'Mi^
^ PRINCETON, N. J. -^^
Presented by Mr. Samuel Agnew of Philadelphia, Pa.
'Agneiv Coll. on Baptism, No.
f^
£/,
a//
SERMONS,
ON THE
MODE AND SUBJECTS
OP
chbistiAjY baptism,
OR
AN ATTEMPT TO SHEW THAT POURING OR SPRINK-
LING IS A SCRiPrURAL MODE; AND THE INFANlS
OF BELIEVERS ARE PROPER SUBJECTS OF
THE BAP 1 ISM INSTITUTED BY
CHRIST ;
WITH AST
EXAMINATION OF VARIOUS OBJECTIONS,
Particularly those contained in a Course ©f Anonymous
Letters to Bishop. Hoadly.
BY JOSEPH LATHROP, D. D.
Pastor of the First Church in West-Springfield.
THE FOURTH EDITION,
NEW-YORK :
•Printed and Published by ROBERT CRUMBlB^
Ao. 305 Greenwich' Streets
1808.
% -
SERMONS.
EPHESIANS IV. 5.
ONE BAPTISM.
DISCOURSE I.
T
O persuade the Ephesians to keep the uni-
ty of the spirit in the bond of peace, the Apos-
tie urges this, among other arguments, that they
had received one Baptism. If tJiis one Baptism
was designed to be a bond of peace and unity a*
mong christians, how unhappy it is, that it should
become an occasion of division and separation ?
Some will say, * It is not one baptism, but differ-
ent baptisms that cauie divisions. * It is true, bap.
tism is administered in different modes, and to
different subjects j but stiil, I hope, it will appear
to be one baptism ;^nd if so, then this differencQ
js no just reason for disunion.
You are sensible, my brethren, that I hare
not been wont to bring controversies into the
(4)
pu'pit. I have purposely avoided the controver-
«y conceirmng hanflsm in years past, and should
have done so still, had itUQt been lately revolved a-
mong you. — It is not any prejudice against our
brethren who differ from us, but a regard to your
present circumstances, and to the desire of many
among you, that now induces me to enter upon
it ; and I hope to handle it in such a manner, as,
at least, not to offend, if I should not convince.
I shall not call in question tlie validity of the bap-
tism of our brethren : I only aim to vindicate our
own. And surely when we are charged w ith hav-
ing essentially changed a divine instituion — -
M'hen we are represented as being in an unbap-
tised state — when v.'e are treated as unfit for
christian communion, we have a right to plead
in our defence.
There is a late pamphlet which many of you
have read, writt<*n by way of Letters to Bishop
IloacUy, the author of which labours to dis-
prove the validity both o^ sprinklings and ofzV?-
fant baptism, and treats them both with great
tontempt. I shall pay particular attention to
this piece, and take notice of every thing that
is material in it.
The questions before us are two ; whether
sprinkling is a scriptured mode : and whether in^
/ants are proper subjects of baptism? These
questions have no necessary connection with each
other. But as the validity of our baptism is denied
on account of the mode in^which it was admin-
istered, as well as of the age at v;diich we receiv-
ed it, I shall distinctly consider both questions^
and shall begin with the former.
PART l^f-
E will first enquire, whltlV'lhe'tri^f ,se%-.
tural mode of Baptism ? />> / ^ n
There are two Wavs, in which .this ordi-
cance is administered; one is immer sioi} ^ ox^Xmw.-^
ging the whole body into water : The other is
affusion^ which is pouring or sprinkling water up-
on the subject. We do not deny the validity of
immersion; we only deny the /^^fre^.^-iVj/ of it :
But our brethren (at least many of them) deny
the validity of aifu$ion, and represent it as
no baptism to whomsoever administered. It is
therefore of some importance that we enquire,
whether there be not such evidence, that affusion
is. a scriptural mode, as may justify our use of it,
and satisfy those who have received baptism ia
this manner.
I shall first examine the import of the Greek
word used for baptism — then consider the uses
of baptism and the allusions of scripture to
these uses — next enquire what was the apostolic
practice — Rnd lastly take some notice of the
usage of the church afrer the apostolic age.
I. We Will examine the import of the word
batitizn^ which is the usual, if not the ou/i/ word
by vvhich the writers of the New Testament ex-
press the christian ordinance of ba[)tism.
It is agreed, that tlie word bapfizo, signifies
to ivash by the application of water: But then>
how the water is to be apj)lied, whether by pfung-
%u% the subject iri'o water, or by pouring or
sprinkhng water uponihe subject, is ihe question:
This w^ill best be determined by considering how
the word is used uporicomniou occasions.
A 2
(6)
The a>iMior of the Letters to Bishop Iloadly
tells us^ « ti.at the writens of the Mew Festanient
borrowetl rlieirphrases from the (ircek tratishitioii
off he O.d Festamecit, caliecl the Srp/w gint.' He
refers us to this for the sense of the wurds, which
thej have used for baptism. He allows that
*: baptizo is the offspring of bapfo ;' aud conse-
quently may be taken in the same sense. Zeal-
ous as he is for immersio!), he is constrained to ac-
kacwledge, that ^bapto is never used in the Sep-
tiiagint for the rite of washing a person*s ivJwlc
body:* But on the contrary, is sometimes used for
wetting the body by sprinkUng; as in Dan. 4. S3,
and ciiap. 5, 21. where Nebuchadnezzar' f; body
is said to be ivet ivith the dew of he are a Now he
says, *We all know, that a person is wet with dew,
not by immersion into it, but by its distillation in
j^entle drops 5 we are sprinkled with it/ And if
bapto is never used fbr plunging the whole body,
but sometimes forsprinkling it probably baptizo^
'its ofFspringj'is generally used in the same sense.
Accordingly this author concedes that ' the word
hapiizoy is Dever but 07?cd' used, in those very nu-
merous places of the Old Testament, where bath-
ing the person is commanded/ Theone instance
be mentions is in "^King.^. 14. where Naaman is
said to have dipped(or baptised) himself sevtii
limes in Jordan, ibr the cure of the leprosy.
But this one instance, at best, is but a doubtful
«ne ^ for the law prescribed that the leper.should
hesprinkb'd seven times for his cleansing. - The
Prophet sayt, rt;6'^// seven times and (ho2i shaLt
be clean. If the Prophet had any respect to the
law, as it seems he had, by his enjoining him to
wash seven times, then by wasliing he meant
( 7)
Sprinkling ; so that this example will by no
means prov, that the word ba-'i/izo, signiiies to
plun^f'^ We hav-e the« no instance of b<ipto^ and
bsit one (an.d thai, a very doubtful instance) ot'
bupfizoy used in all the Old T^^stament for im-
mersion or bcithuig tlie body : But some instan-
ces of the former's being used fo; sprinkling.
Thus the matter stands according to tlie conces-
sions of this writer.
Let us now consult the New-Teitament. —
There we shall (aid cleai* and direct evidence, that
the word baptizo, signifies to p(}:'r or sprinkle.
It is said, in the beginning of the 7th Chap,
of Mark, That the Pluirisees-^zoben they saw some
of the disciples eat bread zvith dtjiled (thai is to
saij, zvith unwashen) hands jound fault ;for the
Pharisees and all the Jeics, except they w^ash their
hands oft, eat not. AndivJicn theijconiejrein the
Vtarket, ejccept /^d;v wash, (can me bapti%.ontai^
except they are baptised) they eat not. What in
the former clr.iisej is called tt-ai-Zz/z/o- the hands, is
here called being baptised. The usual manner of
washing hands among the Jews, we learn from 2
Kings 3. 1 ] , where it is said, El is ha poured water
on the hands of Elijah. Here then you see, per-
sons aresaid to be baptised, when only a part of
the body is v/ ashed by the /)o^/r/;2^" c;/? of water.
It is SLdded,Ma?iv other things there are, xvhick
(hey have received to hold, as the washings [bap-
tismoiLS, baptisms) of brazen vessels and tables or
beds, i, e. the seats on which they used to recline
at meals, which were so large, that they could be
washed only by pouring water on them.
It is said, Luke 11.37. A certain Pharisee
asked Jesus to dine with him. And he iventinand
( 8 )
sat down to medf, Andivhen ike Pharisee saw it^
he inarvelled that he had not first washed before
dijincr': Not washed his whole bodily but only his
hands, ^ccord'mgto the Jewish custom mentioned
in the before cited passage in Mark\ And this is
expressed by the same word, vvhieh is used for bap-
iis/Ng. He marvelled that he had not bee?i bap*
tised, ebaptisthe, before dinner.
The Jews, by divine appointment, observed di-
Terskindsofpurificationsjthe greater part of vvhieh
were sprinklings. And these are expressly called
baptisms. The Apostle, in the 9th chap, to Heb.
10th verse, speaking of the Jewish ritual, says,
Itsfood only in meats and drinks and divers wash»
^Xo-^"' f diaphorois baptismois, divers baptisms.)
hy these divers bap isms, phunly means the vari-
ous ceremonies of sprinkling ; for so lie explains
them in tliefollowing verses. Hic blood of hulls and
of goats', and the ashes of an heifer sprmkhng the
nnclean, sancti/ieth to the fmrij\png of thetiesh,
Aloses took the blood of calves and goats wifli wa-
ter— and S;;rinkled the book and all the people. lie
sprinkled tikeivise with blood both the taberna-
cle and all I he vessels of the ministry. And al-
most all things are, by the law, purged wiHi
blood, i. e. with tlie sprinkling of blood. Now
as the Apostle speaks of divers baptisms, and
then immediately illustrates them by divers
sprinklings, and mentions no other purifications,
but sprinklings, as instances of these divers Z)<;//?.
tisws, it is evident, that if the sacred writer un-
derstood a reek, sprinkling is baptism.
Ami since the word, wherever it is used in scrip-
ture for any thing besides the christian ordinance,
plainly sigiwii^s ponring or sprinkling, except in
(9)
the singlf" in«»^anre of \anmans clipping himself
in Jordan, which at most is a very doubtful onp,
we must namially suppose, it is used ui the same
sense, wlien it is apphed to the christian ordm-
ance. This conclusion may have themore weight,
because it is deduced frofn the cor. cessions of a
critical writer on the other side of the question.
Tliere is another Greek word, louo, supposed
to be sometimes used for baptism, on which the
autlior of the letters lays more weight : for,
* This, he tells us, is ahnost the constant word of
the Sep-uaginf, in those very numerous places
where bathing, or washing the w'iok body is
commanded. '
This word is indeed frequently used for wash-
ing the body ; sometimes for w^ashing the zohole
body ; And if this were the constant ?.nd a/; /^ word
for baptism in theNew Testament, here vvoul<f:l be
a plausible argument for washing the whole body
in baptism. — But it should be observed, that this
word is very seldoni, If ever usedfor baptism. The
author of theletters has cited about sixty passages
in the New Testament, as speaking of baptism : A-
mong all these, there are hwi four where this word
is used. It is not certain, that baptism is the
thing intended in ihcse : But if it is, yet no ar-
gument can be drawn from them in favour of
immersion ; but perhaps the contrary. Let us
consider them.
One is in Heb 10. 23. Let us draw near hav-
ing our body washed, (leloumcnoi soma, being
washed in the b(jdy) ivlth pure water. Now a
person is washed in his body, though water be
poured only on a part of it. Thus when the wo-
naan poured ointment on Christ's head, she is
{ 10)
said to have anointed his body. And this washing
is, in the preceding clause, expressed by 5/;r//z/^-
ling. — Having our hearts ii\)X\\\k\e^ from an evil
conscience, and our body washed loifh irure water.
Another passage is in Thus 3. 5, He hath sa-
ved us [dialoutroii] by the xcasliing of regencra--
tion^ and renezving of iJte Holy Ghost, which he
hath shed, or poured on us. Now if baptism is here
intended hyihe ivashing of reginerafion,i\'\\siext
affords a plain argument for affusion, cr pouring
in baptism : For this washing denotes the reneiV'
ing of the Holy Ghost, which \s poured o?i us ;
and therefore, that there may be some resem-
blance between the sign and the thing signified,
baptism should be performed by pouring. The
phrase of the pouring of the spirit is an allusion
to the pouring of water in baptism.
A Third passage is in Eph. 5 26. That he
mi^ht sanctify it (the church) having clcayised it
with the TV ashing of xvater by' the word. Now if
baptism be here intended by washing, then the
church is said to be sanctified and cleansed by the
baptismal washing: But how this washing is per-
formed, whether by sprinkling or plunging, is still
the question. The Apostle s^ys,^ sprinkling—
sanctifieth fo the purifying of the flesh. If then we
will allow theApostle to interpret his own phrases,
\t\s sprinlding ih^t sanctifies and cleanses the
flesh, and consequently is the washing intended,
when the church is said to be sanctified and clean-
sed by the xv ash ing of xvater. In the 51st Psal,
2d verse, the Psalmist prays, Wash inethorougti-
ly frommine iniquity and cleanse me from sin^
• Heb. 9. la-
{ 11 )
He adds Ter. 7. Purge me, (in the Greek it is
sprinkle fUc) arid I shall he cleansed. What in
the 2d ver. is called washing thoroughly^ is in the
7th ver. called sprinkling ; and the latter is said
to cleanse y as well as the former. The other pas-
sage is in 1 Cor. 6. 1 1. But ye are zvashed, but ye
are sanctified, &c. This is so nearly parallel to the
former, that the same remarks are applicable to
both, and thereforenothingfurtherneeds to bead-
ded. It appears, I think, that the word which our
author chiefly depends on to prove immersion en-
tirely fails him, and finally determines in favor of
affusion.
This now is the result of our enquiry. The
v/ordbapfizo, kbuf once,and perhaps iiever used
in all theOld Testament, where bathing the body
is commanded. It is often used, in the New Tes-
tament, for sprinkling or pouring. This is the
?isual, if not the only word for baptism. It is used
to be sure, in near sixty passages. The word,
louo, is sometimes used for bathing the body, but
never certainly used for baptism : There are but
four passages, where it is pretended to be so
used : And even here it is plainly synonymous
with pouring or sprinkling.
It is mdeed very remarkable, that the writers
of the New Testament, when they speak of the
christian ordinance of baptism, havegeneraily( if
not always) avoided that word, which in the Sep^
tuagint is used for bathing the body; and chosen
a word of a more general signification ; and if
they have ever used the former, they have joined
with It j^r inkling or pouring as if it were on
purpd, p teach us, that plunging the whole bo-
dy is a ceremony not required under the gospeK
( 12)
II. I apprehend we may obtain some satls-
factiun in the point before us, if we attend to
those passages of scripture, in which the uses of
bapt sm are manifestly alhKledto.
1. One use of it is to represent the sanctifying
influence of the spirit. Christians are said to be
bon? ofwaf('rand oflhe sjiiril ; and to be saved
bij the zvw^fuJig of regeneraticn and ?-e?2nving of
the Holy Ghost. Peter says to the convicted Jens
Be Baptised and ye shall recehe the gift of the
Holy Ghos'*
The influence of the Spirit represented in bap-
tism is often expressed by pouring and sprink-
ing ; as in the before cited passages to T/Z^/.v, and
to the Hebrews, lite renewing of the Holy
Ghost which he hath poured on us. Having the
heart sprink1e?i from an evil conscit^nce. This
pouring out of the Spirit is called, being haptis^
ed with it. That promise. Ye shall be baptis-
ed zvith the H'dy Ghost, is said to have been fid-
filled v\hen Cinist shed or poured forth theSinnt'f.
2. Baptism represents the forgiveness of sins.
Hence these directions. Be baptised for (he re-
7niK^ion of sins-Be bat^tis'd and wash azcay thy
sins \ our sins are washed away inChrist^s blood.
Th e hlood of Ch rist cleanseth , fro m all sin. He
hath zvashcd us from, our sins in his ozvn blood, ^
And this applicaHon of Christ's biood is expressed
by sprinfilino^. Ye are come — to Jesus the me-
diator of the new covenant and to the blood of
sprinkling. Elect according: to the foreknow-
ledge of God th rough sanctifcatibnofthe spirit
unto — sprinkling rj/' Me blood of Christ, 1^^^
* Acts, 38 , t ^^"^^ 1- 5, and.h 2 .>1."
X -rt. 2 38. ancUh: 22 16. § 1 JoU. X. T, and Rev. 1. 5.
II Heb. 12.24. 1 Pet 1.2.
( 15 )
3. Baptism with clean water may denote the
Si'm/)licinj oi' the Gospel dispensation.
The writer of the letters says, * There does not
appear, in all the five books oi' Mo-^cs, any rite of
spriakhng 7ner€ water, but it was water mixed with
blood, ashes, &c." The Mosaic institution was of
a niixed nature : It consisted both o^ moral and
ceremonial precepts. And the rites of purificaiion
were of a piece with the dispensation itself; for
they were {)erformed by water mixed with other in-
gredients. But the Gospel dispensation is pure and
simple, char^^ed with few external rites, and these
plain and easy. Thus. Ezek. 36, 25. God, fore-
telhng the happiness of his peo[)Ie in the Gospel
times, says, llien u-ill I sprinkle clean wafer upon
you and ye sh ill be cl an. ' 1 his expression,* says
the author before mentioned, ^alludes to some xva-
levy purification in the law of Moses.^ But he says,
' Til e re w as n o c e r e m o n y of u n m i x ed v\ a t e r . * H e
thinks, '^t alludes to the water of separation.' And
yet he says, ^ This was a composition of various
ingredients.'
Tije meaning of the passage then must be this.
In the latter times I will give youa/;,77'<" and spirit-
ual dispGnsaiion, not burdened with such rites
and cei^emonies as the present. The simple nature
and spiritual design of it sliail be re[jresented by
the great rite of initiation, which shall be tlje
sprinkling of pure water, and not the application
of such mixed compositions as are now in use.
Observe here : Sprinkling is said to cleanse the
person. I zvill sprinkle cLan water upon you and
^ ye shall be clean, and from all yourfiitlnnets will I
cleanse you. So washing Peter's feet only, was
w-ashing him. Peter says. Thou shall iitver ivash
B
( 14 )
■my feet. Jesus replies. If I wash thee not, thou bait
iio part in me. Wljen he moved, that his hands
tnui head might be vvaslied too, Christ answered.
He that is washed, need not save to tvash his feet,
but is cLan everj whit.*
It has been said, * A minister may as well wash
the hands or feet, as sprinkle the (ace of a person,
in the name of the Trinity, and call it baptism.'
I am far from asserting, that the validity of bap-
tism depends upon the part to which the water is
applied. There is however an obvious propriety in
applying // to tlie head^ This is the principal part
ottiie bod3^ It is the part which is usually uncov-
ered ; and the water doubtless slioiild be applied
to the person, rather tlian to his clothes. The
ceremony of benediction was performed by laying
tiie hands on the head. Unction was performed by
pouring oil on the head, wliich was called anoint-
ing the bodi/. The Holy Ghost was communicated
by the imposition of th« Apostles hands : And they
who had the Spirit eommunicated to them, were
bix\d to be baptised with it ; which makes it highly
probable that baptism, the token of this commu<
nicatiun, was perforuied by putting water on the
/leads oi the persons baptised. Accordingly, the
A[>ostle to the Hcbr-ews speaks of the doctrine of
, Baptisms and laying on of hands f
4. Tf^e Apostle, in 1 Cor. 10. speaking of the
Jews who came out oi' Egypt, says, ^J)'}ej/ mere all
baptised unto Moses in the cloud and in the sea.
the Apostle here undoubtedly alludes to christian
bciptlsm, and therefore we may suppose there was
some resemblance between baptism unto Christ
and that ancient baptism \xi\io Moses. — Now how
* John 13.8,9, 10. t Chap. 6. 2.
( 15 )
were they baptised in the cloud and sea ? Surely
not by being pli/nged all over in water ; for /hey
xvenl over dry shod ; but only by being sprinkled
with some s[)raysorthe sea and drops from the cloud.
This appears to me the most natural sense of the
expression. The author of the letters indeed ridi-
cules such an interpretation, and says ; Here is an
allusion to the custom oh'mmer'^ioji, the Israelites
being covered by the cloud over, and by the water
o?t each side of them.* But I think he has. not
mended the matter; for though the waters sur-
rounded them, yet (as he would have it understood)
not even a spray touched them, nor a drop fell on
them ; for then they would have been sprinkled.
It was a dry baptism : A baptism without water.
Jonah might as well have been said, to be baptis-
ed in allusion to immersion^ when he went down
into the sides of the ship, and there lay, while <t
storm hung over him
5. Baptism signifies our obligation to renounce
sin and put on the character of Christ.
The Apostle says, Rom. (k 4. We are buried.
tvilh Clirisf by baptism info his death , And Col.
2. 12. Buried xvith him in baptism. The plain
meaning is ; by baptism we are bound to die to
sin, and walk in newness of life, in conforniitv to
the death and resurrection of Christ. Oiir breth-
ren imagine, these two passages aiujrd a strong
argument for immersion. They tell us, * The
phrase of being buried zvith Christ in baptism, al-
hides to the manner of baptism, which was a buri-
al in the water ; for if there were noth'ng hke a
burial, the phrase would be very improper. But
as well might they say, ' The mode ofbaptism must
resemble his crusifktion ; for in the same passage
( J<5)
the Apostle snvs, JFe arc hapfiscd info his dx?alli,
pidiifcd /i^i^e/iidr in tiie Lkeness of his death — our
old man is cmcificd :ci;h him. But i am willing
theif argument ^(louM have its i'wW weight; fbnf they
tii Ilk immersion can be proved from tlitse (cco pas-
sages, \\ here eur conf trinity to Christ is expressed
bv our being buried icilh him in brpiism, tliey must
if they will be consistent with themselves, allow
that sprii/kUng can be more clearly proved from
those numerous passages, where our justiiication
through Christ's blood is expressed uy the sprijik-
lino- of his blood ; and our sanctification is expres-
sed by the sprinklino- of clean tcattn'-hy the hearths
beins^ spriii'hled — by the spiri/s /?r?/;<,' pcurtd rii
ns, &c. The conclusion then from this argument
will be, that both modesvvereadmitted by the Apos-
tles-both are valid ami agreeable tothe institution.
Let us no longer contend. This argument bids
so fair to reconcile our brethren to our practice,
that I could willingly leave them in full possession
of it. — I wish it good success. — But if it be attend-
ed to, I am afraid, it will appear to have little
WT-ight.
How was Christ buried ? Not as the dead are
usually buried among us, but as rich men were
among the JeicSy in an apartment cut out in the
side of a rock. Such tombs were called sepulchres
on high;* because they were made above ground.
Lazarus' s grave w^as of this sort ; and he was laid
in it in such a position, that, upon his revival, he
came forth while he was bound hand and foot j but
he could not walk, till he was loosed. ' Loose him
and let him go.'f Plunging then no more resem-
(17)
bles Christ's entombment than spruiklhig does. It
tliere were any circimistances in his burial, which
baptism can resemble, it must be his enibalmmenf.
It I's said, Nicodemus brought a mixture of myrrh
and aloes, and zvound the body of Jesus in linen
clothes with the spices, as tJie manner of the Jews is
to bury,'^ And after this, the women prepared spU
ces and ointments and came to anoint his body. The
expression of being buried with Christ in baptism,
may allude to his bod3''s being anointed with aro-
niatic ointments at the time of his burial ; and this
wasdone hy pouring and rubbing them on tiie bod 7.
Accordingly when the wommrpoured the precious
oiiitment on Christ's head. He says, In that she
poured it on my body, she did it to" my burial. She
is come to anoint my body to the burying.^ Ob-
serve; her pouring it only on his head, he calls pour-
ing it on h.'s body -, as on another occasion, a wo-
imiu\sdroppmg tier tears on his feet, he calls wash-
2?jg his feer ; and washing Peter's feet was washing
Jjjm.S'.^w in allusion tothis manner of anointim^
cbnstia.n, are said, /(; be anointed zvith the
sptrif, aoil to have an union from the Holy On-
which fcaehestliem all things. % Whatiselsewhere
called the pouring ofthespuit on them ; and beincr
b^ipfised with i\\e spirit 3 is here expressed by the
anoiuimg of the spint, in allusion to the maimer
of anointing \)y pouring q\\ on the head.
Ills It is time tliat we proceed to enquire, \n
what manner baptism was administered \\\ \he
times or' on Saviour and his Ap.jstles,
Owv br-th:en, and particularly the gentleri^aTi
berore menLioaed, think it sevy mamiesr, mat
i 18 )
vnmers'ion was the mode practised in those times,
because the persons baptised are, in one or two
instances, said to go into, and come out of ihe wa-
ter ; because some were baptised in a river ; and
because places abounding, with water were chosen
for baptising.
But let us not be carried away by the meer
soiiicdoi words without examining their sense.
It is said. Mat. 3, 16, Jesus b lug baptised
came up out of ilie water. The Gieek phrase
[apo udafos) properly signifies, yn??;i the zvater-,
and therefore implies no more than, that he went
down to it; which he might properly be said to
do in what ever mode he was baptised. And as all
natural collections of water are in low p'aces, ^o
the motions to ^mXfrom them, must be descend-
ing and ascending, which is sufficient to account
for the expression, he zvent up frovi the zvater.
As Christ was Without sin, his baptism could
Jiot be in token of repentance and forgivene«s ;
and, as he came to Jtfh.i after all the people were
baptised, it could not be an example of baptism
to them : but it was evidently his public consecra-
tion to the ministry, on whieh he was now enter-
\x\)l. He chose tliiscere.nony of consecration, in
couformitv to the law oi'Go<i, wiiich hud institut-
ed a similar form, for the separation of the high
priest to his oflice. And therefore he says Thus it
benrmefh us to ful^l ail righteousness.
The priests under the law, were to enter on the
public ser-v ice of God at the age o. thirty years ;
Christ, It hen he began to be about thirty years of
a e was baptised. Tiiey were consecrated to their
oOi e by zvashing with zvater, ixwd by anointing
zvUhoU: fie was publicly inaugurated uito his
( iO )
tn'mhtvy y by dap f ism and the miction of fJie JIoJij
Glii'tt. God says to tvloses ; Aaron and his sons
sliait thou bring to the door oj the tabernacle, and
shall wash them ivifh zvater ; — and Ihoit sh a If pour
the anointing oil on his head. Thou shalfmakea
layer of brass and put xvater therein ; far uiaroii
and his sons shalt wash their hands andlhcir feet
therein. And Closes brougJit^Aaron and his sons
and washed them zcith zcater, and he poured the
anointing oi' on Aaron s head, and anointed him
to sanctify him.*
The priestb were \va«hed, not by tlie immersion
of their boo'ies into a fountain, but by tlje apphca-
tion of water to I lieir hands SLudfeet irom a laver :
they were anointed by oil poured on their Heads ;
thus they were pubHcly instated in their office.
Christ was baptised at Jordan ; ^fter his baptism
he was anointed with tiie Holy Ghost, whicii visi-
bly descended upon him ; and then he was declar-
ed from heaven to be the Son of God, and the peo-
ple were commanded to hear him. Alluding to the
manner, in which the priests were consecrated, the
prophet in the person ot'Christ, says, 'I Jic spirit of
the Lord is upon m(\ because he hath anouUed vie
to preach ih.^ gospel.-\ Peter, speaking of the word
which God sent to Israel by Christ, says, That icord
ye know, udiih b(^ganfrom Galdee, after the bap-
tism which John preached how God anointed Jesus
of Nazareth witti the Holy Ghost, and with power.
Now as in the account given by the Evangtiists
concerning Christ's baptism there is nothing which
necessarily imports an immersion ; as his baptism
was in compliance with the instituted usage of
* Exod. 29. 4, Sec, Chap. 30, 19, ccc. Lev. 8, 6, 12,
tls^ii, 61, 1,
{ «o )
consecrating the ancient priests, and as there is no
inenLon ofiljelr ro/^/Zitiuneision, but exprcijs men-
tion of thcii partial washing ; we may, with great
probability, conchide, that his baptism was by the
application of water to d, part of his body.*
But though he had been washed l)y immersion,
this would no otherwise be an arguraeiit for immer-
sion now, than as an instance ofthe use of tiie u ord
baptise^ because his baptism was adillerent thaig
from that which he afterwaids instituted. — And
as it appears highly proDable, that his baptism
v^'asdi partial washing, it was an example in favour
of our opinion, that baptism does not signify a total
immersion; but may properly be perlbrmed by
pouring or sprinkUng water on a part of the body.
Again, Acts 8, 58. They (Phihp and the
Eunuch) went down both into the water, and he
baptised him, and they came up ont of the water. --
Til is passage is thought to favour mKiiersion : But
it no more proves tljat th« Enniich w as covered \\ ith
■\\ ater, than that Philip was ; for one is said to go
huo the water, as much as the other. They might
be said to go into the water, if they only step into
the ecXxe of it. The words do not necessaril}- im-
pl}^ even so much as that ; 'S or the particles render-
ed into and out of, very often signify no more than
to c\i\>\ from ; as where Chriiit bids reter, go to the
sea and cast his hook — and where the Queen of the
South is said to com:' from the lUm'.st narts of the
earth. Now no man sJippose.s,that Pettr plunged
hiinseU'hitu'he ^e'd ; or ihat the Quren ofthe Si»uth
cre])t npfro?ri under ground; and yet the Gaek
* The l?ver in wlucb the priests were washed was a portable ves-
sel of brass, st-ndjiig- oi a sm^^-'c iho:-. aiid nut ui' eutFicient c&nacity
fur the imTueT:,ion ofa. Lai^uu body.
( 31 )
particles here rendererl to cicA from are llie samf;
which iiithecaseof tlie Eunuch are rendered i/it^o
and out of. All tiierefore that we can conclude
from this passage is, that they went down from the
chariot to the water, tlicre F/u'lip baptised him,
and tlien they returned: But in what m.7;2/KV he
baptised him we can no more learn from thispas-
sau:r, tlian from anv other in the bible But if the
accounts of ancient and modern writers are true,
he could baptise him onlv bv nGurin^GV iDvinklins'
water on him; forthey saj, thr.t in the jjlace here
menirioned, notliing more than a smidi spring caa
be found.
li is said, ]>.Iark L 5. They were baptised of
John in the river of Jctdan. Hence some have
concluded that they were plwigerl in the river. But
this 13 a forced ccnclasion. Ciirist snys to the
blind man, whose eyes he had anointed with clay.
Go Tvash in the pool of Sibam* I'Tere the phrase
of washing in the pooh intends no more than wash-
ing his eyes with tlie water of the [)OoI, And with
equal propriety Johns hearers may be said to be
baptised in J or don ^ if o^^jy ^ome of the u ater of the
river was /?o?/r^r/ on X\\^\\^ faces.
We read John 3, 23, that John baptised in
Eiion because there was much water there. It is
asked, * Why should he chuse a place abounding
with water to baptise in, if he did not baj)tise by
immersion r' I answer. These words fpol/a udafa)
rendered murk water \ivo\^Qv\y signify many wa-
ters^ and may be understood of various rivulets
or springs, which, travellers say, are the only
waters there to be found, and not any large col-
lections convenient for immersion. \i John baptisr
* Jolin 9. 7
( ^2 )
cd only by affumn^ a considerable qnantitr of
water would be necessary lo baptise such multi-
tudes, as went out to him from Jervsalem and all
Jiideay and all the region round about Jordan. —
Yea, though ever so few of them had been baptis-
ed, there was good reason w by be should chuse a
place to preach in, that was well sup]'lied with wa-
ter; for the multitudes that attended on his
preaching, in the wilderness at a distance from
their homes, would need much water for their re-
freshment. It is by no means suj>poseable, that
such numbers could, here in thedesart, be provid-
ed with change of apparel proper for immersion;
and surely, in such a yiumerous and mixed assem-
bly, they were not bar>tised ?z«/:eY/. The circum-
stance of the case therefore lead us to suppose,
they were baptised by affusoin.
We read, AcA. 2. Oi three thousand baptised,
in only part of a day, at the feast of r entecost.
It cannot rationally be thought, that these were
jdunged. There does not seem to have been
time for it ; nor is it likely they had change of
raiment, as tiuy came to the feast v.itliout any
expectation of such an occasion ; nor is it proba-
ble, they could be accommodated there with any
convenient | lace for immersion. If there were
baths suilicjent for the |>ur; ose in the temple, yet
it is very incredible, that the priests and officers
of the temple should be willing to accommodate
the Apostles with them, in order to initiate these
converts into a religion, vb'cb they were endea-
vouring by all means tfOsurpress.
When v.e read of ^ b(de familes bapt'sed in
their houses, particularly of the Jailor and h's fa-
mily baptised at home, and at midnight too^ in
( 2S )
the same hour m v liich he believed, we cannot
think, that a sufficiency of water, and other con-
veniences for a decent immersion, could be pro-
cuied on so sur]«len an occasion.
When Cornelius and his friends received the
gos-el, Peter asks, not v.hother ^.ny man could
hinder them from goint^ to a fonntam or river ;
but rchether anij man could forbid xvatcr, i. e.
hinder water from being provided, tliat they
should not be baptised /**
Paul seems to have been baptised in the house
o{ Judas. There Ananias found him, delivered his
message to him, and laid his hands on him ; And
he received-sight forthwith and arose andicasbap-
tised.\
It is worthy to be remarked, that though we
read of baptisms in various places, yet we have
no account of any person's goim^ from the place
Vv here he was, in order to be baptised in a foun-
ta n or river. They who were baptised in streams
and natural collections of water, are such as uere
found abroad, either in the wilderness, or on the
road, when they first discovered their desire to be
baptised.
IV. It now remains, that we consider, what was
the usage of the primitive Church, upon which our
brethren lay great weisrht, in this controversy.
The anther of the letters says, *The wdiole
christian church, for 1300 years successively from
the time of the Apostles, nndtrstood by baptism,
immersion^ and so practised ; Sprinkling being only
'permitted on exlraordinanj occasions ' TliiS argu-
ment he often repeats, and depends much ur:>on,
as do most of the advocates for immersion : ^or
they reckon, that the early practice of the Church
*AclslO. 4r. t Acts 9. 18v
( 24 )
in this inrUfermay shew, what was thepract'ce of
the Apostlesj because it is not hkely, the apostolic
practice v> ould be early and generally clisused.
Tiie truth is. The manner of baptisino- among
the ancients was looked upon circumstantial, and
no \\ ay essential to the vahdin^of the ordinance.
In the times near the Apostles, immersion \vas
much practiced, but never asserted to be necessa-
ry : Far from tliis ; sprinkling was expressly allow-
ed, and frequently used, especially in cases of in-
firmity, haste, or want of water or other conve-
niences. This the Author himself concedes, that
from t[]e Apostles times for 1300 years/ sprink-
ling was permitted on extraordnary occasions.'
Cyprian [v^ ho wrote within about 150 years of
the A[)ostles) speaking of sprinkling, says, « in the
vSictament of salvation (i. e. baptism) when ne-
cessiry compels, the shorfest ways of transacting
divine matters, do, by God's grace, confer the
whole benefit,' And it may not be impertinent to
observe, that the ancients, who practiced immer-
sion, did usually, after the body had been plung-
ed, ap[)ly water to the face. So far therefore as the
practice of the ancients is of weight, it proves all
that we contend for. We do not say, immersion
h unlawful, or a meer nullity: We say, it is not
necessary, but affusion is suQicient and agreeable
to tiie divme word. And so said the ancient
church.
I ho| e what has been offered is sufficient to
justify the mode of baptism admitted in our
cliurches, and to satisfy all who have received
baptism in this mode, that they have no need to
seek immersion. Tlie question concerning the
mode is really of small importance m itself, and
25
-nothing but the eontroversy about it has marie it
otherwise. If our baptism is treated as a nuHity, it
is of importance to satisfy our minds : And if any
have been thrown into doubts, I hope, the consid-
eration of what has been said, will give thenri'
satisfaction.
PART II.
DISCOURSE II,
X. COME now to the second part of my desigu,
whichisto vindicate the rightof Infants tobaptism.
The method in which I shall proceed is as fol-
lows. I shall first consider the usual objections a-
gainst infant-baptism. — Next produce our argu-
ments in vindication of it. — Then briefly touch up-
on the reasonableness and usefulness of it. — After
which I Shall give a short view of the practice of
the church soon after the Apostles. — And then by
way of conclusion shall shew the absurdity of se-
parations in churches on account < f differences
respecting baptism, the unwarrantableness of re-
baptisa; ion, &c.
I. I will distinctly consider all the material ob-
jection- of our bretliren against infant baptism, as
I collect them from their writers, and particularly
from the author of the letters before mentioned.
I. It is said, 'Chnst Ims fully and plainly de-
clared his mind about baptism ; and because; he
has not co7?zmanded the baptism of infants, he has
Virtually forbidden it.'
Now though it should be allowed, that there is
C
(26 )
lao^irprif.yj command, yet if we can find avirti/al,
consequential comniand for it, that, 1 trust, will be
a sufhcient warrant : Otherwise w hat v\'arrant shall
we have to admit females to the Lord's Supper ?
To observe the first day of the u eek as holy ? To
maintain public ^vorship ? These and many other
things, are no v. here enjoined, in so many words ^
but yet can clearly be shewn to be agreeable to
the w ill of God. What command have our breth-
ren to justify their practice ? WMiere is the passage,
which tells us, that baptism must be confined to
tlie adult ; and infants, though formerly admitted
to the seal of the covenant, must now be admitted
no more ? They can find nothing of this sort.
But, I trust, it will appear, that there is what may
properly be called a command for our practice. If
that passage in Isaiah^ JLo^ I have set thee for a
light to the Gentiles, was a command to the Apos-
ties, tn go and preach to the Gentiles, as it is said
to be ;* then the direction given to Abraham our
Father, to affix the token of the covenant to his
infant seed ; the commission given to the Apostles
to disciple all nations baptisi g them; and the ex-
hortation of Peter, he baptised-^for the promise is
to you and to your children^ are commands to admit
infants to baptism ; as we shall endeavour to shew
hereafter.
2. It is objected, * that in all the history of the
* New Testament there is no example of infant-
* baptism ; but the baptisms we have an account
' of, are the baptisms of professed believers.'
But if there is no express mention of infant bap-
tism, yet we cannot hence conclude, it was never
practised ; any more than we can couclude, that
* AcUxiii. 4€.
( 27)
some whole churches were formed w^ithout any
baptism at all, because it is no wh -re said, vhey
"vvere b.iptised. If a plain direct ex unpie be in ist-
ed upon, our brethren must certainly give up their
notion of baptism ; for they can find no e xample in
their favor, whatever we can ; as will be evident,
if we only consider what is the uiesiion between
us. It is not, whether adult proselytes should be
baptised ? But whetherthe infants of professed be-
lievers should be baptised ? There are, it is true,
instances enough ol the baptism of id'jlts, w^ho had
been converted from Judaism or Paganism : But
tht'se are nothing to the point ; for we allow b.ip-
tism to all adult believers, who have not been bap-
tised in infancy. And the apostles' baptising suck
is no argument, that they did not baptise infants^
nny more than our missionaries' baptising i^dults
among the natives, is an argument, that they do
not baptise infants. The question is merely this ;
are the inflmts of baptised believers to be admitted
to baptism ? Or to be rejected ? If you say, they
must be rejected and suffered to grow up before
they are baptised ; 1 ask, Where is your example ?
Did the apostles refuse to baptise such ; Or among
the adults wh jm thfy baptised, do } ou find any
that were born of christian parents? The history
of die Acts contains a period of above thirty years,
and the New Testament, a much longer period.
There was time enough for two or three genera^
tions of infants to grow up.to adult age. ^Ve have
all along accounts of baptism. But it is remarkable^
that in all this time, there is no intimation, that any
one of the children of the early believers w^as bap-
tised after he grew up; or that any one of those
adults whom the Apostles baptised, was bora of
( ^8 )
believing parents. It is plain t.hefi, there is fiot one
example, which in the least, favors \he opinion of
our brethren, vUiich is t!as, 77iat thechildreii of be-
Jicvers nutst bt Itjt togi'Dw up before they are bap-
ti&erL 'VhQ\ ask , ' Is it not a little strange, that we
no where find ehiidren mentioned, if it were the
Apostles' custom to baptise them with their pa-
rents?' Ai,-d I ask ; is it not very strange, thatweno
where find the children of believers baptised after
they ^\t\v np, if it was the Apostles' custom to
leave them unba|)tised till they j^row up? There is
no exc-mpleof this kind. But, we diink, we have
examples, and just such examples in favor of our
practice, as we should have, upoii supposition, the
Apostles did baptise children with their parents.
Let us suppose infants were barjtised : Ar^d
what account should wt have of it ? Would the
history tell us, such an infant by name of such an
age, dnd such an one of such an age, was baptised?
No : This minuteness could not be expected con-
cerning infants, who are seldom known, by theic
names or ages, out of the families, to which they
belong. All we could expect to be told is this ;
such a man was baptised and his famil}' — such a
woman and her households And this we are told ;
Stephanus's household, Lydia and her household,
the Jailor and ail liis were baptised; which are
plain examples of families baptised upon the faith
of tlieir respective heads ; as 1 shall shew mora
fully licreaftcr.
3. It is lu'gued, * that faith and repentance are
the conditions of baptism ; infants are not capa-
ble of these, ipid therefore not capable of baptism.'
But as well might our brethren say, * Faith and
repentance are conditions of salvation, and there- .
( 29 )
fore infants, beiRg incapable of these cannot be
saved.' It is express!) said, lie that believeth not
shall be damned. It is no where said, He that be-
lieveth not, or repenteth not, shall not be baptised.
Faith and repentance are required on several par-
ticular occasions, when baptism was to be admin-
istered to^dult persons ; but we fmd no general
rule given to exclude from baptism such as are ii>
capable of faith and repentance. Our brethren will
not exclude infants from salvation, upon the autho-
rity of those texts, which make faith the condition
of it; and surely, if diey will be consistent with
tlR-mselves, they cannot cx^ lude them from bap-
tism, upon the authority of those texts, which make
faith the condition of that ; especially since these
texts plainly respect adult proselytes. That such
must profess their faith we allow. But the apos-
tolic practice shews, that upon their profession,
not only they^ but their households also should be
baptised ; as under the ancient dispensation^ \\ hen
a Ge7jtile became a proselyte, not only he himself,
but all his male children were circumcised.
The instances in which fluth, or repentance is
enjoined previously to baptism, are only when
adult persons enquired what was necessary for.
themselves. The.juestion was not concerning the
qualification for baptism m general; but v.hvat was
requisite in their mvji case. * Wbj t shall we do ?' —
* What hinders me to be baptised V The Apostles
gnsvv'cr the question, as it respected those Vvho
pi'oposed it. Nepent i/e andbe baptised — Jjthou he-
licvest, thou mat/cst be baptised. These directions
only prove, that a proiession offaith and repentance
is necessary to the baptism of adults, whidi none
deny ; but, in no degree affect the right of infants.
C 2
( 30 )
Faith was as much required under the Oidl'^es-
tament in order to circumcision, as it liy under the
new in order to baptism ; but still infants were .
circumcised. The Gentile proselyte was not ad-
mitteS to this rite, till hu professed his faith in the
God of Israel ; neither was the adult Jew. Durinir
the forty years that circumcision was intermitted
ill the wiidt^rness, a ne\y generation came on the
stage. These were circumcised, soon after they
passed over Jordan. --^ But previously to this, they
had solemnly avouched the Lord to be their God.
Now because flnlh was a pre-requisite to the cir-
cuu^cision of adults, shall we conclude that no in-
f4nts were circumcised ? This would be contrary
to known fact. But this conclusion would be as
i_ust as the other, which determines against the
baptism of infants, because a profession of faith
was required in proselytes. The truth is, all argu^
ments dnsu n h om special and particular cases, are
i,mi)ertinent to an enquiry concerning a general
rule of practice.
Tlie author of the letters lays particular w^eight
upon that passage, I Pet. iii. 21, 7 he like figure
whcreunto^ even baptism^ dothncw save us^ not the
■put ling away the filth of the jieshj but the imsrwer of
a qood conscience towards God, ' Here,' he says,
\ such a condiuon of baptism is required, as infants
* aFC not capable of. The filth of their fiesh may
^ b.^ put away: Bi;t h.ov/ shall they answer the
fgood conscience ?' But it should be obserxed,
that the ariswer of a good conscience is made the
condition of salvation : Not of baptism. He might
therefore rather have said, such a condition of eal-
* Josh. -5.
( 31 )
vathn is required as infants are not cnpablc of.
7/j/6' is a condition of salvation andixiptism too in
adults, but of neithtT in infants, wlio are not yet
moral agents. The Apc:::tle say^, Circumcision is '
thai of the heart; but surely he did not mean,
that Jezvs were incapable of the fieslily circum>
cision, until ihey were capable of professing the
circumcisfon of the heart. Baptisni, whicli is ex-
ternally the putting axvay the filth of the flesh, sig-
nifies our obligation to answer a good coriscience
toward God. This obligation immediately takes
place with respect to all, who are moral agents, and
with respect to infants^ v. h.en they become such.
Here is then no argument against the baptism of
infants.
Let us see if there be not a p!ain argumentyZ^r it.
The Apostle is here speaking of the preservadcn of
AocA iuid his fomily in the iiood by means of the
ark. The Apostle to the Hebrews ba} s, Ihjfiith^
Aoah, prepared an ark to the saving of hjs house.
It was by A'oah'^s faith, that his tanniy was trc.ught
into the ark, and preserved in the fl<) d. The like
figure whereuntOy even baptism doth now save us.
Where is the likeness ? Plairily litre As A oah by
faith iTcpared an ark, b} which liis house was sav-
ed ; so the faith of the christian parent brings hig
family within the pri\ ileges of the covenant. Sal-
vati' -n came to Zaccheus's house, in consequence
of his believing./ Thet/ enjoyed some special pri--
vikgv^s on accoupt of his faith.
4. We read, Acts viii. 5. iXvdX when the Sama-
^^itnns bt'lieved Phi'ib, preaching the thinv^s con-
cernirig the kingdom of God., they were baptised
both men mid women. Upon diis our author ob-
ser\e .^ * The history is so j;articuhii" as to rncfttion
both men and women, but there ?.tops. — Had live
( S2)
sacred historian been a little more explicit, and said,
men women and children, it the fact were ; ealiy so ; it
would have prevented much doubt and contro-
versy..'
h\ answer to this, it is sufficient to say ; as the
seal of the covciiant under lonner dispensations
had been aliixcd o;//.y to males, so there was good
reason, why tlie historian should be so particukir,
as to meniion both mcji and ivomen, i. e. males
and females, (for these terms are in sci'ipture ap-
plied to persons of all agesj that it might appear,
tliut the covenant-seal vvas, for the future, to be
afiixed to persons of both sexes. But as the seal
had ahv'.iifs bee n pppiied tn children, there was no
occasion for his beiU;:; so exjihcit, as to say, vioiy
U'umen and children, if ihe fact were really so ; for
crrJdi en's right to the covenant-token had not then
been made -a question; and t lie v who knew the rm-
memorial and unireisal usage of ^(\xn\x'mgJextdsh
iujlints by ("ircinncision, and tlie infui^s of Gentile
proselyt rts h\ bapti-m, did not need t? be histruct-
ed, that infants were entitled to t>aptism, under the
c!iristian fijspensa^ion. Tliey must naturally sup-
pose it, unless t xpressly told the contrary.
5. It is urged by some, * that Jesus Christ, who
caiue to be our example, was baptised iit adult age,
and ;hat we ought to imitate him herein/
B.it ids example is no more an argument against
infant baptism, than agamst all baptism under the
nge of thirty years ; for this was Iris age, when he
v;as bapt ised, though he was certainly capable of
understanding the natnreof baptism before he was
ixvelve Do our bret bren think, t hat all are bound,
in imitation of Christ, to live, unbaptised twenty
years after they arrived to the age of understand-
in l^ ?
( 5S )
The objeclion before iis is fouiided in the sup-
position, that the baptism which Christ received.
was the same, m its nature and design, with that
which he himself afterwards appointed. If it was
a different thing-, no argument can be drawn from
it in the present question.. If it was the same, then
it at once removes the principal ui>jcc;tion against
tlie baptism of infants, taken from their incapaci-
ty for faith and repentance. For Jusus was as
incapable of faith in a mediator and repent^
ance of sin, as infants are; though from a different
cause.
But, as I have before shewn, Christ's baptism
was his public inauguration into his ministry, and
therefore is impertinently adduced to disprove the
baptism of infants. When we are asked, why
Christ was not baptised in his infancy, it is su/li-
cient to answer because he did not lake on him hla
public ministry in his infancy. To argue, that be-
cause Clirist was publicly consecrated to hts priest-
hood at the age of thirty years, there.ore none
should be given to God by baptism in their child-
hood, is an inconclusive way of reasoning.
Let it, however be observed, that though he
was not baptised m infancy, yet he was dedicated
to God, by such rites as were then in use. He was
circumcised on the eighth day ; and on the fortieth
day, he w'as brought by his parents into the tem-
ple, and there presented to God, according to the,
law, which required, that evQvy first-born male
should be holy to the Lord. This ess ample
shews, that parents ought publicly to dedicate
their, children to God in his appointed way ; and,
since baptism is now the appointed ceremony of
(34 5
dedication, It s!»evvs, that they should present
their chihireii to him in baptism,*
* If it could bo pr(A*ed, which certainly it never can,
that John baptised only adults, yet no arg-umeni; could hence
be deduced against the right of infants to briptism under the
gospel dispensation ; for the baptism which John adminis-
tered, was not prop'^rly christian baptism.
Though before Christ's time, biptism was in use amongf
the Jews, yet it wa^ not made tJie only iniliaiing seal of the
covenant, untii after his resurrection,
John was sent to preach the baptism of repentance fo?
the remission of sins, and tlms to prepare men for that
new dispensation of God'b kinp;dom, which was not yet
come» but Wt>s then at /;a;<f/.— Christ instituted his baptisni
after this dispensation w.is come. John*r. baptism mate; i-
ally differed from this. The bapdsm which (Christ institu-
ted was, in the name of the Father, cf the Son, and of the
Holy Ghost. John did not baptise in the name of the Holi/
Ghost ; for some who had received his baptism, confessed
th:^t they had not so much as heard, nvh^Aher there tverg
amj Holy Ghost. He did not baptise in the name oi the Son^
or in the faith, that T^-^wv nvan the Christ ; but nvith the bap-
tism of repentant, saying to theficofde^ that they should bilicve
en him t'jho should come aff/r him ; that is, oti Jesus Christ,
Nor did he baptise into Chrisfs death, for this event had
not then taken piuce. Had John taught that Jesus of Na-
zareth v/as the Christ, and baptised the people in his name,
and into this faith, they would not have mused in their hearts
%'Lihcthvr John ivt-re the Christ ; nor have asked him, Whykafi-
tiscst thou, if thiu art not the Christ? Nor would Jesus
have cautioned his disciples, to tell no man, that he ivas the
Christ, till after his remrrection, John's baptism was de-
signed to prepare men for the faith in Christ, when he
should be made manifest to Israel.
But what is decisive in the Ccise is, that some who had
received John's Bapti;>m, were c/Zerz^'i^rJ^ baptised in th«
name of the Lord Jesus.
Among the many thousands/rcr/2 all Judca and Jeruscdcm,
to whom Peter preached on the day of pentecost, it cannot
be doubted, that there were multitudes, who had been bap-
tised by John ; for there 'went out to him all the land of
Judea, and they of Jarueakm, and mil the region rozind aliOt0-
1 S5 )
"0. The incapacity of children for the ends of
baptism or for an*- benefit from It, is often urged
as an argument against tiieir being baptised.
But really the question is. Whether there be
any divine warrant for their baptism? If there is,
it becomes us to practise accord mrifly, and not to
arraign the wisdom of God. That there are some
rational ends to be answered by infant baptism,
and that it is a graclons and benefioai instilution,
I trust will appear under another liead, where this
fordan, and were baptised of him. And yet Peter says to
•them, without distinction, Kehent mid be baptised^ every
one of you, in the name of Jesus »hrist.
An instance still more pluin we have in the beginning of
Ihe 1 9th Ch. of Acts. Paul finding at Ephesus twelve
disciples, Sciid to them, Have ye received the Hr.hi Ghost
since ye believed ? And they said; to him. We have not so
"much as heard ivhethtr there be any Holy Ghost. — And he
said to them, Unto what then were ye bafitistd? And they said
Unto John's bafitiam. Then %aid Faul^.Johii verily baptised
fvith the baptism of refientance, suyhig unto the ptoplc^ that
they should believe on him^ who should corne afcr him^ that
is on Jesus Christ. When :hey heard this they v-re bafititsed
■in the name of the Lord Jesus jind when Paul had laid his
hands on them^ the Holy Ghott came upvn them, is'c.
When they heard this, they were baptised in the name of the
Lord Jesus. The me^uiing cannot be, that when the
people heard, John, they were by Mm baptised in the
name of the Lord Jesus; because then it will follow, that
Paul laid his hands on all the people whom John ba])dsed ;
fciPthey, who are here said to be bafitised, are evidently the
persons on whom Paul laid his hands. But the sense nvjst
be, that when these twelve disciples wix) had been baptised
by John, now heard Paul, they were baptised by h.im. It
follows then that John's baptism, being neither in the name
of Christ, nor of the Holy Ghost, was difterent from that
which Christ instituted ; and no argument cun be drawn
from the former, to determine the mode, or subjecf^ of the
latter; nor can the repetition of chn»tian baptism be justi-
fied froiu this example of Paul.
( 36 )
objection will receive a full answer. In the mean
itime it may suffice to observe, Hiat infants are now
as capable of the ends of baptism, as they were
ancieHtly of the ends of circurncision. They
may be brought into co?enant with God — may
have privileges made over to them — may receive
the seal and token of privileges — may be laid
under obligations to obey- the gospel, as the Jewhk
infants by circumcision became debtors to obey
the law — and may become subjects of that justi-
fication through Christ^s blood, that renovation of
theS >irit, and title to eternal life, which are signi-
fied and represented in baptism.
I have now given you a view of all the material
arguments, which are brought to disprove infant
baptism. And what has been said in answer to
them is, I think, sufficient to shew, that they have
110 real weight. The way is now prepared to
bring forw?.rd our arguments in vindication of this
point, which was the second thing proposed.
II We will here take a distinct view of the prin-
cipal arguments in defenceof the right of believer's
infants to baptism, and endeavour to establish them
agamst the cavils of our opponents, and particu-
lai ly the author of the letters before mentioned.
1. Our first argument shall be taken from the
Abrahamic covenant together with the Apostle's
explanation of it
In Hie 17th chap, of Gen. we find, that God
made acovenant vv th Abraham and his seed, into
which lis nifiuts were expressly taken, together
v^ith himself, by the same rite and token: This
coven-mt comprehemied not onl\ h ? natural sted,
but the sf ranger W'ho was not of his seed. It wfis
a spiritual covenant. The capital prorn.se of it w as
( 57 )
/ -rill he a God iirJo (hee and fhy feed af>er fhee.
This was the same covenant, which nnv subsists,
a>V'l which we are how under in this ^ospei-age, as
the apostle exoressly teach.<\<^ ns, in the 4th chap,
to RoiTi. and 31 chap, to Gal. where' he argues
from the covenant with Abraham, to shew the na-
ture anrl extent of the gospel-covenant. He tes-
tifies, tlVit all believers under the gospel, whether
Jews or Gentiles, are the spiritual seed o^ Ahra-
him and c<m^ec\\\2-\i\y heirs of the prow's;^ made
to him tliat the covenant mai.le -with Abraham
was confirmed of God in ChrisJ— that the la\y
wliich was given afterwards did not disTJiinul tjie
covenant, or vacate the promise — that the gospel
was preached to Abraham, in that prom se ofthe
c >venant, w th him,-//? thee shall all nations be
blessed — -that the blessing of Abraham is come
UMon the Gnitil :s through thrst — that the pro-
mi ;e made to Abraham is sure to, all the seed, not
onlvto that which is of the law, J>ut to liiat also
which is of the faith of Abraham, who is tlie
father of us all, as it is written, / have made thee
a falher of many nations— {.\\<X they vho are of
fiiih are the children o\ Abraham, and to Abra-
ham and his ?eed were the promises made — and
maidi more to the satne pairpose.
No V if vvo are the seed i){ Abraham, for vd)pm
the coven:.int with hmi v as establ.shed, and are
stil! under the set! same covenant, then the sau]©
prudegesthU were her^^n ,u;ranted tq him, l)e-
lo'^.{^ to us. One grant of tliat covenant .^ as, that
infint5 should be received ■ ith their j.arents by
tlje s<^me s <r;! aid s(»al ; and tlieref ;re v. e, as the
seed (){' Abraha?n, may cla m this ■ r;vilege (or a>ir
mf'-iut^. Yen, G.;d not only allc e<i, but r.>m-
mahded^ i\mi the appointed token ol the covenant
D
( S8 )
sh^^iilrl be affixed to every male chjld who vas not
under eight diiys old. Here then is a plain com-
mand fTiven to Abrahcnn our father, and con-
sequently to us his children, to a[)ply the to-
ken of this very covenant, uhich '. e are now
under, to our infant seed. The only questioa
is, whether there be now any token of the
covenant? Had circumcision been continu-
ed, none could doubt but infants were still si/b-
jectg of it by virtue of the command given to
Abraham^ unless they wouid expunge the 4th ■
chap, to Rom. and 3cl to Gal. Circumcision has
ceBsed. But has Christ appointed any token of the
gospel covenant ? Baptism is certainly such. 7 his
then is to be applied to the same Fubjectsas that
was. If there was an express command to affix
the covenant seal to mfants in Abraham s time,
and the covenant still remains; then the covenant-
seal, whatever it is, ought to be affixed to infants
now, unless the command has been repealed. The
change of the .v<^r// makes no change of the subject.
There must be a command to warrant our reject-
ing the old subject, as well as to justify our drop-
ping the old seal. If our brethren ask. Why we
have discontinued circumcision, and n»'W make
UJ-e ofbaptissm ? We answer, Christ has so com-
manded. Let them produce as go -d authority
for affixing this new .eal of thej^ame covenant to
believers r)?//. , and not to their children, and we
wjU comply with tliern. We demand of them to
shew u*» some plain, positive order of Christ to
deny the seal of the covenant to those subjects, to
Tvhom it was first ordered to be applied. Until
such order appears, \^e b- Id'y affirm, tha: the old
command remams, and to act in disobedience to
it IS presumption.
(39)
To evade the force of this arorument, our breth-
ren assert, that ' the christian charch is an institu-
tion entirely new; astractnre erected on a new
foundation, distinct 4" oin, and unconnected with
the foundation of the patriarchal and Jewish
church;' for they easiiy ste, that if the christian
church IS the ancient ciiurcii, continued under the
sa Tie covenant which was made in ancient times,
then the adin^s^ion ofchildren with their paicnts
into ih.s church, wiil stand s(X'ure on the foot of
the former institution. It in ay not therefore he
itiif)r(>|)er to pursue our present argument a httle
farther
Tiie foundation of the ancient cluu'ch is, the
(lis'' ov^ry of God's mercy to fallen men fliroiigh a
redeemer. This discovery was fust made to Adam
in the sentence on the tempter ; and after\vard
more fully tvj Ahraharn in the promise already
mentioned. This God expressly calls his ever*
Ids'Wni^ covenant. Tin's is always consivdered by
Aloses and the prophets, as the ground on vvhicii
the fa.th and hope of the Jewish church rested.
Moses says,* * Ye stand all of you before the Lord,
your zvives and little ones^ that thou shouldst enter
into covenant witli him, that he may be a God to
thee, as he lia^lt sivorn to Abraham : 1 he pro-
phet Jeremiah,f foretelling the gospel dispensa-
tion, describes it by an allusion to the covenant
with Abraham, which he distinguishes from the
covenant of peculiarity made with the Jews at
Sinai, when they came out of Egypt. The apostle
to the Hebrev^sJ applies the prophets descriptiou
to the gospel-state. The old covenant, which, he
says, was decayed and ready to vanish, is not the
* Peut. 92 t Chap. 31. 31. % Chan. 8.
( 'W )
cor<^n;int 'vUh Abrahani', for thh he calls the qq^^
a.v-i ,^ .\h;ch G ^1 would aiake in the laHrrduvs^
Or w.,-ulil «-xpr.citi)' reue^ iii the gospel t me^
p*orn?s:no^, / ivill be ilieir God ; bnt tlie old coy-
eii.ir;- , u liuii Has to viii^ish auay, no more to be
reijevtd, js the ccremoiiial covenant, or thafe
winch (jod nmde w:Hj the Jews, rt;//i'« /i<r brought
i ii € m o'il o f E X V''>^'
Whf^!i tlie ' r<j|)hets foretell the call of th* gen-
tlh's, they ,s|>eak of ihern as j-jitiing th.emselves to
theciju;<!j tiiesi hu!>sistlng. In the49'h chap, of
I ;aii^h, G >d comforts vSion, tiie Jewisli church in
her di'Si>r!M<lfn' V, with a piomise that he will
Tseyer hws, k- he:, init her walls shall be continu-
aliv beibrc^ luin. ' I Jit up thine e\es round about,*
says lier i^n!, ' and btdiold ! All these gather
thenn^i^K'.^ \'K;en!er, and r'ome Uiito rH£E. The
chidien, vwiuh iiiou slialt have afer thou hast
lost the oHiei', shall say, The place is too strai- life
loj r;;,(,^ — Tiicn shah thou say, Who hath begot-
ten me these, seeini'; I liave lost my other chil-
dren ? Thus saith tlie Lord, Behold, I will lift
tip my hand to "the Gentiles — and they ihall
briiii* ihv sons, in their arms, and thy dau-hters
shall' be carried on their shoulders.' — The chil-
d-en of these Gentiles proselytes are called the
soas and daughters of the church. They are
brought in the arms of their parents to the
fhurch ' to be nursed at her side.' — No words can
more plainly describe the admission of Gentde
pre.->elUes into the very church which was then
in being, and the solemn dedication of their chil-
dren, as meml'ers of the church vrith them. Sim-
ilar representations aie frequent hi the prophetic.
vvritJDgs.
The wonls of our Saviov.r, in 1 0th chap, of
J'jliii, are full to ©ur puriiose, 'OtiiCr sheep I
{i;i?e which are not of this fold ; them also I must
bring.' I must bring them into this fohl, the
Je.vish cliurcl) ; for what other io!d was there then
existing ? ' And they shall heir my voice -, and
tiiere shall be one fold and one shepherd/
The Ai;o.stle Peter,* exhorting the Jews to
repentance, posnls them to the -aviour, whom the
prophets foretold, and nays, *Ye are the children
of the pror^iels, and of the covenant, which God
ninde with our fathers, saying, In (fry seed shall
all flie fainilie^ of the tarfh be blessed: unto
you first God hath raised up his son^ and sent him
to bless you.'
Paul, m tiie epistle to the Epiiesians, trectts ex-
plicitly on this subject. 1I« say^:, ' Ye were oncj^
afar off, without Christ,, alieus from the Com-
monwealth of Israel, and stjangers from the co-^
veuHnts of p?'om,se. But now in Christ ye are
niiKh- ui:^r}i. Ci)nst is our peace, who hath mads
b ^fh ne ;' i.e. hath un'ted both Jews and Gentiles.
Now therefore ye are * no more strangers and
fo e!'4uers, but fell-w- itizens with the sain LK.aiid
0) the ti)'t^tn di <)f God ; and are built on the
foHiiatton ol the ajyjsiles and prophets, Jesus
C-jnst himself being the chief corner stone,' The
prophets au I apo^uf^uid the same foundation.
Tne nroph?-ts fore' old a Saviour to come; Tjje
predictions of the foriuer, and tije doctrmes of the
latH-r are the ^^i.ue foinidation, trlie corner-stone
of wnich is Cfin^t himsHf^ The apostle adds,
* Y '.-ive he iMJ of tiie d?spensat:on of the grace
01 God, ih^i ti:ie GciUilc:. should h^ felloe heirs,
* Ads 5.
( 4.2)
ani of the same body and partakers of his prb^
"inisc hi Christ by the gospel.
I'liejcnvs who were baptised on tlie dny of pen-
tecosr, bebeved that Jesus was Lord andChrist, on
evidence derived from th^- prophets; and were ad-
nutted^ to !>apt,isn-j on the loot of the promise made
to their /-rz/Z/eTv. Ilie sann^ promise which was the
foundation of the ancient church and of which
circiniicision was the seal, is alledged by the apos-
tle, ab a rc-ason Ilt the baptism of theije Christian
Jews and thtir children, and as many as God
should call from among the Gentiles. The chris-
tian churcli here stands on the old foundation ;
and to this murch were added those who after*
vvaidb were baptised.
In the 1 lib <'hap to the Roman«^die apostle ex-*
press!) dechire-,, that the Gentile believers are
giaf'td miothe same olive-tree from w liich someoi
thi^ Jev\5 the natural branches, were broken oft' by
unbelief. ' if some of the branches, were broken
off, and thoi!, beini^ a wild olive, wert grafted in
am.>ngthLm/ the branches tliat remained, * und
Ti ith the m partakest of ihe root and fatness of tlie
elive tree, boast not against the branches ; for
thou beaiest not the root, but the root thee. They
were br(;ken olF by unbelief, and tiiou standest by
fairh.' It is the same root, which beareth tiic natu-
ral, and the ingrafted brand »es. So7ne of the natu-
ral branches \m re broken off — not 'all — The be-
lic^ ii)g ]evvs continued still in the same dd stwck,
in 'vliich tlicy had l>efore stood, and in w iiich be-
lirvin;^ GfM(tiles.\vere ingrafted. TliC Genules
wtic r r -..ited in|^o a /lezv stock, a tree la/c/>^
grozvn up ; nor «^ere believing Jews lopt oft iriuu
tlic M lite to he in^^erted ith Gt nliies niro a new
out : bat ihc fuiincr remained hi tac old stock,
e 43 )
and the latter were grafted in among them, to par^
take with them of the root and latnebs of the same
olive, which had formerly nourished them. And
it is observable, that the'je Jews, who immediately
and readily submitted to the gospel, on its being
propohed to tiiem, seem not generally, if in any
in^'aace,to have received christian baptism. Hea-
thciis and Samaritans, who vv-ere not of tiic chuich
of God,aiidtiiose Jews, who by obstinate unbelief,
and open opposition to the gospel, had broken
themselves olf from tlie <:hurch were on their pro-
fessed repentance, baptised. The other continued
in G':)d's covenant and church. 11ns thought, we
shall have occasion to resume hereafter. When
the unbelieving Jev/ssfiail, in the latter days, turn
to the L^K'd, they shall be grafted again — into
what ? — mother tree ? no ; into i h e iR own ojive-
tree ; for tiic covenant which God made with their
fatiiers, is the same, whicli he will mai;e with thcvt
in tiie latter days, when he sliail take away their.
sin-..
We have now an obvious answer to a question,
which our brethren often puts to us. • If tl-e chil-
dren of believers are sui:>jectsof the covenatu seaf
under the gospel, as they ue: e u ider tormerdi^peu-
satfon-j, why have we notsnmedirect, positive iur^ti-
tuti(>n,whica might have prevented ail controversy?^
The fact is.tiie gospel found the child; en of God*s
people already in covenant by viraie o'f the ancient
institution: and a new instituuon of tha% which
had been pialnly instituted before, and WLt^not tUen
so {nacn a^ questioned, would have been super-
fluoub : not to say, absurd. Tne gospel has made
it as plain as language can jnake an) thing, that
the -mcient c'>vcnanf wiih Abraham is stiii conti-
nued : Jind if chiidrea were, by divine command-,
( u. )
to receive the seal of the covenant formerly, they are-
to receive it siill, unlcbs the command is some-
Avhcre in the i^ospel expressly revoked. We need
no new inhtiiution to warraiU our applying the
seal to them; but we evi iently iwQd a new insti-
tution 10 jubtily our excluding them from it.
Infant baptism stands on the same p^round as
the christian sabbath. If it be asked, why the
gospel has not, in so many words, iiistliuted a
Avcekly sabbath, the answer is, it found a weekly
sabbath already instituted; and a formal institution
e-f that, whieh had been instituted before, was
wholly unnecessary. Tl^e apostles took the sab.
bath as they found it, onl)^ observinji,- a different
day, after Christ's resurrecti<;n, in memory of that
glorious event. So th.'v c Miti-nicd the ancient
tnv!ge of applying?: the seal of Cr^d's covenant to
chi'dren, as well as p-nents ; only they eh^nged
the extetiial form of tiie beal, substituting bapiisni
for eireumcision. The ancient ins>iituiion unre-
Vfiked, :f we had nothir;g more, would be sufiici-
ent u> jir^fifv the appiieaiion of tl^e seal to iniliuts.
But we h.ve btill fiitiier warrant.
Let us view the a^gument in another light.
2. Circumcision was of old, by divine com-
mand, .;p^>ii':d to mjliuts : Asid if baptism stands
now in tiie place of cncunicision, then this is also
to be app'ied to the same subjects. The conse-
queure i-. plain and und; hi. ibie. Theorily cpies-
tiun is, Whether baptivm dt^es now stand in the
]>laee T)f circumcision? This is the point to be
proved.
I'hut cireumeision was the seal of th^e covenant
W]th Ahrcilunn, and was, by divine ap|)()intment,
v.C.i'M ■■■■<.■'■] ,(.. i',;::r.t-, is well kilo^^ n — tiuit t!ie
JO. iJ.u/j.'C ej\'cnah;. siili Lubsists, andii the same
( 45 )
as the Goffnel covenant; tlic apostle plaliily teaches,
that bapti-iin is now ihc anp')inre<l token of the
g')s;)el coveaaiit, none will cltTi}- : Tiieconsequevicc
iia obvioQb ; baptism now stmicltj in the place o/cir-
€;imei^ion, I^)r it i« the initiiiting seal of that vtrry
c.)venap.t, of which circumcision was the seal for-
mer h'.
Again. The Apostle says, Rom. 4. 11. Abra-
ham received the sign of circumcision^ a seal of the
righteousness vfjaith. It is plain fn^iu this [)asS'
age, that circumcision was a sign of spiritual bles-
sir)gs, the blessings of tlic covenant of grace :
And not (as sonic absurdly pretend) merely a sign
of worldly privileges, such as a right to the land
of Can-uDi, a nurnerous issue, Sec. There were,
it is true, temporal blessings promised to Abra-
ham and his seed. But toargue from hence, that
the covenant with him was a meer temporal cov-
ejumt, and that circumcision was only a seal of it
as such, is as absurd, as it would be to say. The
gospel is a meer worldly institution, because it has
the promise of the life that now is, and of that
which is to come. The apostle, in this passage,
represents cu'cumcision in quite a diiTerent light,
as especially and eminently a seal of sfnrituat
blessings. — That baptism is such, all allow : And
tlicrcfore it comes in the room of circumcision,
and stands in the place in which that. once stood.
- Farther ; These two rites, though different in
their outward form, are the samt in their spirituai
use and significancy. Circumcision signified our
native corruption , so does baptism. Circumci-
sion pointed out the necessity of niward purity and
spiritual renovation : so does baptism. That re-
presented our justification by the blood of Christ :
iio does this. That was a ceremony of admission.
i 46 )
into God's church : so is ////.?. TJ^af denoted
men's nMation u> Gud and (ibiigation to obev his
law. T/ns also df notes onr relation to Christ and
obligation to obey his gcjsp-i.
Bni the apostle puts this nuuter r)ut of a'l doubt,
vhen he calls baptism the circuvicisiuJi of Christ ^
and urges chiibtians bcuig tyanfistd. iS a reason
why they need not be circumcisi d
He says. Col. 2. 11, \2. Ye are complete in
hijn, (in Christ) in :choj7i ye also are circumcised
uith the circumcision made ividiouf hands, input-
tint:, off the body of the sins of tlu jledi hy the cir-
cumcisiun^of Christ, buried ailh hiui in baptism.
Buf. he calls it by this r.aip.e -^ ithour any pupritty^
unless it stands in the pL.cr i f cifcunicision.
The author. v\h<:nn I f>a\'e -evtral rimes men-
tioned, lab .urs much to evjrle die fbrr< (/!' this
passage. He sa^ b, B\ ih^- circumcisii.ii of Christ
is mcaiit, * die spin I nal •\XK:M\i\\.\^\in\,'' or renova-
tion of the heart, \x\ diNlintiitm from * the literal
circumcision.' But this caiin(it be the meaning
of the phrase : For tlie inward spiritual circum-
cision is mentiorjed in the preceding branch of
the sentence, under the name f^f the circumcision
made without hands. And if we take both phrases
to signify the same ; then we shall make die words
to run thus. Ye are circwncised zvitli the spirits
ual circumcision, in being circuincised by the spi-
ritual circumcision. Such an unmeaning repeti-
' tion never dropt from the apostle.
The w riter says, * That to gua' d the Colossians
against the danger of being seduct d to the observ-
ance of Giicumcision, the apostle tells them.'
' Thev had received the spiritual circumcision —
and therefore the literal circumcision was not ne-
{ 47 )
cessary ' But how did this spiritual circumciJ^ioKi
or inttrnal renovation prove, tiiat the literal cir-
cumcision was not necessary *? Circumcision used
to be necessary for good men : Why not now ?
According to this interpretation, external ordinan-
ces arc not needful for true christians, but only for
sinners. Those among the Colossians, who were
not sure they had received the spiritual circum-
cision, could not apply this argument ; and there-
ffjre, according to our author, must still observe
the //7dTa/ circT-imcision. Besides; the same ar-
gument would prove, that they need not be bap-
tised ; for if they had received the spiritual wash-
ing of sanctificat-on, what occasion was there^for
the liteial washing of baptism? And yet, accord-
ing; to him, none must be baptised, but actual be-
lievers ; so that, if we admit h\s construction of
the passage, we must disallow of all baptism.
Our author says, * in the apostles days, the
christians converted from Judaism were zealous to
incorporate circumcision v^ith Christianity. — Do
the apostles instruct them, tliat ihey need not be
'SO tenacious i^{ one ri^e, sinct^ another is appoint-
ed in its stead? Such an observation woukl have
been much to the purpose — but nothing qan be
ff und of it in their reasonings to dissuade chris-
tians fr,)m circumcision.'
But the grnuenuui is under a great mistake.
The Jeuusti converts were Zf-alous to incorporate,
not merciy circumcision, but the whole ceremo-
nial law, with Christianity, They contended for
circumci^^ion as a rite bindiiig to the observance of
the whole law, without which, they imagined, chris-
tianity would be incomplete. Fr-.-m ilus noiion Paul
labors to reclaim them, and secure others. He does
not oppose orcujncision sinipff: ; if he had, he
would not have ciicumci^jcd rimuthy ^uor haveap-
( 48 >
proved infant eircuir.cisVon amone; the Jewish be-
iitvcrs; bin he oppostd it, in the sense above n'icn=-
tinned as binding nie*n to keen the ceremonial law iti
order to acceptance v^l'h G-d. 7'hoiigh h*" had,
upon prudeiiUa! reasf.ns, ciicumcised Timothy^
-yet he i>\ive no place to those who wouid com-
]^rl Ti(us to be circumcised; thiut thev might
J)ring him and others into bondage to the law.
!NoAt, ,\^ hat ar,<5^i?t> ent does he use to dissuade
the C'llossi in believers from circumcision and
the observance of the law ? It is this ; They iiad
received ban/h^m, the christian circumcision, and
"vverenow bound to obey the gospel, which, being
a complete institution, had superseded the Idvv.
Thus he reasons with them in the place before
•reieired to. Beware lest anij ma?i spoil you (h rou^h
'philosopjty and vain deceit, alter the rudimejits of
ttie.z&or/d and not after Cirr'ist—~Jor ve are co??u
plcte ill hiu}^ and so need not add ti>e ritna! law to
hiN tfo^pel : in whom, ye arc circumcised — ivilhtlie
circunwisii^it of Christ, < r ch'islian C'rrunteisiesft,
bei??i^ buried a //// him .in ba/itistn — Wherefore if
ve be dea i xcith Christ tfom the rudiment.s of t fie
IV or Id ; (f [)y b^iptl^Sfi int-) iiis death }e are feed
fiom the rites of the Mosaic dispensation, ivfii}^ as
tfiough livintJi in 'he world, or uncier that dispensa-
tion, are ye s//b;^'ct to ordiuanres? You see, that
the Apostle uigch tiicir l>apasm into Christ, as a
reason v, hy th.cs should not be subject to drcum-
cisi'-t), and the litesof the Ceremonial law, for
vvhich the Je'i\ s contended. He uses the very ar-
£?:nment to di--nade tliem from circumcision,
^vhich this author - avs, he would u-^e, if baptisiii
came in its place: AvA therefore. b\ his own eon-
ctbion, baj'tismdoescoutc hui^piace. And if tO,
( 4^ )
then it is nndeniably to be administered to the
same subject's, even the infants of believing parents.
We are told, ^ that some of the believing /<frt'^
at Jerusalnn were much displeased, uhtn they
heard thai Pa?J taught the Jeivs, who were among
the Gfntiles, that they ougiu not to circumcise
their cliildrtn* Would it have satisfied such zea-
lous contenders for infant circumcision, to hiivc
told them, baptism now came in the place of that
ancient ceremony, but yet must not be applied to
their children? This would but have provoked
them tiie more. Had it not been the usagc^of the
apostles to admit civildren vviih their parents into
covenant by the simie rite, certainly the Jrws
among other objections against the gospel, vvou d
have uged thib, thajt it excluded their chiidt en
from covenant privileges. They were apt enough
to make o!)jections, and since we find none of this
sort, vv^- may c"nciude,ihere was no o^anforany.
Trsat iniciuts, under the mtriarcnal and mosaic
dibpensations, were admitted into covenant by a
pcHticular token, is certain. It is evident, this
wab ctmsidered as a privilege. U i^allov^ed, that
tlie gospel conferb greater privileges than ff»rmcr
dispensations: But if children a»e now shut out
of covenant, then the gospel, instead of enlarg-
ing, has in this re^pec^ dimmished our pt ivileges.
But says our author, ' The infallibility of the
Boman church may be proved in the same man-
ner; a^ :hu^: Th^ people of God under the Old
Trbtament enjoyed the benefit of infaliibilitv . Tiie
High I*rie:>t had the Urim and Thum. ;im, by
which the mind of God was kno\vn. See. c«/n^.e-
tjuep.tly there inust be infallibility in the christian
* Acts xxi. 31.
( 50 )
cliurcli; otherwise the less perfect dispensation of
Moses vviii have a great privilege beyond the
Citristian,
The truth is, The ch'tslian dispensation has
this privilege far beyond the mosaic. The addi-
tional revelation of the gospel discovers the mind
of God as infallibly, and far more fully and exten-
sively than ever it was discovered by Urim and
Thummim. Such occasiojial discoveries now are
not needed, since we have a complete^ standing
revelation.
The author of the letters tell us, that circum-
cision, * that Old Testament rite, was a useless^
hirthensome^ ijijurious ceremony, and treated as
such by the Apostles.' And hence he concludes,
baptism cannot come in its room to be adminis-
tered to infants, as that was. But where do the
Apostles treat circumcision in this manner ? The
ceremonial laxv indeed is considered as a yoke of
bondage ; as burthejisome, not injurious, for it
would ill become the teachers of religion to re-
present God as injuring his people by his insti-
tutions : But circumcision^ consideied as a token
of the covenant, is treated as a great privilege,*"
What advanfage hath the Jeivs P And what profit
is there oj circumcision ? Much every way. It was
.a great priviltge for the children oi Jews to have
God for their Gad, in such a sense as he was not
the God of heatiien children ; to be born to the
enjoyment of the oracles and ordinances of God ;
and to be under the care of parents, who were
solemnly bound to bring them up in the know-
ledge and service of the God of Israel. And if
the profit of circumcision was much every zvay^
* Rom. iJi. I.
( 51 )
then the loss by its abolition is much every zvat/^^
unless there be something appointed in its room.
It is often said, ' Circunici iicn was applied
only to males: Baptism is designed for both
sexes^ therefore they are not paralle! ordinances,
nor can we argiiQ from the one to the other.*
But it is certain, tliey are parallel in tlieir main
design, as initiating seals of the same covenant.
And, females uere admitted into covenant, as \vc\l
as maleSy though no vi.-,ible token was appointed
for them. ]it\iir\\first.-b()rn male was to be pub-
licly presented to God in token of the obligation
of the whole family to be holy to him ; for if the
\first fruits be kobi, sa is the lump So the parent's
dedicaiirig his males to God by circumcision,
W'as a token thar all his children belonged'to God.
Accordingly God equally claims an interest in
children of both sexes, by virtue of the covenant
relation of their parents. God says to the Jeivisk
church, Ezek. 16. 7. / entered into covenant'
with tJite^ and thou becamest mine. And then he
complains, ver. 20. ' '! hou hast taken thy sons
and tJiy daughters, zvhich thou hast born unto
uz^ and these thou hast sacrificed. Thou htist
slain MY CHILDREN. So beut. 29. 10. Ve
stand this day before the Lord — all the mQn of
Israel, your litde ones, and your wives, that thou
shouldst enter into covenant^ that he may be unto
thee a God — as he hath sworn to Abraham.
They were all admitted into covenant, though
the males only received the visible token. But
under the gospel there is no distinction of male
and female, but allsire one in Christ, the visible seal
being affixed to one as well as the other. In this
n^spect the gospel dispensation is more large and
free than the former, that it makes no distinction
( ^2 )
ofnaficp. or se.r. And shall we think It was intend*
ed to be contracted in another respect, by cashier,
ing rt//c/i?/(i;'^;z,-.v ho ure nriore than half oi mankind?
The auihor before mentioned tells us, thai
* children v, ere adniiued to the passover ; and
hence we may infer their right to the Lord's
Supptr ; as well as from their circumcision infer
their right to baptism.'
It seems probable, that persons of all ages par-
took of the./n^/ passover mentioned, Exod. J 2.
which was in sonie respects singular, and difieren
fiom s^nccecih^g passovers. But it appears froni
Luke 2 42.. that itVas not the customof the feast ^
for parents to bring tlieir chiWr^-^ t . Ij-^ until they
were about /re^r/i-fT y^-fz/-^' (;/;/ ; Jiage, they
might be able to enquire of their parents, What
mean rje by (his service <" And at this age, ria
{.'.■ 1 :' , riianj' are c-ipabie of understanding the
natijie and fcvA oi ii^^^ L'-Td's Supper. ^-
* ' Children attKe ai^j? of \l years were brought by their
parents tf> the temple : K\\(\ tVoin that time thc^y be,8;an to
eiit ')]' thf pa si^vt;' j-d olit r i.actificci'. Hyrcanus in Jo-
5e[)!.us, B. 13. Ch^pr4. s;iys, The Jewish law tbrhitls the
so:) to e.U of ""the sacrifices, befoie he has come to the tem-
th.ere him-^-lf mesentcc! an offering to God.*
.p. in:- 'j60
> piehc. ...■...,- .. .1 '.vhen the Jews v/cre come into
ch God would g-ive them alt their niales should
■ AC him eveiV year a\. the passover in the place
^\ c i '.t. ipi):)inted. Bui it is added, Thiy s!:atl 7iOt alr/iear
o i/jrc nic (:}]:Jit!j^b'ut every one according to the ^ij'l oj his Juind.
(Dent. ii5. 16. and alibi, vide. Marg.)
Tiie m,»h, or men cliildrcn, who were to appear before
(^od 111 t'p.eir app<)inl<;d place, to eat of the passover -were
only suci) as could bring a ti,-iil in thci» iiand ; or ]i!t.-ent an
offering for themseivts. "I'bis probably is ihc law to which
Hyrcaiviis alludes. II). Patiick, u ho was very learned in
the Jeu sh Jasvs and customs, say?--, * V\ htn cldldren were
twche years old, their parents we^e buuad to bring thtm
p'e, and
(Fo^ ovn
the ^
( 5-S )
But if infants had been usually admitted to the
passover, it would not in the least weaken our ar-
gument from circumcision ; for the passover was
not a seal of the Abrahamic covenant (it being
appointed more than 400 years after that coven-
ant was made) but one of 'the mosaic rites. Now
the ritual law is superseded by the gospel ; but
the Abrahamic covenant remains. The Lord's
Supper is a commemorative sign, intended to
shew forth Christ's death, and bring him to our
remembrance. But baptism is a token of ad-
mission to the vissible privileges of God's peo-
ple i and therefore infants are capable of this,
though not of the other.
Some perhaps will ask, How could baptism
come in place of circumcision, when it appears
to have been in use before circumcision, ceased ?
to the temple, at the passover, where, seeing what was dona
in this festival, they wouiil be led to enquire, what mean ye-
by this service ?' (Coniment, in Exod. \l)
As the end of the passover was to perpetuate the memory
of the deliverance from Egypt, and as the express reason
why children were to attend it in the appointed place, was
that they might be instructed iji thatwonderfuideliverance,
parent? could not view themselves as bound to bring; their
children to the solemnity, before they were capable of en-
quiring and understanding what v/as meant by it. Luke
tells us, (Chap. 2. 42.) that the parents of Jesus v/ent up
every year to Jerusalem at the feaat of the passover : ami
when he was 12 tjears o/t/, they went up after the cuoloni r.f
the feast. Their going after ihecu^Jtcm €f the feast ^ doubt-
less intends their taking their son with them, \Yho was now-
Vi years old : for it appears that he accompanied them ;
and this is the first time wchear of his going.to the festival.
It may also be observed, that the malei only were requi;ed
to appear before God at the passover ; and none can ima-
gine, that infants and sucklings were takt:n from their mo-
ther's arms to be carried to, and detained at the temple,
during the coniinuunce of so long. a bokimVuy.
i. m
[ ^4 ;
Let me ask another cjuestion, H- w comM Solo^
mon fign in the pl^ce "f David ; h h., Cts or,
wluii he btgaa to r cr., hcio c Davui w^.cie.d?
Tiicrt: i:-, iw) more dJiiiciilty in oik question, ilian
in tile o'iic.. Tiiougli baptism was in ust, ytt it
\vu:s not made the peciili^ r n;ltlatiiig btai . f the
gospel-covtnai^t iinlii idki Christ's Vesu^ rrt ticm.
It has been enquired, Mfbapti? m ^uceeeds cir-
cumcision, \vl,y 'vere ri]i)se baptised, wiio had al-
ready beea circuni;-h.ed V W^ ans\^er,
1. We think it hjs been proved, that b' th these
ordiiuinces were instituicd a^ ^^cals •;;;.- vi;me gra-
cious covenan? ; and thtref^^.e tise i igui <;f iniants
to baptism will nut at aii depend on the solution
of thi's qnesti ^n.
^ 2^ It is evident from the 15th, v.v.d 21st, chap-
ters of Acts, that infant ci re umci^^- 10 li vvaspjaetis-
ed, with apostoHc ap.probation, L^y tlie Jcivish be-
lievers in the Christian chnrch in Jcrusaitm, and
in other churches, by xh^Jcws who v\ert nienibt rs
of them. For thoug^h the apostles and elders
agreed, that infant circnmcision (ught net u> be
required of (>V?2///<- believers; yet ti.ey alioved
and approved it dmong the Jeivisk converts, w ho,
having been accustomed to it, and knou iiig it to
have been a usage from the time of Abraham,
could n>'t at (^nce, be persuaded to relinquish it
for another rite.
That infant circumcison was not now regarded
by the apostles merely as a certmouy < f the Mv'..aic
law, is manifest ; because, in this viev\, as vve have
before shev\ n, they utterly disalhm ed it. and soen-
iiously opposed those who contended for it. They
must therefore have oregarded 5,t, a^ that * seal of
the righteousness of faith,' which v\as appointed
to Abraham, and continued under the patriarchal
{ 55 )
arid mosaic dispensations. In the christian c^iirch,
it ior a ;ime heul the ^arne piace arooog :hc Jeiv^
h/iy lib ba| lism i.c:d anichg ibt 6'c7i/77(? besu vers,
llciue it uA-.ov. s, that tht ^t•al id 'he Ci^vtnunt \Vc-s
Sjjphed to the infants ui belitvers, in tiic time,
i.'nd with tie ■.;ppr«)bat!on of the a|K?sdes, ^nd ihat
baptism succttded in the p{.i(,'r of circ;imci:>ion ;
as a seal (tf the sau^e crweiiant.
it lb no objection to -this cir?!;nn5ent, that the
apobtkb, in some instanC(\^, comphed \^ i^h Je\« !sh
ciistonis, for these coir:phances wee o?d •'vccasi-
onal : B t the observance of iivfaui ciicniT)(ii>i«>ii
am(>ng believing Jews ^^as general an(J cons tii tit
itjv <\ course oi' years, probably f c r thiuy yt-ars*
toi.;ethei, and this under the eye, and uith tlie ad-
vice of all the apostles.
They reconinK-nded to the Gentile belicveis a
charitable and pacific condcscentiorj to then Jew-
ish brethren in matter-., which interfered notv\ith
the institutions or doctrines of the gospel, particu-
laiiy, in an abstinence from offensive meats, aiid
in the observance of fevorite days.- Bu^ they ne-
ver required or advised the Gentiles to. conform
to tlie Jews in the observance of tlfe Abrahamic
rite of infant ciicumcision,, though this vvas a rite,
ot which the Jewish christians were as tenacif^ns
as u any other. The reason is obvious: rr«e
Gentile believers observed another rite instituted
in its pLice, namely, infant baptism.
If luider the christian di'-prnsation, infant cir-
cnmcision had bebn, in it Self, w?ong, it would
not have been allowed to the Jeivish btlirvers. If
it iiad been, under present circumstances,, an
indifferent ceremony, like abstinence from nseats,
shavmgthe head, and purification in the temple,
it would, for peace sake, have been recomnuiidtd
( 56 ) >^
to the Gentile belleverb. But as another ordinance
was by tricm used in its place, there would have
been an irnpropriety in their adopting this, and
therefore it was not required of tlicm.
3. It is an undt-niable (act, tliai circumcised be-'
lievers wtxt frequently, if not gciierally, received
to fellowship, in the christian church, zvilhout bap-
tism ; for all churches have fellowship with the
church in Jerusalem, and Jewish and Gentile
believers had communion in the same churches.
That Christ's first disciples were baptised,
we have no evidence. That the tzvclve par-
took of the first supper, before christian baptism
was so much as instituted, is undeniable ; for it
is evident from Acts 19. 5. and the author of the
letters himself concedes, X\v<\t JohnP s baptism was
not christian baptism. Now if circumcision was,
in the case of the disciples, sufficient for their ad-
mission to the great gospel ordinance of the sup-
per, then certainly it was a seal of the gospel-cov*
enant ; and therefore the baptism of believers, al-
ready circumcised, was a matter not of universal
necessity, but only of particular expedience. It
seems to have taken place chiefly in the case of
the Jews, who after Christ's resurrection, had for
a time openly ^opposed the gospel, and the supe-
rior evidence which then attended it. Now
4. There was a manifest propriety in baptising
some who had been circumcised, although baptism
and circunicision arc supposed to be seals of the
same covenant.
The long expected Messiah had now appeared;
a clearer dispensation of the covenant of grace, at-
tended with larger promises and more liberal pri-
vileges, was noW introduced ; XhQ way was open-
ed for the admission of all nations into the church
of God : and baptism was insituted to be a seal of
(57)
the covenant, and a badge of distiction betweea
thechurchand theunbeiieving world. Tlioiu^h cir-
cunicisioa had been, and still might be a mark of
discrimination between the worblTippers of the
true God and idolatrous heathens, yet, after the
institution of bantism, the former rite would not
so clearly cyscriminate between chribtians a!)d un-
believers in general ; for unbciifving Jews would
still use circumcision. It was theref )r$ proper,
that the circumcised Jew, when he embraced, the
gospelj if he had before openly opposed it, should
sutimit to baptism, to testify his belief that Jesus
of Nazareth, whom he had rejected, was the pro-
mised Messiah; that the doctiine preachtd by
the apostles, in his name, was diviiic ; and that
the ancient distinction of Jew and Gentile, male
and female, was abolished, and all were to becouiC
one in Ci)rist. Had none ot the believing Jews
been baptised, there might, have remained too
great an appcar;jnce of a distinction between thcTn
and Oejitile believers ; a dist;inction which, aher
ail, many of the Jewish cliristiaas were strongly
inclined to preserve, and which the ap^^stles were
Hi) less soiiritous to extinguish. It uas Cljri^t's
design, that his church should be, and appear to
bf one ; that, while it was distinguished from the
world, it should harmonize with itself, and keep
a u:iiiy of sj)irit in the bond of peace.
Siippose a prince, who had appointed- a parti-
cular uniform for his solditrs, should think pro-
per, OP. the introduction of a new discipline, and
the acquisition of new subjects, to appoint for
tkrse another uniform ; niighi we n,ot expect, that
he would allow, and in ca.se of a rebellion raised
on this occasion, v.ou'd icqune menu of his yc/r-
mtr subjects to adopt the same, tiiat there nu^^ht
f 58 >
Be no distinction kept up between old subjects,
and new, but all might become one harmonious
body ? And would any man, in this case, imagine
that the new livery cioie not in the place of' the
old? Or tliat the one had not bt^en, as the other
was now, a badge and token of allegiance ? — No
more can we, on this ground, pretend, that bap-
tism succeeds not in the place of circumcision.
It Will perhaps be asked, ' Why then ought not
baptism to be administered on the eighth day ac-
cording to the law of circumcision ?*
We answer ; It was not essential to the validK^
of circumcision, that it should be administered on
the eighth day. It w^as not to be delayed beyond
that day without occasion ; nor ought we, with-
out occasion, to delay baptism. But where cir-
camstances admiited not so early an application of
the seal, the delay was not faulty then, nor would
it be now. Circumcision, indeed, niight not be
performed earlier than the eighth day : but for
this delay there were particular reasons, not appli-
cable to baptism. One reason might be the ten-
derness of the infant, and the weakness of the
mother, which would render an immediate ope-
ration of this kind dangerous to both. But the
prmcipal reas(m was t!ie legal impurity of the mo-
ther, a!id the consequent impurity of the child for
the first seven days. This reason is expressly
assigned in the divine law ;^ If a woman have
horn a man chihL she shall be unclean seven days,
and on the eighth day lie shall be circumcised.
But as the legal impurities have ceased under the
gospel, there is no such reason for the delay of
baptism-
* Levit. xii. 1, ^
( 59 )
Thus, I think, it undeniably appears, that bap-
ti5.m stands in the place of circumcision, and that
the arguments to the contrary, are futile and im-
pertinent. And if it stands in. the same place, it
is certainly to be applied to the same subjects,
the infants of God's people— •! proceed to anothet
argument.
DISCOURSE III.
'3. X HE right of infants to baptism may be"
clearly inferred from the words of our Saviour,
Mark X. 14. compared with those, John iii. 5.
Suffer little children to come to me-^for of such
is the kingdom of God. — And, Except a man
(ean me tis, except any one) be born of tvater and
of the Spirit y he cannot enter into the kbigdom of
God.
By the kingdom of God must be understood
cither the Churcfi^ God's vis-.ible kingdom on
earth ; or Heaven, his invisible kingdom above.
Into the former we are admitted by baptism,
which is the sign of that spiritual renovation, by
which we are prepared for the latter. These little
children arc called infants ; they were br^onght to
Christ; were taken up in his arms ; doubtless
therefore tlicy were under the age of discretion.
They who brought them were believers j other-
wise they would not have sought a blessi?tg from
Christ for them. The phrase being born of xvatery
signifies being baptised : So the author of the
( 60 )
letters understands it,, -and numbers it among the
passag<is that speak of baptism.*
Now if, by the kingdom of God , we understand
the churchy then here is an express declaration,
that infants be}()ng^to the church, are C/?r/.9/'^ dis-
cip'es and visible members of his body : And
co^s^^quen'^iy h.ive a right to baptism, the Oiily
instirued sif^n (,>f adsnission into his kingd<jm.
Ex cent a m^m b> born of xoafer^ he cannot enter
into !his kh>:^dnnv. tieiice i\\^ christian church is
said to be cleansed bif the ivashmg of io<ifer,\ If
bv the inp'd ).rj of Gud, -ve understand the invi-
sihle kiiii: v , - ; • n here is a plain dcclara-
ti(.>n, 'dvdi uiia.^is oeK^ag to fhaf, and consequently
mav be born of t fie spirit-; f>? except one be born
of the apirit^ lie rwniof enter intn that tiin^idoM\^
which Hesh and b nxi do not niii-e it. Ancfif
they may'' his born of the spirit, doubdess they
may be born of water ^ or baptised. A,s tiie chtrrch
\^ \\\^. gat t 6x heaven, so i)Hptrsm is the sign'oi
rec^encration. And if they may be admitted mto
fieaven by regcnerof ion, xh{^\t\\ii\ be admit-ed
into the church t\y baptism, if the things signi-
Jlcd belong to them, the sign zn^ token must be
su))po.sed to belong to them. The ap- stie Peter\
plainly teaches us, that they, to wiiom the pro^
* The author of the letters says, ' Christian baptism was
tiot ytt iM-ti:»r eJ. This is doubtJt-ss ouf : but John p* cach-
Cfl, sajiii^^- The kinf^dom of G'idi'i at hand ; and he- b.'ptiti.ed
with the buptisni of repenidnre to prcpaic the pcopi;. jTor
this kingdom. It was therefore very sea-on-ible fov Christ
n.>w to ini^lnlct J^ici^di^tmis^ that baptitim or brmg born of
tvawr Wa soon to be the rjieof admission into hi Uingiitira.
Bill w!u-thcr Wf* underj^aiid tht phrase of Qufwa^-d bapfiymt
or inward sancliiication, our atgutnbnt from it will be cqu-
fiUy conclusive.
«r Eh. V. 26. I Acts ii. 38.
( 61 )
mise of the spirit pertains, have a right to bap-
tism, the sign of the promise. In whatever sense
therefore we understand \\\c kingdom of God, the
conclusion is the same, That infants are subjects
of baptism.
It cannot- reasonably be said, that the words —
of such — intend only persons of a childlike dispo-
sition : For then how would this be a reason why
litile children should be brought to Christ, and
why he should be displeased with his disciples
for endeavournig to hinder them ? This makes
our Lord's argument run thus. SuiFer iixfants to be
brought to me, for my kingdom consisteth only
of adult persons resembling children in their dis-
position. He elsewhere makes Lambs and Doves
emblems of a christian temper ; and according to
this interpretation, he might as well have said
Suffer Lambs and Doves to come to me, for of
such is the kingdom of God ; i. e. it consists of
persons of a lamb-like and dove-like temper.
Well, ' but the christian rite of baptism was
not given to these children ; they were brought
to Christ for his blessings and prayers, accom-
panied with imposition of hands.' True: but
our Saviour declares, that such, i. e. the infants
of believers, belong to this kingdom, into which
none are admitted, but by being bom of wafer;
so that here is a plain declaration, that infants
were to be introduced into his church by baptism.
And by taking them into his arms, pra} ing for
them, and blessing them, he she\^ed that such are
capable subjects of the influence and blessing of
the Spirit, which are the things represented in
bapsism. He did not pour water on them; but
he perft>rmed a ceremony quite as sacred and so-
lemn, and thus shewed, thai infants are meet sr'^-
[ 62 j-.
jects of that external rite, which denotes the con-
veyance of spiritual blessings; and biich a rite is
the ordinance of baptism.
4. The baptismal commission, Mat. yxviii, 19.
gives a plain warrant for adniitting infants to bap.
tism. It runs thus. Go,- and ttach all nations^
baptising them in the name of the Father^ Son and
Holy Gfiost^ teaching thtvi to observe^ SCc.
Some will say, ' Infants are notexpiessly men-
tioned here.' True : neither are Adults, But
Christ uses the word, nations, which is a collec-
tive term, and must natuj ally be understood as
including hotJi, And had he intended to teach
his apostles, that persons of every age must be
admitted to baptism, he could not have chosen
any single word to express it better. Baptise all
'nations. The christian church is called a nation,
a people, because it consists of persons of every
age^^'-
But it is objected ; * Teaching is required previ-
(Uis to bapti:iin, which infants are not capahle of.'
Here let it be observed, that the word Mathe-^
fijsate, rendered Teach, is not the same which is
i ommonly used for teaching, but of a more general
signification. The proper import of it is, to pro-
selyte ov make disciples. The commission the©'
;s this. Go, disciple all nations, baptising them
--teaching them to observe all things, 8>cc. Here
i re two words in the commission rendered,/
7\'aciiing, The latter didas kontes, signifies to.
indoctrinate ; the otlur is more general, aiid sig-
niiies to make disciples, which, may be done by
introduction ipto a school in order to future teach-
ing.
* 1 Pet. ii. 9.
{ 63'. )
Now if we can she'", that Infants are ever
considered as clLciples — -•■-> hc'lo?igifig to Christy
then it will appear ihai they come within the com-
mission, Disciple all nations^ baptising tiioii.
AVe are told Mar. xviii. 5. That Jesus having-
set a Utile child before him, said, IVhosoever
shall receive one such little child in my name re-
ceive th me. To receive one in C line's name, is
to receive him as being Christ's disciple and as
belongnig to him. So the plirase is exphiiiied,
Wa;k ix 41. IVhosever shall give you a cup of
ivater in my name, because ye beion^; to Christ.
And Mat. X. 42. Whosoever shall give to one of
these little ones a cut) of ivaler only in the name of
a disciple, sfiall not tone liis reward. It is phi in
here that injunfs, who are to be received in
Christ's name may be his disciples and belong to
him, to his church and kingdom. Accordingly
they who contended, that persons under tlie go:-:-
pel ought to be circamcised after the manner of
Moses, are said to teL^^pt God to put a yoke on tJie
?iecks of the disciples, Acts xv. 10. Infants
^vere to be circumcised after the m.anner of AIo-
ses, and therelbre are comprehended amon^z; the
disciples, on whom the yoke would belaid. The
commission then must rcipect inflmts as well as
others. Tlie apostles had before been i?istriicte<l
to receive not only adults, but also little children
in Christ's name, and as his disciples. Now a
particular rite is appointed, by which they should
receive or disciple them in his name. Dicciple
all nations, baptising ttiem in tlie name of the Fa-
tiier, and oj the Son, ^c.
But the author of the letters says. * The disci-
ples of Christ, during his ministry on earth, as
well as the disciples of Johnj were well acquaint-
{ ^4 )
«:(] wuh the institution of bapti&m, for they bap.
tised great niiltitudes; but they administtred a
haptisvn in wiiich infants had no part. When
ihciclbre our Lord iiistituted his sacrament of
baptism, if infants were to be rceeived into it,
it cannot be doubted but he declared ih'i^ ; other-
wise rnen, v.ho had been used to excUide infants,
would not tliink of them as coming within this
fresli commission-'
lie expressly allows, that the apostles \^•ou]d
be determined very much by former usa^^es, in
judging \vheil:er infltnts cam.e within this com-
niishion. ^>Vhelhcr the disci})les of John and of
Christ h.ad been VvCiit to baptise infants, it is not
( xpressly said. And therefore to judge how the
apostles won id understand their commission, we
rnust go farther back tlum to John's ministry.
These apostles \^•c^e Jczcs. They had been edu-
rated in the Jczci's/t religicju. They knew, that
from the days of /Ibraham, anrl all along through
the Ivl:>saic dispensation, infants had been taken
into coven^int with their parents by the same in-
itiating rite. — I'hey knew, tliis had ever been
esteemed a great privilege ; and they would na-
turally suppose, the privilege was still to con-
tinue, as the Abrahamic covenant was yet in
i..;;rce. TIkv knew it had been the constant im-
memorial j)ractice of the Jewish church, to re-
4;eivc Geuiilc proselytes and tlieir infitnt children
with them by baptism. This the ancient Jewish
•iViiters testify. Baptism, we knov/, was no nev/
thing in J&hiVs time. The Jews appear to have
been well acquainted with it. They don't ask
linn, What meanest thou by this new ceremony ?
But whj baptises t Zhou, if thou art not the Christy ^ ,
n&i' EliaSj nor that Prophet f Their question im-
(65 )
plies, that the Prophets had been wont to baptise,
and they expected Christ and Ellas would do the
same. John probably took up baptism, as he
found it practised in the Jewish church, where it
had been constantly administered to the infiuits
of Gentile proselytes. And it is not only with-
out proof, but against probability, that this author
asserts, * Infants had no part in John's baptism.'
Farther, these apostles had been taught *o look
upon infants as belonging to Christ, and to treat
tliem as his disciples. They had heard Christ
pronounce them sebjects of his kingdom, and
give directions, that they should be brought to
him. They had been reprimanded for attempting
to hinder infants from being brought. They
knew, that Christ cam* not to lessen the privi-
leges of the church, (of which the adnriissi jn of
infmts was one) but to enlarge them ; and that
baptism was now the r//e^ of admission into it.
Under these circumstances, how must they un-
derstand their commission ? Certainly, upon this
author's principles, they must suppose it to in-
clude infants ; for he allows, they would under-
stand it according to former usage. We may
then retort his argument. When Christ institut-
ed Wis sacrament of baptism, if inflmis were noi
to be received to it, it cannot be doubted, but he
sufficiently declared this; otherwise men, who had
always been u^ed to .-^cc nnants admitted into the
phurch of God by the same token with iheir pa-
rents, would consider them as c^^ming '.vithin thin
fresh commission, Go, disaple all ncilioiis, bap-
tising them.
Be;->ides,'When they saw the doors of the church
now e:ilarv;ed to rxd.m\x nc.c subjects, even all na-
tioub, they would not imagine*, that th^e tjiibject.'^^
F 2
( 66 )
who iiad ever been admitted, vrere in future to be
excluded. The commission theiefore must be
understood asa virtual command to baptise niiiants.
5 Children's right to baptism is very clearly
taught, in those word^ of Ftier to the av\akened
Jews, Acts ii, 58. Repent, and be baptistd tvery
one of yon, in the name oj Jesus Christ, Jar the
remission of sins ^ and ye shall receive the ti,ilt of
the Hdij Gliosis for the promise is to you and to
your children. Ke docs not say, The promise is
to you, and rc'/// 6^ to your children when they
become believers; but it is to both, to you and
the children which ) ou ?ioiv have: And to all
them that are afar off, as many as the Lord our
God shall call, i. e. vvheiever Gad sends the
gospel to call the Gentiles, it cairies this pn mi^e,
which is in like manner to them ard their chil-
dren. Tue pjomise being made to t/iem, is urgx d
as a reason why ^/?^j/ should be baptised. Aid
the same reason i olds for the baptism of ail to
IV hem the promibC belorgs? and consequently
-^r the bap i^m of iht^'n, children, for the promise
is to them. Be baptised — -Jar (he promise is to
you and to your children. The leason assigned
for baptism is such as equally takes place with
respect to both. If the parents interest in the
])romise is a reason why he should be baptised,
his child^ens interest in it, is just as good a rea-
son, w'h} they should be bapii:-ed. To suppose
ibis promise is a just grouiid for the baptism of
hilieiers, but not for the baptism of f/ieir children^
is to make the apostle talk ihus absurdly and in-
coherently. The promise is to you, thcrefoie be
ve baptised — inid the same promise is equally to
vour children, } or ihe} n usi hot bt bijtiscd.
Well, but our brethren say, ' You and your
( 67 )
enikUefi Is nothing more than you and 5^oiir"pos-
teriiv',* or ^^our ctiildren when they become adult.
Eui a ii'itie attention will convince us, this can-
not be the m^anins^. This is contrary to the na-
tuval construction of the wordb — The fyromise is —
toyoiir cliiUiren ; not shall be to the in, when they
become believers. The |>eople, to whom these
words were spoken, were Jezvs and Probclylcs^
1^ ho had alwa\ s been used to see infants compre-
hended with their parents in covenant transactions,
and-theretbre vvou>d naturally suppose, their in-
fants to be intended. To suppose that by ijour
ch'idrcn, the apostle meant only their adult de^
^ceridi.nts, is to make him j-peak nonsense ; for
tliea he must be under^tood thus, * The prumise
is to you and your children, but not as yoiu' ch'iU
dien, or as being related to y»u, any more than if
they were children of Pagam ; but if ihey should
live to adu!i age, shi uld be called by the gospel,
and should believe, then the promise ivHt be to
them, as it is nnw to y< u.'
: Now why arechild ea j;>ined with their parents,
?s joiat partakers of tiie same promise, if they de-
1 ve no benefit from this relation, but are to srand
V:pon precisel} the san)«; f)utin^ with the children
of healhe?is mid infidels P Farther; it sIk u ri be
remembered, that the great promise c f \he Abra*
/jt2v7//t covenant, whicJi probably is here refe^'cd
to, and culled by way of eniiiience, the prom se,
viz. / ivili be a God to you and your seed ; tiiis
pjxMiiise, { say, d)d certainly belong to the nifant
Q{ViVj.v^\\ o{ Abraham, and of \\\^ spiritual >.tiQd\
and the seal of this promise was expressiy order*
ed to be applied to such But our biethren gene-
raiiy say, * The promise heie intended is the pro-
,mise of the spirit, contained in the foregoing words,
( 6S j
Ye shall receive the gift 0/ the Holy Ghost.'* Be
it so. It then it appears that the promise of the
Spirit is in flict made, not only to believers, but
also to their children ; even to infants ; the rei^son
will hold, why they should be baptised. It is
expressly promised, Isa. xliv. 3. I zvill pour
wi/ "spirit upon thy seed, and my blessing upon
thine offspring; i. e. thii linle ones^ as the fol-
lov/ing words shew; and they (thine ofFspsing)
sliall SPRING UP as among the grass and as
xvillozvs t)y the xvater-com\^es. They shall grow up
viiider the influences of my Spirit and ble.'rsaigs of
rny covenant, as grass under the kindly smiles of
heaven, and as wiilowsby the fertile banksof rivers.
There can be no doubt with any one who be-
lieves the scriptures, but the divine Spirit often
has great influence in fuming the mind into a pre-
paration for virtue and usefulness, even in its in-
fant state John w^as filled with the Holy Ghost
from his m. other's womb. Isaiah was called and
formed from the womb. Jeremiah was sanctified
from the womb. Samuel grew up before the
Lord. I question not but ail, who are born and
educated under the gospel covenant, have, even
in early childhood, some gentle excitations to vir-
tue from the Spjut of gr^sce, as a fruit of this pro^
nii-e to belien'cri and dieir chi dren. Now since
the p omise of the Sj)irit docs in lact belong to
littler children, baptism, ihe sign of the promise,
belongs to them, i^et ihem l)e baptised — for the
promise is to them Nit-- here ; their receiving
the Sj}irit was not a conditio?!., but a eonseqiiciice
of their bapiism. />V baptised, and ye shall re-
ceive, Sec. S'^nn-mVlie 6'^./;2.'ir//^//2>' mentioni:*d,
Acts 8. the Spirit was poured out.,f r ili^jy were
baptised : So that hiidren arc t'^be oaptlscd upon
( 69 5
thi3 general promise, even before they can, by a
holy iilc, give evidence of their having actually
received the Spirit. That in the gospel- age» as
Aveli as in former dispensations, children should
be received into covenant together with, and upon
the faith of rheir parents, is plainly foretold, isa.
Ixv 22. Tlif^y are the seed of the blessed of
the Loj^dy and tlieir offspring zvit/i them. A fid
chap. 49. 18. 2^2. " They \iht Gentiles) shall
gather themselves together, and come to thee—r^
And they shall bring thy son< in their arm-, and
ihy daughters shall he carried on their shou:dtMs.
6. The accounts we have i}f some whole fami-
lies being baptised, upon the faith of their respec-
tive heads, afford an argument of considerable
weight, that the apostles understood their com-
mission as extending to infants, an i practiced ac-
cordingly.
If infants were baptised, it is by no means proba-
ble, we should be rnformedofilicir names or ages;
ue could expect only to be told in general, that
such persons v\ ei'c b..iptised and their families : And
so much we are tuld Paul baptised the houshold
o\ Stephanas^ 1 Cor. i. 16. Lydiay when the
Lord opened her heart to receive the word, was
baptised and her lioushold^ Acts xvi. 15. The
Jaylor, upon his believing vvas baptised, he and
all his, ver. 33.
Thib Lydia was of the city of TJiyatira ; but
she now dwelt at Philippi ; here she had a house,
in which she lodged the apostles for some time,
and she had a houshold with her. Whether they
were children or servants, or both, and what their
exact ages were, it is not said, nor is it material.
The story represents them as baptised upon her
Jaith ; and this is ail that is to the purpose. It wil4
((^ )
be sugs^j^ted perhaps, that they might be baptised
upon tlifir oxvii taiih. But the story gives no inti-
mation of any one's believing, but Lydia, Take
the account as Luke has iel't it, and they were bap-
tised upon her being judged taithiui to the Lord.
The story of the Jcujloi^ is to the .same purpose.
He enquired of the apostles, wkat must I do to be
saved P They say, Believe on (heLordJesnsiJhrist^
and thou shalt be saved and thine house, 1 n the same
sense, salvation is said to come to die houseof ^i/c-
cheus, because lie vvas a son of Abraham^ i.e. abe-
Ji< ver. So sucha-s are added to the chui chare called',
-The saved There were doubtless some present
oil tiiis occasion besides the Jaylor's family ; and
some of his family might be adults ; and .Wicvq-
fore it is said, They spake the word to him^ and
to all that xvere in his house. It is added, He
zoas baptised. He and aii nr^ straitivay, it is
not aid. All that \\ ere in his house were baptised ;
but he and ail his, i. c. such as were at his dispo-
sal— under his government — subject to his com-
mand. These were properly his. No mention
is made of any one's believing, but the Jaylor
himself. But d ) not the next word-^, He rejoic-
ed believing in God iv'ith all his house ^ import,
that all hib family believed as well as he *? 1 think
not. The Gre^^k words egall/asato pa?wiki pepis-
teukos to fhco are literally rendered thus, He re-
joiced in all his house, having believed God, The
idea conveyed is ihib : Aner he had bel eved
God, he rejoiced and gave thanks in the presence,
and in behalf of his whole family.
Now as it had been the ancieni universal prac-
tice, to receive inflmts with their parents into the
church of God, they who should read these ac
counts of houshoids baptised, wouid naturally con-
( 71 )
dude, that infants (if there were such) xv^re bap-
tised as \\ eli as others. If a M issionary sent from
this country, where infant haptism is genemlly
practised, to gospelize the heathen, should write
back an account of his success ; and therein
s.hould say, he had baptised so many hundreds,
and amongst the rest, such a noted person and
his //<5W5"/io/t/— :>uch an one and all his j who
would doubt, but there were some children, under
the aee of discretion, whom he meant to include?
But if an Antipgedobaptist Missionary should pub-
lish an account of the housholds he had baptised,
he would naturally except infants, to prevent mis-
takes.
^\7. The right of infants to baptism is farther con-
firmed by several particular passages of scripture.
It may be inferred from tho^e words of the apos-
tle, Rom. xi. 16, 17. If the root be holy, so arc
iha branches. And ij some of the branches (the
Jews) be broken off] and thou (a Gtntilt) being a
xvild olive, ivert grafted in among them, and with
tliem partakest of the root andjatness of the olive
tree, boast not, ^c,
Tiie olive tj^ee is the church of God, built on
the Covenant made with Abraham, Of this tree
the Jews were the natural j the Gentiles, the /// .
grafted branches. The root and fatness of the
tree, are the privileges and blessings of the cove-
nant. ^ It was one privilege of the covenant, that
children shou d be admitted into the clnirch with
their parents and consecrated to God as his chil-
dren. Therefore if the Gentiles are grafted into
the same stock, from which some of the Jews
are bj^oken off, and ivilh them who remain, partake
of the root and tafness, they certainly partake of
this privilege of having their children t^raftc^d with-
( 72 )
them. Accordingly the Geufiles are^ declared tn
be fellowJteirs, wiih the Jczvs — to be of the
S(7mt bodij — obe joint-partakers o^ ih^ prornise.
God proiPiised, that he would be a God to Ahra^
hmn^n^ his seed. And is he a God of the Jews
only 1 And not of the Gentiles F Doubtless of the
Gentiles also. God appointed a token of this pro-
mise to be applied to Abraham'' s infants, and to
the infants of liis seed : An I if we stand in the
same place as liis natural seed, and are partakers
with thein of the same privileges, then the token
of the promise is to be applied to our/infants.
To this passage we may add . that remarkable
one, in 1 Cor. vii. 14 Vhc luiheliemng husband
is sanctified by the wife, and the unbeUeinng wife
is sanctified by the husband ; else were your chiU
dr en andean, but now are theu holy. It is piaiii
here, that the cluldren of believers- 'dvc, in some
sense or otlier, holy^ or sai?its, by virtue of their
parents faith. They are distinguished from the
children of unbelievers, who are called unclean,
in the same munner as christians tue dhtmgmnh-
ed from heathens. Now what is this intant-holi-
ness, which resuhs from the parents' f lith ? It
cannot be legit imacj/i as some pretend; for surely
t{]p apostle did not mean to bastardise all children
born of heathen parents. It cannot be real, inher-
ent holiness ; for in this sense, then are barn, 7iot
of blood, nor of the will of man, but of God. It
can then be no other, than relative or covenant
holiness. The children of believers arc holy, as
all the people of Israel were holy, by a special
covenant-relation to God. The christian church
is called a holif natiou and peculiar people, in the
same sense. They are hoiy, as all the first born
under the law are holy, by a solemn dedication to
. . '(^73))
^od ill his temple. In aUiision to ihc dedication
W tht first, born infants, the christian church is
called^ Tne church of first'honi pa-sons. The} are
lioly, as being God^s. children, born to him of his
own covenant- peopje. Hmv if tltey are in this
sense holy, by what rite or ceremony are they de-
clared so, but by the washing of baptism? The
church is cleansed by tHe ivashing of xvattr. If
they arc holy as being Gods children^ and within
his covenant, ihty are certainly entitled to the
7nar/c of his children and the token of his covenant,
which is baptism.
The manner in which the author of the letters
endeavours to evade these passages, shews that he
felt himself embarrassed with them. 1 am ' very
willing, says he, that children should be as holy
^s the most benevolent person can wish them. I
have no inclination to lay a stain upon that inno-
cent age. — But here is not a word about their
baptism.' The gentleman doubtless knew how
we argue from these texts to prove infant baptism.
Why has he not shewn, that they must, or maj/
betaken in some other jcnse? Why has he not
told us, how the branches are holy by the holiness
of the root : how children arc holy by their pa-
rents faith, in some other sense than as being in-
titled to the privileges and seal of the covenant ?
How the Gentiles can be partakers of the .same
^promise, and of the same root and fatness with
' Abraham^ s natural seed, and yet not be ad-
mitted to the same privileges ? The truth is, the
argument from these texts is unanswerable,'*
* To evade the argument from this passage* some have
saiH * The s^^mc holiness, which is ascribed lo the childreno^
■ the helsever is also ascrihed to'the U7. believing partner^ Avi'.o
is said to b^santijicd as well as the offspring said to be holy.
G
{{^:)
• Ag:\k>;> -TJicapostleg in the.4tlT disp. t6 GaL
tells us j th^Vlsadc wixk bornaffcr the Sm'rlt,'.m^
born bi) prcmhc.-. 'By this he iilustra^es thetgospel
covenajiit'.; and savsy ^'^^s Isaac was^ so are we the
children e^ (rk^l^pr'omds'ffl i..e. ^we Ure' born chi!^
ciren of the promisr^ai being born of covenanted
Why then is not the uhl)eJFevint>^ fiiisfeafid. or v/ife. a nitm-
ber of: the dniich by vhtue of the' faith of the corrV^late, a§
Y/e]l:as Ijlie chiJdiftn. by virtire of the faith f>f this parent?? •
In answer to this 1 would observ.e ; ififynts^xjnder the-OM
TestnmenS, Had ever been received as memhep of God'^s^
rluirch. But when the Jews, in the time cfEzrA, hai!l,;cori-
nary to an express law married strange wives,- by* ^h<yi^
children were born to thenfl| ^ Avds^imered tha!tj:these. .chil-
dren, wiih ihclr heathen par^.Uts. should be put away, s^%
.unclean ; and tbt m^n, wjio refused to pii,taway their stran^i2
\vivos.weretheraselves tt^b'e ^epi'ar.ttcd from the congreg-ation.
In the Corinthian church a doUbt liad arisen, vihether'a
" ,] 'chever might jGontinue with^an unbrKreving correlate. T.ht&
question the a]:QiiiIe answers in ih^ afBrniative. l^or though
he advises chrisihus to marry on'ly in ihsvi^ordvyet a^rnar-
' jinge. contrj^.cl-Vcl^Wfic^ Wt'h tlte parties v/erc unhelievers^, is
l^ot < lissol ve^l by xSifcl fe!iU)J^ccf u'e»t faith- df one of th'em'. ' ButiC
jiii>];ivt rati her be «nf|uiredi whether children bornof |>aveni|,
«>i v.'i)on^grie s\jas,^..heatliei)i ought not tOr|38,^xciu<9eiiffr6iii
l,!->,'.; chvirrh .w'it'li the unclean or heathen .parent, as had been
determined in^He'timfcof Ezra? To this the apostle ans\vci;s
ivii the ne'^ativ*. If d brother ' have a iviJTe \vho belietieth not^
117] d •'she be fiJflsfii r& (Szvell with .hivfiy le-: him n'Qt fiuP her htt*ap,
iA\ d so gl t|\e itv,l|^>wKo.hfitl) an un^ciieyiiR^ h.u^baj)dv^^jPdr
ihc itribiUrvih^- hu^handis^ «r . h'ath be^n ^jictij'ie^ b.y 4 he wfet ;
■ o r r > t h e r , 'j>d?icc{j^cjd ', «>2^'or id. ' the -jvi/t' j^^and' t/ie , un.beli^vzng
' nvifi^haih bhh iikncf^Jiedm- h^ to rh'e livMraM The luibeiiev-
2!u; iiSfjucUiaed in-jrespedt 6f,iihd i'n- telAUofi'^<firtUef t]fe}i^vii^
pjity, sd4h*t ihc latter has^ a: iawf^l use and 'enj'o^-fnentxjf
ihe lormer j' for/as the ..aposile.,say3 elsewhere,.: 'o ^/^<' /2?^rg
c^l tlsh:ii'i are jikre s ^dhxl every pteajure of God icSgood.for
ft i.i.sci^icnJiM^tjy k^hf^rhhT^'dofG^jdandjhmyer.-^Etse were.-gour
chUdrrn unclean, if the^unbe.heving partner -were not •?san-
tiAeVl to'lhe vi^V'6? live 'b'e^iever. both; the parents must.bqx^-
k'Cted uom tb'e c'hurch, the /former as a 'heathen :and.u;;i-
" Vlcari/the lawer^is crinTina'nJy.Jivuie in cohabitation v\^y:h:a
4K'^t!idi^,^^'^i*^''t{>eH\ht6''ot*i.:iia, tTio*se "^ho refuseu'to put
p%?e^U. . Accor{lin£>4}^ tliooApo^tle'to tile 7f<f-
dre .)s,spe-aks of the privileafes of the coven an r , as
be«no^ the hirih-ri^hf of chrisf.an^i, and cant ions
thv-Jii, th^t they do riot profanely sell f//ar bnlh-
«■'■<'' 'J r-"^ •'•■■■''■■' .
afvay tl^e&tf^pgc wives, "whorrj^lhey bad llD]o^v^l■!!y tal.en,
w^Ve to"*be separated" from die congv-rgation.' Coiiscv^uer.iiy
^h^-chilfFpen would be undean. trccaUse both' ilie purenls
■^qulii.ipb ao«: But since vUc unbeliever is sanctified in re-
lation to the^.bcji.cvery the^cHi}d'ren)are /^o/j/, and so to be ac-
counied TTftesniNei;? of tbe church. .;,
'The* nnf5et]ev.eV is liere said to be sanctified,^ not in relation
to God but^only in relation to his. or h(^r yoke*fcIib\V'. Bui
ibc. childre.n:arvi.suid. to be /w///. in'to^pos'if.lon tothe nr^clcVTiy
Di: tOf4^t+Mi^w. .;>yj person's beirtg" sane li lied in a particular
re^peptyOir for a certain purpose,^ as the lu^^^ijijiever is iiere
^crh!'t6b6 snnclin*^d only in velation, to tlic fiMsbdndn or ib.o
i^ifeit does not denominate h\\r\'ii' froly onr^^ \viuc\i is, iri scrip-
lure, the appropriate litkeof those wlio beionp; to the church.
'Jl'herefore though chikh'en are members of ihe cbuicii, wa
cTescended froin, anfjrwnder the ciu e and government of a
peiieving parent, yel*a lieatheh becomes'hot a rnem!)er cfe'
the cikuVbh-W M^rHlg*^ with 4 belieVer.^' The wordb ofVi/c
appA^ei. .Q*n^cna>'it|.'ido*SU{lh ideaLt* Foif'he ctiUa: ch-i?<4reu
holy 11^ opposition to the unclean; but he ^expreasiy depjies
and liu|its the sense .in- whigh.t_I]e unl>elitver i^iS,r.nctine<».
frvs merely in respect of, and in relation to Wc believir.g
correlate. ' . . . •
The^ense.whiab'we have'giyeh of the phrase, eancti/cd
^l/i ov^ fo^L/^e.£t>ifeyis apf^iv>v.e<a by fiitical expositors, paiii-
cuhvly^ by 'tVhif. by i who says, it is the^sen^a given by tlv;
Greek interfireters ; and it iscertatnly a^rcs^able to il '-•
j5l^wide[fn the originu}.'^" ^rhe apostle cannot intend, that Xh'c
unbelieH^i^fiji convcrted'to thefaiih by the beHever ; for thU
;5a!ictif|catioTi isspmething* wliich Was. v-l ready taken place,
\vh'.lc the subjec' was an unbeliever. Ttie conversion of the
iinbeliever by the influen'ce of the bel1ev?ng correlate, (l^e
apostle afterward mentions, as an addi^jon^^I reasdn For co-
habitation ; but he speaks of it as a change which h'jficfijMy
mniyi 0*01 as Whit already has^ or ce> tairdy-^ fjJll take j)! Jce.
IV/im kno%'Jmt thou, O w/f, sD/iecAcn ihoii &hdUaave thy hus^
band P And hoy) kno'ive&t thou^ O man, %i>helliej- ihouihail- m^e
thy %vi/c ?
Anr! it rs -^Vorthy to be noled^ that the same
titles, by wliicli christians are distinguished ironi^
hcatht^ns are expressly applied to the children o^
converted parents. Are christians called sainfsP
So are their chi]<h'en.* Are they called disciples P
So are their chiMren.f Do they belong to God's
•kingdoro ? So do their childreii.J Are' they ca]-^
\<)d believers ? So christian fapiilies which wcf^
:^r.}>porte(l l>y a conimon stock, in which irifants'
neie inchsded, are Q^\\t& the muUitude of them
that bt:licve.% And Christ speaks of those little
ones which believG in hi7n.\\ Are christians called
ihe children ofGod?: . So are the infants of pro-*
fessors.^[ They that belong to the church ard
railed ike saved; so salvation comes to the hous^
of the believer.'! 4- Who, that considers, howithese
titles are promiscuously given to ^^^i// christion*
and ^';e/r children, can doubt, but that children
are brought into covenant v*^ith their parents ia
the gospel-time, , as they used^tp.be, befoj-e, and
consequently are subjects of baptism, the only
initiating seal ? ^*'*
8. I shall add to the preceding arguments, one
more taken from I Cor. 10. 2. The Apostle
here, speaking of the Jeza who came out of
Egypt, says. They were all baptised unto Afoses
hi I he cloud and in the sea, w,-
That this passage alludes to christian baptism,
our brethren, particularly the author of -the let-
ters, allow. The Apostle plainly confiders their
bajjtism into Moses as typical oiour baptism into
Christ', for he adds. They did all drink of the-
* 1 Cor. 7. 14. tAct. 15. 10. \ Mark 10. 14.
§ Act. 4. 32. . \\ Mat. 18. 6. 1 Ezek. IS, 2K.
1^7 )
Ba?}i€ spirifual drink ; for theij drank of the rock,
which folloxved them, and that, rock h Christ, or a
type of Christ. All these things happened to than
.for examples, or types, and are written for our
admonition The Jewish writers say, ' The people
were baptised in the desart, and admitted into
covenant with God before the law was given/
Now if the Apostle has any respect to christian
baptism, as it is plain he has, here is an undenia-
ble proof of the right of mfants to baptism. For
he says, Theij all, the xvhole congregation, of
which infants then in their parents arms were a
great part, they^ all were baptised into Moses. All
were under the cloud. AW passed through the sea,
•,&c, H'.:' repeats the nni versa! term all because it
■is emphatical here. Now if this baptism into
Moses was a type and written ior bur admoni-
tion, it typically admonishes as, that we alt shonid
be baptised into Ch^ist5 not believers only , but
their c/n7^7v;i also;
As the whole congregation were ba{)tised and
admitted into covenant at the sea, v» hen Moses
'took the command of them^ so this covenant was
again renewed with a//, both men, women and
iittle o?ieSy just before h*^ left them. Dent. ^^9'.
10, Ve stand, all of you be/ore the Lord your
God, your EMers, your little ones, your wives,
that thou shoukUt enter into covenant ivith tJii^
Lord, that he may establish thee for a people un-
to himself, and may be unto thee a God, as he
hath sworn to thy Father, to Abraham, &c» I'his
x:ovenai«it with Abraham, which is so expressh^
j-enewed with iittle r-r^^s, is defended to as anrj
sour children.
T shall now brie% reeapitoIat<^ rhe ^rguiTienU
that have been oiFered, .and present them in one-
view. ■ .. , '..',-'•...
The covenant, wjiich Gml rnatj^ mthJh7''al>am
and his^jS^edy expressly induded infants ; and
the sea It, hereof .vvas, by God's command, apphed
'lp J/ie7n,. W(^y believing G-tmtiks, are the seed /or
w'rho.ji)v;4he coven^^tr ■w^tk:,Ji)7'aJfa/n was made^
and ther.efore c?/r infants a]s Will I as /a>, areeatitled
to the privileges of the. covenant, and subjects of
tiie.SGtd of it, by yirtne oj' tlte-.origjiml grant to
Abraham^ in r*s, niiiGii as that /grant jms never
jbeen recaHed. T^M^^ covenant ^^ as rerie\t ed at the
red sea—2iVi{[ agaiuvin the plains of ,M,oah^.'Si\\6.
still 4«fants are ejXpreshiy jncludrd;r~-A!l ^ along
;un«e^r t he Old l^estainent, chiWren are compre-
hended ; with parents in all covenant-transactions
jbetvveen God and his people, and th'etoketi oithe
covenaift^is.still ^fjpli^i to tb'ejD. The Proplicts
often foretell, thai the case vAOuid be the same ia
|E,he gospel time;: that jChfisjt -should gather, the
Idintis with hji? -^r«is — 4;liar God ,wouldi potir hri
Spirit upquihe .off^p'- m^-oi h^sipeople, vnjho siTOtild'
|bj^ .the seed of thp.blcissed pf.the Loiti, and their
q0r>V4^igncitl^tIifm: ln%h^ Jeui-^hchu^'ch, itv\-a)8
,a custom,, kng before our>Sayii)ui:'s .appea? anc^,
t.o .vQCi^-iVQ ■genUits proselytes- wuhjU^in-iCluUtrf t^^
'^^ l^ifptjS4:a.,as-weU as Gircuq[u**ib'*oij. - Qirrst also
lij,tn^^U\took mfant^s. intQ bis, arms -and blessed
.t|ie4i^,'>am:l; directed that they shbuld t^ brought
.t:q h;m, ^bcieause c^[ such was his ktugdoni, that
kingdom, into which persoifts v/ere^to be:afl'mit>»
ted bjV being ;born of v^at.e/.' Me ordrred his Apos^-
ties to receive them in lii» name, aud treat^thcm
as h.s disciplesr When he gave the baptismal
( '9 )
t'ommiss'on, lie ex]}re>S'r(l it in such universal
terms lis nwwA naiuially iDilude infiiDt-' : And the
Apostles, knowing vvhat had betn ihe cons; ant
usa f^e concern ingit"ifi\nt>, dfid hu'ct Ciirist had ever
treated them, tnust understah<] iiie eomniissiou as
extending to sucU AceorUin^iy, ^oon alrer, wh^n.
thev invited the convicted /t^zr^ ^o bapnsin, tlie^r
placed their riglit to it u^on the footr^'arprorpise
Vihich equally belonged to Iheiii and. thefr, chil-
dren.' Wii&iY'tlie\r^ba}j>tjse'd the jiead ofanyi fl'mi-
ily in liis own. house, they baptised. Jns f^uiily; with
hitH; ' THK' 'cbristshtU tauglit^'ttatV^
with Abraliam, of Avhicli circumcisTm^ the
-ie^aL' is tlie saitie Vi^hic'Fi \ie iile now under, an(i
ttiat t!ie'b!esV;hVgsot it are come u^ bii us G entiles
*— tiiat the Gentiles are grafted into the tiame
At<'ck,' from ^vilrich the /t'tt'y \ver^ ' br9ken off—
tljat chijdren are holy byf VJHue of t he iV jii,! rents
faith— timt baptism i.^ f he ^iirtsf ian icircunicijpion.
ill
li
'of- t^ie Ahra h dm it CiH*e vi'kwY, Was a g re a t^ p r i v dege ^
hnt the goHpel-cli.-ipleil^cUioh coiiters greater,--— rr?
Thet^ dlustr^fe tire gpspc^l-cdvenant. hy an'cj.ent*^e^7
amtjlc^ of cBVenaiU-traiYsaC't»ons^ in w liich inlayts
were included; by K\\h ctLke'oV IsujdCy^\\\io y^^s
i)orn after tife nrciiyi/^e, by Spcih'^i ant, lu'wiiich
Ills Wliblc'fatniry wt^i'fe skved i^n'c6risc(|iiencc (>|" /i/f
fdit h',"tlie I ikeYi^u re \vhereimtb t^vei i I )arjf isu) now
saves US; ^arid by the biiptism of tfc. -^^^^
fere^^rt^rf^'iiiffihtsaffld yi, at tSie Red'«ea/uliicii
\\'as a t vpeVaad ^\^ritten foi* ; ur a<j!r>oni! hjh'.' \\ [jeq
"\%'e Consider these- things, vve.triiiik' the evidence
i ^0 )
fc^bumlantly clear, that the iufaats of beiievers are
Entitled to baptism.
DISCOURSE IV.
H
AVING laid before you the arguments by
wfiiuh the right of infants to baptism is vindicated,
1 shrdl now, as I proposed,
III. Shew you the rational ends and moral
uses of infant baptism.
li baptism be a divine institution for the infants
of believers, it ought to be applied to them, whe-
ther we can see the uses of it or not:. But stijj
it may give us some satisfaction to understand
what good ends it can answer. /^
¥/e are often asked, 'What good can baptism
do to infants^* It miiiht suffice to reply. As
much good as circumcision could do them for-
iiierl} ; or as much as the public presentation of
first-born infants to God could do thtm. The
iApostle says. The protit of cirawicision, (which
Was usually adan in Mered to infants) was much
every way. The profit of injant baptism may
be as much. — Particularly, •
1 . It IS evident, that God treats infants as sin-
ners for Jda?n\s transgression. In consequence
of /iis apostacy, they suffer a sad variety of
pams and diseases, which often issue in early
'death. And from that 'bi^3 and inclination to
fevi), which they soon discover, there is reason, to
suppose they are infected with. some mopl disf
brder, which needs to be removed in order to
their enlranee 4nto the world of glory. By one-
man, says the Apostle, sin entered inio thezvorld,
€71 d death by sin, ci7ui so death passes upon all
men ^ for that all have sinned. — -By one mans
•ffciice^ judgment came ifpon all to condemnation,
—In Adam all die, — By his offence many are
made sinners In this lariguage, he speaks in the
6th chap, to the Romans^
. Now the gospel assures us, that Christ has ob-
tained redemption iVotn the condemnation of sin,
and that in this redemption, all who believe, are
unfaihngly interested. But we see, that a very
great part of the human race are cut ofF in infan-
cy, while they are incapable of actual faith. What
becomes oUhemP Is any prorision ma<le for their
r^alvation? Or must they perish and be lo*t for
ever ? This is a natural enquiry. Now to com-
fort our minds concerning such, God has seen fit
to assure uSj that they may become partakers of
redemption by Christ, and be made heirs of the
kingdom above, notwithstanding their incapacrty
for an actnal comphance with tiiose terms which
^re proposed to the adult. And to confirm our
faith and hope in his promise, he has appointed,
that they shall be received with their beiieving
parents into his visible kingdom, the church, and
have the seal of his covenant affixed to them.
The great promise of the covenant is, that God
will be a God to believers and their seed, Hi is
promise is often explained in scripture to import
ihe happiness of the life to come. And God's ap-
pointing the seal of his promise to be applied lo
our infant seed, is a most comfortable gronnd of
our faith and hope, that if they should be removed
by an early death, they will be traasplant'dd intc;
tJjAf ,l!Kippj. claGni5*. vfhere- trlifey >vill spring. «p> if*
everlWuB^i^','. life.*
V V
The children '"of believing paren-ts, may be said to bft
horn^'^^cGvcnanf^-dn tirey arc'borrl "I'lnd^r that promise of the
C«venaDt3,;\ fvxviU- bf. a- Xrod uiito-i^hH and rhy seed. ' A'QCor-
Ui'v-i^-lri^Oed cuUstH^)T> ifiss'chiTjdi^^H, fccvrii^lb i*\fr, .il'-oHhoser
V'-hQ cije in|j|:iftv',icy thi.a^pi^lfC J Tpfjy;beju)y^r^i;!^t(>94 %^.W^^
prbrtinf^" a" 'fesuin-'ection tc? eteinal life. As th^. AposUe ar.i^-ue*
concerning tlie patriurchs, (Hob. IV.) so we m-n""' reason
concerninj^ thfc^s« ; ^sinkjc .trhey"en»oy TK)-distii%uT3hinf^ fifvciir
in tliisworid, there/ must be so.me go.od !itescrYc:i?fbr them
in another else the pcomisei^iils. Th.fr(J^.>';t G^ ^s^f[of:
ks-hamrd to bc'calh'd 1 ti'eiV'Ciyd,* ./or hf kath jin<'pa*--efl )J'or
f^itm a -fik/ To those who arrive* tb''m"oYa!ageiicy, the pro-
xaifie niviy ijlipoJt,' not oiilyiihe-'eivJriyKV^ht? m tlie xix'ternal
ir>;:an^ of <iJeiii^i^p, but ■the atitendapt inttntenoes <jf the. divyne
spiritj The^ Apostle tejis ns^.thut iviiiqng.the many advan-f
tai^es of circumcision,, this is 01^9 of the ch^of, i/iaf to th>cn\
ard roMmit'l^d thf? w'aci('9 0^.^'idy CRoi-rt. 3>r.) And God
exp>re£siy promises to Ji'iSOb lais setvant, a>'id to Israel vvlioni
he haSvPhoben, / will pour my ^fhirii' on t-hy seed-, aJiuytntj
jhlsBsing on thine offsifiring^ and they eball tfiring ^iiji c« a77^p'AS
(fie _if'yfs8,'-(iTid as^wilto'ivs'by the xbatrrcQurscs {\s,k\ 44, o.j
'Xheh' i-7-it crest in tins- pronns^ras the clilldr'en of Gdcf'sifer-
v:'Uts is one .grrouiKl-^ofj their adniissibn to baptiklii, the tolieii
af God's f.dthfuincss, i*tvd of their kobiigcitioh to s^fM^hig^i'.
But then it is by baptism, that ther i^re declared to. be witjiiii
the church, and entitled to the vif<ibl^ privileges of it. Pers.ons
jnay be virtually in covenant by thir own or their parfntt
fciith ; but they are not rmv/t/ and fir'^jfss^dly in covenant,
or in the .chUrch, till they haiv^e p^ss^d y^ncipr the appoiiite^
ceremony.. When wc speak of* persons -b^inj^ admltitijiliuto
the church of baptism, we rnedn'hot;,' tTiat 'this conveys.tiie
right of adoiiasioii ; for it presupposes tVie ^right^ Wnxl^the
qualification or reladof', in whicii tlie! right, by dlvine> iwsli-
tUtion IS tonnded: but that it declares tiiejr^giit,
introduces to -visiblr privilcp;cs.' God says, 'The uncnxuin-
cised m;m-child shall be cut off from among his people, he
hath broken my covenant.' He was preYiovsly-in cove'nint,
else .he could not be said tQ bie^^i. it by his uj,>rirGumdiiicm-
So also thd unbaptis^ed person is to bc^cut ptr,|ar-;e^cludc4
from the privileges of the chrisaah church.'
Oodvlft Said to have (?sta]>rish^(i'M<^ C'orenant
with ihecattleand the fowls, when he engaged no
mpfeio'idiown the earth, with a iiood ; and as a
token, of this covenaat, he apponited hi^ bow in
tiie cloud. And srireiy he m'a}, in as just and
jational a senst?, ;^\stablish the covenant of grace
with iiifantJj, ^nga:grng: to pour his spirit? aVjd b'es-
.4ing Uj.i0.u them; siad appointing the s^;iT of this
C«wenjant:tavtre lifiixed to them, in token of his
ifaithfulness to fulfil his gracious promise.
'jo^-^. .The parent, by dedscating his children to
Xi<^\ in baptism, solemnly binds himself to give
;;4tieHi a r^hgioirs arid christian - education, aiad tb
^use his influence, that tfiey shall keefi the way of
.the Lord, and not put th(?tti8elves but of that co-
.venant, into which they have been thus vjsibly
, introduced. Now if it if any } rivilege for chil-
dren to have a Teligious education, it is a privi-
U\ge that such an education should be secftrrd to
• thecn-; anti consequently a pnvdege rh^V the pa-
rent, by this public transaction, shuiild covenant
■ and ni^figc^ to bring them up lu theWrtiire and
admonition of the Lord.
It mjay be asked, perhaps^ Ho^v a parent can
t^povefi^iH for hiS children f Bnt the answer is ob-
^^^ioijs, • He ran >:avci>ant 'for lihnsc^lf to discHarg:e
such and «uch (tuties to them, a^id can io%aihV(l
.-i^her'o to God, itr hope of the d'ivme bles:*invr uppn
'■■)^\^\ pji0as:iera:deavours luUlhvs^ s?^ris^'hiHy ev^ry
religions parent, as Joshua did, covenant- for his
ifho;Uc>^, ds'J^^r mcundmi/ ffetu^srive will serve ike
r 3* As, the parent, .iVho dedicate.^ his ohil<)re6,
.^.${iouhr consider hiinielf mHmd, by his ow'n.art, tro
educate tlieui dei.igi.oiisl} ; so. chfidren.thus dedi-
( «4 )
4?ated, when they come to the age of Felfccf »ob.,
should realize, that, having hern given to Go(?,
they are not Ihei?^ owji, but his ; and are bound to
live, not to ihcmsdveSy but to him whose tlicr
are; and that a wicked, irreligious life is a prac-
tical renunciation of their baptism, and disa-
vowal of their relation to the God of their Fathers,
If the Jexoish parent, by circumcising his chil-
«lren, bound them to own and serre the God cii
Israel. — If the vow of ASampson^s parents bound
,kim to be a Nazarite for ever — If Hanuah's vow
.t)ound Samuel to attend upon God in the sane-
^tuary ; as well may the act of the chrisfia^i parents
iia bringing his children to baptism, bind them
to serve the God and Father of our Lord Jesus
Christ. The religious parent may urge hps chil-
dren to a godly life by this argument, that he has
given them to God. Thus the mother of king
/.^f 7??;/^/ expostulates with him.* TV hat my scni f
And xchat the son of my womb f And whaf fhc
.'Son of my vows? And this argument will have
weight with children of an ingenius temper. Thus
the Psalmist reasons with himself,f / will walk
before the Lord, I will call on his name, I will
pay my voxvs in the presence of his people. O
i ordy truly J am thy servant, I am thy servant ^
the son of thy handmaid. 1 pass on,
IV. To consider the practice of the christian
church with resj ect to infants nnmediately after
the Apostolic age.
The author of the letters says, ' It is of small
importance to christians to knov. what the many
writers upon this subject^ since the time of the
Evangelistb and Apostles, have affirmed/ Biit
* Proy. 2 5.2. tPsal. n. 6.
'( «5 )
yet to know \vi);it they Iiave affirmed concerning-
the mode oi baptism, he thinks to be of no small
importance.
Ke asserts, noon their authority, that the church
for l.JOO years practised />72/7z^r5'/y/; ; though indeed
he allows that, sjirinkHng v/as practised too in ex-
traordinary cases Upon the same authority it
may be asserted that the 'liurch, k.v many hun-
dreds of years, practised infant baptism ; and not
^single f>ersonj much less a church, can be produ-
ced which denied the Lm- fulness of it. And the
practice of the church is as good an evidence in
favour of i>//''7;;/ l)(iptisvi, 7is\\. \\^ouId have been in
favour o{ immersiun in ease that, alone ^ had been
practised. — This gentleman himself (perhaps in-
advertently) allows the early, constant universal
practice of admittmg infants to baptism. For
he adopts this passa,2;e from Dr. IVall, * /i// chris-
tians in the world who never owned thePope^s aa-
thority, do now, and ever did, dip their infants in
the ordinary use.' (Not universally, but ordi-
narilj) dip them.) It" they dipt infants, they bap-
tised\\\^xx\. This practice is of much more weight
to prove infanfs are the subjects than to prove
dipping is the /7Z£?^/r of baptism; because dipping-
was but the ordinanuse, whereas infant baptism,
for ought that appears, was the nrdversrd practicc
of the ancierjt church, except mc^s^sof prcsclytisvi ,
We do not pretend to rest the proof of infants
right to baptism upon the practice of the church,
but upon th? authority of scripture' However ii^
it apiif ars, that the church, soon after the Apostles,
did admit them, and there is no account of any
church that rejected them, or any person who de-
nied the lawfulness of the practice, or pretended,
u
( 86 )
that \t\v as aninjiovaiwrit this will be an argument
ofconsiderable weighty that it was derived from the
Apostles: For the early christians, they who liv-
ed in the ages next after the Apostles, must have
known what tl/elr practice was in such a matter
:is this, which wasof a most public nature, and con-
cerned the very being of the church. AVhatthe
nsage of the church was, in the earliest times after
the Apostles, we can learn only from the ancient
writers, who are here produced, not as cxcnnples,
but only as historians, or witnesses to a plain
matter of fact.
Justin Martyr^ who wrote about forty years
after the apostolic age, says, 'We have not re-
ceived the carnal, but the spiritual circumcision
by baptism — And it is enjoined to all persons to
to receive it in the same way/ Here he plainly
considers baptiim as succeeding in the place
of circnmcision, and consequently as being de-
sij^Aed for infants as tliat was: which opinion lie
could not easily have fallen into, if the Apostles
had universally, both in doctrine and practice re-
jected infants. In one of his apologies for the
christians, he says, 'Several persons among us,
of sixty and seventy years old, who xrere made
disciples (v Christ from (heir childhood, do con-
tinue urscorrupt.' Aladc disciples^ He uses the
same word wliioh is used in the commission;
Disciple all nations baptising them. U^ they
were made disciples, they vvere doubtless baptised.
Irenreus, wiio wrote about s-ixty-seven years
after the Apostles, and was born it ts'sair-, before
the death of St. Joh?!, nnd was acquainted with
Fclycarp, who was Johns disciple, 5^ays concern-
h.i^- Christ, ' He came to save all persons who by
C87 ]
him are regenerated (i, e. baptised) unto God,
infcints, little ones, youths and elderly persons/
Tliat Irenmus used tiie word regenerated to sig-
nify baptised^ is plain from his own words, \vlit?ie
he says, * When Christ gave his disciples the
command oi regenerating unto God, he said, Gq
and teach all nations, baptising them, &c.'
TertuHiaji, who flourished about 100 years af-
ter the Apostles, gives a plain testimony, that the
churcii admitted infants to baptism in his time*
It is true he advises to delay their baptism ; not
because it was ?/;;/(7rr////, for he allows it in c.ises of
necessity? not merely upon the foot of their in/an
Cj/, for he advises also, that unmarried \)ersons be
kept from this ordinance^ until they either mar-
ry or are confirmed in continence ; but because
the Sponsors were often brought into a snare ;
and because, he imagined, sins committed after
baptism were next to unpardonable. But his
advising to delay it, supposes it, to have been
the practice; for otherwise there would have been
no room for the advice. He does not speak of it
as an innovation, which certainly he would have
done, had it begun to be practised in his time.
Mis words rather imply the contrary. His speak-
ing of Sponsors, who et%gaged for the education
of tlie infants that were baptised, shews that
there had been such a custom. And his asking,
Why that innocent age made such haste to bap-
tism, supposes that infants had usually been bap-
tised, soon afier their birth. So that he fully
enough witnesses to the fact^ that it had been
the practice of the church to baptise infi.a)ts. And
his advice, to delay their b^-plism till they were
grown up and married, was one of tlioseodd and
(■88 )
. .ai,iaar no'-ons, for whicli this father was very
reaiarkable.
Orige?i, who was contemporary with Tei'ltdU-
.•/;, csprcssly declares infant baptism to have been
ine constant usage of the church from the Apos-
•fes. Vie says, * The baptism of the chnrcli is
';iven lov the fon^nveness ofsins : But. wjjy are in-
iaiits, bjj the nsjg^c of (he church, Ijaptised, if
I here h- nothing in them4hat needs forgiveness ?'
Fartlier he says, 'Infants are l^aptised for the
remission of sins ; for none is free irom pollution,
* Ijongii his hfe b'- init the lengtii of one day upon
i'arth. And it is for that reason, l)ecause by
';>aptisai the pollution of onr birth is taken away,
liiat i?ifiinfs are baptised,'
Again he observes^, « T[}e cluirch had from the
\postIes an order to give baptism to infants; for
ihey, to whom the divine mysteries were com-
initted, knew that there was in all persons the
natural pollution of sin, which must be done
away by water and the Spirit/
Kow as Origen, in these passages, argues from
infant baptism to prove original sm, we may
<^oneliide, it was an uncontroverted usage of tlie
rhurch; for -otherwise he could not, with propri-
et}', have used it as an argument to establish
another point,
Cyprian^ who wrote about 150 years after the
Apostles, gives a fuller testimony to this fact. \n
this time a question was started by one Fidiis,
(not whether infants might be baptised, but)
whether baptism ought not to be gi^^en them on
the cightii day, according to the law of circum-
cision ? This qnestion was proposed to a council
of sixty-six Bishops convened at Carlhagey who
( 89 )
unjiiiimoiisly resolved, that the baptism of infants
out not to be deferred to the eighth day, but
mii^dit be given to them at any time before. And
a large Jet ten to this purpose, containing the
reasons of the resolve, was written and designed
by Cyprian^ in the name of the council.
Now in this assembly of ministers, doubtless
there were some sixty or seventy years old, who
could remember within less than TOO years of the
Apostles. And therefore, if infant-baptism had
been a usage lately introduced, some or all of
them must have known it. — And if so, it is very
strannre that not one of them intimated anv scru-
O 4.
pie aboul; it. Whether infants should be baptised,
seems not to have been at all a question, but only
whether their baptism needed to be deferred to
the eighth day, whirh, without hesitancy, ^was
determined in the negative.
A little more than 100 vears after \h\s tini',
Gregory Nazian:zen taught, ' that infar.ts shouM
be baptised to consecrate them to Christ in theii
infancy/ Ambrose, 'that the baptism of infuiit-
had been the practice of the Apostles and of thf
church till that time/ Crysostcm, ' \h:A\. baptis};^
had no determinate time, as circumcision had,
but one in the beginning of life, or one in the
middle of it, or one in old age miglU receive it.'
But not to multiply citations; I shull add but
one more, Austin, about 500 years after the
Apostles, had a controversy with Pf/^'i^'itv/; about
original sin; and to prove it, he frequently urge^
infant baptism, demaneing ^Why infants are bap»
tised for the remission cfsms, if they have none r
Pelagius though greatly puzzled wiili the ar-
gument, yet never preienls, that inllral baptism
H 2
{ 90 )
was an unscriptiiral innovatio7iy or a pa7^tial\isage
m the church 5 which, had it been true, a man of
his very extensive acquaintance with the world,
must have known, and had he known it, he doubt-
less would have said it, wlien he found himself em-
barrassed with the argument. But far from inti-
jiiating any such thing, when some charged upon
hiui the denial of infant baptism, as a consequence
of his opinion, he disavows the consequence and
complains, that he had been slandevQusly repre^
sen led as denying baptism to infants. He asks,
' Who can be so impious as to hinder infants from
being baptised and born again inCiiristr' And cit-
ing those words. Except one be born of xoater and
Ihe spirity he cannot enter into the kingdom of
God, he says, ' Who can be so impious as to re-
fuse to an infant, of whatever age, the common
redemption of mankind?* And many other ex-
pressions he uses, which plainly suppose, that
infant baptism had been practised universally, and
lime out of mind.
And from this time till the year 152^3, (as Dr,
JVatl, upon a most careful enquiry, assures us)
there is not so much as a man to be found, who
has spoken against, or even pleaded for the delay
of the baptism of infants, except a small number
in France, in the tv^elfth centur}^, who denied the
possibility of their salvation, and consequently
their right to baptism. But this sect soon disap-
peared.
Now if all the first churches were every where
established by the Apostles, upon the plan only
of adult ba])tism, and children were every where
left unbaptised, how could infant- baptism begin
soeaily, und spread so extensively as it seems Xo
Tiavc doner How could such a speedy and tola!
alteration take place in a matter of such public
notice and great importance, and yet no noise
be made about it; no opposition raised against
it? Such a thing would be absurd to imagine.
The early and universal usage of the church is
then an argument of very considerable weight,
that infant baptism was an Apostolic practice.
To invalidate this argument our brethren
allege, that many corru[)tions were early admit-
ted into the christian church under pretence of
Apostolic traditions, and prevailed without op-
position; such as Infants Cumnuuiion, Exorcism^
Trine- Immersion, Unction ^ after baptism^ &c.
But supposing these had prevailed as early and
universally as we find infant baptism to have
done (which truly was not the case) yet there is
this mighty difierence, Tliesc were but circum-
stantial errors, which did not destroy the being
of the church, or nullify men^s Christianity, and
therefore it is no wonder that we have no ac-
count of any warm controversy about them. But
infant baptism, in the opinion of our brethren,
does, so far as it prevails, unchurch the church of
Christ : For they look upon those, who have re.
,xeived no other baptism, as being unbaptised, and
«i| unfit for christian communion. Now if the first
christians had viewed it in this light, would they
have sat silent, when they saw it get footing, and
prevail ? Would not some, alarmed at the dan-
gerous innovation, have borne their testimony
ao-ainst it? Would there not have been some
churches, which preserved the > imitive usage,
and renounced communion w;th such as had so
essentially departed from it? The difTereiu sects
^ m
of, christians were often inflamed against each
other by smaller differences. It is tiierefore ut-
terly unaccountable, that there should be no dis-
pute, when this supposed /w«c/j/77f7wr^/ innovation
was introduced, nor the least remains of any
controversy about it, until within these two or
three centuries.
There were indeed some great corruptions in-
troduced into the church, which in time consider-
ably prevailed, such as Image-worsliip, Transub-
staniiafinu, &c. But these never prevaded so
unher.uilly, so earlijy nor so without opposifion,
a* we have seen infant baptism must have done.
A great part of the christian ciiurch has always
rejected them and protested against them. iMany
Synods and Councils have publicly condemned
them. And m the times when, and places where
they most prevailed, it was by the protection and
support of civil and military j)ower; which can-
not be pretended in the case of mfant baptism.
It is time that we draw to a conclusion. I
have only to lay before yon a few deductions
from what has been offered.
It has, I think, been proved, that our baptism
is one with that of our brethren^ andthat we have
neither changed the baptism instituted by Christ
into another rife, nor introduced a 7iew set of
subjects. And therefore,
1. I beg leave seriously to enquire. Whether
our brethren have any just occwsion to withdraw
themselves from our communion ? Surely the
candid among them will acknowledge, that, our
opinion is nc , ^o wholly without foundation, but
that it may consi<it with an honest and good heart.
And can it be for the interest of Christianity,
( 93 )
whicl; v>'C on both sides profess to reo-ard, tl.at v\e
should renounce fellowship with eaeh other on
account of tliis diiFercnce ? We are \n!ling they
should commune with us, and yet enjoy the Ifb-
erty of acting agreeable to their own principles.
Though we wish they might think with us, yet
we would bv no means conttrain them to brinej
their infants to baptism contrary to their con-
sciences. And, I apprehend, few ministers would
.scruple to administer baptism by immersion to
any suitably qualified, who choose to receive it.
For though they think aiTusion warranted by
scripture, yet they are far from denying the va-
lidity of immersion. Since therefore our breth-
ren may enjoy their own principles with us, what
occasion can they have to separate from us ?
Perhaps some will say. We cannot commune
with you, because, in our opinion, you are un-
baptised ; nor can we receive baptism from your
ministers, because thty have received no other
than infant baptism, whith is a nulhty : And
since they have not been regularly baptised them-
selves, they cannot administer valid baptism to
others.
It were to be wished, that persons of such nar-
row .sentiments would realize the consequence.
Infant baptism was undoubtedly the universal
practice of the christian church for many liund-
reds of years together. History does not inform
us, when it tlrst began to be practised ; but we
have particu'ar accounts when it was first op-
posed. And if it be a nullity, there is not,
nor can be again, any regular baptism in the
world ; for tliere is not the least ground to pre-
tend to a ,succc?>'ion of adult baptism. If wr
( 94 )
trace adult baptisms back, we must come to the
time when they were administered by those who
were baptised in infancy, and who, upon the
principles above mentioned, could not administer
valid baptism. Our brethren therefore, by nul-
lifying 0U7' baptism, nullify tlicii^ ozvn ; and by
unchurching us, unchurch themselves. Yea, up-
on these principle-s, there were no authorised
ministers, nor rugular churches, noi- baptised
christians, Tor many centuries together, nor are
there now, nor ever will be again, without a new
commission from heaven. Hovv then has Christ
fulfilled his promises, that he will be with his
ministers always to the end of the world, and that
the gates of hell shall not prevriil against his
church } We may rest assured, that these prom-
ises have not been forgotten, and consequently,
that baptism did not cease, nor the church fuii,
when infant baptism became so much the gene-
ral practice, that a succession of adult baptisms
was no where preserved. Our brethren then
must allow, that baptism, as administered in our
churches, is valid, and consequeully, that the
above mentioned plea, for declining communion
with us, is of no weigiit.
And indeed many among them, tlioiigb they
think infant baptism, especially when performed
by sprinkling, not regular, yet do so iar allow
.the validity of it, that they scruple not io hold
communion with us. Some baptist cliurches in
England are founded on this catholic plan, the
church of which the late celebrated Dr, Foster
was minister, received to her communion ^\xvh as
weve baptised in infancy, Vvithout requiring ihem
tp be re baptised. The famous Mr. Whis-lon^ vt^-s
? 9-3 )
admiitefl to the communion of this church, after
leaving the church of England^ without rebapti-
zation, wiiich he never would submit to; for
though he pronounced baptism in infancy^ and
b}?- sprinkling to be wrong, yet he declared it to
be * so far real baptism, that it ought not to be
repeated.'* Were our brethren ell (as indeed
viami of them are) of the same generous senti-
ments, we should hardly need to be knowaas
diiTcrent sects; to be sure there would be no oc-
casion for dividing communions upon our dilYer-
ent opinions.
Vv'idi those of less generous sentiments, I beg
leave seriously to expostulate. That you have
the same right as w^e have, to judge what are the
divine institutions, and to practise accordingly,
none will deny. But to differ in sentiment and
practice, is one thing; to renounce communion
on account of this difference is another. To jus-
tify this step, it is not sufficient to prove, that jou
may be in the right : It is necessary to prove that
we must be fundamentaUy in the wrong. You
suppose us to be in an error. But is this error, in
in your opinion so manifest and so gross, that
none who embrace it can be honest ciiristians r —
Can you demonstrate that the seal of the coven-
ant of grace was never appointed for the children
of believers ; or, if such an appomtment was once
made, it has since been revoked ? that baptism
always signifies immersion^ and that this mode
was invariably pursued by the Apostles ? That
the age and manner of admission into the church,
in nse ani<Mig you, is so essential, that the least
deviaiion nuiiifies our Christianity? Will you pre^
* Clark's Defence, page 34. •
C lit) )
tend, that there are no real chri^lians in our
churches ? Th.at the word and ordinances ad-
min istv^^red m tliem, have never been blessed to
men's conversation and salvation? That there was '
nothing of the power v;f godhness, in and after the
time of reformation? No true rehgion among
our fathers, and in thecluirches founded by them?
That there have been no revivals of piety ui these
churches since they were planted ? That God has
TiQwev o vued them by providential protections, or
by the effusion of his s]/irit ? Has their never been
iiwy real godliness, but what was confined to your
denomination; and noncat alluithat long period,
when your e-eet did not exist ? These thmgs, 1
know you will not pretend* Nay, I will enqiiire
farther ; do not manj of you date vour own con-
version at a time when you were m sentiment and
in communion with our churches ? Did not God
bestow this great mercy upon you, while you at-
tended on the ministration of his word and ordi-
nances among us? This I know, some of y> u
profess. You believe then, that God has owned,
and still owns these as his churches ; and will you
disown them ? Will von reject that which God
receives? If you think it most convenient to wor-
ship and commune urdmardy with tiiose of \our
own. sentiments ; yet why need you renounce fel-
lowship with us? are you domgGod service, when
vou cause divi>ion» and offences in his churches,
contrary to the doctrme of peace and unity, that
we have received ? Let us not my brethren, rend
the body of Christ by our divisions; but v ith uni-
ted zeal build up hiskmgdom in the world
3. The precceding disconrFe teaches us the un-
warrnntabieoess of rebapti?ation. It is agreed oa
feotb$i(le;thatbaptIsniisnottoberepeatecl If'theu
©ur baptism is valid, a repetition of it is contrary to
tlic will oi" God. In the baptism of an infant there
ib^ the application of water in the name of the Tri-
nity, as well as in the baptism of an adult. If
this baptism be not valid, it is ojihj because the
subject had not faith, and did not actually consent
to the baptismal obligations. Now if the baptism
of an infant is a nullity for want of these qualifi-.
cations, the want of them will equally nuiiify an
adult baptism'; but yet, I presume, none of our
bretiiren will carry the matter to this length. Let
us put a case (and such a one as doubtless some-
times happens.) An adult pcison makes a pro-
fession of fliith and obedience* and is baptibed. It
soon appears from the wiyikedness f)f his life and
the corruptness of his priiiciples, that he had no
faith in any rational sense, and never consented to
the baptismal obligations, but was influenced only
b) cainal vicv\ s. The man afrerw ard come to
repentance, confesses his hy poor is} in this afiuir,
and owns he had no religious views in the whole
transaction, lie now gives, sati-^factory procifs,
that he has become a real penitent and believer.
Ought this pefbon to be re-bapti^cd ? Ever\ one
wili say. No; because he hiis been hapiised, and
bis baptism Yvili save him, afe> he hns now the an-
swer { f a good conscici^ce tov>ard G^ d Wlien
Simon "the sorcerer, who had been baptised by
Philip^ discovered the vile hypocrisy of his heart,
Peter directs him to repent, that his sin might be
foigiven ; but says nothing of his being baf)tiaed
again : Wne ea5> he says t.> the unbapiised Jrus^
Hrpt-nt, and be baptised Jor the 7rmis>io?i of sins,
B^it there i> just the ^anle reav,;n, v^. hv tlti /n/po-
crlCe tihould be baptised again upon his repent-
( ^8 )
"snce, as why the infant should ; because he n©
more hid f fith before baptism, and no mere con-
sented to any religious obligation,, when he was
bapti.vcd, than an infant. If a profession of rc«
pcntance is all that is necessary to our receiving
this Ixipiised hypocrite, a profession of faith and
obedience, at adult age, is all that is necessary to
our jccc iv-ng one ba]);:scd in childhood. So that
rc-h;^viisa<ion is unwarrantable and sinful even
v\:ov\ 'Ji,c I'rinciples of our brethren themselves ;
and much more upon supposition of infants right
to baptism, which, I think, has been abundantly
j)roved. Further,
3. I] c'li'dren aire the proper sulDjects of bap-
li;-m, tlicn it is the indispensible duty of parents to
present t-scm to God irt tliis ordinance, and there
iiiust he an inexcusable neglect in those parents,
vJu>. ''-.or oh convinced of their childrens right to
I y to procure it for them.
^J -me ^ ill say perhaps, ' Though we dispute
rot tJieir ri^ht to it, yet it appears to us to be a
n; iucr of very little consequence.'
But certainly it is a matter of 4' re^// consequence,
thn< V( u comply with a divine iiistitution. He
1 ks tlie least comuiand shall be called least
dgm of heaven
P'-ri'L.ps vou will say, ' We can't suppose the
^ our chiidrtn at all depends upon their
. . >.;, ;-,.ice it i^ a thini^ out of their' powder.
r : k ^o : Yet if ii U a duty incumbent on you to
briui^ theni to baptibui,- j/O?/?* happiness may de-
pend'on } cur eopipliancc with this as well as any
o:hci' diiiv But \\o\- are \ ou sure that their wcl-
il e no vv.iv depends*upon it f Tlieir welfare much
tU pi :j;ds on their Ixing religiously educated — iheir
ecfucatioa uiil chiefly lie widi you — b) tlicir bap-
( 99 >
tism you engage to /give them a religious educa-
tion— and if your bringing yourselves under pub-
lic solemn obligations, will be any motive with
you to educate them religiously, then tlRir ^vel-
fare, in some degree, depends on their baptism.
Yon will say, ' You can do your duty as well
without such a prorriise as with it.' With ecjnal
reason miglit you say, you can live a religious life
without ever making a profession of religion, as
well as if you did. But God has required y »u to
make a profession, because this will be a proper
motive and inducement to you to live a religious
life; it is a suitable means of strengthening your
obligations and keeping them in your r-mem-
brance. And your dedicating your chi'dreii to
God in baptism is founded on the same reason.
It is a promise which you take on yourselves, and
a means of remi-nding you of your obligations, t *
educate them religiously. And this will be an ar-
gument, which you may use to good acvamag,'
in your addresses, to them.
With respect to unbuptised infants, we ;nay be
assured, God will do them no wrong. Hut if he
has made their baptism a conditiun of tlie besto.v^
ment of some undeserved i^ivours, who cm say,
this is unjust? It would be presumpti-jii id assert,
that all who die unbaptised are lost. G jU's t-jri-
*der m.ercies are overall his works. Bu; the />;v^
mise is to believers, and //?£-//• children. A-.
t.liould we suppose, that tiie baptised inunts of be-
lievers, have some advantages above other infant .
in another state, this could not be called absurd :
For it is certainly a part of the scheme of God' >
moral government, that some should be benefi-ul
by the piety of others. All intercessi mi is f'>un.
-d4n this principle. You doubtless somciim^:.
pro,' fV T- ynnr inf'nt children. If y#n ^re tTicm%
*!- f (Icani, \.>u pri'3j not only that thtiit
Ihc:. ruj)' l)e spared, biit also that their so!}J€
mifltt be- >u\ ed. But u hy do you pray fl)r thtmi,
II Y ■' ^- '--r ;; *:^:' . -■ eth-'und tf) them fi'ora
your iciiiiicUid pitiv r^ liow df^en did Christ txer^
else his healifig meri.y ^^;uard thf" bick oii uccount
of the faith of otheis? How ( ftcn did he grent
^iires to ciiildren upon the earnt-bt petitions of
ihf Ir parents ? It would then be extremely rash to
conclude, your inflmts cannot be benefitted bj
your dedicating them to God. Those believers,
who brought inlants to our Saviou'', that he should*
bless them and pray for them, entejtainedan()rher
sentiment. They thought the good of thrse MU
drf^v., in some measure, depended on f/teir bring.
hi"- tiiem to Christ. And Christ commended their
piety, and directed othe-s to do iike^ ise.
Some ptihaps will say, * We believe that in-
fjivs are suhjecus oT baptism, but we qu stion
our own right to give them up to God therein.*
But if you qu stion your own right, it must be,
becauSL^yon question whether you have any reli-
gion. And can you be contented s » ? ^
Whatever the difficuity is, which lies in yout
wav, it should be yoi-r immediate concern to re-
move it. Is it not your in ention to live a life of
religion ? Is it not your desire that your children
should grow up before the Lord ? Is it not your
resolution to bring them up for him ? li' it is, then
say so, by a public dedication of yourselves and
your children to God. If it is not, then tremble
at the thought of your own impiety and careless-
ness. If you have n6 good purposes and desi»es,
you cannot consistently profess ..ny ; if you have
^ooadeJiir«b and purposes, strengiheii and Goniirnfi
f lei )
them by bringing 3'oursclves under CMpIicit dill-
gallons to act agreeably to them.
Finally. Let such as have dedicated their
children to God, act under a sense of the vows
that are upon them.
If your children are removed by an early death,
quietly submit to the will of that sovereign Lord^
uhuse property you have acknowledged thcni to
be, and entertain no anxious tJio'jghts about the
manner in which he has disposed oi' them. When
you gave them to him in baptism, you profcsbcd
your faith in his mercy toward them. If you
cannot trust him to dispose of them, why did voa
dedicate them to him ? If you can, why are yoj
anxious about them now since he has taken themi
into his own hands ?
If your children live, then bring them up in
tlie nurture and admonition of the Lord. Ijf
your worldly circumstances make it necessary,
that you shou d comaiit thtm to the care of others,
Stfe that you put them into families where vou
hive reason to think, they will be relifjioubly
cducattjd. If you keep them under your o\\i\
immediate cire, train them up in the wa\ in
whi !i they should go ; and commend them to
G-^d, and to th.e woid *.f hi-^ grac s v. hich is able
to buik! thfMu up, and to give iheai an inberi:ani;e
among the Samts.
THOUGHTS
UPOfJ
INFANT BAPTISM
BXTR ACTED
'imOM THE LONDON EDITIOlS?
ffr A lATE WRXTEK.
THOUGHTS
BPOB
INFANT BAPTISM.
T
JL HE Baptism of Infants has been a trouble-
some dispute almost ever sHice the Reformation j
but I shall only rehearse a fev/ arguments com-
Dionlr used to vindicutc the practice of baptibing
children.
1. 7/ie Covenant made with ."Abraham, and his
se^d, Gen. wii. is the Covenant of Grace ; it in-
eludes, and vvasdesigiieu toextf-nd to all Believers^
When God promised to be a GOD to Abi^ahavi^
and to his seed, St. Paul assures us, that by /lbra»
ham's seed is meant ail that should imitate the
faith of Abraham, whether they be Jews or Gett'
Hies, Gal. iij. 7. Know ^e tlierefore, that they
Hho are of the faith, tiie same are the chiidrtu of
Abraham, ver. 29. If ye are VhrisPs^ then are ye
Ahraham's.ff'if^, and heirs according to the promise^
The same spiiitual promises, and blessings.,
which belonged to tiie church ur.der the Old Fes-.
iament, belong ako to it under the l^ew. Acts ii.
39. 2 Cor. i. 20. Abraham, is represented as the
root, OY stocli of the visible church, Rom. xi. 16,
17, &,€. Tne Jewish churcli are the natural
branches of it; the Gentiles are ingraj ted into
the sa?ne stock, ver. 17— i^4. and lartakc of the
feicsiingi^ of it.
From tlirse tcxt^ (and many others mi q:ht easily
be DT educed) it seems evident, that the Jewish md
Christian ciiurch are but one and the same visible,
church in a continued succession, though under
dilTerent administrations, and ordinan'Xts.
li. The Coi^enant made with Abraham^ and
with his seedy is still in force. This is impHed ia
what has been already said : but it ought tn l>e
])articularly considered. It is plainly asserted by
the Apostle, Gal. iii. 17. To the same-purpose
the Apostle speaks in Rom. iv. 14 — 16. Here he
declares, that the promise made to Abrabam, i«
Jiot made of rwiie e feet, or abolished, but is sure
to all believers ia all ages.
Ever since GOD called the flnnily of Abraham^
and settled his visible church in it, He never suf-
fered it to fail. It was an everlasting covenant
that he made with Abraham., to he his GOD, and
the GOD of hls^eed, Gen. xvii. 7. that h^ might
he the father both oi Jews '^in^i Gentiles, who were
brought into the church, as in Rom. iv. Ii — IG.
Hi. The children of the Jezvs \v<.:re visible mem-
bers of the Jexvish church under the covenant of
Abrabam, and as such they were acknowledged^
and received into it by circumcisions, as the door
fef entrance, Gen. xvii. 9—14.
IV. The children gf christians were izever cut
©If from this privilege, \^hcn theii fathers were re-
ceived into the church, whether they were Jezv9
or Gentiles ; and thercfart t!K.y are members of
tl<e christian church also under ^:piritual promises
and blessings. When the fews\\\Q: natural branches,
were cutoff from the good oh ve- tree, their little
hiids were cut off v<idi them also; and when the
ircnliles, by a profession of faith, were grafted in
as Jordan branches, their little buds were grafted
( 107 )
in with th^m. €hrisl received f^^ children thai
fvcrr hrQii}^hf. by their parents, jH»d laid kis kind
071 (liem, and blc<:sed fhem, and s^^'id, of suck h
iki^ kingdom of heaven, M.uk x. 12— -16. Fhe
proinises of the Old Testament, wherein children
are i-icUidcd in some of the prophets, do refer to
the Gentile church, as well as the Jewish, isa.
xhv. :^—B. I:,a, xlr. 23. Joel ii. 28, 29. For//
is the blessing of Abr..ham which reaches to his
seed, that conies upon the Geritiles tkro-n^h J^^sus
Christ, Gal. iii. 14. Rom xv. 8, 9. that fhe
Gentiles may glorify Gv.>D jar his mercy,
V. Baptism is now (like circunricision of old^
the sigji ot God's covenant. This is plainly inti-
mated by the apostle in Gal. iii 27— -29. Cir-
t^u incision being abolished, and baptism coming
in the room of it, baptism should be aj^piied to
nil those, who have an) interest in the covenunt,lis
circunicision was. Now that baptism is come in
the room of circumcision, ?ecms plain from Col.
ii. 12. where the apost'e a' goes, that being bap-
tised, we need not be circunicised : and besidel,
baptism and circumcision signify the same thing,
i. e. the remnval of sin; one by culling otF, and
the other by washing away.
Vi. As this seems to m^ifest the right of the
children of christians to these bicssings, or that
they have an interest in this covenant, ^o there
lire some considerations, whi«h render it \txY
probable, that children should be admitted into
tlie vliible church, by the christian door of cn-
trailce, that is baptism. As for instance :
First, the Gospel, v/hich is a dispensation 'yf
gr^'ater grace, does riot lessen, hm inerease the
privile.^rs of the church : it takes awL(y y kes a-vl
buAucas itidccdj such as circumcisioii wa:?. Acts
( 108 5
XV. 10. but docs not dimmish its honors or pri-
vileges.
Again, when the Rither or mother of a family
believed in Christ, their hoiisholds were baptised
together with themselves, even rvhere there is no
mention, that the houshold believed in Christ
also ; as in ti.e case of Ltjdia and Stephanas^
Acts xvi. 15. 1 Cor. L 16. Now children arc
tisuaiiy a con&idercrble part of the hoiishold.
Yet further, children under the New Testament
arc as capable of receiving the blessings signified,
and fulfillini^ the duties enjoined, as ever they
T\ere under tl (- Old. It is granted, that ther
•TReither could thai, nor can iwiv understand the
blesvsings nor the duties ; yet they niight receive
llic Seal of Circumcision, or of.Ba|>tism, as a bond
laid upon them in infancy, to fulfil the obligations
£nd the dulies i/f riper year.^, and as an encou-
ragement to wait, and hope for the blessings.
T' is was tlie csise of Jewish infants, and why
Ijii.y not christians be favoured with it also ?
The Covci.ant made with Abraham, and with
his seed. Gen. xvii. 7. included infants. This
Covcrii>i t is not rc})f aled or disannulled (II. Ar.)
It v» as intendi d to extend to Christians^ and their
seed (I.) ]( is confirmed by God to Christy (Gab
iii. 17.) i. e. It vvft> made with Christ, consid-
ered iss including all his mt mbc; s in him. As Cir-
cumcisic n of old was the signoli^dmittuig persons
into tliis Covenant ; so now Baptisin is the sij^n of
adm-ittins^ persons into tlic samt individual Cove-
naiit (V.) du-.refoie it must be administered tiahe
same persons^ i. e. infants ^ as weU as to the adult.
W' en h Coveiiant ihthe .^ame^ the privileges aud
piomists I e same, the stai must have bt^n the
*««mc> li It riaa not been char.ged, and the seed of
{ log ;
■Abrdhayn to inherit must be the so}7ie also, unless
there is an aUeration made in the Gobpel. The
seed in Covenant included Infants are still part
of that seed of Abraham. The seed of Abraham
had a right to the seal of the covenant ; their ri^ht
still continues as the covenant docs ; and therefore
the}' are to be ad?nittcd. Infants; in particular,
to Baptism, the present seal of this covenant.
If God thought fit to make any alterations in
any circum&tancc of this covenant, it seems ne-
cessary, tnat he should give notice of it in the
Gospel. Accordingly as he t;;ought fit to change
the old sign of circumcision for Baptism, so he
ha:> in ti-»c gospel, expressly warned us of tlie
change, Acts xv, 24 — xxi. 'il-— .;.!)'. Gal. v. 2, 3.
And as he chose to make one alteration, with re-
gard to the persons to n honi the seal o.i the said
Covenant should l;e applied, and to ordain that
females, as well as nialcs, should be baptised, so
he has expressly told us of this alteration iii the
gospel, Aas viii 12. xvi. U, 15. Gal. iii. 27, :28.
In like manner it must be concluded, that if G'id
Would have had a fuither alteration made, if In-
Jaiits of believing parents, that were formerly to
partake of tiiC seal of this Covenant were upon the
coming of Christy to partal^e of ii no more ; un-
doubtedly God would have given us express
warning of it, and have told us in the gospel, that
though Infants^ before Christ came, were in the
Covenant, now they arc to be shut out of it. But
as the gospel says no such thing, it seems to me
certain, It cannot be true. It is then incumbent
upon those ^vho oppose Infant Baptism, if t'iry
would make their point good, posiliv-lv to prove
this by texts Vvhich expressly deciare, that Christ
{ no )
.-has cast Injants out of the Covenanty though be-
lore they wtrc in it. But no such texts Cim be
produced : therefore it appears the^ continue in
Covenant, and have still a right to the seal of it,
which is Baptism.
it will be in vain here to urge, that the Scripture
suiiicicntly declares against applying this seal of
the CoveiHVit to infants, by mixkm'g faith and r<r.
pentance the conditions of Baptism. F.-r this kir.d
of arguing would as well prove, that Infants here-
tofore Avere not qualified for Circumcision ^ which
yet no man will assert. As this argument would
prove too much, it must be looked upon as prov-
ing nothing. It will be needful to add as a dis-
tinct head, that
Vil The texts wiiich speak of faith as the
term of Baptism, do not at all imply, tlu\t Infants
^re not to be baptised. In tlie case just now nicn.
tioned, ther<^ is a parallel bctv\ccu Baptism und
Circumcision. If a heathen heretofore s\{\% pro-
selyted to tlic Jewish religion and did hereupon
desire to be circumcised, he was admitted to Cir-
cumcision upon the account of his iaith in the
God of israci. And till he professed this faitfi,
he could not lawfully be circumcised. And if a
ieuibh prophet had been inviting a set of heathens
to Judaism, and Circumcision, he would have
been forced to talk in such a manner as this, viz.
** Believe in the one true GOD and ye shall bo
circumcised. He that believeth, and is circum-
tii.id, shall be saved : but he that believeth not,
hhall be condemned. Repent of your idolatry,
aiv^d other sins, and be circumcised. Cireumci*
sion now saveth us not, the putting away a bit of
i|s:Ui, but the answer of a good cousciencc to-
( 111 )
ward the true God. Arise then and be circum-
cised, and put awa}^ your sins.'* In this manner,
the Jewish prophet must have spoke to his Hea-
then audience. And if he had succeeded^ and
made proselytes, the history of it must hare been
expressed in such language as this, viz : ** Whea
the heathens believed the prophet reach n
the things concerning the kingdofii of God, they
were circumcised. A certain convert said to thfr
Jewish proj)het, what should isindcr my bcin<j.
circumcised? The prophet answered, If you be-
lieve vvilh all your heart, you may. He replied, I
believe that there is one GOD, and that Moses is
his prophet. And hereupon lie circumcised him*
Others hearing, believed, and were circumcised.*^
This, I apprehend, must have been the language
in case the prophet had preached to a heathen na-
tion, and proselyted them. And yet, 1 suppose,
that no one would, from this kind of language, in.
fer, that Infants were not to be circumcised, ar
that actual faith in God was so universally neces-
sary to Circumcision, as that infants were not to
receive it, for want (jf actual faith. As this will
be allowed by evei y one, it must be acknowledged
also, by parity of reason, that the very same e£~
pressions, when in the same circumstances appli-
ed to Baptism, cannot imply that Infants are not
to be baptised. All I now contciKi for is, thit
they do not even seem to imply, that infants ore
not to be baptised ; f^r this they cannot do, unt-
less in the case above represented, tiiey did also
imply, that infants were not heretofore to be cir-
€innciscd. As it will be allowed, they would not
have imiylie-d tliis, they cannot coiisistently be
Thought to imply the other.
( 112 i^
ilk bad been fit to have contmued Circumchtou
as the sign of God's Covenant, and Christ had afc*.
»ya!ly coiitiinicd it, v»'hcn he gave his apostles a
fj-ommisbioii to proselyte the Gentile nations, I do
not see how Ire could Iiave expressed his thoughts
better tha{\ this ; Go proselvie all nafions, circiim^
Q'hijig them in the navic of the Father, and of the
aSou, and of the Holy Ghost, i. e. prove to the
Gentiles, that Jesus is the Ciirist, and when they
profess to believe this^ circumcise them. Would
the apostle, or any one else, have inferred from
thence, that infants, not having actual faith, v^ere
not to be circumcised? Nay, rather on the other
hand, the apostle would have reasoned thus :
"' The sign of GOD's Covenant Circumcision^
lias hitb-crto been confined to one nation, even that
ofihe Israelites : but now Christ has command-
ed us to extend it to all the nations oi the earth.
He has ordered us to go and proselyte all nations^
and circumcise them. Surely it is his intention, that •
we should take our pattern from the practice of
Circumcisiou aftiong the Jews. He cannot there-
fore be supposed to mean, that we must only cir-
cumcise grown men, who are capable of believing
the gospel and profess so to do. It is evident he
intends, that when we shall have circumcised
such we should next circumcise their male chiL
dren ; and that in after generations, the males
i«mong them should be circumcised the eighth
day. Thus it was at the first institution. Abra-
ham was first circumcised, then his children, of
whatsoever ages they happened to be ; and in af-
ter generations their children were circumcised
on the eighth day. ' This is a direction to us.
And when wc arc bid to go^ proselijte all nations ,
( 113 )
eircumcising them^ wc plainly see, we are not for-
bidden to ciiGumcise infants; but, on the con-
trary, are ordered to imitate this example of our
Father Abraham^ I observed, if Circumcision
had been retained, as the seal of th(^ Covenant,
and the same commission had been given to the
apostlcs, as now was given them, only the woid
circumcise used instead of baptise^ no one would
have imagined, that form of expression wonid in
.the least have interfered with the circumcision of
infants. It is as certain then that the same form
of words, applied to Baptism, cannot in the leasit
interfere with the Baptism of Infants.
Thcie considerations, I ihiwk.f ullij take off the
force of all the objections that men think they find
in the scripture against the baptism of infants. If
there be any thing in the nature of baptism, as a
^^a/ of the Covenant, which confines it to such as
believe, there must have been the same limltin^^
nature in Circumcision, which was a 5^^/ of the
same Covenant, But as tJiis is certainly false, the
other cannot be true. If an infant v. as not by rca-
son of his age, unqualified to receive the signpf
Circumcision^ a seal of the righteousness of Jaith^
an infant cannot now by reason of ins age, be con-
sistently thought unqualified for Baptism, which
is a seal of the same.
Farther to confii m this point, if it needs confir-
viation, it may be observed, that the sanie forms
of expression, whitjh are urged out of the Nei'j-
Testament, to prove that infants are not qualified
for Baptism, for want of actual faith and repept-
ance, would equally prove them unqualified for
salvation. From Christ's saying, he that believes^
and is baptised^ shall ^e saved^ some have inf^pr-
K 2"
e n4 )
xody thixt a person must actually believe, or eke he
c^miot be baptised. With as much strength of
reason the} miglit infer, that a person cannot be-
savecl, unless he actually believe ! especially since
it is added,' He thai believe fh not skull be damn^
ed. Yet it is acknowledged, that though infants
do not believe, yet they shall not be damned, it
is evident then to all, that this text must be ia-
tetpreted, as speaking only of the adults^ wh©
■were capable of hearing and believing the gospeL
Since then it does not at all speak of infants, they
anay be saved, and may be baptised too, notwith-
standing they are not believers. The method of
provirig that they may be saved ivitlwut Jaith^
will as nccessarilj demonstrate, that they may be
kapifsed ivlthout their oivn faith, notwithstanding
any thing that is laid down in this text. Thus all
the objections against Infant Baptism arc at once
out off.
VIII. In the Christian Church from its earli-
est ages, and zve think from the Apostles time, ii
^as been the custom' to baptise the infant childrctt
&f professed christians.
To prove this, I shall produce a few witnesses,
ynono: manv. 1. Jut tin Martyr, who wrote
XiuX forty years after the apostles, in his dialogue
with TripJio the Jew, page 59. plainly speaks of
Baptism, as being to Christians in the stead of
drcumcision. And in his Apology for the chri».
tiians, near the beginning, he says, " Several per^
..Sions among us of ^ixty and seventy years old, of
hoth sejfcs, were discipled [or made disciples to
Christ in or from itieir childhood,''''^ Please to
•bserve, that Justin's word *y^*^nrtver.rM were dii-
cipUd oi made discifles^ is the very same word
thai had be<?ii nscdby Si. Mat. xxvill. 1^ in ex^
prrs-siuv^ OJr Saviour's command, M*3-»Tf»T«t7e ^//>,
cipk ail nations. And it was done to thcbe per-
epny, Justin says, in, or from their childhood.
And he wrote that apology within forty years of
the death of the apostles : and seventy years reck-
oned back from that time, do reach into the midst
of the apostles* time.
2. Irctu^tts, born about the time of St. JoriN*s
death, in his treatise, Jdv, Hcercs. lib, 2. cap. 5.
speaking of Clirist, saj.s, '*Nol disdaining nor
going in a way above human nature, nor breaking
m his own person the law which he had s^!t for
mankind : but sanctifying every several age by
the likeness it has to him. For he came to save
all persons by himself: yi//Imean, who by him
are regenerated unto God ; Infants, and little ones
and children, and youths, and elderly persons.
Therefore he went through the several ages : ior
infants being made an infant, sanctifying in-
fants, &:c."
This testimony which reckons infants among
tliose that are regaicrafed^ is plain and full. Dr,
Wall has largely shewn, that the word regenrra*
ting does particularly in the writings of Irenaeus,
and in ihe usual phrase of those times signify Bap^
tisi77g : he mentions some places, which expressly
declare, that Christ was regenerated by John i
meaning that he was baptiscdhy him.
Near the time that Irenaeus wrote the above
treatise, Clemens Alexandrius wrote his Pceda^o^
wherein he expressly says, " The word rr^^/ieTi/-
^/^/iin the name of Baptism^* [\. L c. 6. near
the beginning : ) his thus plainly declaring, that
regenerating is the common name for Baptising^
( lie? )
ioesi very much contlrm the argument taken from
Irenaeus, who asserts, that Iniants were regenera-
ted unto God,
Please to take notice, how near this man wa«
to the Apostle's time. Irenaeus himself says, 1.5.
c. SO, that the revelation made to St. John in Pat-
mos, was but a little before his time, and that rev'-
eiation was five or six years before St . John's death.
In an age so nigh the aposrie, and in a place
where one of them had so iatelj hved, the Chris-
tians could not be ignorant what had been
donejjn th.eir time, in a matter so pubhc as the
baptising, or not babtising of Infants.
3. Origen is not only express for baptising of
Infants, but gives his reasons for it : in iiis eighth
homily or sermon on I evitlcas\ c. 12 he thuff
says, " Hear David speaking ; / was says he, sha-
ken in iriiquili/y and in sin did my mother conceive
me : shewing, that every soul that is born in the
flesh is polluted v/ith the filth of sin and iniquity :
and that therefore that was said which ue mention-
,ed before; that none is free fr<;vi pollufwrf, though
his life he but the length cf one day.
Besides all this let it be considered, what is the
reason, that whereas the baptism of the church is
given for the forgiveness of sin.^, Infants arc tilso
by the usage of the churchy baptised : wlien if
there was nothing in infants that wanted ff)rgive-
ness and mercy, the grace of baptism would be
needless to them."
Again, m his Homily on Luke xiv. he says aS
follows ; *' Infants are baptised fo/ the forgiveness
of sins. Of what sins ? or when have they sinned }
Or how can any reason of the i&Tcr ia their case
( ^7 I
hold goon, but according to that sense that we.
inentlonerl even now; none in free from poUution^
tlw* his ufr. be hut tJte levgfh of one day upon earth f
And it is for that reason, because by the sacraraenfe
of baptism the poL'iuion ofourbirth is taken away,
that I'lfa'tits are baptised."
Yet. farther in tlie fifth book of his commentary
on the epistles to the Romans, he says thus : "Ami
also in the law it is commanded, that a sacrifice
be offered Up for every child that is born ; a pair
of turtle dov^s, or txvo yonncf pigeons ; oftchich
ene is for a sin offeriiy^, the other for a burnt
offering ; For what sin is this one pigeon offeied?
Can the chi^d that is new born have cominitted
any sin ? It has even then sin, for which the sacri-
fice is commanded to be offered : from whicheven
>he, ivhose life is but of one day, is denyed to be
For this also it was, that the church had from
THE Apos TLhs AN oRDEK to givc Baptism to Infants.
For they to whom the divine misteries were
•committed, knew that there is in all persons the
natural [)o]iution of sin, which must Ut done awky
by water and the spirit."
The reader is desired to observe, that Origen
not only says that it was the custorn of the churchy
to baptise Infants, but he expressly affirms, " That
(he church received an order from the aposilbs
te give baptism even unto infants.'*
There is one circumstance that makes Origen
a more competent witness to ^ive evidence, whe-
ther the baptising of infants luid been in use time
out of mind, or not, than most other authors that
we have left to us of that a^e ; because he »'as
(118)
bimseff of a flimil/ that iiad bee» ckrisfiansLor
a long time. The other witnrs«es tiiat 1 men-
tioned, except Irenaeiis, must have been them-
selves baptised in adult age; becnuse they were
of hcafhen parents. But Origen's father wag
a martyr for Chrjst in the persecution under Se-
vrrus, the year after the Apostles, 102. And
E;isebius (in his history, book 6, ch. 19) assuros
ns that his forefathers had been christians for se-
veral generations.
Now since Orig n was born on the eighty-firtb
year after the Apostles (for he was seventeen years
old when his father suffered martyrdom) his grand-
father, or at least his great grandfather, must
have lived in the Apostles time. And as he
could not be ignorant whether he was himself
baptised in infancy, so he had no farther than his
own family to go, to enquire what was practised
in the times of the Apostles.
Besides that, he was a very learned man, and
could not be ignorant of the usage of the church-
es ; in most of which he had also travelled ; for
as 1)6 was burn an-i bred at Aiekandna, so it af)-
pears out of Easebius*s history, B. 6 that he had
lived in Greece, and at Rome and in Cappadocia,
and Arabia, and spent the main part of his life
in Syria anrl Paiestine.
5. What I apprehend very much strengthens
, the truth of iniiint baptism, that it is of a divine
gri^inal, is this; *' About one hundred and M\y
years after the death of St. John the Apostle,
there was an assembly of sixty-six Bishops, who
spoke of infant baptism, as a known, establish(^d
aad UBCoctested practice,*' Oao Fidu^ ques-
(119)
ttoiied, whether infants were to he baptised so
soon a? within two or three days after their birth,
and whether it would not be better to defer their
baptism till the^^ were eight days old, as was ob-
served in circumcision ; which scruples he pro-
posed to this assembly, and in which he desireJ
their resolution, which they sent in a letter to
him : part of whicli I shall transcribe.
"Cyprian and the rest of the Bishops, who
were present at the council, sixty-six in numbec,
to Fidus our brother, greeting,
*' We read your letter, moat dear brother,— *
^ Bat as to the case of infants : whereas yon
judge, that they must not be haplisrci zvithin tw9
^r three days after ihey are born; aiid that the
rule of circumcision is to be observed so that none
should be baptised, and snjictified before the eighth
day afirr iie is born : we were all in onr assenjbly
oi the contrary opmion.
" We judge that no person is to be hindereii
froin obiain;ng the grace, by the law, that is now
appointed ; and that the spiritual circumcision
©ugtit not t(^ be restrained by the? circumcision
that was accor(hng to the fiesli : but that all are
to be admitied to the grace of Christ : since Peter
epeakm.^ of the Ac s of the Ap©«t!es, says. The
Lord lias slienm me^ that no person is to he called
com.mn7i or unclean
"' Thib therefore? dear brothtr, was our opinif^a
in the assembly ; that it if not for us to lunder any
person from baptism and « ^*»^ ©race of Goi, ^^.^
\% nercii'ul, and benign, and affectionate ro all —
Which rule, as it holdji tor ail, so ne think it more
o^pedaliy to be observed la lefereace to Inlants
(ISO r
wewh^born^. to whom osir help and the divine
urierey isratiier to be granted: because \yy their
cries and tears iit theirfirst entrance into the world
they do intimate nothing so much, as that ihty
implore compassion '*
From this piece of history it nppears, that both
the persons that moved the doubt^ and jlW the per-
sons who resolved it, uruirmrKUishj agreed in this^
that Infai'.U xoerc to be hapfised, and tliat it vvas
the settled cnstom of the church to baptise them.
If the assembly had been against Iniani Baptism,
they would h'ave ansvvered ; It is so far fruin
b'^ing necessary to baplisr diUdren on the eighth
day iifitr their birth, that tliCh ought not to be bap-
■ii.''etl at all, hll fhey are of age to judge and act for
themsetv: s. But none of those bishops was
in this sentiment. They all looked upon it, as a
tiling unconiested, that inlkn'^s were to be bapti-
sed.
If we look back from this time to the space that
bad passed from the apostles time, which was but
150 years, we must conclude, that it was easy
then to know the practice of christians in the
iipostles davs. For some of these (S^ bishops may-
be thought to be at th?s time sixiy or seventy
•years eld themselves, which reaches almost to
ialf the .space : and at that time when they were
Infants, there mu!«:t have been several ah re, that
-were born Aithin the apostles a^'e And such
could not be ignorant, w ht ther infants were bap-
t\^r\ m tliat age, w ben they themsc-lves were some
of those infants. And as there was no dispute,
or difference of opinion, (as tliere must have been
wawaaong »• man/, if* any innovation had h^en
( 121 )
made : for it is here expressly saicl, there zvas hoi
one of Yidus's mind J that infant baptism must be
delayed till the eighth day ; much less then was
there any of opinion that it was not to be at all,
" In a doctrinal point, as Mr. Baxter well ob-
serves, a mistake is easier, than in a bare narration
of some one fact ; but in a matter of fact of so
publick notice, and which so many thousands
were partakers in as baptism was, how could they
be ignorant ?"
Suppose it were a question now among us, whe-
ther persons were baptised at age only, or in
infancy also, eighty -years before we were born :
were it not easy to knovv the truth, what by report
and what bj records ?
I shall conclude what I have to remark on this
testimony with observing, that we see here con-
firmed, what was said before, that baptism was
reckoned to be to christians in the room of cir-
cumcision. For it was upon that account, that-
Fidus thought it must be the time of the old cir-
cumcision; and the Bishops of the eouncil, tho'
denying that, do call it the spiritual (or christian)
circumcision,
6. Ambrose commenting on these words, Luke
i. 17. where the angel prophesies of John the
Baptist, he shall go before him in the spirit and
power of Elias, after having shewn in several
particulars, how John, in his office, did resemble
Elias, and having mentioned that miracle of Eh^is
dividing the river of Jordan, adds thus ; *' But per-
haps this may seem to be fulfilled in our time, and
in the apostles time. For that returning of the
river waters backward toward the spring-head
which was caused by Elias, wLen tlie riv§r was
L
cfividefl ( as the rcripture says, Joi'dan was driven
^rtrX:) signified the sacrament of the laver of salva-
tion, which vvaf afterwards to be instituted : by
which those Infants thai are baptisedy2^ve reform-
ed back again from wickedness [era corrupt statc^]
to tbe primitire state of their nature."
He means thej are freed from the guilt of ori-
ginal sin, and in some sense reduced back to the
primitive state, in which man was, before that
happened. He plainly speaks of Infants as bap-
tised intlie Apostles time J diSv^eW as in hisown; and
makes St. John, in baptising infants for the re-
formation of their nature to the primitive purity of
it, to resemble Eli as in turning back the waters
to their spring-head.
Austin, in his treatise De Baptismo contra
Dinatistas y lib. 4. C 23. having had occasion
to speak of the penitent thief, who obtained sal-
vation without baptism, shews that is no more an
argunienr, against the necessity of baptism where
it may be had, than the example of baptised
Infants obtaining salvation without /«f//M, is an
argument ag^limst the necessity of faith, where the
Subject is capable of it. Near the cowclusion of
the fourth book he says, " And as the thief who
by necessity went without bapiism was saved, be-
cause, by his piety, he had it spiritually: so where
baptism is had, tho* the party by necessity go
without that [faith] which the thief had, yet he is
saved, Which the ivlwle body of (lie church holds,
as delivered to them in the case of little infants
baptised : who certainly cannot yet believe with
the iieart to righteoijsness, or confess with the
mouth to salvation as tte thief coul<l : nay,
by their crying and noise, while the sacrament
fe administering, thev disturb the- holy myste-
-( I^^ )
xiea: and yet do christian man of aaj sort wlil
say, tliey are baptised to n.' puroose.
And if any one do ask for divine authority iii
4his matter, though that which the whole church
practises., and which has not been instituted by-
councils, but was ever in use is very reasonably
believed, to be no other than a thing ordered by
the authority of the Apostks: yet we may besides
take a true estimate how much the sacrament of
baptism does avail infants by the circumcisioa
wliich God's former people received." In what
follows, he most plainly declares, that baptism
is to the Christian infants^ as circumcision was to
the Jewish.
Though Aastin spealcs of Infant Baptism in this
place but occasionally, his words are a full evi-
dence, that it was then universally practised, and
had been so beyond the memory of any man, or of
any record: that they took it to be a thin^ that
had not been enacted by any council hni had been
in use from the beginning o/Chrlstianity, — .And
they had then but 300 years to look back to the
times of the Apostles, whereag we now have up-
wards of] 600. And many writings, and records
which are now lost, were then extant, and easily-
known;
It deserves a particular remark, that most oF
these witnesses for infant baptism, were not only
faithful to the Lord Jesus Christ, but were faithful
unto death, joyfully suffering martyrdom for the
truth: surely this is a great accession to the strength
of their testimony.
All these things put together, seem to prove,
lAat infant baptfsnt Viras practised \x\ the church'
( 124 )
of Christ from the beginning, and conscqucntlj
that it is of an apostolical and divine original.
As for Ihe^firstfour hundred years, there ap-
pearii only one man, Tertullian, that advised th^
delay of infant baptism in some cases and one Gre-
gory, that did perhaps practice such delay in the
case of his children ; but no society of men so
thinking, or so practising : so in the next seven
hundred years, there is not so much as one man
to be found, that either spoke for, or practised
such delay. But all the contrary. And when
one sect among the Waldenses declared against
the baptising of infants, as being incapable of sal-
vation^ the main body of that people rejected their
opinion: and those of them that held that opinion,
quickly dwindled away, and disappeared -, there
being no more heard of holding that tenet, till
the rising^ of the German Antipaedobaptists, in
the year 152^2. "And all the national churches
voiv in the world do profess and practice infant
baptism."
ThivS brings to my remembrance a very clear
proof for the baptism of infants, which much sa-
tisfied the mind of the great and good Mr. Bax-
ter ; I shall relate it in his own words. ** 1 am
fully satisfied, that Mr. Tombs cannot shew me
any society (I tliink not one man) that ever open-
ed their mouths against baptism of infants, till
about 200 years ago, or thereabout which con-
firms me much, that it is from the apostles times,
or else some one would have been found as an op-
poscr of it ; even as I profess seriously , that it
much satisficth my conscience, that Christ and
his apobtks did nevei' shut the infants of believing^
C 1S5 )
Jews ("and consequently not of believing Gentfle^-
from being members of his visible church, in that
1 never iiKcl in all the New Testament one word
fef exception, arguing, murmuring, or dissatisfac-
tion against it ; when as it cannot possiblj^ be con-
ceived, but those Jews who kept such a stir be-
fore they would let go ((prcumcision , the sign of
church membership, wlien yet they had bapr2!»m„
another sign, would, undoubledly have been
much more scandalized at the unchurcliing of all
their children, and would have, mucli hardiier
have let go that privilege of their church mem-
bership, or at least have raised some scruple about
it, which might have occasioned one word of sat-
isfaction from some one of the apostles ; especi-
ally when Paul calls them holy, and Christ, iSuf-
fer ihejn to come to me, ajidjorbid them not, Jar
ef such is the kingdom of God. I know not how
Air. T J and such others think on these
things ; but, for my part, they stick so close to
my conscience, that 1 dare not say, Christ would
have no infants received into his visible church
among the number of Christians, when I find he
once placed them in the church ; and neither
Mr. T , nor any man breadiing, can shew
me one word of scripture where ever Christ did
put them out again ; and yet these men pr ;tend-
ed to stand to the determination of scripture. I
would this one thing were im.partialiy corisidered.'*
With regard to the mode of baptising, I would
only add, Christ no where, as far as 1 can find/
requires dipping but only baptising ; which word>
many most eminent for learning and piety, have
declared, signifies to pour on cv sprinkle, as well
a.s to dip. As our Lord has graciously given v^
-a word of such extensive meaninf^, doubtless the,
parent, or the person to be baptised, if he be adult,
©light to choose wliich way he best approves.
What GOD has Mt indifferent it becomes not
»ian to make necessary.
I think it proper in tliis place to subjoin what
Dr. Watts has declared^ncerning the significa*
tion of this word. *' fne Greek word Baptise^
jsays he) signifies fo zoash any thing properly b^
wafer coming over it: Now there arc several
ways of such washing, (viz.) sprinkling water
on it in a small quantity, pouring water on it in a
larger quantity, or dipping it ur^der water,
either in part or in whole : And since this seems
to be left undetermined in scripture to one parti,
eular mode ; therefore any of these ways of wash-
ing may be sufficient to answer the purpose of
this ordinance. Now that the Greek word signi-
fies ivashiiig a thing in general by water coming
over it, and not always dippings is argued by lcarn«
cd men, not only from ancient Greek authors,
but from the New Testament itself, as Luke xi.
38. Tilie Plmrisee marvelled that Jesus had not
first ivashed before dinner. In Greek that he
was not first baptised j and can it be supposed,
that they would have him dip himself in water?
Mark, vii. 4. The Pharisees, when they come'
from the market, eat not except the\j are washed.
In Greek^'iip^^ept they are baptised ; surely it can-
Rot mean except they were dipped. And if this
should be restrained to signify washing theii^
hands only, \^i it does not signify necessarily dij)-
ping them ; for this manner of washing their hands
of oid,t^vas by pouring water on them as Elisha
poured' water on the hands of Elijah, 2 Kings ii.
II. Yet further they practised the washing ^
f I27V
tables (in &ree!c, baptism of bed si as^ well as cuj^sh
and veswls. Now beds could not usually be
vvashtid by dipping , Hcb. ix. 10. The Jews had
divers washings prescribed by Moses, (in Greek,
baptisms) which ^vere sprinkling and pouring
^Wuter on things, as well as phinging them all over
in water. The childrel$oj Israel xcej'e baptised
vnto Moses in the cloud a^d the sea. in their paS'
sage through the Red sea, at their march from
Egypt ^ 1 Cor. xii. 2. Not that they were dipped
in the v/ater, but they were sprinkled by the clouds
over their heads, and perhaps by the water which
stood up in heaps as they passed by.
Besides, pouring or sprinkling more naturally
represents most of the spiritual blessings signified
by baptism (viz.J the sprinklii^g the blood of
Christ on tlie conscience, or the pouring out of
the spirit on the person baptised, or sprinkling
him with clean water, as an emblem of the influ*
«nce of the spirit ; all which are the things signi-
fied in baptism, as different representations of the
•Icansing a^vay of the guilt or defilement of sin,
thereby.
1 conclude, since this controversy has difficult
t^ies attending it, persons of an honest and sincere
soul, in searching out the truth, may happen to
run into different opinions : but the things y.^here ^
in we agree, are so important, as should not suffer
lis to quarrel about the lesser things wherein we.
difl'er. Our brethren, who, reject inilint baptism,
as well as we v\ ho practise it, all agree in a belief
ef the sacred institution of this ordinance : we all
agree, that children should be devoted to God;
and should be p:4rtakers of all the privileges wliicfe
Siiripture adu^its. aiid that ih^y siioxid grov^ nf
( m )
tinder all possible oblie^ations to duty : and since
each of us desires to find out the will of Christ,
-and practice it accordingly, it is a most unreason^
able thing, that we should be angry with each
other, because some of us are devoted to God
and Christ by this ceremony, a little soojier or a
little Uitifr than others, #r because some devote
their children to God in baptism, as a claim of
privileges, and an obligation to duties, before they
can do this for themselves, and are capable of act-
ing therein : or because some of us thiiik, this
ordinance requires much water, and that the whole
body be immersed in it ; others suppose, a little
is sufficient, and that he who hath the fice or head
washed in this solemnity, has as true a significancy
•f gospel benefits and obligations, as he who has
his whole body put under water, since our Savi-
our thought so when he washed 1 eter*s feet, John
xiii. 10. In short, when faith in Christ, and love
to God, and obedience to the sanctifying opera-
tions of the spirit are made necessary to salvation,
and agreed upon by us all, it is pity that these
lesser things should raise such unhappy contentions
among the disciples of the blessed Jesus, the
rrincii 0f Peace.
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