The service of missions to science and society : the presidential address delivered before the American Baptist Missionary Union at Dayton, Ohio, May 21, 1906

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The service of missions to
science and society

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS
TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

The Presidential Address de-
livered before the American
Baptist Missionary Union, at
Dayton, Ohio, May 21, igo6, by
W. W. \een, M. D.y LL. D.

Price ten cents

AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSIONARY

UNION, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS

1 906

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS
TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

FATHERS and brethren: Mr. William A.
Munroe, whom you elected your President
a year ago passed to his reward August 26,
1905. Death, which treads with equal step in
cottage and palace, has robbed us of a noble leader.
Those who knew him best loved him most. The
Union will give fitting expression to our sorrow,
but I cannot refrain in these few words from la-
menting the great loss which the church and the
cause of missions has suffered in his death.

Upon me, therefore, devolves the duty of ad-
dressing you at the opening of this, the ninety-
second session of the American Baptist Missionary
Union. I have chosen as my theme " The Service
of Missions to Science and Society." I can only
give a very brief outline of a few of the most im-
portant services, for the more they are investigated
the larger do they loom upon our vision.

Even before the era of modern missions the con-
nection between missions and science was well
recognized, for Robert Boyle, the philosopher and
founder of the Royal Society in 1660, laid it down
as the especial object of that institution to propa-
3

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

gate Christianity along with and through litera-
ture and science. He was also the founder of the
first Protestant society for the propagation of the
gospel. Leibnitz, in planning the Berlin Academy,
included the same idea in its scope, and thence it
extended to other similar societies in Halle, Wit-
tenberg, Vienna and St. Petersburg.

AN EVOLUTION IN MISSIONS

The idea in the minds of our first modern mis-
sionaries was, naturally, that their duty was solely
to preach the gospel. This was, still is, and ever
must be their chief function.

But they were soon compelled by circumstances
to broaden their ideas of duty. Who could see
dense ignorance all around him without yearning
to teach the people so that they might at least read
the word of God and be able to communicate with
each other in writing? Naturally it would quickly
be perceived that the more plastic mind of child-
hood would profit most by such teaching. Hence
the origin of schools, of the printing-press, and of
translations of the Bible and of other books. Many
of these people had only a spoken language, and to
teach reading and writing, the language must be
reduced to writing, thus requiring skilled philolo-
gists.

4

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

The ravages of disease, as a result of ignorance,
filth and superstition, inevitably caused attempts to
teach the first principles of sanitation often combined
with elementary medical treatment, and hence the
medical missionary, the hospital, and other agencies
to ameliorate the physical sufferings and suppress
the physical vices of the heathen world. In other
words, there has been an evolution in missions as
inevitable as it is desirable.

Moreover, even the most devoted missionary
must have some recreation, for that " all work and
no play makes Jack a dull boy " is doubly true of
one banished from family, home and country.
What was more natural than to write full descrip-
tions of the geography of the country, of the manners
and customs of strange peoples and of the curious
animal and vegetable forms seen on all sides ?
Thus literary, scientific and sociological studies
are seen to be a normal and indeed unavoidable
outgrowth from missions, especially in their later
and fuller development — what in commerce would
be called important " by-products."

Moreover, the missionaries of today are not
simply the pious, devoted enthusiasts of the past.
All missionary societies, our own among them, rec-
ognize the fact that they must provide men who
are trained experts as well as earnest Christians, if
they would reap the largest harvest. Hence our
5

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

training schools to fit them for their work. Hence,
too, the splendid student volunteer movement
which will add in the next four years annually a
thousand trained young men and women from our
colleges and universities — four full regiments —
to the ranks of this devoted army of the Church
militant, destined to be also the Church triumph-
ant.

THE MANIFOLD SERVICE OF THE MISSIONARY

You will observe thus that the entire conception
of foreign missions has changed from the early days
of Carey and Judson. Then, as has been eloquently
set forth by Rev. Dr. Sidney L. Gulick, the
missionary devoted himself to the individual pagan,
now to the community and its entire welfare,
as well as to that of the individual ; then to preach-
ing the gospel of righteousness alone, now he
adds to this the gospel of cleanliness; then
he was an expert only in the Scriptures now
he makes all science, philanthropy, literature
and learning, in a word, all service to society as
well as to religion, his efficient aids in winning
souls to our Lord Jesus Christ.

" The missionary," says Dr. Gulick, " is now

seen to be not merely saving a few individuals from

the general wreck of the pagan world, but planting

a new life which will transform that world and

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TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

bring it into the kingdom of God. . . . Christ must
be made King in our organized life as communities,
and thus society be saved, even as he has been made
Savior of individuals. . . . The newer well-bal-
anced sociological conception of foreign missions is
one which, while it does not forget man's individ-
ual nature and value, does emphasize strongly the
thought that only as society is transformed with
the individual is the individual fully saved. For-
eign missions in all their activities aim at the double
purpose of saving both individuals and society —
the establishment of the kingdom of God through
the production of children of God." *

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL MISSIONS
When Benjamin W. Crowninshield objected to
granting the charter of the American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Missions on the ground
that it " would export religion, whereas there was
none to spare among ourselves," he forgot that
" religion is a commodity of which the more we
export the more we have remaining." 2 But he also,
unconsciously, recognized and recorded the fact that
in one very proper sense religion is a valuable
national product and its export an untold blessing
to entire nations who receive it.

1Gulick: The Modern Conception of Foreign Missions,
The Outlook, Nov. 4, 1905, p. 563. Vide infra, note I, p. 40.
2 Pierson: The Crisis of Missions, p. 191.
7

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

Naturally, I am especially interested in the won-
derful development of medical missions, not only
because it is my chosen profession, but because so
many of my own students are doing the Master
such good service in Japan, Korea, China, India,
Siam, Persia and Syria.

Our Lord himself was the first medical mission-
ary, for he " went about doing good " during all
his ministry, and most of his miracles were for the
healing of bodily ailments.

The medical missionary often finds that his pro-
fessional services open the door to his Christian
teaching. Notable instances are the favors extended
to missionaries and their hospitals by Li Hung
Chang, and the career of Dr. H. N. Allen, whose
services to a wounded Korean prince led to the in-
troduction of modern missions into Korea, and to
Dr. Allen's being appointed American minister
by two Presidents.

Dr. Peter Parker, the first medical missionary
of the American Board, 1 " had great difficulty in
securing a building, and when it was ready no
patients came the first day. On the second, a
woman courageously trusted herself in the hands
of the foreigner. Next day half a dozen came, en-
couraged by her success, and soon the street was
full. So anxious were they to secure his services

1 Ely Volume : Missions and Science, p. 411.
8

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

that even women of the better class stayed fn the
street all night, so as to secure an early admission.
Long lines of sedan-chairs almost choked up the
narrow lane. Great men with their attendants
waited their turn to see the foreign doctor. As
many as a thousand were waiting at once, and there
was danger that people would be injured by the
pressure. Sometimes blind people from a far-off
village clubbed together to charter a boat to Can-
ton, and then waited four or five days after their
arrival till there was a vacancy for new patients."
One Chinese wheeled his blind old mother a thou-
sand miles, nearly twice as far as from here (Day-
ton, Ohio), to Philadelphia, in a wheelbarrow to
consult one of my own students. 1

The medical development of missions, it is inter-
esting for us to note, is especially British and Amer-
ican. In 1899 Dr. Dennis2 states that (ex-
clusive of the physicians of the Countess of Duf-
ferin's fund, a philanthropic but not strictly a mis-
sionary agency) there were " 338 American, 288
British and 27 Canadian medical missionaries in
the various fields, as compared with 20, the total
number for all the societies of Continental Europe,
and 7 for Australasia. ... The admirable services,
* Dennis: Christian Missions and Social Progress, ii
193- (In later references to " Dennis," this work is meant un-
less his other work is specified).

2 Ibid. ii. 402.
9

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

moreover, rendered by the skilled nurses sent out
from some of the European societies, especially by
the Kaiserswerth Deaconesses, should be carefully
noted here as contributing much to the efficiency
of medical and surgical practice in the hospitals."

These medical missionaries have introduced anes-
thetics which abolish pain, vaccination which ban-
ishes smallpox, and the intelligent treatment of
other epidemics (for example, the plague and
cholera which make such awful havoc in the teem-
ing centers of Oriental life), and antiseptic sur-
gery which saves thousands of lives and untold
suffering.

But the West as well as the East owes not a
little to the medical missionary. Perhaps the one
most useful drug in medicine is quinine, and the
world owes it to the Jesuit missionaries of South
America. Before the chemists extracted its active
principle it was originally administered as the pul-
verized bark of the cinchona tree, and was popu-
larly known as "Jesuits' bark;" while Calabar
bean, the Kola nut, and Strophanthus, valuable
modern remedies, we owe to Dr. Nassau, an
African missionary. Much of our knowledge of
cataract, lithotomy, elephantiasis, leprosy, and
many other tropical diseases comes from medical
missionaries, since these disorders are either pecu-
liar to the tropics or are very prevalent there.

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

THE GOSPEL OF CLEANLINESS

That godliness is profitable for the life that now
is as well as that which is to come was most evi-
dent to me in Nellore. Pr. Downie did not
need to point out to us that this house was that
of a Christian convert, and that of an unconverted
native, for one look was enough to distinguish them.
The former was clean and neat, free from accumu-
lation of filth, and showed every evidence of thrift
and orderly comfort, while the latter was its un-
sanitary counterpart. That today the greatest
physical need of India and Burma is decent sani-
tation was most evident when we smelled the de-
cayed fish diet of the native Burmese; and in India
saw hundreds of pilgrims drinking the green scum-
covered water of many a temple tank. We also saw
hundreds of others standing in the river, waist-deep,
drinking the foul water of the Ganges at Benares,
while other hundreds at their elbows were washing
themselves and their clothing in the river, with
decaying bodies of animals floating on the tide,
and a large sewer delivering its filth into the same
stream less than three hundred feet away. Is not
the preaching of cleanliness in such a community
as truly missionary work as preaching the gospel?

Dr. Dennis again * sums up the results in

1 Centennial Survey of Foreign Missions.
ii

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

1902, when there were 379 hospitals and 783 dis-
pensaries ministering to 6,500,000 patients annually
in Asia, Africa and Oceanica, and 67 medical and
nurses' training schools, with 631 pupils. What
do not these figures represent in lives, in comfort,
in happiness and hope for this world and often for
the next!

Under the influence of missionary societies and
the Lady Dufferin Association, the attitude of the
people of India toward the education of women,
and especially their medical education, is rapidly
changing. The Lady Dufferin Association in 1898
had 240 native women students, and the North
India School of Medicine for Christian Women,
in which my friend and former student, Dr. Anna
M. Fullerton, is so active, is doing a similar work.

CHRISTIANITY A PRACTICAL FORCE

Christian altruism is a new idea to the heathen
world. An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth,
neglect and often abandonment of the suffer-
ing and the unfortunate is the rule of conduct.
Service to others for Christ's sake and be-
cause every man, being a child of the same
Heavenly Father, is a brother, is to them a
startling anomaly. What a deep and lasting im-
pression then must be made upon their minds by the
533 orphanages, foundling asylums, homes for in-

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

fants, leper hospitals, schools for the blind, the
deaf and dumb, opium refuges, homes for widows
and orphans, and asylums for the insane carried
on by self-sacrificing and devoted men and women
who give up their time, their labor, their talents,
and often their health, and even their lives in the
service of suffering fellow human beings! What-
ever the people may think of Christianity as a sys-
tem of religion, these beautiful, bountiful and un-
selfish ministries for the sick, the suffering and
the unfortunate must appeal strongly and con-
stantly to their common humanity. Where has
heathenism a similar philanthropic roll of honor?

Says Giddings i1 " The successive world-empires
of Persia, Macedonia and Rome prepared the way
for the Christian conception of universal brother-
hood. So long as this conception was nothing more
than an esoteric affirmation that all men are
brothers, because they are children of one Father,
it made but little impression upon the social mind ;
but when by the genius of St. Paul it was con-
verted into an ideal, into the doctrine that all men
through a spiritual renewing may become brothers,
the new faith underwent a transformation like that
which converted the ethnic into the civic conception
of the state, and Christianity became the most tre-
mendous power in history. Gradually it has been
1 Principles of Sociology, p. 360.
13

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

realizing its ideal, until, today, a Christian phil-
anthropy and a Christian missionary enterprise,
rapidly outgrowing the esoteric sentiment alism of
their youth, and devoting themselves to the diffu-
sion of knowledge, to the improvement of condi-
tions, and to the upbuilding of character, are unit-
ing the classes and races of men in a spiritual
humanity." x

Well may Sir Charles Aitchison, a former lieu-
tenant-governor of the Punjab, say : 2 " Apart from
the strictly Christian aspect of the question, I
should, from a purely administrative point of view,
deplore the drying up of Christian liberality to mis-
sions as a most lamentable check to social and moral
progress and a serious injury to the best interests
of the people;" or Sir Charles Warren, governor
of Natal : " For the preservation of peace between
the colonists and the natives one missionary is worth
a battalion of soldiers." 3

Besides his strictly evangelistic efforts, the mis-
sionary will and, indeed, must inculcate the plain
social virtues, honesty, sobriety, frugality, and in-
dustry so lauded by Franklin. They are as foreign
to the heathen world as is the Christian altruism, of
which I have above spoken. But without them there

1 Italics my own. w. W. K.
2 Dennis, ii. 407.
3 Vide infra, note 2, p. 40.
14

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

can be little social progress. One of the greatest
services missionaries have rendered has been in
demonstrating these virtues in their own lives and
enforcing them upon their converts. It is a serv-
ice to society of simply untold value. Listen, for
instance, to the testimony of Alfred Russell Wal-
lace, Darwin's great compeer:

" The missionaries have much to be proud of in
this country [the Celebes]. They have assisted
the government in changing a savage into a civi-
lized community in a wonderfully short space of
time. Forty years ago the country was a wilder-
ness, the people naked savages, garnishing their
rude houses with human heads. Now it is a gar-
den, worthy of its sweet native name of ' Mina-
hasa.' Good roads and paths traverse it in every
direction;^ some of the finest coffee plantations in
the world surround the villages, interspersed with
extensive rice-fields, more than sufficient for the
support of the population. The people are now the
most industrious, peaceable, and civilized in the
whole archipelago. They are the best clothed, the
best housed, the best fed, and the best educated;
and they have made some progress toward a higher
social state." 1

Or to the testimony of a cold official British

* Wallace : The Malay Archipelago, i. 397.
15

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

Blue Book : " Insensibly a higher standard of moral
conduct is becoming familiar to the people." *

Is not this an enviable record of service to his
fellow men — a record repeated in scores of sav-
age communities ?

VICES COMMON ON HEATHEN SOIL

Moreover, the Christian missionary is engaged
in a ceaseless endeavor to uplift the nations from
the vices which flourish so vigorously on heathen
soil. Review only a few of these evils and see what
a gigantic task confronts him.

Intemperance exists practically in every part of
the world, but its worst phases are seen by the
missionary. It neutralizes much of his best efforts.

The opium habit exists in a large part of Asia.
Not only the missionary, but the strong hand of the
government is enlisted in the warfare against it,
yet how deadly is its influence and how fearful its
ravages in spite of both these forces leagued to-
gether, largely, alas, due to the attitude of Christian
Great Britain!

Gambling in its many forms is so universal and
so difficult to destroy that in our own and other
civilized lands, its mischiefs, I fear, are today
upon the increase. The missionaries doing their
best to eradicate it in heathen lands are not to be

JNew York Tribune, July 25, 1886.
16

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

f

blamed if they are discouraged, when American
women clothe themselves from their winnings, and
pawn their jewels to pay their losses at bridge
whist. Are the Chinese who ruin themselves at
fan-tan, or the Filipino who bets on his game-cock,
any worse?

Immorality, polygamy, concubinage^ infanticide,
and divorce are allied gigantic evils which the mis-
sionary has to contend with on every hand. That
the same evils exist here is true; but here they
exist more or less surreptitiously and under protest,
whereas in heathen lands they are open and legal.

FAMILY LIFE

In most heathen lands, while the love of father
or mother for the children, it may be, is as strong
as elsewhere, yet family life, as we know it, scarcely
exists in most of heathendom. Quoting in part
from Marshall's Principles of Economics, 1 Kidd 2
says : " The religious movement of the sixteenth
century deepened the character of the people, * re-
acted on their habits of life> and gave a tone to
their industry.' Family life was intensified, so
much so, that ' the family relations of those races
which have adopted the reformed religion are the
richest and fullest of earthly feeling; there never
1 Vol. 1.34,35.

* Social Evolution, p. 297.
17

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

has been before any material of texture at once so
strong and so fine with which to build up a noble
fabric of social life.' "

The object lesson of the daily home life of a
Christian family in its tender care, especially for
the feeble and the suffering, its pervading courtesy
and love, its purity and moral example, can never
be lost upon a heathen people often practically
destitute of such ideals.

No better testimony could be given than that
of the Japan Gazette, 1 which said, as Dr. and
Mrs. Hepburn were leaving Japan, and with an
imperial decoration, after thirty-three years of resi-
dence there: "We may rest quite assured that it
was the daily life of Dr. Hepburn and his fel-
low workers in the early days which moved Japan
first to tolerate and then to welcome missionaries to
these shores, and it is to the missionaries that Japan
owes the greater part of her present advancement.
The missionary has been Japan's instructor, an in-
fluence wholly for enlightenment and good." And
the Japan Mail 2 said :

" No single person has done so much to bring
foreigners and Japanese into close intercourse. His
dictionary was the first book that gave access to
the language of the country and remains to this

1 October 19, 1902.

2 October 18, 1902.

18

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

day the best available interpreter of that language;
but even more than his dictionary has helped to
facilitate mutual acquaintance has his life assisted
to break down the old barriers of racial prejudice
and distrust."

THE DEGRADATION OF WOMEN

The position of women in the East and in Africa
has always excited the sympathy and philanthropic
labors of the missionary. Practically she is largely
an article of barter and sale, often a slave, and
never the one companion of her husband, the one
mother of his children, his comforter and coun-
sellor, his good angel. That she is entitled to equal
property rights, to loyal affection, to an education,
and, if necessary, that this education should give
her an honorable support, has never been dreamed
of. Yet exactly this position in the social fabric
is what Christian missions claim for her and in
many ways are securing for her. " If the mission-
aries had done nothing else for China," says Colonel
Denby, for thirteen years American minister there,
" the amelioration of the condition of the women
would be glory enough." *

The needle of a missionary's wife opened the
zenanas of India to Christian missions.2

1 Denby: China and Her People, p. 228.
8 Pierson's Crisis in Missions, pp. 170-1 and 183.
19

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

We all know something of the dreadful cruelties
of child marriage. The medical women of India
know these far better than any others, and even
for very shame's sake, they cannot depict them in
plain speech. We know, too, something of the
former cruelties of Indian suttee and the existing
dismal state of Hindu widows, many of them mere
children; but we do not appreciate how dreadful
are these daily tortures, nor that, according to
Dubois,1 there are not less than 25,000,000 of these
poor unfortunates — a number nearly equal to one-
third of the entire population of the United States!
Here are gigantic evils in society which the mission-
ary is doing his best to abolish; and, thank God,
he is making increasing headway.

SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE

In Africa, slavery and the slave trade are partly
things of the past, due largely to the exertions and
influence of Livingstone and other missionaries.
What crimes that cried to heaven for vengeance
were committed while they lasted, it is impossible
to describe. Society owes a large debt of grati-
tude to the strong men and women who by their
protests and appeals finally achieved these results.
John Howard, William Wilberforce and Elizabeth
Fry are names hallowed in the annals of English
1 Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies, ii. 356.

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

philanthropy, and justly so. Their counterparts,
found in many an African mission station, have
received their reward in blessings from liberated
slaves and from their Heavenly Father.

But this work is not yet finished. The " open
sore of the world " still exists on the Congo. Op-
pression, cruelty, murder, and nameless outrages
are still perpetrated there upon the poor blacks
who have no powerful friends at court, no Hebrew
rabbis, no American Ambassadors like Straus, and
no English Premiers like Gladstone, as Russian
Jews, Armenians and Bulgarians have had. Who
has stirred the blood of Christendom to protest
against these outrages? Brave missionaries, who,
having witnessed them, cry aloud without ceasing.
Were they to hold their peace, the very stones would
utter a protest. Misrepresentation, abuse, and cal-
lous indifference in many high quarters have stood
in their way, but so sure as there is a just God in
heaven, so surely will their cry at last be heard,
and Leopold of Belgium will cease to hoard up
gold, every piece of which is besmeared with the
life-blood of some poor African.1

1 Even as this address was read came the news of a law
recently enacted on the Congo, by which any person (and whom
could this mean but the missionaries?) convicted of slandering an
official (how easy such a conviction by interested judges !) could
be condemned to five years in an African jail under the Equator
— a sentence equivalent to death to a European. Under its
provisions one missionary had already been arrested, a thousand
miles from those who could serve as witnesses in his behalf !

21

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

Cruel and barbarous punishments, human sac-
rifices, and cannabalism have been largely, and, in
many places completely, abandoned as a result of
missionary efforts, and Christian peace and civiliza-
tion have replaced them. Witness Fiji, Samoa,
Hawaii, Africa, and many another mission field.

Charles Darwin,1 certainly an impartial observer,
says: "The success of the Terra del Fuego Mis-
sion is most wonderful, and shames me, as I always
prophesied utter failure. It is a grand success."
Again in his Voyage of the Beagle, he says : 2
" The lesson of the missionary is the enchanter's
wand ; " 3 a sentiment which finds an echo from
Max Muller, " I know of no nobler life than that
of a true missionary," 4 and from the King of
Siam, who declared, " American missionaries have
done more to advance the welfare of my country
and people than any other foreign influence."

education: the result of evangelization

I have already pointed out how inevitable it was
that education, especially of the young, would soon

1 Life and Letters, ii. 307.
2 P. 452.
3 See also Voyage of the Beagle, American Edition, pp.
437> 439> 44i> 44^, 452» 454-8, for further testimonies.
4 Chips from a German Workshop, iv. 316.

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

be engrafted upon the early evangelistic efforts of
the missionaries.

Ignorance is the handmaid of superstition and
vice. What Tuskegee and Hampton and Shaw-
University are doing for the black race in our coun-
try must be done still more in heathen lands if the
people are to be elevated and civilized. Not only-
must the masses be taught to read and write in
order that the truths of the Bible and their litera-
ture may be available, but educated native teachers
and preachers also must be provided for them. It is
impossible to send American and other missionaries
in sufficient numbers to do all the great work
needed among the many millions of Asia, Africa
and Oceanica. Native teachers in large numbers
must be educated. They, more than foreigners, can
get close to the people and thoroughly understand
them.

Twenty years ago Pierson 1 stated that in sixty
years, from a totally illiterate nation 300,000 of
the inhabitants of Madagascar had learned to
read.

Especially is this educational progress necessary
at present, when the whole East is entering upon
a new life. China is a giant awakening from a
long sleep. Within a year her escape from the
educational thraldom of thirteen centuries has been
1 Crisis in Missions, p. 263.
23

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

announced by the abolition of the old examina-
tions of her literati and the institution of examina-
tions in Western learning in its place. Shall
Christendom allow such an opportunity to escape?
The soil has been upturned; shall we neglect to
sow the seed? Never again will such a door be
opened to us, and God will surely hold us account-
able if we neglect this golden opportunity.

Japan is advancing by leaps and bounds, and if,
as is within an easy probability, she abandons her
native tongue and adopts English as her national lan-
guage, Great Britain and America will incur a
new and almost staggering responsibility.

The present movement in our own Church for
a great advance along higher educational lines is
eminently justified by the needs of the millions of
the East and of Africa, by the intellectual awaken-
ing just noted, by the signal success of past efforts,
and by the fine example of other churches in dis-
charging this urgent duty.

At Rangoon I saw the splendid work of the late
Dr. Cushing, and his colleagues, where now
there are 800 students eager to learn and later to
teach. At Beirut I have seen the Syrian Protestant
College doing a superb work in education. In medi-
cine alone they will supply educated physicians for
all the Arabic- and Turkish-speaking countries to
replace the present barbarous medicine from which
24

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

the people suffer so sadly. I have seen Robert Col-
lege at Constantinople, from whose halls have is-
sued the makers of modern Bulgaria. We need
not three such colleges, but three hundred, if we
would do the work of the Lord as it ought to be
done. Oh, that our consecrated wealth could be
poured into the coffers of God till they should be
filled to overflowing!

It is significant that the Emperor of Korea has
suggested as a name for a Methodist institution of
higher learning in that benighted land, Pai Chat
Hak Fongt — "Hall for Rearing Useful Men,"
— a name after " Poor Richard's " own heart.

Moreover, as in our own land, industrial train-
ing is often as useful as the more intellectual. This
is given in many places.1 Alexander M. Mackay
is known on the Victoria Nyanza as the " indus-
trial missionary," who has won his way by his car-
pentering quite as much as by his teaching. Every
time you see a soldier clad in khaki, it should re-
mind you that this fast-brown dye was discovered
by Haller of the Basel African Mission, who, by
his industrial education, as Dennis finely expresses
it, has changed a " Pagan liability " into a " Chris-
tian asset."

In Dennis' Centennial Survey of Foreign Mis-

1See Noble's Redemption of Africa, ii. 562, and Den-
nis, ii. 152.

25

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

sions there are catalogued 94 missionary univer-
sities and colleges with 36,000 students, 179
industrial training schools with over 9,000 students,
879 high schools and seminaries with 85,00 pupils,
and nearly 19,000 day schools with almost a million
students! Surely James Bryce is right when he
says, " The gospel and the mission schools are at
present the most truly civilizing influence which
work upon the natives, and upon these influ-
ences, more than on any other agency, does the
progress of the colored race depend." x

PHILOLOGY LINKED WITH EDUCATION

Inextricably interwoven with education is the
science of language. Existing languages in highly
developed form like Chinese, Japanese, Hindu-
stani and Arabic had to be learned by the mission-
aries. That this is no light task we all can well
believe. Indeed we can almost agree with Milne
when he epigrammatically describes learning Chi-
nese as " work for men with bodies of brass, lungs
of steel, heads of oak, hands of spring steel, eyes
of eagles, hearts of apostles, memories of angels,
and lives of Methuselah." 2

But bad as is this situation, many missionaries
are confronted with a far worse one; that is, with
1 Impressions of South Africa, p. 393.
2 Dennis, iii. p. 413.
26

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

languages which are only spoken and have no writ-
ten alphabet whatever. Imagine yourself set down
in France, Germany, or Italy without any written
language and obliged to devise a written alphabet
to represent these spoken languages; or still worse,
that you lived among African tribes with sounds and
gurgles utterly foreign to your ear and tongue —
how think you would you succeed in giving them
not only a written language, but a literature? Is
it any wonder that it took Judson twenty-seven
years to translate the Bible into Burmese?

Listen to the predicament of Mr. Richards of
Mozambique, who writes, 1 " These people had
never heard of ink till we brought it to them.
There was no history, no book, no dictionary, no
alphabet, not a single idea as to how thought and
words could be transferred to paper and from
paper into the comprehension of one who had
never heard the words before they were trans-
ferred to paper. They could not tell what paper
was, but called it a ' leaf.' " 2

Yet in the face of these difficulties, apparently
almost insurmountable, of the 600 spoken languages
1 Dennis, iii. 419.

8 Any one wishing to realize the prodigious difficulty of
reducing spoken to written speech should read the amusing
as well as instructive account given by Rev. Henry Richards
in Pentecost on the Congo, page 6, published by the American
Baptist Missionary Union, Boston, Mass.
27

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

and dialects of Africa, 200 have been reduced to
writing. Many of them were on the point of ex-
tinction and have since become extinct. They
would have been utterly lost to philology had it
not been for the missionaries. Perhaps half as
many more languages in other parts of the world,
that is, 300 languages in all, have been reduced to
writing and preserved. " No other motive is con-
ceivable," says Dr. Cust, the celeberated phi-
lologist,1 " to induce men of scholarship and indus-
try to run the risk of disease and death for the
purpose of reducing to writing the form of speech
of downright savages, except for the one purpose
of religious instruction" 2 Is it any wonder,
then, that he says, " The missionary appears to me
to be the highest type of human excellence in the
nineteenth century, and his profession to be the
noblest ? " 3

The debt of philologists to missionary labors has
been repeatedly acknowledged by many of the lead-
ing linguists of all lands. The late Professor
Whitney of Yale, the distinguished Orientalist,
says: " I have a strong realization of the value of
missionary labors to science. The American Ori-
ental Society has been much dependent on them for

1 Dennis, iii. 422.
2 Italics my own. W. W. K.
3 Pierson : Crisis in Missions, p. 254.
28

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

its usefulness. There would hardly be occasion for
the Society at all, but for them" 1

Few missionary languages, even those most de-
veloped, had even a dictionary. We owe to mis-
sionary philologists nearly 150 dictionaries, includ-
ing the earliest ones of Ulfiias for the Goths, Cyril
for the Slavs, our own Eliot's for the American In-
dians, Hepburn's for the Japanese, Morrison's and
S. Wells Williams' for the Chinese, Jaschke's and
Heyde's for the Tibetans, Judson's and Stevns' for
the Burmese, Brown's for the Telugus, etc. The
oldest inscription in Phoenician characters and one
of the most important philological discoveries of
modern times, (second only perhaps to that of the
Rosetta stone and the celebrated Nestorian tablet2
discovered by Bridgman, in China), was the finding
of the Moabite stone by Rev. F. A. Klein, the mis-
sionary, in 1868. The letters of Rev. W. K. Eddy
to the London Times first called attention to the
superb sarcophagi at Sidon, now among the price-
less treasures of the museum in Constantinople.3

Up to 1 90 1, the Bible itself had been translated
into 475 languages, of which 432 translations were
made in the nineteenth century, an unparalleled
series of philological achievements. Well may we

1Liggins: The Great Value and Success of Foreign
Missions, pp. 223-4. Italics my own. w. w. K.
2 Ely Volume, p. 172.
3 Dennis, iii. 429.
29

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

call it, after St. Chrysostom, " The " Book. No
other can compare with it in number of copies, in
universality of circulation, or in the worth of its
contents.

GEOGRAPHY

That geography owes a large debt to missionaries
no American can doubt when he remembers the
early Jesuit missionaries whose names are so famil-
iar to us: Pere Marquette, Hennepin, La Salle,
Le Jeune, and others. The great Northwest and
its lakes and the Mississippi are redolent with their
memories. The thrilling story of how Oregon and
the whole northwest Pacific coast was saved to the
United States by the heroic midwinter ride of Rev.
Marcus Whitman, and his interviews with Daniel
Webster, then Secretary of State, and with Presi-
dent Tyler, is well told in the Missionary Herald 1
and the Ely Volume. 2

When starting on one of his journeys, Living-
stone wrote: " Cannot the love of Christ carry the
missionary where the slave-trade carries the trader?
... I shall open up a path to the interior or perish.
I have never had the shadow of a shade of doubt
as to the propriety of my course." And, at a later
period, when almost dying for want of food, " Took

1 1869, pp. 76-80.
2 Pp. 13-15.
30

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

my belt up three holes to relieve hunger " is the
pathetic note in his journal.

Africa in the nineteenth century is the counter-
part of America in the sixteenth, and Livingstone
has been well called the " Columbus of Africa."
Numberless have been both the travelers and the
missionaries who have explored its interior, which,
when I studied geography, was labelled " terra in-
cognita" and the maps showed the " Mountains of
the Moon." Now these mountains are known to
be myths, but the sources of the Nile have been at
last discovered, and the whole continent mapped
largely by missionaries. Livingstone alone trav-
eled 29,000 miles in its interior and added one
million square miles, or one-twelfth of its area, to
the known regions of the globe. Even Speke, who
discovered the great lakes, Tanganyika and Victoria,
said : " The missionaries were the prime and first
promoters of that expedition." The Victoria Falls
on the Zambesi, the greatest in the world, far
exceeding our own Niagara, were first seen by
Livingstone of all civilized men, and Mounts Kili-
manjaro and Kenia, worthy rivals of Mount Blanc,
were first discovered by Krapf and Rebman.

Moreover, wherever missionary geographers

went, they naturally described the people and the

flora and fauna of the land, thus making important

contributions to natural history, to comparative

31

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

anatomy, to the industrial resources of the world,
and, in one way or another, to nearly every science.
Thus, to name only a few notable examples, we
owe to missionaries the introduction in the West of
sorghum, of African rubber, and of the silkworm,1
at present of such enormous commercial value.
The jinrikisha was devised by Jonathan Goble, and
the strange discovery of that before practically un-
known animal, the gorilla, was due to a missionary.

In 1847 the great comparative anatomist, Rich-
ard Owen, for the first time gave a scientific de-
scription of the gorilla. It was based upon a skull
sent from Africa by Dr. Savage, a mission-
ary, and Professor Owen named it after him
(Troglodytes, or Gorilla, Savagei). A year earlier,
Dr. Leighton Wilson, another missionary,2 had
sent a skull to the Boston Society of Natural
History, and still later the complete skeleton of a
gorilla, now in the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, was obtained from Dr. Nassau.

Robinson and Smith's Researches in Palestine,
Mt. Sinai, and Arabai Petrasa, and Thomson's
The Land and the Book are well known to
every one. They completely revolutionized the
former ideas of the geography of Palestine; and

JEly Volume, p. 143.
2 Whitney : Oriental and Linguistic Studies, second
series, p. toi.

32

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

the more modern Palestine explorations both by
the British and the American societies owe a large
debt to missionary labors.

The Princeton Review x says: " Our missionaries
have rendered more real service to geography than
all the geographical societies of the world."

Mr. G. M. Powell, of the Oriental Topographi-
cal Corps, in a paper read before the American In-
stitute, says:2 "Probably no source of knowledge
in this department has been so vast, varied, and pro-
lific as the investigations and contributions of mis-
sionaries. They have patiently collected and truth-
fully transmitted much exact and valuable geo-
graphical knowledge, and all without money and
without price, though it would have cost millions
to secure it in any other way." s

DIPLOMACY

The intimate acquaintance of the missionary with
the habits, modes of thought of the people, and
their languages has made them very frequently
of great value, especially to British and American
diplomatists, as is frequently noted by Hon. John
W. Foster, lately American Secretary of State, in
his American Diplomacy in the Orient:

1 Vol. xxxviii. p. 622.

2 Missionary Herald, 1875, p. 120.

3 Ely Volume, pp. 3-5.

33

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

" The well-known English missionary and Chi-
nese interpreter, Dr. Robert Morrison, was the
chief interpreter of the Amherst Embassy in 1816,
and he acted as the official interpreter and trusted
adviser of the British Government and the East
India Company at Canton for twenty-five years.
During the Opium War, and in the peace negotia-
tions, Dr. Gutzlaff, the German missionary
and historian, was in the employ of the British Gov-
ernment, as interpreter and adviser, and was most
useful in the negotiations. He was also of service
to the government of the United States in a similar
capacity. . . . When Mr. Roberts was sent by the
American Government to negotiate treaties with
Siam and other Oriental countries, he first went to
Canton and there engaged the services as interpre-
ter of Mr. J. R. Morrison, the son of Dr. Mor-
rison. . . .

" These instances are cited to show what an im-
portant part the missionaries have borne in the in-
ternational relations of the Pacific. The instances
might be multiplied, and a detailed examination of
these relations will disclose that up to the middle of
the last century the Christian missionaries were an
absolute necessity to diplomatic intercourse." 1. . . .

1 American Diplomacy in the Orient, by John W.
Foster, pp. no, in.

34

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

" Minister Denby, who, from his long official
residence in China, was the most competent judge,
in a despatch to the Department of State, said of
the missionaries, ' that their influence is beneficial
to the natives; that the arts and sciences and civil-
ization are greatly spread by their efforts; that
many useful Western books are translated by them
into Chinese; and that they are the leaders in all
charitable work. ... In the interest, therefore, of
civilization, missionaries ought not only to be tol-
erated, but ought to receive protection;'"1 and
again, " Believe nobody when he sneers at mission-
aries. The man is simply not posted on the work." 2

Dr. Peter Parker and Rev. E. C. Bridgman,
missionaries in China, were made the Chinese sec-
retaries of Caleb Cushing's Embassy in 1844. Dr.
Parker twice served as charge d'affaires in China.
He was made full commissioner to negotiate with
the Chinese Government in 1856.

Rev. Dr. S. Wells Williams accompanied Com-
modore Perry in 1853 in his first visit to Japan as
his chief interpreter. Hon. Wiliam B. Reed, our
minister to China, later made him secretary of lega-
tion upon the promotion of Dr. Peter Parker. Dr.
W. A. P. Martin, a Presbyterian missionary, also
was one of Mr. Reed's most zealous assistants.
Dr. Williams' Middle Kingdom and his Chinese
1 Foster, loc. cit. p. 412. 2Liggins, p. 27.
35

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

Dictionary are enduring monuments of his linguistic
attainments. For over twenty years he acted as
secretary and often as charge d'affaires of the
American legation in China.

Hon. William B. Reed, our minister to China,
with whom Dr. Williams had served, says of
him: "He is the most learned man in his varied
information I have ever met. . . . He is the most
habitually religious man I have ever seen." l

To this Minister Reed elsewhere adds: " I went
to the East with no enthusiasm as to missionary
enterprise. I came back with the fixed conviction
that missionaries are the great agents of civiliza-
tion. I could not have advanced one step in the
discharge of my duties, could not have read or
written or understood one word of correspondence
on treaty stipulations, but for the missionaries." 2

The diplomatic services of Dr. Judson are
too well known to be described, and the present
British Ambassador to the United States, Sir Mor-
timer Durand, has lately given him full credit.

But time fails me even to sketch in barest out-
line the manifold services of missionaries to geol-
ogy, meteorology, anthropology, ethnography, folk-
lore, numismatics, music, history, and many philan-
thropic agencies for the betterment of mankind.
For these I must refer you to the copious litera-
1 Foster, pp. 273-4. 2The Envelope Series, April, 1905, p. 21.
36

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

ture of missions, and especially to the Ely volume
on Missions and Science, edited by Rev. Thomas
Laurie, D. D. ; The Great Value and Success of
Foreign Missions, by Rev. John Liggins; Are For-
eign Missions Doing any Good? (London, 1894) ;
and to Christian Missions and Social Progress, by
Rev. Dr. James S. Dennis, and the same author's
Centennial Survey of Foreign Missions.

To give a general idea, however, of the wide
scope of the missionary contributions to science, I
asked my friend, Rev. Frank S. Dobbins,1 to go
over the Royal Society's catalogue of scientific
papers, Silliman's Journal, and other scientific peri-
odicals, the Journal and Proceedings of the Royal
Geographical Society and the various Asiatic Soci-
eties, in order to discover with some approach to
completeness to what an extent the missionaries had
distinctly contributed to scientific literature as such.

To these statistics are to be added a considerable
number of papers unavoidably overlooked in such a
rapid search, and the numerous papers of a scientific
character in the Missionary Herald ', which Carl
Ritter, " the prince of geographers," says, " is the

1 Throughout the preparation of this paper I have had the
hearty and most intelligent assistance of Mr. Dobbins. I
also wish to acknowledge the valuable cooperation of Miss
M. E. Emerson, the reference librarian of the Providence
Public Library, and of Mr. Herbert Putnam, the accomplished
librarian of the Library of Congress.
37

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

repository to which the reader must look to find the
most valuable documents that have ever been sent
over by any society, and where a rich store of scien-
tific, historical, and antiquarian details may be
seen." 1

Mr. Dobbins has found 520 scientific papers, of
which

108 concern geography,

89 geology,

56 botany,

48 philology,

44 sociology,

18 numismatology,

18 comparative religion,

19 archaeology,
10 meteorology,

and the remaining no have to deal with almost
every other branch of science.

Of 130 separate articles in the first volume of
the Asiatic Society Journal (North China branch),
52 are by Protestant missionaries, and out of the
2,936 pages in the first six volumes of the Journal
of the American Oriental Society, 1,215, almost
one half, are by missionaries.

Moreover, when the Council of the Asiatic Soci-
ety (North China branch) seeks for scientific in-
formation by circular letters of inquiry on such

1 Ely Volume, p. 3.
38

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

subjects as " Inland Communications in China,"
11 Coins, Measures, and Weights," " Tenure of
Land," "Infanticide," etc., they always send
letters to the missionaries, and the replies from mis-
sionaries frequently outweigh both in number and
importance those received from others.

The extent to which the labors of the mission-
aries, both evangelistic, scientific, and sociological
have been recognized by officials, scientists and
travelers, as I have investigated the subject, has
been a matter of gratification and surprise. I can-
not possibly take the time to quote more than a
very few of the most important. Even of their
names, I can mention but a few, but these few are
of weight since they represent a non-missionary
constituency who as a rule at least would not be
prejudiced in favor of missions, including as it
does (see Bibliography, p. 41) :

Scientists like Charles Darwin (1), Alfred Rus-
sell Wallace (2), Benjamin Silliman (3), Louis
Agassiz (4), Lewis H. Morgan, (5), Prof. J. D.
Dana (6) ;

Officers of the Army and Navy, such as Gen-
eral Sir Herbert B. Edwardes (7), Admiral Wilkes
(8), Admiral Belknap (9), Captain Younghus-
band (10), Major Macdonald (11), Captain
Manning (12) ;

Travelers, such as Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop

39

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

(13), Miss Gordon Cumming (14), William E.
Curtis (15), and Hon. Richard H. Dana (16);

Viceroys of India, such as Lord Northbrook
(17), Lord Lawrence (18), and Lord Duf-
ferin (19);

Lieutenant-Governors of various Indian Prov-
inces, such as Lord Napier and Ettrick (20), Sir
Augustus Thompson (21), Sir William Muir
(22), Sir Bartle Frere (23), Sir Charles Elliott
(24), Sir Charles Aitchison (25), Sir Richard
Temple (26), and Sir William W. Hunter (27),
two of the greatest of many great Anglo-Indian
administrators ;

Ambassadors and Ministers in the Diplomatic
Service, such as George P. Marsh (28), General
Lew Wallace (29), E. F. Noyes (30), S. G. W.
Benjamin (31), D. B. Sickles (32), Lord Strat-
ford de Redcliffe (33), Col. Alfred E. Buck (34),
Hon. William B. Reed (35), Sir Philip Currie
(36), Col. Charles Denby (37), John W. Foster
(38), Sir Ernest Satow (39), Edward H. Con-
ger (40), Sir Mortimer Durand (41), and
James B. Angell (42) ;

Statesmen, such as Lord Palmerston (43), Hon.

James Bryce (44), the Marquis of Salisbury (45),

Count Okuma (46), and President McKin-

iey (47);

40

TO SCIENCE AND SOCIETY

Philologists, such as Max Miiller (48), Robert
N. Cust (49), and W. D. Whitney (50) ;

Explorers, such as Elisha Kent Kane (51), and
Sir Henry M. Stanley (52) ;

Writers, such as Robert Louis Stevenson (53),
Julian Hawthorne (54), Sir Edwin Arnold
(55), and William T. Stead (56) ;

And, finally, representatives of the nations to
whom missionaries are sent, such as the Chinese
Commissioners only lately in New York, who said:
"We take pleasure this evening in bearing testi-
mony to the part taken by American mission-
aries in promoting the progress of the Chinese
people. They have borne the light of Western
civilization into every nook and corner of the em-
pire. They have rendered inestimable service
to China by the laborious task of translating into
the Chinese language religious and scientific works
of the West. They help us to bring happiness and
comfort to the poor and the suffering by the es-
tablishment of hospitals and schools. The awaken-
ing of China, which now seems to be at hand, may
be traced in no small measure to the hand of the
missionary. For this service you will find China
not ungrateful " (57).

Such is the story of nearly a century of mission-
ary effort. Is it not a cheering report of wonderful
progress? Karen and Telugu, Shan and Indian,
41

THE SERVICE OF MISSIONS

Chinese and Burman, African and Terra del Fue-
gian, all are bowing the knee in loving adoration
of the Lord Christ, and all advancing in civilization,
in social progress, in the arts and comforts of life,
in freedom from disease, in happiness and in
purity of living.

May the time soon come when all the nations
of the earth may join with us in the stately
chorus, "Hallelujah! Hallelujah! For the Lord
God Omnipotent Reigneth!"

NOTES

Note i p. 5. In his preface to the History of the English
People, which is undoubtedly the best English history of the
century, John Richard Green says : " If some of the conventional
figures of military and political history occupy in my pages less
than the space usually given to them, it is because I have had to
find a place for figures little heeded in common history, the fig-
ures of the missionary, the poet, the printer, the merchant and
the philosopher."

Note 2 p. 12. "In 1822 the Chief Justice, Honorable E.
Fitzgerald stated that while in ten years the population had
increased from 4,000 to 16,000 the number of criminal cases ***
had fallen from forty to six, and that of the six not one was from
any of the villages under a missionary or a schoolmaster."
(Are Foreign Missions Doing any Good p. 45 ?)

42

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Darwin: Life and Letters, ii, 307. Voyage of the
Beagle, 437 to 458. Liggins, the Great Value and
Success ot Foreign Missions, 202.

2. Wallace, A. R. : Malay Archipelago, 210.

3. Silliman: Liggins, 224. Ely Volume, Missions and
Science, 122.

4. Agassiz : Liggins, 224. Ely Volume, 122.

5. Morgan: "Sy stems of Consanguinity and Affinity of
the Human Race, Smithsonian Contributions to
Knowledge," xvii, pp. 8 and 9.

6. Dana: Ely Volume, 137. (From Dana's
"Geology.")

7. Edwardes : Liggins, 84-87 and 95.

8. Wilkes : Liggins, 198.

9. Belknap: The Envelope Series, Vol. viii, No. 1,
April 1905, 21. (American Board of Commiss-
ioners for Foreign Missions, Boston. )

1 o. Younghusband : The Missionary Question in China,
in the Heart of the Continent. (From the Chris-
tian Missionary Intelligencer, August 1896, 635.)

1 1 . Macdon ald : Soldiering and Surveying in British East
Africa, 143.

12. Manning : Church of Scotland Home and Foreign
Missionary Record, September 1896, 281.

43

BIBLIOGRAPHY

13. Bishop: Heathen Claims and Christian Duty.

(American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions, Boston, 1 900.)

14. Cumming : Wanderings in China, i, 204. At
Home in Fiji.

15. Curtis : The Yankees of the East, ii, 424-5,
429-30, 435-7.

16. Dana : Ely Volume, 212, 444. Liggins, 2, 187.

17. Northbrook : Liggins, 95.

18. Sir Richard Temple: Life of Lord Lawrence,

199.

19. Dufferin : Independent Testimonies Concerning

Christian Work. (London Church Missionary
Society.)

20. Napier and Ettrick: Liggins, 97. From the Home-
ward Mai/, November 27, 187 1.

21. Thompson : Liggins, 96.

22. Muir : Liggins, 98. From the Mildmay Missionary
Conference, 1876.

23. Frere : Liggins, 98.

24. Elliott : Chamberlain, The Cobra's Den, 238.

25. Aitchison : Liggins, 101.

26. Temple: Oriental Experiences, 155, 159, 161.
India in 1880, 176. Ely Volume, 463. Liggins,
79» 99* IQo-

44

BIBLIOGRAPHY

27. Hunter: India of the Queen, xvi, 214,216-7,
219. Liggins, [03-05.

28. Marsh: Liggins, 209-10.

29. Wallace, Gen. Lew : The Envelope Series, viii,
No. 1, April 1905, 8. Liggins, 210-11.

30. Noyes : Ely Volume, 379, 424. Liggins, 228.

3 1 . Benjamin : Liggins, 1 7 1 . From Persia and the
Persians.

32. Sickles: Liggins, 192. From the Foreign Mission-
an, May 1886.

33. DeRedcliffe : Liggins, 207-8. From the Missionary
Herald, January 1859.

34. Buck : Edward Abbott, New York Evening Post,
December 19, 1903. The Envelope Series, Vol.
viii, No. 1, April 1905. (American Board of Com-
missioners for Foreign Missions. Boston, 1 900. )

35. Reed: The Envelope Series, viii, No. 1, April

1905, 26.

36. Currie : The Congregationalist, November 19,

1896, in Dennis, ii, 54-5.

37. Denby : China and Her People, i, 212-235. ^g"
gins, 27. From the Missionary Review. Foster's
American Diplomacy in the Orient, 412.

38. Foster: American Diplomacy in the Orient, 107-8,

109-11, 1 14-15, 386-7, 411-12. Student Volun-
teer Convention, Nashville, March 1906.

39. Satow : Dennis, iii, 446.

40. Conger : A recent address sent to me in a personal
communication.

45

BIBLIOGRAPHY

41. Durand : Address before the Student Volunteer
Convention, Nashville, March 3, 1906.

42. Angell : Liggins, 6 1 . Address at the Annual Meet-
ing of the American Board of Commissioners,
October 1883.

43. Palmerston : Are Foreign Missions Doing any
Good, pp. 17-18.

44. Bryce : Trans-Caucasia and Ararat, new edition,
467-8. Impressions of South Africa, 1897, pp.
384; et seqq.

45. Salisbury : Church Missionary Intelligencer, April,

1904, 291.

46. Okuma : Sherer's Young Japan, 311.

47. President McKinley : Dennis' Centennial Survey
of Christian Missions, 68.

48. Muller : Chips from a German Workshop, iv.
Lecture on Missions, 238. Vitality of Brahman-
ism, 296.

49. Cust : Liggins, 23, 33-4, 209. From the Lan-
guages of Africa.

50. Whitney : Journal of the American Oriental Society,
vii, p. lvii, 9, p. 16. Ely Volume, 4, 193.

5 1 . Kane : Arctic Explorations, ii, 121.

52. Stanley: Atlantic Monthly, October, 1897,475;
Darkest Africa, Vol. ii; Independent Testimonies
Concerning Missionary Work, pp. 3 and 4.
(London Church Missionary Society.) Pierson,
The Crisis in Missions, pp. 125-6.
46

BIBLIOGRAPHY

53. Stevenson : In the South Seas, 89.

54. Hawthorne: Cosmopolitan, September 1897, 517.

55. Arnold: youth's Companion, September 13, 1900,
443-

56. Stead : Africa, Its Partition and Its Future, by
Stanley and others, New York, 1898, 54-5.

57. The Outlook, February 10, 1906, 291.

58. Testimony by other Orientals to the value o£ Chris-
tian Missions may be found in Max Muller's Chips
from a German Workshop, iv, 285 ; Liggins, 105
to no; Dennis, ii, 60-62, 410-11.

Are Foreign Missions Doing any Good ? By the
author of Foreign Missions and Home calls, and
dedicated to the Speaker of the House of Commons,
London. Eliiot Stock, 1894, has many other
quotations from Orientals, Indian administrators and
others.

531-1 Ed. 3500 6-06. Price per dozen, $1.00

47

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