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CAPT-JAS-A-MOSS

CAPT-M-B-STEWAKT

U-S-ARMY

GIFT OF

Larry Laughlin

"We must depend in every time of national peril,
in the future as in the past, not upon a standing
army, nor yet upon a reserve army, but upon a
citizenry trained and accustomed to arms.

"It will be right enough, right American policy
based upon our accustomed principles and prac-
tices, to provide a system by which every citizen
who will volunteer for training may be made
familiar with the use of modern arms, the rudi-
ments of drill and maneuver, and the maintenance
and sanitation of camps." (President Wilson, in
his message to congress, December, 1914-)

SELF-HELPS/or the
CITIZEN-SOLDIER

Being a Popular Explanation of
Things Military

BY
CAPT. JAMES A. MOSS

AND

CAPT. MERCH B. STEWART

UNITED STATES ARMY

Pen Sketches by Lieut. W. E, Lamed

General Agents

e In- <£ itl ! ry iut r JI r r H a

GEORGE BANTA PUBLISHING COMPANY

MENASHA, WISCONSIN

by
CAPT. JAMES A MOSS

and
CAPT. MERCH B. STEWART

PRINTED AND BOUND BY
3EORGE' BANTU rUB~_ISKINC COMPANY

LA /

EDICATED to every
red-blooded American

b£-

who is willing to do a mans
share in the defense of his
country.

34661 1

RIS4 EWING

INTRODUCTION

Our early Presidents pointed out again and
again that the safety of the nation depends upon
an armed and disciplined citizenry. They recog-
nized that in a free democracy founded upon
manhood suffrage there must be manhood obliga-
tion for service ; that when men exercise the right
of suffrage they must accept the responsibility of
service.

Washington on January 1, 1790, in a com-
munication transmitting the plans of Secretary
Knox, said:

"Fourthly, that every man of the proper age
and ability of body is firmly bound, by the social
compact, to perform personally his proportion of
military duty for the defense of the state.

"Fifthly, that all men of the legal military age
should be armed and enrolled and held respon-
sible for the different degrees of military ser-
vice."

Jefferson, in a letter to James Monroe, dated
Monticello, June 19, 1813, said:

"It proves more forcibly the necessity of oblig-
ing every citizen to be a soldier. This was the
case with the Greeks and Romans, and must be
that of every free state. Where there is no op-
pression there will be no pauper hirelings. We
must train and classify the whole of our male
citizens and make military instruction a regular
part of collegiate education. We can never be
safe until this is done."

This letter was written fourteen months before
the fiasco at Bladensburg and the burning of
Washington.

These words are as true today as when they
were written and should be heeded by each and

every one of us. The conditions of organization
on the part of the great nations of the world
make them all the more forcible in their applica-
tion to ourselves. We must strive to instill into
the youth of the country the idea of their individ-
ual responsibility for military serviice and we
must adopt some systematic plan for securing
such general instruction of our men as will make
their service effective. It is not enough for a
man to be willing; he must be trained. Willing,
but untrained men, cannot meet with any hope
of success against equally good men trained and
disciplined.

Major General, United States Army.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I — PREPARING THE GROUND FOR THE

MILITARY SEED . . . . .' » ... 1
The First Step— The Nature of War— The Na-
ture of Man — The History of War — The Causes
of War — Our Wars — Our Military Policy — Some
Popular Fallacies — Military Preparedness.

CHAPTER II — OUR DEFENSES . ... . 29
The Military Force of the United States — The
Regular Army — The Militia — The Organized
Militia— The Reserve Militia — The Navy — Lines
of Defense — Provisions for Defense — The Obli-
gations of Citizenship — The Infantry — The
Cavalry — The Field Artillery — The Engineer
Corps — The Signal Corps — The Medical Corps —
The Coast Artillery Corps— The Navy— The
Marine Corps — The Organization of the Army —
What We Would Need.

CHAPTER III— ONE MILLION VOLUNTEERS . 51

CHAPTER IV— THE MAKING OF A FIGHTING

MAN . • . ... . A; . . . . 68
The Time it Takes — The Work it Takes— The
Kind of Instruction — The Instructor Must be a
Master — Quick Training Requires Prepared-
ness— The Recruiting Station — At the Mobiliza-
tion Camp — The Uniform — Arms and Equip-
ment— The Recruit's First Work — Reveille —
Breakfast — Police of Tents and Camp — Physical
Drill— Close Order Drill— Extended Order
Drill — Dinner — Various Kinds of Instruction —
Parades and Reviews — Retreat — Short Lec-
tures— Taps.

CHAPTER V— THE MILL OF INSTRUCTION . . 79
The Daily Work — Setting-up Exercise — Calis-
thenics— The School of the Soldier — The Posi-
tion of Attention — The Facings — The March-
ings— The Salute — The Manual of Arms — The
School of the Squad — Extended Order Drill —
Bayonet Exercise and Combat — Target Prac-
tice— Sighting Drills — Position and Aiming
Drills — Trigger-Squeeze Exercise — Estimating
Distance Practice — Combat or Battle Practice —
Horsemanship — First Aid — The Use of Cover —
The Use of Trenches — Patrolling and Scouting —
Individual Cooking — Personal Hygiene — Camp
Sanitation.

CHAPTER VI — THE MAKING or THE FIGHTING

MACHINE 107

The Making of the Fighting Man — Camp Train-
ang and Camp Discipline — Camp Protection —
March Training and Discipline — March Protec-
tion— Fire Control and Discipline.

CHAPTER VII — THE BY-PRODUCT OF MILITARY

TRAINING . 133

Military Habit — Military Efficiency — Physical
Fitness — Self-Confidence — Handiness — Self-
Control — Orderliness — Devotion to Duty —
Loyalty — Teamwork — Obedience.

CHAPTER VIII — THE SPIRIT OF THE FIGHTING

MAN 143

The Difference — What is Back of It?— If not
Patriotism, What? — What is Military Disci-
pline ? — How Does Military Training Teach Dis-
cipline?-— Confidence and Respect Lead to
Loyalty — Respect and Loyalty Lead to Courtesy.

CHAPTER IX— THE ORGANIZED MILITIA . . 153
A Training School — Its History — Its Develop-
ment— Its Work Today — In the Armory — At
Maneuver Camps.

CHAPTER X— COLLEGE STUDENT CAMPS . .163
The Purpose of such Camps — The Main Features
of the Camps — Routine — Results.

CHAPTER XI— THE BUSINESS MAN'S CAMP . 171
The Purpose of these Camps — What does the
Citizen Gain from Them? — Routine — The Net
Result.

CHAPTER XII— How A BATTLE is FOUGHT . 179
The Man who does the Thinking — Sizing up the
Lay of the Land — Deciding What to Do — The
Curtain Rises — The Play Begins — The Battle—
The Charge.

CHAPTER XIII— RIFLE CLUBS FOR CITIZEN-
SOLDIERS 199

The Necessity for Rifle Practice — The National
Rifle Association — Rifle Clubs for Citizens —
Rifle Clubs for Boys.

CHAPTER XIV— PRACTICAL HINTS FOR SELF-
PREPARATION 209

What Should I Do? — Taken an Active Interest
in Military Policy — Read Military History —
Look Military Preparedness in the Face — Keep
Abreast of Things Military — Observe the
Militia — Take an Interest in Patriotic Societies —
Take a Hand in Politics — Try a Taste of Mili-
tary Training — Attend a Business Man's Camp —
Send Your Boy to a Student's Camp — Learn to
Shoot — Take Care of Yourself — Take an Inven-
tory of Yourself — Systematic Exercises — Little
Things.

CHAPTER XV — THE SOLDIER'S CAMPAIGN

CREED 217

Field Service — In Camp — On Outpost — On the
March — On Advance Guard — In Night Opera-
tions — Carrying Messages — In Battle — In
General.

APPENDIX:

STUDENTS' MILITARY INSTRUCTION CAMPS . 225

NATIONAL RESERVE CORPS 226

GOVERNMENT RIFLE CLUBS 229

BUSINESS MAN'S CAMPS . 237

This book is in no sense a manual by which
the civilian may train himself to the work of the
soldier. Indeed, such a book could not be
written, for the reason that the business or trade
of the soldier can no more be learned from a
book than can that of the plumber, the carpenter
or any other artisan.

The book is merely a sort of guide by means
of which the civilian may inform himself in a
general way concerning military rudiments and
other military matters, so that, should he ever be
called upon to defend his country, he may better
understand the general nature of things military
and may thereby learn the soldier's trade all the
sooner.

NOTE: Manual of Military Training, Geo. Banta Publishing Co.,
Menasha, Wis. ($1.90), is recommended to those wishing to get in
simple, condensed form a more definite, detailed idea of the basic,
fundamental principles of military training.

44T)UT in demonstrating by our
-LJ conduct that we do not fear
war in the necessary protection of
our rights and honor, we should
give no room to infer that we
abandon the desire of peace. An
efficient preparation for war can
alone secure peace." (Extract
from President John Adams'
second annual message.)

PREPARING THE GROUND FOR THE
MILITARY SEED

THE FIRST STEP — The first step in planting
is to prepare the ground for the sowing of the
seed.

If you, my civilian reader,
would like to become, in the
words of President Wilson,
"Trained and accustomed to
arms" — if you would like to
learn something about the
soldier's trade — the best way to
start is by getting a clear under-
standing of a few of the broad,
general facts underlying the
need and use of military
forces.

By so doing, you will be
able to approach the work in a .*'
proper spirit — with a mind
prepared to receive the mili-
tary seed.

Let us begin at the begin-
ning.

THE NATURE or WAR — It is useless to try to
describe war, for words fail us. You, Mr. Citi-

2 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

zen, have heard of it and read of it all your life.
Perhaps you may even have viewed it from the
side lines, and may know what it looks like from
the outside.

Some day, in contributing your mite to the de-
fense of the country in its hour of need, you may
learn from bitter, personal experience what war
looks like and what it feels like from the inside.

War is a blight that strikes at the best in the
heart of a nation and leaves always a slow-heal-
ing wound infected with bitterness and hate.

It gnaws its way into the heart of the fighting
man. It envelopes and poisons the souls of those
to whom we ordinarily look for charity and
justice in human dealings.

BY NATURE, MAN is TWO-FACED — In his
everyday life, he is charitable, peaceable and
reasoning. In crises, his primitive
em°tions are apt to assert them-
selves, and passion to take the place
of reason.

When the war-crisis takes
possession of his mind and the call
to arms stirs his blood, the thin veneer of modern
civilization and refinement falls from him, leav-
ing instinct in control of his actions.

With this side of man's nature uppermost, it is
no wonder that war is ruinously destructive, or

Preparing the Ground

that its path is darkened by every shade of suffer-
ing and misery.

THE HISTORY OF WAR — War has marched side
by side with man in every step of his upward
climb from savagery to his present state of civili-
zation.

No age, no nation has ever escaped its wither-
ing blast. Our Holy Bible is largely taken up
with accounts of the wars of the Children of
Israel.

THE CAUSES OF WAR — The causes of war are
as numerous as wars themselves have been.
From the day of his creation, man has been a
fighting animal.

Before the dawn of that intelligence which
taught man the wisdom
of combining forces to }

1 U f U4-

make war, he 1 ought as

• j- -j i TT i.
an individual. He be-

gan by fi g h t i n g any
animal he could eat or

that ate anything he wanted. He fought in self-
defense — to keep from being killed and eaten
himself.

In those days fear and necessity drove him to
fight.

Since then, self-defense, conquest, oppression,
liberation, religion, racial antagonism, conflict-

Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

ing interests and what not, are the causes that
have led man to continue waging war.

There was a time when war was caused largely
by individuals — rulers, cabinet ministers, fa-
vorites— to gratify selfish ambitions or satisfy
petty grudges.

Today the people alone bring about war.
Under whatever guise they may be waged, the
wars of today are, in reality, caused by conflict of
interests resulting from the modern struggle for
existence.

Down at its root, it is
the same cause, unrecog-
nizable in its modern

/^''•^/^•"^V ^ frills, that made our an-

/! >h*-<N^ Au'T" cestors resort to war.

It is the same cause
that makes for war among
the birds of the air, the
animals of the earth, and the fish of the sea.

THE WARS OF THE WORLD — A list of the wars
of the world, giving only names and dates,
would fill many pages of this book.

During the last one hundred years, for ex-
ample, there have been fifteen notable wars (of
which we have fought three) among the civilized
nations of the world— an average of one every
six and one half years — not to mention innumer-

~^,

Preparing the Ground

able conflicts among semi-civilized and uncivilized
people of the globe.

OUR WARS — We of the United States, a peace-
loving people, have never been free from war.
Every step in our national existence, our birth,
our expansion, the final cementing of our Union,
our place in the family of the nations, all have
been gained through war and war alone.

The War of the Revolution (1775 to 1783)
was fought with Great Britain to gain our free-
dom. It is the sole reason why we are today free
and independent.

The War of 1812 (1812 to 1815) was fought
with Great Britain to gain our freedom on the
seas.

The Mexican War (1846 to 1847) was fought
with Mexico to settle the dispute over the bound-
ary line between the two countries.

"The Civil War (1861 to 1865) was fought be-
tween the Northern and the Southern States to
settle the question of slavery within the United
States.

The S panish- American War (1898) was
fought with Spain to give freedom to Cuba.

The Philippine Insurrection (1899 to 1902)
was fought with the insurrecting Filipinos to es-
tablish the sovereignty of the United States in
the Philippine Islands.

Preparing the Ground

Other Hostilities — In addition to these wars,
our guns were turned against the Indians during
a period of more than a hundred years. We have
turned them at one time or another against the
people of Tripoli, Samoa, China, Mexico and
Hayti.

On land and sea, since our history began,
Americans have fought more than six hundred
and fifty skirmishes and pitched hattles.

WILL WARS EVER CEASE? we ask ourselves.

Since war is so terrible, why do we not stop it?

It goes without saying that every one of us
would like to abolish war, just as we would like
to rid the world of disease and misfortune, but so
far we have never been able to do either.

Does the future hold out any encouragement
for us? Whether disarmament, arbitration, a
new order of life, or some agency now unknown
will ever abolish war, no one knows.

However, we do know that judging from the
number of wars during the past fifty years, little
or no headway has yet been made toward the
abolition of war, and there is nothing about the
history of the past or the facts of the present that
indicate that war will ever cease.

As long as the laws of nature and the instincts
of man remain as they are today, war will con-

a
o

Preparing the Ground 9

tinue — and it is not likely that these laws or in-
stincts will undergo any material change during
this or the next generation.

WILL THE UNITED STATES EVER HAVE AN-
OTHER WAR?

Examine our past history, consider our posi-
tion today, look ahead a little and then let the
facts answer the question.

At the end of the Spanish- American war, the
United States stepped up into the ranks of the
first-class powers of the world.

Up to that time, our interests had been chiefly
within our own country. Yet, in spite of our
policy of minding our own business and of keep-
ing out of "entangling alliances," we had aver-
aged a war every twenty-three years of our exis-
tence as a nation, while hardly a decade had
passed in which we had not employed our armed
forces against someone.

With such a record in the past, when we were
a home-keeping people, when we had few com-
mercial interests to make trouble for us, what
may we reasonably expect of the future, now that
we have taken our place as a world-power, with
the Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, Alaska, Porto
Rico and the Canal Zone added to our responsi-
bilities, and with interests, finger-like, reaching
out and touching on every shore?

o
I

Preparing the Ground

Since the Spanish- American war, what with
our interests at home and abroad, there has been
scarcely a time when we have known what it was
to be without some international question of gun-
powder delicacy.

Then, too, the Monroe Doctrine, we have al-
ways with us.

Let us look ahead and try to see a picture that
the future may paint for us.

On one side of
the canvas, cluster
the nations of Eu-
rope, at peace,
poverty - stricken
except for veteran
armies and mighty
military machin-
ery. On the other
side, alone, stands
the United States, the greatest unguarded
treasure-land of the world.

Now, while we hold this picture in the mind's
eye, remember that nations, like individuals,
when hard-pressed by want, can always find a
pretext for making trouble.

Add all of this together. What is the answer?
OUR MILITARY POLICY — Let us read —

12 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

A LITTLE NATIONAL CATECHISM
What is meant by Military Policy? By Mili-
tary Policy we mean the steps taken by a nation
to protect itself against defeat in case of war.

What is our Military Policy? Our Military
Policy has always been:

1. To maintain a small Regular Army.

2. To depend upon Volunteers to do the bulk
of the fighting in case of war, these Volunteers
being hastily called to the colors, organized,
armed, drilled and equipped after war has actu-
ally commenced or is imminent.

3. Not to accumulate war supplies during
times of peace, but to purchase same at enormous
cost after declaration of war, in a sort of "catch-
as-catch can" way, often being compelled to take
inferior articles.

In short, our Military Policy has always been
not to prepare for war until war is imminent or
until it has actually commenced.

Has this Military Policy been successful?

Yes, in that we have finally been victorious in
every one of our wars.

// this Policy has been successful, why not con-
tinue it?

We should not continue it for the following
reasons :

Preparing the Ground 13

1. So far, our enemies have always been as
unprepared as we were and our victories have
been due to the weakness of our enemies as much
as to our own strength, but we can hardly expect
such good luck to continue forever.

2. By going into our wars unprepared we
have prolonged the conflict and thereby paid an
enormous price for our victories — a price in blood
and treasure vastly greater than would have been
the case had we gone to war prepared. In other
words, our policy of unpreparedness has been one
of wasteful sacrifice, our victories having been
attended by enormous and unnecessary loss of
life, property and money. Indeed, because of
our unpreparedness the price we paid for our vic-
tories has been out of all proportion to the object
attained.

But does not unpreparedness keep a nation out
of war?

It has not kept us out of war. Although
we are the most unprepared first-class nation
in the world, during our national existence
of one hundred and thirty-nine years, we have
had six wars — an average of one war every
twenty-three years.

SOME POPULAR FALLACIES — For a people who
can usually be counted on to think straight to the

Preparing the Ground

point, we Americans are apt to go far afield when
it comes to conclusions about things military.

Fallacy No. 1 is gray-headed with age. It is
called "Geographical Security."

There was a time when our location did afford
us some security, but today it is a myth. Indeed,
in the long run, geography has played us false-
she has left us a coast line to defend such as no
other nation on earth has to think about.

Progress in marine construction and inventions,
resulting in high-speed ships of gigantic size, has
reduced the width of the ocean to the East and
West of us to the breadth of mill-ponds.

As a matter of fact, with our Navy destroyed,
these waterways would be a help rather than a
hindrance to an invading enemy, for they would
supply him with the best and cheapest kind of
transportation.

Fallacy No. 2 is almost as in-
firm with age. It might be
called the "born-soldier belief,"
one which lurks in the back of
every American mind.

In plain English, it is an idea
that the average American is a
natural-born soldier and all he
needs is a rifle and a uniform to transform, him
into a fighting man without a peer.

16 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

A long time ago, this was partly true. The
Indian and game were then everywhere and the
rifle was as common in a man's hand as the walk-
ing stick is today.

The men of Concord and Lexington were not
trained soldiers, but they knew how to shoot, how
to feed and clothe themselves, how to take care
of themselves out of doors.

Today, the Indian
fighter, the hunter, the
frontiersman, even the
cowboy, are little more
than dim figures of the
past.

Today, the American
does not have to shoot or
live out of doors as a mat-
ter of business, and when
it comes to pleasure, he generally prefers some-
thing else.

The American of today may have the heart
of the soldier but he has none of the tricks of
his trade.

Fallacy No. 3 is the new-born belief that the
present war in Europe will bring about such com-
plete physical and financial exhaustion that we
need have no fear of war again for years to come.

Preparing the Ground 17

If we judge by what has happened in the past,
the end of that struggle will be the precise mo-
ment when each party to it will be best prepared
for war.

It was so in our own case.

At the end of the Civil War, when Grant's
trained veterans passed in review in front of the
President in Washington, we were at the highest
tide of military preparedness in our history.

And we proceeded at once to demonstrate our
complete preparedness and willingness for war
by concentrating a large force on the Mexican
border and ordering France to withdraw from
Mexico the troops with which she was endeavor-
ing to place Maximilian on the Mexican throne.

France withdrew, without a shot on either
side — an excellent example of the way in which
preparedness for war may prevent it.

Fallacy No. 4 is the growing conviction that
man has reached the point in civilization where
he will be willing to risk the fate of his country
to the decision of others.

Arbitration is a beautiful ideal, and we should
do everything in our power to foster it, but in
the meantime, we should remember that there are
shades of dishonor which we as individuals look
upon as worse than death.

Preparing the Ground 19

In the same way, there are depths of humili-
ation that nations dread worse than war.

Just as there are intimate personal questions
which no man will submit to another, however
wise he may be, so there are questions which no
nation, under any circumstances, would leave to
arbitration to settle.

Fallacy No. 5 is the belief that the lack of
money, the so-called "sinews of war," can pre-
vent war.

History fails to record a single instance where
the lack of money has prevented war.

On the other hand, there are many examples of
nations, apparently poverty-stricken, who have
put large, well-equipped armies in the field and
have carried on war successfully.

The recent Balkan war is a striking example
of this.

Poverty in a nation does not
necessarily mean that all of its
people are poor, and experience
shows that a popular war will al-
ways open many private purse-
strings.

Then, too, war loans pay good dividends and
there is always money to be loaned when the
honor of a nation is offered as collateral.

20 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

Fallacy No. 6 is a conceit that has suffered
hard usage at hands of spread-eagle oratory in
this country. It is best expressed in the familiar
phrase that "prepared or unprepared, we can
lick any nation on earth."

This amounts to more
than an idle boast. It is a
dangerous fallacy, fostered
by the misleading history
taught us in school, that, in
spite of having gone into
every one of our wars, un-
prepared, we have been vic-
torious in all of them and
are, therefore, invincible.

But we have always won
out, you say. True, but how
have we done it?

Let us be sensible and remember that in all
of our wars we have fought only one first-class
power, Great Britian.

We know now that the people of Great
Britian, as a nation, did not take the War of the
Revolution seriously. The English people were
never back of that war, and were content to have
hired Hessians sent over to fight us. And let
us remember, too. that the result of that war

Preparing the Ground 21

might have been very different but for the assist-
ance that France gave us.

In the War of 1812, Great Britain was en-
gaged in the Napoleonic wars, and, consequently,
could give us comparatively little attention. In
spite of this, a handful of British regulars over-
ran the country for a time, doing very much as
they pleased, even marching to Washington and
burning our capital. Our only decisive victory
in this war, the battle of New Orleans, was
gained after peace had been declared. Let us
not forget, too, that, in fact, we were generally
unsuccessful on land and were practically driven
from the sea, and that we finally made peace
without any assurance that the principle for
which we had fought would be recognized by
England.

In our other wars, we have fought second and
third rate nations equally as unprepared as we
were.

Fallacy No. 7 is the mistaken idea that men,
money and material — resources — are the same as
military strength.

We look about us and see a country, vast in
area, rich in money and in every kind of raw ma-
terial— we count up our mllions of able-bodied
citizens and we comfort ourselves with the belief

tin- (r round 23

tliat our ha hi i ice of men, money, and material is
big enough to tide us over any trouble — it is when
in the right shape.

We conjure ourselves
with a vision of a million
patriots springing to arms
hi -t ween sunrise and sunset,
and we believe ourselves in
consequence to be uncon-
querable.

As a matter of fact, our
immense resources bear the
same relation to military strength that iron ore
does to polished steel. Without the machinery
to convert the one into the other, neither is of any
value to us.

AMU -ricans arc brave men. Our citizen-soldiers
have fought our wars, gallantly and successfully,
but what has it cost us?

Military experts tell us that a force of twenty
thousand trained men could have put an end to
the Civil War in four months, whereas we spent
four years, over six billions of dollars, and more
than one hundred thousand Union lives in doing
it — the Cost of Unprepa redness.

It is a well-established fact that had we
possessed a first-class navy in 1898, we would
have been spared the War with Spain. Even that

24 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

short-lived war cost us millions of dollars and
hundreds of lives.

Let us ask ourselves another question : Unpre-
pared as we are, if we should go to war with a
first-class power, backed up by a big, efficient,
up-to-date Army and Navy, what would happen
to us?

Again, if by any chance, we should ultimately
win out in such a war, what would it cost us in
treasure and in blood?

It is a waste of time to speculate.

He hat reached the STOP, LOOK, LISTEN sign in his
journey and is hearing rumbling noises.

Preparing the Ground 25

Now, let us ask ourselves one more question:
Would it not be more sensible to do something to
avoid such a war, or to guard against defeat and
otherwise lessen its evil, if we cannot avoid it?

We have reached the STOP— LOOK-
LISTEX sign in our national march. Let us
stop; let us look around the world; let us listen
to the rumbling noises; let us consider the new,
changed conditions — and then let us see what our
judgment, what our common sense, what our
instincts of self-preservation, tell us about pre-
paring for contingencies.

MILITARY PREPAREDNESS — What do we mean
by preparedness?

Preparedness is only another name for pre-
caution, provision — the taking of measures be-
forehand, making arrangements in advance — to
meet a possible need.

Preparedness in general is one of the most
natural, common and necessary acts of life. Even
wild animals provide for the winter — prepare
against want.

We provide for old age by saving in earlier
life — we prepare against helplessness. By means
of insurance and investment, we provide for our
families — we prepare against death.

We provide against fire by maintaining a fire
department, and against crime, by maintaining

26 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

a police department — we prepare to meet both
with proper measures. We provide for sickness
by preparing hospitals, and so on, indefinitely,
the thread of preparedness runs through every
serious act of our lives.

A nation is but a collection of individuals, or-
ganized into a government, and national pre-
paredness is as natural in the life of a nation as
individual preparedness is in the life of a man.

Xo one questions the wisdom of preparing in
advance to meet a possible need. If it is likely
to occur, the only natural, common-sense tiling
to do is to prepare for it.

The only point about which there can be any
question is the existence of the need — whether
that for which preparedness should be made is
probable.

The question of whether a nation should be
prepared in a military sense depends entirely on
whether it is probable that the nation will ever
have war. With the probability of war elimin-
ated, there would be no more reason for military
preparedness than there would be for hospitals if
there were no probability of sickness.

Military preparedness — readiness for self-
defense — is nothing more than national insurance.

If we make it into a bogie to frighten our-
selves, we have only ourselves to blame,

Preparing the Ground 27

Is military preparedness a menace — a bogie —
which may tempt us to abandon our traditional
policy of peace and trespass on the rights of
others?

In an address eighteen years ago, Theodore
Roosevelt said:

"In this country there is not the slightest dan-
ger of an over-development of the warlike spirit,
and there never has been any such danger. In
all our history there has never been a time when
preparedness for war was any menace to peace."

This statement is just as true today as when
uttered.

As long as wars, like the sword
of Damocles, continue to hang over
our heads, prudence and reason dic-
tate that we ought to prepare for
them, insure against the chance of de-
feat by maintaining an army and
navy sufficient for our ordinary needs
and by having in reserve, ready for
defense, a nation of citizen-soldiers
"trained and accustomed to arms."

The man who goes out for a trip in his auto-
mobile prepares for trouble. He carries extra
t ulics and tires — he insures against the possibility
of having to walk home, but he does not want
trouble. He does not look for trouble. In spite

28 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

of his provision against trouble, he does every-
thing in his power to avoid it. He is merely
ready for it, if it cannot be avoided.

Wars give little warning these days and prepa-
ration must be made in advance.

FOR ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-NINE TEARS he
hat played in the greatest luck — but will it continue forever?

In the past we have played in great luck. Is
our good luck going to continue forever?

If not, what have we with which to meet the
situation, and how would we meet it?

Read on and see.

Our Defenses 29

CHAPTER II
OUR DEFENSES

THE FIRST STEP in the education of the citizen-
soldier is to learn something of the agencies upon
uliich the United States depends for its defense.
They are two, its military force and its naval
force.

THE MILITARY FORCE OF THE UNITED STATES,
in t line of peace, is made up of the Regular Army
and the Militia. In time of war, Volunteers are
added to this nucleus.

THE REGULAR ARMY is composed of the Ad-
ministrative and supply Departments — the busi-
ness and housekeeping departments; the Mobile
Army, so called because it is capable of moving
from place to place ; the Coast Artillery, so called
because it is employed to defend our seaports and
other important points on our coasts; and certain
auxiliary troops, such as the Engineer Corps,
Signal Corps and Medical Corps.

THE MILITIA is divided in the Organized
Militia and the Reserve Militia.

THE ORGANIZED MILITIA consists of the men
who are organized, uniformed and equipped for

30 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

military service by the various States. It is com-
monly known as the National Guard.

THE RESERVE MILITIA comprises all able-
bodied citizens of the United States of military
age — namely, between the ages of eighteen and
forty-five years — who do not belong to the Or-
ganized Militia.

This Reserve Militia might well be called the
Army of Citizen-Soldiers.

THE NAVY is made of vessels known as Dread-
naughts, Battleships, Cruisers, Torpedo Boats,
Destroyers, Submarines and certain Auxiliaries
or Supply Ships.

These vessels are organized into Fleets, Divi-
sions, Squadrons and Flotillas, each composed of
a certain number of ships of different types and
each assigned to a certain part in the naval
scheme of offense and defense.

LINES OF DEFENSE — Generally speaking, the
military and naval forces are organized into three
lines of defense, the sea, the coast, and the land.

The defense of the sea falls, of course, to the
lot of the Navy. Its first duty is to locate the
hostile fleet; its next duty is to destroy it or turn
it back. It thus enjoys a sort of roving commis-
sion, foot-loose except for one thing, it must
always keep itself between the threatened coast
and the enemy's fleet.

Our Defenses 31

If strong enough, and in the right place at
the right time, the navy ought to be able to pre-
vent an enemy from landing on our shores.

However, this is something we can never be
quite sure of. Our coast lines are long; good
landing places are many; and our means of lo-
cating the enemy's fleet are not always to be relied
upon. So. additional measures must be provided
against the chance that the navy may fail in its
duty or may go down in doing it.

The defense of the coast is the first and only
line of support for the navy. It consists of forti-
fications placed near important sea-coast cities
and other important points along the coast.
These fortifications are manned by the Coast
Artillery and are equipped with guns of heavy
caliber which command the channels up which a
hostile fleet must pass or the places where landings
might be attempted. The business of these forti-
fications is to prevent such a passage or landing,
to assist the Navy with their guns and mines or,
in emergency, to use both to shelter the Xavy, if
it becomes crippled or disabled.

As long as these fortifications remain in fight-
iiiLi shape, they are generally able to stand off an
enemy's fleet and protect the cities in rear of them
against seaward attack.

32 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

Knowing this, the enemy does not, so to speak,
approach the front door. Instead, he goes around
to the side and sends his men ashore to batter
down the back door. Hence the back door must
be protected.

The land defense is assigned to the Mobile
Army. Its duty is to meet the enemy on the
beach, prevent his landing if possible, and if not,
to drive him back and defeat or capture him after
he has landed. If it is not able to do either, it
must fight him stubbornly every step of his in-
vading march.

At this stage of the game, the Navy, if still
afloat, can do nothing but cut off supplies and
reinforcements sent to the enemy. The guns of
the fortifications have no further part to play un-
less the enemy fights his way up and lays siege
to the places they defend.

The defeat of a force landed rests entirely on
the shoulders of the Mobile Army, the third line
of defense, the line in which the bulk of our citi-
zen-soldiers will find their places.

PROVISIONS FOR DEFENSE — The next thing to
be considered is the system we have adopted and
the means we take to provide for our lines of de-
fense.

As we have seen, it has always been the policy
of this country to maintain a very small army and

Our Defenses 33

a comparatively small navy. Of late years, this
policy has changed somewhat. A few years ago,
the building up of our Navy was begun and today
it occupies a respectable place among the navies
of the world. The Army has also been slightly
increased from time to time but is still nothing
more than a trained nucleus about which volun-
teers may rally, and we must depend upon volun-
teers from ;tn long the citizen-soldiers to bear the
l>nint of our fighting.

This policy of relying upon volunteers ordin-
arily makes it possible for the citizen-soldier to
choose whether he will take an active part in the
war or will stay at home. However, in a large
war, such as the future would probably bring, it
is highly possible that enough men for our needs
might not volunteer.

It would then become necessary to resort to
some form of conscription, such as drafting, as
u MS done during the Civil War by both the Xorth
and the South.

In such an event, the citizen-soldier might find
himself called upon to do military service whether
it suited his wishes and convenience or not, and,
if not prepared for war service, he would cer-
tainly find himself handicapped in more ways
than one.

34 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

THE OBLIGATION OF CITIZENSHIP — Under the
laws of the United States, it is provided that:

"The militia shall consist of every able-bodied
male citizen of the respective States, Territories
and the District of Columbia and every able-
bodied male of foreign birth who has declared his
intention to become a citizen, who is more than
eighteen and less than forty-five years of age."

It is a fundamental principle of government
that the obligation between State and citizen is
mutual. The State protects the person and
property of the citizen, who, in turn, must lend
his help to protect the State.

We depend upon the country not only for our
livelihood but for our liberty — and there is a price
to pay for both.

The Military obligations of citizenship are,
therefore, both legal and moral.

Legally, it is an obligation on the part of a citi-
zen to give military service in time of war, if
called upon to do so.

Morally, it is an obligation on his part to pre-
pare himself to do a man's full share.

THE NEXT STEP in the citizen-soldier's prepa-
ration for the work of a fighting man is to learn
something of the machine of which he will form a
part. This is necessary because in the fighting

Our Defenses

each man has a part to play. Some play it
one way, some another.

When he volunteers, the citizen-soldier may
elect to serve in either the Army or Navy.

In the Army, he may go into the Mobile Army,
made up of Infantry, Cavalry, Field Artillery,
KngineiT Corps, Signal Corps and Medical
Corps; or, to the Coast Artillery, or to any one
of the various supply departments.

THE INFANTRY is the arm of the
service in which we find the foot
soldier — the man with the pack on his
back. It is the slow moving, hard hit-
ting arm which goes to make up the
bulk of every army and upon which
the fate of every battle depends.

The Infantryman is an independ-
ent fighting man and in return for
his independence he must pay a
price. lie must depend upon his
legs alone to cany him over miles of
road, from one battle field to an-
other. In addition, he must carry
his tools and his household goods. On his
shoulder, he carries his rifle; on his back, his
bayonet, intrenching tool and pack in which
are his extra clothing, blanket, shelter-half,
poncho and food. About his waist is his am-

In fan! ry mini

36 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

SHOWN BROS.

munition belt in which he carries one hundred
rounds of cartridges and from which is suspended
his canteen and first aid packet.

THE CAVALRY is the
mounted branch of the
service, the arm of the
man on horseback. For
this reason, it is able to
move rapidly and it is
generally kept well out in
front of the other troops,
on the lookout for the
enemy. Because of this,

Cavalryman ft fr^ ajways been knOWIl

as the "Eyes and Ears" of the Army, ever on
the move, ever alert, on guard every hour of the
day and night.

THE FIELD AR-
TILLERY is divided
into the Light Ar-
tillery, Horse Ar-
tillery, Mountain
Artillery and
Siege Artillery. connmn, „,„,„„.„..„.

The Light and

& Field Gun m Action

Horse Artillery

are armed with guns known as three-inch field

guns which are mounted on wheeled carriages.

Our Defenses

In the Light Artillery, a part of the men are
mounted on horses, while the rest ride on the gun

Mountain Artillery

and ammunition carriages. In the Horse Artil-
lery, all of the men are mounted on horses. The
Mountain Artillery is armed with the three-inch
"•ui i, so arranged that it can be carried on pack
mules. The men
are not mounted.
The Siege Artil-
lerif is armed with
uiins of large cali-
ber, mounted on
carriages which are
pulled by either
horses or motors.

These siege guns are also mounted on armored
railway cars — miniature rolling fortresses.

,'J4C>(>1 1

38 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

THE ENGINEER CORPS is charged with all the
surveying, map-making, construction and repair
of roads, bridges and fortifications.

THE SIGNAL CORPS constructs,
operates and repairs all military
telephone and telegraph lines,
cables and field telegraph lines. It
also has charge of all wireless sta-
tions, telegraph and balloon trains.

The newly created Aviation
Corps is a part of the Signal
Corps.

THE MEDICAL CORPS attends to
the sanitary condition of the Army
and its camps and cares for the sick
and wounded.

Semaphore
Signalling

THE COAST ARTILLERY
CORPS is responsible for
the care and operation of
the fortifications and their
guns, and of the mine
fields.

THE NAVY— In the
Navy, the volunteer must
be either a Sailor or a
Marine.

As either, he may find

Disappearing Rifle

himself aboard any one of different kinds of
vessels.

Our Defenses

The duties of the sailor are many and varied.
There is no fixed organization,
such as Companies, Regiments,
>JL. etc., in the Navy. Knough men

/• are sent to each ship to operate it

D ;IIK| navigate it, and taken alto-

gether, they are known as the
Crew of the ship. The Crew
is divided into groups of varying
sixes called Divisions, each
charged with some particular part in the life of
the ship. For example, there is the Deck Divi-
sion, composed of the men charged with the gen-
eral care and navigation of the ship.

Dreadnoughts and Battleship* are the heavy-
weight fighters of the Xavv, sometimes called

CUI-THIOMT, AMI*. Mt»* AMH.

.Win,

COmiOMT, AMIR. r«lt( All*

A Dreadnatnjht, The U. 8. 8. Arizona

40 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

"Floating Gilbraltars" because of their great
fighting power.

The Battleship is a heavily armored ship cap-
able of throwing a projectile weighing 1,400
pounds, with accurate aim over a distance of from
ten to twelve miles.

They also have batteries, or groups, of smaller
guns for fighting smaller vessels at close ranges.

The Dreadnaught is a sort of overgrown battle-
ship. It also is heavily armored and carries all
guns of large caliber. It is the long range, heavy
hitter of the Navy.

COPTHIOMT, AMID. PRIM »»•«.

A Cruiser, The U. 8. S. St. Louis

The Cruiser is a boy-sized battleship, less
heavily armored, and equipped with guns of
smaller caliber. They are speedier than the

Our Defenses 41

battleships and for this reason usually form the
first line of the Navy's attack or defense.

Torpedo boats and Destroyers are the grey-
hounds of the sea. They are not armored and
they carry only guns of small caliber. As a
matter of fact, they are little more than steel

A Dettroyer, The U. 8. S. Pretton

shells built around a mass of powerful engines
and machinery.

They are the scouts of the Navy, capable of
great speed and sudden dashes and they make use
of this speed both in attack and defense.

Formerly, the torpedo boat was the only means
of handling torpedoes. They usually worked in
groups of four or five and their plan of action was
to slip up as close as possible to a hostile fleet with-
out being seen, then dash suddenly in at top
speed, fire their torpedoes in the hope of sinking a

42 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

battleship before they were themselves destroyed.
The Destroyer, as its name implies, was built to
fight off the attacks of torpedo boats.

The Submarine is the under-sea prowler,
armed with deadly torpedoes against which the
most powerful Dreadnaught is well-nigh help-
less. The later types of submarine are also armed

A Submarine

with guns of small caliber capable of sinking un-
armored vessels.

The submarine ordinarily travels on the sur-
face of the water, on the lookout for its target.
When this is sighted or located, the submarine
quietly submerges, leaving only the periscope, a
sort of prismatic telescope, above the surface. In
this way, it approaches its target until within
range, then fires its torpedo from beneath the
water.

In general, the submarine is a cigar shaped
shell, enclosing machinery for propelling it and

Our Defenses 43

lor discharging the torpedo. In the bottom half
of the boat are a number of tanks which may be
filled with water. In order to submerge, or go
down, the water is permitted to run into these
tanks and fill them. Before this is done, all open-
ings in the boat have been tightly closed. The
tanks rapidly fill with water and the submarine
sinks beneath the surface, leaving only the peris-
cope above. Each submarine is provided with a
number of steel cylinders containing compressed
air which is gradually liberated while the sub-
marine is submerged and supplies the crew with
fresh air. When it is desired to come to the sur-
face, the water in the tanks is forced out by
powerful pumps, thus lightening the l>oat and
permitting it to rise. The average speed of the
submarine is from eight to twelve knots an hour.

The Periscope is a kind of telescope made with
prisms and mirrors so that a man in the boat be-
low the surface of the water is enabled to see any-
thing on the surface and thus to control and
direct the course of the boat.

The Torpedo is, in reality, a sort of automatic
vessel itself. After it is expelled from the tube
in the submarine, it is propelled by compressed
air, stored in a chamber, which takes up the
greater part of the torpedo. It is kept on its
course by a self-steering apparatus which can

44 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

be set so as to direct the torpedo towards its
target. The explosive is in a chamber in the front
end of the torpedo, and the tip end of the torpedo
is an explosive fuse called the war-nose. When
this fuse bumps into the side of a ship, or other

COPTIIIOHT, Axen raua »M«.

Torpedoes, showing the propellers

obstacle, it explodes and this explosion, in turn,
discharges the torpedo.

The Auxiliaries are the supply and repair
ships. They are known as tenders, supply, fuel,
and repair ships.

The fuel and supply ships are generally
manned by merchant sailors.

Our Defenses

cormioMT, AMU. MMM AMU.

. / Fuel Ship, Th« U. 8. 8. Jupiter

Tin-: M\ KIM: CORPS — The Marines are the
soldiers of the sea. Soldiers and sailors too, their
duties are here,
there and every-
where. On board,
there is little in
which they do not
take part. Guard
d 1 1 1 y is their special
business but they
help in the general
police of the ship
as well as in the
mannin» of any and all of the guns.

On shore, they become soldiers and their duty
is of a strictly military kind. At home, they

Marine t at Gun Drill on Board

46 Self -II dps for the Citizen- Soldier

guard the navy yards and their stores. Abroad,
they are the Navy's trouble hunters. When any-
thing goes wrong and our interests have to be
protected, the Marines are sent ashore to hunt the
trouble down and straighten it out. Their work
carries them in the vanguard of all disturbances
and there are few shores on which they have not
done duty of one kind or another.

ORGANIZATION OF AN ARMY — In the Army,
the citizen-soldier will at once become identified
with a Company, Troop or Battery, and he will
remain with it until promoted or mustered out of
the service. During his service, the Company
is at once his work shop, his home, his club and his
family circle.

In the Infantry, Coast Artillery and Kn-
gineers, it is called a Company; in the Cavalry, a
Troop, in the Field Artillery, a Battery.

A Company of Infantry at war strength is
composed of one hundred and forty-four enlisted
men — soldiers — and three officers. It is com-
manded by a Captain.

Kach Company is divided, according to its size,
into two, three or four parts called Platoons.
Kncli Platoon is commanded by an officer, a Lieu-
tenant, or by a noncommissioned officer, an en-
listed man, called a Sergeant.

48 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

Each Platoon is made up of from two to four
groups called Squads.

Each Squad is composed of eight enlisted men,
one noncommissioned officer, called a Corporal,
and seven Privates.

A Troop of Cavalry at war strength is com-
posed of eighty-six enlisted men and three offi-
cers. It is subdivided into Platoons and Squads
and each is commanded as in a Company of In-
fantry.

A Battery of Field Artillery is composed of
one hundred and seventy-one enlisted men and
five officers. It is divided into Platoons and Sec-
tions, instead of Squads, and is commanded in the
same way as in a Company or Troop.

The Battalion, next to his Company, Troop or
Battery, is the organization in which the soldier is
most interested. It is composed of four Com-
panies of Infantry, or of three Batteries of Field
Artillery, and is commanded by a Major.

The Squadron is the Cavalry equivalent of the
Battalion, and is composed of four Troops.

The Regiment is the organization beyond which
the soldier rarely ever sees much and outside of
which he will have little interest. It is composed
of three Battalions, a Machine Gun Company
and a Band, and is commanded by a Colonel.

Our Defenses 49

A HANDY TABLE OF ORGANIZATION — As far

as the soldier is concerned, the organization of an
Army beyond the Regiment may well take the
form of one of the familiar tables of our school
days:

8 Regiments make 1 Brigade, commanded by
a Brigadier General.

3 Brigades make 1 Division, commanded by a

2 or more Divisions make 1 Field Army, com-
manded by a Major General or a Lieutenant
General.

The total of a Field Army amounts to some-
thing between fifty and seventy-five thousand
fighting men and from three to five thousand
auxiliaries, or men who attend to the care, trans-
portation and supply of the fighting man.

\\ 1 1 \ T \ VK WOULD NEED — In its studies of the
defense of this country the General Staff of the
Army rstiinah-s that we would need an army of at
least four hundred thousand men to be sure of
preventing an enemy from landing on either of
i MM- coasts.

Hack of this, we would need a million more
fighting men to insure defeating an enemy and
driving him from our shores.

50 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

The small Regular Army cannot do this. The
Organized Militia cannot do this. Together, they
cannot do it.

How then would it have to be done? It would
have to be done by organizing and training armies
of volunteers from among our citizen-soldiers.

How would we go about doing this?

The pages that follow will tell you.

"Company

•Troop

•Battery

1 Captain

1 First Lieutenant

2 First Lieutenants

1 Second Lieuten- 1 Second Lieutenant

2 Second Lieuten-

ant

ants

3 Officers

5 Officers

1 First Sergeant

2 Corporals

1 Quartermaster

(Scouts)

Sergeant

1 Corporal

8 Sergeants

5 Sergeants

(Signal)

10 Corporals

7 Corporals

2 Privates

2 Cooks

(mounted)

1 Artificer

1 Farrier

1 First Sergeant

2 Musicians

1 Horseshoer

1 Quartermaster

119 Privates

1 Saddler

Sergeant

2 Trumpeters

1 Stable Sergeant

65 Privates

1 Mess Sergeant

1 Chief Musician

7 Mechanics

3 Musicians

S Cooks

6 Sergeants

4 Gunners

(Corporals)

13 Caisson Corpor-

als

60 Drivers

65 Cannoneers.

144 Kn listed men

86 Enlisted men 171 Enlisted men

One Million J'oluntcers 51

CHAPTER III
ONE MILLION VOLUNTEERS

WAR HAS BEEN DECLARED

Congress Has Authorized the Raising of One
Million Volunteers

THE PRESIDENT ISSUES CALL TO ARMS AT MIDNIGHT

Fancy yourself on your way to work when you
unfold the paper and read those headlines.

What does it mean to you? War, of course,
hut what sort of a picture does it hring to your

mind '

Let us look at it. One million men out of our
inak' population. One man out of every forty-
srvrn ma Irs — hoys and men, young, old, able-
bodied, drrrrpit. That is the first thing it means
to the life of the nation.

52 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

What it means in the home, in the business, of
the 47th man, we can only guess.

What does it mean for those who face the tusk
of finding those million men, taking them in hand,
sorting them, arranging them, organizing them,
arming, uniforming, training and equipping
them — making them into a righting machine?

Summed up, it is a task that would tax the
finest organization and machinery that peace-
time ingenuity could devise and years of patient
preparation could effect.

With disaster hanging over our heads, danger
threatening us on every side and the confusion
of unpreparedness handicapping our every effort,
it means a task that will strain the utmost
shoulder-to-shoulder effort of the nation to the
breaking point.

Let us glance at the round numbers that such a
task rolls up in front of our eyes.

First of all, 1,000,000 men — a column of men,
four abreast, over four hundred miles long — a
million men eager to fight in defense of their
country and — ignorant of the first principles of
a soldier's trade ! A million of men who are noth-
ing but a burden to be cared for until they can be
taught to care for themselves. A million men
who cannot move without leaders, or raise a hand
in defense until they have been taught.

One Million Volunteers 53

U'liat else does it mean?

7->0,000 rifles and bayonets for them to fight
with.

265,000 pistols, little brothers of the rifle.

8.000 machine guns, the military scythe.

•J.I oo field guns to batter down attack.

!»,.), 000,000 cartridges to carry with them into
their first fight and as many more for each suc-
ceeding fight.

2,500,000 shells and shrapnel for our field guns
for every hour they are in action.

196,000 horses to carry them and pull their gun
carriages.

1 '27,000 mules to haul their supplies and pack
tlieir guns.

8,000 wagons to transport their supplies and
ammunition.

l.ooo.ooo cartridge belts for their ammunition.

1.000,000 first aid packets to bind up their
wounds.

1 ,000,000 canteens.

Each of them must have uniform and equip-
ment.

l.ooo.ooo shelter halves to protect them from
the weather.

1 .000.000 ponchos to keep them dry.

•J.ooo.ooo blankets to keep them warm.

•J. ooo.ooo pairs of shoes.

54 Self -II dps for the Citizen-Soldier

2,000,000 uniform coats, breeches, leggins, suits
of underwear.

1,000,000 hats.

2,000,000 shirts.

4,000,000 pairs of socks.

1 ,000,000 haversacks to carry their equipment.

Finally they must eat :

1,000,000 pounds of meat each day.

1 ,000,000 pounds of bread each day.

2,000,000 pounds of vegetables each day.

3,000,000 pints of coffee or tea each day.

All this must be purchased, transported, pre-
pared and cooked, each day, and to eat it, they
must have:

1,000,000 cups.

1,000,000 plates.

1,000,000 knives.

1,000,000 forks.

1,000,000 spoons.

To provide for proper care, training and lead-
ing battle, they should have:

25,000 trained officers.

The building of the Panama Canal was the
greatest piece of construction of modern times.
Its machinery for the sheltering, feeding, sanita-
tion and care of its force is regarded as the model
for doing business on a large scale. Experts

One Million J'olnntct r.v 55

devised it and time and experience tested it. No
effort or expense was spared in making it perfect.

There was nothing to interfere with the work-
ing of this machinery or to create confusion for
those who had it in charge.

At the heighth of its work, the Panama Canal
employed about 40,000 men — one twenty-fifth
of one million volunteers.

CONGKKSS HAS AUTHORIZED THE RAISING OF
( )\1 Mil. I. ION ('lTIXKN-Soi.l)IKRS TO BE TRAINED

INTO FIGHTING M i \.

Tin: PHI.SIDIM HAS ISSUED THE CALL TO
ARMS.

At anii moment the en cm// ma// be battering at
our doors.

Before you reach your work, the War Depart-
ment is wiring every post and station in the
I'nitcd States the order to concentrate — assem-
ble— at points designated hy the war plans of
the General Staff'. Hy tomorrow, a hundred
trains will be bearing the scattered regiments to
these pi )ints, where they will be mobilized — or-
gani/cd into Brigades, Divisions and Armies, and
recruited to War strength and made ready to
move — as fast as they arrive.

Through the Bureau of Militia Affairs, a
branch of' the- War Department, the order is
going out to the Adjutant General of the Militia

56 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

of every State and Territory calling upon them
to assemble the Organized Militia for muster-in
to the volunteer service and to prepare them to
leave their homes for mobilization camps as soon
as possible.

While you are opening your mail, telegrams
are flying to the Governors of each State and
Territory telling them the number of volunteers
they will be expected to furnish as their share of
the million men.

Before night the Governor of New York, will
be preparing the drag-net that is to gather in the
quota from his State — nearly 100,000 men. Out
in California, they will be preparing to scour the
State for something like 20,000 men. Down in
Louisiana, they will be sending out the call for
nearly 18,000 more. Up in Michigan, 20,000
homes will each be sending out a volunteer.

Before you go to lunch, a hundred purchasing
officers and agents all over the country will be
making ready to order millions of dollars worth
of supplies. The forces at arsenals and depots
from the Atlantic to the Pacific will be girding
themselves to work at top speed and over time for
months to come. Train after train will be back-
ing into sidings for loads which they are to rush
to mobilization camps.

One Million 1'olu ulcers 57

Today, all over the country members of the
( )rgani/ed Militia are rushing business in a fran-
tic effort to close up their affairs before donning
their uniforms and leaving for the front.

Within the next two or three days, a thousand
recruit mi? parties will IKJ hanging out their flags
in every community in the land.

Tonight, when you go to bed, 10,000,000 men
will be giving serious thought to the question of
answering the call.

\\Y speak lightly of a million men springing
to arms at a day's notice. We picture them leav-
ing tlu plow, the shop and the counter to rally
on the firing line in their country's defense.

Do you know what it would mean, if such a
thing were possible? For one thing, it would
mean organizing, equipping and training ten
armies, each the size of our present United States
Army.

Economically, it would mean something closely
akin to national paralysis. If one million men
should abandon their work in a single day and
go in search of recruiting oflices. twelve thousand
passenger coaches or more would be needed to
carry them on their journey.

If these million men stood in line before the
doors of one thousand recruiting offices, it would
require the uninterrupted effort of one thousand

58 Self-Hclps for the Citizen-Soldier

recruiting parties, working clay and night for
more than ten days to enroll and enlist them. It
would take another week to ship them to mobili-
zation camps, if the railroads of the country did
nothing else.

It would require the day-and-night work of a
thousand men for ten days to put up the tents for
them. When completed, this vast camp would
amount to a city of more than 125,000 tents,
covering an area of more than 8,000 acres, an
area five times the size of Poughkeepsie, New
York, three times the size of Utica, equal to
Mobile, Alabama, Richmond, Virginia, Spring-
field, Ohio, or St. Joseph, Missouri.

Assuming that everything was ready and wait-
ing, it would be the work of another week to uni-
form, arm and equip them — a grand total of at
least three weeks before they could be ready to
learn the name of the rifle with which they were
to fight.

While all this is going on, hundreds of officers
are out over the country, enlisting men at large,
wherever they can find them, and these men,
United States Volunteers, are being hurried to
the mobilization camps, to swell the ranks of the
Regular Army or to be organized into regiments
of United States Volunteers.

On*- Million Volunteers 59

This is the sort of thing that will be going on
around you for the next three months. As you
go about your work, the net-work of military
activity is spreading out to close in over every
city, town, hamlet and farm in the country. From
Washington, through each Capital, the call to
service is reaching out for its toll from every walk
of life.

The million men are gathering slowly to the
colors. They are being transformed into fight-
ing men, built into fighting machines as fast as
human effort can do it.

Every day, men are leaving their work and
their homes to respond to the call. A vacant
desk, an idle machine, an empty chair, tells the
story of another citizen-soldier who has held up
his hand under some one of a thousand flags and
has sworn to serve for the period of the war.

Every passenger train in the country bears its
toll of volunteers. Every laboring freight
carries its share of the supplies for their use.

Twenty-five thousand, fifty thousand, perhaps
more, men are working with all their might to
supply the needs of these one million fighting
men.

All over the laud hundreds of factories are
working double shift in the frantic effort to turn
out the things needed to make the fighting man

60 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

ready for his work, as well as the things he will
need with which to do his work when he is ready
for it.

Every morning as yon turn over for your
second nap, 6,000 bugles will be waking the grow-
ing roll of one million volunteers to another day's
work. As you drowse, they will be swallowing a
hasty breakfast and preparing for the long, weari-
some hours ahead of them.

Perhaps three months from now, you will begin
to learn something of what has been going on
around you. The first grist from the military
mill will be marching through your streets on
their way to the front.

You will hear their music and behold their flags.
You will see them swinging on their way, awk-
wardly, perhaps, and without the stride of the
trained soldier, but brown and strong with the
toil of honest, hard work in a worthy cause — the
defense of the Nation!

As you watch them going past you, each intent
on the moment when he shall turn his body into a*
shield for those behind him, does anything sug-
gest to you that your place is out there in the
street, among them, with a rifle on your shoulder,
a pack on your back, and a single purpose in your
heart?

One Mil linn r

I )<> you feel on your shoulders the responsibility
which c-iti/eiiship lianas about the neck of every
American?

An- you prepared to shoulder that responsi-
bility.'

I )<• you kn«)\v how to prepare?

The pages that follow will n-ive you the clue.

/9/O

Intrenching Tools

Tin- Making of a Fighting Man 63

CHAPTER IV
THE MAKING OF A FIGHTING MAX

THE Ti M r 11 T.\ K is -The time it takes to turn
a civilian into a fighting man depends, first of all,
on the man himself. If he is physically fit, active.
<|uick to learn — if his heart is in his work — it is
neither a long nor a difficult task.

The work of the fighting man is simple and
easy to understand. His training consists in
learning tu inarch, to shoot, to tal'e care <;f him-
self, to do -cliat he in told and to go inhere he is

led.

Under (\r/>erienced mid efficient instructor*.
three months ought to l>e enough in which to train
the right sort of a man into a fairly g(xxl field
soldier. The making of the trained soldier is
another matter. lie is expected to know what to
do under all ordinary circumstances, and how to
do it. whether he is led or not. Training of this
sort takes years when- the other takes months.

Tin. WORK IT TAKF.S It takes work to make
a fighting man gnu-Ming, tc, lions work — but
that is not all. Instruction, drill and practice play
the leading part in the training of the fighting

64 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

man, but something else is also required — the re-
cruit must lend his mind and his heart to the in-
structor.

Earnestness and determination are half of the
make-up of the fighting man and this is some-
thing that training cannot give to any grown man.
It is the part that lie must do for himself.

THE KIND OF INSTRUCTION — The kind of in-
struction makes all the difference in the world.
At best, the work of training means aching
muscles and long hours, hours in which the man's
mind must drive his bcxly to its tasks. Unless the
work of instruction and training be properly
directed, it means monotony, wasted effort and
discouragement.

Poor and indifferent instruction is a ease of the
blind leading the blind — over a long and rock//
road. Good instruction .shortens the road and
makes the going easier.

No system of training or instruction that does
not take into account human nature can be
thoroughly effective. The human element prob-
ably enters into war and all that pertains to war
more than it does into any other pursuit.

The old idea of turning a human being into a
machine, by means of discipline, and of making
him dread his officers more than he does his enemy,

The Making of a Fighting Man

died long ago, especially with the American
people.

THE INSTRUCTOR MUST BE A MASTER OF HIS
'['HADE — lie must know every detail of the work
from having done it himself. He must be ahle
to teach what he knows quickly, simply and
directly. He must understand men, how to in-
terest them and keep their attention, how to play
on tin it- enthusiasm, how to lighten the monotony
:ind fatigue of drill.

The trained instructor is the Volunteer's short-
< v/ cut to the field of battle.

QUICK TRAINING REQUIRES PREPAREDNESS—
It n-oes without saying that the fighting man must
have the tools of his trade if he would learn to use
tin -in. Without a gun, a man cannot be taught
to shoot : without equipment, he cannot be trained
to the burdens of the march.

These things must l>e ready and waiting for the
Volunteer's hands. He gives to the Government
the man and the zeal; the Government must pro-
vide the uniform, arms and equipment against the
day when they will be needed.

Assuming that the machinery of training has
been provided in advance, the road of the Volun-
teer from his home to the firing line, though
\\tarisome. is short and straight.

66 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

THE RECRUITING STATION — The recruiting-
station is the first step on the journey. In time of
war, the prospective volunteer will probably find

one in his own home
town, or at the near-
est county seat. At
the recruiting sta-
tion, the applicant
.__ for enlistment gives

an account of himself
and his past record to
the recruiting officer
and undergoes a rigid
OOTY..OMT. A«R P.*,...... physical examination

The Recruiting Station at the hands of the

surgeon.

If lie passes the scrutiny of both recruiting of-
ficer and surgeon, he then takes the oath of en-
listment and signs a contract to serve the United
States as a fighting man, generally, for the period
of the war unless sooner discharged.

When this oath has been taken and the contract
signed, the applicant has become a recruit in the
Volunteer Army of the United States and, in
company with other recruits, is hurried at once to
the nearest mobilization or training cam]).

AT THE MOBILIZATION CAMP — At the mobili-
zation cam]), the new recruit is assigned to a regi-

The Making of a Fighting Man 67

ment and company, troop or battery. A non-
commissioned officer, a sergeant or corporal, of
his company takes him in charge and assigns him
to a place in a tent, after which the work of equip-
ping him is at once taken up.

THE UNIFORM — The uniform — the livery of
the fighting man — is the first thing issued to the
recruit. This is fitted to him as carefully as pos-
sible from the stock on hand in the supply depart-
ment, special attention being paid to the fitting
of the shoes.

ARMS AND EQUIPMENT — These come next.
They consist of the fighting weapons, the rifle and
bayonet, the messing equipment, the meat-can—
a combination plate and frying pan — tin cup,
knife, fork and spoon. With these also come the
canteen, or water bottle, the intrenching tool — a
small pick or shovel — the shelter-half, blankets,
poncho — a kind of water-proof sheet — and a
package containing first aid material.

To carry all this equipment, he is given a cart-
ridge belt for his ammunition and a haversack
and carrier for the rest.

THE RECRUIT'S FIRST WORK — The recruit's
first work will be to learn how to take care of his
i mi I'M rn i. arms and equipment. He usually learns
this from lectures and demonstrations given by

68 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

officers, noncommissioned officers or experienced
privates, if there be any.

This work is really of great importance. It is
the recruit's first introduction into the military
habits of neatness, orderliness and care of both

The Fiyhtiny Tools, Rifle, Dayonct, Ammunition Jirlt ami First
Aid Packet

person and belongings. These habits are a matter
of duty. The clothing is given to the soldier by
the Government and he is responsible to the
Government for its proper care.

The rifle is his fighting weapon, given to him
with which to defend his countrv and himself. It

7V/c Making of a Fighting Man

(V.)

is the soldier's best friend. He should know it
and its peculiarities as he would know a friend.
Its care should be his first thought, for if he would
have it take care of him, he must take care of it.

When the recruit lias learned how to put on his
uniform and how to take care of his property, he
begins at once the daily routine he is to follow
until the day when he will go aboard the train or
transport that is to carry him to the front.

HKVKIM.IV --Keveille beings the day. It is the
call that will wake the
soldier to every day until
he receives his discharge
from the service. While
the buglers are sounding
this call up and down
through camp, the men
get up and dress. The
end of the call is the sig-
nal for them to form in
ranks and answer to their
names.

HHKAKFAST — Kreakfast follows reveille and
takes about fifteen minutes, after which each man
washes his mess kit, and puts it in his tent.

POI.KT. OF TEXTS AND CAMP Police of tents
and camp is next in order. Half an hour is
generally allowed for this work. Kach man ar-

conmiOHT, AM*, nttu AMD.
II 'nxllllHI II j> f»r

70 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

ranges his clothing and bedding and helps to
clean his tent. All then clean up around the
tents and in the company streets. They then get
ready for drill.

PHYSICAL DRILL — Physical drill of some kind
is always first and foremost in the day's work.
Why? you ask. Because, first and foremost, the
fighting man's work depends on his physical
fitness.

Caluthenic Drill

To begin with, his mind must be always on the
alert and equal to any strain, and no man's mind
can be at its best when it is handicapped by a
weak or an ailing body.

Then, too, the work of the fighting man makes
harsh demands on his body. It must be strong
enough to undergo the strain of marching when
every muscle cries out for rest ; strong enough to
hold a rifle steady under fatigue and excitement ;
more, it must be strong enough to resist those-

The Making of a Fighting Man 71

diseases of campaign which kill more men than
do the bullets of the enemy.

Kvery man's work calls into play the muscles
of some part of his body and exercises them in a
certain fashion. The work of the soldier calls
all of the muscles of his body into play at one
time or anotlu T and works them in new and pain-
ful ways.

The muscles of the body must be trained to all
of this work, not suddenly and by the harsh
nut hod of straining them to the breaking point,
but gradually, slowly and in a way to develop
tlu-ir utmost power and endurance.

('msi. OHDI.K DRILL — Xylose order drill in one
form or another gem-rally follows next in order.
This drill is sometimes known as the "Mill of
Disci /dim-." hrraii.se it is the kind of drill in
which the soldier is taught habits of attention,
precision and instant obedience to the voice of
his commander.

It has another purpose, a practical one, in
which the volunteer recruit is more interested. It
is this: In order to control and handle large
bodies of men, quickly and without confusion,
they must be taught to group themselves in an
orderly arrangement and to move in an orderly
manner.

72 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

For example: Infantry is grouped or formed
in line, an arrangement in which the men are
placed in two lines or rows, one behind the other.
They are taught to march in column, an arrange-
ment in which groups of two or four men march
abreast of each other, followed in succession by
other groups of the same kind.

The recruits must he trained to move in an
orderly manner from one group, or formation, to
another, how to stand, step off, march, halt,
handle their rifles and all to do it together.

It requires practice to learn this, even without
the precision expected of the trained soldier, but
for the practical purposes of the quickly-trained
fighting man, all that is necessary can be mas-
tered in a comparatively short time.

After a time, the recruit will discover for him-
self another purpose in this kind of drill. He
will learn his place in the squad and company and
will begin to feel at home in both. He will be-
come accustomed to working side by side with
the man next to him and, unconsciously, both will
get into the habit of working together. Thus
they will learn the first lesson in the teamwork
which plays such an important part in the fight-
ing game.

EXTENDED ORDER DRILL — Extended order
drill is the fighting drill. It is the drill in which

The Making of a Fighting Man 73

the recruits are taught the formations in which
tlu-y will have to move on the field of battle.

Today, men do not fight in close lines or masses
as they used to do. Instead, they scatter out-
extend — the lines or columns into a single line
in which they are separated from each other by
intervals of from half a yard to two or three
yards, according to circumstances. This line is
called the skirmish line, and the men, when on
this line, are called skirmishers. Thus scattered
out or deployed, as it is called, they furnish a
smaller target for the enemy to shoot at and, at
the same time, get room in which to fight with
greater ease and freedom.

The recruit begins the work of extended order
drill in the squad, under the instruction of his
squad leader, a corporal. The first thing
taught to him is how to obey the command, FOL-
LOW ME. The squad is told that after that com-
mand has been given, it must follow the squad
leader, in whatever formation it may be, line or
column, walking when he walks, running when
he runs, halting when he halts, and all at a signal
from him.

The squad is then taught how to form the
skirmish line and the signals by which this line is
controlled and moved are then explained.

74 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

The Squad forming a Skirmish Line

When the recruit has learned these movements
and signals and how to execute them, his individ-
ual instruction in extended order drill is over. In
company, battalion or regiment, forming for
battle, or on the firing line, all lie lias to remember
or to do is to follow liis leader and obey his orders
and signals.

The squad is then promoted to the company
extended order drill where each man will learn
how he is to play his part in the work of the real
fighting machine.

DINNER — This meal comes at 12 o'clock — the
old-fashioned, working man's dinner hour. One
hour is always allowed for dinner and rest.

VARIOUS KINDS OF INSTRUCTION — Preparation
for target practice, shooting, bayonet fighting,

The Making of a Fighting Man 75

the pitching of tents, first aid to the wounded,
and other things, all of which will be explained in
detail later on, take up at least a couple of hours
of the afternoon.

PARADES AND REVIEWS — Parades and reviews,
known under the general name of Ceremonies,
complete the day's work.

Neither parades nor reviews form any prac-
tical part of the fighting man's training for
battle, but they do serve a useful purpose in his
general training.

These ceremonies are the dress-up occasions of
military training — "on parade." For them,
each man makes himself spick-and-span from
top to toe. Rifles are cleaned and dusted, cloth-
ing brushed, and shoes polished.

Hi- fore marching out for parade or review, the
company is inspected by the captain to see that
every man looks his best, that each belt is ad-
justed, each uniform without a wrinkle, each man
just as he should be.

For these ceremonies, the men are formed in
lines and masses which march to martial music,
or stand, move, and handle their rifles, all with
the greatest possible smartness and precision,
doing everything in perfect time and unison.

All of this concerted movement produces a
pleasurable feeling such as we have when we

76 Self -lid pit for the Citizen-Soldier

dance or when we sing in chorus. In other
words, thette ceremonies are a .sort of get-together
exercise which pulls men together in spite of
themselves, gives them a shoulder-to-shoulder
feeling of solidity and power and builds up that

confidence and spirit which
win battles. It is the first
step toward "the spirit of
the team."

SUPPER — Supper, again
the working man's meal,
comes between five and
six o'clock.

RETREAT is an informal
sort of ceremony which is
held on days when there is
no evening parade. It
generally takes place in
the evening after supper.
At retreat the flag is
lowered, or furled, for the
night and the ceremony is
sometimes referred to as,

"Flitting the flag to bed."

After being lowered, the
flag is carefully folded and kept under care of
the camp guard until Reveille when it is again
raised.

. «,...««.«.-,

Loiceriny (he Flag at

The Making of a Fighting Man 77

For the ceremony of retreat the companies are
formed in line in their respective company streets,
uniform and arms are inspected by an officer,
after which the hand plays the Star Spangled
Banner and the Flag is
lowered.

SHORT LECTURES—
Short lectures on some
kind of military work
usually take up an hour
or so of the evening.

TAPS — Taps, sounded
generally between 10 and
11 o'clock at night, is the
signal for putting out all Tapt

lights and going to bed.

It closes the day for the soldier and sends him
to his blankets a tired and sleepy man.

sffOW

H4WL£
, /

BOpy

COHDMffi/7

M00& OF WO

s/iir BOX

Of &/O

TOP

Mess Equipment

Tin- Mill o/' Inxtnu'tiim

CHAPTER V
THE MILL OF INSTRUCTION

Tin DAILY \VOHK 01 TIIK SOLDIER has been
outlined in the preceding chapter. Let us now
take a closer look and see what he does when he
gets down to work, and how he does it.

SETTING-UP EXERCISE
is the first form of physi-
cal exercise the recruit
undergoes. As its name
implies, its purpose is to
give the new man the set-
up— the bearing and car-
riage— of the military
man. In addition it sen « s
to loosen up his muscles
and prepares them for
later experience and de-
velopment.

The recruit must get
ready for the work of
inarching, of carrying a pack, and of shooting.
Each of these things will make new demands DM
his muscles which must he prepared to adjust

I mi mi'l Slutnltli i- I'.i-i i-'-i.ti

Self -Help* for the Citizen-Soldier

themselves to their new duties. Setting-up ex-
ercise blazes the way.

These exercises consist of simple arm, shoulder,
chest, trunk and leg movements,
arranged in sets which are easy
to learn and to remember.

CALISTHENICS is the grown-up
form of setting-up exercise.
These exercises embrace the
whole broad field of the human
body and in such a way that
every part, every muscle, may be
exercised and developed.

When the recruit comes to this
Leg Exercise u-ork, he may be perfectly sound
physically, yet have any number
of defects that will handicap him
for the fighting man's work.

For example: one is stoop-
shouldered, another is flat-
chested. Neither of them will
make good marching men — they
haven't enough lung space. An-
other is fat. He can't march
either — he has too much surplus
load to carry. Another is sway-
backed. He must be taught to
stand and walk properly, in such
a wav as to take the strain off the small of his

l-'lllt Clll:il.t

The Mill of Instruction 81

l>;irk. Another is spindle-legged. His legs
must be developed — and so on
down through the list.

( 'alisthenics p r o v i d es a
proper prescription for each.
Tin instructor must under-
stand enough about anatomy
to know where the muscles lie,
how the soldier's work will
i-in ploy them and how to reach

them with SOme form Of Trunk Ererntt

exercise.

He then decides upon a muscle
or set of muscles to be exercised.
Then, partly by explanation,
partly by illustration, he causes
the men to go through the ex-
ercises, a movement at a time.
..-,„* /<„,*, Gradually, explanations and
commands give way to counting

and. before they know what they are doing, the

men an- swinging through the exercise in rythni

u itli the count of the instructor.

THE SCH<X)L OF THE SOLDIER is the part of the
drill in which the soldier is taught how to stand,
face, march, salute and handle his rifle.

This training is the alphalx.'t of the soldier's
education, the foundation UJHHI which all that

82 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

follows is built. Upon the thoroughness of this
training depends the rapidity with which the
succeeding steps, to the squad, and from the
squad to the company, may be taken.

*THE POSITION OF ATTENTION, or
how to stand like a soldier, is the first
thing taught the recruit. Soldiers
are taught this position primarily for
the sake of uniformity — in order that
all may stand alike. Another reason
is that it is the easiest position in
which to stand since it is the most
natural, the body being held in per-
fect balance, with all or most of the
muscles relaxed.

This position of attention is the
starting position for all that follows.
THE FACINGS, or how to turn smartly to the
right, left or to the rear, on one heel or the other,
are next taught.

"The Position of Attention. — Heels on the same line and as
near together as the conformation of the man permits. Feet
turned out equally and forming an angle of about i.5 degrees.
Knees straight without stiffness. Hips level and drawn hack
slightly. Body erect and resting equally on hips. Chest lifted
and arched. Shoulders square and falling equally. Arms and
hands hanging naturally, thumbs along the seams of the trousers.
Head erect and squarely to the front. Chin drawn in so that the
axis of the head and neck is vertical. Eyes straight to the front.
Weight of the body resting equally on heels and balls of the feet.

The Posi-
tion of At-
tention

The Mill of Instruction H.'J

'I'm. M \iu iii\(is — the military walk and run
—are next.

Kvery man knows how to walk and run, but
few of them know how to do so without making
extra work of it. One of the first principles in
training the body of the soldier is to make each
set of muscles do its own work and save the
strength of the other muscles for their work.
Thus the soldier marches in quick time — walks—
with his legs, keeping the rest of his body as free
from motion as possible. He marches in double
time — the military run- with an easy swinging
stride- which requires no effort on the part of the
muscles of his body.

In both cases, the recruit is taught to walk and
run in the way nature intended, using his legs for
movement and reserving the strength of his body
for the carrying of the rifle and pack.

Another thing must be taught the soldier about
marching— to keep a steady rate. For example:
in inarching in quick time, the soldier takes one
hundred and twenty steps each minute; in double
time, he inns at the rate of one hundred and
eighty steps per minute

Many people think of the Salute as a sign of
subservience, a sort of homage, not in keeping
with the spirit or principles of a people who are
free and equal.

84 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

Nothing could he farther from the truth. It
is a sign of recognition hetween men associated in
a profession in which each in his way is as import-
ant as the other.

The regulation which requires the soldier to
salute the officer also requires the officer to he
prompt in acknowledging the soldier's salute.

In other words, all are taught to walk and run
at the same rate so that when they march to-
gether, the progress is steady and uniform.

THE S A L u T E, the
form of salutation be-
tween all military men,
is taught the recruit as
soon as possible.

This salute is a form
of greeting that be-
longs exclusively to the
military man — a form
of salutation w h i c h
marks a man as a mem-
ber of the fraternity of
M e n-a t-A r m s, men
banded together for

national defense, bound to each other by love of
country and pledged to the loyal support of its
symlx)!, the Flag.

The Salute with
the Hand

I! if! i- Snl u 1 1-

Tftc Mill of Instruction 85

In a way, this training results in saving fatigue
Tor the- inarching man — each takes the same
length of step, at the same rate; none has to
accommodate his march to another.

Military men never pass each other
without saluting. If unarmed, they
salute with the hand. If
armed with the rifle or saber,
they salute with the rifle or
saber.

THE MANUAL OF ARMS,
or instruction in how to
handle the rifle, is begun as
soon as the man has learned
how to take care of his rifle.
The rifle is the foot-
soldier's fighting weapon
and he must become so ac-
customed to the feel of it

/ It XI III

Sabtr sniMt, that he handles it without a Amu

thought. It becomes a part

of him. a weapon with which he tights as natural-
ly as a man uses his fists.

The rifle must IK- handled and held in certain
ways that ha\e been found by experience to be
the easiest.

8G Self-Helps for the (.' I t'r,cn -Soldier

Each of the positions of the rifle in tin- Manual
of Arms serves some useful purpose to the sol-
dier.

For example: It is held
in a certain way when stand-
ing in the position of atten-
tion, carried in a certain way
on the shoulder, held in an-
other way when talking, or
when waiting for inspection.
When men in a body salute,
they hold their rifles in an-
other position called the
Present Arms.

In the manual of arms,
they are taught how to hold Port ~Arms
their rifles in these positions
and how to move them smartly from one position
to another.

Aside from teaching the recruit how to handle
his rifle easily and smartly, the training in the
manual of arms serves another and still more im-
portant purpose. It is a part of the "Mill of
Discipline," the school in which the soldier is
taught to obey, in which his muscles are schooled
to respond to the voice of command without
thought on the part of the man. It is the first
step in that training which makes men hang to-

Order

The Mill of

gcthcr. respond to their leaders and face danger
simply because they are told to do so.

The ease in handling his rifle
which the soldier acquires from
practice in the manual of arms,
stands him in good stead when he
(•onus to the training for target
practice and Cor h:iyonet combat.

In h:>th. the arms must be so
accustomed to the weight and feel
of the rifle that they handle it with
certainty and precision, leaving the
mind of the man free to think
about what he is doing, whether it
be aiming at a target, thrusting,
lunging or cutting at an opponent,
or merely marching at ease, with

mind alert or wandering far afield.

Tin: Sruooi. oi TIM: Sgr.U) — When the re-
emit has learned to stand, march, salute and
handle his rifle, he is promoted to the next grade
—the School of the Squad.

This promotion marks an important step in
liis training, for the squad is the team in which
IK is to h-arn and play the fighting game.

In the sqnad. he becomes associated with the
•even other men with whom he is to eat. sleep.

Hi >ilit Shoulder

. i rmt

88 Self-Hel])* for the Citizen-Soldier

march, fight and have his being until disability or
promotion takes him away from them.

The Squad— the Team of Eight

The first tiling done in the instruction of the
squad is to review all the work learned in the
school of the soldier, until the men of the squad
can do all of it together. After this, they take
up the work which the squad will have to do as a
part of the company.

The squad is the unit upon which all of the
work of the company depends. Unless the men
of each squad work together as a single man, the

The Mill of Instruction 89

work of the company is well-nigh impossible.
Kach squad must always he found in the same
place in the company, doing the same thing time
after time, in exactly the same way.

The greater part of the movements of the
company is by squad and each squad must be
taught to turn to the right, left and about, to
march, halt, execute the manual of arms, and do
all of the other work of the company as one man.

From this close order drill, the company goes
to the extended order drill and there the squad
puts into practice what it learned of this drill in
the school of the squad. With the do/en or more
other squads of the company, it learns to form
its part of the long skirmish line. It learns the
movements and signals by which the company is
handled in battle. It becomes acquainted with
the platoon to which it belongs and learns the
part which each platoon plays in the fighting of
the company.

THE EXTENDED ORDER DRILL of the company
is the drill in formations and signals, the practice
in teamwork, by which the squads are welded
into a single fighting machine.

FIRING follows next in the order of instruction
of the squad. Having learned how to form the
fighting line, they must next learn how to load
their rifles and fire in any position — standing,

90 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

Cold Steel— Thrust

kneeling, sitting or lying down, each of which is
used at one time or another.

BAYONET EX-
ERCISE AND COMBAT
—Fighting with the
rifle and bayonet—
the cold steel of the
foot soldier — is an
important part of the
recruit's training.

In spite of the
withering effect of
r i fl e and artillery
fire, it often happens that nothing short of a per-
sonal encounter will successfully stop or dislodge
the enemy in battle. In
this hand-to-hand fighting,
use is made of both the
rifle and bayonet, the bay-
onet as a cutting and stab-
bing weapon, and the rifle
as a club.

The bayonet exercises are
the practice by which the
recruit learns the foot move-
ments— how to jump for-
ward, backward, to the side, to whirl to the right
or left or to the rear — and the way in which to

The Rifle—A Club

The Mill of

liir i or. thrust and cut with his bayonet, or club an

»>p|n mriit with his rifle. These exercises must be

mastered until the soldier

uses the movements in at-
tack or defense with the ease

of a boxer using his fists.
TA R o E T PRACTICE, or

shooting with the rifle, is

the most important work

of the great majority of

soldiers. The Infantry and

Cavalry are armed and fight

with the rifle. The Field

Artillery. Kngineers and the other special troops

depend upon the rifle, either in their own hands

or in the hands of others,
for protection while they
work. It is therefore
most important that every
man who is preparing
himself for the work of
the fighting man should
understand the rifle and
how to shoot it.

Using the Rifle Butt

rirlny Kneeling

A great deal may be learned about shoot inn
from a careful study of the rifle itself, its manipu-
lation, its sights and their use. Familiarity with
all of this is the best sort of a start toward the

92 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

training. When the theory of shooting is under-
stood, the work of training the muscles begins.

A man shoots partly
with his arms, partly with
his hands and partly with
his eyes, and his brain is
the link that connects
them all into working
shape and establishes the
relation between the eye
and the finger which en-
ables the man to pull the
trigger at the proper in-
stant.

All of this requires

firing Stumlin;/

training and practice to get the feel of the rifle,
the knack of sighting and the hang of pulling
the trigger.

The work of training in
shooting actually logins
when the man takes his rifle
in his hands for the first
time and begins to get its
feel. It continues in the
manual of arms while he is
learning to handle the rifle
easily and it ends in the training for shooting
which makes the man and the rifle into a single
machine.

firing Sit ling

The Mill of Instruction

Tin. SuiHiixc; DKII.I.S, for the purpose of
teaching the recruit how to sight his rifle, form
the first real training in shooting.

This work is taken up as soon as possible after
tlu- training of the recruit begins. It starts with
use of the rifle in a fixed rest,
from which the recruit learns
how the notch in his rear right.
tin- t<»p iif his front sight and the
target look when the rifle is prop-
erly sighted.

Tin. Tosn ION AND AIMIM; DRILLS, for the
purpose of training and developing the man's
arms and accustoming them to holding the rifle
in the proper positions for shooting, follow IK \t
in order.

TlUGGER-Sgi i i /i K\ri:iiM. in turn, follows
the position drills. These arc for the purpose of
teaching the recruit how to pull the trigger with-
out disturbing his aim. In a nutshell, he is

ll<nr They Look

94 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

taught to squeeze the trigger slowly and gently
while aiming, until it is released without a jerk.

When the recruit has been trained in all of
these exercises until he knows how to hold his
rifle, sight it and pull the trigger properly, he is
advanced to gallery practice where he fires the
rifle at a miniature target, using the familiar .22
caliber ammunition. This practice is principally
for the purpose of testing out what the recruit
has learned up to this time and of adding a little
more interest to the work by letting the man see
what he can actually do.

After a certain course has been fired at the
gallery targets, the recruit is advanced once more,
this time to the target range where he fires the
service ammunition. Here he fires at bulls-eye
targets at ranges up to six hundred yards.

When he has finished this firing, his individual
training in shooting is finished.

ESTIMATING DISTANCE PRACTICE completes
the work of shooting for the recruit. In this in-
struction, the recruit is taught to estimate, or
guess, accurately the distance to various objects
up to one thousand yards away from him.

Much of the success in shooting the modern
rifle depends upon knowing the correct distance
to the object fired at, and this knack can only be
acquired by practice in the estimating of distance

The Mill of Instruction 95

<>\IT all sorts of ground, up hill, down hill, over
level ground, across water, and in all sorts of
weather.

When all of this work has heen completed, the
recruit is ready for combat or battle practice—
the rehearsal of the business of finding the enemy
.•UK! trying to destroy him.

COMBAT OR BATTLE PRACTICE — In this prac-
tice, the enemy is represented by groups of tar-

Xilhouettet for Combat Practice

m Is or silhouettes in the form of men in standing,
km (lino ;iiid lying positions. These targets are
placed in positions such as an enemy would l>e
likely to occupy and partly concealed from view.
The squad then advances as in an engagement,
searches them out and fires on them.

HORSEMANSHIP — For the mounted men,
horsemanship, by which is meant the care and
1 1 .lining of the horse, is just as important as
physical condition or march training is for the
foot-soldier.

Self -II dps for the Citizen-Soldier

Saber Combat

This training, for both horse and man, begins
as soon as possible after they are brought to-
gether and continues as
long as they are as-
sociated.

The man and the horse
form one fighting ma-
chine whose parts must
work together in perfect
harmony and with the
least possible fatigue to
each other.

,, The horse saves the

Hume Traiinnn.

riders strength, trie rider

m HMt help the horse to keep hi*. This means that
the soldier must give his horse proper care, groom-
ing, feeding, watering and that he must know

The Mill of Inxlnn-tiim

how t<> ride him in a way that will save him all
unnecessary work.

FIRST AID is the name given
to the early assistance of the
sick and to the hasty dressing
of the wounds on the field of
battle,

Kvery soldier carries on his
l>elt a pouch containing a her-
metically sealed tin package
in which are sterili/ed com-
presses and handages. This
package constitutes the sol-

, . . ' , i Splint ami X/ino

dier s red-cross supply.

Instruction in the
use of the first aid
material is general ly
limited to a few
simple dressings,
such as the use of the
tuiiniifjin't to stop
Needing. ///<• //-sr of
ImmldfiTx to hind up
and protect wounds
I'rom dirt and infec-
tion, and the me of
iii handa-in-

ln-oken hones. Instruction is also given ill the

use of (irii/ii-itil rfxjiimiinn in restoring drowning

98 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Sold in-

Resuscitation

and suffocated men. Simple methods of caring
for men suffering from sun-stroke or heat ex-
haustion are also taught.

In general, the purpose
of first aid instruction is not
only to teach one soldier
how to help another, but, in
many cases, how to help
himself, by bandaging his
own wounds and prevention
of infection.
THE USE OF COVER — Be-
fore firearms were invented,
men fought in the open,
standing up face to face.
However, the use of bullets
soon put an end to this and
men began to look for ways
of protecting themselves be-
hind natural objects, such as
trees, rocks, hillocks and the
like, and this led to an im-
portant part of the modern
soldier's instruction — the use
of cover.

The whole subject has been reduced to a few
simple principles easily taught and easily under-
stood by the average man.

Using Tree for Cover

The Mill of Instruction

This instruction includes training in the use of

cover while either stationary or moving.
The recruit is first taught how

to shield himself behind a tree,

rock or hillock, or in a doorway,

while firing. It is impressed on

him that the best kind of cover is

that which gives him the most

protection and at the same time

permits him to fire at the enemy, Firing from behind

and that, no matter how good the

protection may be, if he cannot fire effectively at
the enemy, he must not avail himself
of it.

He is also taught that, no matter
how good the cover may be, he must
not stay too long behind it, but must
always be on the lookout for an oppor-
tunity to move forward, jumping up
suddenly, running at top speed, then
throwing himself behind the cover,
before his enemy has had a chance to
fire at him.

THE USE OF TRENCHES — When
men fought with swords and spears,
they wore suits of mail and armor and

rarrird shields to protect themselves, but with the

introduction of fire arms they had to look for an-

from
Doorway

100 Self -II dps for the Citizen-Soldier

other way of shielding and protecting themselves,
and they began digging trenches — the modern
soldier's armor and shield.

These trenches play an im-
portant part in every modern
battle and they vary in kind from
the hasty or shelter trench, a
shallow hole scooped out of the
ground, to the elaborate under-
ground galleries of which we
read in connection with the pres-
f ent war in Europe.

**- The Hasty or Shelter Trench

Then js jlist w}lat its name indicates—

a trench made in a
hurry, to get cover
from the bullets of
an enemy or to help
in holding out
against an expected
attack.

In the first case,
when the fighting
line has gone for-
ward as far as it can,
the men throw them-
selves down on the ground, and, while part of
them keep on shooting, the rest under the protec-

The Mill of Instruction 101

tion of tliis fire, begin scooping out holes for
themselves and throwing the dirt up in little
mounds in front of them. Then they change off.

They use for this work small shovels, picks and
axes, called intrenching tools.

These trenches are not much protection and
when time permits they are deepened and made
into trenches in which a man may sit, kneel or
stand while shooting.

This enlarging of the trench is continued by
scooping out the sides to make room for ammuni-
tion, food and water, or places where wounded
men may be sheltered until they can be carried
to the rear.

, Orcrhrad corcr. to protect from fire which
comes from alrive. is made by placing platforms
of plank, poles or brush across the trench and
eo\rring them with earth.

Tins work of enlarging the trenches and mak-
ing overhead cover over them may be continued
almost indefinitely until we have elaborate under-
ground garrisons provided with all sorts of con-
veniences, kitchens, dressing stations, sleeping
places, even electric lights and running water.

Trenches of this kind amount, in reality, to
field fortresses, and they are ordinarily to be
found only in positions occupied by troops f..r
long periods, as in the c ise of a siege, or where

102 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

two opposing lines deadlock in a position from
which neither can advance.

Obstacles, or traps and obstructions of all kinds
are placed in front of these trenches to make it

Wire Entanglement

difficult for an enemy to approach them. Com-
mon among these obstacles is the entanglement
made of stakes and wire and the abattis, consist-

Abattis

ing of a tangle of felled trees whose sharpened
branches are turned to the enemy.

PATROLLING AND SCOUTING form another im-
portant part of the soldier's training for the field.
This is what is known as "The work of eyes, ears
and brain." In patrolling and scouting, the

The Mill of Instruction

103

soldier tries to see and hear as much as he can and
to make a very little tell him a great deal.

It is dangerous work, in
which an effort is made to
sneak up close to the
enemy's lines or camp
and observe all that can
be seen. The scout must
make use of cover and of
every form of stealth to
conceal himself as much
as possible. He lurks be-
hind walls and fences,

Keeping under rover

sneaks from tree to tree or bush to bush, or crawls
from hillock to hillock often covering himself
with grass or leaves to hide his movements.

INDIVIDI \i COOKING — In garrison and camp,
each company, troop or battery has a kitchen and
enlisted cooks to do the cooking. In field service,
this arrangement is kept up as long as the organi-
xation has a wagon to carry its cooking outfit.
When, for any reason, the company becomes
separated from the wagon, each soldier has to do
his own cooking.

The ration consists of bacon or canned meat,
bread, or hard bread — a kind of water biscuit-
coffee, sugar, salt and pepper, which the soldier

104 Self-Helps for the Citken-SoMier

carries in his haversack. Occasionally, potatoes,
onions and canned tomatoes are issued.

Individual cooking generally consists of frying
bacon, warming up canned meat, making coffee,
and sometimes frying potatoes and onions.

This simple cooking is a dreaded task for the
new man. He frequently ends by wasting part
of his food, spoiling another part, and eating the
rest half cooked, sometimes raw.

Uuilding the right sort of a fire is the first thing
to learn. The experienced soldier picks up a
couple of flat rocks and a handful of sticks or
branches of wood. He puts the rocks on the
ground four or five inches apart and builds his
fire between them — a small fire, so that he can
cook comfortably, without scorching himself or
being smoked out.

First of all the tin cup full of water is put to
boil over the fire, and while it is boiling, the soldier
cuts up his bacon and gets it ready to fry. When
the water boils, it is taken off the fire, a heaping
tablespoonful of coffee is put in it and the cup is
shoved into the edge of the fire to simmer. Then
the bacon is fried. Potatoes, if any, are peeled,
sliced and fried. Sugar is put into the coffee
and stirred up — a dash of cold water is thrown
into the coffee to settle it. A package of hard-
bread is opened and — dinner is served.

The Mill of Instruction 105

PKKSONAI. II YHIENE, taking care of himself out
of <I<x)rs, goes farther toward bringing a man
through a campaign alive than does good luck
and medical attention.

It is the part of soldiering which our frontier
forefathers learned for themselves and which the
nuxlern, city-bred man has to be taught.

The rules are few and simple, but they cannot
be ignored except at heavy cost.

Avoid all exposure that is not necessary in line
of duty.

Be comfortable as much of the time as you can.

Kccj) as clean as pomtiblc. Tired men are
likely to shirk cleanliness. Never lose a chance

•

to take a bath or to wash socks and underclothing.
1 1' nothing else, bathe the feet. In the absence of
\\ater. take a sun bath, dry your clothes, then
( 1 rcss.

Kemore ivet clothing as soon as jxxssible. It
does you no harm while on the march or at work,
but it is a dangerous thing in which to sit around
camp.

Be careful about food. Kat what is furnished.
.\\ oid green and overripe fruit. Don'*, patroni/r
peddlers.

lie careful about icatcr. If filtered or pure
spring water is not to be had, drink weak coffee
or tea. The lx>iling kills the genus.

106 Self-Hdps for the Citizen-Soldier

Don't drink liquor of any kind. It merely
weakens a system that is already overworked.

Sleep whenever you get the chance. You can-
not count on regular hours and every soldier in
the field should have at least eight hours sleep
out of every twenty-four.

Sleep off the ground whenever possible. Hay.
straw, dry grass, branches of trees, under the
blanket, make sleeping more comfortable and
lessens the danger from dampness.

CAMP SANITATION — The soldier's share in
camp sanitation consists in helping to keep the
camp clean. He should not only help to clean
the tents and ground, but should avoid doing any-
thing to soil either. Food, apple cores and other
refuse bring flies, and flies in camp are almost as
deadly as bullets are on the battle field.

the Fi^hUm* Machine 107

CHAPTER VI

THE MAKING OF THE FIGHTING
MACHINE

THE MAKING OF THE FIGHTING MAN is only
tin- first step in the making of the fighting ma-
chine.

Until they have been organized under proper
control, until they have learned to play the game
—work together — until they understand the
meaning of teamwork, trained fighting men are
no more than separate parts of a machine waiting
I'm- tlu- assembler's hands.

The basic fighting machine is the company,
troop or bath i\. The assembler is the Captain.
His assistants are the two lieutenants; his fore-
men are the noncommissioned officers. These
men must put the machine together, adjust it,
train it — tune it up to the point where it will
work smoothly and respond instantly to their
touch.

There are many things which the well-trained
fighting machine un^ht to be able to do. There
arc ////•<<• things which the (/nicklff-traiiu'tl fight-
ing machine must be able to do. It must be cap-

108 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

able of taking care of itself in the field — Camp
Training and Camp Discipline. It must be able
to move from one battlefield to another and ar-
rive in condition to fight — March Training and
March Discipline. It must be able to fight-
Fire Control and Fire Discipline.

CAMP TRAINING AND CAMP DISCIPLINE come
first. They are first both in the order in which
they are taught and in their importance. It is
clear that men must be taught how to live, eat,
sleep, work and take care of themselves in the
open, before they can be expected either to march
or fight.

Camp Training is the instruction in which the
soldier is taught how to pitch and strike tents,
how to make himself as comfortable as possible
under canvas and, above all other things, how to
care for his health in his outdoor surroundings.

A military camp is a tented city, laid out,
whenever possible, with the greatest precision and

, Aim. pittt* AMD.

A Maneuver Camp

the Fighting Machine 109

in accordance with certain prescribed rules. This
is done in order to prevent confusion and discom-
fort. In a permanent or training camp, the life

CAMP OF A REGIMENT OF INFANTRY. WAR STRENGTH

(111 /Um)
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110 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

is very much the same as that of any city. It
must have streets through which traffic may pass
without inconvenience to the inhabitants. It must
have some system by which the place of each man
in the camp is easily located. It must have its
business section and its residence section. It must
be capable of being guarded and policed. All
of this requires an orderly arrangement, the same
one time as another, the same in one camp as
another, so that a soldier, familiar with camps in
general may go unhesitatingly from place to
place in any camp.

For the day-to-day camps of a marching force,
this order of arrangement is all the more neces-
sary. At the end of the march, everyone is tired.
Each wants to get himself settled with as little
delay and confusion as possible. In order to do
this, each tent, man, animal, wagon, gun, box of
rations and bale of hay must have its place in the
camp. Once this is known, the camp may be
pitched with the precision and quickness of a fire
department drill. There are no questions to be
asked. Each man knows exactly what to do and
he does it in the least possible time.

In the same way, the camp must be struck—
taken down — quickly and without confusion.
One hour is generally allowed from the time the
soldier tumbles out of his blankets at reveille un-

Making the Fighting Machine 111

til he must be standing in ranks ready to march.
During this hour, breakfast must be eaten, tents
st nick, packs packed, wagons loaded, the grounds
policed — cleaned up — and all preparations for
the march made. Again, each man must know
exactly what is expected of him and how to do it
with the least delay and confusion.

Tent Pitching

This precision can only be learned from prac-
tice, from doing over and over again the many
things connected with the pitching and striking
of camp, until each man knows his place and his
work and goes about it without hesitation.

Camp Discipline is next in order of importance.
Just as every city must have its sanitary rules and
regulations, so every camp has its rules and regu-

112 Self -Helps fur the Citizen-Soldier

lations by which the health of the fighting1 mail is
protected.

Water is the most common source of disease
among soldiers. Above all things, the water
supply must be protected from pollution. As a
general rule, water for drinking, cooking, bathing
and washing of clothes comes from one sourer,
some nearby stream, and to prevent the fouling
of this water, guards are placed along it. Drink-
ing and cooking water is taken farthest up
stream; next, animals are watered; next, bath-
ing is permitted and below this, clothing may be
washed. In this way, one stream furnishes a sup-
ply for all purposes.

Toilets — called "sinks" by the military man-
are next in order of importance. They must be
carefully guarded and regulated in order to pre-
vent the spread of disease.

Kitchens are another prolific source of disease.
Unless they are kept scrupulously clean, they will
attract flies, and flies are the soldier's deadly
enemy. All utensils are kept scrubbed and bright.
The ground must be kept clean from all refuse,
scraps of food, rotten fruit, anything and every-
thing that will attract flies.

Good camp discipline means that every man
makes it his business to see that none of the regu-
lations in regard to health is broken by anyone.

Mal.-ing fin' Fighting Machine I KJ

\t\rt conies the soldier's indmdnal health code.

On arriving in camp, his first thought should
IK to get his tent pitched as |)roinptly as possible
and to arrange his possessions for the night. If
his blankets arc damp, lie should throw them over
the top of liis tent to dry and air.

His IK -\t thought .should be to clean himself.
It' possible, he should try to find a place or way
to bathe himself. Hathing is a cardinal virtue
with the soldier, but one he cannot always find
means to practice. He should alicai/ft be on the
lookout for a l/ath.

If he cannot find the means for a bath, he

should at least wash his feet and change his shoes
and socks. Next to a warm meal, there is no
restorer for the tired soldier like a footbath.

\(\rt com ex the subject of eating. As a gener-
al rule, the soldier should eat whenever the oppor-
tunity is given him. lie never knows when the
next chance may c.nnc. However, heavy eating
just before the beginning of a march and eating
while on the march should IK- avoided. The heavy
meal should come after camp has been reached
and when a night's rest is in sight. Then, in spite
of hunger, the soldier should cat slowly. In this
way. he Li.-uiLM s his appetite, eating all lit \\ants
without overloading his stomach.

114 Self -lid p8 for the Cithcn-Soldier

The trained soldier sticks to the food supplied
him in the company. He knows that it is whole-
some, well-prepared and safe — none of which lie-
knows concerning food ohtained from other
sources.

Before dark, the trained soldier arranges his
bed. If possible, he secures a little hay, straw,
grass or leaves to put under his blanket. He
makes everything ready for sleeping, and stores
all of his clothing and equipment in his tent, tak-
ing no chances of having it rained on or wet by
dews.

Camp Protection — The principal occupation
of soldiers in camp should be to rest and prepare
themselves for the work of the following day.

In order that they may do this, steps must be
taken to protect them. Otherwise, it would be
necessary for them to keep themselves in readi-
ness for an attack at any time, or if the enemy
should not actually attack, small parties could
easily sneak up close to the camp, fire into it, and
disturb and break the rest of all in camp.

To prevent this, a part of the command is
charged with the guarding of the cam]) from sur-
prise or annoyance. This part is known as the
Outpost because it moves out from camp and is
posted in places where it can prevent the enemy

Making //'<' /'V.L'7/ ////»' Machine

1 Li

from approaching, generally along roads leading
to camp.

The troops composing this outpost are divided
ii|) into parts, each charged with the duty of
guarding tin- roads or approaches from some one
direction over which the enemy is likely to come.

Along these roads or approaches, at a distance
that keeps tin- camp safe from attack, are sta-
tioned little groups called Outffuanln. whose
duty it is to watch for the enemy and give warn-
ing of his approach.

These groups are of different sizes. Here, a
single man may crouch heside the road; there,
two men, within easy speaking distance, are con-
cealed at some good view-
point. Hack of each man
or pair of men. a hundred
yards perhaps, is a little
g r o ii p whose memhers
take turns in relieving the
man on \\ a t c h. Tlu-se
men ;uid groups make up
\\ hat is called the Lhn «/'
Observation, The sol-
diers on \\nteh are knou n
as ,SV//////<7v. The groups in rear are called
CussticL- /'o.v/.v. Si'ntrii Sijiuulx or Picl't l.\. accord-
ing to their si/c.

Lookout

M/ iking the Fighting Machine 117

Back of this line are other still larger groups
known as Supports. These supports are the
fighting groups. It is their duty to take positions
from which they can support or protect the ob-
scr\ ing Croups if attacked.

Back behind the line of supports is another
group, the largest of all, called the Reserve. This
reserve is not called into action except in case of a
determined attack on the part of the enemy. In
such a case, it is the duty of the Reserve to go to
the assistance of the Supports and to hold the
enemy in check until the main lx>dy in camp can
make ready to fight.

M AKi-ii TKAIMM; AND DISCIPLINE — March-
ing is the principal occupation of troops in cam-
paign and it is one of the heaviest causes of loss.

Tins is true of all branches of tin- service and
( 'specially so of the Infantry.

On the march, the Infant ryi nan is one part of
a great, slow-moving body that grinds its way
steadily, day after day. over miles of scorching,
dusty road or through mud and slush.

The average march of large bodies is from
twelve to fifteen miles per day — not a long dis-
tance, you say, nothing any man in good condi-
tion cannot do without trouble.

That is true, but walking and marching are two
dilVennl things. To begin with, when he

118 Self -I I el jut for the Citizen-Soldier

marches the soldier carries something between 35
and 40 pounds on his person, something over a
quarter of his own weight — a very considerable
handicap in a six or eight hour journey.

When walking alone, the man moves as he
pleases, now taking a short step, then a long one,
walking fast or slow as he wishes, moving from
side to side to select any path his fancy chooses.
In other words, he walks in the way that best
suits his legs.

On the other hand, when he marches, the soldier
is in a human treadmill. He is not allowed to
lag or hurry. He cannot pick his path. Each
step must be exactly like the one before, taken
with machine-like regularity, following in the
footsteps of the man ahead.

In general, practically everything about
marching, except the bare movements of the legs,
is new to the recruit.

First, he must become accustomed to the
steady grind over all sorts of roads. He does this
a little at a time, beginning with a few miles and
increasing the distance each day.

In the same way, he must become accustomed
to the weight of his pack, beginning with a part
of it and adding a little each day until his back
and shoulders are gradually trained to the work
of carrying the full load.

Making the Fighting Machine I !'.»

Made for Comfort

Tin- marching man's feet are, naturally, his
principal concern. His shoes are broad and com-
fortable. They are fitted to him with great
care — more than is given
to any other part of his
uniform. They must be
neither too large nor too
small, too short nor too
long. Half an inch from
the end of the toe to the
end of the shoe is the rule
tli.it saves the soldier from
bruised and blistered toes.

When marching, rests are strictly regulated.
I \\cept for some urgent reason, a marching col-
umn is always halted for ten minutes out of each
I lour. 1 hiring these halts the men are allowed to
lea\ e innks and rest themselves on the side of the
road, in any way they wish.

March Discipline, summed up, is the habit,
gained from training, that makes the soldier obey
march rules and regulations in every detail, take
care of himself — keep himself on his feet.

March discipline is the spirit that keeps the
soldier in his place marching steadily, no matter
lio\\ his hack may ache. Ins fret pain him, or his
body cry out for rest — it is the spirit that turns

120 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

a man's body into a machine which his mind
drives until it collapses.

Lagging in ranks is one of the things that
march discipline frowns upon the most. The man
who lags out of his place forces the man behind
him out of place and so on down through the col-
umn until the last man in the company has been
forced to drop back. When the soldier who first
lagged moves back to his proper place, he leaves a
gap for the next man to close up and this con-
tinues until the last few men must run to get back
to their proper places. This see-sawing causes
annoyance and increases fatigue.

Drinking "water on the march is the besetting
sin of the recruit. He becomes thirsty and drinks.
Each drink leads to another until his water is
gone, his stomach is full and he is wet with sweat.

The trained soldier rinses his mouth before
starting out, drinks all he wants and, after the
bugle has sounded Foncard, tries to forget that
he has a canteen. If he must drink, he begins by
gargling his mouth and throat and ends by tak-
ing a few swallows.

The trained soldier never drinks the last of his
water until there is more in sight.

Eating on the march is another habit the re-
cruit must learn to avoid. To begin with, he over-
loads his stomach at a time when it has other

the Fixhtinx Machine

121

work to do. He makes himself thirsty and tempts
himself to drink. He spoils his appetite, so that
he does not want to eat when he should. What
is worse, he eats his food when he does not need
it .UK! when he needs it, he has none left.

During halts, the trained soldier rests. He
picks out for him-
self a dry spot, sits
down and relieves
his shoulders and
hack of the weight
of the pack.
( Mhers may stand
around, or skylark,
but he takes the
full measure of
rest allowed him

and Starts Out Taking it Ea*y

freshened.

The care of his feet is the trained soldier's first
thought at all tint M. Before starting on the
march, he has in mind the thought of blisters.
Before putting on his shoes, he shakes them free
from sand and gravel. He puts on his socks,
carefully leaving no wrinkle t<» chafe his feet.
If his feet are swollen or inflamed, he puts pow-
der on them.

122 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

On the march, his mind is always alive for
blisters. At the first feeling of pain, he investi-
gates. At the first halt, he takes off his shoe and
sock and, if he finds a blister, he attends to it.
This is a simple process. The blister is pricked,
the water is pressed out and the whole surface
covered with a generous patcli of adhesive plaster
which takes the place of the skin while the
blistered part is healing.

In camp, at the first
opportunity, he washes
his feet and changes his
shoes and socks. He also
washes his socks and
hangs them out to dry.
If this is not possible, he
at least washes his feet
and dries and rubs out his
socks before putting them
back on again.
Cheerfulness on the march makes the miles go
faster. It is a valuable asset to any man at any
time. To the soldier, laboring under a physical
and mental strain, hungry and thirsty, it is a life-
saving quality.

Smoking on the march is another habit which
the soldier should avoid. It increases thirst. If

After the March

Making the 7«V^7/ //'//»• Machine I'J.'J

the trained soldier must smoke, he waits for the
halt period and does so while resting.

The use of liquor on the march should be
avoided like a disease. It stimulates for a time,
but the reaction leaves the man worse off than he
was before. It is simply handicapping a body
which already has all that it can attend to.

March Protection — On the march, a column
of troops must always keep on the lookout for
the enemy. Like a man walking in the dark, it
must feel its way, else it may fall into some trap
at any moment. A few men of the enemy could
lurk ahead of it and delay and annoy it, or a
larger body of the enemy might lie in hiding and
fall suddenly upon it when it was not ready for
battle.

To guard against such annoyance and pitfalls,
a part of the column is charged with the duty of
going on ahead and clearing the way of any
enemy who may be lurking about. This part of
the column is called the Adrancc (wiiard. It
breaks up into groups which march along the
road ahead at regular intervals, l>eginning with
a small group, called the Point, in the lead.

The Point is followed by another somewhat
larger group, called the .Idmin-i- Part if. This is
followed in turn by a still larger group known

Making the Fighting Machine 125

as the Support and, finally, the last and largest
group is what is known as the Reserve.

When the country on the sides of the road af-
fords likely places where the enemy might be in
hiding, small groups of three or four men move
off the road and search these places. These
groups are called Patrols.

The main column is thus preceded by a series
of small groups, each of which can make ready
to fight at almost an instant's warning, and each
of which is followed by a larger group which
can come quickly to its assistance.

The duty of the Advance Guard is to drive off
small parties of the enemy so that the column be-
hind may keep steadily marching, or, if a large
party of the enemy is encountered, to hold it in
check until the main column can make ready for
battle.

The Advance Guard thus plays a double role.
In the one case, it is a sort of personal conductor,
going on ahead to rid the column behind of all
delay and annoyance. In the other case, it is a
sort of protector, acting as a shield between the
main Ixxly and the enemy.

If the enemy is encountered, the Point always
begins the fight. It attacks boldly and, gener-
ally, blindly. Its first duty is to find out what is
in front of it. When it has gone as far ahead as

126 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

it can, it stops and holds its ground until it is
joined by the Advance Party. Together, they
hold their place until the Support comes up, fol-
lowed, if necessary, by the Reserve. This force
either drives the enemy back or holds him in
check until the main body has had time to deploy
and make ready for battle.

FIRE CONTROL AND DISCIPLINE — This is the
name by which the training of the company in the
actual work of fighting on the firing line is
known.

Under the training of the fighting man, we
have seen how the soldier is taught to shoot. In
all of this instruction, he shoots at a target he can
see.

However, in battle, the soldier rarely sees the
man who is shooting at him and at whom he is
shooting. He only knows that he is being fired
on, from the edge of a wood, the crest of a hill
or from behind a wall or hedge — just where, he
cannot tell.

If left to himself, the only thing he could do
would be to guess at the general location of the
enemy and then shoot around in the vicinity from
which the fire comes, in the hope of accidentally
hitting his man. The only thing of which he
could l>e certain would be the waste of a great
deal of ammunition.

Making the Fighting Machine 127

However, the enemy must be searched out in
some way and brought under fire. The only way
in which this can be done is by systematically
spraying with bullets all of the ground in the lo-
cality from which the fire is coming. It is quite
clear that the soldiers, acting individually, cannot
do this. All of them might shoot at the same
spot, leaving others untouched.

The only means by which this can be done is
by what is known as Fire Control and Direction.
Briefly, this means that the captain of the com-
pany must be able to handle the volume of bullets
which his men are firing much as he would a
stream of water coming from a hose, moving it
here and there, now forward, now back, to this
side or that, until he has sprayed the whole area
with a rain of bullets.

While this spraying is going on, the captain
and his officers observe carefully all that is taking
place. Sometimes they can see with their glasses
where the bullets are hitting. Generally, they
have to judge by what happens whether they are
locating the enemy or not. If his fire slackens,
they conclude that they have located his hiding
place and tlu-y keep thrir own fin- playing <>n
that spot until the hostile fire dies out or appears
in some other place.

128 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

The building up and controlling of this spray
of bullets is the most difficult work in the train-
ing of the company. Each man has a part to
play in the work, and the training must be so
perfect that each will play that part coolly and
unhestitatingly in the midst of all the noise and
confusion with which modern fighting is sur-
rounded. Nothing short of perfect teamwork-
perfect understanding and perfect cooperation-
can produce this volume of controlled fire.

Let us imagine a typical scene. The company
has been fired on from the edge of a wood per-
haps six hundred yards away. It has deployed
into a skirmish line and lies waiting for the com-
pany commander's signal to begin the fight.

With his field glasses, he searches the edge of
the woods for signs of the enemy. Here, he sees
a little whitish-gray puff of smoke. There, a
head bobs into sight for an instant.

Suddenly he calls out to his waiting men,
"They are along the edge of the wood to our
right front — between twelve and two o'clock."
Each man's eyes turn in the indicated direction.
After a moment's study, the Captain again calls
out, "Range six hundred yards." Each man's
hands go to his sight leaf. Each sight is set,
each rifle is loaded and ready. Each man picks
out the spot in front of him, on the line indicated.

130 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

and at the Captain's command, "Fire at will,"
begins to fire coolly and deliberately — always at
the same spot, a bullet every so often, as regular
as clock work.

Suddenly through the din, a shrill blast of the
Captain's whistle is heard. Four men of all that
company — the platoon leaders — turn their eyes
to him. He makes a signal with his hand, four
whistles are heard, the squad leaders in each
platoon turn their eyes to their platoon leaders.
The captain's signal is repeated to them. Each
squad leader reaches out and shakes the man on
either side of him, gives him the signal and
watches to see that he obeys and passes it on. In
a moment, sight-leaves are being adjusted, the
range is being increased, and the spray of bullets
is going higher, hitting farther away, reaching
out to rake the edge of the wood.

Still the hostile fire fails to slacken. Another
blast of the Captain's whistle, another signal
which is passed on down the line until it reaches
the man with the rifle. There is a shifting of
bodies, a wriggling of legs, and the spray of
bullets moves off to the right or left, running up
or down the edge of the wood, still searching.

The fire of the enemy begins to slacken. He
has been located at last. "Faster," shouts the
Captain; "Faster," repeat the platoon leaders;

Making the Fighting Machine 131

"Faxter," the squad leaders pass the word to their
men.

The spray Incomes denser, more furious. The
enemy's fire begins to die away.

Without warning, from some point off to the
right or left, comes a scattering volley. The
Captain's glasses are turned in that direction.
His whistle shrills again. He signals a platoon
leader on the Hank of the company, and then tells
him what to do. The other platoon leaders read
the signal and turn hack to their work. There
is a moment of sight-setting in the designated pla-
toon, another shifting of bodies and then a
smaller spray of bullets goes off in the new direc-
tion, to search up and down, back and forth until
the enemy has been located.

Thus the action of the machine goes on. A
whistle blast and a signal sends a squad, a pla-
toon, the whole company, rushing forward. An-
other halts them, speeds up their fire, slows it
down, causes bayonets to be fixed and finally
drives the company headlong into a charge.

In other words, as a pliable, manageable hose
responds to the will of a fireman, so the company
must be trained to resjKHid to the will of the com-
pany commander.

These are the things that go to make up the
real work of the fighting machine — Camping,
Marching. Fighting.

132 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

When the company can go into camp quickly
and without confusion; when it can make itself
comfortable — take care of itself, keep from get-
ting sick; when it can march mile after mile
through all sorts of weather, over all sorts of
roads; when it can protect itself in camp and on
the march; finally, when it can go into battle
and pump out a hail of bullets like the spray from
a hose, a spray just as pliable and as easy to con-
trol— then, it is a real fighting machine, worthy
of a place on the firing line of any army.

of Mililnrt/ Training

CHAPTER VII

THE BY-PRODUCT OF MILITARY
TRAINING

In any business it is the by-product — the use-
ful and salable article made from something that
would otherwise go to waste — that swells the
dividends and gladdens the heart of the stock-
holders.

It is so in the Nation's military business.

The making of able-bodied citizens into fight-
ing men capable of defending it, is a sound, con-
servative business for any nation, one that will
keep the country on its feet in times of peril, but
if it stops at that, if preparedness for defense is
the only product of military training, it is a
business that pays only occasional dividends — big
ones, it is true, but with long waits in between.

The stockholder judges a business by the divi-
dends it pays him and when the intervals between
dividends are long, he is likely to forget their
size — more to the point, his faith in the business
is apt to falter.

The by-product, with its steady income, serves
to tide over the waits and to bolster the stock-
holder's faith in his investment.

134 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

Preparedness for defense is the main product
of the business of military training. It is the
product for which the business is established, but,
on the side, the military machine turns out a by-
product that yields a royal dividend for both the
Nation and the citizen.

The by-product of the military machine is a
trained citizen, not a soldier in all things for all
time, but a man of military habit — a man with the
soldier's way of thinking and doing things.

How does the military habit benefit the citizen?

Let us assume that a man has interrupted his
life work or has delayed entering on it for the
purpose of undergoing a brief period of military
training. This interruption or delay may mean
much to him in making his way in life or in
getting a start. What does he get in return?
The answer is, military training and habit.

Military habit is the outcome of experience in
preparing for war — the habit which best meets
the requirements of such a crisis.

We do not need to be told what those require-
ments are. We all know something -of the strain
under which the military machine must work.
We know that every hitch in its work spells dis-
aster. The experience of a hundred years of war
has taught us that nothing but thorough military

nil-Product of Military Training 135

training can insure us against such ruinous hitches
in tin- work of the military machine.

If military habit can produce such efficiency
under war conditions, when stress and confusion
are on every side, is it not reasonable to suppose
that the same way <>f thinking and doing things
will produce correspondingly greater efficiency in
time of peace when stress and confusion are not
present?

Military efficient- if /.v nothing more than organ-
ised. .V//.V/C///C///KV/ common-sense applied to the
problem of destroying an enemy's strength.

It can be applied to the solution of any other
problem with equal results.

Military hahits xjn-ak for themselves. Once
known they need no recommendation from any-
one to anyone. Education needs no pleader.
Kfh'ciency needs no exploitation. Military effici-
ency is a great deal of both with something added
to the total.

II' hat. for e,ram/)le. does military habit do for
the man'

First of all it teaches him the value of physical
fitness, and it does so by the convincing method of
making him physically fit.

No reasonable man needs to be told what sort
of an asset a sound body is in any walk of life.
Tixlay, the man who gets to the top and stays

136 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

there must, of course, have the right sort of a head
on his shoulders but, equally, he must have a body
that will support his head in everything it wants
to do. Anything lacking in the body is a handi-
cap to the head.

One author tells us that, "Nature demands her
due. In a sick body, the mind cannot remain
fresh and clear. It is shunted by the selfish body
from the great things to which it should be en-
tirely devoted."

A defective body is like an automobile in need
of repairs — you never know when you start out
whether you are going to get anywhere.

Physical fitness is the foundation upon which
the military establishment is built. Every recruit
must have a sound body when he comes into the
service, but that does not necessarily mean that
he has a strong body.

No man can go through the military mill and
come out without a strong body.

Marching trains his shoulders to the weight of
the rifle, and his back to the burden of the pack.
It gives him sturdy legs and hardy feet.

Shooting trains his eye to observe and his hand
to be steady.

Whatever else the citizen-soldier may carry
back with him to civil life, it is certain that he will
take a body, fit, strong and as hard as nails. The

By-Product of Military Training 187

work he does in the service builds him up physic-
ally. The life he leads in the service polishes him
off physically.

Hard work in the open air, plain food, an appe-
titt to eat it, a stomach to digest it, early to bed
and early to rise, is the routine that made the men
who hewed this country out of a wilderness and
gave it a start. It is the life that will make the
kind of men we need to keep the country going.
It is the kind of life that men pay physical
directors to make them live.

Physical fitness and all that goes with it be-
comes a habit with the man who has gone through
the military mill. It is a likeable habit, one that
will cling to a man. The man who has once
known the feeling that comes from health and
strength is not likely to forego it.

The man who has hiked and sweated under a
thirty pound load, who has pitched his tent and
squatted by his own camp-fire, inhaling the odor
of frying bacon in his mess pan and coffee sim-
mering in his tin cup, who knows what it is to en-
joy and digest bread sopped in bacon grease, who
has smoked with his back against a tree, then
rolled up his blanket, on the ground — and found
it soft to his tired body — that man will never
again IK- content with clubs, a la carte and patent
mattresses for an all-year-round diet.

138 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

Health and strength are not all that physical
fitness gives a man. When a man once realizes
that he can get along without cooks, barbers,
bootblacks and the like — that in a pinch, he can
even snap his fingers at the laundryman — in other
words, that he can take care of himself in the main
functions of living, he will not be far from the
feeling that he can take care of himself in almost
any sort of a situation.

Self-confidence is a good start for a man in any
kind of work.

Handiness is another military habit. The aver-
age man does one thing well. He is more or less
apt to be clumsy about doing other things. The
soldier is called upon to do all sorts of things —
little things, to be sure — and he has to do all of
them well. His hands become useful to him.
His mind gets into the habit of making his hands
do what is required of them, and this handiness
leads to more important things.

Hand if arm 8 are a valuable asset.

Control doe* not stop with the hands. The
mind reaches out — control of the body becomes a
habit. The feet, legs, arms and body gradually
come under the sway of the mind. In the position
of the soldier, the mind holds the body motionless.
In marching, the mind drives the legs to machine-
like regularity. In shooting, the mind assumes

By-Product of Military Training

comma IK! of the arms, hands, fingers and eye,
links them up and makes them work in harmony.

A body under control of the mind is a body
tuned up and ready for anything. Control of
the body leads to control of the mind, and self-
control — control of both Ixxly and mind — is an
important factor in success in any walk of life.

Orderliness in another habit of the soldier. In
the military service, order and system are watch-
words. The smooth running of the military
machine depends on them. The soldier learns
both from the moment when he is taught how to
arrange his uniform, equipment and other posses-
sions and how to care for them. He learns more
ulini he enters the life of his squad — a team of
eight — becomes one-eighth part of it and has to
shoulder one-eighth part of its work. He keeps
on learning lx>th in every detail of his work up to
tin day he is discharged.

This order and system is the thing we call Shop
Efficiency in other walks of life and experts are
paid big salaries to install it.

Devotion to duty becomes a habit with the
Koldier. The faithful performance of every duty
is the standard by which the soldier's worth is
.judged. The credit given him is not gauged by
(lie importance of what he does. Little things
count as much as big things. The soldier is taught

140 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

to put his best into everything he does, whether
it be cleaning up of the company kitchen, the
picking up of garbage from the company street,
or the holding of a post in the face of the enemy.
Important or unimportant, pleasant or un-
pleasant, all duty is the same to the soldier, and
he must do it all as though he liked it.

This is the kind of spirit that every employer is
looking for all of the time — the kind of spirit
that keeps a man's feet busy moving up the
ladder. A prominent business man once re-
marked, "I can get plenty of cheap men to do
my big work, but I have to hustle for men to do
little things for me."

Loyalty to his comrades, his company, his bat-
talion and regiment becomes a religion with the
soldier. They are part of his life. Their repu-
tation is his; their good name, his good name;
their interests, his interests. He works for the
company, not for himself.

The same business man also remarked, "I can
get plenty of men to work for me ; what I want
is men to work idth me." In other words, he
wanted men who took an interest in the work they
were doing, men who were in the habit of being
loyal to their work.

Loyalty spells teamwork and teamwork leads
to success.

By-Product of Military Training 141

The cardinal habit of the soldier is that of
obedience. In the discussion of Military Dis-
cipline, we shall see something of the kind of
obedience the soldier learns to give to orders and
regulations — cheerful, energetic and intelligent
obedience. It is the obedience that results from
knowing why, from confidence and from loyalty.

The soldier obeys orders and regulations be-
cause he knows they are right — that there is a
good reason back of every one of them. Orders
and regulations are the soldier's law. He knows
that his comfort, his safety, even his life, may
depend upon the upholding of the law. He looks
upon it as a barrier raised for his protection
rather than a club held over his head.

He heeds the law because he knows what it
means.

These are some of the things — not all — that
enter into the by-product of the military machine.

The worth of the trained citizen to the Nation,
to his employer and to himself is the dividend that
the stockholder can count on receiving year in
and year out.

Let us look at this by-product, inventory him
from top to bottom, and see if he is a good invest-
ment.

Turn the page.

What do you think of him?

THE BY-PRODUCT OF MILITARY
TRAINING

43eH Confidance
Ti8xned fo Heed the Law

-Itemed b&ny & Pack-

Xoywl Jtasrt

Jlandv Ar?na

THE TRAINED CITIZEN

The Spirit of the Fighting Man 148

CHAPTER VIII

THE SPIRIT OF THE FIGHTING
MAN

THE SPIRIT OF THE FIGHTING MAN — What is
it? How does it differ from that of any other
man? As a matter of fact, does it differ at all?

These are all perfectly natural questions to
ask. We know that the fighting man comes from
among us, is of us. He is not specially selected
for his courage or spirit. He is the average sort
of a man who takes a fancy to the military ser-
vice, just as another man turns to medicine, the
law or to trade. Why should he he different?

lint the fact remains that he is different. To
begin with, we all know the kind of work the
fighting man is called upon to do — the risks he
runs, the chances he takes — and we all know the
way in which he does his work.

We also know that men do not ordinarily do
such things. We know that the average man
stands in fear of being hurt — that he is physically
a coward. The average man will dodge out of
the way of a vicious dog. He will even shrink at
the idea of having a tooth drawn. Most of us

144 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

will go to any reasonable extreme to avoid a
fisticuff. Many of us sicken at the mere sight of
blood. In one way or another, all of us show
plainly our dislike if not fear, of violence of
any kind.

Yet, men are taken at random from among us,
clothed in the uniform of the soldier, trained in
the profession of arms, and go unhesitatingly
into places of peril where each knows that death
may fall to his lot at any instant.

What is the spirit back of it — Patriotism? In
the beginning, yes. In any crisis which threatens
the peace or safety, the honor or dignity of a na-
tion, patriotism is the passion that arouses the
people and rallies them by thousands to the sup-
port of their country. It is the passion that
makes a man forget himself, his interests, his
family, everything, and think only of his duty to
his native land.

But patriotism is not the spirit of the fighting
man, the spirit that makes a man go ahead, mile
after mile, hour after hour, when every muscle
in his body is aching for rest, when he is parched
with thirst, faint with hunger, and when he knows
that death may be waiting for him behind every
turn of the road.

Patriotism is the inspiration that leads the
fighting man to his task. It is not the spirit that

The Spirit of the Fighting Man 145

sustains him and carries him through it to the
bitter end.

If patriotism alone could do this, a mob of
patriots — the familiar populace aroused to the
defense of its firesides — would be the equal of a
trained army, and all we would need for our pro-
tection would be a cause righteous enough to
arouse our people to action. How helpless such
a mob is, no matter how high may be the tide of
its patriotism, history tells us in a dozen places.

Let us ask ourselves another question or two.

Is it patriotism that sends the soldier into the
face of a howling mob, or against the rushes of
fanatical savages? The dignity or honor of the
country is not threatened. The firesides are safe
—and the families are probably comfortably
seated beside them — yet fighting men take their
lives in their hands and go forth to restore order,
to right wrongs, or to relieve the distress of fire,
flood or disaster.

What part does patriotism play in the faithful
performance of such duty?

// not Patriotism — What? What is it that
military training does to a man to work the
change in his spirit?

In general terms, the answer is simple — it
trains him to certain military habits which we
lump together and call Military Discipline.

146 Self -II dps for the Citizen-Soldier

What is Military Discipline?

One author has sarcastically defined military
discipline as being, "The art of inspiring soldiers
with more fear of their own officers than they
have for the enemy."

Unfortunately this definition seems to accord
with the popular idea of the meaning and pur-
pose of military discipline. The average man
seems to think of discipline as being some sort of
punishment, a club with which men are forced
to obey. He is apt to look on the evidence of
discipline — unhesitating performance of duty—
as resulting wholly from a feeling of fear of
punishment.

Fear of jninishment undoubtedly did play its
part in the days when the great mass of fighting
men was composed of ignorant peasantry, herded
together and driven into battle by hereditary
chieftains who held the power of life and death
over them. But it is not so today.

It has never been so in this coinitrt/.

Fear had no part in the spirit that held the
bare-footed, half-starved Continental soldiers in
their freezing huts at Valley Forge. Fear was
no part of the spirit that inspired the tattered
veterans of Lee's army to follow him blindly to
the last bitter hour of surrender.

The Spirit of I lie /•'/>//////# Mnn U7

Tin- Ameriean soldier has never known fear of
military punishment. From the beginning, he
lias been a free man, one who has always gone
into military service voluntarily, for reasons of
his own, one who has fought because he felt like
doing so.

If it is fear of their officers that make soldiers
fight, what is it that makes the officers fight?
They are just ordinary men, like the rest. Of
whom or what are they afraid?

It /A true that officers are afraid, just as soldiers
are afraid, just as every man is afraid when he
thinks himself in danger.

Marshall Ney. the dashing French General, to
whom Napoleon gave the name "Brave of the
braves," said, "The one who says that he has
never known fear is a compound liar."

Turenne, another gallant French officer, on
going into battle used to say to himself, "You
tremble, body; well, you would tremble more if
you knew where I am going to take you."

If the soldier is afraid of his officers and the
officers are themselves afraid, why do they not
all run away? What is it that keeps them up to
their work?

Strange as it may seem, the answer is that they
are all afraid, terriblv afraid — of each other.

148 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

A veteran General officer summed up the true
fear of the soldier, from Field Marshall down to
private, in the following words: "The fear of
being despised by his comrades as a coward is in
the end greater than his fear of death."

What are the Military Habits that Bind Men
Together in the Bond of Discipline?

The chief of these habits is obedience, first, last
and all the time — obedience which shows itself
in cheerful, energetic and intelligent perform-
ance of duty under any and all circumstances.

How does Military Training teach Obedience?

It does it by the very simple method of telling
the soldier what to do, how to do it, and the reason
why.

It begins with little things, things easily under-
stood. The soldier is taught how to do these
things and then is required to do them over and
over again, always in exactly the same way, until
the doing of them becomes a second nature to
him, a habit like dressing himself, feeding him-
self, or doing any of the other routine things of
life — things which every man does without
thought or question.

From doing these small things without ques-
tion, the soldier gets the habit of doing every-
thing he is told — because he is told. He gener-
ally knows the reason for everything he is told to

The Spirit of the Fighting Man 149

do. If he stops to think at all, the reason for
what he is doing is at once clear to him. If he
does not stop to think, back in his head is always
the consciousness, the feeling, that there is a good
reason behind the order.

The Habit of Obedience Leads Naturally to
Confidence.

Darwin says, "The superiority which disci-
plined soldiers show over undisciplined masses is
primarily to consequence of the confidence which
each man has in his comrades."

The soldier knows that he is part of a machine
which will work smoothly if every man obeys
orders, plays his part. He sees the machine work
every day of his life. He obeys orders. He sees
his comrades obeying orders. He knows that
they will continue to obey orders. To him, an
order is like a signal to a football player. Neither
stops to see what his teammates are going to do.
Each knows that the other members of the team
are going to play their parts, just as he is playing
his. Each knows just how the play is going to
work out. Each knows that he is going to be
backed up and, knowing this, he goes ahead and
puts his best efforts into what he is doing. With
each repetition of the play, in practice or in the
game, his confidence in his teammates increases,

150 Self -II el ps for the Citizen-Soldier

until in the end he feels as sure of them as he does
of himself.

The spirit of the fighting man is the spirit of
team play, the same kind of spirit that keeps the
football player in the line when his brain is reel-
ing with exhaustion, that sends him smashing
into a play with the last ounce of strength he can
muster, that lifts him from the ground at the
sound of a whistle and drives him staggering-
back to his place.

Pride in the confidence of his teammates holds
both the fighting man and the football player up
to his mark.

The Habit of Confidence Leads to the Habit
of Respect.

The men who have buckled down shoulder-to-
shoulder on the line of a football team, who have
pushed, pulled and dragged each other from one
scrimmage to another until they tumble in a
struggling mass across the goal line, know each
other at their true worth, and respect for each
other is a natural consequence.

The men who have trudged side by side from
one battle field to another, who have lain side by
side through the nerve-wracking hours of out-
post vigil, and have fought their way together
through a hail of lead, know each other, too.
The game they play is one in which lives, not

Tin- Spirit of the Fighting Man 151

sen res, are the forfeits, and the respect of the
fighting man for his teammates is in the same
proportion.

Confidence and Respect lead to Loyalty, the
spirit that makes a man proud of the reputation
of his team, jealous of its good name, ready to
fight for its members.

With the soldier, the company, the battalion,
the regiment, is the team. He is proud of it,
proud of its members. He is jealous of its good
name, jealous of the reputation of its members.

Respect and Loyalty lead to Courtesy.

Military courtesy is a part of the fighting
man's training that people seem least able to
understand. They judge it from the forms in
which they see it practiced and not from the
spirit behind the forms.

Courtesy in any man is a sign of breeding. In
the soldier, military courtesy is the sign of his
training. The man who has learned confidence,
respect and loyalty through the hard school of
experience takes the same pleasure in the forms
of military courtesy that we take ordinarily in
being courteous to our friends.

Again, Military Courtesy is the oil that makes
the wheels of the military machine run smoothly.
In the military service, men have their differences
just {is they do in civil life, but in the military

152 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

service they do not settle their differences as men
frequently do in civil life. The regulations settle
these differences for them. Appeals to the
regulations are made in a courteous way. De-
cisions are accepted in a courteous manner.

Every form of military courtesy has had an
honorable birth, among honorable men, equals,
men who practiced these forms because of the
spirit they cherished toward each other. The true
spirit of military courtesy is summed up in the
Articles of Faith of the Japanese Soldier in the
following words :

"All soldiers must remember that they are
associated in a great and honorable service, and
that to serve worthily in the station in which each
is placed is an honor in which the private parti-
cipates as fully as the general."

The fighting man plays a game in which his
honor is the stake, his life the forfeit. The
highest reward he hopes for is the respect of his
comrades. His life has been placed at the service
of his country. His honor is his own to guard.

The Spirit of the Fighting Man is summed up
in the motto borne on the Arms of West Point,
our National Military Academy—

DUTY, HONOR, COUNTRY

Mil it in

l.Vi

CHAPTER IX
THE ORGANIZED MILITIA

The Organized Militia is the most convenient
training school, both as to time and place, for the
riti/en whose business and interests keep him
close to liis home.

Marching out to Drill

It is convenient as to time because the work
of training is carried on for the most part at
night, during the hours which the average man
can best spare from other things.

154 Self -I I el ptt for the Citizen-Soldier

It is most convenient as to place because the
work is generally carried on in some armory with-
in easy reach of every man's home.

It is the night school in which the citizen-
soldier may learn a great deal of the business of
the fighting man without interference with his
other interests.

The history of the Militia dates from the days
of Muster Training, in which the able-bodied
citizens of every community were required to
assemble at stated intervals for military instruc-
tion and training. Very frequently these assem-
blies were in the nature of outings from which
little military benefit was derived.

From time to time, men more enthusiastic- than
the others formed themselves into companies,
troops or batteries and went a little deeper into
the details of military work. These organizations
were largely social in their nature, were supported
by their members and were under little, if any,
State control.

Gradually companies grew into battalions,
battalions into regiments and even larger units.
State authorities l>egan to assume more control
over them, and organization and system began to
take form.

The close of the Spanish-American War
marked the real beginning of the Organized

The Orsffinr.nl Militia

Militia as it is today. Thousands of militiamen
returned to their homes with vivid impressions of
the lessons they had learned in southern mobili-
zation camps. Others joined tin- volunteers, and,
in C'uha, Porto Rico and the Philippines especi-
ally, added to their experience in active service.

T, AMI*, mitt <

On the Firing Line

The result of this experience was a general
awakening of the Militia of the country to the
real needs and values of military training.

The old armory routine was freshened up with
practical instruction under men who knew what
it meant and how to teach it. The time-honored
State Camps, with their round of social activities

156 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

and spectacular reviews, gave place to maneuver
camps under war conditions.

The Militia found itself, sifted the chaff from
the grain and settled down to real work. The old
era passed and with it the old-time militiaman.
With the dawn of the new era came an alert,
progressive and intensely earnest student of tilt-
fighting game.

Right here is proper to say a word about the
Militiaman — the man.

Who and what is he?

The Militiaman is a citizen, one of your neigh-
bors perhaps, who for reasons of his own has been
attracted to the military game.

You meet him on the street and at business.
You do not see much of him about the clubs or
theaters. His spare time — his playtime, as a
matter of fact — is spent in some armory, taking
on military training against the day when he will
need it to defend his country, his fellow-citizens
and himself.

He does this sort of thing because he likes it,
just as another man may amuse himself with
bridge or golf. It is his hobby — the hobby of
Personal Preparedness.

Today, the Organized Militia is a busy lot of
men. In order to understand a little of what is
going on among them, let us drop into the first

The

Militia

157

armory we see, almost any night, and take stock
of what they are doing.

First, we will see the drill hall filled with men,
each intent on his work, each oblivious to what the
others about him are doing.

Sifimil Itrili in Ilir .Iriniirt/

111 one corner, a little group of recruits are be-
ing taught the A-B-C's — l.-u-in^s, saluting.
Minimal of arms.

In one end of the long hull, a squad, platoon or
company is going through the precise movements
of close order drill.

158 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

In the other end of the hall, other squads,
platoons and companies are practicing the move-
ments of extended order drill.

Up in a balcony, a man with a flag is wig-
wagging to another across the hall.

In the rooms about the drill hall, other groups
of men are equally busy.

In one of them, a group of officers are bunched
about a map-covered table, working with scales
and dividers, deep in the solution of a map prob-
lem.

Learning Extended Ordi

Tin-

Militia

159

1 ii another room, an officer faces a class of non-
commissioned officers, teaching them some of
their many duties.

In still another room, another officer at a black -
hoard is working out for another class some one
of the many problems that enter into the educa-
tion of the filitin- man.

A Clots of K oncommuriontd Offlcert

From the hascinrnt. comes the crack of gallery
rifles and the ring of gallery targets.

160 Self-Help* for the Citizen-Soldier

For two hours or more, activity is apparent
everywhere, then one by one, the groups begin to
break up. In the locker rooms, men stop for a
moment to talk shop while they shift out of uni-
form and, about the time that the theaters are
pouring their crowds into the streets, trim civil-
ians are beginning to pour out of the armory
doors and scatter to their homes.

This is not quite all. On your way home in
the car, you may happen to notice a man who
pulls a little black or red or yellow book from his
pocket and loses himself in it. Look over his
shoulder and you will probably read "Infantry
Drill Regulations," "Artillery Drill Regula-
tions," "Cavalry Drill Regulations," or some-
thing of that sort. The work in the armory has
left a knot and your Militia neighbor is trying to
untie it on his way home.

Again, let us make a little visit of inspection
—this time to an instmction camp. Here you
will find your Militia friends spending crowded
days in a practical try-out of what they have
learned in the armory. About you, you will see
almost every kind of military training.

Back of camp, or in the company streets, the
mill of recmit instruction is going on under a
broiling sun.

The Organized Militia 161

In a nearby field, companies, battalions, regi-
ments are going through the movements of close
order drill.

In another field, other companies, battalions or
regiments are running through the movements
of the extended order drill — the fighting man's
team practice.

COmiMMT, AMM. MO* MM.

Machine Gun Ready for Action

Oyer on the hills, a battalion is maneuvering
in the attack of a position occupied by an imagin-
ary enemy.

Off in one direction, troops are being posted as
an outpost to guard the camp against an as-
sumed enemy.

Along the road an advance guard marches.

On every side, men are swarming through
fields, over hills, busy in the carrying out of some
kind of military work.

162 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

From early morning to sunset, for a week, ten
days, two weeks, these men do nothing but mili-
tary work. They talk it, they think it, they
dream it, and when their neighbors down at the
shore or up in the mountains begin to pack their
trunks for the home-going, they make up their
packs with equal reluctance, strike their tents and
go back to their armories.

College Student Camps

163

These Student Camps which have been held
throughout the country during the past three
years have passed through the experimental stage

College Students at Recruit Drill

and have taken their place among recognized in-
stitutions.

Each summer, provision is made for one of
these camps in different parts of the country, the

164 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

distribution being made in order to convenience
as much as possible the students from the various
colleges of the country.

These camps are an attractive combination of
military training and summer outing and their
popularity is growing with each succeeding year.

The purpose of the student camps is, first, to
educate young college men to an understanding

College Students at Gallery Practice

of the military obligations of citizenship and, at
the same time, to train them as thoroughly as time
permits in the duties of the fighting man.

The amount of training which each student re-
ceives is out of all proportion to the time spent
in the work.

Careful planning of the work in advance by
those who have it in charge makes every moment

College Student Camps

1(5.)

of the time count. Intelligence, interest and en-
thusiasm on the part of the students further
short-cuts the time and work.

The main features of these camps — life under
canvas, with plenty of outdoor work and exercise

COPYaiGMT, AMI*. PRIM AM*.

Getting Ready for the March

—are of the kind that appeals to every active
healthy young man.

The work is carefully planned in order to
avoid anything savoring of monotony and is
carried out in a way that holds the students inter-
est from heginning to end.

166 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

The relaxation required to stimulate the work
of military training on the part of these young
men is provided for with care equal to that taken
in planning the work.

In general, a student camp is very much like
the mobilization camp in which a volunteer finds
himself at the outbreak of war. The routine of
life and training is much the same.

On arriving in camp the student reports, makes
a deposit to cover the cost of uniform and food
and is assigned to a company where he enters
without delay upon the work of training.

There is no preliminary period. Work begins
at once. Uniform, equipment and arms are
issued to him as soon as possible. The day fol-
lowing the arrival of the students finds the Mill
of Instruction in full operation.

Beginning with the School of the Soldier, the
Mill grinds steadily through the elementary
training until, in a surprisingly short time, the
students are ready to rub shoulders in the work
of the company.

Improvement and interest pace each other as
the days go by. The spirit of competition, in-
separable from college spirit, enters and plays an
important part. Maine vies with California.
Florida or Oregan settles down in an effort to
outstrip both of them.

College Student Caniptt

167

Hack of this competition and work, is an idea
that, sooner or later, enters the mind of each stu-
dent. He works, studies and absorbs as much
of the atmosphere and the training as he can-
not for his own improvement alone, but to store

College Students on the Hike

up the knowledge against the day when he may
have occasion to pass it on to others in the pre-
paration for national defense.

Theory is not neglected in the education of
these students. By means of lectures prepared

168 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

by men who are specialists in their subjects, the
broad principles of Military Policy, Military
History and Military Art as applied to the prac-
tical problems, are taught to the embryonic citi-
zen-soldiers.

While all this is going on, the student is al-
most unconsciously learning much that will be of
value to him throughout the rest of his life, les-
sons which will stand him in good stead in what-
ever he may undertake.

Along with his coat of tan and his hardening
muscles, he takes on the lesson of physical fitness,
the foundation of success in any calling.

He learns the lesson of Personal Hygiene-
care of the health — in a practical way that im-
presses it indelibly on his memory.

He learns the lesson of Obedience, sees it clear-
ly, in its true light, as a necessary part of the
game he is playing and he tucks it away in his
code to be used in future games.

From the lesson of Obedience to that of Re-
spect is but a short step, easily taken in the atmo-
sphere in which he works.

The spirit of Teamwork forces itself upon him.
From beginning to end, he witnesses every opera-
tion in the building of the fighting machine. He
takes an active part in its building. He sees its

College Student Camps

169

work and understands the secret of its power and
strength — teamwork.

One by one, the things that go to make up the
by-product of military training — the trained

Making the Bett of an Opportunity

citizen — fasten themselves upon him in the form
of habits which come to him in a way that leaves
only a pleasant memory of their coming.

The end of the month finds him back at home,
broader in shoulder and thought, stronger in body
and determination, with more of self-control,

170 Self-Helpt for the Citizen-Soldier

more of self-confidence and with a surer, truer
insight into the responsibilities of practical citi-
zenship.

The value of these camps has been testified to
by prominent men from all walks of life.

President Hadley of Yale says in his report
of the work :

"At the Plattsburgh Encampment alone there
were more than eighty Yale men. Under these
circumstances, we have h-.id considerable oppor-
tunity to watch the educational effect of this
system; and I have no hesitation in saying that,
wholly aside from their military value in prepar-
ing a reserve of partly trained officers for pos-
sible service in the event of war, these camps have
an educational value that much more than justi-
fies their organization and maintenance."

The Full Jtelt

The Business Mans Camp 171

CHAPTER XI
THE BUSINESS MAN'S CAMP

A number of these camps were held in the
United States during the past year. Two of
them, held at Plattsburgh, New York, were at-
tended by nearly two thousand business men from
every walk of life and from nearly every state in
the Union. Two other camps, one held at Fort
Sheridan, Illinois, and the other at the Presidio
of San Francisco, though less in attendance, were
equal in importance.

The enthusiasm which these camps aroused
among those who attended them gives promise
that this, the latest venture in military training
in the United States, will become a permanent
fixture in our military system.

It is an innovation worthy of permanency not
only on account of the good it does in awakening
the citizens of the country to the necessity for
preparedness, but because it affords every citizen
an opportunity to learn for himself something of
the duties of the citi/en-soldier.

77/6' purpose of these camps is to teach the citi-
/.m-soldier something of what is expected of the

172 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

fighting man, how he goes about his duties and
the surroundings in which he does his work.

Incidentally, the
work of these
camps is a graphic
object lesson to the
citizen who goes
through one of
them of the prob-
lem that the
country would face
in converting its
citizen-soldiers into
fighting men with
whom to defend
itself.

What does the citizen-soldier gain from such
instruction?

Summed up, he gets a one-month, first-hand
knowledge of the function of the fighting man in
the life of the nation, a knowledge he could not
possibly get in any other way. In addition, he
gets an insight into the creed of the fighting man
and a flavor of his spirit.

Individually, he gets the first degree in mili-
tary training and a corresponding degree of its
by-products. He coordinates himself with re-

Cleaning up their Rifles

The Business Man's Camp

173

gard to his military obligations and rounds out
his experience in practical citizenship.

Practically, he
gets an allopathic
dose of training in
every kind of mili-
tary work which
leaves him with a
clean-cut impres-
sion of the part
each plays in the
making of the
fighting man.

The value of
physical fitness is
brought home to
him in a v i v i d
practical manner.
His work requires it of him. His training gives
it to him. The- experience awakens in him the
knowledge of how much physical fitness means
to him.

He learns tin- n<tsun :,.•//// of things military
lessons of obedience, forgotten with other child-
hood memories, lessons of loyalty, lost to sight in
the press of modern competition, lessons of com-
radeship born of democratic, day-to-day contact
with men who take each other at their face value,

Fir ft Aid

174 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

COnrRIOMT, AMEft. PHfSS

The A-B-Cs, facings and Marchings

and, finally, the lesson of teamwork, the lesson of
the motto, "In union there is strength."

A glimpse of a day in a Business Man's Camp
is much like that of any military instruction camp.

A Lesson in the Manual of Arms

The Business Man's Camp

175

Reveille, breakfast and police of camp follow
each other in quick succession.

The day's work begins with physical drill of
one kind or another, disagreeable to muscles long
unaccustomed to things of the sort, but appre-

Going into ('nin/>

ciated by them before the work of the day is over.

Infantry drills take up the morning hours,
close order for the first few days, followed by ex-
tended order drills, exercises in advance and rear
guard, outpost, combat, etc.

Dinner follows close on the heels of the morn-
ing work.

176 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

The afternoon is filled with a variety of elec-
tive military courses — riding, artillery drill, in-
trenching, shooting, map making and, finally, by
parade.

Lectures during the evening on military sub-
jects close the work of the day.

T, AMI*. MMM AWN

First Lessons in Bayonet Combat

What is the net result?

One of the citizen-soldiers who attended
camp last year summed it up in the following
words :

"In the end it comes down to these things pure
and simple — to be physically fit to march any
distance; to be able to shoot straight under the

Recruit Cavalry Instruct inn

Lined up for Dinner

178 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

most terrifying possible circumstances; and to
acquire by practice the habit, equal to second na-
ture, of obeying a few fundamental commands.
The rest is hardihood, courage, the will to fight,
and the spirit of the team."

These are the qualities that have carried
American soldiers through battles for nearly a
century and a half. They are the qualities that
Americans must have to carry them through
battles in the future.

They are worth while — worth while to the Na-
tion, worth while to the men.

They are surely worth a month of the citi/en-
soldier's vacation time.

<i Halt Ic /.v r« ught 179

CHAPTER XII
HOW A BATTLE IS FOUGHT

THE PRELIMINARIES

Tin: MAN WHO DOES THE THIN KING — The
fighting of a battle begins with a great deal of
thinking, rapid-fire thinking, flawless and
straight to the point, if it is to be worth while.

One man does all of this thinking. The rest
do merely what they are told. The man who
does this thinking is the Commander, the leader,
and because it takes a trained and capable man
to think exactly right and to do it time after
time, real leaders arc valuable as well as scarce.

The leader is paid for thinking right; the
others are paid for doing what the leader thinks.

ll'ltfil /.v fill I It ix thinking about? yon ask.

It is about many things. First of all, the
leader must try to think what the enemy is up
to. and as a guide for this, he generally h:is very
little to go by a general knowledge of what has
gone before, a shrewd gin-ss s to what the enemy
is planning to do and ho- he will try to do it. a
brief glimpse here and there, a fragmentary mes-
sage from this patrol or t!i -t and from this ma-

180 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

terial he must piece together a fairly accurate
picture of what is about to happen.

For the rest, he must feel his way.

SIZING UP THE LAY OF THE LAND — All of this
thinking so far is what is called, in military lan-
guage, the Estimate of the Situation — the si/ing
up of the way things lay, the finding out by the
leader of what he is up against.

With this clearly in mind, our leader next goes
about making up his mind what to do. He
knows that it is his duty to hold the enemy, drive
him back, crush him if possible — but which?

DECIDING WHAT TO Do — Is the enemy the
stronger, what is back of him, how much depends
on the result of the fight, what are the leader's
orders and so on — he must sift what he knows,
weigh it carefully, use his best judgment, take
a chance, and, in military talk, come to his Deci-
sion, the second step to the fighting of a battle.

When he has made up his mind what to do,
when he has come to his Decision, the leader once
more faces an array of insistent questions — how
to do it, where, what is the lay of the land, how
many ways can it be done, what are the chances
of this way or that, which is the best way?

There is the enemy; here am I. I am going
to drive him out — but how?

7/ov a lint tic is Fought 181

Tin- answer to that question is what we call the
1*1(111 of tlu- Commander.

\o\v. do not imagine our leader, standing first
on one foot then on the either, lost in a brmvn
study, while his nun cluster about him in a hail
of hiillets.

Nothing <>f tin- s:>rt. That is not what leaders
are paid for.

While his men have been trudging along, won-
dering what, if anything, was going to happen.
our leader's mind has been busy every moment.

lie has been peering ahead, literally and
figuratively, trying to pierce the veil ahead of
him with his eyes and field glasses, and piecing
out his vision by occasional squints at his map.

He has been anticipating trouble at every turn
of the road. lie tries to put himself in his
opponent's place and at the sight of each hill,
each wood, each stream, in front of him. he asks
himself the question. "What would I do at that
spot if I were in the other man's place and he
were in mine?"

lie decides what his opponent, if he knows his

business, ought to do and he is always careful

. ivc him credit for knowing his business \ery

urll.

Having made up his mind \chnt the
ought to d<>. he then decides :clttit he innxt do.

182 Self -Help* fur the Citizen-Soldier

So, when the first shot cracks from somewhere
out in front, or from over there to the right or
left, our leader has a very good mental picture of
just what sort of a trap is being laid for him.
What is more to the point, he has his Plan for
meeting what is in store, the third and last step
to the fighting of a battle.

With the sound of that first shot still in his
ears, all of the things we have been talking about
flash through his mind like a moving picture, and
his Estimate of the Situation is complete.

A momentary, searching study of the lay of
the land, a professional estimate of the scatter-
ing shots across his front, a sentence or two from
panting messengers, and his Decision comes like
the click of an automatic.

While his eye is sweeping the scene about him,
his Plan crystallizes and his orders begin to come
with the crisp staccato of machine gun fire.

That is the way a battle begins.

THE C TUT A IN RISES

Now, fancy yourself seated on a hill out there
where the rifle shots came from, with our leader's
force just coming into distant view. Behind
you, on a little ridge, the enemy is in position-
lying in wait.

184 Self -II dps for the Citizen-Soldier

THE POINT OF THE ADVANCE GUARD — The
first to come in sight will he a little group of horse-
men— Cavalrymen — five or six of them perhaps,

A Little Group of Horsemen

scattered along the road, riding quietly, but
each man alert for signs of trouble, ready to
fight or to whirl and run. This group is the
Point of the Advance Guard.

How a Battle is Fung-Ill 185

Tin: ADVA NCI: PARTY — Two or three hundred
yards farther hack, you will see with your glasses
.mother group, a troop perhaps — the Advance
Party.

THE MAIN BODY OF THE ADVANCE GUARD—
Still farther back, you will see other groups, of
increasing size, with a slim field gun or two trail-
ing behind the last of them.

THE MAIN BODY OF THE COLUMN — Back of
the Advance (wiuird, a couple of miles away from
you, you will see a procession of ant-like crea-
tures that tails out into a black streak swallowed
up in a cloud of dust — the Infantry.

PATROLS — As you turn once more to the
Point, you will notice two similar groups riding
warily away from the road, one to the right, one
to the left. These groups are Patrols, out
searching likely places in which the enemy might
hide and take pot shots at the column behind.

Now the players are all in place.

THE PLAY BEGINS

A rifle shot cracks, from nowhere in particular,
as far as you can see, and the fight is on.

The groups of horsemen you have been watch-
ing disappear as though swallowed up, the horses
behind sheltering bushes, their riders down on the

180 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

ground. Only an occasional shot marks their
places.

Scattered shots rattle out from the ridge be-
hind you. Scattered shots rattle out in reply.

Scattered Shots Rattle out in Reply

You discover a horseman riding cautiously down
a fence-row toward the column. After a time
he breaks into a furious gallop. Off to the right
and left, the patrols are creeping forward.

I low a Battle is Fought 187

At the first group down the road, the horse-
man halts to deliver his message to the Com-
mander of the Advance Guard. This is about
what he will tell him : Sir, we have run into the
enemy about 1,200 yards straight ahead, on a
little ridge to the right of the road. Looks like it
might hi- a battalion or more."

Our leader listens, and his eyes scan the ground
in front of him as he calculates the best way to
attack. When the leading company reaches him,
he is ready with his plan and orders.

"They are over there on that ridge to the right
of the road, straight ahead," he tells the captain.
"See them? Deploy with your left on the road
and attack. B Company will be on the left of
the road. I am going to envelop their right,"
by which the c;i plain of that company under-
stands that while he is moving straight ahead to
tin attack, others on his left will be spreading
out farther and farther to the left, swinging in
around the enemy in his front.

In the meantime, more Cavalry has ridden up
and is detouring to the right and left. The
l.yrs and Kars," as the Cavalry is called, are
mm ing aside. They have set the scene and n«>\\
leave it to the Infantry, while they move to their
next work, on the flanks — again eyes and ears-
locating the ends of the enemy's lines, sending

188 Self -II dps for the Citizen-Soldier

back information and guarding their own fight-
ing line from an attack in flank — Combat Re-
connaissance, it is called — scouting, watching,
guarding and defending during the fight.

The Head of the Column

Next you will see the head of a column of
Infantry swinging into sight — for a moment
only. A scattered volley from behind you greets

7/ott- a 11 at tie iff Fought

180

it. A faint whistle blast, a wave of an arm, and
the column l>egins to deploy, to dissolve into
groups which move out to the side, up to the front
and melt into a thin skirmish line.

The Column Melt* into a Skirmith Line

Slowly, this line begins to forge ahead. An-
nther overtakes it on the other side of the road.
Others come up on the run to prolong both ends.
Hehind it, columns are leaving the road and

190 Self -II dps for the Citizen- Soldier

winding their way under cover of woods and rol-
ling ground to their posts in support of the fir-
ing line.

Little Files of Men — Squad Columns

A mile behind you, a faint boom announces the
entrance of another actor — the Field Artillery.
The air over your head parts with a rush. There
is a crack like a giant mine out in front of you
and a shower of lead pellets tear up a great oval

7/oif a Battle is Fought 191

in front of the advancing skirmish line. There
a IT other whistle blasts and signals and the
skirmish line breaks up into little files of men—
Sfjiind Columns — which spread out to avoid the
rain of shrapnel.

On these little columns pick their way until
crashing volleys from the ridge drive them again
into a skirmish line and flatten them down to
earth to begin in earnest their real work — the
Fire Fight.

A faint haze of blue-white smoke and a row of
busy, bobbing heads marks the skirmish line from
which the crackle of rifles grows steadily into a
series of throbbing smashes.

The Fin- Fight, so-called, is the struggle in
which each side tries to smother the other in a
hail of bullets, one in order to advance, the other
in order to check that advance. To do either,
each knows that he must settle down to the grim
business of sending such a storm of bullets across
the intervening space that no man will dare raise
his head to make reply.

The side that succeeds gains what is known as
Fire Superiority. In other words, he has out-
shot the other man and. for the moment, is bold-
ing him helpless to the ground.

When the attacking line Iris gotten Fire
t/. it can go forward, but not all at once.

192 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

Having gotten Fire Superiority, he must keep it
and that means that he must not slacken his tire
appreciably. So he sends a part of the line ahead
while the rest redouble their efforts. This is
called the Advance by Rushes.

Each rushing group stops firing, jumps
quickly up, runs at top speed for twenty-five or
thirty yards, throws itself to the ground and be-
gins firing again. Other groups follow in the
same way until the whole line has rushed forward.
Then the performance is repeated.

In this way, the attacking line advances little
by little until it reaches a point from which it can
rise and rush forward with fixed bayonets—
Charge — to a hand-to-hand struggle for a de-
cision.

While this advance has been going on, the
background has been gradually filling with
groups of men, each with a part to play in the
game going on before you.

In some sheltered spot back there, where he
can receive reports from the field, and, in some
very rare cases, see what is going on, the leader
has been moving and arranging his chessmen.
Companies, battalions, regiments have hastened
up. The attacking line grows longer with each
moment. Groups of men, Supports, crouch un-
der cover back behind the fighting line waiting to

194 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

fill up its thinning ranks, and add their fire to
swell its volume.

From some little rise you can scarcely see, a
chorus of Machine Guns break into the roar in
your ears. Farther back — out of sight — a bat-
tery of field guns adds its rumble to the confu-
sion.

Each leader is finding out more and more of
what is in front of him. Each is ordering up
fresh troops to meet new developments or to
make new onslaughts.

Off to your right, the long fighting line is bend-
ing slowly to the front, turning itself into a liv-
ing hook that will soon curl around the troops in
rear of you — Etrccltijte them — and crush them if
they do not fall back.

The attacking line inches its way forward.
The hook is curling in more and more. The
rattle of machine guns merges into one long roll,
punctuated by the regular beat of artillery fire
from the rear. Bugles begin to sound up and
down the line. Whistles shriek. The waiting
groups of supports rise and rush headlong up to
the firing line. The firing line rises and joins
them and together, a mass of running, shouting
men behind a hedge of bristling bayonets, they
sweep up and into the arms of the waiting enemy.

196 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

Bayonets meet bayonets. Steel clashes
against steel. The wood of rifle butts crushes
down on bared heads. The hook closes in and—
the enemy breaks under the strain.

A Line of Br'utimy Bayonets — The Charge

As the broken rabble begins to run, bugles and
whistles take up the cry. Fresh troops from the
rear — Reserves — trot panting past to follow thr
fleeing enemy with their fire and add confusion

//on fi liattlc /.v /''O//A'-/// 197

to his train. The Cavalry closes in from the
sides and gallops from the rear to take up the
pursuit.

The charging line untangles itself and begins
to straighten out. Gradually little knots collect.
These grow into companies — or what is left of
companies — into battalions, and then into regi-
ments. 1'iuler the fire of the reserve troops
ahead of them, regiments move into their places
in brigades and brigades begin to take their
places on the road. From somewhere back be-
hind, the long train, wagons loaded with ammuni-
tion, food, forage and supplies, winds slowly up.

The leader looks up and down his line and
gives a signal. A bugle blares. The battle has
been fought. The column moves on its way.

On ahead, scattered firing, bursting into an
occasional furious rattle, tells the story of desper-
ate efforts on the part of the fleeing force to
pull itself together. Their reserves are occupy-
ing position after position — holding on in each as
long as they can to give I heir broken lines a
chance to get in shape — then falling back.

Under cover of their fire, two or three miles
ahead, their fleeing comrades are being collected
into groups, reorganized and made ready to
fight again.

One more thing remains. Out on the field be-
hind lies the Price of Victory : on the field ahead

198 Self -II dps for the Citizen-Sold id-
lies the Cost of Defeat. Little groups of men,
hrassarded with red crosses and hearing litters,
hegin their search for both.

In a Sheltered Spot

Somewhere back in the rear, tucked away in
safe and sheltered spots, dressing stations are
taking their toll from creaking ambulances, doc-
tors are working in feverish haste, and men are
answering their names at the last Muster.

Itiflc Clubs for Citizen-Soldiers 199

CHAPTER XIII

RIFLE CLUBS FOR CITIZEN-
SOLDIERS

To be able to shoot well is one of the cardinal
\ irt ues of the fighting man. To defend himself
and his home, to be able to give blow for blow in
the defense of his
country, is a duty for
which every citizen
should prepare himself.

A nation of good rifle
shots is a nation best
situated to undertake
the work of preparation
for defense. Much of
our success in past wars
is due to the fact that
Americans knew how to
shoot.

A practical knowl-
edge of shooting was a necessity with our fore-
fathers. They had to protect themselves and
they had to get food, both of which they did with
the rifle.

When war came upon them, shooting was one
thing they did not have to learn and, to this ex-

200 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

tent at least, they were able to short-cut military
training. They merely had to learn how to fight
another kind of foe, to hunt another kind of game
—using the same kind of a gun with which they
did their hunting.

Hut shooting has largely gone out of fashion
in the United States today, and the military rifle
is quite a different weapon from the sportsman's
gun.

Even hunting has disappeared from the life of
the average man. City life has removed him
from the surroundings in which the eye naturally
roams in search of game and the finger itches for
the feel of the trigger. When such a man
of today thinks of shooting, it is with the thought
that it is a pastime reserved for those who can go
far afield in search of it.

However, the opportunity to learn to shoot and
to practice shooting is at every man's door.
Moreover, it is a pastime in which he will be given
every encouragement to perfect himself.

The National Rifle Association of America is
an organization whose purpose is to develop rifle
shooting.

Its by-laws state that "The object of this As-
sociation shall be to encourage marksmanship
throughout the United States, particularly in the
direction of qualifying as finished marksmen

('In hit for (1 it hen-Soldiers 201

those individuals who may be called upon to serve
in time of war; to encourage competition in
marksmanship between teams and individuals; to
encourage legislation for the establishment and
maintenance of ranges; to secure the issue of
military rifles and ammunition to those practic-
ing on these ranges, and to create a public senti-
ment in respect to the necessity of rifle practice
as a means of National Defense."

This Association has been instrumental in
form ing nearly one thousand rifle clubs of
American eiti/.ens throughout the United States
and extending to Alaska, Panama, and China.
Membership in the Association is extended to
every city, town, hamlet, or community in the
land. All that is required is the formation of a
dub.

Ten men, or boys over sixteen years of age,
may form a club in any locality. After being ad-
mitted to the Association, the club is entitled to
privileges which make shooting a pastime less ex-
pensive than tennis or golf.

Under an Act of Congress, such clubs are al-
lowed to draw rifles and ammunition for shoot-
ing from the War Department by giving a
nominal bond for the safe-keeping of rifles and
equipment,

202 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

The Association furnishes complete instruc-
tions for the forming and maintaining of rifle
clubs, as well as much instruction in shooting.

Complete equipment for target ranges — tar-
gets, target frames, markers, disks, flags — to-

A School Boy Club on the Range

gether with detailed instructions for installing it,
may be obtained by clubs at a reasonable price
through the Association.

In brief, the National Rifle Association gives
every encouragement and assistance to the man
who wants to learn to shoot. It literally places

Rifle Clubs for Citizen-Soldiers 203

the rifle in his hands, tells him how to shoot it,
helps him huild a range at his haek door, and
encourages him to use both rifle and range.

The work of the Association
among schools is worthy of
special note, since it is the only
organized effort along a line
of training to which other
countries devote great care
and attention.

"]•' ranee appropriates large
MUMS of money annually for

•/ •/

tlu- carrying on of marksman-
ship training in its public
schools. In Italy a student
cannot get his degree from a college until he has
become a qualified marksman. In Canada, the
course of instruction in marksmanship has be-
come a part of the curriculum for the public
schools. Australia has over forty thousand
school boys organized into cadet corps who are
furnished arms and ammunition free by the
Government and they are instructed in marks-
manship. In New Zealand, the Government
builds miniature rifle ranges in all its schools,
issues rifles and ammunition, and furnishes in-
structors for the training in marksmanship. In
Hungary, one wealthy, patriotic citizen built a

204 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

large range and dedicated it to the youth of
Hungary. Over the entrance to the range ap-
pear the words, "I have huilt this range for the
Hungarian young men in order to give them an
opportunity to defend their native soil."

"In Switzerland, the home of rifle shooting,
that little repuhlic which maintains its independ-
ence largely due to its citizens being skilled with
the rifle, there is a general law providing for the
instruction of school boys in rifle shooting with
the necessary ranges, rifles, and ammunition for
this purpose. Their preparatory instruction
provides for the beginning of their record shoot-

lii/fc Clubs for Citizen-Soldiers 205

ing at the age of sixteen. Kvery school boy re-
ceives a record book in which he must keep a
record of all his firing. This book serves as a
certificate of record of the courses attended and
is to be presented at the examination for entry
into a higher school. For every student that the

. / Rifle Club in Alaska

country rifle association trains, it receives five
francs reimbursement from the Government. In
1908, in sixteen cantons, equivalent to our
county, 10,950 students were turned out as
trained marksmen. In Greece, there is a law
making rifle practice obligatory on all students
of universities and certain classes of preparatory
schools. The public schools of Athens receive

206 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

annually from the Government an appropria-
tion for the carrying on of rifle instruction.
Austria maintains a course of instruction in rifle
firing for secondary schools. The course begins
in October and last until the end of May."
As a result of the efforts of the Association,

Boy Scouts Learning to Shoot

one hundred and seventy-eight rifle clubs have
been organized in schools and colleges through-
out the United States.

Rifle shooting is one form of personal prepara-
tion in which every citizen can perfect himself,
conveniently, inexpensively, and without the aid
of a trained instructor. The theory of rifle shoot-
ing is simple. It is easily understood by the man
of average intelligence. Proficiency is within

Rifle Clubs for Citizen-Soldiers 207

the reach of every man or boy who will give it
reasonable practice.

The lion. Seth Low, ex-president of Colum-
bia College, said:

"I am a great believer in the work of the Na-
tioii-il Kiile Association of America. Patriot-

An American Club in China

ism in the abstract is a very fine thing, but pre-
paredness and vigilance born of such patriotism
are vastly more valuable to a nation."

The man who spends some of his spare time
learning to shoot is contributing his mite to Na-
tional Preparedness. He is helping to boost the

208 Self-Helps for tJie Citizen-Soldier

Panama Canal Zone Rifle Club

market price of our military resources by refining
some of the raw material to some small degree.

What is still more important is that he is in-
creasing his confidence in himself, turning him-
self into a potential fighting man, one whom
harassed and anxious leaders in time of war will
he glad to welcome into the ranks of the citi/en-
soldiers.

Beginning Young

I'racticul Hint* for Self -Preparation 209

CHAPTER XIV

PRACTICAL HINTS FOR SELF-
PREPARATION

WHAT SHOULD I Do TO GET READY — to
keep ready to do my part in the defense of the
Country? — is a question the reader has probably
asked himself before this.

Th answer is: not much, but it is all import-
ant ; nothing burdensome, but it is wholly essen-
tial; nothing wasteful of time, for it all helps the
eiti/en to be more valuable to himself as well as
to his country.

TAKK AN Acini: INTERI.ST IN THE MILITARY
POLICY OF THE COUNTRY — in its readiness at all
times for defense, in its relations which might
briii"- on trouble — know what is going on in a
public' way that is the first answer.

Ki.Aii MILITARY HISTORY OCCASIONALLY—
See where our mistakes have been made in the
past. Don't take some other man's word for it.
See for yourself what it has cost the United
States in men and money to win its battles.
Judge for yourself whether our way of doing
things has been wise or truly economical.

210 Self -lid p8 for the Citizen-Soldier

LOOK MIIITAKY PREPAREDNESS STRAIGHT IN

THE FACE — View it in its true perspective and

then decide which danger is the most to he feared

—the bogie of Militarism of the specter of

Defenselessness.

KEEP ABREAST OF THINGS MILITARY — It is as
much a part of the citizen's education to know the
insurance policy of his Country as to know the
financial policy, trade policy or industrial policy.
It is equally as vital and fully as interesting as
either of the others.

OBSERVE THE MILITIA — See what it is doing
in the way of preparing citi/.cns to shoulder their
military obligations— to play their part in the
defense of the Country.

You will discover in the Militia a purpose and
an intensity that go far toward the making of
better citizens.

TAKE AN INTKKKST IN PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES—
Our forefathers made a lot of sacrifices in order
to build up this country. It is a heritage of
which we are justly proud. We are proud of
those who left us this bequest — whenever we take
the time to think of them.

The object of Patriotic Societies is to keep our
forefathers and their deeds green in our mem-
ories, a constant inspiration to us to do as much
for our Country.

I'rnctical Hints for Self -Preparation 211

Don't bottle up your patriotism for National
Holidays. It makes you feel good then. Spread
it out over 365 days in the year and feel good all
of the time.

TAKE A HAND IN POLITICS — Unless you do,
you will never know what is going on in the
government of your country. You certainly
will have no voice or weight in what is being done.
You will be merely a stockholder in a business
which someone else is running to suit himself.

TRY A TASTE OF MILITARY TRAINING — It
hurts no man; it does most of them good in
many ways. The chances are that an armory is
not far from your home. The Militia is work-
ing in that armory while other men are playing
—and the Militia is getting about as much satis-
faction out of its work as other men do out of
their play.

ATTEND A BUSINESS MAN'S CAMP — Until
you try it, you will never realize the amount of
pleasure and profit you can get from a short va-
cation in such a camp. One month will be
enough to give you an idea of what it is for, what
it does and how it does it.

SEND YOUR BOY TO A STUDENT CAMP — An
active, healthy boy cannot find a place where he
can have a better, healthier, more entertaining or
chraprr vacation than in a Student Camp.

212 Sclf-IIclps for the Citizen- Soldier

There, lie will eat wholesome food, keep good
hours, learn to march, to shoot, to take care of
himself and he will come back home hard and fit
and brown and ready for another one next year.

LEARN TO SHOOT — The Militia have galleries
in their armories where men are taught the
principles of shooting. They have target ranges
where the firing of service rifles is taught.

Shooting is taught, thoroughly and well, in the
Student Camps.

The National Rifle Association, under the
direction of the National Board for the Promo-
tion of Rifle Shooting in the United States,
makes a business of organizing rifle clubs
throughout the country and of encouraging rifle
shooting in every possible way.

TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF — If you ever hope
to do honor to your Country or yourself as a
citizen-soldier, you must have a sound body to
start with. It must be capable of being trained
to hard work and of resisting disease.

TAKE AN INVENTORY OF YOURSELF — Look
yourself over for little ailments and, if you find
them, get rid of them.

There are few men who have no slight defect.
Perhaps it is not enough to bother them ordin-

I'ntcticul Hint* for Self -Preparation 213

arily, but quite enough to give trouble at times.
With all of the conveniences and surroundings
of home, they are easily at-
tended ; in the field, in campaign,
they can only be borne.

Bad Teeth and camp cook-
ing are a combination that leads
straight to indigestion. Then
too, fancy a toothache in the
middle of the night, ten miles
from any relief!
It n n io ns a nd Corns
are no great source of
trouble to the man whose
only walking takes him
from the house to the car
and from the car to the N
office. But fifteen miles N
of steady grind over a J
hot, dusty road, or through
mud and slush will make either of them a tor-
ment that attends every step.

St/tttcinatic ILvcrcise is the only way in which
a man can keep in good condition. It need
not be heavy, but it must be systematic and regu-
lar. Ten or fifteen minutes each morning is
enough — surely no great price to pay for the
feeling that it brings.

214 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

There are dozens of systems at any man's dis-
posal. Any one of them is good // it is only kept
up.

The Lungs are the Bellow* that keep the
spark of endurance going. There are few men
whose lungs cannot be improved. Simple breath-
ing exercises are all that is required. These can
be taken standing, sitting or lying down. The
best way of all is to take them while walking. A
few deep breaths now and then will surprise and
gratify your lungs and go a long way toward
driving off the dull feeling in your head.

Fresh Air is good medicine for a great many
things. The soldier has to sleep out in it most of
the time. To the man not used to it, it brings
some discomfort at first and, occasionally, some
slight disorders. When accustomed to it, it brings

no man anything but good.
Every man can train himself

to fresh air by sleeping with his

windows open.

Cold, fresh air is a good cure

for weak lungs; it cannot fail

to be good for good lungs.

_> _fJ\\- A_

The Military Carriage is easy and graceful,
it is modelled after the fashion in which Nature1
intended man to walk, using the legs for locomo-

r radical Hints for Self -Preparation 215

tion, resting the other parts of the body for other
work. It hurts no man and it does most of them
a great deal of good.

THESE ARE LITTLE THINGS — Every man
knows them without being told. They are the
little things which fit together to make up the sum
total. Each if them, if ignored, weighs heavy
in the balance of efficiency. None of them re-
quires an investment beyond any man's means;
each of them pays a big dividend of one kind or
another.

The Soldier's Campaign Creed 217

CHAPTER XV
THE SOLDIER'S CAMPAIGN CREED

FIELD SERVICE — Field service is a general
term which includes all that a soldier is called
upon to do in campaign. Summed up, the re-
quirements of Field Service form a code of regu-
lations for the guidance of the soldier under any
and all circumstances in the field — in other words,
his CAMPAIGN CREED.

All of it is easy to understand and to remem-
ber; all of it requires practice and experience to
master.

In general, the soldier's creed in campaign is
something as follows:

IN CAMP — I will remain quiet until told what
to do.

I will pitch my tent promptly and arrange my
equipment.

I will not leave camp until told that I may.

I will try to bathe as soon as possible, espe-
cially my feet.

I will always change into dry clothing when
possible.

218 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

After bathing and eating, I will get all the
rest I can.

I will obey faithfully all instructions received
from my company commander about camp sani-
tation.

ON OUTPOST — I will keep alert every instant.

I will find out from my squad leader exactly
where to look for the enemy and what to do when
I see him.

I will find out from my squad leader where the
other parts of our outpost are located.

I will try to find out the names of all towns,
villages, streams, roads and landmarks within my
sight.

I will let no one but friendly troops pass me
from the direction of the enemy, except in the
presence of an officer or noncommissioned officer
of the outpost.

I will fire on anyone who fails to halt, or other-
wise disobeys me, after a second warning, or
sooner, if they attempt to attack or escape.

I will salute only when addressed by an officer.

At night, I will challenge in a low tone.

I will never fire at night unless I am sure of
hitting, or unless to give the alarm.

ON THE MABCH — I will always fill my canteen
before the march begins.

I will drink as little water as I have to.

The Soldier' K Campaign Creed 219

I will never empty my canteen until more
water is in sight.

I will not leave ranks to get water, or for any
other purpose, without the permission of an offi-
cer.

I will sit down and rest whenever the company
falls out.

I will always keep my proper place in column.

I will not sit or lie on damp ground during
halts.

I will not enter yards, gardens, orchards or
houses without permission.

I will always be ready to fall in promptly at
the command.

I will not eat on the march.

ON ADVANCE GUARD — I will be careful and
alert, but not timid.

I will keep going until I am stopped by the
enemy's fire.

I will always be on the lookout for the enemy
at every turn.

When fired on, I will drop in my tracks, seek
cover, then look to see where the fire came from.

I will be on the lookout for signals from other
parts of the advance guard and will transmit
tin-in at once.

When halted, I will always, when acting as a
connecting file, take post where I can see the near-

220 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Sold it-t-
est part of the advance guard, as well as keep a
lookout toward the direction of the enemy.

When patrolling, I will try to see as much as
possible without being seen myself. If seen, I
will try to escape as rapidly as possible.

IN NIGHT OPERATIONS — I will not talk or
make other noise, but will keep absolutely silent.

I will not smoke or strike matches, because the
light might be seen by the enemy.

I will be constantly on the lookout for signals
and orders from my officers and noncommissioned
officers and I will obey all orders and signals
promptly.

If ordered to fire in the dark, I will try to hold
my rifle parallel to the ground and not shoot
high.

Under no circumstances will I fire my rifle
during a night movement unless ordered to do so,
or unless it becomes necessary to give an alarm.

CARRYING MESSAGES — When given a verbal
message to carry, I will repeat it to the one who
gave it to me, to see that I understand it. I will
go over it in my mind until I have memorized it
word for word.

When carrying a written message, I will al-
ways try to conceal it about me and, if captured,
will try to destroy it at the first opportunity.

The Soldier's Catnjmi^n Creed 221

I N HATTLE — I will not straggle, nor will I
ever skulk, but at the command to advance, I will
do so at once.

In advancing by rushes, or in any other way,
I will always try to be the first man to start. I
know that in an advance, the last men to reach
the new position are exposed to the enemy's fire
longer than the first and are, therefore, more apt
to get hit.

I will not leave my place on the firing line to
carry any wounded man to the rear. That is the
business of the litter bearers. My business is on
the firing line.

I will not fail to set my sight at the range an-
nounced, or to change it after a rush whether the
change be announced or not.

I will never lose any opportunity to replenish
my ammunition from the - belts of the dead and
wounded.

I will use a rest for my rifle whenever I can do
so.

I will obey promptly all orders of my squad
leader and platoon leader.

In case of surprise or disorder, I will keep quiet
and listen for the orders of mv officers and non-

commissioned officers and will obey them
promptly.

222 Self-Help.^ for the Citizen-Soldier

I will take advantage of all cover, unless by
doing so, I cannot see the enemy. My first duty
is to keep shooting at the enemy.

I will avoid the skyline, such as the tops of
hills and ridges, for a man on a skyline makes a
clear, distinct target.

When on the firing line, I will be on the look-
out for signals and orders from my squad leader.

I will set my sight carefully and aim deliber-
ately. I will try to make every shot a hit.

When the enemy is in sight, I will fire rapidly,
and I will cease firing when the enemy disappears.

I will not neglect a poor target, because it may
shelter a good shot.

I will not waste my ammunition. My life and
the lives of others may depend on a few rounds
of cartridges.

I will always use ammunition from the ban-
doleers first.

I will keep thirty rounds of ammunition in the
right side of my belt as a reserve to be used only
when ordered by an officer to do so.

I will always make every effort to keep with
my squad. If separated from it, I will imme-
diately rejoin it. If this be impossible, I will
join the nearest squad and put myself under the
orders of its leader.

The Soldier's Campaign Creed 223

When without a leader, I will try to keep cool
and to keep on fighting, aiming and firing as de-
li herately as I can.

I will never stop fighting or turn back until
ordered hv mv officers to do so.

* V

When ordered to fall hack, I will do so quickly,
quietly and without separating myself from my
squad.

IN GENERAL — In camp, on the march and at
all other times, I will follow faithfully all in-
structions received from my company com-
mander ahout personal hygiene.

I will always do what I am told to do.

If without orders, I will do what I think my
dflicers would want done.

If about to be captured, I will try to throw
away the bolt of my rifle, and should I have field
glasses, I will try to break the lenses.

If taken prisoner, I will not, under any cir-
cumstances, give any information concerning our
troops. If compelled to answer questions, I will
give misleading answers.

I will observe all I can of the enemy and his
movements while a prisoner and will try to
escape with the information at the first oppor-
tunity.

225

STUDENTS' MILITARY INSTRUCTION CAMPS
EXTRACTS FROM WAR DEPARTMENT BULLETIN

The following regulations and information concerning
the organization and establishment of the Students' Mili-
tary Instruction Camps (for students at least 5 feet 4
inches in height and between the ages of 18 and 30, in
universities, colleges, and the graduating class at high
schools — and other schools rated as such — or graduates of
the same) are approved and published for the information
of all concerned.

The object of the camps is to give the young men of the
country opportunity for a short course in military training,
the better to fit them to discharge their military duty should
their country ever stand in need of their services. The
summer vacation period is selected to enable students to
attend with the least inconvenience and greatest instruc-
tional advantage.

Only those with the qualification stated on the page will
be allowed to attend.

Applicants must be citizens of the United States. They
must be of good moral character, physically qualified, and
of good standing in their classes.

Students must attend for the full period of five weeks,
unless compelled by actual necessity to leave before that
time. They must conform to the rules and regulations pre-
scribed for the government of the camp, the commanding
officer having authority to discontinue their attendance or
withhold certificate, or both, upon violation of such
ordinances.

Transportation.- Students will be required to pay their
traveling expenses to and from the camp; this item is made

226 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier

as small as possible by selecting the several camp sites in as
central a location as practicable giving due consideration
to average travel from the homes of those attending and to
the advantages offered in the camp sites.

Subsistence. — Wholesome, healthful, and ample meals
will be furnished at the rate of $3.50 a week. This amount
must be presented upon arrival and includes payment of
cooks, assistant cooks, waiters, and other expenditures not
specifically enumerated elsewhere. These meals will be
prepared by trained Army cooks and will be under the con-
stant personal supervision of an officer.

Clothing. — The uniform required will be 1 suit of cotton
olive-drab uniform, 1 extra pair of breeches, 1 campaign
hat with distinctive hat cord, 1 pair leggins, and 2 cotton
(or wool) olive-drab colored shirts.

The government will furnish — gratis — cots, blankets,
tentage, cooking outfits, a complete infantry equipment for
each man, including rifle, bayonet, cartridge belt, canteen,
shelter tent half, pole and pins, haversack, pack carrier,
individual mess kit. knife, fork, spoon, and cup, and other
necessary articles of quartermaster and ordnance property,
to be turned in at the end of camp. All articles lost or
broken will be paid for by the student.

CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIETY OF THE
NATIONAL RESERVE CORPS

ADOPTED BY THE CORPS, AUGUST, 1913
I.

1. Being convinced of the physical benefit to be derived
from living a part of the year in the strenuous, healthful,
open-air life of a military camp, particularly to students
whose pursuits have kept them indoors and leading a com-
paratively inactive life for consideral>l< prriods. appreciat-
ing the value of and the knowledge gained of marching,
camping, care of the person and camp sanitation with mini-
mum expense, and

Appendix 227

'J. Dcsirinjr to increase the economic value and business
efficiency of our young men by giving them an opportunity
to study the principles of command, organization and
administration, and to experience the value of discipline
obtaining in modern armies, and

3. Realizing that wars between nations are liable to
occur now, or in the future, even as they have in the past,
and

4. That, notwithstanding our best efforts to preserve
peace with right and honor, our own country may become
Involved in a war, either of defense against attack, or of
ofl'i -use against any nation that may violate the rights
secured us under the Constitution, Laws and Treaties of
the United States, and

5. Knowing the above and firmly believing that our
present state of preparation and means of meeting such an
emergency are inadequte and will lead either to disaster
or to useless waste of men, material and money, and

6. Further, knowing that the above state of affairs
should be remedied, and realizing that it is each man's duty
to his country to do his own proper share to effect such a
remedy.

7. We, the undersigned young men of America, do
hereby form and organize the "Society of the National
Reserve Corps of the United States," and do hereby pledge
ourselves, individually and collectively, from purely
patriotic motives, to do our utmost, without hope of reward,
and without fear or favor, to further the objects of said
corps and to work for its principles as set forth below:

II.

TIIK OBJECTS <u iin SOCIETY OF THE NATIONAL RESERVE

CORPS WILL BE:

(a) To Perpetuate the system of students' military
instruction camps and to encourage a large attendance;

228 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

(b) To encourage thorough knowledge throughout the
country of:

1. Military Policy,

2. Military History, and

3. Military Organization,

and to have these subjects included in the curricula of the
various colleges.

(c) To individually train ourselves to the best of our
ability to be fitted to serve with best effect in case of need
in such capacity as our condition at that time may properly
permit.

(d) To establish and support a sound National military
policy which shall include the maintenance of a highly
efficient Regular Army sufficient for the peace needs of
the Nation and a well organised and efficient militia, each
supported by adequate reserves.

|
III.

ELIGIBLE FOR MKMRKKSHIP

Class A. Those men who have attended one or more
students' military instruction camps as organized by the
War Department; tin payment of one dollar insures life
membership.

Class B. All other citizens of the United States in good
standing, subjects to the Rules and By-laws of the Society.
Annual membership, one dollar. Contributing membership,
five dollars annually. Life supporting membership, twenty-
five dollars.

For further information, address the nearest territorial
secretary.

TERRITORIAL SIX KETARIES

First District MR. ROHERT W. Nix, JR.

400 Highland Avenue, Ithaca, N. Y.
M,-.. \. IL. VI.. Mass., |{. I.. Conn., \. V.. Pa., \. J.

Appendix 229

Second District MR. HUGH A. MURRILL, JR.

V. M. I., Lexington, Va.

Del., Md., Va , W. Va., N. C., S. C., Tenn., Ga., Fla., Ala.,
Miss., Ark., La., Okla., Texas.

Third District MR. C. D. GENTSCH

1510 Arthur Ave., Lakewood, Ohio.

Ohio, Mich., Ind., Ky., Wis., 111., Minn., Iowa, Mo., N. D.,
S. D., Neb., Kan.

Fourth District MR. H. V. HoPKINS

317 19th Avenue, North, Seattle, Wash.

Mont., Wyo., Colo., N. Mex., Idaho, Utah, Ariz., Nevada,

Wash., Ore., and Cal.

GOVERNMENT RIFLE CLUBS

(N. R. A. Third Class, Civilian.)

RK<;ri..\Tioxs GOVERNING THE ORGANIZATION OF SAME
Tin- Srcrrtary of War having approved the plans of the
NATIONAL BOARD FOR THE PROMOTION OF RIFLE PRACTICE
(appointed by act of congress) for the organization of
Government rifle clubs throughout the country, the follow-
ing information concerning the same is published for the
information and guidance of all concerned:

1. Ten citizens in any locality may join together and
organize a club.

2. The name of such club should be, if practicable, the
same as the city or town in which it is organized, as the
Auburn (N. Y.j Rifle Club.

3. The by-laws as approved by the Secretary of War
must be adopted.

•t. Aftrr organisation, the club affiliates with the Na-
tional Rifle Association of America, in conformity with a
resolution of tlic National Board and approved by the
S.-cr. t.-iry of War. March 28, 1.0<H.

/>. There is presented annually to affiliated clubs a
medal, mounted in a morocco case, suitably inscribed, for

230 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

competition among its members, and the results of such
competition are published in the annual report of the
Association.

6. All members or affiliated clubs are eligible to compete
for qualification as Marksman, Sharpshooter, and Expert,
and on qualifying will be issued a lapel button by the War
Department, representing the class in which qualified.

7. Under the provisions of an act of Congress approved
March 3, 1905, the Secretary of War is authorized to sell,
at the prices at which they are listed for the Army, upon
request of the Governors of the several States and Ter-
ritories, such magazine rifles belonging to the United States
as are not needed for the equipment of the Army and the
organized Militia for the use of civilian rifle clubs. Tin-
Secretary of War is also authorized to sell to such clubs
ammunition, ordnance stores, revolvers, and equipments of
the Government standard at the prices at which they are
listed for the Army.

8. Under the provision of an act of Congress approved
April, 1911, the Secretary of War is authorized to issue to
clubs organized as above, U. S. magazine rifles, model of
1898, and ammunition for same under such regulations and
in such quantities as may be decided upon by the National
Board for Promotion of Rifle Practice, and approved by the
Secretary of War.

How TO OlUJAM/K A RlKLE CLUB

The question is often asked, "How shall we go about it
to organize a Government Rifle Club?"

Our advice is to first get together those who are interested
and send out a call for a meeting to organize. Have your
local papers publish the call along with an argument in
favor of such a club. Preliminary to such a meeting try
and get the permission for the use of the local National
Guard range, if there is one; if not, have ready data as to
the cost of building a small range for the use of the pro-

231

posrd club. This the National Rifle Association will fur-
nish. In addition to this, be ready to explain to the meet-
ing the benefits to be derived from cooperation with the
Government and the National Rifle Association.

Having all this information ready will often save a
postponement of organization pending the gathering of
same. When the meeting is ready to organize, elect your
officers and adopt the by-laws furnished by the National
Kitlc Association. You will then be in shape to make your
application for affiliation with the Association. We recom-
mend that this be made through the State Secretary, who
will bring the application to the attention of the Adjutant
General of the State. When the club has received the
approval of the Adjutant General, it will be eligible to elec-
tion as a member of the National Rifle Association.

REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE ISSUE OF
RIFLES AND AMMUNITION TO CLUBS

The following law, regulations and instructions govern-
ing the issue of rifles (not of the existing service model and
ball cartridges therefore, to rifle clubs organized under the
rules of the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle
Practice are published for the information and guidance of
all concerned:

1. The act of Congress authorizing the said issues is as
follows :

Provided Further, That the Secretary of War is
hereby authorized to issue, without expense to the
United States, for use in target prac'.ice, United States
magazine rifle and appendages therefore, not of the
existing service model, and not necessary for the main-
tenance of a proper reserve supply, together with forty
rounds of ball cartridges siiital 1< to said arm, for each
range at which target prartitv is had, not to exceed a
total of one hundred and twriity rounds per year per
man participating in target practice, to rifle clubs or-

232 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

ganized under the rules of the National Hoard for the
Promotion of Rifle Practice, and to schools having a
uniformed corps of cadets and carrying on military
training, in sufficient number for the conduct of proper
target practice.

Issues of public property under this provision shall
be made in compliance with regulations prescribed by
the secretary of War insuring the designed use of the
property issued, providing against loss to the United
States through lack of proper cart-, and for the return
of the property when required, and embodying such
other requirements as he may consider necessary ade-
quately to safeguard the interests of the United States.
Approved April 27, 1914.
2. Rifle clubs may be organized under the rules of the

National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice in

accordance with the following regulations:

(a) Ten or more citizens, between the ages of 16 and
45, in any locality may organize a club.

(b) The name of such a club should be, if practicable,
the same as the citv or town in which it is organized, as
the Auburn (N. Y.) Rifle Club.

(d) After organization, the club must affiliate with the
National Rifle Association of America, in conformity with a
resolution of the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle
Practice and approved bv the Secretary of War, March
23,

Appendix 233

GOVERNMENT RIFLE CLUBS— BY-LAWS

FOR ADOPTION BY RIFLE CLUBS AFFILIATED WITH THE

\ \TIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA —

APPROVED BY THE NATIONAL BOARD OF

PROMOTION OF RIFLE PRACTICE AND

THE SECRETARY OF WAR

ARTICLE I. The name of this organization shall be
- Rifle Club (or Association).

ARTICLE II. The object of this organization shall be
the encouragement of military rifle and pistol shooting.

ARTICLE III. Any citizen of the United States over six-
teen years of age may become a member of the organization
on vote of the Executive Committee and on payment of the
usu.-il initiation fee and dues.

ARTICLE IV. The officers of the organization shall be a
President, Vice-president, Secretary, Treasurer, and Ex-
ecutive Officer, who, acting together, shall constitute the
Executive Committee. They shall be elected by a majority
vote by ballot at the annual meeting of the organization,
and hold office for one year or until their successors are
elected.

ARTICLE V. The annual meeting of the organization
shall be held on the first Saturday of January in each year.
If the annual meeting shall not take place at the time fixed
it shall be held within a reasonable time thereafter, and the
officers shall hold over until their successors shall have been
elected. One-third of the members of the organization
si i.i II constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.

ARTICLE VI. The annual dues of the organization shall
!>'• > — , and shall be payable on or before the first day
of February in each year. No member of the organization
in arrears shall be eligible to any of the benefits offered by
the National Rifle Association. The initiation fee shall
be $ .

234 Self-IIelps for the Citizen-Soldier

ARTICLE VII. The duties of the officers shall be such as
the club members may agree upon, provided that a part
of such duties shall consist of some duly authorized officer
of the club making a certified list of the newly elected
officers of the organization and a list of the members in
good standing to the National Rifle Association on Febru-
ary 1 of each year.

ARTICLE VIII. The affairs of the organization shall be
managed by the Executive Committee, who shall have gen-
eral supervision of the affairs of the club. Meetings shall
be held at any time on the call of the president, and three
shall constitute a quorum.

The Secretary shall notify the members of the Executive
Committee of all meetings, and shall send each member of
the club notice of the annual meeting. He shall keep a true
record of all meetings of the Executive Committee and of
the annual meetings, have the custody of the books and
papers of the club, and conduct all correspondence. All
applications for membership shall be made direct to the
Secretary. He shall be responsible for the collection of all
fees and dues, and shall remit the same to the Treasurer,
taking his proper receipt therefor.

The Treasurer shall have charge of all funds of the
organization, and place the same in such bank or banks as
may be approved by the Executive Committee. Such money
shall only be withdrawn by check signed by the Treasurer,
and for the payment of such bills as shall have been ap-
proved by the Executive Committee. He shall keep ac-
count of all his transactions and make a detail report, with
vouchers, at any meeting of the Executive Committee when
requested, and an annual report to the Association at its
annual meeting.

The Executive Officer shall have charge of the ranges of
the club, the printing of score cards, the arranging of
competitions, etc., and shall turn over to the Treasurer
such moneys as may be received for entrance fees, etc. No

Append/us 235

bills shall be contracted without the authorization of the
Executive Committee.

ARTICLE IX. Any member whose conduct shall be de-
cided, by a majority vote of the Executive Comnyttee, to
have been injurious to the interest or welfare of the club
shall forfeit his membership and rights, but such vote shall
not be taken without giving the offender two weeks' notice
of the charges against him and affording him an opportu-
nity of being heard in his defence. He may appeal from a
decision of the committee to the club at a special meeting
called for that purpose, but it shall require a two-thirds
vote of those present to reverse the committee's decision.

ARTICLE X. All rifle and revolver competitions held by
the club will be governed by the rules and regulations as
laid down by the National Rifle Association of America, ap-
proved by the National Board for Promotion of Rifle
Practice and the Secretary of War.

ARTICLE XI. Any amendment to these by-laws must be
submitted to the National Rifle Association for its approval,
and, if such is given, it may be presented at any meeting of
the club after having been sent to each member at least ten
days previously. A two-thirds vote of the members present
will be necessary to pass it.

HOW TO ORGANIZE A SCHOOL CLUB

Whenever it is desired to organize a Government rifle
club by the students of any public or private preparatory
or high school, first secure the permission of the school
authorities, and when this has been given call a meeting of
all students interested in rifle shooting. To organize a club
requires at least ten students to sign a roll so as to be
rligible to receive a charter. When this meeting has been
called to order a resolution should be introduced and passed
to the effect that the meeting proceed to the organization
of a rifle club, and that the following by-laws to cover the
organization and management of the club be adopted:

236 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

BY-LAWS FOR SCHOOL RIFLE CLUBS

APPROVED BY THE NATIONAL BOARD FOR PROMOTION OF

RIFLE PRACTICE AND THF. SECRETARY OF WAR

ARTICLE I. The name of this association shall be the
Rifle Club of - - (Name of School).

ARTICLE II. The object of this organization shall be
the encouragement of rifle shooting among the male mem-
bers of this institution.

ARTICLE III. All male members of the student body
and of the faculty shall be eligible for membership, but
members of the faculty shall not be eligible to compete for
the X. R. A. medal or qualifications.

ARTICLE IV. The officers of this organization shall be a
President, Secretary. Treasurer and Captain, who, acting
together, shall constitute the Executive Committee. They
shall be elected by a majority vote by ballot at the annual
meeting of the organization, and hold office for one year
or until their successors are elected. Members of the
faculty may hold office in the club.

ARTICLE V. The fiscal year of the club will be from
September 1 to June 30, and the annual meeting shall be
held on the first Saturday of October of each year. If
the annual meeting shall not take place at the time fixed, it
shall be held within a reasonable time thereafter and tin-
officers shall hold over until their successors have been
elected. One-third of the members of the organization
shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.

ARTICLE VI. The annual dues of the organization shall
be $ — — and shall be payable on or before the first day
of November of each year. No member of the Association
in arrears shall be eligible to any of the benefits offered by
the N. R. A. The initiation fee shall be $— — .

ARTICLE VII. The affairs of the club shall be managed
by the Executive Committee, who shall have general super-
vision over the affairs of the club.

. / ppendix 237

The Scfrrltiri/ shall notify the members of the club of
all meetings. He shall keep a true record of same, have
the custody of the books and papers of the club, and con-
duct all correspondence. All applications for membership
shall be made direct to the Secretary. He shall be respon-
sible for the collection of all fees and dues, and shall remit
the same to the Treasurer, taking his proper receipt there-
for. On June 30 of each year he will make a report of the
season's work, and on December 1 a report of the new
officers and a list of members to the General Secretary of
tin- National Rifle Association.

The Treasurer shall have charge of all funds of the or-
ganization. and shall hold and disburse the same in such a
way as may hr approved by the Executive Committee. He
shall keep account of all his transactions and make a
(It-tailed report, with vouchers, at the annual meeting.

The Captain shall have charge of the ranges of the club,
the printing of score cards, the arranging of competitions,
etc., and shall turn over to the Treasurer such moneys as
may be received for entrance fees, ammunition, etc. No
hills shall be contracted without the authorization of the
Executive Committee.

ARTICLE VIII. All rifle competitions held by the club
shall be governed by the rules and regulations as laid
down by the National Rifle Association of America.

ARTICLE IX. Any amendment to these by-laws must be
siihmittcd to the National Rifle Association for its approval,
and if such is given it may be presented at any meeting of
the club after having been sent to each member at least ten
days previously. A two-thirds vote of the members present
will be necessary to pass it.

MILITARY TRAINING CAMP
FOR BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL MEN
The purpose of the camp is to offer an opportunity for
business and professional men of military age to qualify

238 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier

themselves for efficient service to the country in case of
need.

Attendance at the camp will not increase either the legal
or moral obligations of those who attend. The intention is
merely to equip those taking the course of training to fulfill
with more efficiency and usefulness obligations which are
already laid upon them as citizens of the United States.

UNIFORMS

Each man must take — 2 pairs marching shoes, medium
weight socks, 1 pair light shoes or sneakers, summer under-
wear, 2 pairs of olive drab breeches, cotton, 1 pair leggins,
regular pattern ; 2 olive drab shirts, 1 Army blouse — cotton,
1 campaign hat and hat cord (special for military training
camps), Toilet articles and other necessaries.

CAMP EQUIPMENT

Arms, other ordnance and other equipment, including
mess outfit, will be furnished by the United States Army,
and mess will be provided at the rate of 50 cents a day (in-
cluded in deposit of $30 to be made on arrival to cover
camp expenses).

INOCULATION

It is recommended that the typhoid prophylaxis inocula-
tion be taken at the camp, or before if preferred.

INSTRUCTION

The purpose of the camp will be to give each attendant
as much of the fundamental education of an officer as can
be imparted in the duration of the camp. A certain definite
routine will be prescribed for all.

Special opportunities will be offered for training in
various branches of the service under expert officers.

There will be present at the camp cavalry, artilli ry.
signal corps and infantry officers of the regular Army.

239

Opportunities for work with aeroplane and machine gun
are proposed.

ORGANIZATION

Attendants at the camp will be divided into organizations
commanded by officers of the regular Army, whose duties
cover not only those of instruction but also the health and
general welfare of their commands.

SPECIAL PERIODS OF ATTENDANCE — NATIONAL GUARDSMEN
Those who have been members of the National Guard
or have had other military experience may apply, and on
approval may attend for less than the prescribed period.
As the military training is progressive, the latter part of
the camp is recommended for such men. Men of sufficient
experience will be used as officers and non-commissioned
officers for the various organizations.

EXAMINATIONS

No examination is required, but a board of regular officers
on duty at the camp will make such recommendations as to
individual qualifications as they may deem proper, to be
filed with the War Department.

INFORMATION

1 nil information as to time and place of future camps
may be obtained from Headquarters, Training Regiment,
.M Nassau Street, New York City.

Tiro Kookx Indispensable to Citizen-Soldier*
PRIVATES' MANUAL

(Revised Edition. Profusely Illustrated)
By CAPTAIN JAMES A. MOSS, U. S. Army

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS

Object and Advantages of Military Training — Equipment of tin-
Sol.lier — Guard Duty — Military Courtesy — Forms of Speech — Delivery
of Messages — 'Military Deportment and Appearance — -Care of Cloth-
ing, Arms and other Equipment— Care of the Health — Camp Sani-
tation— First Aid to the Sick and Injured — Field Service — Individual
Cooking — Description and Management of the Rifle — Care ami
Preservation of the Rifle — How to Shoot—- (This Chapter, which is
profusely illustrated, shows just exactly how soldiers in tlie Regular
Army are taught to shoot.) — The Private's Campaign Creed— (In
simple, concise language, expressed in the form of a creed, this
chapter tells everything a soldied should know and do on the march,
in camp, on out-post, when patrolling and when in battle.)
Price $.75, postpaid. A liberal discount on quantity

MANUAL OF MILITARY TRAINING

By CAPTAIN JAMES A. MOSS, U. S. Army
(Profusely illustrated. Officially adopted for use in seventy of our

military schools and colleges.)

This book is a presentation of MILITARY TRAINING as mani-
fested in the training and instruction of a COMPANY. The book
contains everything pertaining to the training and instruction of
COMPANY officers, noncommissioned ofrk?rs and privates, and be
who masters its contents and makes his COMPANY proficient in
the subjects embodied therein, will be in every way qualified,
without the assistance of a single other book, to command with credit
and satisfaction, in peace and in war, an efficient fighting company.

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS

Infantry Drill Regulations — Manual of the Bayonet — Manual of
Physical Training — Manual of Interior Guard Dutv — Signalling —
Small Arms-Firing Manual — The Government and Administration of
a Company — Discipline — General Principles of Company Training
and Instruction— General Common Sense Principles of Applied
Minor Ttactics — General Plan of Instruction in Map Problems for
Noncommissioned Officers and Privates — Instruction in Delivering
Messages — The Service of Information — Map Reading — Military
Sketching — Loading Wagons — Marches — Care of the Health and
First Aid to the Sick and Injured — Military Courtesy — .Military
l»r|inrtment and Appearance — Personal Cleanliness and Care of
Clothing and Other Equipment — Care and Preservation of Shoes —
Forms of Speech — Delivery of Messages — The Care, Description ami
Management of the Rifle — The Company in Attack — The Company
in Defense — The Company on Outpost — The Company in Scon ti UK
and Patrolling — Night Operations-y-The Field Orders of Enlisted
Men — I ntrenchments— Obstacles — Field Firing — Camping — Cooking

Price ti-90. postpaid. A liberal discount on quantity

GEO. BANTA PUBLISHING CO.

MENASHA, WISCONSIN

Other Military Hooka for the Citizen-Soldier

MILITARY CHARACTER, HABIT, DE-
PORTMENT, COl'RTESY AND
DISCIPLINE

By CAPT. M. U. STKH'ART, f. S. Army
"The Reason Why" of military life and customs — An Interesting
discussion along original lines — Of special value to one wh..
to understand the spirit of the lighting man.

I'rice $.50 postpaid. A liberal discount on quantity

THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE
INFANTRY SOLDIER

By CAPT. M. B. .YV /-If. (A1/ . f. .V. Army
A comprehensive dNi-u»-ion of the subject of Physical Training
and Development for the Infantryman.

I'rice $.40, postpaid. A liberal discount on quantity

OFFICERS' MAM A I.

(Fifth Edition)

By CAPT. JAMES A. MOSS. T. .9. Army

A handy, convenient compilation of "Customs of the Service. "
and other matters of a practical, worth-knowing nature. It may be
called the "What's What" of the Army.

I'rice <-'.5o, postpaid

NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS' MANUAL

By CAPT. JAMES .1. MOSS. U. S. Army
This book is to the noncommissioned officer what Officers' Manual
is to the officer. The SOUL of this book consists of the condensed
and collated experiences of over fifty (50) old and experienced non-
OOamUHiOQed officers of the Regular Army.
Price $i.$o, postpaid

APPLIED MINOR TACTICS

(Including Map Problems and the H'ar Game)

By CAPT. JAMES A. MOSS. C. S. Army
MAP KKADINC.-M \P SKKTnilNV,. Simplified for beginners.
Price $l.o?, postpaid

RIOT Dl'TY

By CAPT. JAMES A. MOSS. U. S. Army

A practical, handy pamphlet covering in a simple and complet-
way both the legal and the tactical sides of the subject.
Price $.50, postpaid

<;KO. HANTA ITKUSHINC; ( o.

MI- \ \SM \. WISCONSIN

Other Military Books for the Citizen-Soldier
MILITIA FIELD MANUAL

By LIEUTS. CEO. R. GUILD and FRED C. TEST, V. S. Army
Intended to be a field instructor for Militia troops (officers, non-
commissioned officers, and privates) ; to enable these troops to
acquire by study, and prior to going into the field, the many little
points of a professional soldier's everyday life that are usually
acquired only by experience. Th: habitual daily field duties of every
person are carefully detailed. Rules for rationing, sanitation, food
tables and the various blank forms necessary for use in the field
are minutely described.

Adopted as official by the National Guard of several states.
Price $1.00, postpaid. A liberal discount for quantities

MILITARY FIELD NOTE BOOK

By LIEUTS. GEO. R. GUILD and ROBERT C. COTTON,
U. S. Army

A handy, compact field note book adapted for use of officers and
enlisted men.

Special emphasis is laid on the fact that the book is made up of
three distinct parts, namely:

(a) The Owner's Note Sheets; (b) Printed Field Notes; (c) The
Detachable Filler. There is a pencil "holder attached on the back
covtr of the book. The Detachable Filler consists of two parts,
(a) Message Pad; (b) Field Diary Sheets. The book can be used
indefinitely; all that is required is the filling in of the new pads as
time goes on, which can be secured at the very small cost of IS
cents. Attention is also called to the waterproof cover which is
another feature of the book, which can be obtained at an additional
cost of 10 cents.

War Department Bulletin, No. 11, Sec. 3, No. Ill, 1915, places
this book on the list of military publications which the militia may
purchase out of federal funds.

Price $.75, postpaid. Waterproof coi'er $.10

ELEMENTS OF MODERN FIELD ARTIL-
LERY—U. S. SERVICE

By MAJOR H. G. BISHOP, 5th Field Artillery
Elements of Modern Field Artillery is a compilation of the
notes used in conference on the subject of Field Artillery at ;'..e
Army Service Schools.

It is not a textbook for the field artillery man, but is intended
solely as a reference for members of other branches of the service.
Price $1.50, postpaid

GEO. BAXTA PUBLISHING CO.

MENASHA, WISCONSIN

through their Military Department, will get for you any book,
military or other, published anywhere in the world.

BANTA'S CATALOGUE OF MILITARY BOOKS will be
furnished upon application.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES

THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
This book is DUE on the last date stamped below

MAR

JAN 3 1«73

Form I.-P

JOm- II, •

ANGELES
UBRART

UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL UBRARY FACILITY

A 000680715 0

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