lie prostrate, be overthrown,
fall to the ground.
iaci5, iacere, iecT, iactus [.\ cf.
iaceo], 3. v. a., throw, hurl, cast,
throw about, bandy about. — Esp.
of foundations, lay.
iacto, -are, -avi, -atus [iacto-],
I. V. a., (freq. of iacio), toss, toss
about, baftdy about (of talk) ; se
lactate, insolently display itself,
swagger, show one^s arrogaiice or
insolence, show one''s self of .
iactura, -ae [iactu- + ra (fern, of
-rus)], F., a throwing away, a loss, a
sacrifice (of men in vv^ar), expense,
largess, lavish expenditure.
iactus, -us [lAc -f- tus], m., a
throw: fulminum (hurling, flash,
stroke) .
lalysus, -1 ['IdXfo-os], m., the
eponymous divinity of the city of
lalysus in Rhodes. — Also, a fa-
mous picture of him by Protogenes.
iam [ace. of pron. ya], adv.,
now (of progressive time; cf.
nunc, emphatic and instantaneous),
by this time, at last, already, at
laniculum
lOO
ignoratio
length, still: non iam, no longer,
not any more, etc. ; numquam iam,
never viore, never agai7i ; iam
nemo, at last no one ; iam ante,
iam antea, already before, already,
before, also before, even before. —
Of future time, presently, by and
by. — Phrases : iam vero, now fur-
thermore, then again, but, or com-
mon particle of transition ; iam
dudum, iam pridem, now for sofne
ti?ne, long ago : nunc iam, now at
last, now.
laniculum, -T [lano- + culum],
N., the Janictdine Hill.
ianua, -ae [?, akin to lanus], f.,
a door. — Fig., gate.
lanuarius, -a, -um [?, ianua- +
arius], adj., ofjamiary.
ibi [old case-form of is ; cf.
tibi], adv., there (in place before
mentioned or indicated by a rela-
tive), thereupon, then.
ibidem [ibi-dem ; cf. idem], adv.,
in the same place, there also.
ic5, Icere, TcT, ictus [.'], 3. v. a.,
strike. — Esp. of treaties (prob.
from the killing of a sacrificial
victim), strike, viake, solemnize.
ictus, -lis [ic -f tus], M., a blow,
a stroke, a thrust.
idcirc5 [id (neut. ace. of is) -f circo
(case-form of same stem as circa,
circum)], adv., for that reasoti,
therefore, on this account.
" idem, eadem, idem (is-dem ; cf.
dum], dem. pron., the same. — Often
as subst., the same thing {things),
the same man, the same. — Often
represented by an adverb, at the
same tifne, also, as xvell.
identidem [prob. idem-ttadem
(case-form of ta, in tam -f dem)],
adv., repeatedly, again and again.
ideo [id eo, this for this reason\
adv., therefore, for this reason.
idoneus, -a, -um [.^ akin to
idem?], adj., fit, suitable, adapted,
deser7'i?ig.
idus, -uum [?, perh. akin to
aestus], F. plur., the Ides (a day of
the lunar month falling at the full
moon, conventionally on the 15th
of March, May, July, October,
and the 13th of the other months,
and used by the Romans to reckon
dates).
ieiunus, -a, -um [}'], adj., fast-
ing. — Fig., ni eagre, poor, humble.
igitur [prob. for agitur, the
point aimed at />], conj., therefore,
then, now, you see.
ignarus, -a, -um [Mn-gnarus],
adj., ignorant, not knowing, without
knowledge : ignarus rerum, without
knowledge of affairs, inexperienced.
ignavia, -ae [ignavo- + ia], f.,
shiftlcssness, cowardice.
ignavus, -a, -um [iin-(g)navus],
adj., shiftless, cowardly.
ignis, -is [?, same word as Sk.
agnis, the god of fire'], M., fire,
flame.
ignobilis, -e [iin-(g)nobilis], adj.,
jiot famous, obscure.
ignominia, -ae [tignomin- (in-
(g)nomen) + ia], f., want of fame,
disgrace. — Almost concretely, a
disgraceful defeat, a disgraceful
ble}?iish.
ignoratio, -onis [ignora- -f tio],
F., ignorance.
Ignore
OI
immanitas
ignoro, -are, -avT, -atus [igna-
ro], I. V. 2.., fail to notice, Jiot Joioiv,
be ignorant of. — Pass., be unob-
served, be tinknown. : non ignorans,
not unaware of.
ignosco, -noscere, -novl, -notus
[in- (unc. which meaning)-(g)uos-
co], 3. V. n. and 2i., fardoji.
ignotus, -a, -urn [iin-(g)notus],
adj., nji known, strange.
Ilias, -ados ["IXtas], v., the Iliad.
Hiatus, see inlatus.
ille, -a, -ud [old oUus, fr. an
-f lus(?)],dem.pron., ///^z/ (of some-
thing remote; cf. hie). — Often as
subst. (opposed to some other em-
phatic, Avord), he, she, it, they:
hie . . . ille, this . . . that, the other,
the latter . . . the former, he ... the
other. — Often of what follows (cf .
hie), this, these, etc. — Of what is
famous or well known, the, the
great, the famous, etc. — Phrases :
hie ille est, he is the one ; ille
ferreus {such a, etc.); ille eonsul,
that kind of a consul. — Sometimes
untranslatable, appended merely
for emphasis, and accompanied by
quidem.
illecebra, see inlecebra.
illinc [illim-ce], adv., thence,
from there. — Also (cf. ex and ab),
on that side, there, on 07ie side.
illiic [illo-ce], adv., thither, there
(in the sense of thither).
illticesco, see inlucesco.
illustris, see inlustris.
illiistro, see inlustro.
Illyricus, -a, -um [Illyrio- + cus],
adj., of Illyria, Illyrian : mare (a
part of the Adriatic).
imago, -inis [akin to imitor], F.,
an image, ati effigy, a statue, a por-
trait, a representation, a picture (in
the imagination), an ideal picture.
— Esp. of the wax masks kept by
the Romans of their dead ancestors,
and used in funeral processions.
imbecillitas (inb-), -atis [im-
becillo- -f tas], f., weakness, feeble-
7iess : animi {feebleness of purpose,
p iisilla n iin ity) .
imbecillus (inb-), -a, -um [?, in-
bacillum, leaning on a staff ?'\, adj.,
weak, feeble.
imber, imbris [.\ cf. 6/x/3pos], m.,
a rain-storju, a rain.
imberbis (inb-), -e [Un-barba],
adj., beardless.
imbibo, -bibere, -bil^i, no p.p.
[in-bibo], 3. v. a., drink in. — Less
exactly, take in, imbibe.
imbuo (inb-), -buere, -bui, -butus
[.^ in-tbuo ; cf. bibo], 3. v. a.,
moisten, stain (also fig.) ; non in-
stituti sed imbuti, not having
learned, but drtinkoi in.
imitatio, -onis [imita- -f tio], f.,
an imitation.
imitator, -oris [imita- -f tor], m.,
a7i imitator, a copier.
imitor, -ari, -atus [timito-, p.p.
of timo (cf. imago)], i. v. dep.,
iinitate, copy.
immanis (inm-), -e [lin-tmanus
{good')}'\, adj., (" uncanny " ?), ?7ion-
stroiis, huge, enormous, wild, sav-
age.— Also, barbarous, inhuman,
brutal.
immanitas, -atis [immani- +
tas], F., barbarity, ferocity, brutal-
ity, 7?i onstrosity.
immaturus
02
impero
immaturus, -a, -um [Mn-matu-
rus], adj., unripe, immature, pre-
mature.
immineo (inm-), -minere, no
perf., no p.p. [in-mineo], 2. v. n.,
overhang, project. — Fig., threaten,
impend.
imminuo (inm-), -uere, -uT, -utus
[in-minuo], 3. v. a., diminish, im-
pair, i)ifringe, reduce, weaken.
immitto (inm-), -mittere, -ml^i,
-missus [in-mitto], 3. v. a., let in,
let down (into), insert, throw (up-
on), let loose, set on (gladiatores).
immo (imo) [?, abl. of timmus
(in -1- mus ; cf. summus, demum)],
adv., {in the lowest degree?), nay,
nay rather, nay more. — Phrase :
immo vero, nay on the contrary,
nay rather, nay even.
immoderatus (inm-), -a, -um
[lin-moderatus], adj., unrestrained,
excessive, beyond bounds, violent.
immortalis (inm-), -e [4n-mor-
talis], adj., ifn?ftortal, eternal. —
As equivalent to an adv., eternally.
immortalitas (inm-), -atis [im-
mortali- -f tas], f., i?nfnortality.
imparatus (inp-), -a, -um [Mn-
paratus], adj., unprepared, not
ready.
impedimentum (inp-), -i [im-
pedi- + mentum], x., a hindrance :
esse impedimento, be a hindrattce,
hinder. — Esp. in plur., baggage, a
baggage traifi, a heavy train.
impedio (inp-), -Ire, -IvI, -itus
[limped- (in-pes, as if impedi-)],
4. V. a., entangle, hamper, inter-
fere with. — Fig., hinder, embar-
rass, impede, hi?ider in the exercise
of: nuUo impediente, with no one
to hinder. — impeditus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., hampered, etitangled,
occupied, difficult, itnpassable.
impello (inp-), -pellere, -puli,
-pulsus [in-pello], 3. v. a., drive
on. — Fig., instigate, urge on, force,
drive.
impendeo (inp-), -ere, no perf.,
no p.p. [in-pendeo], 2. v. n., over-
hang, hang over, threaten, impend.
imperator, -oris [impera- -f tor],
M., a coniinander (in chief), a gen-
eral: lupiter Imperator, Jupiter,
the Supreme Ruler ; dux et impe-
rator, leader (in actual command)
and commander (in chief).
imperatorius, -a, -um [impera-
tor- 4- ius], adj., of a commattder,
of a general.
imperitus (inp-), -a, -um [^in-
peritus], adj., igfiorant, unacqicaint-
ed with, unversed in, inexperienced.
imperium, -i [timpero- (whence
impero; cf. opiparus) -|- ium], n.,
command, supreme authority, con-
trol, supremacy, supreme power,
power (military), rule, sway (both
sing, and plur.), domiJiion, empire,
rule, sway. — Concretely, an
order, orders, a command, a posi-
tion of cof?imand : imperium et
potestas, military and civil power,
power and authority .
impero, -are, -avT, -atus [tim-
per5- (in-tparus ; cf. opiparus)],
I. V. a. and n., demand {make requi-
sition for, prob. orig. meaning), re-
quire (in same sense). — Hence,
order (in military sense), rule, com-
mand, give orders : me imperante,
impertio
103
imprudens
at my command ; Lucullo impe-
rante, it.nder L.^s command.
impertio (inp-), -ire, -IvT (-il),
-itus [in-partio ; cf. partior], 4. v. a.,
impart, share (with qx\.€), give, con-
fer, attribute, assign, bestow.
impetro, -are, -avT, -atus [in-
patro], I. V. a., accomplish (any-
thing by a request), succeed in
(obtaining), obtain {a request), se-
cure (a thing) ; impetro a, prevail
upon, persuade ; impetro ut, etc.,
obtain a request, be allowed to, etc.,
succeed in having.
impetus, -us [in-tpetus (pet -f
us); cf. impeto], m., a rush, an
attack, an onset, a charge, an assault,
violence, vehemence, fury : facere
{make an inroad, charge, or inva-
sion, invade) ; is impetus, such
fury, etc. ; gladiorum {armed
onset).
impietas, -atis [Un-pietas], f.,
it?ipiety.
impius, -a, -um [^in-pius], adj.,
impious (offending divine law).
impleo, -ere, -evi, -etus [in-
tpleo], 2. V. 2,., fill.
implico, -are, -avi (-uT), -atus
(-itus) [in-plico], i. v. a., entangle,
interweave, entwine, bind up,
closely connect.
imploratio, -onis [implora- +
tio], F., an entreaty.
imploro, -are, -avI, -atus [in-
ploro], I. V. a. and n., iT?iplore, be-
seech.
impon5, -ponere, -posuT, -posi-
tus [in-pono], 3. v, a., place upon,
7nount (men on horses), place, i?n-
pose (fig.), saddle upon, fasten tipon.
importo, -are, -avT, -atus [in-
porto], I. V. a., bring upon, itnport.
importiinus, -a, -um [Mn-tpor-
tunus {without a harbor? cf. Por-
tunus)], adj., unsuitable, untir7iely.
— Also (cf. incommodus), cruel,
unrelenting, unfeeling, reckless, in-
human.
imprimis [in primis, and often
separate], adv., among the first,
especially, particularly {more than
anything else).
imprimo, -primere, -pressT,
-pressus [in-premo], 3. v. a., press
into, press upon, impress.
improbe [old abl. of improbus],
adv., wickedly.
improbitas, -atis [improbo- -f
tas ; cf. probitas], f., wickedness,
want of integrity , improbity, want of
honesty, rascality, watit of principle.
improb5, -are, -avI, -atus [im-
probo-], I. V. a., {hold as bad? ; cf.
probo), disapprove, blame, censiire.
improbus, -a, -um [^in-probus],
adj., inferior. — Hence, bad, un-
principled, wicked, rascally, dis-
honest. — As subst., a rascal, etc.
improvidus, -a -um [Un-provi-
dus], adj., improvidoit, imprudoit,
though tless , ufi th in king.
improvisus, -a, -um [Un-pro-
visus], adj., unforeseen : improviso
(de improviso), 071 a sudden, unex-
pectedly, unawares.
imprudens, -entis [^in-prudens],
adj., not expectiitg, incautious, un-
suspecting, off one^s guard, un-
guarded, 7iot beitig aware: aliquo
imprudente, without one^s knowl
edse.
imprudenter
104
incendium
imprudenter [imprudent- + ter],
adv., i)icaiitioiisly, rashly, iniprii-
dcutly.
imprudentia, -ae [imprudent- +
ia], ¥., ig}iorance, want of consider-
ation, want of fo7-ethought, thought-
lessness, ifiattoition.
impubes, -eris (-is) [Un-pubes],
adj., beardless, immature, a mere
boy.
impudens, -entis [lin-tpudens],
adj., shameless, impudent.
impudenter [impudent- + ter],
adv., shamelessly, with imp2ide)ice.
impudentia, -ae [impudent- -f
ia], F., shamelessness, impudence,
leant of shame.
impudicus, -a, -um [^in-pudi-
cus], adj., shameless, indecent, un-
chaste, immodest.
impune [neut. of impunis (^in-
poena, weakened and decl. as
adj.)], adv., with impunity.
impiinitas, -atis [impuni- + tas],
F., freedom from punishment, im-
piinity.
impunitus, -a, -um [Un-puni-
tus], adj., unpunished, unchecked
(by punishment).
impurus, -a, -um [^in-purus],
adj., impure, rascally, vile, dis-
h onest, u np rincipled.
imus, -a, -um, superl. of inferus.
lin- [cf. Gr. a-, av-, Eng. z/;/-],
neg. particle, only in comp. with
nouns and adjs., not verbs.
2 in [?, cf. Gr. ava, Eng. on; cf.
also inde], adv. (only in comp.)
and prep. a. With ace, of motion,
having its terminus within or on
(cf. ad, with terminus at or near).
into, upon, within, to, against,
among. — Of time, fo)-, to, till. —
Fig., without actual motion, but
only direction, to, towards, against,
upon, over. — Often where Eng. has
a different conception, /;/, on : in
locum alicuius, /« one 'j- place. —
In adverbial expressions where no
motion appears, in, according to,
tvith, to : mirum in modum (cf. quern
ad modum); in earn sententiam, to
this purport; in speciem, with
the appearance ; in altitudinem, in
heigh t{cL to the height of). — Esp., in
potestatem esse (/;/ the power, etc.,
a confusion of two constructions).
— b. With abl., of rest (lit. and
fig.), in, on, amotig, within, at: in
tanta propinquitate {under circum-
stances of, in a case of). — Often,
i)i the case of, in the matter of, i)i
respect to: in eo, in his case, in re-
gard to him, on that point, at that.
— Esp., in odio esse, be hated, and
the like. — In comp. as ad-v., in,
icpon, towards, and the like.
inanis, -e [?], adj., empty, tmoc-
c up led. — Fig., empty, vain, idle.
inauditus, -a, -um [^in-auditus],
adj., unheard of. »
inauratus, -a, -um [p.p. of in- I
auro], adj., gilded.
incautus, -a, -um [Mn-cautus],
adj., incautious, off one^s guard,
i?nprudent, thoughtless.
incedo, -cedere, -cessT, -cessiirus
[in-cedo], 3. v. n., proceed, walk:
quam taeter incedebat, what a vil-
lainous spectacle as he walked!
incendium, -1 [in-tcandium ; cf. j
incendo], n., a burning, a fire, a
incendo
105
incorrupte
conflagration. — In plur., the burn-
ing, etc., of buildings, each one
being conceived as a separate burn-
ing, as is usual in Latin.
incendo, -cendere, -cendl, -census
[in-tcando ; cf. candeo], 3. v. a., set
fire to, hum. — Fig., rouse, excite,
fire, inflame.
incensio, -5nis [in-tcensio ; cf.
incendo], F., a burning.
inceptum, -I [p.p. of incipio],
N., an undertaking.
incertus, -a, -urn [Mn-certus],
adj., ujicertain, dubious, u?itrust-
w or thy : itinera {obscure, blind).
incessus, -us [in-tcessus ; cf. in-
cedo], U.,a walk, a gait, the bearing
(of one in walking).
incestus, -a, -um [Un-castus],
adj., unchaste, impure, incestuous.
incestus, -us [in-tcastus, noun
akin to castus], m., incest.
inchoo, see incoho.
incido, -cidere, -cidi, -casurus
[in-cado], 3. v. n., fall upon, fall
(in any direction). — Less exactly
and fig., fall in with, fall into,
happen upon, meet, occur, happe7i.
incido, -cidere, -cTdl, -cTsus [in-
caedo], 3. v. a., cjit into, cut, en-
grave: leges (i.e. engrave for
publication).
incipio, -cipere, -cepT, -ceptus
[in-capio], 3. v. a. and n., begin,
undertake.
incitamentum, -T [incita- -f men-
turn], N., an incentive.
incito, -are, -avT, -at us [in-cito],
I. V. a., set lit motion (in some par-
ticular direction) (lit. ar.d fig.), urge
on, drive, impel, excite, incite, rouse.
inclinatio, -onis [inclina- -f tio],
F., a leaning, an inclination, a
tendency.
incline, -are, -avi, -atus [in-
clino], I. V. a. and n., lea>i, turn,
bend.
incliido, -cludere, -clusi, -cliisus
[in-claudo], 3. v. a., shut up, enclose,
include. — incliisus, -a, -um, p.p. as
adj., secret, hidden.
incognitus, -a, -um [lin-cogni-
tus], adj., unexamined, unheard,
tinknown.
incoho (inchoo), -are, -avi, -atus
[?], I. V. a., begin, commence.
incola, -ae [in-tcola ; cf. agri-
cola], M. and F., an inhabitant, a
resident (not a citizen).
incolo, -colere, -coluT, no p.p.
[in-colo], 3. V. a. and n., inhabit,
live, dzuell.
incolumis, -e [?, akin to columna] ,
adj., safe, unhurt, uninjured, un-
harmed, preserved (in the posses-
sion of one's power) : quibus inco-
lumibus, zvith whose preservation ;
quamdiu incolumis fuit, as long as
he 7uas in good fortune.
incommodus, -a, -um [Mn-com-
modus], adj., inconvenient, iDifortu-
nate. — Esp., incommodum, -T, neut.
as subst., disadva/itage, misfortune,
euphemism for defeat, loss, disaster,
harm.
inconsideratus, -a, -um [Hn-
consideratus], adj., ill-considered,
inconsiderate.
inconstans, -antis [i in-constans],
adj., changeable, fickle, capricious.
incorrupte [old abl. of incorrup-
tusl, adv., without bias.
incorruptus
1 06
indignus
incorruptus, -a, -um [Un-cor-
ruptus], adj., unspoiled^ unbribed,
free frotn bias.
increbresco (-besco), -brescere
(-bescere), -brui (-bin) [in-cre-
bresco], 3. v. n., thicken, groiu
frequejit : consuetude {spread, be-
come commo/i).
incredibilis, -e [lin-credibilis],
adj., incredible, marvellous, extra-
ordinary.
incredibiliter [incredibili- + ter],
adv., beyond belief, jnarvellously,
extraordina rily.
increpo, -crepare, -crepui (-avT),
-crepitus [in-crepo], i.v. n. (and a.),
make a noise, sound, rattle : quicquid
increpuerit, tuhatever tioise is heard.
incultus, -a, -um [Un-cultus],
adj., uncidttvated, uncouth.
incumbo, -cumbere, -cubul, no
p.p. [in-cumbo], 3. v. n. (and a.), lie
upon. — Hence, beJid one 's energies.
incunabula, -orum [in-cunabula],
N. plur., swaddling clothes (in which
anciently the infant was wound up
into a tight little bundle. — Hence,
the cradle (as a symbol of infancy).
incurro, -currere, -cucurrl (-currl),
-cursus [in-curro], 3. v. a. and n.,
run upon, rush at, make an assault:
in navem [assail).
indago, -are, -avi, -atus [tin-
dagS- ; cf. indago (-inis)], i. v. a.,
track, chase, pursue, trace out,
investigate.
inde [tim (loc. of is ; cf. interim,
hinc) -de (form akin to -dem, dum ;
cf. indu, old form of in)], adv.,
from there, thence, from the place
(which, etc.), from that point.
indemnatus, -a, -um [Hn-dam-
natus], adj., uncondemned.
index, -icis [in-tdex (dig as
stem; cf. iudex)], M. or F., an
informer, an accuser (appearing as
witness).
India, -ae ['Ij/Sm], f., all the
country, vaguely conceived, be-
yond Sogdiana, Bactriana, and
Asia, including modern India.
indicium, -I [indie- -fium], n., in- 1
formation, ^zvV/^;/^^ (making known
a crime), an indication, a proof:
per indicium, through an informer.
indico, -are, -avi, -atus [indie-],
I. v. a., point out, inform, make
known, show, discover (as an in-
former), betray, disclose, give infor-
7nation, inform against.
indic5, -dicere, -dixT, -dictus [in- /
dico], 3. v. a., order, proclaim,
appoint: bellum {declare).
1 indictus, -a, -um, p.p. of indico.
-indictus, -a, -um [Hn-dictus],
adj., impleaded, untried, unheard:
indieta eausa, without a trial.
indidem [inde-dem ; cf. idem],
z.^\.,from the same place : indidem
Ameria, there from Ameria.
indigeo, -ere, -uT, no p.p. [in-
digo-], 2. V. n., need, want, require,
stand in need of.
indigne [old abl. of indignus],
adv., unworthily, shamefilly (un-
worthy of one's self or of the cir-
cumstances) : indigne fero, take it
as a shame.
indignus, -a, -um [^in-dignus],
adj., uftworthy, shameful, unde-
served.— Neut. as subst., a shame,
an outrage.
indomitus
107
infitiator
indomitus, -a, -um [i in-domitus] ,
adj., uncotiqiiered, indomitable.
induce, -ducere, -duxl, -ductus
[in-duco], 3. V. a., draw on, bring
in, introduce. — Also, lead on. —
Hence, induce, instigate, itnpel.
induo,-uere, -uT, -utus [?, cf. exuo],
3. V. 2i.,pnt on. — Esp. in pass., clothe
one^s self with, tie one''s self up in.
industria, -ae [?], f., diligence,
painstaking, industry : de indus-
tria, on purpose.
industrius, -a, -um [?], adj.,
industrious, diligent, painstaking.
ineo, -ire, -il, -itus [in-eo], irr.
V. a., enter upon, go into. — Fig.,
adopt, make, begin, gain, secure. —
Esp. : iniens aetas or adulescentia,
early youth ; ineunte vere, at the
beginning of spring.
inepte [old abl. of ineptus],
adv., foolishly, absurdly.
inermis, -e (-us, etc.) [lin-arma],
adj., unarmed, defenceless.
iners, -ertis [^in-ars], 2.A\., shift-
less, cowardly, sluggish, unmanly.
inertia, -ae [inert- -f ia], f., shift-
lessness, cowardice, slothfulness.
inexpiabilis, -e [^in-expiabilis],
adj., inexpiable, irreconcilable.
infamia, -ae [infami- + ia], f.,
dishonor, disgrace.
infamis, -e [Mn-fama, inflected
as adj.], adj., infafnous.
infans, -antis [^in-fans], m. and
p., a7t infant, a child.
infelix, -Tcis [^in-felix], adj.,
unfortunate, unlucky, utihappy,
wretched, boding ill, ill-otnened, ill-
fated, ill-starred.
infero, -ferre, -tulT, -latus [in-
fero], irr. v. a., bring in, import,
carry in, introduce, put upon : bel-
lum {make, declare, of offensive
war) ; signa {advance). — Fig., cause,
inflict, commit, create : spem {in-
spire) ; causam {adduce, allege,
assign, fasten upon); vim et manus
{lay iipon); ignes {set); vim {use);
signis inferendis, by a hostile attack.
inferus, -a, -um [unc. stem (akin
to Sk. adhas, down) + rus ; cf.
superus], adj., lo7v. — infimus
(-umus), imus, superl., lowest, the
bottom of at the bottom : infimi,
drum, masc. plur. as subst., the
lozvest, the meanest. — Esp. : ab in-
feris, from the world below; ad
(apud) inferos, in the world below.
infestus, -a, -um [^in-festus (fr.
fendo)], adj., hostile, in hostile array,
pernicious. — Also, in danger.
infidelis, -e [Mn-fidelis], adj.,
unfaithful, wavering in faith,
faithless.
infidelitas, -atis [infideli- -f
tas], f., unfaithfulness, infidelity,
treachery.
infimus, see inferus.
infinitus, -a, -um [Mn-finitus],
adj., unbotinded, coufitless, endless,
numberless, i)ifinite, unli77iited.
infirmitas, -atis [infirmo- -f tas].
F., feebleness, itttsteadiness, incon-
stancy.
infirmo, -are, -a vl,-atus [infirmS-],
I. V. a., zveaken, invalidate.
infirmus, -a, -um [^in-firmus],
adj., weak, feeble, helpless.
infitiator, -oris [infitia- -f tor],
M., a denier. — Esp. of debts, a slow
debtor.
infitior
1 08
iniquus
infitior (infic-), -ari, -atus [in-
fitia-, stem of infitiae (in + stem
akin to fateor)], i. v. dep., deiiy.
inflammo, -are, -avT, -atus [in-
flammo], i. v. a., set on fire. —
Fig., fire., i)ifia//ie, t?u-ense, kindle,
infuriate.
inflo, -are, -avi, -atus [in-flo],
I. V. a., l)lo7v .ufou, blow 71 p. —
Fig., inspire, piifi' zip.
informo, -are, -avI, -atus [in-
formo], I. V. a., forjn, train.
infringe, -fringere, -fregi, -frac-
tus [in-frango], 3. v. a., break down,
destroy.
infumus, see inferus.
ingemisc5, -gemiscere, -gemuT,
no p.p. [in-gemisco] , 3. v. n., groan.
ingenero, -are, -avT, -atus [in-
genero], i. v. a., implant. — ingene-
ratus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., ifiborn.
ingenium, -i [in-tgenium ; cf.
genius], N., inborn nature, charac-
ter, nature. — Hence, jnental power,
genius, intellect.
ingens, -entis [lin-gens, not be-
longing to the kind (?)], adj., huge,
enormous, very large.
ingenuus, -a, -um [in-tgenuus;
cf. genuinus], adj., {born in the state
or fani ily, native ? ) , freeborn. — As
subst., a firee person.
ingratus, -a, -um [lin-gratus],
adj., Jtugrateful (in both Eng.
senses), unpleasing.
ingravesco, -escere, no perf.,
no p.p. [in-gravesco], 3. v. n., be-
come heavier, grow serious, grow
worse.
ingredior, -gredi, -gressus [in-
gradior], 3. v. dep., march i/ito,
enter, ?narch in, go icpon, go, enter
up 0)1 : navem (go on board).
ingressus, -us [in-gressus ; cf.
ingredior], M., an entrance.
inhaereo, -haerere, -haesi, -hae-
surus [in-haereo], 2. v. n., fasten it-
self to, cling to, be fastened upon.
inhibeo, -hibere, -hibul, -hibitus
[in-habeo], 2. v. a., hold in, restrain.
inhi5, -are, -avI, no p.p. [in-hio],
I. V. n. and a., gape at: uberibus
{hold the open mouth to).
inhiimanus, -a, -um [lin-huma-
nus], adj., inhufnan, cruel.
inhumatus, -a, -um [lin-huma-
tus], adj., unburied.
inibi [in-ibi], adv., therein. —
Less exactly, 7>/ J-/ there, just on the
poi)it of being done.
inicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [in-
iacio], 3. V. a., throw into, throw
iipoti. — Less exactly, place ijz, pict
on, bring 2ipo7i. — Y\g.,inspire, cause.
inimicitia, -ae [inimico- -f tia],
F., enmity, hatred, a grudge, a feud,
a q It arret, a cause of en77iity.
inimicus, -a, -um [lin-amicus],
2i<l]., unfriendly, hostile. — As subst.,
an enemy (personal, or not in war;
cf. hostis, aJt enemy of the state,
or 071 e7iet7iy at wa7-), a rival, an
0pp07ie7lt.
iniquitas, -atis [iniquo- + tas],
F., i7tequality, irregularity, 7ineve7i-
7iess. — Fig., U7ifair9iess, ii7 justice,
iniquity : temporum {tmfavorable
7iature).
iniquus, -a, -um [^in-aequus],
adj., uneven. — Fig., latjust (of per-
sons and things), U77fair, U7i favor-
able, disadvantai^eous.
initio
109
inretio
initio, -are, -avT, -atus [initio-],
I. V. a., initiate^ consecrate.
initium, -i [in-titium (ito- +
ium); cf. ineo], N., a btglnning, the
first of , a coinmencenieiit, a preface,
a first attempt or event.
iniuratus, -a, -um [^in-iuratus],
adj., nns7uorn, not on oath.
iniuria, -ae pin-ius + ia ; cf. in-
iurius], F., injustice, outrage, zvrong,
violence (as opposed to x\^\^, abuse.
— inmria, abl. as adv., toijustly,
wrojigfully.
iniuriose [old abl. of iniuriosus],
adv., with outrage, abnsively.
iniiistus, -a, -um [^in-iustus],
adj., 71 nj list.
inlatus, -a, -um, p.p. of infero.
/ inlecebra (ill-), -ae [inlice- (as if
stem of inlicio) + bra ; cf. latebra],
F., an enticement, a blandishjncnt,
ati allurement.
inlucesco (ill-), -lucescere, -luxT,
no p.p. [in-lucesco], 3. v. n., shine
itpon, shine, arise (of the sun,
etc.)..
inlustris (ill-), -e [in-lustro- (or
kindred stem, cf. lustro, light, con-
nection unc. with lustrum)], adj.,
bright, splendid, brilliatit, illustri-
ous, conspicuous.
inliistro, -are, -avT, -atus [in-lus-
tro-, bright, see preceding word],
I. V. a., ilhiminate, light up, bring
to light.
innascor, -nasci, -natus [in-nas-
cor], 3. V. dep., grow in, spring up
in. — Fig., be inspired, be excited.
— innatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
natural, innate, inborn : innata
libertas, inborn spirit of liberty.
innocens, -en lis [^in-nocens
(p. of noceo)], adj., har^nless, guilt-
less, blameless, innocent, free from
guilt (or corrtiptioti), doing no
zvrong. — Masc. as subst., an inno-
cent man, etc., the innocent.
innocentia, -ae [innocent- + ia],
F., blamelessness, ifinocence, blame-
less cofuluct (esp. in office).
innumerabilis, -e [^in-numera-
bilis], adj., countless, innumerable,
nutnberless : innumerabiles pecu-
niae, countless sinns of money.
inopia, -ae [inop- + ia], f., scar-
city, dearth, destitution, zuant, pri-
vation, want of supplies : inopia
omnium rerum, every privation,
utter destitution.
inops, -opis [^in-ops], adj.,/c'(3;-,
destitute, in poverty.
inoratus, -a, -um [^in-oratus],
adj., impleaded: re inorata, with-
out a hearing (changing the point
of view).
inquam (inquio) [.^], v. def.,
say, said I: 'vnoyxam., said I ; inquit,
he says, said he.
inquire, -quirere, -quTsIvT (-11),
-qulsitus [in-quaero], 3. v. a. and n.,
enquire, investigate, make investi-
gations.
inquisitor, -oris [in-quaesitor ;
cf. inquiro], M., an i>ivestigator, a
detective.
inrepo (irr-), -repere, -repsT,
-repturus [in-repo], 3. v. n., creep
in,findone''s 7vay in, get in (surrep-
titiously).
inretio (irr-), -ire, -IvI (-il), -itus
[tinreti- (in-rete)], 4. v. a., ensnare.,
entans'le.
inrito
no
insidiosus
inrito (irr-), -are, -avT, -atus
[tin-rito- (of unc. kin)], i. v. a.,
irritate, excite, provoke, arouse : vi
(wantonly assail).
inrogo (irr-), -are, -avi, -atus
[in-rogo], i. v. a., (^propose a law
against), propose (a law or fine
against any one) : multam {move,
propose, of an accusation before
the people for a fine).
inrumpo (irr-), -rumpere, -rupT,
-ruptus [in-rumpo], 3. v. a. and n.,
break in, break down, break in upon,
burst in : in nostrum fletum {break
in upon and interrupt).
inruo (irr-), -ruere, -ruT, no p.p.
[in-ruo], 3. v. n., rush in, rush
upon : in aliquem {assail) ; in
odium {force one^s self needlessly).
inrupti5 (irr-), -onis [in-trup-
tio ; of. inrumpo], f., an inroad, an
attack, an invasion, an incursion, a
raid.
insania, -ae [insano- -f ia], f.,
insanity, madness, a craze: popu-
lares insaniae, mad outbreaks of the
people.
insanio, -Ire, -IvI (-il), no p.p.
[insano-, as if insani-], 4. v. n., rave,
be ins a tie, be mad.
insanus, -a, -um [^in-sanus], adj.,
{unsound). — Esp. in mind, in-
sane, crazy, mad. — Also of things,
crazy : substructiones (as indicat-
ing a craze).
insciens, -entis [^in-sciens], adj.,
not knowing, ignorant. — Often
rendered by adv.7 etc., unawares,
without otie's ktiowledge.
inscientia, -ae [inscient- -f ia],
F., ignorance, want of knozvledge.
inscitia, -ae [inscito- -f ia], p.,
ignorance, stupidity.
inscribo, -scrlbere, -scrlpsi, -scrlp-
tus [in-scribo], 3. v. a., write upon,
inscribe.
insector, -arl, -atus [in-sector],
I. V. dep., pursue, follow up, in-
veigh against.
insepultus, -a, -um [^in-sepul-
tus], adj., unburied : cuius furiae
insepulti {of whose utiburied corpse).
insequor, -sequi, -secutus [in-
sequor], 3. v. de^.,folloT.v up, pur-
sjie, attack, assail, harass, hunt
down. — Also, follow, ensue.
inservio, -ire, -ivi (-il), no p.p.
[in-servio], 4. v. n., be a slave to,
yield to, follow the dictates of, devote
one''s self to.
insideo, -sidere, -sedl, -sessus
[in-sedeo], 2. v. n. (and a.), sit upon,
clifig to, lie, reside, lurk in.
insidiae, -arum [tinsid- (cf.
praeses) -f- ia], f. plur., an ambush,
an ambuscade, a stratagem, a trick,
a plot, a trap, treachery: per in-
sidias, with deception, treacher-
ously ; see per.
insidiator, -oris [insidia- -f tor],
^i., a plotter, a secret assassin, one
in ambush, a Her in wait, a treach-
erous assailant : nuUus insidiator
viae, no one in ambush on the way.
insidior, -ari, -atus [insidia-], I \
I . V. dep., lie in wait, make treach-
erous attacks, plot against, treacher-
ously assail.
insidiose [old abl. of insidio-
sus], adv., treacherously.
insidiosus, -a, -um [insidia- -f
osus], adj., treacherous.
insido
III
integer
insido, -sldere, -sedi, no p.p.
[in-sido], 3. v. n. (and a.), sit upon,
seat one^s self, sink ijt, settle upon,
fasten itself upon, become settled
in : macula {sink in, become fixed
in).
insignis, -e [insigno-, decl. as
adj.], adj., marked, fnernorable, con-
spicuous, signal. — insigne, neut. as
subst., signal, sign, decoration (of
soldiers) , a mark, a symbol, insignia.
insimul5, -are, -avT, -atus [in-
simulo], I. V. a., charge, accuse.
insolens, -entis [^in-solens], adj.,
uftwonted, arrogant, insolent. —
Also, ujiacciistomed to.
insolenter [insolent- + ter], adv.,
in an unusual manjier, insultingly.
insolentia, -ae [insolent- + ia],
F., insolence, arrogance.
insolitus, -a, -um [lin-solitus],
adj., unwonted, ttnaccustomed.
inspecto, -are, -avi, -atus [in-
specto], I. V. a. and n., look upon,
look on : inspectantibus nobis, be-
fore our eyes.
insperans, -antis [-in-sperans],
adj., unexpecting, not hoping, con-
trary to 07ie''s expectations.
insperatus, -a, -um [^in-spera-
tus], adj., unhoped for, unexpected,
unlooked for.
instauro, -are, -avi, -atus [in-
tstauro; cf. restauro], i. v. a., re-
new, restore, repeat.
institu5, -uere, -uT, -utus [in-
statuo], 3. V, a. and n., set up, set
in order, array. — Also, provide,
procure, get ready, plan. — Also,
set about, undertake, instruct, begin
to practise, start, set out, begin.
adopt (a plan, etc.), resolve, dete7'-
mine, set on foot. — Also, teach,
train, habituate, instruct. — Esp.,
ab institute cursu, from one's in-
tended course.
institutum, -T [n. p.p. of in-
stituo], N., a habit, a practice, an
institution, a custom..
insto, -stare, -stiti, -staturus [in-
sto], I. V. n., be at hand, be close at
hand, press on, be pressing. — Fig.,
threaten, impend, menace.
instriimentum, -T [instru- +
mentum], "S.., furniture, equipment,
tools and stores (of soldiers), a
means, stock (of a shopkeeper),
stock in trade, means of subsistence :
tribunatus {means of carrying on).
instruo, -struere, -struxl, -struc-
tus [in-struo], 3. v. a., build, fit up,
array, draza up (of X-XOO'^s), furnish,
equip.
insuetus, -a, -um [^in-suetus],
adj., ztfiaccustomed to.
insula, -ae [akin to in-salio ?],
F., an island. — Esp., the Island (a
part of Syracuse).
insulto, -are, -avi, -aturus [in-
salto], I. V. n., leap upon, dance
upon, trample on, trample under
foot, insult, com f nit outrages, run
riot, outrage, insult.
insum, -esse, -fuT, -futurus [in-
sum], irr. v. n., be in, exist in, be
present, be found.
insuo, -suere, -sui, -siitus [in-
suo], 3. V. a., sew up in, sew up.
integer, -gra, -grum [^in-tteger
(tag, in tango, -f rus)], adj., U7i-
totuhed, unimpaired, unwearied,
undiminished, uninjured, unbroken,
integre
112
interficio
entire, pure., fresh (as subst.,y)vj-//
troops), inviolate. — Esp., undecided,
not entered upon (of business) : re
Integra, aneiu, afresh, before any-
thingis done, before being committed
to any course of action ; id inte-
grum, an open question. — Also,
{untainted), upright, ho?iest, ho7ior-
able, unimpeachable.
integre [old abl. of integer],
adv., honestly, honorably.
integritas, -atis [integro- + tas],
F., honesty, integrity, blameless con-
duct, uprightness.
intellego (-ligo), -legere, -lexT,
-lectus [inter-lego], 3. v. a. and n.,
{pick out \_distinguish'] between),
learn, know, tiotice, observe, find
out, discover, see plainly, be aware,
observe, understatid, be able to see,
have intelligence, be a co)utoisseur.
intemperantia, -ae [intemper-
ant- + ia], F., want of moderation,
extravagance, excess.
intendo, -tendere, -tendl, -tentus
[in-tendo], 3. v. a. and n., stretch,
strain, direct, aim (both active and
neuter) : arcum {aim) ; actionem
{bring) ; animum {have in fuitid,
direct one''s thoughts).
intento, -are, -avi, -atus [in-
tento], I. V. a., strain, brandish.
inter [in + ter ; cf. alter], adv. in
comp., and prep, with ace, between,
among: inter falcarios {in the street
of); constat inter omnis(/n'(^?//); inter
latera {about). — Of time, within,
for: inter decern annos, withi>i
ten years, for the last ten years. —
Often in a reciprocal sense : inter
se, among themselves, with, to,
from, at, etc., each other ; diversi
inter se {different ) ; coniligunt inter
se {against each other).
Interamna, -ae [inter-amnis (or
stem akin)], F., a town in Umbria
ninety miles from Rome {Terni).
Interamnas, -atis [Interamna- +
tis], adj., of Interamna.
intercede, -cedere, -cessi, -cessu-
rus [inter-cedo] , 3. v. n., conie be-
tween, go between, lie betzvee?i, in-
tervene, exist between, occur between,
be, pass (of time). — Esp. of the
tribunes, veto, stay proceedings.
intercessio, -onis [inter-cessio ;
cf. intercede], f., a veto (cf. inter-
cedo).
intercessor, -oris [inter-cessor] ,
M., {ofiewho comes between), a surety.
— Esp., a vetoing tribune (cf . inter-
cedo).
intercliido, -cludere, -clusi, -clu-
sus [inter-claudo], 3. v. a., cut off,
shut off, block (roads), put a stop to.
interdum [inter dum (orig.
ace.)], adv.,_/6'r a time, sometimes.
interea [inter ea (prob. abl.)],
adv., meanwhile, in the -mean ti?ne,
7neantime. ■
intereo, -Ire, -ii, -iturus [inter-eo
{go into pieces? cf. interficio)],
irr. v. n., perish, die, be killed, be
destroyed.
interfatio, -onis [inter-tfatio
(fa- -j- tio)], F., an interruption.
interfector,-6ris [inter-factor; cf.
interficio], M., a slayer, a inurderer.
interficiS, -ficere, -feci, -fectus
[inter-f acio] , 3. v. a., {cut to pieces ;
cf. intereo), slay, kill, put to death,
destroy.
intericio
113
interventus
intericio, -icere, -iecl, -iectus
[inter-iacio] , 3. v. a., throw in
(between). — Pass., lie betweeti,
intei'vene : tempore interiecto, a/ter
an interval.
interim [perh. loc. of tinterus
(cf. inter, interior), but cf. interea,
interibi], adv., 7neanivhile, in the
mean time.
interims, -imere, -emi, -emptus
[inter-emo], 3. v. a., kill (cf. inter-
ficio), slay, destroy, put to death. —
Less exactly, overwhelm.
interior, -us [compar. of tinterus
(in-terus ; cf. alter)], adj., i7i?ier,
interior, farther in, more inland. —
intimus (-tumus), -a, -um [in + ti-
mus],superl., inmost, most secret. —
Masc. as subst., an intimate friend.
interitus, -lis [inter-itus ; cf.
intereo], m., death, murder (chang-
ing the point of view), destruction,
overthrow.
intermitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis-
sus [inter-mitto], 3. v. n., {let go
between^, leave off, discontinue, stop,
cease.
intermortuus, -a, -um [inter-
mortuus], adj., faint, half dead,
lifeless, still-born.
internecinus, see internecivus.
internecio, -onis [inter-tnecio,
same root as neco], f., extermina-
tion, annihilation.
internecivus (-cinus), -a, -um
[inter-tnecivus], adj., jitter ly de-
structive : bellum {of extermina-
tion). — Also, internicivus.
interpello, -are, -avl, -atus [inter-
tpello; cf. appello, -are], i. v. a.,
inter riipt, interfere with.
interpono, -ponere, -posuT, -posi-
tus [inter-pono], 3. v. a., place in
between (lit. and fig.), interpose, in-
troduce, allege (an excuse to break
off something), thrust in, force in,
put in : diebus interpositis, after
an interval, etc. ; se {act as go-
between) .
interpres, -pretis [inter-tpres
(akin to pretium?)], c, a middle-
man, a mediator, an interpreter, an
agent (for bribery).
interrogo, -are, -avT, -atus [inter-
rogo] , I . V. a., {ask at intervals), ques-
tion, interrogate, ask, put questions.
intersum, -esse, -fuT, -futurus
[inter-sum], irr. v. n., be between,
be ajnong, be in, be engaged in, be
present: nox interest, there is an
interval of a night ; rei {be ejigaged
in, take part in). — Esp. in third
person, it is of importance, it iti-
terests, it concerns : nihil interest,
there is no difference; also, /'/ makes
no differe7ice, it is of no importance ;
hoc interest, there is this difference ;
quid mea interest ? what is for my
ijiterest ? quid interest ? tohat is the
difference ? non magni interest, it
does 7iot make much difference ;
magni mea interest, it is of great
importance to me.
intervallum, -I [inter-vallus,
distance between stakes in a ram-
part], N., distance (between two
things), distance apart, ijiterval (of
space or time), space, time: longo
intervallo, after a long ititerval,
after a considerable ti?ne.
interventus, -us [inter-tventus ;
cf. eventus and intervenio], m., a
interviso
114
invidia
coming (to interrupt something),
a coming in, an intervention.
interviso, -ere, no perf., no p.p.
[inter- viso], 3. v. a., visit at inter-
vals.
intestinus, -a, -um [.', perh. in-
tus + tinus], adj., internal, intes-
tine: pemicies (i.e. within the
vitals of the state).
intimus, see interior.
intolerabilis, -e [lin-tolerabilis],
adj., ifitolerahle, unendurable, not
to be borne.
intolerandus, -a, -um [lin-tol-
erandus], adj., not to be borne, un-
etidurable.
intra [instr. (?) of tinterus; cf.
inter and extra], adv., and prep,
with ace, into, within, inside.
introdiico, -ducere, -duxi, -duc-
tus [intro-duco] , 3. v. a., lead in,
bring in, march in (troops), ititro-
duce.
introitus, -us [intro-itus] , m.,
ati entrance, att approach (means
of entrance), a way of entrance:
Ponti {mouth, i.e. the straits). —
Fig., a door (as a way of entrance),
an openijig.
intueor, -tuerT, -tuitus (-tutus)
[in-tueor], 2. v. dep., gaze upon,
gaze at, cast one''s eyes upon, look
upon, behold, look at, contemplate,
study.
intus [in + tus (an abl. ending ;
cf. divinitus)], adv., within.
inultus, -a, -um [^in-ultus], adj.,
unavenged, unpunished.
iniiro, -iirere, -ussi, -iistus [in-
uro], 3. V. a., burn in, brand. —
Fig., fix indelibly.
iniisitatus,-a,-um [Mn-usitatus],
adj., unwo7ited, Jinaccustomed, un-
usual.
inutilis, -e [Mn-utilis], adj., of
no use, unserviceable. — In a preg-
nant sense, unfavorable (positively
disadvantageous), //'(f/wfl'/Wa/.
invado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasurus
[in-vado], 3. v. n., rush in, attack,
assail, make an attack, make a rush,
make a charge.
inveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus
[in-veho], 3. v. a., carry in, carry
against. — Pass, as dep., be borne,
ride, sail in, assail (ride against),
inveigh.
inveni5, -venire, -venT, -ventus
[in-venio], 4. v. a.,y?;z</(come upon ;
cf. reperio, find by search), learn,
discover, meet with, invent, chance
to have, originate.
inventor, -oris [in-tventor ; cf.
invenio], .m., a discoverer, an in-
ventor, an originator.
investigo, -are, -avT, -atus [in-
vestigo], I. V. a. and n., trace out,
i7ivestigate.
inveterasco, -ascere, -avi, -atu-
rus [in-veterasco], 3. v. n., grow
old, become established, become fas-
tened in or on, become rooted, be-
come deeply seated or ingrained.
invictus, -a, -um [^ in-victus],
adj., unconguered. — Also, ujicon-
querable, invincible.
invideo, -videre, -vidT, -visus [in-
video ; cf. invidus], 2. v. n. and a.,
envy, be jealous of, grudge, be envious.
invidia, -ae [invido- + ia], f.,
etivy, odium, jealousy, hatred, un-
popularity.
invidiose
115
iste
invidiose [old abl. of invidio-
sus], adv., in a manner to excite
odium.
invidiosus, -a, -um [invidia- +
osus], adj., causing odium : mihi est
invidiosum (/'/ is a ground of odium) .
invidus, -a, -um [in-tvidus (vid
+ us, whence video)], adj., d'«z//(7z^j-,
jealous, ill-disposed, hostile, grudg-
ing.
invigilo, -are, -avi, no p.p. [in-
vigilo], I. V. n., {lie awake for),
watch over, care for.
inviolatus, -a, -um ]} in-viola-
tus], adj., inviolate, unhartned,
ujiinjured. — Also (cf. invictus),
inviolable : inviolata amicitia, with-
out violating friendsh ip.
invisus, -a, -um [p.p. of invi-
deo], as adj., hateful, odious, dis-
pleasing.
invito, -are, -avI, -atus [?], i. v. a.,
invite.
in Vitus, -a, -um [.^], adj., un-
Tvilling. — Often rendered as adv.,
against one''s will, tinwillijigly.
iocor, -ari, -atus [loco-], i. v. dep.,
joke, jest, say in jest.
ioc5sus, -a, -um [loco- + osus],
adj., jocose, humorous, facetious,
sportive.
ipse, -a, -um [is-potis(?)], intens.
pron., self, very, himself, etc. (as
opp. to some one else ; cf. sui,
reflex, referring to the subject), he,
etc. (emph.), he himself, etc. : tu
ipse, you yourself ; ipsius virtus
{his own, etc.) ; id ipsum, that very
thing ; ad ipsum fornicem {just at,
etc.) ; illis ipsis ^iohns, just at that
very time ; in his ipsis, even in
these ; Kalendis ipsis {just at, etc.);
ante ipsum sacrarium {just exactly
before, etc.).
ira, -ae [?], F., anger, wrath,
resentment, rage.
iracundia, -ae [iracundo- -f ia],
F., wrath (as a permanent quality ;
cf. ira, a temporary feeling), irasci-
bility, anger.
iracundus, -a, -um [ira- -f cun-
dus], adj., of a violent temper,
passionate, irascible, wrathful, re-
sentful, embittered.
irascor, IrascT, Iratus [tira +
sco], 3. V. dep., get angry, be
angry. — iratus, -a, -um, p.p. as
adj., angry, in anger.
in-, see inr.
is, ea, id [pron. i], dem'. pron.,
this (less emph. than hie), i/iat (un-
emph.), these, those, etc., the, a, he,
she, it, such, one, the man : id quod,
which (omitting the demonstra-
tive) ; atque is, and that too ; in
eo, in that matter ; ex eo genere
qui {of the kind, etc.) ; vacuus ab
eis qui defenderent {of men to, etc.) ;
vos qui . . . ei, yotc who . . . you ;
neque enim is es, etc. {such a man,
etc.) ; pro eo ac mereor {in propor-
tion to what, etc.) ; is constitutus ex
marmore {his statue), etc. ; id aetatis
filii {of that age, etc.). — eo, neut.
abl., the (old Eng. instrumental),
so much, on that account, there-
fore : eo magis, all the more ;
eo atrocior, so viuch the more cruel.
— See also eiusmodi.
iste,-a,-ud [is-te (cf. turn, tantus,
etc.)], dem. pron., that, these, those,
etc. — Esp. associated with the
istic
ii6
lulius
second person, with adversaries
and opponents, that {you speak of),
he [your client), those tnen [my
opponents'), that {of yours), that {by
yon).
istic [isti-ce ; cf. hie], adv., there
(where you are, or the like ; cf.
iste).
ita [pron. I 4- ta (instr. (?) of
TA)], adv., so, in such a zvay, under
such circumstances, in this way,
thus, as follows ; often with limit-
ing force, so (only) : ut . . . ita,
ita . . . ut, in proportion as, as ;
ita dictitat {this).
Italia, -ae [titalo- (reduced) +
ia (fern, of -ius)], F., Italy.
Italicus, -a, -um [Italo- + cus],
adj., Italiatt : bellum {the Italic or
Social war, B.C. 90).
itaque [ita que], adv., and so,
accordingly, therefore.
item [i-tem (ace. ? ; cf. idem)],
adv., ifi like manner, so also, in
the same way, also, likewise.
iter, itineris [stem fr. i {go) +
unc. term.], N., a road, a march, a
7vav, a route, a course, a jotirtiey ;
ex itinera, on the road, on the
march, en route; iter facere,
ma7'ch, advance, proceed, travel.
iterum [pron. i + terus ; cf.
alter], adv., a second time, again :
semel atque iterum, iterum et
saepius, again and again.
iubeo, iubere, iussT, iussus [prob.
ius-habeo; cf. praebeo], 2. v. a.,
order, command, bid.
iiicunditas, -atis [iucundo- +
tas], F., pleasantness, pleasure,
charm.
iijcundus, -a, -um [.', perh. for
iuvicundus, akin to iuvo], adj.,
pleasant, agreeable.
iudex, -icis [ius-tdex (dig as
stem)], M. and f., a judge, an ar-
biter.— Esp. in Roman jurispru-
dence, a juryman (half judge and
half juryman, who decided Roman
law cases), a judge : iudices, gen-
tlemen (i.e. of the jury).
iiidicialis, -e [iudicio- + alis],
did]., judicial, of courts.
iiidicium, -T [iudic- -f ium], n.,
a judgment (judicial), a trial, a
verdict, a prosecution. — As each
trial made a court, a court, a panel
of jurors, a bench of judges, the
administration of justice, the judi-
ciary, the judicial power. — Also,
an expression of opinion (gen-
erally official), an opitiion, a judg-
ment, a decision.
iudico, -are, -avi, -atus [iudic-],
I. V. a., formally decide, decide,
judge, be a juror, adjudge, thifik,
consider, hold an opinioti : subtiliter
{be a connoisseur); de ingeniis {criti-
cise, estimate) ; magna in hoc vis
iudicatur {is held to be, etc.).
iugulo, -are, -avT, -atus [iugulo-],
I . v. a., cut the throat of, murder, as-
sassinate, strangle {fig.), put to death.
iugulum, -I [iugo- -f Ium], n., {a
little yoke, the collar-bones), the
throat, the neck.
lugurtha, -ae [.'*], m., a king of
Numidia, who was defeated and
captured by.Marius.
liilius, -T [?], M., a Roman gen-
tile name. — Esp., I.fjilius Ccesar,
censor B.C. 89. See desar.
lungo
ir;
Karthago
iungO, iungere, iunxT, iuactus
[iug], 3. V. a., join, ttfiiie, attach,
attach together. — In pass, or with
reflex., tinite with, attach Ofte''s self.
lunianus, -a, -um [iunio- +
anus], adj., of Junius : consilium
(a j ury of which one Junius was
presiding praetor, and which had
notoriously been bribed).
lunius, -a, -um [.^ perh. akin to
iuvenis], adj., of June.
luppiter (lup-), lovis [lovis-
Pater], m., the god of the visible
heavens and the atmosphere, who
was regarded as the supreme divin-
ity of the Romans, Jupiter, Jove. —
Identified with the Greek Zei^s,
hence with the adjective Olympius.
iuro, -are, -avT, -atus [iur- (stem
of ius)], I. V. n., swear, take an
oath. — iuratus, -a, -um, p.p. in
active sense, sworn, on oath.
ius, iuris [for tiavus, YU (akin
) to iug) + us], N., justice, right,
rights (collectively), rights over
(anything), claims, law : communia
iura, common rights of 7nan ; hoc
iuris constituere, establish this as
law ; lure, with right, justly ;
praecipuo iure, with special justice ;
suo iure, with peifect right ,\OT^timo
iure, with perfect justice ; iure
consultus, see consultus.
msiiirandum, iurisiiirandl [see
ius and iuro], N., an oath.
iiissii [abl. of tiussus], used as
adv., by order : meo iussu, by my
orders.
iuste [old abl. of iustus], adv.,
justly.
iustitia, -ae [iusto- -f tia], f.,
justice (just behavior), sense of
justice.
iustus, -a, -um [ius -f tus], adj.,
just, lawful, reasonable. — Also,
coitiplete, perfect, regular : omnia
iusta solvere (all due rites).
iuvenis, -e [?], zol]., yoz(7ig. —
Masc. as subst., a young mail (not
over 45), a youth.
iuventus, -utis [iuven- (orig.
stem of iuvenis) + tus], f., youth.
— Concretely, the youth, young
mefi, the young.
iuvo, iuvare, iuvl, iutus [?],
I. v. a., help, aid, assist.
Kal., abbreviation for Kalendae
and its cases (which see),
Kalendae (Cal-), -arum [f. plur.
of tcalendus, p. of verb akin to
calo], F. plur., the Calends (the
first day of the Roman month,
when, as it would seem, the times of
the moon were announced to the
assembled people) : pridie Kalen-
das lanuarias (i.e. December 31).
Karthaginiensis (Car-), -e [Kar-
thagin- + ensis], adj., Cartha-
ginian. — Masc. plur. as subst.,
the Carthaginians.
Karthag5 (Car-), -inis [Punic,
new city], F., Carthage.
L.
ii8
Laenius
L., abbreviation for Lucius.
L (X) [^ corrupt form of the
Greek letter \p (prop. x)> originally
used for 50, and retained in the
later notation], a sign iox fifty.
labefacio, -facere, -feci, -factus
[unc. stem (akin to labor) -facio],
3. V. a., shake., cause to totter.
labefacto, -are, -avi, -atus [labe-
(cf. labefacio) -facto], i. v. a., shake,
cause to totter, iveakeii, icndeiniine,
overthrow, shatter, atnutt, invali-
date, disturb.
labes, -is [lab (in labor) -f es],
F., a fall, ruin, a plague (fig.)» ^^
fest. — Also, a disgrace, a shame.
Labienus, -I [?, perh. labia {lips)
+ enus], M., a Roman family
name. — Esp., T. Alius Labienus,
a violent partisan of Csesar, a
legatus, under him in Gaul, but
afterwards in the civil war on the
side of Pompey.
labo, -are, -avI, no p.p. [?, akin
to labor], i. v. n., totter, xuaver,
give way.
labor, labi, lapsus [?, akin to
labo], 3. V. dep., slide, fall, slip, err,
be imprudent.
labor, -oris [rabh -f or (for os)],
M., toil, exertion (in its disagree-
able aspect), labor (as painful),
trouble.
laboriosus, -a, -um [labor- +
osus], adj., toilsome, laborious.
Iab5r5, -are, -avi, -atus [labor-],
I. V. n., toil, exert ofie's self. —
Also, suffer, labor, be hard pressed,
be in trouble, trouble o?te's self care.
— With neut. pron., labor about,
attend to, busy one^s self with.
lacero, -are, -avI, -atus [lacero-],
I. V. a., mangle, lacerate, tear.
lacesso, -cessere, -cessTvT (il),
-cessTtus [stem akin to lacio -f unc.
term.], 3. v. a., irritate, provoke. —
Esp., attack, harass, assail, skir-
viish with.
lacrima, -ae [tdakru- (cf. 8dKpv)
-f ma], F., a tear.
lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atus [lacri-
ma], I. v. n. and a., weep, weep
for.
Iacte5, -ere, no perf., no p.p.
[lact-], 2. V. n., suck. — Esp., lac-
tens, -entis, p., sucking, ttursing, a
suckling, a mirsling.
lacus, -us [}, cf. lacer, lacuna],
M., a reservoir, a lake.
Laeca, -ae [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., M. Laeca,
a partisan of Catiline.
laedo, laedere, laesl, laesus [perh.
for lavido, lu (increased) + do (cf.
tendo)], 3. v. a., wound, injure. —
Fig., esp., break (one's word, etc.),
violate, hurt, disparage, thwart,
injure.
Laelius, -T [?], m., a Roman gen-
tile name. — Esp.: i. C. Ltrlius,
the friend of the younger Africa-
nus ; 2. D. La;lius, an adherent of
Pompey.
Laenius, -I [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., M. Lcznius
Flaccus, a knight of Brundisium,
a friend of Cicero, and one of his
supporters in his exile.
laetitia
119
Latium
laetitia, -ae [laetS- + tia], f.,
joy, gladness (cf. laetus).
' laetor, -arl, -atus [laeto-], i. v.
dep., rejoice (cf. laetus), be glad,
take delight: illud laetandum est,
this is a cause of rejoicing.
laetus, -a, -um [unc. root (perh.
akin to glad) + tus], adj., joyful
(of the inner feeling), rejoicing:
me domus laetissima accepit {with
the greatest joy).
lamentatio, -onis [lamenta- +
tio], F., lamentation.
lamentor, -arl, -atus [lamento-],
I. V. dep., lament, bewail.
lamentum, -T [?, perh. LU+meu-
tum ; cf. laedo], n., a lametitation.
lamina, -ae [?, perh. lu -f mina],
F., a scale (of metal), a plate (esp.
heated, used for torture).
languidus, -a, -um [tlanguo-
(whence langueo) -f dus] , ad j ., spirit-
less, listless, languid, stupid, sleepy,
dozy : languidior, less active.
lanista, -ae \j\ m., a trainer (of
gladiators).
Lanuvinus, -a, -um [Lanuvio- -f
inus], adj., of Laimvium. — Masc.
plur. as subst., the people of Lanu-
vium.
Lanuvium, -T [?], n., a town of
Latium, twenty miles from Rome
on the Appian Way, famous for
its worship of Juno Sospita.
lapidatio, -onis [lapida- + tio],
F., a stoning, throwing stones.
lapis, -idis [.''], m., a stone.
laqueus, -I [l.\c (in lacio) -f eus
(.'' -AYAS)], M., a slip-noose, a snare.
— Fig., the meshes (of the law,
etc.).
Lar, Laris [.'], m., a household
divinity : Lar familiaris, household
gods (as a symbol of home), home,
hearth and home.
large [old abl. of largus], adv.,
copiously, generously, lavishly.
largior, -Irl, -Itus [largo-], 4. v.
dep., give lavishly, bestotu upon,
supply with, lavish upon, grant. —
Also, give bribes, give presents.
largitio, -onis [largi- (stem of
largior) -f tio], f., lavish giving,
bribery.
largitor, -oris [largi- + tor], m.,
a lavish giver, a briber, a spend-
thrift.
late [old abl. of latus], adv.,
ividely, broadly : longe lateque, far
and wide.
latebra, -ae [late- -f bra], F., a
hiding-place.
lateo, latere, latuT, no p.p. [.'],
2. V. n., lie concealed, lurk, be con-
cealed, pass unnoticed, lie hid, work
secretly.
Latiaris (-alis), -e [Lati6- + aris],
adj., of Latium : lupiter Latiaris
(the Jupiter worshipped on the
Alban Mount as the tutelar divin-
ity of the old Latin union).
Latiniensis, -e [LatinS- (?)-f en-
sis], adj., of Latium, Latin. — Esp.
as Roman proper name, Q. Ccelius
Latiniensis, a tribune of the people.
Latinus, -a, -um [Latio- -f inus],
adj., Latin.
Latium, -I [prob. lato- -f ium
(neut. of -ius), the fiat land f], the
country between the Apennines,
the Tiber, and the Tuscan Sea,
now the Campagna.
lator
I 20
lego
lator, -oris [(t)la- + tor], m., a
bearer, a proposer (of a law ; cf . f ero) .
latro, -onis [prob. stem borrowed
fr. Greek + 0], m., a mercenary (?),
a robber, a marauder.
latrocinium, -I [tlatrocino- +
ium ; cf . ratiocinor] , n ., freebooting,
robbery, brigandage, marauding, a
band of marauders, a ?naranding ex-
pedition (opposed to bellum, q. v.).
latrocinor, -arl, -atus [tlatro-
cino-; cf. latrocinium], i. v. dep.,
be a freebooter, act as a marauder :
latrocinans, as a marauder.
latus, -a, -um [prob. for tpla-
tus ; cf. TrXarus], adj., broad, wide,
extensive.
latus, lateris [prob. lato- + rus
(reduced)], n., the side (of the
body). — Also, generally, a side, a
flank, an end (of a hill).
latus, -a, -um [for tlatus, tla (cf .
tollo, tuli) -f tus], p.p. of fero.
laudatio, -onis [lauda- + tio], f.,
a eulogy, a funeral oration.
laudator, -oris [lauda- -f tor], m.,
a eulogizer, an extoller.
Iaud5, -are, -avi, -atus [laud-],
I. V. a., praise, com 7n end, approve,
eulogize, applaud.
laureatus, -a, -um [laurea- -f
tus; cf. robustus], adj., laurelled,
crowned with laurel.
laus, laudis [.-*], Y., praise, credit,
renown, reputation, glory, merit
(thing deserving praise), excellence :
in hac laude industriae {in gaining
this credit by, etc.) ; fructum istum
laudis, the gaining of that credit.
lautumiae (lato-, latu-), -arum
[Xaro/Uta], F. plur., a stone-quarry.
lecticula, -ae [lectica- + ula (fern,
of -ulus), F., a small litter, a sedan
chair.
lectiiincula, -ae [lection- -f cula
(fern, of -cuius)], F., a short read-
ing, desultory reading.
lectulus, -I [lecto- -f lus], m., a
couch, a sofa, a bed.
lectus, -I [.^], M., a bed, a couch.
lectus, -a, -um, p.p. of lego.
legatio, -onis [lega- -f tio], f.,
[a sending or commissioti), an em-
bassy (message of ambassadors),
the office of legatus : qua in lega-
tione, in zvhich office ; ius legationis,
the rights of ambassadors.
legatus, -I [prop. p.p. of lego],
M., an ambassador. — Also, a lieu-
te7iant, a legatus. To a Roman
commander were assigned (legare)
one or more subordinate officers
capable of taking command in his
absence or engaging in independent
operations under his general direc-
tion. These were the legati, and
with the quaestor composed a kind
of staff.
legio, -onis [leg -f io], f., {a
levy); hence, a legion (originally
the whole levy, later the unit of
army organization, numberingfrom
3000 to 6000 men, divided into ten
cohorts).
legitimus, -a, -um [leg- (as
if legi) -\- timus], adj., lawful,
legal, of laxv, according to law, at
law.
lego, -are, -avi, -atus [tlega- ; cf.
collega], I. V. a., despatch, commis-
sion, cojumission as legatus, choose
as legatus, assign (as legatus).
lego
121
liber
lego, legere, legl, lectus [cf.
Xe7w], 3. V. a. and n., choose, col-
lect, pick ojtt. — Hence, j-ead, I'ead
of. — lectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
choice, esteetned, sniper to?:
lenio, -ire, -ivl (-ii), -itus [leni-],
4. V. a., soothe, niitigate.
lenis, -e [?], 2.^]., gentle, lenient,
viild.
lenitas, -atis [leni- + tas], f.,
gentleness, leniency.
leniter [leni- + ter], z.(S.\., gently.
leno, -onis [?, leni- + 0], m., a
pander, a pimp, a go-betiveoi.
lenocinium, -I [tlenocino- (cf.
lenocinor) + ium], N., pandering.
lente [old abl. of lentus], adv.,
sloiuly.
Lentulus, -1 [lento- + lus], m.,
a Roman family name. — Esp. :
I. Cn. Cor?ielius Lentulus Clodia-
iiiis, consul B.C. 72 ; 2. P. Cornelins
Lotttiliis Sura, consul B.C. 71, one
of the Catilinarian conspirators ;
3. L. Lenticlns, an unknown pr£e-
tor ; 4. P. Cornelius Lentulus
Spinther, consul B.C. 57, a sup-
porter of Cicero ; 5. The son of
No. 4, of the same name.
lentus, -a, -um [len (cf. lenis)
+ tus], adj., flexible. — Also,
slow. *
lepidus, -a, -um [flepo- (cf.
lepor) + dus], m., graceful. — As
a Roman family name. — Esp. :
I. M\ Ai.7nilius Lepidus, consul
B.C. 66; 2. M. yEviilius Lepidus,
consul B.C. 78, killed in a quarrel
with his colleague, Q. Catulus ;
3. Son of the preceding, of the
same name, the famous triumvir
whose house was robbed by the
partisans of Clodius.
lepor (-Os), -oris [unc. root
-f or; cf. honor], m., attractive-
ness, charm ; pleasantry, wit,
humor.
levis, -e [for tleghvis, lagh +
us (with inserted i ; cf. brevis), cf.
fXaxi^s, Eng. light'], adj., light,
slight, trivial, unimportant, of no
zveight. — Also (cf. giacvis), incon-
stant, fickle, wajiting in character,
worthless, unprincipled.
levitas, -atis [levi- + tas], f.,
lightness. — Also (cf. levis), incon-
stancy, fickleness, zvant of principle,
unsteadiness.
leviter [levi- -f ter] , adv., lightly,
slightly : ut levissime dicam, to say
the least.
levo, -are, -avi, -atus [levi- (as if
levo-)], I. V. 3.., lighten. — Hence,
free from a burden, relieve, allevi-
ate, lesseji : annonam [relieve the
market, lessen the price of graiii).
lex, legis [leg (in lego)], f., a
statute, a law, a condition.
libellus, -1 [libro- + lus], m., a
little book, a list, a paper.
libens (lub-), see libet.
libenter [libent- -f ter], adv., ■ze////-
ingly, gladly, with pleasure. — With
verb, be glad to, etc. : libentissime
audire, most like to hear.
liber, libiT [.^], m., bark (of a
tree). — Hence, a book.
^ liber, -era, -erum [tlib6-( whence
libet) -f rus (reduced)], adj., free ■
(of persons and things), unre-
stricted, undisturbed, Ufiincufn-
bered, independetit.
Liber
122
lignum
- Liber, -eri [same word as ^ liber,
connection uncertain], M., an
Italian deity of agriculture. —
Hence identified with Bacchus.
Libera, -ae [fern, of preceding
word], F., an Italian goddess iden-
tified with Prose7-pine (cf. Kopr?).
liberalis, -e [i liber- + alls], adj.,
of a freeman, generous, liberal, noble
(studia).
liberalitas, -atis [liberali- + tas],
F., generosity.
liberaliter [liberali- + ter], adv.,
generously, kindly (respondit).
Iiberati5, -onis [libera- + tio], f.,
a setting free, a freeing, acquittal.
liberator, -oris [libera- + tor], m.,
a deliverer, a liberator.
libere [old abl. of liber], adv.,
freely, without restraint, with
freedom .
liberi, -orum [prob. masc. plur.
of liber, the free members of the
household^ M. plur., children. —
Sometimes even of one.
libero, -are, -avl, -atus [libero-],
I. V. a., free, set free, relieve (from
some bond), absolve, acqtiit : libe-
ratur Milo non profectus esse {is
acquitted of having, etc.).
libertas, -atis [libero- (reduced)
+ tas], F., liberty, freedom, inde-
pendence. — Hence, Liberty (per-
sonified and worshipped as a
divinity).
libertinus, -T [liberto- -f inus], m.,
a freedman (as a member of a
class; cf. libertus). Also as adj.
libertus, -I [libero- (reduced) +
tus], M., afreedfnafi (in reference to
his former master ; cf. libertinus).
libet (lub-), -ere, -uit (libitum
est) [?, cf. liber], 2. v. impers., it
pleases, one desires, one is pleased
to. — libens, -entis, p. as adj., glad,
pleased, gladly, with pleasure, with
good will.
libidinose (lub-) [old abl. of
libidinosus], adv., arbitrarily, law-
lessly, licentiously.
libidinosus (lub-), -a, -um [libi-
din- -f osus], adj., arbitrary, law-
less, licentious.
libido (lub-), -inis [akin to li-
bet; cf. cupido], F., lawlessness,
lice7itiousness, caprice, lust, desire,
laxvless fancy, arbitrary conduct,
watitonness.
librarium, -I [libro- + arium]
(neut. of librarius), n., a bookcase.
licentia, -ae [licent- -f ia], f.,
liccfise, lawlessness.
licet, licere, licuit (licitum est)
[tlico- ; cf. delicus, reliquus], 2. v.
impers., // is lawful, it is allowed,
one may, one is allowed, one is per-
mitted. — licet, although, though.
Licinius, -i [licino- -f- ius], m.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp. :
I. A. Licinius Archias, the poet
defended by Cicero; 2. Licinius,
an obscure restaurant-keeper. See
LucuUus.
lictor, -oris [?, perh. lac 4- tor],
M., a lictor (the attendant of the
higher Roman magistrates).
Ligarius, -I [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., Q. Ligarius,
an officer in Pompey's army in
Africa, defended by Cicero before
Cjesar.
lignum, -i [?], N., wood, a log.
limen
123
luceo
limen, -inis [akin to limus, obli-
quus], N., (a c}-osspiece), a threshold,
a luitel : omnis aditus et limen, all
approach and entrance.
lingua, -ae [?], f., a tongue. —
Hence, a language.
linter (lunt-), -tris [?], f. (and
M.), a skiff.
linum, -1 [prob. borr. fr. Gr.
\l.vov\, n., Jlax. — Hence, a thread.
liquefacio, -facere, -fed, -factus
[lique- (stem akin to liqueo) -facio],
3. V. a., liquefy, melt.
liquido [abl. of liquidus], as adv.,
clearly, plainly, with truth, with a
clear conscience.
lis, litis [for tstlis, stla + tis
(reduced)?; cf. locus and Eng.
strife^ F., a suit at hnv, a latv-
suit. — Also, the aniount iti dis-
pute, damages.
littera (litera), -ae [?, akin to
lino], F., a letter {pi the alphabet). —
Plur., letters, writing, afi alphabet,
a letter (an epistle), literature, a
document.
litteratus (lit-), -a, -um [litera-
+ tus], adj., educated, cultij'ated.
litiira, -ae [tlitu- (li in lino -f tu)
+ ra], F,, an erasure.
litus, -oris [?], N., a shore, a beach.
loco, -are, -avT, -at us [loco-],
I. V. a., place, station.- — Hence, let,
77iake a contract, c'otitract for.
Locrensis, -e [Locri- + ensis],
adj., of Locri (a Greek city of Italy
near Rhegium). — Masc. plur. as
subst., the people of Locri, Locrians.
locuples, -pletis [?, loco-pies (pie
-f tus, reduced)], adj., {with full
coffers ?), rich, wealthy, responsible.
locupleto, -are, -avi, -atus [locu-
plet-], I. V. a., enrich.
locus, -T [for tstlocus, stla -f
cus], M. (sing.), N. (generally plur.),
a place, a spot, a position, a region
(esp. in plur.), a point, the ground
(in military language), space, extent
(of space), room, a passage. — Fig.,
position, a station, rank, a point,
place {light, position, charade}-), an
opportunity, a chance, coiidition,
state of things, an occasion, point
(in argument).
longe [old abl. of longus], adv.,
far, too far, absent, far away, distant.
longinquitas, -atis [longinquo-
+ tas], F., distance.
longinquus, -a, -um [case-form
of longus (perh. loc.)-f cus], adj.,
long (of time and space), distant,
long-continued.
longiusculus, -a, -um [longior-
+ cuius], adj., rather long, a little
longer.
longus, -a, -um [.'], adj., long
(of space and time), far, distant:
longum est commemorare (// is too
long to, etc., it would take too long
to, etc.); ne longum sit, Jtot to be
too long.
loquor, loqul, locutus [?], 3. v.
dep., speak, talk, converse, express
one''s self, say (with neuter pron.):
auctoritas loquentium {in words).
lubet, see libet.
lubido, see libido.
Lucceius, -i [?], m., an Italian
gentile name. — PIsp., Q. Lucceius,
a banker at Rhegium.
liiceo, liicere, liixT, no. p.p. [luc-
(stem of lux)], 2. v. n., shine, beam.
Lucius
124
Macedonicus
— Fig., be clear, be obvious, be cott-
spicuous.
Lucius, -i [luc- (in lux)+ius],
M., a Roman praenomen.
luctuosus, -a, -um [luctu- +
osus], adj., full of grief sorrow-
ful, distressing.
luctus, -us [lug- 4-tus], M., grief
sorrozv, mourning.
luculentus, -a, -um [lucu- (old
form of lux) -f lentus], adj., fill
of light, bright: caminus {brightly
burning).
Lucullus, -i [?], M., a Roman
family name. — Esp. : i . Z. Licinins
Lncullus, the able general of the
third Mithridatic war; 2. M. Li-
cinius Lucullus, brother of the pre-
ceding. The whole family was rich
and cultivated.
liicus, -I [prob. luc (in lux) -f
us], M., {ati open groz'e, as opposed
to the forest), a grove (commonly
sacred).
ludificatio, -onis [ludifica- +tio],
F., derision, mockery.
ludus, -T [.'], M., play, sport. —
Also, a school, a training-school. —
Plur., games (Roman festivals).
Iiige5, lugere, luxT, luxurus
[tlugo-; cf. \v'^pb{\, 2. V. a. and
n., mourn, bewail, lajnent.
liimen, -inis [luc + men], n.,
a light (also fig.): ipsa lamina, the
brightest lights.
lunter, see linter.
luo, luere, lul, luiturus [lu ; cf.
\vu)~\, 3. V. a., loose. — Esp., pay,
suffer (a penalty), atone for (a
fault).
lupa, -ae [.^ cf. Xukos], f., a she-
wolf — Also, a prostitute.
lupinus, -a, -um [lupo- + inus],
adj., of a wolf, of the wolf (the
nurse of Romulus and Remus).
lustro, -are, -avi, -atus [lustro-],
I. V. a., purify. — Hence, go over
(for purification), pass over.
lustrum, -T [unc. form from lu
+ trum; cf. monstrum], n., a
slough. — Hence, a brothel. —
Hence in plur., debauchery.
lutum, -i [lu + turn (neut. of
-tus)], N. i^" the wash"), mud,
mire.
lux, lucis [luc (in luceo) as
stem], F., light, light of the smi,
sunlight, open light, daylight : ante
lucem, before daybreak.
luxuria, -ae (also -ies, -iel) [tlux-
uro- (luxu -f rus) -f ia], f., luxuty,
7'iototis living, fast livers (cf. inven-
tus, the youth).
liixuries, -el, see luxuria.
M
M., abbreviation of Marcus.
M [corruption of CI3 (orig. $)
through influence of mille], 1000.
M'., abbreviation for Manius.
Macedonia, -ae [Ma/ceSoi^m], f.,
the country originally bounded
by Thessaly and Epirus, Thrace,
Paeonia, and Illyria ; finally con-
quered by T. Quinctius Flamininus,
B.C. 197.
Macedonicus, -a, -um [Ma^ce-
So^tKOs], adj., Macedoniati.
machinator
125
magnus
machinator, -oris [machina- -f
tor], M., a contriver, a inanager.
machinor, -arl, -atus [machina-],
I. V. dep., contrive, invent, engineer,
plot.
macto, -are, -avi, -atus [macto-],
1. V. a., sacrifice, slaughter, punish,
pursue (with punishment).
macula, -ae [?], f., a spot, a
stain.
maculo, -are, -avi, -atus [macu-
la-], I. V. a., stain, pollute.
madefacio, -facere, -feci, -factus
[made- (stem akin to madeo) +
facio], 3. V. a., moisten, wet.
Maecius, -i [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., Sp. Ma;cius
{Tarpa), who had charge of the
games in Pompey's theatre.
Maelius (Melius), -I [?], m., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp., Sp.
Mcelius, a Roman, killed, B.C. 439,
by Servilius Ahala, on the charge
of aiming at regal power.
maereo (moer-), -ere, no perf.,
no p.p. [tmaero-; cf. maestus],
2. V. a. and n., mourn, grieve,
be in sorrow, grieve for, mourn
for.
\ maeror (moe-), -oris [maes- (cf.
maestus) -f or], m., grief, sorrow,
sadness.
maestitia (moes-), -ae [maesto-
-f tia], F., sadness, sorrow.
maestus (moe-), -a, -um [mis ?
(in miser) -+- tus], p.p. of maereo
as adj., sad, sorrowful.
magis [mag (in magnus) + ius
(n. compar. sufifix)], adv., more,
rather, more than usual, better. —
See also maxima.
magister, -tri [magis -f ter ; cf.
alter], M., a master, a ft instructor,
a teacher.
magistra, -ae [f em. of preceding],
F., a mistress, a teacher (female, or
conceived as such).
magistratus, -us [magistra- (as
if stem of tmagistro) -f tus], M.,
a ynagistracy (office of a magis-
trate).— Concretely, a magistrate
(cf. " the powers that be ").
magnifice [old abl. of magni-
ficus], adv., magnificently, hand-
somely, finely.
magnificentior, see magnificus.
magnificus,-a,-um [magno-tficus
(fac -f us)], adj., splendid, grand,
magnificent. — Compar., magnifi-
centior, -ius.
magnitude, -inis [magno- +
tudo], v., greatness, great size, size,
extent, stature, great extent, enor-
mity, great amount, iftiportatice :
animi magnitude, lofty spirit, no-
bleness of soul.
magnopere, see opus.
magnus, -a, -um [mag (in-
crease) + nus ; cf. magis], adj.,
great (in any sense, of size, quan-
tity, or degree), large, extensive,
important, serious, deep (ignominia),
violent (minas), loud (clamor), 7'ich
(fructus), powerfil (subsidium) :
magni habere, to value highly, make
much account of ; magni interest,
it is of great importatice ; magnum
et sanctum, a great and sacred
thing; magnum et amplum co-
gitare, have great and lofty ideas.
— See also Magnus. — maior, -ius,
compar., in usual sense. — Also,
Magnus
126
manifestus
maior (with or without natu), elder ^
older. — In plur. as subst., elders,
ancestors : pecunia maior, a ^^rcater
amount 0/ money. — maximus, -a,
-um, superl., largest, very large,
greatest, very great, very loud, most
important, etc. — See also Maximus.
Magnus, -T [magnus], m., a
Roman name.
maiestas, -atis [maios- (orig.
.stem of maior) + tas], F., (superi-
ority), majesty, dignity. — Esp. (for
maiestas deminuta), treason.
maior, compar. of magnus.
Maius, -a, -um [Mata], adj., of
May.
male [old abl. of malus], adv.,
badly, ill, not well, hardly : loqui
{abusively) ; existimare {ill, evil).
maledictum, -T [male dictum],
N., an insult (in words), abuse.
maleficium, -T [malefico- + ium],
N., harm, mischief, a crime, a
misdeed.
malitia, -ae [malo- + tia], f.,
wickedness, trickery.
malitiose [old abl. of malitio-
sus], adv., by trickery.
malleolus, -I [malleo- + lus], m.,
{a hammer), a grenade, afire-dart.
Mallius, -i [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., Mallius
Glaucia, a friend of T. Roscius. —
See also Manlius.
malo, malle, maluT, no p.p.
[mage- (for magis) volo], irr. v. a.
and n., wish more, wish rather,
prefer, will (etc.) rather, choose
rather.
malus, -a, -um [?], adj., bad (in
all senses), ///, wretched. — peior,
-us, compar. — pessimus, -a, -um,
superl. — malum, -i, neut. as subst.,
mischief, evil, har7n, misfortune,
trouble : malus civis (dangerous,
pernicious).
Mamertinus, -a, -um [Mamert-
+ inus, of Mar s^ adj., Mamertine
(belonging to a body of mercenary
troops who seized the city of Mes-
sina).— Masc. plur. as subst., the
Mamertities (the inhabitants of the
city captured by these adventurers).
manceps, -ipis [manu-tceps ; cf.
princeps], m., a purchaser.
mancus, -a,-um [?], adj., maimed,
crippled.
mandatum, -i [neut. p.p. of man-
do], N., a trust (given to one), in-
structions (given), <7 message (given).
mando, -are, -avT, -atus [?, tman- '
do- (manu-do)], i. v. a., put into
ofie^s hands, entrust, instruct (give
instructions to), commit, consign,
confer (honores, imperia), order,
command : eaanimis (let sink, etc.).
mane [abl. of tmanis (.'', ma +
nis ; cf. matuta, maturus)], adv-,
/« the morning, early in the
morning.
maneo, manere, mansi, mansu-
rus [unc. stem akin to fihuj],
2. v. n., stay, remain, stay at home,
continue, last, persist in, abide by.
manicatus, -a, -um [manica- -f /
tus], adj., long-sleeved, with sleeves.
manifesto [abl. of manifestus],
adv., iji the act, red-handed, clearly,
obviously.
manifestus, -a, -um [manu-
festus (cf. iniQstns), caught by lay-
ing on the hand?"], adj., caught
Manilius
127
Marius
itt the act, pj-oved by direct evi-
dence (as opposed to circumstantial
evidence), overt, clear, ma7iifest,
audacious, rampant: audacia {iin-
hlushing, as not attempting con-
cealment).
Manilius, -I [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp. : i. C. Ma-
nilius, a tribune of the people, B.C.
66, who proposed the law giving
Pompey command in the East ; 2.
M\ Alanilius, an eminent legal
authority.
Manius, -1 [mane (?) -f ius], m.,
a Roman praenomen.
Manlianus, -a, -um [Manlio- +
anus], adj., of Manlius.
Manlius, -i [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp. : i. Q. Man-
lius, a juror in the case of Verres ;
2. C. Manlius {Mallius), one of
Catiline's accomplices.
man5, -are, -avi, no p.p. [}'],
I. v. n., Jlow, spread.
mansuete [old abl. of mansue-
tus], adv., mildly, kindly.
mansuetudo, -inis [manu-tsue-
tudo], F., 7nildness, gentleness.
mansuetus, -a, -um [manu-sue-
tus], adj., (wotited to the hand),
tarne, gentle, kind.
manubiae, -arum [?, akin to
manus], F. plur., money derived
from booty, booty.
manumitto (also separate), -mit-
tere, -misT, -missus [manu-mitto],
3. V. a., {let go from Okie's hand),
manumit, free.
manus, -us [?], F., the hand,
violence. — Also (cf. manipulus), a
company, a band, a troop. — Also,
handwriting : in manibus habere,
have on hand, have ; manu factum,
7vrought by art. — Cf . also manu-
mittere.
Marcellus, -I [Marculo- (Marco-
-f lus)-f Ius], M., (the little ham-
mer?), a Roman family name. —
Esp. : I . M. Claudius Marcellus,
the conqueror of Syracuse, B.C.
212; 2. M. Claudius Marcellus,
an unworthy member of the same
great family; 3. M. Claudius Mar-
cellus, consul B.C. 51, defended by
Cicero before Ca;sar; 4. C. Clau-
dius Marcellus, consul B.C. 50,
cousin of the preceding.
Marcius (Martius ?), -1 [.^ Mart-
+ ius ?], M., a Roman gentile name.
— Esp., C. Marcius, a Roman
knight.
Marcus, -i [.^ mar (in morior,
etc.) -f cus, the hammer?, the war-
rior?'], M., a Roman praenomen.
mare, -is [?], n., the sea, a sea:
terra marique, 071 land and sea.
maritimus (-tumus), -a, -um
[marl- -f timus ; cf. finitimus], adj.,
of the sea, sea-, maritime, naval, on
the sea.
maritus, -1 [stem akin to mas
[male) -f tus], M., a husband.
Marius, -1 [.'], m., a Roman gen-
tile name. Esp. : i. C. Marius,
the opponent of Sulla and the
champion of the popular against
the aristocratic party. He con-
quered the Cimbri and Teutones,
B.C. loi, and freed Rome from
the fear of a Northern invasion.
In his sixth consulship, B.C. 100, he
killed the demagogues Saturninus
128
meditor
and Glaucia : Mario consule et
Catulo (B.C. 102); 2. J/. Marius, a
friend of Cicero.
marmor, -oris \_\ perh. mar
reduplicated], N., marble.
marmoreus, -a, -um [marmor- +
eus], adj., of marble, viarble.
Mars, Martis [.^ perh. mar (in
morior) + tis, the slayer, but more
probably of wolves than of men in
battle], M., Mars, originally prob-
ably a god of husbandry defending
the sheep, but afterwards identified
with the Greek "ApT^s and wor-
shipped as the god of war: Mars
communis {the favor of the god of
war) ; Martis vis, the violence of war.
Martius, -a, -um [Mart- -\- ius],
adj., of Mars, of March. — Martia,
the title of a legion active in the
struggle against Antony.
Massilia, -ae [?], f., Marseilles.
Massiliensis, -e [Massilia- -f
ensis], adj., of Marseilles. — Masc.
plur. as subst., the people of Mar-
seilles.
mater, -tris [?, prob. ma {create)
-f ter], F., a mother, a matron.
mater familias [see the words],
F., a matron.
materia, -ae (-es, -el) [?, prob.
mater- -f la (fern, of -ius)], f.,
wood (cut, for material), timber
(cf. lignum, wood for fuel). — Fig.,
source, instrument.
maternus, -a, -um [mater- -fnus],
adj., 7naternal, of one'' s mother.
matiire [old abl. of maturus],
adv., early, speedily.
matiiritas, -atis [mature- + tas],
F., maturity, full development.
matur5, -are, -avi, -atus [ma-
ture-], I. V. a. and n., hasten,
make haste, anticipate, forestall.
matiirus, -a, -um [fmatu- (ma
(in mane)-f tus)-(- rus], adj., early.
— Also (by unc. connection of
ideas), ripe, mature.
matutinus, -a, -um [matuta (cf.
mane, maturus) -f inus], of the
morjiing, mor7iing-, early : tempora
{tnorning hotirs).
maxime [old abl. of maximus],
adv., in the greatest degree, most,
very, especially, very much.
maximus, superl. of magnus.
Maximus, -I [superl. of magnus,
as subst.], M., a Roman family
name.
Medea, -ae [MT75eta], f., the
daughter of ^etes, king of Colchis,
who eloped with Jason. Sheis often
represented in works of art.
medeor, -eri, no p.p. [medo-
( whence medicus, remedium), root
unc; cf. /j.ap9du(jo, but also meditor],
2. V. dep., attend (as a physician),
heal. — Fig., remedy, relieve, cure,
treat, apply a remedy.
medicinus, -a, -um [medico- +
inus], 2i.dc]., medical. — Esp., medi-
cina (sc. ars), juedicine, the art of
healing, a remedy.
mediocris, -ere [medio- -f cris ;
cf. ludicer], adj., middling, mod-
erate, ordinary, tolerable, within
hounds, small, trifling, slight.
mediocriter [mediocri- -f ter],
adv., moderately, slightly, somewhat.
meditor, -arl, -atus [tmedito-
(as if p.p. of medeor)], i. v. dep.,
{practise ?), dwell upo)i (in thought),
medius
129
think of, meditate. — meditatus, -a,
-um, p.p. in pass, sense, practised.
medius, -a, -um [ivied (cf. Eng.
mid^ + ius], adj., the middle of (as
noun in Eng.), mid-: in medio and
in medium, abroad, in piildic, to
puidic notice, to light, before the
world, before you, etc. ; ex media
morte, from the Jazus of death,
from instant death ; de medio, oitt
of the luay.
mehercule (mehercle, meher-
cules, also separate) [me hercules
(iuvet)], adverbial exclamation,
bless y oil! bless me! upon my word,
good heavens! as snre as I live,
as I live, and the like.
melior, -ius, compar. of bonus.
membrum, -i [.^ prob. formed
with suffix -rum (neut. of -rus)],
N., a limb, a part of tlie body.
memini, -isse [perf. of man, in
mens, etc.], def. v. a., rei7iember,
bear in mind, keep in mind.
Memmius, -I [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., C. Mem7?iins,
a worthy Roman murdered at
the instigation of Saturninus and
Glaucia.
memor, -oris [prob. smar redu-
plicated], adj., remembering, mind-
ful.
memoria, -ae [memor- + ia], f.,
{7?zindfHlness), memory, recollection,
remembrance, power of memory:
memoria retinere, remember ; me-
moriam prodere, hand dowii the
7nemory, of something; memoriam
deponere, cease to reijiember ; me-
moriae proditum, handed down by
tradition ; dignum memoria, worthy
of remeinbrance ; post hominum
memoriam, since the memory of
man, zvithin the, etc.; litterarum
{testimoJiy); publica {record).
mendacium, -I [mendac- + ium],
N., falsehood, a falsehood.
mendicitas, -atis [mendico- -f
tas], F., beggary.
mens, mentis [man -f- tis (re-
duced)], ¥., a thought, t/ie intellect
(as opposed to the moral powers,
cf. animus), the mind, a state of
mind, a chaJige of mind, a pur-
pose : mentes animique, minds and
hearts : oculismentibusque, eyesajid
thoughts ; venit in mentem, it occurs
to one.
mensa, -ae [?], f., a table.
mensis, -is [unc. form fr. ma
(cf. Gr. jxrjv, Eng. moo7i, tfionth)'],
M., a m 071th.
mentio, -onis [as if man (in
memini) + tio (prob. menti- (stem
of mens) -h 0)], f., mei:tio7i.
mentior, -Irl, -Itus [menti- (stem
of mens)], 4. v. dep., lie, speak
falsely.
mercator, -oris [tmerca- -f tor],
M., a t7'ader (who carries his own
wares abroad).
mercenarius (mercennarius), -a,
-um [stem akin to merces -f arius],
adj., hired, merce7ia7y, hireli7ig,
paid.
merces, -edis [tmerce- (akin to
merx) + dus (reduced)], F., hire,
pay, wages, reward.
mereor, -erl, -itus (also mereo,
active) [tmero- (akin to /xelpofjiai)],
2. V. dep., wi7i, dese7've, gai7i. —
— Also (from earning pay), serve:
meretricius
130
militia
quid merere ut, etc. {take to, etc.) ;
bene meriti cives {deserving); bene
mereri de, etc., deserve well of, etc.,
serve well. — meritus, -a, -urn, p.p.
in pass, sense, deserved.
meretricius, -a, -um [meretric- +
ius], adj., of a harlot, rneretriciotis.
merito, see meritum.
meritum, -I [neut. of p.p. of
mereo], n., desert, service. — merito,
abl. as adv., deservedly.
merx, mercis [merc + is ; cf.
merces], f., merchandise, zvares.
Messala, -ae [.^], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp.: i. M. Vale-
rius Messala, consul B.C. 61, with
Marcus Piso ; 2. Another of the
same name, consul B.C. 53.
Messana, -ae [Mecr 0-77 1/77], f., a
city on the east coast of Sicily,
opposite the extremity of Italy
{Messina).
Messienus, -i [.-"J, m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., M. Messienus,
a friend of Cicero.
Messius, -T [?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., C. Messins, a
friend of Pompey.
-met [unc. form of pron. ma],
intens. pron., self (appended to
pronoun for emphasis), often un-
translatable.
metator, -oris [meta- + tor], m.,
a measurer, a surveyor.
Metellus, -T [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp.: i. Q. Ccecilius
Metellus Nepos, brother of Cascilia
(which see) and father of Celer No. 5
and Nepos ; 2. M. Metellus, prae-
tor B.C. 69, the brother of Q. Metel-
lus Creticus No. 3 ; 3. (?. Metellus
Cretic7is, consul B.C. 69 ; 4. L. Metel-
lus, propraetor in Sicily, B.C. 70;
5. Q. Metellus Celer, praetor B.C. 63,
consul B.C. 60, son of No. i ; 6. ().
Metellus Baliaricus, consul B.C. 123;
7. Q. Metellus Ahimidicics, consul
B.C. 109, cousin of No. 6 ; 8. ^. Me-
tellus Pius, praetor B.C. 89, son of
No. 7 ; 9. ^. Metellus Nepos, consul
B.C. 98, son of No. 6.
meto, metere, messul, messus
[.'], 3. V. a., cut, reap, gather.
metuo, -uere, -ul, -utus [metu-],
3. V. a. and w., fear : aliquid {have
any fear).
metus, -us [unc. root (perh. ma,
think) -f tus], M., fear, anxiety
(about). — Often superfluous with
other words of fearing : metu ter-
ritare, terrify. — Esp. : hoc metu,
fear of this.
meus, -a, -um [ma (in me) + ius],
adj. pron., my, mine, my own : meo
iure, 7vith perfect right.
miles, -itis [unc. stem akin to
mille as root + tis (reduced)], m.
and F., a soldier, a common soldier
(as opposed to officers), a legion-
ary soldier {heavy infa^itry, as
opposed to other arms of the serv-
ice). — Collectively, the soldiers,
the soldiery.
militaris, -e [milit--f aris], adj.,
of the soldiers, T7iilitary : signa {bat-
tle-standards); res militaris, mili-
tary affairs, war, the art of war ;
usus militaris, experience in war ;
virtus {of a soldier, soldierly).
militia, -ae [milit- + ia], p.,
military service, service (in the
army).
mille
I ^I
mille (indecl.), milia, -ium [akin
to miles], adj. (rarely sul^st. in
sing., subst. in plur.), a thousand :
mille passuum, a thousa)id paces, a
mile.
millies (miliens) [mille- + iens],
adv., a thousand times.
Milo, -onis [MiXwj/], m., a famous
athlete of Crotona. — Also used as
a family name by T. Annius ; see
Annius.
mimus, -T [/xr/>ios], m., a mimic
play, a farce.
minae, -arum [min + a], f. plur.,
{p7'ojections .^), threats, threatening
words.
minax, -acis [mina- + cus (re-
duced)], adj., threatening, metiac-
ing.
Minerva, -ae [prob. man (in
mens) + unc. term.], F., the goddess
of intelligence and skill among the
Romans. — Also identified with
Pallas Athene, and so more or less
associated with war.
minime [old abl. of minimus],
adv., in the smallest degree, least,
very little, not at all, by no
means : minime vero, not in the
least.
minimus, -a, -um [lost stem
(whence minuo) -fimus; cf. infimus],
adj., superb of parvus, smallest,
least. — Neut. as subst. and adv.,
the least, least, very little.
minister, -tri [minos (minor) -f
ter], M., a servant, an assistant, a
minister, a tool, an instrument.
minitor, -ari, -at us [tminitS-, as
if p.p. of minor; cf. agito], i. v.
dep., threaten, threaten vengeance.
threaten danger : quam illi mini-
tantur, with which they threaten
him.
minor, -arl, -atus [mina (stem
of minae)], i. v. dep., threaten,
threaten with danger.
minor, -us [lost stem (cf. mini-
mus) -f ior (compar. ending)], adj.,
smaller, less, younger. — Neut. as
subst. and adv., less, not much, not
very, not so ?nuch, not so: quo
minus, the less, that . . . not ; si
minus, if not so much, if not. —
See also minimus and minime.
Minturnae, -arum [?, cf. lutur-
na], F. plur., a city on the borders
of Latium and Campania.
Minucius (Minut-), -T [perh.
akin to minus], M., a Roman gen-
tile name. — One of the gens^ of
unknown praenomen, is character-
ized by Cicero as a profligate.
minuo, -uere, -uT, -iitus [tminu-
(cf. minus)], 3. v. a. and n., lessen,
weaken, diminish.
minus, see minor.
mirifice [old abl. of mirificus],
adv., marvellously, prodigiously.
miror, -ari, -atus [miro-], i. v.
dep., wonder, wonder at, be sur-
prised, admire. — miratus, -a, -um,
p.p. in pres. sense, surprised. —
mirandus, -a, -um, gerundive as
adj., marvellous.
minis, -a, -um [?, smi (cf. smile)
-f rus], adj., surprising, marvel-
lous, wo7iderful. — See also nimi-
rum.
misceS, miscere, miscuT, mixtus
(mistus) [tmiscS- (cf. promiscus,
miscellus)], 2. v. a., mix, mingle.
Misenum
32
modus
compose of (a mixture), get up (a
disturbance), plan or make a dis-
turbance, make confusion. — mix-
tus (mistus), -a, -um, p.p., made
up of, a mixture of, heterogeneous.
Misenum, -I \)<\i<yr]vbv\, n., a
town in Campania^ on a promon-
tory of the same name (cf. Virg.
^n. vi. 234).
miser, -era, -erum [mis (cf. mae-
reo) -f rus], adj., wretched, pitiable,
miserable, poor, tinfortunate, in mis-
ery: ille miser, the wretched ?nan ;
isti miseri, these poor creatures.
miserabilis, -e [misera- + bilis],
z.^]., pitiable, wretched, mise7'able.
miserandus, see miseror.
misereo, -ere, -ul, -itus, usually
misereor, dep. [miser], 2. v. a. and
dep., pity, show pity. — Esp., mise-
ret, etc., impers., {it pities one, etc.),
one pities.
miseria, -ae [misero- + ia], f.,
wretchedness, tnisery.
misericordia, -ae [misericord- +
ia], F., mercy, pity, clemency, com-
passion.
misericors, -cordis [misero-cor,
decl. as adj. ; cf. concors], adj.,
merciful, pitying, compassionate.
miseror, -arl, -atus [tmisero-],
I. V. dep., bewail, co?nplain of —
miserandus, -a, -um, gerundive in
pass, sense, to be pitied, pitiable.
Mithradates (-idates), -is (also
-1) [Mt^pi5dT77s], M., a name of sev-
eral Eastern kings. — Esp., Mithri-
dates VI., called the Great, king
of Pontus, the adversary of the
Romans in the Mithridatic wars,
from B.C. 88 to B.C. 61.
Mithradaticus (-idaticus), -a,
-um [Greek], adj., of Mithridates,
Mithridatic.
mitis, -e [?], adj., {soft?), mild,
gentle, conipassionate.
mitto, mittere, misi, missus [?],
3. V. a., let go (cf. omitto), send,
despatch, discharge, shoot. — Also,
pass over, omit, say nothing of : haec
missa facio, I pass these by. — Esp.,
manu mittere, emancipate, set free.
moderate [old abl. of moderatus],
adv., with self-control, with modera-
tion.
moderatio, -onis [modera- -f tio] ,
F., control, regulation. — Esp., self-
control, moderation, consideration
(in refraining from something).
moderor, -ari, -atus [tmodes- (see
modestus, and cf. genus, genero)],
I. V. dep., control, regulate, restrain.
— moderatus, -a, -um, p.p. in pass,
sense, moderated, self controlled,
well balanced, well governed.
modeste [old abl. of modestus],
with moderation, temperately, dis-
creetly, with discretion.
modestia, -ae [modesto- -f ia], f.,
moderatio7i, self-control, subordina-
tion (of soldiers).
modestus, -a, -um [tmodes- (cf.
moderor) +tus], adj., self-controlled,
well balaficed, well regulated.
modo [abl. of modus], adv., {with
measuj'e), only, merely, Just, even,
just now, lately : non . . . modo, not
only, not merely, to say itothing of,
I do not say, etc. ; qui modo, pro-
vided he, etc., if only he, etc.
modus, -I [mod (as root; cf. mo-
deror) -f us], M., measure, quantity.
133
a limit, moderation, bounds. —
Hence, manner, fashion, style,
kind: huius modi, of this kind, like
this ; eius modi, of such a kind,
sjich ; maiorem in modum, par-
ticularly- — So other similar ex-
pressions : quo modo, hoiv, as.
moenia, -ium [mi (distribute ?)
+ nis (of. communis) (orig. shares
of work done by citizens ?)], N.
\)\wx., fortifications, walls (of a city ;
cf. paries) : eisdem moenibus, the
■walls of the same city.
moereo, see maereo.
moeror, see maeror.
moestitia, see maestitia.
moestus, see maestus.
moles, -is [?, cf. molestus], f.,
a mass, zveight, a burden, a pile,
a structure. — Esp., a dike, a
dam .
moleste [old abl. of molestus],
adv., heavily, severely: moleste
ferre, take hard, be vexed at, be
offended, be displeased, be a?inoyed.
molestia -ae [molesto- + ia], f.,
annoyance, trouble.
molestus, -a. -um [moles- + tus],
adj ., burdensome, annoying, trouble-
sojne, disagreeable, unpleasing.
molior, -irl, -itus [moli- (as stem
of moles)], 4. V. dep., {lift, struggle
with a mass) struggle, pile up, exert
one''s self, plan, contrive, attejnpt,
strive to accomplish.
mollis, -e [.'], adj., soft, tender.
— Fig., weak, feeble, not hard, not
firm, sensitive, delicate, gentle.
mollities, -el (also -a, -ae) [molli-
-f ties (cf. -tia)], F., softness. —
Fig , weakness, feebleness.
momentum, -1 [movi- (as stem
of moveo) -f mentum] , \., means
of 7notion, cause of motion. — Fig.,
weight, importance, infiuence : ha-
bere {be of importafice, be effectual,
be efficacious).
moneo, -ere, -uT, -itus [causative
of MAN (in memini) or denomi-
native fr. a kindred stem], 2. v. a.,
remitid, warn, advise, tirge.
monimentum, see monumentum.
monitum, -1 [p.p. of moneo], -\.,
a warning, an admonition.
mons, montis [man (in mineo)
+ tis (reduced)], M., a mou?itain.
m5nstrum, -i [mon- (as if root
of monec) + trum, with s of un-
certain origin; cf. lustrum], N., {a
means of warning), a prodigy, a
niofister.
monumentum (monimen-), -I
[moni- (as if stem of moneo) -f
mentum], N., a reminder, a mo?iu-
ment, a memorial, a record.
mora, -ae [prob. root of memor
(SMAR.?) + a], F., {thought?), hesi-
tation, a delay, grounds of delay,
reason for delay, a reprieve, a post-
ponement.
moratus, -a, -um [mos- + atus ;
cf. senatus], adj., 7i>ith institutions
(good or bad) : bene {well regu-
lated).
morbus, -T [mar (in morior) +
bus (cf. turba)], m., sickness, ill-
ness.
morior, morl (morlrl), mortuus
(moriturus) [mar (cf. mors), but
prob. in part denominative], 3. v.
dep., die. — mortuus, -a, -um, p.p.
as adj., dead, in one's grave.
134
multus
moror, -arl, -atus [mora-], i. v.
dep., retard, hinder, delay.
mors, mortis [mar + tis], f.,
death. — Also, a dead body.
mortalis, -e [morti- (reduced) +
alls], adj., ffiortal, of viortals.
mortuus, -a, -um, p.p. of morior.
mos, m5ris [.''], m., a custom,
customs, a practice, a usage, a way
(of acting), an institutioft, a prece-
dent. — Plur., customs, habits, char-
acter (as consisting of habits ; cf.
ingenium and indoles, of native
qualities) ; imperitus morum {of
the ways of meti); mos maiorum,
the custom, institutio?is, or prece-
dents of oitr ancestors ; 0 mores !
what a state of things !
motus, -a, -um, p.p. of moveo.
mStus, -us [movi- (as stem of
moveo) -f tus], m., a mo7'ement, a
disturbaiice, a?i uprising, coni?no-
tion, acti7)ity, change : terrae motus,
ati earthquake.
moveo, movere, movT, m5tus [},
prob. denominative], 2. v. a., set in
motion, ?noz'e, stir, influence, affect,
have an effect upon, dislodge (in
military language), cause eniotioji
in, shake.
Miicius, -1 [?], M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., Q. Mucins
Sccevola, an eminent jurist.
mucro, -5nis [.^], M., a point
of a sword, a point, a blade, a
dagger.
mulco, -are, -avi, -atus [?, cf.
mulceo ?], I . V. a., {soften ?), roughly
handle, maltreat.
mulcta, see multa.
mulcto, see multo.
muliebris, -e [mulier- + bris ;
cf. salubris], adj., womanly, a
%voman''s, effefninate.
mulier, -eris [?],?.,« woman. — Of
an effeminate man, a mere zvoman.
muliercula, -ae [mulier- + cula],
F., a little woman. — Hence with
notion of affection, compassion, or
contempt, a favorite wofuan, a mis-
tress, a helpless 2iJo??ian, a poor
woman.
multa (mulcta), -ae [prob. mule
(in mulceo) + ta (fem. of -tus)], F.,
a fine.
multitudo, -inis [multo- + tudo],
F., a great mwiber, great numbers,
nutnber (generally). — Esp., the
multitude, the common people, a
mob, a crowd: tanta multitudo, so
great numbers, this great juultitude.
mult5, see multus.
multo (mulcto), -are, -avI, -atus
[multa-, for mulcto, freq. of mul-
ceo], I. V. di., punish (by fine), de-
prive (one of a thing as a punish-
ment),/««/j-/z (generally).
multum, see multus.
multus, -a, -um [?, perh. root of
mille, miles, -f tus], adj., much,
many, numerous : multo die, late
in the day ; ad multam noctem, ////
late at night ; multa de nocte, early
in the morning, lo7ig before day ;
satis multa verba facere {a sufficient
7iumber of, etc., enough); multa
committere, com?}iit ?nany crimes.
— multum, neut. as subst. and
adv., much. — Also, plur., multa,
much. — multo, abl. as adv., much,
far, by far : multo facilius. — pliis,
pluris, compar., N. subst. and adv.,
mulus
135
muto
more; plur. as adj., more, much,
very. — As subst., more, many, sev-
eral, ?nany things, 7nuch : pluris,
0/ greater va/ue, zvorth more. —
plurimus, -a, -uni, superl., most,
very many, very much : quam
plurimi, as many as possible;
plurimum posse, have most power,
be very strong or injluential, have
great ability ; plurimum valere,
have very great ivcight.
mulus, -1 [?], M., a mule.
Mulvius (Mil-), -I [?], M. of adj.,
Mulvian : pons (a bridge across
the Tiber near Rome).
municeps, -cipis [muni- (cf.
moenia), -ceps (cap as stem)], M.
and F., {one who takes his share
of picblic duties^, a citizen of a
municipal town, a fellozv-citizen
(of such a town).
miinicipium, -I [municip- +
ium], N., {a collection of citizens ;
cf. municeps). — Esp., a free town
(of citizens enjoying civil rights,
though not always full Roman
citizens), a jnunicipality (perhaps
including several towns, but under
one government).
munio, -ire, -Ivi (-il), -it us [muni-
(stem of moenia)], 4. v. a. and n.,
fortify. — Less exactly, protect,
defend, furnish (by way of pro-
tection). — Esp. (prob. original
meaning), make (by embankment),
build, pave : castra ; iter.
muniti5, -onis [muni- + tio], f.,
fortification (abstractly). — Con-
cretely, a fortification, works, forti-
fications, defences, engineering (of
a dam).
mtinlto, -are, -avT, -atus [muni-
to-], I. v. 2i., fortify, make (a way),
pave (fig.): quam viam munitet,
IV hither he is paving the way.
munitus, -a, -um [p.p. of munio],
as adj., well fortified, strongly
fortified, strong, well defended,
well protected.
miinus, -eris [mun (as if root
of moenia) + us, orig. share (cf.
moenia)], N., a duty, a service, a
functioji, a task, an office. — Also,
{a contribution), a tribute, a gift, a
presejit. — Esp., a show (of gladia-
tors, in a manner a gift of the pre-
siding officer).
Murena, -ae [murena, lamprey^,
M., a Roman family name. — Esp.,
L. Liciniiis Murena, who acted
as propraetor against Mithridates
without success, and was recalled
by Sulla.
murus, -I [.^], M., a wall (of de-
fence in itself considered; cf. moenia,
defences, and paries, a house wall).
Miisa, -ae [MoOo-a], f., a muse.
— Plur., the Muses (as patrons of
literature).
mutatio, -onis [muta- + tio], F.,
a change : vestis {ptcttingonmourn-
ing).
Mutina, -ae [.^], f., a town in
Cisalpine Gaul, famous in the war
between Antony and the senatorial
party in B.C. 43, now Modena.
miit5, -are, -avi, -atus [prob.
same as moto, for tmovito-], i. v.
a., change, change for the better
(remedy), alter: vestem (//<■/ on
mourning): veste mutata esse,
appear in moicrnijig.
mutus
136
nauta
mutus, -a, -um [?, cf. musso],
adj., dumb, mute, voiceless, silent.
myoparo, -onis \_ixvoirdpwv], m.,
a cutter (?, a light piratical vessel).
Myron (Myro), -onis [Greek],
M., a celebrated Attic sculptor of
the fifth century B.C.
mystagOgUS, -I [/xvcrraYWYos], M.,
a hierophant, a aistodiati (one who
shows sacred objects in a temple).
Mytilenaeus, -a, -um [MitiXt?-
voLos], adj., of Alytilene.
Mytilene, -es (-ae, -arum) [Gr.],
F., a famous city of Lesbos.
N
nae, see ^ne.
nam [case-form of na ; cf. tam,
quam], conj., now (introducing ex-
planatory matter), /fr.
nanciscor, -cisci, nactus (nanc-
tus) [nac ; cf. nactus], 3. v. dep.,
find, get, procure, light upon, get
hold of, obtain.
narro, -are, -avi, -atus [for gna-
rigo, fr. tgnarigo- (gnaro-tagus ; cf.
navigo)], i. v. a., make known, tell,
relate, recount. — Absolutely, tell
the story.
nascor, nascT, natus [gna ; cf.
gigno], 3 V. dep., be born, arise, be
produced, spring up, be raised : non
scripta sed nata lex {imtural, born
with us) ; ei qui nascentur, those
who shall come hereafter : Africa
nata ad, etc., {made by nature); con-
iuratio nascens (at its birth). — Par-
ticiple sometimes spelled gnatus.
Nasica, -ae [naso- -f ica (fern, of
-icus)], M., a Roman family name.
— Esp., P. Cornelius Scipio A'asica
Serapio, consul B.C. 138, who led
the attack by which Tiberius
Gracchus was killed.
natalis, -e [natu- (or nato-) -f
alis], adj., of one''s birth : dies
(birthday).
natio, -onis [gna + tio, perh.
through noun-stem ; cf. ratio], F.,
(a birth), a race, a nation, a tribe,
a clan.
nato, -are, -avi, -atus [tnato-
(p.p. of no)], I. V. n., swim..
natura, -ae [natu- -f ra (fem.
of -rus)], F., {birth), nature, natu-
ral character, character : naturam
explere {the dejnands of nature) ;
habitus naturae, natural endow-
ments ; natura rerum, jVature, as
ruler of the world, the universe ;
natura, by nature, naturally.
natiiralis, -e [natura- -f lis (perh.
-alis)], adj., tmtural, of natiire :
ius naturale, luxttiral law, the
law of nature (as opposed to civil
law).
natus, -us [gna + tus], m.,
birth : maiores natu, elders.
naufragium, -I [naufrago- +
ium], N , a shipzvreck.
naufragus, -a, -um [navi-tfra-
gus (frag + us)], adj., shipwrecked,
of brokcfi fortunes, ruined ; wrecked
and ruined man, castaway.
nausea (-ia), -ae {yavaia], f.,
seasicktiess.
nauta, -ae [perh. vai)Tr]%\, m,,
a sailor, a boat??ian.
nauticus
137
nauticus, -a, -um [nauta- + cus],
adj., of a sailor (or sailors), naval.
navalis, -e [navi- (reduced) +
alls], adj., of ships, naval, fuari-
tinie.
navicularius, -i [navicula- +
arius], m., a shipmaster.
navigatio, -onis [naviga- + tio],
F., a sailing, a voyage, travelling
by sea, a trip (by sea) : mercatorum
{(voyages) .
navigium, -1 [inavigo- (.^ navi
+ tagus) + ium], n., a vessel {gen-
erally), "a cra/t," a boat.
navigo, -are, -avT, -atus [tnavi-
go- (see navigium)], i. v. n., sail,
make voyages, take a voyage, sail
the sea.
navis, -is [(s)nu (increased),
with added i; cf. vav'f\, F., a ship,
a vessel, a boat, a galley.
ine (nae) [na, of unc. relation
to the others], adv., surely, I am
sure, most assuredly.
^ne [na, unc. case-form], conj.,
lest, that . . . 7iot, not to (do zwy-
\\\\x\^, from (doing anything), so
that . . . not, for fear that, from
(doing anything). — .After expres-
sions of fear and danger, that, lest.
With indep. subj. as a prohibition,
do not, let not, etc. — With quidem,
not evefi, Jiot . . . either, nor . . .
either. — Esp., videre ne, see to it
that 7iot, take care lest, see zvhcther
. . . not. See also nequis.
-ne (enclitic) [prob. same as ne,
orig. = nonne], conj., 7iot? (as a
question ; cf. nonne), whether, did
(as question in Eng.), do, etc. —
See also necne.
Neapolis, -is [XedTroXts], f., a
part of the city of Syracuse. —
Also, other cities of Italy and
Greece.
Neapolitanus, -a, -um [Neapoli-
-f tanus], adj., of N'eapolis, in
Campania, iVeapolitan. — Masc.
plur. as subst., the Neapolitans.
nebulo, -onis [nebula- + 0], m.,
{a ?na?i of no substance), a worth-
less fellow, a scamp, a trickster, a
kfiave.
nec, see neque.
necessarius, -a, -um [tnecesso-
(reduced) + arius], adj., {closely
bound?), necessary, pressitig, una-
voidable, absolutely necessary, need-
fd,indispensable. — Also, as subst.,
a connection (a person bound by
any tie), a close friend, a friend.— ■
necessario, abl. as aAv., of necessity,
n ecessa rily, u 7ia void a bly .
necesse [?, ne-cess6-], indecl.
^.^i]., necessary, unavoidable. — With
est, it is jiecessary, it is unavoidable,
one must, 07te cannot but, 07te must
inevitably.
necessitas, -atis [tnecesso- -f
tas], F., 7iecessity, C07istrai7it, com-
pulsio7i, exige7icy.
necessitiido, -inis [tnecesso- +
tudo], F., close co7i7tectio7i (cf. neces-
sarius), i7itimacy (close relatio7is),
a bond, a relatio7i (which creates a
bond of union).
necne [nec ne], conj., or 7iot (in
double questions).
neco, -are, -avi (-uT), -atus (-tus) /
[nec- (stem of nex)], i. v. a., //// to
death, kill, 7nurdcr (in cold blood):
fame {starve to death).
nefandus
138
nequitia
nefandus, -a, -um [ne-f andus] ,
adj., tifispcakable, infamous, detest-
able, abominable.
nefarie [old abl. of nefarius], adv.,
infajnously, wickedly, abominably .
nefarius, -a, -um [nefas- -f ius],
z.dJ]., wicked, infamous, abominable.
nefas [ne-fas], n. indecl., a crifne
(against divine law), an irnpiety, a
sacrilege.
neglegenter (necle-, negli-)
[neglegent- -f ter], adv., carelessly,
negligently.
neglego (necleg5, negligo),
-legere, -lexT, -lectus [nee (= ne)
-lego], 3. V. a., not regard, disregard,
neglect, leave unavenged, leave iin-
punished, care nothingfor, abandon,
sacrifice.
nego, -are, -avi, -atus [?, poss.
ne-aio], i. v. a. and n., say 710, say
. . . not, refuse.
negotiator, -oris [negotia- -f tor],
M., a merchant. — Esp., a money-
lender, a capitalist. Cf. mercator,
a trader who goes with his wares.
negotior, -arl, -atus [negotio-],
I. V. dep., do business. — Esp., be a
merchant, be a banker (cf. nego-
tium).
negotium, -I [nec-otium] , n.,
busitiess, occupation, undertaking. —
Less definitely, a matter, a thing,
an affair, a business (as in Eng.),
an enterprise, one^s affairs ; meum
negotium agere, attend to my own
interests. — Also, difficulty, trouble.
nemo, tneminis [ne-homo], c,
no otie, nobody. — Almost as adj.,
no. — Esp., non nemo, one and
another, one or two, one or more.
nempe [nam-tpe; cf. quippe],
con j ., to wit, namely, precisely, why !
now, you see, you knozv, of course.
nemus, -oris [nem -f us ; cf.
vefio}^, N., [pasture .^), agrove (prob.
open, affording pasture). — Esp., a
sacred grove.
nepos, -Otis [.^], M., a grandson.
— Also, a spendthrift (orig. a
spoiled pet of his grandfather).
Nepos, -Otis [same word as pre-
ceding], M., a Roman family name,
see Metellus.
nequam [prob. ne-quam {Jiow)\
cf. nequaquam], indecl. adj., worth-
less (opposed to frugi), good for
f tot king, shiftless.
nequando, see ne and quando.
nequaquam [ne-quaquam (cf.
ea, qua)], adv., in no way, by no
?neans, not at all.
neque (nee) [ne-que], adv., and
not, nor : neque . . . neque, neither
. . . nor. — See also enim.
nequeo, -quire, -quivl, -quitus
[ne-queo], 4. v. n. def., cannot, be
unable.
ne . . . quidem, see ne.
nequi(d)quam (nequic-) [ne . . .
qui(d)quam], adv., to no purpose,
in vain, not without reason.
nequior, nequissimus, compar.
and superl. of nequam.
nequis (-qui), -qua, -quid (-quod)
[ne-quis], indef. pron., that no one,
etc., and in all the dependent uses
of ne : ut nequis, that 7to one.
nequitia, -ae [nequi- (as if stem
of nequam or nequis) -f tia], f.,
zvorthlessfiess, shiftlessness, feeble-
ness (in action).
39
noctu
nervus, -i [prob. for tnevrus ; cf.
peupov], M., a Sinew. — Fig., in plur.,
strength, vigor, sinews (as in Eng.).
nescio, -scire, -scivi (-il), -scTtus
[ne-scio], 4. v. a., not knozu, be una-
ware.—VhxdiSQS : nescio an, I knozv
not but, I am inclined to think, very
likely; nescio quis, etc., some one,
I know not who (almost as indef.
pron.), some, some iificertain, some
obsctire ; illud nescio quid praecla-
rum, that inexplicable something
preeminent, etc. ; nescio quo modo,
sotnehow or other, I know not hoiv
(parenthetical), ?nysterionsly, curi-
ously enough.
Nestor, -oris \j^^(Tr{op\, m., a
king of Pylos. In his old age
he was prominent in the Trojan
war as a wise counsellor.
neuter, -tra, -trum, gen. -trius
[ne-uter], adj. pron., neither. —
Plur., neither party, neither side.
neve (neu) [ne-ve], con]., or 7iot,
and not, nor.
nex, necis [?], y., death, murder,
assassination.
nihil, see nihilum.
nihilum, -T [ne-hilum?], n. and
nihil, indecl., nothing, no>ie : ni-
hil respondere, jnake tio answer.
— nihil5, abl. as adv., none, no. —
nihil, ace. as adv., not at all, no,
not : nihil valet, has no weight, etc. ;
nihil interest, it makes no differ-
ence; nonnihil, somewhat, a little.
Nilus, -I [NetXos], M., the iVile,
the great river of Egypt.
nimirum [ni (= ne) -mirum],
adv., {no wonder), dotibtless, of
course, that is to say, unquestio>iablv.
no doubt (half ironical), / suppose,
forsootJi .
nimis [prob. compar.], adv., too,
too much, over much : nimis urgeo
{too closely).
nimius, -a, -um [nimi- (?, stem
of positive of nimis) + ius], adj.,
too much, too great, excessive. —
nimium, n. as adv., too, too much.
Ninnius, -I [.'], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., a tribune of
the people, who proposed the law
for Cicero's return.
nisi [ne-si], conj., {not . . . if),
unless, except: nisi si, except in
case, unless.
niteo, -ere, no perf., no p.p.
[prob. tnito; cf. nitidus], 2. v. n.,
shine, glistoi.
nitidus, -a, -um [tnito- + dus],
adj., shining, glistening, sleek.
nitor, nltl, nisus (nixus) [prob.
genu], 3. V. dep., {strain with the
knee against something), struggle,
strive, exert one''s self, rely Jipon,
depend, rest.
nix, nivis [?], f., sjiozv.
nobilis, -e [as if (g)no (root of
nosco)-|- bills], adj., famous, noble,
well-born (cf. "notable").
nobilitas, -atis [nobili- + tas],
F., nobility, fame. — Concretely,///^
nobility, the ?wbles.
nocens, p. of noceo.
noceo,nocere,-uT, nociturus [akin
to nex], 2. v. n., do hartn to, injjire,
harm, harass. — nocens, -entis, p. as
adj., hurtful, guilty (of some harm).
noctii [abl. of tnoctus (noc (cf.
noceo?) -f tus)], as adv., by night,
ifi the niirht.
nocturnus
140
nocturnus, -a, -urn [perh. noctu-
+ urnus; cf. diuturnus], adj., of
the night, nightly, nocturnal, in the
night, by night: nocturno tempore,
/'« the night.
nol5, nolle, ndluT [ne-volo], irr.
V. a. and n., not wish, be taiwilling,
wish not, not like to have, will not
{would not, etc.). — Esp. with inf.
as (polite) imperative, do not, do
not think of (doing, etc.). — Also,
nollem, / should hope not, I should
be so7'ry.
nomen, -inis [(g)no (root of
nosco) + men], n., a name (what
one is known by), name (fame,
prestige). — As a name represents
an account, ait account {a co7npte),
an item (of an account) : meo no-
mine, on niy account ; eo nomine,
on that account; classium nomine
{under pretence, etc.).
nominatim [ace. of real or
supposed tnominatis (nomina- +
tis)], adv., by name (individually),
especially.
n5mino, -are, -avi, -atus [nomin-],
I. V. a., navie, mention, call by
name, call: nominari volunt {to
have their names metitioned).
non [ne-oenum (unum)], adv.,
710, not: non est dubium, there is
no doubt ; non mediocriter, iti no
small degree; non poteram non,
/ could not but, etc.
N5nae, see nonus.
nondum, see dum.
n5nne [non ne], adv., is not?
does not? etc.
nonnemo, see nemo.
nonnihil, see nihil.
nonnuUus, see nuUus.
nonnumquam, see numquam.
nonus, -a, -um [novem- + nus],
num. adj. ,///(? ninth. — Esp., Nonae,
-arum, F. plur. as subst., the Agones
(the ninth day, according to Ro-
man reckoning, before the Ides,
falling either on the fifth or
seventh, see Idus).
nos, see ego.
nosco, noscere, novT, notus /
[(g)no], 3. V. a., learn, become ac-
quainted with. — In perfect tenses,
know, be acquainted with : sciunt
ei qui me norunt, they know who
are acquaijited with me ; nee novi
nee scio, / don''t know (the law
before mentioned), nor do I know
(the fact). — notus, -a, -um, p.p.
as adj., known, familiar, well-
kno7U)i.
nosmet, see -met.
noster, -tra, -trum [prob. nos
(nom. plur.)+ ter], adj. pron., oztr,
ours, of ours, of us. — Often of one
person, my, mine, of mine.
nota, -ae [gxo -f ta (fem. of
-tus ?], F., a mark, a brand, a stain.
noto, -are, -avi, -atus [nota-],
I. V. a., mark, designate, bra7td,
stigmatize.
novem [?], indecl. num. adj.,
ni)ie.
Novembris, -e [novem- + bris ;
cf. salubris], adj., of A^ovember.
novicius, -a, -um [novo- + icius],
did]., fresh, raw, untrained.
novus, -a, -um [?, cf. Eng. 7teu<\,
adj., new, Jiovel, fresh, unprece-
dented, strange : res novae, a cha7ige
of government, revolution.
141
nuper
nox, noctis [akin to noceo], f.,
night.
noxia, -ae [noc (in noceo) +
unc. term.], f., crime, guilt.
nudius [num (?) -dius (dies)],
only in nom. with tertius, now the
third day, three days ago.
nudo, -are, -avi, -at us [nudo-],
I . V. a., lay bare, strip, expose. —
Less exactly, clear, rob, despoil, strip
(as in Eng.): nudavit se, stripped
off his clothing.
nudus, -a, -um [?, root (akin to
Eng. naked) + ^\xs\, adj., naked,
bare, unprotected, exposed. — Hence,
stripped, robbed, destitute.
nugae, -arum \T\, f. plur., trifles,
follies. — Esp. of persons, a man
of follies, a frivolous person.
nullus, -a, -um [ne-uUus], adj.,
not . . . any, not any, no, none of :
quae nulla, none of which. — Often
equivalent to an adverb, not, not at
<z//.— nonnullus, some. — As subst.,
some, some per so}is.
num [pron. na; cf. turn], adv.,
interr. part., suggesting a nega-
tive answer, does, is, etc., it is not,
is it ? and the like : num dubitasti,
did you hesitate ? — In indirect
questions, whether, if.
Numantia, -ae [.^], f., a city of
Spain, captured by Scipio in B.C.
numen, -inis [nu (in nuo) -f
men], N., {a nod), will. — Hence,
divinity, power (of a divinity).
numero, -are, -avT, -atus [nume-
ro-], I. v. a., count, account, regard.
numerus, -i [tnumo- (cf. num-
mus, Numa, vofxas) + rus], M., a
number, number: in hostium nu-
mero {as, etc.); ullo in numero (at
all as, etc.).
Numidicus, -a, -um [Numida- +
cus], adj., A^ujuidian (of Numidia,
long an independent state west of
the territory of Carthage). — Esp.
as a name of Q. Ccecilius Metellus,
see Metellus, No. 7.
Numitorius, -I [Numitor- -f ius],
M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp.,
C. N'umitorius, a Roman knight,
one of the witnesses against Verres.
nummus (numus), -1 [akin to
numerus, vbixos'], M., a coin. — Esp.,
for nummus sestertius, a sesterce
(see sestertius).
numquam [ne-umquam], adv.,
never.
numquis (-qui), -qua, -quid
(-quod) [num-quis], indef. interr.
pron., is (etc.) ^7;/i' one? with all
senses of num ; see quis.
nunc [num-ce ; cf. hie], adv.,
no2v (emphatic, as an instantaneous
now ; cf. iam, unemphatic and con-
tinuous) : etiam nunc, even now,
even then, still. — Esp. opposed to
a false condition, now, as it is.
nunquam, see numquam.
nuntio, -are, -avi, -atus [nuntio-],
I. V. a., send news, report, 7nake
kno7vn.
nuntius, -i [tnovent- (p. of
tnoveo, be 7iew) + ius], M., {a new-
comer), a messenger. — Hence, fiews,
a message : nuntium mittere, send
zuord.
nuper [for novi-per ; cf . parum-
per], adv., lately, recently, 7iot long
ago, Just now.
nuptiae
142
oborior
nuptiae, -arum [nupta- + ius],
V. plur., a wedding, a marriage.
nutus, -us [prob. nui (as stem
of nuo) -f tus], M., « nod, a sign :
ad nutum, at one''s beck, at one''s
command ; nutu, at the command,
by the will.
nympha, -ae \y\nx<pri\, v., {a
bride). — Also, a nymph (a goddess
of nature occupying some special
locality, as a tree, or stream, or
the like). — These goddesses
were worshipped collectively at
Rome.
0, interj., Oh ! 0 tempora ! what
times !
Ob [unc. case-form akin to eTrt],
adv. in comp., and prep, with ace,
{near), against : ob oculos, before
my eyes. — Hence, on account of,
for : ob eam rem,/^;- this reason, on
this accojint. — In comp., towards,
to, against.
Obduco, -ducere, -duxl, -ductus
[ob-duco], 3. V. a., lead towards,
lead against, draw over.
obduresco, -durescere, -durui, no
p.p. [ob-duresco], 3. v. n., harden
over, becotne hardened.
obedio, see oboedio.
obeo, -ire, -il, -itus [ob-eo],
irr. V. a., go to, go about, attend
to, go over, visit: f acinus {cofn-
mit); locum tempusque {be present
at).
obfero, see offero.
obfundo, see offundo.
Obicio, -icere, -iecT, -iectus [ob-
iacio], 3. V. a., throw against, throw
in the way, throw up, set up, expose.
— Hence, cast in one^s teeth, re-
proach one ruith.
oblectamentum, -I [oblecta- +
mentum], n., diversion, enjoyment,
a source of ainusement.
Oblecto, -are, -avT, -atus [ob-
tlecto; cf. lacio], i. v. a., give pleas-
ure to, delight, amuse.
oblige, -are, -avi, -atus [ob-ligo],
r. V. a., bijtd up, hamper, bind,
mortgage. — obligatus, -a, -um, p.p.
as adj., bound, under obligation.
Oblino, -linere, -levi, -litus [ob-
lino] , 3. V. a., smear. — Fig., besmear,
bedaub, stain.
oblivio, -onis [ob-tlivio ; cf. ob-
liviscor], v., forgetfulness, oblivion.
Obliviscor, -lIvTscT, -litus [ob-
tlivio; cf. liveo], 3. V. dep., {grow
dark against ?), forget, cease to think
of. — oblitus, -a, -um, p.p., forget-
ting, forgetful, luimiiidful.
0bmiitesc5, -mutescere, -mvitui,
no p.p. [ob-tmutesco ; cf. mutus],
3. V. n., become silent, be dumb.
obniintio, -are, -avi, -atus [ob-
nuntio], i. v. n., announce (in oppo-
sition).— Esp., amiounce unfavor-
able omens, stay proceedings by
otnens, hinder by omens.
oboedio (obedio), -ire, -ivi (-ii),
-itum (X.) [ob-audio], 4. v. n., give
ear to. — Hence, give heed to, obey,
be obedient, be submissive.
oborior, -oriii, -ortus [ob-orior],
4. (3.) V. dep., 7'ise before, rise over.
obruo
H3
obtempero
obruo, -mere, -ruT, -rutus [ob-
ruo], 3. V. a., bury^ overivhelm
(with something thrown on), cover.
— Also, overthrow, rtdn.
obsciire [old abl. of obscurus],
adv., obscurely, darkly, covertly.
obsciiritas, -atis [obscuro- + tas],
F., darkness, obscurity, uncertainty.
obscuro, -are, -avi, -atus [ob-
scure-], I . V. a., dim, darken, obscure,
hide, conceal.
obscurus, -a, -um [ob-tscurus
(scu-frus); cf. scutum], adj., ^ar/6,
dim, secret, covert, disguised, hidden,
obscure, unknowti : non est obscu-
rum, it is no secret.
Obsecro, -are, -avi, -atus [manu-
factured from ob sacrum {near or
by some sacred object)'], i. v. a.,
adjure, entreat.
obsecundo, -are, -avi, no p.p.
[ob-secundo], i. v. n., show obedi-
ence, yield to one''s "uishes.
obsequor, -i, -secutus [ob-sequor],
3. V. dep., comply, yield, submit.
observo, -are, -avi, -atus [ob-
servo], I. V. a., {be on the watch
towards ?), guard, maintain, keep.
— Also, be on the watch for. watch
for, watch, lie in wait for.
obses, -idis [ob-tses ; cf. praeses
and obsidio], c, {a person under
guard), a hostage. — Less exactly,
a pledge, a security.
\ obsideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus [ob-
sedeo], 2. v. a., {sit down against),
blockade, beset, besiege. — Also, block,
hinder, lie in wait for, watch for.
obsidio, -onis [obsidio-? (re-
duced) -f 0], F., a siege (cf. obsessio),
a blockade, — Also, the art of siege.
obsigno, -are, -avi, -atus [ob-
signo], I. V. a., seal up, seal.
— Hence, sign as a witness, wit-
ness.
obsisto, -sistere, -stitT, no p.p.
[ob-sisto], 3. V. n., luithstand, re-
sist, cotitend against.
obsolesco, -escere, -evi, -etus
[obs-olesco], 3. V. n., grow old, be-
come obsolete, get out of date, get
stale.
obstipesco (obstu-), -escere, -ui,
no p.p. [ob-stipesco], 3. v. n., be-
come stupefied, be thunderstruck, be
amazed : sic obstipuerant, they were
so thunderstruck.
Obsto, -stare, -stiti, -staturus [ob- ,
sto], I. V. n., withstand, stand in 'I
one^s way, resist, injure, hurt.
obstrepd, -ere, -ui, -itiirus [ob-
strepo], 3. V. n. and a., drown (one
noise by another), overwhelm by a
din.
obstriictio, -onis [ob-structio ;
cf. obstruo], F., a barricade, an
obstruction, a covering.
obstupefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac-
tus [ob-stupefacio], 3. v. a., daze,
stupefy. — obstupefactus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., taken aback, dum-
founded.
obstupesco, see obstipesco.
obsum, -esse, -fui, -futurus [ob-
sum], irr. v. n., be in the way, hin-
der, ijijure, be disadvantageous .
Obtego, -tegere, -texi, -tectus [ob-
tego], 3. V. a., cover up, protect.
0btemper5, -are, -avi, -aturus
[ob-tempero], i. v. n., {conform
to), comply with, submit to, yield
to, comply.
obtestor
144
Octavius
obtestor, -an, -atus [ob-testor],
I. V. dep., implore (calling some-
thing to witness), beseech, ent7'eat.
Obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus
[ob-teneo], 2. v. a., hold (against
something or somebody), 7'etaiji,
maintaiji, occupy, possess, get (by
lot), hold (by lot, as a magistrate).
— Also, niaiiztain, prove, make
good.
Obtingo, -tingere, -tigl, no p.p.
[ob-tangoj, 3. v. a. and n., touch
upon. — Ksp., /all to one's lot, fall
to one, happen (esp. as euphemism
for death or disaster).
Obtrecto, -are, -avi, -atus [ob-
tracto], I. V. a. and n., {handle
roughly ?), disparage, speak ill of.
Obtuli, perf. of offero.
Obviam [ob viam], adv., in the
way of, to meet (any one) : obviam
fieri, come to meet, fall in one''s way,
meet.
Obvius, -a, -um [ob-via, declined
as adj.], adj., itt the way of: obvius
esse, meet.
occasio, -onis [ob-tcasio; cf. oc-
cido], F., a7i opportunity, a chajzce,
a suitable time.
occasus, -us [ob-casus ; cf. oc-
cido], M., a falling, a fall, a setting
(of the sun).
occidens, p. of occido.
occidio, -5nis [perh. directly
from occido, after analogy of
legio, etc.], F., slaughter, great
slaughter.
occido, -cidere, -cidT, -casurus
[ob-cado], 3. V. n., fall, set, be
slain. — occidens, -entis, p., set-
ting; as subst., tJie west.
occido, -cidere, -cTdl, -cisus [ob-
caedo], 3. v. a., kill, massacre, slay.
occludo, -cludere, -clusl, -clusus
[ob-claudo], 3. v. a., shut up, close.
occultator, -oris [occulta- + tor],
M., a concealer, a harborer.
occulte [old abl. of occultus],
2idv., secretly, p7'ivately, with secrecy.
occulto, -are, -avi, -atus [occul-
to-], I. V. a., conceal, hide.
occultus, -a, -um [p.p. of occulo],
as adj., co7icealed, secret, hidde7i.
occupatio, -onis [occupa- + tio],
F., occupatio7i (engagement in busi-
ness), business, affairs (of business),
bei7ig e7tgaged.
occupo, -are, -avi, -atus [toccupo-
or toccup- (cf. auceps), ob and stem
akin to capio], i. v. a., seize, take
possessio7i of, seize upon, occupy
(only in military sense). — OCCupa-
tus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., engaged,
occupied, e77iployed.
OCCurro,-currere,-curri(-cucurri.^),
-cursurus [ob-curro], 3. v. n., 7'U7i to
meet, meet, conie upo7i,fi7td, fall /«
with, go about (a thing), withsta7id,
occur (to one's mind), suggest itself.
occursatio, -onis [occursa- + tio] ,
F., a co77ii7ig to 77ieet, a sally, a7i
attack, a greeti7ig (running to meet
one with acclamation).
Oceanus, -I ['fi/ceaws], m., the
oceaji (with or without mare).
Ocriculanus, -a, -um [Ocriculo-
+ anus], adj., of Oc7'iculuin (a town
of Umbria on the Tiber).
Octavianus, -a, -um [Octavio- -f
anus], adj., of Octavius.
Octavius, -T [octavo- -f ius], m.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., C«.
octavus
145
Octavius, consul B.C. 87 with Cinna,
and killed as a partisan of the no-
bility by the partisans of Marius.
Others of the same family not
named by Cicero were famous.
octavus, -a, -um [octo- + vus (cf.
6750/ros .^), perh. toctau + us], num.
adj., eighth.
octingenti, -ae, -a [stem akin to
octo + centum], num. adj., eight
Jiundrcd.
octo [.''], indecl. num. adj., eight.
October, -bris, -bre [octo- + ber ;
cf. saluber], adj., of October.
octodecim [octo-decem], indecl.
num. adj., eighteen.
OCtoginta [octo+ ?], indecl. num.
adj., eighty.
octoni, -ae, -a [octo- + nus], num.
adj ., eight at a time, eight (at a time).
oculus, -1 [toco (cf. Eng. eye) +
lus], M., the eye.
5di, odisse [perf. of lost verb
(with pres. sense), akin to odium],
def. V. a., hate, detest.
Odiosus, -a, -um [odio- + osus],
adj., hateful, troublesome, unreleiit-
\ ing.
I odium, -I [vADH (j/«r;z)-f ium],
N., hatred, odium, hate, detestation.
— Plur., hate (of several cases). —
Of persons, the hatred, the detesta-
tion : odio esse, to be hated.
odor, -5ris [oD (o^w) -f or], M., an
odor, fragrance (legum, adding, as
it ivcre, to make the fig. tolerable
in Eng.).
' offendo (obf-), -fendere, -fendl,
-fensus [ob-fendo], 3. v. a. and n.,
strike against, stumble, stumble up-
on, light upon, go wrong, cotnmit an
offence, take offence, offend, hurt (the
feelings), give offence to. — offensus,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., offensive.
offensio (obf-), -6nis [ob-tfensio;
cf. offendo], F., {a striking against),
a stumbling, an offence, a giving
offence, dislike, a disaster, a defeat.
offero (obf-), offerre, obtull, ob-
latus [ob-fero], irr. v. a., briftg to, j
offer, furnish, afford, expose: se
{^present) ; mortem alicui {cause the
death of, etc.).
officio (obf-), -ficere, -feci, -fectus
[ob-facio], 3. v. a., work against,
obstruct, hinder, stand in the way
of
officiosus (obf-), -a, -um [officio-
-f osus], adj., dutiful, in discharge
of one''s duty, conscientious (in the
discharge of one's duty), service-
able.
officium (obf-), -T [as if (prob.
really) toffico- (cf. beneficus) -f
ium], N., (« doing for one ?), a serv-
ice, a duty, kind offices (either
sing, or plur.), dutiftil conduct,
faithfulness to duty : esse in officio,
do one''s djity, stand by.
offundo (obf-), -fundere, -fudi,
-fusus [ob-fundo], 3. v. 3.., pour over.
— Also, f II, pervade.
oleum, -I [?, cf. oliva, eXaiov], N.,
oil.
olim [loc. (?) of oUus, old form
of ille], adv., {at that time), once,
formerly.
Olympius, -a, -um ['OXi/^Trtos],
adj., of Olympus (the fabled abode
of the gods), Olympian.
omen, -inis [.^ but cf. old form
osmen, and oscines], N., an omen.
omitto
46
oppono
omitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus
[ob-mitto] , 3. V. a., let go by, pass
over, iea7'e unsaid, leave out, 07nit,
say 7tothing of, abandon, cease.
omnino [abl. of tomninus (omni
+ nus)], adv., altogether, entirely,
on the whole, only, utterly, in all,
at all, any way, only just, whatever
(with negatives).
Omnis, -e [?], adj., all, the whole
o/{a.s divisible or divided ; cf. totus
as indivisible or not divided). — In
sing., all, every (without emphasis
on the individuals ; cf. quisque,
each, emphatically). — Esp. : omni-
bus horis, every hour ; omnia, every-
thing.
onus, -eris [unc. root + us], n.,
a burden, a load, a freight, a cargo.
— Abstractly, weight.
opera, -ae [oper- (as stem of
opus) + a (fem. of -us)], f., work,
services, help, pains, attention, as-
sistance : operam dare, devote one's
self, exert one's self, take pains,
try, take care. — Esp. : opera sua,
by his own efforts ; operam consu-
mere, waste ojie's labor, waste one's
time ; operae pretium est, // is
worth while. — Plur., laborers.
operarius, -T [opera- + arius], m.
(of adj.), a day laborer.
Operi5, -perlre, -perul, -pertus
[ob-pario ; cf. aperio], 4. v. a., cover
up, cover.
Opimius, -1 [opimo- + ius], m.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., L.
Opimius, consul B.C. 121, the cham-
pion of the Senate against C. Grac-
chus, in the fight in which the
latter was killed.
opimus, -a, -um [.'], adj., ///,
rich, fertile.
opinio, -onis [opino- (cf. nec-
opinus) + 0], F., a notion, an ex-
pectation, an idea, a reputation, an
opiiiion (not well founded ; cf. sen-
tentia), fancy, a good opinioti (of
any one) : latius opinione, moj-c
widely than is thought; mortis {a
false idea of one's death).
opinor, -arl, -at us [opino- ; cf.
necopinus], i. v. dep., have an idea
(not well founded or not sure),
fancy, suppose, think (parenth. in
its less definite meaning), imag-
ine. — Cf. the use of such phrases
as I fancy, reckon, guess, take it,
should say.
opitulor, -ari, -at us [opitul5- (opi-
tulus, from tul, in tuli, + us)],
I. v. dep., assist, aid, succor, give
help.
oportet, -ere, -uit, no p.p. [noun-
stem from ob and stem akin to
porto; cf. opportunus], 2. v. impers.,
// behooves, it ought, 07ie is to, one
7HUSt.
oppeto, -ere, -IvI (-ii), -Itus [ob-
peto], 3. V. a , encounter, meet.
oppidum, -i [ob-1 pedum {a
plain? cf. Tre'Soj')], N., (the fortified
place which, according to ancient
usage, commanded the territories
of a little state), a stronghold, a
towfi (usually fortified).
oppono, -p5nere, -posul, -positus
[ob-pono], 3. V. a., set against,
oppose (something to something
else). — oppositus, -a, -um, p.p. as
adj., opposed, lying ifi the way, op-
posite, adverse.
opportune
47
orbis
opportune [old abl. of opportu-
nus], adv., opportutiely, fortunate-
ly, by good luck.
opportunitas, -atis [opportuno-
+ tas], F., tiiiit'liness. Jit /less (of
time or circumstance), good luck
(in time or circumstance), conven-
ience, advantage.
opportiinus, -a, -um [ob-portu-
nus ; cf. importunus and Portunus],
adj., {coming to harbor?), oppor-
tune, advantageous, lucky, timely,
valuable (under the circumstances).
oppositus, -us [ob-tpositus ; cf.
oppono], M., a setting against, ati
interposition.
opprimo, -primere, -press!, -pres-
sus[ob-premo],3.v.a.,(/;rj-j"^^(3'z'«j'/),
overzvhehn, crush, overpower, over-
take {surprise), hold in check.
opptignatio, -onis [oppugna- +
tio], F., a siege (of actual operations;
cf. obsidio, blockade), besieging, an
attack (in a formal manner against
a defended position).
oppugno, -are, -avT, -atus [ob-
pugno], I. V. a., attack (formally,
but without blockade), lay siege to,
carry on a siege, assail (a defended
position). — Fig., attack, assail.
Ops, opis [.''], F., help, aid, succor,
means, protection. — V\\xr., resources,
pozuer, wealth, means.
optabilis, -e [opta- -f bills], adj ,
desirable, to be wished for.
optimas (optu-), -atis [optimo -f
as; cf. Arpinas], adj., of the best.
— Esp. \)\\\x.,the optifuates (the bet-
ter classes, or aristocracy, at Rome,
including all who held opinions
opposed to the common people).
optime, superl. of bene.
optimus, -a, -um [op (cf. ops ?)
+ timus (cf. finitimus)], superl. of
bonus, which see.
opto, -are, -avl, -atus [topto- (op
4- tus ; cf. 6i/'o,aat)], I. V. 2i., choose,
desire, wish (urgently), pray for,
Iiope and pray for, hope for. —
optatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
wished for, desired, desirable.
opus, operis [op -f us], N., work,
labor (as skilful or accomplishing
its purpose ; cf. labor, as tiresome).
— In military sense, a work, works,
fortifications. — Also, as in English,
of civil structures, etc., work, works,
a work (as of art), a work of skill
(cf. artificium, a work of art), work-
manship: opere et manu factus
{by handiwork). — In abl., quanto-
(tanto-, magno-, nimio-) opere,
often together, quantopere, etc.,
how much, so much, much, greatly,
too much, ho7u, so, too.
opus [same word as preceding],
N. indecl., need, necessary: opus
properato, need of haste.
ora, -ae [.'], f., a shore, a coast.
oratio, -onis [ora- + tio], p.,
speech, zuords, talk, address, dis-
course, argument, in alter for a dis-
course, power of oratory, a branch
of a discourse.
orator, -oris [ora- -|- tor], m.,
a speaker., an ambassador, an
orator.
orbis, -is [.^], m., a circle (a cir-
cular plane): orbis terrarum, the
circle of lands, the whole wcrld ;
orbis rei publicae, the cycle {round)
of political changes.
orbita
148
orbita, -ae [torbi- + ta (cf.-T7/s)],
F., a track, a rut, a path : im-
pressam orbitam, the beaten track.
ordior, ordlrl, orsus [tordi- (cf.
ordo)], 4. V. dep., begin, start.
ordo, -inis [akin to ordior], m.,
a series, a row, a tier, a rank (of
soldiers), a grade (of centurions, as
commanding special ordines of
soldiers, also the centurions them-
selves), an arrange7ne7it, an order
(esp. of citizens), a body (consisting
of such an order), a c/^j-j (of citizens).
Orior, orlrl, ortus [?], 3. (and 4.)
V. dep., arise, spring up, spring. —
oriens, -entis, p. as subst., the east.
ornamentum, -I [oma- + men-
turn], N., an adornment, a decora-
tion, an ornament, an eqtcipment,
an honor (an addition to one's
dignity), a source of dignity.
5rnate [old abl. of omatus], adv.,
ornately : gravius atque ornatius,
with more weight and eloquence.
omatus, -us [orna- -f tus], m.,
adornmeJit, 07'nament, orna7nents
(collectively).
orno, -are, -avT, -atus [unc. noun-
stem], I. V. 2i., adorn, equip, furnish,
increase (by way of adornment),
honor, add honor to. — ornatus, -a,
-um, p.p. as adj., furnished, well-
equipped, wellfurnished, decorated,
finely adorned, well to do, prosper-
ous, highly honored, honorable,
complimejttary.
oro, -are, -avT, -atus [or- (as stem
of os)], I. V. a. and n., speak. —
Esp., pray, entreat, beg.
ortus, -lis [or (in orior) -f tus], m.,
a rising' solis {sunrise, the east).
OS, oris [.''], N., the mouth, the face,
the countenance : Ponti {the mouth,
the entrance) ; in ore omnium {in the
mouths, on the lips).
OS, ossis [prob. reduced from
tostis ; cf. oareov'], N., a bone.
Oscito, -are, -avT, no p.p., and
oscitor, -ari [perh. os cito], i. v. n.
and dep., yawn.
Oscus, -a, -um [Os- -f cus], adj.,
Oscan, of the Osci, a primitive
people of Campania.
ostendd, -tendere, -tend!, -tentus
[obs-tendo], 3. v. a., {stretch towards),
present, show, point out, make
known, state, declare, indicate, ex-
hibit, display. — Pass., appear, show
itself
ostento, -are, -avi, -atus [ostento-] , 1
I. V. a., display, exhibit: se {make
a display').
Ostiensis, -e [Ostia- + ensis],
adj., of Ostia (the port of Rome
at the mouth of the Tiber), at
Ostia.
ostium, -i [akin to os], x., the
?nouth : Oceani {the straits, i.e. of
Gibraltar). — Also, a door.
Otiosus, -a, -um [otio- -f osus],
adj., at leisure, quiet, peaceful,
peaceable, undisturbed, inactive.
Otium, -I [.''], N,, repose, inac-
tivity, quiet (freedom from disturb-
ance), ease, peace.
OVO, -are, no perf., -aturus [?],
I. V. n., rejoice. — Esp. : ovans,
-antis, p., triumphant in an ova-
tion (the lesser triumph, but also
used figuratively). [Possibly the
technical meaning is the original
one.]
p.
149
Pamphylia
P., abbreviation for Publius.
pacisco, -ere, and paciscor, pa-
clscl, pactus [pad- (as stemof paco)
+ sco], 3. V. a. and dep., bargain.
— Esp. : pactus, -a, -um, p.p., agreed
upon, settled, arranged. — See also
pactum.
paco, -are, -avT, -atus [pac- (in
pax)], I. V. a., pacify, subdue. —
pacatus, -a, -um, p.p. as 2.di\., peace-
able, qniet, subject (as reduced to
peace), submissive, entirely coft-
quered : civitas male pacata
{Jiardly reduced to submission,
still rebellious^ .
Paconius, -i [?, cf. paco], m., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp., M.
Paconius, a Roman knight.
pactum, -1 [p.p. of paciscor,
pango?], N., {a thing agreed),
an agreement, an arrangement. —
Hence, a m.ethod, a way (of doing
anything). — Esp. abl., in . . . way :
quo pacto, in zv/iat zuay, how ; isto
pacto, after that fashion, to that
degree ; nescio quo pacto, somehozu
or other, strangely enough ; nullo
pacto, in no way, under no circum-
stances.
Paean, -anis [ITaidi'], m., the
Healer, a name of Apollo, as god
of healing.
paene [?], adv., almost, nearly,
all but.
paenitet (poenitet), -ere, -uit
[tpoenito- (perh. p.p. of verb akin
to punio)], 2. V. a. (impers.), /'/ re-
pents (one), one repetits, one regrets :
me paenitebit, /shall regret.
paenula (pen-), -ae [?], f., a
cloak (probably like a poncho,
sometimes also with a hood, at
any rate put on over the head
and worn in travelling or in rough
weather).
paenulatus (pen-), -a, -um [pae-
nula- -}- tus ; cf. robustus], adj.,
wrapped in a cloak.
Palacinus? (Palatinus ?), -a,
-um [?], adj. only with balneae, a
place of uncertain position.
palam [unc. case-form ; cf. clam],
adv., openly, publicly, without con-
cealment.
Palatium (Pal-), -i [palato- (the
arched roof of the mouth) + ium],
N., {the round hill?), the Palatine
(the hill of Rome which was the
original site of the city).
Palladium, -I [ITaWdStoi'], n.,
{the little Pallas), the Palladium
(the little image of Pallas Athene,
on which depended the safety of
Troy, and which was carried off by
Ulysses and Diomedes). — Hence,
a palladium (any object of like
importance).
palma, -ae [borrowed from
TTaXdytcT/], F., the palm (of the hand).
— Also, a palm branch, a palm
(esp. as symbol of Vxztox^), a victory
(cf. "laurels " in Eng.).
paltis, -udis [.''], F., a marsh.
Pamphylia, -ae [ITa^i^vXia], f.,
the country on the south coast of
Asia Minor, between Lycia and
Cilicia, not included in the prov-
ince of Asia Minor.
Panhormus
150
parricidium
Panhormus (Panormus), -I [Ila-
vop/uos], F., Panormus., the city on
the north coast of Sicily, now
Palermo, famous for its harbor.
Pansa, -ae [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., C. Vibius
Pansa, one of the partisans of
Caesar, who was consul B.C. 43
and was active in the fight against
Mark Antony.
Papirius (old Papisius), -i [cf.
Papius], M., a Roman gentile name.
— Esp., M. Papirius Maso, killed
by Clodius in a fight in the Appian
Way.
Papius, -a, -um [Papa- (or -6-) +
ius], adj., {of Papa or Papus). —
Masc, as a Roman gentile name. —
Also, of Papius (esp. of C. Papius,
tribune B.C. 65, proposer of a law
in regard to Roman citizenship).
par, paris [perh. akin to paro,
pario (through the idea of barter
or exchange)], adj., equal, alike,
like. — Esp., 07t a par with, equal
in power, a match for, adequate to,
sufficient for.
Paralus, -i [IldpaXos], m., an
Athenian hero, after whom one of
the sacred galleys was named.
parate [old abl. of paratus],
adv., with preparation.
paratus, see paro.
parco, parcere, pepercl (parsi),
parsurus (parcitiirus) [akin to par-
ous (par + cus), acquisitive, and
so frugal ?'\, 3. V. n., spare, be con-
siderate for.
parens, -entis [par (in pario)
-|- ens (cf. re/cwi')], C, a parent, a
father.
pareo, parere, parul, pariturus
[paro- (cf. opiparus)], 2. v. n., {he
prepared), appear, obey, follow,
yield, consult (utilitati).
paries, -ietis [akin to Trepil'],
M., a wall (of a house or the like ;
cf. murus).
Parilia (Palilia), -ium [Pali- +
ills], N. plur. (of Palilis), the feast
of Pales (a divinity of shepherds).
It was held April 21.
Parinus, -a, -um, an uncertain
word in Mss. of Verres, v. 57.
pario, parere, peperT, partus (pa-
riturus) \_p\Vi, p)'ocure (perh. orig. by
barter ; cf. par)], 3. v. a., procure,
acquire, secure, win. — Esp., pro-
duce, give birth to (of the mother).
Parma, -ae [.^], f., a town of
Cisalpine Gaul. It was treacher-
ously taken by Antony, and its
people barbarously treated.
Parmensis, -e [Parma- -\- ensis],
adj., of Parma. — Plur. as subst.,
the people of Parma.
paro, -are, -avi, -atus [paro- ; cf.
opiparus and pareo], i. v. a., pro-
cure, proz'ide, prepare, get ready,
get ready for (bellum, used con-
cretely for the means of war), secure,
arrange, engage. — paratus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., ready, prepared, well
prepared, skilful, well equipped :
animo parato, with resolution.
parricida, -ae [patri- (as stem
of pater) tcida (caed + a ; cf. homi-
cida) ?], M. and f., a parricide.
parricidium, -i [parricida- +
ium J, ^., parricide. — Less exactly,
murder : patriae (as the parent of
her citizens).
pars
151
pateo
pars, partis [par + tis (re-
duced), akin to portio, and peril, to
par (cf. also pario)], f., {a divid-
ing'), a portion, a part, a share, a
side, a party (also plur.), a branch,
a role (in a play). — Esp. in adver-
bial phrases, direction, way, degree :
in omnis partis, in all directions,
in all ways ; in utraque parte, on
both sides; in bonam partem, /;/
good part ; in utramque partem,
in both directions, both ways ; ad
aliquam mei partem, to some part
of my existence, to me in some re-
spect; aliqua ex parte, to some
extent. — See also partim.
parsimonia (parci-), -ae [par-
co- (as stem of parous) or parso-
(stem of parsus) -f monia; cf.
sanctimonia], f., frugality, parsi-
mony.
particeps, -cipis [parti-tceps
(cap as stem ; cf. princeps)], adj.,
participant, taking part. — As
subst., a sharer, a participant, a
participator, an associate.
partim [old ace. of pars], adv.,
partly, iti part. — Esp., partim . . .
partim, so7ue . . . others, partly . . .
partly ; quas partim . . . partim,
some of which . . . others.
partio, -ire, -TvT (-il), -itus, and
partior, -TrT, -Ttus [parti-], 4. v. a.
and dep., divide : partitis tempori-
bus {alternately).
partitio, -onis [parti- (stem of
partior) + tio], F., a division, a
partition.
partus, -ias [par (in pario) -f
tus]. M., a birth, the production of
offspring.
parum [akin to parvus, perh.
for parvum], adv., not very, not
much, not sufficiently, too little, ill :
parum amplus, too sfuall.
parvulus, -a, -um [parvo- + lus],
adj., small, slight, itisignificant,
little.
parvus, -a, -um [perh. for tpau-
rus ; cf. paucus and TraOpos], adj.,
small, slight, little, trifling: Romu-
lus parvus {as a child) ; parvi
ducere {of little account ) ; parvi
refert, it makes Httle difference, it
matters little ; parvi animi esse
{mean-spirited, unambitious, unas-
piring).
pasco, pascere, pavl, pastus
[pa (?) -f sco], 3. V. n. and a.,
feed, fatten.
passus, -us [pad (in pando) -f
tus], M., ((j; spreading of the legs),
a stride, a step, a pace (esp. as a
measure, about five Roman feet) :
mille passuum (a Roman mile, five
thousand feet).
pasti5, -onis [pas (as if root of
pasco) + tio], F., pasturing, feed-
ing, pasturage.
pastor, -oris [pas (as if root of
pasco) + tor], m., a shepherd, a
herdsman (a slave occupied in
pasturing).
patefacio, -facere, -feci, -factus
[noun-stem akin to pateo + facio],
3. v. a., lay open, open, lay bare,
disclose, discover, make known,
show clearly.
pateo, -ere, -uT, no p.p. [tpatS-
(noun-stem akin to Trercti'j'i^^ai)],
2. V. n., be extended, lie open, spread,
extend, be zuide, be open, be exposed.
pater
152
pax
be tincovered, be obviojis, be patent.
— patens, -entis, p. as adj., open,
exposed.
pater, -tris [pa (in pasco ?) +
ter], M., a father. — Plur., ances-
tors, senators, the Senate : patres
conscripti, senators, gentlemen of
the Senate, conscript fathers;
pater familias, a householder.
paternus, -a, -um [pater- + nus],
adj., of a father, paternal, of one'' s
father, of one'' s fathers.
patientia, -ae [patient- + ia],
F., patience, endtcrance, forbearance,
lo7ig-stiffering.
Patina, -ae [patina], m., a Ro-
man family name. — Only, T.
Patina, a friend of Clodius.
patior, pati, passus [.''J, 3. v.
dep., suffer, endure, bear^, put up
with, tolerate, allozu, permit. —
patiens, -entis, p. as adj., patient,
long-suffering.
patria, see patrius.
patricius, -a, -um [patrico- -f
ius], adj., {of the Senate, the origi-
nal nobility of Rome as opposed
to the plebs ; cf. pater), pat7'icia7i
(of this nobility). — Less exactly,
noble (of the later nobility). —
Masc. plur. as subst., the nobles
(not necessarily the original pa-
tricians).
patrimonium, -i [patri- (as if
stem of pater) + monium (i.e. mo
-f on -f ium)], n., a paternal estate,
a patrimojty, an iiihej'itance, an
ancestral estate.
patrius, -a, -um [pater- -f ius],
adj., of a father, ancestral, of one's
fathers, patenml. — Esp., patria,
-ae, fern, as subst., one' s fatherland,
7iative country, country, native city.
patronus, -T [tpatro- (as if stem
of t patroo ; cf. colonus, aegrotus)
+ nus], M., a patron, a protector,
an advocate.
patruus, -1 [pat(e)r -f vus?], m.,
an uncle (on the father's side ; cf.
avunculus, on the mother's).
paucus, -a, -um [pau- (cf. pau-
lus and parvus) -f cus], adj.,
almost always in -p\\.\x.,few, a few,
some few (but with irhplied only in
a semi-negative sense) : pauca
dicere (a feiv words, briefly').
paulisper [paulis (abl. plur. of
paulus?) -per], adv., a little while,
for a short ti?ne.
paululum [ace. of paululus], as
adv., a very little.
paulus, -a, -um [pau (cf. pau-
cus) + Ius ( = rus?)], adj., little,
slight, sfjiall, insignificaiit. — Esp.,
paulum, neut. as subst. and adv., a
little, little, slightly. — paulo, al^l.
as adv., a little, slightly, little: paulo
ante, a little while ago, j list now.
Paulus, -I [paulus], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp. : i . Z. ALmilius
Paulus, who conquered Perses of
Macedonia, B.C. 1 68 ; 2. L. y^milius
Paulus (of the family of the Lepidi),
praetor B.C. 53, a partisan of the
nobility.
pax, pacis [pac, as stem], f.,
{a treaty ?), peace : pace alicuius,
by pet'mission of, etc., if one will
allow, an apology for some expres-
sion or statement : pace tua, patria,
dixerim, pardoji me, ?fiy coufitry,
if I say it.
peccatum
153
pensito
peccatum, -I [neut. of p.p. of pec-
co], N., a fault, a wrong, a misdeed,
an offence.
pecco, -are, -avi, -aturus [?],
I. V. \'\; go wr07ig, commit a fault,
do wrong, err.
pecto, pectere, pexT (-ul), pexus
(pectitus) [pec + to; cf. necto],
3. V. a., comb : pexo capillo, with
well-combed locks.
pectus, -oris [perh. pect (as root
of pecto) -f us, from the rounded
shape of the breast ; cf. pectinatus],
N., the breast. — Fig., the heat-t, the
mind.
pecuarius,-a,-um [pecu--f arius],
adj., of cattle. — Masc. as subst., a
grazier. — Fern, as subst., pastur-
age, grazing.
peculatus, -iis [pecula- -f tus],
M., e7tibezzleme7it.
pecunia, -ae [tpecuno- (pecu +
nus ; cf. Vacuna) + ia], f., money
(originally cattle), 7uealth, capital,
an afnonnt of money, a sum of
money : ratio pecuniarum, the mat-
ter of finance.
pecuniosus, -a, -um [pecunia- +
osus], adj., rich.
pecus, -udis [pecu- + dus (re-
duced)], F., a do77iestic a7ii7nal (cf.
pecus, -oris, a herd or flock), a
brute (as opposed to man), a du7nb
beast.
pedester, -tris, -tre [pedit- -f tris] ,
adj., of i7ifa7itry, ofperso7is 071 foot :
copiae {foot, i7ifa7ttry').
pedetemptim (-tentim) [pede
ttemptim (cf. sensim)], adv., {feel-
ing 07ie''s way with the feet), cau-
tiously, gradually.
peditatus, -us [pedit- + atus ;
cf. c5nsulatus], u.,foot, i7ifa7it7'y.
peior, compar. of malus.
peius, compar. of male.
pello, pellere, pepull, pulsus [?],
3. V. a., strike, beat, d7'ive, defeat,
repulse, drive out.
Penates, -ium [pena- (cf. pena-
tor and penus) + tis (reduced ; cf.
Arpinas)], m. plur., (presiding over
the household supplies l),the house-
hold gods (usually with Di), the
Pe7iates (the tutelary divinities of
the household and of the city as
a household). — Esp. as a symbol
for the home.
pendeo, pendere, pependT, no
p.p. [tpendo- (cf. altipendus)], 2. v.
n., hang, depe7id.
pendo, pendere, pependl, pensus
[?], 3. V. a., ha7ig, zveigh, weigh out,
decide. — Hence (since money was
earlier weighed, not counted), pay,
pay out. — Esp. with words of
punishment, /(rj/ (a penalty), stiffer
(punishment ; cf. dare and capere).
penes [prob. ace. of stem in -us
akin to penitus], prep, with ace, in
the power of, i7i the co7ttrol of.
penetro, -are, -avT, -atus [tpene-
tro-, from pene- (in penitus, etc.)
-f terus (cf. inter, intro)], i. v. a.
and n., {go i/i deeper), e7iter, pe7te-
trate, force 07ie''s way /';/.
penitus [stem akin to penes,
penus, etc., -\- tus; cf. divinitus],
adv., far withi7i, deeply, e7itirely,
utterly, deep withi/i.
pensito, -are, -avT, -atus [tpensito-
(asif p.p. of penso; cf. dictito)], i.v.
z.., zveigh. — Hence, /<r?j)' (cf. pendo).
per
154
peregnnus
iper [unc. case-form of stem
akin to irepi'], adv. (in comp.), and
prep, with ace, through. — Fig.,
through.) by means of (cf. ab, by^
directly), by the agency of: per me,
etc., by myself without other aid :
per se {of itself). — Often accom-
panied by the idea of hindrance :
per anni tempus potuit, the tune
of the year 7vould allow ; per vos
licere, yoii do 7iot prevent, you
allow, so far as you are concerned,
etc. ; per aetatem non audere {on
accouttt of). — Of time, through,
for: per triennium. — In adjura-
tions, by, for the sake of.
'■^per [perh. a different case of
same stem as ^per], adv. in comp.,
very, exceedingly.
peradulescens, -entis [?, -per-
adulescens], adj., vety young.
perago, -agere, -egi, -actus [iper-
ago], 3. V. a., conduct through, fin-
ish, accomplish, carry through.
peragr5, -are, -avi, -atus [^per-
agro], I. V. a. and n., traverse, travel
over, go over, travel. — Fig., spread.
perangustus, -a, -um [^per-an-
gustus], adj., very narrow.
perbrevis, -e [2 per-brevis] , adj.,
very short, very brief.
percallesco, -escere, -ui, no p.p.
[-per-callesco], 3. v. n., becotne
thoroughly hardened.
perceleriter Pper-celeriter],
adv., very quickly, ve?y speedily,
very soon.
percello, -cellere, -cull, -culsus
[2per-tcello (cf. celer)], 3. v. a.,
knock over, strike down, overturn,
dash to the ground.
percipio, -cipere, -cepT, -ceptus
[^per-capio], 3. v. a., take iit (com-
pletely), learn, acquire, hear. — Esp.
of harvests, gather. — Hence, fig.,
reap, wifi, gain, feel, experience
(luctus, dolores) (but in Latin the
figure is retained).
percitus, -a, -um [p.p. of percieo],
as adj., excited, incensed.
percommode [-per-commode],
adv., ve7y convoiiently, very oppor-
tunely.
percrebresco (-besco), -brescere
(bescere), -brul (-buT), no p.p.
[2per-crebresco], 3. v. n., become
very frequent, becotne very common,
spread very widely.
percutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus
[iper-quatio], 3. v. a. and n., hit,
strike, run through, stab, strike a
blow. — Fig., strike with fear.
perdo, perdere, perdidi, perditus
[iper-do], 3. v. a., destroy (cf. in-
terficio), ruin, lose. — perditus,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., ruined, des-
perate, abandoned, lost, over-
zi'hehned.
perduco, -ducere, -diixl, -ductus
[iper-duco], 3. v. 2i., lead through,
lead along, bring over, carry along,
introduce.
perdueilio, -onis [perduelli- + 0],
F., treason (technical, and not
strictly conforming to either our
high or petit treason).
peregrinor, -arl, -atus [peregri-
no-], I. v. dep., travel abroad (also
fig., studia); also, be abroad (out
of sight or hearing).
peregrinus, -a, -um [peregro- +
inus], 'd.di]., foreig7t, outlandish.
perennis
155
periculum
perennis, -e [iper-annus (weak-
ened)], adj., (lasting for the year ?),
perennial, unfailing;, eternal.
pereo, -Ire, -iT, -iturus [^per-eo],
irr. V. n., perish, be killed, die, he
lost.
' perexiguus, -a, -urn [-per-exi-
guus], adj., 7ierv small, very
short.
perfacilis, -e [-per-facilis], adj.,
very easy. — Neut. as adv., very
easily.
perfamiliaris, -e [-per-familia-
ris], adj., very intimate. — Masc.
as subst., a very intimate friend, a
close friend.
perfectio, -onis [^ per-factio ; cf.
perficio], f., the accomplishment, the
completion.
perfero, -ferre, -tulT, -latus [^per-
fero], irr. v. a., carry through (or
ove7-), bring over, bring, bear, carry.
— Also, bear through (to tlie end),
endure, suffer, stibmit to.
perficio, -ficere, -feci, ' -fectus
[1 per-facio] , 3. v. a., accomplish,
effect, complete, finish, make (com-
plete). — With ut (uti), bring it
about, succeed in (doing or having
done or getting done), accomplish,
7nake (some one do something, or
the like).
perfidia, -ae [perfido- + ia], f.,
perfidy, treachery, faithlessness.
perforo, -are, -avT, -atus [^per-
foro], I. V. a., bore through, cut
through.
[ perfringS, -fringere, -fregT, -frac-
tus [1 per-frango], 3. v. a., break
through, break down, bi'eak the
barriers of.
perfruor, -frul, -fructus (-fruitus)
[^per-fruor], 3. v. dep., e7ijoy to the
full, e)ijoy without alloy, cojitinjie
to enjoy, enjoy.
perfugio, -fugere, -fugi, no p.p.
[' per-fugio], 3. v. n., rtin away,
fiee (to a place), escape to, take
refuge in (ad portum).
perfugium, -T [iper-tfugium ; cf.
refugium], N., a place of refuge,
refuge.
perfungor, -fungi, -functus [^per-
fungor], 3. V. dep., fulfil, perform
(to the end). — Hence, have done
with,fi)iish (and get rid of).
pergo, pergere, perrexl, perrec-
tus (?) [iper-rego], 3. v. n., {keep
one's direction ?), keep on, con-
tinue to advance, advance, go on,
proceed.
perhorresc5, -horrescere, -horruT,
no p.p. [iper-horresco], 3. v. n.
and a., shudder all over, shudder
at.
periclitor, -arl, -atus [tpericlito-
(as if p.p. of periculor)], i. v. dep.,
try, make a trial, be exposed, be put
in peril, imperil.
periclum, see periculum.
periculose [old abl. of pericu-
losus], adv., with peril.
periculosus, -a, -um [periculo-
-f osus], adj., dangerous, perilous,
hazardous, full of danger.
periculum (-clum), -T [tperi- (cf.
experior) + culum], n., a trial. —
Hence, peril, danger, risk. — Esp.
of the defendant in a prosecution,
jeopardy, proseczition (in reference
to tlie accused), defence, trial (in
court), accusation.
penmo
156
persaepe
perimo, -imere, -eml, -emptus
[^per-emo (Ar/v)], 3. v. a., destj-oy,
put an e)id to.
perinde [iper-inde], adv.,
{straight through /), just., exactly.
periniquus, -a, -urn [-per-ini-
quus] , adj ., very unfair., veryiinjiist.
peritus, -a, -um [tperi- (cf. ex-
perior)+ tus], p.p. as adj., (tried),
experienced, skilled, skilful, of great
experience.
periurium, -I [prob. tperius, adj.,
from per (perh. a different case from
I and 2) ius + ium (cf. iniurius).
But possibly these are all abnormal
formations], N., perjury, false
swearing.
permagnus, -a, -um [2per-mag-
nus], adj., very great, very large.
permane5,-manere,-mansT, -man-
surus [iper-maneo], 2. v. n., rejnain
(to the end), continue, hold out,
persist, stay.
permitto, -mittere, -mTsT, -missus
[iper-mitto], 3. v. «., {give ove?-),
g7'ant, allow, give tip, entrust, hafid
over, put into the hands of.
permodestus, -a, -um [-per-mo-
destus], adj., excessively ??iodest.
permoveo, -movere, -movl, -mo-
tus [1 per-moveo] , 2. v. a., 7?iove
(thoroughly), influence, affect. —
permotus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
much affected, influenced, overcojue.
perinultus,-a,-um [-per-multus],
adj., very itiuch, very many, a great
many: permultum valere, be very
strong.
permiitatio, -onis [permuta- -f
tio], F., a change: rerum {revolu-
tion, upheaval).
pernecessarius, -a, -um [-per-
necessarius], adj., very necessary,
very intitnate. — Masc. as subst.,
a very inti?nate friettd.
pernicies, -el [?, akin to nex],
F., destructio)i, ruin, injttry,
harm, mischief a plague (used of
Verres).
perniciosus, -a, -um [pernicie-
-f osus], adj., destructive, ruinous,
mischievous.
pern5bilis, -e [^per-nobilis], adj.,
veiy noble, most noble, very famous.
pernocto, -are, -avi, -atus [^per-
nocto], I. V. n. (and a.), pass the
night.
perdro, -are, -avi, -atus [^per-oro],
I. V. a. and w., finish argui)ig, con-
clude (a case).
perparvus, -a,-um [-per-parvus],
adj., very sjnall, very little.
perpaucus,-a,-um pper-paucus],
adj. — Plur., very few, biit very few,
OJtly a very few.
perpetior, -peti, -pessus [^per-
patior], 3. V. dep., suffer, endure.
perpetuus, -a, -um [iper-tpe-
tuus (PET -f vus)], adj., {keeping
on through), contimting, contitiual,
contimied, continuous, without in-
terruption, lasting, permanent, ever-
lasting: in i^er-petuum, forever.
perpolitus, -a. -um [p.p. of per-
polio], as adj., refined, highly cul-
tivated.
perraro ["^per-raro], adv., very
rarely, almost never.
Persa (Perses), -ae [IlfpcrT??], m.,
a Persian. — Plur., the Persians.
persaepe Pper-saepe], adv., z/^rj/
often, many tifues.
persapienter
157
pervenio
persapienter ['- per-sapienter] ,
adv., very wisely, %vith great wis-
dom.
perscribo, -scrlbere, -scrips!,
scrTptus [iper-scribo], 3. v. a.,
zurite out.
persequor, -sequT, -secutus [^per-
sequor], 3. v. dep., follow up, pur-
sue. — Hence, avenge, punish. —
N\%o, follow out (a series of points),
take up (in detail).
Perses (Persa), -ae [IlepcrTys], m.
(cf. Persa, the same word), king of
Macedonia, son of Philip V. He
was conquered in the third Mace-
donian war by ^milius Paulus.
perseverantia, -ae [perseverant-
+ ia], F., persistence, perseverance.
persolvo, -solvere, -solvl, -solu-
tus [per-solvo], 3. v. 2i., pay in full,
pay : poenas {pay, suffer).
persona, -ae [iper-tsona; cf.
dissonus], f., a mask. — Hence, a
part, a role, a character, a person-
age, a party (in a suit). — Also, a
persoji (who plays some part in
the world).
perspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec-
tus [iper-t specie], 3. v. a., see
through, see, inspect, examine. —
Also, see thoroughly. — Fig., see
clearly, see, tinderstand, learn,
observe, find, discover.
perspicue [old abl. of perspi-
cuus], adv., clearly, plainly.
perspicuus, -a, -um [^per-tspe-
cuus (SPEC -f vus ; cf. conspicuus)],
adj., obvious, plain, clear.
persuadeo, -suadere, -suasT, -sua-
sus [iper-suadeo], 2. v. n. (and a.),
persuade, induce.
pertenuis, -e [-per-tenuis], adj.,
7'ery thin, very slight.
perterreo, -terrere, -terrul, -terri-
tus [iper-terreo], 2. v. a., terrify,
alarm.
pertimesco, -timescere, -timuT,
no p.p. [iper-time -f sco], 3. v. a.
and n., fear much, fear greatly,
dread, be alarmed.
pertinacia, -ae [pertinac- + ia],
F., obstinacy (in a bad sense ; cf.
constantia, firmness).
pertinax, -acis [iper-tenax; cf.
pertineo], adj., pe/tifiacious, ob-
stinate.
pertineo, -tinere, -tinuT, no p.p.
[iper-teneo], 2. v. n., {hold a
course towards), tend, extend. —
Fig., have to do with, concei-n,
tend: ad quem maleficium {belojigs,
whose is, etc.) ; ad te non pertinere,
to have no concern for yoti.
perturbo, -are, -avi, -atus [^per-
turbo], I. V. a., disturb, throw into
confusion, confuse, throzv into dis-
order, alarm, terrify, agitate, make
anxious: turbata tempora, times
of disorder.
pervado, -vadere, -vasT, -vasus
[iper-vado], 3. v. n. and a., {pro-
ceed to), reach, spread to, extend to,
enter, fill (of an idea).
pervagor, -arl, -atus [iper-vagor],
I. v. dep., roam, scatter, diffuse
itself. — So, pervagatus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., wide-spread.
pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum
(n. impers.) [iper-venio], 4. v. n.,
{co77ie through to), arrive at, get
as far as, reach, come, arrive : ad
eum locum {come to this point);
pervolgo
158
pietas
regnum {cottie, fail); ad laudem
{attain, equal).
pervolgo (-vulgo), -are, -avT,
-atus [iper-volgo], i. v. 2i., spread
abroad: pervolgatus honos {trite,
common).
pervolo, -are, -avi, -aturus [^per-
volo], I. V. \\,,Jly through, fly over,
hiiriy oz'er.
pes, pedis [pad as stem], m., the
foot. — Also, as a measure, a foot.
pessime, superl. of male.
pestifer, -era, -erum [pesti-tfer ;
cf. Lucifer], adj., pestilent.
pestilentia, -ae [pestilent- + ia],
ajt infectious disease, a plagtie, a
pestilence.
pestis, -is [?, perh. pes (in pes-
sum, pessiinus)+ tis], f., plague,
pestilence. — Esp. fig. of persons
and things, a plague, a pest, a bane,
a scourge, a curse, a cursed thing.
— Less exactly, ruin, destruction :
una reipublicae pestis {convulsion).
Petilius, -1 [petilo (akin to peto)
-f ius], M.,a Roman gentile name.
— Esp., Q. Petilius, one of the jury
in the case against Milo.
petitio, -onis [peti- (as a stem
of peto) -f tio], F., a thrust, an
attack. — Also, a seeking, a canvass
(for office; cf. peto), a campaign
(in politics).
peto, petere, petivT (-ii), petltus
[pat], 3. V. a. and n., {fall? fly?),
aim at, attack, make for, try to get, be
aimed at, seek, go to get, go to. —
Hence, ask, request, look for, get. —
Esp. of office, be a catididate for.
petulantia, -ae [petulant- -f ia],
F., wantonness, impudence.
Pharnaces, -is \^apva.Kri$], m., a
son of Mithridates, king of Pontus,
conquered by Caesar, B.C. 47.
Pharsalia, -ae [Pharsalo- -f ia],
F., the region about Pharsalus in
Thessaly, where the decisive battle
between Caesar and Pompey was
fought, B.C. 48.
Pharsalicus, -a, -urn [Pharsalo-
+ cus], adj., of Pharsalia.
Pharsalius, -a, -um [Pharsalo-
+ ius], adj., of Pharsalia.
Philippus, -I [<l>iXi7r7roj], M., a
common Greek and Roman proper
name. — Esp.: i. Philip V., king
of Macedonia, defeated at Cyno-
scephalae, B.C. 197 ; 2. L. Philippus,
consul B.C. 91.
philosophia, -ae [0tXo(ro0ia], f.,
philosophy, philosophical principles.
philosophus, -T \(^L\b(TO(t)oi\, m.,
a philosopher.
Picenus, -a, -um [tpice- (as a
kindred stem to picus) + nus],adj.,
{of the woodpecker .^). — Also, of
Picenum (a region in eastern Italy,
north of Rome). — Picenum, -i, N.,
the region itself.
pictor, -oris [pig -\- tor], m., a
painter.
pictura, -ae [tpictu (pig -f- tus)
-f ra; cf. figura], f., painting, a
painting.
pie [old abl. of pius], adv., duti-
fully, religiously, with dutiful affec-
tivn.
pietas, -atis [pio- + tas], f.,
fllial affectioti, affection (for the
gods or one's country, etc.), pa-
triotism, religion (as a sentiment),
piety, dutiful affection.
pignero
59
plebeius
pignero, -are, -avi, -at us [pig-
ner-], i. v. 3.., pledge. — Pass, as
dep., take as a pledge, clami as
one's own.
pignus, -oris (eris) [tpign- (as
stem of pango or tpagino) + us ;
cf. f acinus], n., (^z pledge, a security.
— Fig., a Jwstage (rei publicae).
pila, -ae [?, but cf. pello], f., a
ball, hall (as a game).
pilum, -T \J\ N., a pestle. — Also,
a javelin (the peculiar weapon of
the Roman legion, with a heavy
shaft 2 or 3 in. thick and 4 ft.
long, and an iron head, making a
missile more than 6 ft. long, and
weighing over 10 lbs.).
pingo, pingere, pTnxI, pictus
[pig, cf. TToktXos], 3. V. n., {daub
with a greasy substance ?), paint.
pinguis, -e \), possibly ping- (as
root of pingo) + us (with inserted
i as in levis; cf. the early meth-
ods of painting with wax)], adj.,
fat. — Hence, stupid, clumsy,
coarse.
pirata, -ae [TreipaTijs, an ad-
vent}irer'\, M., a sea-roz>er (perhaps
like the ancient Northmen ; cf.
praedo, a pirate, more in the
modern sense), a corsair, a free-
booter, a pi7-ate (without the above
distinction).
piscis, -is [.?], M., afish. — Qo\-
lectively,y?j-/z.
Pis5, -onis [piso- + 0], m., (a
man with a wart like a pea .? cf.
Cicero), a Roman family name.
— Esp., L. Calpurnius Piso Caso-
nius, father-in-law of Caesar, consul
B.C. 58 with Gabinius.
Pius, -T [pius], M., a name of
Q. Metellus, given him for his
dutiful conduct to his father.
placeo, -ere, -uT, -itus [tplaco- (cf.
Viriplaca, placo, and placidus)],
2. V. n., please, be agreeable. — Esp.
in third person, it pleases (one),
one likes, ojie approves, it is thoiight
best, one thinks best, one determines,
it is otters pleasure, one''s vote is.
placo, -are, -avi, -atus [tplaca-
(cf. Viriplaca) .'', or placo- (cf. pla-
cidus)], T. V. a., pacify, appease,
reconcile, win ojie's favor.
plaga, -ae [flag (in plango) -f
a], F., a blow, a stroke, a lash, a
stripe.
Plancius, -I [Planco- -f ius], m.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp.,
Cn. Plancius, a friend of Cicero
and defended by him in a charge
of bribery.
plane [old abl. of planus], adv.,
flatly, clearly, plainly, distinctly,
utterly, absolutely.
planus, -a, -um [unc. root +
nus], adj.,7?<?/, level. — ¥\g., plain,
clear.
plausus, -us [plaud- (as root of
plaudo) + tus], M., a clapping,
applause.
plebeius, -a, -um [plebe- + ius],
adj., of the coinmon people, plebe-
ian : ludi (a festival held Novem-
ber 16, 17, and 18, under the direc-
tion of the plebeian aediles, in
honor of some uncertain advance-
ment of the plcbs) ; purpura (a
dark, dull red of a poorer quality
than that worn by the magistrates
and senators).
plebs
1 60
pons
plebs (plebes), -is (-el) [pie- (in
plenus) + unc. term. ; cf. ttXt^^os],
F., the plebs, the common people (as
opposed to the upper classes at
Rome), the populace, the people,
the cotnmons.
plenus, -a, -urn [pie- (in tpleo)
+ nus], adj., full: plena consen-
sionis, ifi perfect agreeiuent.
plerumque, see plerusque.
plerusque, -aque, -umque [ple
(in pleo) + rus + que (cf. -pletus,
plenus)], adj. only in plur., most
of, very many. — plerumque, ace.
sing, as adv., generally, usually, for
the most part, very often.
Plotius, -I [?, Plauto- + ius],
M., a Roman gentile name. — Esp.,
L. Plothcs, a Roman teacher of
rhetoric.
Plotius, -a, -um [same word as
preceding], adj., of Plotius, Plo-
tian : lex (a law of M. Plotius or
Plautius Silvanus in relation to
assault and battery or breach of
the peace).
plurimus, superl. of multus.
plus, compar. of multus.
poena, -ae [perh. tpovi- (pu) +
na (cf. punio)], F., a penalty. —
Hence, a punish/nent (see persolvo,
repeto, constituo).
poenio, see punio.
poenitet, see paenitet.
poenitor, see punitor.
Poenus, -a, -um [borrowed from
a stem akin to 4>oiJ'i«:eos], adj.,
Carthaginian. — Masc. plur. as
subst., the Carthaginians.
poeta, -ae [ttoit^t'^s], m., a
poet.
polio, -ire, -ivi (-il), -Itus [.''],
4. V. a., smooth, polish (also fig.).
— Also, adorn, beautify. — politus,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., acco7nplished,
cultivated, refined.
polliceor, -licen, -licitus [tpor-
(= 7r/)6s ; cf. portendo) -liceor], 2. v.
dep., offer, promise (voluntarily ;
cf. promitto, by request, etc.), make
an offer, propose.
PoUio, -onis [?], M., a Roman
family name. • — Esp., C. Asinius
Pollio, a distinguished orator,
statesman, and author.
pollu5, -uere, -uT, -utus [tpor-
luo], 3. V. a., {stain as by water ?)^
pollute, defile, desecrate, violate.
pompa, -ae [tto/xtt??], f., a pro-
cession (esp. of a funeral).
Pompeius, -1 [tpompe- (dia-
lectic form of quinque) + ius], M.,
a Roman gentile or family name.
— Esp., Cneius Pompeius, the great
rival of Caesar.
Pompeius, -a, -um [same word
as preceding], as adj., of Pof?ipey :
via Pompeia (a street at Syracuse).
Pomptinus (Pont-), -1 [cf. Pom-
peius], M., a Roman family name. — -
Esp., C. Pomptinus, praetor B.C. 63.
pondus, -eris [pend (in pendo)
-f us], N., weight.
pono, ponere, posuT, positus
[prob. tpor-sino (cf. polliceor)],
3. V. a., lay down, place, put, set,
class, set before, station, lay. — Fig.,
place, lay, tnake depend on, base,
rest, found. — positus, -a, -um, p.p.
as adj., situated, lying, depending
on, dependent upon.
pons, pontis [?], m., a bridge.
pontifex
i6i
portus
pontifex, -icis [in form ponti-
(stem of pons) tfex (fac as stem) ;
connection uncertain, but perhaps
from railings in temples, etc.], M.,
a pontifex (a kind of high priest,
of which several formed a board,
having in charge most religious
matters) : maximus (the chief of
these).
Pontus, -i [IToi'Tos], M., the
ancient name of the Black Sea. —
Less exactly, of the region around.
— Esp., Pontics, the kingdom of
Mithridates, on the south-eastern
shore of the sea.
popa, -ae [.^], M., aji inferior
priest.
Popilius, -I [?, cf. popa], m., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp., C.
Popilius, a senator, convicted of
receiving money illegally.
popina, -ae [popa- -f ina (fem. of
-inus), butcher's shop .?], F., a tavern
(of a low order), a cooks hop, a
brothel.
popularis, -e [populo- -f aris],
adj., of the (a) people, of the popu-
lace, popular. — Esp., popular
(favoring the people), democratic.
— Also, agreeable to the people.
populor, -ari,-atus [populo-], i. v.
dep., {strip of people } cf. Eng.
skin, shell, bark a tree), ravage,
devastate. — populatus, -a, -um,
p.p. as pass., ravaged, devastated.
populus, -I [PAL.^ (in pleo), redu-
plicated -f us], M., {the full mmiber,
the mass), a people (in its collective
capacity), the people (the state), a
jtation, a tribe (as opposed to
individuals) : populus Romanus (the
official designation of the Roman
state). — Esp., the people (as dis-
tinguished from the higher classes,
no longer opposed to plebs), the
citizens (including all).
Porcius, -T [tPorco- (porous) +
ius], M., a Roman gentile name. —
Esp. : I. M. Porcius Cato, the
Censor, a;dile B.C. 199; 2. M.
Porcius Lceca, tribune B.C. 199.
Porcius, -a, -um [same word as
preceding], adj., of Porcitis (one
of the two above mentioned), Por-
cian : lex {a law by one of the
above, securing the freedom of
Roman citizens from stripes and
death except by judgment of their
peers).
porrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus
[tpor- (cf. poUiceor) -rego], 3. v. a.,
stretch forth, hold out to 07ie,put in
one's hajid.
porro [.^ akin to tpor (cf. por-
rigo)], adv., furthermore, further,
moreover, then again.
porta, -ae [for (cf. 7r6/3os)+ ta],
F., {way of traffic ?), a gate.
portentum, -i [p.p. of portendo],
N., a portent. — Hence, a monster,
a prodigy (of crime or the like).
porticus, -us [porta- + cus, the
declension prob. a blunder ; cf.
senati, etc.], F., a colonnade, a por-
tico, ail arcade.
porto, -are, -avi, -atus [porta-?],
I. V. a., carjy (perh. orig. by way
of traffic), bring.
portus, -us [for (cf. porta) -f
tus], M., {a place of access), a har-
bor, a haven, a port: ex portu,
froffi customs.
posco
162
potentia
posco, poscere, poposci, no p.p.
[perh. akin to prex], 3. v. a., de-
mand (with some idea of claim,
stronger than peto, weaker than
flagito), require, claim, call for,
ask for.
possessi5, -onis [tpor-tsessio;
cf. obsessio], F., possession, occupa-
tion.— Concretely (as in Eng.),
possessions, lands (possessed), es-
tates: de possessione detrahere
{lands in possession) ; libertatis
{enjoyment).
posside5, -sidere, -sedl, -sessus
[tpor-sedeo], 2. v. a., {settle farther
on ?), occupy, possess, hold posses-
sion of, enjoy.
possum, posse, potui [pote, no
p.p.(forpotis)-sum],irr.v.n.,(5i'rt^/^,
can {eic), be strong, have power, have
weight, can do, etc. : plurimum po-
test, is very strong, is very able,
has the greatest advantage ; si fieri
potest, if it is possible ; neque po-
test is, etc., it is impossible that he
(changing construction to keep
emphasis) ; supra potest, go be-
yond, surpass, be superior.
post [?, prob. abl. of stem akin
to postis (cf. ante, antes, rows, and
antae, pilasters)'], adv., and prep,
with ace, behind, after, later than,
afterwards, later, since : post diem
tertium, three days after ; post me-
moriam hominum {since); post condi-
tam Messanam {since the btiildingof
etc.). — post quam, see postquam.
postea [post ea (prob. abl. or
instr.)], adv., afterwards, later,
hereafter, by and by. — pOStea
quam, see posteaquam.
posteaquam (often separate)
[postea quam], conjunctive adv.,
{later than), after (only with
clause).
posteritas, -atis [poster6- + tas],
F., aftertijnes,ficture ages : in pos-
teritatem, for the future, in the
future, hereafter.
posterus, -a, -um [post- (or stem
akin) + rus (orig. compar. ; cf.
superus)], adj., the next, later:
posteri, posterity ; postero die, the
next day ; in posterum, for the
future. — postremus, -a, -um,
superl., last, the lowest. — pos-
tremo, abl. as adv., lastly, finally.
posthac [post hac (prob. abl. or
instr.)], adv., hereafter.
postquam [post quam], con-
junctive adv., {later than), after.
postremo, see posterus.
postremus, superl. of posterus.
postridie [t posteri- (loc. of pos-
terus) -die], adv., the Jiext day.
postulatio, -onis [postula- + tio],
F., a demaiid, a request.
postulo, -are, -avi, -atus [?],
I. V. a., claim (with idea of right,
less urgent than posco), ask, request,
require, call for, detnand, expect :
postulante nescio quo, at somebody
or other^s request ; nuUo postulante,
7vithout any one's asking it.
potens, -entis [p. of possum as
adj.], adj., powerful, influential,
of influence : potentiores, compar.
masc. as subst., fnen of influetice.
potentia, -ae [potent- + ia], f.,
power (political influence), ^z////^r-
ity (not official or legal), domina-
tion, domineering.
potestas
i6
praecurro
potestas, -atis [potent- + tas],
F.,/^7f(?r (official, cf. potentia; and
civil, not military, cf. imperium),
office, authority, power (generally),
control, ability, opportunity, chance,
permission (from a different point
of view), privilege: imperium et
potestas, military and civil po7vcr,
power and authority ; praedonum
{the power, the hands).
potior, potirl, potTtus [poti-, cf.
potis], 4. V. dep., become master of,
possess one''s self of, get the control
of: return {gain supretne control).
potior, -us, -oris [compar. of
potis], adj., preferable. — potius,
neut. ace. as adv., rather. — potissi-
mum, neut. ace. of superl. as adv.,
rather than any one {anything) else,
particularly, especially, most of all,
by preference (over all others),
better than any other, best.
potus, -a, -urn [p.p. of fpoo ; cf.
potio], p.p., having drunken, full
of wine.
prae [unc. case-form of same
stem as pro], adv. (in comp.), and
prep, v^'ith abl., before, in compari-
son with. — Esp. with words im-
plying hindrance, for, on account
of (some obstacle). — In comp.,
before others, very, before, at the
head of.
praebeo, praebere, praebuT, prae-
bitus [prae-habeo], 2. v. a., {hold
before one), offer, present, furnish,
afford: crudelitati sanguis prae-
bitus {sacrificed). — ^ With reflex.,
show, display, act (in any manner).
praeceps, -cipitis [prae-caput],
adj., headfirst, headlong, in haste,
hasty., inconsiderate, driven head-
long.
praeceptumi, -I [p.p. of prae-
cipio], N., an instruction, an order,
a precept, instruction (in plur.).
praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus ^
[prae-capio], 3. v. a. and n., take
beforehand, anticipate. — Also, 01'-
der, give instructions, give direc-
tions.
praecipue [old. abl. of praeci-
puus], adv., especially.
praecipuus, -a, -um [prae-
tcapuus (cap -f vus)], adj., {tak-
ing the first place)\ special, particu-
larly great: hoc praecipuum, this
special advantage.
praeclare [old abl. of praecla-
rus], adv., nobly, gloriously, finely,
in a fine condition, handsomely,
very well. »
praeclarus, -a, -um [prae-cla-
rus], adj., very noble, glorious,
very famous, excellent, magnificent,
preeminent, very fine, very beauti-
ful, very striking, splendid : omnia
praeclara sentire, have all the
noblest sentimejits.
praecludo, -cludere, -clusT, -clu-
sus [prae-claudo], 3. v. a., {close
some one or something in front),
shut off, barricade, cut off".
praeco, -onis [.''], m., a herald.
praeconius, -a, -um [praecon- -f
ius], adj., of a herald. — Neut. as
subst., heralding.
praecurro, -currere, -cucurrT
(-currT), -cursurus [prae-curro],
3. V. n. and a., run o>t before, has-
ten on before, hasten in advance,
hurry on before, outrun, outstrip.
praeda
164
praepono
praeda, -ae [prob. prae-thida
(root of -hendo + a)], f., booty,
prey, plunder.
praedator, -oris [praeda- -f tor],
M., a plunderer, a robber.
praedicatio, -onis [praedica- +
tio], Y., a proclaiming, aji assertion,
a statement, commendation, celebrity
(talk of people about one).
praedico, -dicere, -dlxi, -dictus
[prae-dico], 3. v. -3.., foretell, proph-
esy, tell beforehand, state first.
praedico, -are, -avi, -atus [tprae-
dico- (or similar stem from prae
with Die, tell before the world or
one's self ; cf. praedico, tell before
the event)], i. v. a. and n., make
known (before one), proclaim,
describe, boast, vaunt one''s self,
celebrate, report, say, tell tis, state,
declare : praedicari^de se volunt {to
be talked abont).
praeditus, -a, -um [prae-datus ;
cf. praebeo], p.p., endowed, fur-
nished, supplied, possessing, etijoy-
ing.
praedium, -i [praed- (praes) +
ium], N., an estate (orig. as a
security).
praedo, -onis [praeda- + 0], m.,
a robber, a freebooter, a pirate (cf.
pirata).
praeeo, -Ire, -il, no p.p. [prae-
eo], irr. v. n. and a., go before, pre-
cede. — Esp., of foiTnulas, dictate.
— Hence, prescribe, dictate (gen-
erally) .
praefectiira, -ae [praefec- (as
stem of praeficio) + tura ; cf . pic-
tura], F., the office of prcefectus (see
next word), « prefecture (?). — Also,
the city governed by a prefect, ^?
prefecture (as opposed to muni-
cipium and colonia, which see).
praefectus, -I [p.p. of prae-
ficio, as subst.], M., a captain (of
auxiliary troops). — Also, a gov-
ernor (sent from Rome to govern
a city of the allies).
praef ero, -ferre, -tull, -latus [prae-
fero], irr. v. a., place before, hand
to, place in one's hands, esteem
above, prefer to (with dat. or quam).
praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus
[prae-facio], 3. v. a., put before,
place in command of, set over.
praefinio, -Ire, -Ivi (il), -Itus
[prae-finio], 4. v. a., {set a limit
before), limit, fix (as a limit).
praemitto, -mittere, -misl, -mis-
sus [prae-mitto] , 3. v. a., send for-
zuard, send on.
praemium, -I [.^ perh. prae-
temium (em, in emo, + ium)],
(taken before the general distribu-
tion or disposal of booty .'), N., a
reward, a prize.
praemoneo, -ere, -ul, -itus [prae-
moneo], 2. v. a., waj-n beforehand,
forewarn.
Praeneste, -is \]\ n. and f., a
city of Latium about twenty miles
from Rome, strongly fortified, now
Palestrina.
praeparo, -are, -avI, -atus [prae-
paro], I. v. 2i., prepare beforehand,
provide for, provide, prepare.
praepono, -ponere, -posul, -posi-
tus [prae-pono], 3. v. a., piit in
command, put in charge, place
over: praepositus est, presides
over.
praenpio
165
praeterea
praeripio, -ripere, -ripuT, -reptus
[prae-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch away,
seize in advance, forestall.
praerogativus, -a, -um [prae-
roga- + tivus], adj., (asked first),
voting first. — Fem. as subst., the
first century (in voting). — Hence,
a decisive vote (given first and so
an omen of the result), an indica-
tion, an earnest.
praescribo, -scrlbere, -scrips!,
-scriptus [prae-scribo], 3. v. a.,
(write doivn beforehand), prescribe,
order, direct, ordaifi : hoc beluis
natura {im/>ress iipon).
praesens, -entis, p. of praesum.
praesentia, -ae [praesent- + ia],
F., presence, the present momeiit :
in praesentia, for the moment, at
the moment, at present.
praesenti5, -sentlre, -sensT, -sen-
sus [prae-sentio], 4. v. a., see be-
forehand, find out in time, find out
(beforehand), look forward to.
praesertim [as if ace. of tprae-
sertis (ser, in sero, + tis)], adv.,
(at the head of til e row ?), especially,
particularly.
praesideo, -sidere, -sedT, no p.p.
[prae-sedeo], 2. v. n. (and a.), (sit
i)i front of), preside over, gnard.
praesidium, -T [prae-tsidium
(SED + ium) ; cf. obsidium], N., (a
sitting down before), a guard, a
garrison, a force (detached for oc-
cupation or guard), rt!« armed force,
a defence. — Fig., protection, assist-
ance, support, a defence, a safeguard,
a bulwark, a stronghold, a reliance.
praestabilis, -e [praesta- + bilis],
adj., excellent, desirable.
praestans, -antis, p. of praesto.
praesto [.^ perh. " praesto," /
am here (as if quoted)], adv., on
hand, ready, waiting for : praesto
esse, be waiting for, meet.
praesto, -stare, -stitT, -status
(-stitus) [prae-sto], i. v. a. and n.,
stand before, be at the head, excel,
be superior ' praestat, it is better. —
Also, causatively, (bring before),
furnish, display, give assurance
of, vouch for, maintain, assure,
make good, show. — Esp. \vith
predicate ace, guarajitee, insure,
maintain. — praestans, -antis, p.
as adj., excellent, superior, suj--
passing.
praestolor, -arl, -atus [?, but cf. ;
stolidus and stolo], i. v. dep., %vait
for, attend upon.
praesum, -esse, -fuT, -futurus
[prae-sum],irr. v.n., be in front, be at
the head of, be in command, preside
over, comtnajid (an army, etc.). —
praesens, -entis, p. as 2id]., present,
immediate, itt person, here present,
present in person, with immediate
action, acting directly, direct (of
the interposition of the gods): ani-
mus (ready, or together, presence
of mind).
praeter [compar. of prae (cf.
inter)], adv., and prep, with ace,
along by, past, beyond. — Fig., ex-
cept, beside, contrary to, more than,
beyond.
praeterea [praeter-ea (abl. .')],
adv., furthermore, besides, and be-
sides, and also : nemo praeterea,
710 one else ; neque praeterea quic-
quam, a/id nothing else.
praetereo
66
Prilius
praetereo, -Ire, -ii, -itus [praeter-
eo], irr. V. a. and n., go by, pass by,
pass over, overlook. — praeteritus,
-a, -um, p.p. as zA]., past. — Esp. :
praeterita, -orum, n. plur. as subst.,
the past (cf. " bygones ").
praetermitto, -mittere, -misT,
-missus [praeter-mitto], 3. v. a.,
let go by, let slip, omit, neglect, pass
over.
praeterquam [praeter-quam],
conjunctive adv., except, further
than.
praetervecti5, -onis [praeter-
vectio], F., a sailing by, a course
(where one sails by).
praetextatus, -a, -um [praetex-
ta- + tus], adj., clad in the prce-
texta, in one''s childhood.
praetextus, -a, -um [p.p. of
praetexo], p.p., bordered : in prae-
texta (the bordered toga worn by
children and magistrates, a sym-
bol for childhood).
praetor, -oris [prae-titor (i -f
tor)], M., {a leader), a commander.
— Esp., a prcetor, one of a class of
magistrates at Rome. In early
times two had judicial powers,
and the others regular commands
abroad. Later, all, during their
year of office, had judicial powers,
but, like the consuls (who were
originally called praetors), they
had a year abroad as propraetors :
urbanus (the judge of the court
for cases between citizens).
praetdrius, -a, -um [praetor- -f
ius], adj., of a prcetor (in all its
senses): praetoria cohors, the body
guard (of the commander, see
praetor) ; comitia {for the election
of prcetors) ; homo {an exprcetor).
— praetorium, -I, neut. as subst.,
the generaPs tent, headquarters, the
prcetor''s house.
praetura, -ae [prae-titura ?
(itu -f ra ; cf. pictura)], f., {agoing
before), the office ofprcstor, the prce-
tors hip.
prandeo, prandere, prandi, pran-
sus [?], 2. V. n., breakfast. — Esp.,
pransus, -a, -um, p.p. as pass.,
satiated.
pravitas, -atis [pravo- -f tas],
F., {crookedness). — Hence, wicked-
ness, depravity, evil intent.
pravus, -a, -um [?], adj., crooked.
— Yienc&, perverse, vicious.
precor, -arl, -atus [prec-], i. v.
dep-./r^^y, supplicate, entreat.
premo, premere, pressi, pres-
sus [.'], 3. V. a., press, burden,
press hard, harass, overwhelm,
oppress.
pretium, -I [?, cf. irpiaixaL], ti., a
price, tnoney, value, a bribe : in
pretio esse, to be highly esteemed ;
operae pretium, worth one's while.
tprex, tprecis [?], f., a prayer.
pridem [prae- (or stem akin)
-dem ; cf. idem], adv., for some
time: iam pridem, lofig ago, for j
some time, for a long time.
pridie [pri- (prae or case of
same stem) die (loc. of dies)], adv.,
the day before. — Esp. in dates,
pridie Kalendas, the day before the
Calends, etc.
Prilius (Pre-), -T [?, masc. of
adj.], M., with lacus, a lake in
Etruria {Castiglione).
pnmanus
167
probo
primarius, -a, -um [primS- +
anus], adj., of the firsts superior,
excellent, of the first class.
primus, -a, -um, see prior.
princeps, -ipis [primo-ceps (cap
as stem; cf. manceps)], adj., m.
and F., first, chief, a man of the
first rank, a chief, a chief man, a
principal man, a leader, a prime
mover : princeps esse and the like
(take the lead).
principatus, -us [princip- -f
atus ; cf. senatus], m., the first
place, the positio)i of leader, the pre-
eminence.
principium, -I [princip- + ium],
N., ^ begi^ming : ^xmcvQXQ, in the
first place.
prior, -us [stem akin to pro +
ior], compar., former, before : nox
[last night, night before last). — -
Ace. neut. as adv., before, earlier,
first. — Esp. with quam, before,
first . . . before, sooner . . . than. —
primus, -a, -um [prae (.'') -f mus
(cf. summus)], superl., first, of the
first class, superior : decern primi ;
the ten select men (a board of ten
magistrates in many ancient cities) ;
inprimis (see imprimis). — primum,
neut. ace, as adv., in the first
place (opposed to turn, deinde),
first, the first time : cum primum,
when first, as soon as ; ut primum,
as soon as. — primo, neut. abl. as
adv., at first (opposed to postea,
etc.).
pristinus, -a, -um [prius-tinus ;
cf. diutinus], adj., forrner (previ-
ously existing), old, of old, old-
time, time-honored.
prius, see prior.
priusquam, see prior.
privo, -are, -avi, -atus [priv5-],
I. v. a., {set apart?), deprive. —
Esp. : privatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
[set apart from the general com-
munity^, private, separate, indi-
vidual, domestic (as opposed to
public). — Masc. as subst., a pri-
vate citizen, a private individual,
an individual, a private person.
pr5 [for prod, abl. of stem akin
to prae, prior, etc.], adv. (in comp.),
and prep, with abl., in front of, be-
fore (in place, time, or circum-
stance).— Hence, in place of, for,
on behalf of, in reticrn for, in view
of, on account of, in proportion to,
in accordance with, according to. —
Esp. with names of officers, as,
acting as, ex-. — Often rendered by
transference, proconsul, proprietor.
— In comp. as adv., before, forth,
away, for, down (as falling for-
ward).
pro [.^], inter]., oh! (of sur-
prise, grief, or indignation).
proavus, -T [pro-avus], m., a
great-gra>idfather.
probe [old abl. of probus], adv.,
ho7testly, virtuously, with integrity,
well, very zuell.
probitas, -atis [probo- + tas], f.,
honesty, integrity.
probo, -are, -avT, -atus [probo-],
I. V. a., make good, find good,
approve, prove, show, make clear,
be satisfied with, make acceptable
(pass., be acceptable). — Esp.: pro-
batus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., ap-
proved, acceptable, esteemed.
probus
i68
profiteer
probus, -a, -urn [pro + bus ;
cf. morbus], adj., superioj- (perh.
mercantile word), cxceileiit, good,
honest.
procella, -ae [pro-tcella, akin to
I cello], F., a tearing, rushing storm,
a tempest, a storm, a hurriaine.
pr5cessio, -onis [pro-cessio ; cf.
procedo], F., an advance.
proclino, -are, -avT, -atus [pro-
clino], I. V. a., {bend forward),
throw down : res proclinata {fall-
ing, ruined).
procrastino, -are, -avi, -atus
[procrastino- (as if, perh. really,
pro-crastino)], i. v. a., put off till
to-morrozu, postpone, procrastinate.
procreo, -are, -avi, -atus [pro-
creo], I. V. a., generate, prodicce,
give birth to : procreatus, bor)i.
procul [.^ tproco- (pro -f cus,
cf. reciprocus) + lus (reduced ; cf.
simul)], adv., at a distatice (not
necessarily great), away, far away.
procuratio, -onis [procura- -f
tio], F., a caring for, managejfient,
superintendence.
procurator, -oris [procura- f
tor], M., a manager, a steward.
prodeo, -Ire, -il, -iturus [prod-eo],
irr. V. n., go forth, appear abroad,
appear (in the streets) : proditum
est (impers.),/^^/'/^ came out.
prodigium, -I [tprodigo- (pro-
dicus ?) -f ium], x., an omen, a
portent. — Hence, a prodigy, a
monster.
prodigus, -a, -urn [prod-tagus
(ag + us ; cf. agilis and Aoxa-
76s)], adj., wasteful (cf. prodigo),
prodigal, a spendthrift.
proditor, -oris [pro-dator; cf.
prodo], M., a betrayer, a traitor.
prodo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [pro-
do], 3. V. a., give or put forth, give
away, betray. — Also, publish, ap-
point, hand down, transmit.
produce, -ducere, -duxl, -ductus
[pro-duco], 3. V. a., lead forth,
bring out, prodiice, bring forward,
introduce.
proelium, -1 [.^], n., a battle, a
fight.
profanus, -a, -um [pro-fanum,
decl. as adj ], adj., (outside the
te7?iple), not sacred, secular, com-
mon.
profectio, -onis [pro-factio ; cf.
proficiscor], f., a departure, a start-
ing, a setting out.
profect5 [pro-facto], adv., {for
a fact), certainly, surely, doubtless,
nndozibtedly, no doubt, I'm sure.
profero, -ferre, -tull, -latus [pro-
fero], irr. v. a., bring forth, carry
forward, bring out, publish, bring
forward, introduce, produce, ad-
duce.
professi5, -onis [pro-tfassio ; cf.
profiteer], F., a declaratio>i.
proficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus (or
-urus) (N.)[pro-facio], 3. v. n. and a.,
go forivard, gain, make progress. —
Fig., eff'ect, accomplish.
proficiscor, -ficlsci, -fectus [pro-
tfaciscor (facio)], 3. v. dep., set out,
start, depart, proceed, begin, arise:
ratio profecta {proceeding) .
profiteor, -fiteiT, -fessus [pro-
fateor], 2. v. dep., profess, declare,
offer , proffer, promise, make a decla-
ration.
profllgo
69
propero
profllgo, -are, -avi, -atus [pro-
fligo], I. V. a., dash down, cver-
zv/icim, lay prostrate, prostrate. —
Esp.: profligatus, -a, -um, p.p. as
adj., abandojied, corrttpt, unprin-
cipled, profligate.
profugio, -fugere, -fugl, -fugi-
turus [pro-fugio], 3. v. n., flee
away, escape, flee, take to flight.
profundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusus
[pro-fundo], 3. v. a., poicr forth,
pour out, shed, waste.
profundus, -a, -um [pro-fun-
dus], adj., deep. — Neut. as subst.,
an abyss.
progredior, -gredl, -gressus [pro-
gradior], 3. v. dep., advance, pro-
ceed, go : nihil progreditur. takes no
step : quo tandem progressurus,
hoiv far he would go ; quern in
locum progressus, how far yon
have gone, how much you are
implicated.
progressus, -us [pro-gressus ; cf.
progredior], M., a going forward,
an advance.
prohibeo, -ere, -uT, -itus [pro-
habeo], 2. v. a., hold off, hi>ider,
forbid, preveftt, shut out, cut off . — ■
With a change of relation, keep
(from some calamity, etc.), protect,
guard.
proicio, -icere, -iecT, -iectus [pro-
iacio], 3. V. a., cast forth, thro7v
away, expose: foras {throw 021 1,
get rid of) ; insula proiecta est
{projects, runs out).
proinde [pro-inde], adv., {and so
on ?), Just the same, just. — Also,
therefore, hence : proinde quasi, yz/.r^
as if forsooth (ironical).
prolato, -are, -avT, -atus [pro-
late-], I. V. a. and n., extend, put
off, shillyshally, procrastinate.
promissum, -1 [p.p. of promitto],
N., c/ projnise.
promitto, -mittere, -misT, -missus
[pro-mitto], 3. v. a., set in view,
hold out, give hope of, promise.
promptus, -a, -um [p.p. of pro-
mo], as adj., {taken out of the gett-
er al store), on hand, ready, active.
promulgo, -are, -avi, -atus [?,
prob. promulgo- (pro-mulgus, akin
to mulgeo, multo)], i. v. a. and n.,
{post a flne '/), give notice of (as a
law), publish. — Absolutely, give
notice of a bill.
pronuntio, -are, -avi, -atus [pro-
nuntio], i. v. 2i., proclaim, publish,
declare, speak out.
propago, -are, -avT, -atus [pro-
pago- (stem of propagus), or kin-
dred stem], I. V. a., {peg down, of
^\q.v\\.s, propagate by layers), propa-
gate, extend, prolong, preserve :
subolem {reai-).
prope [pro-tpe ; cf. quippe], adv.,
and prep, with ace, near, nearly,
almost. — Compar. propius, superl.
proxime, as prep.: proxime deos,
very near the gods.
propediem [prope diem], adv.,
at an early day, 7'ery soon.
propemodum [prope modum],
adv., (often separate), nearly, very
nearly, pretty tiearly : prope modum
errare, come neartnakitiga tnistake.
propero, -are, -avT, -atus [pro-
pero-], T. V. a. and n., hasten : pro-
perato opus est, there is need of
haste.
propinquus
70
prospicio
propinquus, -a, -um [case of
prope + cus ; cf. longinquus], adj.,
near. — Esp., tiearly related, related.
— As subst., a relative, a kinsman.
propior, -ius [compar. of stem
of prope], adj., nearer, closer. —
proximus, -a, -um [t proco- + timus ;
cf. reciprocus], superl., nearest,
very near, last, next, following. —
As subst., a relative. — In plur.,
those nearest one, one V kindred.
propono, -ponere, -posuT,-positus
[pro-pono], 3. V. a., place before, set
before, set forth, set tip, propose,
purpose, imagine, conceive, set be-
fore as a model, offer, offer for sale,
threaten, determine tipon, present,
bring forward : mihi erat proposi-
tum, my purpose was.
propraetor, -oris [pro-praetor
(corrupted from pro praetore and
declined)], M., a propmior (one
holding over in a prpvince after
the year of his praetorship).
proprie [old abl. of proprius],
adv., properly, peculiarly, strictly,
solely.
proprius, -a, -um [?, perh. akin
to prope], z.^\.,one^s own, peculiar,
characteristic, indefeasible, perma-
nent, approp7-iate, proper. — Often
rendered by an adv., peculiarly:
proprius est, peculiarly belongs ;
noster proprius, peculiarly ours;
populi Romani {the peculiar chat-ac-
teristic of, etc.).
propter [prope + ter ; cf. aliter],
adv., and prep, with ace, near, near
at hand. — Hence, 07i account of , on
behalf of, for the sake of, by means
of, through (the agency of).
propterea [propter ea (abl.i*)],
adv., on this account.
propudium, -1 [pro-tpudium
(tpudo-, cf. pudet, -f ium) ; cf. re-
pudium], N., sha7neful conduct, a
disgrace. — Also, of persons, a dis-
grace (one who causes shame).
propugnaculum, -I [propugna-
+ culum], N., a defejice, a bulwark,
outworks.
propugnator, -oris [pro-pug-
nator], m., a champion.
propulso, -are, -avT, -atus [pro-
pulso ; cf. propello], i. v. a., repel,
ward off, avert : vim a vita {defoid
one V life against, etc.).
proripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus
[pro-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch away,
drag forth, drag off.
proscribo, -scrlbere, -scrips!,
-scrTptus [pro-scribo], 3. v. a., ad-
vertise, publish (in writing). —
Esp., proscribe (in a list of per-
sons forfeiting their estates), out-
law.
proscriptio, -onis [pro-scriptio ;
cf. proscribo], f., aji advertising, a
sale (on execution). — Hence, a
proscription, outlawfy, forfeiture
of goods.
prosequor, -sequl, -secutus [pro- j
sequor], 3. v. dep., follow forth,
accotnpatiy out, escort, honor, pay
respect.
prospere [old abl. of prospe-
rus], adv., successfully, prospe?--
ously, with success.
prospicio, -spicere, -spexT, -spec-
tus [pro-tspecio], 3. v. a. and n.,
look forward, see afar, look out for,
provide for.
prosterno
171
publico
prosterno, -stemere, -stra vT, -stra-
tus [pro-stemo], 3. v. a., lay loio,
overwhelm, destroy, overt hroio, lay
prostrate, prostrate.
prosum, prodesse, profui, profu-
turus [pro-sum], irr. v. n., be of
advantage, profit, do good, avail,
benefit.
Protogenes, -is [npwT07^j'?;s], m. :
1. a celebrated Greek painter;
2. a slave who read aloud to
Marius.
protraho, -trahere, -traxT, -trac-
tus [pro-traho], 3. v. a., drag forth,
drag out.
pr5videntia, -ae [provident- -f
ia], F., foresight. — Hence, fore-
thought, precautions.
provideo, -videre, -vTdl, -vTsus
[pro-video], 2. v. a. and n., provide
for, foresee, see beforehand, take care,
?nake provision, provide, arrange be-
forehand, use precaution, take pains
(to acconnplish something), guard
against, provide for the future.
provincia, -ae [t province- (pro-
vincus, vino- as root of vinco -f
us)+ ia], F., (office of one extend-
ing the frontier by conquest in the
field), ofiice (of a commander or
governor), a province (in general),
a function. — Trans., a province
(governed by a Roman magistrate).
provincialis, -e [provincia- -f
lis], adj., of a province, intheproz'-
tjices, in a province, provincial.
provOCO, -are, -avT, -atus [pro-
voco], I. v. a. and n., call forth,
rouse, provoke.
proxime, snperl. of prope.
proximus, superl. of propior.
prudens, -entis [providens], adj.,
far-seeing, wise, prudent: parum
prudens, too indiscreet, too careless ;
prudens atque sciens, knowingly
and with one''s eyes open (an old
formula).
prudentia, -ae [prudent- + ia],
F., foresight, discretion, tvisdojn,
prudence.
pruina, -ae [.?], f., hoarfrost,
frost. ^
Prytaneum (-ium), -T \J\pvra.-
veLQv\, N., a city-hall (a public
building in a Greek city, where
the magistrates (irpvYaveii) met
and lived at the public expense,
and where public guests were
entertained.
piibes (puber), -eris [?], adj.,
adult. — As subst., adults (collec-
tively), grown ?nen, young men of
age, able-bodied men.
piiblicanus, -a, -um [publico- +
anus], adj., connected with the reve-
nue (publicum). — Esp. as subst.,
masc, a fartner of the revenue.
publicatio, -onis [publica- + tio],
F., a confiscation (taking private
property into the publicum).
publice [old abl. of publicus],
adv., publicly, in the name of the
state, as a state, on behalf of the state,
ofiicially : tumultus (of the people,
general).
Publicius, -T [publico- + ius], m.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp., an
obscure Roman in the Catilinarian
conspiracy.
publico, -are, -avT, -atus [publi-
co-], I. v. a., {make belong to the
public), confiscate.
publicus
172
Punicus
publicus, -a, -um [populo- +
z\xs\,2idi]., of the people (as a state),
of the state, public, official (as op-
posed to individual). — In many
phrases, esp. res publica, the com-
vionwealth, the public bvsifiess,
politics, control of the state, fo?-?n
of governvient, the affairs of state,
the interests of the state; consilium
{a state measure, the council of state,
the official coicncil) ; publico consilio,
officially, as a state measure ; con-
sensus {the general agreement, the
ujiited voice of the people) ; litte-
rae {official communications, de-
spatches) ; tabulae {public or offi-
cial records). — piiblicum, -I, neut.
as subst., the public revemie. —
Also, the streets, public appear-
ance (going abroad, as opposed
to seclusion), the sight of the
people.
Publius, -I [prob. populo- + ius ;
cf. publicus], M., a Roman prae-
nomen.
pudet, pudere, puduit (pudi-
tum est) [?, cf. propudium], 2. v.
impers., (// shames), one is (etc.)
ashamed (translating the accusa-
tive as subject).
pudicitia, -ae [pudico- -|- tia],
F., chastity, modesty (as a quality ;
cf. pudor, modesty in general or as
a feeling).
pudor, -oris [pud (in pudet) -f
or], M., shame, a sense of shajne,
sense of honor, 77iodesty , self-respect.
puer, -eri [?], m., a boy. — Plur.,
boys, childreft (of either sex): ex
pueris, from childhood. — Also, a
slave.
puerilis, -e [puero- (reduced) -f
ilis], adj., of a child : aetas {of
childhood).
pueritia, -ae [puero- + tia], v.,
boyhood, childhood.
pugna, -ae [pug (in pugno) +
na], F., a fght (less formal than
proelium).
piigno, -are, -avT, -atus [pugna-],
I. V. y\., fight, engage. — Fig., fight,
contend. — Often impers. in pass.,
pugnatum est, etc., a7t efigagement
took place, they fought, the fighting
cofitinued, the battle was fought:
hostes pugnantes (while fighting,
in battle); pugnari videre, to see
a fight going on.
pulcher, -chra, -chrum [?], adj.,
beautiful, hajidsome, fine, atti-ac-
tive. — Less exactly, glorious,
noble.
pulchre [old abl. of pulcher],
adv., beautifully, honorably, success-
fully.
pulchritude, -inis [pulchro- +
tudo], F., beauty: haec pulchritudo,
all this beauty.
pulsus, -a, -um, p.p. of pello.
pulvinar, -aris [pulvino- + aris],
N., a couch of the gods (where the
images of the gods were feasted
on solemn occasions).
piinctum, -i [p.p. of pungo], n.,
a prick, a poijit. — Hence, afi
instant (temporis).
pungo, pungere, pupugl, punctus
[pug, cf. pugnus], 3. V. a., piinch,
stab, pierce, prick.
Piinicus, -a, -um [Poeno- + cus],
adj., Carthaginian, Ptinic : bellum
(of the wars with Carthage).
punio
17.
quaestio
punio (poenio), -Ire, -Ivl (-il), -Itus
[poena- or kindred i-stem ; cf. im-
punis], 4. V. 2i., punish. — Also pass,
as deponent in same sense.
punitor (poen-), -oris [puni- +
tor], M., a piinisher, an avetiger.
purgo, -are, -avi, -atus [tpurigo-
(puro + tagus ; cf. prodigus)], i. v.
a., clean, cleanse, clear. — Fig.,
exctise, exonerate, free from suspi-
cion, exculpate, absolve.
purpura, -ae [7rop0u/)a], y., purple
(the dye, really a dark red). —
hX^o, purple cloth , purple garni cuts,
purple (in the same sense).
purpuratus, -a, -um [purpura- +
tus], adj., clad in ptirple. — Masc. as
subst., a courtier, a pri?ne mitiister.
purus, -a, -um [pu {clean) -f
rus ; cf. plerus], adj., clean, pure,
unsullied, ufistaifted. — Also fig. :
mens {lionest, pure, unselfish).
puteal, -alis [puteo- + alls], n.,
a well-curb. — Esp., the Puteal Li-
bonis, an enclosure in the P'orum
like a well-curb. The vicinity served
as a kind of Exchange.
puto, -are, -avI, -atus [puto- (stem
of putus, clean)'], i. v. a., clean up,
clear tip. — Esp. : rationes {clear
up accounts). — Hence, reckon, think,
suppose, ifnagiiie.
Pyrrhus, -1 [ITiy/spos], m., a com-
mon Greek name. — Esp., the
king of Epirus, who invaded Italy
in B.C. 280.
Q., abbreviation for Quintus.
qua [abl. or instr. (?) of qui],
rel. adv., by which (way), zvhere.
quadraginta [quadra (akin to
quattuor) + ginta (?)], indecl. num.
did]., forty.
quadriduum, -I [quadra-tduum
(akin to dies)], y.., four days^ titne.
quadringenti, -ae, -a [unc. form
(akin to quattuor) + genti (for
centi)], num. ?iA].,foiir hundred.
quadringentiens (-ies) [cf. to-
tiens], num. adv., four hundred
times. — Hence (sc. centena millia),
forty tnillion.
quaero, quaerere, quaesIvT (-il),
quaesitus \f., with r for original s] , 3.
v. a. and n., search for, seek for, look
for, inquire about, inquire, ask, try
to get, get, fi)id, deare, investigate.
conduct investigations, preside over
trials, hold aft investigation, be
president of a court: ex eis quaeritur,
they are examined ; quid quaeris
amplius ? what more do you want ?
invidia quaeritur, one tries to ex-
cite odium ; in quaerendo, in or on
investigation.
quaesitor, oris [quaesi- (as stem
of quaero, in fourth con j.)-)- tor], M.,
an investigator. — Esp., a president
(of a court, who conducted the trial).
quaeso (orig. form of quaero,
petrified in a particular sense),
only pres. stem, 3. v. a. and n., beg,
pray : quaeso, I beg you, pray tell
me.
quaestio, -onis [quaes (as root
of quaero) -f tio], f., an investiga-
tion, an examination (of a case, or
quaestor
174
quantus
of witnesses, especially by torture),
a trial, a court, a question (on trial).
quaestor, -oris [quaes- (as root
of quaero) + tor], m., {investigator,
or acquirer, perh. both), a quiFstor,
a class of officers at Rome or on
the staff of a commander, who had
charge of money affairs and public
records. They also had charge of
some investigations, and perhaps
originally collected fines and the
like : '^xoQ^Q.&stQiQ,actingqucEstor.
quaestorius, -a, -um [quaestor-
+ ius], adj., of a quccstor, of one's
quicstorship.
quaestuosus, -a, -um [quaestu-
-f osus], adj., lucrative.
quaestura, -ae [quaestu- + ra ;
cf. figura], F., [investigation or ac-
quisition ; cf. quaestor), a qua^stor-
ship, the office of qucrstor.
quaestus, -lis [quaes (as root
of quaero) -f tus], m., acquisition,
gain, profit, business (for profit),
earnings : pecuniam in quaestu re-
linquere {profitably employed, at
interest or used in business).
quails, -e [quo- (stem of quis)
-f alls], a. Interr. adj., of what
sort? of what nature ? what kind
of a? what sort of? quae qualia
sint, the character of which, etc. —
b. Rel. adj., of which sort, as
(correlative with talis), such as
(with talis omitted).
quam [case-form of quis and
qui; cf. tarn, nam], adv. and conj.
a. Interr., how ? how inttch '; —
h. Rel., as, as . . . as, than : malle
quam (rather than). — Often with
superlatives, as much as possible,
the utmost: quam maximas, the
greatest possible ; quam maxime,
very much. — See also postquam,
priusquam, which are often sepa-
rated, but are best represented in
Eng. together.
quamdiu [quam diu], adv. (see
the parts), hoiv long, as lo7ig, as
long as.
quam ob rem (often foimd to-
gether), adv. phrase: a. Interr.,
why ? — b. Rel., 071 which account,
for which reason.
quamquam (quanquam) [quam
quam; cf. quisquis], rel. adv., {how-
ever), although, though. — Often
corrective, though, yet (where Eng.
takes a different view), yet after
all.
quamvis [quam vis], adv., as
you please, however, no matter how.
— Also, hotvever much, although.
quando [quam -f unc. case-form
akin to de], adv. a. \xiA^i., at any
time: si quando, if ever, whenever.
■ — b. Interr., when? — c. Rel.,w//^«,
quandoquidem (often separate)
[quando quidem], phrase as adv.,
{when at least ?), since.
quanto, see quantus.
quantopere, see opus.
quantus, -a, -um [prob. for ka-
(root of qua) -f vant + us], adj.
a. Interr., how great? how 7nuch?
what? — b. Rel., as great, as much,
as (correlative to tantus), as great
. . . as (with tantus omitted), such
. . . as, however great, however 7nuch.
— quantum, neut. ace. as adv., hoT.v
771 uch (see above), as. — quanto,
neut. abl., as, as much . . . as.
quantuscumque
75
quidam
quantuscumque, quanta-, quan-
tum- [quantus-cumque], rel. adj.,
hozveve?' great.
quapropter [qua (abl. or instr.
of qui) -propter], adv., on which
account, wherefore, therefore.
quare (often separate) [qua-re],
adv., rel. and interr., by which
thing, wherefore, therefore, on ac-
count of which (circumstance, etc.),
why. — The relative and interrog-
ative senses are not always dis-
tinguishable.
quartanus, -a, -um [quarto- -f
anus], adj., recurring on the fourth
day. — Fem. as subst. (sc. febris),
the quartan ague.
quartus, -a, -um [quattuor- (re-
duced) + tus], 2i(S]., fourth : quar-
tus ^QZ\va.\x%, fourteenth.
quasi [quam (or qua) -si], conj.,
as if: quasi vero, as if forsooth
(ironical). — Also, about, say, a kind
of, as it were, like.
quasso,-are, -avi, -atus [quasso-],
I. v. a., shake violently, shatter.
quatenus [qua tonus], adv., hojv
far, how long.
quattuor [?, reduced plur.], in-
decl. num. adj. ,_/<?//?'.
-que (always appended to the
word or to some part of the
phrase which it connects) [unc.
case-form of qui], conj., and. —
Sometimes connecting the particu-
lar to the general, and in general,
and other.
quem ad modum, phrase as
adv., how, just as, as.
que5, -ire, -IvT (-ii), -itus [?],
4. V. n. def., be able, can.
querela, -ae [unc. stem (akin to
queror) + la ; cf. candela], F., a
complaint, a cause of complaint.
querimonia, -ae [tquero- (cf.
querulus) + monia (cf. parcimonia)],
F., a complaining, a complaint.
queror, querl, questus [.', with r
for original s], 3. v. dep., complaiti,
make a complaint, complain of, fnd
fault, find fault with, beivail.
qui, quae, quod, ciiius [prob.
quo- + i (demonstrative)], rel.pron.,
who, which, that. — Often where a
demonstrative is used in Eng., this,
that. — Often implying an antece-
dent, he 7vho, etc., whoever, what-
ever, 07ie who, a thing which. —
Often expressing some relation
otherwise denoted in English, in
that, as, to (see grammar). — quo,
abl. of degree of difference, the
(more, less, etc.). — See also quis,
quod, 1 quo, ^ quo, 3 quo,
qui [old abl. or instr. of quis],
interr. adv., how ?
quia [?, case-form of qui, perh.
neuter plur. of i-stem], conj., be-
cause, inasmuch as.
quicumque (quicunque), quae-,
quod- [qui-cumque (cf. quisque)],
indef. rel. pron., whoever, which-
ever, tvhatever, every possible, all
who, etc.
quidam, quae-, quod- (quid-)
[qui-dam (case of d.a. ; cf. nam,
tarn)], indef. pron., a (possibly
known, but not identified), o)ie,
some, a certain, certain, a kind of
(referred to as belonging to the
class but not exactly the thing
spoken of): divine quodam spiritu
quidem
176
Quiris
(a kind of divine, etc.) ; alia quae-
dam, a somewhat different. — Often
as subst., a man, somethitn:;; a
thing, etc.
quidem [unc. case-form of qui
-f dem (from da ; cf. tandem,
idem)], conj., giving emphasis to
a word or strength to an asser-
tion, but with no regular English
equivalent, certainly, most cer-
tainly, and certainly, at least, at
any rate, assuredly, I^m sure, let
me say, I may say, by the way, you
know. — Often only concessive, fol-
lowed by an adversative, to be sure,
doubtless, no doubt. — Often empha-
sizing a single word : mea quidem
sententia, in my opinion ; mihi
quidem ipsi, for my own part ;
quae quidem, and these thijigs :
nam e lege quidem, for by law. —
Esp. : si quidem, if really, since ;
ne . . . quidem, iiot even, not . . .
either.
quies, -etis [quie- (stem of qui-
esco, etc.)-f tis (reduced)], 7., rest,
sleep, repose.
quiesco, -escere, -evi, -etus
[tquie- (cf. old abl. quie) + sco;
cf. quies], 3. v. n., ^'<;^ to rest, rest,
sleep, be quiet, do nothing, keep
quiet: quiescens, while at rest,
asleep. — quietus, -a, -urn, p.p. as
adj., qjciet, at rest, at peace, undis-
turbed, in quiet, inactive, un-
troubled, calm .
quilibet, quae-, quod- [qui-libet],
indef. pron., who you please, any
one whatever, what you please, etc.:
alius quilibet, a7iy other you please,
any otie whatever.
quin [qui (abl. or instr. of qui)
-f ne], conj., interr., hoiv not?
7iay, why ! and rel., by which not :
quin etiam, nay even, in fact.
— After negative verbs of hin-
drance and doubt, so but what,
but what, but that, that, from (do-
ing a thing), to (do a thing): non
dubito quin, / doiibt not that, also
rarely, do not hesitate to ; nemo est
quin, there is no one but, etc. ; non
fuit recusandum quin, etc., it was
not to be avoided that ; ne se quidem
servare potuit quin (without, etc.);
non quin, 7iot that . . . 7iot, not but
zvhat ; quin sic attendite((;cw^, etc.).
quinam, see quisnam.
Quinctilis (Quint-) [quinto- -f
ills], adj. ^\., of the fifth {month),
i.e. July.
quindecim [quinque-decem], in-
decl. num. adj., fifteen.
quingenti, -ae, -a [quinque-cen-
tum], num 2A\., five hundred.
quinquaginta [quinque + unc.
stem], indecl. num. adj., fifty.
quinque [?], indecl. num. adj.,
five.
quintus, -a, -um [quinque -f tus],
adj., fifth, V. — Esp. as a Roman
prasnomen(orig. the fifth-born ?), Q.
Quintus, -i, see quintus.
quippe [quid (?) + pe ; cf. nempe],
adv., (prob. what in truth !), t?-uly,
of course, no doubt. — Often '\xoxi-
\C2i\, forsooth.
Quiris, -itis [.^ perh. Curi- + tis,
but in the orig. meaning of the
name of the town; cf. curia], m.,^
Roman citizen. — Plur., fellow-citi-
zejis (addressed by a Roman).
quis
177
quo
quis (qui), quae, quid (quod),
cuius [stem qui- and quo], pron.
a. Intern, who? which? what?
— As adj. (qui and quod), ivhat
sort of? what ? qui esset ignorabas
{what he was, etc.). — Esp. neut.
nom. and ace, what, why: quid
est quod, why is it that (what is
there as to which); quid, quid quod,
quid vero, what! tell tne, ?noreovc>\
and again, then again ; quid tibi
obsto (wherein); quid oppugnas
(why) ; quid si, what if, ho7u if —
b. Indef., one, any one, any thing,
so?ne,some one. — See nequis, num-
quis, acquis.
quisnam (qui-), quae-, quid-
(quod-), cuius- [quis-nam], interr.
pron., who, pray ? xvho ? (with em-
phasis), what (in the world)? what?
quispiam, quae-, quid- (quod-),
cuius- [quis-piam (pe-iam ; cf.
quippe, nempe)], indef. pron.,
any, any one, any thing, some one
(perhaps).
quisquam, no fem., quid- (quic-),
ciuus- [quis-quam], indef. pron.
used substantively (cf. ullus), only
with negatives and words imply-
ing a negative, making a universal
negative, any one, any thing, any
man : taetrior qua'm quisquam, etc.,
(than, etc., implying a negative
idea); quam diu quisquam, as long
as any one (i.e. until nobody); neque
servus quisquam neque liber, no one,
either slave or freeman ; neque vir
bonus quisquam, no honest man.
quisque, quae-, quid- (quod-),
ciiius- [quis-que], indef. pron. (dis-
tributive universal), each, each one.
each ?nan, every, all (individually).
— Esp. with superlatives, implying
that things are taken in the order
of their quality : nobilissimus quis-
que, all the noblest (one after the
other in the order of their nobility) ;
primo quoque tempore, the very first
opportunity. — With two superla-
tives, often with ut and ita, a pro-
portion is indicated, in proportion
as . . . so, the more . . . the more,
most . . . the most, the most . . . most.
— Esp. with unus, each one, each.
quisquis, quaequae, quidquid
(quicquid), cuiuscuius [quis, dou-
bled], indef. rel. pron., whoever,
whatever, every one who, all who :
quoquo modo, however, in any case.
quivis, quae-, quid- (quod-), cu-
ius- [qui-vis], indef. pron., who
you please, any one, any whatever
(affirmative), any (whatever), any
possible, any man (no matter who).
iquo, abl. of degree of differ-
ence, see qui.
2qu5 [abl. of cause, etc.], as
conj., by which, on which account,
wherefore. — Esp. with negatives,
not that, not as if — Also, in order
that (esp. with comparatives), that.
— Esp. : quominus, that not, so
that not.
3 quo [old dat. of qui], adv.
a. Interr., whither ? how far ?
quo usque, how long? how far?
to what extent ? — b. Rel., whither,
-where (in sense of whither), into
which, as far as (i.e. to what end) :
quo intendit, what he is aiming at ;
habere quo, have a place to go to
(or the like). — vSee also quoad.
quoad
78
rapio
quoad [quo ad], conj., {up to
which point), as far as, untit, as
long as : quoad longissime, just as
far as.
quocumque (-cunque) [quo-cum-
que], adv., 'uhit her soever, wJiereve)-,
whichever way.
quod [ace. neut. of qui], conj., {as
to which), because, inasmuch as, in
that, as for the fact that, the fact
that, that, as for (with clause ex-
pressing the action) : quod si, now
if but if; quod sciam, so far as
I kftow.
quom, see cum.
quominus, see 1 quo.
quomodo, see quis and modus.
quondam [quom (cum) -dam (da ;
cf. tarn)], adv., once, formerly.
quoniam [quom (cum) -iam], conj.,
{when now), i?iasmuch as, since, as.
quoque [?], conj., following the
word it affects, {by all means ?),
also, too, as well, even. Cf. etiam
(usually preceding).
quorsus (quorsum) [quo- versus],
interr.adv.,/^ what place ? whither ?
quot [quo- + ti (unc. form
from TA; cf. tarn?)], pron. indecl.
a. Intern, how many? — b. Rel.,
as many, as many as (with implied
antecedent).
quotannis, often separate [quot-
annis], adv., {as many years as
there are), every year, yearly.
quotidianus (ootid-), -a, -um
[quotidie (reduced) + anus], adj.,
daily.
quotidie (ootid-) [quot dies (in
unc. form)], adv., daily.
quotiens (quoties) [quot + iens ;
cf. quinquiens], adv. a. Interr.,
how often? how many times? —
b. Rel., as often, as often as (with
implied antecedent).
quotiensoumque (quotiesoun-
que) [quotiens-cumque], adv., how-
ever often, just as often as, every
time that.
quotus, -a, -um [quo- (stem of
qui)+tus ; cf. quintus], interr. adj.,
zvhich in number (cf. fifth) ? —
Esp., quotus quisque, how tnany ?
{eveiy " how manieth "), what pro-
portion (of men) ?
quousque, see ^quo and usque.
quovis [^quo vis], adv., whither
you please, anywhere (cf. quivis).
radix, -Icis [?], F., a root. —
Plur., the roots (of a tree), the foot
(of a mountain). — Fig., stock,
stem.
Raecius, -I [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Only L. Rcscius, a
knight in business at Palermo.
raeda, -arius, see rhe-.
rapina, -ae [trapi- (stem akin
to rapio) -f na (fem. of -nus)], f.,
plunder, robbery, rapine.
rapi5, rapere, rapuT, raptus [cf.
rapidus, apTrdfo;], 3. v. a. and n.,
seize, drag off, drag. — Less ex-
actly, hurry on, hurry. — Pass.,
hurjy.
raptd
179
recipio
rapto, -are, -avi, -atus [rapto-],
I. V. a., drag away, drag as a cap-
tive, abuse, maltreat.
raro [abl. of rarus],adv., rarely.
ratio, -onis [trati- (ra, in reor,
+ ti) -f 0], F., a reckoning, an ac-
coiint. — A mercantile word shad-
ing off in many directions like
Eng. business and affair. — Esp.
with habeo or duco (cf. account),
take account of, have regard to,
take into consideration. — Less ex-
actly, a calculation, a plan, a design,
a plan of action, a jnetkod, an
arrangemetit, a way, a course, a
means, business, business relations,
a consideration (a thing to be con-
sidered), matiner ; qua ratione, 07i
what principle, in what way, how ;
salutis {plaft, hope); criminum
{nature)', omni ratione, in every
way, by every means ; eadem ra-
tione, of the same tenor ; fori et
iudici {the business, what is to be
done there) ; ratio pecuniarum,
money affairs, state of the finajices ;
vitae rationes {plans, plan) ; studi-
orum {course) ; ratio honorum, the
course of ambition; commoda ac
rationes, plans of life, ititerests ; in
dissimili ratione, in different direc-
tio7ts. — More remotely, science,
art, a system, reason, a course of
reasoning, sound reasoti, a vieiv,
theoretical knowledge : bona ratio,
sound principles ; facti et consili
{rationale, principles).
ratiocinor, -arl, -atus [tratio-
cino- {ration- 4- cinus ; cf. sermo-
cinor)], i. v. dep., reckon, reason,
calculate.
re-, red- [abl. of unc. stem, perh.
akin to -rus], insep. prep., back,
again, away, out, un-. — Esp. im-
plying a giving or taking some-
thing which is due, or which
creates an obligation by the tak-
ing ; see recipio.
rea, -ae [fem. of reus], f., a de-
fendant (female, or conceived as
such).
Reatinus, -a,-um [Reati- -f nus],
adj ., of Reate, a town of the Sa-
bines about forty miles northeast
of Rome.
recedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessurus
[re-cedo], 3. v. n.. make way back,
retire, withdraw : recessum est (re-
cessimus) ab armis, the war ceased,
7ve laid doiun our arms.
recens, -entis [prob. p. of lost
verb treceo (formed from reco- ; cf.
recipero)], adj., (?, Just coming
back?), new, fresh, late, still fresh,
still recent.
recensio, -onis [re-censio ; cf.
recenseo], f., the census (as taken
and recorded).
receptor, -oris [re-captor ; cf . re-
cipio], M., a }-eceiver. — Fig., a haunt.
receptrix, -icis [fem. of preced-
ing], F., a receiver (female).
recessus, -us [re-tcessus ; cf .
recedo], m., a retreat, a recess (a
place that withdraws).
recido, -cidere, -cidl, -casurus
[re-c^do], 3. v. n., fall again, fall
back, fall upon, fall away, fall, be
1- educed.
recipero, see recupero.
recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus
[re-capio], 3. v. a., take back, get
recito
I 80
reddo
back^ recover, take in, 'receive, admit,
take upon (one's self), take up, un-
dertake, promise. — With reflexive,
retreat, fly, return, retire, get off,
"withdraw, resort.
recito, -are, -avi, -atus [re-cito],
I. V. a., read (aloud).
reclamito, -are, no perf., no
p.p. [re-clamito], i. v. n., cry out
agai?ist.
reclamo, -are, -avT, -atus (im-
pers.) [re-clamo], i. v. n. (and a.),
cfy out against (a thing).
recognosco, -noscere, -novl,
-nitus [re-cognosco] , 3. v. a., review,
go over again, recognize.
recolo, -colere, -colui, -cultus
[re-colo], 3. V. a., cultivate again. —
Less exactly, renew, review.
reconciliatio, -5nis [reconcilia-
-f tio], F., reconciliation, renewal
(concordiae).
reconcilio, -are, -avT, -atus [re-
concilio], i. v. a., reconcile, regain,
will anew, restore (gratiam).
recond5, -dere, -didi, -ditus [re-
condo], 3. V. a., put away again,
put away, sheathe (a sword). — re-
conditus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., con-
cealed, laid away, hidden, secret.
recordatio, -onis [recorda-+ tio],
F., d recalling to 7nind, a recollec-
tion.
recorder, -ari, -atus [trecord-
(cf. concors), but perhaps made
immediately from re and cor on
analogy of concors], i. v. dep.,
recall to mind (cor), recollect, re-
ynember (of a single act of memory ;
cf. memini, which is more perma-
nent), rm?//.
recreo, -are, -avI, -atus [re-creo],
I. V. a., re-create. — Hence, revive,
restore, refresh, recover (esp. with
reflex, or in pass.).
recte [old abl. of rectus], adv.,
rightly, properly, truly, with jus-
tice: recte factum, a right action,
a good deed, a noble action.
rectus, see rego.
recuperd (-cipero), -are, -avi,
-atus [trecipero-, from reco- (cf.
recens, reciprocus) -f parus (cf.
opiparus)], l. v. ■3.., get back, recover,
regain.
recurro, -currere, -curri, no p.p.
[re-curro], 3. v. n., run back. —
Fig., rcturji, revert.
recusatio, -onis [recusa- -f tio],
F., a refusal.
recus5, -are, -avI, -atus [re-
tcauso; cf. excuso], i. v. a. and
n., {give an excuse for drawing
back), refuse, reject, repudiate, ob-
ject, object to : de transf erendis iu-
diciis {object to, etc.) ; quin {refuse
to) ; quominus {refuse to) ; peri-
culum {refuse to incur) ; non fuit
recusandum, it was to be expected,
it was not to be avoided.
redactus, -a, -um [p.p. of redi-
go], as adj., brought back, redticed.
redarguo, -uere, -ul, -iitus [red-
arguo], 3. V. a. and n., disprove.
reddo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [re-
(red-)do], 3. v. a., give back, restore,
repay, pay (something due ; cf. re),
7-ender, returti : bene reddita vita,
a life nobly lost. — Hence (as tak-
ing a thing and restoring in an-
other condition), render, make,
cause to be.
redemptio
8i
regie
redemptio, -6nis [red-emptio ;
cf. redimo], F., a buying ///, a
purchase, a ba7'gain for, a contract
for.
redemptus, -a, -um, p.p. of re-
dimo.
redeo, -Ire, -ii, -iturus [re- (red-)
eo], irr. v. x\., go back, return, conie
back, be returned, be entered (in a
record), be restored.
redimio, -ire, -IvI (-ii), -itus [?,
prob. denom.], 4. v. a., bind up,
wreathe.
redimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus
[re- (red-) emo], 3. v. a., buy back,
redeem, purchase, buy. — Esp., con-
tract for, bid for (on contract),
farjfi, lease.
reditus, -us [re- (red-) t itus ; cf.
redeo], m., a j-eturti.
redoleo, -olere, -olul, no p.p.
[red-oleo], 2. v. a. and n., smell,
smell of, be exhaled (of the odor
itself).
rediico, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus
[re-duco], 3. v. a., lead back, bring
back, draw back, escort back.
redundo, -are, -avi, -atus [red-
undo], I. V. w., flow back, overflow.
— Also, overflow with, flow (with),
reek (with blood) : acervis et san-
guine {be filled with). — Fig.,
spring tip, flow, cover (as with a
flood).
reduvia, -ae [red + unc. stem;
cf. exuviae], F., a hang-nail.
redux, -ucis [re-dux], adj., lead-
ing back. — Also passive, return-
ing, restored (to one's city, etc.).
refello, -fellere, -fell!, no p.p.
[re-fallo], 3. v. a., refute.
refercio, -fercire, -fersT, -fertus
[re-farcio], 4. v. a., stuff up, stuff,
cram full, cram, crowd full, crowd.
refero, -ferre, -tull, -latus [re-
fer©], irr. V. a., bring back, returft,
bring (where something belongs),
report, record (as an account), set
down (in a record or to an account).
— Esp. : ad senatum (or absolutely),
lay before (the Senate for action),
consult {the Senate'), propose ; de re
publica {consult the Senate in regard
to, etc.) ; gratiam {make a return,
repay, show 07ie''s gratitude).
refert, -ferre, -tulit, no p.p. [res
or re(.'^)fert], irr. v. impers. (cf. e re
and natura fert), it is ojte's interest,
it is important, it makes a differ-
ence, it is of account.
reficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [re-
facio], irr. v. a., repair, refresh, re-
cruit, relieve, revive.
reformido, -are, no perf., no p.p.
[re-formido], i. v. a. and n., dread,
shrink from : non reformido {be
free from alarm).
refrigero, -are, -avI, -atus [re-
frigero], r. v. a., chill, cool down.
refugio, -fugere, -fugl, -fugitraus
[re-fugio], 3. v. n. and a., run away,
escape, avoid. — Fig., recoil, shrink
from.
refuto, -are, -avi, -atus [re-tfuto ;
cf. confute], I. V. a., check, repel.
— Hence, refute, disprove.
regalis, -e [reg- -f alis], adj., of
or like a king: nomen {of king).
regia, see regius.
regie [old abl. of regius], adv.,
royally, in a regal maimer, tyran-
nically (like a rex).
regio
relinquo
regio, -onis [reg + io, but cf.
ratio], F., direction. — Hence, a
direction, a line, position, place, a
part {pi the country, etc.), a bound-
ary, a region, a country, a district
(esp. in plur.): regio atque ora
maritima, maritime region and
coast. — In plur., boiuids, bounda-
ries, limits, regions, a country, a
quarter.
Regium, Regini, see Rhe-.
regius, -a, -um [reg- + ius], adj.,
of a king, regal, royal, of the king.
— Esp.: regia (sc. domus), a palace,
the palace {the J^egia, the ancient
house of Numa, on the Forum,
kept for religious purposes).
regno, -are, -avi, -aturus [regno-],
I. V. n., rule, be in power, be a king,
hold a regal power.
regnum, -T [REO + num (neut. of
-nus)], N'., a kingdom, royal power,
regal power, a throne, tyranny. —
Plur., the royal power (of several
cases), thrones.
rego, regere, rexT, rectus [same
root as rex], 3. v. a., direct, matiage,
ride, have control of, control. —
Esp. : rectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
{directed), straight, right, just:
recta {straightway), directly.
regredior, -gredl, -gressus [re-
gradior], 3. v. dep., go back, return.
reicio, -icere, -iecl, -iectus [re-
iacio], 3. V. a., throw back, hurl
back, drive back, throw off, throiu
away, drive off, repel, spurn. —
Fig., repel, i-eject, put away : indices
{challenge).
reiecti5, -onis [re-iactio ; cf. re-
icio], F., a throwing away. — Esp.,
a challenge (of jurymen), etnfanel-
ling.
relaxo, -are, -avi, -atus [re-laxo],
I. V. a., relax : me relaxare, take a
respite.
relego, -are, -avT, -atus [re-lego],
I. V. a., remove, separate, banish,
exile.
relevo, -are, -avT, -atus [re-levo],
I. V. a., raise up again, lift up. —
Fig., relieve.
religio, -onis [?, re-legio, cf.
relego], f., (the original meaning
uncertain, see Cic. N. D., 2, 28), a
religious scruple, a religious observ-
a7ice, the service of the gods, a super-
stition, a superstitious terror, reli-
gion, sacredness, sanctity (changing
the point of view), religious rever-
ence, religious duty. — Esp., regard
for an oath, conscientiousness, the
sanctity of an oath. — Plur., sacred
objects, sanctuaries, affairs of reli-
gion, religion (abstractly).
religiose [old abl. of religiosus],
adv., scrupulously, co7iscientiously,
with regard to one's oath.
religiosus, -a, -um [perh. reli-
gion- (more prob. treligio-) + osus],
adj., religious (with much religio
in its several senses), cotiscientious
(with regard for an oath). — Also
(in the other sense of religio),
sacred, holy, revered, held in reli-
gious reverence, venerated, vener-
able.
relinquo, -linquere, -liquT, -lictus
[re-linquo], 3. v. a., leave behind,
leave, abandon, leave out, omit, leave
alone, leave undone, leave un-
avenged, disregard.
reliquus
183
repeto
reliquus, -a, -um [re-tliquus
(LKj + us)], adj., left, rcmainitig,
the rest of, the rest, the other, other
(meaning all other), the others, all
other, future (of time remaining),
subsequent, after, intervening (be-
fore some other time) : res (which
remain for the future, future); reli-
quus est {is left, remains, etc.) ;
reliqua, the future ; nihil reliqui,
nothing left; nihil reliqui (reli-
quum) facere, leave ?iothing.
remaneo, -manere, -mansi, -man-
surus [re-maneo], 2. v. n., remain
behind, remain, stay, reside, be, con-
tinue, last.
remansio, -onis [re-mansio; cf.
remaneo], F., a retnaining.
remex, -igis [remo- with unc.
term. (perh. tagus)], M., ati. oars-
man, a rozver.
reminiscor, -minlsci [re-tminis-
cor (man, in memini, + isco)], 3. v.
dep., remember, bear in mind.
remissio, -onis [re-missio; cf.
remitto], f., a sending back, a
relaxation, a diminution, a remis-
sion.
remitto, -mittere, -misT, -missus
[re-mitto], 3. v. a., let go back, send
back, throw back. — Fig., relax, re-
mit, give up. — remissus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., slack, lax, remiss.
remoror, -arl, -atus [re-moror],
I. V. dep., stay behind, delay (trans,
and intrans.), retard : aliquem poena
ifieep one waiting, give one a res-
pite).
removeo, -movere, -movi, -motus
[re-moveo], 2. v. a., move back, move
away, send away, remove, draw
away, get out of the way, separate,
leave out of the question : poenam
{set aside, take off, remove) ; remote
Catilina, ^vith C. out of the 7vay;
remotus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., re-
mote, far removed, apart.
remus, -i [?], m., a7t oar.
renov5, -are, -avi, -atus [re-novo],
I. V. a., renew.
reniintio, -are, -avT, -atus [re-
nuntio], i. v. a., bring back word,
bring news, report, proclaim. —
Also, renounce, abandon.
repello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsus
[re-pello], 3. v. a., drive back, repel,
repulse, ward off, avert : te a con-
sulatu (foil your attempt to gain,
etc.); furores a cervicibus {defend
one^s throat fro77i, etc., rescue onc''s
life from, etc.).
repente [abl. of repens?], adv.,
{creeping on so as to appear sud-
denly.''), stiddenly.
repentino, see repentinus.
repentinus, -a, -um [repent- +
inus], adj., sudden, hasty, unex-
pected: speculator {transient, non-
resident); pecuniae {suddenly ac-
quired). — repentino, abl. as adv.,
suddenly.
reperio, reperire, repperi, reper-
tus [re-(red-)pario], 4. v. a., fi)id
out, discover, find (by inquiry ; cf.
invenio, accidentally, and compe-
rio, in reference to the complete
result), learn.
repeto, -petere, -petivi (-il), -peti-
tus [re-peto], 3. v. a., try to get back,
demand back, ask for, try again,
look back (at something past), claim
(as one's due): poenam, poenas
repleo
184
res
{demand a penalty, inflict punish-
ment, wreak vengeance). — Esp. of
money got by extortion, demand
(restitution). — Hence, repetundae
(with or without pecuniae), the suit
for extortion(2i process used against
any official for property unlawfully
acquired in his office), extortion
(where the suit is implied in other
words).
repleo, -plere, -plevT, -pletus [re-
pleo], 2. V. 2.., fill up, supply. — re-
pletus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., full,
croivdtd.
reporto, -are, -avi, -atus [re-
porto], I. V. a., carry back, bring
back.
reposco, -poscere, no perf., no
p.p. [re-posco], 3. v. a., demand
back, dema7id (something due).
reprehendo, -hendere, -hendl,
-hensus [re-prehendo] , 3. v. a. and
n., drag back, seize hold of, find
faiilt with, blame, censure, find
faidt, object.
reprehensio, -onis [re-prehen-
sio ; cf. reprehendo], f., a finding
faulty censure, criticism.
repressor, -5ris [re-pressor; cf.
reprimo], m., a restrainer.
reprimo, -primere, -pressT, -pres-
sus [re-premo], 3. v. a., check,
thwart, foil : reprimi sed non com-
primi, put back but not put down.
repudio, -are, -avi, -atus [re-
pudio-], I. V. a., {sptirn with a
stroke ; cf. tripudium), spurti, re-
fuse, reject.
repugno, -are, -avi, -atus [re-
pugno], I. V. n., resist. — Fig., be in
opposition.
reputo, -are, -avi, -atus [re-puto],
I. V. a., reckon tip, thittk over.
requies, -etis (-el) [re-quies], f.,
rest, repose.
requiesco, -escere, -evi, -etus [re-
quiesco], 3. v. n., rest, repose.
requiro, -quire re, -quisTvI (-11),
-quisitus [re-quaero], 3. v. a. and
n., search out, enquire for. —
Hence, ask, ask for, request, re-
quire, demajid, need, miss, be in
want of.
res, rei [akin to reor], F., prop-
erty{?), business, an affair, a matter,
a thing (i\\ the most general sense).
— Hence determined by the con-
text, a fact, an occurrence, an event,
a case, an action, an act, a measure,
an object (aimed at), one''s interest,
an art, a science, a point, a lawsuit,
a case (at law). — Esp. where no
word corresponding to the English
idea exists in Latin : res quae ex-
portantur, exports. — Often where
a pronoun is avoided : qua in re,
ill what, in which ; eam in rem,
for that ; ei quoque \Q,\.,for this also.
— Esp. of public matters, with pub-
lica (also without), see publicus :
res maximae, power, glory, career ;
novae res, revolution, a change of
government ; summa potestas om-
nium rerum (of the whole state). —
Also, rem, res gerere, perform ex-
ploits, carry 07i war, act, operate,
conduct affairs ; res populi Romani
(deeds, exploits, history, career)',
res gestae, exploits, acts ; ipsa res,
the case itself, the circumstances of
the case, the facts ; re vera, in
fact ; re, by actions (as opposed to
rescinds
185
reticentia
words), in fact ; in suam rem con-
vertit {to his own use); haec acta
res est, this ivas the object aimed at,
this is what %vas accomplished ; res
omnis tecum erit, all my business
will ^^-j etc., I shall have only to deal
with you, etc.; in rebus iudicandis,
in trials; ob rem iudicandam, /i?;-
deciding a case ; res magnae agun-
tur [great interests, etc.); multa-
rum rerum societas, many asso-
ciations; res militaris, the a?-t of
war, war ; privatarum rerum de-
decus {private conduct) ; ita se
res habet, the case is such, it is so ;
e re, to the point, tifnely, worth
while.
rescinds, -scindere, -scidl, -scis-
sus [re-scindo], 3. v. a., cut away,
tear down, break down, destroy. —
Hence, rescind, annul.
reseco, -are, -ui, -tus [re-seco],
I . V. a., cut off, cut away.
reserve, -are, -avi, -atus [re-
servo], I. V. a., keep back, rese^'ve,
hold in reserve, keep.
resideo, -sidere, -sedT, no p.p.
[re-sedeo], 2. v. n., sit back, sit
down, remain behind, remain, rest,
stop.
resigns, -are, -avT, -atus [re-
signo], I. V. a., unseal, anmil, de-
stroy.
resists, -sistere, -stiti, no p.p.
[re-sisto], 3. v. n , stand back, stop,
remaitj, survive, withstand, make a
stand, resist.
respicio, -spicere, -spexT, -spectus
[re-tspecio], 3. v. a. and n., look
back, look back at, look behind one,
see behind one, review.
respiro, -are, -avT, -atus [re-
spire], I. V. a. and n., breathe out,
exhale, breathe again, breathe, draw
one''s breath.
respondeo, -spondere, -.spondi,
-sponsurus [re-spondeo], 2. v. n.,
reply, answer, make an answerifig
argumcjit or reply; esp. of an
oracle or seer. — Fig., correspond,
match.
responsum, -1 [neut. p.p. of re-
spondeo], N., a reply, a response.
■ — Plur., a reply (of several parts),
advice.
respublica, see res and publicus.
respuo, -spuere, -spul, no p.p.
[re-spuo], 3. V. a., spit out. — Fig.,
spurn, reject.
restinguo, -stinguere, -stinxi,
-stinctus [re-stinguo] , 3. v. a.,
extinguish. — Less exactly, destroy,
annihilate.
restituo,-stituere,-stituT,-stitiJtus
[re-statuo], 3. v. a., set up again,
replace, restore, make anew, reestab-
lish, revive, recall (one from exile).
restitiitor, -5ris [restitu- (as
stem of restituo) -f tor], M., a re-
storer.
resto, -stare, -stiti (in common
with resisto), no p.p. [re-sto], i. v.
n., remain, be left.
retards, -are, -avT, -atus [re-
tardo], I. V. a. and n., retard, check,
delay, keep back : non sopita sed
retardata consuetude {not put to
sleep but dozing, or not lost but re-
laxed, abandoning the figure of
dullness; cf. tardus).
reticentia, -ae [reticent- -f ia],
F., silence.
reticeo
1 86
robur
reticeo, -ere, -uT, no p.p. [re-
taceo], 2. V. n. and a., keep sile^ice,
be silent, say nothinf;.
retineo, -tinere, -tinuT, -tentus
[re-teneo], 2. v. a., hold back, re-
strain (quin, fro7n doing some-
thing), detain, retain, preserve, keep,
fnaintain (by not losing) : iura
{observe, tnaintain) ; id memoria
{keep, bear in mind).
retorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, -tor-
tus [re-torqueo] , 2. v. a., twist back,
hurl back, roll back, turn back.
retractatio, -on is [retracta- +
tio], F., a drawing back: sine ulla
retractatione, without any shrink-
ing or hesitation.
retraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus
[re-traho], 3. v. a., drag back, bring
back (a person), draw away.
retundo, -tundere, -tudi, -tusus
[re-tundo], 3. v. a., beat back, blunt,
turn the edge of.
reus, -i [re (as stem of res) -f
ius], M., (with a case in court), a
party (to a case). — Esp., a de-'
fendant, an accused person, the ac-
cused. — Often to be rendered by a
phrase, under accusatioti : reum
facere, bring to trial.
revello, -vellere, -velll, -volsus
[re-vello], 3. v. a., tear away, pull
away, pull off.
reverto, -vertere, -vertT, -versus
[re-verto], 3. v. n., act. in perf.
tenses, return (turn about and go
back ; cf. xe^QO^get back, come back).
— Pass, as deponent in pres. tenses,
return, go back, revert.
revinco, -vincere, -vicl, -victus
[re-vinco], 3. v. a. and n., subdue.
— Fig., refute, confute, put in the
wrotig.
revivisc5 (-esco), -vivlscere, -vTxI,
no p.p. [re-vivisco], 3. v. n., come
to life again, revive.
revoco, -are, -avi, -atus [re-voco],
I. V. a., call back (either from or to
something), call away, call off, re-
call, draw back, withdraw, try to
withdraw, restore (call back to).
rex, regis [reg as stem], m., a
ki)ig (esp. in a bad sense, as a ty-
rant).
rheda (raeda, reda), -ae [perh.
Celtic or Oscan form akin to rota],
F., a wagon (with four wheels).
rhedarius (red-, raed-), -I [rhe-
da- -f arius], m., driver of rheda.
Rhegini (Reg-), -orum [Rhegio-
+ inus] , M. pi wx., people of Rhegium .
Rhegium (Reg-), -I ['PrjyLov], n,,
a city of Bruttium, now Reggio.
Rhenus, -I [?], m., the Rhine.
Rhodius, -a, -um [Rhod6- + ius],
adj., of Rhodes. — Masc. plur. as
subst., the Rhodians, the people of
Rhodes.
Rhodus, -1 ['P65os], f., Rhodes,
an island off the coast of Asia
Minor, famous for its commerce
and navigation.
ridiculus,-a,-um [trido- (whence
rideo) -f cuius ; cf. molliculus], adj.,
laughable, ridiculous, absurd.
ripa, -ae [?], f., a bank.
rivus, -T [akin to peui], M., a brook,
a stream (not so large as flumen).
robur, -oris [.'], n., oak, tojigh
2uood. — Fig., strength (as resisting ;
cf. vis), vigor, endurance, vitality.
— Esp., the flower, the strength.
robustus
187
rumpo
r5bustus, -a, -um [robos- (orig.
stem of robur) + tus], adj., endowed
with strength, vigorous, strong.
rogatio, -onis [roga- + tio], f.,
ajt asking, a request. — Esp., [an
asking of the people in asse??ibly), a
hill, a law (as proposed but not
yet enacted).
rogatus, -us [roga- + tus], M.,a
request.
rogo, -are, -avT, -atus [.''], i. v. a.
and n., ask, request, ask for. —
Esp., ask of the people, propose (a
law, &\.c)), pass (a bill, as the result
of the askmg).
Roma, -ae [?, perh. akin to pew,
tlie river city^ v., Rome.
Romanus, -a, -um [Roma- -f
nus], adj., Roman. — As subst., a
Roma7i : ludi Romani (also magni ?
a great festival of the Romans,
beginning September 4 and last-
ing some fifteen days).
Romilius (also Romuleus), -a,
-um [Romulo- + ius],adj., of Romu-
lus, Romilian. — Esp. : Romilia,
-ae, F., as the name of one of the
tribes of Rome, Romilian (sc. tribe).
Romulus, -1 [prob. manufactured
from Roma], M., the eponymous
hero, the founder of Rome. —
Also of a statue of him as an
infant.
Roscius, -I [?], M., a Roman
family name. — Esp. : i. Sex. Ros-
cius of Ameria, killed in the Sullan
proscription; 2. Another of the
same name, the person defended
against the charge of this murder
in one of Cicero's orations; 3. Q.
Roscius Gallus, a famous actor and
friend of Cicero, also defended by
him in an extant oration ; 4. 7'.
Roscius Capito, a kinsman of Sex.
Roscius ; 5. T. Roscius Magnus,
another kinsman of the same.
rostrum, -I [rod- (in rodo) +
trum], N., a beak. — Esp. of a ship,
the beak, the ram (used as in mod-
ern naval fighting). — Esp. : rostra,
plur., the rostra or rostj^um, a stage
in the Forum from which the peo-
ple were addressed, ornamented
with the beaks of ships.
Rudiae, -arum [?], f. plur., a
town of Calabria, where the poet
Ennius was born.
Rudinus, -a, -um [Rudia- +
inus], adj., of Rudict.
rudis, -e [.''], adj., rude, rough.
— Fig., tineducated, unpolished,
ignora/it.
Rufio, -onis [tRufiS- -f 0], m., a
slave's name.
Rufus, -1 [prob. dialectic form
of rubus, red], M., a Roman sur-
name.— Esp., L. Mescinius Rufus,
a friend of Cicero, and one of his
quaestors in his Cilician province.
ruina, -ae [prob. truo- (RU in
ruo) + na (fem. of -nus) ; cf. rues,
ruidus], F., a falling, an iinder-
mining. — Fig., a downfall, a crash,
a ruin.
rumor, -oris [rum (cf. rumito),
as if root + or], M., a rumor, a
story (confused report), report,
reputation (talk about one).
rump5, rumpere, rupl, ruptus
[rup (in rupes?)], 3. v. a., break
(as a door; cf. frango, as a stick),
burst.
1 88
sagum
ruo, ruere, rui, rutus (ruitiirus)
[ru (cf. ruina)], 3. v. a. and n.,
cause to full, fall, go to ruin, be
ruined, go to destruction. — Also (cf.
fall upon), rush headlong, rush.
rursus [for reversus, petrified as
adv. ; cf . versus] , adv., back again,
back, again, o?i the other hand.
rus, ruris [?], x., t/ie country:
ruri, in the cottntry.
rusticor, -arl, -atus [rustico-],
I. V. dep., go to the country.
rusticus, -a, -um [rus- + ticus],
adj., rural, rustic, coujitry. —
Masc. as subst., a countryman, a
rustic.
Sabinus, -a, -um [unc. stem (cf.
sabulum, sand)-\- inus], M., Sabine.
— Masc. plur. as subst., ^/^^ Sabines.
sacer, sacra, sacrum [sac (in
sancio) + rus], adj., sacred. — Neut.
plur. as subst., sacred rites, sacred
objects, things sacred.
sacerdos, -dotis [sacro-dos (da
+ tis)], M. and F., (arranger of
sacred rites /), a priest.
sacramentum, -T [sacra- + men-
turn], N., a deposit (to secure an
oath, orig. in a bargain), an oath. —
Hence, a suit at law (of a peculiar
form in use at Rome).
sacrarium, -i [neut. of sacrarius
(sacro- + arius)], n., a shrine.
sacrificium, -I [tsacrifico- (sacro-
tfacus ; cf. beneficus) + ium], N.,a
sacrifice.
sacr5, -are, -avi, -atus [sacro-],
I. V. 2.., consecrate : leges sacratae
{inviolable).
sacrosanctus, -a, -um (sometimes
separate) [sacro sanctus],adj., /^«/-
lowed by religious rites, sacred,
inviolable.
saeculum (seculum, saeclum),
-! [prob. seco- (or other stem akin
to secus, sex) -f Ium (cf. Liicr. 4,
1223, no doubt SA in sero)], n,,
a generation (orig. a family of off-
spring), an age. — Esp. of future
ages.
saepe [neut. of tsaepis (perh.
same as saepes)], adv., often: mi-
nime saepe, 7nost rarely. — saepius,
compar., 7nany times, repeatedly,
again and again, so majiy times :
semel et saepius, once and again ;
iterum et saepius, many many
times.
saepio (sep-), -ire, -si (-il), -tus
[saepi- (cf. saepes, saepe)], 4. v. a.,
hedge in, oiclose, surroutid, protect.
saeptum (sep-), -I [neut. p.p. of
saepio], N., an enclosure, a railifig
(esp. of the voting places at Rome).
sagatus, -a, -um [sago- + atus],
adj., clad in the sagum, in the garb
of war, in arms.
sagax, -acis [sag (root of saglo)
+ ax], adj., keen-scented, acute.
sagino, -are, -avi, -atus [sagina-],
I . V. a., fatten, feed. — Pass., gorge
one's self, fatten (one's self).
sagum, -1 [prob. borrowed], x.,
a military cloak (of coarse wool):
ad saga ire, put on the garb of war
(as was done at Rome in times of
Sal.
89
public danger); sumere saga (same
meaning).
Sal., see salus.
Salaminii, -orum [Salamin- +
ius], 'iA.'^\viX., the people 0/ Salami's
(theislandoff Attica,famousforthe
battle with the Persians, B.C. 480).
saltern [?], adv., at least, at a7iy
7' ate.
salto, -are, -avl, -atus [as if salto-
after analogy of rapto, etc.], i. v. n.,
dance, leap.
saltus, -us [?, perh. sal (in
salio) + tus], 'Si., a wooded height,
a glade, a pass (in the mountains),
a pasture.
saliis, -utis [salvo (?) + tis (cf.
virtus, Carmentis)], f., health, well-
being, welfare, safety, preservation,
relief, deliverance, life (as saved or
lost), escape (safety in danger),
acquittal (on a trial, the regular
word), restoratioft (to citizenship):
ratio salutis, means of safety, chances
of acquittal. — In the addresses of
letters, abbreviated to sal. or s.,
greeting, salutatio7i. — As a divin-
ity. Health (implying also deliver-
ance), who had a temple at Rome.
salutaris, -e [salut- -f aris], adj.,
healthful, wholeso7ne, beticficial,
salutaiy, saving: civis {7'aluable,
as aiding the welfare of the state);
salutaribus rebus tuis {prosperous,
not only for himself, but for the
state).
saluto, -are, -avi, -atus [salut-],
I. V. a., salute (wishing salus to
one; cf. salve). — Esp., visit, call
upon, a regular morning custom
among the Romans.
salvus, -a, -um [sar (sal) + rus,
cf. 6\os], adj., safe, whole, sound,
saved, unharmed, uninjured. — In
many phrases : nisi te salvo, etc.,
71 n I ess all is well with you ; salvus
esse, survive, avoid rui7i, floiwish ;
salva urbe, so lo7ig as the city stands,
in the city still standi7tg ; salva re-
publica, without det7'ime7it to ; sal-
vos 'pra.est3iTe,g7(a7'afztee the safety of.
Samnium, -T [for Sabinium,
Sabino- -f ium (neut. of -ius)], N.,
a country of central Italy east of
Latium.
Samos (-us), -i [Sd/^os], f., a
famous city on an island of the
same name off the coast of Ionia.
sancio, sancTre, sanxi, sanctus
(-itus) [sac (in sacer)], 4. v. a.,
bi7id (in some religious manner),
make sacred, sole77i7ily establish (by
law), ordaift. — sanctus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., holy, sacred, solemn,
i7tviolable, pure, venerable, itivio-
late, revered, cotiscientious.
sancte [old abl. of sanctus],
adv., piously, conscientiously.
sanctitas, -atis [sancto- -f tas],
F., sacred7iess, safictity^ inviolabil-
ity.— Also, piety, purity, C07iscie7i-
tiousness.
sanctus, p.p. of sancio.
sane [old abl. of sanus], adv.,
soiuidly, discreetly. — Usually, as
weakened particle, no doubt, with-
out qucstio7i, certainly. — Oftener
giving a light tone to the idea, by
all 7)iea7is, at a7iy rate, /'w sure,
e7iough, if you I i he : sane ne haec
quidem mihi res placebat {ve7y
mucJi)\ sane benevolo animo (/'w
sanguis
190
Saxa
sure) ; Siculi sane liberi ( pretty
independcut) ; dicatur sane {if he
tikes) ; sane varius, motley enough ;
pereant sane {for all me) ; fines
exigui sane {none too wide) ; quae-
sierit sane {if you like) ; augeamus
sane {by all means).
sanguis (-en), -inis [?], m.,
blood (as the vital fluid, generally
in the body; cf. cruor), the life-
blood (also as just shed). — So
also, bloodshed., blood., murder.
sanitas, -atis [sano- + tas], f.,
soundness, sound fnind, ordinary
discretion .
san5, -are, -avi, -atus [sano-],
I. V. a., make sound, make good,
repair, acre, heal.
sanus, -a, -um [sa- (akin to
salvus) + nus], adj., sound (in
body or mind), satte, discreet : bene
sanus, really wise.
sapiens, -entis [p. of sapio], as
adj., xuise, discreet, of discretion. —
Esp. as subst., a philosopher.
sapienter [sapient- + ter], adv.,
wisely, with wisdom.
sapientia, -ae [sapient- -f ia],
F., wisdom.
sapio, -ere, -i\T (-ii), no p.p. [.^
SAP (akin to cro06s)], 3. v. a.
and n., taste (actively or pas-
sively). — Hence, be wise, have
intelligence.
Sappho, -us [SaTT^w], F., the
famous poetess of Mytilene in
Lesbos. — Of a famous statue of
her at Syracuse, stolen by Verres.
Sardinia, -ae [?], f., the island
still called by that name in the
Tuscan Fea,
satelles, -itis [.-*], m. or F., an at-
tendant, a tool, a minister, a minion.
satietas, -atis [tsatio- (cf. satio)
+ tas; cf. pietas], f., satiety, ap-
petite (as satisfied).
satio, -are, -avT, -atus [tsatio-
(akin to satis) ; cf. satietas], i. v. a.,
satiate, satisfy, sate, glut, feast.
satis \f\, adv., enough, suffi-
ciently, adequately. — Often with
partitive, equivalent to a noun or
adj., enough, sufficient : satis late,
pretty widely ; satis habere, con-
sider sufficient, be satisfied ; satis
facere, see below.
satisfacio, -facere, -feci, -factii-
rus [satis facio], 3. v. n., do enough
for, satisfy.
satius [prob. compar. of satis],
adj. and adv., better, preferable.
Saturnalia, -ium and -iorum
[Satumo- + alis], n. plur., the Sat-
urnalia, the great feast of Saturn
in December, beginning the 17th,
during which the freedom of the
golden age was imitated by all
classes.
Saturninus, -1 [prob. Satumio-
+ inus], M., a Roman family name.
— Esp., L. Appuleius Saturninus,
killed as a demagogue by Marius,
B.C. 100.
Satyrus, -i [Zdrvpos], M., a satyr,
a half-human deity of the forests,
personating thevitalforceof nature,
a frequent subject for works of art.
saucius, -a, -um [.^], adj.,
wounded.
Saxa, -ae [.^], m., a Roman fam-
ily name. — Esp., L. Dccidius
Saxa, a friend of Antony.
191
scribo
saxum, -i [?], N., a; rock.
scaena (see-), -ae \(jKy\vi\\, f., {a
bowet'), a stage (from the arched
proscenium and background).
scaenicus (see-), -a, -um [scae-
na- + cus], adj., of the stage, scenic.
Scaevola, -ae [scaevo- -f la, sc.
manus], isi., a Roman family name.
— Esp., P. Mucins Sccevola, consul
B.C. 133.
scalae, -arum [scad (in scan-
do) + la], F. plur., a flight of stairs,
stairs, steps.
Scantia, -ae [.?], f., a Roman
woman of the gens of that name,
in some way wronged by Clodius.
Scaurus, -1 [scaurus, " club-
foot "], M., a Roman family name.
— Esp., M. yEniilius Scaurus,
consul B.C. 116, long famous as
princeps senatus, consul a second
time, and censor. He was father-
in-law of M'. Glabrio.
scelerate [old abl. of sceleratus],
adv., criminally, wickedly, im-
piously.
sceleratus, -a, -um [as if (perh.
really) p.p. of scelero {stain with
crime .?)], adj., villainous, accursed.
— As subst., a scoundrel, a villain.
scelestus, -a, -um [scelus- +
tus], adj., (of acts), criminal, im-
pious, wicked (cf. sceleratus, of
persons).
seelus, -eris [.^ cf. (XKeXos, perh.
orig. " crookedness " ; cf. pravus
and wrong], N., crime, villany,
wickedness, a heinous crime : tan-
tum scelus, such monstrous wicked-
ness.
scena, see scaena.
seenicus, see scaenicus.
Schola, -ae [schola], m., a Ro-
man name, see Causinius.
scientia, -ae [scient- -f ia], f.,
knowledge, acquaintance with (thing
in the genitive, or clause).
seilicet [prob. sci (imperative)
licet], adv., you may know, of
course, that is to say, in fact. —
Often ironical, /^rj^^M.
seio, scire, scivi (-il), scitus [.?],
4. v. a., (separate ?), distinguish,
know (a fact ; cf. nosco), be aware :
certo scio, / am very stcre ; scitote,
you must know, be assured, you may
be sure. — sciens, -entis, p. as adj.,
having kttozvledge, well-informed,
experienced, skilful: prudens et
sciens, with full knowledge, and
with one V eyes open ; nee imperante
nee sciente nee praesente domino,
without the order or knowledge or
presence of, etc.
Scipio, -5nis [scipio, staff], m.,
a Roman family name. — Esp.:
I. See Africanus ; 2. See Nasica ;
3. P. {Come I ills) Scipio {Nasica),
an influential, but not famous,
member of the family, active on
the side of Sex. Roscius.
sciscitor, -arT, -atus [as if sci-
scito-, p.p. of seisco], i. v. dep.,
learn, ask, examine, make enquiries.
SCOrtum, -I [?], n., a hide. —
Also, a harlot, a debauchee.
seriba, -ae [scrib -f a], m., a
clerk.
seribo, scrlbere, scrips!, script us
[.^], 3. v. a. and n., write, give an
account (in writing), inscribe, set
down, draw up (of a law), write
scriptor
192
sedes
about, compose, record, appoint (in
a written instrument), 7nake (in
writing).
scriptor, -oris [scrib -f tor], m.,
a writer, an author.
scriptura, -ae [scrib + tura, but
cf. pictura], f., a writing. — Also
(from the registering of the num-
ber of cattle pastured on the public
lands), the public pastures, the
pasture tax.
scrutor, -arl, -atus [scruta, rub-
bis h\ I. V. dep., rtanmage, search,
pry into.
sciitum, -i [?], n., a shield, of
the Roman legion, made of wood,
convex, oblong (2^ by 4 ft.), cov-
ered with leather.
Scyllaeus, -a, -um [S/cuXXatos],
adj., of Scylla (the famous rock in
the Strait of Messina on the Italian
side, corresponding to Charybdis
on the side of Sicily, dangerous to
mariners), Scyllcean.
se- (sed-) [same word as sed (?)],
insep. prep., apart, aside, away, etc.
secedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum
(impers.) [se-cedo], 3. v. n., with-
draw, retire, go away.
secerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cretus
[se-cemo], 3. v. a., separate. — Less
exactly, distinguish. — Also, set
aside, reject.
secessio, -onis [se-cessio ; cf. se-
cedo], F., a withdrawal, a secession
(a withdrawal for political reasons).
secius, see secus.
seco, secare, secul, sectus [prob.
causative of sec], i. v. a., cut, reap.
— There is possibly another mean-
ing,/(?//(37£/.
sector, -oris [sec {follow or cut ?
possibly two words) + tor], m., a
cutter. — Also, a purchaser of con-
fiscated estates (or of booty taken
in war) : de manibus sectorum (of
the confiscation, harpies) ; sectores
ac sicarii {sharpers and cut-throats).
sector, -arl, -atus [prob. secta-
(sEQU + ta; cf. moneta)], i. v.
^&^., pursue, chase after, be in one ^s
train.
secundum, see secundus.
secundus, -a, -um [p. in -dus,
of sequor] , adj ., following. — Hence,
second. — Also (as not opposing),
favorable, success fil : res secundae,
prosperity. — secundum, neut. ace.
as prep.with ace, along, in the direc-
tion of, in accordance with, after.
securis, -is [sec + unc. term.],/
¥.,afi axe. — Esp., the axe of the
lictor (as a symbol of the power
of life and death) : duodecim se-
cures (i.e. two praetors).
secus [seq (in sequor) + unc.
term.], adv., {inferior), otherwise,
less. — Compar., secius (setius),
less : nihilo secius, none the less,
nevertheless.
sed [abl. of unc. stem; cf. re],
conj., {apart) (cf. seditio and se-
curus), but (stronger than autem
or at).
sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum (su-
pine) [tsedo- (sed -f us ; cf. domi-
seda and sedo)], 2. v. n.,sit, sit still,
remain seated, sit (here, there, etc.),
sit by: ad portas imperator {be in
arms, be).
sedes, -is [sed -f es (masc. and
fem. term, corresponding to neut.
seditio
193
senatorius
-us)], F., a seat. — Hence, an abode
(both in sing, and plur.), an abid-
ing-place, a place 0/ abode, a Jumie,
a seat (fig.).
seditio, -onis [sed-titio (i + tio)],
F., a secession, a mjitiny, an upris-
ing, a civil disturbatice, an insur-
rection, a riot.
seditiose [old abl. of seditiosus],
adv., treasonably, with seditious
purpose, to excite a riot.
seditiosus, -a, -urn [sedition- +
osus (poss. as if t seditio + osus ; cf.
initium)], adj., seditious, factious.
sedo, -are, -avT, -atus [causative
of SED, or perhaps denominative
of sedo- ; cf. domiseda], i. v. a., set-
tle, quiet, allay, appease, repress,
check, stop.
sedulitas, -atis [sedulo- + tas],
F., assidtiity, diligent attention, zeal,
earnest endeavor, paifistakiftg.
seges, -etis [unc. stem (cf. seco?)
+ tis], Y.,a crop of grain (growing),
a field (of grain) : segetem ac mate-
riem gloriae {the fertile source and
raw material).
segnis, -e [?], adj., slow, inactive.
— Compar., segnior {less active).
segniter [segni- + ter], adv.,
slo'cvly, shiggishly: nihilo segnius,
no less energetically.
segrego, -are, -avi, -atus [segreg-
(se-grex, apart from the herd)],
I. v. a., separate, exclude.
seiungo, -iungere, -iunxT, -iunc-
tus [se-iungo], 3. v. a., disjoin,
separate.
sella, -ae [sed -f la; cf. eSpa],
F., a seat, a bench, a stool, a work-
bench (probably only a stool) ;
curulis {the curule chair, a camp-
stool with ivory legs, used by
magistrates).
semel [prob. neut. of adj., akin
to similis], adv., ofice, once only:
semel et saepius, more thaft once,
again and again ; ut semel, when
once, as soon as.
semen, -inis [se (in sero)-f men],
N., seed. — Also figuratively.
seminarium, -I [semin- -f arius],
N. (of adj.), a 7nirsery. — Also figu-
ratively.
semisomnus, -a, -um [semi-som-
nus, decl. as adj.], adj., half asleep,
drowsy, listless.
semiustilatus (semiis-), -a, -um
[p.p. of semiustilo], as adj., half
bzirned.
semper [tsemo- (i") (in semel)
-per (cf. parumper)], adv., through
all time, all the tij?ie, always, every
time.
sempiternus, -a, -um [semper
(weakened, for a stem) -|- ternus ; cf.
hesternus], adj., eternal, forever.
Sempronius, -a, -um [.?], adj., of
the gens Se7npronia (itself the fem.
of the adj.). — Esp. of C. Sempro-
nius Gracchus (see Gracchus): lex
Sempronia, Sempronian law (of
Gracchus, securing the rights of
Roman citizens).
senator, -oris [tsena- (as if verb-
stem akin to senex, perh. really so;
cf. senatus) + tor], m., {an elder). —
Hence, a senator (esp. of Rome), a
7ne?}iber of the Senate.
senatorius, -a, -um [senator- -f-
ius], adj., of the senators, of the
Senate, of a senator, senatorial.
senatus
194
Seplasia
senatus, -us [tsena- (as if, perh.
really, verb-stem akin to senex)],
"Si., a Senate (council of old men). —
Y.?>^., the Senate (of Rome, the great
l^ody of nobles acting as an admin-
istrative council). The word ex-
presses the body as an order in
the state, or as a council, and also
a meeting of the body,
senectiis, -utis [senec- (as stem
of senex) -f tus ; cf. virtus], f.,
age (advanced), old age, riper
years (not necessarily age in Eng.
sense).
senex [seni- (stem of oblique
cases) -f cus (reduced)], gen. senis
[?, cf. seneschal\ adj. (only masc),
old. — Esp. as subst., an old ?nan
(above forty-five), the elder (of two
of the same name), senior.
senilis, -e [seni- (see senex) -f
lis (or -ilis)], adj., of aii old man :
corpus {aged).
senium, -I [seni- (see senex) +
ium], N., age (as a decline), senil-
ity. — Less exactly, weakness, sad-
ness, torpor.
sensim [as if ace. of tsensis,
verbal of sentio ; cf. partim], adv.,
{perceptibly). — Hence (cf. subito
and repente, its opposites), gradu-
ally, by degrees.
sensus, -iis [sent- (as root of
sentio) + tus], m., feeling (as be-
longing to humanity, etc.), sensa-
tion, a feeling, feelings (in both
sing, and plur.), the senses (in both
sing, and plur.), consciousjtess, the
power of sense, a sentinient (a way
of feeling). — Hence, a sense, a
meaning.
sententia, -ae [tsentent- (p. of
simpler pres. of sentio) +ia], F.,
{feeling, thinkifig). — Hence, a way
of thinking, an opinioti, a view, a
deterf/tination, a sentiment, a feel-
ing, a purpose, a design. — Esp.,
officially, a judgnient, an opinion, a
sentence, a vote, a decision, an ex-
pression of opinio7i, a ballot (a writ-
ten expression of opinion). — Esp. :
verba atque sententiae, words and
ideas or expressions ; divisa est
sententia, the vote was divided ; in
eandem sententiam, to the satiie pur-
port; de sententia amicorum {by
the advice, etc.); in eadem senten-
tia, ^//^f same mind. — sententiae,
plur., a verdict, votes of a jury.
sentina, -ae [?], f., bilge water.
— Fig., the dregs, a cesspool.
sentio, sentlre, sens!, sensus [?],
4. v. a., perceive (by the senses),
feel, know, see, think (of an opinion
made up), learn about, learji, find
(by experience). — Hence, hold an
opinion, take sides, side, hold a vieiu
(of some kind) : cf, sententia. — Also
absolutely, possess setisation,feel.
separo, -are, -avi, -atus [se- (sed-)
paro], I. V. a., {get apart?), sepa-
rate.— Esp.: separatus, -a, -um, p.p.
as adj., separate.
sepelio, -Ire, -ivT (-ii), sepultus
[?], 4. V. a., bury. — Less exactly
and fig., put to rest, destroy, end,
ruin, bujy in ruins.
sepes, see saepes.
sepio, see saepio,
Seplasia, -ae [?], f., a place in
Capua where ointments (i.e. per-
fumes) were sold.
septem
195
septem [?, cf. seven], mdecl. num.
adj., seven.
Septimius, -1 [septimo- 4- ius],
M., a Roman gentile name ; cf.
Octavius, — Esp., /'. Septimius, an
obscure senator, condemned for
extortion.
Septimus, -a, -um [septem +
mus ; cf. primus], num. adj., t/ie
seventh.
septum, see saeptum.
sepulcrum (sepulchrum), -I [tse-
pul (as if root of sepelio, or a kin-
dred stem)+ cram (cf. lavacrum)],
N., a tojnb, a grave, a Inirial place.
sepultura, -ae [tsepultu (sepel
in sepelio, prob. compound, + tus)
+ ra (fern, of -rus)], f., burial,
burying, burial rites, funeral rites
(even in cremation).
sequester, -tris [akin to sequor,
l)rob. tsequit- (cf. comes, eques) +
tris (cf. equester)], m., (a deposi-
tary in a suit at law of the property
in dispute). — Less exactly, a de-
positary (of money for bribery).
sequor, sequi, secutus [sequ],
3. V. dep., follow, accompany. —
Fig., follow the dictates of, obey, be
guided by, follow, adopt (an opin-
ion), side with, aim at.
Ser., abbreviation for Servius.
Sergius, -I [perh. Sabine], m., a
Roman gentile name, see Catilina.
— Also, T. Sergius Callus (perh.
Sextius or Sestius), an unknown
person who had an estate at
Bo villas.
sermo, -onis [ser (in sero,
twine) + mo (prob. -mo + 0)], m.,
[series?). — Hence, conversation
(continuous series of speech), talk,
intercourse, conversation with, com-
mon talk, speech. — Also, language.
sero [abl. of serus], adv., too late.
— Compar. serius, later, too late.
serpo, serpere, serpsi, no p.p.
[SERP; cf. epTTw], 3. v. n., creep. —
Fig., wind its zvay, spread.
Sertorianus, -a, -um [Sertorio-
-f anus], adj., of Seriorius, esp.
the one mentioned below.
Sertorius, -I [sertor (.?) + ius],
M., {garland-f?iaker ?), a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., Q. Sertorius,
a partisan of Marius, who held a
command in Spain against the
party of Sulla from B.C. 80 to
j.c. 72.
sertum, -1 [p.p. of sero, twine],
N., a garland, a wreath.
serus, -a, -um [perh. akin to
sero], adj., late, long delayed.
servilis, -e [servi (as if stem of
servus or akin; cf. servio) + lis],
adj., of slaves, of a slave, servile:
in servilem modum, like slaves;
bellum {the servile war, the revolt
of the slaves under Spartacus in
B.C. n)-
Servilius, -I [servili- + ius], m.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp. :
I . P. Servilius Vatia Isanicus, con-
sul B.C. 79; 2. C. Servilius Ahala,
see Ahala ; 3. C Servilius Glaucia,
see Glaucia ; 4. Z'. Servilius Vatia,
son of No. I, consul B.C. 48 with
Caesar; 5. P. Servilius Casca, one
of Caesar's assassins.
servi5, -Ire, -Ivi (-ii), -iturus
[servi- (as if stem of servus or
akin ; cf. servilis)], 4. v. n., be a
servitium
96
slave (to some one or something),
be ill subjection. — Less exactly,
devote 07ie's self to, cater to, be
influejiced by, consult for, be sub-
servient to, do a service to.
servitium, -I [servo- + tium (cf.
amicitia)], n., {slavery). — Hence
(cf. inventus), a body of slaves,
slaves (esp. in plural).
servitus, -utis [as if tservitu-
(servo + tus) + tis ; cf. iuventus,
sementis ; perh. immediately servo
+ tus, -tutis], F., slavery, servitude.
Servius, -I [servo- + ius], m., a
Roman praenomen.
servo, -are, -avi, -atus [servo-],
I. V. a., watch, guard, keep, preserve,
maiiitai)i. — Esp. in language of
2M^\x\^, watch (for omens) : decaelo
{see an omen, a process used to
stop proceedings by one colleague
against another).
servolus(-ulus),-I [servo- + lus],
M., a little slave, a slave (with a
suggestion of disparagement).
servus, -i [unc. root (ser. bind?)
+ vus], M., a slave.
sescenti (sex-), -ae, -a [sex-
centum], num. adj., six hundred.
sese, see sui.
sestertius, -1 [semis-tertius (two
whole ones and) the third a
half?'\, M. of adj., (with nummus),
two and a half asses, a sesterce
(a sum of money, about five
cents).
Sestius (Sext-), -I, m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp.,- P. Sestius, a
Roman defended by Cicero in an
oration still extant.
setius, see secus.
seu, see sive.
severe [old abl. of severus],
adv., with strictness, with severity,
harshly.
severitas, -atis [severo- 4- tas],
F., strictness, harshness, severity.
severus, -a, -urn [?], adj., stern,
strict, severe, harsh. — Also, serious,
sober, grave.
Sex., abbreviation for Sextus.
sexaginta [sex + unc. term. ; cf.
e^rjKovTo], indecl. num. adj., sixty.
sextilis, -e [sexto- + ills], adj.,
{of the sixth). — Hence, of August.
Sextius, see Sestius.
sextus, -a, -um [sex -f tus], num.
adj., sixth.
Sextus, -I [preceding word as
proper name (orig. the sixthbcrn)\
M., a Roman praenomen.
si [locative, prob. akin to se],
conj., {in thiszvay, in this case, so ;
cf. sic), if, in case, on condition
that, suppositig ; si quando, if ever,
whenever ; si quidem, if at least,
in so far as, since ; si quis, if any.
— Esp., to see if, whether.
sibilus, -i (plur. -a, -orum) [perh.
imitative], M. and N., a hissing, a
hiss.
Sibyllinus, -a, -um [Sibylla- -f
inus], adj., of the Sibyl, Sibyllijie :
fata {the Sibylline books, a collection
of prophecies held in great venera-
tion at Rome).
sic [si-ce ; cf. hie], adv., so, in
this manfter, in such a manner, in
this way, thus: sic . . . ut, so . . .
that, so well . . . that ; sic accepimus
{this). — sicuti, sicut, as ZQ>xCy,just
as, jicst as if as.
197
similitudo
sica, -ae [prob. akin to seco], f.,
a dagger.
sicarius, -i [sica- + arius], m., an
assassin, a cut-throat, a hired riiffiaJi
(one who commits murder for
money).
Sicilia, -ae [Zt/ceXt'a], f., Sicily.
Siciliensis, -e [Sicilia- + ensis],
adj., of Sicily, Sicilian. — Masc. as
subst., a Sic ilia 71.
Siculus, -a, -um [Si/ceXos], adj.,
Sicilian, of Sicily. — Masc. plur. as
subst., the Sicilians.
sicut (sicuti), see sic.
Sicyonius, -a, -um \^iKVbivio{\,
adj., of Sicyon (a city of Pelopon-
nesus), .S/rj/^w/a//. — Masc. as subst.,
a Sicyonian.
Sidicinus, -a, -um [.?], adj., Sidi-
cinian, of the Sidicini, a people of
Campania.
Sigeum, -I {Zl-yeiov], n., a prom-
ontory near Troy, where was the
supposed tomb of Achilles.
signifer, -erl [signo-fer (fer +
us)], M., a standard-bearer.
significatio, -onis [significa- -f
tio], F., a making of signs, a signal,
a sign, an intimation, a warning,
an indication, signal.
significo, -are, -avi, -atus [tsig-
nifico- (signo-ficus)], i. v. n. and a.,
7nake signs, indicate, make known,
spread news, give an ifitiination,
give information, intimate, hint at,
give an ijidicatiojt, show signs of.
signum, -T [unc. root + nam
(neut. of -nus)], n., (orig. a cut tally-
mark ? a device), a sign, a fnark, a
signal. — Ksp., a standard (for mili-
tary purposes, carried by each body
of men, consisting of some devicein
metal on a pole). — So often, signa
militaria (to distinguish this mean-
ing). — In phrases : conlatis signis,
/';/ a regular battle ; signis inferen-
dis, in battle array, with an armed
force ; see military expressions in
Vocab. to Caesar. — Also, a statue,
a seal, a cojistellation.
Silanion (-io), -onis [.^], m., a
famous Greek sculptor of the time
of Alexander the Great.
Silanus, -i [?], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., D. Junius
Silanus, consul B.C. 62, who voted
in the Senate for the death of the
Catilinarian conspirators.
silentium, -i [silent- -f ium], n.,
silence, quiet. — silentio, abl. as
adv., in silence, silently.
sileo, -ere, -ui, no p.p. [?], 2. v.
n. and a., be silent, say nothing, be
silent abotit, pass over in silence.
silva, -ae [?], f., a forest, woods,
forests. — Plur. in same sense.
Silvanus, -I [silva- -f nus], m.,
{of the woods). — A Roman family
n ame. — Esp., M. Plautius Silvanus,
tribune B.C. 89, author of the Plau-
tian Papirian law, see Plotius.
Silvester (-tris), -tris, -tre [silva-
(as if silves- ; cf. palustris) + tris],
adj., woody, wooded.
similis, -e [tsimo- (cf. simplex,
semper, simitu) + lis], adj., like,
similar, almost eijual.
similiter [simili- + ter], adv., in
like manner, likewise, in like degree,
in the same way.
similitiido, -inis [simili- + tudo],
V.,likeness,resembla)ice{to,'gi::.\\\\\.\Q.).
simplex
198
simplex, -icis [sim- (in similis,
etc.), -plex (PLic, as stem)], adj.,
simple, without complication.
simpliciter [simplici- (as stem
of simplex) + ter], adv., simply,
7uith simplicity.
simul [neut. of similis ; cf. facul],
adv., at the same tifne, as soon as :
simul atque, as soon as.
simulacrum, -I [simula- + crum],
N., an ifnagc, a statue, a representa-
tion, a likeness.
simulatio, -onis [simula- + tio],
F., a pretence, a show.
simulo, -are, -avi, -atus [simili-
(as if, peril, orig., tsimulo)], i- v. a.,
pretend, make a show of (some-
thing).
simultas, -atis [simili- (cf. simul)
+ tas], F., {likeness? eqziality f),
rivalry. — Hence, agriidge, a quar-
rel, an enmity.
sin [si-ne], conj., (if not), but if .
sincerus, -a, -um [.?], adj., pnre,
un7nixed, uiiadulteratcd, uncon-
taminated.
sine [?], prep, with abl., without,
free from.
singularis, -e [singulo- -f aris],
adj., solitary, single. — Hence,
unique, peculiar, special, extra-
ordinary, unparalleled, marvellojcs.
singuli, -ae, -a [sim- (in similis)
+ unc. term.], adj., one at a time,
single, each, one by 07te, several
(severally), every, individually,
separately.
sino, sinere, sivi, situs [si (of
unc. meaning)], 3. v. a., {lay down ;
cf. pono), leave. — Hence, permit,
allow, suffer. — In orig. meaning.
situs, lying: quantum est situm
in nobis, so far as in me lies.
Sinope, -es [St/'ciTr?;], f., a city
in Paphlagonia.
sinus, -us [?], M., a fold. — Hence,
a bay, an inlet. — Esp., a fold {pi the
toga across the bosom), the bosom.
sis [si vis], phrase, if you please,
will you : cave sis, look out now.
sisto, sistere, stiti, status [sta,
redupUcated], 3. v. a. and n., place,
set, stand, stop. — status, -a, -um,
p.p., set, appointed.
sitis, -is [.^], F., thirst.
situs, -lis [si (in sino) + tus],
M., {a laying, a leaving), sittiation,
position.
sive, seu [si-ve], conj., if either,
or if : sive . . . sive, either . . . or,
whether . . . or.
Smyrnaeus, -a, -um [^ixvpvoLos'],
adj., of Smyrna (a city of Ionia in
Asia Minor). — Masc. plur. as
subst., the people of Smyrna.
s5brius, -a, -um [?, cf. ebrius],
adj., sober.
socer, -eri [?], M., afather-inda70.
socia, -ae [fem. of socius], f., a
sharer, aji associate.
societas, -atis [socio- + tas], f.,
a sharing, an alliance, an associa-
tion, a partnership. — Esp., a joint-
stockcompany (for great enterprises,
as in modern times), a co?npa?iy :
multarum rerum societas {?nany
associations); in societatem venire,
se offerre {to share, etc.). — Also,
fellowship.
socius, -I [sEQu + ius], M., a
companion, an ally, a sharer, an
associate, a partner.
sodalis
199
sordidatus
sodalis, -is [?], m. and f., a cojn-
panion, a comrade, a crony, a boon
companion.
sol, solis [?], M., the suji. — See
also oriens, occidens, and ortus.
solacium, see solatium.
solatium (solac-), -1 [solato- +
ium], N., a consolation, a solace.
solennis, see sollemnis.
soleo, solere, solitus sum [?],
2. V. n., l>e zvont, be acciistovied, do
commonly {with Eng. verb, as in
context), be in the habit, etc., use
{to, etc.) : sic fieri solet, is commonly
the case ; sicut poetae solent, as is
the habit of poets.
solitudo, -inis [solo- + tudo], f.,
lo7ieliness. — Hence, a wilderness, a
desert, solitude, sechision, a lonely
place.
sollemnis {solen-, sollen-), -e
[tsollus- (every) annus], adj., an-
nual, yearly, stated, established. —
Hence, (established by religious
sanction), solemn, religious, sacred.
sollicitatio, -onis [soUicita- +
tio], F., (actively), a tampering
with. — Also (passively), ajixiety.
SOUicito, -are, -avT, -atus [solli-
cito-], I. v. a. and n., stir up, rouse,
instigate, make overtures to, tamper
with, approach (with money, etc.),
offer bribes to. — Also, disturb, make
anxious, trouble.
soUicitudo, -inis [as if, perh.
really, tsoUicitu- (stem akin to
sollicitus)+ do], F., anxiety, solici-
tude.
sollicitus, -a, -um [tsollo-citus,
wholly roused'], adj., agitated, anx-
ious, uneasy, troubled.
solum, see solus.
solum, -1 [?], N., the soil, the
foundation.
solus, -a, -um, gen. -!us.[?], adj.,
alone, only, the only. — solum, neut.
ace. as adv., alone, only.
solutio, -onis [solvi- (as stem of
solvo) + tio; cf. solutus], f., a set-
ting free. — Esp. (cf. solvo), a pay-
ment, payment.
soliitus, -a, -um, p.p. of solvo.
solvo, solvere, solvl, solutus
[prob. se-luo], 3. v. a., ujibind, loose.
— Fig., set free, exempt, acquit, ab-
solve. — Also, pay (release an obli-
gation), perform (a due). — Esp.:
solutus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., set
free, unrestrained, unembarrassed,
remiss.
somnus, -I [somp- (as if root of
sopio, etc., with intrusive n, as in
pingo) + nus], m., sleep, shimber.
sono, -are, -ui, -atiirus [partly
sono-, partly root verb], i. v. n. and
2i., sound. — With cognate ace, jw^?/^
with, have a sound (of a certain
character), sound : pingue quiddam
[sound somewhat coarse).
sonus, -1 [son -f us], m., a sound.
sopio, -ire, -Tvl (-ii), -itus [causa-
tive of SOP (cf. somnus), or denomi-
native of kindred stem], 4. v. a.,
put to sleep : sopita consuetudo
{put to sleep, asleep).
sordes, -is [sord- (cf. swart) -f
es], f., dirt, filth. — Fig., meati-
ness, dirty tricks, mean dishoftesty.
— Also, wretchediiess (of apparel in
mourning), dust afid ashes (?).
sordidatus, -a, -um [sordido- +
atus ; cf. candidatus, perh. real
200
splendor
p.p.], adj., filthy. — Esp. of clothes
(in mourning and otherwise), clad
in mourning (cf . " in sackcloth and
ashes ").
SOror, -oris [}, cf. sister'], F., a sis-
ter : soror ex matre, a half-sister.
sors, sortis [perh. ser (in sero)
+ tis, but the orig. sense is unc],
F., a lot (for divination), a; designa-
tion by lot, a choice by lot, a drawing
(of a jury), afi allotment.
sortior, -Irl, -Itus [sorti-], 4. v.
dep., cast lots, draw lots, draw a
jury (by lot). — Hence, obtain by
lot.
sortitio, -onis [sortI- + tio], f.,
a drazving by lot, an allotment, a
division by lot, a drawing (of a
jury by lot).
sortitus, -us [sorti- + tus], m.,
an allotment, an assign}nent(by lot).
Sp., abbreviation for Spurius.
spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsus
[sparg], 3. V. a., scatter, filing about.
— Fig., spread, extend.
Spartacus, -I [?], m., a famous
gladiator, who roused a servile war
in Italy, B.C. 73.
spatium, -! [.^], N., space, extent,
a space, a distance. — Transf., time,
space ofi time, lapse ofi time, a period.
species, -ei [spec -f ies (akin to
-ia)], f., {a sight, prob. both act.
and pass.). — Passively, a sight, a
show, an appearance, a spectacle,
(a splendid actio7i).
spectaculum, -1 [specta- -f cu-
lum], N., a sight, a show, a spectacle.
spectatio, -onis [specta- -f tio],
F.. a looking, a sight, a view, a
cortemplation.
specto, -are, -avi, -atus [specto-],
I. v. a. and n., look at, regard, gaze,
upon, have regard to, look towards ,
aim at, be aimed at, tend. — spec-
tatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., tried.,
proved, esteemed, estimable.
specula, -ae [tspeca- (spec -f a ;
cf. conspicor) -f la], F., a watch-
tower, a lookout: in speculis, on
the lookout.
speculator, -oris [specula- + tor],
M., a spy, a scout.
speculor, -arl, -atus [speculo-],
I. V. dep., spy, reconnoitre, watch:
speculandi causa, as a spy.
spero, -are, -avi, -atus [spes-
(prob. orig. stem of spes) with r
for s], I. V. a. and n., hope, hope
fior, expect, have hope fior : bene
sperare, have good hope.
spes, -el [?], F., hope, expecta-
tion, hopes.
spiritus, -us [spin- (as stem of
spiro) -f tus], M., breath, the air
we breathe. — Also, spij'it, inspira-
tion. — Hence in plur., pride, ar-
rogatice.
spiro, -are, -avi, -aturus [?], i. v.
n. and a., breathe, blow : spirante
republica {still breathing). — spi-
rans, -antis, p. as adj., alive.
splendidus, -a, -um [prob. tsplen-
do- -f dus ; cf. splendeo, splendico],
ad j . , brigh t, sh ining, brilliant: causa
splendidior fiet {gain in lustre). —
Esp. as epithet of the middle class,
distinguished (by wealth and char-
acter ; cf. amplus), conspicuous,
prominent.
splendor, -oris [splend (as if
root of splendeo) + or (for -os)].
spoliatio
20I
sterno
M., brilliancy, lustre. — Hence,
prominence, brilliant position, bril-
liant character.
spoliatio, -onis [spolia- + tio],
F., a despoiling, a robbery, spolia-
tion, unlawful deprivatioti.
spolio, -are, -avi, -atus [spolio-],
I . V. a. and n., despoil, strip. —
Fig., rob, deprive, despoil, plunder.
— Absolutely, despoil one''s enei7iy,
take the spoil.
spolium, -I [unc. ; cf. (tkv\ov\, n.,
{hide?). — Hence, spoil (of a slain
enemy, also fig.).
spondeo, spondere, spopondl,
sponsus [prob. formed from hox-
xo\<Q.^<j'KovZy),league'\, 2.v. a.andn.,
promise [solemnly), pledge ofie''s self .
spongia, -ae [(r7ro77id], f., a
sponge (used, as now, for cleaning).
spontis (gen.), sponte (abl.)
[prob. akin to spondeo], F., only
with pers. pron. or (poetic) gen.,
of one'' s oxvn accord, voluntarily.
spurco, -are, -avi, -atus [spurco-],
I. V. a., defile.
Spurius, -i [spurius, bastard^
M., a Roman prcenomen.
squaleo, -ere, -ul, no p.p. [tsqua-
le-; cf. squales, squalidus], 2. v. n.,
be filthy. ■ — Esp., of mourning (cf.
sordidus), be in mourning, be ifi sor-
row (in the garb of sorrow).
squalor, -oris [squal- (as root of
squaleo) + or (for-os)], M., squalor.
— Esp., for mourning, fnourfiing,
wretched apparel.
Stabianus, -a, -um [Stabia- -f
anus], adj., of Stabia;, a town of
Campania. — Esp. neut. as subst.,
a villa at Stabia:, a Stabiaii villa.
stabilio, -ire, -Ivi (-il), -it us [sta-
bili-], 4. V. a., make firm, establish,
secure, firmly establish.
stabilis, -e [sta -f bills, perh.
through intermediate stem], adj.,
standing fir?nly, stable, etiduring.
— Fig., constant, cojisistent, unwa-
vering.
stabilitas, -atis [stabili- + tas],
F., steadiftess, firmness, firm foun-
dations.
Statilius, -i [akin to sto], m., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp., L.
Statilius, one of the CatiUnarian
conspirators.
statim [ace. of tstatis (sta- -f
tis)], adv., {as one stands, on the
sp ot), at on ce, forthwith , im m ediately.
Stator, -oris [sta -f tor], m., the
Stayer, a name of Jove as stayer of
flight ; also, the Stay, Supporter.
statua, -ae [statu- -fa (or -va)],
F., a statue (usually of men ; cf.
signum, effigies of gods as well).
statuo, -uere, -uI, -iitus [statu-],
3. V. a., set up. — Hence, establish,
resolve upon, determine, decide, con-
sider, make up one''s mind, take
measures, set up as, regard as :
modum {set a limit) ; aliquid severe
{take any severe measures) ; in ali-
quem {deal with one).
status, -us [sTA-ftus], M., {a
standing or setting up), a position,
a condition, a state.
status, -a, -um, see sisto.
sterno,. sternere, stravi, stratus
[STER ; cf. strages], 3. v. a., scatter,
stretv. — Hence, lay low, prostrate.
— stratus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
prostrate, lying low, grovelling.
stimulus
202
sub
stimulus, -T [tstigmo- (stig +
mus) + lus], M., a g-oad, a spur. —
Fig., a stif?iuliis, a spur, an incen-
tive.
stipendiarius, -a, -um [stipen-
di6- + arius], adj., tributary, tinder
tribute, subject to tribute (paying a
fixed sum ; cf. vectigalis).
stipendium, -I [stipi- and stem
akin to pendo (perh. tpendus ; cf.
pendulus) + ium], n., a tribute. —
Also, pay (for military service),
service, a campaign (as served and
paid for).
stipo, -are, -avi, -atus [tstipo-
(cf. obstipus), akin to stipes], i.
V. a., crowd. — Hence, surroujid
ivith a crowd, surround.
stirps, stirpis [?], m. and f., a
stock. — Fig., a race, a stock, the
root (malorum).
sto, stare, stetJ, staturus [sta],
1. V. n., (active meanings usually
referred to sisto, the reduplicated
form), stand, stand up: stans
{standing, not overthrown).
stomachus, -I [ffrofxaxos], M., the
stomach. — Fig., taste, liking.
strepitus, -iis [strepi- (as stem
of strepo) + tus], M., a noise, a
rattling, a murtnur (of approval
or otherwise), a din.
studeo, studere, studuT, no p.p.
[tstudo- (or tstuda-) ; cf. studium],
2. V. n., be eager for or to. be devoted
to, pay attention to, attend to, desire,
be bent ofi (doing something), aim
at, be anxious (to, etc.).
studiose [old abl. of studiosus],
adv., eagerly, with care, with
pains.
studiosus, -a, -um [studio- -f
osus], adj., zealous, fond of, devoted.
studium,-! [prob. tstudo- -f ium;
cf. studeo], N., eagerness, zeal, in-
terest, desire, devotion, fotidness (for
a thing), enthusiasm. — Hence, a
pursuit (to which one is devoted),
a profession, an occupation, a taste
(for anything), a study. — Esp., a
party, partisaji zeal, party feeling,
partisan favor : in eo studio par-
tium, in favor of that party ; con-
silia studia, fneasures and party
spirit ; studiis prosequemur {accla-
?nations).
stulte [old abl. of stultus], adv.,
foolishly.
stultitia, -ae [stulto- + tia], f.,
folly, stupidity.
stultus, -a, -um [stul (in stolidus)
-f tus], adj., {stupefied ?), foolish,
stupid, silly. — Often rendered by
a noun, a fool, utter folly, etc.
stuprum, -I [perh. akin to stu-
peo], M., rape, lewdness, de-
bauchery.
suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasus
[causative of svad (cf. suavis), but
perh. partly denominative; cf.
suadus]. 2. V. n. and a., {make
agreeable to?), advise, persuade
(without effect; cf. persuadeo),
convince. — Esp., of laws, favor,
support.
suavis, -e [svAD-fus; cf. levis],
adj., sweet, agreeable, pleasant.
sub (in comp, subs) [unc. case,
prob. abl. (cf. subs), akin to super],
adv. (in comp.), and prep. a. With
abl. (of rest in a place), Jtnder. —
Also, jtist by. — I). With ace. (of
subactus
:03
subtiliter
motion towards a place), under,
close to. — Of time, just at, just be-
fore. — c. In comp., under, up
(from under), away (from beneath),
secretly (underhand), /;/ successioti,
a little, slightly.
subactus, -a, -urn, p.p. of subigo.
subc-, see succ-.
subeo, -Ire, -il, -itus [sub-eo],
irr. V. a., go under, undergo, en-
counter.
subf-, see suff-.
subhorridus, -a, -um [sub-hor-
ridus], adj., rather rough.
subicio, -icere, -iecl, -iectus [sub-
iacio], 3. V. a., throw tinder, place
below, place tinder, subject, expose
to. — Esp. of fire, set, tise to light.
— Also, palm off upon, forge (of
wills). — Also, throzv up, hand up.
subiector, -oris [as if sub-tiac-
tor ; cf. subicio], m., a forger.
subigo, -igere, -egi, -actus [sub-
ago], 3. V. a., bring under, subject,
subdue, crush.
subinvideo, -ere, no perf., no
p.p. [sub-invideo], 2. v. n., enzy
slightly, be a little envious of.
subinvito, -are, -avi, no p.p.
[sub-invito], i. v. a., suggest, hint.
subito, see subitus.
subitus, -a, -um [p.p. of subeo],
adj., {coining up secretly fro?n un-
der), sudden, suddenly (as if adv.
taken with the verb), qtiick, hasty.
— subito, abl. as adv., suddenly,
of a sudden, all at once.
sublatus, -a, -um [sub-(t)latus],
p.p. of tollo.
sublevo, -are, -avT, -atus [sub-
levo], I. V. a., lighten up, lighten.
relieve, raise, raise up, assist, ren-
der assistance.
suboles (sob-), -is [sub-toles (ol
+ es ; cf. olesco)], f., offspring.
subp-, see supp-.
subscribe, -scrlbere, -scrTpsI,
-scrTptus [sub-scribo], 3. v. a., ivrite
utiderneath, ivrite doivn.
subsellium, -I [sub-tsellium
(sella-f ium)], n., a bench, a seat
(esp. in the senate house or court).
subsidium, -i [sub-tsedium (sed
+ ium)], N., {a sitting in reserve),
a reserve, a reinforcement, help,
relief, support, assistance, meatis,
resources, a source of supplies (of
any kind) : patriae {stay).
subside, -sldere, -sedl, -sessurus
[sub-sido], 3. V. n., sit dozun, remain
behind, stop, stay.
subsortior, -Irl, -itus [sub-sor-
tior], 4. V. dep., draw in place of
some one, have a substitute (drawn
by lot).
substructio, -onis [sub-structio ;
cf. substruo], F., a foundation, a
substruction.
subsum, esse, -fui, -f uturus [sub-
sum], irr. V. n., be under, be tuider-
neath, be near, be close by (a certain
distance off), be near at hand, ap-
proach.
subterfugio, -fugere, -fugl, no
p.p. [subter-fugio], 3. v. n. and a.,
escape (from under something that
impends).
subtilis, -e [akin to sub and
tela], adj., fine, subtle.
subtiliter [subtili- + ter], adv.,
fuu'ly, acutely, minutely, in detail:
iudicare {be a shrewd judge).
suburbanus
204
suburbanus, -a, -um [sub-urbe +
anus], adj., suburban. — Esp. neut.
as subst., a suburban estate^ a villa.
I succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessurus
[sub-cedo], 3. v. n., come up, ad-
vance, come in place of, succeed to,
take the place of, come next. — Also,
be successful, prosper.
succenseo, see suscenseo.
succurro,-currere,-curri,-cursurus
[sub-curro], 3. v. n., 7-ush to support,
rush to one'' s rescue, relieve, succor.
suffero, sufferre, sustull, sublatus
(referred to tollo) [sub-fero], irr.
V. a., bear, suffer.
suffragatio, -onis [suffraga- +
tio], F., a support (for an office). —
Less exactly, a recommendatioii, a
supporter.
suffragator, -5ris [suffraga- +
tor], M., a supp07'ter (for an office).
suffragium, -T [sub-tfragium, i.e.
prob. suffrage- + ium (cf. suffragor
and suffringo)], N., {a pastern
bone, cf. suffrage ; or a potsherd,
cf . darpaKov ; either used as a bal-
lot), a ballot, vote.
sui (prop. gen. neut. of suus),
sibi, se [sva], reflex, pron., himself,
etc. — Often to be translated by
the personal, he, she, it, etc., also
each other. — Esp. : inter SG,from,
with, by, etc., each other ; per se,
of himself, etc. (without outside
influence or excitement); ipse per
se, in and of himself.
Siilla, -ae \f\ m., a Roman fam-
ily name. — Esp., Lucius Cornelius
Sulla, the great partisan of the
nobility, and opponent of Marius,
called the Dictator Sulla.
Sulpicius, -i \]\ M., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp.: i. P. Stil-
picius Galba, prob. aedile B.C. 69,
one of the jury against Verres ;
2. C. Sulpicius Galba, praetor B.C.
63; 3. /*. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune
B.C. 88, a partisan of Marius;
4. Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, consul
B.C. 51, a celebrated jurist, con-
temporary and friend of Cicero.
sum, esse, fuT, futurus [as; cf.
am, z>], irr. v. n., be (exist). — Also,
with weakened force, be (as a mere
copula). — With many renderings
according to the context : est de
proscriptione {relates to); est in
lege [is prescribed); est alicui, one
has ; quid alicui cum aliquo est?
what has one to do with ? etc.; quid
de aliquo futurum est ? {what will
become of?) ; qui nunc sunt {now
living) ; quae est civium {co7isists
of); est alicuius, it is one'' s part, it
is 07ie''s place, it belo7igs to one, and
the like ; meliore esse sensu {to
have, etc.); esse veste mutata, to
put on fnourning ; esse cum telo,
to go ar77ied ; fuerat ille annus {had
passed) ; esto, be it so, well ; fore
uti, that the result will be.
summa, -ae [fem. of summus as
noun], F., {the top), the highest place,
the sum, the total, the mai7t part :
belli {the ge7ieral 7na)iagevie7it, the
chief co7itrol) : ad unam summam
referri, be set dozvii to 07ie accou7it ;
ad summam, 07i the wJiole, i7i short,
i7i a word.
summus, see superus.
sumo, siimere, sumpsi, siimptus
[sub-emo {take)'], 3. v. a., take away.
sumptuose
205
supplicatio
take, get, assume : supplicium {in-
flict; cf. capere); laborem (j-Ztv/^/) ;
arma {take np)\ mihi {take upon);
exempla {draw) ; suscepto bello,
when the war was begun ; saga
(//// on)\ nullis armis sumptis,
when there tvas no war.
sumptuose [old abl. of sump-
tuosus], adv., expensively, extrava-
gantly: sumptuosius, w//// too much
magnificence.
sumptuosus, -a, -um [suinptu- +
osus], adj., expensive, costly.
sumptus, -us [sub-temptus ; cf.
sumo], M., {a taking out of the stock
on hand), expense: sumptibus,
extravagant expenditure, extrava-
gance.
superbe [old abl. of superbus],
adv., haughtily^ arrogantly, with
arrogance, with insolence.
superbia [superbo- + ia], -ae, f.,
pride, haughtiness, arrogatice, in-
solence.
superbus, -a, -um [super -f bus ;
cf. morbus] , adj., arrogant, haztghty,
proud, insolefit.
supercilium, -i [super-cilium
{eyelid)'], N., eyebrow, brow (as ex-
pressing emotions).
superior, see superus.
supero, -are, -avT, -atus [supero-],
I. V. a. and n., overtop. — Hence,
get the upper hand of, overcome,
conquer, defeat, be superior to, pre-
vail., overmatch, survive (vita), sur-
pass.
supersum, -esse, -fui, -futiirus
[super-sum], irr. v. n., be over and
above, remain, survive : satietati
{remain in excess of).
superus, -a, -um [tsupe- (stem
akin to sub, perh. same) + rus; cf.
inferus], adj., higher, being above.
— Compar., superior, -ius, higher,
upper, precedittg (of time), past, be-
fore, superior, earlier, fo7'mer, elder:
superiora ilia, those former acts ;
superior esse, have the advantage. —
Superl.,supremus,-a,-um [supra-(?)
+ imus(.?)], highest, last: dies {last,
of a funeral). — Also, summus [sup
+ mus], highest, the highest part
of, the top of. — Fig., greatest, most
important, very great, most perfect,
perfect, supreme, most violent, pre-
eminent, in the highest degree, most
severe, of the tttfuost importance :
summa omnia, all the highest quali-
ties ; summa hieme, the depth of
winter ; tempus {most critical) ;
vir {very superior); quattuor aut
summum quinque {at the most) ;
summa res publica, the highest in-
terests of the state, the general wel-
fare of the state.
suppedito, -are, -avi, -atus [.^
cf. suppeto], I. V. n. and a., suffice.
— Also, supply.
suppeto, -petere, -petlvl (-il), -pe-
tlturus [sub-peto], 3. v. n., (?, but
cf. sufficio and subvenio), be on
hand, be supplied, be to be found :
suppetit nobis, we have a store.
supplex, -icis [sub-tplex (plic
as stem; cf. duplex)], M. and F., a
suppliant.
supplicatio, -onis [supplica- -f
tio], F., a stipplication. — Esp., a
thanksgiving (prayer to the gods
upon any signal success, decreed
by the Senate).
supplicium
206
Syria
supplicium, -1 [supplic- (stem
of supplex) + ium], n., {a kfieeling).
— Hence, a supplication. — Also,
a punishment (usually of death).
supplico, -are, -avi, -atus [sup-
plic-], I. V. a. and n., supplicate,
entreat, pray for mercy.
suppono, -ponere, -posuT, -posi-
tus [sub-pono], 3. V. a., ptU under,
fraudulently introduce, introduce
under cover of something.
supra [instr. (?) of superus],
adv., and prep, with ace, above,
before. See possum,
supremus, see superus.
surgO,surgere, surrexT,surrectus
[sub-rego], 3. v. a. and n., raise. —
Also, rise.
surripi5 (subr-), -ripere, -ripul,
-reptus [sub-rapio], 3. v. a. (and
n.), snatch privately, steal, take by
treachery.
suscense5 (succ-), -censere, -cen-
suT, -censiirus [subs-(sub-)censeo],
2. V. n., be incensed, be slightly
angry, be offended.
suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus
[subs-capio], 3. v. a., take up, take
upon one's j-^//" (voluntarily; cf. re-
cipio, as a duty), engage in, adopt,
take in hand, undertake. — Also,
undergo, suffer, experience (of feel-
ings), bring upon one's self
suspicio, -spicere, -spexl, -spectus
[sub-tspecio], 3 v. a. and n., look
up, look up at, look askance at. —
Hence, suspect: suspectus, an object
of suspicion.
suspicio (-spitio), -on is [sub-
tspecio; cf. suspicio, -ere], f., sus-
picion.
suspiciose (suspit-) [old abl.
of suspiciosus], adv., in a way to
excite suspicion.
suspiciosus (suspit-), -a, -um
[prob. tsuspicio- (sub-tspecium ;
cf. extispicium) -f osus], adj., sus-
picious.
suspicor, -aiT, -atus [tsuspic- /
(cf. auspex)], i. v. dep., suspect, '
have a suspicion.
suspiro, -are, -avI, -atus [sub-
spiro], I. V. n., sigh.
sustento, -are, -avi, -atus [subs-
tento (cf. sustineo)], i. v. a. and n.,
77iaintain, sustain, hold out, endure,
supp07't : sustentando, by patietice.
sustineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus
[subs-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., hold
z(p under, withstand, endure, hold
out, sustaiji, sjipport, bear, stop.
suus, -a, -um [sva (in se) -f
ius], poss. pron. (referring back to
subject), his, hers, its, theirs, etc. —
Sometimes emphatic, his own, etc.
— Often without subst., sui, M.
plur., his {their') 7nen, countryynen,
frie7ids, etc.; sua, neut. plur., his
(their) possessiojis, property, etc. :
omnia sua, all he had.
symphoniacus,-a,-um [<Tv/x<pu}vi.a-
K:6s],adj., musical: •pneTi{musicians),
Syraciisae, -arum ['ZvpaKvaai],
F. plur., Syracuse, the famous city
in Sicily.
Syracusanus, -a, -um [Syracusa-
-|- anus], adj., of Syracuse, Syra-
cjisan. — Masc. plur. as subst., the
people of Syracuse, the Syracusans .
Syria, -ae [Si^/oi'a], f., the coun-
try lying at the eastern end of the
Mediterranean.
T.
207
tametsi
T., abbreviation for Titus.
tabella, -ae [tabula- + la], f.,
{a little board), a tablet, a ballot. —
In plur., tablets (as two were used
together), a docufnent^ a letter, a
writing.
tabellarius, -T [tabella- + arius],
M., a letter-carrier, a messeuger.
taberna, -ae [?, cf. tabella], f.,
a kilt (of boards), a booth, a shop,
a7i iiut. — Esp. : Tres Tabernae, the
Three Taverns, a station on the
Appian Way in Latium.
tabesco, -bescere, -buT, no p.p.
[tabe- (in tabeo) + sco], 3. v. n.,
waste azvay, pine.
tabula, -ae [ttabo- (ta -f bus ?
cf. taberna) -f la], F., a board. —
Hence, a record (written on a
board covered with wax), a list, a
document. — Also, a panel (on
which pictures were painted), a
picture, a painting : novae tabulae,
a reduction of debts, a settlement of
debts (by legislation) ; duodecim
tabulae, the laws of the Twelve
Tables (the earliest collection of
Roman laws).
tabularius, -a, -um [tabula- +
arius (-rius?)], adj., {of records,
etc.; see tabula). — Esp., neut. as
subst., a record office, a registry,
archives.
taceo, tacere, tacuT, tacitus
[ttaco- (tag 4- us)], 2. v. a. and
n., be silent, be silent about, keep
secret, keep silence, conceal, say
nothing {about). — tacitus, -a, -um,
p.p. as adj., silent, silently, in
silefice: illis tacentibus, 7vith their
co)inivance.
tacite [old abl. of tacitus], adv.,
silently, ift silence.
taciturnitas, -atis [taciturno- -f
tas], F., silence.
taciturnus, -a, -um [tacito- +
urnus ; cf. diurnus], adj., silent (as
a personal quality), taciturn.
taedet, -ere, -uit (pertaesum est)
[ttaedo- (cf. taedium, taedulum)],
2. V. impers., it disgusts : aliquem
{o)ie is disgusted).
taeter (teter), -tra, -trum [akin
to taedet?], adj., disgusting, hor-
rible, loathsome, foul, abotninable,
shameful.
talaris, -e [talo- + aris], adj., of
the ankles. — Esp., with tunica, r^a^/^-
ingto the heels (a sign of dandyism ;
cf. the modern "box-coat").
talis, -e [ta + alls], adj. pron.,
such, so great.
tam [unc. case of ta (cf. quam,
nam)], adv., so (as indicated in the
context), so much. — Often equal
to this, that, etc.
tamen [unc. case-form of ta
(locat. .^ cf. Sk. tasmin?)], adv.,
(introducing a thought opposed to
some preceding concession ex-
pressed or implied), yet, neverthe-
less, still, however, for all that,
fiotwithstanding, after all, at least.
tametsi [tam? (but cf. tamen- \
etsi) -etsi], adv., {still although, an- '
ticipating the thought to which
tam properly belongs), although,
though, after all.
tamquam
208
telum
tamquam (tanquam) [tarn
quam], adv., as muck as, as, just
as, like, just like. — K\&o,jtist as if,
as if.
tandem [tam-dem ; cf. idem],
adv., {J2ist so, even so ?), at last,
finally. — In questions, to add em-
phasis, pray, tell me, or translated
only by emphasis : quo tandem ?
where i7i the world ?
tango, tangere, tetigi, tactus
[tag], 3. V. a., touch, border on, be
close to, reach, find. — Esp. of light-
ning : tactus (de caelo), struck {by
lightning).
tanquam, see tamquam.
tanto, see tantus.
tantopere, see opus.
tantulus, -a, -um [tanto- -f lus],
adj., so small, so little, so trifling:
tantulo, at so small a price.
tantum, see tantus.
tantummodo [tantum modo] ,
adv., {so much 07ily), only, merely,
only just.
tantus, -a, -um [prob. ta +
VANT + us], adj., so much, so great,
so important, so large, this great,
that great, great, like this, like that,
such (of magnitude) : tanti est, is
of so much i?nportance, is of so much
weight, it is worth the price, it is
worth while ; tanta gratulatio {so
warm) ; tantum civium, j-^ inany
citizens ; in tantum aes alienum,
so deeply in debt ; pro tantis rebus,
for such important, etc. — Also,
so mtich (and no more), only so
much. — tantum, neut. ace. as adv.,
only, merely. — tanto, abl. as adv.,
so ?nuch.
tantusde)n, tantadem, tantum-
dem (tantundem) [tantus-dem; cf.
idem], adj., just so great, just as
great. — Neut. as subst., J7ist so
7)1 uch , just as 7n 21c h .
tarde [old abl. of tardus], adv.,
slowly, tardily, with delay, late.
tarditas, -atis [tardo- -j- tas], f.,
slow7tess, delay.
tardo, -are, -avi, -atus [tardo-],
I. V. a., retard, check, hi/ider, delay.
tardus, -a, -um [?], adj., slow.
Tarentini, -orum [Tarento- -|-
inus], M. plur., the people of Tare7t-
tu7?i (an old Greek city on the Gulf
of Tarentum), the Tarenti7ies.
Tarracinensis, -e [Tarracina- -f
ensis], adj., of Ta7'raci7ta (a city
of the Volsci on the borders of
Latium). — Masc. as subst., a jna7i
of Tarraci7ia.
Tauromenitanus, -a, -um [Tau-
romenio- + tanus (i.e. TavpofxeviTrjs
-\- anus)], adj., of Tauro7ne7mi77i (a
city on the eastern coast of Sicily,
now Tao7'7)iind).
taurus, -i [perh. stav- -f rus,
akin to stee7'\ m., a bull.
• Teanum, -T [.^], n., the name of
two towns in Italy. — Esp. : Teanum
Sidicinum, a town in Campania,
now Teajio.
tectum, -I [p.p. of tego], n., a
roof, a house, a dwelling.
tego, tegere, texT, tectus [teg],
3. V. a., cover, thatch, hide, protect :
nocte tectus, tuider cover of 7iight.
telum, -T [?], N., a weapo7i (of
offence), a lyiissile, a javeliji. —
Also, a weapo7i (generally), a
deadly weapofi : cum telo, ar7ned.
Temenites
209
tener
Temenites, -is [Tefxevirrjs], M.,
an epithet of Apollo at Syracuse.
temerarius, -a, -um [ttemero-
+ arius], adj., reckless, rash, hasty-
temere [old abl. of ttemerusj,
adv., blindly, without reason, with-
out cause. — Hence, recklessly, has-
tily.
temeritas, -atis [ttemero- (perh.
akin to temulentus) + tas], F.,
bhtidness, thoughtlessness, reckless-
ness, heedlessness, hasty temper.
temperantia, -ae [temperant- +
ia], F., self-control, prtcdence.
tempero, -are, -avi, -atus [temper-
(stem of tempus)], i. v. a. and n.,
{divide), mix properly. — Hence,
control, control one's self, refrain,
moderate.
tempestas, -atis [tempes- (stem
of tempus) -f tas], f., a season,
weather. — Esp., bad zueather, a
storm, a tempest. — Also fig., a
storjH, a blast.
tempestivus, -a, -um [tempesto-
(cf. intempestus) + ivus], adj.,
early, timely, seasonable, stiitable :
convivium {a daylight banquet).
templum, -T [akin to tempus,
prob. ttemo- (tem + us) + lum,
of. T^/iCfos], N., (in augury), a conse-
crated spot, a tei7iple.
tempto (tento), -are, -avi, -atus
[tento-, p.p. of teneo], i. v. a.,
handle. — Hence, tiy, make attempts
upon, attack, assail, sou f id (try a
man's sentiments), attempt.
tempus, -oris [tem {cut, with
root determinative or accidental p)
-f us], N., {a cutting). — Esp., a di-
vision of time, a time, the times, time
(in general), a season, an occasion,
an exigency, an emergency, a crisis,
circumstances, a necessity (of the
time), needs, the times, the circutn-
stances of the ti?ne : omni tempore,
at all times ; ante tempus, before
the time, prematurely ; meum tem-
pus, my appointed time ; summo
tempore reipublicae {the most im-
portant crisis); procella temporis,
the storm of the titjies ; 0 tempora !
what a time ! ex tempore, 071 the
spur of the ?noment ; cederem tem-
pori {to the exigencies of the tiyne) ;
motus communium temporum, the
general disturbance of the titties ;
uno tempore, at one and the same
time, at once.
temulentus, -a, -um [ttemo- (?,
cf. abstemius) + lentus], adj.,
drunken, in a tipsy state.
tendo, tendere, tetendi, tensus
(tentus) [ten -f do (of unc. ori-
gin)], 3. V. a., stretch, stretch out.
tenebrae, -arum [?, perh. akin to
temere], f. plur., darkness, obscurity.
Tenedos (-us), -i [T'^i'eSos], f., an
island in the yEgean, near Troy.
teneo, tenere, tenul, tentus
[tteno- (ten -f us)], 2. v. a., hold,
hold fast, hold on to, retaifi, keep,
possess, occupy, hold bound, bind :
circuitus milia {occupy, extend). — •
Also, restrain, detain, understand,
get at : legibus {bind) ; lacrimas
{keep back). — Pass., be caught, be
in custody, be detected, be possessed
(by a feeling).
tener, -era, -erum [ten -f rus],
adj., {stretched, thin), delicate, ten-
der, young, sensitive.
tento
210
Ti.
tento, see tempto.
tenuis, -e [ten + us, with acci-
dental i; cf. gravis], adj., thin,
delicate, feeble, meagre, poor, slight,
humble (in position), insignijicant.
tenuiter [tenui- + ter], adv.,
thinly, slightly.
ter [prob. mutilated case of tres],
num. adv., three times.
Terentia, -ae [fern, of Terentius] ,
F., Cicero's wife.
tergiversatio, -onis [tergiversa-
+ tio], F., shuffling, a subterfuge, a
false pretence.
tergum, -T [?], n., the back: a
tergo, in the rear, behind one.
termino, -are, -avi, -at us [ter-
mino-], I. V. a., bound, limit, end,
finish, set (limits).
terminus, -I [ter (?, of. trans)
+ minus (cf. -/xevos)], M., a bound-
ary, a limit.
terra, -ae [ters (?)-|- a; cf. tor-
reo], F., {the dry land), the earth, the
land. — Also, a land, a region. —
Also, the ground. — Plur., the world:
orbis terrarum, the whole world ;
terra marique, on land and sea.
terreo, terrere, terrui, territus
[tterro- (?)], 2. v. a., fnghteti,
alarm, terrify.
terrestris, -e [terra- (as if ter-
ret-; cf. equestris)+ tris], adj., of
the land, earthly (as opposed to
heavenly).
terribilis, -e [terri- (as if stem
of terreo) -f bills], adj., dreadful,
terrible.
terror, -oris [terr (as if root of
terreo) + or], m., fright, alarm,
terror, dread, panic.
tertius, -a, -um [prob. tri- -f
tius], num. adj., third (in order).
testamentum, -I [testa- -f men-
turn], N., a will.
testimonium, -I [testi- -f mo-
nium], N., proof evidence, testi-
mony, a testimonial.
testis, -is [.''], C, a witness.
testor, -ari, -atus [testi-], i. v.
dep., call to witness, appeal to,
assert (solemnly). — testatus, -a,
-um, p.p. in pass, sense, proved,
substantiated.
tetrarches, -ae \Terp6.px^%\, m.,
a tetrarch, a prince.
Teutones, -um (Teuton!, -orum)
[Teutonic], M. plur., a great Ger-
man people in Jutland who, along
with the Cimbri, overran Gaul in
B.C. 113. They were defeated by
Marius in B.C. 102 at Aquas Sex-
tiae {Aix).
theatrum, -I \Bea.Tpov\ n., a
theatre.
Themistocles, -T (-is) [Oe/xto-ro-
kX^s], m., a famous Athenian com-
mander in the time of the Persian
war, the founder of the Athenian
naval power.
Theophanes, -is [Geo^aj/^s], m.,
a Greek historian of Mytilene, who
wrote the exploits of Pompey.
Thespiae, -arum [Geo-Trtai], F.
plur., a city of Boeotia.
Thespiensis, -e [Thespia- -\- en-
sis], adj., of Thespi(v. — Plur., the
people of Thespice.
Thraex (Threx, Thrax), -cis
[6pa^], adj., Thracian. — Masc. as
subst., a Thracian.
Ti., abbreviation for Tiberius.
Tiberinus
211
totiens
Tiberinus, -a, -um [Tiberi- +
inus], adj., of the Tiber.
Tiberis, -is [?], m., the Tiber.
Tigranes, -is [Persian, through
Greek], m., king of Armenia, son-
in-law of Mithridates.
timeo, -ere, -ul, no p.p. [ttimo-
(cf. timidus)], 2. v. a. and n., be
afraid^ fear, be alarmed. — With
dat., be anxious for, be anxious
about : nihil timere, have 7tothing to
fear, be in no danger ; non timere,
be free from fear, be without fear.
timide [old abl. of timidus],
adv., with timidity : non timide,
fearlessly.
timiditas, -atis [timido- -f tas],
F., timidity, faint-heartedfiess. —
Plur. same (of several cases).
timidus, -a, -um [ttimo- (cf.
timeo)], adj., cowardly, ti?nid.
timor, -5ris [tim- (as root of
timeo) + or], m., alarm, fear,
apprehension.
tiro, -onis [?], m., a raw recruit,
a beginner, a tiro.
Tiro, -onis, m., a Roman family
name. — Esp., (/J/. Tullius) Tiro,
the freedman and literary assistant
of Cicero.
Titus, -I [?], M., a Roman prae-
nomen.
toga, -ae [teg -|- a], f., a toga
(the voluminous wrap worn by the
Romans in their civil life) : ad togas
redire, resume the toga, as in peace ;
virilis {the virile toga, the garb of
manhood) ; praetexta {the toga pra-
te xta, the garb of childhood, the robe
of office ; see praetextus). — Hence,
civil life (as opposed to war).
togatus, -a, -um [toga- -f tus],
adj., clad in the toga (as an emblem
of citizenship or of peace). —
Hence, unarmed, in the garb of
peace, in peace : mihi togato con-
tigit (a civil magistrate); togati,
peaceable citizens.
tolerabilis, -e [tolera- + bills],
adj., endurable, tolerable.
tolero, -are, -avT, -atus [ttoler-
(tol + us)], I. V. a. and n.,
{raise up), bear, endure, hold
out. — tolerandus, -a, -um, gerun-
dive as adj., endurable, toler-
able.
tollo, tollere, sustulT, sublatus
[tol (with ya)], 3. V. a., raise,
carry, elevate, extol: in crucem
{haiig, nail). — Hence, carry off,
remove, take away, destroy, put an
end to, abolish, banish, get out of the
way, put to death.
Tongilius, -T [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Only an obscure
friend of Catiline.
tormentum, -T [torqu 4- men-
tum], N., {in ccuis of twisting), tor-
ture, the rack. — Also, an engine
(for throwing missiles by twisted
ropes). — Hence, a shot from an
engine, a missile.
Torquatus, -i [torqui- + atus],
M., {jvcaring a collar), a Roman
family name.' — Esp., L. Manlius
Torquatus, consul B.C. 70.
tortor, -oris [torc^ (in torqueo)
+ tor], M., a torturer.
tot [ta (in tarn, etc.) -f ti],
indecl. adj., so many.
totiens (toties) [tot + iens],
adv., so many times, so often.
totus
212
transverbero
totus, -a, -um, gen. -Tus [ta +
tus], adj., the w/io/e, the -whole of,
all (as entire), entire. — Often
translated by an adverli, entirely,
throui^hout, wholly.
tracts, -are, -avT, -atus [tracto-],
I. \. a., handle, treat, conduct, rnan-
ai^e : in periculis tractatus (e/i-
gag-ed in, exercised in, drauni info).
trado, -de re, -didi, -ditus [trans-
do], 3. V. a., hdJid over, give up,
give over, deliver up, surrender.
— Also, pass along, hand down,
teach , coin ni uiiicate.
tradiico, see transduce.
traductio (trans-), -onis [trans-
ductio; cf. transduce], Y., a transfer.
tragoedia, -ae [Tpa7ot5t'a], f.,
tragedy. — Fig. (in plur.), a cotn-
motion, a " to-do.''''
traho, trahere, traxT, tractus
[trah (for tTRAGH)], 3. V. a.,
drag, drag along, drag in, draw. —
Fig., captivate, drag out, protract.
tranquillitas, -atis [tranquillo-
-}- tas], F., stillness, cahn, fair
weather, a quiet state, a peaceable
condition, tranquillity, peace.
tranquillus, -a, -um [prob. akin
to trans and connected with navi-
gation], adj., calm, quiet, peaceable,
undisturbed.
trans [?, akin to terminus, te-
rebra], adv. (in comp.), and prep,
with ace, across, over. — Hence,
on the other side of: ripam [on the
bank opposite). — In comp., oz^er,
across, through.
Transalpinus, -a, -um [trans-
Alpes + inus], adj.. Transalpine
(beyond the Alps from Rome).
transcendo, -scendere, -scendi,
-scensfirus [trans-scando] , 3. v. a.,
ciivib across, cross (mountains).
transduce (tradiico), -ducere,
-duxl, -ductus [trans-duco], 3. v. a.,
lead over (with two accusatives),
lead across, bring over, leadthrough,
transport, draw over, win over,
transfer.
transeo, -ire, -il, -it us [trans-eo],
irr. V. a. and n., go across, cross,
pass over, go over, pass through,
pass, migrate, pass by.
transfero, -fene, -tulT, -latus
[trans-fero], irr. v. a., carry oz>er,
transfer, change the place of, take
(and put somewhere else) : sese in
proximum annum [transfer his can-
vass, etc.).
transfundo, -fundere, -fudi, no
p.p. [trans-fundo], 3. v. s.., pour out
from one vessel to another. —
Hence, fig., transfer.
transigo, -igere, -egi, -actus
[trans-ago], 3. v. z.., carry tJirotigh,
accomplish, manage, do, finish,
carry out.
transitus, -us [trans-itus; cf.
transeo], "sl., a going over, a passage,
a passing away (tempestatis).
transmarinus, -a, -um [trans-
mare + inus], adj., across the sea,
foreign.
transmitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis-
sus [trans-mitto], 3. v. a., serid
over, send across. — Fig., transfer,
devote, give over, hand over, en-
trust.
transverbero, -are, -avT, -atus
[trans-verbero], i. v. a., strike
through, pierce through, transfix.
transversus
213
triumpho
transversus (-versus), -a, -um
[p.p. of transverto], as adj., across,
athwart, transverse, cross.
Tremellius, -i [?], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., Cn. Tremel-
lius, one of the jury against Ver-
res.
trem5, -ere, -ui, no p.p. [trem ?,
"cf. rp^inji\, 3. V. n., treinble, waver.
tres, tria [stem tri-], num. aclj ,
three.
tribiinal, -alis [tribuno- + alis],
N., {place of a trilmne, in some
early sense of the word), a tri-
hinal (a raised platform where
magistrates sat or generals ad-
dressed their troops).
tribunatus, -iis [tribuno- + atus ;
cf. consulatus], m., a tribunes hip,
the office of tribiDie.
tribunicius (-itius), -a, -um
[tribuno- + cius (-tius)], adj., of a
tribune, of the tribunes (esp. of the
people), tribunicial.
tribunus, -I [tribu- + nus], m., {a
chief of a tribe). — With or with-
out plebis, a tribune (one of sev-
eral magistrates elected in the
assembly of the plebs voting by
tribes, to watch over the interests
of the commons). — With militum
or militaris, a tribtme of the sol-
diers,'a military tribune (one of
six officers of each legion who had
charge of the internal administra-
tion of the legion, and were also
employed in various staff duties
by the commander). — With
aerarius, a dean of a tribe (?, one
of certain officers of the treasury,
orig. no doubt presiding officers of
the tribes at Rome), a treasury
warden (?), a tribunus aerarius.
tribuo, -uere, -ul, -iltus [tribu-],
3. V. a., {distribute by tribes), dis-
tribute. — Hence, grant, render,
pay, assign, attribute, pay a tribute
(of respect, etc.), confer, give, bestozu.
tribus, -us [tri (cf. tres) + unc.
term. (perh. akin to fui?)], F., (a
third part.''), a tribe (a division,
originally local, of the Roman
people), a ward (.'').
tributum, -T [neut. p.p. of tribuo],
N.,<7/r/(^«/^(astatedsum;cf.vectigal).
tricensimus (-esimus), -a, -um
[triginta + ensimus], num. adj.,
thirtieth.
triciens (-ies) [triginta -f lens],
num. adv., thirty times : H. S. tri-
ciens (sc. centena milia), thj-ee
7?iillion sesterces.
triduum, -T [tri- -f stem akin to
dies; cf. biduum], n., three days'
time, three days.
triennium, -T [trienni- (triannus)
+ ium], N., three years' time, three
years.
tripudio, -are, -avi, no p.p. [tri-
pudio-], I. v. n., dance (in a solemn
rite). — Less exactly, dance for joy.
tristis, -e [unc. root + tis], adj.,
sad, gloomy, dejected, stern. — Also
as bringing sadness, melancholy,
unfortuttate, sad (as in Eng.) :
litera {dismal, crjiel, of the vote
for conviction).
triumpho, -are, -avT, -atus [tri-
umpho-], I. v. n. and a., have a tri-
jimph, enjoy a triumph, triumph
(also fig.) : triumphans, in a tri-
umphal frocession, in triumph.
triumphus
214
turba
triumphus, -T [prob. dpiafx^os, a
hymn in honor of Bacchus, perh.
a name of the god], m., a trhmiph
(the entry of a general returning
after a victory, celebrated with
sacred rites). — Also, less exactly,
almost as in Eng. even, but with a
livelier figure.
Troianus, -a, -um [Troia- +
anus], adj., c?/ TV^j, Trojan. See
equus.
tropaeum (troph-), -I [rpoTratoi'],
N., ^ trophy.
trucid5, -are, -avi, -atus [?, akin
to trux], I. v. a., butcher, slaugh-
ter in cold blood, massacre, cut
down without mercy, slay without
fnercy.
truculentus, -a, -um [true- (as
if trucu-) + lentus], adj., grim,
savage, morose, churlish.
tu, tu! [tva], plur. vos [va],
pron. 2d person, you (sing.), you
{plur.), yourself. — Esp., tibi, in a
loose connection with the sen-
tence,/^r you (as in Eng.), often
untranslatable. — tute, you your-
self, you.
tuba, -ae [?], f., a trumpet (a
straight instrument for infantry).
Tubero, -onis [tuber- -f 0], m., a
Roman family name. — Esp.: i.
L. ^lius Tubero, a distinguished
jurist, a legatus of Q. Cicero in
Asia; 2. Q. yElius Tubero, son
of No. I, complainant against
Ligarius.
tueor, tueri, tutus (tuitus) [?],
2. v. dep., watch, guard, protect,
defend. — AXso, preserve, maintain,
keep, care for.
TuUiola, -ae [Tullia- -f ola], f.,
little Tullia, Cicero's pet name
for his daughter.
Tullius, -1 [Tullo- -f ius], m., a
Roman gentile name. — Esp., M.
Tullius Cicero, see Cicero.
Tullus, -T [.'], M.,a Roman fam-
ily name. — Esp., L. Volcatius Tul-
lus, consul B.C. 66.
turn [prob. ace. of ta], adv.,
then (at a time indicated by the
context), at that time, in that case :
cum . . . turn, see cum; tum vero,
thejt (with emphasis, of the de-
cisive point of a narrative or of
an important condition) ; tum
maxime, just then, but especially ;
tum . . . cum, at a time when,
when : quid tum ? what then ?
tumultus, -us [tumulo- (perh.
reduced) -f tus], M., {a swelling,
an uprising ?), an tip roar, confu-
sion, a commotion. — Esp., an up-
rising, a commotion (of a revolt,
or a war not regularly declared) :
servilis {the servile war ; see ser-
vilis) .
tumulus, -1 [ttumo- (whence tu-
meo) -f Ius], M., {a swelling?), a
hill, a motmd. — Hence, a to?nb.
tunc [tum-ce ; cf. hie], adv.,
jtist then, then, by and by (with
cum), in that case.
tunica, -ae [?], f., a tunic (the
Roman undergarment, like a loose
shirt, but usually of wool).
turba, -ae [tur (cf. turma and
^6/)i;j3os) -f ba(cf . morbus and Tvp^ri)],
p., a throng (as in confused motion ;
cf. turbo, -inis), a crowd, a mob, a
riot.
turbulentus
215
ultor
turbulentus, -a, -urn [turba- (as
if turbo-, perh. really) + lentus],
adj., disorderly, disorganized, bois-
terous, stormy.
turma, -ae [tlir (cf. turba,
turbo) + ma], f., {a throng?), a
squadron (of horse, consisting of
thirty men), a troop of cavalry.
turpis, -e [?], adj., ugly (in ap-
pearance). — Hence, 7inbeconmig,
disgraceful, base, scandalous, vile.
turpiter [turpi- + ter], adv., dis-
honorably, with dishonor.
turpitude, inis [turpi- + tudo],
F., baseness, base conduct, turpitude.
Hence, disgrace, dishonor, in-
famy.
Tusculanus, -a, -urn [Tusculo- +
anus], adj., of Tusculum (a town of
Latium). — Esp. neut. as subst.,
villa at Tusculum, a Tusculan villa.
tute, see tu.
tiito, see tutus.
tutor, -ari, -atus [tut6-], i. v.
dep., guard, defend, protect.
tutus, -a, -urn [p.p. of tueor], as
adj., protected, safe, secure, well
fortified: victis nihil tutum, no
safety for the conquered ; in tuto,
in safety, safe.— tuio, abl. as adv.,
in safety, safely.
tuus, -a, -um [tva + ius], poss.
adj. pron., your, yotirs, of yours :
omnes tui, all your friends.
Tycha, -ae [Tux??], f., a part
of the city of Syracuse, so called
from a temple of Fortune in the
neighborhood.
tyrannus, -I [rvpawos], m., a
tyrant (a usurping king), a ty-
rant (generally, in the modern
sense).
u
uber, -eris [perh. orig. subst. ; cf.
oWap and vetus], ^^]., fertile, rich,
productive.
uber, -eris [?, cf. o60ap], n., a
pap, a dug, a breast.
ubertas, -atis [uber- + tas], f.,
fertility, productiveness.
ubi [supposed to be quo- + bi,
dat. of quo-], adv., interr. and
rel., where, in which, wherein : ibi
ubi, in the place where. — Also, of
time, when: ubi primum, as soon
as. — Without antecedent, a place
where.
ubinam [ubi-nam], interr. adv.,
where in the world? where? (em-
phatic).
ubique [ubi-que ; cf. quisque],
adv., everywhere.
ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus [?], 3. v.
dep., punish (an injury, or the
doer), avenge (an injury or the
person wronged).
ullus, -a, -um, gen. -Ius [uno- +
Ius], 2id].,asitigle (with negatives),
any. — As subst. (less common),
afiybody.
ulterior, -ius [compar. of tulterS-;
cf. ultra], adj., farther. — Super!.,
ultimus, -a, -um [ul (cf. uls) +
timus (cf. intinxns)'], farthest, most
remote, last.
ultor, -oris [ulc (in ulciscor) +
tor], M., an avettger.
ultra
2l6
urgeo
ultra [unc. case, perh. instr., of
fulter], adv. and prep., beyond.
ultro [dat. of tulter(us)], adv.,
to the farther side, beyond: ultro
citroque, this way and that, back
and forth. — Esp. beyond what is
expected or required, voluntarily,
without provocation : bellum inferre
{make an offensive war, make war
with out provocation) .
Umbrenus, -I [.^ akin to Umbria],
M., a Roman family name. — Only
P. U7nbrenus, a freedman in the
Catilinarian conspiracy.
umerus (humerus), -i [?, cf.
Wyuos], M., the shoulder.
umquam (un-) [supposed to be
forcum-quam (cf. quisquam)], adv.,
(with negatives ; cf. quando, ali-
quando), ^z/^r.- neque . . . umquam,
aftd Jiever.
una [instr. (or abl. }) of unus],
adv., together, along, along with one,
with (any one), also.
unde [supposed to be for tcunde
(cum, cf. umquam, + de, cf. inde)],
rel. and interr. adv., whence, from
which, where: unde dare {throngh
whom, as a banker from whom
money is drawn).
undecimus, -a, -um [unus-deci-
mus], num. adj., eleventh.
undequinquagesimus, -a, -um
[undequinquaginta + esimus], num.
ad j . , the forty -n in th .
undique [unde-que ; cf. quisque],
adv., from every side, from all
quarters. — Also (cf. ab), 07i every
side.
unguentum, -I [akin to ungo,
exact form unc], n., an ointfnent.
a perfiime (as the perfumes were
used in oils instead of spirits).
unguiculus, -1 [ungui- + cuius],
M., a finger nail : a teneris ungui-
zxi\\%,from infancy.
iinice [old abl. of unicus], adv.,
especially.
iinicus, -a,-um [uno- + cus], adj.,
sole, only, tiniqne.
universus, -a, -um. [uno- versus],
adj., all together, all (in a mass),
entire, itt a body, in general, united,
taken together.
unquam, see umquam.
unus, -a, -um, gen. -Tus \}, old
oenus], adj., one, a single, the same,
one only, only, alone : unus quisque,
each one.
urbanus, -a, -um [urbi- (reduced)
+ anus], adj., of a city. — -'Esp., of
the city (Rome), in the city : praetor
(the officer who had jurisdiction
of suits between citizens) ; praetura
{city prcetor ship, the office of this
magistrate); praedo iuris urbani,
the plunderer of the rights of citi-
zens (of malfeasance in the above
office); quaestor {city, as opposed
to those who were on the staff of
some commander) ; opes {domestic,
in the city, as opposed to prov-
inces) ; lites {qiiarrels between citi-
zens, settled in courts of law).
urbs, urbis [?], f., a city. — ^Esp.,
the city (Rome): ad urbem, near
the city.
urgeo (urgueo), urgere, ursi, no
p.p. [VARG; cf. VOlgUs], 2. V. a.
and n., press, press hard, urge,
press closely, beset, burden, be
urge7it.
usitor
217
utilis
usitor, -ari, -atus [tusito- (as if
p.p. of tuso), freq. of utor ; cf. dic-
tito], I. V. dep., practise. — usita-
tus, -a, -um, p.p. ill pass, sense,
used, practised^ ciistojuary, much
practised., usual.
usquam [unc. case of quo- (cf.
usque)-quam], adv.,<?;/j'W/t';r (with
negatives).
usque [unc. case of quo (cf. ubi
and usquam) -que (cf. quisque)],
adv., (everywhere), all the 7vay,
even to, all the time, till, even till,
even to that degree, to that degree :
usque ad eum finem {even up to,
etc.); quo usque? to what point?
how far ? usque eo, to that degree,
so.
ustor, -oris [us (of uro) + tor],
M., {a burner). — Esp., an attend-
a?it at a funeral pile.
usura, -ae [usu- + ra; cf. pic-
tura], F., use, enjoyment. — Esp.,
use (of money). — Hence, interest,
interest on a debt.
usurpatio, -onis [usurpa- -f tio],
F., a taking by use, a using : civita-
tis {claim).
usurpo, -are, -avi, -atus [tusurpo-
(usu-trapus, rap + us, cf. busti-
rapus)], I. V. a., {appropriate), make
use of, employ, use, practise, speak
of, talk of.
usus, -us [UT (in utor)+tus], M.,
use, experience, exercise, practice,
intimacy. — Hence, advantage,
service. — Esp. : usus est, it is
necessary, there is need.
ut (uti) [supposed to be for
quoti (quo -f ti?)], adv. and conj.
a. Interr., hozu ? videre ut, see
how. — b. Rel., as, so as, when,
whenever, itiasmuch as: ut primum,
luhen first, as soon as. — Esp. with
subj. (expressing purpose or result),
that, in order that, to, so that, so as
to, as to. — Often with object clause,
compressed in Eng. into some other
form of speech. — Esp. : id facere
ut, do this {to wit, without " that "),
see to it that, take care that ; faciam
hoc ut utar {I will do this, use, etc.) ;
committere ut mutetur {allow to
be) ; ut non trahant {so but what
they, etc., zuith out dragging); vereri
xxt, fear that not. — Also, though,
although.
uter, -tra, -trum, gen. -trius [quo
(cf. ubi) -f terus (reduced); cf. al-
ter], adj. a. Interr., which (of
two) : uter utri, zuhich to the other.
— b. Rel., whichever (of two),
the one who (of two). — utrum,
neut. as adv., {which of the two)^
whether.
uterque, utra-, utrum-, -utrius-
[uter-que, cf. quisque], adj., both,
each (of two) : utrumque laetor, /
atn glad on both accounts. — Plur.,
of sets : utraque castra, both camps ;
utrique, both classes, both parties.
utervis, utra-, utrum- [uter vis],
adj., which you please (of two),
either of the two, either.
uti, see ut.
Utica, -ae [?], p., a town in
Africa near Carthage, capital of
the Roman province.
utilis, -e [tuti- (stem akin to
utor) -f lis], adj., useful, of use,
advantageous, of advantage : utile
est, it is a benefit.
utilitas
2l8
Valerius
utilitas, -atis [utili- + tas], f.,
advantage, profit, expediency, ad-
vantages (things valuable, both in
sing, and plur.): utilitatem adferre,
do a service.
utinam [uti-nam; cf. quisnam],
adv., {how, pray ?), would that ! O
that! I wish.
iitor, uti, usus [?, old oetor
(akin to aveo?)], 3. v. dep., avail
one^s self of , use, exercise, practise,
enjoy, adopt, employ, have (in sense
of enjoy), possess, show (qualities
which one exercises), occupy (a
town), navigate (a sea), be intimate
with : testibus (present) ; proeliis
(fight) ; studiis (pursue) ; qua
usus erat plurimum, whose especial
frietidship he had enjoyed. — Esp.
with two nouns, or a noun and
adj., employ as, find in one, find
one.
utrum, see uter.
uxor, -oris ]}'], F., a wife.
vacillo, -are, -avi, no p.p. [?],
I. V. n., totter, waver, stagger.
vaco, -are, -avI, -aturus [prob.
tvaco- (cf. vacuus and Vacuna)],
I. V. n., be vacant, be free from, be
unoccupied, lie waste.
vacuefacio, -facere, -feci, -factus
[tvacue- (stem akin to vacuus)
-facio], 3. V. a., make vacant, vacate.
vacuus, -a, -um [prob. vac (cf.
vaco) -f vus],adj.,/r^^, unoccupied,
vacant, destitute of (ab or z\A^,free
from : gladius vagina (stripped of
out of).
vadimonium, -1 [vad- (as if vadi)
-f monium ; cf. testimonium], N.,
bail, security, a surety.
vagina, -ae \)'\, f., a sheath, a
scabbard.
vagor, -ari, -atus [vago-], i. v.
dep., roam aboiit, wajider : nomen
(spread abroad ) .
vagus, -a, -um [vag (?) -f us],
adj ., roving, fickle.
valde [old abl. of validus], adv.,
strongly, thoroughly, much.
valeo, valere, valul, valiturus
[.^ prob. denominative ; cf. vali-
dus], 2. V. n., be strong, be in
good health, have weight, have
infiuence, be powerful, assail. —
Often with neut. pron. or adj. as
cognate ace: plurimum valet, be
strong, have great weight, have very
great infiuence ; valere ad, be strong
enough to, have power to, amount
to ; mihi valet ad gloriam (count to
me for, etc.) ; ad laudem doctrina
valuit (he sjifiiciefit for) ; poeta
natura valet (has his power from
nature) ; auspicia (be in force, have
effect). — Esp. (in imp. or subj.) as
a parting \\ish.,farewel I , prosper (so
also fac valeas). — valens, -entis,
p. as adj., strong, vigorous, stout.
Valerius, -i [akin to valeo], m.,
a Roman gentile name. — Esp. : i .
L. Valerius Flaccus, consul B.C.
100 ; 2. Another of the same name,
interrex, B.C. 82, by whom the law
was brought forward which made
Sulla perpetual dictator.
Valerius
219
vel
Valerius, -a, -um [same word as
preceding], adj., of Valerius (esp.
No. 2), Valerian.
valetiido, -inis [valetu- (vale +
tus) + do], F., health (good or
bad). — Esp., ill health.
vallo, -are, -avi, -atus [valI6-],
I. V. a., intrench, fortify.
valva, -ae [.''], f., a fold of
a door. — Usually plur., folding-
doors., doors.
vanus, -a, -um [vac (in vaco) -f
nus], adj., empty. — Hence, un-
fonndedy false.
varietas, -atis [vario- + tas], f.,
diversity., variety, variation.
vario, -are, -avi, -atus [vario-],
I. V. a. and n., vary, change. — va-
riatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., varied.,
varying, diverse.
varius, -a, -um [prob. akin to
varus], adj., various, diverse.
Varro, -onis [.^], m., a Roman
family name. — Esp., M. Terentius
Varro, a celebrated Roman writer,
contemporary and friend of Cicero.
Varus, -I [varus, knock-kfieed\
M., a Roman family name. — Esp.,
P. Attiiis Varus, propraetor in
Africa B.C. 50 (?).
vas, vadis [vadh, cf. wedding'],
M., {a pledge), security (a person
going bail), a voucher, bail.
vas, vasis, plur. -a, -orum [}],
N., a vessel. — Hence, a utensil (of
any kind, for household or camp
use).
vastatio, -onis [vasta- -f tio], f.,
devastation (the act), laying waste.
vastitas, -atis [vasto- + tas], f.,
desolation (the state), devastation.
vast5, -are, -avT, -atus [vasto-],
I. V. a., lay waste, devastate, ravage.
vastus, -a, -um [.''], adj., waste,
desolate, vacant.
vates, -is [.''], m. or f., a sooth-
sayer, a seer.
vaticinor, -an, -atus [vaticino-
(vati- + cinus ; cf. ratiocinor)], i. v.
dep., prophesy. — Hence, ra7'e
(from the wildness of prophecy).
-ve [.^ cf. Sk. va], conj. enclitic,
or (less exclusive than aut).
vectigal, -alis [neut. of vectiga-
lis], N., a tax (in kind, or depend-
ing on products; cf. tributum), a
revenue.
vectigalis, -e [tvectigo- (vecti
-f igus, cf. castigo) -f alis], adj.,
{of a toll-gatherer, tvectigus, perh.
orig. of tolls for transportation),
of the revenue. — Y.?,^., paying taxes,
a tax-payer, tributary.
vector, -oris [vagh + tor], m.,
a carrier. — Also (cf. vehor), a
passenger.
vehemens, -entis \), prob. akin
to veho], adj., violent, impetuous,
forcible, active.
vehementer [vehement- -f ter],
adv., violently, severely, strongly,
hotly, exceedingly, very much, ur-
gently, earnestly.
vehiculum, -T [perh. vehi (as
stem of veho) + culum, but as if
tvehico + lum], n., a vehicle, a
carriage.
veho, vehere, vexT, vectus
[vagh], 3. v. a., carry. — Pass.,
ride.
vel [prob. imperative of volo],
conj., or (less exclusive than aut):
velox
2 20
vel . . . vel, either . . . or. — Also,
even {if you like ?), often emphasiz-
ing superlatives (the very).
velox, -5cis [stem akin to volo
(cf. colonus) + cus (reduced?)],
adj., swift.
velum, -T [?, cf. vexillum], n., a
curtain, a veil. — Also, a sail.
velut (veluti) [vel-ut], adv.,
[even as), just as: velut si, Just
as if
vena, -ae [?], f., a vein, an
artery (also fig-).
venabulum, -1 [vena- + bulum],
N., ^ huntifig spear.
venatio, -onis [vena- + tio], f.,
hunting, the chase. — Plur., huntijtg
excursions, hicnting spectacles.
venditio, -onis [venum-datio ; cf.
vendo], F., a sale.
vendito, -are, -avT, -atus [ven-
dito-], I. V. a., try to sell, offer for
sale, offer to sell, recommend.
vendo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [venum
do], 3. V. a., put to sale, sell.
veneficus, -a, -um [tvene- (stem
akin to venenum) -ficus], adj., poi-
sonous.— Masc. as %xi}o^\..,a poiso7ier.
venenum, -I [tvene- (of unc.
origin) -f num (cf. egenus)], x., a
drug. — Esp., a poison.
vene5, -ire, -TvT (-ii), -iturus [ve-
num eo], 4. V. n., go to sale (cf.
pereo), be sold.
veneror, -ari, -atus [vener- (stem
of Venus)], i. v. dep., (sometimes
venero, active), {seek favor?), wor-
ships reverence, supplicate.
venia, -ae [?], F., indulgence,
favor, pardon, a privilege (as ac-
corded or asked).
venio, venire, veni, venturus [for
gvenio, gam], 4. v. n., come, go, fall
(into the hands of); in discrimen
venire, incur the danger ; tibi legis
in mentem veniat {call to mind,
remet?ibt>-).
Ventidius, -i [.'], m., a Roman
gentile name. — Esp., F. Ventidius
Bassus, an otiicer and partisan of
Antony.
ventus, -T [?], M., the -vind.
Venus, -eris [van {}) -f us ; cf.
venustas, veneror], f., (perh. orig.
r\eMt.),g7'ace(J). — Esp., personified,
Vettus, as goddess of love, identi-
fied with the Greek Aphrodite.
venustas, -atis [venus- -f tas],
F., grace.
ver, veris [prob. vas, for tvasar ;
cf. ia.p\, N., the spring.
tverber, -eris [.?], x. (usually
plur.), stripes, blows, lashes, flog-
ging-
verbero, -are, -avi, -atus [verber-],
I. v. a., whip, scourge, beat, flog.
verbum, -I [?, cf. morbus], n.,
a word, an expression. — Esp. : ver-
bum, verba facere, say mtich or
little, say anything, speak ; his ver-
bis, in these words, in this form ;
verbis amplissimis, iti the strongest
terms ; verbo, in words, ift form ;
verbi causa, for example.
vere [old abl. of verus], adv.,
7t>ith truth (cf. veto, in truth, etc.),
truly, rightly, justly, honestly,
really, with justice.
verecundia, -ae [verecundo- +
ia], F., 'modesty.
vereor, -eri, -itus [prob. tvero-
(akin to wary)'], 2. v. dep., fear,
vensimilis
221
vespera
be afraid, respect. — veritus, -a,
-um, p.p. in pres. sense, fearing,
verisimilis (often separate), -e,
[veri similis], adj., {like tlie truth),
probable, likely.
Veritas, -atis [vero- + tas], f.,
truth.
vero [abl. of verus], adv., ///
truth, in fact. — With weakened
force, but, however, on the other
hand, noiv, and. — Often untrans-
latable, expressing an intensive
(emphatic) opposition, or pointing
to the main time, circumstance,
fact, or agent in a narrative ; turn
vero, then ; nunc vero, but now, and
now, now ; quasi vero, as if for-
sooth ; an vero, or is it possible
that? or tell me ; lam vero, nozv
fnally, but further ; immo vero,
nay in fact; deum vero nullum
violavit {atid as to divinities, etc.);
quid vero? and then filially, and
further ; est vero, it is, you see, it
is, in fact ; ego vero, why, I, in
fact, for my part, I ; at vero, but
then, but on the other hand, but ;
minime vero, no, not in the least ;
si vero, if hozvever, if notv.
Verres, -is [verres, boar\ m., a
Roman family name. — Only C.
Coi-nelius Verres, propraetor in
Sicily in B.C. 73 and after, accused
of extortion in the famous orations
against Verres,
versiculus, -T [versu- -f cuius],
M., a short line, a verse.
verso, -are, -avi, -atus [verso-],
I. V. a., turn (this way and that),
deal with (some one or some thing).
— Esp. in pass, as dep., tur>i one''s
self, engage in, be busy, be, live, exist,
be employed, show itself, appear,
conduct one''s self, be found, find
itself be used, be engaged, be at
work, be concerned : in severitate
{show, exhibit, act with); versatus,
experienced, practised ; bellum in
multa varietate versatum, war car-
ried on in a great variety of cir-
cui/istanees ; in laude versatus
{accustomed to).
versus, -a, -um, p.p. of verto.
versus (versum) [orig. p.p. of
verto], adv., and prep, after ace,
toiuards, in the direction of.
versus, -us [vert + tus], m., a
turning. — Esp., a verse (of poetry,
where the rhythm turns and begins
anew), a line. — Plur., poetry, verse.
verto, vertere, verti, versus
[vert], 3. v. a. and n., turji. —
Pass, and with reflex., tur^i, re-
volve, depend.
verum [neut. of verus], adv., but.
verumtamen [verum tamen],
adv., but still.
verus, -a, -um [.^ ver (in vereor)
-f us], adj., (?, seeti, visible), true,
real, well groujided. ■ — Neut. as
subst., the truth : repperit esse
\QXdi, found the truth to be. — Also,
just, right. — See also vero and
verum. — verius, neut. compar.,
nearer the truth ; re vera, in fact, in
reality, iii ti-uth ; sententia {sound).
vesper, -erl(-eris) [?,cf."E(r7repos],
M., the evening: vesperi (loc), ///
the eve>ii}ig.
vespera, -ae [.', cf. vesper], f.,
the evctiing : ad vesperam, at even-
ifig, by evening.
Vesta
222
vicinitas
Vesta, -ae [vas (in uro) + ta ;
cf. 'Earla], F., the goddess of the
household fire, the same as Gr.
'Ecrrta.
Vestalis, -e [Vesta- + lis], adj.,
o/ P^esia : virgines {the Vestal vir-
gins, who preserved the sacred fire
of Vesta, and were held in special
reverence).
vester, -tra, -trum [ves- + ter
(us)], adj. pron., your, yours:
conspectus {of you).
vestibulum, -T [.^ prob. vestabu-
lum (orig. farm-yard?)'], N., a ves-
tibule (an open space in front of a
house-door). — Fig., a gateway, a
doorway, an entrance, the doors.
vestigium, -I [tvestigo- (cf. ves-
tigo) + ium], N., the footstep, the
footprint, a track. — Esp. : e vesti-
gio, forthwith (from one's tracks ?) ;
eodem vestigio, /// the safne spot ;
in illo vestigio temporis, at that in-
stant of ti??ie. — Hence, fig., a trace,
an indication. — Plur., ruins {traces
where a thing once was), relics,
remai?is.
vestimentum, -I [vesti- + men-
tum], N., clothing.
vestio, -Tre, -Ivi (-il), -itus [vesti-],
4. V. a., clothe, cover. — Pass., clothe
one^s self with (with thing in abl.),
wear.
vestis, -is [vas (<r/^///<?) + tis], f.,
clothing, garments, dress.
vestitus, -us [vesti- + tus], m.,
clothing, garments, dress: ad suum
vestitum redire {ordinary clothing),
veteranus, -a, -um [vetera- (as if
stem of vetero) -f nus], adj., veteran
(long in service).
veto, vetare, vetul, vetitus [stem
akin to vetus ; cf. antiquo], i. v. a.,
forbid.
vetus, -eris [?, cf. eVos], adj., old,
former: milites {old soldiers, vet-
erans) ; homines {of experience, also
of antiquity).
vetustas, -atis [vetus-tas], f.,
age, antiquity, former ages, long
continuance, future ages, titne
(long continued, either future or
past).
vexatio, -onis [vexa- + tio], f.,
persecution, harassing, outrage.
vexator, -oris [vexa- -f tor], m.,
a troubler, a persecutor, a pursuer,
a disturber.
vex5, -are, -avT, -atus [tvexo- (as
if p.p. of veho)], I. V. a., {carry this
way and that), vex, harass, annoy,
commit depredations on, overrun (a
country), ravage (lands), plunder,
worry, persecute.
via, -ae [for veha? (veh + a)],
F., a road, a way, a route, a street.
— Fig., a course, a way.
viator, -oris [tvia- (as stem of
tvio)+tor], M., a traveller.
Vibienus, -I [Vibio- -f enus], m.,
a Roman family name. — Esp., C.
Vibienus, a Roman senator killed
in a riot.
vibro, -are, -avT, -atus [?], i. v. a.
and n., to shake, to brandish.
vicatim [vico- + atim], adv., by
wards, by districts.
vicesimus (-ensimus), -a, -um
[viginti -f ensimus], num. adj.,
t7ventieth.
vicinitas, -atis [vicino- -f tas],
F., neighborhood, vicinity.
vicinus
223
vUis
vicinus, -a, -um [vico- + inus],
adj., (belonging to the sa.me Ticzts?),
7tear. — As subst., a neigJibor.
vicissim [ace. adv. akin to vicis],
adv., in turn, by turns.
vicissitude, -inis [tvicissi- (in
vicissim) + tudo] , F., a change, a
vicissitude, a succession (of chang-
ing events).
victima, -ae [akin to vlnco, perh.
going back to the sacrifice of pris-
oners], F., a victim (sacrificed).
victor, -oris [vie (in vinco) + tor] ,
M., a victor. — Often as adj., victo-
rious ; cf. victrix.
victoria, -ae [victor- -\- ia], f.,
victory, success (in war), a triumph
(in the modern sense ; cf. trium-
phus, the honor) : in ipsa victoria,
at the tnoment of victory. — Esp.,
Victory, worshipped as a divinity
by the Romans : ludi victoriae (a
festival established by Sulla in
honor of his victory, held October
27 to November i).
victrix, -icis [vie (in vinco) -f
trix], F., a victor (female, or con-
ceived as such). — As adj., victo-
riotis.
victus, -us [viG ? (cf. vixi) -f
tuSj, M., living, life. — Also, tncans
of living, food,- necessitates victus,
the necessaries of life ; in victu
arido, a dry and meagre way of life
or style of living ; consuetudines
victus, the intitnacy of daily life.
vicus, -1 [vie {enter ?) -f us ; cf .
oiKos^ M., {a d7velli}ig),a village (a
collection of dwellings), a country-
seat. — In cities, a quarter (more
than a block ; cf. insula), a row
(of houses), a street (the houses
on both sides).
videlicet [vide (imp. of video)
licet], adv., {see you may, one may
see), of coicrse, 3oubtless, no doubt. —
Often ironical, forsooth, I suppose,
no doubt, you see, of course.
video, videre, vTdl, visus [viD,
perh. through a noun-stem (cf. in-
vidus)], 2. V. a., see, examine (recon-
noitre), observe, notice, take care
(see that). — In pass., be seen, seem,
seem best. — Esp. : ea cemimus quae
videmus, 7ve disti>iguish what we
see ; plus videre, have a keener in-
sight.
vigeo, vigere, no perf., no p.p.
[?, prob. tvigo- (viG + us, cf. vigil)],
2. V. n., be strong, be active, have life,
flourish.
vigilia, -ae [vigil- + ia], f., wak-
ing, wakefulness, watching. — Esp.,
in plur., 7'igils, sleepless nights. —
Also (in plur.), watches, sentinels,
watchmen. — From military use, a
watch (one of the four divisions
into which the night was divided).
vigilo, -are, -avi, -atus [vigil],
I. V. n. (and a.), watch, lie awake,
7vatch by night, keep awake, be up
{not sleep). — Fig., be on the tvatch,
be watchful, be vigil a:it, watch, look
out for. — Esp. : vigilans, -antis,
p. as adj., wakeful, watchful, vigi-
lant, on the watch, careful, active,
wide awake.
viginti [dvi- (stem of duo) +
form akin to centum (perh. the
same)], num. adj., indecl., twenty.
vilis, -e [?], adj., cheap, of little
value, worthless.
vilitas
224
vitium
vilitas, -atis [vili- + tas], f.,
cheapness, loxv price.
villa, -ae [?], f., a f ami-house, a
country house, a villa.
vinci5, vincTre, \inxT, vinctus
[perh. akin to vinco], 4. v. a., bind,
fetter, piit i?i chains, restrain.
vinclum, see vinculum.
vinco, vincere, vTcT, victus [vie],
3. V. a. and n., conquer, defeat, pre-
vail, he victoriotis, prevail over,
overco?ne, surpass, outdo.
vinculum (vinclum), -I [tvinco-
(stem akin to vincio, perh. primi-
tive of it) -f lum (neut. of -lus)],
N., a chain. — Plur., chains, im-
prisonment, p7'ison. — Fig., a botid,
a connection.
vindex, -icis [seme forms of vis
and dico, perh. wrongly formed
Hke iudex], m. and f., a claimant.
— Hence, from technical use in
law, a protector, a defender, an
avenger.
vindiciae, -arum [vindic- -f ia],
F. plur., a claim (technical in law),
an action (of a peculiar sort).
vindico, -are,-avl, -atus [vindic-],
I. V. a., claifn, claitn one''s rights
against, defend (cf . Galliam in liber-
tatem, establish the liberty of, a
phrase derived from the formal de-
fence of freedom in a Roman
court), rescue. — Also, punish,
avenge, seek redress for, seek redress.
vinum, -I [?, cf. o\vo%\, n., wine.
violo, -are, -avT, -atus [?], i. v. a.,
abuse, violate (a sacred object),
profane, injure (a thing held
sacred), outrage : si quid violatum
est {any profafiation done).
vir, viri [.!•], m., a man, a hus-
band.
vires, see vis.
virga, -ae, f., a twig, a rod. —
V\\xr.,floggi}ig, stripes.
virgO, -inis [.''], f., a maiden, a
maid, a virgin, a girl. — Esp., a
vestal virgin (see Vestalis).
virilis, -e [viro- -f ilis], adj.,
manly, of a man : toga (the garb
of manhood, the pure white toga
assumed by Romans as a sign of
manhood and citizenship).
virtiis, -iitis [viro- (reduced) -f
tus], F., manliness, valor, prowess,
courage. — Also, merit (generally),
noble conduct, virtue. — Plur., vir-
tues, merits, good qualities. — Also,
a sense of virtue, a love of virtue.
vis, vis (?) [?], F., force, fnight,
power, violence, energy, vigor, se-
verity, a quantity, a supply : vim
et manus, violent hands. — Also,
force, effect, validity. — Technic-
ally, breach of the peace, violence
(for which a special remedy at law
was established). — Plur., strength,
force, p02vers, bodily 7'igor.
viscus, -eris, also plur. viscera,
-um [?], N., the soft parts of the
body, the flesh, the entrails. — Fig.,
the vitals, the bowels, the entrails.
viso, visere, visi, visus [prob.
old desiderative of vid.^o], 3. v. a.
and n., {desire to see), go to see,
visit, see (in reference to a sight or
spectacle).
vita, -ae [root of vivo + ta], f.,
life, the cotirse of life.
vitium, -T [?], x., a flaw, a blem-
ish, a defect, a fatilt, a vice.
vito
225
Volusenus
vito, -are, -avT, -atus [?, vita-],
I. V. a., (escape with life, live
through .?), escape, avoid, dodge,
shun.
vituperati5, -onis [vitupera- +
tio], F,, abuse, fault-finding, an ac-
cusation, a charge.
vituper5, -are, -avi, -atus [tvitu-
pero- (vitio- -f tparus ; cf. opipa-
rus)], I. V. a., cetistire, find fault
with.
vivo, vivere, vTxI, victus [vig
(vigor?); cf. victus], 3. v. n., live,
pass one^s life.
vivus, -a, -um [vig (?) -f us],
adj., alive, livitig.
vix [poss. VIC (in vinco)], adv.,
with dif/iculty, hardly, hardly ever.
— Also, of time, hardly ( . . .
when) : vixdum coetu dimisso
(7vhen . . . scarcely yet, almost be-
fore, etc.).
VOCO, -are, -avi, -atus [voc- (stem
of vox)], I. v. a., call by name, call,
summon, invite. — With in, ad,
summon to, invite to, bring {into),
attempt to bring {into) : in integri-
tatem spe {attribute virtue to one
in hope).
Volaterrae, -arum [?], f. plur.,
a town of Etruria, now Vol-
terra.
volgaris (vulg-), -e [volgo- +
aris], adj., common, ordinary.
volgo, see volgus.
VOlgUS (vulgUS), -I [VOLG -f Us],
N., the crowd, the common people,
the mass: in volgus emanare, get
abroad, spread abroad. — volgO,
abl. as adv., commonly, ge7ierally,
ordinarily, everywhere.
volito, -are, -avT, no p.p. [as if
volito-, p.p. of volo; cf. agito],
I. V. n.,fiit about, hover about.
volner5 (vul-), -are, -avT, -atus
[volner-], i. v. a., wound, inflict a
wound. — Also fig., wound, harm,
offend.
volnus (vulnus), -eris [prob.
akin to vello], n., a wound.
volo, velle, volui [vol],, irr.
V. a. and n., wish, be willing, want,
desire, choose to have, choose, would
like, mean, signify. — With perf.
partic, desire to have, desire to.
Volturcius (Vult-), -T [.^], m., one
of the conspirators with Catiline.
voltus (vul-), -us [vol -f tus],
M., expression (of countenance),
the countenance, the look, the face,
the expression of countenance, the
mien.
voliJbilis, -e [prob. volvi- (as
stem of volvo) -f bilis], adj., whirl-
ing. — Fig., changeable, incoiistant.
voluntarius, -a, -um [volant- -f
arius], adj., voluntary. — Masc.
as subst., a volunteer.
voluntas, -atis [volent- + tas],
I-"., willingness, will, good-will, de-
sire, approval, consent, an inclina-
tion, a wish, a purpose, plans,
desires, a disposition.
voluptas, -atis [volup- (akin to
volo) + tas], F., sensual pleasure,
pleasure, {a sensation of pleasure),
enjoy m ent, satisfactioji .
t Volusenus, -T [?, cf. Volusius],
M., a tribune of the soldiers in
Caesar's army in Gaul. In Phil,
xiv. 7, the reading is uncertain,
and the passage is obscure.
voluto
226
vultus
voluto, -are, -avi, -atus [voluto-],
I. V. a. and n., ;W/, grovel.
vomo, -ere, -ui, -itus [vom, akin
to ^/Li^w, Sk. yam], 3. V. a. and n.,
vofnit, throw up, belch forth, send
forth, emit.
v5smet [vos-met (akin to me)],
intensive of vos, you yourselves,
you (emphatic).
votivus, -a, -urn [voto- -f ivus
(cf. captivus)], adj., votive: ludi
(a festival held in pursuance of
some vow).
votum, -I [n. p.p. of voveo], n.,
a vow, a prayer.
voveo, vovere, vovT, votus [.^],
2. V. a. and n., vow, make a vow.
VOX, vocis [voc as stem], f., a
voice, a word, an expression, a shout.
— Collectively, cries, words, talk.
vulgaris, see volgaris.
vulgo, see volgo.
vulgus, see volgus.
vulnero, see volnero.
vulnus, see volnus.
vultus, see voltus.
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