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ACCOUNTS    AND    PAPBES: 


SEVENTY-SEyEN    VOLUMES. 


-  (it-)  - 


COMMBECIAL  EEPOKTS   (ANNUAL)— cim(>»i<eii. 


UNITED  STATES  TO  ZANZIBAR. 


Session 

16  January  1902 18  December  1902. 


TOL.    CXI, 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


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ACCOUNTS     AND     PAPERS: 

19  0  2. 


SFVENTY-SEVEN   V  OL  l/M  ES:—C  O  N  T  E  N  T  S    OF    THE 
FIFTY-SEVENTH    VOLUME. 


N.B. —  T3E  Figures  at  the  begmninj;  of  the  line,  corretpond  Kith  the  N"  at  the 
foot  of  each  Paper ;  and  the  Figaree  at  the  end  of  the  line,  refer  to  the  MS.  Paging 
of  the  Volumee  arraeged  for  The  Boute  of  Commoni. 


COMMERCIAL  EEPOETS— cojifeaei. 
1/     [Cd.  786.]  Trade  Eeports  (Annual  Series),  1902,  Nos.  2696  to  2922  :— 

United  States : 

^      No.  2837.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of  the 
Territory  of  Hawaii.  p.  1 

/    No.  2704.  Report  for  the  Year  ending  June  30th,  1901,  on  the  Trade  of 
the  United  States.  17 

*'    No.  2749.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of 
Portland  (Maine).  29 

V  No.  2752.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of  the 

Consular  District  of  New  Orleans.  55 

V  No.  2755.  Report    for  the   Year  1901   on   the   Trade,   Commerce,  and 

Navigation  of  the  Consular  District  of  Baltimore.  85 

"    No.  2759.  Report  for  the   Year  1901  on  the  Trade   of  Charleston  and 
District.  123 

'    No.  2763.  Report  for  the  Year   1901   on  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of 
Chicago  and  District.  161 

V    No,  2770.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the   Trade  and  Commerce  of 
Texas.  229 

N     No.  2781.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of  the 
Consular  District  of  New  York.  269 

"1   No.  2798.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the  Trade,  SiJ.  of  Philadelphia. 

319 

*    No.  2825.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the  Trade,  Commerce,  &c.,  of 
the  Consular  District  of  San  Francisco.  349 

V'    No.  2826.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of  Porto 
Rico.  389 

''     No.  2858.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the  Trade  and  Agriculture  of 
the  States  of  Oregon,  Washington,  and  Idaho.  407 

^     No.  2889.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the  Trade  of  the   Philippine 
Islands.  459 

Vol.  CXI— 1902. 


155467  Digitized  by  Google 


ACCOUNTS    AND    PAPERS:    1902. 


United  States — continued. 

•^    No.  2894.  Report  for  the  Year  ending  June  30th,  1902,  on  the  Trade  of 
the  United  States.  p.  481 

•^    No.  2909.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the  Trade  and  Commeree  of  the 
Island  of  Cuba.  499 

Uruguay  ; 

/      No.  2847.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the  Trade,  Commerce,  and  Finance 
of  the  Republic  of  Uruguay.  531 


''      No.  2772.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of  the 
Consular  District  of  Ciudad  Bolivar.  553 

V      No.  2833.  Report  for  the  Yew  1901  on  the  Trade  of  the  Consular  District 
of  Caracas.  559 

Western  Pacific  : 

V      No.  2745.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the  Trade  of  Samoa.  575 

i      No.  2848.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of  the 
Friendly  Islands.  583 


Wiirtemberg : 

(port  for  the  1 

Agriculture,  and  Finances  of  Wtirtemberg. 


\i    No.  2732.  Report  for  the  Year  1900  and__Fart  of  1901  on  the  Trade, 
Agi"    ' 


V      No.  2718.  Report  for  the  Year  1900  on  the  Trade  and  Commerce   of 

Zanzibar.  617 

'      No.  2893.  Report  for  the  Year  1901  on  the  Trade  and  Commerce   of 

Zanzibar.  689 


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No.  2837  Annual  Series. 
ni'LOMATIC  AND  CONSULAR  REPORTS. 


UNITED    STATES. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  TEAR  1901 


TRADE    AND    COMMERCE    OF   THE   TERRITORY 
OF    HAWAII. 


REFERENCE  TO  PEBVIOUS  EEPOET,  Annual  Series  No.  2492. 


PraenUd  to  both  Boums  of  Parliammt  by  Command  of  Hit  Majesty, 
JULY,  1902. 


LONDON: 

PHINTED  FOE  H18  MAJESTY'S  STATIONKRY  OFFICB, 

BT  HABBISON  AND  SOSa,  ST.  MARTIN'S  LANK, 

FBINTBla    IN    O&DIKAItT  TU    HIB    1IAJK8TT. 

And  to  be  pardiMcd,  either  direotlj  or  throngli  kdj  Bookiallor,  from 
IT&K  h  SPO'n.'lSWnODE,  Bapt  Hardino  Strut,  Flirt  Stbiii,  B.C., 

ftud    SS,   ABIXrDON    STItKKt,    WeSTMIKBTKR,    S.W.; 

or  OLTVIIK  &  BOYD,  EDiNBnHOH ; 
0*  B.  TUNSONBT,  116,  GunoN  Sirbct,  Ddblih. 

190*. 
[Od.  786— Ul.]  Price  On»  Penny. 


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CONTENTS. 


Oanenil  trade  „. 


Foreign  importa  uid  eiporU— 
Briti*h  import* — d««r«M«._..„. 
Shipping _ _. 


BniineM,  Uboor  and  flnsDoial  litiwtion 
Oil  for  f lul  on  pi 
Plantation  labonr  .. 


Drjgood*    , 


Agrienlture,  ka »._._._,._„ 

Tba  al|Hob»  tree :  itt  lurfabHa 

Small  holding!    „ „.„„„.._. 

-Cutt  of  liring  — ~~-. — 


Population  .. 
StMtmiliip  lii 


Table*  at  export*  and  import*  .., 


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No.  2837.  Annual  Seriei. 

fieferenet  to  preoiouB  Report,  ^nitua^  Serie»  No.  2492- 


Report  oil  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of  ike  Territory  qf  Hawaii  for 
the  Year  1901 

By  Mb.  Coksul  Hoabk. 
(B«c«iTed  at  Foreign  Ofiw,  June  10, 1002.) 

Tlie  exports  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands  consist  almost  wholly  ObmisI 
of  sugar  to   the  United  States.      During   the   fiscal   year  ended  *"**•■ 
June  30,  1901  (the  latest  custoni-housn  statistics  fiirnisbed),  the 
total  exports  to  the  United  States  and  foreign  countries  amounted 
to  5,784,291/.     In   1900  the  total  was  5,251,457/.,  and  in  1899 
4,525,748^. 

The  exports  last  year  to  foreign  countries,  valued  at  24,315/., 
formed  but  a  small  percentage  of  the  whole  exports. 

In  regard  to  imports,  no  statistics  of  those  from  the  United 
States  to  the  islands  having  been  kept  since  June  14,  1900,  when 
the  islands  became  a  territory  of  the  United  States,  the  abrogate 
imports  since  that  time  cannot  be  given.  After  that  date  the 
ports  of  the  islands  were  considered  "  coastwise  "  ports,  and  no 
entry  of  goods  has  been  reqoired  when  either  shipped  from  or  to 
the  mainland.  A  record  has,  however,  been  kept  here  of  exports 
to  the  States,  but  of  imports  no  statistics  are  obtainable. 

The  Governor  of  the  Territory  has  recommended  that  r^ula- 
tions  be  autliorised  by  Congress,  so  that  the  needful  statistics  may 
be  available  in  future. 

From  the  best  estimates  tliat  can  be  made,  the  impoi'ts  last 
year  from  the  United  States  were  of  the  value  of  about  4,500,000/., 
so  that,  adding  to  this  582,810/.,  representing  the  value  of  the 
imports  from  foreign  countries,  the  whole  would  iimount  approxi- 
mately to  5,082,810/. 

The  imports  fi-om  foreign  countries  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  Fon-ipi 
June  30,  1901,  amounted  to  582,810/:,  of  which  64,317/.  came'""!^'" 
from  the  United  Kingdom,  and  168,875/.  from  the  colonies.  i^^rti 

From  January  1  to  June  14,1900  (the  date  on  which  the  g™^  ' 
Organic    Act   for    the   government   of   the   islands  took  effect),  imports- 
imports  from    the    United   Kingdom    were   doubtless   unusually  decrsMB. 
large,  in  anticipation   of  the  United    States   tariff  coming   into 
operation.    After  that  date  orders  slackened  considerably,  in  many 

(115)  A  2 


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4  HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS. 

oases  they  were  withheld  altogether  on  account  of  the  higher 
duties,  ant!  after  the  accunralated  stoeks  had  become  exhaustetl. 
the  markets  of  the  Unite<l  States  were  largely  resorted  to  for  new 
supplies.  Under  these  circumstances  it  cannot  be  a  matter  of 
surprise  that  the  imports  from  the  United  Kingdom  which,  under 
the  Hawaiian  tavifl'  of  from  10  to  25  per  cent,  had  in  18it8 
amounted  to  257,545;.,  and  iu  1899  to  354,931/.,  should  fiave  so 
eeriously  fallen  off  as  to  show  a  total  of  64,317/.  only  during  the 
fiscal  year  to  June  30,  1901. 

If  British  manufacturers  and  exporters  were  to  refer  to  the 
United  States  tnrifl'  book,  which  could  be  seen  at  the  (,'om- 
mercial  Intelligence  Branch  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  as  well, 
doubtless,  as  at  the  United  States  Consulates,  they  would  be 
enabled  to  jmlge  of  the  likelihood  of  their  doing  a  reason- 
ably remunerative  trade  with  the  islands  in  the  particular  goods 
in  which  they  are  interested,  notwithstanding  the  present  onerous 
tariff  conditions.  Profits  might  not  be  large,  but  business  might 
be  done.  Tlie  Connneitial  Intelligence  Branch  would,  I  believe, 
be  able  to  inform  them  of  the  names  of  certain  of  the  principal 
dealers  in  this  district  with  whom  they  could  correspond  with 
the  view  of  opening  up  business  relations,  obtaining  information 
as  to  current  prices,  &c,  and  ascertaining  precisely  the  pros- 
pects and  conditions  of  each  branch  of  trade. 

There  were  no  exports  from  the  islands  during  the  above- 
mentioned  year  direct  to  the  United  Kingdom.  The  exports 
to  the  British  colonies  amounted  to  6,i52L ;  to  Germany 
12,700/.;  to  Chioa,  3,814t ;  toJapan,  904/. ;  and  to  other  countries, 
442/. 

The  total  number  of  vessels  entered  from  American  aud 
foreign  portjs  during  the  year  ended  June  30, 1901,  was  705,  a^re- 
gating  952,504  tons.  Of  this  number  71  were  British,  with  a 
total  tonnage  of  149,595  tons. 

The  value  of  the  carrying  trade  to  aud  from  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  bv  vessels  of  different  nationalities  was  as  follows : — 


Import.. 

Eiporti. 

£ 
lfl0.!68 
286,09! 
98.187 
9.41(1 
88,8*9 

582,810 

£ 
S,7BB,600 
16,677 
214 

1.900 

6,784,291 

Britiah     . . 

Norwegian 

Other  nntionftKti«t 

Tot.)   .. 


.For  some  time  past  the  number  of  British  vessels  bringing 
coal  from  Australia  has  lai^ely  decreased,  American  vessels  chiefly 
having  taken  their  place 


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HAWAIUS-  ISLAN'DS.  D 

There  are  55  sugar  plaatations  at   the   present  time  in  the  3ag»r. 
islands,  50  of  which  have  their  own  reducing  plant.     They  are 
distributed  as  follows: — 25  on  Hawaii,  11  on  Maui,  9  on  Oahu, 
and  10  on  Kauai.     The  total  quantity  of  sugar  produced  on  these 
plantations  in  1900  amounted  to  289,544  tons : — 

Quaatitj. 


1900. 

1899. 

Hftlraii 
Haai 

Oahu 
Eaiimi 

'I'otal   .. 

Tons.          1 
116,£23 
67,S47 
68,eZ5 
63,849 

Tons.      - 
117,289 
64,»89 
4S,820 
65,859 

28»,34t 

2M.807 

The  production  for  the  year  euding  June  30,  1901,  was  atx>ut 
360,000  tons,  valued  at  5,586,000/. 

\early  every  acre  adaptahle  to  cane  culture  is  under  cultiva- 
tion, and  the  probahility  uf  a  mueli  larger  extension  of  the 
industry  is  small.  The  yield  per  acre  varies  greatly  according  to 
the  character  of  the  soil,  position  of  the  plantation  on  the  island, 
whether  in  the  rainy  or  rainless  belts,  &c.  Under  irrigation,  as 
muL-h  as  10  tons  of  sugar  per  acre  bus  been  the  average  of  ont- 
planlatiuiL  On  the  i-ainy  side  of  the  islands  the  yields  are  less, 
but  so  are  the  expenses,  and  the  net  gains  from  each  do  not  vary 
very  nmch. 

Tlie  price  of  sugar  of  late  has  leen  very  low,  and  this,  in 
connection  with  the  higher  wages  paid  for  labour  and  other  causes, 
lias  had  the  effect  of  reducing  proiits  and  materially  lowering  the 
valuation  of  ^>lautatioQ  stocks. 

An  ample  supply  of  cheap  labour  for  the  plantations)  i&  of 
^■ital  importance  in  connection  with  the  successful  and  economical 
producti<m  of  sugar,  on  which  the  prosperity  of  these  islands 
chiefly  depend?.  In  this  eonnecfion,  and  on  the  general  financial 
situation  here,  the  following  extract  from  a  published  report  of  a 
recent  interview  by  the  representative  of  the  "  Washington  (I").C.) 
Evening  Star  "  with  the  Governor  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii,  will 
be  of  interest. 

Kegtirding  business,  labour  and  financial  situation  the  Governor  Bmin»ss, 
of  Hawaii  said:—  fl'^^T"' 

"  The  expectation  of  annexation  to  the  United  States  and  lituition. 
realisation  of  it  in  1898  produced  an  activity  in  business  and  in 
land  particularly.  Land  values  went  up.  It  was  not  a  boom 
such  as  some  parts  of  the  United  States  have  experienced  within 
the  past  decade.  New  plantation  enterprises  and  old  ones 
developed  on  a  bigger  scale  were  taken  up  and  their  stock  placed 
on  the  market.  The  old  basis  was  100  doL  un  a  share.  For 
facilitati[ig  the  dealing  in  shares  many  were  made  on  a  basis  of 
20  do].,  or  five  of  the  new  to  one  of  the  old. 

fll51  A  3 


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6  .  HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS. 

"  This  tempted  many  persons  with  little  money  to  buy, 
particularly  of  the  stucks  that  were  placed  on  the  market  aa 
assessable  shares.  The  purchasers  were  permitted  to  pay  in 
instalments  as  called  for.  There  was  a  great  interest  manifested ; 
I  don't  know  but  excitement  would  be  the  better  word.  School 
teachers,  employes,  hack  drivers,  nearly  everybody  who  had  the 
money  made  investments.  Women  as  well  as  men  patronised  the 
stock  market. 

•  •  •  • 

"  In  the  meantime  prices  of  sugar  have  dropped.  This 
naturally  affected  stocks.  All  plantations  were  affected,  and  the 
stock  of  all  on  the  market  went  lower.  The  stock  of  some  of  the 
plantations  is  held  by  a  few  persons,  and  no  stock  is  offered  for  sale. 

"  The  uncei'tainty  as  to  the  action  of  Congress  toward  Cuba 
has  had  some  effect.  It  has  injected  an  element  of  uncertainty  as 
to  the  future  in  sugar  prices,  and  it  has  also  affected  the  value  of 
plantation  shares. 

"  Labour  since  the  Territorial  Act  went  into  effect  has  been 
disturbed.  Previous  to  the  Organic  Act,  which  became  operative 
June  14,  1900,  we  had  a  forced  penalty.  Thi^  system  was 
analogous  to  a  large  degree  to  the  system  used  by  vessel  ownera 
in  employing  sailors  in  the  old  whaling  times.  '  Shipping  on  a 
plantation '  is  a  common  expression  used  by  labourers  who  hire 
themselves  out. 

■'  When  this  system  came  to  a  sudden  termination  by  the 
operation  of  the  Territorial  Act  these  men  were  under  no  restric- 
tions, labour  of  the  whole  country  was  immediately  disturbed, 
although  not  completely.  Many  labourers  left  the  plantations 
where  they  were  employed  and  roamed  about  the  islands.  They 
went  to  Honolulu  to  see  if  they  couldn't  find  something  better  or 
more  to  thoir  liking  to  do.  They  were  imbued  with  the  belief 
that  the  Oi^uic  Act  opened  the  way  for  higher  prices  for  labour. 
There  was  no  strike.  There  was  no  organisation  among  them  and 
their  false  hopes  soon  became  emphasised.  They  always  ateer  for 
Honolulu. 

"  Prices  for  labour  went  lower.  In  a  few  months  the  disturb- 
ance settled  down.  Some  went  back  to  the  old  plantations,  others 
went  to  new  places  of  employment.  The  condition  adjusted  itself. 
labour  wages  went,  up  a  little.  Japanese,  Chinese  and  Portuguese 
labourers  are  constantly  leaving  tie  plantations  when  they  can 
get  something  better  to  do.  Plantations  are  always  looking  for 
new  labour. 
I  "  Then  new  Chinese  labour  was  shut  out  The  Japanese  were 
interrupted  for  the  time  being.  Finally  the  plantations  began  to 
■  bring  in  Porto  Kicans.  This  was  in  January,  1901.  About  2,000 
nien  and  half  that  number  of  women  and  children  were  imported. 
They  have  been  a  disappointment  to  some  extent.  The  Porto  Iticans 
are  not  very  good  workmen.  They  are  inclined  to  beggary  if  any 
one  will  listen  to  them.  Their  tendency  is  to  leave  the  plantations 
and  come  to  Honolulu  to  Leg.  The  Porto  Eicans  have  not  proven 
satisfactory  as  labourers  or  as  additions  to  the  population. 


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H.VWAIIAS   INLANDS.  7 

"  The  planters  are  now  consideriDg  how  they  shall  keep  up  the 
labour  supply.  The  Japaoeae  are  coming  in  slowly,  but  steadily. 
It  is  desirable  to  have  more  than  one  nationality.  These  are  the 
difficulties.  The  plantations  are  making  a  great  crop  this  year. 
Generally  they  are  in  a  good  agricultural  condition.  They  have 
the  best  of  producing  machineiy.  Some  on  the  Island  of  Hawaii 
suffered  severely  last  year  from  the  drought,  but  they  have 
recovered  considerably.     They  expect  this  trouble  every  few  years. 

"There  is  some  complaint  among  business  men,  and  it  seems  to 
be  due  to  the  tightness  of  the  money  market.  There  are  no  failures 
or  assignments  to  speak  of.  The  cause  of  the  complaint  seems  to 
be  based  entirely  on  the  tightness  of  the  money  market.  The 
enterprises  are  too  large  for  the  available  capital.  Retailers  feel 
the  condition  most ;  yet  all  are  affecterl. 

"  The  Government  of  Hawaii  is  limited  by  the  revenues,  which  Ee»eou» 
are  inadequate  for  carrying  on  necessary  public  improvements,  the  w'^^loiMt. 
current  revenues  being  insufficient  other  than  to  carry  on  the 
administration  expenses.  The  Legislature  at  the  last  session  failed 
to  enact  legislation  for  loans  that  were  desirable.  The  country 
lost  a  large  part  of  the  revenues  at  the  beginning  of  the  Territory 
by  the  transfer  of  the  customs  revenues,  amounting  to  about 
1,200,000  dol.,  to  the  Federal  Government. 

"  But  we  are  getting  along.  The  Territorial  Government  is 
doing  something  in  the  way  of  public  improvements,  but  not 
nearly  so  much  Jis  ought  to  be  done.  The  fire  claims  for  the  build- 
ings that  were  burned  at  the  time  of  the  bubonic  plague  in 
Honolulu  in  1900  are  numerous  and  aggregate  a  large  amount 
These  claims  are  not  all  decided  yet,  but  will  be,  I  think,  within  a 
couple  of  months.  The  Government  has  little  money  in  sight  for 
the  payment  of  these  claims. 

"  As  to  the  land  laws,  they  have  been  substantially  confirmed 
by  the  Territorial  Act,  and  the  administration  of  lands  has  been 
proceeding  as  before." 

At  the  present  time  the  paid  up  capital  of  the  sugar  estates 
whose  shares  are  listed  on  the  Exchange  is  about  9,000,000?.,  while 
the  stocks  of  other  corporations  promoted  amount  toabout  1,000,000?. 
more. 

During  the  last  four  years  pumping  machinery  has  been  imported 
from  the  United  States  to  irrigate  the  cane,  to  the  value  of 
400,000?.,  and  water  is  being  profitably  pumped  for  irrigation  to 
an  elevation  of  600  feet. 

The  bulk  of  the  coal  used  on  the  plantations  has  heretofore  oil  furiaaton 
come  from  Australia,  costing  about  1?.  17s.  2rf.  a  ton  on  the  planta-  plantation. : 
tion.s,  but  importations  are  now  being  made  from  British  Columbia  Kiperimenu. 
and  from   Tacoma,  United   States.     A   lai^e   saving  in   coat   of 
fuel  would,  it  is  said,  be  achieved  if  crude  oil,  which  is  being 
tried  on  some  of  the  plantations  as  a   substitute  for  coal,  prove 
successful.     The  oil  would  be  brought  in  tank  ships  from  San 
Francisco. 

It  is  officially  stated  that  since  the  annexation  of  tlie  islands  Plantation 
as  a  territory  of  the  United  States  the  immigration  of  unskilled  l»l«'nr. 
(115)  A  4 


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8  HAWAIIAN   ISLANTIS. 

lalioui'ei'B  has  practically  ceased,  while  many  of  the  Japanese  and 
Chinese  already  here  have  returned  to  their  native  countries. 
Between  Jnne  14,  1900,  the  date  on  which  the  Act  of  Ck>Qgreaa 
for  the  government  of  the  islands  went  into  effect,  and  August  31, 
1901,  4,079  Japanese  left  the  territory,  while  only  589  arrived, 
and  at  the  present  time  they  are  coming  in  but  slowly. 

Under  the  United  States  exclusiou  laws  Chinese  labourers  are 
inadraiasible. 

Partly  to  make  up  the  deficiency  in  the  labour  supply,  about 
2,000  Porto  Eicaos  (and  half  that  number  of  women  and  children) 
have  been  brought  in,  but  it  is  said  they  have  not  proved  as 
satisfactory  as  the  Asiatic  labourers. 

The  area  of  land  under  cultivation  has  largely  increased,  and 
the  insufficiency  of  hands  has  been  much  felt. 

The  total  number  of  labourers  of  all  nationalities  on  the  plan- 
tations on  June  '6Q,  1901,  was  39,587,  consisting  of  27,531  Japanese, 
4,976  Chinese,  2,417  Portuguese.  1,460  Hawaiians,  2,095  Porto 
KicauB,  and  the  remainder  of  other  nationalities. 

The  sudden  change  from  the  contract  to  the  non-contract 
system,  which  took  place  on  June  14, 1900,  unsettled  to  a  great 
extent  the  minds  of  the  labourers  on  the  plantations,  and  for  a 
year  or  more  after  the  Oi^anic  Act  became  operative  the  men 
were  in  a  very  restless  condition.  Wi^es  went  up  from  2/.  Us.  dd. 
and  3/.  Is.  lOd.  a  month  to  41.  2s.  5d.  and  4Z.  lOs.  8d.  for  unskilled 
labour. 

The  situation  has,  however,  now  improved,  and  the  present 
wages  are  3/.  63.  to  3/.  14s.  3d.  a  month  for  held  labourers. 
Teamsters  and  ploughmen  get  about  4^.  a  day,  while  all  classes 
of  skilled  labour,  such  as  mechanics,  &c.,  are  paid  better  than  on 
the  mainland, 
Drjgoodi.  Ill  fine  cotton  goods.  American  manufacturers  appear  to  be 

Fine  cotton     making  great  strides  towards  the  perfection  attained  by  the  British 
8™***-  and  French.    So  far  as  these  islands  are  concerned,  the  best  class 

of  goods  can  be  well  supplied  from  America  almost  as  cheaply 
as  they  can  be  imported  from  Europe  ;  while  in  the  cheaper  kinds 
of  fabrics  American  manufacturers  practically  control  this  market, 
these  latter  kinds  being  seemingly  appreciated  both  for  their  in- 
trinsic value  and  for  their  suitableness  for  the  islands'  trade 
H(MiM7.  The  hosiery  trade  has  heretofore  been  almost  exclusively  iu 

the  hands  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  Germany,  but  owing  to  the 
increased  tariff,  and  also  to  the  great  improvement  made  in  United 
States  inanufactuies,  the  bulk  of  this  trade,  especially  in  the  lower 
priced  goods,  is  now  being  done  with  America. 

A  quantity  of  hinh-class  goods  is  still  imported  from  the 
United  Kingdom  and  Germany,  but  it  is  not  large. 
Cotton  priikU,  The  trade  in  cotton  prints,  calicoes,  and  cheap  fancy 
ckliooM,  *o.  printed  muslins  is  almost  entirely  in  the  hauda  of  manufacturers 
in  the  Eastern  States  of  the  United  States,  and  seems  likely  to 
continue  so,  even  without  any  tariff,  as  they  can  supply  them  to 
suit  tiie  market  at  veiy  cheap  rates.  Fine  ^rade  muslins,  lawns 
and  fialbriggan  underwear  continue  to    be  imported    from  the 


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UAWAJIAM   ISLANDS.  9 

United  Kingdom.  For  Irish  dimities  of  all  colours,  but  especially 
black  and  white  fancy  patterns,  there  is  a  good  demand,  and  the 
goods  are  much  appreciated  here. 

The  Japanese,  Chinese  and  other  labourers  are  the  principal  I>eniiD»  »od 
purchasers  of  denims  and  cottonades.     The  low  prices,  however,  as  '^*<'"»<''»- 
well  as  the  excellent  finish  of  the  American  manufacture,  practi- 
cally shut  out  foreign  competition. 

The  tariff  on  woollen  goods  is  now  very  heavy,  and,  in  con-  WooUra 
sequence  of  the  enhanced  cost  to  the  consumer,  cheaper  and  com-  so™^"- 
moner  kinds  of  worsted  goods  are  obtained  from  the  United 
States  at  prices  to  suit  the  majority  of  buyers,  who  otherwise 
would  not  purchase  the  goods  at  all.  Fine  Biitish  tailoring  cloths 
and  other  woollen  goods  continue  to  be  imported  for  the  better 
class  of  customers. 

On    account  of  the  market  having  been   so  heavily  stocked,  Lima  fpiodi. 
importations  of  linen  goods  have  not  been  large.     Supplies  will 
no  doubt  continue  to  be  drawn  from  the  United  Kingdom  and 
Germany. 

The  supply  of  lace  curtains.  &c.,  in  the  past  was  exclusively  l*fe 
from  the  United  Kingdom,  but  the  bulk  of  the  trade  has  now  cuwaiui,  A«. 
passed  into  the  hands  of  American  manufacturers,  who  are  turning 
out  exceedingly  good  patterns  in  cotton  curtain  goods,  which  come 
somewhat  cheaper  than  duty  paid  Nottingham  goods  can  be  laid 
down  here. 

Laces  and  embroideries  will  still  be  imported  from  Europe. 

Irish  linens,  white  and  brown   spool    cottons,  and  mosquito  irUh  linenf, 
nettings  are  being  imported  from  the  United  Kingdom  in  about  *''''•  »"<* 
the  same  quantities  as  heretofore.  ^to"..' wid 

The  main  supply  of  ribbons  comes  from  the  United  States,  the  mosquito 
only  ribbons  imported  from  Europe  being  expensive  fancy  goods  lieiiing-. 
in  novelties,  in  which  the  trade  here,  however,  is  very  small.  Ribbons. 

The  trade  in  boots  and  shoes  is  entirely  in  the  hands  of  t)ic  Boot*  uid 
American  manufacturers.  pJioe». 

The  exports  of  coffee  to  the  United  States  during  the  fiscal  CoiTee. 
year  to  June  30,  1901,  amounted  to  64,308?.,  but  the  prices 
realised  were  not  encouraging  to  the  growers,  the  lower  price  of 
Brazilian  and  other  coffees  making  sales  in  many  cases  almost 
unprofitable.  Wages  too  are  higher  here  than  in  other  places.  On 
many  plantations  the  cultivation  of  sugar  has  been  substituted  for 
that  of  coffee. 

Perhaps,  with  better  cultivation  and  greater  attention  to  the 
marketing  of  the  product,  the  business  may  be  placed  on  a  more 
remunerative  basis. 

Much  of  the  Hawaiian  coffee  is  of  good  quality,  and  is 
appreciated  here  for  its  delicate  aroma.  Shipments  are  made  to 
Canada  and  the  United  States,  where  they  are  blended  with 
stronger  coffees  to  suit  the  popular  taste. 

Efforts  are  being  made  by  the  planters  to  have  a  protective 
duty  put  on  foreign  coffees  of  from  3  to  4  c.  a  pound,  which  would 
enable  the  cultivation  here  to  be  carried  on  more  profitably  tliiui 
it  is  at  present,  and  at  the  same  time  stimulate  production. 


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10  HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS. 

Bico-  Rice  is  the  second  crop  of  the  islands  in  quantity  and  value. 

It  19  estimated  that  the  total  yield  is  nearly  10,000,000  lbs. 

Every  acre  of  land  adjoining  the  ocean  capable  of  being  worked 
and  susceptible  of  being  watered,  is  under  cultivation,  two  crops 
per  year  being  obtained  from  the  same  land.  The  crop  of  clean 
rice  per  acre  is  from  1,000  to  1,-500  lbs.,  which  means  a  yield  per 
year  of  twice  that  quantity. 

The  Chinese  are  exclusively  engaged  in  this  industry,  paying  a 
rent  of  from  6^.  to  10/.  per  acre. 

As  rice  constitutes  the  chief  food  of  the  principal  part  of  the 
population  of  the  islands,  the  consumption  is  large,  and  the  yield 
is   often   inadequate   to   meet   it,   so   that  importations    become 
necessary. 
A|rHRultiuv,  The  supply  of  meat  on  the  islands  is  inadequate  to  meet  the 

*"■  wants  of  the  population,  and  in  consequence  large  quantities  of 

refrigerated  and  preserved  meats  are  imported  from  the  mainland. 
To  remedy  this  in  some  measure,  more  cattle  and  sheep  ranches 
ai-e  being  developed.  Heretofore  meat  was  imported  in  limited 
quantities  from  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  but  the  supply  from 
these  countries  has  now  ceased  because  of  the  tariff  and  other 
restrictions. 

Hay  and  fodder  are  likewise  mostly  drawn  from  the  mainland. 
But  little  corn  is  grown  on  the  islands,  and  of  oats  and  barley 

An  experimental  station  comprising  about  133  acres  is  in 
course  of  establiahment  here  under  the  auspices  of  the  United 
States  Bureau  of  Agriculture.  Its  work  will  consist  of  experi- 
ments which  the  conditions  here  seem  to  demand.  Soils,  horticul- 
ture and  general  crops  will  receive  attention. 

The  dairy  herd  and  poultry  yard,  orchard  and  vineyard  also, 
will  be  subjects  for  investigation.     The  results  of  the  experiments 
are  being  looked  forward  to  with  much  interest. 
The  mlguobk         Of  all  trees  here  the  algaroba  (originally  imported)  has  proved 
^""  itself  the  most  useful.     It  is  to  be  found  in  abundance  on  all  the 

'-  islands,  it  is  a  quick  grower  and  invaluable  for  fuel,  it  also  gives 
good  shade,  and  horses  and  cattle  are  fond  of  the  beans.  For 
reclaiming  dry  barren  lands  it  has  also  been  found  of  value.  The 
tree  {ji-ows  well  in  dry  districts,  and  is  often  found  doing  well  at 
from  1,000  to  1,500  feet  elevation  where  the  rainfall  is  light.  La 
damp  districts  it  does  not  do  well,  and  it  is  very  sensitive  to  salt 
winds  from  the  sea.  For  instance,  on  the  windward  side  of  this 
island  (Oahu)  the  algaroba  is  very  seldom  met  with  in  a  healthy 
condition  if  in  close  proximity  to  the  beach.  The  tree  will 
grow  in  a  temperature  ranging  from  60  to  120  d^rees  in  dry 
districts. 

Supplies  of  the  seeds  have  been  forwarded  by  this  Consulate  at 
diflcrent  times  to  South  Africa,  Western  Australia  and  Cyprus. 
If  the  trees  grow  as  well  in  those  countries  as  tJiey  do  here,  the 
results  will  certainly  be  very  beneficial  to  them. 

A  company  has  just  been  incorporated  for  developing  tlie 
growth  of  the  castor  oil  tree  in  the  Kona  district  of  Hawaii. 


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UA.WAliAJ<    ISLAXUd.  II 

The  beans  already  produced  in  tbie  district  have  found,  it  is 
said,  a  ready  sale  at  about  12/.  a  ton. 

The  Coiiiriiissiorier  of  Agriculture  has  taken  up  the  indiarubber  Indurubbw 
culture,  and  some  hundieds  of  slips  have  been  planted  in  the<^*«™- 
Government  nursery  in  Nuuanu  Valley  near  Honolulu. 

The  cultivation  of  cork  trees,  for  which  some  localitiea  in   the  CulUTition 
islands  are  said  to  be  suitable,  is  also  receiving  attention.  <«"'''  *««•■ 

N'umei'ous  enquiries  having  been  addressed  to  the  Consulate  SnuUl 
from  the  United  Kingdom  and  some  of  the  colonies  in  r^ard  to  holding». 
the  prospects  of  success  in  small  fanning  on  these  islands,  it  may 
be  of  interest  to  f;ive  the  following  extract  from  the  report  of  the 
Governor  of  this  Territory  made  in  August  last  to  the  United 
States  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and  recently  published,  on  this 
subject  :— 

"  What  can  the  man  of  small  means  do  in  the  way  of  agricul- 
ture ?  is  a  question  often  asked,  imd  is  a  most  difficult  one  to 
answer.  No  one  seems  to  cai-e  to  take  the  responsibility  of  saying 
that  he  will  be  successful.  Experiments  along  these  lines  are 
being  made,  but  no  definite  resulte  have  been  reached.  In  former 
years  most  of  the  cereals  were  raised  on  the  mountain  lands  of 
moderate  elevations,  but  this  industry  was  abandoned  many  years 
ago,  with  the  exception  of  corn  and  potatoes.  These  are  still 
grown  on  the  high  lands  of  the  £ula  district,  on  the  Island  of 
Maui,  and  to  a  very  limited  extent  in  Hilo  and  Hamakna  districts, 
on  the  Island  of  Hawaii,  principally  by  the  homestea  lers. 

"  The  growing  of  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone  has  never  been 
syatematicaliy  attempted.  Citrus  fruita  do  well  in  many  of  the 
districts,  but  no  large  tracks  have  been  devoted  lo  their  culture, 
the  main  nupply  coming  from  the  trees  that  grow  at  random. 
The  culture  of  the  pineapple  is  now  receiving  considerable 
attention,  but  the  immense  yields  from  a  small  acreage  indicates 
that  the  industry  may  easily  be  overdone.  Coflee  seemed  once  to 
be  the  crop  suitoble  for  a  man  of  small  means,  but  unfortunately 
it  has  not  proved  so,  low  prices  and  high  wages  ba^-ing  rendei-ed 
its  cultivation  unprofitable.  The  small  farmei-,  as  he  is  known 
throughout  the  Eastern  and  I'acitic  States,  is  unknown  here.  The 
man  who  desires  to  become  a  pioneer  in  this  work  is  welcome, 
and  he  would  find  land  at  such  prices  as  would  seem  to  warrant 
his  making  the  attempt,  but  he  will  find  much  to  contend  with, 
and  conditions  that  are  new  and  untried.  This  view  may  be 
discouraging,  but  I  believe  it  would  be  unfair  to  make  rosy  state- 
ments that  could  not  be  fulfilled.  Thei'e  are  so  many  conditions 
that  enter  into  the  subject  that  it  is  difficult  to  make  a  correct 
estimate  of  probable  results.  Transportation  of  products  has  au 
important  bearing  upon  the  question.  Insect  pests  are  numerous 
and  seem  to  be  on  the  increase.  Soils  vary  so  greatly  in  character 
that  while  several  products  inay  do  well  iu  a  locality  others  are 
complete  failures. 

"Notwithstanding  all  the  drawbacks  that  have  been  men- 
tioned, it  can  be  truly  said  that  if  a  favourable  location  as  to 
soil  and  rainfall  is  chosen,  a  man  can  secui'e  for  himself  ii  com- 


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12  HAWAIIAK   ISLANDS. 

fortable  home,  where  he  need  scarcely  consider  the  morrow.  His 
profits  may  not  be  large,  but  he  will  be  independent  and  be  able 
to  enjoy  life  freed  from  many  of  the  harassing  cares  and  anxieties 
that  exist  in  less  favoured  countries  than  this." 
(JjntarUriDg.  Tlie  cost  of  living  is  much  hifflier  than  in  moat  localities  on 
the  mainland,  owing  to  the  fact  that  nearly  all  the  supplies  are 
shipped  to  the  islands  from  long  distances. 
FopulatioD.  The   population  of  the   Hawaiian   Islands,  according  to  the 

census  of  189C,  was  109,020. 

On  June  1,  1900,  when  another  census  was  taken,  it  was 
154,001,  being  an  increase  of  44,981,  or  412  per  cent,  over  that  of 
1896. 

The  total  land  surface  of  the  islands  is  approximately  6,449 
square  rniles.  The  average  number  of  persons  to  the  square  mile 
in  1900  was  23-8. 

The  poniilation  of  each  island  in  1900  was  r — 

I       Population. 

Havraii           '  46,n43 

Eausi  and  Nib>u '  20,TS1 

M»iii            '  85,416 

Uolokai        I  2,50« 

Utkhu            '  58,501 

Total j  154.001 


In  1890  Honolulu  had  a  population  of  22,907 :  in  1900  it  was 
:-t9,306,  an  increase  in  the  decade  of  1(»,399,  or  71'5  per  cent 

The  number  of  Hawaiians  on  .Tune  1,  1900,  was  29,834;  in 
1896  it  was  31,019.  The  half-castes  now  number  7,835,  but 
ill  1896  they  numbered  8,485.  The  decrease  in  the  number  of 
Hawaiians  is  therefore  1,185,  and  of  half-castes  650.  The 
increase  in  the  number  of  Oliinese  since  1896  is  6,360,  the  pre- 
sent number  being  25,742.  Of  Japanese,  in  1896  there  were 
22,-'!29,  now  there  are  about  58,500.  The  Caucasian  race  has 
increased  in  number  during  the  same  period  6,105.  In  1896  the 
whole  white  population  was  22,428  ;  in  1900  it  was  28,533. 

It  is  estimated  that  since  the  annexation  of  the  islands  to  the 
United  States  about  2,000  Americans  have  come  to  the  Territory, 
but  quite  a  number  of  these  are  said  to  have  returned  because  of 
the  prevailing  financial  and  trade  depression. 

The  following  regular  lines  of  steamers  call  at  this  port : — 

Cans dian-Austra Han  Line,  consistinj;  of  three  steamers,  ninning 
monthly  from  Victoria,  British  Columbia,  vi&  Honolulu  and  Fiji, 
to  Brisbane  and  Sydiiey,  New  South  Wales. 

Ocestnic  Steamship  Line,  with  thi-ee  steamers,  running  every 
three  weeks  from  San  Francisco  via  Honolulu  and  Pago-Piigo,  to 
Auckland,  New  Zealand  and  Sydney  Also  one  steamer  running 
exclusively  between  San  Francisco  and  Honolulu  everj'  three 
weeks. 

The   Pacific   Mail    Steamship  Line  (Occidental   and   Oriental 


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HAWAIIAN   ISLANDS. 


13 


Steamship  ConipaDj  and  Toyo  Kisen  KaiBha),  from  San  Francisco 
to  Japan  and  Cliina ;  nine  Hteamera  ou  line. 

Aid eri can-Hawaiian  Steamship  Line,  monthly  service  between 
New  York  and  Honolulu  vi&  Pacific  Coast ;  six  steamers  now  on 
line  (two  more  steamers  huildiug). 

Globe  Navigation  Company,  Seattle  to  Honolulu,  monthly; 
three  steamers  on  line. 

A  new  direct  local  line  between  San  Francisco  and  Hilo, 
Hawaii,  has  been  inaugurated,  and  the  first  steamor  in  the  service 
has  lately  arrived  at  the  latter  port.  She  carries  both  freight  and 
passengers,  and  burns  oil  for  fuel.  Lf  business  demands,  other 
steamers  will  be  put  on  burning  similar  fuel. 

A  large  area  of  land  is  being  reclaimed  on  the  seashore  and  incre«ed 
filled  in  for  the  purpose  of  giving  increased  wharfage  accommoda-  g,^^"^^ 
tion  at  Honolulu,  the  want  of  which  is  greatly  felt.  action. 

The  dollar  is  calculated  at  4s.  IJcZ.  to  the  II.  Kjchsng*. 

Annex  A. — RETURN  of  Principal  Articles  of  Export  from  the 
Hawaiian  Islands  during  the  Fiscal  Year  ended  June  30, 
1901. 


Coffee           

64,308 

15.611 

Hide*           

Honey          

8,014 

22,718 

Other  export!         

Biporta,?oreigD  merahftndue 

82,605 

10,141 

Total 

6,784.291 

Specie           

272,324 

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HAWAIIAN  ISLANUS. 


Annex  R — Table  showing  Some  of  the  Principal  Articlea  of 
Import  into  the  Hawaiian  Islands  from  Foreign  Countries 
during  the  Fiscal  Year  ended  June  30, 1901. 


Article!. 

T»lue. 

Cotton.        

Fib™.          

70.169 

»4,ra8 

Cori 

102,489 

K.h..          ..        ■.. 

S6,198 

23,806 

84,017 

cSment        

1S,ES8 
19,678 

CliemiotU 

84,580 

Eice 

28,785 

OtherarticlM         

99.BSS 

Tow 

GS2,810 

Annex  C. — Table  showing  Total  Valne  of  all  Articles  Exported 
from  and  Imported  into  the  Hawaiian  Islands  durit^  the 
Fiscal  Year  ended  June  30,  1901. 


CoQatnet. 

Value. 

EipoH*. 

In,poH. 

United  Slates  (including  specie) 

United  Kingdom 

British  coloDies 

cbi^'"^::    ::    ::    :: 

J'pon    

Chile 

France    

Other  count  riei 

£ 
6,760,978 

6,452 

12,700 
3.814 
904 

.. 

"446 

£ 

64,317 
16^875 
116,775 
46,851 
144,325 
29,667 
3,982 
9,61>i 

ToUl 

6,784,291 

582,810 

Annex  D. — TABLE  showing  Importa  of  Coal  into  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  from  Foreign  Countries  during  the  Fiscal  Year  ended 
June  30,  1901. 


Country. 

Quantitj. 

Value. 

Australia 

Canada    

Other  oountriei.. 

!          To... 

...       180,9M 

..'         20,191 

2,116 

£ 
83,9fi4 
16,718 
1,747 

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HAWAUAN   ISLANDS.  li> 

Annex  E. — Table  showing  Valae  of  Carrying  Trade  between 
Foreign  Countries  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands  during  the 
Fiscid^Year  ended  June  30. 1901. 


NatioDklitT. 

TalQB. 
Import*.             Bsport*^ 

Americwi            

Britith 

GermM 

Norwegim         

£ 
160,268 
Bl«,092 
98,187 
9,419 
SS,ai9 

6,765.600 
16,677 

1.900 

Total 

682,810 

6,784,2^ 

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LONDON: 

PriDl«<l  for  HU  Msjest^'i  Statioaerj  Office, 

By  HABBI80H  AND  SONB, 

Printers  in  Ordinwy  to  Hi»  MiJMtj. 

(76    7|02— H4B     115) 


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No.  2704  Annnal  Series. 
DIPLOMATIC  AND  CONSULAR  REP0ET8. 


UNITED    STATES. 


REPORT  rOR  THE  YEAR  ENDINO  JUNE  30,  1901, 


TRADE    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


Presented  to  hoth  Houtei  of  Parliament  by  Command  of  Bit  M^fum, 
8EPTEMBES,  1901. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED  rOB  HIS  MAJESTY'S  SXATIOITKRY  OPBTOB, 

BY  HARRISON  AND  SONS,  ST.  MARTIN'S  LANB, 


And  to  bspwnluMd,  eitliar  directly  or  tlmmKh  nay  BookiellBr,  fnun 

ETBB  ft  BFOITISWOODE,  East  BAKDiHe  Stxih,  Fl»t  Strht,  B.O* 

and  tS,  Abinsdon  Stbeit,  WEBTMi:(i»K,  S.W.) 

or  OLITSR  A  BOYD,  Edihbhrqh  | 

«  E.  FONS0NB7,  116,  Oraftok  Stuit,  Du>i.iii. 

1901. 
[Cd.  786—8.]  Price  One  Fmny. 


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CONTENTS. 


Bzpmta  to  H«ziao,  Oantnl  and  South  Amcriok,  and  Weit  Indiv... 

Ti»de  witii  South  AinericK  _ _ _ ..,..„ 

Indo  with  Japui  .._ „,._._« _ „ „ 


Agriaultoral  implemeDti 

CjoIm  ud  C7cl»  pArt*  ... 

PMcenger  and  freigbt  eai 

Cod ....: ..._ 

Cotton  goodi   „ 

OlaH  and  ghutwars  ..••_. 

B«P> 

Soientjflo  instruniBnta   -. 

Hard  ware 

Engine! 

Booti  and  Bho«i >, 

Competition  with  British  m 
TmpotU — 

Tin-plat  ea.... ......_ 

Cotton  goods  .»... 

Draa  good*. ._.._... 


Trade  m  Ant  half  of  1901 


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No.  2704.  Azmaal  Series, 


Jt^aort  on  the  Trade  of  the  United  States  for  the  Year  ending 
Jmie  30,  1901,  hy  Mr.  E.  Seymour  Bell,  Britis/t  Covim^oial 
Agent  at  C  ' 


(Beoatred  at  roreign  Offioa,  Angiut  20, 1901.) 

The  trade  statistics  which  have  just  been  published  for  the  iVHal  •iporu 
12  months  ending  JuDe  30  show  that  the  total  exports  amount 
to  1,460,453,809  doL ;  they  thus  surpass  all  former  records. 

When,  however,  the  f^ures  are  analysed  they  are  not  so 
satisfactory  from  the  American  manufacturer's  point  of  view  as 
at  first  sight  they  appear  to  be. 

The  increase  in  the  total  value  of  exports  is  6^  per  c^it. 
compared  with  the  previous  yet^.  If  we  deduct  from  the  total 
amount  of  1,460,453,809  doL,  the  value  of  agricultural  products, 
944,059,568  dol.;  mining,  39,267,647  doL;  forest,  54,312,830  doL; 
fisheries,  7,743,313  doL;  and  miaoellaneous,  4,561,278  doL;  we 
have,  representing  manufactured  goods,  410,509,173  doL  This 
amount  is  5^  per  cent,  less  than  that  of  1900. 

Iron  and  steel  in  its  different  forms  aocoUDts  for  117,319,270 
doL,  which  is  3}  per  cent,  less  than  that  of  1900. 

The  trade  returns  show  evidence  of  a  considerable  increase  in  Giporti  to 
exports  to   Mexico,  Central  and  South  America,  and  the  West  Mb""". 
Indies.    The  total  has  risen  to  138,301,000  doL  in  1900-1901,^^^""* 
from  127,000,000  dol.  in  1899-1900,  and  103,000,000  dol.  inAmMic«,«.d 

1898-99.  W«it  Indie.. 

The  trade  is  divided  amoi^  the  several  countries  as  follows : — 


Coimtrj. 

V.lce. 

South  AmeriM      „        ..        «. 

Ceiit«a  A»«ric. 

Wertlndiee            

Ueiioo        

BoUara. 
46,181,000 

7,020,000 
48,100,000 
87,000,000 

Tot»l           ..      .   .. 

188,801,000 

Cuba  and  the  British  possessions  toot  the  larger  part  of  tb" 
goods  sent  to  the  Weat-  Ini£es.  , 

There  are  many,  indications  that  an  attempt  is  about  to  be  Stt?  '"''" 
(882)  A  2 


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■    4  -  UKrreD   8TATEB. 

m&de  to  capture  the  trade  of  South  America.  Shipping  facilities 
are  being  improved,  though  slowly,  and  every  effort  is  beinj; 
made  to  draw  more  close  ihe  commercial  relatione  of  the  diRerent 
conntries  of  the  two  American  Continents.  Particular  attention 
is  being  paid  to  the  needs  of  buyers  and  the  conditions  of  trade 
are  being  closely  studied.  Everything  that  can  give  satisfaction 
to  buyers  is  being  done.  Close  attention  is  given  to  packing  of 
goods,  and  price-Uste  are  circulated  in  Spanish  with,  in  many 
cases,  prices  quoted  in  the  current  coin  of  the  country  per 
100  kilos.  The  advantage  of  this  to  the  customere  cannot  be  over- 
estimated. 

The  following  extract  from  a  local  newspaper  will  bear  this 
out: — 

"Exports  from  the  United  States  to  all  American  countries 
and  islands  south  of  her  boundaries  show  a  marked  increase  in 
the  fiscal  year  just  ended,  and  exceed  those  of  any  other  year  in 
the  history  of  our  commerce.  This  statement,  jiist  annoonced  by 
the  Treasury  Bureau  of  Statistics,  is  especially  interesting  in  view 
of  the  vunoue  efforts  being  made  for  closer  business  relations 
between  the  United  States  and  her  neighbours  of  the  south. 

"  New  lines  of  steamers  have  recently  been  put  on  between 
the  Pacific  Coast  of  the  United  States  and  the  western  coast  of 
Mexico,  Central  and  South  America;  a  recently  pubUshed  state- 
ment indicates  that  great  financial  interests  of  the  United  States 
have  obtained  control  of  the  nearly  completed  trans-continental 
line  connecting  Argentina  with  Chile ;  the  establishment  of  direct 
steamship  lines  between  the  eastern  coast  of  the  United  States 
and  South  American  ports  is  under  discussion,  and  the  opening 
of  an  isthmian  canal  would  give  a  straight  line  of  water  com- 
munication  from  the  eastern  coast  of  the  United  States  to  the 
western  coast  of  South  America. 

"  All  of  these  movementa  in  the  direction  of  doeei  relations 
between  the  Unit«d  States  and  her  neighbours  at  the  south  add 
interest  to  the  announcement  that  our  exports  to  those  countries 
in  1901  are  latter  than  those  of  any  preceding  year,  and  to  some 
figures  just  presented  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  showing  the 
imports  of  each  of  the  South  American  countries  at  the  latest 
date  and  the  exports  from  the  United  States  to  each  of  those 
conntries  in  1901. 

"The  growth  of  the  exports  from  the  United  States  to  Central 
and  South  America  has  not  kept  pace  in  the  poet  with  the  growth 
in  other  directions.  The  total  exports  to  South  America  in  1900, 
for  instance,  were  no  more  than  those  of  1890,  being  in  each  of 
those  years,  in  round  numbers,  38,000,000  dol.,  while  the  same 
statement  holds  good  with  reference  to  Central  America,  the 
total  exports  from  the  United  States  to  the  Central  American 
States  being,  in  1890  and  1900,  in  each  case,  in  round  numbers, 
5,000,000  doL  It  is  to  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies  that  the 
exports  in  the  decade  1890-1900  shows  the  greatest  increase, 
being,  to  the  West  Indies,  in  1890,33,000,000  dol.;  and  in  19U0, 
47,000,000  doL ;  and  to  Mexico,  in  1890,  13,000,000  doL ;  and  in 
1900,  34,000,000  doL 


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UNITED   STATES.  6 

"The  fiBcal  years  1900-1901  show  &  much  greater  increase  id 
Bales  to  ueighhoura  at  the  aouth  than  in  aoy  pmiading  years.  The 
total  exports  to  Mexien,  Central  and  South  America,  and  the  West 
Indies  in  1899  were  103,000,000  doL  ;  in  1900,  127,000,000  del. ; 
and  in  1901,  138,000,000  do),  in  round  numbers.  Thus  the  figures 
of  1901  are  35,000,000  dol.  greater  than  those  of  1899,  while  the 
1899  figures  are  only  1,000,000  dol.  greater  than  those  of  1893. 

"  The'  importance  of  transportation  facilities  is  illustrated  by 
a  study  of  the  growth  of  the  export  trade  with  the  countries  of 
the  South.  Prior  to  the  construction  of  railway  lines  connecting 
Mexico  with  the  United  States,  exports  to  Mexico  seldom  reached 
10,000,000  dol.;  by  1896  they  were  20,000,000  dol.;  by  1899, 
25.000,000  dol;  in  1900,  34,000,000  doL;  and  in  1901. 
37,000,000  doL  in  round  numbers.  To  the  West  Indies,  the 
transportation  system  is  much  mot«  satisfactory  thau  to  the 
South  American  countrie!',  and  to  those  ielands  exports  have 
grown  from  34,000,000  doL  in  1891  to  49,000,000  doL  in  1901. 
To  Central  and  South  America,  with  which  steamship  communica- 
tion has  not  been  satisfactory,  the  growth  has  been  less,  the  figures, 
as  already  indicated,  being  in  1900  practically  the  same  as  in  1890, 
while  the  figures  for  1900  and  1901  show  in  each  case  a  consider- 
able increase.  This  increase  is  especially  noticeable  in  the  exports 
to  the  countries  on  the  western  coast  of  South  America,  reached 
by  the  recently  established  lines  connecting  the  western  coast  of 
the  United  States  with  that  of  South  and  Central  America,  and 
which  were  put  into  operation  about  the  beginning  of  the  present 
calendar  year.  The  figures  of  exports  to  South  America  show  an 
increase  of  nearly  100  per  cent,  to  Peru  in  11  months,  ending  with 
May,  1^01,  as  compared  with  the  same,  period  of  the  fiscal  year, 
1900,  and  nearly  100  per  cent,  to  Chile  in  the  same  time.  Of 
the  increase  of  6,000,000  dol.  in  exports  to  South  America  in  1901, 
as  compared  with  1900,  more  than  two-thirds  is  to  the  countries 
on  the  western  coast. 

"  The  following  table  shows  the  imports  of  the  South  American 
countries  at  the  latest  date  obtainable  (in  most  cases  1899),  and 
the  exports  from  the  United  States  to  each  of  those  countries 
in  1899  and  1901  :— 


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XJKITKD  BTATEB. 


Exporit  from  United  Stttet. 


1899.       . 



189U. 

1901." 

Doll.™. 

Dollnr^ 

]>allim>. 

■A-H'aHn*        

117.000,000 

f),663,610 

11,460,000 

Bruil 

105,000.000 

12,289,036 

12,190,000 

2fi,000,000 

4,B87flM 

7,020,000 

Ohile 

20,000,000 

2,107,124 

6,610,000 

11,000,000 

3.042,000 

7,000,000 

SS2,591 

2.082,000 

Ohuum 

10,000,000 

B,89a,89! 

2,530,000 

Pftt«gu»y 

2,000,000 

I0,7B1 

16,000 

11,000,000 

8.168,000 

26,000.000 

1,242,822 

1, 6:16,000 

Tenettwlk        

2^61,634 

3,802.000 

lotel 

854,00(^000 

40.B47,662 

52,801,000 

■  Jun«,  IPOl,  Mtdmated. 


"The  following  table  shows  our  total  exports   to  American 
territory  south  of  the  United  States  in  1890,  1900,  and  1901 :— 


Coumry. 

T.lue. 

1890. 

180& 

I00l.» 

South  Amerioa 

Centnl  America 

Wert  Indie. 

Maiioo 

Dollun. 
88,762*648 

6,296,478 
33,197,222 
18,286,287 

Dollan. 
38,94£,B73 
6,926,679 

47,436,67? 
34,874,961 

Dollan. 
46,181,000 

7,020,000 
49,100,000 
37,000,000 

ToUl 

90,631,636 

1S7,I88,690 

188,801,000 

*  June,  1901,  ertimated. 

"  The  annouDcement  that  American  capital  has  taken  control 
of  and  will  complete  the  unfinished  section  of  the  trans-contiuental 
railway  system  of  South  America,  connecting  Chile  and  At^ntina, 
suggests  that  there  may  follow  a  practical  revival  of  interest  in 
the  great  project  for  a  Fan-American  railway  line  to  connect  the 
Nortti  and  South  American  railway  systems,  advocated  for  many 
years  by  Hinton  Hower  Helper,  and  lends  interest  to  fhe  figures 
of  the  Beport  of  the  Inter-continental  Hallway  Commission  on  the 
proposed  through  railway  line  from  New  York  to  Buenos  Ayrea. 
These  figures,  which  were  issued  in  1898,  show  the  entire  distance, 
hy  the  proposed  route,  from  New  York  to  Buenos  Ayres  to  be 
10,228  miles,  of  which  4,772  miles  were  then  constructed  and 
.5,456  miles  yet  to  be  constructed,  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
)  76,000,000  dol. 


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UHITED  STATES. 


"  The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  miles  of  railway 
suitable  for  a  through  Pan-American  line  existing  in  each  country 
in  1898,  and  the  number  of  jniles  necessary  to  be  constructed  to 
complete  the  through  line : — 


C..,.,H.., 

Tob* 

Ettimatiid 
Cow  of 

MUe*. 

Uilei. 

DoUm. 

Coited  State* 

2,034 

Meiico 

l.ISS 

4fil 

14.7C2.(W 

Centi«l  .Ajoenoa 

211 

8sa 

17,154,517 

robmbia           

i,aM 

8»,7:tH.424 

EciuMior. 

638 

26,863,856 

Ptra 

lf.7 

1,613 

P6.768.146 

BotiTift 

196 

392 

lli,033.8^ 

ArgentiB.         

93i 

ISti 

4.000,000 

Iol«l 

4,772 

5,456 

174,290,270  ■' 

The  States  on  the  Pacific  coast  have  cliiefiy  benefited  by  the 
increase  of  trade  with  South  Ameiica.  The  new  stearaships 
trading  between  Pacific  poits  of  South  America  and  Pacific  ports 
of  tlie  United  States,  due  perhaps  to  the  new  interests  acquired 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  greatly  facilitate  the  trade  between  the 
several  countries.  The  development  of  railways  in  Venezuela, 
Colombia,  and  Ai^entina,  often  with  American  capital,  has  also 
gri;atly  aided  the  expansioo.  In  all  probability  this  increase  will 
continuo,  especially  if  the  plans  of  certain  American  investors  are 
carried  out. 

The  whole  of  South  America  ouly  takes  about  3  per  cent,  of 
the  total  exports  of  the  United  States,  but  they  are  increasioc.  A 
New  York  paper  recently  referred  to  the  matter  as  follows : — 
"  The  population  of  South  America  is  more  than  three  times  as 
great  as  that  of  North  America,  outside  of  the  United  States,  yet 
the  fotraer  took  less  than  one-fourth  as  much  of  our  produce  as 
the  latter.  The  more  immediate  proximity  of  the  North  American 
countries  should  not  give  them  a  twelve  to  one  advantage.  Or, 
rather,  the  greater  distance  of  South  America  should  not  place  it 
at  a  one  to  twelve  disadvantage.  Again,  the  population  of  Europe 
is  probably  not  more  than  six  times  that  of  South  America,  yet 
the  former  takes  26  times  as  much  as  the  latter.  Certainly  South 
America  should  be  worth  more  to  us  than  one  twenty-sixth  as 
much  as  Eurape.  This  reported  distribution  of  our  exports 
indicates  unmistakably  that  Sonth  America  is  the  part  of  the 
world  in  which  the  greatest  future  gain  should  be  sought  and 
especially  the  gain  in  manufactured  goods." 

The  increase  in  trade  with  Chile  is  considered  particularly 
gratifying  as  it  was  unexpected.  Chile  is  recf^ised  as  one  of  the 
most  prosperous  and  most  progressive  countries  in  South  America, 
and  it  is  expected  to  have  a  great  future. 

The  desire  to  increase  the  trade  with  South  America  is  very 


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8  UNITED  STATES. 

keen,  and  there  ia  probably  no  part  of  the  world  where  greater 
efforts  are  being  made  to  obtain  a  supremacy.  Not  only  has  the 
trade  beea  very  small  but  in  moat  cases  the  South  American 
Republics  have  been  selling  to  the  United  States  more  than  they 
have  been  buying.  This  has  been  particularly  the  case  with 
Chile  who  has  sold  from  50  to  100  per  cent,  more  than  she  has 
been  buying. 

Particular  attention  is  being  called  to  the  trade  in  cotton 
goods.  That  the  United  States  should  only  have  sold  in  1900  to 
Mexico,  Central  and  South  America  cotton  goods  of  the  value  of 
3,605,269  dol.,whiIe  the  United  Kingdom  sold  to  these  samecountries 
similar  goods  to  the  value  o(  38,007,564  dol.  causes  amazement, 
taking  into  consideration  the  fact  that  the  United  States  sold  to 
the  United  Kingdom  raw  cotton  worth  about  100,000,000  dol.  I 
merely  mention  this  in  order  to  indicate  an  important  line  of 
goods  where  severe  competition  may  be  expected.  ' 

Japan,  also,  is  becoming  an  importaiiL  impurtiiig  c(>untry  of 
American  goods.  The  following  article  taken  from  a  New  York 
paper  is  not  without  interest : — "  The  remarkable  growth  in  the 
exports  of  the  United  States  to  Japan,  and  in  the  rank  which  this 
country  now  holds  in  supplying  the  imports  of  that  industrious, 
prosperous,  and  rapidlyAleveloping  nation,  is  shown  by  figures 
just  compiled  by  the  Japanese  statistical  report  entitled, '  Annual 
Eetum  of  the  Foreign  Traile  of  the  Empire  of  Japan,'  presenting 
the  details  of  the  imports  and  the  exports  of  Japan  in  the 
calendar  year  1900.  It  shows  that  the  imports  from  the  United 
States  have  grown  from  6,000,000  yen  in  1893  to  over  60,000,000 
yen  in  1900,  and  that  the  United  States,  which  stood  sixth  in 
rank  in  the  list  of  countries  from  which  Japan  drew  her  imports 
in  1893,  is  now  second  in  the  list,  being  only  exceeded  by  the 
United  Kingdom.  In  1893  the  imports  into  Japan  from  the 
United  Kingdom  were  valued  at  27,829,628  yen ;  those  from 
China,  17,095,074  yen;  from  British  India,  8,679,029  yen;  from 
Hong-Kong,  8,268,071  >en;  from  Germany,  7,318,133  yen;  and 
from  the  United  States,  6,090,-208  yen.  In  1900  the  list  stood: 
from  the  United  Kingdom,  71,638,219  yen;  from  the  United 
States,  62,761,196  yen;  China,  29,960,740  yen;  Germany, 
29,199,695  yeu;  British  India,  23,516,350  yen;  Hong-Kong, 
10,659,855  yen;  France,  8,095,819  yen;  and  .Belgium,  1,049,253 
yen.     In  1893  the  United  States  supplied  7  per  cent. ;  Germany, 

9  per  cent. ;  and  the  United  Kingdom,  32  per  cent,  of  the  total 
imports  into  Japan.  In  1900  the  United  States  supplied  21  per 
cent. ;  Germany,  10  per  cent. ;  and  the  United  Kingdom,  25  per 
cent.  Going  still  further  back,  it  may  be  said  that  in  1881  the 
United  States  supplied  6  per  cent.,  and  the  United  Kingdom  52 
per  cent,  of  Japan's  imports. 

"  The  enormous  increase  in  our  exports  to  Japan  since  1893 
is  distributed  among  a  large  number  of  articles.  The  Japanese 
figures  show  that  imports  of  sole  leather  from  the  United  States 
have  increased  from  133,567  yen  in  1893  to  782,862  yen  in  1900  ; 
leather  other  than  sole,  from  41,014  yen  in  1893  to  185,856  yen  in 


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UNITED   STATES.  9 

1900;  nails,  from  20,204  to  1,422,655  yen;  iron  pipes,  from 
20,414  to  1,240,020  yen ;  paraffin  wax,  from  97,651  to  440,858 
yen  ;  timber  from  16,717  to  363,929  yen ;  electric  light  machinery, 
from  99,253  to  478,215  yen.  In  a  large  nitmber  of  cases  the 
import  list  of  1893  makes  no  mention  of  certain  articles  imported 
from  the  United  States  which  in  1900  show  large  importations. 
The  fact,  however,  that  the  list  of  enumerated  articlea  haa  been 
extended  since  the  adoption  of  Japan's  new  tariff  suggests  that  a 
general  comparison  of  Japan's  purchases  from  the  United  States 
in  1900  compared  with  1893  can  better  be  made  from  the  export 
figures  of  the  United  States.  These  show  the  value  of  the  princi- 
pal exports  from  the  United  States  to  Japan  in  the  fiscal  yean 
1893  and  1900  as  follows  i— 


IMO. 


Dollari. 

Cotton,  nnnunuhotorad I  08,4iS 

KeRned  tniDMml  oU          |  l,7i!4,972 

Iron  Knd  iteal  mftnufAotlue*,  eiMpt  m»a1imerj  83,814 

Machm«i7 1  104,954 

WbMt  flonr          198.M6 

SoleloatluT            I  147,071 

Panffin  and  psnfiu  vu j  77.824 

Clocki  And  watohei           i  114,694 

PrOTuions,  iomU  knd  dairj  produDt*    ..          ,.  68,060 

Wood,  uid  DibtiiifBctnrM  of        63,268 

<lb«nu«U,  diuga.  Ad |  20,S14 

Tobuoo  muiufactun* i  232,662 

CoHoD  aloth          9,084 

Snfu.nfliiMl        I  7,171t 


Dollwi. 

12,711,619 

6,410,088 

4,398,981 

l,08l;S24 

1,564,789 

442,109 

2:!4,4W 

201.810 

18S.891 

192,270 

131,871 

107,a>B 

84,629  1 

2,900 


"  The  following  table  shows  the  total  imports  of  Japan  and  the 
imports  from  the  United  States  and  the  United  Kingdom, 
respectively,  at  quinqaennial  periods  since  1881 : — ■ 


Totel 
Import., 

Import. 

from- 

Tmt. 

ITDil«d 
St-tM. 

Unit.d 
luagdoflK 

18S1 

1S8S 

1890 

189S 

1900 

Tot. 
81,128.126 
89366,967 
80,654,874 
127,260,8*4 
287,»M*6 

Tot. 
1,781,108 
2,761.820 
6,900,190 
9,276,860 
62,761,186 

16,a6?740 
12,460,610 
20.619,102 
46,172,110 
71,688,219" 

If  we  make  a  comparison  between  the  quantities  of  certain  Kiporta  from 
merobandise  exported  this  year  with  those  exported   the  year  tb*  Dnited 
ptevioua  many  a  useful  lesson  may  be  learnt  Btatw. 


3d*by  Google 


10  UNITED  STATKS.' 

Axrionltnrd  Agricultural   implements,  have  increased  from  16,099,149  to 

impUmttiti.  16,313,434  dol.  While  the  three  largest  buyers  outside  of  British 
possessioQB,  Germany,  France,  and  the  Argentine  show  a  falling- 
oET  in  their  purchases  a^r^^ting  19  per  cent. ;  the  exports  to 
the  United  Kingdom  have  increased  40  per  cent. ;  to  British 
North  America,  nearly  G  per  cent. ;  and  to  British  Australasia, 
12  per  cent 

There  is  no  apparent  reason  why  this  should  be  so.  Britiafa 
manufacturers  should  have  no  dimculty  in  competing  with  the 
American  machines.  It  is  necessary,  of  course,  to  pay  attention . 
to  the  wants  of  buyers  and  supply  them  with  the  class  of  goods 
they  require.  The  chief  characteristics  of  the  machines  made  in 
the  United  States  are  the  following :  lightness,  rapid  working, 
iaterchangeability  of  parts,  substitution  to  a  large  extent  of 
malleable  iron  castings  for  st«el,  rough  finish  of  unimportant 
parts  whereby  cost  is  reduced  by  saving  of  labour. 

Crolm,  Though  cycles  and  their  parts  show  a  reduction  of  29  per  cent., 

3  per  cent  more  have  been  sent  to  Japan  and  63  per  cent,  more 
to  Africa. 

FuteDgsrstid       Passei^r  and  freight  cars  show  an  increase  of  32  per  cent. 

freight  (son.  The  most  notable  increases  being  ;  to  British  Australiiaia,  99  per 
cent. ;  to  the  United  Kingdom,  18  per  cent. ;  to  Mexico,  49  per 
cenUj  to  the  West  Indies,  26  per  cent ;  and  to  South  America 
except  Colombia  and  Argentina,  542  per  cent, 

Ooil.  Coal   has   increased   from   7,188,048  to   7,676,149    tons,   the 

increase  being  chiefly  to  Europe,  West  Indies,  and  South 
America. 

OottoD  good*.  The  export  of  manufactured  cotton  goods  has  fallen  off  16  per 
cent,  chiefly  owing  to  the  Chinese  crisis.  Kliminating  the 
amounts  sent  to  the  Chinese  Empire,  Porto  Rico,  and  Hawaii, 
the  two  latter  not  being  included  in  this  year's  foreign  exports,  there 
is  an  increase  of  7  per  cent  The  United  Kingdom  has  taken  38 
per  cent  more  than  the  previous  year ;  the  West  Indies,  4  per 
cent,  more ;  South  America,  59  per  cent  more ;  British  Austral- 
asia, 11  per  cent  more,  in  all  of  which  places  British  goods  ought 
to  have  been  able  to  keep  down  the  increase. 

aiut  »ad  In  glass  and  glassware  there  is  a  steady  increase  in   the 

gUMvare.  amounts  exported.  Those  of  1901  show  an  increase  of  9  per  cent- 
over  those  of  1900,  the  value  of  the  former  being  2,126,309  dol. 

Hopi.  The  total  value  of  hops  exported  shows  a  decrease  of  49  per 

cent,  as  compared  with  tiie  previous  year.  The  United  Kingdom 
took  13,670,725  lbs.,  valued  at  2,276,521  doL,  an  increase  of  about 
50  per  cent. 

SaisntiSB  Scientific   instruments,  &c.,  including  telegraphic,  telephonic, 

and  other  electric,  have  increased  14  per  cent.  The  United  Kingdom 
was  the  largest  buyer  with  2,105,611  dol.,  an  increase  of  83  per 
cent  compared  with  1900. 

In  builders'  hardware,  and  saws  and  tools,  there  is  a  total 
decrease  of  4  per  cent  with  again  a  British  colony  the  most  not- 
able exception.  British  Australasia  took  11  per  cent  more  than 
■the  previous  year.     The  reason  for  tliis  can  only  be  that  sufficient- 


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UNITED   SrATKS.  11 

att€i)tion  iB  not  paid  in  the  United  Kingdom    to  the  wants  of  the 
coloniRts. 

There  were  101  fewer  locomotives  exported  last  year  but  156  Br.Kin«^ 
mora  stationary  engines. 

Of  boots  and  ehoea  there  is  an  increase  of  29  per  cent.    The  Boou  ud 
United  Kinf^dom  and  British  Australasia  were  the  largest  buyers.  '''"**■ 
The  former  took  63  per  cent,  more  than  the  previons  year,  and  the 
latter  21  per  cent     The  West  Indies  took  63  per  cent  more  and 
South  America  44  per  cent 

The  above  are  only  a  lew  of  the  most  important  articles  which  Compemion 
touch  moat  closely  British  manufacturere.  That  the  United  ,^'^'^f'^ 
Kingdom  makes  such  a  pour  show  in  competition  witli  the  tuT«r«. 
United  States  is  due  almost  entirely  to  the  use  of  more  perfect 
and  more  economical  machinery  in  this  country.  By  improve- 
ments in  methods  of  manufacture  and  close  attention  to  the 
wants  of  buyers,  there  should  be  no  difficulty  in  competing  with 
the  United  States.  As  regards  heavy  steel  goods  such  a^  rails, 
structural  material,  &c.,  the  abundance  and  cheapness  of  raw 
material  makes  competitinn  more  difficult.  For  finished  articles 
such  as  machinery,  &c.,  it  is  more  a  question  of  economy  of  manu- 
facture and  design  than  in  the  first  cost  of  material  After  all, 
in  this  country  of  high  wages  and  in  many  cases  long  railway 
carriage,  the  only  way  to  be  able  to  compete  with  other  countries 
is  to  cut  down  expenses  as  much  as  possible  by  the  wao  of  labour- 
saving  machinery  and  general  economy.  If  this  is  possible  in 
America  it  ought  to  be  equally  possible  in  other  competing 
countries.  Doubtless,  when  American  methods  are  better  known 
and  appreciated,  British  manufacturers  will  not  have  any  diOicnlty 
in  meeting  all  competitiou. 

As  regards  imports  of  merchandise  into  the  United  States  there  Import*, 
are  many  lines  in  which  British  manufacturerB  and  shippers  have 
not  dune  so  well  as  they  might  have  done.    They  have  been  allow- 
ing other  competing  countries  to  do  better. 

Although  the  value  of  tin-plates  imported  has  fallen  from  T'D-pUte*. 
147,963,804  dol.  in  1900  to  117,880,312  doL  in  1901,  it  does  not 
mean  there  will  not  be  an  increase  in  the  demand.  There  is  a 
good  deal  of  dissatisfaction  expressed  with  the  treatment  of  con- 
sumers by  the  Trust  Many  complaints  are  heard  and  some  users 
of  tin-plates  would  willingly  pay  a  higher  rate  than  is  charged  by 
the  Trust  in  order  to  be  independent 

The  total  amount  of  manufactured  cotton  goods  and  cloths  im-  Cuttoa 
ported  was  valued  at  6,116,605  dol.,  a  reduction  of  29  per  cent,  on  v*""*- 
the  previous  year.    The  United  Kingdom  sent  4,288,668  dol.,  a 
reduction  of  36   per  cent      Switzerland   sent  goods  valued   at 
491,249  doL,  an  increase  of  19  per  cent  compared  with  1900. 

The  total  amount  of  women's  and  childreii's  woollen  dress  goods  Dm*  gooir, 
imported  was  valued  at  5,378,396  doL    The  value  of  those  im- 
ported from  the  United  Kingdom  was  1,922,431  dol.,  and  from 
France  2,250,025  dol.     The  former  is  23  per  cent  less  than  in 
1900,  and  the  latter  is  6  per  cent.  more. 

Of  cement  33  pei'  cent  less  was  imported.    France  sent  50  per  Cement. 


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12 


UNITltD  STATES. 


cent  more  than  the  year  before ;  the  United  Kingdom,  38  per  cent, 
less ;  and  Germany,  38  per  cent.  leas. 

CoITm.  In  coffee  the  West  and  East  Indies  might  have  done  better. 

The  WeBt  Indies  sent  20  per  cent,  less,  and  the  East  Indies  47  per 
cent  less,  while  Central  America  sent  40  per  cent  more,  and  South 
America  sent  30  per  cent.  more.  The  total  quantity  imported 
was  854,871,310  lbs.,  an  increase  of  8  "per  cent,  valued  at 
62,861,399  dol,  an  increase  of  about  20  per  cent. 

Eartbeiiwsre.  Earthenware  was  imported  to  the  value  of  9,467,418  dol.,  an 
increase  of  9  per  cent  Germany  sent  20  per  cent,  more,  while 
the  United  Kingdom  sent  3  per  cent  leas. 

T«,.  There  was   4  per  cent  more  tea  imported    than  in    1900, 

China  sent  2^  per  cent,  more ;  Japan,  9  per  cent  more ;  ftnd  the 
East  Indies  36  per  cent  lesa 

Trade  in  itnt        ^^^  ^^^  ^^'^  ^^  ^^  7^^  ^^  heen  &  period  of  great  business 

bklf  of  1901.  activity  in  the  United  States.  There  are,  however,  already  signs 
indicating  that  this  will,  in  all  likeUbood,  not  continue  for  many 
(nontha  longer.  Shrinkage  in  the  demand  of  many  articles  is 
already  apparent  Betailers,  who  are  the  first  to  feel  the  effects  of 
any  change,  complain  of  the  falhng-off  in  sales,  especially  of 
luxuries,  and  new  business  is  difficult  to  obtain.  With  the  partial 
failure  of  the  maize  crop  the  depression  is  likely  to  be  accentuated, 
liailway  returns  will  not  be  so  favouiable  and  the  farmers  will  not 
be  the  satisfactory  buyers  they  have  recently  been. 

•  Should  this  falliug-off  in  the  home  demand  continue,  there 
will  be  a  conesponding  increase  in  activity  as  r^arda  exports. 
Stocks  will  accumulate  and  must  be  got  rid  of  even  at  reduced 
rates.  British  tradera  will,  therefore,  have  to  make  greater  efforts 
even  than  formerly  if  they  wish  to  compete  successfully  with  the 
United  States. 


LONDOIT : 

Printed  for  Hia  ll^jeitj's  StaUoner;  OOlc*, 

Bt  HABBISON  and  S0K8, 

Frintan  la  Ordtokr;  to  Hin  Mftjeetj-. 

(75    9  |0I~Hft8    S82) 


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No.  2749  Annual  Series. 
DIPLOMATIC  AND  OONSXJLAE  REPORTS. 


UNITED    STATES. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  YEAR  1901 


TRADE  AND  COMMERCE  OF  PORTLAND  (MAINE). 


BEFEBEHOB  TO  FBETIOTTS  REPORT,  Atmoal  Series  No.  2678. 


Pnimttd  to  both,  ffotaee  of  Parliament  by  Command  of  Hit  Maje^, 
MARCH,  1902. 


LONDOH: 

PRINTBD  FOR  HI3  MAJESTY'S  STATIOlIBEr  OPFICH, 

BY  HABRISON  AND  SONS,  ST.  MARTIN'S  luLNE, 


And  to  be  pnnhuBd,  eitliBT  direct!;  or  tliroiigh  anj  BookwUer,  from 

BTBB  &  SFOlTieWOODB,  East  Hudinq  Stun,  S^m  Sixih,  BO^ 

and  82,  ABi)iaiM>H  Stbikt,  Wssthikbtib,  S.W.| 

or  OLIV£&  A  BOYD,  Edikbdxbbi 

w  B.  PONSONBY,  116,  Qbutoit  Siani,  Sublik. 

1902. 
[Gd.  786—63.]  Price  TwopeiKt. 


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CONTENTS. 


Portland  and  ita  termimi 
Harbonr  and  irliarTeB  ... 
fiailroBd  faoUitiM,  ko.  ... 

Slevaton .._ ^ 


Stevedores  uid  lonf^hortt 
Cattom-hoiue  entriei,  Ao 


Shipmenta  from  Portluid.- 


AnirsI  and  departur 


Lumber  and  timber  prodnot.- 
Vfoul  industry    ™ 

li^Bfrpr  and  wuod-pulp , 

Canning  induitrr  „,„ 

Flour  and  grist  milling _ 

Foundry  and  muchine  sliopa..^ 

Bhip  and  boat  building 

l^noing  Hnd  coirjini;   _ 

Newrpapers,  Ac „...>»., 


Lobiter  fiahe: 

Sardines  

Apple  crop  .. 


Tax  on  foreigD  banba,  and  iU  effeoti  _ 
Railroads,  number  and  mileage  »...._.. 

Couolndiag  remarks  » «_ ..^ 

Annexes  — 

A. — Exports  from  PortlBiLd  __ _,.. 

B. — Lightaliips  for  Portland    _... 

0. — Quarantine  station ^...,^...„.... 


NOTS.— I   am  indebted  to   the    Hon.    S.  W.   Matthews,  

Induttidal  and  Laboul  Statiitiea,  and  to  the  Portland  Board  of  Trade,  for  thei: 
kind  Bssistauce  in  oblaininB  for  me  many  of  the  partJeulan  reported  herein. 


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No.  2749.  Aimoal  Series. 

St/erence  to  previous  Hepori,  Annual  Sm-iet  No.  2672. 


Aeporf  (Ml  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of  Portland,  Maine,  for  the 
Year  1901 

By  Mr.  Vick-Oonsul  Keatikg. 

(BecsiT«d  ftt  Foreign  Offioe,  rsbruary  26,  1902.) 

Portland,  the  coinmercial  metropolis  of  Maine,  is  situated  in  PortUnd  uid 
the  south-western  part  of  the  State,  on  Caeco  Bay,  in  43°  39' j***^"*"! 
north  latitude  aiicl  70°  13'  west  lonyitude.     By  rail  it  is  108  miles  *""■''■••■ 
uorth-north-east  of  Boston,  and  297  miles  south-east  of  Montreal. 
The  peninsula  on  which  the  main  city  is  built  is  about  3  miles 
in  length,  has  an  average  breadth  of  three-quEirters  of  a  mile,  and 
rises  in  the  west  to  176  feet  in  Eranhall's  Hill  and  in  the  east 
to  161  feet  in  Munjoy's  Hill,  the  latter  being  crowned  by  an 
observatory.     By  the  addition  of  Peering  in  1898,  the  geographical 
area  of  the  city  was  quadrupled. 

The  population  of  the  city  by  the  census  of  1900  was  50,145. 
Probably  no  city  is  more  favourably  situated  for  health,  pleasure, 
and  commerce  than  Portland.  It  has  well-kept  streeta,  fine  ehady 
trees,  beautiful  parks,  and  some  very  fine  public  buildings.  The  eitj- 
is  supplied  with  an  abundance  of  pure'water  from  Sebago  Lake,  a 
sheet  of  water  14  miles  long  and  11  miles  wide. 

Sixteen  islands  lying  in  Casco  Bay  form  a  part  of  the  city 
of  Portland,  namely : — Peaks,  Long,  Cushing's,  House,  Great 
Diamond,  Little  Diamond,  Crotch,  Hope,  Litile  Chebeague, 
Jewell's  Cow,  Eam,  Marsh,  Overset,  Crow,  Pumpkin,  and  Knob. 
Many  of  these  islands  are  summer  resorts  and  are  thickly  dotted 
with  cottages. 

The  peninsula  on  which  the  main  city  of  Portland  b  situated  iHo  Harbour 
projects  towards  the  north-east.  On  the  south  it  divides  from  """l  'li*""- 
South  Portland,  formerly  a  part  of  Cape  Ehzabeth,  by  an  arm  of 
the  bay  called  Fore  River,  constituting  the  inner  harbour,  between 
Portland  Bridge  and  the  breakwater  on  one  side,  and  Fish  Point 
on  the  other,  having  an  area  of  627  acres.  On  the  north  side  of 
the  peninsula  lies  Back  Cove,  which,  with  the  exception  of  a 
narrow  channel,  is  laid  bare  at  low  tide. 

With  40  feet  depth  of  water  at  low  tide,  vessels  of  any  sIko 
can  enter  the  outer  harbour  at  any  time,  day  or  night,  and  lie  at 
anchor    inside    a    line    connecting    the    breakwater    with    Fort 
(14)  A  2 


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Gorges,  and  distant  not  more  than  half-a-tnile  from  the  Qrand 
Trunk  Wharves.  The  entrance  to  the  main  part  of  the  harbour 
of  Portland  has  always  been  good,  but  before  the  improvements 
made  by  the  Government  the  approach  to  the  inner  harbour  waa 
obstructed  by  a  ahoal,  known  as  the  middle  ground,  over  which 
the  depth  was  only  from  8  to  10  feet  at  mean  low  tide,  while 
between  it  and  Stamford  Ledge  the  greatest  available  depth  was 
only  16  fuet.  And,  besides,  the  best  part  of  the  wharf  front  of 
the  city  was  exposed  to  the  swell  from  the  Atlantic,  which  some- 
times made  it  dangerous  for  vessels  to  lie  at  the  docks. 

The  first  work  of  improvement  undertaken  by  the  Government 
was  the  construction  of  tlie  breakwater.  This  was  begun  in 
1836  and  completed  in  1874.  The  project  for  the  improvement 
of  the  harbour  by  deepening  its  water  was  first  undertaken  by 
authority  of  an  Act  of  Congress  in  1868,  The  project  at  that 
time  was  to  excavate  a  channel  300  feet  wide  through  the  southern 
slope  of  the  middle  ground  to  a  deptli  of  20  feet  at  mean  low 
tide,  and  to  remove  the  bar  off  the  Grand  Trunk  Wharves  to  the 
same  depth.  In  1870  the  project  was  amended  so  as  to  provide 
for  a  channel  400  feet  wide,  and  in  1871  it  was  ^ain  amended 
so  as  to  provide  for  a  width  of  500  feet.  In  1872  the  improve- 
ment of  Back  Cove  was  added  to  the  project. 

In  1,886  a  project  was  adopted  for  the  further  deepening  of  a 
portion  of  the  harbour  to  29  feet  at  mean  low  tide,  at  a  cost  of 
27,000/.  In  1890  this  project  was  extended  so  as  to  include  a 
small  (juantity  of  dredging  in  the  upper  part  of  the  harbour  at 
a  cost  of  1,000/.  In  1894  it  was  again  extended  so  as  to  cover 
the  widening  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  area  already  dredged 
to  29  feet,  and  the  dredging  of  a  channel  25  feet  deep  to  connect 
the  lower  with  the  upper  part  of  the  harbour.  This  work  was 
completed  in  1894 

By  the  Act  of  June  3,  1896,  Congress  adopted  a  project  for 
dredging  to  30  feet  at  mean  low  water  over  the  greater  part  of 
the  harbour,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  154,000/.  By  the  same  Act 
the  partly  completed  project  for  improving  Back  Cove  was 
combined  with  tliat  of  the  main  harbour.  The  same  Act 
appropriated  4,000/.  for  beginning  the  work,  and  authorieed  the 
making  of  contracts  for  its  completion,  but  limited  such  contracts 
to  162,000/.  in  addition  to  the  4,000/.  already  appropriated.  The 
work  under  the  above  Act  is  still  going  on,  although  it  would 
have  been  completed  before  this  but  for  the  failure  of  the  first 
contractors  and  the  partial  destruction  by  fire  of  one  of  the' 
monster  dredging  machines.  The  first  contract  under  this  Act 
called  for  the  removal  of  4,318,000  cubic  yards  of  the  harbour 
bottom.  This  work  will  probably  be  completed  within  a  year. 
Under  this  conti-act,  in  round  numbers,  the  estimated  quantities 
to  be  dredged  to  complete  the  project  include  about  2,240,000 
cubic  yards,  measured  in  siiu,  of  general  dredging,  and  93,000 
cubic  yai'ds  from  the  area  formerly  dredged  to  29  feet  at  mean 
low  water.  The  total  amount  expended  on  Portland  Harbour, 
ini-hiding  Back  Cove,  up  to  June  30,  1900,  was  180,641/.  The 
total  amount  of   all  appropriations  for  the  improvement  of  the 


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PORTLAND.  5 

harbour,  up  to  March  3, 1901,  is  256.545/.  When  the  entire  work 
is  completed,  Portland  will  have  a  harbour  which  can  be  entered 
with  perfect  safety  at  either  hi;^li  or  low  tide,  by  any  vessel  now 
aSoat.  The  earth,  as  fast  as  excavated,  is  placed  on  scone  and 
towed  out  and  dumped  into  the  sea. 

The  city  of   Portland  is  the  terminus  of  six  railroad  lines.  ^"JJ*^ 
Three  of  theee  lines  are  under  the  control  and  management  of  the  "ntjo. 
Boston  and  Maine  Eailroad,  two  under  the  niauafjenient  of  the 
Maine  Central  Eoad,  and  one  is  the  Atlantic  nnd  St.  Lawrence 
division  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway. 

The  Grand  Trunk  Eailway  of  Canada  was  organised  in  1845.  Tli«  Onod 
On  August  5,  18i'3,  it  leased  tlie  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  ^^„ 
Bailroad,  tunning  from  Portland  to  Montreal,  for  a  term  of 
999  yeai-s.  The  building  of  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence 
Railroad  and  its  lease  to  the  Grand  Trunk  KaiJway  have  liad 
more  influence  on  the  growth,  development,  and  prosperity  of 
Portland  than,  perhaps,  all  other  influences  combined.  This  great 
railway  system  owns  and  works  more  than  4,000  miles  of  track, 
e:ttending  from  Portland  to  Chicago,  and  having  branches  to  all 
impoitant  points  m  Canada  and  the  North-West.  The  terminal 
facilities  of  this  road  in  Portland  have  recently  been  extended 
and  improved,  but  the  improvements  will  not  be  fully  completed 
until  some  time  this  year,  and  even  a  longer  period  may  be 
required  for  the  full  development  of  the  proposed  plans.  UTie 
stock-yards,  the  new  track-yard,  and  the  round  house  are  at 
East  Deering,  about  a  mile  from  the  freight  sheds,  beyond  the 
railroad  bridge  across  the  Back  Bay  entrance.  The  stock-yards 
are  kept  in  exceUeut  condition  and  have  room  to  receive  2,500 
head  of  cattle  at  one  time,  and  the  facilities  for  handling  cattle 
are  unsurpassed.  The  new  track-yard  will  receive  at  one  time 
1,500  loaded  cars,  which,  together  with  the  station-yard,  gives 
the  Grand  Trunk  Company  an  aggregate  of  track  room  for 
2,000  loaded  cars,  practically  at  the  water  front  in  Portland, 
within  20  minutes'  sail  of  the  open  sea.  The  new  round  house  iB 
of  brick.  It  contains  15  pits,  and  the  turntable  near  it  iH 
75  feet  long  and  will  hold  two  engines  at  one  time. 

The  Grand  Trunk  Railway  has  1  mile  of  water  front  in  Port- 
land and  the  largest  ateamships  can  lie  safely  at  the  piers  in  not 
less  than  30  feet  of  water  at  low  tide.  Previous  to  1901  there 
were  six  great  warehouses  or  sheds,  each  one  from  400  to  500  feet 
in  length,  with  a  combined  floor  space  of  470,000  square  feet 
Spur  tracks  run  alongside  each  of  these  sheds.  During  the 
season  of  1901  another  immense  pier  was  constructed  with  two 
sheds  of  grea!ter  capacity  than  any  of  the  old  sheds.  Formerly 
six  steamships  could  load  or  discharge  their  cai^o  at  these  sheds 
at  the  same  time.  With  the  additional  pier  and  sheds  nine  ocean 
liners  can  receive  or  dischai^e  their  cai^oes  simultaneously.  Along- 
side these  great  sheds,  which  are  i-eally  bonded  warehouBes,  whole 
trains  of  cars  may  be  run,  and  here  day  and  nigbt  the  work  of 
discharging  cars  goes  on. 

The  products  of  Canada,  including  the  grain  from  far-off 
(14)  A  3 


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British  Columbia  and  Manitoba,  find  an  outlet  by  way  of  the 
Grand  Trunk  Road  and  the  Fort  of  Portland.  Much  grain  comes 
here  also  from  the  Western  States  as  well  as  cattle  from  the 
Western  plains.  It  takes  thousands  of  cars  to  bring  the  Western 
and  Canadian  freight  to  Portland  for  export.  It  is  estimated  that 
at  times  the  Grand  Trunk  has  in  its  yanls  at  East  Beering  freight 
cars  enough  to  make  a  continuous  train  15  miles  long.  Nearly 
600  men  have  been  required  to  perform  the  work  around  the 
wharves  during  the  steamboat  season  in  the  past,  and  with  the 
increased  service  of  the  future  a  much  larger  force  will  be 
required. 

The  Grand  Trunk  will,it  is  stated,  expend  more  than  1 ,000,000  doL 
in  making  the  improvements  now  nearly  finished  and  othera 
already  planned. 

In  the  year  1900  a  series  of  coal  pockets  was  erected  by  the 
aide  of  the  Grand  Trunk  railroad  bridge  across  the  entrance  of 
the  Back  Cove.  These  coal  pockets  are  modem  in  construction, 
of  great  capacity,  and  can  be  approached  by  colliers  of  any 
size.  They  can  handle  immense  quantities  of  coal  easily  and 
expeditiously. 

Durii^  the  season  1902  a  large  cold  storage  plant  is  to  be 
erected  between  the  new  elevator  and  the  new  pier,  and  a  new 
passenger  station  is  to  be  built  at  the  comer  of  Fore  and  India 


Tnnk 
«UTKtart. 


That  part  of  Portland  called  East  Deering,  in  which  the 
stock-yards,  the  round  house  and  the  track  yaM  are  situated,  is 
fast  increasing  iu  population.  It  is  estimated  that  the  various 
improvements  made  by  the  Grand  Trunk  will  result  in  bringing 
to  this  district  fully  500  people. 
The  Onuid  In  1875  the  Grand  Tnmk  railway  built  on  Gait  Wharf  an 

"     ''  elevator   101    feet  in   length,  with  a  total   capacity  of  150,000 

bushels,  fitted  with  modern  dock  elevators  and  large  ateam  shovels 
for  loading  and  unloading  cars  and  vessels.  The  grain  business  of 
Portland  soon  outgrew  this  elevator,  and  in  1898  another,  with  a 
capacity  of  1,250,000  bushels  was  built  at  a  cost  of  50,000?. 
Of  this  sum,  Portland  supplied  35,000^.  and  the  Grand  Trunk 
Corporation  the  remaining  15,000?.  This  elevator  is  221  feet 
long,  97  feet  wide,  and  160  feet  high.  The  engine-house  is  80 
by  41  feet  and  the  smoke-stack  is  161  feet  high.  Two  receiving 
tracks  extend  through  the  house,  and  there  are  10  receiving 
legs  with  an  elevating  capacity  of  8,000  bushels  per  leg  an  hour. 
This  elevator  can  receive  150  ear-loads  of  grain  daily.  Belt 
galleries  run  alongside  and  to  the  extreme  end  of  the  pier, 
supplied  with  iron  tippers,  which  will  tip  grain  into  any  hatch- 
way of  a  vessel.  The  shipping  capacity  of  this  elevator  ia 
30,000  bushels  an  hour. 

This  elevator  has  200  bins,  some  of  them  of  several  thousand 
bushels  capacity.  Each  car-load  of  grain  as  it  is  received  into 
the  elevator  is  weighed  by  itself,  the  weighing  apparatus  being  on 
me  upper  floor.  Two  railroad  tracks  run  through  the  elevator  and 
on  each  of  these  tracks  five  care  can  stand  at  one  time,  so  that  10 


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ous  can  be  anloaded  at  once.    This  namber  hu  been  emptied  at 
tuaea  in  15  minutes. 

The  new  elevator,  built  during  last  year,  ia  the  largest 
on  the  AtlaDtic  coast,  it  has  a  capacity  of  1,500,000  boahels, 
and  its  general  plan  is  similar  to  that  of  the  one  built  in  1898. 
The  new  elevatot  is  300  feet  long,  lOl  feet  wide,  and  175  feet 
high.  The  powei-honse  is  123  by  53  feet  The  chimney  or 
smoke-stack  is  177  feet  in  height  In  laying  the  foundation,  oyer 
4,000  piles  were  driven,  and  5,500  barrels  of  cement  were  used, 
ajso  3,600  cubic  yards  of  crushed  stone,  and  2,000  cubic  yards  of 
sand.  In  the  construction  of  the  elevator  there  were  used  over 
6,000.000  feet  of  lumber  and  1,400  kegs,  of  nails  and  spikes.  It- 
wilJ  require  1,600  squares  of  galvanised  sheet  steel  to  cover  the 
160,000  square  feet  of  exterior  surface. 

There  are  210  bins,  each  70  feet  deep;  14  elevator  legs,  with  a 
capacity  of  10,000  bushels  an  hour  each ;  14  sets  of  scales,  with  a 
capacity  of  84,000  lbs.  each ;  3  galleries,  each  600  feet  long,  and  a 
feeder  to  these  galleries  500  feet  in  length.  There  will  be  required 
7,300  feet  of  belting,  35  inches  wide,  5,000  feet  24  inches  wide, 
and  700  feet  30  inches  wide.  G^rain  can  be  run  into  three  vessels 
at  the  same  time  from  this  monster  elevator.  -<• 

The  motive  power  is  furnished  by  two  condensing  Corliss 
engines  of  a  combined  power  of  500  horse.  Four  Manning  hoileis 
supply  the  steam.  The  total  cost  of  this  elevator  wiU  be  about 
S.OOOi. 

The  other  elevator,  with  a  capacity  of  1,250,000  bushels,  was 
taxed  last  winter  to  its  utmost  There  were  nearly  10,000,000 
bushels  of  grain  shipped  from  Portland  during  the  winter.  The 
prospect  is  that  before  the  close  of  1902  these  two  immense 
elevators,  with  a  combined  capacity  of  2,750,000  bushels,  will 
have  all  they  oan  do. 

The  shipping  bufflness  of  Portland  has  increased  rapidly  daring  FortUiid'i 
the  past  few  years.  t!^?^ 

During  the  winter  of  1900-01  there  were  six  steamship  lines 
connected  with  the  business  of  the  Grand  Trunk  £ailway  at  Port' 
land,  es  follows:  Dominion,  Allan,  Elder-Dempster,  Hamburg- 
American,  Thomson,  and  Ley  land.  The  Dominion  line  s^ 
between  Portland  and  Bristol,  the  AEan  line  between  Portland, 
Liverpool,  and  Glasgow,  the  Thomson  line  between  Portland  and 
London,  the  Hambnig-American  line  between  Portland  and  Ham-  - 
burg,  and  the  Leyland  line  between  Portland  and  Antwerp. 
The  tonnage  varies  from  2,000  to  10,000  tons.  Besides  the  above 
there  is  a  fleet  of  vessels  bringing  coal  from  Canada  to  the  new 
coal  pockets  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Bailway. 

During  the  summer  of  1901  both  the  Thomson  and  Dominion 
lines  have  run  to  Portland,  and  it  is  reported  that  other  lines  will 
be  added  to  the  summer  service  of  the  future.  There  have  been 
five,  six,  and  even  10  ocean  steamers  in  Portland  at  the  same  time. 

During  the  season  1901-02  five  foreign  steamship  lines  are 
running  to  Portland  as  follows :  The  Thomson,  Elder-Dempster 
Dominion,  Hambuig-American,  and  the  Allan  lines. 

(U)  i  4 


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The  COD  tractors  for  loading  SDd  unloading  vessels  hire  hibourers 
called  lonfrahoremen  to  trnnafer  freight  from  vessel  to  shed  or  shed 
to  vessel,  &c.  The  men  work  in  gangs,  six  men  and  a  foreman 
ofiually  constituting  a  gan<;.  Sometimes  a  foreman  looks  after 
several  gai^s,  for  instance,  when  discharging  care. 

Last  vrinter,  400  long-shoremen  were  employed  at  the  Grand 
Tmnk  wharves.  They  are  paid  by  the  hour,  and  their  wages  will 
average  from  21.  to  21.  123.  per  week  each. 

The  following  figures  will  show  the  amount  of  business  which 
passed  under  the  inspection  of  the  customs  othcers  at  Portland 
during  the  year  1900 : — 


Value. 

Value  ot  domertw  eiporti 

Poraiga  goodi  exported  to  CbdmIs 

£ 

!.480,791 
1,666,701 
2,941,687 

Total  Tklue  of  export* 

7,089,128 

Impoiti  ia  tnnrit  for  Caouh         

156,673 
1,680,818 

Total  laltte  of  in^rt* 

„        eiporiB  and  import* 

1,807,386 
8,896,515 

On  all  goods  passing  the  custom-house,  the  law  requires  that 
duties  be  assessed,  although  on  goods  -pasBing  to  and  from,  Canada 
in  bond,  the  duties  are  not  collected.  The  duties  assessed  on 
Canadian  goods  exported  from  Portland  to  other  foreign  countries 
during  the  past  season  amount  to  1,708,629/.  While  tiiese  assess- 
ments are  made  at  Island  Pond  and  other  frontier  port-s,  the  goods 
all  have  to  be  accounted  for  and  transhipped  here.  The  duties 
assessed  on  goods  imported  at  Portland  from  foreign  countries,  both 
for  local  consumption  and  for  export  to  Canada,  amounted  to 
82,813,554i.  The  great  bulk  of  the  goods  on  which  duties 
are  assessed  pass  through  the  country  in  bond,  and  this  vast 
amount  of  work  at  the  Portland  custom-house,  in  making  these 
transhipments  and  assessments  which  are  not  collected,  does  not 
appear  in  any  Government  report  There  were  collected  in 
tonnage  dues,  4,434/. 

Local  importers  have  to  a  small  ext«nt  responded  to  the 
'  re[juest  lo  bring  their  goods  through  this  port  rather  than  other 
domestic  poris,  the  duties  for  the  last  six  months  being  more 
than  double  those  for  the  corresponding  period  of  last  year. 

During  the  season  1900-01,  at  the  port  of  Portland  341  vessels 
entered  from  foreign  ports,  and  397  from  home  ports,  while 
260  cleared  for  foreign  ports,  and  393  for  home  ports. 

The  number  of  cars  loaded  for  Canada  was  9,011,  and  the 
number  received  from  Canada  was  20,949.  The  number  of  eotries 
of  merchandise  for  export  to  Canada  was  2,083. 


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FORTLAHD.  «      9 

There  were  shipped  from  Portlaad  duiing    the    EeaeoD    of  0^111. 
1900-01,  4,044,975  bushela  of  wheat,  2,238,846  bushels  of  oats, 
1,319,626  bushels  of  corn,  836,838  bushels  of  peas,  612,087  bushels 
of  barley,  260,088  bushela  of  buckwheat,  and  170,820  bushels  of 
rye,  making  a  total  of  9,483,280-  bushels. 

Of  live-stock  there  were  shipped  :i45  horses,  34,583  sheep,  and  Lira  ttock. 
22,464  cattle.  Of  apples,  11,334  tons  were  shipped,  being  141,675  Apj^ga. 
bari-els,  nearly  100,000  barrels  of  which  wore  grown  in  Maine. 
There  were  shipped  of  other  merchandise,  8OO  tons  of  cotton, 
1,180  tons  uf  dressed  beef,  7.817  tons  of  lumber,  1,290  tons  of 
eggs,  2,e00  tons  of  hay,  17,022  tons  of  cheese,  420  tons  of  butter, 
41,907  tons  of  dour,  ^8,063  tons  of  canned  meat,  11,180  tons  of 
lard,  6,205  tons  of  oatmeal,  4,285  tons  of  oil-cake,  370  tons  of 
poultry,  1,362  tons  of  leather,  and  1,707  tons  of  splints  or  match- 
wood. 

for  exports  from  Portland,  Lightships  and  Quarantine 
Station  see  Annexes  A,  B,  and  C,  pp.  24-25. 

Of  merchandise  received  at  Portland,  some  of    the  leading  import*, 
articles  were   11,485  tons  of   brimstone,  80,494  tons  of  cement, 
lime,  and  pipeclay,  37,490  tons  of  clay,  1,090,979  tons  of  coal, 
24,354  tons  of   molasses  and  sugar,  61,900  tons  of  oil  and  oil- 
cloth, and  2,250  tons  of  salt 

The  entire  amount  of  receipts  and  shipments  amounted  to 
2,261,008  tons.  In  addition  to  the  merchandise  there  were 
shipped  iu  the  same  period,  57,292  head  of  hoi-ses,  cattle,  and 
sheep.  The  live-stock  shipments  from  Portland,  Maine,  to  the 
United  Kingdom  during  the  years  ending  November  1,  1900  and 
1901,  were  as  follows :  -  For  1900  aggregate,  32,566,  and  for  1901, 
92,487,  an  increase  of  59,921  head. 

There  have  been  7,000  inimi;,Tant8  landed  at  this  port  during  Immiininu 
the  season  of  1900-01,  most  of  them  going  to  the  Far  West,  l»Dded. 

Mr.  Commissioner  Matthews,  in  his  annual  report  to  the  The  Sninen' 
Seamen's  Institute,  states  tliat  "  Mr.  J.  B.  Keating,  the  British  Institute. 
'X'ice-Consul  at  Portland,  has  always  been  interested  in  the 
welfare  of  the  seamen.  Mainly  by  his  eEforts  the  Seamen's 
Institute  was  established  in  1896.  The  rooms  are  at  the 
comer  of  Fore  and  Market  Streets,  and  consist  of  a  large, 
light,  and  pleasant  reading  and  smoking  room,  furnished  with 
desks,  chairs,  tables,  and  a  billiard  table.  There  are  writing 
materials,  magazines,  papers,  books,  &c.,  all  free  te  seamen. 
Across  the  hall  from  this  room  is  another  lai^e  room,  with  settees, 
and  at  one  end  a  stage  on  which  is  a  piano,  which  was  supplied 
by  Mr.  Keatii^.  Entertainments  are  given  here  two  evenings  in 
a  week  and  sometimes  ottener.  The  difl'erent  churches  of  the  city 
provide  the  entertainment  one  evening  in  the  week,  and  the  talent 
from  the  different  vessels  generally  furnish  the  entertainment  for 
another  evening.  The  rooms  are  open  all  day  and  every  evening, 
and  sailors  are  always  welcome.  Oftentimes  hot  coB'ee  is  pro- 
vided and  distributed  to  all  present,  free.  The  institute  is 
founded  strictly  on  non-sectarian  principles,  and  all  seamen  in 
port  are  welcome  at  all  hours.     On  Sunday  evenings  at  8  o'clock 


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10'  POBTLAKD. 

sacred  hymnB  are  9UDg  at  the  institute  by  all  present  who  can 
Bing,  The  institute  is  supplied  entirely  by  voluntary  aubscrip- 
tions,  and  is  one  of  the  most  worthy  objects  on  which  money  can 
be  bestowed.  Mr.  Keating  has  put  both  time  and  money  into  this 
most  valnable  charity,  and  all  lovers  of  humanity  should  do  what 
they  can  to  aid  him  in  this  moat  worthy  work.  An  example  ol 
practical  Christianity  can  be  seen  at  this  instittite  when  some  of 
the  noble  young  women  from  the  churcbta  in  the  city  go  down 
to  the  rooma  of  an  evening  and  engage  in  simple  games  with  the 
seamen,  Mr.  Keatii^  is  entitled  to  great  credit  for  conceiving 
and  carrying  oat  the  idea  of  establishing  this  Seamen's  Institute." 
The  number  of  arrivals  and  departures  counted  separately, 
exclusive  of  those  vessels  arriving  for  refuge  only,  at  the  port  of 
Portland,  for  the  calendar  year  of  1900,  aggregated  6,260,  or  in 
other  words,  about  3,130  vessels  arrived  and  as  many  departed. 
The  matter  is  here  given  in  detail 


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FoKziOH  Stxakibb. 

SCO  t«ni  Md  10  feet  dnft 

1,800  toniud  ISfMtdnft. 

2,000  toDi  ind  22  feot  dnft 

8,400  tons  Mid  24  feet  dreFt 

6,600  toiu  and  16  feet  dnft 

40  to  7S  toni  and  6  to  10  faet  dnft 

l,t20  tons  ud  16  ftet  dnft 

1,000  to  1,S00  tona  and  16  to  18  feet  draft 
2,000  torn  and  22  feet  draft 


FoBxiex  Saiuko  Tibbils. 

Lett  than  100  U>i»  and  leu  thin  10  feet  d: 

Orer  100  tons  and  orer  10  feet  draft 

4Se  tODi  and  16  feet  draft 

CoAiTWiBi  SAiraia  Tisssu. 

60  to  76  tODi  and  6  to  8  feet  draft. . 
Orer  100  toci  aod  over  10  feet  draft 

868  toDB  and  II  fast  draft 

600  to  800  ton*  and  16  to  18  feet  draft      . . 
1,200  to  1,600  toni  and  IG  feet  draft 

1,600  tona  ftnd  19  feet  dnft 

3,500  torn  and  24  feet  draft, 

FoBiioiT  Butsn  Aim  Tvaa. 

Barge*  of  660  tool  and  17  fe«t  dntt 
Steam  tugi 

CoUTWiai  BiBftH  uts  Tu«l. 

Bargei  of  1,6E0  ton*  and  I?  feet  draft 
Steam  tog* 


Portland  has  a  Marine  Eailway,  located  on  the  South  Portland  Uie  Harin* 
shore,  owned  and  operated  by  the  Portland  Steamship  Company.     Builwtj. 

According  to  the  census  of  1890,  the  annual  product  of  all  the  Pi^«»<*  o* 
manufacturing  industries  of  Portland  was  12,274,297?.,  and  the  SJf^_ 
capital  invested  was   1,377,211?.      The   sale   of  Portland's  mer-  indiutrie*. 
chandise  amounts  to  11,700,000^  annually. 

The  census  bulletin  on  manufactures  in  Maine  gives  the  total  Maon- 
number  of  manufacturing  establiahments  in  the  State  in  1900,  as  ^*"••• 
8,356,  with  an  aggregate  capital   of   25,984,570?.,  employing  an 
average  of   75,675   hands,  paying   5,804,026?.   in   w^es  for  the 
year ;  for  material  used  13,858,931?.,  which  inolndes  4,422,566/. 


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12  PORTLAND. 

for  raw  m&terial ;  8,205,693'.  for  materials  in  a  partly  luanu- 
factured  form,  and  730,664'.  for  fuel,  freight,  &c,  also  1,560,240/., 
miscellaueous  expenses,  and  producing  25,703,436/.  aa  the  v^ue  of 
the  manufactured  product. 

This  number  of  establishments  includes  2,895  hand  trades, 
1  GovernmeQtestablishmeut,4eleemos7Qar7and  penal  institutions,. 
1,649  witli  a  product  of  less  than  100/.,  and  3,807  others.  The 
Government  establishment,  the  eleemosynary  and  penal  institu- 
tions, and  the  establishments  with  a  product  of  less  than  100/. 
were  not  reported  at  previous  censuses,  and  are  therefore  omitted 
in  further  calculations.  This  leaves  6,702  establishments  which 
is  made  the  basis  of  all  further  calculations  and  comparisons 
with  similar  establishments  in  1890. 

The  reports  show  a  capital  of  24,583,765/.  invested  in  manu- 
factures and  mechanical  industries  in  the  6,702  establishments- 
reporting  for  the  State  of  Maine.  Thi.^  sum  represents  tlie  value 
of  land,  buildings,  machinery,  tools,  and  implements,  and  the  live 
capital  utilised,  but  does  not  inchide  the  capital  stock  of  any  of 
the  manufacturing  corporations  of  the  State.  The  value  of  the 
products  is  returned  at  25,472,297/.  to  produce  which  involved  an 
outlay  of  634,286/.  for  salaries  of  officials,  clerks,  &c,  5,705,569/. 
for  wages,  1,554,843/.  for  miscellaneous  expenses  including  rent, 
taxes,  &c.,  and  13,792,681/.  tor  materials  used,  mill  supplies,  fre^ht, 
and  fuel.  It  is  not  to  be  assumed,  however,  that  the  difference 
between  the  aggregate  of  these  sums  and  the  value  of  the  products 
is,  in  any  sense,  indicative  of  the  profits  in  the  manufacture 
of  the  products  duriug  the  year.  The  census  schedule  takes  no 
cognisauce  of  the  cost  of  selling  manufactured  articles,  or  of 
interest  on  capital  invested,  or  of  the  mei-cantile  losses  incurred  in 
the  business,  or  of  depreciation  in  plant.  The  value  of  the  product 
given  is  the  value  as  obtained  or  lixed  at  the  sliop  or  factory. 
This  statement  is  necessary  in  order  to  avoid  erroneous  conclusions 
from  the  iigures  prepented. 

The  value  of  products  for  the  State  of  Maine,  25,472,297/.,  is 
the  gross  value,  and  not  the  net  or  tnie  value.  The  diflerence 
between  these  two  should  be  carefully  noted.  The  gross  value  is 
found  by  adding  the  value  of  products  in  tbe  separate  establish- 
ments.. But  the  finished  product  of  one  establishment  is  often  the 
raw  material  for  another.  In  such  cases  the  value  of  the  former 
reappears  in  the  latter,  and  thus  the  original  cost  of  certain 
materials  may  \ie  included  several  times  in  the  gross  value.  The 
net  or  true  value  is  found  by  subtracting  from  the  gross  value  the 
value  of  all  materials  purchased  in  a  partly  manufactured  form. 
In  this  way  the  duplications  in  the  gross  value  are  eliminated. 

At  the  census  of  1890  the  schedule  was  so  framed  that  it  was 
impossible  to  find  the  net  or  true  value.  In  the  present  census 
the  schedule  asked  for  the  value  of  the  materials  in  two  classes, 
those  purchased  in  the  crude  state,  and  those  purchased  in  the 
partly  mauufa<;tured  form.  From  tbe  answers  to  these  questions 
the  net  or  true  value  of  products  for  1900  was  25,472,297/.  The 
value  of  materials  purchased  in  a  partly  manufactured  form  was 


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rORTLAKD.  13 

S,6;^0,106/.  The  difierence,  16,842,191/.,  is  the  net  or  true  value 
of  products,  aiid  represents  the  increase  in  the  value  of  raw 
material  resulting  from  the  various  processes  of  manufacture. 

The  24,683,765/,  capital  of  the  6,702  establishments  is  made 
up  of  land,  2,621,028/. ;  buildings.  3,632,303/. ;  machinery,  tools, 
and  implements,  6,354,089/.;  and  cash  and  Huudries,  11,976,144/^ 
The  number  of  proprietors  and  firm  members,  not  including  stock- 
holders in  corporations,  was  7,501 ;  and  the  number  of  salaried 
officials,  clerks,  &c.,  was  3,329,  The  average  number  of  wage- 
«arner8  was  74,816,  contiiating  of  63,701  males  16  years  and  over, 
who  received  4,676,967/.  in  wages  for  the  year  ;  18,913  females  of 
16  years  and  over,  who  received  967,034/.  in  wages  for  tlie  year ; 
■and  2,202  children  under  16  who  received  61,669/.  in  wages  for 
the  year.  The  miscellaneous  expenses  consist  of  rent  of  works, 
158,345/. ;  taxes,  not  including  internal  revenue,  158,747/. ;  rent  of 
offices,  interest,  &c.,  1,057,463/. ;  and  contract  work,  180,288/.  The 
oost  of  materials  used  is  made  up  6f  the  principal  nmterials, 
including  mill  supplies  and  freight,  13,343,388/. ;  and  fuel  and  rent 
of  power  and  heat,  429,294/. 

Ten  leading  industries,  which  comprise  all  with  a  product  of  Ths  iMding 
over  400,000/.,  except  boots  and  shoes  with  a  product  of  2,459,169/.  induitriBt 
And  carpentering  with  a  product  of  611,244/.  are  compared  with 
1890  in  the  following  pages." 

These  10  leading  industries  of  the  State  in  1900  embraced 
1,689  establiahments,  or  25'2  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  in  the 
State :  used  a  capital  of  17,312,820/.  or  704  per  cent,  of  the  total ; 
gave  employment  to  43,730  wt^e-eamera,  or  58'5  per  cent,  of  the 
total  number,  and  paid  3,116,440/.  or  54'6  per  cent,  of  the  total 
wages.  The  value  of  their  producta  was  14,673,662/.  or  57'6  per 
oent.  of  the  total.  In  the  remarks  which  follow,  these  industries 
are  ranked  with  reference  to  the  value  of  their  product. 

The  manufacture  of  cotton  goods  is  the  most  important  industry  q^^^^  goodi. 
in  the  State.  The  16  establishments  reported  in  1900  gave 
omployment  to  13,723  workers  or  18-3  per  cent,  of  the  wage- 
earners  in  the  State,  and  their  products  were  valued  at  2,926,217/. 
or  llo  per  cent,  of  the  total  value  of  the  products  of  the  Stato. 
In  1890  there  were  23  establishments  with  13,912  wage-earners, 
^ind  products  valued  at  3,063,381/.  The  decrease  in  the  value  of 
products  during  the  decade  was  137,164/.  or  4'4  per  cent.  The 
water-power  of  Maine  early  attracted  the  attention  of  manu- 
facturers of  cotton  goods.  One  of  the  pioneer  mills  of  the  State 
was  established  at  Brunswick  in  1809,  another  at  Wilton  in  1810, 
jiud  a  third  at  Gardiner  in  1811.  Factories  were  erected  at  Saco 
in  1831,  at  Lewiston  in  1844,  and  at  Biddeford  in  1845,  while 
in  later  years  Augusta  and  Waterville  secured  large  plants. 
Lewiston  is,  however,  the  chief  centre  of  industry,  while  the  twin 
oities  of  Biddeford  and  Saco  rank  next  in  importiuioe.  At  present 
the  cotton  mills  of  Maine  are  all  west  of  the  Kennebec  River. 
They  are  located,  without  exception,  at  the  falls  of  laige  rivers, 
and  are  worked  by  water-power. 

There  were  838  establishments  engaged  in  19O0  in  the  manu-^^^" 

product. 


Lumbar  and 


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facture  of  lumber  and  timber  products,  the  industry,  second  in 
rank,  with  6,834  wage-earuers  and  products  valued  at  2,697,8801. 
In  1890  there  were  894  eatabliBhmeuts,  with  11,540  wt^-earners, 
and  producta  valued  at  2,369,931i.  The  increaee  in  the  value  of 
products  during  the  decade  was  327,949/.  or  138  per  cent. 
Lumberiug  was  begun  at  an  early  period  in  Maine,  and  has 
continued  to  be  a  leading  industry.  Owing  to  the  Bcarcitj  of  pine, 
which  originally  was  the  moat  important  timber  cut,  spruce  has 
now  taken  the  leading  place.  Hard  woods  are  cut  in  considerable 
quantities.  The  first  sawmill  in  Maine  was  erected  at  South 
Berwick  about  1634,  and  50  years  later  the  numl>er  in  the  State 
bad  increased  to  24.  Many  changes  in  methods  have  been 
introduced  during  the  history  of  the  industry.  Dams  and  canals 
have  been  built,  steamers  have  been  placed  on  the  lakes  to  facilitate 
I<^-driving,  and  in  one  instance,  at  North-west  Carry,  Mooeehead 
Lake,  a  log  sluice  has  been  constructed,  at  lai^e  expense,  to  convey 
the  logs  overland  from  the  west  branch  of  the  Penobscot  River  to 
Moosehead  waters,  the  source  of  the  Kennebec.  The  primitive 
mills  have  given  place  to  great  plants,  many  of  them  operated  by 
steam-power,  particularly  those  located  on  tide  waters.  Maine's 
wealth  of  hard  woods,  already  receivii^  attention,  is  destined  to  be 
much  more  appreciated.  Birch  is  in  great  demand  for  spool  wood, 
both  for  local  manufacture  and  tor  shipment  to  Scotland,  while 
beech  is  called  for  to  be  converted  into  orange  shocks  for  Florida 
and  the  Mediterranean  ports.  General  wood-workmg  plants  have 
been  built  in  many  parts  of  the  State,  especially  at  points  accessible 
to  the  raw  material. 

Wool  manufacttu^rs  rank  third  among  the  industries  of  the 
State,  with  79  establishments,  7,155  wage-earners,  and  products 
valued  at  1,504,263/. ;  there  was  also  one  establishment  re- 
ported for  the  manufacture  of  worsted  goods,  the  statistics  of 
which  are  not  available  for  comparison,  being  included  with 
those  of  "  all  other  industries  "  to  avoid  disclosing  operations  of 
individual  establishments.  The  increase  in  the  value  of  products 
during  the  decade  was  1,178,293/.  Wool  manufactures  in  Maine 
date  back  to  a  period  some  years  before  the  introduction  of 
cotton  mills  in  the  State,  one  of  the  earliest  having  been  estab- 
lished in  that  year  at  Dexter  in  Penobscot  county.  Owing  to  the 
generally  favourable  conditions  for  its  growth  and  development, 
the  manufacture  of  woollen  goods  is  now  carried  on  in  nearly 
every  county  in  the  State,  water  power  being  used.  The 
town  of  Sanford,  in  the  south-western  part  of  Maine,  not  far 
from  the  Ifew  Hampshire  line,  is  .the  seat  of  an  important  branch 
of  this  industry,  the  manufacture  of  carriage  robes,  mohair  plush, 
and  horse  blankets. 

There  were  36  establishments  engt^ed  in  the  manufacture  of 
paper  and  wood  pulp  in  1900,  with  4,851  wage-earners  and  pro- 
ducts valued  at  2,644,655/.  In  1890  there  were  17  estabhsbmenta 
with  1,509  wage-earners  and  products  valued  at  656,210/.  Tlie 
increase  in  the  value  of  products  was  1,988,445/.  or  303  per  cent. 
Paper  manufacturing  has  been  carried  on  in  Maine  in  a  small 


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PORTLAND.  15 

way  aince  1733,  but  it  is  only  within  recent  years  that  it  has 
attained  importance.  With  the  discovery  of  wood  pulp  as  a 
material  for  paper  manufacture,  great  changes  were  brought 
about  One  of  the  pioneer  pulp  miOs  in  the  State  was  ei«cted  at 
Brunswick  in  1870.  Since  that  date  numerous  and  cosUy  plants 
have  been  built  for  the  manufacture  of  ground  wood,  soda,  aud 
sulphite  pulp.  These  mills  are  situated  chiefly  along  the  three 
principal  rivers  of  the  State,  the  Androscoggin,  Kennebec,  "and 
Penotecot  Recently,  immense  plants  have  beeu  constructed  at 
Millinoket  on  the  Penobscot  waters,  at  Madison  on  the  Kennebec 
Ktver,  and  at  Riimford  Falls  on  the  Androscoggin  River.  Spruce 
is  used  generally  in  the  manufacture  of  wood  pulp,  A  few  mills 
use  also  small  quantities  of  poplar,  fir,  pine,  and  hemlock,  while 
three  plants  use  poplar  only. 

The  following  is  a  brief  rt.<port  of  the  canning  industry.  Caanins 
There  were  117  establislmients  engt^d  in  the  canning  aad«^"*"7' 
pi-eserving  of  fish  in  1900,  with  5,567  wage-earners  and  pro- 
ducts valued  at  955,946^.  In  1S90,  35  establishments  were 
reported  with  2,342  wi^e-earners  and  products  valued  at 
534,176/.  A  leading  branch  of  this  industry  is  the  canning  of 
small  herring  under  the  name  _  of  "  sardiuee."  Imports  of  "  sar- 
dines "  of  this  sort  in  1872  suggested  the  uae^of  Eastport  herrings 
for  the  aame  purpose,  and  experiments  were  atonce  undertaken. 
The  Eastport  product  was  found  to  be  superior  to  the  imported 
article,  and  an  important  industry  was  thus  established  in  that 
city  in  1875.  During  the  year  one  cannery  was  operated.  In 
each  of  the  four  succeeding  years  one  factory  was  added  to  the 
number,  so  that  in  1879  five  establiahmenta  were  in  operation. 
From  that  time  tlie  industry  grew  rapidly  until  in  1886  there 
were  45  factories  in  the  State,  of  which  number  32  bordered  on 
Passamaquoddy  Bay  aud  its  tributary  waters,  and  13  were  located 
along  the  coast  from  Cutler  westward.  At  Eastport  and  Lubec 
the  "sardine"  industry,  during  the  first  10  years  of  its  existence, 
increased  to  such  an  extent  as  to  surpass  ia  importance  all 
other  branches  of  business. 

There  were  227  establishments  engaged  in  flour  and  grist  mill-  piour  ud 
ing  in  1900,  with  192  wage-earners  and  products  valued  at  679,766/.  P^t  miUing. 
In  1890  210  establishments  were  reported,  with  262  wage-earners 
and  products  valued  at  650,938/.  The  increase  in  the  value  of 
products  durir^  the  decade  was  29,028/.  or  4-4  per  cent.  From 
the  early  settlement  of  the  State,  mills  have  been  in  use  for 
grinding. 

There  were  112  establishments  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  f  oundr;  ud 
foundry  and  machine  shop  products  in  1900,  with  2,143  w^e-  machine 
earners  and  products  valued  at  650,341/.     In  1890  82  establish- '*'°f* 
ments  were  reported,  with  1,768  wage-earners  and  producta  valued 
at  525,712/.     The  increase  in  the  value  of  products  during   the 
decade   was    25    per    cent.     In    recent    years    there    has    been 
a    tendency    to    reduce    the    number    and    importance    of    the 
general  foundry   and   machine   shops.      Portland,    Bangor,   and 
Lewiston  are  now  the  principal  points  where  these  are  located. 


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16  PORTLAND, 

at  There  were  115  establishments  engaged  in  wooden  ahip  and 
boat-building  in  IdOO,  with  1,369  wage-earners  and  products 
valued  at  408.363/.  In  1890  85  establishments  were  reported. 
with  1,460  wage-eamera  and  products  valued  at  563,713/. 
As  far  back  as  1608  the  "Virginian  "  was  built  by  the  Fopham 
colony  near  the  mouth  of  the  K&nnebec ;  and  from  that  time 
to  the  present  shipbuiNing  has  been  one  of  the  important 
occupations  of  this  region.  In  early  days  shipyards  were  estab- 
lished at  many  points  on  all  the  principal  rivers  and  along  the 
coast,  and  Maine  became  the  leading  shipbuilding  State  in  the 
United  States,  building  more  than  half  of  all  the  aea-going  vessels 
of  the  nation.  Of  late  years  there  has  been  a  decline  in  the  in- 
dustr}'.  and  the  business  is  now  carried  on  at  but  few  point". 
Bath,  on  the  Kennebec,  is  by  far  the  most  important  centre,  but  ahip 
and  boab-building  is  also  caixied  on  to  a  considerable  extent  at 
Phippsburg,  Waldoboro,  Thomaston,  Eockland,  Camden,  Rockjiort, 
Belfast,  Buchsport,  Milbridge,  and  Macbias.  A  notable  feature  of 
modern  architecture  is  the  greater  size  of  the  vessels  in  comparison 
with  those  of  early  days.  Two  and  three-masted  schooners  have 
largely  given  place  to  the  large  four  and  five-masted  vessels. 
Of  late  years  the  building  of  steel  vessels,  especially  at  the  Bath 
Ironworks,  has  become  quite  an  important  branch  of  the  industry. 
Several  Government  cruisers  as  well  as  merchant  steamsbipa 
have  been  built  at  Bath. 

There  were  31  establishments  engnged  in  the  tunning,  curry- 
ing, and  finishing  of  leather  in  190(1,  with  587  wage-earners 
and  products  valued  at  491,343/  In  1890  61  establishments 
were  reported,  with  85-  wage-earners  and  products  valued  at 
672,534/.  The  decrease  in  the  value  of  products  during  the  decade 
waa  181,200(.  or  about  27  per  cent.  Tho  early  tanneries  of  Maine 
were  very  small,  only  a  few  hides  being  purchased,  for  a  consider- 
able part  of  the  year's  output  was  custom  work.  ^Native  hides 
and  skins  were  tanned  for  home  use,  the  shoemaker  making  his 
rounds  from  house  to  house  among  the  fanners,  to  work  up 
stocks  of  finished  leather  into  a  year's  supply  of  footware  for  his 
family. 

There  were  200  tanneries  in  Maine  in  1810,  with  an  annual 
average  of  275  hides  and  skins  tanned,  and  an  average  product  valued 
at  231/.  In  1840  395  tanneries  were  reported,while  the  total  number 
of  hands  employed  (454)averagedless  than  twotoan  establishment. 
York  county  alone  contained  101  tanneries,  with  but  102  hands 
employed.  Between  1840  and  1860  several  tanneries  of  consider- 
able size  were  built,  and  the  industry  received  a  further  stimulus 
through  the  demands  of  1861  and  the  time  immediately  following, 
BO  that  during  the  next  15  years  many  large  sole-leather  plants 
were  established  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State.  Hemlock  bark 
has  always  been  the  principal  material  used  for  tanning  purposes 
in  the  State,  and  it  is  to  tlie  increasing  scarcity  of  this  bark  that 
the  decline  in  the  industry  since  1870  must  be  attributed. 
Now»(«peri  There  were  120  establishments  engaged  in  the  printing  and 

•Bd  publishing  of  newspapers   and   periodicals   in   1900,  with  1,309 

periodical*. 


d  by  Google 


PORTLAND.  17 

wage  dftmers,  and  products  valued  at  438,023/.  In  1890,  105 
establisbmente  were  reported  with  949  wage  earueis,  and  pro- 
ducts valued  at  342,495^.  The  first  newspaper  in  Maine,  the 
"  Falmouth  Gazette  and  Weekly  Advertiser,"  was  founded  at 
Falmouth,  now  Portland,  January  1,'  1785,  and  has  continued 
under  ^triona  names  to  the  present  time.  Nearly  every  con- 
siderable town  in  the  State  now  has  its  local  newspaper. 

In  order  to  understand  the  following  classification  and  sub-  C 
divisions  of  the  population  of    Maine- some  explanations    a™  JJ^j^of 
necessary:—  popnUUc* 

The  desupiation  "native  white,  native  parents"  comprises 
an  native  white  persons  having  either  both  parents  native  bom, 
one  parent  native  bom  and  one  parent  unknown  or  both  parents 
onknown.  While  the  deaignatioa  "  native  white,  foreign  parents  " 
comprises  all  native  white  persons  having  either  one  or  both 
parents  foreign  bom. 

The  designation  "  negro "  comprises  all  persons  of  African 
descent,  while  the  deognation  "  other  coloured '  comprises  Chinese, 
Japanese,  and  Indians. 


(14) 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


POKFLAKD. 

Clabsificatioii  of  the  Population  of  Maine  in  1900. 


Number. 

Total 

Number. 

FopulkdonotMdne— 
F«fnak(       ."        "        '.'.        V. 

860,996 
»4a,471 

601,186 

93,'s30 
604,466 

60-6 
40-6 

EieeNofDMlM   .. 

7,524 

Hatdve  bom— 

UalM 

Pemale*         

802,770 
S98,3«6 

Toreign  bom— 

FemalM         '.'.         '.'.         '.'.          '.'. 

48,226 
4iE,I06 

Total          

801,810 
£97,481 

Main 

FemalM         

699,291 
93.986 

86'-6 
18-4 

M^e, 

Females         

47,978 
44,969 

!48,049 
246,088 

68,761 
62,4*8 

Total  whita 

P»reDt»— 

Natiw  nhite,  nstiTe— 

Mftle.         

PeioalM 

Malei         :. 

Femalw     ..        - 

692,226 
106,209 

670 
649 

Total  tutire  white 

699,291 

"•sr:   

FenutlM         

1,819 

'il9 

4 

'm 

ChiuSMH- 

MdlM 

Femalea         

116 
4 

""cr:  

Females        

S 

1 

Indian— 

Malei 

Temaia 

421 
877 

Total  eolound     .. 

2,240 

0-8 

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poetland.  19 

School  Age  (persons  of  School  Age,  5  to  20  years  inclusive). 


Nwnbw. 

XohO. 

If  umber. 

Peromtagfc. 

te?t„  :;    ::    ::    :: 

^oreignbom 

IfrtiTe  while 

If Ktiva  punt*         

loSS^ff?"   ;:    ::    :: 

181,358 
17,800 

136,41S 
M,861 

19&,lfi8 

180,676 

• 

17,848 

si'o 

9  0 

28-8 
0-0 

Total  whita 

198,610 

'Segro 

Otiun-colooMd 

ToMmUe* 
„     femalM 

369 
S65 

100,886 
98,768 

o's 

MiuriA  Age  (Males  of  Militia  Age,  18  to  44  Years  inclusive). 


Ifnmbor. 

TotiO. 

Number. 

Feroantftge. 

bS^?w  "    ::    ;■.    " 

Vorsigiiboni 

IfrtiTfl  white 

NattTB  pwmU          

Foreign  pamnta 
Foreign  white 

89,fl63 
9,106 

67,414 
21,948 

98,768 
89,S62 
9,076 

8i'-3 
18-8 

67'-8 
18-1 
18-7 

Totil  white 

98,437 

Negro 

197 
184 

0*4 

The  importatioiis  of  fish  at  Portland  during  the  past  jear  Foreign  s*h, 
vere  very  small ;  no  herrings  were  received  at  this  port  and  only  ^■ 
93  barrels  of  mackerel  were  entered  and  these  were  from  Nova 
Scotia.  It  is  a  matter  of  surprise  to  all  that  no  foreign  mackerel 
ot  herrings  are  entered  at  this  port,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  Port- 
land has  such  an  excellently  established  and  improved  Trana- 
Atlantic  steamship  service. 

According  to  the  last  statistics  published  the  lobster  fishery  Lobrter 
for  Maine  ia  as  follows : — Number  of  fishermen,  2,870 ;  shore-  ■»*"»)'• 
men,  165  ;  vessels,  97,  of  681  tons  burden  and  valued  at  7,812/, ; 
transporting  vessels,  53  of  786  tons  burden  and  valued  at  28,4402. 
boats.  2,957,  valued  at  32,327/. ;  lobster  pots,  155,.615,  valued  at 
31,512/.;  shore  and  accessory  property,  38,776/;  cash  capital 
(14*)  B  2 


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20  PORTLAJH). 

53^80/. ;  total  in  vestment,  192,147/. ;  lobaterBcai^jht,  12,345,450  lbs, 
vahied  at  212,44U 

Budinei  The  total  pack  of  eardiDes  last  year  was  1,396,902  tins,  &d 

P****^  increaae  of  581,842  over  the  previous  year. 

Ap^asMp.  The  apple  crop  of  Maine    waa  a  failure  last    year   aa  it 

was  in  all  parts  excepting,  perhaps,  Nova  Scotia  and  Missouri. 
In  Ontario  and  Quebec  it  only  amounted  at  the  outside  to 
175,000  barrels,  of  which  the  Georgiaoa  Bay  district  produced  a 
large  percentage,  and  the  total  amount  available  from  those 
provincea  for  export  will  not  be  over  50,000  barrels. 

It  is  expected  that  for  the  next  four  months  the  Nova 
Scotian  shipments  will  average  15,000  barrels  per  week.  In  the 
United  States  the  shortage  will  be  about  47,000,000  barrels,  the 
total  yield  being  23,000,000  barrels,  and  Missouri  is  expected 
to  produce  65  per  cent  of  this.  Colorado  will  be  able  to 
export  to  the  Southern  States  over  500,000  barrels,  grown  on 
what  wai  a  few  years  ago  a  sandy  desert,  while  the  Califomiau 
apple  crop,  though  reported  good,  will  not  amount  to  much. 
ITiroughout  the  New  England  States  the  yield  is  very  light. 

In  the  week  ending  November  23  there  were  exported  to 
Liverpool,  London,  and  Glasgow  from  New  York,  Boston,  Port- 
land, and  Montreal  34,695  barrels  of  apples,  as  compared  with 
82,3B4  barrels  for  the  same  week  in  1900  and  80,596  barrels  for 
the  same  week  in  1899.  Up  to  the  end  of  November  the  total 
shipments  this  year  from  the  United  States  and  Canada  have  been 
327,239  barrels,  as  compared  with  694,971  and  727,339  barrels 
for  the  same  time  during  the  previous  two  years. 

The  following  table  gives  the  shipments  in  detail : — 


From— 

1901. 

Quutit;. 

1900. 

1899. 

NewTork         

BoibOD 

PortUnd           

4(ontr(»l           

Bftlifn 

AiiDspoli*         

BgrreU. 
61,712 
65,06fl 
11,663 

117,251 
88,647 

Bamt*. 
138,894 

£110,470 
87,008 
16,869 

iJuTdla. 
196,581 
116,433 

276,668 
188,787 

ToUl 

8£7,2S9 

694,971 

727,339 

The  total  exports  of  this  product  from  Canada  and  the  United 
States  to  the  United  Kingdom  last  year  totalled  1,346,000  barrels 
and  203,000  boxes,  while  this  year  not  one  quarter  of  this  amount 
is  expected  to  be  available  for  export 

Business  men  have  drawn  attention  to  the  great  advantc^e 
that  reciprocity  with  Canada  would  be  to  this  city  and  the 
State  of  Maine.  The  Portland  Board  of  Trade  has  many  times, 
since   the    abrt^tion  of  the    treaty,    strongly    urged    a    new 


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POBTUND.  21 

treaty  with  the  Dotuinion,  and  has  now  taken  up  the  cauae  with 
renewed  hopeti  of  puBhing  the  important  measure  to  sucoeasful 
issue  in  the  near  future.  An  article  in  the  "  St.  Paul  Pioneer 
Press "  states  "that  from  1855  to  1865  we  had  reciprocity 
with  Canada,  and  the  result  was  that  between  1832  and 
J856  onr  exports  to  Canada  increased  from  2,042,000^  to 
61,841,000Z.,  and  onr  imports  from  l,135,800i.  to  4,255,400/.  In 
1867,  after  the  termination  of  the  treaty  the  exports  fell  to 
4,204,000/.,  and  the  imports,  which  had  reached  6,652,800/.  in 
1865,  fell  to  1,093,800/.  The  result  of  the  treaty  with  Hawaii, 
which  endured  from  1876  to  1898,  were  very  similar.  In  1874, 
before  the  treaty  went  into  operation,  our  exports  to  Hawaii  were 
valued  at  522,926/.,  our  imports  &om  those  islands  at  303,400/^ 
But  in  1877  our  exports  increased  to  254,600/.  From  September, 
1894,  we  also  had  reciprocity  with  Porto  Rico  and  Cuba.  In 
1898  OUT  exports  to  those  islands  amounted  to  2,78ft,20Q/.  and 
our  imports  to  11,167,600/.  In  the  first  year  of  the  treaty, 
imports  increased  to  16;i35,800/.  and  exports  to  4,161,800/. 
On  the  termination  of  the  treaty,  both  exports  and  imports 
fell  within  a  year  to  the  level  of  the  years  prior  to  the  treaty." 

The  following  notice  is  of  interest  to  the  merchant  marine : —  Portbnd 
Now  that  the  "  Board  of  Trade  has  established  a  thoroi^h  system  t*^'***- 
of  pilotage  for  the  port  of  Portland  and  appointed  examined  and 
well-quslified  pilots  who  have  paid  for  their  licenses,  to  assure 
shippers,  masters,  and  owners  of  vessels  conung  to  this  port  of  the 
reliability  and  responsibility  of  the  men  now  holding  such  licenses, 
the  members  of  the  Board  have  a  r^nht  to  expect  that  all 
responsible  shipping  houses,  ship  brokers,  or  steamship  managers 
in  need  of  a  pilot  will  employ  regular  licensed  pilots. 

"  There  is  a  danger  in  employing  any  one  without  a  license, 
because  in  case  of  loss  under  such  circumstances  underwriters 
would  have  good  grounds  and  likely  would  refuse  to  pay  any 
claims,  since  it  was  through  the  influence  of  the  marine  under- 
writers that  the  present  license  system  was  established  at  this 
port,  to  make  it  one  of  the  seven  first-class  shipping  ports  on  the 
Atlantic  Coast. 

"  A  United  States  license  does  not  count  nor  apply  for  service 
as  a  pilot  for  Portland  Harbour  and  approaches,  against  a  State 
law  specially  enacted  for  the  port  of  Portland,  though  under  a 
United  States  license  the  bolder  may  pilot  a  steamer  or  other 
vessel  for  the  company  employing  such  pilot  along  the  whole 
Atlantic  coast  and  into  every  port,  but  such  license  confers  no 
right  or  authority  nor  recognition  to  do  general  pilotage  for 
bf^bours  having  special  licensed  pilots." 

There  are  in  the  State  51  savings  banks,  and  the  total  assets  SkTingt 
equal  14,924,634/.     This  is  an  increase  over  the  previous  year  of  b»ak«. 
709,392/.    The  assets  of  the  savings  banks  and  loan  and  building 
associations,  which  belong  to  depositors  and  shareholders  alone, 
and  the  deposits  in  trust  companies  make  the  share  of  each  of  its 
customers  78/,  10s.  id. 

The  depositors  in  savings  banks  and  bust  companies,  and 


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shareholdeis  in  loan  and  bnilding  aaaociations  number  226,813,  a 
gain  of  12,833  over  1900. 

The  Statute  Iat  of  the  State  limits  ordinary  deposits  to 
4O0A  to  each  depositor.  Many  of  the  banks,  however,  limit 
the  receipts  of  deposits  to  much  less  than  this.  Some  even 
limit  the  amount  to  100^.  in  all  from  any  one  depositor,  while 
otliers  limit  the  amount  they  will  receive  eetch  qnarter  nntil  the 
total  reaches  the  statutory  limitations.  As  an  example,  one  of  the 
larger  banks  pays  interest  only  on  60/.  additional  for  each  quarter 
from  the  period,  at  which  new  depositors  commence  to  draw  interest 
under  this  regulation  ;  it  would  be  more  than  two  years  before  any 
one  depositor  could  place  400/.  and  receive  interest  upon  the  fuU 
amount.  This  provision  confines  the  new  depositors  almost  wholly 
to  the  small  savings,  as  those  with  lai'ger  sums  to  invest  do  nut 
care  to  place  funds  in  small  amounts.  The  total  reserve  and 
undivided  profits  on  hand  amounts  to  861,014/.,  being  a  gain  of 
100,526/.  during  the  year,  while  the  increase  in  reserve  has  been 
29,268/.  The  law  requires  the  banks  at  each  dividend  period  to 
set  apart  a  certain  portion  of  their  earnings  aa  a  reserve  fund 
until  it  amounts  to  5  per  cent,  of  the  deposits.  The  present 
average  of  this  reserve  is  3J  per  cent.,  while  the  average  of  the 
reserve  and  undivided  profits  together  is  6  per  cent,  of  the  deposits. 
The  estimated  market  value  of  nisoarces  above  liabilities,  as  shown 
by  the  various  statements  of  the  examinations  made  during  the 
year,  is  1.988,060/.  (about  14  per  cent  of  the  deposits).  The 
average  rate  of  dividends  has  been  3'30  per  cent. ;  in  1900  the 
aven^  was  336  per  cent 

The  law  provides  that  the   treasurer  of  every  savings   bank 

^•P'*'*-  shall  on  or  before  November  1  annually  deliver  to  the  Bank 
Examiner  a  sworn  statement  concerning  the  same,  the  amount 
standing  as  credit,  the  last  known  place  of  residence  or  post-ofhce 
address,  and  the  fact  of  death,  if  known,  to  snch  treasurer  of  every 
depositor  who  shell  not  have  made  a  deposit  therein,  or  withdraw 
any  part  thereof  for  a  period  of  more  than  20  years  next  pre- 
ceding; provided,  however,  that  this  Act  shall  not  apply  to 
deposits  made  by  persons  known  to  the  bank  to  be  living.  It 
also  provides  that  the  Bank  Examiner  shall  transmit  these  state- 
ments to  the  Governor  and  Council  in  his  next  annual  report. 

The  unclaimed  deposits  now  number  1,155,  and  ^gregate  over 
12,577/.  "While  the  funds  remain  in  the  bank  they  are  treated 
like  other  deposits.  The  regular  semi-annual  dividends  must  be 
taken  from  the  profits  and  added  to  them  just  as  to  other  deposits. 

BtatB  tax.  The  l^iature  of  1901  laid  a  tax  upon  the  average  amount  of 

all  "  time  interest  bearing  deposits  held  by  these  institutions  "  of 
i  per  cent,  annually.  It  requires  the  officers  of  each  company 
semi-annually  to  make  sworn  returns  of  the  amount  of  such 
deposits  to  the  State  Assessors  as  the  basis  for  the  assessment  of 
this  tax.  The  total  amount  of  the  tax  assessed  for  the  year,  as 
appears  from  the  Assessors'  report,  has  been  4,496,141/. 

Xm  on  In  1899  a  law  was  enacted  requiring   any  foreign  banking 

foMjgD  buiki.  association   maiotaining  a  branch   in    this  State   to   pay   a   tax 


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K)KTU.ND.  23 

of  i  per  cent,  per  ajuum  on  the  amoant  of  its  boidiiess 
done  -within  the  State.  The  only  institution  now  UaUe  'io 
taxation  under  this  provision  is  the  Bank  of  Nova  Sootiia,  i^dou 
its  business  at  a  bmnch  maintained  at  Calais.  For  10  montha  in 
1900  this  bank  paid  a.  tax  at  that  rate  amounting  to  527/.  lis.  4d. 
In  1901  the  rate  of  this  tax  was  increased  to  three-fourths  of 
1  per  cent.  This  amendment  took  effect  just  before  the  first 
tax  period,  the  last  Saturday  in  April.  The  tax  lor  that  period 
amounted  to  about  216/.  As  Boon  as  the  bank  learnt  of  the 
increased  taxation,  they  immediately  notified  their  depositors  that 
after  April  15  they  would  pay  at  the  Calais  branch  but  3  per  cent, 
instead  of  3  J  per  cent,  interest  on  special  deposits.  The  immediate 
effect  of  this  notice  was  the  withdrawal  of  the  deposits  at  Calais, 
and  in  most  instances  the  depo!>iting  of'  the  same  money  in  the 
St.  Stephen's  branch  (in  British  territory). 

There  are  21  railroads  worked  by  steam  and  21  by  electricity.  Baiiroadi. 
14  of  the  steam  roads  are  standard  gauge,  and  seven  are  narrow 
or  2  feet  gauge  roads. 

The  total  length  of  steam  railroads  in  Maine  on  June  30, 1901,  Total  mileagti. 
was  1,913-98  miles.    Of  .this,  1,75881  miles  are  standard  gauge, 
and  160'17  nai-row  gauge. 

The  gross  earnings  in  Maine  for  the  year  eiuled  June  30,  1 901, 
shows  an  increase  of  184,300/.  Tlie  number  of  pfiseengers  carried 
shows  a  gain  of  753,255. 

The  number  of  tons  of  freight  hauled  in  Maine  shows  a  gain  of 
705,880  tons. 

The  total  passenger  train  mile^e  for  the  year  ending 
June  30, 1901,  was  669,643,  a  ^in  of  319,935.  The  total  freight 
train  milet^  for  the  corresponding  year  of  1901  was  3,669,643,  an 
increase  of  21,800.  The  number  of  passengers  carried  1  mile  for 
the  year  1901  was  151,267,811,  a  gain  of  6,922,007  on  1900. 
The  number  of  tons  of  freight  carried  1  mile  for  the  year  1901 
was    600,993,666    tons,   a  gain   of    49,039,607   tons.     The  total  ^ 

revenue  train  mileage  in  Maine,  including  mixed  trains,  for  the 
year  ending  June  30,  1901,  was  7,186,697,  a  gain  of  245,441. 
The  total  mileage  of  non-revenue  trains  was  1,461,970  in  1901,  an 
increase  of  257,769. 

Under  the  heading  for  taaintenance  of  stmctures,  equipment, 
transportation,  and  geueral  expeusee,  the  sum  of  1,257,000/.  was 
expended  in  1901  in  excess  of  the  amount  in  1900. 

In  conclusion  I  again  beg  to  draw  attention  to  the  facilities  Concludinf 
now  afforded  by  the  various  steamship  lines  for  direct  shipment  to  wm^k*- 
Portland  of  all  merchandise  destined  for  Maine  and  adjoining 
States,  &c  The  rapidity  with  which  merchandise  can  be  cleared 
through  the  custom-house,  and  the  saving  in  storage  and  other 
expenses  of  this  port,  should  have  an  important  infiuence  in 
obtaining  "  repeat "  orders. 

There  is  also,  in  my  opinion,  at  Portland  an  opportunity  for 
opening  a  British  tea  broker's  office.  The  tea  retailed  as  Britiah 
breakfast  tea  is  not  of  the  same  blending  and  quality  as  drunk  in 
the    United  Kingdom,  and  many  British    residents,    including 


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myself,  are  compelled  to  import  tbeir  tea  direct  from  the  United 
Kingdom.  Others,  I  am  sure,  would  drink  tea  if  an  even  hiend 
and  quality  could  be  guaranteed. 

a      Annex  A. — EXPOBTS  of  Merchandise  from  Portland,  Me.,  to 
Foreign  Countries  for  the  Calendar  Year  1901. 


ArticlM. 

8>cka* 
fiiuhela 

BoiM 
Burel< 
He«d.. 

QuMtitj. 

Floor 

Wli«t 

Com        

0»W        

B«l^ 

^Z   ::    ::    ::    :: 

Bookwlieat         

Ohaerc 

»  ::    ::    ::    :: 

703,818 

7,463,722 

912,874 

2,4«1,BM 

100,161 

l«7,fl82 

1,103,421 

201,929 

608,789 

317,836 

40,086 

»M 

■  703,818  Mok*,  aTenging  160  Ibi.  -  10C,496,950  Ibi.,  < 
par  ihippar'i  ettimkte. 


Annex  B. — Lightships  for  Portland. 

ightfhin  A.  Bill  has  been  introduced  into  Congress  for  making  an  appro- 

*  Porttnd.  priat-ion  of  17,O00i.  for  a  lightship  to  be  placed  at  the  eastern 
entrance  of  Portland  Harbour.  The  Bill  was  referred  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  Inter-State  and  Foreign  Commerce.  The  lightahip  ha3 
been  demanded  by  the  pilots  and  the  Transatlantic  steamship 
intereate.  It  is  claimed  that  the  approaches  to  the  harbour  fi'om 
the  eastward  are  not  as  eafe  and  easy  aa  it  is  possible  to  make 
them,  and  it  is  believed  that  a  lightship  situated  near  East  Cod 
Ledge,  which  is  not  far  from  HaU  "Way  Rock,  would  he  a  great 
benefit  to  the  port  as  well  aa  to  all  navigation  on  the  whole  coast. 
There  are  numerous  rocks  and  ledges  to  the  aouthward  and  south- 
east from  Portland  Head,  and  during  thick  weather  these  form  a 
menace  to  safe  navigation. 

Light  vessel  No.  74,  which  is  now  buildii^  at  Peterabuig,  Va., 
will  it  is  thought  be  placed  off  Gape  Eli^beth,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Alden's  Bock,  though  the  precise  location  has  not  yet 
been  decided.  This  lightship  will  be  a  great  help  to  the  captains 
and  pilots  of  coastwise  steamers,  but  will  not  be  of  the  slightest 
assistance  to  foreign  steamships  coming  from  the  eastward. 

The  coastwise  steamships  requested  that  No.  74  be  placed  off 
Cape  Elizabeth,  and  while  the  Lighthouse  Board  has  not  yet 
decided  the  exact  location  it  ia  very  probable  tliat  this  is  where  it 
will  be  placed.  The  rapid  growth  of  the  European  Btoamship 
interests  requires  that  the  lightship  be  placed  to  the  eastward,  and 


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POnTLANB.  25 

it  is  to  BfltUfy  the  demands  of  this  interest  that  CongreSB  haa  been 
asked  to  appropriate  money  for  a  second  lightship. 

The  United  States  Engineer  Officer  has  recently  recommended 
that  Witch  Eock  he  blown  up  at  a  cost  of  100,000/. 


Annex  C. — QcARANTlKK  Station. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  city  government  the  sale  of  the  quarantine 
station  on  House  lalaml  to  the  United  States  Government  was  ■ 
voted.  In  connection  wich  this  question  a  Portland  physician 
reports,  "the  public  building  committee,  in  voting  as  it  did,  took 
one  great  step  toward  the  improvement  of  this  city  as  a  great 
port. 

"  House  Island  is  well  situated  for  a  quarantine  station,  being 
right  on  the  track  of  st«amer3  coming  ia  and  out  of  the  harbour. 
They  do  not  have  to  go  out  of  their  way  to  reach  it,  and  in  many 
other  ways  its  situation  is  very  convenient." 

The  Government  has  now  completed  the  purchase  of  the 
quarantine  station  and  intend  to  equip  it  with  every  modern 
improvement,  making  it  capable  of  providing  for  all  the  people 
vrho  are  likely  to  come  to  this  port. 


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LONDON: 
PriiitMl  far  Hia  H^«Mr'«  SUdODar;  Office, 

bt  habbibon  and  BONB, 

hintm  in  Ordiurj  lo  Hi*  M^Mtj. 
(76    8I0&--H&S    14) 


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No.  2752  Annaal  Series. 

;diplomatio  aud  oonsttlar  repokts. 


UNITED    STATES. 


REPORT  FOR  THE   YEAR  WOl 


TRADE    AND    COMMERCE    OF    THE    CONSULAR 
DISTRICT    OF    NEW    ORLEANS. 


REPBRBNCE  HO  PREVIOUS  REPORT,  Annual  Series  No.  2S58 


Preatnted  to  both  Homtt  of  Parliament  by  Command  of  Hit  MajtUg. 
MARCH,  1902. 


LONDONi 

PHHTTBD  FOR  HIS  MAJESTY'S  STATIOSRET  OFFICE, 

BT  HARBISON  AND  SONS,  ST.  MARTIN'B  LAJIG. 


And  to  lie  nnrehaaed,  either  direoUy  or  tbrongh  Kaj  BookBeller,  from 

ETBK  A  SPOniSWOODE,  Eabt  Hakdinq  Btbiit,  Fliii  Srun,  It.O. 

and  13,  Abinqdon  Strkrt,  Wibtminbtix,  B.W.) 

or  OLITEB  k  BOYD,  Edinbumb  i 

cr  B.  PONSONBT,  US,  GRArroH  Strbbt,  Do»m«. 

1902. 
[OJ.  78ft— 56.J  Price  Twopence.. 


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CONTENTS. 


Hiw  Qmaait-~ 

Beriew  and  genoal  n 
Bank  oleuingf    »_— 


Bailroad  bntuuM  . 
Total  oDDmiBra)  .-„ 

EiporU    ..^...._._.. 
Cotton . 


anew  . 

Km..... 


Kaoiifimiuraa  »■* 


Shippiiig« 


n««  Dfttal  lloatiti(  dDdk 
MoBiu  Beport  ....__m...-~~. 


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Ho.  2752.  Annoal  Series. 

Rtfirewt  iti  previout  Jieport,  Annual  Series  No.  2668. 


lUport  on  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of  the  Conmdar  Didriet  qf 
New  (hieam  for  the  Year  1901 

By  Mr.  CpNSin  VANaiTTAET. 

(BeoaivMl  *t  Vottiga  OfBce,  Febnuo?  28, 1009.) 

The   seaaon   was   prosperous    id    every  sense    of    the   word.  Bariew  u 
Every  branch  of  business  and  industry  shared  in   the  improve-  kbhh*' 
ment,  and  not  only  was  the  volume   of  business  large,  but  its  '•"**•■ 
handling  was  profitabla 

One  of  the  most  interesting  features  of  the  year  was  the  great 
Btrides  made  in  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  port.  The  total 
imports  for  the  12  months  ending  December  31,  1901,  reached 
4,763,219/.,  and  the  exports  29,140,736i.  There  was  therefore  an 
^^egate  foreiftn  nommerce  of  33,903,954^ 

The  tonnage  of  vessels  clearing  from  this  port  for  fore^:n  ports 
was  the  largest  on  record. 

Cotton  shipments  made  up  the  greater  part  of  the  exports,  bat 
grain  furnished  a  considerable  proportion  also,  as  much  as 
40,000,000  bushels  having  been  exported  during  the  year.  Coffee 
-vbA  sugar  furnished  more  than  half  of  the  total  imports. 

Much  prosperity  prevailed  in  the  cotton  industry.  Last  year's 
«otton  crop,  which  was  fairly  good,  sold  at  prices  not  only 
relatively,  but  actually  high.  The  sale  of  a  10,.500,000-bal6  crop, 
at  an  average  of  nearly  9  e.  {A:\d.)  per  lb.,  meant  more  than  the  safe 
of  many  previous  crops  of  smaller  size  at  materially  higher  figures. 
The  South  has  learned  to  raise  cotton  at  much  lower  coat  than  it 
formerly  did,  hence  9  c.  (4^)  now  means  a  great  deal  more  than 
the  same  price  meant  a  decade  ago. 

There  was  a  marked  increase  in  the  amounts  exported  of 
cotton-seed  cake  and  meal,  resin,  turpentine,  staves,  wheat,  flour 
uid  oata. 

The  demand  for  cotton-seed  cake  and  meal  is  always  in  excess 
of  the  supply. 

By  coming  again  into  possession  of  its  wharves,  the  city  was 
able  to  reduce  the  wharfage  dues  and  port  charges  to  the  manifest 
advantage  of  the  ocean  business  of  this  port.  In  two  years  the 
ocean  tonnage  entering  and  clearing  from  t^e  port  of  New  OrleaoB 
has  increased  38  per  cent 

(10)  i.  2 


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4  HEW  0BLBAK8. 

The  coastwise  trade  is  equally  satisfactory,  the  tono^e  havii^ 
grown  from  1,156,220  tons  two  years  ago  to  1,501,692  tODS  for  tm 
season  closed,  or  an  advance  of  nearly  30  per  cent. 

The  sugar  crop  was  a  fair  average,  and  as  it  was  marketed 
at  excellent  prices,  the  planters  had  little  to  complain  of  in  the 
way  of  actual  results. 

The  rice  crop  was  not  only  large  bat  it  proved  to  be  of 
excellent  quality  and  sold  at  good  prices. 

The  credit  clearings  of  the  associated  banks  ehow  an  increase 
of  21,349,447/.,  or  21  per  cent,  over  the  preceding  season. 

The  total  of  bank  clearings  aggr^ate  121,4)j3,66I^.,  as  com- 
pared with  100,134,214^.  last  year,  a  gain  of  21,349,447/.,  or  more 
than  21  per  cent 

There  was  at  all  times  during  the  year  a  plentiful  supply  of 
money  in  banks  available  for  the  Aipidly  increasiog  requirements 
of  commerce,  and  as  rates  for  loans  were  uniformly  cheap,  the 
funds  were  well  employed.  Very  few  business  troubles  developed, 
and  as  loans  were  well  secured,  no  considerable  losses  resulted. 

The  character  of  the  market  for  loans  has  undei^ne  a  con- 
siderable change  during  the  past  few  yeare.  In  former  times  each 
succeeding  autumn  season  witnessed  a  stringency  of  money,  which 
was  largely  reserved  by  the  banks  for  crop  moving  purposes,  but 
now  that  two  succeeding  years  of  remunerative  prices  for  crops 
have  made  the  planter  measurably  independent,  funds  appear  at 
all  times  to  be  available  for  service  in  general  trade  lines. 

The  range  of  values  for  foreign  exchange  was  comparatively 
even  throughout  the  year,  and  prices  for  bills  ruled  generally  a 
shade  lower  than  the  previous  year's  figures. 

The  business  done  is  shown  by  the  following  table : — 


Bail  road 
bounni. 

Soothem  Picifio 

TeiM  ud  pKifio 

lUinoii  Oentnl 

LouMTiUo  and  NMLrmo 

New  OrUaiu  and  N«iili  EMtern 
Mfnorrondi           

ToW           

OnitdtotoL 

Qu^titj. 

ForwHded. 

Bmnt^ 

Ton.. 
761,540 
213,788 
888.666 
123,380 
236,222 
236,361 
60,000 

Tona. 
734,682 
842,018 
1,377397 
776,606 
882,786 
607,686 
176,000 

1,966,946 

^896,618 

6,862,564 

As  compared  with  the  previous  year,  the  total  railroad  tiatKc 
shows  an  increase  of  769,938  tons. 

The  total  commerce  of  the  city — exporta  and  imports,  receipts 
and  shipments — is  as  follows : — 


d  by  Google 


SSW  OBLEAKS. 


Tonosgs. 

V,J«. 

BMSipta  bom  interuw  by  iTTMr  Mid  nil 
Impoiti,  ooMtwiM        

6,145,616 
B1S,4Z9 
1,889,066 

£ 
44,869,646 
19,876,044 
4,218,781 

ToWi»cwpU           

7,848,101 

68,868,470 

„        'weign           

2,166,948 
688,£68 
1,984,82« 

23,618,893 
12.848.746 
80,881,986 

4,880,085 

66,789,072 

18»e-1900 
1898-99  .. 

18,678.136 
12,045,784 
10,708,233 

186,162,64! 
108,864.688 
87J>42,92« 

The  above  table  thus  Bhows  an  iocrease  in  the  commerce  of 
New  Orleans,  as  compared  with  the  previous  year,  of  31,787,854^., 
and  of  47,209,620i.  in  two  years. 

The  principal  products  imported  were  cottee,  beet  and  cane  Imporu. 
sugar,  ais&l  grass,  bananas,  burlaps,  lemons,  and  indiarubber. 

The  total  imports  for  the  year  amounted  to  4,763,2l9i.  in  value, 
or  aa  increase  of  600,000/.  as  compared  with  the  total  imports  for 
1900. 

The  increase  in  the  importation  of  lemons  amounted  to  7,600i ; 
indiarubber,  18,581/. ;  sisal  grass,  317,436/. ;  cane  sugar,  190,516/. ; 
burlaps,  95,770/. 

In  cotton  goods  and  grain  b^s  there  were  slight  decreases. 

In.  the  matter  of  imports  there  was  a  lai^e  increase  during  Luge 
the  month  of  November,  amounting  to  127,617/.,  or  47  per  cent.,  inc""~™ 
as  compared  with  November,  190O.     There  was  an  increase  of  29  j^S^niontb 
per  cent  in  the  value  of  the  coffee  imported,  19,196,477  lbs.  beinjj  ofHOTamb«r. 
imported,  as  against  13,680,817  lbs.  in  November,  1900,  and  an 
even  laiger  increase  in  the  importation  of  sisal  grass  and  binding 
twine. 

The  imports  hitherto  have  been  small,  and  as  vessels  have  no 
return  trade,  rates  are  higher  than  they  would  be  if  the  steamers 
had  cargoes  both  ways,  instead  of  coming  here  so  often  in  ballast. 

Efforts  are  being  made  to  eu  courage  and  develop  this  return 
trade,  so  as  to  give  vessels  cargoes  both  ways,  and  the  present 
figures  are  encouraging. 

New  Orleans  led  all  the  other  porta,  including  New  York,  Btporb. 
in   exports   for   the  two  years  1858  and  1859.       For   31   years  B»nk  of  Nww   . 
New  Orleuis  held  second  place  in  exports,  retainii^  that  place  EII^bSh  in 
uninterruptedly  from  the  close  of  the  Uivil  war  to  1893,  and  th«  comtiy 
after  au  interval  of  four  years,  during  which  this  port  dropped 
to  third  plaoe,  below  Boston,  the  position  of  second  was  regained 
in  1897.    In  1898  and  1899,  owing  to  the  low  price  of  cotton, 
N«w  Orleans  dropped  behind  both  Boston  and  Baltimore,  baing 
(10)  A  3 


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the  only  occasion  when  she  occupied  fourth  place,  but  in  1900 
die  returned  to  her  cnstotnaiy  position  of  second  on  the  list 

The  total  amount  of  merchandise  exported  during  the  year 
amounted  to  29,140,736/.,  being  an  inoreaee  over  1900  of  698,760£. 

With  the  slow  movement  of  cotton,  and  the  decrease  in  th« 
shipment  of  com  and  pig-iron,  both  very  important  items,  the 
record  of  1900  was  broken. 

The  improvement  in  the  exportation  of  miscellaneous  articles 
was  healthy,  and  the  port  is  now  rapidly  becoming  one  from 
which  all  the  various  products  of  the  South  and  West  are  being 
shipped 

It  should  be  remarked  that  cotton  cuts  a  smaller  figure  in  the 
trade  of  the  port  than  it  has  done  before. 

The  following  table  gives  the  values  of  the  total  domestic 
exports  from  New  Orleans  for  the  commercial  year  1901 : — 


Counttj. 

Value. 

KnglaDd 

Fnnce         

:^tidi  8oo»h  Afifo*         

Ireland        

Ssnmark 

Belginm 

Ouli 

Aurtria-HungM; 

Mexico       

Sootlaod 

Pottngal 

Hiowagn* 

Britiah  Hondima 

OiaUBioft 

Honduiai 

Oolombia 

Korwaj 

Junaii 

£ 

10,e8»,«88 

8,989,766 

3,817,899 

8,899.788 

1,800,0«3 

1,497,534 

1,841,879 

1,261,039 

1,971,4M 

778,469 

482,498 

885,267 

S07,9«0 

179,668 

126,762 

118,270 

10C,629 

101,379 

81.668 

89,899 

84,678 

6,000 

863 

IMal 

,      1899-1900       .. 
„     180B-18W      .. 

80,881,928 
22,896,606 
18,024,228 

This  shows  an  increase  of  7,436,322/.  over  the  year  1900. 

New  Orleans  stall  heads  Uie  list  as  the  largest  cotton  port  of 
the  United  States,  a  position  she  has  always  held,  except  for  t^ie 
season  of  1898-99,  and  which  was  then  temporarily  lost  from 
abnormal  causes.  Last  year  the  total  exceeded  that  of  any  other 
cotton  port  by  320,670  bales.  The  city  exported  24-06  per  cent 
of  the  total  cotton  crop  of  the  United  States,  against  20'S  per 
CdBt.  in  1900,  and  20*2  per  cent,  die  year  before. 

The  farmer  has  received  good  prices  for  hie  cotton  for  the  last 
two  years.    The  crop  for  season  1900-01  brought  26,166,641/. 


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HIW  OBLXUt&  7 

more  than  that  of  the  previous  season  and  42,358,910^  more  than 
the  large  crop  of  1898-99,  the  largest  ever  grown. 

The  value  of  the  oommeroial  crop  for  the  past  seven  seasons  is 
aa  follows : — 


Tw. 

QiiMtitr. 

VJub.     , 

BoiM. 

e 

190(M)1 

10,SS8,4S8 

98rf>lS,B0fl        , 

»,486,416 

72,766,964 

11,274,840 

66,664,BB7 

]S97-ee    

U,198.9M 

fl4,ll(^6^1 

18»-OT 

8,787,9«4 

64,8S4,90a 

7457,M6 

68,819,068 

18M-96      .. 

9,901.861 

69,407,608 

There  waa  au  extension  of  the  cotton  indostry  northward. 
Thus  the  Indian  territory,  Oklahoma,  and  Missouri  raised  447,187 
bales,  against  245,006  bales  the  previous  year,  almost  doubling 
their  crop. 

As  re^rds  the  takings  by  American  mills,  11  years  ago  the  T»kiii^  bj- 
North  took  76'7  per  cent,  of  the  cotton  consumed  in  American  AmBnowi 
mills  and  the  South  only  232  per  cent.,  or  leas  than  one-third  as "''^ 
much.      To-day  the  percentages  are :    North,  54-8    per    cent. ; 
South,  45"2  per  cent.,  the  two  sections  being  thus  nearly  eqnal 
in  their  cotton  consumption. 

There  are  some  688  cotton  mills  in  the  South  with  6,531,894 
spindles,  as  compared  with  6,267,163  spindles  last  year,  and 
163,003  looms,  as  compared  with  150,259  looms  in  1899-1900. 
South  Carolina  still  leads  in  the  cotton  industry,  then  North 
Carolina  second,  Georgia  thii^,  and  Alabama  fourth. 

Mr.  Hester,  Secretary  of  the  New  Orleans  Cotton  Exchange,  New  Oileuu 
reports  as  follows : —  k^ 

The  cotton  crop  of  the  United  States  for  the  year  ending  Re^^t*" 
August    31,  1901,  amounts    to    10,383,422    bales,  showing  an 
increase  over  that  of  1899-1900  of  947,006  bales,  a  decrease 
under  that  of  1898-99  of  891,418  bales,  and  a  decrease  under 
that  of  1897-98  of  816,572  bales. 

More  than  the  entire  increase  uf  the  total  crop  over  last  year 
was  from  Texas  and  Indian  territory,  the  production  of  which  was 
47  per  cent  more,  while  the  Atlantic  and  other  Gulf  States  dropped 
ofi  4  per  cent. 

Compared  with  last  year,  in  round  figures,  Texas,  inoluding 
Indian  territory,  has  increased  1,218,000  bales ;  the  group  known 
as  other  Gulf  States,  consisting  of  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  Mississippi, 
Tennessee,  Oklahoma,  Utah  and  Kansas,  has  decreased  179,000 
bales;  and  the  group  of  Atlantic  States  (Alabama,  Georgia, 
Florida,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Kentucky  and  Virginia) 
has  decreased  92,000  bales.  Coming  on  the  heels  of  a  depleted 
supply  amounting  practically  to  famine  the  world  over,  the 
production  has  sold  for  a  good  round  price,  bringing  to  the 
Jjouth,  in  dollars,  more  than  any  other  crop  on  record,  and  this 
(10)  A.  4 


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8  KKW  OBLEANS. 

notwithstanding  the  &ct  that  the  yield  was  larger  than  generally 
anti^iated. 

With  a  pressure  of  demand  upon  supply  in  face  of  serious 
complaints  from  manufacturers  for  many  months  and  interruption 
of  the  China  trade,  the  average  values  per  lb.  and  per  bale  exceeded 
last  year's  favouralsle  resulte. 

On  the  basis  of  middling,  which  represente  the  average  of  th« 
crop,  a  fair  average  of  price  for  the  United  States  is  9*33  c.  per  lb., 
which  compares  with  T'65  c.  for  laat  year,  and  4'88  c  for  1898-99, 
the  highest  price  touched  during  the  season  having  been  11'12  o. 
and  the  lowest  7"56  c. 

The  average  commercial  value  of  the  crop  is  9/.  13s.  lO^d. 
per  bale,  against  11,  16s.  8  jd.  last  year,  bl,  3«,  5^d.  the  year  before, 
and  5;.  I83.  0|d.  in  1897-98. 

The  commercial  crop  contains  parts  of  the  growths  of  three 
The  following  are  the  figures : — 


Quantitj. 

ComnwroW  crop  of  1900-01 

LeM  old  from  orap  of  189fr>1900        

.   Plui  growth  of  nune  year  marketed  in  Angaria  1900 

BalM. 

10,888,000 

184,000 

10,846,000 
28,000 
SO0,OUO 

10,673,000 

58,000 

Actual  gMWtli,  1909-01            

u^ei9,ooo 

The  importation  of  foreign  cotton  dming  the  year  amounted  to 
56,100,499  lbs.,  or  an  equivalent  of  109,941  balee  in  American 
weights,  against  65,833,514  lbs.  in  1900,  equal  to  130,590 
American  balee,  a  decrease  equal  to  20,649  bfdes. 

The  value  of  foreign  cotton  imported  last  rear  exceeded 
1,600,OOW. 

Most  of  the  importa  were  consumed  by  Northern  mills,  tbongh 
Mr.  Hester  states  ne  has  reports  of  a  small  amount  in  the  South, 
one  new  10,000-spindle  Southern  mill  consuming  Egyptian  cocton 
o.xcIuBiTely. 


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HEW  ORLEANS. 

Total  Exports  of  the  United  States. 


(iuMtity. 

United 
Kingdom. 

F^.0.. 

OoDtiiinit 

OhWMl. 

Cuudm. 

Total 

,      BalM. 
190CM)1       ..         ..    8,063,828 
1899-1900  ..        ..:  s,s8a,eso 
1898-99      ..        ..    B,64D,4.n 
1897-98      ..         ..    8,H8,8B0 

Bdei. 
729,018 
708,963 
796,616 
816,366 

BiOei. 
8,745,917 
2,907.680 
8,017,416 
S.160,1M 

BslM. 
102,628 
109.961 

99,986 
118,667 

BalBi. 

6.e«,i81 
6,060,048 
7,464,890 
7,658,687 

Included  under  Continent  are  exports  to  Mexico,  Japan,  and 
China. 

The  number  ol  milla  and  Bpindles  ia  as  followa : — 


Knmber. 

ToUl  number  of  milla  lut  7«ftT           

Crowed  out.  merged  into  other  ronceroi,  »nd  burned 

668 
>3 

640 
«8 

Total  number  of  cotton  milli  in  the  South 

ess 

This  shows  a  net  increase  of  25  mills,  as  compared  with  the 
663  mills  existing  in  the  previous  year. 

The  record  of  spindles  in  the  South  shows — 


Total  in  opeiition  in  the  South  ., 


New,  not  oompleted 


This  ahowa  an  increase  of  spindles,  old,  idle  and  not  complete, 
«f  264,731,  and  a  net  gain  of  spindles  at  work  of  778,912. 


d  by  Google 


NEW  OBLEiLNS. 

CoHSUHPTiON,  United  States. 


Taken  bj  Sortt  em  Bpinnen   . 


S,lt66,-U2 
1,B«T,11S 


Total  Exports  of  Cotton  from  New  Orleans  by  Countries  lor  the 
Commercial  Year  1901. 


I         Bklea. 

GennuiT      • . 
Itolj- 

Auitm-HuDgarf     . . 

Cenituil 

X«theriuid> . . 

Belgium 

Portngal 

Meiioo  . .         , . 

Total.. 
„    1809-1900 


826,B66 

422,826,164 

8,001,164 

268,570 

130,112,660 

246,£61 

123.000,708 

2,261,630 

es.*«i 

48,384.207 

763,173 

»0,6«7 

16,892,178 

276,264 

a6,3fi6 

13,185,941 

23,aso 

11,666,319 

218,146 

21,64« 

10,911.449 

203,738 

8,802 

4,15e,681 

78,249 

6,962 

3,666,736 

73.197 

2.016,697 

1,081,767,618 

18,970,184 

1,667,126 

839,380,698 

13,129,670 

.      1,917,628 

976,461,687 

10,676,675 

Onun  trade 
»f  New 
Orleuu. 


With  the  growth  of  the  country  and  the  moving  of  the  centre 
of  cereal  production  further  west,  the  former  custom  of  shipping 
Uie  bulk  of  the  grain  crops  to  Europe,  vift  Eastern  ports,  has  given 
place  to  the  shipment  of  the  surplus  intended  for  export  through 
Southern  porte.  This  diversion  of  traffic  appears  to  have  princi- 
pally affected  New  York.  The  Southern  ports  have  been  rapidly 
gaining  in  their  grain  shipments,  while  the  Eastern  ports  have 
been  losing. 

In  the  matter  of  the  export  of  breadstuffs,  for  example,  New 
Orleans  occupies  the  third  position  among  all  the  cities  of  the 
United  States,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following  table,  which 
shows  the  value  of  the  breadstufle  of  all  kinds  exported  from 
the  principal  ports  of  the  United  States  during  the  first  10 
months  of  1900  and  1901  respectively: — 


d  by  Google 


mV  OBLEARB. 


Port*. 

TJofc 

1900. 

1»1. 

New  Tort          

BaltimoN           

Kew  Orlsaiu 

Borton 

PhilHldphu 

IfewmftHewa 

OalToitoa            

Pn«t  Sound 

WaLunelte         

Clii»go 

£ 
9,608,881 
6,854,614 
1,828,699 

4,843,847 
2,68^789 
2,826,991 
1,680,082 
1,061,246 
1,288,612 
IfiiOfita 

£ 
9,493,419 
7,417,668 
4,990,618 
4,951,698 
4,688,!66 
8,008,000 
3,886,681 
2,247,478 
1.666,298 
1,404,041 
1,0(W,616 

From  the  above  table  it  will  be  seen  that  the  largest  inweasee 
are  in  Kew  Orleans  and  Baltimore,  and  that  the  increase  in  the 
New  Orleans  export  is  greater  than  in  the  Baltimore  export. 

In  the  coi-n-exporting  list  of  cities  New  Orleans  stands  fourth,  Bipoito  of 
with  New  York,  Baltimore,  and  Philadelphia  ahead.  oom  ud  a»ti 

Id  the  exports  of  oats  New  Orleans  stands  only  sixth. 

In  the  exports  of  wheat  for  the  1^  months  ending  October  31  BipotU  of 
New  Orieans  takes  second  place,  and  is  only  exceeded  by  New  »l»o»t. 
York  by  a  margin  of  3,100,000  bushels.  There  was  an  immense 
increase  in  the  export  of  wheat  from  the  United  States  in  the  first 
10  months  of  the  calendar  year  1901,  aa  compared  with  the  corre- 
sponding period  of  the  year  1900.  New  Orleans  secured  the  best 
share,  viz.,  an  increased  export  of  more  than  15,000,000  bushels, 
while  New  York  secured  an  increase  of  only  10,000,000  hnshels. 

The  export  of  wheat  from  New  Orleans,  as  will  be  seen 
from  the  following  table,  comes  within  a  few  bushels  of  being 
22,000,000  bushels,  while  New  York's  wheat  export  is  only 
25,030,415  bushels. 


d  by  Google 


mw  OBLUHS. 


Exports  of  Wheat  in  Bushels,  all  Porte. — ^Ten  Montha  ended 
October  31,  1901. 


PMb. 

Q^aty. 

1900. 

1901. 

Biwb«l>. 

BuBhel^. 

a,66a^58 

18,167,938 

8,178,810 

16,206,636 

4,322,869 

N8w7aik 

16,007,638 

26,080,416 

PhiUdelphiB         

9,476,200 

8,8W,74e 

14,862.624 

Motnls        

FtuetSonnd          

8,664,966 

8,806,879 

^nUMn«tte 

8,061,898 

10,134,221 

gSX  ::    ::    ::    ::    :: 

4,443,202 

4,818,435 

1,440,106 

2,065,678 

flnperioT 

OtW  oiutom*  dutriota 

1,742,676 

4,849,888 

1,246,897 

8,988,742 

Total       

70^22,966 

164,868,088 

The  grain  went  to  no  lees  than  30  difTerent  ports,  and  to 
10  different  countries,  viz.,  Uie  United  Kiogdom,  France,  Germany, 
Italy,  Spain,  Belgium,  Holland,  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Mexico. 

ILotterdam  received  the  largest  quantity  of  grain  from  New 
Orleans,  then  Liverpool,  Hambtu^  Antwerp,  Bel&et,  Bremen,  and 
Hull  in  the  order  named. 


d  by  Google 


NKW  ORLUII8. 


The  followiBg  table  gives  exports  of  com  and  wheat  by 
countries  for  the  commercial  year  1901 : — 


Cniuitrf. 

Oam. 

Wheat 

Quantity. 

Valne. 

Quantity. 

Talne. 

EDg^Uld 

aermaDj 

Suahels. 
4.607^43 
8,746,176 
2,947,683 

£ 

409,813 

826,416 

261,867 

262,606 

200,686 

180,887 

67,209 

40,182 

22,776 

21,187 

13,628 

6,846 

1,278 

701 

866  ' 

349 

292 

BuiheU. 

6,227,477 

2,844,680 
444,917 
192,000 

6,931,460 
664,000 

1,897,606 

182,878 
200,000 

37,767 
99,939 

£ 
816,861 
861,811 
.   67,466 

Netherlandt     „ 

Denmark 

Cuba 

SS-..    ::    :; 
&^-    ■:.    :: 

BritUhHondtttM       .. 
Hondurat 

CtMta  Rioa 
Colombia 

i"Jr 

8,284,288 

2,066,787 

668,624 

461,568 

216,689 

866,866 

1H2S8 

61,618 

11.687 

6,691 

8,429 

3,814 

2^ 

88«;4W 
84,0*0 

281,891 

27,141 

31,040 

6,«7 
16,646 

Total      .. 
„     1000 

20,426,946 
29,280,700 

1,802.811 
2,320,074 

17,122,727 
7,694,157 

2,692,829 
1,214,386 

The  following  table  gives  exports  of  flour  from  New  Orleans 
for  the  commercial  year  1901 : — 


Coiuiti7. 

Qnantity. 

Talne. 

iT-'::    ::    ::    :: 

Irdand 

CoitaBiM          

Denmark 

Honduna 

Britdsh  Honduna 

SootUud 

Belgium 

Colombia           

8P^ 

BarreU. 
806,812 
76,996 
66,246 
86,943 
80,870 
24,608 
14,604 
11.646 
10,648 
6,887 
4,688 
4,616 
8,796 
2,681 
661 

£ 
840,680 
66,467 
41,656 
28,061 
28,814 
19,213 
11,308 
9,079 
8,261 
4,616 
8,604 
3,540 
2,966 
1,988 
440 

Total 

„    1«00     .. 
„    1899      .. 

689,644 
416,461 
•82,668 

469,670 
ai7,2»4 
801,408 

Noil.— Thi*  (bow*  an  ii 


d  by  Google 


''■  14  Bzir  CKLBurs. 

Bngkr.  The  past  commercial  year  has  been  productive  of  very  satis- 

factory results  to  all  iaterests  kindred  or  allied  to  the  stij^r 
-  planting  and  manufacturing  industries  in  the  State  of  Louiiiiaiia 
and  City  of  New  Orleans. 

In  round  figures  the  outturn  of  the  crop,  as  shown  by  the 
receipts  from  plantations,  at  this  market,  gave  an  excess  of 
700,000  baiTels  and  2,4000  h(^heads  over  the  production  of 
1899-1900,  or  approximately  1,500,000  barrels  and  56,000  liojrs- 
heads,  as  against  750,000  1:»rrelB  and  32,000  hogsheads  for  the 
previous  year.  On  the  other  hand  the  production  of  molasses 
showed  a  slight  decrease  in  volume.  Prices  Were  better,  and 
values  ruled  throughout  upon  a  uniformly  higher  plane  than 
o1)tained  during  the  preceding  year. 

There  was  a  decided  decrease  in  the  amount  of  beet  sugar 
shipped  to  New  Orleans,  attributed  to  the  unsettled  laws  concern- 
ing the  reciprocity  question.     The  cane  sugar,  however,  exceeds 
that  of  last  year. 
Hue.  The  production  of  Louisiana  rice  was  greater  by  far  than  during 

1899-1900,  and  the  prices  realised  for  clean  rice  have  ruled  higher, 
leaving  a  wider  margin  of  profit  for  millers. 

The  receipts  of  rough  rice  during  the  year  1900-01  reached 
a  total  of  832,736  sacks,  against  869,510  sacks  the  year  previous, 
a  faliing-off  of  36,774  sacks,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  there  was 
shipped  to  this  city  some  86,235  baiTels  of  clean,  against  only 
18,015  barrels  in  1899-1900. 

A  feature  of  the  trade  that  developed  within  the  past  year 
has  been  the  demand  from  Porto  Rico  for  low  grade  rice.  This 
has  (^ened  up  a  distributive  channel  for  the  poorer  grades  of  the 
seed,  and  has  added  considerably  to  the  general  stabuity  of  prioee. 
T^ese  have  averaged  higher  than  previous  seasons. 

The  average  price  of  clean  rice  per  lb.  was  2^.,  as  against 

2d.  in  1899-1900. 

SioB  •iporM        The  exportation  of  rice  to  Porto  £ico  was  very  heavy,  and 

fa^New       wag  far  alMve  the  shipments  made  to  all  the  foreign  countries 

^gj^j^     t(^ether.    In  December  alone  7,973.287  lbs.  were  exported  at  a 

vfduation  of  54,146^.     This  is  the  lai^est  shipment  on  record. 
CoBm.  Within    the    past    year    New   Orleans   made    great    strides 

as  a  coflee-importing  point  According  to  a  compilation  of  the 
importations  made  from  actual  manifests,  there  have  been  received 
at  this  port  from  various  points  in  Brazil  during  the  calendar  year 
1901  a  total  of  712,645  bags  of  coffee,  as  compared  with  a  total 
of  309,757  bags  during  the  year  1900.  The  best  year  prior  to 
the  Civil  War  was  1857,  when  the  total  imports  of  Brazilifui  cofTeo 
reached  461,036  bags,  equal  to  553,544  bags  of  preeent  we^ht. 
The  impoits  for  the  current  year  were,  therefore,  159,101  bags 
greater  liian  in  the  record  year  of  the  past 
UMiatMtnrM  The  nuuiber  of  manufacturing  establishments  increased  from 
in  LouiiUna.  2,613  to  ^,340  (66  per  cent.),  but  the  capital  has  grown  from 
6,950,8:;2i.  10  22,607,912i.  (225  per  ceot). 

The  tetid  output  of  th.-se  factories  is  24,219,904/.,  as  compared 
with    ll,ri6i,:U2/.  in   1890,  an  increase  of  109  per  cent.    The 


d  by  Google 


KEW  OBISAHS. 


15 


estftblisbments  in  this  State  have  grown  not  only  in  number  bat  also 
in  importance ;  that  ia  they  are  larger  concerns  than  a  year  ago, 
averaging  nearly  twice  as  mach  capital  as  then. 

There  hae  been  an  increase  during  the  decade  of  10  per  cent. 
in  the  average  wages  paid  employes,  and  the  prodaotion  per  head 
has  increaaed  from  407/.  to  571^.  (40  per  cent.). 

The  followii^  table  shows  the  increase  in  number  and  tonnage  Shippmg. 
of  vessels  entered  and  cleared  during  the  p&At  five  years,  for 
commercial  years  ending  July  31.    This  table  includes  coastwise 
and  foreign  porta : — 


Cleared. 

Bntond. 

Tew. 

Number  ot 
Ve»el.. 

Toni^., 

ITumber  at 

V«Ml.. 

*>m,,,e. 

1897 

180B 

1899 

1900 

1801 

1,286 
1^ 
1^ 
1,S80 
1,67S 

1,916,860 
2,119,988 
1,997.188 
a,846.7M 
2,673,989 

1,270 
1,840 
1,892 
1,664 
1,622 

1.890,6« 
2,180,919 
1,983,940 
8.867,846 
2,702,486 , 

In  two  years  the  ocean  tonni^  entering  and  clearing  the 
port  of  New  Orleans  baa  increased  35  per  cent.  The  reduction 
in  wharfage  charges  from  a  fixed  rate  of  12  c.  (Gd.)  per  ton, 
whether  the  vessel  remained  at  the  wharf  for  a  period  of  one  day 
or  60  days,  to  the  rates  established  on  Hay  29,  1901,  by  the 
Board  of  Conunissioners,  and  now  in  force,  has  resulted  in  a  good 
many  of  the  vessels  that  have  visited  the  port  using  the  public 
wharves  that  would  not  have  done  so  underlie  old  rates,  and  the 
ocean  business  of  the  port  will,  doubtless,  increase  more  rapidly 
in  the  future  owing  to  these  lower  wharfage  dues,  and  to  Lhe 
prospect  of  the  South-west  Pass  being  provided  with  deeper 
vater. 


d  by  Google 


NEW  ORLEANS. 


fiETCTRH  of  SUpping  at  the  Port  of  New  OdeaDB  duriiig  the 
Year  1901. 


Staam.                      Sailing. 

Total. 

N.tioDilit7. 

Number 

iVumber 

Nnmbw 

of 

ToDi.      .       of 

Tom. 

TnwU. 

r-'- 

T<M«!i. 

1 

foreign 

177 

137,788          1 

62 

178 

187,860 

2B6 

OKfiei         SB 

16,217 

667,806 

14 

80,648 

14 

30,646 

Briti.h  .. 

698 

1,394,166           1 

328 

699 

1,894^»3 

Dumb    .. 

S8 

67,708 

Dntch     .. 

10,279 

6 

10^9 

Pwoch    .. 

6 

10,601 

10,601 

0«niu>D  .. 

46 

90,666 

6 

6,934 

fi2 

97,60O 

Italian     .. 

27 

66,668 

1 

412 

28 

67,080 

MBric«ll.. 

1 

67 

1 

67 

S69 

189,020           1 

863 

270 

139,683 

;       14 

10,064 

14 

10,064 

SpMiifb  ..         .. 

79 

162^24  ]         4 

8,272 

83 

166,196 

Urugnajan 

1 

2,206         .. 

1 

2,206 

Total 

1,586 

2,781,008 

63 

86,882 

Mas 

2,817,890 

3Uam. 

Sailing. 

Total. 

NationaUtj. 

NniDbar 

Number 

Numbor 

Ton.. 

of 

Ton*. 

of 

loiii. 

VoMeli. 

VmmI.. 

Ameiioan- 

167 

188,946 

14 

9,498 

181 

143,439 

CoasbwiM 

16.888 

Auitro-Eunganan 

18 

16 

84,746 

BritUb    .. 

606 

1,417,996 

228 

607 

1,418,224 

27 

68,620 

27 

Datch     .. 

a 

10,618 

FMncb    .. 

6 

10,601 

6 

10,601 

44 

88,634 

8,U3 

61 

96,747 

Italian     .. 

24 

24 

68,627 

Uasican.. 

1 

67 

1 

67 

268 

188,980 

668 

268 

137,593 

11,829 

8pam>h  .. 

76 

164,649 

2,628 

79 

157,177 

Swediah  .. 

Uniguajan 

1 

2,206 

8,004 

Total       .. 

1,521 

2,763,937 

88 

60,686 

1,609 

2,814,672 

d  by  Google 


HXW  OBLSANS. 


Table  of  British  Shipping  Entered  and  Cleared  at  the  Port  of 
New  Orleaoa  duni^  uie  Year  1901,  compared  with  1900. 


Btwn. 

SuUng. 

TobO. 

Tbm. 

NnlnbeT 
of 

Tool. 

Number 
of 

Tom. 

NnmlMr 

of 
TeuoU. 

Tom. 

1901     .. 
1000    .. 

696 
654 

1,304,156 
1,193,187 

1 

223 

609 
664 

l,aH8SS 
1498,187 

If  on. — 46  more  ihip«  entered  th»n  Iwt  yew,  1900. 

Cli 


s^.      . 

SuliDg. 

Total. 

Y«M. 

STnniber 

of 
Te«eU. 

Toni. 

of 
Te«eb. 

Toni. 

Nnmbar 

of 
ToMaU. 

Tom. 

1001    .. 
1000    .. 

606  ' 
661 

1,417,006 
M00,108 

1 

£28 

607 
661 

1,418,214 
1,100,108 

Noxc — 66  mora  Bhipfi  cleared  than  lut  jmi,  1900. 

On  October  31,  1901,  New  Orleans  witseseed  the  clearance  OreatMt 
through  her  costom-house  of  as  many  as  18  vessels,  15  of  which  <'li»r»no'o' 
were  steamers  destined  for  countries  across  the  Atlantic.     Their  ctetoi,]^^"" 
abrogate  cargoes  uudouhtedly  made  np  the  largest  day's  buaitiene  looi. 
the  port  has  ever  known.     The  cotton  exports  were,  without 
doubt,  the  largest  for  a  single  day  on   record.     Another  not»- 
wortiiy  feature  was  the  large  shipment  of  naval  stores. 


(10) 


d  by  Google 


18  NEW   OKLBAKS. 

Cabgobs  carried  in  British  Ships  during  the  Tear  1001. 


ArtiolM. 

BalM.. 
Sack!.. 
BtcU.. 

Bii^rdV    : 

BmhoU 

s^ii...    :: 

Twrci' 
Tons  ..         ;.' 

pi;*^"    :: 

Baneli 
Eog.h«id.    .. 

Quintitj. 

Coition 

Coltonu«d 

oU 

oil-oaka  .. 
„          meta 

mmp»U>ck. 

Com       

Whe»t 

Oata        

Hour 

SUlTM 

Lumber | 

I^«»        

T»llaw 

Lart        

o;tp« 

£::    ::    ::    :: 

Tobaeeo 

l,87I.ffl*8 

lig,S67 
100,850 

967,761 

S8,l« 

9,868,76:) 

18,e>tl,G6e 

1,1K)5,568 

6e20!S6 

9,766,668 

6.«0,978 

11,718,107 

20,748 

8,6B8 

4.038 

2,868 

7.003 

41 

62.981 

4,708 

On  May  29,  1901,  the  leaee  of  the  Louisiana  Constnictioa 
Company  expired,  and  a  Board  of  Commiasioners  assumed  absolute 
control  of  all  the  wharves  and  landings. 

The  schedule  in  force  at  present  provides  that  all  sea-going 
vessels  shall  pay  2  a  (Id.)  per  ton  per  day,  based  on  the  gross 
tonnage  for  the  first  three  days,  and  1  c  (irf.)  per  ton  per  day  tor 
the  next  three  ensuing  days,  making  a  maximum  charge  of  9  o. 
(4^1^.)  on  the  gross  tonnage  for  the  first  six  days,  and  thereafter  a 
vessel  shall  be  &ee  from  charge  for  a  period  of  30  days. 

Harbour  dues  consist  in  a  charge  not  exceeding  10  dxA 
(2A  1&  8d.)  on  all  vessels  visitiiig  the  port  arriving  in  ballast  car 
with  green  fruit,  and  a  further  charge  of  5  doL  (U.  Oa.  lOrf.)  for 
vessels  with  a  general  cargo.  There  is  also  a  charge  of  I  doL 
(is.  '2d.)  for  each  cof^  of  oertificates  issued  for  the  inspection  of 
hatches,  surveys  of  cargoes,  &c.  These  chaises  cover  the  duties 
of  harbour  master  and  port  wardens. 

A  feature  in  the  new  schedules  is  the  fact  that  there  is  no 
charge  whatsoever  on  merchandise  landed  upon  the  wharves  for 
either  export  or  import 

The  improvement  in  the  present,  as  compared  with  the  former 
chaises,  can  best  be  compu«d  as  follows: — Under  the  lessees 
(nld  system)  a  Bteamship  of  6,000  gross  tons  paid  1441.  for 
wharfage  for  one  day  or  60  days,  4L  harbour  master,  3^.  port 
warden,  or  a  total  of  1511. 

TTnder  the  new  rule  the  same  ship  pays  for  wharfage  24/. 
for  one  day,  or  a  maximum  of  1082.  for  30  days ;  deputy  com- 
missioners, for  discharging  the  former  duties  of  Uie  port  wardens, 
3/.  on  each  vessel,  except  fruiters  or  vessels  in  ballast,  2L  each ; 


d  by  Google 


NSW  OBLKAMa  19 

total,  111^.    Thus  there  is  a  saving  of  40^  to  each  steamship  of 
6,000  tnriB,  a  good  average  size  for  vessels  visiting  this  port. 

Under  the  old  lessee  ayetem,  sailing  veesels  were  reqnired  to 
pay  the  same  wharfage  as  steamships,  and  the  high  port  diarges 
probably  had  a  good  deal  to  do  with  keeping  the  number  of  vessels 
dovn  to  small  proportions. 

Hie  new  large  naval  floating  dock  reached  N^ew  Orleans  eafylj  New  uval 
on  November    6    from  Baltimore,  and  was  placed  at  AlgieiB,  a  *'•'*■* '*'"'' 
suburb  of  New  Orlt^ana,  across  the  Kiver  Mississippi. 

The  dock  has  a  capacity  of  18,000  tons,  is  525  feet  long,  and 
125  feet  wide.  The  entire  height  of  the  sides  from  their  bottoms, 
which  are  submerged  to  the  top,  is  65  feet.  The  designs  of  the 
dock  were  originally  made  by  Messrs.  Clark  and  Standfield,  of 
London,  but  were  afterwards  modified  at  Sparrow's  Point  to  con- 
form to  American  practice.  The  dock  is  expected  to  raise  a 
15,000-ton  battleship,  and  have  the  floor  of  the  dock  two  feet 
njxtve  the  water.  The  dock  is  able  to  dock  herself  for  cleaning 
and  washing,  and  is  fitted  with  electric  Lights  and  pumps  <^ 
highest  power.    The  cost  of  the  dock  is  placed  at  162,000/. 

The  New  Orleans  Maritime  and  Merchants'  Exchange  have 
Baked  the  United  States  Navy  Department  to  grant  permission  to 
merchant  vessels  to  use  the  naval  dock  when  it  is  not  being  used 
I91  Government  work.  The  request  was  granted  under  certain 
conditions.  These  are  that  the  naval  dock  may  be  used  by 
loerohant  vessels  of  a  size  and  character  that  cannot  be  accommo- 
dated in  private  docks,  here,  and  when  it  is  not  required  for 
Government  use. 

The  rates  charged  will  be  based  upon  the  commercial  rates 
prevailing  in  this  city,  or  at  the  nearest  point  where  similar  work 
is  dona  To  secure  the  use  of  the  dock,  application  must  be  made 
to  the  Bureau  of  Construction  and  Eepaii-s,  through  the  Com- 
mandant of  the  New  Orleans  naval  station. 

The  knowledge  that  henceforth  there  will  be  docking  facilitieB 
here  to  accommodate  the  lai^est  vessels  should  be  of  great  advantage 
to  the  port. 

A  successful  preliminary  test  of  the  dock  was  made  on  De- 
cember 31  with  the  United  States  transport  ship  "Sterling."  A 
&nal  trial  test  of  the  naval  floating  dock  was  made  on  January  6, 
1902,  with  the  United  States  battleship  "  Illinois."  This  vessel, 
which  has  a  displacement  of  11,565  tons,  was  lifted  out  of  the 
water  in  a  little  under  two  hours ;  the  docking  was  done  in  much 
shorter  time  than  was  expected  or  called  for,  and  the  test  is 
considered  a  complete  success  in  every  ^rticular.  The  dock 
should  prove  a  great  benefit  to  the  port  Heretofore  it  haa  not 
bean  possible  to  dock  a  ship  of  more  than  2,000  tons  displacement 
Bonth  of  Newport  News.  This  has  been  a  drawback  not  merely  to 
New  Orleans,  but  to  all  the  Golf  ports. 


(10) 


d  by  Google 


.  PKNSACOLA. 


PXMSACOLA. 


OotUm 
-Cod. 


Mr.  Vice-Consul  Eonar  reports  as  follows : — 

Custom-house  returns,  which  are  annexed,  show  that  the  total 
number  of  ahips  that  entered  the  port  of  Pensacola  in  1901  was 
394,  with  a  tonm^e  of  497,.S62  tons ;  the  number  that  cleared  was 
413,  with  a  tonnage  of  531,384  tons.  This  is  exclusive  of  the 
coastwise  trade. 

Only  133  British  ships  of  209,811  tons  entered  this  port, 
which  shows  a  decrease  with  last  year  in  number  due  to  the 
falling-ofif  of  the  lumber  trade,  but  the  tonnage  is  larger  in 
proportion  to  the  number  of  ships. 

The  total  imports  amounted  to  5^fi5^l.,  486?.  of  which  came 
from  the  United  Kingdom,  and  142i.  from  British  colonies.  The 
imports  increased  considerably  in  comparison  with  preceding 
years. 

The  total  exports  amounted  to  2,907,166/.,  1,184,156/.  of  which 
went  to  the  "United  Kingdom,  and  19,965i  to  British  colonies, 
a  considerable  increase  in  comparison  to  the  year  1900. 

The  total  value  of  merchandise  exported  from  Pensacola  in 
British  ships  was  about  l,141,000t,  or  nearly  half  the  total  value 
of  exports. 

There  has  been  a  considerable  decrease  in  the  export  of  lumber 
from  this  port  during  the  year  1901,  especially  during  the  second 
half.  This  decrease  is  no  doubt  due  to  the  successful  season 
of  1900,  with  the  consequence  that  European  markets  were 
flooded,  and  there  has  been  but  little  demand  for  a  fresh  supply. 
Also  low  freights  in  1901  have  added  to  the  dulness  of  the  trade. 

British  shipowners  interested  in  the  lumber  trade  have  suffered 
much  loss  through  "  time  charters,"  which  have  been  thrown  up 
on  this  side  with  the  consequence  that  lawsuits  are  now  pending 
in  the  local  courts  here. 
:  The  construction  of  the  shipbuilding  plant  at  Pensacola  has 
remained  in  abeyance  during  the  past  year,  nor  has  anything  been 
done  with  regard  to  a  dry  dock. 

A  regular  line  of  steamers  now  plies  between  New  York  and 
Pensacola,  and  is  doing  well,  supplying  all  the  local  markets  in 
this  vicinity  with  New  York  produce  and  merchandise  at  a  much 
lower  freight  than  by  rail. 

A  considerable  quantity  of  cotton  is  now  shipped  through  this 
port. 

Upwards  of  80,000  tons  of  coal  were  exported  to  Mexico  from 
Pensacola  in  British  ships,  which  have  taken  a  prominent  part  in 
the  fulfilment  of  the  contract  made  by  the  Louisville  and  Kash- 
ville  Eiailroad  company  to  supply  the  Mexican  Grovemment 
Railway  at  Tampico  with  200,000  tons  of  coal  within  12  months 
from  May,  1901. 

There  are  great  facilities  for  coaling  ships  at  Pensacola,  hut 
little  advantage  is  being  taken  of  them,  no  doubt,  owii^  to  the 
lo<»l  quarantine  difficulties  ruling  here. 

The  large  eawmlll  at  Flomaton,  referred  to  in  my  report  last 


d  by  Google 


PENBAOOUL  31 

year,  will  commence  to  work  at  an  early  date,  and  its  ouput 
will  be  enormous,  thus  considerably  increasing  the  timber  export 
from  this  port. 

Jfearly  all  the  meat  consumed  liei-e  Is  brought  from  Chicago  Meat  wid 
and  Kansas,  and  supplied   by   the   Armour   Packing   Company,  <*''"'  ^°^ 
There  appear  to  be  no  cattle  farms  in  this  vicinity.     Vegetables'"'*'*'' 
and  fruit  are  brought  to  Pensacola  from  the  north  at  consider- 
able coat,  with  the  consequence  that  living  expenses  are  greater 
here  than  in  many  other  towns  in  the  States. 

Eecent  indications  of  oil  have  been  discovered  io  and  around  Oil  diicorery. 
Pensacola,  and  from  samples  obtained  it  would  appear  that  oil  of 
good  quality  is  likely  to  be  found. 

Companies  have  been  formed  for  the  purpoee  of  boring  wells, 
and  shares  have  been  issued  to  the  public 

The  Pensacola  Navy  Yard  which  up  to  the  Spanish  war  had  T^"j  t"^ 
practically  become  obsolete  is  now  in   activity  ^ain,  and   may 
become  a  naval  station  of  iinportance  ere  long. 

Besideuts  attach  much  interest  to  its  development  also  as  the 
visits  of  the  North  Atlantic  squadron  are  beneficial  to  the  trade  of 
the  city. 

The  extraordinary  natuml  advantages  of  Pensacola  are  but  Gwwr»l 
partially  utilised  as  a  shipping  port,  and  this  city  appears  to  '■«™"'k^ 
take  an  inferior  place  in  comparison  to  other  United  States 
ports  which,  though  some  distance  from  the  sea,  do  a  far  more 
lucrative  business.  Savannah,  Jacksonville,  Tampa,  Mobile,  New 
Orleans,  Baltimoie,  Philadelphia,  Ac,  are  all  froin  10  to  160 
miles  distant  from  the  sea  and  up  river. 

The  obsolete  method  of  loading  ships,  the  heavy  port  charges, 
long  quarantine  detention,  crimping,  &c.,  have  certainly  to  a 
great  extent  been  the  cause  of  the  slow  opening  up  of  this" 
port.  But  I  believe  many  of  these  drawbacks  are  now  being 
remedied. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the  Business  Le^ue  have  been 
untiring  in  their  efforts  to  brii^  about  changes  to  place  Pensacola 
on  the  same  footing  and  up  to  i^te  with  other  American  ports. 

The  trade  between  Pensacola,  Cuba,  and  South  American 
ports  could  be  considerably  improved. 

It  is  stated  that  strikes,  labour  unions,  and  other  societies  of 
the  same  kind  have  severely  handicapped  the  progi'esa  and  trade 
of  the  port  during  the  past  year. 


d  by  Google 


nutSAcou. 


Annex  1. — ^EinntN  of  all  Shipping  at  the  Port  of  Penaacola, 
ezclnalTe  of  the  Coastwise  Trade,  during  the  fear  1901. 


BaiUBf. 

Btoam. 

Totel. 

Nnmbw 
«f 

Ton*. 

NnmbOT 

of 
TmmIi. 

Tom. 

Nuinbw 
of 

Tom. 

Bfituh    .. 
AmeiiMii 

Italun     . , 

Kt::    :: 

BuNiao   .. 
Dutoh      .. 

E3T    :: 

Sweduh.. 
A«t«>-HunB«i«. 

as 
as 

4S 
U 

18 

16.406 
18,7B2 
44,762 
61,467 

4,090 
14,778 

6389 
410 

8,471 
SOI 

1,299 
260 

106 
'    4 
22 
2 
84 
12 

"a 

"s 
1 
1 

194,606 
1,696 
82,964 
8,966 
61,289 
18,926 

9,002 

5.129 
1,199 
2,412 

188 
87 
67 
66 
84 
15 
18 

209,911 
20,468 
77,728 
66,412 
61,239 
18,016 
14.778 
9,002 
6,889 
6,689 
4,070 
8.213 
1^99 
260 

Total 
„     IBOO.. 

204 
£87 

171,384 
174,682 

190 

isa 

826,038 
800,106 

894 
426 

497,862 
474.738 

SHling. 

StMm. 

TobO. 

KaliMialitr. 

Nnmbgr 

Number 

Numbar 

of 

loiw. 

of 

Bjm. 

of 

Tom. 

Tewali. 

TmmU. 

TaeH^. 

Britiah    .. 

26 

18,410 

102 

188,901 

128 

202,811 

AsMTioMi 

26 

9,726 

S 

8.292 

84 

18,017 

48 

48,416 

29 

47.882 

91,297 

66 

61,631 

S 

18,068 

78 

79,699 

r^::    :; 

87 

68:662 

87 

68,668 

7 

8,281 

14 

21 

SuMiU    .. 

14 

12,291 

14 

12,291 

l>at«h     .. 

S 

11.996 

11.996 

6 

8.864 

FortugnsM 

7,409 

7,499 

Atutro-Hunguui 

1 

nrnpuiTHi 

1,298 

1.298 

Duidi   .. 

1 

260 

1 

260 

Total 

198 

161,968 

216 

869,421 

418 

631,384 

,      1900.. 

266 

191,712 

223 

887,678 

480 

Geu,890 

d  by  Google 


Anaez  2. — Sxruss  of  Principal  Articles  of  Export  ftora  Petuacola 
during  the  Years  1901-1900. 


ArtidM. 

1901. 

190a 

Qo-ntity. 

T«Ino. 

(Jnwtity. 

Tftlue. 

pitch  piiia  luntwr      . 

Boper.ft. 
Onlioft. 

170,450,000 

£ 
484,078 

l79,4e7,iK» 

£ 

478,fiS7 

Sawn  pilch  pine  titnbu: 

10,190,000 

289,961 

14,7*4,088 

876,406 

Hewn        „           „ 

293,290 

7,542 

642,189 

17,806 

Cotton 

B»lM      .. 

187,606 

1,664,114 

147,817 

1,384,649 

Pho^uto       .. 

loni      .. 

126,189 

181.812 

128,816 

146,420 

whSn.     ..     . 

Buihob.. 

78!,a3S 

11^080 

Tobwuo 

Lb*.      .. 

G,1»,01S 

76,660 

2,3Mk460 

81,761 

OottonwAd  mMl 

18,077,803 

72,806 

TnTpantiiie      .. 
Goal  (bitommoiu)      . 

CMlou.. 

8S6.648 

70,222 

841,606 

7MB1 

Tou     .. 

ioe,Ka9 

46,878 

B«ia    ..        ... 

Ssmlt.. 

140,548 

44,008 

118,374 

iifiJl 

Flour 

18,2B1 

10,085 

StaTM 

Nnmber 

fiO0,aai 

8J110 

OoUoDMedoU.. 

Qallaiu.. 

88,910 

6,181 

Oatiu 

H»d    ., 

2,960 

21,184 

Hop 

S,44« 

U,008 

168 

S;820 

Hulu  '.'.         ','.         '. 

00 

1,740 

OtberwtldM.. 

8S.44B 

811,«95 

Total    .. 

2.907,186 

8,846,463 

d  by  Google 


PKNBACOLA. 


Annex  3. — TablK  showing  Total  Value  of  all  Articles  Exported 
from  acd  Imported  to  Peosacola  to  and  from  Fort^ign 
Coimtriea  during  the  Yeara  1901-190U. 


Slmaoe  and  ooloiiia 
ltd;      .. 
Belgium 

Ne&erluidi     .. 
Argenline  Bepnblie 

Portogtil  lud  odonisi . 

Cub*      .. 

Spun  uid  coloniea 

Bnuil    .. 

Bgypt    ..        .. 

Aostiia-  Quiiguy 

Uru((u«y 

DenmaTk  and  colonie* 

Turkej  in  Aaia  . 

Porto  Rioo 

Tfloeiuela         . . 

TotAl 


1,1H1M 
19,966 
6)0.297 
369,700 
288,330 
174,173 
127,604 
72,632 
47,634 
86,663 
19,270 
17,062 
14,148 
10,708 
0,312 
6,206 
'      6,050 

6,oe& 

2,673 


985,000 
16,394 
472,647 
330,338 
467,318 
93.726 
191,322 
66,770 
12,220 
16,835 
119,276 
46,156 
6,183 
6,800 
17,656 
84,166 
14,362 
400 


7,316 

63 

26,441 

7,476 


Annex  4. — Sktukh  of    Principal  Articles  of  Import  into 
Pensacola  during  the  Year  1901. 


ArtiolM. 

Ton.  .. 
Lbfc   .. 
Tom  .. 

Lbt.  '.'. 
Tout.. 

QuMtitj. 

Talne. 

^.r-"?    ::    :: 

BiUuhurore 

Ferti^     '.'.         '.'.         " 

Cement         

Salt 

FrniU          

Olire  oU        

Timber          

Comwuta 

Wine 

2.419,142 

16,167 

358 

4,188,007 
784 

£ 

26,432 

8,094 

7,468 

7,282 

6:404 

8,289 

476 

60 

SS 

.  SB 

38 

24 

lotid 

67,668 

d  by  Google 


Mobile,  Alabama. 

Mr.  Vice-Gonaul  Beim  reports  as  follows : — 

The  Tolume  of  Mobile's  trade  for  the  past  year*  has  been 
slightly  under  that  of  1899-1900,  owing  laroely  to  the  depressed 
oondi^iL  of  the  European  markets,  and  to  the  satisfactory  condi- 
tion of  the  American  home  markets.  Cotton,  timber,  and  lumber 
proceed  in  the  ricinity  of  this  i>ort  that  would  under  ordinary 
cir^amatiinces  have  been  brought  into  tins  port  and  shipped  to 
Ew  ^le,  have  been  sent  by  railroads  from  their  points  of  produc- 
tion to  the  northern  and  eastern  markets  of  the  Statea  The 
reason  for  the  great  advance  made  by  this  port  is  that  it  is 
now  recognised  as  the  great  southern  port  for  Cuban  business ; 
more  exports  to  Cuba  coming  from  this  port  than  from  any 
port  in  the  States,  excepting  New  York. 

The  values  of  exports  and  imports  for  the  past  year  have  been^  T»li»  of 


•xpoTti. 

ImpoTti 

Exports 

& 
601,619 
2,867,806 

Total            

8,968,826 

The  leading  articles  of 
follows  :— 

export 

for  the  past  two  y^ars  were  aa 

AzUolM. 

TijM. 

1900-01. 

1899-1900. 

Cora       .. 

Flour      .. 
OoUondotk      .. 

IdTS-fltOflk 

f 

187,866 
10.912 

207,029 
8i,*70 

171,083 

£ 
130,478 
6,B88 
101,102 
26,688 
288,987 
160,0M 

Total   .. 

899,817 

648,177 

Ihfobis. 

T»li» 

lWO-01. 

1899-1900. 

rSS-:: 

48,107 
S68,il2 

< 

88,608 
687,728 

Total  .. 

601,619 

676,226 

(10) 


•  8ept«mbn  1  and  uiiU  AufOfl  IL 


d  by  Google 


HOBILB. 
ElPORTB. 


TalH. 

I90O-19Ca. 

I8W-190O.      ' 

Totelfonign 

„    AnMrieHi 

1,606,618 

1,029,871 

6,484 

£ 
1,141,868 
1,288,069 

2,884 

Tat$l 

8,367,306 

2,U1,37B 

Onba 

Lumber  ud         The  following  snmmary  of  foreign  and  coastwise  lumber  and 
**""**'■  timber  business  done  in  this  port  shows  the  result  obtained 

in  1900-01  as  compared  with  1899-1900  ;  the  timber  is  reduced 
to  superficial  feet  for  the  sake  of  comparison : — 


Q»«itit7. 

1900-01. 

1809-1900. 

110,429,888 

12.7S9,&24 
98^981,604 

Soper. 
112^1/161 

12,665,164 
118^64,448 

220,U1,21« 

878,700,678 

The  following  Bhows  cubic  feet  of  Wood  other  than  pine 
shipped  during  the  poet  two  seaaona : — 


QMIIIitj. 

1900-01. 

1899-1900. 

Oil       

Dottouwood 

Watent 

rw|- 

^sr::    ::    ::    :: 

OabiofMt. 
167,108 

1,229 
881,726 
74,421 
6j;984 

Cubic  feat. 

218,666 

63,968 

650 

88,S&4 

69,318 

TtM 

688,413 

869.839 

There  were' exported  in  addition  to  above  66,500  pickets, 
215,602  croseties,  375,675  shingles,  1,598  round  logs  and  piling. 
During  t^e  past  season  tliere  has  been  a  marked  increase  in 


d  by  Google 


the  ahipments  of  etavea  to  foreign  ports,  being  2,238,831  staves, 
against  902,000  in  1899-1900. 


Cdstous  Seceipts  at  Port  Mobile  for  the  Fiscal  Year  ending    OtutouM- 
June  30,  1901.  "^^ 


Tslns. 

DatiM  on  importi 

Tomwge  tax  ooUaoted        

TreiitmeDt  of  foreigiL  leamea       . . 

Offloudfeei 

£ 
6,476 
S,66S 

182 

ns 

9CS 

ToUl 

10,984 

The  1899-1900  receipts  of  cotton  were  209,838  bales ;  average  Ootton : 
weight  per  bale,  502  lbs. ;  average  price  3^^.    For  the  season  Beoeipt*  "* 
just  closed,  131,335  bales;  average  weight  per  bale,  512'66  lbs.;  P™"* 
average  price,  i^d. 

~  BhipmmU 


QuwUty. 

1900-01. 

1899-1900. 

Unitod  Kingdom 

Other  foRiipi  porta 

B>1«. 
88,672 
18.680 

Balei. 
101,818 
81.e»2 

ToWfowiga 

68,263 

133,004 

VeirOrlauu          

HwrToA 

Otiterporta 

43,B?6 
81,318 

4^174 
19,810 

]&,9es 

Total  TTiii(«d  8t*tM  port*    .. 

74,608 

7»^40 

Gnmdtotal 

127,766 

212,844 

The  importation  of  tropical  fruits,  principally  bananas  andTMtei 
cocoanuts,  coutinaes  to  show  a  yearly  increase.  In  connection  Baodpu. 
with  the  railroads  reaching  out  to  aU  points  in  the  United  States, 
and  the  legular  fruit  steamers  plying  in  the  Gulf,  there  is  a  large 
distribution  of  the  steamers'  cargoes,  principally  westward. as  far 
aa  the  Pacific  coast,  and  up  aa  far  as  Seattle,  on  Foget  Sound. 
Following  is  presented  a  tabulated  statement  showing  com- 
parison for  the  past  two  years : — 


Tew. 

Buiaiua. 

1900-01  

1890-1900         

Bnnche*. 
8,626,111 
8.011,896 

KumW. 
4,82^178 
8,906,098 

d  by  Google 


Bubour-  The  number  of  vessels  arriving  in  the  port  of  Mobile  from 

nuwtw'i  September  1,  1900,  to  August  31,  1901,  taken  from   the   record 

"P"*-  book  of  the  harbour-master's  office  is  as  follows : — 


BteaauhitM  ■ .  . .         ■ .         • 

8qtiKn-Rgg«d  T«w«li 
SohooDan  and  ieagoillg  bargN    . 

Total 
„       1B99-1900   . 


The  above  figores  show  a  decrease  in  the  number  of  arrivals 
for  the  year  of  60  vessels.  •  The  faUing-ofT  is  confined  to  sailing 
vessels  only,  the  steamahips  ahowing  a  alight  increase  over  last 
year.  The  decrease  is  due  to  the  dulness  of  the  lumber  and 
timber  buainess  for  the  past  four  months,  which  has  affected  all 
Grulf  timber  and  lumber  ports  equally  with  our  own. 

The  following  remarks  on  coal  are  furnished  by  the  Mobile 
Chamber  of  Commerce  : — 

During  the  fiscal  year  ending  August  31,  1901,  the  coal 
business  of  Mobile  has  been  hampered  by  the  want  of  supply 
(when  we  speak  of  coal  here  we  mean  Alabama  bituminous  coal). 
Tor  the  first  eight  months  under  review  the  supply  was  entirely 
inadequate  for  the  demand,  notwithstanding  tiie  fact  that  the 
Alabama  coal  mines  had  greatly  increased  their  output  During 
tiie  past  year  they  mined  about  1,000,000  tons  more  than  they 
did  during  the  12  months  previous,  but  the  demand  on  account 
of  the  increased  business  of  railroada,  numbers  of  new  factories, 
and  general  activity  in  business,  was  ahead  of  the  supply ;  this 
prevented  exporting  of  coal  from  here.  During  last  autumn  and 
winter  there  were  many  calls  for  caigo  coal  for  shipment  from 
Mobile,  but  it  was  impossible  to  get  the  coal  with  certainty,  or  at 
a  price  that  would  enable  this  business  to  be  done,  so  the 
bosinese  was  mainly  confined  to  bunker  coal,  supplying  steamers 
that -called  here  for  loading  purposes.  For  the  above  reason  the  coal 
brought  to  Mobile  was  somewhat  less,  as  shown  by  the  figuree 
below,  than  for  the  year  before.  For  comparison  tha  following 
statement  is  added : — 


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HOBILK. 

SxompTs. 


Qnu 

trty. 

IMO-ffl,. 

189&-190O. 

Tom. 
289^0 

292,980 
1,800 

294,117 

a9«,7eo 

It  is,  however,  expected  that  the  current  fiBcal  year  will  see 
as  lai^,  if  not  larger,  decrease  than  that  for  the  year  ending 
August  31,  1901,  owing  to  the  recent  discovery  of  fuel  oil  at 
Beaumont,  Texas,  and  the  expected  dtscoveries  at  points  even 
nearer  to  Mobile.  The  adaptability  of  this  oil  as  a  fuel  has  been 
tested  on  some  of  the  tow-boats  and  by  some  of  the  larger 
indostries,  and  the  tests  have  been  exceedingly  satisfactory. 
Already  has  oil  become  a  potent  factor,  as  since  these  testa  a 
reduction  of  freight  rates  on  coal  from  1  doL  75  c  to  1  dol.  10  c 
per  ton  has  been  made  by  the  railways  from  the  mines  to  Mobile, 
and  contracts  cannot  be  made  at  even  this  reduction.  This  is  not 
at  all  to  be  wondered  at  when  the  barge  lines  operatii^  between 
the  rcf^ons  and  Mobile  are  guaranteeii^  to  place  oil  m  Mobile 
at  this  early  stage  at  60  c.  per  barrel,  it  being  figured  that  three 
barrels  are  equal  to  1  too  of  coal,  and  the  present  price  of  coal  for 
steam  purposes  locally  2  doL  85  c.  per  ton,  or  1  dol.  per  ton  in ' 
favour  of  oil 

Contracte  for  changing  from  coal  to  oil  are  being  let  by  all  of 
the  electric  light  companies,  by  the  large  industries,  and  by 
steamers  running  between  Mobile  and  the  fruit  growing  islands. 

The  production  of  coal  in  the  State  of  Alabama  for  the  years 
1900  and  1899  is  as  follows :— 1900,  8,394,275  tons;  1899, 
7,593.416  ton& 

ITOTS.— lothif  leport  6  dol.  —  II.  sterling. 


MiHiRAL  Products  of  AlatKuaa  during  the  under-mentioned 
Years. 


»^. 

L«Xt«K 

z 

IM). 

ino. 

1M». 

<)<xm>Ur. 

VJ«J 

OaaoUtr. 

V.1.^ 

<louiitr- 

Vdofc 

^E  E 
S£    :::    :: 

1U.1ID 

ST.Stl 

K*,UO 

MO.tM 

10.000 

s:mo,«8t 

BU,I11 

tSJS! 

IM,HC 

Total 

... 

»o,ass 

*,*».»! 

... 

<,Ka,i» 

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Annex  A. — RETUitir  of  all  SMpphig  at  the  Port  of  Mobile 

dming  tiie  Yacr  1901. 

Ebtxrkd. 


8,s&m. 

EttMm. 

ToUL 

Vidionditr. 

NnmW 

of 
TmmU. 

Ton*. 

Niunbw 
of 

Tom. 

Smahn 

of 
Teuoli. 

loni. 

Brituh     .. 
NoFiraciw 
Amsriran 
ftMWM  .. 

^mtcb     .. 
ColoffibiBn 

BvNiNl  .. 

le-.:    :: 

BwtOuh  .. 
Ifadte>    ..         .. 
Bu>i«h    .. 

87 
40 
66 
6 

'i 

I 
M 

"s 
as 

48,443 
2S,46S 
6,061 

IS,M7 

ifioo 

24,HQ 

84 
S61 
IB 
18 

7 

1 
S 

7 

145,896 
S06,10S 

8,fil9 
14,«tt 

6,608 

4,004 
18,666 
a,6Q2 
1,6S0 
8,291 
>,SOS 

171 
410 

170,409 
£64,646 
80,974 
22,148 
6,606 

'^ 

17,OT1 

is^as 

6,122 
1,620 
27,637 
8,206 

ToUl     .. 

COBtwilS 

269 

14E,671 

608 

762 

662,229 
86,188 

OtMlfttotal        „ 

laoo 

" 

" 

861 

667,867 
639,119 

8«U««. 

atwm. 

•DaM. 

Number 
of 

Tsn*. 

Ifmnbflr 
of 

Tnu. 

Jfomber 
of 

Tom. 

Britiali    .. 
Vorwf«iu 

G.na»n  ..         '.'. 
Diitcli     .. 

sac    :: 
ICS::    :: 

SwiA     ..           .. 

86 
68 
46 

4 

"l 
1 
26 

'i 

S6 

28,018 
62,9B4 
17,166 
6.363 

1,898 

88 

16,808 

1,4H 

uaas 

84 
869 
14 
14 
2 

"* 

i 

7 

1 

146,826 
204,669 

6,626 
16,489 

2,786 

»>8 
4,248 

8,291 
2,206 
1,717 

169 
412 
60 
18 

SS 
28 

168,838 
267,618 
28,660 
20,843 
2,736 
1,398 
38 
20,681 
4,248 
1,4M 
22,674 
2,206 
1,717 

Total     ., 
OmMm 

245 

1K,0»1 

490 

892,078 

7B6 
64 

6SS.164 
46^868 

OnndtoUl      .. 
1«00 

789 

861 

677,062 
688,119 

(76    8  I  02— H  &  B    10) 


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No.  2755  Annnal  Series. 
JMPLOMATIO  AND  CONSTJIAK  REPORTS. 


UNITED    STATES. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  YEAR  1901 


TRADE.   COMMERCE,   AND   NAVIGATION   OF  THE 
CONSULAR    DISTRICT    OF    BALTIMOEE. 


REPBRENOB  TO  PRBVIOQS  REPORT,  Annual  Series  No.  257a 


Prttenfed  to  both  ffousu  of  Parfiamtnt  bg  Command  of  Hit  MaJ9»ty, 
MAIiCH.  ]9"2. 


LOVDOITi 

TAINTED  TOB  EIS  UAJB3TT*3  BTATIONBRT  07FIOB, 

BT  HABBIBON  AND  SONB,  ST.  MABTDTS  LAITB, 


I,  Smt  Habdikq  Stkbbi,  Flbbt  Siaxn,  B.0« 

and  88,  ABiNanow  StBiw,  Wmtmiwwm,  S.W.t 

or  OLITEB  &  BOTD,  EDiHB^nwB  j 

or  E.  PUITSONBT,  116,  GBAnoit  Strhbt,  DrociK. 

1902. 
[(M.  736-59.]  Price  Twopence  Halfpenn-j. 


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CONTENTS. 


BltlllfOBB— 
Qenenl  ranu 
Imports    . 


ImportstaoQ  of  poW 


Bukinf  _.._. 
SftTitiBilwnk* , 


FloatmR  drj  dock  .. 

Hew  dry  dock 

Baltimore  Haibonr    . 


Nstiocal  RETcn  and  HarbmiM  OongnM.— 
Ship  canal    , 


Aneoni  ^oat  rainng  -__ ...^.._»._ 

Eibaoitioii  of  tha  loil  ia  Huyland  and  Tngniik.^ 

MarjUnd  pet]it«atiK7  _.._.. —■„._—■. 

Negro  edaotttion .-_..^...^  ...^..._.m~.>~.— ~..— 


l!To^H)i.E,TiBaixu,  tnda  report  > 


NxwpoBT  Niwfl,  Tntanni,  trade  report  ... 


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No.  2755.  AuiTial  Series. 

A/krfHM  to  fnvioia  Sqport,  Aiamal  Series  No.  2570. 


Seport  on  ths  Trade,  Commerce,  and  Navigaiion  of  the  Consular 
District  of  Baltimore  for  tlie  Year  1901 

By  Mh.  Comsul  Fbaseb. 

(BeeriTed  at  Forsign  Offlos,  Ifuck  10, 1902.) 

From  the  reports  of  the  principal  industries  of  Baltimore,  Gumi«I 
from  the   bank  clearances  through  the  clearing-house,  and  the  »«»»**- 
movement  of  goods  by  the  railways  and  steamers  to  and  from 
the  Consular  district,  trade  would  agpear  to  have  been  in  a  fairly 
proBperous  condition  during  1901. 

Owing,  however,  to  the  decrease  in  the  export  of  cereals  the 
foreign  snipping  interests  have  suffered  greatly  during  the  past 
year,  and  at  the  end  of  it  this  branch  of  trade  was  in  a  depressed 
state,  and  without  any  indications  of  improvement.  Indeed,  until 
the  grain  again  begins  to  be  exported  there  cannot  be  any  change 
in  the  present  state  of  afiTairs. 

With  the  exceedii^ly  low  freights  prevailing  during  11  months 
of  the  past  year,  it  might  be  thought  that  the  opportunity . 
would  have  been  availed  of  for  the  exportation  of  coal  to  markets, 
European  and  other,  which  have  been  hitherto  untouched  by  the 
American  product,  but  this  has  not  been  done  to  any  great 
extent. 

The  formation  of  "  trusts "  still  goes  on,  and  two  very  pro- 
minent combinations  were  formed  in  Baltimore  during  1901, 
namely,  the  "  Tin  Can  Trust "  and  the  "  Cotton  Duck  Tiiiat"  The 
former  absorbed  17  tin  can  manufactories  in  Baltimore  alone, 
employing  between  2,000  and  3,0U0  men,  and  the  latter  acquired 
almost  all  the  cotton  duck  manufactories  in  the  United  States, 
representing  a  capital  of  10,000,000/. 

The  tot^  value  of  tlte  importe  into  Baltimore  was  in  1901  Import*. 
4,272,793/.,  a  substantial  increase  over  the  value  of  1900  of 
335,101/.,  the  amount  in  the  latter  year  being  3,937,692/.  The 
principal  articles  of  import  in  1901  which  showed  an  increased 
value,  compared  with  the  previous  year,  were  copper  bars  to  the 
amount  of  194,279/. ;  nitrate  of  soda,  by  179,858/. ;  rice,  63.405/. ; 
burlaps,  38.230/. ;  pig-iron,  26,628/.;  iron  ore,  20,315/.;  mattings, 
15,760/. ;  and  tin-plate,  13,655/,  On  the  other  hand,  the  value  of 
cement  imported  decreased  52,936/. ;  chemicals  (free  and  dutiable), 
26,847/. ;  coffee,  135,804/. ;  and  leaf  tobacco,  4,335/. 

(19)  A  2 


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4  BALTIMORE. 

A  detailed  list  of  the  principal  articles  ot  import  and  their 
respective  values  is  given  in  Annex  1  (p.  20), 

Towards  the  close  of  1901  two  cargoes  of  potatoes  consistii^ 
of  about  30,000  bushels  arrived  in  Baltiinoi'e  fioin  Glas^row,  which 
is  the  largest  importation  of  the  kiud  for  some  ytars.  The  crop  of 
potatoes  was  short  last  year,  and  it  was  stated  that  some  dealers 
bought  up  potatoes  and  stoi-ed  them  in  expectation  of  a  large  rise 
in  the  price,  hence  the  importation.  The  imported  potatoea 
brought  lOs.  a  bag  of  165  Iba.,  or  about  'S».  od.  a  bushel  Domestic 
potatoes  were  selling  about  the  same  price,  but  the  demand  was 
very  active  for  the  imported  article.  The  customs  duty  on 
imported  potatoes  is  1a.  per  bnsheL 

A  very  considerable  decline  in  the  value  of  the  exports  from 
Baltimore  occurred  in  1901.  The  value  of  the  exports  in  1900 
was  22,271,483/.,  and  in  1901.  19,801,055/.,  a  faUing-off  in  the 
latter  year  of  2,470,428/.,  and  being  a  decrease  as  compared  with 
1899  of  over  2,000,000/.,  and  with  1898  of  over  ^,400.000/. 
Although  by  far  the  greater  number  of  commodities  exported  in 
the  past  year  decreased  in  value  as  compai-ed  with  the  previous 
year,  the  large  decrease  in  the  export  of  maize  from  40,535,023 
bushels  in  1900  to  24,711,798  bushels  in  1901,  was,  to  a  great 
extent,  re^spoDsible  for  the  difference  in  the  value  of  the  export 
trade  between  these  two  years.  Copper  contributed  almost  as 
niucli  as  maize  to  the  general  falling-off,  and  it  declined  in  1901 
1,047,1)40/.  from  tlie  previous  year's  figures,  which  were  2,772,778/. 
The  other  subftantial  decreases  were  in  products  of  iron,  over 
300,000/. ;  60  per  cent,  in  beef  and  beef  products ;  and  64  per 
cent,  iu  pork  products.  Steel  rails  declined  iu  value  from 
619,2-34/.  in  1900  to  496,699/.  in  1901,  a  difference  in  favour  of 
the  former  year  of  122,535/.  Among  the  commodities  exported 
that  increased  in  value  were  wheat,  rye,  flour,  coal  and  coke,  and 
rosin,  the  first  named  over  300  per  cent 

Annex  2  (p.  21)  gives  the  names  of  the  principal  articles  of 
export  with  their  values. 

In  conformity  with  the  increase  in  importa  the  receipts  from 
revenue  at  the  Baltimore  custom-house  showed  a  gain  for  the  past 
year  of  22,929/.,  the  total  amount  received  being  631,217/. ;  and 
for  1900,608,288/.  The  expenses  connected  with  the  collection  of 
the  customs  revenue  at  Baltimore  in  1901  were  47,560/.,  or  7^  per 
cent,  of  the  sum  received. 

The  majority  of  the  banks  in  Baltimore  were  prosperous  in 
1901,  and  the  clearing-house  statistics  show  that  it  was  one  ot  the 
lai^eat  in  point  of  business  in  the  history  of  the  Clearing-house 
Association.  The  bank  clearings  for  the  year  totalled  220,370,725/., 
and  the  balances  31,362,646/.  April  was  the  biggest  month  for 
clearances  in  1901  as  it  was  also  the  case  in  1900.  August  was  the 
smallest  month  in  the  latter  year  and  September  in  the  former. 

Prosperity  among  the  working  classes  of  Baltimore  would 
seem  to  be  indicated  by  the  increase  in  the  number  of  depositors 
and  in  the  amount  of  deposits  in  nine  of  the  savings  banks  during 
1901.  The  former  shows  an  increase  of  7,411  depositors,  and  the 
latter  of  635,468/.    The  sum  recpiv^d  from  depositors  in  the  dburse 


dbyGooQie 


of  the  year  was  3,762,215^.,  and  the  amount  withdrawa  by  thein 
Was  3,503,123^.,  leaving  a  balance  in  the  hands  of  the  banks  of 
259,092/.  The  average  rate  of  interest  paid  to  depositors  subject 
to  withdrawal  at  any  time — but  the  bank  reserves  the  right  to 
demand  two  months'  notice  of  a  withdrawal — is  3  per  cent  The 
average  interest  received  by  banks  for  investment  is  4753  per 
cent.,  and  the  expenses  and  taxes  are  2s.  S^rf.  on  every  201. 
deposited,  or  8s,  ll^d.  for  each  depositor,  the  averse  amount 
due  to  each  depositor  being  131.  2s.  The  total  reaonrcea  of 
the  savings  banks  of  Baltimore  are  stated  to  be  about  12,000,000/., 
and  they  have  between  115,000  and  120,000  depositors. 

There  was  a  considerable  increase  in  the  bituminous  coal  trade  CoU. 
of  Baltimore  daring  1901,  and  throi^hout  the  year  the  demand 
was  good  and  prices  were  maintained.  There  were  no  strikes 
in  the  coal  regions  to  interfere  with  the  production  of  coaL  A 
new  market  for  Maryland  coal  has  been  found  in  Chicago  and 
other  points  in  the  West,  and  it  is  said  that  the  trade  promises 
to  steadily  increase.  A  shipment  of  coal,  mined  east  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  has  been  made  by  an  all-rail  route  to 
San  Francisca  This  would  appear  to  be  a  trial  shipment,  and 
should  it  prove  successful  it  will  certainly  make  large  inroads 
into  the  coal  trade  between  the  east  and  the  west  coast  of  the 
United  States  vii  Cape  Horn.  The  new  coal  pier  at  Curtis  Bay, 
near  Baltimore,  referred  to  in  my  last  two  reports,  has  been  of 
great  service  to  the  coal  trade  of  Baltimore.  An  instance  is  given 
of  the  rapidity  with  which  a  vessel  can  be  loaded  from  this  pier 
in  the  case  of  a  schooner  having  had  3,527  tons  of  coat  put  into 
her  holds  in  nine  hours.  During  1901  the  exports  of  coal  from 
Baltimore  amounted  to  493,646  tons,  against  423,495  tons  in  1900, 
an  increase  for  the  past  year  of  70,151  tons.  By  far  the  greater 
quantity  went  to  Mexico,  but  it  seems  that  the  Mexican  Central 
Railway  has  begun  to  take  coal  from  Pensacola,  Florida,  which 
has  caused  a  considerable  falling-off  in  the  Mexican  coal  trade 
with  Baltimore.  Cuba  took  the  next  higher  quantity,  and  the 
OTeater  part  of  the  remainder  was  exported  to  other  ports  in  the 
West  Indies  and  to  South  and  Central  America.  An  inconsider- 
able quantity  was  sent  to  Europe,  the  shipments  thence  being 
5,106  tons  to  Spezia,  5,000  tons  to  Marseilles,  and  200  tons  gas 
coal  and  2,736  tons  bituminous  coal  to  Leghorn.  It  has  been 
ascertained  that  the  price  of  a  cargo  of  coal  f.o.b.  at  Norfolk  was 
10s.  8d.,  and  the  freight  to  the  Mediten-anean  IOjj.,  which  is,  in  all 
probability,  a  fair  example  of  the  cost  of  coal  for  export  and  of 
the  freight  to  the  Continent  of  Europe  from  ports  on  the  Chesa- 
peake Bay.  Two  cargoes,  amounting  to  10,182  tons,  were  shipped 
to  Yokohama  on  the  United  States  Government  account,  the 
freight  on  which  was  1/.  16a.  and  1/.  63.  5d.  respectively.  A 
single  shipment  was  sent  by  an  Italian  sailing  vessel  to  Port 
Elizabeth,  South  Africa,  consisting  of  1,614  tons.  A  cargo  of 
4,000  tons,  valued  at  1,944/.,  was  forwarded  to  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia ;  a  shipment  of  3,525  tons,  valued  at  1,520/.,  to  Montreal, 
and  another  of  666  tons,  valued  at  400/.,  to  St.  John,  N.B. 
(19)  A  3 


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ti  BALTIMOBB. 

Annexed  to  the  report  of  the  Vice-Consul  at  Newport  News  will 
ho  found  a  table  showing  the  cost  f.o.b.,  freight,  &c.,  of  coal 
shipped  from  that  port.  The  total  quantity  of  coal  exported  from 
the  Conenlsr  district  during  1901  was  1,404,832  tona,  valued  at 
729,955/. 

There  is  nearing  completion  in  Baltimore  by  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad  Company,  in  connection  with  the  Baltimore 
Storage  and  Distributing  Company,  a  large  coal  elevator  for  the 
purpose  of  distributing  coal  to  dealers.  It  is  about  150  feet  long, 
40  feet  wide,  and  about  50  feet  high.  It  is  iutended  to  run  the 
coal  cars  iuto  the  yard  attached  to  the  elevator  and  dump  their 
contents  into  pockets.  Conveyors,  similar  to  those  used  in  grain 
elevators,  take  the  coal  from  the  pockets  and  place  it  in  bins  in 
the  elevator,  of  which  there  are  20  with  a  capacity  of  200  tons 
each.  To  each  bin  there  are  two  shutes,  with  accompanying 
screens,  down  and  over  which  the  coals  pass  to  carts  run  under 
the  bins.  An  electric  plant  will  be  installed  to  run  the  machinery, 
and  it  is  said  that  the  bandliug  of  the  coal  will  be  practically 
noiseless.  The  cost  for  handliug  coal  by  men  with  shovels  is  about 
from  Is.  Id.  to  2s.  per  ton,  but  it  is  claimed  that  with  this  system 
the  elevator  can  do  it  at  a  profit  at  lOrf.  It  is  intended  :o  use  the 
elevator  principally  for  the  distribution  of  anthracite  coal  to  be 
used  in  private  houses.  Two  similar  elevators  in  other  sections 
of  the  city  will,  it  is  said,  be  built  very  soon. 

There  is  in  course  of  construction  at  the  Maryland  Steel 
Works,  near  Baltimore,  a  coke  plant,  consisting  of  four  batteries 
of  50  ovens  each,  with  which  it  intends  to  make  all  the  coke 
necessaiy  for  its  own  smelting  of  iron  and  steel  They  are  being 
built  upon  steel  columns  and  girders,  and  are  known  as  by- 
product ovens,  whereby  the  ammonia,  gas,  and  tar  extracted 
from  the  coal  are  saved.  It  is  claimed  that  coke  made  in 
these  ovens  is  harder  and  denser  than  that  produced  in  the  old- 
fashioned  "  bee-hive  "  ovens,  and  that  they  produce  a  grade  very 
suitable  for  the  large  modem  blast  furnaces.  The  fuel  to  be  used 
is  gas,  and  the  arrangement  of  flues  will  be  such  that  there  will 
be  an  even  distributiou  of  flames  and  consequent  uniformity  of 
heat  Every  half-hour  there  will  be  a  reversal  of  the  currents 
of  gas  and  air  and  tnis  will  be  a  part  of  the  methods  employed 
to  secure  evenness  in  heating.  The  ovens  will,  it  is  stated,  be 
the  largest  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  and  will  have,  it  ia 
expected,  a  daily  capacity  of  6  net  tons  of  coke,  obtained  from 
8  tons  of  coal,  besides  the  by-producte.  They  will  be  provided 
with  the  latest  labour-saving  appliances,  one  of  which  is  a  machine 
which  pushes  the  finished  coke  out  upon  a  platform.  It  is 
expected  that  when  the  ovens  are  in  full  working  order  the 
surplus  of  gas  will  be  added  to  the  supply  furnished  to  Baltimore 
by  the  existing  gas  company. 

Some  of  the  exporters  of  grain  from  Baltimore  congratulate 
themselves  that  the  conditions  of  the  grain  trade  in  1901  wer» 
not  so  bad  as  they  anticipated.  It  was  characterised  by  a  dul- 
ness  and  uncertainty,  and  there  are  no  indications  of  improved 


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BALTmOSBL  7 

conditions  (or  the  coming  year.  The  total  quantity  of  wheat, 
maize,  and  oats  which  was  exported  from  Baltimore  in  the  past 
^ear  amounted  to  48,526,394  bushels,  against  49,037,664  bushels 
in  1900,  a  decrease  of  511,270  bushela.  Wheat,  which  had  been 
declining  in  export  for  several  years  past,  jumped  from  4,529,811 
bushels  in  1900  to  20,136,617  bushels  in  1901,  an  increase  of 
15,606,806  bushels  and  the  largest  in  some  years.  During  the 
month  of  September  last  no  less  than  6,669,981  bushels  were  sent 
abroad  and  exceeded  by  over  2,000,000  bushels  the  exportation 
for  the  whole  of  1900.  The  greater  quantity  of  it  in  that  month 
went  to  Belgium  and  the  Netherlands.  The  exports  of  maize 
declined' from  40,535,023  bushels  in  1900  to  24,737,007  bushels 
in  1901,  a  falling-off  of  15,798,016  bushels,  which  more  than 
counterbalanced  the  increase  in  the  wheat  exports.  Oats  decreased 
from  3,972,810  bushels  in  1900  to  3,652,770  bushels  in  the  past 
year,  a  difference  in  favour  of  the  former  year  of  320,040  bushels. 
The  exports  of  flour  were,  in  1901,  3,299,461  barrels,  compared 
with  3,003,787  barrels  in  1900,  an  increase  for  the  past  year 
of  295,674  barrels.  There  was  also  a  gratifying  increase  of 
435,327  bushels  in  the  quantity  of  rye  exported. 

The  expected  additions  to  the  grain  elevators  have  not  yet 
been  begun,  and  complaint  is  still  made  that  the  capacity  of  Ul6 
existing  elevators  is  not  sufficient  for  the  needs  of  the  port. 

An  agreement  has  been  reached  with  the  railway  companies 
that  the  elevator  rates  for  water-borne  grain  will  be  reduced  to 
lea  bushel,  and  the  first  term  of  ston^  extended  to  20  days. 

Annex  5  gives  the  receipts  and  exports  of  grain  and  flour,  and 
Annexes  6  and  7  give  the  price  of  cereals  and  Hour  in  1901. 

The  exportation  of  sheep  from  Baltimore  continues  to  increase,  LtrMtock. 
and  the  number  last  year  was  58,327,  a  gain  of  14,974  over  1900, 
and  almost  three  times  the  number  sent  out  of  the  country  in 
1899.  The  number  received  in  the  stockyards  was  387,103  in 
1901,  an  increase  of  2,398  compared  with  1900.  The  cattle  re- 
ceived at  the  yards  in  1900  numbered  150,720,  of  which  42,481 
wei-e  exported,  a  leas  number  by  9,490  than  was  shipped  in  1900. 
Horses  were  exported  in  considerable  numbers  from  the  port 
some  yeatB  ago,  but  the  trade  has  been  gradually  falling-off  until 
last  year,  the  ins^nificaut  quantity  of  69  was  sent  abroad.  At 
the  stockyards  13,640  cars  arrived  in  1901,  bringing  657,187  pigs. 
16,646  calves,  150,720  cattle.  5.426  horses,  387,103  sheep,  and 
1,768  mules. 

The  largest  liouse  in  the  dry  goods  trade  in  Baltimore  reports  WhtdMsl* 
that  the  volume  of  business  in  1901  has  been  equal  to,  and  in  ^  S""** 
some  lines  in  excess  of,  any  previous  year.  Business  was  done  on 
a  narrow  margin  of  profit,  and  only  by  the  large  quantity  sold 
was  it  made  remunerative.  Owing  to  some  of  the  sections  in 
the  South  having  suffered  from  a  shortage  in  the  cotton  crop, 
payments  were  not  so  promptly  made  as  they  otherwise  would 
have  been,  but  the  merchants  in  other  parts  of  the  South,  and 
with  which  Baltimore  has  its  greatest  sales,  paid  their  accounts 
promptly.  The  trade  during  1901  was  as  a  whole  satisfactory, 
and  bids  fair  for  a  continuation  during  1902, 

(19>  A  4 


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8  BALTIMORE. 

lilie  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Industrial  Statistics  states  iu  his 
report  that  9,690  men,  women,  and  children  are  employed  in  fac- 
tories and  shops  in  Baltimore  in  the  niauufticture  of  clothing,  of 
whom  5,168  are  women  16  years  of  age  and  over,  and  593  are 
under  16  years  of  age,  the  remainder  (3,929)  being  men.  There 
are  also  employed  in  the  above  business  about  5,000  persons, 
working  and  living  in  the  same  rooms,  but  the  condition  of 
these  places  are  an  improvement  on  those  in  cities  where 
large  tenement  houses  exist.  The  average  wages  earned  by  men 
in  factories  and  shops  are  about  97i  16s. ;  by  women.  45/.  16* ; 
and  by  children,  22/.  a  year.  The  value  of  the  total  quantity  of 
clothing  manufactured  in  Baltimore  during  1901  is  put  down  at 
3,200,000/.  The  nationality  of  the  workers  is  95  percent.  Kuseian, 
the  other  5  per  cent,  being  Lithuanians,  Bohemians,  Geimans, 
Americans,  and  a  few  negroes,  but  these  latter  have  only  recently 
come  into  the  trade. 

A  distinctive  feature  of  the  boot  and  shoe  trade  in  Baltimore 
during  the  year  1901  was  the  demand  in  the  markets  where  these 
goods  are  sold  for  a  better  class  of  article,  which  would  seem  to  be 
in  keeping  with  the  general  commercial  prosperity.  During  the 
first  part  of  the  year  there  was  a  continuance  of  the  large  demand 
from  the  Southern  States  which  existed  in  1900,  but  owing  to  the 
droughts  during  June  and  July  in  the  cotton  belt,  and  which 
affected  adveraely  the  character  and  quantity  of  the  cotton  crop, 
the  demand  fell  off  to  a  considerable  extent,  but  the  shrinkage 
was  mode  up  by  a  more  active  trade  in  other  parts  of  the  country. 
The  output  was  about  the  same  as  in  1900. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  standing  supply,  board  measurement, 
of  timber  iu  tim  United  States  at  the  beginning  of  1901  was  2,000 
billion  feet,  and  that  during  that  year  40,000,000,000  feet  were  cut, 
or  abfjut  2  per  cent,  of  the  timber  resources.  This,  however,  doea 
not  mean  that  the  supply  will  be  exhausted  in  50  years,  as  timber 
is  constantly  being  replenished  by  growth.  Nevertheless,  con- 
servative methods  must  prevail  in  the  handling  of  the  forests,  or 
great  scarcity  will  result.  Lumbermen  and  owners  of  forests  are 
fully  in  accord  with  the  Bureau  of  Forestry  at  Washington,  and 
one  company  in  Texas,  owning  1,000,000  acres,  will  cut  the  trees 
in  compliance  with  the  su^estions  of  that  Bureau.  Baltimore 
handles  from  300,000,000  to  400,000,000  feet  of  lumber  annually, 
which  principally  comes  from  the  forests  of  the  South.  By  far 
the  greater  quantity  of  the  lumber  arrives  in  Baltimore  by  water, 
and  the  total  quantity  received  in  1901  was  348,075,416  feet. 
There  were  exported  in  that  year,  principally  to  the  United 
Kingdom,  6,116,000  feet  of  logs  and  timber,  49,814,000  feet  of 
boards  and  scantling,  and  1,968,000  pieces  of  staves.  The  total 
value  of  the  export  and  domestic  trade  in  1901  was  about  3,000,000/., 
but  there  was  a  decrease  in  the  exports  of  72,893/.,  compared  with 
1900. 

There  was  a  decrease  in  the  receipts  of  coffee  at  Baltimore  of 
80,170  bags  in  1901  compared  with  the  previous  year  when  313,285 
bags  were  imported.     The  price  of  coffee  at  the  b^inning  of  the 


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BALTIMORE.  9 

past  year  was  7^  to  7J  c.  for  No.  7  coffee.  The  lowest  prices  pre- 
vailed in  the  months  of  July,  August,  and  Septeinber,  when  in 
the  tirst-nauied  month  it  went  down  to  5|  c.  The  h^heat  prices, 
7  to  7}  c,  were  got  in  February  and  March,  The  absence  of 
reciprocal  tra<le  relations  with  Brazil  is  given  as  the  reason  why 
the  importation  is  lower  than  in  former  years. 

The  cotton  market  during  the  year  1901  was  fairly  active,  Coitim. 
The  total  yield  in  the  country  for  the  year  is  estimated  to  have 
been  from  9,500,000  to  11,000,000  bales.  The  number  received 
at  BHltimore  was  294,144  bales,  a  decrease  of  ^5,428  com- 
pared with  1900,  when  329,572  were  landed.  The  exports  to 
tore^  countrieij  declined  703  bales  in  1901,  the  figures  being 
199,642  and  198,939  bales  respectively.  An  abnormal  condition  of 
the  markets  was  produced  in  the  beginning  of  1901,  owing  to  a 
"  comer  "  at  New  York  in  January  options,  and  the  price  rose  to 
6d.  The  price  declined  slowly  until  l>eceniber  1  when  it  reached 
the  lowest  of  the  year,  namely,  3Jrf.  Owing,  it  is  thought,  to  the 
somewhat  small  estimate  by  the  Government  of  the  probable 
crops,  which  it  placed  at  9,600,000  bales,  the  price  rose  by  the  end 
of  the  year  to  4^d.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  the  crops  will  be 
10,300,000  bales,  about  the  same  as  last  year. 

With  respect  to  the  quality  of  the  tobacco  grown  in  Maryland  T.iii««eo, 
during  1901,  it  is  stated  that  it  waa  the  poorest  and  coarsest  pro- 
duced in  the  State  for  a  number  of  years.  However,  the  32,500 
bedheads  of  it  which  came  to  Baltimore,  as  well  as  the  4,500 
Iiogsheads  from  Ohio,  have  all  been  sold.  The  prices,  too,  of 
American  tobacco  at  the  year's  end  were  very  high,  in  some 
instances  higher  than  ever  before,  and  with  a  continuing  demand. 
They  ranged  from  Ifrf.  to  7id.  The  ground  leaves,  nevertheless, 
were  light  and  good,  with  sales  ranging  from  1^.  to  5d.  The 
French  Government  bought  16,000  bales,  thu  same  quantity  that 
it  took  in  1900.  The  shipments  were  31,145  bales  of  Maryland, 
and  4,248  bales  of  Ohio,  somewhat  less  than  in  the  previous  year, 
when  the  quantities  were  respectively  31,439  and  4,443  bales. 
The  following  statement  shows  the  receipts  and  shipments  at 
Baltimore  during  1901 : — 


Harjlwd. 

Ohio. 

ToUJ. 

Btook,  J&nnuT,  I,  IMl       .. 
BeoeiptainlSOl 

B>lM. 

4,70S 
81,M0 

B&Io. 
728 

Bolo^ 
8,42S 
SB,ai2 

Total 

BMpmentalnlMl 

86,171 
Sl.US 

Mflfl 
4,248 

41,887 
8S,89S 

Stock,  JftDnwyl.lSOa       ,. 

B,02« 

«18 

S,94i 

Unfortunately  the  oyster  beds  in  the  Chesapeake  Bay  are  Ojit«r*. 
getting  rapidly  depleted  owing  to  the  methods  pursued  in  catching 
them.     The  "Cull "Law  which  prohibits  the  taking  of  oysters 


d  by  Google 


10  BALTIHORI. 

under  a  certain  aize,  and  vhich  was  rigidly  enforced  during  the 
past  year  appears  to  have  been  of  good  aervice,  but  more  stringent 
methods  must  bo  taken  to  protect  the  beds  from  the  wholesale 
destruction  that  goes  on,  or  the  industry  will  soon  be  dead  and 
beyond  hope  of  revival.  As  a  remedial  meflsure  it  is  proposed  to 
place  tons  of  oyster  shells  on  uhe  beds  so  that  the  young  oysters 
may  attach  themselves  to  them  and  in  that  way  assist  in  increasing 
the  production.  Another  remedy  that  is  proposed  is  for  the  State 
to  leose  out  the  barren  bottoms  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay  to  private 
individuals  and  compel  them  to  plant  the  oysters  systeiuatically  as 
is  done  in  other  States. 

Experiments  of  aaomewhat  remarkable  character  have  recently 
been  made  at  the  Johns  Hopkiiis  University  in  the  artificial 
propagation  of  oysters.  A  single  female  oyster  of  average  size 
"  lays  "  about  16,000,000  ^gs  while  a  large  upecimen  will  produce 
,from  30,000,000  to  40,000,000  eg^.  The  ^gs  are  microscopic  in 
size  and  an  ordinary  tumbler  will  hold  about  100,000  eggs.  Under 
natural  conditions  the  eggs  and  milt  are  simply  set  free  in  the 
water  of  a  river  or  bay  and  permitted  to  take  their  chances  of 
coming  together,  which  are  so  small  that  about  one  e^  in  a 
million  is  fertihsed.  The  scientific  manner  is  to  open  an  oyster 
which  is  ready  to  spawn  and  with  the  deep  part  of  the  shell 
downwards  gently  stroke,  with  an  ordinary  glass  pipette,  the 
upper  surface  tiway  from  the  hinges,  nud  should  it  be  a  temale 
oyster  it  will  pour  out  a  fluid  which  will  be  full  of  egirs. 
In  a  tumbler  of  sea-water  are  placed  a  few  drops  of  this  liquid, 
to  which  is  added  a  drop  or  two  of  liquid  similarly  obtained 
from  the  male  oyster,  and  fertilisation  at  once  takes  pliice. 
In  about  two  hours  afterwards  all  the  eggs  in  the  tumbler 
have  been  hatched,  and  in  a  few  days'  time  they  are  ready  to 
be  placed  in  tbewater,and  to  attach  themselves  to  some  permanent 
object.  The  method  employed  is  so  simple  that  auyone  can  do  it, 
and  it  is  to  be  hopexl  that  it  will  be  used  in  a  lai^  way  for  the 
propagation  of  the  oyster  in  the  Chesapeake  Bay. 

It  is  estimated  by  the  Maryland  A^cultural  Experiment 
Station  OfRciala  who  have  been  making  a  study  of  the  peach 
industry  that  there  are  about  3,000,000  trees  in  the  States.  Some 
15  years  ^o  the  best  peaches  were  grown  on  what  is  called  the 
eastern  shore  bordering  on  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  but  about  that 
time  orchards  which  were  started  on  the  slopes  of  the  Blue  Ridge 
Mountains  h^an  to  place  their  fruit  on  the  market  and  it  proved 
and  continues  to  be  much  superior  to  the  other  product. 
The  experimental  station  has  been  of  great  service  in  devising 
means  for  the  development  of  the  trees,  and  preventing  them  from 
attacks  by  the  San  Jos^  scale  and  other  diseases. 
1  The  development  in  the  foreign  fruit  trade,  especially  in  oranges 
and  bananas  from  Jamaica,  has  been  extraordiuary,  A  few  years 
ago  there  was  no  such  trade,  but  now  there  is  on  an  average  four 
steamers  a  week  arriving  from  Port  Antonio  alone.  The  value  of 
the  cargoes  of  bananas  from  that  port,  which  arrived  in  1901,  is 
given  as  154,917/.,  and  of  the  oranges  12,305/. 


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BALTIUOKE.  11 

The  Florida  orange  trade  has  been,  to  a  certain  extent,  affected 
in  price  by  the  influx  of  Califomian  aJid  Jamaica  fruit  The 
Sicilian  lemon  trade  has  fallen  oS  considerably  in  I'ccent  y^are, 
the  Oalifornian  product  competing  favourably  with  it.  Pineapplf  b 
from  the  Bahamas  are  Btill  imported  in  large  quantities. 

Although  an  enonnoua  quantity  of  fruit  and  vegetables  is  p 
yearly  canned  in  the  34  large  canning  factories  in  Baltimore,  and  "**''' 
it  is  estimated  that  about  65  per  cent,  of  the  canned  goods 
produced  in  the  couutry  are  made  iu  them,  very  little  of  the 
product  has  yet  found  its  way  abroad,  but  is  sold  in  the  United 
States  and  as  far  west  as  the  Bocky  Mountains,  thus  comiiigin 
very  close  competition  with  the  Califomian  packers.  The 
business  is  constantly  increasing,  the  capital  invested  is  about 
1,400,000^.  and  the  number  of  hands  employed,  including  men, 
women,  nud  children,  is  about  12,000.  Kearly  all  of  the 
fruit  and  vegetables  come  from  Marj-jand  and  Virginia  and  are 
often  purchased  by  the  packers  from  the  growers  while  on  the 
ground.  It  has  been  found  that  the  machinery  used  in  the 
preparation  of  fruit  and  vegetables  for  canning  is  not  nearly  so 
satisfactory  aa  hand  work,  which  is  almost  entirely  used  in  paring 
peaches,  tomatoes,  and  pineajiples.  The  machine  used  for  hulling 
peas  it  is  said  does  not  satisfactorily  perform  the  work  and  the 
better  kinds  of  peas  are  hulled  by  hand.  The  demand  for  all  kinds 
of  canned  frait  and  vegetable  goods  was  incessant  throughout  1901, 
and  in  consequence  of  the  short  crops  the  advance  in  price  was,  in 
many  cases,  as  high  as  80  per  cent.  There  are  rumours  that  this 
industry  will  shortly  be  turned  into  a  trust 

It  is  difficult  to  give  an  estimate  of  the  number  of  crabs  that  p"*!*  , 
are  caught  and  prepared  for  market  on  the  shores  of  Maryland  *"'"'*'^'  ■ 
alone,  not  to  speak  of  the  other  States  in  the  district,  but  it  is 
certain  the  number  runs  up  Into  the  millions.  About  10,000 
persons,  including  men, '  women,  and  children  are  employed  in 
catching,  picking  out  the  meat  from  the  shells,  and  other  work 
connected  with  the  industry.  A  family  of  five — two  adults  and 
three  children — can  earn  from  41.  to  5/.  a  week  at  the  work  for 
seven  months  in  the  year ;  the  other  five  months  they  are  engaged 
in  the  oyster  business.  About  2,000  boats  are  engaged  in  the  trade 
and  the  avemge  quantity  caught  per  boat  in  a  day  is  three  barrels 
which  sell  for  about  3s.  5c?.  a  barreL  The  crabs  are  caught  without 
books  by  lines  to  which  are  fastened  pieces  of  tripe  or  eels. 
They  are  placed  in  large  steam  boxes,  which  cook  them  in  a  few 
minutes.  They  are  then  taken  to  the  packing  houses  and  the 
meat  picked  from  the  shells,  and  placed  in  tins  which  are  sold 
principally  in  the  States  east  of  Illinois.  The  refuse  is  chemically 
treated  and  sold  as  a  fertiliser. 

Persons  who  are  in  a  position  to  thoroughly  understand  the  P 
position  of  the  fisheries  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Susquehanna 
state  that  if  it  were  not  for  the  lai^e  quantities  of  artificially 
propagated  fry  of  the  shad,  perch,  and  bass  placed  in  these 
waters  they  would  by  this  time  have  become  almost  extinct, 
especially   the  firat-named  fish.     Lai^  quantities  of  the   fry  of 


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12  BjaTIMOSS. 

these  fish  have  been  placed  in  the  waters  of  Maiyland  during 
the  paat  year,  and  a  new  hatchery  for  white  perch  has  been 
built  on  the  St.  Martin's  Kiver.  A  black  bass  pond  has  been 
constructed  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Chesapeake,  where  it  is 
proposed  to  raise  these  tish  for  distribution  throughout  the  State. 
At  the  Druid  Hill  Park  Station,  Baltimore,  large  quantities  of 
trout  have  been  hatched,  and  many  thousands  have  been  placed  in 
the  rivers  of  the  State.  The  Commissioners  of  Fisheries  of  Mary- 
land recommend  that  le^nslation  be  enacted  to  prevent  the  placing 
of  pound  nets  at  the  rooutlis  of  rivers  sn  that  shad  will  have 
unimpeded  access  to  their  natural  spawning  grounds. 

The  menhaden  is  a  fish  of  the  herring  tiibe  and  is  peculiar  to 
North  American  waters.  It  is  seldom  or  never  used  for  food. 
They  usually  appear  in  great  shoals  near  Cape  Fear  nt  the 
end  of  April  or  beginning  of  May,  and  make  their  way  north- 
ward, frequenting  all  the  salt-water  bays  on  the  coabt  until 
November  when  Uiey  have  reached  the  vicinity  of  Eaatport,  Maine, 
and  there  they  disappear  until  next  year.  A  fleet  of  22  email 
fiteamers  comprise  the  vessels  employed  in  the  Chesapeake  Bay  in 
the  fishery.  Each  vessel  la  provided  with  a  crow's  nest  where  a 
man  is  stationed  to  watch  for  the  shoals  of  fish  which  can  be 
easily  detected  by  the  presence  of  large  numbers  of  guUs  o\er 
them.  They  are  caught  in  large  seines,  and  when  a  boat  has 
seemed  as  much  as  she  can  carry  she  makes  her  way  as  rapidly 
as  possible  to  the  factory  where  the  oil  is  extracted  from  the  tish. 
It  IS  said  that  the  oil,  which  is  used  principally  in  leather  dress- 
ing, rope  making,  and  paint  mixing  is  clear  profit.  The  refuse 
which  is  sold  as  a  fertiliser  pays  all  expenses.  There  are  hundreds 
of  factories  engaged  in  the  industiy  along  the  North  Atlantic 
coast  of  the  United  States. 

It  is  claimed  that  for  some  years  past  the  brewery  interests 
and  those  connected  with  breweries  in  Maryland  have  suffered 
from  adverse  conditions  more  than  any  other  city  in  the  country. 

One  of  the  largest  brewers  in  the  city  now  claims,  however, 
that  the  brewers  have  coma  to  an  understanding  with  regard  to 
their  mutual  interests  and  will  in  futui-e  conduct  their  business  on 
business  principles,  which  he  states  is  all  that  is  required  to  carry 
on  the  trade  successfully.  The  Spanish-American  war  tax  on 
beer  of  8».  a  keg  is  a  heavy  burden  on  the  brewers  of  Maryland 
who  pay  about  400,000/.  annually  towards  this  tax.  It  is  given 
out  that  the  beer,  ale,  and  porter  brewed  in  Baltimore  is  absolutely 
pure,  and  on  that  account  its  breweries  should  supply  the  entire 
Southern  States  with  these  commodities. 

Dorchester  County,  Maryland,  which  is  in  its  southern  portion 
composed  of  low-lying  marshy  lands  is  still  the  home  of  the  mink, 
muskrat,  and  otter,  although  the  latter  is  now  very  rara  There 
are  yet  many  of  the  other  two  to  be  found  in  some  favoured  districts 
of  the  county,  and  some  25,000  skins  were  brought  to  Baltimore 
at  tlie  end  of  last  season.  They  are  caught  as  a  rule  in  steel  traps, 
but  spearing  of  the  rata  through  the  toi>s  of  their  houses  when  the 
tide  bus  risen  and  forced  them  to  the  top  is  often  resorted  to. 


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BAIJIUOBB,  18 

Muskrat  skins  fetch  in  the  wholesale  market  in  Baltimore  6d. 
each  for  the  btown,  and  Is.  for  the  black ;  mink  skina  range  from 
4s.  to  8$.  each. 

The  straw  hat  branch  of  Baltimore's  industries  would  seem  to  Sir»w  iiati. 
be  increasing.  It  is  stated  that  the  output  of  straw  hats  last  year 
amounted  in  vftlue  to  about  500,000/.,  or  100,000^.  more  than  in 
1900.  The  general  prosperity  of  the  country  is  the  cause  of  this 
satisfactory  condition.  Markets  for  the  goods  are  found  in  every 
State  of  the  Union,  and  in  several  foreign  countries  such  as 
Uermauy,  Hawaii,  Mexico,  Jamaica,  Hayti,  Brazil,  Porto  Rico,  and 
Cuba.  There  hae  been  a  rise  in  the  price  of  Panama  hats  of 
about  25  per  cent,  but  none  in  braids.  The  latter  are  imported 
from  Japan,  the  United  Kingdom,  Switzerland,  and  Italy,  and 
made  up  in  Baltimore. 

Porto  Bico  and  Panama  hats  are  imported  in  tlie  rough  and  ate 
blocked  and  trimmed  here. 

During  1901,  and  more  especially  at  the  latter  part  of  it,  the  sUpplng; 
foreign  shipping  business  in  the  Baltimore  Consular  district 
suffered  greatly,  and  freights  from  Baltimore  were  never  before 
known  to  have  been  so  low.  The  steamers,  both  regular  lines 
and  others,  that  were  fortunate  enough  to  secure  cargoes,  hardly 
cleared  their  expenses.  This  was  a  very  striking  contrast  to  the 
conditions  of  the  previous  year  wheii  steamers  were  in  great 
demand  and  freights  were  very  remunerative. 

Notwithstanding  the  depression  in  freights  last  year,  British  Decrtaw  in 
shipping  in  the  Consular  district  exceeded  that  of  1900  in  point  nomberot 
of  tonnage  but  the  number  of  vessels  decreased.     The  number  w*i^il^ 
which  cleared  from  the  district  in  the  past  year  was  1,653,  with  a  [„  tomuee. 
tonnage  of  3,381,070  tons,  and  in  1900  the  number  was  1,709, 
with  a  total  tonnage  of  3,337,734  tons,  showing  a  number  in  favour 
of  the  latter  year  of  56  ve-^sels  and  to  the  credit  of  1901  of  43,336 
tons. 

Almost  every  kind  of  vessel,  except  a  battleship,  was  con-  supboUdioc^ 
structed  at  Baltimore  during  the  year  1901.    They  numbered  39 
and   were   of   the  total  tonnnge  of  24,71fi   tons,  and  valued  at 
531,434/. 

The  ilarj'land  Steel  Company  were  the  largest  builders  and 
their  output  consisted  of  tbe  United  States  torpedo  boat  destroyers 
"  Truxton,"  "  Wiipple,"  and  "  Worden,"  and  three  steamers  for  the 
coasting  trade.  This  company  has  almost  completed  a  11,600  ton 
freight  steamer  and  the  keels  have  been  laid  for  two  12,500  ton 
freight  and  passenger  steamers  for  the  Atlantic  Transport  Com- 
pany. The  shipbuilding  concern  before  known  as  the  Columbia 
Iron  Works  has  been  reorganised  under  the  title  of  the  Baltimore 
Dry  Dock  Company,  and  great  improvement  has  been  made  in  the 
plant  and  machinery.  Baltimore  has  certainly  made  great  strides 
in  shipbuilding  within  a  few  years,  for  in  1887  only  seven  vessels 
were  built  of  a  total  tonnage  of  2,500  tons. 

Towards  the  end  of  August,  1901,  the  Maryland  Steel  Com-  Fiaathwdiy 
pany  at  Sparrows  Point  completed  the  construction  of   a  large  ***■ 
steel  floating  dock  for  tUe  United  Stales  Government  to  be  uaed 


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BILTIHORE. 


NRlJOIUlt 

Hubonrs    . 


ftt  Algiers,  Louiaiana.  The  designs  of  the  dock  were  made  by 
Messrs.  Clark  and  Standfield  of  LondoQ,  and  it  was  built  so  that, 
if  neceaoary,  it  could  lift  a  15,000  ton  battleship  and  hare  the 
floor  2  feet  above  the  water-line.  Its  dimenaions  are  525  feet  in 
length  over  all;  ite  extreme  breadth,  12G  feet  2  inche-i;  the 
width  inside,  100  feet;  and  the  height  of  the  si'ies,  55  feec 
The  extreme  draft  of  water  is  49  leec  6  iuchea,  and  depth 
of  the  pontoons  I7  feet  6  inches.  The  coat  of  the  dock  was 
162,000/,  It  has  been  successfully  towed  to  Algiers  and  is  now 
in  use. 

The  William  Skinner  and  Sons  Shipbuilding  and  Dry  Dock 
Company,  Baltimore,  completed  and  put  into  operation  in  Novem- 
ber, 1901,  one  of  the  largest  dry  docks  in  the  United  States.  Ic 
ifl  capable  of  docking  a  vessel  600  feet  in  length,  70  feet  beam, 
and  a  draft  of  22  feet  6  inches.  The  pumps  have  a  capacity  of 
105,000  gallons  a  minute,  and  when  all  three  are  in  operation 
they  will  empty  the  dock  in  an  hour  and  a-half.  Several  large 
Btearaere  have  already  been  auccesafully  docked  in  it.  Ite  dimen- 
aions are:  Length  over  all,  628  feet;  width  on  floor,  62  feet; 
width  on  top  of  keel  blocks,  69  feet ;  width  at  top  of  dock,  125 
feet ;  entrance  at  bottom,  60  feet ;  entrance  at  top,  80  feet ; 
depth  of  water  on  sill  at '  low  watei-,  'Z2  feet  6  inches ;  depth 
of  water  on  aill  at  high  water,  25  feet. 

It  is  stated  by  the  Government  engineer  iii  charge  of  the 
improvementa  to  the  Baltimore  Harbour  that  tor  the  fiscal  year 
ending  June  30,  1901,  there  were  removed  4,068,502  cubic  yards 
of  material,  at  a  cost  of  about  iH.  a  cubic  yard,  from  the  channel 
There  is  at  present,  as  the  work  has  been  going  on  continuously 
since  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year,  a  channel  with  a  width  of 
600  feet  and  a  depth  of  ;J0  feet,  but  this  does  not  suffice  for  the 
requirements  of  the  port,  and  it  will  .be  necessary  to  have  a  depth 
of  water  of  at  least  35  feet  Fortunately  for  Baltimore  the 
dredging  of  the  cbaDnel  is  done  under  what  is  known  as  a  "  con- 
tinuing contract,"  that  ia,  a  certain  anm  haa  been  set  aside  by 
Congress  for  the  work,  and  each  year  it  appropriatea  from  that 
sum  a  certain  amount  which  it  thinks  should  be  expended  on  the 
work  for  that  particular  year,  and  this  sum  is  available  whether 
Congrese  passes  the  regular  River  and  Harbour  Bill  or  not  There 
was  at  the  end  of  June,  1901,  a  balance  accessible,  and  for  which 
contracts  have  been  made,  of  112,853£ 

A  National  Congress  on  Rivers  and  Harbours  Improvements, 
couaisting  of  delegates  from  22  States  in  the  Union,  called  by  the 
Board  of  Trade  of  Baltimore  and  by  a  Committee  of  the  General 
Conference  on  Improvement  of  Channels  of  the  Mouth  of  the 
Mississippi,  waa  held  in  Baltimore  on  October  8  and  9  last.  The 
objects  for  holding  the  Congress  were  for  the  purpose  of  removing 
erroneous  ideas  from  the  public  mind  respecting  river  and  harbour 
improvements  and  appropriations  for  such  purposes,  and  for  present- 
ing such  facts  relating  to  the  subject  as  would  enable  the  national 
I.«gislature  to  pass  a  River  and  Harbours  Bill  which  would  best 
serve  the  public  interests,  and  also  for  the  formation  of  a  permanent 


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BALTIMORE.  15 

Kational  Committee  to  bring  into  hannony  the  trade  interesta  of 
tlie  country  for  the  furtherance  of  these  objects.  A  number  of 
resolutions  were  adopted  by  the  Congress  urging  upon  the  Govern- 
ment liberal  and  systematic  appropriations  for  river  and  harbour 
improvements ;  the  placing  of  such  appropriations  on  such  a 
footing  that  ample  funds  may  be  available  for  the  work;  the 
exclusion  from  the  Kiver  and  Harbour  Bill  to  be  passed  by  the 
United  States  Congress  of  all  matters  not  relating  to  the  improve- 
ment of  harbours  and  waterways ;  and  in  view  of  the  increased 
and  increasing  size  and  draft  of  water  of  modern  steamships, 
the  great  need  for  deeper  and  wider  channels.  I'he  Congrosa 
was  moat  succesefu]  and  harmonious,  and  carried  out  in  evetr 
way  the  objects  it  had  in  view.  22  delegates — one  from  each 
HUAg  represented  in  Congress — were  empowered  to  present  the 
resolutions  adopted  r.o  the  Committees  on  Bivers  and  Harbours  of 
both  Houses  of  the  Kational  Legislature. 

The  construction  of  a  ship  canal  across  the  isthmus  separating  Ship  c«ii*I. 
the  Chesapeake  Bay  from  the  Delaware  Bay  has  again  been 
prominently  brought  before  the  public  by  the  introduction,  at  the 
end  of  1901,  of  a  Bill  in  Congress  asking  for  the  appointment  of 
a  Commission  to  examine  and  report  upon  a  route,  and  to  authorise 
the  Secretary  of  War  to  lay  out  and  construct  a  ship  canal  through 
the  States  of  Maryland  and  Delaware  at  a  cost  not  to  exceed 
2,000,000^.  As  far  back  cb  1812  the  project  of  the  construction 
of  such  a  canal  was  agitated.  Since  then  various  surveys  have 
been  made  and  routes  examined,  but  no  actual  steps  have  been 
so  far  taken  towards  its  construction.  It  is  claimed  that  with  a 
sea-level  ship  canal  of  30  feet  ilepth  of  water  and  of  "  ample 
dimensions,"  as  stated  in  the  Bill,  a  saving  of  200  miles  in  dis- 
tance to  shipping  .bound  from  Baltimore  to  Europe  and  the  North, 
and  B  considerable  amount  of  time  would  be  effected.  The  time 
of  transit  through  the  canal  is  given  by  the  various  routes,  at  a 
speed  of  from  6  to  7  miles  an  hour,  as  from  15^  to  19^  hours,  and 
the  time  saved  from  15  to  18  hours.  Curiously  enough  the  pro- 
ject does  not  appear  to  be  favourably  receivecE  by  the  shipping 
community,  especially  those  engaged  in  the  foreign  trade,  who 
claim  that  the  canal,  to  be  of  service,  must  be  of  very  much 
larger  dimensions,  and  the  speed  allowed  much  higher  than  pro- 
posed, before  the  gain  in  time  could  be  realised  Another  ail- 
ment they  use  is  that  there  is  bound  to  be  more  or  leas  detention 
at  the  entrance  to,  and  exit  from,  the  canal,  and  with  the  tollege 
and  other  expenses,  such  as  lights,  tug-boat  hire,  boat  hire,  &c, 
the  objects  in  view  would  npt  be  realised,  and  that  instead  of 
reducing  the  rate  of  freight  to  Liverpool  and  other  European  ports, 
as  is  expected,  it  would  have  the  contrary  effect. 

The  Merchants'  and  Manufacturers'  Association  of  Baltimore  has  Merch»nU' 
had  in  operation  for  the  past  two  years  a  somewhat  novel  method  to  ^J^j^J"* 
attract  buyers  of  merchandise  from  the  Southern  States  to  Balti- 
more. Every  merchant  from  the  South  who  purchases  goods  in 
Baltimore  to  the  value  of  not  less  than  200^  from  certain  whole- 
sale dealers,  members  of  the  Association,  received  a  cash  rebate  of 


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16 


BALTIUORE. 


half  of  the  eoBt  of  a  return  ticket  from  his  home.  Over  70,000 
explanatoiy  circularB  were  Bent  to  merchants  in  the  South  and 
South-West,  including  Texas  and  Louiaiano,  and  the  number  of 
merchantii  who  availed  themselves  of  the  offer  were,  in  1900,  662, 
and  in  1901,  696,  an  increase  of  34  in  the  latter  year.  The  ffross 
amount  refunded  for  fares  in  1900  was  1,779/.  2s.  Qd.,  an 
average  of  21.  13<.  9d.,  and  the  amount  refunded  Inst  year  was 
1,932^.  16«:,  or  an  average  of  21.  15s.  6d.  The  gross  sales  reported 
in  1900  were  176,990/.,  or  an  average  per  casli  buyer  of  266/.,  and 
in  1901  the  sales  reported  were  185,150^,  with  about  the  same 
average.  These  figures,  it  is  certain,  do  not  fully  represent  the 
magnitude  of  the  results  obtained,  and  il  is  beLieved  that  the 
buyers  do  not  report  to  the  Association  the  full  amount  of  their 
purchases,  but  aa  soon  as  they  have  purchased  the  required 
quantity  of  goods  to  the  amount  of  200/.,  they  present  their  cer- 
tificates, which  they  have  obtained  from  the  dealers,  to  the  Associa- 
tiun,  and  obtain  the  rebate  of  their  fares.  The  fares  are  refunded 
by  the  firms  benefiting  from  the  business.  The  results  of  the  two 
years'  trial  of  this  method  are  considered  very  satisfactory,  and  it 
]ias  doubtless  been  a  capital  advertisement  for  Baitimoi'e,  apart 
from  being  the  means  of  bringing  entirely  new  customers  into  the 
market. 

The  Association,  with  the  assistance  of  commercial  bodies  in 
some  other  cities,  have  been  successful  in  obtaininj,'  an  importiint 
modification  of  the  railway  freight  rates  affecting  cotton  goods 
shipments.  These  goods  can  now  be  forwarded  at  fourth-cliiss 
rates  when  marked, "  This  case  contains  nothing  but  cotton  fabrics 
in  the  original  piece,"  instead  of  being  chained  first-class  rates  as 
formerly. 

One  of  the  oldest  industries  in  Baltimore  is  the  manufacture 
of  fertilisers.  There  are  10  large  besides  a  number  of  smaller 
factories  engaged  in  the  business,  and  the  capital  interested  is 
given  at  between  500,000/.  and  600,000/.  The  fertiliser  is  mostly 
made  from  bone  and  crude  phosphate,  although  potash  in  a 
variety  of  forms  is  also  used.  The  potash  is,  aa  a  rule,  imported 
from  Germany,  while  the  raw  material  comes  from  the  United 
States,  and  the  phosphate  from  Florida,  Tennessee,  and  South 
Carolina.  The  output  is  believed  to  be  from  250,000  to  300,000 
touB  a  year. 

It  is  reported  that  the  National  Angora  Goat  and  Cattle  Com- 
pany have  purchased  a  tract  of  1,710  acres  of  land  in  Charles  and 
Prince  Geoige'a  counties,  Maryland,.and  have  placed  2,500  head  of 
Angora  goats  on  the  projjerty.  Another  farm  is  projected  in 
Garret  county,  a  few  miles  from  Oakland,  Maryland,  on  which  it 
is  intended  to  place  1,000  goats.  Still  another  company,  called 
the  Cohill  Angora  Company  of  Hancock,  Maryland,  has  been 
started.  It  is  proposed  to  enter  ioco  the  raising  of  these  animals 
on  a  large  scale,  in  the  belief  that  it  will  be  very  profitable.  The 
manager  of  the  first-named  company  states  that  the  usual  increase 
in  the  goats  ie  about  90  per  cent,  a  year,  and  that  a  full-grown 
goat  will  produce  6  lbs.  of  fieece,  and  a  kid  3  lbs.  a  year.     The 


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BALTIMORE.  17 

price  obtained  for  the  Beece  ia  Is,  9Jrf.  per  lb.  Besides  the  value 
of  the  fleece,  goats  are  very  useful  in  cleaning  up  and  ridding 
land  of  weeds,  briers,  and  other  coarse  herbage,  and  they  wUl 
thrive  in  a  country  where  even  sheep  cannot  be  raised  to  advantage. 
The  farmers  in  that  part  of  the  country  where  the  goats  liave  been 
placed  are  watching  the  industry  with  a  great  deal  of  interest.  It 
IB,  however,  to  be  feared  that  the  heat  in  summer  is  too  great  for 
the  animals. 

The  Chief  of  the  Di\-ieion  of  Soils  of  the  Agricultural  Depart-  K»h»iwtioii  of 
ment  at  "Washington,  in  a  bulletin  issued  by  him  on  tho  exhaustion  jisniuiir md 
of  the  soil  and  abandonment  of  farms  in  Viiginia,  Maryland,  and  Tiiginir 
other  Southern  States,  mentions  that  it  is  undoubtedly  due  to  the 
improper  and  injudicious  methoda  of  cultivation  and  cropping,  and 
to  the  more  cheaply  produced  products  of  the  West,  wJiieh  owing 
to  cheaper  rates  of  trausportation  are  brought  into  competition 
with  the  crops  produced  in  the  South.  The  mortgages  also, 
which  are  outstanding  gainst  the  lauds  brought  about  by  the 
changes  in  social  conditions  due  to  the  Civil  War,  have  contributed 
to  the  abandonment  or  deterioration  of  the  areas.  A  livitig  could 
be  made  from  the  farms,  but  this  cannot  be  done  and  at  the  same 
time  pay  off  the  moi-tgages,  or  even  the  interest  on  them,  and  the 
only  thing  to  do  was  to  give  up  the  properties.  In  Maryland  an 
unfortunate  prejudice  exists  against  a  man  who  goes  into  the 
field  and  works  his  own  land ;  as  a  consequence  he  seldom  works 
it,  and  if  he  does  so,  he  employs  an  overseer  who  is  paid  to 
look  after  his  interests  instead  of  doing  it  himself.  Again,  he 
sometimes  lets  his  land  to  a  farmer  who  farms  it  in  his  own  way, 
and  by  his  own  methods  in  return  for  a  portion  of  the  crop,  or  for 
a  money  consideration.  The  crops  grown  are  corn,  wheat,  and 
tobacco,  the  second  of  which  has  to  compete  with  the  wheat  from 
the  West,  and  the  product  of  Ohio  comes  into  competition  with 
the  latter  crop.  These  are  all  the  crops  he  raises,  and  he  buys  his 
meat,  his  gi-oceries,  and  frequently  the  vegetables  he  should  have 
raised  in  his  own  garden.  There,  too,  does  not  appear  to  be  any 
thrift  amongst  the  farmers,  and  the  improvident  methods  which 
prevail  in  some  of  the  counties  in  Maryland  and  Virgini^t  are  no 
doubt  responsible  for  the  unfortunate  conditions  which  exist 
amongst  numerous  farmers  there. 

The  Maryland  Penitentiary  in  Baltimore  is  certainly  ii  unique  Harjluid 
nstttution  of  its  kind ;  not  only  is  it  self-supporting  but  it  turns  Penitentiary, 
in  a  surplus  to  the  State  Treasury  every  year — the  last  one  being 
5,8;J9/.  The  penitentiary  buildings  which  have  recently  been 
erected  cost  240,000/.,  and  a  visit  to  them  a  short  time  since 
proved  them  to  be  provided  with  every  modem  imp'rovement. 
The  cells  are  of  steel,  built  on  tlie  central  tier  system  and  the 
sanitary  arrangements  would  appear  to  be  excellent.  By  an 
ingenious  arrangement  all  the  dooi-a  in  one  tier  can  be 
opened  at  once  by  the  simj^le  turning  of  a  lever,  or  only  one 
particular  door  or  number  of  doors  may  be  opened  and  all  the 
others  left  closed.  The  industries  carried  on  are  marble  polishing, 
shoe-making,  and  iron  foundry.  In  passing  throi^  the  shops, 
(19)  B 


d  by  Google 


18  BALTIMORE. 

what  struck  the  visitDr  perhipa  more  than  anything  else  waa  the 
vigour  with  which  the  men,  and  women  too,  worked.  In  the  several 
ahopa  numerous  cards  are  hung  stating  the  quantity  of  work  each 
convict  ia  expected  tc  do  in  a  day,  ?.nd  should  he  perform  more 
tnan  the  allotted  task  he  is  cradited  with  the  over-plus,  and  this  is 
paid  to  him  at  the  discretion  of  the  warden,  but  usually  on  his 
diseharf^e.  The  warden  pointed  out  seven  men  in  the  foundry 
who  are  invariably  credited  with  51.  a  month.  Out  of  a  total  of 
976  convicta  at  the  time  of  our  visit  only  three  were  in  hospital 
and  only  one  of  these  was  confined  to  bed,  which  certainly  spoke 
avourably  for  the  healthfulneas  of  the  institution.  The  negro 
element  far  exceeded  in  number  that  of  the  whites,  the  former 
being  623  and  the  latter  353.  Of  the  total  number  of  prisoners 
627  were  natives  of  Marjdand,  19  were  bom  in  Germany,  12  a 
Ireland,  8  in  England,  and  only  1  in  Scotland.  Larceny  would 
appear  to  be  the  crime  of  which  the  greater  number  of  prisoners 
were  convicted.  12  were  convicted  of  murder  in  the  first 
d^ree,  and  71  in  the  second  degree.  Assault  with  intent  to  kill 
was  the  next  in  seniority,  and  59  were  convicted  of  it.  Burglary 
was  the  next  in  order,  and  51  were  convicted  of  that  crime.  The 
number  convicted  of  manslaughter  was  39,  and  of  robbery  34. 

Such  institutions  as  the  Hampton  (Virginia)  Kormal  and  Agri- 
cultural Institute  for  the  practical  education  of  n^ro  youths  must 
have  an  excellent  effect  in  raising  the  negro  from  the  irresponsible, 
happy-go-lucky  individual  he  too  often  is,  into  a  self-reapecting, 
law-abiding  member  of  society.  The  institute  ia  not  a  Govern- 
ment or  State  school,  but  a  private  corporation  chartered  under  a 
special  Act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Virginia,  and  is  controlled 
by  a  board  of  17  trustees  from  different  parts  of  the  country. 
It  receives  its  support  partly  from  the  State  of  Virginia,  which 
subscribes  towards  the  agricultural  and  military  training  of  the 
students,  from  two  charitable  funds  and  from  a  permanent  fund  of 
about  100,000^.  It  also  receives  from  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment 33^.  8s.  annually  for  each  of  the  Indian  students  who  were  first 
admitted  to  the  institute  in  1878, 10  years  after  it  had  been  opened. 
About  16,000/,  must  be  raised  annually  to  repay  running  expenses. 
The  institute  is  in  the  33rd  year  of  ita  exiatence,  and  of  the  1,100 
gi'aduates  it  has  sent  out,  60  per  cent,  of  them  are  engaged  in 
teaching  negro  and  Indian  children.  About  5,000  undergraduates 
have  obtained  an  induatrial  education,  and  of  those  who  have  been 
taught  tradea,  70  per  cent,  are  either  teaching  them  or  working  at 
them.  Othera  have  become  shopkeepers  and  farmers,  and  a 
limited  number  have  entered  a  professional  career.  Besides 
an  excellent  genei-al  education  many  useful  tradea  are  taught  1G5 
pupils  were  learning  trades  in  the  past  year,  the  greater  number  of 
the  other  students  leai'ning  fanning,  which  occupation  would  seem 
to  be  particularly  agreeable  to  the  negro,  but  no  boy  can  graduate 
without  having  worked  in  wood,  iron  and  sheet-metal,  besides 
having  taken  a  course  in  agriculture.  The  females  learn  dreas- 
making,  dairy  work,  laundry  work,  nursing,  sewing,  cooking, 
waiting  at  table,  and  other  household  duties.     They  also  receive 


d  by  Google 


BALTIMOilE.  19 

a  capital  general  education.    In  1901  there  were  1,040  receiving 
inatruction  at  the  Bcliool,  of  whom  120  were  Indiaiu. 

The  Census  Bureau  at  Washington  publishes  some  very  P«p«totlaa. 
interesting  statistics  respeciing  the  aex,  colour,  and  nativity  of 
the  people  of  Maryland.  The  total  population  of  the  State  ia 
1,188,044,  of  whom  952,424  are  white  persons,  235,064  are 
coloured  (negroes  or  of  negro  descent),  544  are  Chinese,  nine 
are  Japanese,  and  three  are  Indian  girls.  Of  the  Chinese  11  are 
women  and  there  are  three  Japanese  women  in  the  State.  It  ifl 
aomewhat  sad  to  reflect  that  of  the  tens  of  thousands  of  Indiana 
who  once  inhabited  Maryland  three  only  remain  and  these  are 
women.  Of  the  total  number  of  white  persons  859,280  were  of 
native  American  parentage,  and  of  the  whole  population  of  the 
State,  white  and  black,  93,934,  which  is  about  one-twelfth  of  the 
entire  population,  were  foreigners.  The  total  number  of  white 
males  in  the  State  is  given  as  473,119,  and  of  the  coloured 
115,617.  The  women  in  the  State  outnumber  the  men  by  9,494, 
the  number  of  females  being  598,769,  and  that  of  the  males 
589,275. 

The  Maryland  State  Bureau  of  immigration  reports  that  369  ImmigntiML 
settlers  from  other  parts  of  the  country  came  to  the  State  in  1901, 
the  most  of  whom  bought  land  for  vegetable  raising.  The  bureau 
circulates  pamphlets  and  advertises  in  three  European  newspapers 
and  also  in  a  newspaper  in  one  of  the  Western  States,  setting 
forth  tlie  advantages  of  MaryluuJ  as  a  place  for  settlers.  There 
was  a  considerable  increase  in  the  number  of  immigrants  arriving 
in  Baltimore  in  1901,  almost  8.000  more  than  in  1900.  The  total 
number  was  27,013,  of  whom  19,519  were  from  Austria-Hungary, 
an  increase  from  that  country  of  7,535.  Eighty  immigrants  were 
deported  for  various  causes  during  1901.  Annex  No.  10  (p.  28) 
gives  the  number,  &c.,  of  the  immigrants  that  arrived  at  Baltimore 
in  the  past  two  years. 

The  total  number  of  deaths  reported  by  the  Health  Depart-  Viui 
ment  as  having  taken  place  in  Baltimore  in  1901  was  10.479,  a«'**'*l» 
decrease  of  221  from  the  previous  year.  According  to  the  United 
States  census  the  population  was  518,000  in  the  city,  and  the 
rate  of  deaths  per  thousand  would  therefore  be  20^22.  The  number 
of  white  m^es  that  died  were  4,095  and  white  females  3,761,  a 
total  of  7,856.  Of  the  deaths  of  coloured  people  1,336  were  males 
and  1,287  were  females,  total  2,623.  The  total  number  of  births 
reported  were  8,795  (an  inci-ewe  of  42  compared  with  1900),  of 
which  7,125  were  whites  and  1,670  coloured.  Consumption  was 
almost  at  the  head  of  the  list  of  causes  of  death  and  the  victinifi 
from  it  numbered  1,138,  an  increase  of  82  from  the  previous 
year,  but  pneumonia  caused  a  greater  number  of  deaths,  viz, 
1,147.  The  other  principal  causes  of  death  were  infantile  diarrhoea, 
7^6  ;  diseases  of  the  heart,  634 ;  Bright's  disease,  610  ;  accidents, 
458 ;  cancer,  358 ;  and  bronchitis,  294.  Small-pox  ^ain  made 
its  appearance  but  only  to  a  very  limited  extent. 

About  12  per  cent  of  the  whole  number  of  deaths  in  the  State  Osnnunptioii. 
of  Maryland  during  1901  were  caused  by  tuberculosis — the  actual 
(19)  B  2 


d  by  Google 


?0 


BALTIMORE. 


number  was  2,0d7 — and  greatly  exceeded  the  number  caused  by 
any  other  disease.  It  is  estimated  that  there  are  10,000  persons  in 
Edtimope  suffering  from  tuberculosis  in  its  various  stages,  but 
there  is  little  accommodation  in  the  State  for  their  proper 
care.  The  Governor  of  the  State  in  his  annual  message  to 
the  General  Assembly  strongly  recommends  that  an  unpaid 
commission  be  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  presence  of  tuber- 
colosis  in  the  State,  and  to  devise  some  way  for  dealing  with 
it  more  eSectively  than  at  present  The  Maryland  Public  Health 
Association,  the  Medical  and  Chimigical  Faculty,  and  the  Laennec 
Society  have  taken  the  matter  into  serious  consideration,  and 
it  is  hoped  that  proper  sanitaria  for  the  treatment  of  aufferers 
&om  this  much  too  prevalent  disease  in  Maryland  may  be 
established. 


Annex  1. — Bbtukh  of  Principal  Articles  of  Import  into 
Baltimore  during  the  Years  1901-1900. 


IMI. 

IM». 

AiOdM. 

Owuitr. 

Vrtw. 

V*)n>. 

Ornnrnn- 

BMtllBc. 

«uad9. 

Cn™»T 

SuMot. 

DolUn. 

t 

DcUm«. 

t 

PUE. 

OnmtalM     

IX0,MI 

160  106 

»02.7« 

180,  MB 

Cogp.r,nt«.       .. 

Tom'    .. 

6,1«,8(» 

i,02s)ko 

i'.jt* 

4.178,208 

au,04i 

j»;7M 

1,SM,11» 

lM.a24 

1^*87 

i;ittz.i4> 

802^128 

fniiu         

«H,»1 

lOCSM 

808.86) 

J  88,880 

SKsr.  :r 

i;»» 

tu.oia 

U.BIO 

'i,ua 

tA«,WS 

4»,H0 

i,:ij,flJT 

Mfia 

\h** 

n5»2B 

ei,Bn. 

Timbuiudpia- 

BO,aM 

1B,MS 

t» 

1MA» 

88,10. 

Doiunt, 

Bid***        ...       ._ 

... 

„. 

i»t,Tr 

ei,7« 

802,888 

•8,817 

Cmwii         „.       .. 

Tou    .. 

IT.tM 

IM.SS2 

w,m 

M>,«S 

t«k,M8 

81,I2T 

GlMBlali     ...        „ 

fM,t28 

11>,S2I 

«8,e8« 

128,788 

CWm „ 

1,212,848 

242,«10 

1,IN,1«1 

Hoiwo 

"X^STfo-n.. 

- 

.„ 

iU,OW 

*4.81T 

._ 

27»,8«r 

8t,8T7 

M,OW 

10,»7 

r,8ii 

7,828 

Wool          (am. 

futtnd) 

M,«l 

10.M8 

88,101 

18,048 

nm  ...      -      .. 

se,Mi 

11,I0« 

81^878 

12.278 

Hu  .„     ._     _ 

»,*« 

i»jm 

88T14 

1>;S4> 

217,211 

u,ua 

I7(^MI 

88.248 

OlMi  ...       ~       Z 

1<U,IU 

20.827 

108,810 

11.888 

iKmon       ~       .- 

4M.(a8 

;ji,07i 

1«,2H 

Msiaso 

8^487 

12t,SW 

KS'SS-^ 

„       .„ 

ig,iM 

8I),48« 

i(a,«7 

«;oit 

>88;*48 

imIdsb 

sa,2t8 

874,880 

74,880 

Sq.ilirt. 

i,Mi;»w 

M4.MI 

68,US 

S,T1^8U 

al^B88 

811108 

M,6DZ 

li,»W 

87,128 

11,428 

F^«r „ 

t»,«TO 

11.M4 

<8lM 

lim 

bIm  ..      -      .. 

'j-K^ 

K*.m 

100,801 

•,SU 

U7  438 

tT.tn 

a,80t 

2I,7IUi 

4,]S2 

T.esi 

18,848 

Cotvl       Z       Z 

Zva 

2n.o«ii 

»m 

I,1W 

182^407 

K.m 

LU.      „ 

M.tSi 

>,H7 

l.MI 

M.SM 

8^428 

•na^/tim   Z     '- 

£.9 19.188 

M,fiM 

1>,>01 

g»;8tB 

iiuo 

8|248 

TObMDOlMl...          „ 

lu.iai 

11.M7 

»»,«H 

78,811 

181781 

W^iM'udiiMH   Z 

- 

::: 

M.87J 

l(tt,MI 

BftisOl 

ii'.iMa 

d  by  Google 


BALTIHOBG. 


Annex  2. — Ektcbn  of  Principal  Articles  of  Export  from 
Baltimore  during  the  Tears  1901-1900. 


ini. 

IBOO. 

AltkiM. 

V«In«. 

vibM. 

Qatlir. 

C.m»7. 

8»rUn«. 

«Jd«UV. 

Cn™«).. 

UMf. 

DoUuv. 

f 

DoUm. 

Acrtenltanl    ■■■■ 

pl«*nM 

1«,IS6 

M.ni 

tU,87I 

AnlmtllODd.      ._ 

Tm»     .. 

^ 

WT,Ht 

n.Bg 

4s|lBt 

«8>,HS 

111,808 

BuoDUdtwan... 

~ 

B,<M 

1,«M,MM 

»JT,101 

2S,M 

IO,1K),407 

i.o88;oei 

_ 

- 

ltB,aH 

a,ore 

... 

109,80» 

SI,T£1 

Fnah     

Tou     ... 

1,181 

210, 4M 

48,  DM 

1.780 

■80,088 

111,011 

^M^DdMlM 

■s 

tlt,4Ul 

nou 

tiM 

BS£,17B 

118,4M 

1,041 

1M.MII 

»,tTR 

l,Kt 

81^187 

82  277 

K^     ^       ■■■ 

BJitali" 

u 

r;»7t 

u;888 

im 

OulBfi  lor  ma- 

0.75:^  "■  ^" 

_ 

- 

M«,«1S 

r,a84 

... 

1,871,718 

214,847 

IHrutlKHrf  ... 

W,IW 

S,0M 

cEi*  u™ 

*2,T» 

4,Mi,i»e 

ue,iti 

siini 

8,188,140 

1^810 

ch«a«ji_     „ 

*«,4T0 

i»,aB4 

^4£;888 

»Jltt 

Copper,      Info*^ 

b.™,  io.^T'. 

Tom     ... 

M,2Ji 

B.«Z8,M1 

1,7M.TW 

W.ttl 

ia,e(u,nt 

2,771,178 

Cul          „ 

U1,1H 

1,B»,M! 

MT,Me 

USES) 

ijaliM 

nV,ea 

CoU          ._       ... 

.. 

«,!« 

hi.;n 

a^wj 

4a;iu 

188,774 

IO,tW 

S,g«2,tW 

1,1«8,4B8 

46,«77 

8,811,118 

1,828,011 

ckKU  ";    ": 

Tud> ::; 

*4S,tfl 

110,311 

M,an 

»oe;wi 

Iil,lU 

nour 

l,»M,»M 

I2,7»*,M« 

«,M0.B6; 

■,008,781 

|],«81,B08 

2.3M;m 

W.881 

11.778 

1*1181 

48  812 

OlOCOM       Z          Z 

TOBl    .„ 

7,BK 

Ml, MO 

TiMS 

ii'.m 

lUllDl 

lUllZD 

HOH          

«,!« 

I.2IMS 

ttt 

11,182 

B,US 

Hiir            

io;,ttz 

41,«9 

tv.Ka 

iiIbib 

I»U««TO             ., 

Buhtii 

u,7ri,';go 

li.MI,«i 

via,*" 

40,U^0Zt 

17,101,W» 

1,180,888 

IninuulMMl,ud 

I,IW9,TM 

Ml.fltl 

i.oag.iu 

8it,*H 

Uint         

Tou     .. 

taiToa 

e,us,iu 

i,i<M,m 

u|bi8 

7,1«),S>8 

1,480,187 

LhUuh-     _        .- 

IB,*(» 

i.ica 

IUkWiimt. 

T«,i!;6 

!!>:«» 

107|7B1 

SSL      

Boatii 

i,e26,2ia 

l,i»l,fOO 

118,780 

»,m;8i» 

i,i77,«a 

2»;i»2 

""tIK!? 

M;*,io» 

tH,S2I 

4t,e4fi,47a 

^887.741 

UB,H8 

Lobrlatlnc     ... 
ConmieeJ     ... 

«(,8M 

II.IW 

i.mUei 

17kOai 

saloo* 

a,iH|Hi 

TtT,l41 

fsuloT* 

OIliAk*  ud  lawl 

Toni     Z 

»T,!78 

SZB.18D 

igi;«88 

48,  zoo 

I,I1^18» 

SMSM 

^««EMrg^,M 

B,iia 

1,»1I7,T8» 

"i'lu 

KI,7M 

1^1^418 

8^88* 

Pufftr         

1,UT 

87,718 

Toat     _ 

BM 

lt,17t 

1,7M 

«)1,WI 

Pork          

e,2«i 

1,1M,M2 

xn,8u 

BBS4 

1.020,818 

20lil28 

Kr- - 

BoihBlt" 

ni,u4 

isa,TU 

78,  »7 

B«:wj 

'ifillW 

^807 

Slwp        ...        .- 

t«iiiib.r 

l»,M8 

Ml.^It 

K,»U 

*t,Kt 

88^812 

Bumh      ...      _ 

Tou     ... 

vro 

14E,Ma 

18.US 

SU* 

(2l|81B 

BlIsM 

B»el  mil ._       ... 

1<»,IM 

3,M,«4 

4M.e8« 

107,001 

8,098,171 

B1B,2H 

l.dU 

SOI,MI 

«1,H« 

),ooi 

t^im 

7e;ou 

TlntMrHHlDiua- 

tmxunt  of       ... 

~ 

... 

t,2Sl,aH 

«»,I77 

... 

2,8U,U1 

W,170 

U*l       .-       „ 

IMU       ... 

n^n 

6,iOT,l« 

I,l£l,Ui 

'      M.OM 

\80C,01B 

1,181,208 

Mama     _ 

.„    ^'" 

III».IU1 

'M,IOJi 

zm 

n\m 

18,780 

Wli<u       ... 

BStdl" 

IB,»«,TH 

lft,arT,IM 

>,01>,<t8 

*.»t»,»ii 

l,18i,Db8 

871,011 

(19) 


d  by  Google 


H 
It 


1 

B 

ALTIMOHK. 

'Illlilllllll 

^ 

1 

1 

IIIIIIIII5III 
oi-f-ISIH-5|lll:- 

J^ 

IiIiiiiHIj 

» 

s 

Mmmm 

Sls5»i5J:-SI5 

1 

1 

1 

} 

^IIIIIIEIIsll 

llllilllill 

1 

llllllllllill 

1 

iiiiiiisiiii 

Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


Annex  4 — Table  shoving  Total  Value  of  all  Articles  Exported 
from  or  Imported  into  Baltimore  during  the  Year  1901. 


StoTllnkc.     !     Curreacj. 


Oolltw. 

£ 

DolUta. 

J, 

iJaited  Kingdom 

S7,lBfi,a38 

7,*87,8*8 

7,687,857 

1,883,681 

G«rui«ny 

2S,3SI,G0S 

S,M«,301 

8,887,148 

783,430 

vfetherlADdd     .. 

17.878,313 

8,576,262 

458,098 

91,620 

6.Bfl8.eS6 

l,112,7S0 

188,768 

20,794 

8^98,917 

878,783 

884.116 

132,888 

Brazil 

68*,IIOi 

118,901 

2,a6B,48l 

461,897 

Heilco 

811,009 

122,20  i 

1  267,411 

261,483 

1,812,335 

822,17l> 

e98.'2'a 

I19.!44 

lUlT 

84,784 

825,920 

86.18* 

British  W«t  Indies    . . 

149,501 

23,901 

936,078 

1 87,0 16 

Other  coDnirie* 

e,Tfi8,*i8 

1,861.888 

8,398,764 

S79,TBS 

ToUl     .. 

99,005,271 

19,801.056 

21,363,983 

4,272,798 

Annex  5. — Tadlb  of  the  Receipt"!  and  Exports  of  Grain  and  Flour 
during  the  Years  1899-1901. 


ArticlM. 

BtiBhehi     .. 

Quantity. 

1889. 

1900. 

1901. 

Wheat 

Maiie 

0»to 

10,873,699 

49,886,282 
7.824,4 1« 

9,010,604 
48,028,709 

7,736  302 
678,638 

1,020,483 
1 7,7  3f, 246 

22,038,878 

27,029,296 
6  875,689 

Bulor  and  niklt 
Plonr    

B»mU      '.'. 

664,071 
19,195,983 

813^06 
18,964,761 

ToUl      ,. 
S'loor 

88,603,080 
4,265.768 

79,208,981 

3,941,388 

76,806,184 
4,218,167 

ArtlelM 

BiuhsU 
Bmali 

i 

Quaatiij. 

1899. 

19D0. 

1901 

Whe«t 

HmlM 

Oata 

BJlerudnuit         !! 
Vloai 

. .     9,.'-46,270 
. ;  46,786,127 
.  1     4,00:.,107 
.'     1,262,181 

!;  16,168,682 

.    76,768,817 
.      3.867,486 

4,629,811 
40,B3J,028 
8,97-2,810 
88,227 
27,877 
18,617,041 

19,S8!,7>7 
24,711,790 
8.862,810 
631,664 
26 
14.982,288 

Told     .. 
Ploni 

62,688,689 
8,003.787 

68,81 1,2C4 
3,324.958 

d  by  Google 


1 
1 

BALTIMORE. 

JgS3SBSSSSSs5 

s 

^1 

l> 

JssaSsSssssss 

2 
2 

s 

V 

2 

i 

-I 

^3 

s 

ll 

2 

5 

II 

s 

JEESSRCEsSgSS 

-J 

2 

J 

1 

o 

s 

|e5Sss.?Se5ssS 

s 

n 

s 

|££g££SSSSSSS 

Si 
a 

' 

IlliiifllJII 

1 

d  by  Google 


BALTIMO£B. 


Annex  7. — Statement  showing  the  Average  Prices  of  Flour  in 
the  Baltimore  Market  during  the  Year  1901. 


Annex  8. — HEiuaN  of  all  Shipping  at  the  Port  of  Baltimore 
during  the  Year  1901. 


Entebed. 

SiiUug. 

Niimber 

team. 

ToUL 

If«1a«udit?. 

Nmnber 

Nambar 

<a 

Tom. 

of 

ToDt. 

of 

Toiu. 

TmmIjl 

VeweU. 

VemlB. 

BritiBh     .. 

17 

4,786 

SS2 

1,221.878 

579 

I,220,e0« 

America,  fbnigu 

»9 

S6.680 

17 

13,713 

116 

60,421 

862,467 

87 

382,157 

If  onrecun 

1S2 

1S1,21S 
3,877 

182 

1 

191,210 
8,877 

Daniih    .. 

I2,4SS 

12,489 

l>Dtch 

IS 

8,513 

13 

8,518 

Italian     .. 

9 

5,889 

2fl,125 

21 

3I,90S 

23 

«5,a9S 

28 

15,952 

Aiutro-Hnng4ri»ii 

10    ■ 

20,970 

10 

20,97» 

Total 

126 

47,811 

ais 

1,909,701 

1,088 

l,9G7,D4t 

Amariotn,  cout- 

1,610 

2,108.791 

d  by  Google 


baltimore. 
Cleared. 


Sdllng. 

Steun. 

Total. 

NittotMlitj. 

Niimb«t 

Number 

NnmbBr 

of 

Ton*. 

of 

TODB. 

of 

Tau. 

Twwli. 

TeweU. 

TawU. 

BriUih    .. 

la 

6B8 

1,221,0S8 

674 

113 

«,B08 

0 

6,960 

122 

T0,S96 

87 

S«2,457 

87 

862,457 

VoTWHlan 

192,445 

102,446 

Siradiih  .. 

1 

1 

3,877 

Duiah    .. 

7 

18,981 

7 

13,901 

IS 

8,818 

8,648 

IWiM     .. 

8 

C4I>8 

12 

88,126 

SO 

81^88 

BpuiMk  ..        .. 

21 

40,646 

21 

40,646 

Aiutn-Honguisii 

10 

20,976 

10 

SO,B76 

ToW 

187 

71.814 

MO 

1,896.618 

1,087 

1,968,482 

American,    «out- 

wiw    .. 

■■ 

2,2BT 

2,644,881 

d  by  Google 


1 

1. 

1 
1 

» 

BILTIHOKI. 

9" 

^ 

1 
1 

6 

o 

1 
{■ 

W 

s 

e 

,S.-==f»S   . 

3" 

o 

3 

s 

i 

:::::::::::: 

1 

d  by  Google 


SALTIMORK. 


Annex  10. — ^Tablb  showing  the  Nationality  of  Immigrants 
Arriving  at  Baltimore  during  the  Years  1901-1900. 


OountiT. 

ISOl. 

1900. 

AmtrU-Hongary 

Qenunj 

Norwar 

BouDutik          

KMiia 

United  Kingdom 

WegtlBdled       

Othn  ooontriw 

ie,B19 

ts 

79 
4^08 
I!t 
23 
33 

11.984 
8,1«6 

"47 

4,8es 
"21 

ToUl 

«7,018 

10,104 

Norfolk,  Va. 

Mr.  Vioe-Consul  Myers  reports  as  follows  : — 

During  the  psat  year  the  business  of  this  port  has  been  active 
and  there  haa  been  an  increase  in  most  lines  of  business  as  shown 
by  the  Rccompanying  statistics. 

The  United  States  census  bulletins,  which  have  been  issued, 
show  large  increase  in  manufacturing  enterprises  and  in  popu- 
lation. 

The  general  appearance  of  Norfolk  has  beeu  improved  by  the 
laying  of  several  loiles  of  asphalte  streets  and  by  the  erection  of 
a  better  class  of  building  tJian  heretofore,  while  the  suburbs  are 
being  opened  up  by  the  extension  of  four  lines  of  electric 
railways. 

The  population  of  the  city  and  suburbs  within  the  radius  from 
the  city  hdl  is  now  about  100,000. 

The  latest  census  report  gives  the  following  information,  rela- 
tive to  Norfolk's  manufacturing  interests,  during  10  years  ending 
1900 :— 445  establishments,  capital  6,425,099  dol.,  inorease  88  per 
cent, ;  value  of  products  9,397,355  doL,  increase  84  per  cent. ;  the 
average  number  of  w^e  earners,  4,334;  total  wages,  1,571,229  doL; 
miscellaneous  expenses,  701,537  doL ;  cost  of  materials  used, 
5,283,976  dol. 

Fourteen  railroads  have  their  terminals  here.  These  roads 
reach  the  fruit,  cotton,  sugar,  ricej  tobacco,  and  timber  lands  of 
the  South ;  coalfields,  iron  mines,  and  granaries  of  the  West,  and 
the  great  commercial  and  manufacturing  centres  of  the  North  and 
East. 

The  export  business  from  this  port  to  Europe  is  handled  by 
die  United  States  Shipping  Company  and  by  various  chartered 
tramp  steamers. 

The  coal  business  of  this  port  is  being  steadily  developed  as 
the  character  of  Pocahontas  coal  becomes  better  known.     There 


d  by  Google 


bas  been  recently  completed  at  Lambetta  Poiot,  by  the  Norfolk 
and  Weatem  Bailway,  an  additional  iron  coal  pier  with  faciUtiea 
for  loediug  fooi  large  ocean  ateamers  at  once. 

Tasle  showing  Principal  Articles  of  Import  at  the  Port  of 
Norfolk  during  the  past  Year. 


Article. 

<limiUtr. 

V»la» 

Buuuiu.. 
CocouiuU 
Unrikt«  of  potMh 

Kilcmle  of  M<te.. 
OrsngM.. 
Hock  pluter      .. 

.    BnnehM       .. 

.    Big."        .. 
.    BJnli         .. 
.jTon*.. 

S3,447 
«0 

11),G60 

Se,22T 

I, son 

e,T40 

7,077,461 

2;mo 

2  400 
1,000 
9,M« 

agi 

DoUms. 

"•S 

4S,180 

34S 

204,383 

2,1» 

4,0U 

Sglphtleof&mmonlm  . 

^  ..  '^ 

8Md.      .. 

Wine  ud  iplrit* 

.,ai«i..        .. 

!    ftSieU         '.'. 
.    B*gi.. 

.jBunla 

1^^ 

B.079 

>4S 

141,0M 

2.8« 

ToUl         ..        ..' 

440,174 

Table  showing  Principal  Articles  of  Export  at  the  Port  of 
Norfolk  during  the  past  Year. 


AitielM. 

Tom.. 

Lbt.  .. 

Tow  .. 

Qwwtlty. 

T»liw. 

Bnu 

Cotton^Md  mMl 

CotlODWUM 

Corn 

C«»l       

cju"".""'--   ::    :: 

8 

»,Sfl4,469 

2,781,888 

2,313:808 

960,148 

241,199 

9I,00S 

83,118 

14,637 

S,78S 

478.629 

590,000 

XSI,S8S 
8,681,280 

8,807 

882,044 

748 

4,890 

1,000 

8,919,098 

831,100 

4,738,699 

U1,6«0 

660,990 

DoUui. 

60 

398,698 

78,016 

1,100,149 

1,878,482 

738,391 

Cotton 

Commokl         

CaUle  Mi4  ihoep 

PlOBT     

Qnptmgar 

OnMK 

Ironplktw        

LlBMOdctkM 

Log!  ud  lunlMr 

ICiMellUMIM 

M«U 

Oil.       

0>U 

pJl^'?   :!    '.'.    v. 

Bt>Tfl>,  hMdlogi  Ud  ihinglM.. 

Stindi 

ToUcco  ud  tobMoo  itemi     .. 
Tallmr 

WbMt 

Bj«:: 

BuMb 
Hnmber       .. 
Bumb 
LU.  .. 

LU.  '.'. 

Lbt.  '.'. 
Q«lloni 
BnthftU 
Tm.. 

Buheli 

1,12S,0ST 

80;088 

331,382 

3,399,198 

10,080 

373,388 

4,787 

801,178 

1,083,918 

134.383 

«W 

868,104 

S7S 

80,08* 

17,890 

331,011 

6,8U 

400,420 

6,666 

489,118 

Totd 



11,167,840 

d  by  Google 


RiTuiUI  of  all  Shipping  at  the  Fort  of  Norfolk  dnting  tbe 
Year  1901. 


8k 

ling. 

Stoun. 

OtaL 

NrtJonrfilj. 

H<nDb«r 

Nnmber 

Nmnbor 

of 

Totu. 

of 

Tuiu. 

of 

Toiu. 

TeMelB. 

YmmU. 

VmwI*. 

BiiUidi    .. 

10 

8,210 

621 

1,170,938 

831 

1,174,148 

116 

14»,2Se 

U6 

140.288 

BiMoiA   ..          .. 

66 

127,737 

65 

127,787 

G 

S3 

77,637 

88 

1 

seo 

SI 

68,026 

80 

08,886 

American,  foreign 

» 

9.m 

14 

11,210 

1»,708 

11 

19,708 

10 

19,046 

10 

19.S46 

Anttn-Hniigtrian 

10.21l> 

7 

16,348 

6,S19 

A 

6,819 

4,66» 

2 

4,669 

Sir«duh  .. 

2,811 

2 

2,Stl 

BelgUn   ..          .. 

8.e77 

1 

8,677 

ilnig«v«i> 

2,206 

1 

2,206 

Total 

se 

10,44G 

G03 

1,809,374 

936 

1,676,816 

Stiling 

Steun. 

TeUL 

VktiDBkUtr. 

Nwnber 

of 
Teewb. 

Ton.. 

Number 

of 
VeaeU. 

Tonr 

Nuaber 

of 
Teweli. 

Tom. 

Britlih    .. 

SpanlA  ..        .. 
Americu,  fonlgD 
ItsUm    .. 
6em.li  .. 
Danlth    .. 
Dnteh     .. 

S,u.lan  !r      .. 
Fnneh    .. 
Swediih  .. 
BelgUn   .. 

U 

21 

2 

890 

866 
888 
860 

620 

lie 

68 
14 
80 
86 
11 
10 
7 

4 
2 
3 
1 
1 

1,1S8,04« 
149,288 
11S.B74 
10,104 
81,840 
62,938 
10,708 
19,040 
16,248 
6.819 
4,609 
2,811 

a;677 

2,206 

639 
116 

68 
47 
40 
87 
11 
10 
7 

4 
3 
2 
1 
1 

1,170,488 
149.288 
118,674 
81,469 
84.726 
88,788 
19,708 
19,040 
16.248 
6,819 
4,669 
3i8Jl 
8,677 
2.306 

Toua     .. 

48 

37,491 

916 

1.66fl,M9 

964 

1,687,490 

d  by  Google 


Table  shomag  Quantity  of  Coal  Shipped  to  Fore^  Ports, 
exclusive  of  Bunkers,  for  the  Year  ending  December  31, 
1901. 


Port  to  wUeh  Sblpped. 


AlTUkdo,  Heiieo 

Antwerp,  Beldnm 

AntofkgistA,  Chili 

Barbtdoea,  British  Wmt  Indies  . . 

Baroeloni,  Spain   .. 

Baoe«,CDt»         

Bennnda  Iilanda 

BergflD,  Nomj    .,         .. 

Boenoe  Ajrea,  Argentine  BepubHe 

CalelaBaena,  Chili 

Cape  Town,  3odUi  Afiie» . , 

Cienfaegoi,  Cnba 

Colon,  Colombia 

Coiond,  Chili       

Cura^oi,  Uutoh  West  Indies 

Daiquitri,  Coba 

Demarara,  Britiah  Oniana 

iSaet  [^ndon.  South  AAic*  .. 

FremanUe,  Aostntlia 

Gabona,  Cuba 

Qeooa,  lUl;  

Geai^town,  Biitiab  Oaiana 

OibialUr 

EaTsna,  Cnba 

Horten,  Norm; 

Biogo,  Japan        

EingitOD,  Briliih  Weet  Indies    .. 

La  Ouajra,  Venetuela 

Liaboti,  Portugal 

Haeeio,  Brazil        

Manila,  Philippines 

Maiaaillea,  TraDca 

Montevideo,  Tniguay 

Nsaaau,  New  ProTidence  . . 

OranjesU  Amba,  Dutch  Wert  Indies 
,  Port  Antonio,  Britiih  Weot  Indie* 
'  Fort  Arthur,  China 

Fort  Jlonnt,  Jamain 

Fort  of  Spain         

Frogreeo,  Mexico 

mo  Gnnde  du  SnI,  Brsdl 

Bio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil 

Han ilafco  de  Cuba  .. 

Sanloi,  Bndl        

Singapore,  India 

SL  Johna,  New  Bmnawick 

SL  John,  Neafoondland  .. 

St.  Lacia,  Britiih  West  Indies    . . 

St  Michaels,  Aioret 

St.  Thomas,  Danish  West  Indies. . 

Tampi CO,  Mexico 

Ten  Cruz,  Mezieo 

Total 


4S2 

6M 

18.471 

1,848 

2,782 

1,740 

16,27S 

400 

6,000 

3,100 

8,800 

S,891 

flMSl 

8,998 

4,0SS 

1,ISS 

4,807 

2,800 

700 

GOO 

4,eoo 

6,188 
17,708 
20,328 

2,915 

460 

Se,2I8 

2,428 
12.457 


9,447 
2,200 
SO9 
80,848 
1,000 
8,178 

s,eoo 

13,000 
1,900 
83,400 
20,832 
8,000 
G4,800 
82,410 

617,676 


d  by  Google 


NEWPORT  NEWS. 


Nkwpokt  News,  Va. 


ImportB. 
Ezport*. 
Coilezpor 


The  Newport 

huf  tding  and 

DiyDock 

Compiny. 


Mr.  Viee-Consul  Haughton  reports  as  followB : — 

In  apite  of  the  general  depression  in  the  ocean  carrying  trade 
during  the  later  months  of  the  year  1901,  Newport  News  has 
shown  a  steady  increase  in  all  branches  of  trade  over  the  year 
X900. 

Substantial  new  buildings  of  brick  and  stone  have  been  erected 
for  officer  and  stores,  while  in  the  residential  portion  of  the  city 
the  buildings  have  been  added  to  to  the  extent  of  nearly  20  per 
cent 

Real  estate  has  not  advanced  as  in  previous  years,  and  in  no 
case  has  an  Bbnormally  high  price  been  reached.  Whatever  trans- 
actions have  been  completed  have  been  investments  and  not 
speculations. 

During  the  past  yeai'  a  general  hospital  has  been  opened  in 
the  city,  and  is  now  available  for  patients,  being  well  equipped  with 
all, appliances,  and  having  an  efficient  staff.  It  has  a  capacity  of 
41  beds.  The  charges  are  moderate,  ranging  npwatils  from 
1  dol.  28  c.  {os.  id.)  per  diem. 

Imports  show  a  satisfactory  increase,  the  value  amounting  to 
892,224^..  against  765,800/.  in  1900.  The  principal  articles 
imported  are  given  in  attached  statement. 

The  exports,  as  compared  with  1900,  show  an  increase  of 
111,^70^.,  the  value  of  the  exports  being  6,891,646^.  The  chief 
articles  of  export  are  given  in  annexed  statement. 

The  export  of  coal  has  developed  considerably  during  1901. 
The  number  of  tons  exported  during  this  year  amounted  to 
341,189  and  151,169  tons  bunker  coal.  The  attached  statement 
shows  the  port  to  which  the  coal  was  destined,  and  the  quantities 
in  tons  ot  2,240  lbs.  I  find  that  one  cargo  for  Marseilles,  in 
March  last,  took  a  freight  of  16s.  6rf.  per  ton,  and  one  for  Rio  de 
la  Plata,  9s.  per  ton.  The  average,  however,  was  about  8s.  per 
ton.  The  price  of  coal  free-on-board  is  2  doL  50  c.  per  ton.  The 
charges  for  trimming,  paid  by  the  vessel,  are  7  c  per  ton  for 
single  deck  vessels,  and  10  e.  per  ton  for  those  with  double  decks. 

The  coastwise  trade  from  Newport  News  has  materially 
increased,  the  bulk  of  the  traffic  being  to  northern  and  New 
£ngland  ports.  Nearly  2,000,000  tons  of  coal  alone  have  been 
shipped  coastwise  from  Newport  News. 

The  Newport  News  Shipbuilding  and  Dry  Dock  Company's 
report  for  1901  shows  improvement  in  every  department.  The 
new  graving  dock  has  been  completed  and  has  been  in  continuous 
use  ever  since  completion.  Its  dimensions  were  given  in  my  report 
of  last  year. 

The  repair  work  has  been  very  heavy.  The  re-building  of 
the  North  German  Lloyd  steamship  "  Main "  was  one  of  the 
largest  contracts. 

The  plant  has  been  gi-eatly  improved,  and,  I  am  advised,  still 
further  improvements  will  follow. 

The  launchings  for  the  past  year  are  as  follows : — 


d  by  Google 


MSWFOKT  KKW8. 


DMcriptlOD. 

Nuna. 

loaotgt. 

Bemuki. 

BiWlMhip     .. 

-MtaMlri'.. 

18,000 

11,S00 

Gnu  toniuf* 

"SlberU"    .. 

11,800 

"BIV«I1«-.. 

6,000 

"BlIH*"     .. 

0,000 

"BlSiglo" 

8,000 

"BlAlM"    .. 

COOO 

Of  the  above,  "  El  Valle,"  "  El  Dia,"  and  "  El  Siglo  "  were 
completed,  as  was  also  the  battleship  "  lUinoie,"  launched  the 
previous  year. 

Several  warships  are  in  coniBe  of  construction  for  the  United  ^jjjj**'  Stitoi 
States    Government,    "  Arkansas;"     3,235      tons     displacement,  ^jJ^JJ"""" 
"Monitor,"  "West  Virginia,"  and  "Maryland,"  13,800  tons  each 
armoured  cruisers  (unsheathed);  "Virginia,"   15,000  tons,  battle- 
ship, and  "  Charleston,"  9,700  tons,  protected  cruisei' ;  and  there  is 
also  a  steamer  being  built  for  the  coastwiae  trade  of  the  gross  New  onui- 
tonn^e  of  4,200  tons.  *^  »i«iimer 

The  number  of  hands  emplojecl  in  the  shipyard  is  upwards  of  Strike. 
7,000,  but  owing  to  the  strike  of  the  machiuists  the  number  was 
materially  affected.     The  demand  of  -the  men,  which  was  for  a 
10  per  cent,  increase  in  wage?,  was  not  complied  with  and  the 
men  returned  to  work,  having  been  out  froni  .June  3  to  July  12. 

The  t-ankiug  returns  for  the  year  1901,  show  a  very  gratifying  Buiklng. 
increase.  The  clearances  for  the  last  four  months  of  1900 
amounted  to  the  sum  of  2,098,476  dol,  wliile  those  for  1901 
duruig  the  corresponding  months  amount  to  3,034,741  doL,  an 
advance  of  nearly  50  per  cent.  The  attached  statement  shows 
the  returns  of  the  Newport  News  clearing-house  for  eaeh  month 
of  1901. 


••(W) 


d  by  Google 


NEWPORT  NBWa. 


Table  showiug  Principal  Artioles  of  Import  at  the  Port  of 
Newport  News,  Va.,  during  the  Year  1901. 


Coeouat  oil      ..        ,. 

PftlinoU 

Paper  Uoek 

Sup  planking    . .        . . 

Ammonta,  nrorlite  of   .. 

,,         (ulplutte  of  >. 

Glyoerine  ..        .. 

Logs        

OlivM 

Uutnfaclorw  of  glan    •  • 
Mirrore    .. 
Wiodowglaaa     ,, 
Plate  glaaa 

OlsMware,  d«M>nl«d  .. 
Castor  beam  ..  ,. 
Bleaching  povder  ., 
DeEiecaled  eocoauat 

Sogar      

Tea  

tma 

Old  bagging 

Shellac 

Senna  leavet      ..         .. 
Oialii;  ncid         .. 
Chunpagna         . .         , , 
Still  wiuea 

Wool        

Carbonate  of  potaah 
MurUle 
Sulphiite  „ 

Ktlait 

Olue  stock 

UorM  hidea  ..  ., 
Oil,  minenl  ,.  ., 
Pepper 

Lime,  chloride  of  .. 

China  clay 

Puller's  earth,  nnwronght 
„  WTonght.. 

Cla.TB,  vrODght   . . 
Eartbenirare,  plain       ,. 
M  deconit«d 

Jnte  MgK  .         . , 

„    mannfoclarea  of    . . 
SaTetr-tuae 
14n-|^lei 
Halt  liquora      ..        ., 

Cuooa,  lnitt«i      .,         ,. 
TenetJan  rod      ,. 
Caator  aeeds       . .        . , 
Mannbctniet  of  raetal.. 
Other  arUclia    . . 

Total  .. 


Coirensy. 

Bteriing. 

Dollara. 

£ 

!8T,eOQ 

67,680 

eO,BI8 

12,102 

9.105 

26,287 

6,066 

40,844 

8,168 

161,Sflr 

S0,S1S 

]«,23a 

8,844 

8,677 

1.716 

4,864 

4,001 

800 

27,621 

e.G24 

S8,eS6 

18,1GB 

8,881 

8,076 

20,766 

4,161 

7,788 

1,548 

3e,S3S 

7,277 

(1,286 

1,263 

366,720 

68,344 

489 

8,889 

1,187 

a,os7 

411 

10,774 

S,08tt 

417 

6,048 

1.U09 

89,104 

7.820 

89,414 

7,883 

47,863 

9,470 

8.679 

1,692 

5,641 

8,m 

22,614 

100,048 

30,000 

7.4fl6 

1,4H3 

44,178 

S,8S6 

38,069 

6,211 

8,648 

61.897 

163,837 

80.766 

1,7B7,M* 

4,4T8 

46,780 

9,862 

68,MB 

18.787 

3,039 

11,849 

11,667 

3,811 

64,830 

d  by  Google 


NEWPORT   NEWfl. 


Table  showing  Principal  Articles  of  Expoi-t  for  the  Port  of 
Newport  News,  Va.,  during  the  Year  1901. 


JatMm. 

Head 
Boaheh     .. 

Bai^lH      '.', 

Tom 

Balea 

LI* 

Oalloni      .. 
Lba. 

M.«q.'reet.. 

lioaQtity. 

Talne. 

Corrency. 

Sterling. 

CattiB 

Uont 

OaU 

Wheat 

Floor     

Coal       

Cotton 

Cotwo-aeed  olloake  and 

meal  .. 
Cottuo-aesd  oil  . 

Urd 

Siaroh 

Tobacco,  leaf   .. 

Logs 

Boarda.&o.      .. 
Utbar  article*  .. 

Totd     .. 

3,i7a,eT8 

2,T67,88e 

311.169 

19,126,609 

104,7!8.8«2 

a.813,868 
20,684,628 

6,8GG.O<0 
18,877,897 

8a.8>7 

Dollan. 
2,864,700 
1,687,887 
()52,9fi8 
8,760,018 
1 1,11)3,214 
1,086,765 
l,S6l,74« 

1,167,818 
l.lli,87« 
1,807.020 

171.077 
1,687,778 

601.150 
1,868,289 
2,824,916 

31,468.260 

£ 
678,»10 
817,478 
1S0,6>1 
760.008 
a,298,8« 
2<l7,86& 
8S0,SM 

!31,462 
22M» 
361,104 
34,886 
388,664 
100,230 
371,058 
68E,13S 

«,a9Ml« 

StJMMABT  of  British  and  Foreign  Shipping  at  Newport  News,  Va., 
for  the  Tear  ending  December  31, 1901. 


Sailins. 

Bteant 

Total 

Nationalitj. 

Snmber 

Hnmbar 

Hwnber 

of 

Tom. 

of 

of 

Tona 

TemU 

TeMeli. 
446 

931,966 

Tewela. 

Brittah    .. 

2 

1,430 

418 

966,101 

.. 

10 

86,829 

19 

V6,6aw 

Qsnnaa  .. 

17 

127,325 

IT 

127,826 

rS'::    :: 

28 

60,619 

28 

00,549 

i«.aoi 

0 

11 

88,816 

11 

88.818 

Annio-Hnogarian 

81 

06,108 

81 

85,198 

1 

1,192 

Italian    .. 

6.739 

2 

Danuh    .. 

16,068 

7 

16,058 

Swedtih  .. 

1 

1,689 

BelKian  .. 

2,608 

I 

2,603 

Total 

2 

1,486 

608 

1,868,801 

606 

l,85d,240 

American,    eoaat- 

Tlaa     .. 

1,084 

1,278,800 

UI8 

1,921,188 

2,177 

8,201,288 

d  by  Google 


HBWPOBT  NEWB. 


BalUns. 

Steam. 

Total. 

NkUomU?. 

KambM' 

of       ;      TooB. 

TMHla. 

Nnmbw' 

of      i     Tone. 
T«atel«.| 

Number 

of           Tons. 

T«Neb.l 

BrHUh    .. 
ITorwegfaui 
a«nii»D  .. 

tt::    :: 

Dutch      „ 
Atutro-EDiiguiMi 
Cnban      ..         .. 
Italian     ,. 
Dauiih     .. 
Swedish  .. 
Belgian  ..        .. 
American 

9 

1.480 

41S 

IS 
47 

38 

11 
81 

3 

S7B,B27  :       44T 
86,820  1         19 

127,326           47 
00,649  i         18 
14,001             6 
38,810  1         11 
66,168  '         11 
1.4Si  I           1 
0,78B  1         a 
16,068             7 

iLoaB  1       1 

2.608  1           1 
7,040  1           8 

880,968 
86,829 

187,1126 
00.649 
14,001 
8S,Bia 
06,198 
1,493 
0,789 
16,b68 

i.ose 

2.fiOS 

7,040 

Totel       .. 
American,    cout- 
WiM      .. 

2 
1,064 

1.430 
1,270,800 

602    1  l,SSl,8Sa         S04 
],U8       1,924,488  j    2,177 

1,862,803 
3,201,288 

BiTUMiKOUB  Coal  Exported  from  Newport  News,  Va.,  during  the 
Year  1901,  exclusive  of  Bunker. 


Port 

Qoaatttj. 

Tom. 

UoiMilles 

G0.028 

BiodeJaaelro 

80.046 

12.293 

8L  Lucia,  BriUili  Wert  Indie*    .. 

80,015 

PM»,Br«a          

8,800 

8,860 

4,870 

69,084 

18,614 

PilKM        

6,840 

DuenosAjTM        

2.2M 

Hamburg 

7,116 

Elngitoirn,  Jam^ea         

8,081 

Antwerp      ..         

4.794 

8,619 

I«FlaU 

2,313 

„     .aiUngeyp. 

340,180 

908 

QiMd  total 

341,189 

d  by  Google 


NEWPORT  NEWS. 


Betuhn  of  the  Cost,  Freight,  &c.,  of  certain  Shipments  of  Coal 
Exported  from  Newport  News  in  1901. 


Port  to  which  Shipped. 

PrlM  per  Ton 
of  1,S4D  ItM. 

2,140  Ibl. 

Price  per  Ton 
laiddownu 

Newport  News, 

IHMhHs*- 

:      £    ».     d. 

e  :    d. 

Ualte 

0  10    81 

0  18  11 

SlLdcU       .. 

0  10    8t 

0  IS    2 

modeJuurira 

.        0  10    ti 

0  18    S 

1   e  11 

HumUIn     .. 

.       0  10    31 

0  16  e 

1    8  11 

JhkM. 

0  10    Si 

1  12    6 

. ,      0  10    St 

0  18  U 

QeiuM. 

.       0  to    fli 

0  18    B 

(1ft) 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


LOITDON: 
iTiuUd  fai  HU  tUlMtr*!  SUtioDuT  Office,  | 


Bt  habbibon  akd  sons, 

PriDten  in  Orduuu?  to  Uli  UajMij. 
(7fi    S[OS-Hft$    ie> 


I 


d  by  Google 


Mo.  2759  Amnial  Series. 
DIPLOMATIC  AIO)  CONSULAR  REPOBTS. 


UNITED    STATES. 


DEPORT   FOR  THE  TEAR  1901 


TRADE    OF    CHARLESTON    AND    DISTRICT. 


RBFERENGE  TO  PREVIOUS  REPORT,  Annual  Series  No.  2572. 


Pmtttttd  to  both  Houtet  of  Parliament  hy  Command  of  Hit  Majtaly , 
APRIL,  1902. 


LONDOJTi  

IBIirrKD  TOB  HIB  ICAJESTTa  8TATI0ITBBT  OFBIOS, 

BT  HARBIBOIT  AlfD  SONS,  BT.  UABTIN-B  LANS, 

nuHTSia  iM  osaantxt  ro  bis  ituawn. 

AiiJtob»iniiiilimMl  lilliiii  illiiiiillj  III  lliiiiinili»iij  Tlniitiiiilliii,  rinm 

KTBB  A  BPOniSWCkulB,  Xui  Hakdih*  Stuit,  Fun  Srun,  B.Of 

and  n,  Abiwopow  8t«»T.  Wmumwa.  8.W.| 

or  OLIVBB  ft  BOTS,  BDimumsH  i 

<r  K.  POHBOKBT,  116,  Qsavtok  Sibbbi,  iKnLix. 


CA  7S6-6S.]  Price  Twopence  Halfpenny. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


CONTENTS. 


HiTal  itttioti  _ 


TenDsnee  oil  diMoreiiM  ... 

Cotton  trade    .....~.. 

Cotton  miUinf  .^ »....«. 

Pho«ph*t«B  tad  f«rtali«ei«.... 

KotbI  ttoifa _ „.... 

Lombm    _. 

HicB 

Sbipping  ftnd  tamgatiou   ... 

Tobacco    

Tea   

BAvktais— 

OoDerBl  remarks.... _... 


FhotphatSB  and  fertiliMm ._ 


Bbuviwtok— 
Oeneral  trade  ... 


d  by  Google 


No.  2759.  &imaal  Series. 

Sefirma  to  prtmemt  Report,  Annual  Series  2fo.  2572. 


Jieport  on  the  Trade  of  CharUston  uTid  District  for  the  Year  1901 
By  Colonel  Cobtlogos,  His  Majesty's  Coiisul. 

(BooaiT«d  at  Voielga  OAm,  Mbrch  IG,  190£.} 

The  principal  indostriee  of  this  Consular  district,  embracing  G«iie 
the  States  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Tennessee, 
consist  of  cotton  raising  and  milling,  phosphate  mining  and  manu- 
faotnring,  and  the  production  of  lumber,  resin,  and  turpentine 
from  the  yellow  or  pitch-pine  forests  of  the  coast  regions.  These 
articles  form  the  tx^is  of  most  of  the  export  trade  at  the  ports  of 
Wilmington,  Charleston,  Savannah,  Port  Boyal,  Darien,  and 
Brunswick,  the  principal  ports,  within  this  jurisdiction. 

There  are,  however,  several  other  items  that  might  also  be 
enumerated,  such  as  rice,  coal,  pig-iron,  &c.,  which  are  produced  in 
ooueiderable  quantities ;  but  whue  important  in  themselves,  their 
importance  is  of  a  relatively  local  or  subordinate  character,  being 
mostly  consumed  at  home  or  exported  to  a  comparatively  small 
extent.  Taken  as  a  whole,  however,  the  business  done  last  year 
in  the  above-named  leading  lines  has  been  &irly  satisfactory,  both 
as  regards  volume  of  trade  and  prices  obtained  lor  output. 

The  following  pages  will  show  that  there  was  some  reduction 
in  cotton  receipts  and  exports  at  all  South  Atlantic  ports  for  the 
commercial  year  ending  August  31,  1901,  as  comparad  with  the 
previous  season,  owing  to  shortness  of  crop  and  large  home  con- 
sumption ;  but  on  the  other  hand  there  was  a  moderate  increase 
during  the  four  months  ending  on  December  31,  1901,  resulting 
from  the  larger  crop  produced  last  season. 

At  Charleston,  notwithstanding  the  increased  receipts, 
the  cotton  trade  ia  at  present  regarded  as  unsatisfactory 
so  far  as  direct  foreign  exports  are  concerned.  Most  of  the 
cotton  now  coming  here  goes  to  New  York  vi3,  American  coasting 
steamers,  and  in  consequence  of  this  the  majority  of  British  and 
other  foreign  vessels  that  came  here  last  year  loaded  were  obliged 
to  go  elsewhere  for  cargoes.  Of  51  British  vessels  that  arrived,  four 
of  which  were  sailing  ships  and  47  steamers,  42  brought  in  cargoes, 
and  only  four  small  fruit  ships  and  10  steamers  took  out  cargoes, 
37  steamers  clearing  in  ballast  for  other  ports. 

(2S)  A  t 


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4  CHLSLEBTON. 

A  careful  survey  of  the  cotton  trade  for  the  past  10  years 
appears  to  show  that,  under  existing  railway  arrangements,  foreign 
exporters  have  found  it  expedient  to  concentrate  their  efforts 
mainly  on  the  four  ports  of  Norfolk  and  Savannah  on  the  Atlantic 
coaet  and  New  Orleans  and  Galveston  on  the  Gulf,  through  which 
•^j^^^  most  of  the  foreign  shipmenta  now  go  abroad.     These  porta  have 

«Iwn<ieU  been  able,  apparently,  to  secure  the  bulk  of  the  business  in  the 
«hiing«d.  face  of  many  natural  obstacles  through  superior  railway  connec- 
tions and  terminal  facilities,  aided  also  perhaps  to  some  extent  by 
a  greater  promptness  In  seizing  opportunities  to  change  former 
trade  channels  into  their  own  direction.  This  ia  illustrated  by 
the  fact  that  at  one  time  Charleston  received  annually  500,000 
bales  of  cotton,  while  Savannah's  receipts  were  only  70,000, 
and  at  the  present  time  Savannah  gets  over  1,000,000  bales  a 
year,  and  Charleston  about  a  third  of  that  amount. 

In  former  years  also  Norfolk  did  little  or  no  cotton  busineeq, 
and  Wilmington  was  far  behind  Charleston,  but  both  these  porta 
are  now  well  advanced  in  the  cotton  trade. 

Up  to  about  10  years  ago  Charleston  was  greatly  handicapped 
hi  her  efforts  to  secure  cotton  business  by  poor  railway  terminal 
facilities  and  an  insufficient  depth  of  water  on  the  bar  entrance 
OoMM  of        to  her  harbour.    Both  of  these  drawbacks  have  now  been  remedied, 
**""••*         but  still  the  trade  languishes,  and  for  want  of  proper  co-opera- 
tion on  the  part  of  railways  entering  here,  outward  cargoes  could 
not  be  obtained,  as   already  mentioned,  for   one-quarter   of  the 
foreign  ships  arriving  during  the  last  two  years.     The  business 
having  adapted    itself  to  new  channels,  has  apparently    become 
fixed,  and  it  now  seems  impossible  to  divert  the  full  volume  of 
former  trade  back  to  its  old  courses. 
Goiei-Diiiont         The   Govemment  has  been  exceedingly   liberal  in  dealing 
^te'*^         with    this    port.      Vast   sums    of    public   money   have    already 
been  expended  for  harbour  improvements  and  fortification  work, 
for  the  promotion  of  commerce  and  the  protection  of  the  town 
and  its  approaches,  and  further  improvementa  that  will  require 
large  disbursements  are  in  contemplation  for  the  completion  of  the 
Southern  Naval  Station  that  is  to  be  established  here,  and  it  is 
hoped  that  these  things  will  materially  assist  in  building  up  new 
industries,  even  if  lost  trade  cannot  be  recovered. 
Chwlrat^D  The  report  of  the  Naval  Board,  headed  by  Admiral  Henry  C. 

"^  Taylor,  charged  with  the  preparation  of  plans  for  the  new  naval 

■'"'"'"'  station  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  gives  in  detail  all  the  im- 

provements deemed  necessary  for  the  installation  of  the  buildings 
of  the  station.  It  is  proposed  that  Cooper  Kiver,  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  city,  be  dredged  to  a  depth  of  32  feet  below  mean 
low-water  mark',  and  that  the  dredged  material  be  so  deposited  aa 
to  raise  the  grade  of  the  shore  line  6  feet  above  high  water  in 
Older  to  guard  against  any  danger  of  flooding  during  easterly 
storms,  instead  of  constructing  piers  extending  into  the  river. 
The  Board  recommends  that  a  basin  be  dredged  to  a  depth  of  32 
feet  below  mean  low  water,  the  said  basin  to  contain  two  piei-a, 
this  arrangement  being  designed  to  afford  the  required  water  fronfe 


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vhere  Yesaek  may  lie  without  obstmctiiig  the  chann^.  A  site  for 
the  buitdinc  of  two  diy  docks  has  also  been  selected  in  the  low 
land  in  prolongation  of  the  baain,  and  a  short  pier  will  be  pro- 
vided between  the  two  in  order  to  facilitate  the  docking  and  nn- 
docking  of  vessels.  It  is  also  proposed  to  protect  the  water  front 
of  the  working  part  of  the  station  bj  a  great  sea  wall,  having  a 
depth  of  water  in  front  of  32  feet  There  was  some  objection 
raised  to  the  site  selected  hy  the  Board  for  a  hospital  for  the 
reason  that  while  it  was  on  high  ground,  well  removed  from  the 
working  part  of  the  station,  there  was,  nevertheless,  an  absence  of 
trees,  which  made  the  situatiou  undesirable.  The  Board  has 
therefore  suggested  the  acquisition  of  a  tract  of  land  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  station  that  will  satisfy  all  desired 
conditions. 

A  torpedo  boat  depdt  is  also  to  be  located  in  the  low  lands 
of  the  Lawton  tract,  on  which  the  naval  station  is  to  be  estab- 
lished, and  the  Board  has  recommended  two  slips  for  vesseb  in 
reserve,  and  has  indicated  a  line  of  standard  gauge  railway  track 
to  the  buildings  and  water  front  of  the  station. 

South  of  the  dry  docks  and  basin  an  area  has  been  selected  to 
serve  as  a  recreation  ground  for  enlisted  men.  These  are  the 
main  features  of  the  Board's  report,  which  also  submits  suggestions 
ID  detail  for  the  numerous  buildings  to  be  erected. 

With  reference  to  the  water-powers  of  the  South  and  their  Wut«r- 
development,  in  connection  with  cotton  and  other  forms  of  manu-  fontr. 
facturing,  it  has  been  shown  that  nowhere  is  water-power  more 
potentially  useful  than  in  this  section,  between  the  line  of  the 
Blue  Ridge  Mountains  and  the  belt  of  yellow  pine  that  abounds 
in  the  lowlands,  towards  the  sea.  The  climate,  where  moat  of  the 
beat  water-powers  are  situated,  is  such  that  power  may  be 
developed  throughout  the  year  with  little  or  no  interruption  from 
ice  and  snow.  The  constantly  increasing  number  of  manufacturing 
establishments  in  this  region  is  absorbing  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  power  as  rapidly  as  it  is  developed.  Good  authorities  now 
consider  that  the  Southern  States  present  one  of  the  most  attrac- 
tive fields  in  the  United  States  for  engineering  skill,  and  the 
number  of  plants  now  under  construction  or  in  contemplation  bear 
witness  to  the  fact  that  this  has  been  appreciated. 

From  the  Potomac  River  southward,  through  North  Georgia 
and  into  Alabama,  the  mountains  and  highlands  of  the  Appalachian 
Chain  are  abundantly  supplied  with  undeveloped  water-powers, 
many  of  them  as  fine  as  are  to  be  found  anywhere  in  the  country. 
The  Geol<^caI  Survey  of  Georgia  published  a  pamphlet  on  the 
water-powers  of  that  State  several  years  ago,  showing  that  literally 
tens  of  thousands  of  units  of  horse-power  were  going  to  waste  day 
in  and  day  out  for  the  sole  reason  that  capital  was  not  available 
properly  to  develop  the  sites.  In  some  caaes  these  powers  were 
isolated  by  several  miles  from  means  of  transportation,  but  in 
other  instances  some  fine  water-powers  were  available  near  lines 
of  railways.  Many  of  theae  lattur  have,  since  that  time,  been 
brought  into  service,  bu>  in  the  aggregate  the  water-powers  now 
(23)  A  3 


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in  Tue  bear    only  a   small    proportion    to  the  total  quantitj 
available. 

Under  the  modern  system  of  electrical  transmission,  power  can 
readily  be  sent  from  1  to  10  miles  with  very  little  loss  of 
potentiality  from  induction,  escape,  resistance,  &c.,  and  this 
renders  it  possible  to  construct  mills  at  considerable  distances 
from  rapids  and  falls  and  yet  have  all  the  advant^es  derived  from 
cheap  water-power.  During  the  past  few  years  not  lees  than  40 
water-power  plantB  for  manufacturing  cotton  goods,  supplying 
towns  with  l^ht  and  street  railway  power,  have  been  established 
in  Creoi^ia  and  the  indications  are  that  as  many  more  will  be 
required  during  the  next  year  or  two.  The  bead  waters  of  the 
Savannah  Kiver,  on  both  the  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  shores, 
are  expected  to  furnish  some  thousands  of  horse-power  that  will 
be  needed  for  manufacturing  enterprises  within  the  next  12 
montha  For  many  years  past  the  waters  of  the  Savannah  Eiver 
have  been  used  by  the  many  large  cotton  mills  at  Augusta, 
Geoi^a,  where  cotton  manufacturing  is  a  leading  industry 
It  has  been  estimated  that  in  Georgia  alone  there  is  probably 
enough  undeveloped  water-power  now  available  to  serve  every 
mill,  factory,  and  railway  in  the  State,  and  still  have  a  lai^ 
surplus  over,  and  this  will  apply  also,  in  a  more  or  less  modified 
degree,  to  North  and  South  Carolina,  Alabama,  and  Tennessee. 

Electrical   appliances   will   doubtless   enable   many  of   these 

powers  to  be  brought  into  servica 

Gold  and  The  preliminary  estimates  of  the  Director  of  the  United  States 

"J™    .  Mint,  as  to  the  production  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  United  States 

p     udjon.     (jyj^g  jdg  calendar  year  1901,  indicates  that  there  was  only  a 

slight  gain  over  the  previous  year.     The  total  number  of  ounces 

of  ^ne  gold  produced  throughout  the  country  was  3,880,558, 

having  a  value  of  80,218,800   doL     The   number   of   ounces   of 

silver   produced   was   59,631,738,   with   a    commercial   value   of 

35,792,200   dol.     But   the  coinage  value   of  this   silver,   under 

existing  laws,  is  said  to  be  approximately  77,000,000  doL    Of  this 

total  amount  the  production  of  gold  in  the  Southern  States  was 

as  follows ' — 


8MM. 

Amount. 

V^'om^     .*.'        "        '.'.        '.'. 

SonUxCuoliiu 

Oeatt* 

Al»bMn» 

Dollu^ 
7,«0 
66;B40 
130,900 
I44,M0 
8,900 

In  addition  to  this  North  Carolina  produced  16,558  fine  ounces 
ofiajlver  and  Viiginia  1,049  ounces  of  the  same  metal 

One  of  the  best  evidences  of  the  industrial  progress  made  in 
the  South  is  shown  in  a  review  of  the  development  of  its  fuel 
resources  during  the  past  year,  with  coal  mining  in  the  lead.    A 


d  by  Google 


.    OHABtZSTOH.  7 

consideiable  amount  of  coal  is  produced  in  Tenneseee  and  Georgia, 
and  a  moderate  amount  in  Kortb  Carolina,  but  little  or  none  in 
South  Carolina.  In  order  to  get  a  fair  conception  of  the  business 
a  glance  or  two  at  the  South  s  coal  mining  last  year  and  also  for 
the  past  10  years  may  be  advantageous  and  may  afford  an  ind^x 
of  the  advance  made. 

Probably  no  portion  of  this  country  baa  attracted  wider  atten- 
tion or  the  investment  of  more  outside  capital,  during  the  past 
year,  than  has  that  section  south  of  the  Feunsylvania  line  and 
east  of  the  Ohio  and  Bio  Grande  Rivers.  The  development  there  of 
its  mineral  resources  has  been  lai^,  with  greatly  increased 
operations  in  prospect  for  the  future,  and  it  is  difficult  for 
one,  not  in  touch  with  the  business,  to  form  a  just  idea  of 
what  has  actually  been  done  last  season  or  is  now  in  course  of 
preparation. 

No  State  in  the  Union  is  more  favoured  by  nature  in  the 
extent  and  diversity  of  its  mineral  products  than  is  West  Virginia. 
Her  coal  deposits  embrace  all  grades  of  bituminous,  coking,  steam 
and  gas  cou  of  the  best  qualities.  West  Virginia  contains  more 
of  the  Appalachian  coalfield  than  any  other  Southern  State.  The 
total  area  comprises  about  16,000  square  miles,  more  than  80  per 
cent,  of  the  total  bituminous  areas  of  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania 
combined,  60  per  cent,  more  than  Pennsylvania  alone,  and  2,000 
square  miles  more  than  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  combined,  the 
section  underlaid  by  coal  being  about  two-thirds  of  the  area  of 
the  State.  The  total  product  of  the  Virginia  mines  was  about 
25,000,000  tons  last  year,  compared  with  22,647,207  tons  in  the 
previous  year. 

After  West  Virginia  the  gieatest  coal  State  in  the  South  is 
Alabama,  the  output  of  which  for  1901  is  estimated  by  the  coal 
inspector  to  be  10,000,000  tons  net,  as  compared  witii  8,400,000 
tons  during  the  previous  year.  The  Alabama  coal  business 
is  divided  mto  three  distinct  branches,  namely,  the  production 
of  coal  for  coke-making  and  industrial  use  at  or  near  the  point  of 
production ;  the  supply  of  coal  for  locomotive  use  throughout  the 
country ;  and  also  the  supply  of  coal  for  domestic  use  and  steam- 
making  purposes  in  communities  that  ore  situated  near  the  mines. 

The  pioduction  of  coal  in  the  State  of  Tennessee  has  increased  Produotiou. 
from  2,092,064  short  tons  in  1892  to  4,200,000  tons  in  1901,  a 
coDsiderable  portion  of  the  product  having  been  mined  by  convict 
labour  in  mines  owned  and  worked  by  the  State.  In  the  mining 
districts  many  new  enterprises  are  being  developed  and  much  new 
work,  it  is  expected,  will  be  done  next  year. 

Coal  mining  in  North  Georgia  has  been  carried  ou  to  a  limited 
extent  comparatively  speaking  for  a  number  of  years,  principally 
by  convict  labour,  the  convicts  being  hired  from  the  State ;  the 
Georgia  output  is  very  generally  used  for  domestic  and  steam- 
making  purposes,  for  which  it  is  well  adapted,  but  high  rail- 
way rates  have  restricted  its  distribution  to  a  limited  extent  of 
territoiy ;  experiments  are,  however,  being  made  at  Savannah, 
by  the  New  York  coasting  steamers,  with  the  view  of  ascertaining 
(23)  A  4 


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■  if  Geoi^  coal  cannot  be  profitably  used  for  bunker  purposea  by 
ships  from  the  first-named  port. 

No  exact  figui'es  have  yet  been  obtainable  as  to  the  output 
of  coal  in  either  Georgia  or  North  Carolina  daring  the  past  year ; 
the  quantity,  however,  is  somewhat  limited  in  character  in  both 
States. 

Kentucky  is  a  large  coal  producer,  the  tonnage  having  increased 
from  3,025,313  tons  in  1892  to  5,000.000  tons  in  1901. 

Maryland's  product  is  about  the  same  as  tlie  State  of  Kentucky, 
her  output  having  increased  from  3,419.962  tons  in  1892  to 
5,000,000  tons  in  1901. 

Arkansas  is  also  coming  forward  as  a  coal  State ;  her  product 
in  1900  was  1,447,945  tons,  while  the  estimate  for  last  year  is 
1,750,000  tons. 

An  interesting  feature  of  last  year's  reports  has  been  the 
growth  of  the  coal  mining  industry  as  a  consequence  of  railway 
extensions  in  West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Arkansas, 
and  also  of  canal  work  done  and  improved  terminal  facilities  at 
Mobile,  Pensacola,  New  Orleans,  Savannah,  Newport  News,  and 
Norfolk. 
TTennsnee  oil  During  the  past  year  the  following  coal  oil  discoveries  have 
.di>Do*«rie>.  ijeen  reported  from  that  State,  namely:— On  May  31,  1901, 
a  report  was  received  from  Jamestown,  Tennessee,  that  two  oil 
wells  were  opened  on  that  day  on  the  border  line  of  Pickett  and 
Fentress  counties ;  and  also  at  the  same  place  oil  was  struck  at 
Cusack's  well  on  the  25th  of  last  June  at  a  depth  of  375  feet ;  and 
on  December  27  another  flow  of  oil  was  obtained  at  Wolf  River, 
about  10  miles  north  of  Jamestown,  which  was  pronounced  by 
experts  to  be  of  fine  quality. 

During  the  year  oil  has  been  reported  at  a  number  of  other 

places  throughout  this  district,  but  no  very  definite  information 

has  as  yet  been  made  public,  and  it  is  perhaps  probable  that  some 

of  the  reports  may  have  been  put  into  circulation  with  a  view  to 

stimulating  the  sales  of  lands  put  on  the  market  by  designing 

parties,  who  wished  to  take  advantage  of  the  excitement  caused 

by  the  valuable  oil  discoveries  recently  made  in  Texas. 

Cotton  Dunu-        It  has  been  somewhat  difficult  hitherto  to  obtain  exact  figures 

fMturmg.        relative  to  Southern  cotton  manufacturing,  but  some  interesting 

facts   in   regard   to   this    business,   taken   from   recently   issued 

Government   reports,  will   be   found   under   the   proper  heading 

further  on  in  this  report,  and   they   may  be  of  use  to  persons 

interested  in  the  matter. 

Pfaotpbate  Last  year  was  a  good  one  for  maoufacturers  of  Carolina  ferti- 

fMUiMn.        Users,  having  phosphate  rock  as  a  basis,  most  of  these  mills  being 

situated  at  tins  port     This  business  is  now  Charleston's  most 

important  industry,  and  it  is  gratifying  to  know  that  she  continues 

to  hold  her  position  as  the  leading  manufacturer  in  this  country  of 

commercial  manures. 

C^emicKl  The   importation   of   chemicals   used   in   this   trade   such  as 

-'mpoTti  sulphur,  pyrites,  kainit,  muriate  of  potash,  nitrate,  &c.,  was  almost 

""*  double  last  season  that  of  any  previous  year  on  record  both  as  to 

weight  and  value  of  imports. 


Urge. 


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Heavy  fluods  and  rains,  forest  fires,  and  labour  troubles  last  rixa 
spring  somewliat  retarded  busiuess  in  pine  products,  much  gum  product*, 
having  been  lost  bj  burning  or  washing  out  o[  tree  boxes  before 
it  could  be  gathered  for  distillation.  Notwithstanding  these  draw- 
backs, liowever,  the  business  done  in  turpentine,  resin,  and  lumber, 
the  principal  pine  producta,  continues  to  be  large ;  most  of  the 
trade  of  this  district  in  turpentine  aud  resin  is,  however,  now  done 
at  Savannah  and  Brunswick,  with  a  small  business  in  these  articles 
at  Charleston,  but  in  pine  lumber  a  good  business  was  done  at 
Charleston,  Savannah,  Uarien,  and  Brunswick — Darien  being  an 
almost  exclusively  heavy  exporter  of  timber  and  lumber,  much  of 
which  goes  to  foreign  countries. 

Fuller  details  relative  to  last  year's  naval  stores  trade  will  be 
found  in  the  Savannah  report,  that  being  the  principal  export 
centre  in  this  country  for  the  business.    Other  items  of  interest  other 
in  regard  to  the  different  industries  of  the  district  last  season  will  indmtriM. 
also  be  found  under  their  respective  headings  in  the   following 
pages. 

The  cotton  season  of  1900-01,  which  closed  at  Charleston  on  Cotton. 
August  31,  1901,  showed  that  the  receipts  at  this  port  during  the 
year  ending  on  the  above  date  were  236,137  bales,  in  comparison 
with  266,896  bales  for  the  previous  year.  The  exports  for  the 
same  time  last  year  were  2:34,000  bales,  as  compared  with  254,058 
bales  for  the  year  before,  while  the  stock  remaining  on  hand  on 
August  31,  1901.  was  3,348  bales,  compared  with  2,687  bales  for 
the  year  before.  The  exports  last  year  were  divided  as  follows : — 
70,377'  bales  to  the  United  Kingdom,  70,152  to  other  parts  of 
Europe,  84,205  coastwise  to  American  ports,  and  7,464  bales  to 
inland  points  by  railway.  The  consumption  of  Charleston's  own 
city  mills  was  1,806  bales. 

The  receipts  for  the  first  four  months  of  the  new  cotton  year,  Eecaipt*  »nd 
that  is  from  September  I  to  December  31,  1901,  yere  196,937  exports 
bales,  compared  with  176,774  bales  for  the  corresponding  period  of 
the  previous  year.  The  total  exports  during  the  last  four  months 
of  the  past  year  were  178,965  bales,  compared  with  158,541  bales 
for  the  year  before.  The  stock  remaining  on  hand  and  shipboard 
at  the  end  of  the  year  1901  was  21,021  bales,  compared  with 
17,869  bales  for  the  previous  year. 

The  quotatioaa  for  middling  cotton  on  September  1,  1901,  was  Quotationt. 
8|  c  per  lb.,  and  on  the  last  day  of  December,  1901,  the  same 
grade  was  quoted  on  the  Charleston  Cotton  Exchange  at  8  c, 
showing  the  moderate  decline  of  f  c.  during  the  four  months 
notwithstanding  a  larger  crop  and  increased  port  receipts  as 
compared  with  the  same  time  for  the  year  before. 

The  market  for  Sea  Islands  cotton  at  Charleston  was  steady  at  Set.  Idaodi, 
the  close  of  last  year,  with  quotations  for  this  grade  of  the  staple 
at  25  c,  per  lb.  for  fully  fine,  24  c.  for  fine,  and  22  c.  for  off 
qualities  of  cotton.  The  total  receipts  of  Sea  Islands  from 
September  1  to  December  31,  1901,  were  6,394  bags,  compared 
with  6,893  bags  for  the  same  time  of  the  previous  year,  and 
the  exports  for  the  last  four  months  of  last  year  were  3,429 


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10 


CHARLESTON. 


bags,  in  comparison  with  4,907  bags  for  the  same  of  the  previous 
year. 

Of  last  year's  exports  of  Sea  Islands,  1,127  b&gs  vent  to  the 
United  Kingdom,  the  remaining  3,780  bags  going  to  New  York. 

The  consumption  of  the  American  crop  of  Sea  Islands  cotton 
last  year  showed  that  there  has  been  a  largely  increased  home 
demand  for  this  staple.  It  was  estimated  near  the  close  of  the 
seaaon  that  the  crop  would  approximate  88,000  bags,  of  which  about 
54,000  bags  woula  go  to  Northern  mills.  The  exports  to  foreign 
countries  were  greatly  reduced  below  the  previous  year,  when  the 
total  crop  amounted  to  98,000  hags. 

The  increased  home  consumption  is  due  to  many  new  uses 
which  are  being  found  for  Sea  Islands  cotton  in  various  kinds  of 
manufacturing,  the  staple  being  admirably  adapted  for  the  manu- 
facture of  strong  yarns,  for  which  new  uses  are  constantly  being 
found.  It  is  found  useful  also  in  manufacturing  a  material  for 
insulating  wires ;  it  also  forms  the  basis  for  the  tyres  of  bicycles 
and  automobiles,  which  require  a  strong  yielding  textlire,  and  it 
has  for  a  long  time  played  an  important  part  in  fancy  goods,  neck- 
wear, &c,  which  require  an  attractive  finish,  more  of  this  cotton 
being  used  for  thread  than  for  any  other  purpose. 

During  the  latter  part  of  last  3'ear  some  interest  was  created 
among  those  engaged  in  handling  Sea  Islands  cotton  by  a  report 
that  100  bales  of  P^yptian  cotton  had  been  received  at  Norfolk, 
Virginia,  consigned  to  a  mill  in  South  Carolina,  as  the  Egyptian 
article  comes  into  competition  with  the  American  Sea  Islands 
staple.  It  appears,  however,  that  the  mill  in  question,  which  is 
situated  in  the  town  of  Clover,  South  Carolina,  has  been  importing 
and  spinning  Egyptian  cotton  for  nearly  two  years.  It  produces  a 
high-gi'ade  yam,  used  in  the  manufacture  of  fine  underwear  and 
hosiery.  Cheaper  cost  of  the  raw  material  has  undoubtedly  been 
the  reason  f»r  using  Egyptian  cotton  in  this  instance,  in  preference 
to  the  American  long  cotton. 

In  connection  with  this  matter,  it  may  he  of  interest  to  know 
that  the  United  States  Government  is  making  another  effort  to 
adapt  Egyptian  cotton  to  successful  cultivation  in  this  country. 
Last  year  experiments  were  made  in  a  small  way  in  the  Salt  Kiver 
Valley,  near  Phoenix,  Arizona,  which,  it  is  reported,  were  attended 
with  a  considerable  degree  of  success. 

Samples  of  the  fleece  sent  to  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  f^m 
the  Arizona  experimental  farms  were  said  to  be  of  fine  quality, 
tiner  indeed  than  the  average  grade  of  Egyptian  cotton  from  its 
native  soil.  One  reason  why  the  Egyptian  cotton  has  never  suc- 
ceeded well  in  the  South  Atlantic  States  has  been  owing  to  the 
humidity  being  too  great,  too  much  moisture  in  both  air  and  soil 
proving  hurtful  to  the  growth  of  the  plant.  It  is  claimed  that  in 
many  respects  the  valleys  of  the  southern  part  of  Arizona,  New 
Mexico,  and  Old  Mexico  are  similar  in  climatic  conditions  to  the 
Valley  of  the  Nile.  The  soil  is  almost  identical ;  there  is  little 
difference  in  irrigation  and  climate — irrigation  being  as  necessary 
as  in  Egj'pt.    The  experimental  crop  that  was  raised  near  FhcsDiz 


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CHABLSBTOV.  11 

was  produced  at  small  cost,  the  cof.toD  picking  beiag  done  by 
Indians.  It  is  po sstbLe  that  the  labour  problem  may  operate  against 
cottou  culture  in  the  aouth-weat  section  of  this  country,  as  few 
negroes  live  tbere,  but  hopes  atd  entertuned  that  Indians  and 
Mexicans  may  be  profitably  employed,  and  as  already  stated, 
further  experiments  are  to  be  made  in  Arizona  this  coming  year 
with  a  view  of  determining  whether  long  staple  cotton  can  be  suc- 
cessfully cultivated. 

About  a  year  ago  the  German  Government  secured  the  services  Cotton  it 
of  a  number  of  American  negroes  from  this  section,  persons  ol'jj^™" 
education,  to  ga  to  the  German  colony  in  East  Africa  to  conduct 
experiments  in  the  culture  of  cotton  and  maize  (Indian  corn),  the 
object  being  to  supply  Germany  with  raw  ootton,  and  enable  her 
to  be  independent  of  the  United  States  in  this  respect.  It  was 
believed  by  the  German  authorities  that  the  climate  and  soil  of 
East  Africa  were  well  suited  to  the  cotton  plant,  and  the  experi- 
ments were  designed  to  ascertain  if  this  belief  were  well  grounded, 
Among  the  negroes  who  went  to  Africa  under  the  auspices  of  the 
German  Government  was  John  W.  Robinson,  of  South  Carolina, 
from  whom  reports  have  been  received  giving  it  as  his  opinion  that 
the  experiments  in  cotton  and  maize  culture  are  likely  to  be  suc- 
cessful The  farm  on  which  he  is  employed  has  100  acres  in  cotton 
besides  the  maize  acreage.  On  July  1  last  the  cotton  stalks  were 
6  feet  high,  and  well  fruited.  Both  season  and  soil  seemed  to  be 
well  suited  to  the  cotton,  and  at  that  time  there  was  every  pros- 
pect that  a  fairly  good  crop  would  be  gathered.  There  were,  how- 
ever, certain  contingencies  to  be  feared,  but  the  crop  appeared  to 
be  as  promising  as  a  similar  crop  would  be  in  the  United  Slates. 
The  maize,  or  com,  was  generally  higher  than  the  ootton,  and  the 
ears  filling  out  well-  One  of  the  chief  enemies  of  the  com 
were  the  monkeys,  some  of  them  6  feet  tall,  who  pulled  off  the 
ears  from  the  stalks,  and  carried  them  into  the  shade  to  eat  them. 
It  is  also  stated  that  most  of  the  domestic  animals  do  well  in  the 
colony  after  they  become  acclimatised, 

A  number  of  inquiries  havs  been  addressed  to  British  Consular  CottoD-w 
ofBcers  in  this  district  during  the  past  year  for  information 
relative  to  the  question  of  cotton-seed  and  its  products,  which  have, 
in  the  past  few  years,  become  an  important  item  in  the  annual 
production  of  the  cotton  Stated.  The  following  information  on 
the  subject  has  been  obtained  from  the  last-published  report  of 
the  United  States  census  report  on  cotton-seed  manufacture  for 
last  year,  from  which  it  appears  that  there  were  375  establish- 
ments engaged  in  extracting  cotton  oil  from  the  cotton-seed  in  this 
country  and  that  they  consumed  2,479,386  tons  of  seed,  costing 
about  28,632,616  doL,  or  an  average  of  about  11  dol.  55  c  per  ton. 
The  total  value  of  the  product  was  42,411,835  dol  The  quantity  of 
seed  crushed  was  53  per  cent  of  the  total  amount  produced,  which 
latter  aggr^ated  4,638,346  tong,  valued  at  54,345,677  dol.,  and  the 
former  2,479,386  tons,  costing  at  the  mills  28,632,616  doL,  the 
available  and  actual  value  of  the  crude  and  manufactured  products 
being  80,371,375  dol.  and  42,411,835  doL  respectively. 


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12 

The  estimated  value  of  the  liat  cotton  produced  durm)^  the 
Census  jear  waa  338,836,921  doL  Tlie  oouibiaed  valae  of  the  lint 
and  seed  produced  was  393,182,598  dol.,  and  the  value  of  the 
entire  cotton  crop,  including  the  value  of  the  entire  available 
crude  manufactured  products  from  the  eeed,  amounted  to 
419,208,296  doL 

Of  the  above  totals,  the  quantities  produced  by  the  States  in 
thiB  Consular  district,  with  cost  and  value  of  the  same,  were  aa 
loUows : — 


BoDthCWolink.. 

North  Cnrolia*. . 
GeoTfpft . . 

TcniiiMee 


Tona.  \  DolUn. 

166,662  S,189,40S 

107,660  I  1,S13,663 

271,833  I  3,346,814 

16S,307  I  1,S48,8SB 


Under  the  present  methotls  of  treating  cotton-seeJ  it  is  esti- 
mated that  only  about  40  per  cent,  of  the  oil  is  extracted  from 
the  cake,  but  by  a  new  procesa  repnrteil  from  Wasliington  tn  have 
been  receutly  invented  for  hulling  and  delinting  cotton-eeeil,  it  is  ' 
claimed  that  practically  all  of  the  oil  will  be  secured,  ani.1  that 
there  will  alKo  be  a  great  reduction  in  the  cost,  time,  and  labour 
required  imdor  the  new  process.  Crude  oil,  it  is  expected,  will  be 
protlueed  f<)r  50  per  cent,  of  its  present  cost,  and  a  considerable 
gain  in  preparing  the  hulls  for  paper  manufacture  are  among  its 
other  advantages.  Should  these  expectations  be  realised,  it  is  easy 
to  see  that  the  gain  to  the  cotton  producers  and  the  world  at 
large  would  be  considerable,  possibly  aa  much  as  38,000,000  dol. 
annually  on  the  total  crop  production. 

It  is  further  stated  that  cotton  oil  refined  by  the  new  process, 
which  is  secret,  has  been  examined  by  chemists,  and  pronounced  to 
be  equal  to  good  qualities  of  importeil  olive.  Of  its  wholesome- 
ness  there  can  be  no  doubt,  as  it  is  a  pure  vegetable  oil.  It  is  now 
a  standard  article  for  domestic  consumptiou  and  is  in  general 
use  for  cooling  and  other  purposes. 

The  cotton  milling  industry  continues  to  show  satisfactory 
pr<^;ress  throughout  the  sections  of  this  district  best  adapted  for 
cotton  manufacturing.  Leading  mills  situated  in  the  middle  and 
upper  parts  of  the  two  Carolinas,  Georgia  and  Tennessee,  are  doing 
good  business  and  earning  large  dividends  on  capital  invested. 
There  are,  however,  no  cotton  mills  now  operated  in  the  coast 
towns,  except  one  mill  of  800  looms  near  Savannah;  the  mllb 
formerly  located  at  Charleston  and  Savannah,  operated  by  steam- 
power,  have  been  discontinued  or  removed  elsewhere  to  places  in 
the  up-country,  where  the  conditions  of  labour,  climate,  and 
cheap  water-power  were  more  favourable.  The  experiment  re- 
ported last  year  of  using  negro  labour  in  the  Charleston  Vesta 
Hill  was  detinitely  abandoned  laat   August,  and  the  machinery 


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CHAKLE8TOX. 


13 


moved  to   Gainesville,   in    Hall   county,  Georgia,  where,  under 
anotlier  name  and  new  ot^aisation,  ic  is  now  doing  well 

The  cotton  milling  busiuees  of  the  Southern  States  generallj 
also  continues  to  progress,  the  official  figures  of  the  United 
Stutes  Ceneus  Bureau  for  the  last  decade  showing  that  the  total 
number  of  spindles  bad  increased  from  1,554,000  in  the  year  1890 
to  0,001,487  in  1900,  an  increase  of  3,447,487  spindles,  or  221  per 
cent.  During  the  same  period  the  number  of  mills  increased  from 
239  to  500,  an  increase  of  261  mills,  or  more  than  100  per  cent. 
Besides  this  gain,  however,  105  mills  were  completed  during  1900, 
there  were  34  more  organised  and  in  process  of  couBtructioQ, 
with  the  promise  of  being  completed  early  in  the  season  of 
1901-02. 

The  distribution  and  increase  of  the  spindles  by  States  during  li 
the  decade  were  as  follows : — ■ 


Virginim 

North  Caroliu.. 

South  CftroUiia  .. 

TennewM 
Al&baina . .         . . 
Kentucky 

UiuiMippi          ... 
Mixoiiri,  Arkuusi,  LoniuanB, 
sndTaxu 66,980 


Number  of 

SpindlM. 

From— 

To— 

94,294 

ieB,4G2 

387,786 

1,264,509 

3S2,7M      ' 

1,693,649 

446,452 

97,BM 

16S.987 

79,234 

437,200 

68,730 

67,004 

B8,G84 

The  distribution  and  increase  in  the  number  of  mills  during 
the  same  above-mentioned  period  were  as  follows  :  — 

8t>b». 

NumW<rfMill*. 

From— 

T«- 

SorthCMolina 

South  Cwolinm 

GeoTgu. 

AiatMina 

Kmtucky           

Arkanau 

I^niiiMM           

HiMUdppi         .. 

TelH 

91 
34 
53 
18 

190 
93 
86 
44 

10 

4 
E 
4 
6 

From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  the  most  notable  increase  vma  in 
Alabama,  where  the  increase  of  ^indies  during  the  10  ye&ra 
named  was  slightly  over  450  per  cent.,  but  in  the  order  of  the 
total  number  of  spmdlea  now  in  operation.  South  Carolina  stajids 
first,  Korth  Carolma  second,  and  Georgia  third  in  the  list. 


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14  CBARLKSTOH. 

{h«wth  not  That  this  growth  of  the  Southern  cotton  milliiig  industry  has 

ncniira.  not  been  ezcesHive  for  the  section  in  which  it  occurred,  that  is,  the 
cotton  growing  section  of  the  country,  appears  to  be  evident  from 
some  further  figures  taken  from  a  report  of  the  Memphis,  Tennes- 
see, Cotton  Exchai^e.  This  Report  shows  that  last  year's  total 
cotton  crop  was  10,313,986  bales,  valued  at  485,000,000  doL,  and 
that  of  this  crop  the  Southern  mills  consumed  1,503,000  bales, 
valued  at  71.000,000  doL,  while  Northern  mills  took  2,056.000 
bales,  valued  at  96,000,000  doL,  and  that  6.422.477  bales,  valued 
at  302,000,000  doL  were  exported  from  the  country  to  be  manu- 
factored  by  foreign  mills. 

With  all  the  mills  that  have  been  built  during  the  past  10 
years  the  cotton-growing  States  only  manufacture  about  one* 
seventh  of  their  own  crop,  and  it  is  not  difficult  to  foresee  that, 
with  the  abundant  and  cheap  water-power  yet  available,  the 
salubrious  climate  and  dieap  labour  of  the  Piedmont  section, 
the  day  may  come  when  ^ven  mills  may  stand  where  only  one 
now  is  wooing,  and  the  South  may  become  an  exporter  of 
manufactured  cotton  goods  only,  and  cease  to  export  raw  cotton 
to  foreign  countries. 
Lwner  outlet  In  this  connection  it  may  be  useful  to  call  attention  to  the 
nMded.  interest  that  is  beginning  to  be  taken  by  milling  interests  here 

in  securing  a  larger  ouwet  for  American  mani^actured  cotton 
goods,  particularly  in  the  markets  of  the  West  Indies  and  South 
America,  and'  some  impressive  figures  have  lately  been  made  public 
going  to  show  the  advantages  of  establishing  better  trade  relations 
with  the  markets  south  of  this  countiy.  It  is  claimed  that  while 
the  opportunity  for  cotton  mill  products  in  the  markets  South  are 
even  better  than  in  China,  the  exports  of  American-made  goods 
st  present  to  South  American  countries  are  comparatively  trifling, 
while  of  the  47,890,800  del,  worth  of  cotton  goods  imported  into 
China  annually,  about  9,844,000  doL,  or,  say,  20  per  cent.,  are  of 
American  origin.  It  is  also  pointed  out  that  the  South  American 
demand  is  larger  than  China's,  it  being  estimated  that  about 
50,000,000  doL  worth  of  cotton  goods  are  required  yearly  to 
supply  the  South  American  markets,  and  of  this  only  1.000,000  doL, 
or  one-iiftieth  part,  is  supplied  by  American  mills.  Prom  this  it 
would  appear  that  more  attention  should  be  given  to  South 
American  and  less  to  the  Chinese  market.  Several  other  reasons 
are  also  put  forward  looking  to  this  end.  For  instance.  Chinese 
trade  was  greatly  reduced  by  the  late  war  in  that  country,  and  its 
resulting  disturbed  conditions,  and  the  Carolina  and  other  Southern 
mills  were  seriously  affected  thereby.  On  the  other  hand  it  is 
urged  that  the  South  American  markets  are  more  peaceful 
and  stable,  besides  being  larger  by  several  millions  yearly.  They 
are  moreover  much  nearer,  geographically  speaking,  and  their 
50,000,000  of  population  ore  more  nearly  akin  to  the  people  of 
this  country  in  race  and  civilisation  than  the  Chinese.  The  dis- 
crepancy between  the  American  trade  with  China  and  South 
America  seems  singular  in  view  of  the  shorter  distance  necessary 
to  be  covered  in  reaching  the  former  markets,  as  compared  wilii 


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CHAKLCSTOK.  -IS 

China.  In  addition  to  this,  the  further  element  that  would  seem 
to  weigh  ^[ainst  China  ia  the  marked  difference  between  America 
and  China  in  character,  religion,  and  domestic  life,  in  all  of  which 
respects  the  similarity  of  the  American  people  to  those  of  South 
America  are  in  striking  contraat. 

The  relative  proportion  of  the  Southern  cotton  manufacturing  ToikI  mMn- 
business  aa  compared  with  the  total  product  will  be  seen  from  the  '"otnring- 
following  statement  from  United  States  official  reports  issued  in 
the  latter  part  of  December,  1901.  The  extent  of  the  total  cotton 
manufacturing  industry  of  the  United  States  for  the  year  1900 
places  the  total  value  of  cotton  manufacturing  products  at 
336,974,882  dol,  a  gain  of  over  25  per  cent,  since  1890.  The 
number  of  eetablishments  in  1900  was  1,051,  a  gain  of  16  per 
cent.,  and  the  capital  employed  was  467,240,167  doL,  an  increase 
of  32  per  cent  The  amount  paid  in  salaries  was  7,535,129  doL, 
a  gain  of  117  per  cent.;  the  average  number  of  wage-earners, 
302,861,  a  gain  of  18  per  cent. ;  amount  of  total  wages  paid, 
90,384,532  dol.,  a  gain  of  36  per  cent.;  cost  of  materials  used, 
176,551,127  dol.,  a  gain  of  14  per  cent 

The  Gainesville  Cotton  Mill,  of  Gainesville,  Georgia,  situated  Oaineiniie 
between  Atlanta  and  Spartanburg,  on  the  Southern  Kailway,  is  CoM*""  MiH, 
one  of  the  recent  additions  to  the  industries  of  that  town.  It  is 
now  organised  with  a  capital  of  500,000  dol.  This  mill  was 
formerly  the  Vesta  Cotton  Mill,  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
where  the  experiment  of  using  ne^o  labour  in  the  manufacture  of 
cotton  goods  proved  after  several  years'  trial  to  be  a  failure.  The 
machinery  of  this  mill  was  removed  from  Charleston  to  Oaines- 
ville  in  August  last,  and  with  white  labour  is  reported  to  be  now 
making  money  for  ite  stock-holders. 

The  especial  pride  of  Gainesville,  however,  at  this  time  is  the  New  mill, 
great  cotton  mill,  now  nearly  completed,  and  which  will  be  known 
as  "  Facolet  No.  4,"  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3  mills  being  in  South  Carolina, 
and  owned  by  the  same  company.  Pacolet  No.  4  is  built  on  the 
land  known  as  the  New  Holland  Springs  tract,  a  once  famous 
summer  resort,  with  its  health-giving  spring.  The  spring  is  still 
there,  but  it  and  its  surroundings  have  been  changed.  The  mill 
ia  a  maaaive  structure,  with  hundreds  of  new  white  cottages 
adjoining  it  The  main  building  is  550  feet  in  length  by  160  feet 
in  width,  the  greater  part  being  five  storeys  high,  though  a  part 
is  six  storeys.  There  are  10  acres  of  floor  space  in  the  mill. 
The  total  investment  is  1,250,000  dol.,  which  amount  was  made 
up  from  600,000  do!,  (the  surplus  earnings  from  the  other  three 
Pacolet  mills,  after  paying  two  half-yearly  dividends  of  10  per 
cent  each),  and  new  subscriptions  from  old  stock-holders,  to  make 
up  the  necessary  amount.  When  in  operation  this  mill  will  give 
employment  to  1,600  people,  all  white,  many  of  whom  l^ve 
already  come  in  from  the  surrounding  country  awaiting  the 
opening.     The  mill  will  make  standard  brown  sheetings. 

While  the  fertiliser  business  was  satisfactory  the  minii^  of  Pbosphito 
phosphate  rock  in  this  State  was  not  so  encouraging,  as  the  pro-  ^1^^°* 
duotion  has  to  contend  now  with  the  Florida  and  Tennessee  out- 


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18 


CHABLZSTON. 


put.  Florida  annually  mines  about  750,000  tons  oF  phosphate, 
which  gives  her  the  first  place  as  a  producer  of  this  commodity. 
Tenneasee  is  also  a  large  and  important  contributor  to  the  yearly 
Bupply,  and  both  these  States  ship  most  of  their  phosphate  rock  to 
foreign  countries,  and,  as  yet,  they  manufacture  comparatively 
tittle  of  their  phosphate  production.  On  the  other  hand,  Charleston 
while  a  large  fertiliser  manufacturer  has  never  Iteeu  a  foreign 
exporter  to  any  extent  of  either  crude  rock  cr  its  manufactured 
products,  most  of  the  fore%n  rock  shipments  being  exported  from 
Beaufort,  Fort  Royal,  Savannah,  and  Brunswick. 

Charleston  continues  to  hold  her  position  as  the  leading  centre 
throughout  the  country  for  the  manufacture  of  phosphate  com- 
mercial fertilisers,  and  the  business  seems  to  be  steadily  increasii^. 
The  past  year,  however,  was  not  so  encouraging  for  miners  of 
phosphate  rock,  the  ofBcial  figures  showing  a  f alling-off  in  the  rock 
trade  at  Charleston  of  60,105  tons  as  compared  with  the  preWous 
year,  and  a  decrease  of  42,689  tons  iu  the  rock  business  at  Beaufort, 
South  Carolina,  these  being  the  two  principal  points  of  shipment  for 
South  Carolina  mined  rock.  But  tiiere  was  a  satisfactory  increase 
in  the  output  of  commercial  fertilisers,  Charleston  showing  a  gain 
of  53,064  tons,  and  Beaufort  10,000  tons.  The  total  Charleston 
production  last  season  was  429,378  tons,  compared  with  376^14 
tons  for  the  previous  year,  and  the  value  of  the  increase  was 
636,768  doL  with  prospects  for  a  good  business  next  season. 

Prospectors  intorested  in  the  Carolina  fertiliser  business  will 
find  that  there  are  still  a  good  many  desirable  openings  in  this 
section ;  it  may  surprise  many  persons  to  know  that  since  the 
year  1870  the  State  of  South  Carolina  has  received  in  royalties 
the  sum  of  3,393,534  doL  from  phosphate  rock,  and  this  would 
doubtless  have  been  considerably  increased  had  it  not  been  for 
unfavourable  l^islation,  which  seriously  injured  the  indostry  in 
the  Coosaw  mining  district  in  Beaufort  county. 

It  was  estimated  that  3,000,000  tons  of  phosphate  rock  was 
required  to  supply  the  world's  demands  last  season,  of  which 
Europe  required  2,000,000  and  the  United  States  1,000,000  tons. 
Of  the  European  supply  Florida  shipped  550,000  tons ;  Tennessee, 
200,000  tons;  and  South  Carolina,  100,000  tons.  Most  of  the 
Tennessee  shipments  to  foreign  countries  go  by  way  of  Korfolk 
and  Pensacola,  the  Florida  shipmente  ^m  Tampa,  Punta  Grorda, 
Femandina,  Brunswick  and  Savannah,  and  the  Carolina  article 
from  Beaufort  and  Port  Boyal  almost  exclusively. 

The  exports  of  crude  and  ground  phosphate  rock  &om  the  port 
of  Charleston  to  coastwise  and  domestic  points  by  railway  from 
September  1  to  December  31,  1901,  were  4,892  tons,  compared 
with  13,750  tons  for  same  during  the  provious  year,  most  of  these 
shipments  going  to  Baltimore,  Maryland,  there  beii^  do  foreign 
shipments. 

During  the  season  of  1900-01  there  were  not  so  many  inde- 
pendent companies  interested  in  this  active  and  important  industry 
at  Charleston  as  heretofore,  the  combined  output  being  the  latgest 
of  any  city  in  the  United  States.    All  but  four  of  the  companies 


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OHARLEBTON.  17 

{the  Ashepoo,  Etiwan,  McMtuphy  and  Bead)  are  owned  by  the 
Virginia-Carolina  Chemical  Company,  and  have  been  incor- 
porated into  a  syndicate  coQtroIl^  by  the  last-named  company. 
This  enterprising  syndicate  has  secured  control  of  nearly 
all  the  Southern  mills,  with  the  exception  of  about  25,  their 
lateat  purchaees  appearing  to  show  that  they  still  have  money  to 
spend  in  equipping  thamaelves  in  both  the  mining  of  rook  and  the 
manufacture  of  phosphate  commercial  fertilisers,  and  they  now  own 
the  most  Important  phosphate  tracts  and  the  lai^est  fettlliser 
fiwtones. 

The  imports  of  kainit,  muriate  of  potash,  pyrites,  aolphur,  CLomiMU. 
nitrate  of  soda,  and  other  chemicals  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
commercial  fertilisers  having  phosphate  as  a  basis,  t^gregated  last 
year  180,823  tons  of  chemicals  valued  at  1,540,402  dol.,  in  com- 
parison with  similar  imports  during  the  previous  year  of  128,929 
tons  worth  778,353  dol. ;  the  chemical  imports  have  been  the 
principal  employment  for  British  ships  coming  to  this  port  durii^ 
the  past  two  years. 

During  the  commercial  year  ending  August  31, 1901,  the  total  TeanMase 
shipments  of  Tennessee  phosphate  rock  were  446,085  tons,  in  com-  pl'<»»P'i"**- 
parison  with  shipments  the  previous  year  of  464,60d  tons,  lowing  a 
decrease  of  a  litUe  over  18,000  tons  last  season.     Of  last  year's  ship-  SLipinentt. 
ments  177,632  tons  went  to  domestic  places,  and  268,553  were 
shipped  to  foreign  countries. 

The  Tennessee  rock,  as  previously  reported,  has  taken  an 
important  place  in  the  markets  of  the  world,  and  the  State  has  a 
good  deposit  of  a  high  grade  article,  but  all  of  the  rock  mined  last 
year  was  not  good  enough  for  export  to  foreign  markets.  The 
condition  of  t^  principal  companies,  however,  around  Mount 
Pleasant,  representing  a  capital  of  about  2,500,000  doL,  will  malffl 
this  a  strong  syndicate,  and  the  business  is  likely  to  be 
permanent.  The  companies  composing  this  syndicate  are  the 
International,  the  Howard,  the  !Ridley,  the  Sumner,  the  Blue 
Grass,  and  the  Central  Phosphate. 

The  State  of  North  Carolina  is  reported  to  have  mined  20,000  &oHh 
tons  of  phosphate  rock  durii^  the  year  1901,  in  comparison  with  '-'■">1»*  ™'''^ 
15,000  tons  in  the  year  before.     There  are  no  foreign  shipments 
from  this  State  the  output  being  consumed  by  domestic  purchaseia 
Shell  Bock  Quarry  at  Castle  Hsynes,  North  Carolina,  is  now 
operated  by  private  parties,  and    the    entire   output  of  these  "-•' 

phosphate  mines  is  sent  to  ^e  cit^  of  Wilmington  under  a  con- 
tract entered  into  with  the  authorities  of  that  place,  who  use  it 
for  street  macadamizii^  purpoees. 

Florida  maintains  her  position  as  the  largest  phosphate-  Florida  mtk. 
producing  State  in  the  American  Union.  She  now  minee 
about  750,000  tone  annually,  most  of  which  is  shipped  to 
foreign  markets,  a  consideiable  proportion  of  the  output  going 
abroad  through  the  ports  of  Savannah  and  Brunswick,  situated 
within  this  Consular  district.  Last  year  Brunswick  exported 
23,009  tons  of  Florida  rock,  in  comparison  with  7,816  tons  during 
the  year  before,  and  from  Savannah  the  exports  last  year  were  BxporU, 
(23)  B 


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18  OHAHLESTON. 

144,861  tons,  in  compariBOD  with  136,860  tons  for  the  previous 
year,  these  figures  showing  a  marked  increaae  in  favour  of  U«t 
year.  The  excellent  railway  and  terminal  facilities  of  these 
ports  has  enabled  them  to  secure  nearly  oae-quarter  of  the 
Florida  pro<luct,  notwithstandii^  the  superior  uatural  advantages 
of  situation,  &c.,  enjoyed  by  the  Florida  ports. 

There  is  at  the  present  time  about  15,000,000  del.  invested  in 
Florida  phosphate  mining,  and  this  State  could  easily  produce 
1,000,000  tons  annually  if  it  was  necessary ;  it  is  simply  a 
qnestion  of  price.  Florida  has  lost  none  of  her  customers  recently 
unless  it  is  Japan  and  Australia,  which,  perhaps,  may  in  future  be 
able  to  supply  their  wants  from  the  Christmas  Island.  The 
necessities  of  the  world,  however,  appear  to  grow  apace  with 
the  supply,  and  will  not  allow  of  any  material  shrinkage  in  price 
or  diminution  in  quantity  of  rock  mined  and  needed  each  year, 
and  as  phosphorus  is  now  being  made  from  phosphate  rock  it 
opens  up  a  new  use  for  the  higher  gradea  b'lorida  possesses  the 
advantage  of  being  able  to  furnish  soft  rock,  hard  rock,  river 
pebble  and  land  pebble  as  may  be  required,  all  of  good  uniform 
quality,  with  an  analysis  ranging  from  60  to  85  per  cent,  of  bona 
phosphate  of  lima  It  seems  now  to  have  become  a  settled  con- 
sei'vative  business,  free  from  injurious  speculative  features. 
^Tin^„  ■  The  closing  prices  for  hot-air-dried  phosphate  rock  at  Charles- 

prion.  ton  on  the  last  day  of  the  year  1901  was  3  dol  50  c.  per  ton, 

delivered  f.o.b,  in  Ashley  Eiver,  with  the  tone  of  the  market 
quiet. 
_.  Reports  received  from  Nashville,  the  capital  of  Tennesaee,  at 

a-'Tdopment.  ^^^  ^°^  '^^  ^^^  J^"  ^^'*  ^^^^  *'^''  Florence  Phosphate.  Iron  and 
Bailroad  Company  has  been  chartered  under  the  laws  of  Kentucky, 
axti  charter  filed  at  Nashville  with  t>he  Secretary  of  State.  The 
company's  present  capital  stock  is  100,000  doL,  and  it  is  authorised 
to  issue  300,000  dol  of  bonds.  It  is  proposed  to  build  a  railway 
from  Florence,  Alabama,  to  Maney,  Wayne  County,  Tennesaee,  for 
the  development  of  phosphate  and  iron  interests  owned  by  the 
company  in  Tennessee  and  Alabama.  The  proposed  road  will 
connect  with  a  branch  of  the  Nashville,  Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis 
Railway  at  Maney  and  with  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  and 
Southern  Railways  at  Florence.  The  work  of  construction  is  to 
begin  at  a  very  early  date. 

Spirits  of  turpentine,  resin  and  tar,  the  products  of  the  pine, 
are  mainly  produced  by  the  States  of  Georgia,  Florida  and  Alabama, 
and  also  to  a  smaller  extent  by  North  and  Sout^  Carolina,  Missis- 
sippi and  Louisiana;  North  Curolina  produces  about  17,000  barrels 
of  tar  yearly. 

According  to  official  figures  the  business  has  largely  increased 
in  the  past  10  years,  the  total  capital  now  invested  being 
11,847,490  dol.,  and  the  number  of  establishments  in  operation 
1,503.  The  total  value  of  the  annual  product  is  20,344,868  dol, 
the  last  yearly  product  being  754,670  tuirels  of  spirits  of  turpen- 
tine  and  2,563,067  barrels  of  resin.  Of  this  output  the  United 
States  consTuned  about  63  per  cent,  of  the  turpentine  and  a  litUe 


ITaTsl  atorM. 


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CnAJtLKSTDN.  19 

over  7  per  cent  of  the  resin,  the  rest  being  shipped  to  foreign 
countries. 

The  total  year's  output  of  the  different  States  in  barrels  of  Ontput. 
crade  turpentine  (that  is,  the  pine  gam  as  it  comes  from  the 
trees  before  distillation),  with  the  value  of  the  same,  was  aa 
follows : — 


SUM. 

(lu«.tity. 

V.lue. 

North  Owolhw 

GMiyia 

Florid* 

Alabuiu 

Mi^ippi         

Bmrreli. 

861,7KI 

190,096 

1,616,669 

1,213,986 

878,00e 

12,289 

8S^S29 

DolUrt. 
1,086.895 

787,856 
8,110,468 
6,649,009 
a,OM,736 

llB,aM 
1,772,486 

These  figures  show  that  Creorgia  still  holds  her  position  as  the 
leading  naval  stores-producing  State  in  the  cotmtry,  Savannah 
being  the  principal  market  for  turpentine  and  the  various  grades 
of  resins,  and  controlling  prices  for  these  commodities  in  other 
markets.  The  exhaustion  of  the  pine  foteeta  of  North  and  South 
Carolina  has  caused  a  great  decline  in  the  naval  stores  business 
at  this  port,  which  has,  for  a  number  of  years,  passed  steadily 
southward  to  the  pine  forests  of  Georgia,  Florida  and  Alabama. 

The  receipts  and  exports  at  Charleston  from  April  1,  1901b____,._ 
(when  the  naval  stores  year  begins),  until  December  31,  1901,  «xport». 
and  for  the  same  period  of  the  previous  year,  were  as  follows  :^ 
Beceipta  last  season  were  2,185  casks  of  spirits  of  turpentine  and 
7,836  barrels  of  resin,  compared  with  2,017  casks  of  turpentine 
and  14,246  barrels  of  resin  during  the  corresponding  period  of  the 
pi-evious  year. 

The  total  exports  from  April  1  to  December,  1901,  were  2,169  Xzpoiti. 
casks  of  turpentine  and  8,258  barrels  of  resin,  compared  with 
1,720  casks  of  turpentine  and  12,876  barrels  of  resin  during  the 
same  period  of  the  previous  year,  and  the  stock  remaining  on 
hand  (and  on  shipboard)  at  Uie  end  of  1901  was  56  casks  of 
turpentine  and  678  barrels  of  i-esin,  in  comparison  with  307 
casks  of  turpentine  and  2,155  barrels  of  resin  the  year  before. 
Of  the  exports  last  year,  all  of  the  turpentine  went  coastwise  to 
New  York  and  American  ports,  except  2,500  barrels  of  resin  to 
the  United  Kingdom  and  1,700  barrels  of  resin  to  Barcelona, 
Spain ;  there  were  no  foreign  shipments.  During  the  same  period 
of  the  previous  year  the  only  foreign  shipments  were  4,600  barrels 
of  resin  to  the  United  Kingdom  and  5,742  barrels  to  nor&em 
European  ports. 

The  turpentine  market  at  Charleston  on  the  last  day  of  the  Oioting 
past  year  dosed  firm  with  sales  of  70  casks  at  35  c.  per  gallon.  P"*^- 
Bestn  also  was  firm  with  sales  of  450  barrels  and  quotations  as 
follows : — 

(23)  B  2 


d  by  Google 


CBADLESIOH, 


From— 

To- 

B,  C  and  D  gndM  of  r«mti     .. 
FtoIgi«d» 

W. G.  (window iiu.)  "         '.'. 

Dol.    a 

l"lO 
1    85 

Dol.    c. 
1       B 

1  sa 

2  9S 

3  as 

S    60 

The  demand  for  all  gradea  of  lumber  in  the  Cbarlestx)!! 
market  was  good  laet  year,  (md  olosiug  prices  at  the  end  of  the 
year  were  as  follows : — 


i              ^~- 

i                         !       From- 

To-' 

Dol.   0. 

Merchmtoble  lumber-              ] 

Citjwwed IflOOfset      ..          14      0 

tiqnore  edge  and  Kiaiid       . .            „            . .            DO 
Bailway         „            ..            8    60 

DoektimW „            ..            6      0 

Shingle. 1  1,000..         ..            4    50 

Dol.    e. 

16  0 
14  0 
IB      0 

S  0 
10      0 

7    60 

Exports  of  lumber  from  this  port  from  September  1,  1900,  to 
August  31  were  as  foUowB :— Total  exports  last  year,  60,924,936 
superficial  feet,  in  comparison  with  60,997,765  feet  tha  year 
before.  Of  last  year's  exports  only  568,000  feet  went  to  foreign 
porta;  the  West  Indies  taking  325,000  feet,  the  United  King- 
dom, 75,000  feet,  and  the  rest  going  to  other  countries. 

The  exports  of  lumber  from  September  1  to  December  31, 
1901,  were  as  follows :— Total  exports  18,579,283  feet  in  com- 
parison with  19,733,899  feet  during  the  corresponding  four  months 
of  the  year  before. 

Of  last  year's  exports  138,000  feet  were  shipped  to  foreign 
countries,  the  United  Kingdom  taking  20,000  feet,  the  West 
Indies  108,000  feet,  and  other  ports  10,000  feet 

The  rice  crop  of  Carolina  and  Georgia  was  a  little  backward 
last  season,  owing  to  cool  nkjhts  that  occurred  soon  after 
planting,  in  March  and  April.  The  first  rice  brought  to  market 
is  usually  of  the  white  variety,  the  gold  qualities  being  of  later 
maturity.  The  crop  produced  was  not  quite  so  la^ge  as  the  year 
before,  but  no  serious  storms  or  floods  were  experienced  during 
the  harvesting  period,  and  there  was  a  good  demand  with  a  steady 
to  firm  tone  to  the  market  throughout  most  of  the  season,  with 
quotations  of  5  to  5i  c.  per  lb.  for  prime  rice  on  the  last  day  of 
the  year. 


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CHARLESTON.  21 

Tbia  country's  new  possession,  Porto  Rico,  b  a  large  rice 
consumer,  and  heuvy  shipments  are  made  to  that  island  eveir 
year.  Last  season  a  large  ad  valorem  dnty  was  imposed,  which 
has  now  been  taken  off  and  strong  hopes  are  felt  that  this  com- 
modity will  soon  be  admitted  into  Cuba,  ^e  of  duty  also. 

While  tlie  principal  shipments  to  these  islands  are  made  from 
New  Orleans,  on  account  of  direct  communication  and  cheaper 
rates,  the  Atlantic  coast  rice  market  is,  nevertheless,  indirectly 
benefited  by  New  Orleans  disposing  of  her  cheaper  grades,  and 
thus  eliminating  one  important  element  of  competition  ftom  the 
.Carolina  and  Georgia  product  in  the  domestic  market,  enabling 
the  entire  crop  marketed  here  to  be  disposed  of  in  this  and 
adjoining  States. 

The  receipts  of  rice  at  Charleston,  during  the  year  ending  SeoeipU  and 
September  1,  1901,  were  52,923  barrels,  in  comparison  wtftoxporo. 
57,115  barreb  during  the  previous  year ;  and  the  exports  for  the 
year  ending  September  1,  1901,  were  45,046  barrels,  as  compared 
with  47,685  barrels  for  the  previous  year.  The  stock  remaining 
on  hand,  September  1,  1901,  was  seven  barrels  compared  with 
130  barrels  on  the  corresponding  date  of  the  year  before.  There 
were  no  foreign  exports  of  rice  from  this  port  this  or  last  year, 
the  entire  above-mentioned  shipments  going  to  northern  ports  or 
interior  points  by  railway. 

From  September  1  to  December  31,  1901,  the  receipts  were 
26,685  barrels,  as  compared  with  31,339  barrels  during  the 
corresponding  four  months  of  the  previous  year ;  and  the  exports 
for  the  four  months  ending  September  1,  1901,  were,  18,904 
barrels,  in  comparison  with  20,334  barrels  for  the  same  time  of 
the  year  before.  The  stock  on  band  on  the  last  day  of  the  past  year 
was  3,781  barrels,  compared  with  7,635  barrels  on  the  same  date 
of  the  previous  year ;  all  of  these  exports  also  going  to  domestic 
ports  and  places  of  the  United  States. 

The  closing  prices  for  rice  in  the  Charleston  market,  Decem-  Priots. 
her  31,  1901,  were  as  follows: — For  prime  qualities,  5  to  5^  c. 
per  lb. ;  good,  4J  to  4f  e. ;  fair,  4^  to  4^  c. ;  common,  3}  to  4  c ;     ■ 
with  a  st^y  tone  to  the  market 

The  total  number  of  arrivals  of  vessels  of  all  nationalities,  at  shippiiu  Hd 
the  port  of  Charleston,  during  the  year  1901  was  732,  having  a  nmriguioa. 
total  net  tonnage  of  1,060,409  tons,  compared  with  arrivals  for 
the  previous  year  of  704  vessels  with  an  aggregate  net  tonnage 
of  969,783  tons ;  these  figures  showing  a  moderate  increase  both 
in  namben  of  vessels  and  total  tonnage  in  favour  of  last  year. 
The  following  table  shows  the  nationality  of  last  year's  arrivcds —  Anini*. 


(23) 


d  by  Google 


CHABLESTOH. 


American  .. 

KoTwegUn 

Amtm-Hunguiaa 
l>iitch     .. 
^■OMh  ..         .. 
Qermao  .. 


Ton*. 

91,477 
g]U,018 
10,962 
12,984 
10,666 
8,260 
9,366 
8,166 
4,661 


Freight  quotations  at  this  port  on  the  last  day  of  the  past  year 
were  as  follows : — 


.   B;  (taun,  tiA  Ifew  York,  indirect, 

tc  foreign  porta        , ,         , .         ...  100  Ibi. . . 
By   iteam,   tiR   New   Toi^   direot,  I 

to  foreign  ^orti        '  „ 

To  Bremen,  indiroot  from  Charleeton  .  „ 

I  „  direot  from  dimrleftOD. .  „ 

To  Hamburg,  indirect  , ,         , ,  „ 

To  Bu^ODA,  direct ..         ..  „ 

.    Couetwiw  to  He"  YoA         ..         ..,l,000feet 

ToBoMon        „ 

ToBaltinrav „ 

,  To  poru   on  Long    Iiland    Sound,  , 
New  York ' 


3Uilw«;    ileepen  | 

(eiowtiei)      . . ,  To  Now  York  . . 

Fhbiphata  rock . .  |  To  Baltimore  . . 

To  Eliiabetbpoit 


4fBrt 


Chartering.  The  past  year  has  been  characterised  by  greater  care  and 

caution  in  chartering  of  vessels  ahead,  in  anticipation  of  securing 
cargoes,  than  was  the  case  during  1900,  with  the  result  of  fewer 
instances  of  demurrage  to  report,  or  of  failure  of  charterers  to 
load  vessels  in  accordance  with  contract  stipulations. 

The  prices  tor  staple  commodities  experienced  no  very  wide 
or  unexpected  fluctuations  in  1901  such  as  demoralised  shipping 
business  so  much  during  the  autumn  of  the  previous  year,  and 
although  freights  were  rather  slow  in  moving  during  last  October 
and  Kovember,  business,  on  the  whole,  was  smoother  and  steadier 
in  shipping  matters  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  year. 
Carolina  There  are  many  persons  living  outside  this  State  who  have 

tobacco  orop.  ^^  jygj.  jj^^^  ^f  (.jjg  gjoy^h  of  the  tobacco  industry  in  the  east 
of  South  Carolina.  Five  years  ago  tobacco  growing  was  an  experi- 
mental crop  in  nearly  every  county  of  the  State ;  experience, 
however,  has  proved  that  this  plant  can  most  successfully  be 
grown  on  rich  sandy  lands,  with  a  clay  subsoil,  such  as  abound 


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CHAKLESTONl  23 

along  the  section  of  the  Great  Pee  Dee  Eiver.  This  includes  the 
(ioantiea  of  FlorMice,  Darlington,  Marion,  Horry,  Marlboro, 
Clarendon,  and  WilliamBburg.  Large  warehouses  and  factories 
have  been  built  for  handling  the  crop,  and  it  is  said  that  the 
business  is  now  carried  on  as  well  here  as  in  Danville,  Virginia, 
the  centre  of  the  Virginia  tobacco  industries. 

The  South  Carolina  tobacco  crop  produced  last  year  is  re-  Lut  jeu't 
ported  to  be  20,000,000  lbs.,  which  was  sold  at  an  average  of  product, 
10  c.  per  lb.,  yielding  the  growers  2,000,000  dol.  The  crop  is  put 
on  the  market  as  early  as  the  first  week  in  July,  and  sales 
continue  until  the  following  April  It  is  a  noticeable  fact  also 
chat  the  growing  of  tobacco  has  not  mode  any  muterial  reduction 
in  the  cotton  crop  in  the  district  where  it  is  now  grown,  it  beii^ 
■now  regarded  in  this  State  as  an  extra  money  crop,  very  much 
like  the  peach  crop  ia  in  Geoigia. 

Tobacco  growing  is  expensive  and  uncertain  in  several  respects  Condition!. 
and  requires  most  careful  cultivation  and  attention.  Those  who 
appear  to  succeed  best  are  the  small  white  farmers  who,  with  the 
assistance  of  their  wives  and  children,  do  all  the  work  themselves. 
Tew  persons  admit  that  the  crop  can  be  made  to  pay  if  hired 
labour  is  employed  and  paid  for  out  of  the  proceeds  of  the  pro- 
duct. The  American  Tobacco  Company  has  a  buyer  in  every 
market,  and  practically  fixes  the  price  from  day  to  day.  The 
South  Carolina  product  is  used  principally  in  the  manufacture  of 
cigarettes  and  smoking  tobacco,  a  considerable  part  of  which  is 
shipped  to  the  United  Kingdom  and  other  countries  in  Europe, 

In  connection  with  this  subject,  it  may  be  stated  that  a 
number  of  people  iuterested  in  Carolina  tobacco  think  that 
it  is  likely  an  article  of  tobacco  can  be  produced  in  this  State, 
which  will  compare  favourably  with  Cuban  tobacco — that  is, 
they  believe  a  "  filler  "  can  be  made  that  will  equal  the  Cuban  Filler  tobteoo. 
product  in  the  manufacture  of  cigars. 

With  this  end  in  view  efforts  are  being  made  to  attract  the 
attention  of  the  national  Government  to  the  matter  and  to  induce 
it,  if  possible,  to  include  South  Carolina  in  its  experimental  work. 
It  is  understood  that,  if  the  Government  can  be  assured  of  there 
being  sufficient  public  interest,  a  soil  survey  will  be  made  of  a 
large  poriion  of  this  State.  Almost  eveiy  other  Stat«  in  the  Union 
has  had  topographical  maps  made  of  large  areas,  but  as  yet  none 
have  been  made  in  South  Carolina. 

A  survey  of  this  kind  wonld  perhaps  cost  about  30,000  doL, 
and  it  would  serve  to  disclose  to  a  considerable  extent  the  wealth 
and  resources  of  the  State. 

The  Bureau  of  Soils  of  the  United  (States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, at  Washington,  have  recently  published  information  relative 
to  this  matter  to  the  effect  that,  since  t5ie  markedly  successful  results 
of  the  Govemmenf  B  experiment  of  introducing  Sumatra  tobacco 
into  the  Connecticut  Valley,  and  of  the  work  on  fermentation  and 
the  prevention  of  black  rot  in  Pennsylvania,  and  since  the 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  has  given  instructiona  that  steps  be 
taken  in  order  to  ascertain  if  l^ere  is  a  poaeibility  of  producing 
(23)  »  4 


d  by  Google 


24 


CHABLISTON. 


South 

OaralinB  tea 
«iilturp. 


a  desirable  tiller  leaf  for  domestic  cigars  of  such  a  quality  as  woald 
compete  with  the  Cuban  product,  the  Bureau  has  received  a 
number  of  urgent  requests  that  experiments  be  made  both  in 
North  and  South  Carolina.  The  North  Carolina  State  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  has  also  urged  the  Government  very  strongly 
to  co-operate  with  it  in  the  matter,  and  as  extensive  soil  surveys 
have  akeady  been  made  in  that  State,  the  department  has  ex- 
pressed their  intention  to  inaugurate  esperimenta  in  Xorth 
CaruUna  next  summer  in  order  to  determine  what  are  the  possi- 
bilities of  growing  the  Cuban  type  of  tobacco.^ 

Favourable  conditions  had  not  been  looked  for  previously, 
in  either  of  these  States,  for  the  production  of  a  good  domestic 
filler  tobacco,  but  some  samples,  recently  sent  to  the  Department 
ot  Agriculture  at  Washington  from  Eastern  South  Carolina, 
stated  to  have  been  grown  from  Cuban  seed,  caused  some  sur- 
prise to  the  officials,  and  appeared  to  indicate  the  possibility  of 
producing  a  desirable  filler,  provided  proper  methods  of  handling 
and  cultivation  are  introduced.  In  view  of  these  facts  and  the 
indications  now  apparent  that  the  Cuban  filler  leaf  may  yet  be 
produced  in  South  Carolina,  it  is  hoped  that  the  Government  will 
consider  the  advisaDility  of  starting  a  soil  survey,  to  be  followed 
as  promptly  as  possible  by  a  tobacco  investigation  in  this  State, 
mtimations  to  this  effect  having  recently  been  received  from  tlie 
Soils  Bureau  of  the  Agricultural  Department 

While  it  is  probable  that  the  experiments  in  tea  culture  at 
the  South  Carolina  Government  tea  farm  at  Pinehurst,  near 
Summerville,  will  be  carried  en  for  several  years  more,  with 
different  qualities  under  widely  differing  conditions,  the  most 
important  facts  relative  to  American  tea  culture  have  already 
been  demonstrated.  Among  other  things  it  has  been  proved  that 
a  number  of  kinds  of  tea  from  diflerent  countries — Japan,  China, 
Siam,  and  Formosa — can  be  grown  with  profit,  and  that  several 
other  varieties  have  been  found  unprofitable  in  a  commercial  way. 
Future  experiments  will  probably  continue  along  this  line  with  a 
view  of  getting  the  greatest  productiveness  from  the  tea  plant  in 
the  shortest  time.  Another  important  point  ascertained  is  tliat 
the  tea  bush  can  survive  very  cold  weather.  While  it  is  un- 
doubtedly better  that  it  should  be  grown  where  the  mercury  does 
not  go  below  25°  Fahr.,  yet  in  the  frost  of  two  winters  ago  the 
t«a  gardens  were  subjected  to  a  temperature  below  zero  and 
suffered  little  injury  thereirom. 

In  the  East,  where  tea  grows  naturally,  the  rainfall  is  from 
two  to  three  times  as  much  as  here  during  the  summer,  which 
deficiency  has  been  compensated  for  in  the  Carolina  gardens  by  a 
system  of  irrigation.  The  careful  labour  needed  in  picking  the 
delicate  leaf  has  been  provided  by  giving  special  school  advant^es 
to  all  the  little  n^roes  living  in  the  vicinity  who  are  willing  to 
avail  themselves  of  them,  and  these  children  are,  during  school 
Lours,  instructed  in  tea  picking,  and  during  the  tea  gathering 
season  they  are  given  remunerative  work. 

£xperimenting  in  tea  culture  was    begun  at  the  Finehuist 


dbyGoOgI 


/ 


gardens  in  1891  by  Dr.  Charles  U.  -Sliepaxd,  This  was  several  yean 
after  the  Govemment  had  failed  to  get  aatiafactory  results  from 
an  appropriation  mode  by  the  United  States  CongresB  for  tea  ex- 
periments. Dr.  Shepard's  work  has  proved  successful,  and  lately 
he  has  received  the  kindest  interest  and  valuable  pecuniaiy 
assistance  from  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  and  from  Congress. 

From  reports  received  from  Dr.  Shepard  relative  to  this  tiie 
ouly  tea  farm  on  the  American  Continent,  it  appears  that  the 
most  importAnt  result  of  work  done  in  the  past  summer  has  been 
a  clearer  distinction  arrived  at  as  to  what  will  probably  be  profit- 
able and  unprofitable  tea  culture  in  this  country.  It  was  fully 
recognised  at  the  outset  of  the  Pinefaurst  investigations  that  their 
industrial  value  must  rest  on  a  clear  and  demonstrable  pecuniary 
profit;  nevertheless,  as  an  experiment  station  it  was  proper  to 
institute  numerous  trials  with  different  kinds  of  seed  under  varying 
condition! 

The  most  common  objection  that  has  been  raised  to  the  estab-  ^'J?" 
lishment  of  an  American  tea  industry  has  been  the  difference  in  **"* 
the  price  of  labour  here  and  in  the  East,  but  with  a  full  appro 
ciatioD  of  its  force  as  appUed  to  poorer  grades,  there  seems  to  exist 
a  good  profit  in  the  production  of  those  higher  grades  in  whose 
cultivation  cheap  labour  plays  a  minor  part  And  in  addition  the 
home  tea  production  has  ^Js  further  advantage,  that  the  final 
drying  of  the  leaf  need  not  be  carried  to  the  same  extreme  degree 
of  heat  whereby  a  sacrifice  of  much  that  is  agreeable  and  beneficial 
in  the  flavour  is  entailed. 

Among  the  experiments  made  so  far,  that  of  tea  cultivation  in 
gardens  protected  from  the  sun  by  matting  has  proved  to  be  quite 
successful  as  far  as  quality  is  concerned.  But  whether  it  will  be 
possible  to  produce  a  tea  in  this  way,  costing  ten-fold  or  more 
the  price  of  tea  grown  in  Japan,  is  a  problem  that  remains  yet  to 
be  solved.  Years  may  elapse  before  there  will  be  a  demand  in 
the  United  States  for  teas  costing  10  doL  a  lb.,  or  upwards,  as  is 
not  infrequently  the  case  in  the  East.  It  is  stated  that  the 
finest  green  teas  sold  in  the  East  sometimes  cost  as  high  aa  50  doL 
a  lb.,  while  the  tea  exported  to  America  cost  about  15  c  a  lb.  CMtoi 
at  the  ports  of  shipment.  Foreigners  cannot  use  these  high-priced  pioductwn. 
teas,  as  owiu^  to  their  delicate  qualities  they  will  not  bear  ship- 
ment abroad. 

Other  things  being  equal,  however,  the  cost  of  growing  tea 
depends  somewhat  upon  the  amount  of  skilled  labour  bestowed 
OB  it,  but  chiefly  on  the  fineness  of  the  leaf  plucking.  The  cost 
at  Pinehurat  of  picking  only  the  Pekoe  tips,  which  are  the  un- 
folded leaves  at  the  end  of  the  young  shoot,  would  probably  be 
about  10  dol.  a  lb.  of  dry  tea ;  hut  to  strip  the  leaf  by  wholesale, 
as  is  done  in  China  during  the  great  early  summer  crop,  would 
cost  but  a  few  cents  per  lb.  It  is  the  fineness  of  the  plucking 
that  eventually  determines  the  value  of  the  product. 

The  introduction  of  modem  tea-making  machinery,  principally  iw  nukinK 
invented  at  Pinehurst,  has  improved  the  drinking  qualities  of  ™ 
South  Carolina-grown  black  tea,  and  rendered  entirely  unnecessary 


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26  CHABLESTON. 

the  diBgast  so  often  expressed  by  EaBtem  travellers  at  tbe  un- 
Btinted  blending  of  human  sweat  in  the  laborious  manipulation  of 
the  tea  in  oYerheated  factories. 

The  Pinehurst  product  passes  from  one  mechanical  treatment 
to  aiiother  with  the  least  possible  handling,  thus  securing  uni- 
formity in  delicacy  and  flavour  without  impairing  its  strength. 

A  noticeable  gain  has  also  been  made  in  the  Eoanufacture  of 
green  teas  mechanically  at  Pinehurst  during  the  past  season. 
The  adaptation  of  machinery  to  the  curing  of  black  tea  has  long 
been  known  aud  practised,  especially  in  the  British  Colonies,  but 
with  the  exception  of  the  steam  process,  which  as  yet  is  only 
slightly  applied,  it  still  remains  successfully  to  substitute  me-  " 
chanical  operations  for  hand  or  foot  lahour  in  the  preparation  of 
green  tea.  The  expense  of  labour  here  renders  it  impracticable 
to  use  methods  that  are  common  in  the  East,  By  means  of  the 
"  rotary  witherer,"  invented  and  successfully  applied  at  Pinehurst, 
the  tea-leaf,  fresh  from  the  garden,  is  quickly  and  suitably  pre- 
pared for  the  further  steps  of  mechanical  rollii^  and  firing  at  a 
niiniTninn  of  risk  and  expensc,  and  with  a  resulting  product  that 
has  been  highly  praised  by  tea  experts.  These  teas  are  free  from 
all  adulteration,  whether  for  taste  or  colour. 

Special  trials  have  also  been  made  on  certain  areas  with  both 
black  and  green  teas,  and  although  these  gardens  are  already 
profitable,  the  results,  it  is  hoped,  will  in  a  year  or  two  double 
the  present  productiveness. 

There  is  now  a  tolerably  steady  demand  for  all  black  tea 
produced,  at  1  dol.  per  lb. ;  this  tea  is  grown  from  an  exception- 
ally iine  seed  procured  from  China ;  it  cannot  stand  transporta- 
tion for  long  distances,  aud  it  sells  in  the  Chinese  provinces 
where  it  is  grown  at  1  doL  60  c  per  lb. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  Carolina  gardens  will  produce  about 
300  Iba.  a  year  per. aero,  at  a  profit  of  about  20  c.  a  lb.,  which 
would  be  about  10  times  more  than  cotton  planting  would  yield. 
Some  of  the  tea  from  Pinehurst  has  been  sold  so  fine  as  to  be 
almost  dust,  and  has  brought  as  much  as  12  dol.  per  lb. 

The  general  interest  which  the  Pinehurst  tea-growing  experi- 
ments have  wrought  throughout  the  country  are  shown  by  the 
honouiB  conferred  on  them  by  the  Pan-American  Exhibition  at 
Buffalo  last  summer,  and  also  by  the  inquiries  made  by  capitalists 
in  rogard  to  the  new  industry.  It  is  now  admitted  that  the 
schemes  that  at  first  seemed  to  be  so  doubtful  have  now  attained 
a  considerable  d^ree  of  importance.  One  of  the  early  results 
will  probably  he  to  have  an  import  duty  placed  -on  tea.  The 
United  States  stand  alone  in  this  rospect  at  the  present  time. 
Free-trade  Britain  places  a  duty  of  12  c.  (6rf.)  per  lb.  on  tea  from 
her  own  possessions,  and  they  furnish  almost  all  that  she  con- 
sumes. The  other  countries  of  Europe  impose  a  duty  of  20  to 
40  c  on  tea,  Russia,  having  the  best  tea,  placing  the  highest 
duty.  Immense  quantities  of  the  cheaper  sorts  of  tea  are  imported 
into  the  United  Statea 

Dr.  Shepard  favours  a   duty   on    tea,  while   admitting    that 


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CHARLESTON.  37 

perhaps  the  better  grades  may  be  profitably  growD  withoat  any 
duty.  According  to  his  views,  a  daty  of  20  c  per  lb.  would  not 
be  too  much.  Where  climate  and  labour  conditions  are  faroai-- 
able,  he  is  of  opinion  that  the  undertakings  would  be  most 
promiaing. 

The  cultivation  of  tea  offers  easy  out-door  labour  tor  men  not 
capable  of  heavy  employment  in  a  hot  malarial  region.  It  enables 
women  and  childreo  to  earn  their  own  livelihood,  as,  according  to 
the  Pinehuret  experience,  ordinary  skill  and  industrious  labour 
may  be  safely  paid  aa  much  as  they  can  earn  in  the  ootton 
fields. 

Apart  also  from  growinj;  tea  for  the  market,  it  is  urged  that  it 
can  be  raised  hke  any  ordinary  vegetable  for  domestic  use  in  the 
home  gardens.  It  can  be  cultivated  with  the  roees,  and  used  as 
hedges  instead  of  unsij^htly  fences,  and  in  addition  to  the  matter 
of  economy,  people  would  in  this  way  be  able  to  get  a  better 
quality  than  they  have  ever  had  before — tea  with  real  colour  and 
flavour,  auoh  «9  is  now  only  to  be  enjoyed  in  the  East. 


Savannah. 

Viewed  from  a  commercial  standpoint,  the  close  of  the  year  Tiado 
1901  found  the  port  of  Savannah  in  an  encouraging  position  for  ■>■ 
her  business  men,  not  only  for  what  had  been  accomplished  during 
the  past  year,  but  also  for  the  good  prospects  intUcated  for  the 
new  season.  Throughout  last  year  there  has  been  a  considerable 
increase  in  the  receipts  and  exports  of  the  principal  products, 
handled  here. 

The'  receipts  and  exports  of  cotton  have  been  particularly  large,  ] 
owing  to  the  fact  that  much  of  this  staple  was  attracted  this  way  expoiti  ud 
from  interior  points,  on  account  of  low  freight  rates  to  European  '^V"**- 
ports. 

The  naval  stores  business  in  resin,  turpentine,  reeia  oil,  &c., 
continues  to  be  controlled  by  the  Savannah  market,  and  shipments 
of  yellow  pine  lumber  were  imusually  good  during  the  year  with 
a  favourable  outlook  for  this  year.  Increased  shipments  are 
expected  next  season  on  account  of  the  extensive  freight  facilities 
recently  provided  by  the  new  line  of  steamers  established  for 
carrying  lumber,  together  with  the  continued  free  ofTerings  of  sail 
vessels  for  charter. 

While  there  was  no  unusual  activity  in  retail  trade,  and  prices  BeUil  tr»de. 
generally  were  somewhat  lower,  still  the  bnsiness  was  about  up  to 
that  of  the  previous  season,  with  a  fairly  good  Christmas  trade  at 
the  winding  up  of  the  year. 

Industrial  development  has  kept  pace  with  progress  in  other 
lines,  and  a  number  of  manufactures  have  been  established,  princi- 
pally for  making  lumber.  Real  estate  also  has  been  in  good  demand, 
and  many  beautiful  houses  have  been  built  in  places  that  a  year 
ago  were  vacant  fields. 

The  Savannah  terminals  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  Railway  t^J^^ 


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Company,  whidi  were  begun  in  April,  1899,  and  put  in  operation 
in  August,  1900,  have  cost  up  to  now  1,200,000  doL  Hutchinson's 
Island,  opposite  the  citj,  where  these  terminals  are  situated,  con- 
tains 1,800  acres  of  fresh-water  marsh  land,  and  of  the  1,200  acres 
owned  by  the  railway,  about  100  acres  have  been  improved  and 
raised  8  feet  above  the  original  level,  the  necessary  filling  in  having 
been  done  principally  with  material  from  dredging  out  three  slips 
about  200  feet  wide  and  21  feet  deep  at  mean  low  tide,  with  a 
length  of  1,507, 1,369,  and  1,182  feet  respectively. 

On  the  south  end  of  Pier  No.  1  are  three  sheds  for  spirits  of 
turpentine,  covering  about  131,533  square  feet.  On  the  east  side, 
covering  about  67,875  feet,  is  the  resin  inspection  shed,  and  between 
it  and  Slip  No.  1  is  the  resin  yard,  with  a  capacity  of  66,000  barrels ; 
a  railway  track  on  the  east  side  of  the  pier  connecting  it  with  the 
yard  at  its  north  end. 

Pier  No.  2,  for  the  storage  and  shipment  of  lumber,  is  1,400 
feet  long  by  309  feet  wide,  with  saw-tooth  wharf,  having  11 
insets  on  its  east  side,  and  four  connecting  railway  tracks. 

On  Pier  No.  3  are  eight  open  sheds  for  the  storage  of  cotton 
compresses,  the  machinery  and  boilers  of  which  belong  to  the 
Union  Shipping  Company,  with  which  the  Terminal  Company 
has  a  five  years*  contract.     Six  railway  tracks  are  on  this  pier. 

FoHT  more  railway  tracks  connect  with  the  yard  Pier  No.  4,  on 
which  are  two  warehouses,  both  76  feet  wide,  one  being  500  and 
the  other  250  feet  long.  An  electric  water  pump  is  on  this  pier. 
The  total  water  front  of  these  terminals  is  2  miles,  and  the  total 
track  43,642  feet  long. 

A  gratifying  feature  of  the  commercial  season  of  1900-01  at 
Savannah,  which  ends  August  31,  1901,  was  the  fact  that,  not- 
withstanding a  lower  range  of  prices  for  all  of  the  great' staple 
products  exported  through  this  port,  there  was  an  increase  in 
the  bank  oleaiances  of  more  than  18,000,000  doL  This,  how- 
ever, was  not  as  great  as  the  increase  of  the  previous  year,  owing 
to  much  lower  prices  prevailing  generally  last  year  in  all  the 
leading  products.  But  the  clearings  this  past  season  show  that 
the  volume  of  business  was  very  much  larger  than  for  the  previous 
year,  and  the  increase  noted  was  made  in  spite  of  the  lower  values. 

Durii^  the  commercial  year  1900-01  the  total  trade  of 
this  port  amounted  to  164,000,000  dol.,  in  comparison  with 
165,000,000  dol.  of  the  previous  year,  the  decrease  of 
1,000,000  doL  boing  accounted  for  by  lower  values  and  not  by 
a  lesser  volume  of  business  handled.  Of  last  season's  total  trade, 
the  leading  departments  were  as  follows : — 


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Cotton        

KBvalitorei 

tiroeerie* 

FaitilueM  ud  photplutea 
Liquon  uid  tobacco 

Rics 

D17  goodi  and  notion*    .. 
Clothing     .,        .. 

Uudwani 

Boota  and  ihoei     .. 
Fruita  and  TcgstablM 
ProTiiiam  .. 

Ha;,  gnuu,  bras,  &e.        •■ 
Furniture   ..         ..         .. 

Builden'  auppliei  .. 

Manufaoliure* 

Bgbultnda 


Talne. 

DoUan. 
42,000,000 
10,600,000 
18,000,000 
8,000,000 
2,600,000 
7,600.000 
«0,O00 
6,600,000 
4,000,000 
3.600,000 
3.000,000 
8,000,000 
8,000,000 
1.000.000 
1,000,000 
3,000,000 
7,000,000 
41,000,000 


Dredging  operations  to  improve  that  portico  of  the  Savannah  D»«p«n">g 
River  on  this  side  of  the  Tybee  Breakwater,  or,  aa  it  is  officially  *^'  "'"' 
termed,  "  the  detached  extension  of  the  oyster  bed  training  wall," 
was  commenced  by  the  Government  contractors  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  year,  the  dredging  to  be  done  being  in  the  cltannel  near 
Oyster  Bed  Light  and  Venus  Point,  and  the  contract  calls  for  work 
that  will  coat  nearly  30,000  doL 

Another  contract  haa  been  let  by  the  Government  for  improv- 
ing the  river  channel  hy  dredging  in  front  of  the  city,  and  also 
opposite  the  terminals  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  Kailway  Com- 
pany's docks,  involving  an  expenditure  of  10,000  dol.,  and  another 
10,000  dol.  will  be  expended  in  dredging  other  parts  of  the  channel 
between  the  city  and  the  sea. 

All  the  work  now  being  done  is  more  or  less  in  view  of  the 
expected  appropriation  by  the  National  Congress  at  its  next 
session  of  1,000,000  dol.,  in  addition  to  the  unexpended  balance  of 
400,000  dol.  on  hand  from  former  appropriations,  for  the  purpose 
of  giving  the  harbour  and  river  of  Savannah  a  depth  of  28  feet, 
with  a  suitable  width  from  the  city  to  the  sea. 

It  is  also  understood  thai  an  effort  will  be  made  at  the  present 
session  of  Congress  to  have  the  North  Breakers  Jetty  re-incor- 
porated  in  the  project  The  building  of  this  jetty,  throwing,  as  it 
would,  the  waters  of  Calabogue  Sound  through  a  narrowed  course, 
it  is  beUeved  would  deepen  the  bar  and  at  the  same  time  the  Jetty 
would  afford  a  safe  anchorage  for  vessels  at  Tybee,  The  success 
of  the  jetty  system  at  Charleston  and  Jacksonville  would  seem  to 
give  reasonable  ground  for  expecting  good  results  from  their  use 
on  Savannah's  bar.  . 

The  close  of  the  cotton  season  of  1900-01  found  Savannah's  Cotton, 
cotton  receipts  a  little  less  than  for  the  previous  year — the  Upland 
receipts  were  about  the  same,  but  there  was  a  falling~off  in  Sea 
lalands  which  reduced  the  total  somewhat 


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B«ceipt«.  The  total  gross  receipts  of  all  classes  of  cottoD  at  this  port  for 

the  year  endmg  Augnst  31,  1901,  were  1,082,822  bales,  in  com- 
parison with  1,091,884  bales  for  the  year  before.  The  reasoD  for 
the  shortage  last  season  was  largely  attributable  to  the  falling-off 
in  the  Sea  Islands  crop,  which  turned  out  to  be  83,725  b^:8,  as 
compared  with  98,338  bags  received  during  the  previous  season, 
showing  a  shortage  last  season  of  9,613  bags. 

BiporU.  The  total  exports  of  cotton  from  Savannah  for  the  year  ending 

August  31,  1901,  were  1,085,376  bales,  of  which  66,000  bales 
were  Sea  Islands,  and  the  teat  Uplands.  Of  last  year's  exports 
326,030  bales  was  shipped  coastwise  to  northern  ports,  1,717 
bales  to  inland  points,  174,118  bales  to  the  United  Kingdom, 
23,899  bales  to  France,  557,761  bales  to  Germany  and  the  Con- 
tinent, 1,717  bales  reshipped  to  interior  points,  and  15  bales 
destroyed  by  fire. 

Weight  and  The  average  weight  of  the  Uplands  per  bale  was  504-28  lbs., 

'■'""-  and  the  Sea  Islands  392-02  lbs.  per  bag.     The  average  value  of 

the  cotton  was,  for  Uplands  per  bale,  49  dol.  24  c  ;  and  for  Sea 
Islands,  78  dol.  7  c  per  l^,  maMng  the  average  for  Uplands  and  Sea 
Islands  combined  50-96  dol  per  bag. 

P™»*-  The  highest  price  of  middlings  was  lOJ  c.  per  lb.,  which  was 

quoted  on  September  13,  1900,  and  the  lowest  price  was  1-^  c. 
per  pound  on  May  29,  1901,  the  average  price  for  middlings 
during  the  year  being  %-^  c.  per  lb. 

J*'w  The  total  receipts  of  cotton  at  Savannah  during  the  last  four 

^"'**-  months  of  the  past  year,  that  is  from  September  1  to  December  31, 

1901,  were  793,654  bales,  compared  with  678,081  bales  during 
the  same  time  the  previous  year,  an  increase  of  over  114,000 
bales  last  year.  Of  the  receipts  for  last  year  36,212  bags  were  Sea 
Islands. 

The  closing  quotations  for  cotton  at  the  Savannah  Cotton 
Exchange  at  the  end  of  the  year  was  7-t-|  c.  per  lb.  for  middling 
Uplands,  and  from  17  to  22  c,  per  lb.  for  common  to  fancy  Georgia 
Sea  Islanda 

H""J  There  are  numbers  of  naval  stores  factors  who  are   of  the 

■*""••  opinion  that  the  trade  would  be  in  much  better  condition  generally 

had  the  high  prices  of  54  c.  per  gallon  for  turpentine  never  been  seen. 
They  believe  that  an  averse  price  enabling  operators  to  reap  fair 
profits  would  have  prevented  the  rash  etlbrts  at  over-production, 
which  have  acted  injuriously  to  the  trade  everywhera  As  it  was, 
many  dealers  lost  their  heatU ;  liberal  advances  were  made  indis- 
criminately, and  an  enoi-mous  crop  was  produced  during  the  season 
ending  lest  March,  resulting  in  a  generally  demoralised  condition 

_  .  \,\   ^^  ^^  business,  and  an  unsatisfactory  condition  throughout  the 

w^tia^     ysftf  ^^  ^o  factors  and  producers. 

About  the  time  when  the  demoralisation  from  over-production 
was  experienced  a  drop  in  prices  of  products  occurred,  while  at  the 
same  time  there  was  an  advance  in  the  cost  of  almost  everything 
needed  by  operators.  Bacon,  lard,  coffee,  grain,  meal,  grits,  and 
other  necessities  went  up,  and  as  there  was  no  corresponding  rise 
in  resin  and  turpentine,  the  effect  was  veiy  unfavourable  upon  the 


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SAVANNAH.  31 

business  genemlly.  Another  dr&wback  was  the  Uboar  question 
and  inability  to  get  sufficient  hands  to  do  the  necessary  work,  as 
well  as  difficulty  in  retaining  them,  in  many  cases,  after  they  were 
employed. 

Wages  were  good,  common  hands  getting  20  dol.  per  montli 
and  rations,  and  turpentine  dippers  40  c.  per  barrel  of  crude  gum 

fathered.  The  high  wages  did  not  induce  the  labourers  to  work, 
ut  rather  encouraged  them  to  remain  idle  as  many  days  as 
they  could  without  interfering  with  their  living. 

Last  year  has  not,  however,  passed  without  some  profitable 
developments  which  it  is  hoped  will  benefit  the  industry.    The 
oi^auisation  of  the  National  Tank  and  Ston^e  Company,  which  Nktional 
bmlt  lai^  tanks  for  holding  spirits  of  turpentine  at  the  railway  T»"k 
terminalB,  will  doubtless  have  a  beneficial  effect  on  the  market.     "'*'°'^' 
These  tanks  have  large  capacity,  and  shippers  to  this  market  will 
have  the  privilege  of  storing  their  supplies  in  them  at  moderate 
rates  if  desired,  and  will  thus  have  an  opportunity  of  carrying 
their  holdings  until  they  are  able  to  find  a  satisfactory  market  for 
them. 

The  Tank  Company  will  give  warehouse  receipts  upon  which 
the  owners  may  obtain  advances  from  the  banks.  In  this  way  the 
naval  stores  operator  will  have  the  same  advantage  as  the  cotton 
planter  who  can  always  store  his  cotton  and  obtain  a  sufficient 
advance  on  it  to  prevent  him  having  to  throw  his  holdings  upon 
the  market  when  the  conditions  are  unfavourable  to  his  interests. 
The  company  have  tanks  at  the  terminal  dooks  of  the  three 
principal  railway  systems  entering  Savannah,  namely,  the  Central 
of  (reorgia,  the  Seaboard  Air  line  and  the  Plant  System,  and 
steamers  are  loaded  from  these  docks  with  facility  and  despatch. 

Another  important  step  taken  during  the  past  year  has  been  Biperimenu. 
the  experiments  at  Statesboro,  Georgia,  by^Professor  Charles  H. 
Herty,  of  the  State  University. 

The  object  of  these  experiments  is  to  develop  better  and  cheaper 
methods  of  manufacturing  spirits  of  turpentine  and  resin,  and  in 
case  he  should  succeed  in  demonstrating  the  practicability  and 
economy  of  improved  methods  of  manufacture,  the  result  may 
radically  change  the  present  way  of  handling  these  products.  The 
main  object  is  to  ascertain  if  there  is  a  better  way  of  extracting 
the  gum  from  the  pine  tree  and  also  of  its  distillation.  The 
National  Tank  and  Export  Company  is  directly  behind  the 
movement,  which  it  is  hoped  will  result  in  great  benefit  to  the 
industry. 

Not  only  is  it  proposed  to  introduce  better  processes  of  manu- 
facture, but  it  is  also  expected  to  enlist  the  interest  and  co-operation 
of  the  general  Gtovernment  in  the  protection  and  preservation  of 
the  yellow  pine  forests  of  the  SoutJi,  which  have  heretofore  been 
cut  down  without  I'^ard  to  their  preservation,  making  it  probable 
that  the  present  course,  if  continued,  would  result  in  their  almost 
total  destruction  in  a  few  years'  time  by  produrers  without  their 
receiving  due  compensation  therefor. 

The  naval  stores  interests  have  long  recognised  the  fact  that 


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92  SATANHAH. 

lemedial  l^pslation  in  this  directiou  cannot  be  obtained  from  thd 
State  L^alatures  in  the  South,  for  the  reason  that  there  appears 
to  be  no  disposition  to  enact  laws  that  would  interrere  with  the 
present  destructive  methods  of  working  the  pine  forests.  Professor 
Herty  is  one  of  the  Collaborators  of  the  Foreatry  Bureau  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture,  and  it  is  hoped  his  reports  on  the 
result  of  the  Statesboro  expeiiments  will  induce  the  national 
Government  to  establish  an  experimental  turpentine  farm,  some- 
where in  the  pine  belt  of  Georgia,  for  the  purpose  of  gathering 
information  and  utilising  to  the  best  advantage  the  products  of 
the  pine. 

Another  object  of  the  Statesboro  experiments  is  to  devise  some 
means  of  extracting  the  gum  from  the  tree  by  the  use  of  a  sort  of 
metallic  cnp  for  it  to  flow  in.  The  present  plan  is  to  chop  into 
the  side  of  the  tree  what  is  called  a  "  box,"  about  2  or  3  feet 
from  the  ground,  into  which  the  gum  flows  and  collects  until  it 
is  dipped  out  by  the  gatherer.  Prom  time  to  time  the  tree  is 
"  chipped  off"  above  this  "  box  "  in  order  to  promote  the  flow  and 
direct  its  course  into  the  above-mentioned  "box."  The  same 
process  is  later  on  followed  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  tree,  so 
that,  when  the  turpentine  men  have  finished  with  it,  the  tree  is 
practically  ruined. 

This  process  is  gradually  devastating  the  forests,  as  the  trees 
either  die  or  are  sawn  up  into  lumber  or  firewood.  Thousands  of 
acres  of  old  turpentine  lands  have  been  thrown  away  in  the  South 
for  want  of  a  more  enlightened  way  of  treating  the  tree. 

It  is  hoped  that  a  way  may  be  found  of  adjusting,  perhaps,  a 
galvanised-iron  cup  to  the  side  of  the  tree  in  such  a  manner  that 
the  gum  may  be  extracted  without  destroying  its  growth.  By  the 
uae  of  the  right  appliances  it  is  believed  the  life  of  the  tree  will 
be  greatly  prolonged,  and  instead  of  the  present  temporary  revenue, 
the  producer  will  derive  a  permanent  one  from  his  pine  forests. 
There  were  some  experiments  made  a  few  years  ago  with  some 
kind  of  "  cups,"  as  substitutes  for  turpentine  "  boxes,"  but  their 
use  was  abajidoned,  as  they  were  found  too  costly  for  practical 


The  comparative  receipts  of  naval  stores  at  the  port  of 
Savannah  during  the  year  ending  August  31,  1901,  wei^ 
332,057  barrels  of  spirits  of  turpentine  and  1,175,866  barrels 
of  resin,  in  comparison  with  315,849  barrels  of  turpentine  and 
1,010,628  barrels  of  resin  during  the  preceding  jeax. 

The  exports  during  the  past  year  were  346,140  barrels  of 
turpentine  and  1,126,760  barrels  of  resin,  in  comparison  wiUi 
300,739  barrels  of  tui'pentine  and  1,029,214  barrels  of  resin  for 
the  previous  year.  Of  last  year's  exports  237,404  barrels  of 
turpentine  were  exported  to  foreign  countries  and  108,736  barrels 
to  domestic  porta,  and  of  the  resin  exports  644,595  barrels  went 
to  foreign  countries  and  482,165  barrels  to  domestic  places  in  the 
United  States. 

The  receipts  at  Savannah  from  April  1  to  December  31,  1901, 
were  (including  stock  on  hand  on  April  1  last)  300,348  banels  of 


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SAVANNAH.  33 

turpentine  and  958,327  barrels  of  reein,  and  the  exporta  during 
the  same  period  were  274,225  barrels  of  turpentine  and  77.8,105 
barrels  of  reain.  Of  the  exports  198,992  barrels  of  turpentine  and 
363,611  barrels  of  resin  was  shipped  to  foreign  countries,  and  the 
rest  to  American  ports  and  interior  places  by  railway. 

Prices  ranged  as  follows  in  this  market  throughout  the  past  Pri«i- 
year : — For  spirits  of  turpentine,  the  highest  quotations  per  gailloQ 
were  39^  c.  in  February,  laOl ;  the  lowest,  31  c.  in  May,  and  the 
closing  price  at  the  end  of  December,  1901,  was  35|  c.  per  gallon 
with  the  market  finn.  Pricfis  for  resins  were,  on  August  31, 
1901,  from  1  doL  10  c.  to  2  dol,  75  c.  per  barrel,  according  to 
gmde,  and  on  the  last  day  of  the  year  quotations  were  from 
1  dol  30  c.  to  2  dol.  50  c  per  barrel  with  a  good  demand,  and  with 
good  prospects  of  higher  prices  for  both  spirits  and  resins  early  in 
the  new  year,  owing  to  reported  shortness  of  crop  compared  with 
tlie  previous  season. 

The  conditions  prevailing  in  the  lumber  market  at  theLumbaF. 
beginning  of  the  last  commercial  year  were  not  very  favourable, 
but  an  improvemeut  occurred  as  the  season  advanced.  At  first 
an  abnormal  supply  exceeded  the  demand,  but  from  March  to 
August  there  was  a  considerable  improvement  in  the  demand 
with  a  corresponding  imcrease  in  prices.  One  of  the  principal 
reasons  for  low  figures  early  in  the  season  was  the  dediuing 
tendency  of  sail  freights,  wMch  not  only  declined  but  continued 
heavy  and  sluggish  for  some  time.  Conditions,  however,  changed 
during  the  past  four  months,  when  a  good  business  was  done  by 
dealers  in  railway  construction,  heavy  dock  improvements,  and 
replenishii^  stocks  for  lumber  yards  to  meet  anticipated  orders, 
and  advancing  rates  of  freight,  all  of  which  tended  to  promote  Oonditioiu 
higher  prices.  Quotations  have  especially  advanced  lately  on 
long  and  ditlicult  lumber  and  timber  orders,  hard  to  iill ;  it  being 
a  uiatter  of  some  difficulty  to  secure  orders  for  this  stock  further 
south,  owing  to  the  fact  that  Florida  mills  are  confined,  to  some 
extent,  to  smaller  timber.  This  makes  it  hard  for  mills  elsewhere 
to  compete  with  them  for  small-sized  lumber  orders.  It  is  a 
notable  fact  that  the  orders  from  the  Pennsylvania  Bailroad 
Company  alone,  which  have  heretofore  averaged  from  15,000,000 
to  20,000,000  feet  yearly,  have  declined  to  about  1,000,000  feet, 
most  of  which  went  from  Florida.  But  on  the  larger,  more 
difficult,  and  limited  steamer  orders,  no  port  in  the  country  can 
compete  with  Savannah  in  supplying  demands,  for  yellow  pine. 

The  facilities  here  for  handling  this  stock  by  quick  steamers  Ofioi 
is  unsurpassed,  and  it  is  the  opinion  of  leading  dealers  that  this  f>cUiti»i. 
port  will  for  many  years  retain  this  specif^  class  of  lumber 
business. 

The  service  of  the  railways  during  the  past  season  in  pro- 
moting this  industry  has  been  highly  commended  by  lumber 
exporters.  The  "Saw  Tooth"  Docks  constructed  for  the  purpose 
by  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  Bailway  at  its  terminals  have  proved 
to  be  very  successful  and  exceptionally  convenient  for  lumber 
loading,  while  at  the  terminals  of  the  Central  and  Plant  Systems 
(23)  c 


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Phoipfaate 
Coiopuij, 


34  SATAN.VAH. 

of  Bailways  the  usual  good  facilities  have  been  well  main- 
tained. 

Diiring  the  commercial  year  ending  August  31,  1901,  the 
total  exporta  of  lumber  from  Savannah  were  133,858,429 
superficial  feet,  of  which  amount,  however,  only  48,726  feet  were 
shipped  to  foreign  countries,  the  rest  going  coastwise  to  American 
ports,  of  which  New  York,  Fhiladelphia,  Baltimore,  New  Haven, 
Portland,  Fall  Biver,  and  Perth  Amboy  took  the  greater  part 
The  total  exports  for  the  previous  season  were  146,923,223  feet, 
showing  a  falling-off  last  year  of  13,000,000  feet. 

From  a  manufacturing  point  of  view  Savannah  has  made 
some  progress  since  last  year,  both  in  securing  new  industries 
and  also  in  laying  the  foundations  for  establishing  several  more, 
the  disposition  being  to  show  great  liberality  to  prospectors 
locating  here.  That  the  town  has  good  advantages  for  industrial 
undertakings  would  appear  to  be  shown  by  the  success  of  most 
of  those  in  operation  for  the  last  few  years ;  a  number  of  them 
have  enlarged  their  plants,  from  year  to  year,  in  order  to  meet 
increasing  demand  for  their  products.  One  instance  to  the  point 
is  that  of  the  Southern  Cotton  Oil  Company,  situated  on  the 
river  a  little  way  above  town.  It  employs  from  400  to  500  men, 
and  its  daily  output  includes  over  400  boxes  of  soap  and  several 
carloads  of  snow  drift  compound  lard.  This  company  crushes 
cotton-seed  and  also  refines  cotton  oil  shipped  here  from  other 
places  in  the  interior. 

The  Southern  States  Phosphate  Company  also  was  organised 
here  last  autumn  with  a  capital  of  300,000  dol.,  their  purpose 
being  to  manufacture  phosphate  fertilisers  from  rock  brought 
from  the  neighbourhood  of  Pon  Pon,  South  Carolina,  where  tliey 
have  secured  control  of  extensive  beds  of  phosphate.  It  is  also 
the  intention  of  this  company  to  work  largely  on  the  co-operative 
plan,  and  they  have  established  their  factory  on  the  eastern  side 
of  Savannah,  convenient  to  the  Plant  Kailway  Docks. 

Cotton  mills  seem  to  be  wanted  here,  and  it  is  said  that  many 
citizens  stand  ready  to  support  such  undertakings  liberally.  It 
was  reported  some  months  a^  that  there  was  a  movement  to 
transport  mill  machinery  from  New  England  to  this  port  and  the 
matter  has  been  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
but  no  ofticial  action  has  yet  been  taken.  This  being  the  third 
largest  receiving  cotton  port  in  the  country,  the  raw  material 
would  be  available  in  great  abundance.  The  question  of  power, 
however,  would  be  limited  to  steam  or  electricity,  as  there  is  no 
water-power  to  be  had  in  this  section,  where  the  land  is  for  the 
most  part  low-lying  and  level. 

The  only  cotton  mill  now  in  operation  near  Savaunah  is  the 
Southern  Cotton  Mill  Company  with  800  looms,  situated  between 
here  and  ITiunderbolt,  a  suburban  resort  three  miles  from  this 
port. 

The  receipts  of  rice  at  Savannah  for  the  season  endmg  August 
31, 1901,  were  380,000  bushels,  all  of  which,  with  the  exception 
of  about  11,000  bushels  sold  for  seed,  were  milled  and  sold  here. 


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SAVANNAH.  35 

liie  crop  brought  good  prices,  i-anging  from  80  c.  to  1  dol  10  c. 
per  bushel  net  on  plantations. 

The    season   was    very   satisfactory  both   for    producer    and  Oood  kwod. 
handler  so  far  as  quality  and  prices  went.     The  average  planting 
was  about  the  same  as  last  season,  and  the  yield  somewhat  better. 

The  new  crop,  harvested  after  September,  was  also  favourable, 
and  there  were  no  serious  Btorms  during  the  past  autumn,  the  early 
planting  being  housed  by  the  middle  of  September,  with  a  aome- 
what  larger  production  than  during  the  previous  season. 

There  was  no  old  stock  remainiw  on  hand,  on  September  1 
last,  and  good  prices  were  obtained  for  the  new  rice  sent  to 
market,  for  which  there  has  been  a  uniformly  steady  demand  for 
good  qualities  offering. 

The  phosphate  fertiliser  trade,  during  the  past  commercial  Phtupliaw 
year,  was  the  largest  in  the  history  of  the  »tate  of  Georgia.  This  f*"^"^"- 
was  caused  by  the  satisfactory  prices  received  by  farmers  for 
their  cotton  crops,  which  induced  them  to  buy  fertilisei-s  so 
liberally  that  the  entire  quantity  manufactured  was  consumed. 
The  sales  of  fertilisers  during  the  season  of  1900-01  were 
473,839  tons  throughout  the  State,  as  compared  with  407,839 
tons  for  the  previous  year,  showing  an  increase  of  about  66,000 
tons  last  year,  the  largest  tonnage  ever  sold  in  the  State. 

This  trade  has  been  so  satisfactory  that  a  number  of  new  Satirfaetory 
enterprises  have  been  started,  chief  among  them,  probably,  being  t*™*"- 
the  Blackshear  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Blackahear,  Georgia, 
with  a  capacity  of  15,000  tons  annually.  The  Southern  States* 
Phosphate  and  Fertiliser  Company,  whose  manufacturing  'plant 
is  at  Savannah,  will  also  be  ready  to  commence  operations  very 
early  in  the  new  year  with  a  capacity  of  30,000  tons.  When 
fully  completed  and  in  running  order  this  will  be  the  laigeet 
fertiliser  plant  in  Savannah.  The  combined  works  of  the  Vii^inia- 
Carolina  Chemical  Company  would  be  lai^r,  but  no  single  estab- 
lishment will  be  capable  of  so  large  an  output.  Some  time  ago 
the  Viiginia-Garolina  Chemical  Company  had  the  misfortune  to 
lose  the  acid  chamber  of  one  of  their  Savannah  factories,  but  they 
are  now  constructing  another  of  larger  capacity  than  the  one 
destroyed.  This  company  will,  hereafter,  manufacture  in  Savannah, 
only  at  the  old  Comer,  Hull  and  Co.  factory,  which  is  now  known 
aa  Plant  No.  1.  The  plant  that  was  bought  by  them,  from  the 
Commercial  Gnano  Company,  has  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the 
Southern  Cotton  Oil  Company  under  a  99  years'  lease,  and  it  is 
doubtful  if  any  fertilisers  will  be  manufactured  there  during  the 
new  season.  But  the  increase  in  the  acid  chambers  of  the  Comer 
Hull  Works  will  make  the  product  of  both  plants  about  the  same 
as  it  formerly  was. 

It  is  evident  that  there  is  to  be  more  competition  in  the  laereued 
fertiliser    trade    than    heretofore,  owing    to    new    factors    now  oompetiuon. 
entering  the  business  which  are  likely  also  to  stimulate  present 
manufacturere  to  more  aggressive  action  in  futura 

It  ie  reported  that  the  Armour  Fertiliser  Company  will  look 
after  this  branch  of  their  business  more  closely  next  season  than 


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ihipments. 


36  SAVANNAtr. 

formerly.  This  company  is  now  building  at  Atlanta,  Georfria,  a 
60,000  ton  factory,  and  it  propo8e8  to  utilise  there  the  blood  and 
tankage  from  ite  various  slaughter-houses.  This  movement  by 
the  Armour  Company  has  caused  the  Yiiginia-Carolina  Chemicu 
Company  to  buy  cottou-seed  oil  mills  throughout  the  South,  with 
a  view  of  controlling  the  output  of  ammoniates  in  the  shape  of 
cotton-seed  meal.  These  two  companies  will  be  active  competitors 
in  the  field  during  the  next  season. 

Most  of  the  phosphate  rock  shipped  from  this  poit  is  Florida 
mined,  brought  here  by  railway  for  export  abroad.  The  total 
shipments  of  rock  from  Savannah,  during  the  year  ending  August 
31,  1901,  were  138,504  tons,  and  the  market  quotations  on  the 
above-named  date  were  about  6  dol.  50  c  per  ton,  f,o.b.  at 
Atlantic  porta  for  Florida  hard  rock,  guaranteed  77  per  cent,  bone 
phoBphate  of  lime,  3  per  cent,  oxide  of  iron  and  alumina,  and 
3  per  cent,  moistura 

During  the  year  the  arrivals  of  shipping  of  all  nationalities  at 
the  port  of  Savannah  were  1,030,  with  a  total  tonnage  of  1,277,113 
tons,  as  compEired  with  the  previous  year's  tonnage  of  2,958,715 
tons  and  1,036  arrivals,  showing  a  considerable  decrease  last  year 
in  tonnage  but  a  very  small  decreaae  in  arrivals,  too  much  tonnage 
having  come  to  the  port  during  1900  to  meet  the  requirements  of 
exporters. 

Last  year's  shipping  arrivals  were  as  follows : — 


UMioDtiUj. 

VeaulB. 

Tonnage. 

American 

786 

851,603 

US 

184,719 

Nor™»n         

SwedieL 

61,809 

10,137 

Gemau 

27,996 

6,657 

Spanish 

15,130 

1,100 

1,446 

2,748 

Greek 

8,876 

Brfgian 

25,618 

Dutch 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing  there  was  a  total  tonnage  of 
207,000  tons  represented  in  the  arrivals  during  last  year  of 
sloops,  schoonetB,  and  steamboats  engaged  in  the  river  and  inland 
trade,  while  the  total  tonnage  of  vessels  departii^  was  2,765,862 
tons. 


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BBUHBWICE. 


BRDH8WICK,  Ga. 

Mr.  Yice-ConBul  E,  Torras  reports  as  foUowB : — 

In  making  mj  annual  report  to  yon  for  the  year  jnat  ended, 
I  be^  to  advise  that  I  have  nothing  of  particular  interest  to 
mention  with  the  exception  of  the  charter  and  subsequent  im- 
mediate building  of  the  Brunswick  and  Birmingham  Sailroad, 
which  has  already  some  40  miles  of  track  through  new  timber 
lands,  along  whidi  road  several  lumber  mills  have  been  built  and 
are  in  opeiation,  and  their  products  broi^ht  to  this  market  in 
lai^e  quantities. 

This  road  is  intended  to  go  as  far  as  Birmingham,  AU.,  giving 
this  port  a  direct  route  to  the  great  iron  and  coal  mines  of 
Alabama,  and  when  completed  this  port  will  be  directly  connected 
with  the  great  western  grain  markets,  thereby  reducing  con- 
siderably the  rate  of  freight  on  grains  which  is  too  high  now  to 
enable  the  export  of  same  from  iiiis  port. 

The  shipping  of  the  port  for  the  year  increased  a  good 
deal  in  comparison  with  the  previous  year,  and  I  beg  to  submit 
the  enclosed  Ust  of  vessels  entered  and  their  tonnf^  for  the  year 
1901. 

AbrTvalS  at  the  Port  of  Brunswick  during  tbe  Year  1901. 


NnmboT  sf  TmmI*. 

HfctiiM»litj. 

SMling 

Bwk. 

Brip. 

Soboonen. 

Total. 

Tooiuige. 

AmeriMn.. 
firiCuh      . . 

Swediih    .. 

£sr. 

Italiui 

DMlilfa        .. 

Dntofa        .. 
Oermu    .. 
AinentiM.. 

186 
29 

4 

i 

•• 

10 
1 
86 
10 

I 

39 
8 

ae 

28 

8W.697 
49.6S6 
28,261 
16.W6 
6,401 
4,640 
S,2M 
8,221 
1,991 
1,866 
1,928 
1,198 
611 

Total.. 

1GB 

6 

92 

10 

M7 

614 

618,408 

(28) 


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lONDUK: 

Printed  for  Bit  Haftcty'i  SUIIonerT  Office, 

Bt  HAHHISON  AND  BONS, 

Printan  In  Ordlnur  to  HU  KajNtj. 

(7C    4  I  02-H  4  S    2>) 


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No.  2763  Annual  Series. 
DIPLOMATIC  AND  CONSTTLAB  EEPORTS. 


UNITED    STATES. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  TEAK  1901 


THADE    AND    COMMERCE    OF    CHICAGO    AND 
DISTRICT. 


BGFEBENOE  TO  PREVIOUS  REPORT,  Anatuil  Series  No.  2696. 


iVfMnlwI  to  both  BovMU  of  ParliamerU  bg  Command  of  Bit  Majuty, 
APRIL,  W02. 


LOWDOHi 

PBISTBD  FOB  HK  HAJBSIirS  8TATI0NBB7  OPFIO^ 
BT  HABBI80N  AND  SONS,  ST.  HABTIN'S  LAKK. 
.  PKiMviH  ur  omiMixT  co  n*  iujb»t, 

AndtolM^nolund,iiai»rdbeMlrorUiMii^HijB(wkMfl«r,(nMa 

■TBB  A  BPOniSWOODI,  Sw  HiBDura  Snur,  rLin  Stuk,  I.O* 

*al  S>,  AximtDOH  BTUM,WBan(iNBnK,  8.W.  ■ 

or  OLITSB  A  BOTD,  BDunimaH  t 

m  1.  POKSONBT,  US,  OuRON  Snin,  OnsUK, 

1902. 
[Od.  786—67.3  Pri«t  Thrt^mct  ffaifpem^. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


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CONTENTS. 


Ohicaso — 
Oeneraln 


Trade  in  dirtriot  ... 


foreign  (ohoob  .. 
Xxporta 


OuRtom-hoiue  rooeipt*  .. 


Drawbftoki  of  duty..- 
Agrioaltiire 


Bfa 

Pl»x  — . — 

B»rlej  .._ « 

Liitfeed-oil  and  cake  ...»., 

Banking  „ »....«^ 

BioycUi    .....a....._.__...>a.._ 
Boota  and  ihoea  ..__.«-_ 

Bra  weries _.....« ...^—._ 

Oement..... 

China  and  euthenwm... .~ 

Dry  goodi    _...,_...._~ 

Xdncatton    ...._-»»•__»_■ 
Blsctric  moton  .„,.„..„^... 

Pumiture. ._u„_^.,_„.u 

Health __-. — .- 

Immigration    ...._— ._.~«.— 
Intoranoe..-  ....__...».«..■_. 

Lumber  _ ~— . 


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Contents — ooationed. 


OMa... 


Coppw- 


Oiluidpa„ 


Beat  ettste  Mid  inTettmenta... 

Bnikliiiff 

piiiplniiHtwg  ..„„„„ „,.,„. 


Im  ud  oolbe —..— m»._ 

TBlapbom    ..— „m.— ■— — ...^ 

TobMoo   .... — ~.- — .—.__._ M—. 

VMM— 

Bliipnient  ol  gtmiu  „...__........_..». 

UoYsmaott  of  TSMeU.....^...... .._... 

Dimct  import*  to  Ohioago..^..-.... 

Ezpoita  bj  Lake....  „.____„,„_.„ 

I>ITI.TFTK  ..._ »..«...— »..-_-. 

Shipmcntt  «f  gnin. .»...»..»..... 

UiLWiuxn    ...„..»...»....„...., 

Bi.  LoniB,  Vioe-Coninl'*  Mp<wt  ._ 

Eakiak  Out,  Vioe-Ooiunl'i  roport 
Okaea,  Vice-Coniol's  nport  ...._„.... 
Dbvtbb,  Tic»Caiunl'i  npoH .»....».. 


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Ho.  2763.  Annnal  Series. 

Safvrmet  to  pnmoua  Seport,  Annual  Series  No.  2566. 


Bepori  on  the  Trade  and  Comaiurce  of  the  Conmlar  JXsiriet  of 
Chicago  fm-  the  Year  IQOl 

By  Mb.  Cohsul  Wtndham. 
(BeMiTDd  at  Foreign  OOos,  Uwob  30,  IMS.) 

E«^rta  on  trade  and  advice  to  traders,  prepared  by  Britiah  a«i«al 
OoQ3u1ar  officers,  are  very  often  subjected  to  criticisms  on  the  part  ""»*'''•• 
of  traders  in  the  United  Kingdom  on  two  grounds,  either  that 
they  are  of  no  value  to  traders  or  that  the  writer  presumes  to 
understand  the  needs  of  the  business  better  than  the  man  who 
has  made  it  Ms  life's  study. 

In  the  last  annual  report  from  this  Consulate  it  was  su^ested         * 
that  merchants,  manufacturers,  and  labour  leaders  should  visit 
the  United  States  and  study  the  conditions  and  demands,  and  it 
is  said  that  this  was  done  last  summer  and  will  be  repeated  again 
in  1902. 

It  is  the  purpose  and  aim  of  this  Consulate  to  keep  in  touch, 
as  far  liS  possible,  with  the  business  men  of  Chicago  and  the 
neighbourhood,  so  as  to  be  in  a  position  to  assist  agents  of  British 
commercial  houses  coming  here  on  business  or  in  answering 
enquiries,  but  it  is  of  no  use  if  the  agents  fail  to  come  to  the 
Consulate  for  assistance  or  if  merchants  at  home  make  no 
enquiries. 

The  number  of  enquiries  on  commercial  matters  have  increased 
considerably  during  the  past  year,  but  no  idea  can  be  formed  as 
to  what  assistance  the  information  given  has  proved.  These 
enquiries  are  not  answered  until  as  many  persons  as  possible, 
engf^^  in  the  trade  mentioned,  have  been  interviewed,  and  every 
eSort  is  made  that  the  information  given  shall  be  reliable. 
Great  courtesy  is  shown  by  everyone  in  assisting  the  Consulate  in 
obtaining  information.  Government,  State,  city  officials,  and 
merchants  giving  all  the  assistance  requested. 

In  tlie  last  annual  report  an  opening  was  pointed  out  for  the 
sale  of  salt  fish,  herring,  and  mackerel  in  this  district,  and  the 
faults  found  by  merchants  were  also  mentioned.  Not  a  single 
enquiry  from  private  parties  in  the  United  Kingdom  was 
received,  but  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Congested  Districts  of 
(29)  A  S 


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Ireland  carefully  invest^t«d  the  matter.  The  direct  imports 
of  salt  fish  have  fallen  off  considerably,  but  large  quantities 
have  been  received  through  the  sea  ports,  and  the  handlera 
in  ChicE^o  report  that  the  condition  of  the  fish  is  much  improved 
and  that  the  packing  shows  greater  care  than  in  former  years. 

The  ConBular  district  of  Chicago  covers  14  States,  having  a 
total  area  of  over  1,000,000  square  miles  with  19,000,000  inhabi- 
tants. Over  300,000  square  mites  are  still  vacant  and  there  are 
about  19,000  reserved  as  forests.  Of  the  land  still  open  to  settlement 
over  one-quarter  is  arid  or  semi-arid,  and  much  of  the  other  is 
rough  mountain  laud.  There  are  30  cities  in  the  district,  each 
with  over  25,000  inhabitants. 

AU  these  towns  are  manufacturing  towns  to  some  extent,  and 
in  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Wisconsin  every  small  town  has  one  or  more 
factories  at  work. 

Furniture  factories  are  scattered  all  over  these  States,  and 
many  manufacturers  have  found  the  advantages  of  starting  in 
small  towns,  especially  near  the  Lakes,  to  be  saving  in  rent, 
wages,  owing  to  less  cost  of  living,  and  raw  material. 

In  some  parts  of  the  district  there  are  many  resideuts  of 
British  birth,  and  in  those  places  there  might  be  an  opening  for 
an  increased  sale  of  imports. 

The  trade  for  the  past  year  has  been  the  best  ever  known  in 
Chicago  and  the  district  supplied  from  it,  and  although  a  few 
strikes  have  taken  place,  many,  which  threatened  to  be  serious 
and  to  have  a  disastrous  result  on  trade,  have  come  to  nothing 
from  a  i-efusal  of  the  men  to  take  part. 

Work  has  been  more  steady  and  the  result  has  been  that,  with 
more  money  in  hand,  a  better  class  of  goods  than  usual  has  bet^n 
in  demand. 

The  Chicago  merchant  with  this  increased  prosperity  has 
advertised  more  than  ever,  and  several  of  the  large  retail  dry 
goods  houses  have  added  largely  to  the  size  of  their  establish- 
ments. 

The  advantage  of  a  well-dressed  show  window  in  every  kind 
of  retail  trade  is  more  than  ever  understood,  and  very  great 
trouble,  expense,  and  ingenuity  are  used  in  getting  good  results. 

Many  shops  now  put  mechanical  toys  in  the  windows  to 
attract  the  attention  of  passers  by. 

The  trade  papers  are  also  taking  up  the  subject  and  give 
illustrations  and  ideas. 

In  machine  shops  and  factories  the  use  of  the  best  machinery 
ifi  understood  and  appreciated  by  the  men,  but  the  success  of  the 
American  manufacturer  would  appear  to  be  owing  not  to  the 
machinery  but  to  the  system  of  shop  management  Every  man 
employed  appears  to  be  fully  aware  that  success  depends  on  his 
doing  his  best  work,  and  no  idleness  is  tolerated  in  anyone.  The 
highest  positions  in  a  shop  are  open  to  anyone  who  can  prove  his 
worth  and  every  man  works  with  this  incentive. 

Many  visitors  from  the  United  Kingdom  bluue  the  men  there 
because  the  same  results  are  not  obtained  from  machiuery  as  is 


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done  here,  but  the  more  the  factories  of  Chicago  are  seen  the 
more  certain  it  becomes  that  it  is  the  incentive  to  work  and  the 
eoei^  of  the  managers,  superintendanta,  and  foremen,  and  the, 
example  set  by  them  that  ban  the  wonderful  effect  on  the  output 
TtuB  holds  good  in  every  kind  of  trade  and  business.  In  one 
factory  the  mam^er,  in  siz  months,  doubled  the  output  at  an 
increase  of  5  per  cent,  expense  by  re-arranging  the  machinery. 

A  great  fault  found  with  the  Chicago  system  is  the  difficulty 
of  a  man  of  over  45  finding  work.  There  are  many  men  in  good 
positions  in  Chicago  over  that  age  who  will  in  all  pTobabdity 
retain  them  for  some  years  and  retire  on  a  pension,  but  a  new 
comer  of  that  age  haa  little  chance  of  employment  as  he  cannot 
expect  to  learn  new  ways. 

A  man  who  is  out  of  work  at  that  age  lb  regarded  with 
suspicion,  especially  when  trade  is  good,  because  if  he  had  proved 
that  he  was  worth  his  position,  which  should  be  a  good  one  after 
many  years'  service,  he  would  not  have  been  forced  out,  or  if  he 
had,  some  other  firm  which  had  come  into  contact  with  him  in 
business  would  try  to  secure  hia  services. 

No  man  can  get  on  in  Chicago  who  works  with  one  eye  on 
the  clock  or  gru(%ingly,  and  the  man  who  is  rewarded  by  pro- 
motion has  shown  himself  ready  to  put  his  work  before  his 
personal  wishes  and  in  many  cases  has  offered  to  help  in  other 
departments  when  necessary,  in  this  way  acquiring  a  comprehensive 
knowle(^  of  the  work  being  done. 

It  must  also  be  remembered  that  Chicago  is  the  Mecca  for  all 
the  young  men  of  the  smaller  cities  and  towns  of  the  neighbouring 
States,  as  well  as  to  the  sons  of  the  farmers  who  wish  to  escape 
from  the  monotony  and  drudgery  of  the  farm.  Canada  also  sends 
a  great  number  of  her  young  men  here,  all  attracted  by  the  higher 

Ey  and  the  possibility  of  earning  rapid  promotion  and  obtaining 
■ge  salaries. 

The  responsible  positions  in  all  businesses  in  Chicago  ai'e  well 
paid,  but  the  clerk,  book-keeper,  and  other  subordinate  positions 
receive  salaries  that  do  little  more  than  support  hfe. 

The  average  increase  in  manufacturing  and  wholesale  business 
in  Chicago  was  about  10  per  cent,  over  1900  and  is  calculated  for 
manufactures  in  1899  at  136,745,000/.;  1900, 148,220,000^. ;  1901, 
160,785,000/. ;  and  for  wholesale  in  1899,  142,000,000/. ;  1900, 
157,000,000/.;  1901,160,200,000/. 

There  are  now  about  20,000  factories  in  Chic^o  employing 
300,000  bands,  an  increase  in  10  years  of  93  and  37  per  cent, 
respectively. 

Wages  have  increased  2  per  cent,  in  the  10  years,  and  now 
amount  to  about  27,000,000t  This  would  give  an  avei^^  of  less 
than  40a  per  week. 

£aw  materials  have  been  rather  scarce  and  orders  have  heea 
very  heavy,  and  factories  have  in  many  cases  run  behind  with 
their  orders. 

The  increased  purchases  of  luxuries  and  a  better  class  of  goods 
in  all  lines  have  been  features  of  the  close  of  the  year. 

(29)  A  4 


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Foreign 
•cboou. 


WOTking^meo  have  been  more  reeularly  employed,  and  ths' 
long  summer  holidays  werd  consideratuy  curtailed  in  the  differmt 
Qudiine  shops. 

The  chief  gains  in  manufactures  have  been  in  fumituce  and 
boots  and  shoes,  but  many  mamifacturers  have  made  small  profits 
owiDg  to  the  increase  iu  prices  of  the  raw  material  used. 

Tlie  commercial  success  of  Chicago  is  partly  owing  to  the 
edncation  which  teaches  the  boys  independence  and  knowledge  of 
their  future  responsibilities,  and  does  not  set  the  professions  above 
busitiese  as  a  means  of  gaining  a  living. 

Athletics  of  all  kinds  are  much  encouraged  in  schools  and 
universities,  but  very  few  men  continue  to  take  part  in  them  after 
completing  their  education.  Americans  are  as  fond  of  outdoor  life, 
shooting  and  fishing,  as  are  the  men  of  any  European  country,  but 
they  gratify  their  taste  as  a  relaxation  only  and  never  allow  it  to 
interfere  with  their  business. 

Another  cause  of  success  is  the  keeping  of  the  money,  which 
has  been  made  in  the  business,  and  the  brains  which  have  made 
the  business,  in  it  as  long  as  possible,  and  great  thought  is  devoted 
to  arrangements  whereby,  after  the  death  of  the  builder  of  the 
business,  it  shall  not  fall  into  the  hands  of  his  heirs,  unless  they 
are  practically  fitted  to  take  care  of  it. 

Another  and  probably  the  chief  cause  is  the  reward  of  merit. 
The  percentage  of  men  fitted  for  the  highest  poste  in  business  is 
very  small  compared  with  the  total  numbers  employed,  and  the 
heads  of  the  big  businesses,  bank  corporations  and  whole^e  firms, 
are  always  loo&ng  out  for  men,  not  only  among  those  already  in 
their  employ,  but  also  outside,  capable  of  filling  some  poet  tmder 
them. 

To  these  men,  when  found,  large  sahtries  are  given,  which  are 
drawn  by  them  as  long  as  they  show  that  they  are  capable  of 
earning  them. 

Men  employed  in  business  houses  of  all  descriptions  are 
encouraged  to  discover  new  methods  of  carrying  on  the  business 
which  may  in  any  way  leaaen  the  cost  of  production  or  carrying 
on  busine<is,  and  specialisation  is  carried  on  to  an  extreme  point. 

It  is  reported  that  the  French  Government  is  to  found  schools 
in  the  United  States  for  young  men  to  study  economic  science  and 
engineering.  The  reported  plans  are  to  keep  about  200  boys  for  a 
four  years*  course  in  New  York  and  Chicago  for  economic  science, 
and  in  Pittsburg  and  Chicago  for  engineering. 

At  these  places  American  methods  would  be  studied  and  the 
enei^  absorl«d,  and  after  the  course  is  completed  the  young  men 
will  return  to  France  to  put  the  ideas  and  methods  they  have 
gathered  Into  practical  usa 

The  experiment  will  be  interesting,  especially  as  to  how  the 
young  men  of  21  to  24  will  persuade  the  older  men  to  adopt  liieir 
methods,  and  whether  on  their  return  to  the  old  conditions  they 
will  not  either  fall  into  the  ways  <}f  conducting  business  there  or 
desert  their  country  and  return  to  a  place  where  their  methods 
will  be  acceptabla 


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CUI(.:AG0.  9 

It  is  impossible  to  fcive  an  idea  of  the  expons  of  the  output  of  Kxporta 
the  factories  ia  this  district  as  they  are  nearly  all  cleared  at  sea- 
ports and  appear  under  the  statistics  of  those  ports. 

A  lat^  proportion  of  the  bread-stuffs  and  meat  products  that 
are  exported  have  their  origin  in  the  Western  States. 

The  mail  order  houses  in  Chicago,  who  issue  lai^  catalt^es 
giviug  the  price  of  everything  imaginable  and  showing  the  chu^eB 
for  carnage  by  mail,  express  and  freight  from  Chicago  to  all  parts 
of  the  world,  are  doing  a  large  and  iucreasing  business  with  the 
British  Colonies. 

The  receipts  at  the  Chicago  custom-house  in  1901  amounted  to  Cmtom-hoiu* 
1,800,720/.,  an  increase  of  114,590/.  over  the  figures  of  1900.  """P** 
This  puts  Chicago  in  the  fourth  place,  being  surpassed  in  collec- 
tions only  by  New  York,  Philadelphia  and  Eostoo,  which  is 
remarkable  when  the  amount  of  merchandise  which  is  entered 
at  any  of  those  ports  for  transhipment  to  Chicago  and  not  bonded 
through  is  considered. 

Importers  of  dry  goods  paid  704,660/.  duty  and  tea  importers 
378,706/.  in  1901. 

The  internal  revenue  collections  of  Chicago  increased  slightly  internal 
over  1900,  but  did  not  reach  the  figures  of  1899  as  the  output  revenue. 
of  Uie  Chicago  diBtilleries  has  not  inci'eased.    Comparative  state- 
ment of  taxable  goods  made  in  Chicago  during  the  years  1899- 
1901  shows :— 


Quanlitj. 

AitiolM. 

OiUoni    .. 

18W. 

1900. 

1901. 

DiMilled  (pint* 

1,476.860 

226,677 

266.984 

Bwrel.     .. 

3,249,869 

8,062,844 

R,3S3,S82 

Tobuco 

10.662,664 

Snuff 

643,513 

650,122 

Olwmargari™..         .. 

48.202,606 

41,762,860 

42,946,143 

FiUedcheea 

8,026,187 

1,698,447 

Cig»r.   

Vumbtr    . . 

187,418,720 

190,287,300 

200.624,204 

CigontUi,  b) 

" 

8,067.120 

12,894,940 

14^194,840 

Statement  of  Articles  Weighed  during  the  Years  1899-1901. 


Quantity. 

1899. 

190O. 

1901. 

Tii-plt 

TeB         

Tobscoo 

8»lt         

Lbi. 
8,712.178 
14,808,962 
700,885 
23.968.428 
39,694.607 

Lb>. 
7,985;430" 
14.876,787 
793,433 
23,748.633 
37.677,385 

Ltn. 

8.801,846 
18,019,114 

1,821.378 
28,934.984 
44,683,970 

d  by  Google 


PnwbMfct.  The  following  are    the  drawbacka   allowed  on  certain  im- 

portatioiia    that    have    been    used    in    manufacturlDg    and    are 
re-exported : — 


Monbtr 

LbL  ... 

pile.:: 

qoMM}. 

ArtWo  ud  (lq«iUri«  antltltd  to 

lUm. 

quuucr. 

Anunuo. 

Sn?SSr   ;::    ::: 

ConiloBud  milk     

DrnunlM  outrUoti 
BmtnuedpUtM    ...        { 

Onpenicmr''.'. 

IT!  :::  :  { 

SUu^          

it™ 

M8 

lO.DM 

-■•& 

M.4II 

19,121,110 

«7.J00 

I'll 

Tln-pUM  ... 
Su«ir        

Ssr:::    1 
Irs.™    :: 

EDUutUtdlnlto 

M:::    :; 

n.zw 
s.e804i£ 

ioe,am 

8;ai3 

•si 

•■ss 

MO 

TouJ  dnwback     .. 

- 

... 

- 

M,S86 

Farming  of  all  kinds,  cattle  ranchii^,  sheep  and  horse  raising 
are  the  great  features  of  this  Consular  district. 

About  85,000,000  acres  are  annually  planted  with  some  of  the 
various  grains.  More  than  half  the  grain  produced  in  the  United 
States  is  grown  in  thia  district 

The  wheat  area  ol'  the  United  States  is  continually  moving  to 
the  North-West,  as  the  land  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle  Western 
States  gradually  becomes  more  valuable  for  other  fanning,  or 
produces  a  smaller  crop  after  years  of  grain. 

In  many  parts  clover  no  longer  grows  as  well  as  formerly, 
Soots  are  grown  to  a  very  small  extent,  except  sugar  beets  in 
-certain  sections,  and  maize,  clover  and  fallow  are  the  only  changes 
from  grain. 

Ensilage  is  being  used  more  every  year,  and  creameries,  run  on 
the  co-operative  plan,  are  springing  up  near  all  large  cities. 

Many  of  the  farms  are  too  large  for  the  capital  of  the  fanner, 
although  in  many  States  farms  are  seen  which  are  kept  in  the  very 
highest  condition  and  farmed  in  a  scientific  manner. 

The  following  can  be  taken  as  about  the  averse  acre^e  and 
crop  of  grain  in  this  Consular  district : — 


Atctho  Yield  in  the 

Orain. 

Ana. 

Crop. 

ATerage 

Per  Acre. 

Number 
of  Statei, 

Buikel.. 

Bnabela. 

Bushell. 

■Wheit 

£8.774,174 

802,079,174 

12-70 

12-29 

IS 

Oat*.. 

16,338,167 

499,066,465 

30-64 

29-56 

12 

42,e08,&41 

1,256,628,088 

18 

Bje..         .. 

636,111 

10,199,626 

16-0 

10 

Birley         .. 

1,626,688 

82,432,614 

SO-0 

20-4 

11 

858,629 

14-54 

16-0 

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CHICAGO.  11 

The  largest  acreages  are  wheat,  Minnesota,  dl,905,C13;  otit'a, 
Iowa,  3,840,357 ;  maize,  Kansas,  8,624,770,  and  Iowa,  8,048,946 ; 
rye,  Kansas,  126,479;  barley,  Iowa,  443,516;  and  buckwheat, 
Wisconsin,  27,533. 

These  States  produce  about  55  per  cent,  of  the  whole  grain 
■crop  of  the  United  States,  except  in  buckwheat 

These  figures  are  the  returns  for  1900,  which  was  a  fair  year 
with  no  exceptional  diaadrant^es. 

Montana  has  the  best  average  yield  per  acre  of  wheat,  26 
bushels ;  Illinois,  oats,  38  bushels ;  Wisconsin  and  Iowa,  maize, 
37  bushels ;  Minnesota,  rye,  20  bushels ;  Nebraska,  barley,  37 
bushels  ;  Kansas,  with  the  largest  acreage  of  maize,  produced  less 
than  two-thirds  of  the  Iowa  crop. 

The  question  of  irrigation  and  the  equable  distribution  of  Irrigatioa. 
water  for  tliat  purpose  is  becoming  of  vital  importance  to  many 
States,  and  the  future  of  nearly  one-third  of  the  area  of  the  United 
States  depends  on  the  settlement  of  this  question.  This  area 
includes  not  only  the  arid  desert  but  many  districts  where  abundant 
harvests  are  obtained  in  favourable  seaaous,  but  where,  owing  to 
drought,  total  or  partial  crop  failure  are  more  often  the  result. 
The  average  yield  uf  the  semi-arid  district  of  Kansas  for  the  pdst 
five  years  was  placed  at  67  bushels. 

The   year  has  been  very  good  for  cattle  and  sheep  farmers  Cattle, 
as  good  prices  have  been  obtained  all  through  the  year. 

There  is  very  little  disease  among  tlie  cattle  of  the  States,  with 
the  occasional  exception  of  Texas  fever.  Cattle  and  sheep  on  the 
ranges  and  farms  run  a  lisk  from  poisonous  herbs,  cockle  and 
spring  cockle  growing  widely  in  the  North-Weat.  In  South 
Dakota  cattle  have  died  from  eating  dry  corn-stalks,  but  no  ca-ses 
have  appeared  where  the  stalks  have  been  cut  up.  In  the  West 
and  North-West,  eating  the  loco  and  rattle  weeds,  either  in  the 
field  or  in  liay,  is  often  fatal  Sheep  are  often  brought  from  farms 
and  put  on  ranges  and  have  to  pick  out  the  wholesome  from  the 
unwholesome  foods,  and  all  cattle  raised  on  enclosed  farms  suffer 
in  the  same  way.  The  wild  animals  could,  in  former  days,  move 
from  range  to  range,  but  the  ranges  are  getting  so  restricted  and 
•eaten  down  that  the  pasture  is  no  longer  any  too  plentiful.  Water 
hemlock,  larkspur  and  cannas  are  the  other  most  poisonous  plants 
met  with. 

Cattle  thieves  and  wild  animals  are  growing  less,  and  with  the 
gradual  taking  up  of  Government  land  will  become  extincL 

A  great  deal  has  been  said  about  the  coming  scarcity  of  cattle 
and  the  future  prohibitive  price  of  meat  owing  to  the  breaking  up 
of  the  large  ranges  but  the  opposite  will  be  mote  likely  the  case, 
as  with  better  care  and  feeding  the  owners  of  small  farms  will 
raise  three  beasts  on  the  same  acreage  that  one  is  raised  on  the 


The  sales  of  thoroughbred  cattle  have  been  very  successful, 
and  good  prices  have  been  obtained. 

In  December,  1900,  the  American  Shorthorn  Breeders'  Associa- 
tion imposed  a  fee  of  20  guineas  for  r^isterii^  any  foreign-bred 


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12  CHICAGO. 

uuma].  This  action  would  seem  to  have  been  a  little  sboit- 
sighted  as  even  now,  after  many  years  of  stock  improvement,  the 
majoTity  of  the  beet  shov  and  breeding  cattle  are,  or  are  bred 
from,  imported  animala 

The  sales  of  the  year  have  shown  that  a  very  high  price  is 
obtainable  for  firet-class  stock  and  a  very  poor  price  for  others, 
and  it  is  therefore  necessary,  more  than  ever,  that  exporters  should 
be  careful,  as  the  expenses  of  quarantine,  &c,  add  enormously  to 
tiie  cost. 

The  following  are  the  prices  obtained  for  breeding  stock  at 
public  auction  in  1901 ; — 

S/wl}u>ms.—4,14Q  head  brought  239,259/.;  average,  571.  13«.; 
highest  price,  bull,  imported,  "Lord  Banff,"  roan,  calved  June  10, 
1899,  l,051i.  10s.  Cow,  imported,  "Missie  153rd,"  red,  calved 
June  10,  1899,  1,237/.  2*.  The  imported  cow,  « CScely,"  also 
fetched  1,030/.  18*.,  while  the  imported  bull,  "Choice  Goods," 
was  sold  privately,  and  it  was  stated  that  1,546/.  10s.  was  paid 
for  him. 

Aberdten-Atigus. — 894  head  sold  for  51,139/.,  an  aven^  of 
'57/.  4s. ;  highest  prices,  bull,  "  Orrin  of  Long  Branch,"  268/. ;  cow, 
imported,  "  Krivinia,"  350i  y«; 

Jw</orrfs.— 1,995  head  sold  for  102,176/.,  an  average  of  51/.  4«.; 
highest  prices,  bull,  "  Beau  Donald,"  412/.  is. ;  cow,  "  Dolly  2nd," 
1030/.  188.  6rf. 

FolUd  Durkams  m-  Shorth(ynis.~24S  head  sold  for  10,841/., 
an  average  of  44/.  lis. ;  bull,  206/.,  and  cow,  207/. 

OaUmeays. — 68  bead  sold  for  2,910/.  5s.,  an  avenge  of  42/.  16s. ; 
highest  prices,  bull,  imported,  "McDougall  4th,"  412/.  7«.;  cow, 
imported,  "Lady  Harden,"  115/.  8«. 

Hed  Polls.— 79  he«d  sold  for  3,760/.  15«.,  an  average  of  47/.  12i. 

At  the  International  Stock  Show  in  Chicago,  in  December, 
"Herefords  won  most  of  the  champion  prizes,  Aberdeens  had  been 
the  winners  in  1900. 

The  champion  Herefords  in  carload  lots  averaged,  live-weight, 
1,497  lbs.;  dead-weight  1,010  lbs.,  or  67-50  per  cent.  Cost  on 
hoof  21.  9s.  6rf.  and  as  beef  3/.  13».  3d:  per  100  lbs. 

In  ordinary  sales  as  high  as  1'.  9s.  lOrf.  per  100  lbs.  has  been 
obtained  during  the  year  and  the  best  steers  generally  bring  about 
1/,  5«.  on  the  hoof.  Cows  and  canners  fetch  much  lower  prices, 
the  latter  going  as  low  as  4a.  6d.  per  100  lbs.  The  latter  are 
often  very  thin  but  are  not  diseased,  and  are  in  demand  for 
canning  as  the  want  of  fat  prevents  waste  in  cutting  and  daccidity 
in  the  meat  when  opened  in  hot  weather. 

The  stock-yard  firms  are  to  be  increased  by  the  removal  of 
the  Hammond  Company  from  Hammond,  Indiana,  to  Chicago,  and 
improvements  have  been  made  in  several  packing-houses  as  well 
as  in  the  yards. 

The  year  has  been  marked  by  an  increaaed  quantity  of  well- 
bred  stock  coming  from  the  ranges  and  by  the  better  feeding  o 
tlie  high-priced  steers.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  year,  when  a 
shortage  of  the  corn  crop  was  certain,  foimetB  began  to  send  in 


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cniciGO.  13. 

large  numbers  of  half  fatted  animals,  oiul  tlie  ittoeipts  have  liaeo 
very  high  in  number  for  several  iDoiiths. 

The  receipts  ot  Texas  and  Western  cattle  were  the  smallaat 
for  many  yearm. 

In  all  3,031,028  cattle  were  received  against  2,729,046  in  1900, 
and  181,767  calves  against  136,310  in  1900. 

In  1901  Chicago  packers  killed  1,998,467  against  1,794,397 
cattle,  and  162,259  calves  against  122,250  in  1900 :— 


SncTiptioQ. 

ATBmg.  Price  per  100 1*«. 

1901. 

1000. 

1807. 

lfatiT««tMT> 

Cowtudheifen     .. 
Tnuitewi 

£  ..  d. 
118 
0  16    8 
0  17    4 

£    >.    d. 
IIS 
0  18    8 
0  17    * 

£    :    d. 
0  IS    6 
0  IS    7 
0  16    6 

All  the  animals  in  the  yards  are  inspected  by  veterinary 
surgeons  while  alive,  and  have  carefal  inspection  after  death  and 
every  carcase  condemned  ie  destroyed. 

France  and  Germany  and  one  or  two  other  Continental  Hogi. 
countries  insist  on  a  microscopical  inspection  of  hogs  for 
trichinosis.  About  1*30  per  cent,  of  the  carcases  are  found 
infected,  but  notwithstanding  the  compliance  with  this  regulation 
the  export  of  hog  products  to  the  Continent  of  Europe  shows  a 
steady  decline.  The  cost  is  about  Is.  per  carcase,  and  if  demanded 
by  all  exporters  would  mean  an  extra  charge  for  the  meat  as  the 
Oovernment  would  not  be  able  properly  to  inspect  all  the  carcases 
killed  and  exported  free  of  chaige. 

The  receipts  of  hc^  showed  an  increase,  8,874,038  in  1901. 
and  8,694,777  in  1900,  while  packers  used  7,571,045,  an  increase 
of  328,451  in  the  year.  Prices  also  rose,  the  price  averaging 
1^.  4«.  1^  per  100  lbs.,  but  the  average  weight  of  the  ho^  showed 
a  falliug-ofT  at  the  end  of  the  year  owing  to  the  price  of  com. 
The  average  weight  has  been  200  lbs.,  a  falBi^-oGr  of  38  lbs.  from 
190O.  Mess  pork  has  varied  from  21.  XU.  lOrf.  to  3/.  9s.  \.d.,  as 
gainst  21.  2t.7d.  to  31.  5s.  llrf.  in  1900. 

Lard  has  been  rising  during  the  year,  and  touched  21.  2«.  Sd. 
in  December  from  l/.'8s.  3d  in  January,  as  against  1^.  Ss.  3d. 
lowest  and  1^.  10«;  5d.  highest  in  1900. 

,  A  great  decrease  in  the  hog  supply  for  1902  is  prophesied, 
some  people  placing  the  loss  at  1,000,000  hc^,  but  at  the  banning 
of  the  year  more  were  coming  than  ever. 

The  favourite  breeds  are  Duroc-Jersey,  Berkshire,  and  Poland- 
China.  The  first-named,  a  short-nosed,  golden  red-haired  animaJ, 
taking  first  place  because  it  is  considered  more  proof  against 
cholera  than  other  breeds,  a  fact  which  is  most  important  to 
farmers  in  districts  where  the  disease  is  most  prevalent  in  summer. 

Chicago  still  keeps  its  place  as  the  horse  market  of  the  United  Ho»ei. 
States,  not  only  in  numbera  but  in  quality.' 


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14  CHIOAQO. 

The  receipts  in  Chicago  were  109,390  in  1901  and  99,010 
in  1900,  while  the  other  markets  in  the  district  showed  a  falling-ofF, 
St.  Louis  of  19.000,  Kansas  of  4,000,  and  Omaha  of  20,000. 

St  Louis  and  Kansas  are  also  great  mule  markets  and  as 
nearly^  50  per  cent  of  the  animals,  classed  as  horses,  passing 
through  these  markets  are  mules,  the  number  of  horseti  is  com- 
paratively small. 

The  Chicas;o  horse  market  is  supplied  from  Illinois,  Michigan, 
Kentucky,  Indiana,  and  Iowa,  and  very  little  use  is  found  for  the 
MisBOUii,  Kansas,  Texas,  or  Western  horse. 

The  size  and  quality  of  the  horses  brought  to  Chicago,  as  com- 
pared with  the  other  markets,  can  be  estimated  by  we  cars  to 
Chictu!0  carrying  from  16  to  18  horses,  while  to  the  others  they 
hold  22  to  24  horses. 

In  draft  horses  the  Fercheron  is  the  favourite,  although  all  the 
prizes  at  the  stockyard  show  were  won  by  imported  Clydesdales. 

One  imported  Clyde  staUion  was  sold  at  auction  for  340L,  and 
at  a  sale  of  40  recently  held,  an  average  of  58i  was  obtained. 

The  prices  of  horses  have  been  higher  during  the  year,  drafters 
fetching  dOl.  to  55/. ;  horses  for  heavy,  rough  work  in  the  lumber 
camps,  181.  to  35^.;  hoi-ses,  weighing  from  1,200  to  1,400  lbs.,  for 
farm  work,  10/.  to  20/.;  from  1.400  to  1,500  lbs.,  20/.  to  25/.; 
bussers,  18/.  to  25/. ;  light  bnsaers,  from  1,200  to  1,250  lbs.,  16/.  to 
25/. ;  "  warriors,"  from  900  to  1,000  lbs.,  5/.  to  10/. ;  with  selected 
ones  for  Europe,  13/,  to  21/. ;  coachers,  30/,  to  701.  for  horses  with 
good  action, 

sports  to  Europe  are  not  so  brisk  owing  to  the  price  in 
Chicago  having  risen  100  per  cent,  in  five  years. 

Of  the  horses  marketed  here  the  great  majority  are  draftera 
and  old  worn  hoi^ses,  only  5  per  cent  being  suitable  in  age,  &c., 
for  light  bussers  or  army  horses. 

Horses  are  bought  here  by  dealers  and  shipped  to  St.  Louis 
and  Kansas  City  for  resale. 

The  future  supply  of  the  Chicago  market  is  expected  to  be 
smaller  in  1902,  but  to  rise  steadily  thereaftor  with  an  ever  in- 
creasing percentage  of  young  and  high-class  horses,  as  the  breeders 
are  breeding  systematically  and  with  renewed  hope  of  a  certain 
market. 

The  sheep  market  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year  was  demoralised 
owing  to  the  drought,  enormous  numbers  (117,047  and  107,401> 
being  received  in  Chicago  in  September  and  October,  and  the 
price  fell  as  low  as  is.  2d.  per  100  lbs.  The  top  price  was  21s,  7d.» 
against  26s.  &d.  in  1900  for  sheep,  and  '25s.  9d.,  against  31s.  for 
lambs.     The  average  was  153.  id. 

Out  of  480,000  Western  sheep  marketed  here,  12,000  were 
good  enough  for  the  export  trade.  184,000  in  all  were  exported, 
against  75,000  in  1900,  and  less  than  50,000  in  1899. 

Colorado  marketed  :{75,000  com  and  afalfa-ted  lambs  in 
Chicago  during  the  first  half  of  t^e  year  at  19s.  Id.  to  23>.,  or  an 
average  of  8s,  lOd.  below  the  receipts  for  the  year  before. 

The  weight  of  the  sheep,  notwithstanding  the  drought,  wa?  up' 
to  the  average. 


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CHICAGO  15: 

At  the  Intematioiutl  Stock  Show,  sheep  from  Canada  won  a 
great  many  prizes,  and  many  of  them  were  imported  from  the 
TToited  Kingdom. 

Montana  is  the  greatest  sheep  State  in  this  district,  having ' 
about  4,000,000  sheep. 

The  manufacture  of  oleomargarine  in  the  United  States  showed  Olw 
a  slight  falling-off,  104,943,856  lbs.  being  manufactured,  and  of" 
this  62,730,000  were  made  in  Illinois,  Kansas,  and  Missouri, 

Many  preservatives  are  offered  for  sale,  and  are  advertised  PpwerratiTB*. 
as  being  largely  used  by  packing  houses  in  the  preparation  and 
preservation  of  colour  and  substance  of  meat,  but  whether  this  is 
so  or  not  cutinot  be  discovered.  Moat  of  these  preservatives  are 
made  of  some  of  the  following :  borax,  boric  acid,  salicylic  acid, 
salicylate  of  soda,  benzoic  acid,  benzoate  of  soda,  ammonia,  form- 
aldehyde or  sulphates. 

Of  67  samples  examined  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
33  contained  borax  or  boric  acid,  10  salicylic  acid,  and  three 
formaldehyde. 

Formaldehyde  was  once  much  used  here  in  milk,  but  the' 
practice  is  not  prevalent  now. 

There  are  29  manufacturers    of    flour    in    Chicago,  and   the  Slant. 
amount  of   business  has  increased.     Chicago  flour  has  earned  a 
name  for  purity,  and  gi-eat  care  is  exercised  in  buying  milling 
wheat. 

The  local  trade  has  been  very  satisfactory,  more  bread 
having  been  eaten  owing  to  the  high  price  of  potatoes  and  other 
v^tables. 

It  is  held  that  there  are  discriminations  made  in  fi^ight 
in  favour  of  wheat  which  prevents  the  export  trade  increasing, 
and  that  if  this  were  not  so,  Chicago  flour  would'  be  marketed  in 
Europe  at  a  price  which  would  bar  competition  from  European 
millfers, .  because  the  price  obtainable  for  mill  feed  is  bo  great, 
owing  to  the  short  crop  of  corn,  that  flour  can  be  sold  almost 
below  cost 

In  the  autumn  it  was  staled  that  many  American  millers 
were  selling  flour  adulterated,  more  or  less,  with  powdered  barytes. 
Flour  sells  for  about  14/.  a  ton,  and  barytes  at  21.  lOs.,  so  a  good 
profit  could  he  made  by  its  use.  It  is  also  said  that  the  same 
adulterant  is  much  used  with  powdered  sugar  for  manufacturing 
candy. 

The  crop  of  wheat  was  about  100,000,000  bushels  more  than  Onia 
in  1900,  the  crop  of  winter  wheat,  400,000,000  bushels,  being  the  inarksta. 
laigest  ever  known.  The  North-West  had  a  big  crop,  ana  the 
price  soon  after  harvest  was  depressed,  selling  as  low  as  2s.  7d.  a 
bushel,  but  with  an.  increasing  export  demand,  and  the  use  as 
cattle  food  instead  of  com,  a  sharp  advance  took  place,  rising  to 
3&  Sd.,  but  with  the  rise  the  export  demand  fell  off. 

The  oat  crop  was  below  the  averse,  about  600,000,000  bushels  (Ma. 
beii^  harvested. 

The  shortage  in  other  crops  created  a  demand  for  feeding 
purposes,  and  an  unusual  quantity  of  other  grain  was  used  for 


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16  CHICAGO. 

mixing,  barley,  wheat,  and  rye  being  used.  Great  care  haa  to 
be  used  so  that  the  proportion  of  other  grain  should  not  be  too 
la^. 

The  price  rose  from  Is.  per  bushel  in  January,  to  la.  lid.  in 
December,  but  very  little  was  exported,  except  3,000,000  bushels 
to  South  Africa, 

The  demand  fot  milling  purposes  is  not  so  ffreat  as  formerly, 
different  preparations  of  wheat  and  oats  taking  the  place  of 
oatmeal  to  a  greater  extent  each  year. 

A  small  crop  of  rye  was  raised  in  1901.  The  North-West 
raised  a  large  crop,  but  the  Central  States  were  deficient.  Over 
6,000,000  bushels  were  used  for  the  manufacture  of  spirits  in  the 
United  States. 

Rye  has  also  been  freely  used  for  mixing  with  oats,  both 
country  and  city  dealers  adding  all  the  rye  to  their  oat  ship- 
ments that  they  dared.  With  oats  at  2».  per  bushel  of  32  lln., 
rye  mixed  with  them  would  bring  lOd.  a  bushel  above  the  market 
price. 

The  price  has  risen  from  la.  lid.  in  January  to  2s  9d.  in 
December,  and  an  increased  European  demajid  is  looked  for  in  the 
future. 

Prices  for  flax  having  been  high  for  the  past  two  years,  fanners 
increased  their  acreage,  and  an  enormous  crop  was  expected,  but 
the  drought  reduced  the  crop  in  the  South-West  about  one-half, 
while  the  North-West,  Minnesota,  and  South  Dakota  also  suffered. 
North  Dakota  had  a  good  yield.  The  crop  is  estimated  at  about 
25,000,000  bushels. 

Prices  have  ranged  from  6^.  5d.  in  January,  to  7s,  lOd.  in  July, 
closit^  in  De,cember  at  &s.  Id. 

The  average  com  (maize)  crop  of  the  States  is  put  at 
2,000,000,000  bushels,  but  owing  to  the  drought,  a  crop  which  had 
been  estimated  at  100,000,000  bushels  over  the  aven^,  fell 
600,000,000  bushels  below  it.  Prices  rose  from  Is.  6rf.  in  January, 
to  Zs.  2d.  in  December.  The  export  demand  waa  sm^l  during  the 
year.  About  19,000,000  bushels  were  used  for  making  spirits,  and 
great  quantities  also  for  glucose,  starch,  &a 

The  barley  crop  was  not  affected  by  the  drought,  and  the 
yield  per  acre  was  very  good,  247  bushels  to  the  acre.  Very 
little  barley  is  used  for  making  spirits,  only  1,400  bushels  in  1901 
The  price  was  good  at  first,  but  heavy  shipments  from  the  Pacific 
Coast  sent  down  prices,  good  malting  barley  bringing  2s;  ^d.  per 
bushel. 

Bright  thin  barley  or  choice  screenings  were  bought  for 
mixing  with  oats,  and  brought  better  prices  than  dark  heavier 
barley ,  or  malting  barley. 

There  was  an  increase  of  over  20  per  cent,  in  the  linseed 
oil  and  cake  manufactured  in  1901.  The  price  of  seed 
was  higher  than  the  average  (4«.  9d.)  of  five  years.  The  price 
of  oil  was  steady  during  the  year,  selling  at  the  mills  for 
about  2s.  2d.  a  gallon.  The  export  of  cake  increased  about 
15  per  cent. 


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CHICAGO.  IV 

New  and  old  mills  where  improvementa  are  being  made  were 
hampered  by  the  slow  delivery  of  machinery. 

The   clearing-house    returns     for  1901    were  1,551,275,000/.,  Barking, 
against  1,359,175,000/.  in   1900.     Several  banks  increased  their 
capital,  and  good  dividends  were  paid.     Deposits  increased  14  per 
cent,  over  1900,  and  amounted  to  88,744,480/. 

_  The  output  of  bieyclos  was  about  the  same  as  in  1900,  and  BiojoIm. 
prices  were  not  changed.     The  seven  loadiug  houses  have  combined, 
and  supply  90  per  cent,  of  the  wheels  produced  in  the  States.     The 
sale  of  bicycles  in  Chicago  itself  decreased,  but  the  country  trade 
increased. 

The  manufacturing  trade  of  Chicago  in  hoots  and  shoes  of  all  Booi.  hkI 
kinds  continues  to  increase,  and  is  rapidly  gaining  on  St.  Louis,  show. 
The  total  business  amounted  in  value  to  6,700,000/.,  and  prices 
were  advanced  about  5  per  cent,  not  enough  to  offset  the  extra 
price  of  leather. 

There  has  been  a  marked  increase  in  the  use  of  patent  and 
enamelled  leather,  of  which  2,000/.  wortli  was  imported.  More 
sole  leather  was  also  imported  in  the  past  year  than  formerly. 
Imports  of  good  sole  leather  and  enamelled  leather  could  probably 


One  firm  in  Chicago  has  six  factories,  each  one  doing  one 
special  work,  a  system  found  to  be  the  best  of  all  tried. 
'      The  exports  of  finished  boots  and  shoes  from  Chicagohas  increased 
considerably,  good  orders  having  been  received  from  Australia. 

The  large  manufacturers  have  made  money,  as  they  were  able 
to  make  contracts  for  future  delivery  when  leather  was  low  in 
price,  and  were  able  to  make  a  profit  without  advancing  the  price 
of  the  finished  article,  while  those  who  either  mistook  the  tendency 
of  the  market  or  who  had  not  sufficient  credit  or  capital  to  warrant 
long  contracts,  have  made  little,  and  in  some  cases  have  lost  money 
on  the  year's  trade. 

Breweries   experienced    an  average  year,    the  output    being  t>™„^ 
valued  at,  in  Chicago,  3,600,000/.,  and  in  the  Consular  dUtrie^ 
where  it  is  made  in  nine  States,  11,000,000  barreb,  valued  at  over 
12,000,000/. 

Consumption  increased  slightly,  and  about  3,000,000  barrels 
were  produced  in  Chicago. 

Materials  were  all  higher.  Malt  increased  7  per  cent.,  hops 
15  per  cent.,  and  rice,  which  is  largely  used,  20  per  cent.,  but  the 
price  of  beer  remained  about  the  same  as  in  1900,  25s.  per  barrel. 

Those  interested  in  the  brewing  business  of  the  United  States 
must  realise  that  the  price  of  beer  has  been  permanently  reduced, 
and  that  their  profit  must  depend  on  the  price  of  the  raw' 
materials. 

Increased  competition  is  also  coming,  as  eight  new  breweries 
have  been  or  are  being  built,  and  the  only  hope  of  increased  profit 
ia  the  remittance  of  the  war  tax. 

Brewers  are  at  present  paying  6s.  Id.  a  barrel  duty,  which  ia 
said  to  amount  really  to  7<.  3rf.,  as  the  allowance  of  7J  per  cent, 
for  wastage  and  leakage  formerly  allowed  has  been  withdrawn 
(29)  B 


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18  CHJCXOO. 

Very  little  imported  cement  is  now  used  in  Chicago  and  the 
surrounding  country,  although  occasionally  a  contract  calls  for 
British  Portland  cement,  when  it  has  to  be  ordered  specially. 
Import  duty  Bd.  per  100  lbs. 

The  supply  of  cement  manufactured  in  the  neighbouring  States 
is  very  large,  and  is  still  increasing.  Much  of  the  cement  used  in 
Chicago  comes  from  Michigan  and  Indiana,  but  there  are  in  this 
Consular  district  cement  works  in  Illinois,  Kansas,  and  Colorado, 
with  two  building  in  Missouri. 

Eesidea  these,  the  Illinois  Steel  Works  manufacture  cement, 
made  of  specially  selected  slag  from  the  blast  furnace.  This  is 
roasted,  put  into  the  open  air  to  free  itself  of  lime,  ground  to  a 
very  fine  powder,  and  mixed  with  the  necessary  chemicals. 

Great  care  has  to  be  taken  in  the  burning  or  roasting,  and  a 
cement  that  is  claimed  to  be  as  good  as  any  made  is  produced 
and  is  sold  delivered  in  Chicago  foi  about  5s.  6d.  in  barrels  or 
sacks  per  380  lbs.  net. 

Pennsylvania  and  New  York  works  supply  the  Eastern  demand 
at  3s.  Gd.  to  4s.  per  barrel  at  the  mills.  Xausas,  Michigan, 
Indiana  and  Illinois  niilla  supply  the  central  part  of  the  States, 
charging  4s.  id.  to  4^.  9d.  at  the  mill,  while  the  Colorado  mills  get 
higher  prices  owing  to  the  distance  from  other  works  and  the  cost 
of  freight. 

These  prices  do  not  include  barrels  for  which  a  charge  of  Is.  Zd, 
is  made,  but  if  the  S80  lbs.  net  of  cement  is  put  in  bags  no  extra 
charge  is  made  if  the  sacks  are  returned. 

The  United  States'  Geological  Survey  reports  that  a  mixture 
of  100  parts  cement  rock  showing  69'24  per  cent,  carbonate  of 
lime,  and  42'8  parts  of  limestone  having  40'38  per  cent,  carbonate, 
making  76'7  per  cent  carbonate,  is  most  satisfactory.  To  obtain 
this  very  fine  grinding  it  is  necessary  to  make  the  percentage  of 
insoluble  matter  as  low  sa  possible. 

In  1899  the  product  of  Portland  cement,  manufactured  from 
marl  and  limestone,  was  3,71 1,220  barrels,  roasted  in  rotary  and 
1,941,046  barrels  in  vertical  kilns.  Much  expense  is  saved  by  the 
rotary  kiln.  Natural  rock  cement  production  by  76  works  was 
9,868,179  barrels,  valued  at  2s.  per  barrel. 

Annual  consumption  in  the  United  States  over  17,000,000 
barrels,  of  which  8,000,000  barrels  are  Portland,  2,000,000  barrels 
imported,  but  in  1901  imports  fell  off  one-half 

Two  brands  of  imported  cement,  one  Belgian  and  the  other 
German,  are  used  to  some  extent  and  fetch  from  lis.  4d.  to  16s.  &d. 
per  barrel.  These  cements  are  made  from  slag  and  are  known  as 
non-staining  cement,  being  fi'ee  from  oxide  of  iron. 

The  American  cement  is  ground  as  fine  as  Hour,  and  it  is  said 
that  the  coarse  grinding  of  British  cement  is  a  great  obstacle  in  its 
sale,  even  if  prices  were  the  same. 

In  some  buildings  being  made  with  cement  a  wire  netting 
erection  is  put  up  firet  and  the  cement  laid  round  this  and  is  said 
to  increase  the  strength  of  the  building  100  per  cent. 

A   machine   for   turning   out  blocks  of   cement  for  building 


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CHICAGO.  19 

purposes  has  been  worked  lately  in  a  town  near  Chicago.    These 
blodcs  axe  made  hollow  and  plain  or  ornamented  as  leqoired. 

(jreat  deposits  of  g;^um,  which  are  shipped  to  Chicago  from 
MiohigaD  for  plaatering  houses,  are  now  beine  worked,  and  enormous 
quantities  will  probably  be  used  in  1902  for  the  exhibition  buildings 
in  St  Louis,  mixed  with  old  rope. 

There  was  an  increase  in  the  direct  imports  of  British  china  (%uu  and 
and  earthenware  of  1,000?.,  while  the  total  imports  to  the  United  •«*'>•■>*»•*■ 
States  of  the  same  articles  decreased  aboat  9,000?. 

At  the  increased  value  of  the  article  this  would  indicate  a  very 
small  increase  in  quantity,  if  any. 

French,  German  and  American  china  and  earthenware  sold 
in  much  increased  qusjitities  in  Chicago,  and  all  fetched  a  higher 
price. 

The  china  and  earthenware  trade  of  Chicago  amounted  to  about 
2,000,000/.  for  the  year. 

The  buyers  of  the  large  wholesale  and  retail  houses  visit 
Europe  annually  to  make  the  purchases,  and  more  than  one 
admit  that  they  never  buy  in  the  United  Kingdom  anything 
they  can  get  elsewhere.  They  aay  they  do  not  consider  that  they 
receive  the  consideration  from  British  manufacturers  which  is  due 
to  anyone  who  has  the  power  to  make  such  lai^  purchases  as 
tliey  do. 

Tlie  manufacture  of  cut  glass  is  increasing  very  fast  in  Chicago, 
and  a  new  large  foctory  ia  in  the  course  of  construction. 

The  direct  imports  of  dry  goods  from  the  United  Kingdom  to  Drj  vood*. 
Chicago  showed  a  decrease,  while  the  total  direct  imports  show  an 
increase. 

One  of  the  largest  wholesale  milliners  states  that  his  firm 
buys  no  British  nullinery  now,  the  whole  coming  from  Paris, 
although  travellers  come  to  Chicago  from  the  United  Kingdom 
tryiud  to  sell  their  goods. 

The  sales  of  all  classes  of  dry  goods  was  very  large  during 
the  year,  and  there  was  a  demand  for  a  better  class  of  goods.  The 
tot-ai  sole  is  put  at  about  28,000,000?.,  and  Chicf^o  is  now  dis- 
tributing in  au  ever-increasing  field,  the  territory  extending  to  the 
Pacific  Coast  on  the  West,  to  the  State  of  New  York  on  the  East, 
and  as  far  as  West  Virginia  on  the  South, 

The  demand  was  so  good  that  prices  remained  steady  all 
through  the  year,  and  the  business  classed  as  luxuries  had  an 
increased  sale  not  only  in  Chicago  but  all  over  the  States. 

The  manufaetnrers  are  putting  on  the  market  made-up  sheets 
and  pillow  cases,  for  which  there  is  an  increasing  demand. 

There  have  been  few  changes  in  the  educational  system  in  Edoottion. 
Chicago  in  1901.-    The  Armour   Institute  of  Technology  has 
opened  a  new  courae,  chemical  engineering,  to  prepare  men  for 
the  inci-easing  demand  for  ihe  scientific  treatment  of  bye-products 
of  different  manufactures. 

The  North  Western  University  is  about  to  close  its  medical 
school,  which  has  been  carried  on  by  women  lecturers  for  female 
medical  students. 

(:'9)  B  2 


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20  OHICAOO. 

There  is  also  believed  to  be  a  change  about  to  be  made  in  the 
T^ulationa  goveraing  the  education  of  women  at  the  Chicago 
University,  no  particulars  have  yet  been  given  out,  bat  it  is 
understood  that  separate  lectures  will  be  oiganised  which  women 
etadeute  will  be  encourt^ed  to  attend. 

It  has  been  stated  lately  that  the  increasing  number  of  women 
students  at  universities  in  America  is  having  a  tendency  to  crowd 
oat  the  men. 

Electricity  for  drivii^  machinery  is  used  iu  most  places 
as  the  motive  power  for  driving  shafting,  but  in  many  email 
workshops  and  printing  offices  each  machine  has  its  own 
motor. 

Some  of  tbeae  are  direct  current,  but  it  is  said  that  a  bdt 
has  proved  more  satisfactory,  and  all  new  machines  have  a 
belt  from  tJie  motor  to  the  machine,  t^  distance  ottea  being  not 
more  than  i  feet.  These  motors  run  as  low  as  one-half  horse- 
power. 

The  Chicago  furniture  trade  is  increasing  and  sales  for  1901 
reached  6,000,000/.,  but  a  great  part  of  the  furniture  sold  in 
Chicago  is  made  at  Grand  fiapids,  Michigan,  and  other  places  in 
Uichigan,  Illinois,  and  Wisconsin.  Although  Chicago  makes  some 
high  class  furniture,  it  also  turns  out  great  quantities  of  cheap 
furniture-  In  finely  finished  bedroom  suites  and  inlaid  work, 
Grand  Rapids  holds  its  own. 

The  prdfits  have  not  heen  so  lai^  during  the  year  as,  although 
:  prices  Lave  slightly  advanced,  the  increased  price  of  lumber,  &c., 
nas  amounted  to  20  per  cent 

Trades  using  hard  wood  lumber  are  having  difficulty  in  getting 
their  orders  filled  except  at  continually  increasing  prices. 

A  quantity  of  furniture  is  now  sent  to  Mexico  from  Chicago 
and  office  furniture  to  the  United  Kingdom,  Germany,  and 
Holland. 

Chicago  has  a  population  of  about  2,000,000,  and  notwith- 
standing the  great  heat  in  summer,  occasional  very  great  cold 
in  winter,  and  the  sudden  changes  all  through  the  year,  dirty 
streets,  contaminated  water  supply,  and  crowded  districts, 
shows  a  declining  death-rate  each  year,  in  1901  being  13'8  per 
1,000. 

The  mortality  among  children  has  decreased  from  12,801  in 
1891  to  under  7,500  in  1901,  and  is  accounted  for  by  the  antitoxin 
treatment  of  diphtheria,  improved  milk  supply,  medical  inspeotiou 
of  schools,  and  nursing  and  other  visiting  associations. 

The  quality  of  the  milk  has  been  much  improved  in  late  years, 
and  the  use  of  formaldehyde  has  been  suppressed.  3,835  cases 
of  infectious  diseases  were  found  in  the  schools  by  the  medical 
inspectors,  and  the  children  of  the  fanulies,  from  which  the  cases 
came,  were  excluded. 

Chic^o  has  had  few  cases  of  small-pox  during  the  year 
owing  to  the  rigid  enforcauent  of  vaccination  of  all  persons 
coming  into  contact  with  a  case  although  it  has  been  raging  all 
round.    Over  135,000  persons  were  compulsoiily  vaccinated. 


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■   A  WBTniiig  to  inteoding  immigrsDts  Beems  necessary  as  eo  immlgnHm. 
maiij  ctann  to  the  country,  without  maldng  any  pieirious  enquiry 
as  to  the  conditions,  -who  are  unfit  to  earn  a  living  under  the 
changed  oiicumstances. 

There  is  no  opening  for  unskilled  labour.  Wages  are  good  for 
farm  work  for  a  few  months  in  the  summer,  but  during  the  winter 
work  is  very  scarce,  and  many  men  are  anxious  to  work  even  for 
their  board. 

Skilled  labour  is  in  foU  supply  notwithstitnding  the  increased 
activity  in  all  classes  of  manufacturing. 

Farmers  with  some  capital,  who  are  ready  to  work  hard  and 
study  the  snrroundings  carefully  before  laanohing  ont  for  them- 
selves, should  do  fairly  well,  but  they  must  be  prepared  to  do  most 
of  the  work  themselves  in  order  to  succeed. 

In  shops  and  stores  the  outlook  for  foreigners  is  not  good  as 
many  of  me  wholesale  houses  pay  their  salesmen,  both  in  the 
head  houae  and  on  the  road,  by  commission,  allowing  them 
4d  per  cent  of  the  neb  profits  of  their  sales.  A  sucoesaful  man 
is. able  to  make  high  wages  at  this  pay  and  often  retires  and  sets 
up  for  himself.  A  man  must  have  acquaintances  among  the 
buyers  to  enable  him  to  command  a  trade. 

The  successful  travelling  salesman  of  America  is  as  a  rule 
a  tall  man,  who  impresses  people  and  commands  attention 
when  he  enters  a  store,  which  a  man  of  email  size  cannot 
do.  He  has  cheerful  and  genial  manners,  ready  to  make 
friends  and  have  a  cheerful  word  with  all,  and  with  a  marvellons 
memoiy. 

Clerical  work  in  banks  and  offices  is  paid  no  higher,  the  extra 
cost  of  living  being  taken  into  consideration,  and  leads  to  nothing 
more,  as  a  rule,  than  the  same  claas  of  work  in  the  United 
Kingdom. 

An  Englishman  on  his  first  arrival  without  friends  has  a  very 
uphill  career  before  him  as  he  finds  that  he  is  regarded  witii 
suspicion  by  those  he  approaches  either  for  a  situation  or  on 
business. 

It  has  been  so  impressed  on  the  people  here  that  an  English- 
man is  dense  and  lazy  that  no  one  is  willing  to  employ  one  of 
whom  he  knows  nothing  as  to  work,  and  unfortunately  so  many 
liave  come  out  here  who  do  not  grasp  the  fact  that  hard  work  is 
necessary  even  to  get  a  living,  or  who  live  by  their  wits,  that  the 
impression  has  received  <<x)TToboration. 

Young  men  who  have  done  badly  at  home  or  who  have 
sbowu  a  disinclination  for  work  generally  do  worse  here  and 
do  i  incalculable  harm  to  the  name  and  reputation  of  their  country. 

Promiscuous  introductions  aro  a  mistake  and  should  not  be 
given  to  undeserving  people. 

This  country  has  enough  young  men  of  its  own  to  fill  the 
offices  of  the  cities,  and  lias  a  supply  also  of  idlers,  and  no  fresh 
importations  of  the  latter  are  desired. 

While  in  1900  Chicago  underwriters  had  a  fairly  prosperous  Inmrsnc^ 
year  the  loss  throughout  the  United  States  amounts  to  29,000,000i,  ""■ 
(29)  B  3 


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Chicago's  share  being  616,011/.,  in  1901  the  total  has  risen  to 
33,000,0002:  to  which  Chic^o  contributed  a  loss  of  1,080,000/: 
Thia  shows  a  ratio  of  72  per  cent  of  the  pi-emiums. 
For  the  whole  State  of  Illinois  the  lose  was  58  per  cent ; 
Wisconsin,  55  per  cent. ;  Minnesota,  58  per  cent ;  Iowa,  61  per 
cent ;  and  Mifsouri,  67  per  cent  Of  these  States  all  except 
Minnesota  and  Missouri  show  an  increase. 

The  ;ear  bos  been  so  disastrous  that  most  of  the  companies 
have  decided  to  reduce  their  lines  considerably,  several  have 
decided  bo  leave  the  American  field  entirely,  others  have  re-insured 
their  liabilities,  and  three  companies  have  failed. 

A  recent  law  passed  by  the  State  of  Illinois  enacte  that  an 
jnsorance  company  jcan  only  le-insure  in  a  company  which  is 
authorised  to  (io  business  in  Illinois,  and  has  crippled  to  a  large 
extent  the  possibility  of  writing  large  policies  in  one  company. 
Instead  of  the  insurance  companies  seeking  the  insurers  and 
soliciting  their  business  the  insurers  now  have  to  find  companies 
who  will  place  their  risks  at  all,  and  even  then,  although  rates 
have  been  raised  15  per  ceut,  many  firms  have  not  been  able  to 
place  sufficient  insurance  to  cover  their  losses  in  case  of  fir«.  A 
further  increase  of  25  per  cent,  is  proposed  in  consequence  of  the 
heavy  losses  of  last  year. 

The  expense  rate  is  put  at  40  per  cent  of  the  premiums. 
Host  of  the  lat^  companies  have  made  large  investmnnta  in 
loans  and  thus  remain  in  the  business. 

It  is  said  that  about  10  per  cent,  more  life  insurance  was 
written  in  1901  than  in  1900.  Premiums  advanced  5  per  cent 
One  company  claims  to  have  done  60,000,000i  worth  of  business 
in  the  United  States,  includii^  4,000,000/.  in  Illinois,  and,  of  this, 
2,650,000/.  in  Chicago. 

Life  insurance  companies  are  now  doing  a  banking  business, 
putting  out  investments  and  contracts  of  all  kinds  in  which  life 
insurance  is  a  side  issue. 

Casualty  and  employers'  liability  premiums  advanced  5  per 
cent.,  and  plate-glass  25  per  cent 

There  was  a  great  increase  in  the  writing  of  insurance  against 
bui^aiy. 

There  were,  on  the  Lakes,  .717  losses  during  the  season,  as 
against  502  in  1900,  and  569  in  1899,  but  the  loss  though  much 
more  than  last  year  did  not  equal  that  of  1899.  It  is  said  that 
the  repairs  of  vessels  while  laid  up  for  the  winter  will  cost  about 
100,000/.  The  damage  chiefly  consists  of  dents  in  the  plates 
where  the  vessels  have  touched  ficround. 

Of  the  accidents  133  were  in  the  crowded  channels  between 
Lakes  Huron  and  Erie,  37  serious  fires,  many  resulting  in 
fotal  loss,  202  aground,  107  in  collision,  145  ashore,  afld  12 
foundered. 

In  the  way  of  total  losses  51  vessels,  valued  at  163,540/., 
passed  out  of  existence  while  fire  cost  57,540/: 

The  steamer  "  Hudson,"  foundered  in  Lake  Superior  in  the 
autumn,  was  the  largest  individual  loss,  50,000/. 


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Id  1902  the  rates  on  lumber  will  be  raisecl,  owii^  to  the  heavy 
loaaes  on  that  line  in  1901,  and  the  old  wooden  veaaels  will  find  it 
a  difficult  matter  to  get  any  inauiance. 

The  United  States  Steet  Company,  who  are  very  large  vessel 
owners,  carry  their  own  risks  as  do  many  others  in  the  business. 

The  year  1901  has  been  very  prosperous  for  the  wage-earner  !*'>«'»• 
in   all  t^des  as  work   has   been   steady   all   throueh   the  year, 
the  usual  time  of  idleness  having  been  much  curtailed. 

In  Chicago  it  is  said  to  have  been  the  best  year  since  1892, 
the  year  of  the  World's  Fair,  and  while  wages  liave  increased 
slightly  since  then  the  cost  of  living  has  increased  and  is  still 
increasing  enormously. 

Notwithstanding  the  prosperity  there  are  still  more  than 
sufficient  men  in  all  lines,  except  at  certain  times  of  the  year  for 
labourers,  and  working  men  of  all  trades  should  be  very  careful 
about  coming  to  Chica};o. 

The  demand  for  unskilled  labour  has  been  very  good  owing  to 
the  activity  in  railroad  building  throughout  the  States. 

There  have  been  few  strikes  except  the  machinists  who 
demanded  a  10  per  cent  advance  and  a  nine  hours  day  which 
demands  were  grantcti  in  nearly  every  ease.  The  iron  moulders 
struck  for  the  abolition  of  the  difl'erential  scale  of  wi^es  paid  to 
bench  and  floor  <noulders,  and  demanded  1 2s,  id.  per  day  instead  of 
10a.  3d.  and  lis.  Ad.  The  employers  offered  10s.  IQd.  and  lis.  7d. 
which  was  refused,  and  most  of  the  employers  acceded  to  their 
demands. 

.As  a  rule  w£^es  have  remained  the  same  aa  in  1900. 

The  average  earning  of  skilled  workmen  in  Illinois  is  estimated 
at  118i.  7s.  (45s.  Qd.  per  week);  women,  50/.  lbs.  Id.  {19s.  6rf.  per 
week);  and  children  under  16,  34/.  9«.  Id.  (13s,  'Ad.  per  week). 

The  cost  of  living  is  very  high  and  many  luxuries  are  thought 
necessities.  Skilled  workmen  pay  from  21.  to  al.  per  month  for 
their  flats  or  bouses.  "  Dun's  Eeview  "  places  the  cost  of  living 
at  20/.  19s.  per  head  per  year  for  the  necessaries  of  life,  a  rise  of 
6  per  cent,  during  the  year  and  of  40  per  cent  since  1897.  These 
figures  are  the  average  for  the  United  States,  and  expenses  in 
Chicago  are  probably  at  least  20  per  cent,  higher. 

This  year  the  working  men  made  probably  a  Httle  more  than 
the  average  given  as  the  work  was  steadier  than  usual. 

The  increase  in  the  nuoiber  of  men  employed  in  the  Chic^o 
factories  and  workshops  in  the  year  is  9  per  cent ;  women,  16  per 
cent;  and  children  under  16,  39  per  cent.  There  are  now  19,839 
children  employed  in  the  factories. 

A  very  great  deal  of  work  is  done  by  piece-work,  and  it  is 
very  difficult  to  arrive  at  accurate  figures  of  wages  earned  in 
different  trades  ae  in  some  small  shops  non-union  men  work 
much  cheaper  than  in  lai^e  shops  where  they  are  working  with 
union  men  and  get  almost  union  wa^s. 

In  some  factories  machines  are  run  by  boys  earning  2s.  \d. 
per  day,  but  about  7s.  2d.  is  the  basis  on  which  the  calculation  for 
piece-work,  in  many  machine  and  other  shops,  is  mada 

(29)  II  4 


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24  CHIOAOO. 

Machinists  eani  from  7a.  2d.  to  11a.  Sd.  for  nine  to  10  hours 
per  day ;  iroQ  moulders,  7s.  3rf.  to  12».  4rf.  for  10  hours ;  carpenters, 
9f.  3tf.  to  14«.  for  eight  and  10  hours,  but  in  comparing  wages  the 
cost  of  living  must  be  considered  as  well  as  broken  time. 

In  the  sweating  shops  and  shirt-making  shops  the  wages  paid 
are  very  small. 

Iq  the  tailoring  trade  union  and  non-union  contractors  are 
paid  as  follows :  trousers,  3s.  Id.  and  2s.  Sd.  and  vests  2s.  8d.  and 
Is.  lOrf.  The  union  workers  are  paid:  trouser  operators,  9d.  per 
pair ;  pressers,  7d. ;  trimmers,  4d. ;  finishers,  7d. ;  vests,  operators, 
Id. ;  basters,  6d. ;  pressers,  id. ;  trimmers,  2d. ;  and  finishera.  Id. ; 
aud  the  wages  earned  are  about  42s.  p^r  week  for  union  and 
25s.  2d.  for  non-union  shops. 

The  American  workman,  as  a  rule,  goes  home  and  does  not 
spend  much  of  his  spare  time  in  drinking  saloons,  while  very  tew 
tuke  any  interest  in  sport  or  bet  on  horse  racing. 

The  tanners  had  difficulty  in  1901  in  supplying  the  demand 
iia  liides  were  ratlier  scarce,  and  higher  prices,  about  10  per  cent, 
liad  to  be  paid  for  them  which  could  not  be  recovered  by  raising 
the  price  of  the  finished  article. 

Some  advances  were  made  but  not  enough  to  offset  the  increase 
of  the  raw  material. 

Heavy  No.  1  hides  ranged  from  5d.  to  d^d.  per  lb.,  and  light 
from  i^d.  to  Sjd.  per  lb.  during  the  year. 

The  chief  demand  was  for  smooth  chromes,  colt  skins,  enamels, 
and  kid  upper  leathers,  while  in  heavier  and  cheaper  grades  there 
was  less  business. 

Heavy  sole  leather  was  in  great  demand,  and  the  price  was 
advancetl  10  per  cent,  at  the  end  of  the  year. 

The  manufacturers  of  all  kinds  of  articles  in  which  leather  is 
used  consumed  much  more  material  and  demanded  better  quality 
in  all  lines. 

There  was  a  steady  increase  in  the  price  of  all  kinds  of  lumber 
and  this  will  in  all  probability  be  kept  up,  if  not  increased, 
owing  to  the  gi-adual  exhaustion  of  much  of  the  timber  land  near 
the  Lakes. 

The  consumption  of  hardwood  was  very  lai^,  but  it  is  esti- 
mated that  60  per  cent,  of  the  lumber  trade  is  in  pina 

White  pine  advanced  8s.  3d.  per  1,000  feet  for  piece  stuff, 
12s.  4d.  for  stock  board  and  fencing,  and  333.  for  clear  lumber 
which  is  now  very  scarce- 
More  yellow  pine  is  brought  to  Chicago  from  the  Southern 
States  each  year  and  sells  cheaper  than  white  pine  and  is  much 
used  for  car  and  railroad  materiah  The  advance  in  price  In  this 
trade  has  been  from  16s.  6d.  to  2ds.  per  1,000  feet 

Manufacturers  are  turning  to  the  South  also  for  hardwood,  and 
great  interest  is  being  shown  in  afforesting  both  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  and  by  individuals. 

The  value  of  the  Chicago  lumber  trade  for  the  year  is  placed 
at  over  6,000,000i. 


d  by  Google 


Ttw. 

Roreired. 

Detpatdi^. 

Lumber. 

ShinglCT. 

Lumber. 

Bhinglu*. 

1900  .. 

1901  .. 

FMt. 

1  ^90,804,000 
1,968,C00,000 

Number. 
337,801,000 
800,000.000 

Feet. 
1,626,*78,000 
1,982,606.403 

Number. 
876,664,160 
360,3G0,000 

The  stocks  of  lumber  in  Chicago  at  the  commeiicement  of 
1902  are  estimated  at  350,000,000  feet. 

'As  880,000,000  feet  were  sent  out  of  the  city  the  local 
trade  will  not  be  afTected  by  a  shortage,  except  in  the  way  of 
higher  prices,  as  they  will  have  the  fii-st  call  on  receipts,  but  in 
the  near  future  many  places  now  supplied  from  Chicago  will  have 
to  seek  another  market  to  purchase  in. 

MineralB  of  many  kinds  are  found  in  the  district,  and  in  many  Hineml). 
parts  have  hardly  been  developed  as  yet, 

Missouri  produces  china-clay,  fire-clay,  and  terra-K^otta  to  the  Clay 
value  of  80,000/. ;  Illinois,  fire-;;lay  and  terra-cotta,  value  20,000/. ; 
and  Colorado  and  Wisconsin,  small  quantities  of  china  and  fire- 
clay. 

A  quantity  of  terra-cotta  is  now  being  used  for  the  new 
buildings  in  Chicago  as  it  does  not  absorb  the  soot. 

The  coal  production  of  the  United  States  for  1901  was  about  Oc»l. 
300,000,000  tons,  of  which  not  quite  7,000,000  tons  were  exported. 
The  production  of  anthracite  coal  was  about  63,000,000  short  tons, 
and  bituminous  coal  235,000,000  short  tons. 

While  Pennsylvania  is  the  chief  eoal  producing  State,  several 
3tates  in  this  district  are  impoitant  factors  in  the  trade. 

The  central  coalfields  in  West  Kentucky,  Illinois,  and  Indiana 
produced  38,000,000  tons.  The  Western  field  in  Iowa,  Kaneaa, 
Arkansas,  Missouri,  Texas,  and  the  Indian  territory  produced  more 
than  during  any  other  year,  and  even  then  was  not  able  to  fill  the 
demand  for  its  product.  This  demand  may,  however,  be  curtailed 
by  the  increased  discoveries  in  Texas,  and  use  for  manufacturing 
purposes  of  crude  oil. 

Missouri  produced  3,540,000  tons  of  coal  in  1900,  which  in- 
creased in  1901  to  over  4,000,000  tons.  Kansas  produced  about 
5,000,000  tons,  an  increase  of  1,000,000  tons. 

The  Indian  territory  increased  its  product  of  coal  by  over 
1,000,000  tons,  with  a  total  of  3,000,000  tons,  but  the  future  of 
this  field  is  doubtful  as  its  principal  outlet  has  been  in  Texas 
where  the  discoveries  of  oil  threaten  to  take  the  place  of  coal,  not 
only  in  factories,  but  also  on  railroads  and  ships. 

Iowa  produced  nearly  6,000,000  tons  of  coal,  Colorado, 
Wyoming,  Montana,  Utah,  North  Dakota,  and  New  Mexico  pro- 
duced 15,000,000  tons,  an  increase  of  1,500,000  tons. 

The  only  drawback  to  the  trade  was  the  scarcity  of  cars  for 
moving  the  product.  There  have  been  no  strikes,  and  wages  have 
been  good,  but  coalownera  complain  that  they  have  not  been  able 


d  by  Google 


to  advance  the  price  at  the  same  ratio,  as  the  value  of  all  other 
productB  have  increased. 

Near  the  end  of  1901,  in  veiy  cold  weather,  coal  was  scared 
owing  to  want  of  cars,  and  colie  was  also  in  small  supply,  and 
some  of  the  works  were  not  able  to  run  at  full  pressure. 

About  2,000,000  tons  of  anthracite  coal  were  received  in 
Chicago,  aU  of  which  came  from  mines  in  Ohio,  West  Virginia, 
and  Kentucky. 

The  Illinoifl  coalfields  produced  over  26,000,000  tons,  an 
increase  of  nearly  1,500,000  tons. 

The  average  value  of  all  grades  of  coal  per  ton  was  33.  lid.  at 
the  mine,  (gainst  3*.  8d.  the  previous  year. 

Machine  mining  has  gained  little  iii  favour  during  the  year. 
63  mines  operating  464  machines,  against  67  mines  and  430 
machines  the  year  before,  an  increase  of  machine  production  of 
191,045  tone. 

The  average  price  per  gross  ton  paid  for  hand  mining  was 
2^.  4d.,  against  2s.  in  1900,  and  Is.  8d.  against  Is.  6d.  for  machine 
mining.  The  number  of  miners  employed  showed  an  increase  of 
2,954. 

Colorado  maintained  its  position  as  the  lai^est  gold  producing 
State,  Montana  kept  up  the  production,  and  the  Black  Hill  dis- 
trict of  South  Dakota  did  well.  The  cost  of  production  has  been 
reduced,  both  in  transportation  and  by  the  use  of  the  cyanide 
process.  Some  mines  in  South  Dakota  and  Montana  are  using 
zinc  dust  for  the  precipitation  of  gold.  Zinc  dust  costs  24s.  to 
29«.  per  ton,  and  about  7  oze.  per  ton  of  solution  is  used. 

The  ore  is  crushed  so  as  to  pass  through  a  J-inch  round  hole, 
and  a  lai^e  proportion  of  the  ore  only  assays  at  about  12s.  6d. 
per  ton. 

Colorado  produced  about  4,000,000/.;  Missouri,  150,000/.; 
Montana,  1,000,000/. ;  South  Dakota,  1,350,000/. ;  and  Wyoming, 
12,500/. 

The  production  of  copper  showed  a  moderate  decrease  for  the 
year,  and  amounted  to  about  260,000  tons.  Montana  and  Arizona 
were  the  two  States  where  the  output  fell  off,  chiefly  in  Mon- 
tana, owiog  to  litigation,  necessarily  extensive  timbering  of  the 
mines,  &c 

The  demand  for  copper  has  been  good  throughout  the  year, 
and  the  consumption  of  sulphate  of  copper  is  increasing.  The 
price  varied  little  all  through  the  year,  remaining  at  about  8rf.alb., 
but  in  December  fell  to  6d. 

Wyoming  has  large  copper  deposits  situate  close  to  coalfields. 
Some  of  the  mineral  land,  coal,  iron,  oil,  and  copper,  is  still  open 
to  settlement. 

The  output  of  iron  ore  in  the  Lake  Superior  district,  in  Min- 
nesota and  Michigan,  exceeded  20,000,000  tons ;  the  amount 
Ehipped  from  the  ports  to  the  Ohio  ports  was  over  17,000,000  tons 
at  a  freight  rate  of  3a.  Sd.  a  ton,  and  over  3,000,000  tons  were 
shipped  to  Milwaukee  and  South  Chicago.  These  shipments  show 
an  increase  of  1,500,000  tons  over  1900. 


d  by  Google 


CHICAGO.  27 

WiscoDsin  ore  is  used  in  Milwaukee,  and  Wyomint;  ore  is 
Bent  hy  rail  to  Colorado  smelters. 

The  consumption  of  pig-iron  in  the  Chicago  district,  within  a 
radius  of  200  miles,  was  750,000  tons,  besides  1,500,000  tons  of 
pig-iron,  and  2,250,000  tons  of  iron-ore  used  hy  the  Illinois  Steel 
Works  in  Chicauo  and  Joliet 

Prices  have  been  very  steady  all  through  the  year,  and  were 
08  follows : — 


ArttelM. 

1901. 

ISOO. 

Highe.*. 

LowMt, 

mgheit. 

LowMt. 

SoAttedbui.. 
Common  bai  iron 
Steel  Unk  pUtM 
BkcktbMtt     .. 
Pluawipe        .. 
NsiUdOO-lb.)- 
Lake  Bnperwr  alurcod 
No.aioo>linK-. 
No.  8  Mk  foundr; 

£    ,.    d. 
6  16    e 
0    6    9 
0    7    0 
0    7    8 
0  16    8 
0    9  10 
0-10    1 
4    0    6 
8    &11 
8    8    6 

£     M.     d. 

B    7    2 
0    5    9 
0    6    0 
0    6    4 
0  18    0 
U    8  10 
0    8    0 
8  10    1 

2  1ft    9 

3  14 

M     M.    d. 

7    4    4 
0    9  11 
0    9    6 
0  11    a 
0  14    6 
0  14    4 
0  14    6 
6    6    8 
4  19    0 
4  14    2 

e  t.  d. 

6    7    2 
0    6    1 
0    6    I 
0    6    1 
OlS    7 
0  18    6 
0    9    8 
8  10    1 
8  19    9 
2  17    8 

Chicago  turned  out  about  866,000  tons  of  standai-d  steel  rails 
of  the  total  United  States  output  of  2,600,000  tons.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  orders  for  2,000,000  tons  of  steel  rails  for  future  delivery 
have  already  been  booked,  and  it  is  said  that  some  of  the  mills  will 
not  guarantee  new  orders  before  1903. 

As  the  demand  seems  to  be  increasing,  and  more  railroads 
are  to  be  built,  there  should  be  a  chance  for  the  importAtion  of 
rails.  Pig-iron  and  steel  billets  are  also  said  to  be  in  ^ort  supply 
and  in  great  demand. 

Two  new  furnaces  have  been  built  at  the  Illinois  Steel  Works, 
and  one  at  the  Iroquois  Steel  Works,  both  at  South  Chicago,  while 
the  Minerva  works  are  being  rebuilt  and  enlarged  at  MUwaukee. 
These  improvements  will  increase  the  furnace  capacity  over  1,000 
tons  a  day. 

A  new  open-heaith  steel  pltuit  is  being  built  at  Indiana 
Harbour,  just  across  the  State  une  south  of  CMc^o,  and  works 
are  proposed  at  Waukegan. 

The  importation  of  tin-plates  has  fallen  off  very  mndi  from  'Xlm. 
1900,  and  the  price  varied  during  the  year  from  12.  &s.  lOd.  to 
17».  3rf. 

The  United  States  production  of  lead  was  about  265,000  short  LMd, 
tons.  Colorado  and  MisHouri  increased  their  output.  Missouri  is 
the  chief  producer  of  soft  lead,  and  the  mines  lie  in  the  south-east  of 
the  State,  and  are  within  an  area  of  30  miles  by  3  miles.  The  ores 
are  galena  and  sulphide  of  lead,  and  the  output  was  about  50,000 
tons,  valued  at  800,000/.  In  the  south-weat  of  Missouri  lead  is 
found  in  the  zinc  ore. 


d  by  Google 


28 ,  CHICAGO. 

Oil  is  found  in  Illinois,  Missouri,  Kansas,  Indian  territory 
Colorado,  and  Wyoming,  In  the  last  State  there  are  15  distinct 
pools,  but  as  yet  very  little  development  has  taken  place  owing  to 
the  distances  from  railroads. 

Natural  gaa  is  piped  to  Chicago,  and  is  used  in  houses  for 
heating  and  cooking,  in  lai^e  buildings  for  heating  and  running 
the  elevatorB,  and  to  a  certain  extent  in  a  few  factories.  This  ges 
all  ttomes  from  Indiana. 

Illinois,  Kansas,  Missouri,  and  South  Dakota  are  also  gas 
producers.  In  Kansiis  and  Missouri  gas  jb  much  used  in 
smelting  zinc.     The   supply   in  the   older    fields   is  gradually 


The  zinc  production  shows  a  email  increase  over  the  123,381 
tons  produced  in  1900.  The  Joplin  district  of  south-weat 
Missouri  and  south-east  Kansas  furnished  about  63  per  cent  of 
the  total. 

Zinc  ore,  assaying  at  60  per  cent.,  has  been  selling  at  il.  19s. 
to  51.  3s.  per  ton,  and  the  mineowners  are  endeavouring  to  produce 
a  high-grade  ore  on  account  of  its  finding  quicker  sale.  Some  of 
the  ores  are  high  in  pyrites,  and  magnetic  separatorB  are  being 
tried  wkh  satisfactory  results. 

The  Joplin  district  is  very  busy,  and  much  exploring  for  ore 
is  being  carried  on.  Some  ore  has  been  exported  to  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  it  is  expected  that  as  much  as  50,000  tons  may  be 
exported  in  1902. 

A  better  class  of  piano  was  in  demand  and  cheap  pianos  were 
almost  unsaleable.  The  total  sale  of  all  musical  supplies  in 
Chicago  was  over  l,000,000f.  The  estimated  output  of  Chica^ 
was  38,600  pianos  and  55,000  harmoniums,  together  valued  at 
2,400,000?. 

The  output  of  pipe  oi^ns  is  increasing  annually  and  the  trade 
wna  very  good. 

Several  manufacturers  have  invented  and  are  building  piano 
playing  machines  of  different  merits,  some  of  them  being  excep- 
tionally good  and  having  a  gentle  tone  while  others  are  rather 
meobanieal.  The  exports  of  musical  instruments  from  the  United 
States  amovmted  to  about  700,000i,,  nearly  double  the  amount  of 
the  value  of  1900,  and  probably  more  than  half  of  the  exports 
were  Chicago  manufactures. 

The  work  on  the  railroads,  both  in  laying  new  and  replacing 
old  track  with  heavier  rails  and  in  building  new  equipment,  has 
had  much  to  do  with  the  prosperity  of  the  past  year.  It  has  given 
an  impetus  to  the  iron  and  steel,  lumber  and  car-building  trades, 
and  to  the  unskilled  labour  of  the  State. 

The  gross  earnings  of  the  United  States  railroads  have  increased 
-  6  per  cent  in  1901  and  the  expenses  3  per  cent  The  gross 
earnings  are  placed  at  315,632,840^.  or  1,640^.  per  mile. 

5,057  miles  of  new  road  were  built  and  of  this  mileage  the 
diGTerent  States  are  credited  with : — 


d  by  Google 


StotM. 

Number  if— 

Linw. 

HilM. 

108 

Indiui  temtorj 

167 

U 

18» 

HorthDakoto 

121 

SouthDakoU 

88 

Wyoming            

77 

11 

90 

UinoeMte          

171 

MontHW 

188 

OkUfaoma             

ttS 

WiMOMin         

11 

'" 

Tho  lon^t  single  new  liae  is  (Jie  Cbioa^,  Rock  Island  and 
Pacific  contmuation  from  Kansas  to  New  Mexico,  266  miles.  The 
same  companjr  built  360  miles  on  three  roads  in  Oklahoma,  Texas, 
and  New  Mexico.  The  Choctaw,  Oklahoma  and  Gulf  Eoad 
built  310  miles  on  four  lines  in  Oklahoma  territory,  Indian 
tenitory,  Texas,  and  Arkansas.  The  Chicago  and  North 
Western  232  miles  in  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  Iowa,  but  most 
of  the  activity  has  been  in  opening  up  the  States  in  the  South- 
West 

Bailroad  business  has  been  reduced  to  a  science  in  the  United 
States,  where  the  distances  axB  so  long,  and  the  one  object  of  study 
is  to  keep  down  the  operating  and  office  expenses. 

This  has  been  done  in  tiie  offices  by  combining  roads  and 
in  this  way  reducing  the  office  staff  as  well  as  salaries  of 
directors  and  in  the  operation  department  by  increasing  the 
tonnage  capacity  of  the  trains,  having  large  engines  and  always 
making  them  haul  to  the  utmost  limit  of  their  capacity. 

Another  system  of  economy  is  the  grouping  of  companies  and 
working  them  under  an  agreement,  whereby  expenses  are  reduced 
while  rates  are  kept  up  or,  at  any  rate,  not  reduced  to  a  loss  so  as 
to  get  the  trade  away  from  a  competing  line. 

About  40,000,000^.  was  spent  in  the  United  States  for  cars 
and  engines,  and  196,000  freight  care,  4,300  engines,  and  2,300 
passenger  cara  were  added  to  the  equipment. 

An  engine  boilt  for  hauling  heavy  trains  over  the  mountains 
baa  just  started  work.  It  is  built  to  consume  oil  as  well  as  coal 
as  it  will  run  into  California, 

The  boiler  at  the  smallest  ring  is  78  inches  and  at  the  largest 
88  inches  in  diameter ;  the  fire-box  is  9  feet  long  and  6  feet  7  inches, 
wide;  in  the  boiler  are  413  flues  each  18*6  inches  long,  and 
2^  inches  diameter. 

Five  pairs  of  driving  wheels  with  wheel  base  of  29  feet  for 
ei^ne  and  62  feet  for  engine  and  tender. 

The  tender  has  a  capacity  of  7,000  gallons  of  water  and  2,250 


d  by  Google 


so  CHIOAUO. 

gallona  of  oil.  WeigLt  of  engine  262,000  lbs.,  and  with  tank 
363,000  lbs. 

The  boiler  has  a  working  pressure  of  225  lbs.,  and  the 
high  pressure  cylinder  ie  17^  inches  in  diameter  and  the  low 
30  inches. 

The  engine  is  equipped  with  the  Westinghouse  air-brak-', 
mountain  brakes,  Westinghouse  air-signal.  I^  Chatellar  water 
brake  on  cylinder,  sand  blast,  friction  draft  gear,  lubricator,  and 
speed  recorder,  and  is  guaranteed  to  haul  a  train-load  of  2,100  tons 
up  a  50-foot  grade. 

Freight  cars  are  valued  at  about  140/.,  passenger  cars  at  800/., 
and  the  engines  at  2,500/.  each.  The  average  capacity  of  freight 
can  built  was  80,000  lbs.  Cars  of  60,000  were  in  most  demand, 
followed  by  cars  of  100,000  lbs.  capacity,  while  only  1,000  cars  of 
30,000  lbs.  capacity  were  wanted.  These  cara  are  expected  to 
carry  10  per  cent,  over  their  marked  capacity. 

The  Chic^o  and  North  Western  Eailroad  owns  5,562  miles  of 
road,  1,060  engines,  996  passenger  and  42,836  freight  cars. 

A  great  many  eteel  cars  are  beini;  built,  although  complaints 
are  made  aa  to  their  corroding,  but  they  are  found  moat  useful 
and  have  paid  for  themselves  before  becoming  useless. 

Another  drawback  raiding  steel  cars  is  that  they  cannot  be 
burnt  and  destroyed  in  case  of  an  accident  like  wooden  cars. 

The  market  for  real  estate  has  been  much  improved  in  1901 
in  the  business  district  and  the  demand  for  residential  property 
has  also  increased,  but  not  many  sales  in  the  latter  have  been 
made  as  the  divei^uce  of  ideas  of  value  between  owner  and  buyer 
is  great 

Sales  have  been  made  as  high,  in  the  business  district,  as 
3,4941  4s.  6d.  per  foot  frontage  or  32^  19fi.  9d.  per  square  foot. 

Several  lai^  pieces  of  property  have  also  been  let  for  99  years 
at  a  good  rent  and  with  the  undertaking  by  the  lessees  to  erect 
modem  buildings. 

Many  investments,  which  formerly  were  in  great  demand, 
now  pay  such  low  interest  that  investors  are  again  turning  to 
real  estate.  The  growth  of  Chicago  is  so  continual  and  st^y, 
both  as  a  residential  and  a  manufacturing  city,  that  people,  even 
those  who  hitherto  have  been  doubtful  as  to  Chicsgos  future 
and  have  put  their  money  into  real  estate  in  other  States,  realise 
that  investments  in  Chicago,  either  in  land  or  in  mortgages 
on  first-cletss  business  property,  are  as  good  and  certain  aa  any 
possibly  can  be. 

There  is  an  ordinance  limiting  the  height  of  buildings  unless 
a  special  permit  is  granted  by  the  city  council,  but  this  has  been 
repealed  by  that  body,  and  it  is  believed  will  ultimately  become 
law,  when  the  council  will  act  on  the  Mayor's  request  and  limit 
the  height  to  about  260  feet  or  16  stories. 

The  property  owners  claim  that  land  in  the  business  district 
is  so  dear  and  taxes  on  it  amount  to  so  much  that  buildings  of 
loss  than  14  or  16  stories  do  not  pay. 

The  retail  business  of  Chicago  is  about  equally  divided  between 


d  by  Google 


CHICAGO.  31 

the  10  large  departnient  stores  ia  the  centre  uf  the  city,  nil  on 
State  Street  and  within  one-half  mile,  and  the  small  stores  each 
dealing  in  a  single  class  of  goods  and  scattered  all  through  the 
city,  but  it  is  expected  that  the  business  of  the  outlying  diatricta 
will  be  done  more  in  those  districts  as  the  centre  of  the  city 
becomes  more  crowded,  and  that  a  better  demand  will  spring  up 
for  property  on  the  streets  suited  for  business  near  the  residential 
districts. 

Much  European  capital,  both  of  companies  and  individuals  is 
invested  in  this  city. 

The  building  trade  of  Chicago  has  had  the  best  ye<ir  since  the  Buij 
World's  Fair  in  1893  when  the  city  was  over-built,  and  it  would 
appear  that  henceforward  building  should  increase  annually  with 
the  increase  in  population. 

In  house  building  the  chief  demand  has  been  tor  small  houses, 
costing  from  200/.  to  400/.,  generally  wooden  frame  houses  in  the 
outlying  parts  of  the  city. 

About  2,500,000^.  has  been  invested  in  apartment  or  flat 
buildings  as  there  is  an  increasing  demand  for  apartments  in 
-Chicago  among  all  classes  in  the  place  of  houses  on  account  of 
wages,  expense  of  heating,  and  other  expenses  in  a  house.  Eents 
vary  from  6/.  per  month  for  a  flat  of  four  to  seven  rooms  in  the 
outlying  districts  to  8/.  to  14/.  nearer  the  city  centre,  while  10-room 
flats  in  very  desirable  situations  and  with  all  modem  improve- 
ments let  as  high  as  68/.  per  month. 

110  permits  for  buQding  factories,  at  an  expenditure  of  over 
.1,000,000/.,  were  issued,  nearly  halt  of  these  since  September  1. 

In  the  business  portions  many  permits  have  been  issued  for 
buildings  to  cost  from  23,000/.  to  200,000/.,  while  two  buildings, 
permits  for  which  were  issued  last  year,  and  costing  400,000/. 
and  240,000^  were  commenced  in  May,  and  are  rapidly  approach- 
ing completion,  OflBces  in  new  buildings  let  for  6s.  2d.  per  square 
foot  per  annum. 

One  of  the  large  retail  department  stores  is  making  an  addition 
to  its  property,  and  ia  erecting  a  12-storey  building  224  feet  by 
151  feec  Some  of  the  land  was  occupied  by  a  six-storey  building 
used  as  part  of  the  store  and  the  remainder  by  a  theatre  and 
ofhce  buildii^  and  on  May  1  the  tenants  commenced  to  move 
out 

The  foundations  consist  of  84  concrete  caissons  varj'ing  from 
5  feet  9  inches  to  8  feet  6  inches  according  to  the  load  they  have 
to  carry,  but  it  has  been  calculated  to  have  4  tons  load  to  the 
square  foot  at  the  bottom  line  of  the  caisson  where.it  rests  on 
solid  soil  75  feet  below  the  city  datum. 

The  steel  columns  supporting  the  whole  frame  work  are  spaced 
at  22  feet  1  inch  running  east  and  west  and  13  feet  4  inches  north  - 
and  south,  the  latter  being  spaced  at  the  same  distances  as  the 
aisles  in  the  building  now  in  use,  standing  at  the  south  of  the  new 
building,  so  that  the  aisles  may  run  straight  through. 

The  outside  columns  which  are  19  by  17  inches  rest  on  a 
'Oast-iron  shoe  of  5  feet  3  inches,  6  feet  6  inches,  or  7  feet  6  inches  in. 


d  by  Google 


32  CHICAGO. 

diameter  placed  on  the  top  of  the  caissons.  The  inside  columns 
test  on  two  heavy  girders  which  in  turn  are  supported  hy  two 
layers  of  steel  beams  resting  on  the  top  of  the  caissons. 

The  building  is  of  the  type  known  as  the  skeleton  construction, 
being  entirely  supported  by  steel  columns  and  girders  on  whioh 
the  loads  are  distributed  and  through  thein  carried  down  to  the 
foundations.    This  type  of  building  originated  in  Chicago. 

The  floors  are  fireproof,  built  of  hollow  flat  tile  arches,  and  the 
building  is  fitted  throughout  with  heating  apparatus  and  automatic 
fire  sprinklers. 

llie  front  is  built  of  granite  and  the  back  of  white  teira-cotta 
brick.  The  stones  arrive  from  the  quarry  ready  to  put  in  place 
and  are  numbered  so  no  cutting  is  done  on  the  premises,  except 
omamental  carving  of  doors  and  windows  when  the  building  is 
nearing  completion.  Each  stone  is  anchored  to  the  iron  frame 
work  and  building  can  be  begun  on  any  story  or  on  two  or  three 
at  once  without  waiting  for  the  lower  stories  to  be  completed. 

Three  of  the  floors  were  used  for  the  Christmas  trade  although 
the  ground  floor  and  five  floors  at  the  top  were  unfinished  except 
for  the  ironwork. 

The  cost  of  the  building  is  330,000/: 
:.         Eight  st«el  vessels  were  built  in  Chicago  in  1901,  four  of  which 
were  vessels  of  canal  size,  1,496  net  tons,  and  cost  37,000^.     These 
vessels  were  built  for  ocean  trade  in  winter  and  Lake  trade  in 


The  other  four  vessels  were  two  of  3,630  tons  and  two  of 
3,967  tons,  and  cost  for  the  two  former  and  one  of  the  latter 
61,856/.  and  for  the  remaining  one  56,700?. 

I'ive  small  wooden  vessels  were  also  built. 

There  are  building,  or  ordered  for  delivery  in  1902,  at  the 
different  yards  on  the  Lakes,  43  steel  vessels,  and  of  these  the 
American  Shipbuilding  Company  has  orders  for  34. 

The  American  Shipbuilding  Company  has  works  at  seven 
towns  on  the  Lakes,  Cleveland,  Lorain,  Buffalo,  Bay  City,  Chicago, 
Superior,  and  Detroit.  There  are  other  yards  at  Toleda  (Ohio), 
Port  Huron  (Michigan),  Toronto  (Ontario),  and  Collingwood 
(Ontario). 

Besides  the  vessels  mentioned  the  American  Company  has  not 
quite  finished  two  large  freighters,  building  at  Cleveland,  which 
are  to  be  taken  through  the  canals  as  soon  as  navigation  on  the 
St.  Lawrence  opens,  in  two  parts.  Their  capacity  with  ocean 
draught  will  be  about  7,000  tons. 

Thirty-two  of  the  vessels  building  are  cargo  steamers,  and 
vary  from  198  feet  over  all,  2,000  tons,  to  436  feet  and  6,200  tons, 
and  the  cost  from  22,O00A  to  56.000/. 

One  bai^e  of  5,350  tons  capacity  is  building  at  BuflTalo,  and 
two  of  2,300  tons  each  in  Canada. 

Three  passenger  and  freight  steamers  are  building,  two  of  them 
366  feet  over  all,  costing  128,000i.  each. 

None  of  the  9,000-ton  vessels  which  were  built  in  1900  have 
been  ordered  and  towing  baiges  are  expected  to  go  out  of  use  to 


d  by  Google 


CHICAGO.  33 

a  great  extent,  as  the  immense  tows  which  have  been  in  use  are 
not  warranted  by  any  saving  over  steamers. 

The  total  tonnf^  of  the  43  steel  veseels  building  on  the  lakes 
is  179,800  tons,  and  the  coat  2,055,000?.  Chict^  has  five  bailding 
costing  45,000^  each. 

Two  wooden  tow  baizes  are  being  built  in  MichiKan,  the  only 
wooden  shipbuilding  yard  left,  of  5,000  tons,  costing  20,000/, 

The  ahippiag  trade  of  Chicago  was  not  so  f^ood  in  1901  owing  Sbippln^ 
to  the  short  corn  crop,  and  the  entrances  and  clearances  fell  off 
109  and  64  vessels,  but  the   tonoage  increased  slightly.     The  rise 
in  tonnage  is  accounted  for  by  the  increasing  size  of  the  ore  and 
coal  ships  running  to  South  Chicago  and  Waukegan. 

The  average  tonnage  of  vessels  was: — Chicago,  680  tons; 
South  Chicago,  1,690  tons ;  Michigan  City  (lumber),  240  tons ;  and 
Waukegan  (coal),  802  tons. 

The  rateu  offered  by  ore  shippers  of  3«.  3d.  per  ton  had  the 
effect  of  raising  the  price  above  the  ideas  of  grain  shippers.  This 
price  for  ore  carriage  was  offered  not  only  for  contract  ships  but 
for  single  trips. 

Improvements  are  to  be  made  to  the  Chic^o  River,  some  of 
the  swinging  bribes  are  to  be  removed  and  replaced  by  bascule 
bridges,  doing  away  with  the  centre  piers,  the  river  is  to  be 
widened  in  places,  and  turning  basins  are  to  be  made. 

The  widening  of  the  river  wil!  give  an  increased  flow  of  water 
through  the  drainage  canal  without  increasing  the  rate  of  the 
current.  When  the  legal  amount  of  water  has  been  allowed  to 
run  over  the  dam  it  has  been  found  that  vessels  had  difBculty  in 
navigating  the  narrow  channel. 

The  passenger  businesa  has  been  very  good  in  the  summer,  and 
vesaels  running  between  Chicago  and  Buffalo  did  well.  The  local  pas- 
senger fleet  of  35  vessels  carried  over  900,000  people  from  Chicago 
to  the  neighbouring  States  of  Indiana,  Michigan,  and  Wisconsin. 

The  shipments  of  all  kinds  of  grain,  except  wheat,  fell  off, 
42  per  cent,  to  United  States  ports  and  18  per  cent,  to  Canadian 
ports.  Samia  shipments  doubled  during  the  year,  while  DepSt 
Harbour  fell  off  about  9  per  cent.  The  shipments  to  the  latter 
port  are  expected  to  be  enormously  increased  in  the  future  owing 
to  railroad  control  changing  hands.  Shipments  of  flour  by  the 
Lakes  fell  off  18  per  cent.,  918,763  barrels  being  shipped  in  1901. 

Waukegan  may  have  ironworks  erected  during  the  coming  year 
when  the  shipping  to  that  point  will  increase  largely,  and  the  new 
Indiana  Harbour,  a  few  miles  south  of  Chicago,  will  also  he  a  factor 
in  the  shipping  of  this  district,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  the  latter  will 
be  ready  until  1903. 

The  value  of   the  direct  imports  of  spirits   has   risen  about  Spirit*,  fte. 
7,000i,  on  the  year.     There  has  been  an  increased  demand  for 
Scotch  whisky,  the  consumption  of  which  has  made  rapid  growth 
in  the  past  few  years,  but  the  wholesale  dealers  are  inclined  to 
think  that  the  height  of  the  demand  has  been  reached. 

There  are  at  present  about  28  different  branda  of  Scotch  whisky 
on  the  market,  and  one  house  handles  18  of  these. 

(29)  C 


d  by  Google 


34  CHICAGO. 

The  whisky  moat  in  demand  is  a  brand  which  has  been  more 
advertised  than  any  other. 

It  IB  a  very  hard  thing  for  a  new  brand  to  obtain  a  footing  in 
the  Western  market  without  great  expense  in  advertising  and 
creating  a  demand,  and  no  wholesale  dealer  will  handle  a  whisky 
which  is  not  in  demand,  nor  will  he  go  to  any  expense  to  make  a 
market  for  a  new  article. 

The  price  of  corn  whisky  has  risen  owing  to  the  high  value  of 
maize.  Com  whisky  is  growing  in  favour  and  is  more  in  demand 
in  the  place  of  rye. 

The  demand  for  all  whisky  has  increased  25  per  cent,  in 
the  year. 

Over  8,000,000  bushels  of  corn,  1,000,000  bushels  of  malt,  and 
350,000  bushels  of  rye  were  used  in  this  district,  and  Illinois  used 
8,338,007  bushels  for  this  purpose  out  of  9,425,649  bushels  in  the 
district 

The  increased  demand  has  caused  a  great  many  distilleries  to 
start  up  in  opposition  to  the  Distillery  Company  of  America, 
commonly  known  as  the  "  Whisky  Trust,"  which  in  June  had  a 
practical  monopoly  of  the  business,  and  was  mashing,  in  its  seven 
distilleries,  about  45,500  bushels  of  maize  per  day,  producing 
227,500  gallons  of  spirit.  It  is  now  said  that  the  daily  production 
is  450,000  gallons  per  day  and  that  the  demand  cannot  be  supplied. 
Of  the  seven  distilleries,  five  are  in  Illinois,  one  in  Nebraska,  and 
one  in  Indiana. 

Nineteen  distilleries,  many  of  them  idle  plants  which  had 
been  leased  by  the  company  and  of  which  the  leases  have  run 
out,  are  now  starting  in  opposition  with  a  combined  capacity  of 
218,750  bushels. 

This  enormous  production  of  home  made  spirit  must  have  a 
tendency  to  discourage  the  importation  of  Scotch  whisky. 

Great  efforts  are  now  beii^  made  to  find  some  satisfactory 
manner  of  drying  the  mashed  grain  and  pressing  it  into  cakes  for 
cattle  feed,  but  as  yet  none  have  been  entirely  successful. 

In  Chicago  itself  very  little  whisky  is  made,  only  about 
250,000  gallons  paying  duty,  but  in  Feoria,  Illinois,  the  output  is 
about  30,000,000  gallons. 

The  streets  of  Chicago  are  lighted  by  electric  lights  worked 
by  the  city ;  average  number  in  use  in  1901,  4,239,  an  increase 
of  30 ;  680  rented  electric  lights,  an  increase  of  45 ;  24,224  gaa 
lamps,  a  decrease  of  766 ;  and  5,309  gasoline  lamps,  increase, 
1,033. 

In  former  years  the  gas  company  paid  to  the  city  3J  per  cent 
of  its  gross  earnings,  but  in  July  it  commenced  to  furnish  the  gas 
free  to  the  city  instead,  the  city  maintaining  the  lights.  Many 
of  the  lamps  have  mantles  to  increase  the  light ;  these  are  furnished 
by  a  company  for  Is.  per  lamp  per  anuum. 

The  increase  in  the  use  of  gasoline  for  street  (lighting  has  been 
very  steady ;  in  January  4,328  lamps  were  in  use,  and  in  December 
6,075  lampa 

The  consumption  of  tea  has  increased  in  the  United  States  in 


d  by  Google 


the  last  10  years,  but  sot  esough  to  keep  up  the  average  eon- 
sumption  per  capita,  which  for  the  10  years  up  to  1890  was 
134  lbs.,  while  for  the  past  three  years  it  only  averaged  1'04  lbs. 

During  the  year  the  imports  of  tea  JncreaBed  from  the  United 
Kingdom,  1,250,000  Iba,  and  from  British  North  America, 
230,000  lbs.,  while  from  Japan  there  was  a  decrease  of 
2,900,000  lbs.;  China,  24,000,000  lbs.;  East  Indies,  800,000  lbs., 
and  other  ABiatic  countries,  2,300,000  lbs.,  as  compared  with 
1900. 

The  direct  imports  to  Chicago  increased  27,000^.,  and  importa- 
tions from  the  United  Kingdom  increased  from  9,O00Z.  to  18,000f. 
worth. 

The  Secretary  of  Agriculture  of  the  United  States  in  his  report 
for  1900,  writing  on  the  experiments  in  tea-growing  in  the  South, 
says  that  a  good  grade  of  tea  can  be  grown  in  the  Southern  States 
of  the  Union  for  1-5d.  per  lb.,  and  tliat  experiments  are  being 
made  with  a  view  to  reducing  the  cost  of  the  preparation  of  tea, 
especially  green  tea.  In  the  future  special  attention  will  be  given 
to  the  manufacturing  of  a  pure  green  tea,  and,  the  report  says, 
that  the  hopeleasness  of  bringing  Americans  to  drink  black  tea  is 
DOW  being  realised  by  all  importers. 

In  this  district  over  one-third  of  the  demand  is  for  green  tea, 
and  a  quantity  of  green  Ceylon  is  now  being  put  on  the  market 
One  firm  here  sells  over  50  cases  of  green  Ceylon  tea  a  month. 
This  tea  has  not  as  yet  the  appearance  of  the  Japan  and  China 
green  teas  and  looks  as  if  it  had  been  partially  fermented,  and  the 
trade  ie  in  an  experimental  condition. 

The  average  import  of  tea  to  the  United  States  may  be  set 
down  as  80,000,000  lbs.,  and  there  is  a  population  of  over 
76,000,000,  while  Canada,  with  a  population  of  slightly  more 
than  6,000,000,  imports  23,000,000  lbs.  of  tea.  Of  the  Canadian 
importations  a  large  quantity  is  green  tea. 

In  ijbe  United  States,  Indian  and  Ceylon  tea  sells  to  a  certain 
extent  in  the  lai^e'  cities,  especially  in  the  seaports,  and  in  sections 
of  the  country  where  many  British  have  settled. 

Of  the  80,000,000  lbs.  consumed  it  is  computed  that 
50,000,000  lbs.  is  natural  or  unfermented  leaf,  embracing  the 
Japan  and  China  green  teas,  18,000,000  lbs.  are  semi-fermented 
leaf,  Formosa  and  Foochow  Oolong,  leavii^  only  about 
12,000,000  lbs.  of  fully  fermented  leaf,  China,  Congo  and  Indian 
and  Ceylon  teas. 

Anyone  contemplating  entering  this  market  with  Indian  and 
Ceylon  teas  must  consider  the  situation  carefully  ae  many  men 
with  years  of  experience  in  the  trade  here  have  found  it  impossible 
to  make  a  living  unless  they  sell  all  kinds  of  teas. 

Many  stores  when  asked  for  Indian  or  Ceylon  teas  sell 
"English  Breakfast"  which  is  a  mixture  of  China  and  Japan 
teas. 

The  people  of  the  United  States  are  enormous  cofiee  drinkers 
consuming  at  an  average  over  14  lbs.  per  head  per  annum  as  com- 
mred  with  08  lb.  consumed  in  Canada. 

(29)  c  2 


d  by  Google 


36'  CHICAGO. 

The  importationB  were  1,072,009.182  Ibe.  valued  atl4,031,208i, 
an  average  value  of  3-ld,  The  import  in  1900  were  785,918,534  lbs., 
and  in  1899,  878,198,029  Iba. 

A  new  aystem  of  telephone  ia  ahortly  to  be  put  into  operfttion 
in  Chicago. 

This  telephone  is  automatic,  requiring  no  attendant  at  the 
central  station,  making  its  own  connection  with  the  required 
number  by  the  subscriber  putting  his  finger  through  the  bole  in 
a  disc  which  contains  10  numbers,  and  consecutively  pulling  the 
disc  with  the  desired  numbers  towards  the  bottom.  This  system 
is  known  as  the  Strowger  system  and  has  been  in  operation  in 
small  towns  in  the  Eastern  States  for  two  years.  One  mechanic 
can  attend  to  1,000  telephones. 

In  Falls  Kiver,  Massachusetts,  there  are  615  subscribers  and 
one  attendant  at  a  cost  of  16/.  10s.  per  month. 

The  new  company  will  be  entirely  conducted  on  the  metric 
system,  the  call  being  registered  as  soon  as  the  connection  is  made. 
The  chaige  will  be  2^d.  for  each  message  with  a  maximum  for  the 
year  of  17/.  10s.  6rf.,  or  all  mesat^s  over  the  number  of  1,700  will 
be  free.  The  present  charge  in  Chicago  is  a  minimum  of  one 
message  a  day  at  2^d.,  or  a  fixed  charge  running  as  high  as  33/, 
for  business  telephones. 

The  increase  in  the  sale  of  tobacco,  cigars,  cigarettes,  and 
snuff  has  been  large  and  the  prospect  for  increased  trade  is  good. 

There  is  a  great  demand  for  cheap  well -advertised  cigars,  which 
are  generally  made  in  the  East  and  South  to  the  detriment  of  the 
home  manufacturers. 

The  consumption  of  cigarettes  appears  to  be  increasing  not- 
withstanding all  efforts  to  limit  it.  The  city  enforces  a  tax  of  21/. 
a  year  on  all  sellers  of  cigarettes,  and  many  companies  and  busi- 
ness bouses  refuse  to  employ  or  keep  in  their  employment  anyone 
who  uses  tobacco  in  that  form. 

A  good  deal  of  tobacco  is  grown  in  Wiscongin,  and  the  1900 
crop  marketed  in  July,  1901,  was  not  so  large  but  of  as  good 
quality  as  that  of  1899,  and  fetched  Q^d,  per  pound. 


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Statxheht  of  Imports  direct  to  Ghioi^  during  the  Years 
1899-1901. 


T<rt.lV»ln.. 

Fromt 

KinnlMdElluIdODi. 

18M. 

l»«l. 

IMl. 

IMS. 

IWO. 

IMl. 

< 

« 

c 

d 

£ 

4 

Don  Fun. 

AmerlHa  prodacU  M- 

4.4M 

l,«tl 

liso 

BiMkj,*..;*!*]    " 

«,«»« 

14,0M 

11. 9W 

C1»ID|C>1»- 

Foiuh „ 

l.Mt 

l,szi 

I.UI 

Otlwt  hw        _.       .„ 

zltos 

4tCi 

7.8VS 

CoBTw        ...       „       .. 

■.tu 

l,6M 

«,Wtt 

BldM.  am  ftmt,  (lH*p 

or  cuUa 

4,fiM 

n,m 

Houunold  udpannul 

«l)«u 

IM 

I.MS 

SttiJa,  lewliiR 

l,TM 

!,9S4 

»,H8 

>,*■> 

7.BIS 

l,W» 

SHUutcuKlct 

1,HI 

8,80* 

Swill.  aoWOT       

iws 

8,0m 

«;i47 

Pffpptr,  uiicnnuid 

am 

W^ 

AUoUMrfrt*      ...       „ 

«',»» 

0,107 

B,U!I 

OblnM  wood      

!- 

... 

t:^4 

Tolri           

m,m 

£U,tl6 

18S,JT» 

ewo~ 

78,B0» 

m,;io 

DcniiLl. 

Mil 

«,«10 

i,cn 

8M 

Book!,  miuio      '.~ 

i,M 

Vlw 

■fcsm 

■.IM 

^M5 

4,t«S 

7,174 

B,»72 

8,WI 

2,11* 

t.MI 

4m 

IftSM 

!».m 

M.JJ' 

tImi 

8,006 

10(21 

Og*™       - 

IR.W7 

n 

Dtjtooil.^       .„       ... 

i.oot;»« 

1,0»WI" 

i,3m;mo 

Cotton— 

cioa.   „      

»I,«W 

«,747 

M,l«t 

CloDilBil            

I,1H 

«» 

J^«5 

t,»l6 

a,OM 

n.Mi 

«S,1W 

«4,M1 

H,4M 

wlni 

Nloao 

Ttatma 

1,014 

870 

MS 

se.117 

U,8M 

I0,9U 

41,873 

84,840 

ODotoUi ...       Z        1 

4,B» 

8,701 

»,07S 

1  •0,400 

1S1.7IB 

18t,»0I 

DnuudptM* 

1,SM 

i;»7i 

8«l 

;-^ 

"■ 

;;; 

S,T>0 
BJSIG 

io,i;8 

0,IID» 

Wool- 

Cwprt .- 

1,8J0 

6,8*7 

cioihiiw        

1,TTS 

1,760 

8.  TOO 

Ctoita   ...      -.      ._ 

l«16 

I0.*« 

Drw(oodi     

s,aiKi 

7,100 

izitts 

Koll       _       

lies 

i^flthn" 

ls^aIa 

imIm* 

in.DN 

1«6 

l,8rt 

Ts£«;:  E 

lOpiio 
ra,o»6 

ii;i» 

4(t,9IS 

17,812 
81,878 

„     Dtbar 

isoo 

OKbudntcbat      ... 

I»,7IT 

»^8W 

JljlK 

s,su 

^^w 

4^8*2 

Ginserilo..        ...        _ 

1.088 

Cmi 

pi>b         ...      .„      .> 

M,4lt 

K,IU 

4>441 

i3« 

1.J41 

FnUU,  auto         

78,j;i 

81,410 

M,»l 

t,&10 

8,310 

Pun          

ll^c4> 

ID.«OI> 

li^Mo 

mIwo 

>.^ 

l,tM 

4,811 

1,M1 

iTMiudHnI     

10,W1 

IMH 

,.    Pl^      -. 

!,»» 

O^M 

..    tlntJMa  .■.. 

IsllM 

ia,uo 

wlai 

14.470 

47.071 

i«,aoi 

2,ai» 

A.U1 

B,»e 

;i      ;;  unr*  ;:: 

1,U6 

1,814 

r,87e 

d  by  Google 


Statbmkht  of  Imports  direct  to  Chic^o  during  the  Yeara 
1899-1901 — continued. 


Totil  VllQt. 

.™.t. 

«  United  KlBcdoo. 

IBM. 

1900. 

1901. 

18»». 

IWO. 

1901. 

4 

t 

t 

£ 

4 

t 

Dnnuu— cmitliiiud. 

Iron  uid  Mil  eoOeiT  -. 

M<1 

T,«» 

1,600 

i.ra 

a,4« 

;;   "r."  :::    - 

... 

S,ISO 

4,S»7 

»,0«) 

»aft  Uqnon        

10,870 

12,031 

S^r.    :;:    : 

w,m 

VtgtxMft,  pickla  ind 

OUwr         

»2t,l5S 

4«,BST 

480,4 1« 

S0,0)4 

ie,iiB 

'•"     

2,S»fc«80 

:,w»,»« 

^«6,;io 

314,»M 

IW.491 

TM,TW 

Principal  Exports  by  Lake  during  the  Years  1899-1901. 


QuMitity. 

1B90. 

1900. 

1901. 

Bwlej 

Corn 

flMwed 

Oati 

Whe« 

Flour 

Oilmke 

Lumber 

Meat  product.. 
Agricuitnnl        imple- 

meatM 
Miinuf«ctiir«i  iron     .. 
UnclMoifiad      .. 

Bn*heU 

Bul^l« 
5uki 

Mfeet 

y»lae 

i 

284,440 

8,001,640 

171,295 

711.666 

26,000 

1.299,405 

18,772 

544 

60,168 

8,606,660 

185,582 

1,034,216 

201,789 

4,826,822 

20,860 

12,776 

8,218,681 
283,002 
665,606 
209,520 
4,948,985 
17,646 
18,129 
1,498 
69,220 

88,690 
88,460 
44;209 

NoTi.— Id  1901,  26  p»r  e«ut.  of  tbo  eipoit*  were  ouried  in  Brituh  boUoou. 


d  by  Google 


Ihiivih,  Minnetota,  and  Svperior,  Wisconsin, 

These  two  towns  are  situated  at  the  head  of  Lake  Superior  od 
a  natural  harbour  10  miles  long  and  2  miles  wide,  and  are 
separated  from  each  other  hj  tiie  St  Louis  Bay  and  Biver  which 
divides  the  two  States. 

The  shipping  trade  of  both  towns  is  very  laifje,  Dnlutb  having 
a  little  more  than  Superior. 

The  harbour,  Superior  Bay,  is  divided  from  Lake  Superior  by  a 
narrow  strip  of  land  with  an  entry  at  either  end,  the  Duluth  Canal 
at  the  north  and  the  Superior  entry  at  the  south. 

The  shipments  consist  of  ore  from  the  neighbouring  iron 
min^  and  grain  from  the  interior.  Flour  and  lumber  also  are 
fhipped  in  great  quantities  while  the  receipts  consist  chiefly  of 
general  merchandise,  coal,  and  manufactured  iron. 

The  Dumbei  of  vessels  entered  and  cleared  in  1901  were : — 


Entered. 

Cleared. 

Number  of 

T«ueU. 

Tonnage. 

Number  of 
Veesele. 

loniuge. 

Dulnth 

Superior 

4,174 
2,507 

6,246,727 
3,410,280 

4,186 
2;448 

6,180,188 
3.459,624 

Kav^tion  is  closed  from  the  b^inning  of  December  until  the 
beginning  of  May. 

Nearly  3,000,000  tons  of  cargo  were  received  through  tlie 
Duluth  Canal,  and  about  400,000  tons,  not  including  logs, 
through  the  Wisconsin  entry.  About  1.37,000,000  feet  of  logs 
passed  through  the  Wisconsin  or  Superior  entry,  of  which 
93,000,000  feet  were  for  Duluth. 

6,739,934  tons  of  cai^  were  despatched  tbrough  Duluth  and 
2,S62,226  tons — 86,150  tons  from  Dulutb — through  Superior  entry. 

Shipments  of  grain  showed  an  increase  of  16,000,000  bushels 
over  1900.  Iron  ore  an  increase  of  484,583  tons,  the  total  freight 
tiafBc  an  increase  of  1,248,128  tons,  with  a  valuation  of 
6,239,325^.  over  the  previous  year ;  hard  coal  an  increase  of 
274,000  tons,  and  soft  a  decrease  of  70,500  tons. 

The  daily  tonnage  shipments  at  the  two  towns  were  together 
41,389  tons  and  the  receipts  14,531  tons. 


d  by  Google 


Amottht  of  Freight  Beceived  and  Shipped,  and  price  per  Unit, 
from  two  Porta  combiQed. 


Articlsi. 

Tone  .. 

Bi^lV         '. 
Tom.. 

Bi^reii'         ! 
Ton... 

M."fe^" 
Ton... 
B>mU 
ToD 

Cubic  Toide  . . 
Tone..         .. 

BuehoU 

Tone  ..         '.! 
H.feet         '.! 

QuMtitr. 

Price  per 
Unit" 

S>lt       

SilreF  and  oomwr  ore  ., 

Hanafaetiirad  iron      .. 

I«l!» 

H«h       

Cament 

Fiw-brick 

Bnildingitone.. 

Other  Btona      .. 

Sandindgmrel 

Iron  on 

£?PI"' 

Flour     

Wheat 

Flu       

Other  gmm     .. 
Btrnctural  steel 

Wool 

Lumber 

„        hudirood     .. 

917.084 

1,M8,80S 

89,830 

707 

ioo,go4 

95.629 

216.341 

186,828 

1,864 

171,618 

90 

16.401 

8.880 

26.728 

6,464.282 

84,436 

6,346.013 

87.781.769 

18.500,000 

8,484 
438.176 
1.328 
818.673 
21.190 
808,697 
490 
61,266 

£    <.    4. 
12    8 
0  18    7 
0    6    S 
0    8    1 
69    4    S 
61  17    1 
14    8 
12    7    5 
26  16    S 

2  6    4 
18  11     1 

0  6    S 
16    0 

1  6  10 
0    6    S 
0    4    1 
0    9    8 

69    4    6 
0  16    6 
0    3    0 
0    6    8 
0    2    0 

16    9    S 
103    1  10 

3  1  10 
10    6    8 

La^hr::    ;:    :: 

B.B.  tiM  (•leepen)       .. 
Pulp-wood 
Polee.port.       ..         .. 

Cord... 

0    9    8 
0    16 
10    7 
0    6    2 

Shipmintb  of  Grain  fit>m  Duluth  in  1901. 


Artielee. 

To 

Umted 

8t>t»  Porta. 

To 
Depflt 
Harbour. 

To 

Midland. 

To  Other 
Cuiedian 
Porta. 

Total. 

Wheat     . . 

FUii         „ 

Com 

Bwlej     .. 

OMa 

Kj 

BoiheU. 
29,620,500 
11,008,927 
8,417,460 
2,618,678 
1,486,717 
778,826 

Su.heU. 

6,468,460 
489,618 
678,027 

Bu.hel.. 
927,167 

1,011,999 

216,696 
72,000 

Buihel.. 
1,361,862 
282,995 

Buiheli. 
37.270.979 

11,776.436 
6,107,47ft 
2,618.673 
1,701,413 

860,826 

Total 
TolUbjrwl      .. 

48,888,692 

e,680,000 

2,826,868 

1,«34,857 

59,324,801 
1,887,889 

Noil.—  6,840,886  iMirrel*  of  flour  were  .hi^wd  bj  Lake  bat  no  port,  are  giren. 


d  by  Google 


HILWAUESS. 


Milwaukee. 


Milwaukee  is  the  largest  town  in  the  State  of  Wisconsin  and 
lies  about  100  miles  north  of  Chicago.  It  is  increasing  every 
year  in  size  and  in  importance  as  a  shipping  and  manufacturing 
centre. 

In  Milwaukee  about  one-fifth  of  the  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments of  Wisconsin  are  situated,  3,342  oat  of  16,185 
employing  48,328  hands  of  the  120,009  employed  in  the  factories 
of  the  State. 

Of  the  six  large  manufacturing  towns  of  Wisconsin  three 
were  not  existing  in  1890. 

The  principal  industries  of  Milwaukee  are : — 


TnidM. 

Nnmber  of— 

Value  of 
Output. 

BttebUihiuMits. 

Biuploj««. 

Brewing 

Meat  packing  aai  muago      . . 

Leather 

Fburandfeed 

Clothing            

39 
S 

19 

IB 
7 

18 
9 

6,678 
3,5» 
1,649 
3,787 
408 
8,270 
3,648 

6,050,400 
11,782,800 
8,647,600 
8,167,600 
1,473,600 
1,288,100 
1,211,900 

The  total  number  of  business  establishments  of  all  kinds 
was,  in  1901,  3,234  with  72,998  assistants  and  annual  earnings 
40,087,7002.,  agamst  9^393  establishments,  66,788  assistants  and 
34,898,700/.  earnings  in  1900. 

Forty-seven  per  cent,  of  the  goods  retailed  in  Milwaukee  are 
now  home  made. 

The  following  were  the  products  shipped  from  Milwaukee  in 
1900-01 :— 


Qua. 

tity. 

X900. 

1901. 

Oata       

£".:    ::    ::    :: 

Wheat 

Blour 

Bnabela 

6*67,805 
6,018,066 
4,462,748 
»46,781 
490,306 
3,122.063 

6,684.695 
8,468,989 
2,468,081 
1,221.472 
816,478 
4,026,678 

BwMniB. 

Goal 

Ore        

LimbA.. 

Tom.. 

1,689.806 

77,616 

140,619,000 

1,837,688 

220,666 

128,172,000 

d  by  Google 


XILWAUKBE. 

MoTEUEHT  of  Vessels. 


ArriTod. 

QeMed. 

T«r. 

Vamhet  of 
Veueli. 

Tonuftge. 

KamUr  of 
TeweU. 

SteMD. 

Sailing. 

Btoam. 

8«lu«.! 

1900.. 
1901.. 

V61 
4^2 

1,183 
8M 

5,026,289 
6.841,422 

4,761 
4,768 

1,082         6,016,899 
907         6,287,883 

About  2,192,700  barrels  of  flour  were  made  csompared  with 
1,856,500  barrels  in  1900. 

One  of  the  industries  in  Wisconsin  is  the  clam  digging  in 
the  Missiasippi.  This  is  also  now  carried  on  in  the  other  Stete» 
through  which  the  Mississippi  flows. 

In  one  district  in  Wisconsin  8,600  tons  of  shells  were  taken 
out  and  sold  to  button  makers,  the  diggers  receiving  20,000^.,  as 
well  as  34,000/.  more  which  was  paid  for  the  pearls  and  boroques 
found  by  them. 


St.  Loms. 

Mr.  Vice-Consul  Western  Bascome  reports  as  follows : — 

Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce  of  St.  Louie,  Missouri, 
during  the  Year  1901. 


Papulation  ..         ..         .•         •.         .• 

Bml  Bod  penoiiml  eitsle 

Bonded  debt        ..         .•         ..         .. 

Eoiuei  nrectad  id  1901 

Bivec  front  . .         > .         . ■ 

Fnblicpuk*,  18 

FftTod  )tre«ta,  44S1  milM  

PftTsdaUeyi         

Sewen,  507t  milM  . .         

Condnitt  for  ondergTonnd  irirM  ..         .. 

Water  Bupplj  capacitj  per  d&;..  ■• 

„  Aversge  dailj  oonaumption      . . 

Receipt*  from  irater  licaoHi     . . 
PuUio  Bobooli,  168)  te&ohera,  1,761;  schoUn, 

82,712  in  1901 

New  lution  itation,  coTCn 

Hailrood  line*  termiciting  in  Bt.  Lonis  . . 

Street  railioadi,   electric   and    cable,    lingle 

tnck 

Fauengen  oarried  . .         . .         . ,         . . 

BsTfeDue  uf  the  oit?  from  taxation       . .         . . 

Deathrate  

Poet  office,  caeh  receipts  ..         ,.         ,. 

„  pieoei  of  mail  origiDating  in  fit. 


Number 

AsBeuedTBloefl 

Amount 

e 

Co.t    .. 

e. 

Uilea  .. 

Acre.  .. 

Co»t     .. 

e 

Coat     .. 

£ 

Mile.  .. 

Gnlloiu 

Amonnt 

£ 

Cost    '.. 

& 

Aorea   .. 

Mile*  .. 

Nnmber 

Amount 

if. 

PerthooMiM 

Amount 

£ 

Nnmbmr 

.. 

600,000 
78,969,140 
8,788,2e& 
2,641,698 


100,000,000 

66,891,086 

»4£,6»7 


448,084 
246,784,171 


d  by  Google 


Statistics  of  Trade  and  Commerce  of  St.  Louia,  Missouri 
during  the  Year  1901 — continued. 


Tolal  toniMiB  laomTed 

„  deipatchad  ..         ..         . 

^kDu&utarei,  ptodoct,  Mtinuitod        , . 

Bftnk  oI««ringi 

Bank  uid  Inut  oompanin,  oapitat  vod  tniploi 

TubuKo,  inBiiuf»ct<u«d 

Bivveriet,  output  ..         ..         ., 

Grain,  Teceipta     ..         .. 

Plour  manu&Ktnred       . .         . .         . .         . 

Public  eleraton,  20;  o^Mcitj 

PriTat«        „         14;       „  

Lead  receiTed       ..         ..         ..         ,. 

Zinotpeltar  

Cattls  raoeiTed 

Hogt       „  

Honei  and  molea  MMiTed        . .         , . 

Cotton,  receipt* 

Ca«l  (all  kindi)  received  

Dry  guode,  notions,  and  kindred  Udbi  , . 

Oiooeries 

Boota  and  shoes  . . 

Tobacoo  and  dears         

Hardware,  sheu  and  heavy       , .         , . 
'Woodenware        . .         . .         . . 


Beer  

Clothing   .. 

Furniture  and  kindred  linai 

Stoves  and  ranges  . .         ■ .         . .         . . 

Agrionltuml  machinery  and  vehielea    .. 

Iron  and  at^el  and  wagon  material      . .         . . 

B)ectri<sl  macfaioerr,  goods  and  aapplies 

Paints  and  paint  oils 

Saddlery  and  harness 

Hate,  caps,  and  gloves    . ,         , .         . .         . . 

Drug!  anil  kindred  lines,  inoluding  proprietaiy 

gwrds,  druggist  tundriee  and  chemioaU 

01aas,  glaaeirare,  &o 

Brisk,  terra-cotta,  and  clay  prodnot*  .. 
Wool,  reeeipte  26,877,110  lbs.  in  1901 


Ton*    .. 

Amount 


Lb*.    .. 
Gallon* 

Bushels 

Bnshel* 

Pig*'    .. 

Slabs   .. 
Number 


Bale*   . 
Tons    . 

Sale*   . 


17,896,828 
10,862,336 
70,000,000 
454,186,049 
U,867,CM 
80,7R6,888 
76,050,402 
60,058,788 
1,605,284 
7,000,000 
2,906,000 
1,800,235 
2,086,S95 
969,881 
2,230,945 
684,116 
149,716 
913,328 
4,902,713 
80.000,000 
17,000,000 
8,700,000 
8,000,000 
7,500,000 
2,000.000 
900,000 
2,624,857 
1,400,000 
8,000,000 
1,000,000 
4,800,000 
8,000.000 
6,000,000 
1,400,000 
1,100,000 
1,600,000 

8,000,000 
1,600.000 
800,000 
2,100fl00 


In  1901,  the  city  of  St  Louis  received  ita  full  share  of  the  B«nsw. 
industrial  prosperity  of  the  couutry,  attributable  larg^y  to  the 
operation  of  the  McKinley  Protective  Tariff. 

This  prosperity  is  reflected  in  the  increased  number  of  buildings 
«Tect«d,  the  value  of  building  permits  iseued  in  1901  amounted  to 
2,641,598^.,  while  the  value  of  buildings  in  1900  only  amounted  to 
1,183,3962.,  an  increase  in  1901  of  1,458,202/.  This  increase  has 
been  brought  about  by  the  influx  of  population  seeking  employ- 
ment in  connection  with  the  Louisiana  Purchase  World's  Fair 
Exhibition,  in  which  it  is  estimated  6,000,000/.  will  be  expended 
by  the  World's  fair  Company,  and  1,000,000/.  by  the  city  municipal 
improvements,  and  this  increase  must  continnfi  during  the  present 
year. 


d  by  Google 


46  e^.  LOUIS. 

The  manufacturing  industries  were  very  active  in  1901,  and 
it  ia  safe  to  say  that  the  amount  of  output  was  about  70,000,000/. 

Tlie  bank  clearings  show  a  corresponding  large  increase,  being 
for  1901,  454,136,043/.,  as  against  337,769,898/.,  equal  to  35  per 
cent,  increase  over  1900.  The  banking  capital  has  increased 
during  the  year  11,867,594/.  by  the  estiiblishraent  of  several  new 
trust  companies.  There  was  also  great  activity  in  local  atooka  and 
bonds  and  very  high  prices  have  obtained  in  all  the  financial 
institutions. 

The  post^ofilice  leturas  also  teSect  the  increased  volume  of 
bnsiuess  done.  The  cash  receipts  for  the  year  being  448,045/.,  an 
increase  of  41,753/.  over  1900. 

The  internal  revenue  receipts  for  1901  also  indicate  the  manu- 
facturing activity.  The  revenue  for  the  year  ending  January  30, 
1901,  was  about  3,200,000/.,  making  St  Louis  the  fourth  city  in 
volume  of  the  internal  revenue  or  excise  tax  collections. 

The  increased  volume  of  business  is  also  illustrated  in  the 
increased  tonnage  received  and  forwaixied,  which  includes  all  tcinds 
of  local  and  through  fre^ht.  The  tonnage  handled  in  1901  was 
28,758,664  tons,  and  as  compared  with  25,313,340  tons  in  1900, 
shows  an  increase  of  136  per  cent. 

In  business  transacted  on  the  Merchants'  Exchange  the 
total  was  satisfactory,  although  there  was  a  decrease  of  18  per 
cent,  or  nearly  5,000,000  bushels  in  receipt  of  com,  owing  to  the 
severe  drought  of  last  summer,  the  a^r^ate  receipts  of  grain  of 
all  kinds  show  a  loss  of  only  1,085,007  bushels,  all  but  com  shows 
an  increase.  The  receipts  of  flour  reduced  to  wheat  would  show 
69,827,264  bushels,  as  against  69,555,619  bushels  in  1900. 

lu  the  various  lines  of  jobbing  merchandise  increased  business 
ie  reported. 

The  increase  in  sales  of  dry  goods  and  kindred  lines  is  estimated 
at  about  25  per  cent,  over  the  business  of  1900. 

As  usual  there  has  been  a  great  increase  'in  the  manufacture 
and  distribution  of  boots  and  shoes.  St.  Louis  now  holds  the 
second  place  in  the  manufacture  of  shoes,  and  is  the  largest  jobber 
in  that  line  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  In  1901  the  sales 
increased  from  7,500,000i.  in  1900  to  8,700,000/.  in  1901. 

There  has  been  an  inci-ease  in  capital  employed  in  the  number 
of  firms  and  salesmen,  and  in  the  number  of  manufactories,  and 
in  the  average  price  per  pair  of  12  per  cent,  and  for  better  shoes. 
The  capital  invested  is  about  2,000,000/.,  an  increase  of  600,000/. 
over  19O0,  and  the  prospects  for  1902  are  flattering.  The  ship- 
ments from  Boston  to  St.  Louis  have  declined,  as  there  are  more 
shoes  manufactured  in  St.  Louis  than  formerly.  The  shipments 
from  Boston  the  last  few  years  have  averaged  as  follows :  to  St. 
Louis,  600,000  cases ;  to  New  York,  380,000  cases ;  to  Chicago, 
340,000  cases;  to  Baltimore,  200,000  cases;  and  to  Cincinnati, 
1 25,000  cases,  which  shows  the  relative  importance  of  St.  Louis 
as  a  shoe  market. 

St.  Louis  has  made  a  remarkable  growth  in  hardware  trade  for 
several   years  past.      Shelf  hardware   and   kindred  goods   show 


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KT.   LOUIS.  47 

«Btiimated  aalea  of  ■'>,000,000/.  in  I90I,  and  if  retail  housea  are 
included  the  total  sales  are  estimated  at  7,500,000^. 

The  hat  bueiness  is  reported  to  show  25  per  cent,  increase  for  H>ti. 
the  year,  sales  aggregating  1,500,000^. 

The  clothing  trade  is  reported  growing  and  very  satisfactory,  Oiothinn. 
sales  for  1901  being  estimated  at  1,400,000/. 

The  grocery  business  shows  an  increase  of  about  20  per  cent,  CJioceriBg. 
the  volume  of  sales  being  17,000,000/. 

The  saddlery  trade  was  reported  largely   increased  the  first  SaddlBiy. 
half  of  1901,  and  for  the  whole  year  about  10  per  cent,  or  an 
output  of  l,100,0OOi. 

Architectural  iron  and  bridge  material  and  other  forms  used  in  iron, 
construction  shows  a  total  output  of  about  3,000,000/. 

In  stoves  and  ranges  this  city  has  maintained  a  leading  position  BtovM  uid 
in  the  markets  of  the  country.     The  advance  in  production  was  '"ng"- 
about  12^  per  cent,  with  sales  of  about  1,000,000^. 

The  paint  and  oil  trade  report  a  total  output  of  1,400,000^.,  or  Paint, 
an  increase  of  about  16f  per  cent,  over  1900. 

In  drugs  and  ~  proprietary  medicines,  St.  Louis  still  holds  the  Dmgi. 
first  place  in  the  West,  with  a  yearly  increasing  business.     The 
sales  of  drugs,  chemicals  and  kindred  lines  are  estimated  at 
«,O00,000/.  for  1901. 

The  business  of  glassware  and  similar  lines  are  making  pro-  GtM«irn«. 
grass  and  taking  the  place  of  imported  wares.     A  manu^ture 
of    cut  glassware  has  recenUy  been    establisbed  in    this  city. 
Queensware  houses  report  sales  of  500,000i  and  plate  and  window 
and  other  glass  1,000,000^.  more. 

As  repeatedly  reported  St.  Louis  is  the  largest  manufacturer  lobaoM. 
of  tobacco,  equalHng  about  25  per  cent  of  the  whole  United  States, 
the  amount  increasing  every  year,  and  for  1901  was  86,766,883  lbs. 
against  76,170,850  Iba.  in  1900.    The  sales  of  tobacco  and  cigars 
are  reported  as  8,000,000i: 

St  Louis  is  also  the  largest  mannfactnrer  of  railway  and  street  Buiwaj  can. 
cars  in  the  country.    All  plant«  were  fully  employed  during  the 
entire  year.     Street  cars  are  shipped  to  Australia,  New  Zedand, 
and  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  it  is  estimated  that  3,000  cars 
were  manufactured,  valued  over  2,400,000/. 

The  brewing  industry  has  long  been  one  of  the  most  prominent  BreweriM. 
in  St  Louis.     It  is  estimated  that  7,000,000i.  capital  is  invested  in 
it  and  the  product  is  sold  in  nearly  every  part  of  the  globe.     The 
manufacture  for  1901  was  78,050,402  gallons,  valued  at  2,524,857/. 

During  the  cotton  season  year  ending  August,  1901,  the  gross  coUon. 
receipts  of  cotton  was  973,497  bales,  of  which  the  local  receipts 
handled  by  manufacturers  were  239,628  bales,  representing  a  value 
of  about  2,000,000/. 

The  municipal  authorities  are  actively  engaged  in  reconstructing 
streets  and  perfecting  sanitary  conditions  m  anticipation  of  the 
Fair. 

One  year  ago  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Centennial  Fair  was  in 
«mbryo,  l^slation  being  needed  some  of  which  required  State  and 
muniqpal  constitutional  legislation  and  ameudmenta,  authorising 


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Xdoeataoiwl 
depaitmmt 

at  LoTusun* 

Xihibition. 


financial  support.  There  was  no  World's  Fair  Company  otganieedr 
only  a  provisional  committee  and  the  sabscriptions  to  the  capital 
stock  were  not  completed. 

During  the  year  1901  the  necessary  enactments  of  CongresSr 
the  State  Legislature,  and  Municipal  Assembly  were  completed 
and  the  company  organised,  and  the  position  was  only  decided  on 
about  nine  months  ago.  In  January  the  raising  of  1,000,000^.  of 
popular  subscriptions  was  completed.  February  brought  the 
l^islative  enactments  of  State  and  city.  March  placed  the  seal 
of  National  approval  and  authority  by  Act  of  Congress  appro- 
priating 1,000,000/.  and  providing  for  the  National  Commission^ 
which  were  promptly  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States.  In  April  the  local  company  was  incorporated  with  the 
election  of  93  directors  May  witnessed  the  oi^anisation  through 
of&cers. 

In  June  the  site  for  the  Fair  was  selected,  comprising  the  western 
half  of  Forest  Park  over  1,000  acres  and  the  100  acres  at^oinin^ 
belonging  to  Washington  University. 

In  July  nine  firms  of  architects  wei«  appointed  a  commission  to 
plan  the  Fair. 

In  August  plans  were  adopted  and  1,000,OOOA  appropriated 
for  the  commencement  of  construction. 

In  September  the  President,  upon  certificate  of  progress  by  the 
National  Commission,  issued  a  proclamation  inviting  aA  nations  to 
participate,  declaring  the  Exhibition  fully  provided  for. 

October  brought  development  officers  and  provision  for  four 
grand  divisions  to  be  presided  over  by  officials  designated  as 
director  of  exhibits,  director  of  works,  director  of  management,  and 
director  of  concessions  and  admissions. 

In  November  perfected  plans  for  the  eight  main  exhibit  places 
were  approved  by  the  directors  and  National  Commission. 

December  found  the  wilderness  of  forest  transformed  into 
building  sites  and  grading  underway.  On  the  20th  (the  anniver- 
sary of  the  transfer  of  the  purchased  territory  to  America),  ground 
was  broken  on  the  site  with  impressive  ceremonies. 

In  the  classification  adopted  and  promulgated  for  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Exhibition,  education  is  department  "  A "  on  an 
alphabetical  list  which  ends  with  "P,"  physical  culture,  "sound 
mind  in  healthy  body,"  eight  groups  and  26  classes  go  to  make 
up  this  foremost  of  the  departments  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exhibition.  In  Paris  the  eshibits  of  the  United  States  received 
great  encomium.  A  second  building,  designed  for  the  purpose, 
will  house  a  series  of  international  congresses  upon  science, 
literature,  and  art.  These  congresses  will  constitute  an  inde- 
pendent department  with  its  own  organisation,  but  supplementnry 
to  the  motive  which  ranks  education  as  the  broadest  of  the 
Exhibition  pui  poses. 

The  Louisiana  Purchase  World's  Fair  seems  to  be  under- 
estimated by  foreign  nations ;  when  we  consider  that  it  covers  a 
site  of  1,200  acres,  while  the  Columbian  Chicago  Fair  covered  633 
acres,  it  appears  to  be  twice  the  size  of  the  lai^est  fair  ever 


d  by  Google 


ST.  LOUIS.  49 

held,  and  is  expected  to  cost  6,000,000/.  to  8,000,000/.  in  pre- 
paration. 

The  growth  of  manufacturing  interests  of  St  Louis  since  1880  Mann- 
has  been  phenomenal,  and  has  raised  St.  Louis  from  the  seventh  f^^^^ 
place  to  the  third  in  point  of  manufacturing  output. 

This  story  is  told  in  the  following  tabulated  form  from  census 
reports : — 


Ya«r. 

Nambw  o(- 

Amount  of 
Wiigea  Pud. 

FtctoriM. 

Einpla7«d. 

Product.. 

1880 
1890 
1900        .. 

S,9M 
e,l4S 
8,321 

41,527 
93,610 
142,604 

£ 
3,648,700 
10.683,644 
17,406,610 

S. 
82,866,776 
4G,742,B03 
88,5tt,Md 

The  farms  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  are  laigely  composed  of 
States  formed  from  the  Louisiana  purcliaae ;  in  1850  the  farms 
numbered  3'70,320 ;  in  1890,  2,570,r>17.  In  1850  the  acreage 
of  these  farms  was  90,013,000  acres;  in  1890  it  was  370,164,321 
acres.  In  1850  the  value  of  these  farms  was  157,896,4  ,}0i  In 
1890,  1,752,909,730/.  In  1850  the  railway  mileage  was  344 
miles;  in  1890,  78,648  mileH. 

The  banks  and  trust  companies  distributed  Liberal  dividends  Biunml 
to  shareholders.  reriow. 

The  daily  clearings  for  the  year  show  a  steady  gain  over 
corresponding  dates  of  all  previous  years. 

The  comparative  figures  of  the  19  banks  and  eight  tnist 
companies  between  December,  1900,  and  December,  1901,  are  as 
follows : — 


Banks  and  Trust  Companies. 


BaoklBtut 


8.4«7,107 
81,210,902 
28,148,898 
11,628,815 


88,774,868 
31,885,180 
12,418,288 


Transactions  on  the  St.  Louis  Stock  Exchange  during  1901  Stook*  txA 
esceed  any  previous  yearly  record  in  numlier  of  shares  and  bonds  '"'e^^^nt 
dealt  with.    The  records  show  the  following  totals  of  escb  class :-    * 


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Stooki  of  bsnki,  truit  oonpuuea,  traction  railmyi, ; 

gu  sod  alMtrio  comp&niee,  iiuoniDce  companiM,  , 

miainE  comnniei,  and  suudry  other  tonipaniei  ■  ■ , 

Bondi  (pu  TslaB  6I1,S3(U.) 


■  M»rket  Ttlue. 

Mooey  was  in  good  clemaiid  and  at  reasonable  rates.  It  is 
Qow  claimed  for  St.  Louis  that  it  now  has  a  larger  bank  and  trust 
company  capital  than  Chicago. 

The  LouiBiaaa  Purchase  World's  Fair  has  ushered  in  a  notable 
period  in  real  estate  transactions,  which  must  continue  to  expand 
since  the  immense  tixpenditure  of  over  8,000,000^.  in  the  nexD  18 
months  for  fair  accommodations  will  give  real  estate  a  great 
impetus.  In  1901  the  aggregate  list  of  transfers  of  real  estate 
numbered  7,629  and  amounted  to  6,853,096A 

There  was  a  large  increase  in  the  number  and  value  of  building 
permits  issued.  There  were  1,256  brick  and  1,508  frame  or  wood 
building  permits  issued  at  a  valuation  of  2,641,598^  This  doubled 
the  preceding  year's  permits. 

Property  in  St.  i^uis  is  usually  assessed  60  per  cent,  of  ita 
value  for  taxation.  The  assessment  for  1901  is  78,959,140/. 
The  rate  of  taxation  is  established  at  about  Sa.  per  20^.,  a  small 
reduction  of  about  2^  per  cent,  from  the  preceding  year. 

Scotch  and  Irish  salt  tish  are  handled  here,  and  it  is  reported 
the  demand  is  increasing. 

Indian  and  Ceylon  tea  is  largely  dealt  in  here,  and  the  demand 
would  be  increased  if  handled  by  an  agency  dealing  in  such  teas 
alone  and  advertising  them  largely  to  the  trade;  it  is  bought 
mostly  at  seaports. 

Portland  cement  used  to  be  dealt  in  largely  10  to  15  years 
ago,  but  the  uiei-eased  production  of  American  manufacturers 
has  cheapened  it  so  that  it  will  not  bear  the  duty  and  heavy 
transportation  charges.  It  sells  at  retail  from  &s.  to  7s.  per  barrel, 
and  manufacturers  cannot  lay  it  down  here  at  a  profit. 

Aa  to  Portland  cement,  if  the  manufacturers  can  lay  it  down 
here  at  a  profit  under  the  retail  prices  quoted,  6s.  per  barrel,  a 
good  business  might  be  done  in  it  while  the  buildings  of  the 
World's  Fair  and  the  necessary  walks  are  being  made,  but 
the  American  manufacturers  are  increasing  their  output  so 
laigely  that  I  do  not  think  the  business  would  be  permanent 
A  laiije  plant  is  building  in  this  city  which  will  soon  be  in 
operation. 

Scotch  whisky  is  also  ■  dealt  in  small  quantities  and  only  old 
well  advertised  brands  are  called  for. 

These  articles  come  mostly  through  seaports,  very  little  ia 
imported  direct. 


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CUBT0U-HoiT8K  Transactions. — GondeoBed  Classification  of  Com- 
modities Imported  into  St  Louis  during  the  Year  1901^ 
showing  Foreign  Value  and  Dut^  Paid. 


Commoditiai. 


Art  vorki  . .         , . 
Books  Hud  printed  mattw 

ChamioJi  and  drugs        .. 
Chins  and  Mnthemrwe     ■ . 

CuUerj       

Jswallarj  and  preoioas  itouM 

Tojs 

Vir»-*imM 

Fish  

Fmagoodj 

Olus,  window       . , 

Marhle        ![         '.'.  '.'. 

MaDnfaotturod  ooik 

H  leather      .. 

„  metal 

;:     S"    :: 

Ifiacallaneolu  .. 
Fiinta  and  culoun. , 
Bioe,  graDuloted  . . 
Spiritaons  liquor*  . . 
Straw  mattiiig  ..  ., 
Tobacoo  and  cigars 
Win  ei,  sparkling   ..         ., 

„      still 

Bt«d  wire    . . 

lea 

Burlapa  and  baggings 

Oil  cloth 

Woollens 

From  all  other  Eoorres     >. 

Total,  1001 
„      1900 


13,136 
18.328 

3.970 
1S,O»0 
17,BeS 
90.G50 

4,7u9 
46,316 
23.290 

1,176 
20.608 
123.497 
42.466 
14,417 
10,251 
11,489 
lD.Se2 

1,628 
68.273 

£,080 
16,309 

7,830 
38.530 
80,964 

9,607 
16,765 
83,009 
12,4il 
141,407 

6,074 


24,746  0 
12,111  14 
13,247  9 
1,689    9 


6,38j  14  O 

70,448    9  0 

19,616  18  0 

6,70a    6  0 

4,613    6  0 

2,781    3  0 

10,562  13  0 

604    Z  0 

24,996  12  0 

606  13  0 

2,848  19  O 

8,141     8  0 

13,866    9  0 

82,824  10  O 

6,628  14  0 

6,6S8  18  0 


2,599  12 
4,606  9 
9,920    2 


^29) 


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COUPABATIVE  BuBineBB  in  Leading  Articles  at  St.  Louis  during  t^e 
Yeara  1900  and  190L 


Flour,  tvoeipU 

„      .  amount  mannfMtnrad. 
Wheat,  total  T«ceipt>  . . 

Oat*  ",  '.'. 

Bfti-ley  „ 

All   grain  received   (including 

flonr  reduced  to  wheat) 
Cotton,  receipt*  . . 

Bagging,  manitftctnred 
Ha;,  receipt*    . . 
Tobacco,  receipts 
Lead,  receipt*  in  SO  lb. 
Hog  product,  total  ahipments 
Cattle,  receipt!.. 
Sheep        „ 


Honee  and  mulct,  reoeipta 
Lumber  and  logi   -      ,, 

Shinglea 

Latha 

Wool,  total  receipt!     . , 

Hide* 

Sugar,  receiTed. . 

Mdaatei  (iuolading   gluoow), 

Coffee,  recrired 


Bice,  receipt!    . . 
Coal 

Kaila       „ 
Potatoei,  receipt* 


in  bulk  .. 

Butter 

Freight  of  all   kinds  receiTed 
and  deipatched 


BarreU 
Buahela 


Bales 
Yards 
Tone 

Hogshead! 
Pigs   .. 
hhf.   „ 
Head..      ■ 


Gallons 
Ban  .. 

Bushel* 
Kegs  .. 
Bushel* 

Sucks, . 
Bushel* 
Lbs. 

Tons  .. 


1900. 


l,86fi,070 
1,346,059 
19,7B6,«14 
26,619,410 
1S,2ST,926 
47B,356 
2,011,G00 

69,555,618 

1,011,687 

9,976,666 

£34,256 

44,914 

1,577,443 

3S9,946,4G6 

795,800 

434,133 

2,158,972 

109,082 

1,836,403,254 

81,119,250 

13,S<i3,950 

17,000,780 

60,531,540 

216,982,466 

6,244,060 

360,871 

72,912 

119,615 

109,007,476 

560,110 

3,564,568 

238,106 

27,576 

776,160 

12,901,690 

25,813,340 


2,170,548 
1,606,234 
20,360,805 


69,827,264 

91S,3:'S 

12,500,000 

251, I S^ 

62,127 

1,800,236 

206,183,890 

969,881 

534,115 

2,236,946 

149,716 

1,144,698,766 

1B8,601,250 

12,386,660 

25,877,110 

66,006,080 

209,688,510 

5,396,387 

874,675 

138,340 

173,630 

104,965,228 

688,200 

2,896,069 

316,286 

36,280 

772,800 

18,471,929 

28,768,664 


Kansas  Cmf. 

Mr.  Vice-Consul  Young  reports  as  follows  : — 
r  During  the  year  1901  the  first  check  to  the  agricultural 
prosperity  of  this  Vice-Consular  district  for  many  years  waa 
received,  but  the  loss  resulting  from  what  was  in  places  almost 
a  total  failure  of  the  Indian  com  crop  was  largely  compensated  by 
the  increased  prices  obtained  for  that  product,  and  by  the  good 
yield  from  the  wheat  crop. 


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Kansas  City  is  essentially  a  distributive  point  and  market  AgrionltDM. 
place  for  an  enormous  agricultural  and  pastoral  region,  and  its 
importance  in  all  respects  is  in  relation  to  the  supplying  of  the 
needs  of  such  a  district  and  the  marketing  of  its  products. 

For  many  years  past  Kansas  has  been  favoui'cd  with 
abundant  crops  of  almost  all  its  staple  products,  and  the  pnw- 
perity  resulting  therefrom  has  gone  far  towards  remedying  the  evil 
caused  by  the  inflation  of  some  12  or  15  years  ago.  In  1901  a 
very  dry  season  was  experienced  even  in  paita  of  this  district 
wliere  drought  is  almost  imknown.  Indeed,  the  remarkable  feature 
has  been  that  in  what  is  usually  regarded  as  the  arid  district  in 
Western  Kansas  sufHeient  rain  fell  to  make  a  crop,  whilst  in  the 
rain  belt,  the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  a  most  unusual  drought 
was  experienced. 

Throughout  Kansas,  Oklahoma,  and  the  Indian  territory 
winter  wheat  is  raised,  and  in  the  spring  of  1901  an  excellent 
crop  was  harvested  whilst  good  prices  were  obtained.  From  the 
beginning  of  April,  however,  practically  no  rain  fell,  and  the  Indian 
com  crop  was  the  worst  gathered  for  many  years  past ;  the  prices, 
however,  more  than  doubled,  so  that  the  net  results  were  not 
serious.  Indeed,  although  a  check  to  the  continuous  enormous 
crops  has  been  received,  there  has  not  been  any  great  check  to  the 
prosperity  of  the  district 

One  of  the  leading  industries  throughout  Kansas  is  that  of  (WUe. 
feeding  cattle  for  market ;  the  failure  of  the  com  crop  cut  down 
this  industry  very  considerably.  By  far  the  largest  amount  of 
feeding  is  eflected  by  the  com  growers,  and  at  the  time  when  it 
became  apparent  that  the  com  crop  would  fail,  enormous  numbers 
of  "  unfinished  "  cattle  were  hurried  to  market,  the  difficulty  of  the 
situation  being  accentuated  from  the  fact  that  in  many  districts 
there  was  insufficient  water  to  keep  the  stock.  In  other  cases 
feeders  have  actually  found  it  more  economical  to  feed  wheat  to 
their  cattle  than  Indian  corn. 

With  the  disadvantage  of  the  diy  season  the  agricultural  and  New 
pastoral  prosperity  of  the  district  has  been  much  greater  than  *'" " 
might  have  been  expected.     During  the  year  a  large  tract  of  some 
3,000,000  acres  of  land  was  thrown  open  to  settlement  after  com- 

gletion  of  special  treaty  with  the  Indian  tribes;  this  tract  lies 
stween  Kansas  and  the  Panhandle  of  Texas,  and  is  a  district 
tributary  to  Kansas  City  from  a  commercial  standpoint.  A  con- 
Biderable  impetus  has,  by  tfie  opening  of  this  land,  been  given  to  IixnugrMien* 
immigration  to  this  Western  country ;  it  would  appear  probable 
tiiat  further  impetus  to  such  immigration  would  result  from  the 
present  agitation  on  the  subject  of  Government  aid  for  irrigation 
throughout  the  arid  lands  of  the  West.  As  is  well  known.  Western 
Kansas  and  Colorado,  as  well  as  portions  of  many  other  States, 
possess  lai^  acrei^e  of  excellent  soil  at  present  almost  usele^ 
iTom  lack  of  rain.  Proposals  are  before  the  present  legislature  of  Ii"(«*«">-  . 
'the  United  States  with  a  view  to  utilising  the  reserve  waters  held 
in  the  Bocky  Mountains  and  in  other  mountain  ranges,  and  hy 
irrigation  therefrom  to  reclaim  this  arid  r^ion. 

(29)  D  3 


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54 

A  word  of  caution  must  be  given  to  intending  British  emigrante. 
It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  that  care  be  taken  in  the  seleotion 
of  any  farming  property ;  it  is  fi'equently  the  case  that  the  soil  in 
arid  r^ions'  is  of  nearly  equally  good  quality  with  that  in  the  best 
agricultural  districts,  and  careful  information  should  be  sought  as 
to  the  climatic  conditions,  rainfall,  and  many  other  points  which 
have  bearing  on  the  desirability  of  any  location  to  an  extent  almost 
as  great  as  lias  the  quality  of  tiie  soil  itself. 

During  the  past  year  some  emigration  from  Kansas  to  Manitoba 
and  other  Canadian  points  is  to  be  noticed ;  it  is  extremely  difficult 
to  obtain  any  reliable  figures  upon  this  point  as  many  of  the 
settlers  simply  proceed  northward  in  their  wagons  and  no  record 
of  their  movements  is  thus  obtainable.  Such  emigration  has  not, 
however,  been  material,  the  opening  of  the  new  land  in  the 
Indian  territory  and  the  expectation  of  new  irrigation  schemes 
proving  attractive  features  to  induce  settlers  to  remain  in  this 
distnet. 

As  has  been  pointed  out  above,  despite  a  partial  failure 
agriculturally,  general  business  has  been  good  in  the  past  year; 
the  wholesale  houses  report  good  business.  A  feature  of  Kansas 
City  as  a  distributing  point  is  the  establishment  of  lai^e  wholesale 
houses  and  department  stores  which  supply  the  needs  in  every 
branch  of  the  great  community  drawing  its  supplies  from  this 
point.  The  good  wheat  crop  has  also  given  a  great  business  to  the 
grain  elevators,  and  the  reeeipte  at  the  live  stock  yards  have  shown 
an  increase.  The  bank  clearings  and  deposits  also  evidence  the 
fact  of  continued  prosperity. 

Great  activity  is  shown  amongst  all  distributors  in  the  way  of 
pushing  their  markets,  and  British  merchants  seeking  to  gain  any 
tooting  must  necessarily  adopt  similar  active  measures.  It  ia 
further  of  importance  to  acquire  accurate  knowledge  of  the  precise 
quality  of  article  in  demand  and  meet  purchasers'  wishes  in  this 
respect.  In  many  cases  the  demand  is  for  a  light  and  cheap 
quality,  even  if  this  should  be  at  the  expense  of  durability ;  this  is 
strongly  the  case  with  respect  to  agricultural  machinery.  The 
farmer  does  not  desire  a  machine  of  particularly  lasting  quality,  as 
he  prefers  to  be  able  to  throw  aside  a  worn-out  machine  and 
purchase  new  machinery  with  every  recent  improvement 

On  the  subject  of  imports  to  this  district  generally,  it  ia 
extremely  difficult  to  give  accurate  information.  Though  Kansas 
City  is  a  port  of  entry,  only  a  small  percentage  of  the  total 
imports  is  bonded  through  direct  to  Kansas  City.  The  custom- 
house figures  show  a  considerable  quantity  of  British  cotton  goods 
introduced,  but  the  increase  is  not  what  could  be  desired,  and  a 
large  quantity  of  a  cheap  grade  of  cotton  goods  is  being  imported 
from  Germany.  The  British  manufacturer  does  not  appear  to 
appreciate  that  the  demand  from  this  district  is  for  such  cheap 
grades. 

In  woollen  goods  the  same  holds  true;  the  present  duty, 
however,  is  so  high  that  imports  are  small 

The  same  fact  with  respect  to  duty  tends  to  reduce  the  impor- 


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KANSAS.  55 

tance  of  nearly  all  imports  to  this  market,  except  in  Bpecialities. 
Amongst  Such  specialities  attention  is  drawn  to  lace  work,  art 
works  and  bric-Jt-brac  generally,  as  well  as  china  goods.  A  lar^e 
quantity  of  decorative  chiua  work  is  brought  in  from  France  and  Chin*. 
Germany,  and  the  trade  therein  ia  slowly  giowlng.  There  would 
seem  to  be  no  reason  why  British  shippers  should  not  meet  the 
competition  in  this  line. 

A  fair  trade  in  linoleums  is  carried  on  and  might  be  developed ;  Liaoleunu. 
floor  matting  ia  largely  imported  from  Japan,  and  in  many  cases 
it  would  seem  that  the  British  linoleum  might  I'eplace  these 
mattings. 

Cutlery  is  brought  in  in  large  quantities;  the  best  brands  OuUmt.  ' 
coming  from  the  United  Kingdom,  but  a  cheaper  quality  of  very 
fair  make  comes  from  Germany.  In  tliia  trade  as  in  so  many 
others  attention  is  again  called  to  the  fact  that  the  market  seeiua 
to  demand  at  least  the  option  of  purchasing  a  cheaper  grade,  ami 
British  manufacturers  would  do  well  to  supply  such  qualities  eieii 
if  shipped  under  different  brands  so  a.i  to  maintain  the  repntatiuu 
of  established  qualities. 

The  salt  trade  ia  furtlier  increasing  throughout  the  disttrict,  a«lt. 
the  packing  houses  and  stockmen  using  enormous  quantitii;s.  ■ 
Contracts  for  large  quantities  liave  been  made  both  in  the  United 
Kingdom  and  in  Portugal.  The  manufacture  of  salt  in  Kansas  is 
growing,  large  plants  having  been  built  in  Hutchinson,  Kansas, 
with  other  plants  in  process  or  in  contemplation.  This  may  tend 
to  lessen  the  market  for  British  salt.  Salt,  however,  may  be 
introduced  through  the  Gulf  Ports  for  the  Texas  cattleman  at 
extremely  low  ocean  freight. 

The  trade  in  tea  is  also  being  developed ;  no  figure  can  be  Tet. 
obtained  as  very  little  is  cleared  through  the  Kansas  City  custom- 
house. There  is  a  lai^e  quantity  of  green  tea  consumed,  being 
chiefly  of  Chinese  and  Japanese  origin.  The  taste,  however,  for 
Ceylon  teas  appears  to  be  growing  and  attention  is  again  drawn 
thereto. 

The  cjonsumption  of  Scotch  and  Irish  whisky  is  also  gaining  Liqaonk 
but   no  flgures    can    he    given,  clearings  being  made   elsewhere. 
This  renders  it  almost  imposaible  to  give  an  opinion  as  to  the 
growth  of  the  trade,  but  the  consumption  is  gradually  increasing. 
A  good  article  is  called  for. 

Similar  remarks  may  be  made  as  to  salt  flsh.     Some  attention  Bait  fbh. 
has  been  devoted  to  this  by  certain  merchants  in  Kansas  City, 
but  no  great  demand  has  yet  been  created.     So  far  as   can   be 
gathered  present  supplies  come  almost  entirely  through  N^ew  York 
importers. 

Portland*  cement  does  not  make  a  satisfactory  return ;  for  portUnd 
some  years  there  has   been   a   falling-off  in  the  importation,  as  <'•'"«'"» 
far  as  can  be  traced  from  the  uncertain  returns  afforded  by  an 
inland  port  of  entry.     It  would  seem  that  this  trade  might  be  well 
pushed. 

Attention  is  again  directed  to  the  demand  for  live-stock  for  Liie-itoeL 
breeding  purposes ;  this  demand  exists  not  only  for  cattle,  sheep, 
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56  KANSAS. 

and  the  like,  but  also  for  fancy  grades  of  poultry,  Belgian  hares, 
and  other  similar  etock. 

Turning  to  productE  for  export  from  this  district  reference  has 
already  been  made  to  the  failure  of  the  Indian  eoro  crop.  Laige 
exports  of  wheat  have,  however,  been  made  as  usual,  and  in  the 
souihern  parts  of  Kansas  and  all  through  Oklalioma  and  the 
Indian  territory  cotton  is  successfully  raised.  Special  mention 
should  be  made  of  the  flour  being  prepared  in  Oklahoma  The 
wheat  yields  in  that  country  have  been  enormous  of  late  years 
and  the  Qoai  is  rapidly  making  a  reputation. 

The  increase  in  dairy  products  is  marked.  A  few  years  ago 
little  was  done  in  tliis  line  throughout  Kansas  hut  it  is  now  a 
recognised  industry.  Much  dissatisfaction  is  caused  amongst 
the  cattlemen  and  the  packing  houses  over  threatened  legisla- 
tioa  against  oleomargarine  and  other  butter  substitutes;  certain 
propo^s  have  been  made  which  could  hardly  but  have  the 
effect  of  killing  the  manufacture  of  such  article.  It  is  felt  by 
those  interested  that  this  is  an  unfair  discrimination  against  theii* 
product 

The  business  reported  by  the  stock  yards  and  packing  houses  is 
again  very  heavy;  during  the  period  when  it  became  apparent 
that  the  com  crop  would  fail  and  that  water  for  stock  would  run 
short  the  receipts  at  the  stock  yards  were  enormous.  These  at 
one  time  ran  up  to  24,000  head  per  day  at  a  time  of  the  year 
when  8,000  or  y.OOO  head  would  be  considered  fairly  large  receipts. 
The  number  of  full  fed  finished  cattle  has  naturally  been  less 
though  Kansas  is  not  now  by  any  means  so  dependent  upon  her 
com  crop  as  formerly  for  the  feeding  of  cattle,  feed  embracing 
alfalfa,  kafiir  com,  cotton-seed  mt;al  and  other  food  stufis  being 
made  to  take  the  place  of  ttie  Indian  cora,  but  the  price  of  all 
such  food'stutfs  has  been  high. 

The  packing  hotiees  have  been  increasing  their  capacity  and 
further  developing  tlie  already  large  manufacture  of  by-products. 
Nearly  everything  from  the  packiag  house  is  utilised  in  a  finished 
form  and  no  longer  sold  as  a  waste  product  for  manufacture  by 
separate  industries.  Id  this  manner  the  packing  houses  are  now 
turning  out  numerous  bone  produjsts,  chemical  fertilisers,  glue, 
soap,  and  other  products. 

The  horse  and  mule  trade  has  also  been  brisk.  Attention  is 
drawn,  however,  to  tlie  comparatively  depleted  state  of  the  market. 
Several  years  ago  when  the  price  of  horses  was  low  large  breeders 
felt  impelled  to  relinquish  their  trade,  and  the  number  of  hoi«es 
throughout  the  Western  country  fell  off.  In  the  past  two  or  three 
years  the  demand  has  been  above  the  supply,  prices  have  risen  and 
at  the  present  time  the  visible  supply  is  smaller  than  has  been  the 
case  for  many  years  past.  • 

Mention  should  be  made  of  the  lumber  business.  Throughout 
this  Vice-Consular  District  proper  there  is  little  timber;  a  very 
large  business  is,  however,  being  done  by  lumbermen  from  the  sale 
of  Arkansas  and  I^uisiana  timber.  Prodigal  methods  l^ve  in  the 
past  been  adopted  in  timber  cutting  in  tlie  Northern  States,  and 


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KANSAS.  57 

the  compaifttdve  scarcity'  of  tiuiber  iu  districts  formerly  deoael; 
wooded  is  driving  attention  to  the  Soutberc  aod  Western  timber 
laoda  the  prices  of  which  have  advanced  very  materially. 

New  induetries  come  but  slowly  but  it  is  satisfactory  to  note  M«>n*M**'««- 
that  moat  of  tbe  small  manufacturerH  recently  established  in  Eaneaa 
City  report  good  business.  Chemical  works  have  been  started 
and  added  to,  a  glass  factory  has  recently  been  erected  and  a 
proposal  is  afoot  for  tlie  erection  of  lai^e  structural  ironworks 
for  bridge  material  and  the  like.  There  would  appear  to  be 
openings  for  investment  of  capital  in  many  necessary  manufacturing 
lines. 

Considerable  developments  have  been  undertaken  in  railroad  BuIw^ti. 
enterprises,  certain  consolidations  of  diHerent  systems  liave  been 
effected,  and  there  is  afoot  a  proposed  scheme  for  the  building 
of  a  line  giving  direct  commuDication  with  a  Mexican  port  with 
a  view  to  making  a  bid  for  the  Orient  trade.  Becent  building 
has  also  been  effected  giving  much  better  service  between  the  cattle 
districts  in  the  Panhandle  of  Texas,  Kew  Mexico,  and  Noi-them 
Mexico,  such  facilities  will  doubtless  tend  to  improve  tbe  cattle 
trade  at  this  point 


OUAHA. 

Mr.  Vice-Consul  Hull  reports  as  follows  x^— 

The  State  of  Nebraska  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  Union  from  an  Hebmbb 
agricultural  and  stock-raising  standpoint. 

Tliis  has  largely  been  brought  about  by  irrigating  the  dry  inigAion. 
sections  of  the  north  and  west,  and  the  subject  of  irrigation  is 
daily  becoming  one  of  more  general  interest.  It  has  been  possible 
by  its  aid  to  produce  the  most  luxuriant  crops  in  seasons  devoid 
almost  entirely  of  rainfalls,  and  the  National  Government  is  now 
aaked  to  take  an  interest  in  this  matter  so  vital  to  the  welfare  of 
the  Western  States. 

Nebraska  to-day  holds  second  place  for  the  average  yield  of  Wboat. 
wheat  per  acre  and  third  place  for  quantity  produced.  In  1901 
the  State  luised  nearly  40,000,000  bushels  from  2,470,000  acres,  of 
which  over  1,160,000  acres  were  devoted  to  spring  wheat  and  the 
balance  to  fall  or  winter  wheat,  the  latter  averaging  20  bushels 
per  acre. 

The  com  crop  for  the  year  was  below  the  average,  being  only  oom. 
about  two-thirds  of  that  usually  harvested.  This  was  owing  to 
the  hot  dry  winds  of  July.  However,  the  diminution  in  quauciGy 
was  more  than  compensated  for  by  the  high  price  obtained,  a 
"Bushel  being  worth  60  c.  as  against  25  c.  the  preceding  year.  The 
fortunate  owners  of  farms  rented  on  shares  are  receiving  as  high 
as  1,000  doL  from  a  quarter  section  of  160  acres. 

In  IdOl  the  State  produced  23,000,000  bushels  of  oats  which  cmc. 
brought  30  c.  per  bushel 

In  the  past  eight  years  the  live-stock  industry  has  more  than  Live-ntook. 
qaodrnpled  in  importance  to  the  State. 


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B«ceipta 


There  is  an  abundftnce  of  native  grass,  and  alfalfa  is  generally 
cultivated  as  a  feed,  so  that  stock  raising  brings  sure  and  certain 
returns. 

It  has  been  found  that  Angora  goats  can  be  raised  very  profit- 
ably, and  considerable  attention  is  now  being  paid  to  the  breeding 
and  raising  of  these  animals. 

The  mild  climate  of  Nebraska,  its  short  winters,  and  its  cheap 
forage  make  it  particularly  adapted  to  profitable  dairying. 
Statistics  for  the  past  year  cannot  be  obtained,  hut  many  new 
creameries  have  been  bmlt,  and  milch  cows  are  more  in  demand 
than  ever  before. 

The  raising  of  poultfy  continues  to  bring  easy  money  to 
Nebraska  farmers,  and  exports  of  both  poultry  and  eggs  exceed 
all  previous  years. 

Where  formerly  was  only  rolling  prairie,  now  may  be  seen 
fruit  and  ornamental  trees  of  neariy  every  variety,  but  the  past 
year's  yield  of  fruit  was  only  medium,  owing  to  the  exces- 
sively heated  spell  in  midsummer,  except  in  irrigated  districtSf 
where  an  abnormal  crop  was  harvested.  And  this  same  remark 
applies  to  the  potato  crop. 

Ordinarily,  Nebraska  raises  more  than  the  average  quantity 
of  potatoes  to  the  acre,  but  1901  was  an  exception.  The  increase 
in  prices,  however,  made  up  i'or  the  diminished  quantity  raised. 

The  raising  of  sugar  beets  is  gradually  becoming  a  settled 
industry.  With  three  large  factories  in  the  State  to  consume  the 
pi'oduct,  the  farmer  is  assured  of  a  fair  return  for  his  investment 
and  his  labour. 
*■  The  discussion  of  stock  raising  and  farming  naturally  leads 
us  again  to  South  Omaha,  the  great  animal  distributing  and  meat 
packing  centre  of  the  West.  The  past  year  has  seen  marked  im- 
provements everywhere,  and  notably  in  the  erection  of  sheda 
for  the  exclusive  use  of  dealers  in  pure  bred  animals.  The 
receipts  for  the  past  year  of  sheep  and  hogs  exceed  those  of  any 
prior  year. 

The  following  table  will  indicate  the  volume  of  business 
transacted  for  1901  in  all  animals  : — 


H«eipW. 

Talne. 

Eiport*. 

Cattle 

Hogi 

Sheep 

Horte.  Md  mnlee    .. 

818,008 
2,414,062 
1,S14,S41 

36,SSI 

£ 
5,708,124 
6,640.686 
1,009,638 

260,000 

Number. 
239,260 

48,501 
662,601 

84,269 

The  difference  between  receipts  and  exports  in  the  first 
three  classes  indicates  the  number  slaughtered  at  the  local 
market. 

In  the  City  of  Omaha  steady  growth  was  made  in  all  lines  of 
industry,  the  volume  of  business  being  about  one-third  greater 
tli'an  in  1900.    About  1,000,000^  was  invested  during  the  year 


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pUAJU.  59 

in  new  nuumfactnring  and  jobbing  ventures,  atid  perhaps  an 
-equal  sum  was  added  to  existiug  concerns,  so  that  more  than 
1,000  new  names  were  put  upon  the   pay  rolls  of    the   various 

TDStitUtiODS. 

Many  industries  are  projected  for  the  near  future,  and  it  is  Naw 
safe  to  assume  that  the  city  will  continue  to  grow  in  commercial  ""Jurtrie*. 
importance. 

The  value  of  goods  passing  through  the  custom-house  during  Imporu  nd 
the  past  year  is  placed  at  300,000/.  Most  of  the  foreign  goods  "iport* 
consumed  here  or  dealt  in  by  the  merchants  are  purchased  through 
Eastern  representatives,  principally  in  Chicago  and  New  York 
City.  Scotch  and  Irish  mackerel  find  ready  sale  ordinarily,  but 
the  past  season  has  been  dull  owing  to  the  unusual  catch  of 
the  American  article,  and  consequent  fall  in  price.  Ihe  consump- 
tion of  Scotch  whisky  is  repoi-ted  by  local  dealers  to  be  on  the 
increase,  but  all  purchases  are  made  trough  Eastern  agents.  The 
trade  in  Indian  and  Ceylon  tea  is  light,  and  none  of  the  jobbers 
import  direct.  English  Portland  cement  is  not  saleable,  because 
the  price  is  too  high.  The  American  aiticle  appears  to  satisfy 
requirements  as  to  quahty,  and  is  considerably  lower  in  price. 

There  has  been  an  increased  demand  for  real  e.'ttate,  and  as  a  Be«l  eitate. 
consequence  values  have  risen.     Sales  for  the    year  1901  were 
about  l,5OU,000/. 

Duiing  the  coining  year  the  Union  Pacific  Railway  will  build  New 
new  shops,  involving    an   expenditure  of    about    250,000^.,  and  boildingi. 
several  warehouses  are  projected,  while  the  new  auditorium  is  now 
under  way  and  will  shortly  be  ready  for  occupancy. 

Bank  clearings  amounted  during  the  year  to  65,808,737^.,  being  Buika. 
more  than  2,000,000/.  increase  over  the  previous  year. 

At  tbe  Omaha  post-office    every  department  shows   decided  Fo>t  offloe, 
improvement    over    previous  years,  the    total   volume  for  1901 
a^^pregatiug  nearly  1,500,000/. 

dreat  activity  prevails  in  railroad  circles.  The  Boston  and  Bwlnwd*. 
Milwaukee  Railroad  is  pushing  it«  line  up  through  the  North- 
West  ;  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island,  and  Pacific  Railroad  through  the 
South- West ;  and  the  Fremont,  Elkhom,  and  Missouri  Valley 
Railroad  is  adding  several  hundred  miles  to  its  system  in  the 
Korth.  The  Chicago  Great  Western  Railroad  has  bought  the 
right  of  way  to  Omaha,  and  will  soon  cross  the  river.  Altt^ther, 
Omaha  is  now  one  of  the  biggest  railroad  centres  in  the  United 
States,  and  the  100  trains  and  more  which  arrive  and  depart  daily 
from  its  depdts  are  second  to  none  anywhere  on  the  Continent  in 
service  and  equipment. 

The  local  plant  of  the  American  Smelting  and  Refining  Com-  Bmoltw. 
pany,  the  greatest  in  the  world,  did  the  largest  business  in  its 
history.     Its  output  for  the  year  in  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  and 
blue  vitriol  being  some  6,000,000/. 

Considerable  local  excitement  has  been  aroused  by  tiie  finding  00. 
of  crude  petroleum  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city,  and  a  strong 
company  has  been  oi^anised  for  the  purpose  of  developing  this 
industry,  which  it  is  hoped  will  prove  a  permanent  and  profit- 
able one. 


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60 


OHAHA. 


AgrimiltDn, 


Sonth  Dakota.  ^^  ^^  mining  diatricte  of  the  Black  Hills  constant  activitT* 
has  prevailed  during  the  year,  and  the  outlook  ia  encouraging  tor 
the  future. 

Agricultural  conditions  continue  to  improve,  and  the  tide  of 
immigration  is  still  flowing  into  the  State. 

Altogether,  both  in  Nebraska  and  South  Dakota,  it  can  be 
safely  said  that  the  promise  for  the  future  was  never  better,  and 
unless  something  untoward  happens  the  citizens  tjf  both  States 
will  financially  and  materially  improve  themselves  in  the  coming 
year. 


Denver  Cmr. 

Mr.  Vioe-Consul  Pearce  reports  as  follows : — 

Colorado  may  on  the  whole  be  said  to  have  enjoyed  a  very 
satisfactory  year  during  1901. 

It  is  stated  that  at  least  5,000  people  have  been  added  to  the 
population  of  Denver  during  the  year,  making  a  total  of  158,000. 

The  value  of  new  buildings  erected  in  Denver  during  the  year 
was  759,484/.,  an  increase  of  206,853;.  over  1900.  The  erection 
of  residences  and  large  apartment  houses  was  the  principal 
feature  of  building  operations. 

The  real  estate  business  of  Denver  for  the  year  was  very- 
active,  and  the  transfers  show  a  total  valuation  of  2,665,411A,  an 
increase  of  243,313/.  over  the  previous  year. 

The  records  of  the  bank  cleariDg-house  of  Denver  for  the  year 
show  a  total  of  45,348,841/.,  an  increase  over  1900  of  2,334,866/. 

The  total  deposits  in  the  four  national  banks  in  the  Denver 
clearing-house  for  the  year  were  8,463,925/.,  an  increase  of 
1,076,684;.  over  1900.  The  total  deposits  in  the  Colorado  State 
Mnks  for  the  year  were  2,539,822/.,  an  increase  of  795,475/.  over 
1900. 

In  the  jobbing  trade  of  Denver  there  was  an  increase  over  the 
previous  year  of  about  17  per  cent.,  the  volume  of  business  being 
5,400,000/. 

Four  of  the  principal  departments  of  jobbing  are  given  as 
follows : — 


Value. 

HMto              

DrjKood. 

1,600,000 

1,800,000 

500,000 

200,000 

I'olU       

8,600,000 

The  wholesale  houses  of   the  city  are   now  supplying  the 
surrounding  States  of  Wyoming  and  New  Mexieu  with  various 


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DENVifR.  61 

articles    of   merchaodiBe  which    formerly    were    shipped    from 
£a3tem  points. 

The  Denver  retail  tmde  hna  been  exceptionally    good,  the  Setsii  tmde. 
■Christmaa  trade  being  the  best  in  tlie  history  of  the  city. 

The  receipts  of  the  Denver  custom-house  can  only  be  obtained  Ciutoni- 
for  the  last  six  montha  of  the  year.     The  amount  was  13,646^.,  i">i"»- 
an  increase  of  5,353/.  over  the  last  six  montha  of  the  previous 
year. 

The  total  receipts  from  all  sources  of  the  Denver  post-office  Po^i  offloe. 
were  119,494/.,  an  increase  over  1900  of  30,539/. 

The  Internal  Revenue  Department  of  Colorado  collected  for  intennl 
the  year  223,523/.     Nearly  half  of  this  amount,  or  108,000/.,  was  iweniiB. 
paid  as  a  tax  on  b^r.    The  decrease  from  1900  was  41,303/. 
This  large  decrease  is  due  to  the  partial  repeal  of  tlie  special  "  war 
tax,"  which  was  imposed  at  the  banning  of  the  war  with  Spain. 

The  manufacturiiig  industry  of  Denver  has  been  very  success-  Hauu- 
ful  in  the  past  year,  and  a  considerable  increase  in  the  value  of  ttatatiag. 
the  various  articles  of  manufacture  is  shown.  Mining  machinery 
and  smelter  supplies  are  the  principal  features  of  thia  industry, 
and  the  machinery  firms  have  been  compelled,  during  the  year,  to 
enlai^  their  establishments,  and  increase  their  capacity  to  enable 
them  to  supply  the  increased  demand  tor  this  class  of  machinery, 
which  finds  a  ready  market  in  all  of  the  Western  States,  Mexico, 
South  America,  and  Australia. 

Following  is  a  summary  of    the  manufacturing  industry   of 
Denver  for  1901  :— 


Nmnber  of  MUbliibment*  . . 
Capital  inieated       . .        . 
ATti%g»  number  of  wage  «af 
Total  mgM  paid 
Value  of  priMacU    .. 


'    An  increase  in  value  of  products  of  698,338/.  is  shown,' 

In  my  report  for  1900  the  value  of  the  products  of  the  smelt- 
ing establiahmenta  was  included,  but  in  the  above  summary  they 
do  not  appear  as  they  are  given  in  the  report  on  the  mining 
industry. 

The  total  assessed  valuation  of  taxable  property  in  the  State  Taubls 
for  the  year  was  93,708,945t,  nearly  twice  as  large  as  it  was  in  the  property, 
previous  year.     This  ifl  due  to  a  law  passed  by  the  last  State 
Legislature  requiring  property  owners  to  make  returns  on  the  full 
valuation  of  their  property. 

Owing    to    unfavourable    climatic  conditions   there    was    a  Agrwnltiu*. 
decrease  in  the  production  of  the  cereals  in  the  past  year,  but  in  aU 
other  farm  products  the  crops  were  abundant,  which  more  than 
compensated  the  cereal  loss. 

The  State  Engineer's  estimated  value  of  the  agricnltoral 
products  for  1901  is  as  follows : — 


d  by  Google 


Value. 

Alfalfa 

H«7,  attift  and  taoded  graura 

coti.    !;        "        '.'.        '.'.        '.'.        '.'. 

0»ti 

Bariej 

Fruit 

Heloiu 

PoUtOM                

Dury  [woduota          

rr^r^^  

W«l 

HidM 

Honey 

£ 
2,000,000 
800,000 
700,000 
8(1.000 
200.000 
101,000 
1,000,000 
200,000 

eo't.ooo 

900,000 
300,000 

60,000 
840,000 
240,000 

30,000 

Totol 

7,6W,00O 

This  shows  an  increaae  of  964,037^.  over  1900. 

The  soil  in  portions  of  the  State  is  particularly  well  adapted 
to  the  growth  of  potatoes,  and  a  very  lai^  acreage  is  devoted 
almost  exclusively  to  their  cultivation.  The  Colorado  potato  is 
widely  and  favourably  known  on  account  of  its  superior  quality, 
and  large  quantities  are  antmaUy  shipped  to  neighbouring  Stat^ 
and  many  of  the  large  Eastern  cities. 

The  fruit-growing  industry  of  the  State  in  the  past  year  has 
been  prosperous,  and  the  prices  realised  for  the  product  were  very 
satisfactory. 

Two  things  contributed  mainly  to  the  handsome  profits  of  the 
Colorado  fruit-grower,  namely,  the  largely  advanced  price  received 
for  his  products,  on  account  of  its  known  excellent  quality,  and 
the  high  average  yield  per  acre  for  all  crops,  which,  under  the 
irrigation  system,  are  seldom  affected  by  climatic  conditions.  This 
average  for  the  State  is  estimated  at  15^.  to  20L 

The  prices  of  Colorado  fruit  lands  vary,  according  to  location 
and  conditions  peculiar  to  an  irrigated  country,  from  21.  per  acre 
for  raw  land  without  water  rights  to  6^.  for  raw  land  with  water 
rights,  8^.  to  151.  for  partially  improved  and  improved  land,  and 
30/.  to  100/.  per  acre  for  orchards  in  bearing,  the  sale  of  laud 
including  perpetual  water  rights. 

The  value  of  the  fruit  production  for  the  year  is  estimated  at 
1,200,000/.,  an  increase  over  the  previous  year  of  300,000i 

Sugar  beet  raising  and  sugar  manufacturing  are  making  rapid 
pr<^Tes8  in  Colorado.  Three  years  ago  the  first  sugar  factory  was 
erected.  The  next  year  two  others  were  built  In  1900  a  fourth 
was  completed,  and  two  more  are  now  under  construction.  This 
insures  six  factories  for  1902,  with  a  capacity  for  treating  about 
500,000  tons  of  sugar  beeta 

The  beet-growii^  acreage  in  1901  was  21,800  acres,  from 
which  250,000  tons  of  beets  were  produced,  and  the  average  sugar 
in  the  beets  was  17  per  cent.    The  value  of  the  product  of  the 


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DKKVBR. 


83 


foul  factories  in  operation  during  the  year  ia  estimated  at  700,000/., 
an  increaae  over  1900  of  445,000/. 

The  nttmber  and  value  of  live-stock  in  Colorado  at  the  close  of  I<ive-itook. 
tbB  year  is  estimated  as  follows : — 


nuidbw. 

ToliM. 

Cattle 

Sheep      

Eoreei 

UuIm 

Hog. 

Uoata 

1,686.604 

2,894,768 
201.1^ 

7,2sa 

182,155 
43,300 

£ 
7,898,068 

1,605,002 
1,023.020 

72,230 
211.448 
27,780 

Total 

4.865,710 

10,637,612 

This  shows  an  increase  over  1900  of  1,357,000  in  the  number 
«f  animals,  and  898,542^.  in  value. 

The  total  number  of  live-stock  received  at  the  Union  stock- 
yards of  Denver  during  the  year  was  676,809,  the  value  of  which 
was  2,072,912/. 

The  construction  of  the  Colorado  Springs  and  Cripple  Creek  BMlrood*. 
District  Eailway,  between  Colorado  Springs  and  Cripple  Creek,  a 
distance  of  44  miles,  was  the  only  railroad  building  in  the  State 
during  the  year. 

All  the  railroads  in  the  State  report  a  satisfactory  increase  in 
business  for  the  year,  and  a  large  amount  of  money  was  expended 
in  new  equipment  and  improvements. 

There  has  been  a  marked  increase  in  nearly  all  the  depart-  Iron  and 
meats  of  the  iron  and  steel  production  of  Colomdo  for  the  year,  •*"!■ 
as  will  be  seen  by  the  following  statement  furnished  by  the 
Colorado  Fuel  and  Iron  Company,  the  only  company  in  the  State 
«ng^ed  in  this  industry: — 


Bpiegel 
BteeFnula  .. 
Steel  plates . . 
Heronant  iron 
Oaatinn 
lioa  pipe  . . 
Spikn,  bolti  and 


ItfOO. 

I90I. 

Lbs. 

Lb.. 

266.*76filH 

880,864,726 

8,888,600 

18,823.320 

809,098,088 

3,412,051 

209,667 

U>,47e,66l 

67,802,462 

2a,M2,lM 

24,897,276 

16,070,188 

18,700,702 

704,737,786 

The  laige  decrease  shown  in  the  steel  plate  output  is  due  to 

the  pulling  down  of  that  part  of  the  company's  plant  to  rebuild  it. 

In  the  coming  year  2,000,000/.  will  be  expended  by  this  com- 


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64  DKKTER. 

pany  for  additions  and  improvemeDts  to  their  already  exteDsive 
establiyhment  at  Pueblo. 

The  production  of  coal  for  the  year  shows  a  total  of  5,978,408 
tons,  an  increase  over  1900  of  507,674  tons.  The  value  of  thA 
output  baaed  on  the  aven^  price  of  1  dol.  75  c.  per  ton  at  tha 
mines  was  2,071.442/.,  an  increase  of  156,692/.  over  1900. 

Table  showii^  Output  of  Coal  by  Counties  for  the  Years 
1900-01. 


Conntiei. 

Quanutj. 

1900. 

1901. 

ttr.,    ::    ::    :: 

ElPa«o 

Fremont 

ODDDJaon           

Garfield 

LaaAnimaa        

La  PUta 

Larimer 

Men 

Pitkin      

Weld 

SmaU  mine*,  eeljmated.. 

ToMOt 

2,000  Ibe. 

40 

678,014 

94,278 

044,740 

488,ees 

158,384 

668,108 

6.600 

2,206.184 

122.270 

3,000 

40,096 

175,473 

41,7S4 

1,260 

Tooi  ol 
2,000  Ibe. 

496,111 

176,687 

638,289 

438,848 

186.594 

964,703 

800 

2,609,890 

14a,60f! 

850 

28.966 

323.496 

26,630 

60.000 

Total 

6,470,734 

6,978,408 

The  number  of  men  employed  in  the  coal  mines  was  7,300. 

The  coke  production  for  the  year  was  557,308  tons,  valued  ab 
222,923/.  There  are  1,840  coke  ovens  in  the  State  employing  80O 
men. 

There  has  been  no  marked  change  in  the  petroleum  industry  in 
Colorado  during  the  past  year.  The  production  area  is  still  con- 
fined to  the  Florence  field,  and  no  other  section  of  the  State  haa 
produced  petroleum  in  commercial  quantity.  The  yield  of  the 
Florence  district  haa  been  about  2,000  barrels  of  cmde  oil  per  day, 
worth  about  1,500,000/. 

In  several  sections  of  the  State  prospecting  for  petroleum  ia 
being  done,  but  up  to  the  close  of  the  year  nothing  haa  been  added 
to  the  yield  of  the  State  beyond  that  from  the  Florence  field. 

The  value  of  the  atone  and  marble  production  of  the  several 
quarriea  of  the  State  was  400,000/.,  an  inci'ease  over  the  previous 
year  of  40,000/. 


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Table  showing  Value  of  the  Output  of  the  Mines  for  the 
Year  1901. 


Value. 

Oold. 

SiWer           

Lei^ 

2Lr.    ::    ::    ::    ;:    :: 

4,881,280 
3,131,596 
l,82E,ies 
191,291 
879,664 

ToUl           

8,411,962 

This  shows  a  decrease  in  gold  of  1,669,289/.,  and  silver 
l,185,728i.  from  1900,  and  an  increase  in  lead  of  85,875t,  and 
copper  of  46.1311. 

The  decrease  in  the  value  of  the  production  for  1901,  as 
compai-ed  with  the  previous  year,  is  due  principally  to  two  causes, 
namely,  the  lower  grade  of  ores  produced,  and  the  decline  in  the 
price  of  silver,  lead,  and  copper. 

The  average  price  of  silver  for  the  year  was  59  c  (2s.  5d.) 
per  oz.,  as  aaainst  6118  c.  (2a.  Q^d.)  in  1900.  Average  price  of 
copper  in  1901;— 15  c  (l^d.)  per  lb. ;  in  1900  it  was  15-:i8  c 
Average  price  of  lead  in  1901 : — 4  c  per  lb. ;  and  in  1900,  4-125  c, 
per  lb. 

The  production  of  the  Cripple  Creek  district  for  the  year  1901, 
has  been  variously  estimated,  and  I  am  quoting  the  figures 
furnished  to  the  "  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal "  of  ^ew 
York,  by  its  special  correspondent  According  to  that  authority 
the  Cripple  Creek  district's  output  for  the  year  amounts  to 
514.465  tons  of  ore,  valued  at  3,608,000?.,  and  of  this,  184,465 
tons,  valued  at  48  dol.  60  c.  (10/.  2s.  5d.)  per  ton,  was  sent  to 
the  smelters,  the  balance  of  the  value  of  27  dol.  50  c,  (5/.  14s.  6rf.) 
per  ton  being  treated  by  the  chemical  mills.  It  will  be  seen  that 
there  has  been  a  decrease  in  value  of  the  product  for  the  year 
though  the  actual  tonnage  is  in  excess.  More  favourable  rates 
for  the  carriage  and  treatment  of  the  lower  grade  ores  have  con- 
tributed to  this. 

The  following  is  taken  from  the  report  of  the  State  Labour  Ummu. 
Commissioner.     He  estimates  tlie  number  of  wage-earners  in  the 
State  at  119,000,  divided  as  follows  :— 

Men,  105,000;  women,  12,000;  boys,  1,000;  girls,  1,000. 

The  employment  of  men  is  divided  as  follows : — 

Manufacturing  proper,  25,000. 

Miners,  40,000. 

Smelters,  stamp  mills,  Ac,  7,000. 

Non-crafts,  including  clerks,  domestics,  stenographers,  farm 
hands,  travelling  salesmen,  &c.,  33,000. 

Of  the  12,000  women  wage-earners  it  is  estimated  that  2,000 
are  employed  in  factories,  3,000  in  stores  as  clerks,  stenographers, 
<^ce  clerks,  clerks  in  public  buildings,  and  7,000  in  domestic  aervicft. 
(29)  I 


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About  half  the  1,000  boys  are  employed  in  the  various  mines 
and  the  auxiliarr  establlBfameata.  The  other  half  work  iu  stores, 
as  clerks,  messenger  boys,  &c. 

About  half  the  girls  are  employed  in  storea,  and  the  other  half 
as  domestics. 

The  foUowii^  shows  the  wages  paid  to  the  principal  artis-ins 
in  the  State,  the  scale  being  fixed  Largely  by  the  labour  unions, 
the  wages  bfflng  per  diem,  unless  otherwise  stated : — 


LocomMlte     enfiiutim    (paid 
per  mile) 

OHiEnlljf         ^ 

Crtpplf  Crc(k(>ctiiilnia)  ... 


Blllnigtl  punnger  o 
Btllrwd    flnoHo 
mllajw) 

SUDOfrnphan     ._ 
Stone-mtiert  Md  "lor 

Telcgr^b  openton- 


Crlpple  Creek  Alitrict 


Tale;biin<(lrli   „ 
Domeitkn  „. 


Inei«ipclon^eue>,Bdi)l. 

1301. 134.  *d.)fiatoai 

vptioDI 


dol.  (Kl.  lit.  Id.) 


Psrw*A,  iBsliidlng  baud 


lermm  per  jeiT.  ThiM 


Depending      apen 


ma  W  dal.  {U.  £e.  td.) 
worth  of  won  dan*  Meh 
week.  Arenge  meklf 
w*c«e,  MdoL  {II.  tt.  W.) 

Per  MHHiita,  KOordlBS  ta 
tngthotHmDe 

BiMf  UDp»t  cue*,  U  doL 
Ql.  ti.  td.)t»r  Boolta 


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Hie  numerical  etrength  of  the  principal  labour  uQions  of  the 
State  for  1901  is  estimated  as  follows  : — 


Kame  of  Dnioni. 

Number  of 
Dniona. 

Membonll^ 

B«lio>d 

ST';:^::    ::    :: 

Clwk. 

Ca&lmtneni        

CMpanlere         

Brioklkyera        

Bsrben 

£arten<ien         

65 
12 
81 
16 
16 
18 
S 
8 
12 
4 
8 

4,000 

700 

0,000 

1,000 

8,600 

2,000 

160 

600 

1,000 

2B0 

600 

Statemknt  of  Value  of  Imports  from  the  United  Kii^oi 
Entered  at  the  Port  of  Denver  during  the  Year  1901. 


Article!. 

Value. 

AlBWidrtont         

Ammalf,liFe          

Book!          

Brwdy        

Champagne 

Cbinfcand  euthenwuv 

aocki      ..■      

Cutierj        

Ging«Je 

aiuewsre 

„          furniture  of  wood      . .         , . 
Horn,  manufmoturei  of 

MeteJ,  mauu&oturea  of 

Hinemla.  crude 

PlEinum 

Shall  ash 

Spirit.,  dutiUed 

Bodswmtei 

BheetwJip 

StJIl^riiiS. 

Te4 

ToTi        '       

Wool'              

£      «. 

1,602    0 

9  16 

16  IS 
142  4 
268  12 
189    4 

16  4 
48e    0 

SB  16 

161  IS 

0  12 

78  16 
649  0 
246    4 

8  13 
88  13 

7  le 

177    4 

9  0 
22    4 
SI  16 
86    8 

6    4 

10    4 

46    0     ' 
111  12 
2,604  IS 

49    8 
606    0 
046    0 
628    4 

21     0 

a  u 

0    4 

6  16 
164  12 
122    0 

Total 

9,040  16 

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Beoobd  of  Iiaporte  ttom  the  United  Kingdom  for  the  past 
10  Years. 


Tmt. 

Talne. 

£      «. 

4.9M    4 
ft,481    4 
7,866  IS 
4.875    8 

aieso  0 

12,260  12 

1896 

1896 

1897 

The  B&le  of  Scotch  and  Iri&h  cured  fish  in  Colorado,  in  tiie  past 
year,  was  about  500  barrels  of  Trish  mackerel,  and  50O  caaee  of 
kippered  herring,  bloaters  and  Finnan  haddock,  and  no  increase 
in  the  consumption  of  this  class  of  fish  in  the  past  few  jears  is 
noted.  Yeiy  Uttle  fish  is  imported  direct,  it  is  bought  through 
New  York  brokei3  principally.  large  quantities  of  Norwegian 
herrings  are  received  annually.  The  wholesale  prices  for  Irish 
mackerel  ranged  from  SI.  12s.  to  5/.  per  barrel. 

The  consumption  of  Portland  cement  in  the  State  during  the 
past  year  was  about  200,000  barrels,  and  not  over  10,000  barrels 
of  this  quantity  was  imported,  only  a  small  portion'of  the  imported 
being  from  the  United  Kingdom.  A  cement  faetory  was  erected 
in  the  State  early  in  the  year,  and  this  factory,  with  one  in 
Kaneas,  an  adjoining  State,  has  supplied  the  Colorado  demand. 
It  is  stated  the  home  manufactured  product  is  nearly  equal  in 
quality  to  the  imported.  The  prices  are,  for  the  imported, 
3  dol.  25  0.  (13s.  9d.)  per  barrel,  and  for  the  domestic,  2  dol.  26  c 
(9s.  3d.)  per  barrel. 

It  is  impossible  to  ascertain  the  total  consumption  of  Scotch 
whisky  in  Colorado  in  1901.  In  the  custom-house  report  it  is 
included  in  the  item  "apirite,"  no  separate  account  being  kept  ^of 
it.  By  far  the  lai^est  portion  comes  in  through  seaports,  although 
a  large  quantity  is  imported  direct  Local  dealers  estimate  that 
there  has  been  an  increase  in  consumption  of  fully  10  per  cent, 
in  the  past  five  years,  and  the  demands  seem  to  l>e  increasing. 

The  consumption  of  tea  in  Colorado  in  the  past  year  was  about 
400,000  lbs.,  and  about  20  per  cent,  of  this  was  Ceylon  and  Indian 
teEU  One  firm,  who  deals  in  these  teas,  estimates  that  their  con- 
sumption has  increased  over  75  per  cent,  in  the  past  five  years. 
There  wrb  a  marked  increase  in  the  direct  importation  during 
the  yeai".  ■ 


(76    4|0a— HAS    29) 


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No.  2770  Annnal  Seriei, 
DIPLOMATIC  AJSD  CONSUIAH  EEPORTS. 


UNITED    STATES. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  YEAR  1901 


TRADE    AND    COMMERCE    OF 

TEXAS. 


BEFERBNOE  TO  PBEYIOUS  REPORT,  Annual  SerieB  No.  2571. 


Praented  to  both  Hmuei  of  Parliament  by  Command  of  Hia  Majetty, 
APSIL,  1903. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED  FOR  HIS  MA.TKaTY'S  STATIONERY  OFFICE. 

BY  HARBISON  AKD  SONS,  ST.  MARTIN'S  LANE, 


And  1o  bp  pnrchoBeil,  either  di 

ETBE  k  SPOl'riSWOODE,  Ear 

mad  a,  AbiN 


1902. 
[Cd.  786 — 74.]  Price  Twopenct  Halfpetais. 


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CONTENTS. 


TsxAfl— 

FrosperitjofTetM 
DuooTery  of  oil  


FigUTN  from  ceniui  Tetunu....«».— .„..»..«■_ ^.— .». 

Total  foreign  trade  in  1901  largeat  iu  nlm  anr  iMOid«d  » 

QrMt  •dTKnoa  of  port  in  flrs  jeon ^ „.„.„^,^.^,„„^ 

Valne  of  forsign  trade,  1901... 


Cotton,  grttin  and  other  eiporte   . 

Foreign  import  trade >. 

Britieh  trade  inereaeed »._ 


Inoreaee  of  ehipping,  1901 

BrJtlah  ahippiog,  IWl   «. 

Total  foreign  trade  in  1901,  by 
Export  trade    


Total  value  of  eiporte  in  1901  largest  erer  reooidad 

Standing  of  chief  ooantriee  in  eiporli ._...,_-» 

Britieh  imports  into  0*lT«etoD,  value  in  1901  _.-»... 

Idtt  of  chief  import*  .— _- - _. 

Eiporte  to  the  United  Eingdom,  1901   

InoroMe  of  thtpping,  1901 — _ ^,.— _„...  „.„.., 

CowtwJM  ehipping _ .._._„_,„__._ 

Freight  ratee  in  1901 

Public  health  of  GalvertMi  .„.., »._^_».._».„ 


Cotton  crop  of  United  Statei  iu  1900-01    , 

Fetrdeam  mduetry,  derelo^nent  of 

GlWD  norement  at  QalTeaton,  1901   ....„_. 

fort  storage  faoilitiee _.. 

_     DeatiiiatioD  of  wheat  ekipped  ...._..„. 

BecooetmoUon  of  whorres  at  Galretton    . 

Harbour  improTeDiente  ....,._,..„ ».~» 

Lt,  Forte  ehannel    _ „  ,.,.„. 

StBtietical  tablet _- ^...„. . 

Sabixb  Pass  akd  Post  Axibdb — 

Lumber  eiporte  imalt „> „, 

Table  of  eiporte,  1901   

Total  value  of  foraign  trade „„.„„, 


Increaee  in  ralu«  of  ri«»  land  .. 
Shipping ~ ^ 


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No.  2770.  Azmoal  Seriei. 

Meferenee  to  precious  Beport,  Annual  Series  No.  ^571. 


Report  on  the  Trade  and  Coynmerce  of  Texaxfor  the  Year  1901 
By  Mr.  Consul  Nugrnt. 

(KeoeivBd  at  Fonign  Office,  April  1,  1902.) 

Deepite  very  short  cropa  of  cotton  and  grain,  the  year  1901  Pro*perltjof 
cannot  be  aaid  to  have  been  without  a  conaiderable  d^^ree  of  'f****- 
prosperity  for  the  State  of  Texas. 

Undoubtedly   the  most   striking   feature  in   the   commercial  Dbeorar  rf 
history  of  the  year  was  the  discovery  of  the  Beaumont  oilfield,  a  "^ 
field  whose  yield,  according  to  expert  opinion,  will  undoubtedly, 
ere  long,  rival  the  famous  Bussian  welle  in  production. 

Of  Tate  years  the  attention  of  outsiders  has  been  more  and 
more  drawn  to  the  enormous  potentialities  of  Texas,  a  vast  extent 
of  varied  and  productive  soil,  lai^er  than  the  whole  of  France, 
and  where  it  seems  that  almost  anything  can  be  grown,  and  whose 
natural  riches  are  only  beginuing  to  be  realised.  , 

The  discovery  of  oil  in  such  vast  quantity  at  Beaumont  seemed 
to  cap  the  matter,  and  the  attention  of  northern  capitalists  and 
business  men  has,  more  than  ever  before  perhaps,  been  directed 
to  the  resources  of  Texas. 

So  important  has  it  been  thought  for  the  financial  powers  of 
New  York  to  learn  by  personal  observation  the  resources  and 
possibilities  of  Texas  that  a  very  infiuential  body,  representing 
the  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the  Merchants'  Associa- 
tion of  New  York,  made  an  extended  tour  throughout  the  State, 
early  in  1901. 

It  is  believed  that  they  were  much  impressed  witli  what  they 
saw,  but,  unfortunately,  some  were  of  opinion  that  the  present 
Texas,  so-called,  "  Anti-Trust "  Law  would  militate  against  any 
extensive  introduction  into  the  State  of  northern  capital. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce  Committee  reported  on  this  point 
as  foUowB : — 

"  After  a  careful  analysis  of  the  law  as  it  stands  on  the  statute  Anti-Tnwt 
books  of  the  State  to-day,  your  Committee  was  surprised  to  meet,  '•'''  ***'  "'• 
at  a  number  of  points,  the  assurance  that  the  law  was  not  inimical 
to  the  introduction  of  foreign  capital  in  the  shape  of  corporations 
or  combiuatioas  of  capital. 

(41)  A  2 


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4  GALTK8T0K. 

"  Your  Committee  was  asnured  repeatedly  by  other  leadit^f 
citizens  in  all  of  the  different  towns  visited  that  this  law  did  not 
mean  literally  all  that  waa  written  in  the  statute. 

"  NotwithstandlDg  these  assurancea  your  Committee  is  of  the 
opinion  that  so  long  as  this  law  exints  it  would  unquestionably 
have  an  important  influence  toward  discouraging  the  iutroduction 
of  outside  capital. 

"  The  law  as  it  stands  is  extremely  severe,  far-reaching,  and 
drastic,  and  practically  forbids  the  combination  of  capital,  know- 
ledge, talent,  or  energy  in  any  or  all  forms." 

It  is  extremely  disappointing  to  many  that  this  view  should 
be  taken,  as  the  State  needs  capital  to  develop  its  resources, 
but  if,  as  seems  probable,  there  is  some  ambiguity  about  the 
"Anti-Trust"  law,  the  matter  is  not  irreparable  and  could  be 
settled  by  a  clearer  statute. 

Texas  is  genarally  looked  upon  as  almost  entirely  an  agii- 
cultural  community,  and  this  is,  speaking  broadly,  true ;  but  there 
are  many  factories  in  the  State,  and  the  census  returns  of  last 
year  give  some  interesting  particulars  concerning  them. 
*  Texa£  made  a  marvellous  advance  in  manufacturing  during 
the  decaiile  ending  with  1900. 

Tliere  was  an  increase  of  7,000  in  the  number  of  establish- 
ments, nearly  40,000,000  doL  in  the  amount  of  capital  invested, 
nearly  14,000  in  the  number  of  wage  earners,  41,000,000  dol. 
increase  in  the  cost  of  materials  used,  and  nearly  50,000,000  doL 
increase  in  the  value  of  finished  products. 

While  Texas  by  no  means  boasts  of  being  a  manufacturing 
State,  her  chief  strength  being  the  vast  production  of  mw 
materiiils,  at  the  same  time  she  is  far  and  away  ahead  of  any 
Southern  ^pate  in  the  matter  of  manufacturing,  and  promises 
within  a  d^ade  to  take  high  rank  among  the  great  manufacturiiig 
States  of  the  north. 

States  like  If  orth  Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Tennessee,  famed 
as  manufacturing  States  are  said  to  be  much  behind  Texas  in  the 
number  of  establishments,  capital  invested,  cost  of  material  and 
tlie  value  of  output 
'  The  official  figures  for  1900  and  the  comparison  with  the 
returns  of  1890  are  as  follows : — 


Item. 

1»00. 

1890. 

Par  Cent. 

Avenge  naoiber  of  wage  eamen  . . 

CapiUl          

Toulwagti 

MtoeellMieoiu  expentet       „ 
C<w(afm»teri*UD«ed 

wofk  ukd  TtpttiriDg       

13,389 
*8,180 

DolUn. 
110,488,882 
20.66J,8iB 
6.144,024 
67,102,749 

119,414,968 

e,«28 
34,794 

DolUn. 
46,810,181 
16,146,495 

8,894,940 
16,163,806 

70.488,561 

118 
88-8 

Dollrn. 
•8  8 
86-7 
70-9 
86 -6 

69  S 

d  by  Google 


The  year  1901  has  been  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  critical 
in  the  hietoiy  of  GalveBton. 

A  Bomewhat  severe  reaction  followed  upon  the  strenuous  B«.Mtiou  it 
efforts  of  the  last  months  of  1900  to  neutralise  the  demoralising  0»iTMton 
effecte  of  the  great  storm  of  September,  1900,  and  the  depression  J^"^J|^t« 
has  been  widespread.  •tonn. 

No  place,  however  self-reliant,  can  lose  oue-third  of  its  build- 
ings and  one-quarter  of  its  population  without  feeling  the  blow. 

When  one  adds  to  this  the  enforced  idleness  of  many  hundred 
cotton  screwmen,  as  owiug  to  low  freights  no  cotton  was  aciewed 
this  year,  it  is  not  wonderful  that  the  outlook  was  thought  dark 
by  many. 

■  But  during  this  month  (February)  there  has  been  a  decided  Beitar 
change  for  the  better.  outlook  now. 

A  committee  of  three  well-known  engineers  has  drawn  up  a  ProtecUon 
plan  for  the  protection  of  the  town  against  any  recurrence,  as  fur  echtm«. 
aa  can  be,  of  the  damage  wrought  by  the  late  storm,  and  there  is 
every  reason  to  believe  that  the  bonds  for  providing  the  money  to    " 
carry  out  the  scheme  in  question  will  be  floated,  as  it  is  felt  to  be 
a  vital  question. 

When   it   ia  further  considered  that  a  few  days  ago  it  was  Southern 
announced  by  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Southern  Pacific  PwiBc 
£ailway  Company  that  they  had  decided  to  concentrate  their  rail-  ^**''  ** 
way  and  steamship  systems  at  Galveston,  and  that  this  means  an  o&treston  ila 
increase  of  5,000  to  6,000  to  the  population  as  well  as  a  convinc-  hesdqnirtew. 
ing  proof  on  the  part  of  a  very  important  corporation  of  their 
belief  in  the  safety  and  stability  of  Galveston,  there  is  undoubtedly 
cause  for  self-congratulation  on  the  part  of  the  people  here. 

In  my  opinion,  whilst  Galveston  may  never  be  a  very  populous 
town,  it  is  destined  to  overcome  the  effects  of  the  storm  of  190O 
and  become  a  port  of  the  very  finit  importanca 

Once  more  it  has  to  be  recorded  that  the  total  foreign  trade  of  Toul  foreign 
the  port  of  Galveston  exceeded  in  value  that  of  any  previous  year,  tr»de  in  isoi. 
For   the   first  time  the  value  of  the  total  foreign  trade  passed  *^^***i° 

20,000,000;.  '£t^ 

The  great  advance  made  by  the  port  iu  foreign  trade  can  be  Oreat 
seen  at  a  glance  when  looking  at  the  following  figures  giving  the  "dTuice  of 
totals  for  the  five  years  past :—  P^""  "" 


Tsu. 

Talue. 

ISOl        

IBM        

1899         

1898         

1897         

£ 
SI,lS2,ei6 
lS.0d8.7Se 
15,»1,9W 

is,sa8,ie4 
12,129,794 

It  is  doubtful  whether  any  other  port  in  the  ITnited  States  can 
make  as  good  a  showing  aa  this,  and  when  the  drawbacks  and 
losses  of  the  great  storm  of  1900  are  taken  into  consideration 
it  is  almost  wonderful 

(41)  A  3 


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The  following  table  shows  the  total  foreign  trade  of  Galveeton 
s  compared  with  1900: — 


IMl. 

1000. 

Correne;. 

Sterling. 

Curreac;. 

BterliDS. 

Import*       .. 
Ezporto 

DOIIMB. 

1,8*0,176 
104,E7!.826 

£ 

3S8,08S 

20,9H,T84 

Dollan. 
1,440,0T* 
88,908,008 

& 

388,018 

17,780,710 

Tout,  foreign  tnda 

106,914,101 

Sl,182,Bie 

B0,843,89S 

18,066,786 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  imports  m  1901,  small  as  they  were, 

yet  showed  a  decrease  as  compared  with  1900,  whilst  the  exports 

increased  in  value  over  3,000,000/. 
Cotton        •         The   total   exports   of   cotton   from   Galveston  in  1901  were 
exports  1,948,220  bales,  aa  against  1,494,678  bales  in  1900,  or  a  gain  of 

nearly  30  per  cent,  in  quantity. 
Orain  exports.       The  exports  of  giaia  were  somewhat  small  for  the  year  1901, 

owing  to  the  failure  of  both  wheat  and  maize  crops. 

The  total  amount  of  grain  exported,  the  whole  beii^  wheat, 

was  15,125,665  bushels,  as  against  13,727,850  bushels  in  1900. 
other  exports.        The  other   chief  exports   were,   aa   usual,   cotton-seed   meal, 

cotton-seed  oil,  lumber  and  logs,  flour,  &c.,  a  large  business  being 

done  in  most. 
Foreign  The  import  trade  from  abroad  calls  for  httle  or  no  remark, 

importtnde.  being  almost  insignificant  as  compared  with  the  foreign  export 


Increiae  of 
shippinj;, 

1901. 


Dometiiv 

QaWeston. 


Trade  with  the  British  Empire  showed  a  fairly  large  increase, 
rising  from  7,941,094/.  in  1900  to  8,965,813/.  in  1901. 

The  increased  amount  of  cotton  exported  accounts  for  the  gain, 
but  there  was  no  great  loss  in  trade  in  other  articles. 

Foreign  shipping  at  Galveston  increased  during  1901,  that 
entering  being  701,290  tons,  and  that  clearing  804,099  tons,  as 
compared  with  627,337  tons  and  640,176  tons  in  1900. 

British  shipping  shared  in  this  increase,  the  total  registered 
tonnage  in  1901,  entering  and  clearing,  being  1,127,717  tons,  as 
compM«d  with  992,867  tons  in  1900. 

The  general  wholesale  and  retail  trade  of  Galveston  during 
1901  was  not  very  satisfactory,  owing  to  the  loss  of  popidation 
and  financial  stringency  caused  by  the  storm  of  1900,  but  as 
mentioned  elsewhere  the  prospects  at  present  are  much  more 
encoun^ing. 

Bank  clearances  showed  a  satisfactory  increase  for  the  year 
1901,  being  75,687,160/.,  as  compared  with  64,701,260/.  in  1900. 

The  total  foreign  trade  of  the  port  of  Gfdyeston  during  1901, 
as  compared  with  1900,  is  set  forth  by  countries  in  the  foUowii^ 
table  :— 

As  regards  Uie  chief  countries  the  United  Kingdom    and 


d  by  Google 


.  OALTBarON.  7 

Germany,  whilat  showing  increase  in  actual  value  of  trade,  main-  by  countries. 
tain  almost  the  same  percentage  of  the  total  value  as  in  1900.         IncreMed 

I^once  shows  an  increase  of  nearly  900,000/.,  and  in  per-  H*ff  ?^ 
centage  from  15  Te  in  1900  to  17-55  in  1901.  Ktogdom. 

Holland,  Belgium,  I>enmark  and  Italy  exhibit  increased  trade  Qeniuutr  ud 

values.  Frmoa. 

The  decreases  were  with  Mexico,  Cuba,  and  Japan. 
Over  87  per  cent,  of  the  total  trade  of  the  port  was  done  by 
the  United  Kingdom,  Germany,  and  France. 


Table  showing  Percentage  of  Total  Foreign  Trade  of  Galveston, 
by  Countries,  during  the  Years  1900-01. 


.«0. 

1M>I. 

CenDtrj. 

Tiane- 

V. 

oa. 

P«^ 

pir- 

wnUKe. 

CairmcT. 

HtarUnx. 

Comncy. 

Sti^ng. 

DolUri. 

I>o11»ri, 

UniMd  ElORdoin  ■»! 

ae,7C*,«Tl 

T.Btl.OM 

4i,e2«,eBi 

s,ge9.8i£ 

Gmmmj     ;::    :;' 

M,J«e,2M 

4,««,W.I 

m9M.i!i; 

6.7ST.gll 

Fi«nc 

M.Ml.SM 

lf,6«B.aiB 

3,TU,»J0 

KHiHrUnd)     ...        .- 

t,m.m 

7K,W1 

eiiso^DH 

1,06*,  001 

*-oa 

B«l»l™ 

4.m.wi 

*-M 

*,»02.«1» 

■smImi 

■•iteo  -       

OTI,0S1 

7BT.3M 

iai,47« 

0-JI 

IXmnuk         .„       „. 

1«0,I4< 

1W,0W 

0-J6 

Cain      

K2,»>8 

S88 

o-« 

I1S3H 

ZS6M 

iffi"  :-   z   :: 

1,17V04 

ZM 

sIkb 

■«1 

O-Oi 

i»s,su 

OM 

Bnkl     

2B«i413 

i3,WS 

AlloUitramurlM    ... 

W,IM 

».m 

OM 

eM.«89 

|"W,9W 

0"b8 

Tol^      ._ 

M,UI,«SS 

lB,0«il,TlS 

100-00 

IM.BU.IOI 

si,iK,Rig 

lOOM 

The  total  value  of  the  direct  foreign  imports  into  Galveston  Joreigii 
doring  1901  was  268,032/.,  as  compared  with  288,014^.  in  1900.       imporul* 

The  imports  in  transit  for  other  portions  of  the  country  show  ^*''^- 
an  increase,  being  39,480/..  as  against  32.303£  in  1900. 

These  foreign  imports  have  been  steadily  going  down  for  the  lumuka  oi 
last  few  years  and  can  almost  be  left  out  of  account  nowadays,  impwu. 
the  fact  being  that  Galveston  is  simply  an  exporting  point  for 
the  vast  amount  of   cotton  and  grain  produced  in  that  portion 
of  the  United  States  tributary  to  this  port. 

With  the  advent  here  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Bailroad  Com- 
pany fmd  the  probable  increase  of  its  trans-continental  business, 
increased  imports  from  abroad  are  assuredly  to  be  looked  for, 
bat,  as  far  as  at  present  can  be  seen,  there  is  no  likelihood  of  the 
great  disproportion  now  existing  between  foreign  exports  and 
importe  at  Galveston  being  overcome. 

Of  the  total  amount  of  direct  foreign  imports  during  1901, 
141,689/.  represented  the  value  of  imports  free  of  duty,  and 
86,864/.  that  of  those  paying  duty.  Those  entering  free  show  a 
decrease  of  30,000^.,  and  those  paying  duty  a  gain  of  2,000/. 

The  principal  articles  entering  the  port  free  were  chemicals  Principkl 
(sheep-dip,  &c),  coffee,  jute,  sisal  grass,  fruits,  and  nuts  and  woods,  in>porta. 
(41)  A  4 


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O  .  GALVZ3T0N. 

whilst  the  chief  dutiable  articles  were  cement,  cotton  nuinu- 
factures,  earthenware,  manufactureB  of  jute,  sardines,  &&,  glass, 
manufactures  of  metal,  rice,  refined  sugar,  salt,  toys,  wines,  and 
woollen  manufactures. 

The  chief  increases  were  in  the  importatiooH  of  earthenware, 
manufactures  of  jute,  sardines,  malt  liquors,  rice,  toys,  manufac- 
tures of  wool,  chemicals,  fruits,  and  miscellaneous  artidee,  whilst 
most  of  the  other  principal  imports  show  a  decrease,  especially 
Gofiee,  sisal  grass,  cement,  and  refined  sugar. 

The  following  table  gives  the  standing  of  the  various  countries 
as  regards  foreign  imports  in  1900-01 : — 


Table  showing  Percentage  of  Foi'eign  Imports  at  Galveston, 
by  Countries,  during  the  Years  1900-01. 


l»0. 

.«,!. 

CounUT. 

via.. 

v^«. 

P,r 

Cxarmer- 

RUMag. 

*1,*7» 

x».m 

4i,in 

TOMl        

1,440,07* 

SS«,0I4 

100  ■» 

l,MO,II« 

MB,OU 

100 -oo 

Leaving  out  the  British  Empire,  the  import  trade  from  which 
is  dealt  with  elsewhere  in  this  report,  the  principal  countries  from 
which  goods  were  imported  into  Galveston  direct,  were  Giermany, 
France,  Mexico,  Belgium,  and  Brazil, 
I  The  imports  from  Germany  increased  from  30,416i.  in  1900  to 
35,675/.  in  1901. 

The  principal  articles  imported  were  cement,  9,003/. ; 
rice  and  rice-meal,  8,324/. ;  and  toys  and  doUa,  3,991/. 

Merchandise  to  the  value  of  7,037/.  was  imported  in  transit  to 
other  districts  of  the  United  States, 
I        The  imports  from  France  during    1901  were  practically  the 
same  in  value  as  in  1900 ;  the  figures  being  8,084/.  as  compared 
with  8,212t 

The  imports  consisted  chiefly  of  preserved  lish,  prepared  fruits, 
&c,  olive-oil  and  wmes. 
I        The  imports  from  Mexico  during  1901  showed  a  decrease  of  ' 
50  per  cent,  from  those  cf  the  previous  year ;  being  only  28,394/. 
as  compared  with  56,174/. 

The  principal  article  imported  was  sisal  grass,  value  26fi5SL 

There  has  been  a  great  decrease  of  imports  of  sisal  grass  from 
Mexico  during  the  last  year  or  two,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
rope  mill  in  Gidveston  has  ceased  operations. 


d  by  Google 


GALTKSTOH.  9 

The    importe    from    Belgium    during    1901    were    23,9227.,  import  from 
as  compared  with  37,020/.  in  1900,  thus  showing  a.  considerable  Belgium. 
decrease. 

The  principal  items  were  cement,  6,639/. ;  sugar,  2,087/. ;  and 
sardinea,  &c.,  1,157/. 

The  value  of  articles  in  transit  from  Belgium  was  13,398/. 
In  all  these  various  items  a  decrease  was  shown  as  compared 
with  1900. 

From  Brazil,  coffee  was  imported  to  the  value  of  12,115/.,  Import*  of 
tiB  compared  with  59,285/.  in  1900.  ~'''*- 

Other  imports  of  note  during  190L  were  fruits  from  Central  Other imp«rta. 
America,  value  6,394/.     The  fruit  steamers  to  this  port  having 
been  resumed. 

The  most  stiiking  feature  of  the  export  trade  ^m  Galveston  Export  inda. 
during  1901  was  the  large  gain  in  cotton  exports,  especially  to 
the  United  Kingdom,  Germany,  and  France. 

The  total  value  of  the  foreign  exports  from  this  port  during  Toul  v»lu«  of 
1901  was  the  largest  ever  recorded  here  in  one  year,  and  for  the  oipori".  ixoi, 
first  time  the  total  value  exceeded  20,000,000/.,  being  20,914,784/.,  ^^IT" 
A3  against  17,780.720/.  in  1900. 

As  usual  cotton  was  the  principal  article  exported,  1,948,220  Cotton, 
bales,  value  17,100,351/.  being  shipped,  as  against  1,494,678  bales, 
value  14,279,017/.  in  1900. 

Almost  the  entire  gain  in  the  value  of  foreign  exports  from 
Galveston  for  the  year  is  accounted  for  by  increased  value  of 
cotton  exported. 

The  amount  of  cotton-seed  meal  and  cake  exported  from  Cotton  aaed 
Galveston  in  1901  was  almost  the  same  as  in  1900,  being  237,242  "'**'■ 
tons,   value   1,036,801/.,   as   compared  with   229,472  tons,  value 
951,010/.  in  1900. 

There  was  an  increase  of  very   nearly   50  per  cent,  in  the  Wheat. 
.amount  of  wheat  exported  from  Galveston  during  1901, 15,125,665 
bushels,  value  2,207,031/.   being   shipped,  as   against   10,760,063 
bushels,  value  1,518,208/.  in  1900. 

There  were  no  exports  of  maize  during  1901.     In  1900  they  Ko  maiw 
amounted  to  2,967,787  bushels,  value  320,510/.  eiporteJ. 

The  exports  of  wheat  flour  during  1901,  show  a  little  falling-oB",  WhettSour. 
being  143,667  barrels,  value  102,492/.,  as  compared  with  156,415 
ban-els,  value  111,774/.  in  1900. 

Exports  of  cotton-seed  oil  also  show  a  decrease  for  1901.  CotiooMed 
These  amounted  to  5,011,666  gallons,  value  310,343/.,  as  compared  <"'• 
with  5,870,270  gaUons,  value  377,150/.  in  1900. 

Exports  of  lumber  whilst  less  in  quantity  during  1901  show  Lamber. 
increased    value,   owing  to   higher   prices.      They   amounted   to 
18,554,000  feet,  value  67,272/.,  as  against  22,047,000  feet,  value 
48,663/.  during  1900. 

Exports  of  cattle  decreased  considerably  during  the  year,  whilst  Ckttle. 
no  spelter  at  all  was  exported  during  1901. 

Exports  of  logs  and  staves,  during  1901,  showed  an  increase  Log«  and 
of  some  7,000/.  over  the  past  year.  stavei. 

Examining  the  export  trade  done  by  the  various  countries,  Biport*  t» 

QermaiV' 


d  by  Google 


10  GALVBBTOK. 

excluding  the  BritiBb  Empire,  the  exports   to  vhicfa  are  dealt 

with  elsewhere,  that  done  with  the  German   Empire  was  most 

important,  and  increased  from  4,927,634i.  during  1900  to  5,751,956t 

in  1901. 

The  chief  itema   exported   were   cotton,   4,351,017/.;   cotton- 
seed meal  and  cake,  664,971/. ;  wheat,  688,458/. ;  lumber,  22,912i ; 

cotton-Beed  oil,  9,;^93/. ;  and  logs,  9,412/. 
Sxporu  to  The  exports  to  France  showed  a  decided  increase  during  1901, 

PrMM.  being   3,709,487A,  as  compared  with    2,840,180/.  during  1900. 

They  consiated  chiefly  of  cotton,  3,485,341/. ;  wheat,  129,590/. ; 

cotwn-seed  oil,  63,752/^ ;  cotton-seed  meal,  14,655/- ;  and  staves, 

11,621/. 
EzporiB  u  the        The  exports  to  the  Ketherlands  during  1901  also  showed  a 
Ketherland*.    material   increase,  being  of  the  value  of  1,063,455/.,  as  against 

729,898/.  in    1900.     The    chief   items    were    wheat,  572,008/.; 

cotton,   170,915/. ;  cotton-seed   meal,   148,932/. ;    cotton-seed   oil, 

147.136/.;  and  wheat  flour,  15,328/. 
Bxporu  to  The  exports  to  Belgium  increased  from  830,252/^  in  1900,  to 

Belgium.  936,648/.  in  1901.   They  consisted  principally  of  cotton,  478,711/. ; 

wheat,  413,077/..;  and  cotton-seed  meal,  33,844/. 
Bxporta  to  The  exports  to  Italy  during  1901  showed  a  considerable  in- 

I"*!?  crease  and  were   158,557/:,  as  compared  with  54,328/.  in  1900. 

These  exports  consisted  entirely  of  cotton. 
Exporto  to  The  expotte  to  Denmark  increased  from  114,714/.  in  1900  to 

Xtonmwk.        158,029/.  in  1901.     They  were  chiefly  made  up  of  cotton,  69,392i, 

and  cotton-seed  meal,  84,281/. 
Export*  lo  The  exports  to  Mexico  showed  a  decrease  of  about  5,000/.  for 

Ueiieo.  the  year,  the  principal  items  being  cotton,  38,811/.,  and  cotton- 

seed oil,  80,365/. 
Otiier  exports        Other  exports  of  note  were  wheat-flour,  23,993/.,  and  cattle, 

4,812/.  to  Cuba,  and  cotton,  16,842/.  to  Russia 

The    following    table   gives   the  standing    of    the    principal 

countries  as  regards  foreign  export  trade  with  Galveston  during 
MporiaT"     1900  and  1901  with  the  percentages  of  such  trade  done  by  each. 
A  further  table  giving  the  exports  in  detail  is  also  annexed  to 

this  report. 


d  by  Google 


Table  showing   Percentage  of  Exports  from   OalveBton,  by 
Countries,  during  the  Years  1900-01. 


IBOO. 

.«,!. 

CoOBtfJ. 

T«l 

Km. 

y^„. 

Pct- 

•Mnui«. 

Pw 

CwT,«r. 

BMHtnc. 

CantD.7. 

awrliqg. 

mULfi- 

Doltan. 

« 

Dollm. 

UnlUd  Kliwdom  ud 

M,M!,«* 

T,su,«a 

U,2U,U8 

8,MT,107 

«:■» 

Onninr 

Bt,M8,lM 

*,«7,«M 

»i,7W,;8i 

B.76I.SW 

S7-M 

l«,2IXI.9(n 

2,M<1,1S0 

1B,M1,US 

t,JiM.«S7 

11 -n 

i,Ma,te/ 

mSB3 

Mi;,S77 

l,DN,4t6 

Holglom. 

4,ifti.aii 

S»;i!M 

4.eu;m 

'B3«;ua 

I>«ini.A         

K1,6T1 

114,71* 

IM.OM 

o-je 

Cute      

>U,>II 

TO.tU 

M 

1M,'m4 

»;m7 

fffi-  ::   ;::    : 

I.ITIW 

m.m 

w 

m.«M 

»2,Tsa 

1M,U7 

0-7« 

HalM 

•«.190 

ItsioM 

«1S,411 

m,oaa 

O'W 

AUomtrconiiMM     _ 

10,TI> 

!,1U 

0-H 

»8^B^ 

1M,7M 

O'W 

Total      

8S,M»,«8 

i;,JB0,7» 

WOO 

I0*,ST1,»» 

»,»W.JW 

100  00 

As  r^ards  the  direct  imports  from  the  British  Empire  into  British 
Galveston  during  1901,  whilst  it  is  tiuB  that  these  show  an  increase,  imtiotte  into 
being  118,706^.,  aa  compared  with  92,614/.  in  1900  ;  yet  the  value  ^J"i|^%(ii 
is  80  small  in  comparison  with  the  export  trade  aa  to  hardly  call 
for  extended  remark. 

Ab  has  so  often  been  stated  in  reports  from  this  Consulate, 
Galveston  is  merely  a  great  exportii^  point,  and,  although  there  is 
undoubtedly  a  fairly  krge  consumption  of  British  manufactured 
goods  in  Texas,  these  do  not  arrive  to  any  great  extent  through 
Uiis  port,  nor  is  it  possible  to  predict  a  notable  incrense  in  imports 
from  the  United  Kingdom  direct  under  present  conditions. 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  followii^  table,  the  chief  imports  in  xdgtofcm«f 
1901  were  much  the  same  as  in  1900,  and  the  principfd  items,  importe. 
viz. :  jute,  sheep  dip,  earthenware,  manufactures  of  jute  and  iiax, 
and  malt  liquors,  all  show  an  increase,  though  small  in  some 


d  by  Google 


GALTESTON. 


Aiitdm. 

1900. 

IMl. 

CuneiMj. 

Slertlnjt. 

CnneniT. 

StwUng. 

8Ut          

JdU  and  jute  bDtIa 

Shecpdip 

ChemiolB  ind  compound* 

crookaiT)           

Flu,  jat«  ukd  hamp  (maimfBc- 

tDTMof)                

Ale  Mid  portal 

Eice          ..         

All  Other  uticlM. 

Id  Innat  to  other  United  Slatea 
durtricta 

DolUn 
16,680 

SS6,142 
SB,86S 
2,607 

2*,MT 

1(107 
6.901 
8,297 
7,681 

M,»2 

60,948 

£ 
8,116 
17,228 
6,171 

eoi 

1,907 

8,4SS 
1,320 
1,660 

i,joe 

7^0 
11,390 

Dollan. 
12,068 
298.108 
88,846 
,     1,TM 

11,133 

11,863 
0,800 

19,318 
1,607 

72,689 

89,846 

e 

Mil 

63,222 

7,789 

S6S 

8,22B 

8,678 
I,26» 
8,811 

801 
11,618 

17,868 

Totol         

4M,0fl7 

S3,61S 

698,629 

118,709 

Kxpom  to 
United 
EtngdoBi, 
1801. 


The  exports  from  Galveston  to  the  United  Kingdom  increaaed 
from  7,848,480/.  in  1900  to  8,847,107t  in  1901,  aa  will  be  seen 
from  the  following  table.  They  formed  42'30  per  cent  of  the 
total  value  of  the  export  trade  of  the  port  for  the  year,  as  com- 
pared with  4414  per  cent,  in  1900. 

The  increase  is  almost  entirely  accounted  for  by  that  in  the 
value  of  cotton  shipped  to  the  United  Kingdom,  which  shows  a 
gain  of  1,200,000/.  for  the  year. 

Bread-stuffs  exported  were  about  the  same  in  value  as  in  1900, 
excepting  that  there  was  no  maize  at  all  exported. 

Exports  of  cotton-seed  meal  and  cake  in  1901  show  an  increase, 
also  those  of  lumber  and  logs. 

The  chief  decrease  was  in  exports  of  spelter  and  maize,  there 
being  none  shipped  during  1901  to  the  United  Kingdom 
163,826/.  and  109,419/.  worth  respectively  in  1900. 


d  by  Google 


The  following  table  shows  the  chief  exports  from  Cialvestoii  to  Table  iboving 
the  United  Einffdom  during  the  Tears  1900-01 : —  eiportoto 

*  *  United 

Kingdom. 


Articlet. 

1800. 

1801. 

Csmner. 

SUrliDK. 

Carrcnej. 

SttrKng. 

Cotton 

Hun        

Wbest       

flour      .. 
Lnmber  and  staTW 
CoUon-Modoil     .. 

Ue»          

Spelter 

Slindrie. 

Dollan 
SC,SS!,SST 

2fiB,0G3 

647,094 

l,8fS,810 

290,083 

81.658 

B,86» 

14S 

819,182 

89,856 

£ 

7,064,40S 

51,810 

10B,41B 

874,063 

59.018 

6,812 

1,070 

80 

108,826 

17,871 

Dalian. 
41,157,224 

460,588 

l,GS4,14fi 

276,898 

184,749 

14,715 

7,060 

270,604 

£ 

8,281.446 

80,118 

884,890 
56,178 
28,950 
2,843 
1,(S0 

54,112 

Tool     .. 

89^42,404 

7,848,481 

44,395,688 

8,847,107 

There  wa£  a  considerable    increase  in  the  total    volume    of  inereaM  or 
shipping  entering  and  clearing  at  the  port  of  Galveston  during  !^pp'°K' 
1901  as  compared  with  1900.  '*•"■ 

According  to  the  figures  issned  by  the  custom-house  here,  the 
total  amount  of  shipping,  both  foreign  and  domestic,  which 
entered  the  porta  of  Galveston  and  Sabine  Pass,  comprising  the 
Oalveston  customs  district  was  1,201,912  tons,  as  gainst  1,028,500 
tons  in  1900. 

The  total  tonnage  cleared  from  the  district  was  1,219,500  tons 
AS  against  1,026.624  tons  in  1900.  Allowing  for  the  trade  of 
Sabine  Pass,  these  figures  would  give  the  total  tonni^e  entering 
and  clearing  at  Galveston  at  somewhat  over  2,000,000  tons,  or  a 
substantial  increase  over  1900. 

A  table  is  annexed  on  page  27  giving  details  of  the  foreign 
shipping  in  1001. 

There  was  also  a  considerable  increase  in  the  coastwise  shipping  Coaatviw 
at  Gialveston  during  1901,  owing  in  part  to  the  fact  that  the  vessels  •l"Ppl°B- 
of  the  Southern  Pacific  Eailway  system  have  begun  to  use  this 
port. 

With  the  carrying  out  of  the  arrangement  recently  published, 
which  is  mentioned  in  another  portion  of  this  report,  whereby 
the  vessels  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Hallway  system  are  to  ply 
r^^arly  between  Galveston  and  New  York  in  the  carrying  out  of 
the  trans-continental  business  of  the  company,  a  very  great 
development  of  coastwise  shipping  in  the  near  future  is  to  be 
anticipated. 

There  was  a  decided  increase  in  British  shipping  at  Galveston  7ii«i«aMd 
daring  1901,  not  so  much  in  numbers  88  in  tonnaga  Britiih 

There  were  235  British  vessels  entered  in  1901,  their  com-  ^^^f* 
bined  registered  tonnage  being  556,017  tons,  as  compared  with  Hrituh " 
242  vessels  oi  502,407  registered  tons  in  1900.  Bhipping. 

1801. 


d  by  Google 


BriUsh 
■hipping  in 
IWIl,  iaige 


14  GALTESTOK. 

The  average  tonnage  per  vessel  was  higher  than  ever  before 
recorded  here,  viz.,  2,365  tons. 

124  Briti^  vessels  arrived  direct  from  the  United  Kini^om, 
or  a  British  colony,  whilst  41  vessels  entered  from  other  United 
States  ports,  13  from  Brazil,  and  10  from  Italy, 

During  1901  there  were  243  British  vessels  cleared,  the  total 
tonnage  being  571,700  r^stered  tons,  as  compared  with  236 
vessels  of  490,460  r^stered  tons  in  1900.  Of  those  clearing,  87 
vessels  were  destined  for  the  United  Kingdom,  62  for  Germany, 
29  for  France,  24  for  Holland,  20  for  Belgium,  and  9  for  Mexico. 

Once  again  it  has  to  be  reported  that  the  total  value  of  the 
caigoes  leaving  Galveston  in  British  vessels  was  the  greatest  ever 
recorded  in  one  year,  viz.,  15,286,989^.,  as  against  14,250,4422.  in 
1900.  The  values  of  cargoes  in  British  vessels  thus  show  over 
1,000,000/.  LQcrea.se  for  the  year  and  were  over  73  per  cent,  of  the 
total  value  of  the  exports  from  Galveston. 

The  following  table  gives  the  values  of  the  cargoes  shipped  at 
Galveston  to  various  countries  in  British  vessels  in  1900-01  and 
their  destination : — 


Principal 
expOEtBin 
fiiitiih  ibip 


Coontry. 

19MI. 

1B01. 

Cnnency. 

Sterling. 

Camnor. 

Sterling. 

Dollati. 

£ 

Dollan. 

United  Kingdom 

ai.TRS.SlS 

6,868,03* 

89,128.799 

7,624,760 

Germany 

l*,241,e87 

2,848,818 

10,S69.401 

2.070,680 

12,928,607 

2,636,702 

Holland 

8,611.766 

702.863 

e,149.2Sl 

1,029,310 

Belgium 

4,116,911 

823,832 

819,881) 

88,977 

84fi,0S4 

69,810 

Spaiti 

19,148 

GS,141 

28,220 

6,644 

Japan     

1,1T0,H6 

234,109 

Italy 

271,M0 

M,8tt 

MeJiioo 

812,860 

401,698 

80  879 

ToUl     .. 

71,262,211 

14,260,(42 

76,484,947 

16,286,989 

. 

The  following  is  a  table  of  the  principal  items  exported  i 
British  vessels  from  this  port  in  1901,  as  compared  with  1900: — 


Artielea. 

Qnantily. 

1900. 

1,177,242 
2,867,992 

188,767 
8,888,876 
1.812,477 
2,687,8*0 

126,042 
69,682 

1801. 

Cotton 

oUeake      .. 

Whe»t 

Haiie 

CottOMoed  oU 

?C";:    ::    ::    :: 

BalM.. 
Sack... 

Bnahel* 

Qalbns 
Plate. 

Saeke.. 

1,461,861 

2,446.424 

169,848 

11,688,890 

S,629,T4S 
128,044 

d  by  Google 


GALVESTON.  15 

At  the  end  of  1900  cotton  rates  were  about  2s.  per  100  Iba.,  PnighiniM 
and  early  in  January,  1901,  saw  them  up  to  2g.  2d„  but  by  theinisoi. 
«iid  of  the  month  they  declined  to  Is.  Sd.,  a  further  decline  taking 
place  during  February  to  Is.  5d.,  at  about  which  rate  they  stood 
until  June, 

During  the  balance  of  the  year,  with  the  exception  of  Bome 
forward  bookings  made  at  a  slight  advance,  the  rates  on  cotton 
averted  about  Is.  3d.  per  100  lbs.,  owing;  to  the  great  surplus  of 
room  for  cotton,  caused  by  the  failure  of  the  maize  crop,  which 
-also  had  the  effect  of  reducing  the  exportation  of  cotton-seed 
products ;  these  were  largely  used  for  home  consumption,  the  small 
amount  shipped  being  done  at  nominal  rates.  This  also  applies 
to  the  freight  rates  on  wheat,  which  have  gone  as  low  as  from 
^.  to  d(f.  per  quarter  for  Liverpool,  and  Is.  6d.  to  Is.  9d.  for  the 
Continent. 

Altogether  the  latter  part  of  the  year  has  been  disastrous  for  DiMstroaii 
the  shipping  interests,  many  boats  having  to  lie  for  a  considerable  r*""- 
time  here  waiting  for  cargoes,  which,  when  finally  secured,  were  at 
unprofitable  rates. 

There  was  but  one  cotton  fire  during  1901  at  Galveston,  and  Cotton  Area, 
that  of  small  importance.     As  has  been  before  remarked  there  has 
been  great  improvement  in  this  respect  during  the  lost  few  years, 
owing  to  better  compressing  and  more  careful  inspection  and 
loading. 

There  were  235  desertions  from  British  ahips  at   Galveston  Dewrtloiu 
during  1901,  out  of  a  total  number  of  8,036  seamen  comprising  Q«iTeBi,oa. 
the  crews,  or  very  nearly  3  per  cent.     This  was  slightly  higher 
than  in  1900,  but  was,  however,  only  one  man  per  vessel,  not  a 
very  great  proportion  when  the  temptations  to  desert  which  an 
American  port  affords  are  considered. 

During  1901  railway  construction  was  active  in  Texas,  and  Teiw 
359  miles  of  new  line  were  added  to  the  various  railways,  thus  J^oT"^* '" 
bringing  up  the  total  length  of  line  in  the  State  to  10,153  miles. 

The  gross  earnings  of  all  the  railways  in  Texas  for  the  year 
ended  June  30, 1901,  was  11,635,852^.,  or  an  increase  of  23  per  cent, 
over  the  preceding  year,  the  working  expenses  being  8,187,233i, 
thus  showing  a  net  profit  of  3,448,619^,  as  compared  with 
2,287,189^.  in  1900. 

During  the  year  ended  June  30,  1901,  24,642,182  tons  of 
merchandise  were  conveyed  by  rail  in  Te^Eas,  as  against  22,380,607 
tons  in  the  corresponding  period  of  1899-1900. 

No  official  health  statistics  for  the  year  1901  have  ae  yet  been  Public  health 
published,  as  far  as  I  know,  but  from  information  received  from  "^  O»if«'*ioa. 
those  likely  to  know  it  is  stated  that  the  sanitary  condition  of 
Oalveston  is  excellent,  and,  in  fact,  has  never  been  better.     There 
were  no  epidemics  of  any  sort  during  1901,  and  the  general  health 
was  good. 

The  cotton  crop  of  the  United  States  for  the  year  ended  Cotton  enp 
August  31, 1901,  was,  according  to  the  statement  issued  by  the  S^^'^ 
New  Orleans  Cotton  Exchange,  10,383,422  bales,  or  an  increase  of  i»k)-01. 
S47,006  bales  over  that  of  1899-1900. 


d  by  Google 


16  GALVESTON. 

The  entire  increase  was  from  Texas  (including  the  Indian 
Territory),  the  crop  of  which  was  47  per  cent,  larger  than  in 
1899-1900,  whilst  the  remaining  cotton -producing  area  showed  a 
decrease  of  4  per  cent.  Texas  and  Indian  Territory  showed  an 
increase  of  1,217,000  bales.  An  open  winter  and  favourable 
conditions  for  picking  conduced  to  the  increase  of  the  crop. 

In  spite,  however,  of  the  increase  in  Texas,  the  crop,  as  a 
whole,  was  short  compared  with  the  capacity  of  the  South,  and, 
in  consequence,  prices  were  higher  than  in  1899-1900. 

The  avenge  price  per  lb.  of  middling  cotton  was  933  c,  oa 
(gainst  765  c  in  1899-J900,  the  commercial  value  per  bale 
averaging  47  dol.  63  c,  as  against  38  dol.  55  c  in  1899-1900. 

The  following  table  gives  the  Texas  crop  in  detail,  including 
cotton  produced  in  the  Indian  Territory  for  the  seasons  m 
1899-1900  and  1900-01.  The  Territory  grew  299,330  bales  in 
1900-01  :— 


B««eipt>  at  Texas  leabwrd         

Shipped  inland  to  Ueiico  and  poiolB  wett  of 

Mudnippi  river  

Shipped  t^  rail,  viA  St.  Loaia  uid  Caiio 
Bet^pta  at  New  Orleana  (exdoaiTe  of  Galreaton] 
Beeeipta  at  pointa  on  Mlniwppj,  Ac,  noTtli  of 

St.  Lon<i,  bound  eaitward,  it.  .. 


Total 


Qunatj. 

lBOO-01. 

1BB8-1«». 

Balea. 
2,188,688 

Balaa. 
1,776.786 

119,100 

t83,ldi 
34a,TfiO 

188,160 

168,688 
841,88$ 

168.807 

86,801 

8,B08,6fl8 

2,690,612 

ProporUoii  of         The  various  groups  of  the  cotton-growing  States  produced  the 
pMdncUoiL      dififerent  proportions  of  the  crop  as  given  in  the  following  table  : — 


Qaantltj. 

1901MI1. 

I8e9-19«l. 

Taiaa      

Other  Golf  Statea 

AtlanUe 

Balea. 
8,809,000 
2,781,000 
8,798,000 

Balea. 
2,691,000 

2,960,000 
8,886,000 

Total 

10,883,000 

9,488,000 

Receipt*  and  The  following  two  tables  show  tlie  net  receipts  in  bales  at 

ejtportaat       the  various  ports  during  the  seasons  of  1899-1900  and  1900-01. 
^^^uMh^   Galveston  as  usual  occupied  the  seednd  position,  both  this  port 
lwio-01.         and  New  Orleana  having  each  received  over  2,000,000  bales,  or 
60  per  cent  of  the  total  port  receipts  between  them.    Galveston 


d  by  Google 


GALVESTON. 


did  not  receive  as  much  Texas  cotton  as  usual,  only  some  60  per 
cent  of  total  crop  of  the  State.  This  was  owing  to  the  intermptaon 
caused  \>y  the  storm  in  September,  1900 : — 

Net  Receipts  of  Cotton  at  United  States  Foits. 


Portfc 

QoanUty. 

IMO-Ol. 

IflSHSM. 

VewOrlMUw          

QRlTMtOIl 

HobUe  ud  Pennools      .. 

SkTunth 

CbftriMtown          

WUmington          

Norfolk 

Raliimore 

New  York 

Bocioa        

Philadelphia          

MewportNews       

Brnuwick 

ElPuo.Tesu 

LMedo,TexM       

Eagle  Fui,  Tazu 

San  FnadMO,  IM 

3,ifi6,186 

2,n7,B88 

266,88(1 

1,079,MB 

288,187 

258,GG« 

429,687 

78,878 

308,887 

m.787 

21,817 

21,077 

101,0SH 

3,088 

12,621 

4,982 

123,117 

Balei. 

1,867,168 

1,710,288 

840,846 

1,088,807 

S66.S2> 

!82,SS0 

412,808 

101,648 

lie,21fi 

118.S91 

86.288 

19,824 

84,278 

'4,888 

6,1S8 

288,061 

ToUl 

7.««^W2 

6,784,861 

)■  been  indnded  Id  reedpU  ai 


(41) 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


Table  Blowing  Exports  of  Cotton  from  United  States  Ports  for 
the  Year  1900-01  as  compared  with  1899-19U0. 


Porta. 

United 
Kii.Bdoni. 

Pnuice. 

CoDtineDt 

Ukd 

Chuwel. 

Total. 

ToUI, 
1899-1800. 

B*l«s. 

Bale*. 

B>lM. 

H)S,WB 

821,204 

811,786 

2,088,884 

1,863,221 

Okl*MtOII 

888.082 

S26.S14 

6n,6E8 

1,491,888 

HoUle  ud  Pennoalft 

108.819 

28,268 

78,164 

206,876 

268,486 

174,116 

«8.8»> 

657,781 

766.778 

7S7,081 

ChulcrioD      .. 

70,>TT 

70,162 

178,906 

WUmiDgtan    . . 

90,874 

182,781 

228.705 

274,710 

Norfolk          ..        .. 

14,782 

8,696 

BaltiniDn        .. 

84,117 

88,888 

NioYork       .. 

808,186 

88,388 

184,290 

688,708 

676,786 

760 

■84,088 

164,710 

Plill>dGlpliU  .. 

4,760 

B.660 

4,928 

06.81I 

98,688 

84,844 

88.760 

BuilftSDciKA.. 

19,186 

19.186 

83,684 

Bui  Diego       .. 

12.808 

12,893 

87,148 

ElFuo,  Ac    .. 

8.488 

40,887 

PortTownwmd       ... 

61,874 

106,807 

Tofi]     .. 

8.088,828 

729.018 

V«.MT 

8.688.788 

8,860,062 

„     1888-1900 

1,888^0 

108,843 

3^807.680 

CMtoacmp  The  cotton  crop  of  the  United  States  for  the  year  1901-02 

for  1801-02.    has  been  estimated  from  about  10.000,000  to  10,500.000  bales. 
FnUiMtefor  The  crop  of  Texas  for  1901-02  has  been  generally  estimated  at 

ToiM.  from  2,800,000  to  3,000,000  bales. 

PrioM  at  Piices  for  cotton  at  Galveston  have  ruled  much  lower  during 

OalTMioB.       the   season  of   1901-02  than  in  that  of   1900-01.     The  season 

opened  with  middling  cotton  at  84-^  c.  per  lb.,  as  against  8f}  c.  at 

the  b^^ning  of  the  season  of  1900-01.    Middling  cotton  declined 

to  8  c  by  the  end  of  September,  to  7t  c.  by  November  1,  and  to 

7^  c.  by  the  end  of  that  month.     At  the  close  of  the  year  it  rose 

to  8  c,  but  was  only  1^  c.  at  the  beginning  of  this  month 

(February),  whilst  at  the  date  of  writing  (February  18)  it  is  8/5  c., 

SB  compared  with  9^  c.  a  year  ago. 

CompviMo  The  following  table  gives  the  receipts  in  bales  up  to  Febmai^  1 

eottoiTporu    ''"  ^^^  present  and  past  seasons  at  Galveston,  New  Orleans,  and 

Savannf^,  t<^ether  with  the  percentage  of  increase  or  decrease  for 

the  season : — 


New 
OrlMiK. 

StTMIuh. 

B«cotpU  to  FobrnUT  1,  1902      .. 
„          1901      .. 

BalN. 
1,621,286 
1,477.008 

Balo. 

1,876,867 
1,761.864 

B>1««. 
946,806 
784.429 

PoMMUitag«  of  inercaM  or 

..•       9-78 

-       4-88 

+     18-80 

d  by  Google 


GALTERTON.  IV 

Hie  following  table  gives  the  receipts  at  Galveston  in  the  last  B«csipU  ■(- 
five  seasons : —  Oalreiiton, 

'   IdOI-OS. 


Tmi. 

1S1,'° 

BMsiptaflNtlie 
Saawn. 

TexH  Ctop. 

im-98 

1868-00 
18«9-1»00     .. 
IMO-01 

iMi-oa 

B»lM 
1.808,877 
2,008,718 
1,888,*BB 

1,821,386 

1,650,887 
^»87,B18 
1,710.888 
2.177,988 

nam. 

1,071,811 
8,666,0M 

8^808688 

The  following  table  showa  the  receipts  at  Galveston,  the  foreign  aUpniMti  ai 
and  coastwise  exports  and  stocks,  from  September  I  to  February  1  {jojtM""' 
in  each  of  the  last  five  seasons : — 


Tew. 

"tr 

Stock, 
FebruTT  I. 

Fordgn.     ,    CoartwiM. 

lR87-e8 

18»fl-66        .. 
1SS9-1900    .. 

mo-^}■^ 
1801-08       .. 

Balei. 
1,808,677 
8,008,718 
1,888,108 
1.468,«»7 
1,881.826 

Bales.       '       BalM, 
1,130,836    1     271,710 
1,181,081     1      181,082 
1,081,869     ,      168,040 
1.188,921     1      118,718 
1,301.020     1      160,828 

Bilra. 
S11.072 
217,717 
162,887 
186,661 
168,789 

The  position  of  this  port  up  to  Febrnary  1,  1902,  as  compared  BeceipU  at 
with  others  in  the  United  States  is  set  forth  in  the  tables  tihatj^_^     j^ 
follow,  which  also  give  the  details  of  the'  exports  of  cotton  ap  to  Pebroan'  i. 
that  date.  1902. 


The  great  gain  in  exports  will  be  noticed : — 


Porta. 

QoanUty. 

1901-03. 

1900-01. 

OalveatOD          

N«»OriMM 

UobiU 

ClurleatMi        

Wilmington       

Norlblk 

Baltimore          

New  York          

Boatou 

Philadelphia 

Kevport  Newa 

Penaaeola          

PoHAiUinr      

Otlierp(»ta 

BalM. 
1,821,388 
1,678,867 
136,119 
916,808 
217,161 
286,011 
866,619 
62,651 
121,318 
76,683 
21,188 
11,161 
61,891 
188.108 
27,876 
117.118 

Bale.. 
1,177,008 
1,781,861 
112,610 
7W,«9 
61,101 
231,986 
268,107 
18.672 
108,106 
H8,3;iO 
H,6«i> 
17,168 
46,609 
86,807 
4,160 

Totai 

luenaM 

6,868.804      1      *,«*4,718  ^ 
811.061 

TH) 


d  by  Google 


M.  GALTESTON. 

Bundicg  of         Table  of  Receipts  and  Exports  at  tialve^toD,  1901-02,  up  to 
CWTMtoa  np  February  1, 1902. 


Exports — Foerign. 


DtiUiMtion. 

QiuutUtT. 

ThltaeuoiL 

LMtSeHOn. 

United  KinrioM 

Frmace    

ConUnent          

Cbuu^ 

880,SG5 

B>lM. 

e01,228 

814^0 
G,000 

ToUl 

MOl.OSO 

1,188  «1 

EXPOBTS— COASTWISl. 


QiuuiUt^. 

TliiiSAUOn. 

LMtBcMon. 

New  York 

(Ulwrporta. 

North,  by  r»il        

BUea. 
17fi,*a4 

BalM. 

88,01T 

Tote) 

176,ie4 

140,748 

Tttroienm  As  has  been  stated  in  a  previoua  portion  of  this  report,  Uie 

devdoDmoit    ^^scovery  and  development  of  petroleum  in  the  Beaumont  region 
ot  of  Texas  has   been  probably  the  moat  important  event   in   the 

history  of  the  State  during  1901.  The  matter  is  of  so  much 
inteieet  as  to  merit  more  than  casual  remark  in  this  report 
It  is  just  about  a  year  ago  that  the  discovery  of  oil  near  Beaumont 
vas  made.  The  first  shipment  of  oil  was  made  on  March  3,  1901, 
and  &om  that  date  to  January  10,  1902,  the  railway  statistios 
show  that  10,301  cars  containing  1,633,202  barrels  of  oil  were 
despatched.  There  have  also  been  two  or  three  large  shipments 
by  vessels  of  the  "  Shell "  line  from  Port  Arthur,  ana  in  addition 
over  100,000  barrels  were  used  in  Beaumont  and  the  vicinity. 
It  is  also  estuoated  that  at  the  beginning  of  January  2,500,000 
barrels  were  stored  in  tanks  at  Beaumont,  and  that  upwards  oE 


d  by  Google 


GALVBSTOK.  21 

1,000,000  barrels  were  wasted  before  the  various  wells  could  be 
capped  or  controlled. 

On  January  1  last  there  were  138  producing  wells,  125  miles  Statin  of  dl 
of  pipe  line,  loading  racks  for  161  cars,  84  rotary  outfits,  69  iron  JJ^^of 
oil  tanks  complete,  19  under  construction,  as  well  as  32  small  ibos. 
wooden  tanks. 

An  interesting  and  valuable  report  has  been  drawn  up  at  the  J**^5*  i°^ 
request  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Statistics,  on  the  present  glj^tidiinw 
condition  of  the  field  and  the  cost  of  bringing  it  up  to  this  point     on  oil 

From  this  reporii  the  following  figures  are  taken.  It  deals  only  indnstir  in 
with  the  outlay  up  to  January  1, 1902.  Jm^-^** 

Estimated  cost  of  a  producing  well  on  spindle  top,  the  average  igoa. 
cost  for  drilling  being  4  dol.  50  c  per  foot : — 


9.10  feet  of  4-iiich  line-pipe,  at  1!  c  per  foot 

990  feat  of  fl-luch  line-pipe,  kt  TS  c.  per  foot [ 

Mn  feet  of  S-inch  line-pipe,  at  1  d;)].  10  c.  par  foot  ., 

400  Feet  of  tS-lnoh  liae-plpe,  at  t  dol.  4  c.  pec  foot ..         ..  I 

Teaming,  fitting,  and  coTeiiog  top  of  well 

Arenge  depllu  of  wella  ate  9G0  feat,  at  4  dol.  SO  e.  par  foot  | 

Uoit  01  derriek 

Total 


At  7,429  doL  the  138  producing  wells  on  January  1  cost 
1,025,202  doL  Estimated  cost  of  46  wells  driUing  on  January  1, 
184,000  doL  Estimated  cost  of  28  abandoned  wells  and  dry  holes, 
437.000  dol. 

Tank  cars :  total  number  of  cars  belonging  exclusively  to  this 
field  either  to  railroads  or  oil  companies  is  475,  at  an  average  cost 
of  800  doL,  380,000  dol. 

Pump  stations :  10  stations,  including  one  ait  plant,  total  coat 
(estimated)  77,700  doL 

Refineries :  three  plants,  inoludii^  one  sotnally  constructing, 
565,000  dol 

PiPl  Lines. 


To  Port  Artbnr,  two  llnai,  IS  akilea  eaeli 

„   Sabine  Pait,  1  line,  28  milM         

„   Beanmont,  1  line,  i  mllet 

8ondi7  line*  to  loading  raoki,  tanka,  and  pnmp  atattona 

Total 


Eatimat«d  cost  of  125  miles  of  pipe-tine  and  laying  satu* 
550,200  dol. 

(41)  B  3 


d  by  Google 


GALVESTOK. 

Loading  Backs. 


IXHMtMin. 

C»PK!itj. 

OUdf*  fnine  ncki)          

Lnol  (one  nek) 

BeMimont  (one  nek)        

108 

41 
13 

Total           

lei 

Estimated  cost  of  loaiHng  racks  per  car  :— 


S4  ftot  6-Liieli  Un«-plp«     . . 

Cnttlngr  wme 

One  fl-incb  by  2  incli  Iw  ,. 
„  2-inoli  do.  gate  nlre 
Three  2-inch  nutlleable  elU 
8  feet  9-lneb  line-pipe 
Ltbonr,  patting  togedier  . . 
Lumber  aod  Ubow  on  mat 

Totd 


Com  per  Cu. 

Dot 

c. 

2S 

4S 

M 

to 

60 

6i 

OB 

00 

ii 

00 

161  cars  at  82  doL  30  c.  each,  makes  a  total  of  13,260  doL  30  c 
Botary  ontfito :  84  ontfits  at  estim^^d  cost  of  3,500  doL  each, 
294,000  dol. 

Iron  Oil  Tanks  in  Beaumont  and  Vicinity. 


Location. 

Nomberof 
Tanka. 

"& 

Tot«l 
<kp«ity. 

PortArthnr.. 
ElTiito       .. 

lAOU 

«rf7«      

BtUnepRM 

8anBt»UoD 

17 
17 

BuMta. 

1.800 
S,000 

eG,ooo 

87,S00 

eG.000 

»7,W0 
S7,S0O 
SB,000 

S,O00 
13.000 
S7,M0 

8,000 
ES,000 
B6,000 

BtRdl. 

1,800 
6,000 

»Be,ooo 

113,000 
376,000 
8J7.SO0 
112,600 

se,ooo 

8.000 
13,000 
687,600 

6,000 
110,000 
330,000 

Totftl 

<B 

3,838,800 

Aveiage  cost  of  constxuetion  is  25  c  per  barrel;  2,826,300 
barrels  cost  'ZOSiSTS  doL 


d  by  Google 


OALVESTOIf. 


23 


EartheD  reaervoirs:  one  earthen  reservoir,  90,000  batrela,  costs 
750  doL  One  earthen  reservoir  lined  and  covered,  10,000  barrels, 
costs  13,000  doL,  making  a  total  of  13,750  doL 

Wooden  tanks :  32  tauke  with  total  capacity  of  33,150  barrels, 
coBta  12,425  doL 

Iron  Tanks  under  Construction, 


LmmUoq. 

HtmUt  of 
■nuika. 

Totol 
Cftpicll}-. 

ElVUto       

PortAnhor 

Ldcu 

Ql«dji          ..        ..         { 

8 
S 

a 
s 

I 

BMreb. 
«B,00O 
65,000 
6S,000 
«T,MW 
B.O0O 

BwraliL 
410.000 
110.000 
18»,000 
IST.SOO 

Total 

10 

004,500 

Estimated  cost  np  to  January  1, 112,000  doL 

Kkapitdlation. 

Tadlg  showing  Estimated  Value  of  Well  Materials,  Stor^e  Tanks, 
(dumber  of  Wells  Finished  and  Drilling,  abandoned  Holes, 
l^pe  Lines,  &o.,  at  Beaumont  for  the  Year  1901. 


bailding 
Euithmwsre  naemrin 

IioaUIng  nckt 

PipelinM         

Pii>daciD{  well*  .  • 

Urillinf  welU 

Pamp  tUktiona 

BcfinHie*  

Kota(OT7  drilling  ontfiU  .. 

Tukk  cut  (new  e»n  ownwl  by 

eoinpanie*  hen) 
Wood  an  tanks  .. 


ToUl 


QomtUy. 

v»;a« 

DclUiB. 

38 

437,108 

2.888,800 

708,678 

119,000 

100,000 

18,TM 

lei 

18.9S0 

19S 

880,900 

18S 

1.028,202 

40 

184.000 

e 

TTTCO 

esE.ooo 

8* 

!»4,01HI 

475 

380,000 

88.160 

12,426 

4,871,910 

It  is  impoBsible  to  state  exactly  the  amount  of  the  paid-np  Paid  up 
capital  of  the  various  companies  formed,  hut  it  undoubtedly  ^J*"** "' 
runs  up  into  several  million  pounds  for  tiiose  companies  started  htrdto^ 
locally,  not  taking  into  account  those  formed  elsewhere.  eiUmftte. 

There  are  upwards  of  70  or  80  companies  quoted  on  the  local 
oil  exchanges. 

However,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the  whole  business  is  not  yet 
(41)  B  4 


d  by  Google 


24 


QALVK8T0N. 


Biperl  Tleira 

d«*a1opiDent 
«I  oil  fiald. 


tinin 

moven 

Oklveaton, 

1001. 

Short  erop  of 

miiie,  DODO 

•iporMd. 


tm  a  thoroi^hly  commercial  basis.  The  oil  is  there  aud  in  large 
quantities,  but  the  question  to  solve  is  the  demand  and  how  to 
get  it  away.  When  these  points  are  settled  the  situation  will  be 
much  clearer. 

In  spite  of  all  drawbacks,  however,  the  ontlook  is  considered 
most  promisiog  by  those  in  a  position  to  judge. 

The  following  extract  from  a  report  by  an  oil  expert  of 
undoubted  standing  and  reliability  sums  up  the  situation  from  the 
point  of  view  of  those  supposed  to  be  able  to  properly  forecast 
the  outlook : — 

"  The  petrolenm  industry  of  the  Texas-Louisiana  field  has  now 
been  assured  in  the  ^ast  wealth  of  the  South.  Nothing  short  of 
gross  mismanagement  and  wilfnl  financial  wrecking  can  stop  the 
progress  that  now  is  assured,  and  even  such  an  eventuality  would 
merely  conti-aet  values  temporarily  in  stock  dealings;  but  would 
never  affect  actual  values.  Phenomenal  as  it  may  seem,  Texas  in 
one  year  has  done  what  it  took  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and 
West  Vii^nia  20  years  to  accomplish  in  the  oil  industry.  Texas 
has  outranked  all  the  other  oil-fields  of  the  world  as  to  possible 
productiveness  and  taken  from  every  possible  standpoint  offers  a 
better  field  for  legitimate  petroleum  investment,  than  any  other 
locality.  It  is  the  history  of  the  world's  oil  business  that  when 
it  is  undertaken  by  people  entirely  outside  the  oil  business,  who 
go  into  it  as  a  speculation,  that  reconstruction  of  paper  values 
must  follow,  but  in  the  Texas  field  this  reconstruction  will  be 
found,  when  the  readjustment  culminates  to  be  leas  per  barrel  of 
oil  produced  than  in  any  other  field  known  to  the  industrial  and 
financial  world." 

The  grain  movement  through  Galveston  during  1901,  although 
showing  an  increase  for  the  year  was  a  loi^  way  behind  that  of 
1899. 

This  may  be  largely  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  during  both 
1900  and  1901  the  maize  crop  has  been  so  short  in  Texas  as  to 
leave  little  or  nothing  for  export  abroad,  whilst  the  Kansas  crop 
has  been  of  too  poor  a  quality  to  ship. 

As  regards  wheat,  however,  the  exports  of  15,125,665  bushels 
show  up  very  favourably  as  compared  with  those  of  10,760,063  in 
1900,  and  16,073,674  in  1899. 

The  storage  facilities  of  the  port  are  in  good  condition,  and 
with  the  completion  of  the  elevator  now  being  constructed  by  the 
Southern  Pacific  Railway  Company  will  have  a  capacity  of  over 
4,000,000  bushels.  In  addition  to  this  another  new  grain  elevator 
is  stated  to  be  planned  for  the  Gulf,  Colorado,  and  Santa  Fi 
Company,  making,  if  constmctied,  the  fifth  in  size  here. 


d  by  Google 


0ALVB8T0K.  2j 

The  following  table  shows  the  araouat  of  wheat  shipped  iu  i;n[inauo.. 
1901  from  Galveston  and  its  destination : —  of  »he*i. 
•hipped. 


D««Uiutton. 

QnuitHr. 

0«r««j 

BalgiDdi 

FmoM         

Cnli«d  KiDgdom 

Spdn           

Buhok. 
4.79fi,6U 
2,787,666 
880,600 
1.949,97! 
S,«0IS.S88 

i«e.aoo 

Total       

16,1S6,««6 

At  the  time  of  writing,  March  1,  there  ia  a  stock  of  only 
178,238  bushels  of  wheat  in  Galveston : — 

The  chief  public  works  carried  out  durii^  1901  were  confined  R«o(m»ti?ip; 
neariy  exclusively  to  the  wharf  front  of  the  town.  *'?"  **' 

The  greater  portion  of  the  reconstruction  of  the  wharfage  sheds  oaiTjum. 
and  railway  tracks  damaged    or    destroyed  by    the    storm    of 
September,  1900,  was  completed  by  the  end  of  1900,  or  at  most 
by  the  early  months  of  1901. 

Outside  of  this  the  most  notable  developments  where  at  the 
wharves  of  the  Mallory  Steamship  Line,  and  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railway  Company. 

The  Mallory  Line  pier,  constructed  for  the  use  of  that  Cor-  Millory  Line 
poracion  by  the  Galveston  Wharf  Company,  is  1,278  feet  long ;  W»»rf- 
the  sheds  cover  nearly  250,000  square  feet,  and  are  of  most  modem 
construction,   with    electric  freight    conveyors    for   loading  and 
unloading  cargoes. 

It  may  here  be  mentioned  that  the  Galveston  Wharf  Company 
installed  plant  for  burning  fuel  oil  during  the  past  year  in  the  case 
of  all  engines  used  in  their  wlutrves,  grain  elevators,  &c. 

The  wharf  frontage  now  owned  and  controlled  by  the  Galveston  Gdrefton 
Wharf  Company  extends  over  5'1  miles,  with  32  miles  of  terminal  Wlurf 
railway  lijie,  three  grain  elevators,  and  some  45  acres  of  shed  room.  '-'*""''*'''■ 

It  is  said  that  this  port  has  more  shed  room  than  any  other  Port  hcilttlM. 
in  the  United  States,  with  the  exception  of  New  York,  and  the  port 
facilities  are  most  undoubtedly  thoroughly  modem  and  convenient. 

Unusually  good  despatch  was  given  to  vessels  during  the  past 
seaaoD,  it  not  being  unusual  for  a  large  vessel  to  load  and  sail 
within  three  or  four  days  after  her  arrival 

The  huge  pier  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railway  Company,  Soothem 
known  as  Pier  B,  was  completed  in  1901.     It  is  1,400  feet  in  ^h"*,- 
length  and  650  feet  in  breadth,  and  is  stated  to  be  the  largest  pier  p[gr. 
at  present  existing.     There  is  room  for  seven  large  steamers  at 
once,  and  9  acres  of  shed  room  fitted  up  with  electric  conveyors 
and  electric  lights,  so  that-work  can  be  carried  on  both  by  day 
and  night     There  will  be  plenty  of  space  to  berth  vessels  two 
abreast  at  the  piers,  leaving  room  enough  down  the  middle  of  the 
«Iip  for  tugs  and  ba^s  to   pass.      The  arrangemeotA  are  such 


d  by  Google 


26  GALVESTON. 

that  320  railway  cars  can  be  parked  at  the  end  of  the  pier  to 
receive  freight  from  incomicg  veaaelB,  whilst  in  the  centre  will  be 
a  "  battery  "  holding  275  cara,  to  be  drawn  on  as  the  unloading 
progresseB.  There  are  28  electric  convejors  on  Fier  B,  and  it  is 
esiunated  that  3,500  tAns  of  merchandise  can  be  discharged  in 
11  hours.  In  connection  with  the  present  Pier  B^a  500  horse- 
power electric  plant  is  being  erected,  and  a  grain  elevator  to  store 
1,000,000  bushels  is  also  in  course  of  construction. 
PropoMd  The  plans  were  being  carried  oat  on  such  a  gigantic  scale  that 

Co'ttui*'ui     ^^  **"®  "^  much  astonished  when  it  was  recently  announced  by 
Bi»™e    '        tl^e  Executive  Conunittee  of  the  Southern  Pacitic  Railway  Com- 
Oairuton  its   pauy  that  they  had  determined  shortly  to  concentrate  the  head- 
bekdqiurteT.^  quarters  of  the  railway  system,  now  at  Houston,  Texas,  and  that 
of  the  steamship  system,  now  at  New  Orleans,  at  Galveston,  and 
that  all  merchandise  handled  by  the  company  for  Texas,  Colorado, 
Utah,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Mexico  Proper,  California,  the  Pacific 
coast,  the  Sandwich  Islands,  China  and  Japan  would  then  be  for- 
warded by  this  port.    It  is  esticoated  that  some  4,000  tons  of 
merchandise  a  day  will  be  handled  by  the  company  as  soon  as  . 
the  business  gets  into  full  working  order,  and  that  2,000  to- 
3,000  men  will  be  employed. 
*«>[*rt*f=e  of       As  I  have  remarked  before  in  this  report,  it  is  impossible  to 
for  uaVrt^d  over-estimate  the  importance  to  the  town  of  Galveston  of  thi» 
'  action  on  the  part  of  such  a  great  corporation  as  thu  Southern 
Pacific  Company,  especially  coming  as  it  does  at  a  very  critical 
period  in   the   history  of  the  place.     Nothing  could  have  been 
more  calculated  to  revive  the  courage  of  the  people  of  this  town, 
and  to  confirm  their  belief,  at  times  perhaps  somewhat  shaken, 
that  Galveston,  storms  or  no  storms,  is  destined  to  be  the  port  of 
the  great  south-west  portion  of  the  United  States. 
Harbour  m-  As  r^ards  the  harbour  improvements  during  1901,  these  have 

PATenieutK.     chiefly  been  confined  to  dredging  operations  on  a  small  scale. 

No  money  has  yet  been  voted  by  Congress  for  the  restoration, 
of  the  dam^e  done  to  the  jetties  by  the  storm  of  September, 
1900,  but  the  prospects  are  that  an  appropriation  will  probably  be 
made  during  this  session  of  the  L^islature. 

During  the  greater  part  of  the  year  the  average  depth  of  the 
channel  from  Galveston  to  the  sea  was  not  much  over  24  feet  at 
mean  low  tide,  but  owing  to  recent  dredgit^  operations  this  depth 
has  lately  been  iucreased  to  27  feet  at  mean  low  tide,  and  is  likely 
to  remain  about  that  point  for  some  time.  This  depth  of  channel 
is  probably  sufficient  for  the  immediate  needs  of  the  port  The 
channel  in  front  of  the  wharves,  however,  is  neither  wide  enough 
Dor  deep  enough  to  accommodate  the  class  of  shipping  now  fre- 
quenting Galveston. 

Efforts  have  recently  been  made  to  induce  Congress  to  grant 
an  appropriation  for  the  purpose  of  widening  and  deepening  the 
harbour  channel  in  front  of  the  wharves,  but  this  is  not  likely  to 
pass,  as  there  is  a  feeling  apparently  .that  it  is  a  question  which 
concerns  the  private  corporations,  &&,  owning  the  wharf  front 
rather  than  the  Federal  Government.    Be  this  as  it  may,  some- 


d  by  Google 


GALVBerroK.  SfT 

thing  will  ere  long  have  to  be  done  in  this  direction  if  Gaiveaton 
IB  to  hold  her  own  in  the  shipping  world. 

The  dradgit^  of  the  channel  across  Qalreston  Bay  to  La  Porte,  la  PorM 
some  25  miles  due  north  of  Galveston,  on  the  mainland  of  the  CnmiieL 
bay,  has  made  good  progress,  and  a  depth  of  18  feet  is  to  be  found 
nearly  all  the  way  over. 

A  company,  in  which  I  understand  British  capital  is  largely 
interested,  has  been  formed  with  the  idea  of  building  up  La  Porte 
An^  of  shipping  cotton  and  grain  thence  direct  to  European  ports. 
It  appears  that  the  company  is  building  ita  own  veesels  in  the 
TJoited  Kingdom  for  the  purpose,  and  that  one  or  two. have  alre&dv 
been  launched.  This  channel  is  eventually  to  be  dredged  to  a 
depth  of  24  feet 

Table  of  Shipping  Engaged  in  the  Foreign  Trade  of  Galveston 
during  the  Year  1901. 


Sailing. 

SteuD. 

TotftL 

ir«tioiiriity. 

ITimiber 

Nnmber 

Number 

of 

Tom 

at 

Tods. 

or 

Ton. 

TlMtl*. 

TmmU. 

TOBMI*. 

AntriMA 

1.S61 

2 

1S4 

8 

1,415 

9,867 

I 

2,967 

Brituh    .. 

8BS,SS4 

82 

182,198 

285 

616.017 

Duiuh    .. 

(.108 

8 

6.108 

DDtch      .. 

4,888 

.. 

8 

4,886 

Prencl.    .. 

B,eoi 

8 

8,801 

0«niiiD  .. 

19,979 

12 

44,889 

17 

88,684 

lUlUu     .. 

9,867 

1 

9,S9T 

»onr(«iMi 

10 

8,844 

10 

B,91» 

20 

12,188 

Sp«i^  ..        .. 

S7 

93,889 

" 

27 

88.889 

ToUl 

919 

488,649 

86 

412,648 

818 

701,tW 

d  by  Google 


GALTESTOM. 
CliEABEO. 


SidUiiK. 

Stwin. 

Total. 

KkUoHUty. 

Number 

Nambor 

Nnnbw 

of 

ot 

Ton*. 

of 

Tou. 

T«N«lk 

TeMclt. 

V«tMU. 

Amerieui 

8G4 

Auitro-Hnngwtan 

5 

11,e44 

0 

n,B44 

248 

671,701} 

6 

10,288 

B 

10,286 

6 

7,887 

6 

7,867 

8 

8,608 

63,616 

lUllMl      .. 

8 

7.289 

8 

7,885 

8pui£  .. 

1 

S,41W 

S4 
86 

69,812 

26 
SB 

26,870 
89,648 

Total 

« 

8,858 

..0 

800,746 

868 

804,089 

d  by  Google 


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d  by  Google 


38  9ab1kr  pass. 

Sabink  Pass  a>)d  Pokt  Arthuk. 

Mr.  Vice-CoDBul  Ail&ms  reporta  as  follows  : — 
Lamber  Owing  to  the  overcrowded  eonditiott  of  the  lumber  aud  timber 

eiportt  MiulL  marketa^  ^b  well  aa  the  stringency  of  the  money  market,  exporta- 
tiona  of  lumber  received  a  severe  check  during  the  entire  year 
of  1901  as  will  be  seen  Irom  the  following  table  : — 


T»w«  rf         Tablk  showing  Exports  from  Sabine  Pass  and  Port  Arthur  during 
eiports,  laoi.  the  Year  1901. 


ArUclcB. 

Qimiititj. 

Cnrrenc}-.              Sterling. 

Lamb«r 

WlKBit 

Bioe       .. 

Oil         

Tooa 
83,278 
8,281 
1«,066 
12,626 
484 
46,860 

DolUn. 
SS0,SG8 
4»,8T8 
1,882,171 
812,169 
6,494 
161,827 

£ 
79,072 
9,S76 
390,484 
82,488 
1,100 
80,566 

ToUl 

2,883,891 

676,680 

Total  nine  of       During     1901     the    imports    at     Sabine     were     valued    at 
foraign  tr»d«.   135,764  dol.,   making   a    total  value    of   trade  for   the   year  of 

3,018,655  doL  (603,73  U.). 
Oil-fiohk,  Ever  since  the  ^.rst  discovery  of  oil  at  Beaumont  the  possi- 

deTelopment  bilitigg  (jj  be  derived  therefrom  can  scarcely  be  over-estimated. 
Pipe  lines  have  been  laid  from  Beaumont  to  Port  Arthur  and 
Sabine  Pass  whereby  the  oil  can  be  loaded  into  vessels  in  a  very 
short  time. 

Fifty-eight  steel  storage  tank«  with  au  average  capacity  of 
2,100,000  ^lons  each  have  been  built,  and  others  are  in  course 
of  construction.  These  tanks  are,  as  a  rule,  115  feet  in  diameter 
and  30  feet  high.  One  refining  plant  at  Port  Arthur  is  already 
completed,  whilst  othen  are  in  course  of  construction  in  the 
neighbourhood.  These  refineries  are  for  the  purpose  of  desulphur- 
ising the  oil,  which  in  its  crude  state  contains  from  2  to  3 
per  cent,  of  sulphur-,  the  process  simply  removing  the  sulphuretted 
hydn^n. 

Large  quantities  of  oil  for  gas-making  as  well  as  for  other 
manufacturing  purposes  have  been  obtained.  The  refineries  have 
also  succeeded  in  obtaining  from  the  crude  oil  20  per  cent,  of 
a  superior  quality  of  illuminating  oil.  This  is  worked  under  a 
patent  process  not  generally  used  in  most  refineries.  The  general 
price  of  crude  oil  at  the  oilfields  is'  about  20  a  per  barrel,  but 
some  has  been  sold  at  ridiculously  low  prices.  Conti-acts  have 
been  made  with  the  Shell  Transport  and  Trading  Company  of 
London  for  the  handling  of  millions  of  gallons  of  the  Beaumont 


d  by  Google 


SABINK  PASS.  39 

oil  to  be  shipped  to  European  markets  from  Port  Arthur.  Owing  to 
thescarcityof  American  tank  vessels  it  has  not  been  found  possible  to 
ship  much  oil  to  American  ports  as  foreign  vessels  are  precluded 
from  eng^ng  in  the  coastwise  trade.  In  order  to  relieve  the 
situation  temporarily  the  Congressman  from  the  Beaumont  dis- 
trict has  brought  in  a  Bill  permitting  foreign  vessels  to  ply 
between  American  ports  for  the  term  of  five  years,  exclusively, 
however,  for  the  oil  trada  Should  this  Bill  pass  great  benefits  to 
British  tonnf^e  will  result  therefrom. 

During  the  year  1901  some  197,853  yards  of  material  have  Work  on 
been  removed  from  the  river  io  the  process  of  widening  the  ™""'''- 
present  channel  to  600  feet  at  its  narrowest  pai-t.  This  it  is 
expected  will  give  ample  room  for  the  present  traffic.  The  sand, 
fid.,  dredged  is  being  spread  over  the  adjoining  prairie,  and  it  is 
estimated  that  this  will  give  an  elevation  of  6  feet  over  an  area  of 
2  miles  when  the  present  appropriation  is  exhausted,  which  will 
make  Sabine  Pass  pi-actieally  safe  from  storms. 

The  low-lying  coast  lands  in  this  district  are  exceedingly  well  luareasn  in 
adapted  for  the  purpose  of  growing  rice  and  a  number  of  nce-J^'"^"* 
mills  have  been  constructed  during  1901.     Ordinary  prairie  land 
that  a  few  years  ago  could  be  purchased  for  2  or  S  dol.  an  acre 
now  bring  at  least  35  dol.  an  acre  owing  to  the  great  profit  in  rice 
farming. 

Rkturx  oC  Foreign  Shipping  at  Sabine  Pass  during  the  Year  1901.  Shippioi;. 
Entered. 


Will)  CkTgo«* 

InB^ 

ToUl. 

NiUnnslitj. 

SumbCT 

uf            Tom 

Number 

of 
VeraeU. 

Tont 

Number 
of 

Tom. 

Brithb    .. 
Uexlcin  . . 
Aineritan(U.S.J.. 
Culwu      . . 
Spanieh   .. 

i          l,3is 

7 
4 
9 
5 
2 

8,9S3 
1,206 
4,069 

2,887 
986 

7 

13 

5 
2 

8,88-2 
l,20fi 

a,4i4 

2.887 

Total       .. 

3            1,S4G 

a: 

18,110 

30 

1B,U6 

d  by  Google 


sabine  pass. 
Cleared. 


' 

NomW 

In  BtlUat. 

Total. 

Number 

Ntunber  < 

of 

Toni. 

of 

Toiw. 

of 

Tmu. 

T«ewls. 

Ve»e,. 

Teweta.1 

BritUh    .. 

7 

12,O0S 

' 

12,060 

Meiioui  .. 

5 

8,199 

3,IM 

AiiieriMii{U.8.).. 

« 

8.047 

'l 

M17 

4,864 

CdImii     .. 

3 

1,248 

.. 

1,248 

Dutuh 

i 

6,381 

6,881 

a«imui  .. 

i 

8,112 

3,112 

Africw       (Weit 

4 

1,896 

1,896 

Co«t)..         .. 

POTtoHiOM         .. 

1 

S6S 

1      1 

S6B 

Totel 

82 

80.266 

1 

1,817 

" 

81,672 

LONDON : 

l'rii;to(!  fur  Hi»  Uajeit<r'e  SutioDSr;  OAcs, 

Uv  HARBISON  AND  SONS, 

I'rintera  in  Omiinu^  to  HU  Majeatj. 

(75    4  I  03— H  4  S    41) 


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No.  2781  Amnial  Serial. 
DIPLOMATIC  AJTO  CONSULAR  REPORTS. 


UNITED    STATES. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  YEAR  1901 


TEADE    AND    COMMEECE    OF    THE    CONSULAE 
DISTRICT    OF    NEW    YOEK. 


REFBBBNOE  TO   PREVIOUS  REPORT,  Annaal  Sariea  No.  2S61. 


PrtBenttd  to  both  HovMi  ofParUammt  b^  Commmid  of  Hit  Majetty, 

:aA7, 1902. 


LONDON! 

PBINTED  FOB  HIB  MAJESTY'S  BTATIOSBBT  OFFIOB, 

BT  HABBISON  AND  eONS,  ST.  MARTIN'S  LANI, 

PBIKTIU    IX    a&SINAKT    TO    aiB    KlJISTt. 


. J,  FiMT  8thi«i,  B.O.. 

and  S2,  Abinddon  Stkket,  WestminbTib,  S.W.i 

or  OLIVER  4  BOTD.  Edckbdhobj 

or  a.  FUNSONBT,  116,  QitArtOH  Stbiit,  Ddblik. 


[Od.  786—85.]  Prie«  TArtepwet. 


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CONTENTS. 


N«w  York  mouej  nuiket  .- 


cleuing-hoiue  fttonw   . 


Prod  nee  Exchange  _ 


Ammdmenta  to  banking  Uw..- 

Stkte  ot  New  York  debt    

Cit7  of  Sew  York  debt 

EVeighta _... 


Shipping;  st  Sew  York  ... 

SJjipbuildiDg   ^ 

Kbw  (leainiLip  line*  

Publii-Borkd— 


It  of  Sew  York  Hubonr  „ 


Underground  lBilw»y _._._ 

ProJ^cC^d  tunnelo  under  riven 

Elpi'tricit;  u  n  Biotive  power  _ 

Eailron^B,  good*  traffic  „,.^.^.„^, 

Tital  slutistic*  -..__„__._._-., 

ImmigretioD  retiime  _ »._.^ 

Labour  ronditionB  __ 

Ooet  of  lirinK ~. _»- 

LHbour  laws  of  1001  »_..>.__».... 

Strikes 

Labour  arbilration  ....»..._ _-.. 


Copper;  lead  ^ „ _ , 

Dry  good ii  i  uotton  goods;  eilk } 'wooUeu good*.. 

Flat  and  hemp  _ 

Leather;  boola  audKboe*;  hidea and akiiM  v_ 

BnUrr  and  checM  - ~...~ ^ 


T^icoo   . 


High  Bubocl  of  Comicei 

import-' 

Tolne  of  importa  and  eiportabj  coiuMet.— 

Impoil  and  export  of  ipeoie ^ _,.... . 

O-raiD  Kbir>jnnul#  .,..-.- .„t~..,^^t»  -.. 

Hetum  ofaaamen  engaged,  &«..._ 

pBOVtDBircB,  R.I,,  trade  inipoit .... u.„>...,_ 


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No.  2781.  Annual  Series. 

Seference  to  previous  Report,  Annual  Series  No.  2581. 


Seport  on  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of  the  Consular  IHstrict  of 
New  7orkfo7-  the  Tear  1901 

By  Consul-general  Sir  P.  Sanderson. 

(Beoaired  kt  Foreign  Offioe,  April  10, 1902.) 

The  year  1901  was  one  of  continued  buBiness  prosperity  and  <l«nB™l 
trade  activity,  notwithstanding  such  depressing  infiuences  a&  a  ""''  ' 
panic  in  the  stock  market  in  the  month  of  May,  the  partial  failnrti 
of  the  Indian  com  crop  owing  to  heat  and  drought,  the  great. 
strike  of  the  steel  workers,  and  the  assassination  of  President 
McKinley.  The  great  features  in  the  industrial  world  were  the 
combination  of  the  leading;  iron  Hud  steel  properties  in  the  country 
which  were  formed  into  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation  with 
a  capital  of  over  200,000,000/.,  the  strike  of  the  steel  workers 
which  followed  shortly  afterwards,  and  the  formation  of  an  Arbi- 
tration Committee  of  the  National  Civic  Federation.  The  iron 
and  steel  industry  has  been  buoyant  tliroughout,  prices  advanced, 
but  the  administration  of  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation  is 
credited  with  having  exerted  all  its  influence  to  prevent  any  rise 
to  extreme  figures  even  at  the  time  of  the  strike.  This  policy  is 
contrasted  with  that  pursued  in  the  copper  market,  where  the 
maintenance  of  prices  at  17  c.  (S^tf.)  a  lb.  led  to  a  large  reduction 
in  the  net  exports  of  that  metal.  The  strike  of  the  steel  workers 
lasted  from  the  beginning  of  July  till  the  middle  of  September, 
no  question  of  wages  was  involved,  and  it  ended  in  the  defeat  of 
the  Amalgamated  Association  of  Iron,  Steel,  and  Tinworkers  in 
their  attempt  to  compel  the  companies  comprised  in  the  United 
States  Steel  Corporation  to  place  all  their  mills  under  union 
control.  Another  widely  extended  strike  was  that  of  the 
machinists  in  the  United  States,  Canada,  and  Mexico  for  a  day  oi 
nine  hours  with  the  same  rate  of  pay  as  that  ruling  for  a  10-hour 
day.  This  strike  began  nn  May  20,  generally  speaking  it  resulted 
in  failure,  and  it  came  to  an  end  in  most  places  in  July,  rather 
through  a  process  of  disintegration  than  m  consequence  of  any 
agreemeat.  In  the  month  of  December  conferences  were  hehl 
between  representatives  of  labour  and  capital  under  the  auspices 
of  the  National  Civic  federation,  and  resulted  in  the  formation  ol' 
a  Standing  Committee,  to  be  known  as  thfi  Industrial  Departmem 
(49)  A  2 


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of  the  Kational  Civic  Federation,  for  the  purpose  of  promoting 
industrial  peace.  This  Committee  ineludee  some  of  the  very 
strongest  amongst  the  employei-s  of  labour  and  Hbe  labour  leaders, 
and,  in  addition,  men  of  the  highest  character  and  ability  outside 
these  two  classes,  who  may  be  said  to  be  among  the  best  represen- 
tatives of  the  general  public.  The  province  of  the  Committee  ia 
to  do  what  may  seem  best  to  promote  industrial  peace  and  pros- 
perity, the  representatives  of  labour  and  of  capital  meet  on  even 
terms,  and  the  addition  of  the  third  element,  that  of  the  general 
public,  seems  destined  to  play  a  great  part  iu  minimising  friction. 
lYovision  has  been  made  recently  for  the  selection  of  members  to 
form  committees  of  arbitratiun  when  desired,  but  care  is  being 
taken  to  avoid  any  semblance  of  compulsion,  and  as  at  present 
proposed,  the  general  public  would  only  be  represented  on  a  com- 
mittee of  arbitration  in  the  event  of  the  other  two  parties  being 
unable  to  agree.  A  very  large  business  was  done  by  the  leading 
manufacturers,  and  such  was  the  demand  for  railway  transport 
that  in  certain  cases  operations  had  to  be  restricted  owing  to  the 
difficulty  of  obtaining  a  sufficient  supply  of  coal  and  coke.  The 
trade  in  cotton  goods  was  not  entirely  satisfactory,  it  became 
necessary  to  curtail  production  in  the  spring,  and  manufacturers 
are  said  to  have  made  much  smaller  profits  than  during  the 
previous  year.  The  wheat  crop  was  very  large,  and  the  foreign 
demand  was  fully  maintained;  on  the  other  hand,  Indian 
corn  was  seriously  affected  by  the  heat  and  drought,  and  gave  a 
return  very  much  below  the  average ;  the  yield  of  oats  was  also 
unsatisfactory.  Some  compensation  was  found,  however,  in  a 
generally  higher  scale  of  prices  for  cereals.  The  exports  of  merchan- 
dise were  only  about  12,500,000  dol.  (2,500,000^.),  in  value  below 
those  of  1900,  while  the  imports  show  a  value  of  51,000,000  dol. 
(over  10,000,000i.)  in  excess  of  those  of  1900.  The  bank  clearings 
were  affected  not  only  by  a  large  volume  of  trade,  but  also  by  the 
financial  undertakings  of  lat^e  magnitude,  such  as  the  formation 
of  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation,  the  purchase  of  the 
Burlington- Quincy  Railroad,  of  the  interests  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad,  and  so  forth.  The  increase  was  upwards  of  60 
per  cent,  in  New  York  to  a  total  of  about  16,000,000,000/.,  and  in 
the  whole  of  the  United  States,  37J  per  cent  to  upwards  of 
23,700,000,000;.  On  the  Stock  Exchange  dealings  during  the 
early  months  of  tlie  year  were  on  an  unparalleled  scale,  a  panic 
ensued  in  May,  after  which  the  volume  of  business  diminished, 
but  still  remained  more  than  ordinarily  lai^.  The  rates  for 
sterling  exchange  were  maintained  at  high  figures  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  year,  and  with  the  exception  of  February, 
August,  and  September  larger  or  smaller  amounts  of  gold  were 
sent  to  Europe  from  New  York  every  month  of  the  year,  but 
while  gold  was  leaving  New  York  it  was  coming  in  by  the 
Pacific  Coast  from  Australia;  the  net  export  amounted,  however, 
te  about  600,000/.  Mercantile  failures  show  a  slight  increase  in 
numbers  as  compared  with  1900,  but  the  liabilities  are  smaller 


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and  are  in  ^t  the  smalleet  aiuce  1883  if  the  year    1899  be 
excepted. 

The  returns  available  show  that  the  crops  of  the  five  leading  AgncnUurd 
cereals,  taken  as  a  whole,  were  considerably  below  the  average  of  produ^. 
the  last  few  years,  the  most  serious  loss  beius  iu  Indian  com,  Cetwtli. 
occasioned  by  the  extraordinary  period  of  drought.  The  estimate 
of  the  wheat  crop  gives  676,670,000  bushels,  or  about  l.'i4,000,000 
bushels  more  than  the  crop  of  1900,  and  suriiaaaing  even  the  ^■e^y 
large  crop  of  1898,  Indian  corn  is  returned  at  1,359,626,000 
bu^els,  as  compared  with  2,105,000,000  bushels  in  1900,  and 
2,078,000,000  bushels  in  1899  ;  the  yield  was  given  in  the  report 
of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture  for  November  as  being  only  164 
bushels  per  acre,  as  against  29*3  bushels  in  1900,  and  an  average 
of  24-4  bushels  for  the  10  years  up  to  date.  This  is  2-2  bushels 
below  the  jirevious  low  record  of  1881.  In  Kansas  the  yield  was 
put  at  7"8  bushels  per  acre,  in  Missouri  at  lO'l  buabels  per  acre, 
and  in  Nebraska  at  14'1  bushels  per  acre.  The  crop  of  oata  is  esti- 
mated at  661,000,000  bushels,  nearly  150,000,000  bushels  less  than 
in  1900  ;  barley  (70,631,000  bushels)  shows  an  increase  of  about 
11,000,000  bushels ;  the  lye  crop  (23,573,000  bushels)  shows  little 
change  as  compared  with  1900. 

Tae  following  table  gives  a  summary  for  the  past  three  years, 
but  it  should  be  mentioned  that  the  definite  figures  for  1901  will 
not  be  published  till  they  have  been  tested  and  revised,  if  neces- 
sary, by  the  Census  Ileport  to  he  issued  shortly : — 

Crops  of  Indian  Corn,  Wheat,  Oats,  Barley  and  Eye. 


QuaaWtj. 

1901. 

1900. 

1899. 

Indknoora      .. 

Wheat 

o»t.      

B"l<7 

Bye       

Balhels. 
1,869,686,000 

676,700,000 
660,756,000 
70,681,000 
23,673,000 

Butihel*. 
2,106,108,616 
622,22S,6DC 
809,126,989 
63,926,838 
38,995,927 

BwhBla. 
2,078.143,885 

647,303.846 
796,177,718 
78,381,568 
23,861,741 

Total 

2,791,286,000 

8,619,379,770 

8,618,968,798 

Farm  prices  cannot  be  given  in  the  absence  of  published 
retoms  from  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  but  it  would  seem  that 
they  were  higher  than  in  1900  if  any  judgment  can  be  formed 
from  export  prices  which  are  not,  however,  always  a  very  safe 
guide.  The  average  export  prices  were: — Wheat,  725  c.  (SQ^d.) 
as  compared  with  71-75  c.  (35 jd.);  Indian  com,  49-25  c.  (24jrf.), 
BB  against  44-5  c.  (22^^.);  and  oats,  35  125  c  (17-^.),  as  against 
30-5  0.  (15id.)  in  1900. 

The  potato  crop  was  much  below  an  average,  the  return  show- 
ing a  yield  of  slightly  less  than  60  bushels  an  acre,  as  compared 
(49)  A  3 


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with  upwards  of  80  buahels  in  1900,  and  an  average  for  10  years 
of  78-7  bushels. 

Cotton.  The  final  figures  of  the  cotton  season  of  1900-01  show  that 

the  crop  amounted  to  10,383,422  bales,  as  compared  with 
9,436,416  bales  in  thti  previous  season,  and  11,274,840  bales  in 
1898-99.  Owing  to  the  higher  prices  ruling  it  was  the  most  valuable 
crop  ever  raised  in  the  South;  the  figures,  irrespective  of  by- 
products suuh  as  seed  and  oil,  being  98,913,500/.  in  1900-01, 
72,757,0O0t  in  1899-1900,  and  56,554,600/.  in  1898-99.  Texas 
produced  over  3,800,000  bales  or  more  than  one-third  of  the  total. 
The  present  crop  has  been  variously  estimated  at  figures  between 
9,750,000  8Md  10.500,000  bales. 

Mining.  The  preliminary  estimate  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint  gives 

Qold.  the  production   of  gold   in   the  United   States   during   1901   as 

3,880,578  ozs.  of  a  value  of  about  16,044,000/.,  as  compared  with 
an  actual  production  of  3,829,897  ozs.,  valued  at  about  15,834,200/. 
in  1900.  There  was  a  decrease  of  about  60,000  ozs.  from  Alaska 
and  an  increase  of  nearly  50,000  ozs.  from  Nevada, 

SilTflr.  The  actual  production  of  silver  in  the  United  States  in  1900 

was  57,647,000  ozs.,  or  about  2,000,000  ozs.  less  than  the  estimate. 
For  the  year  1901  the  estimate  is  about  59,654,000  ozs.,  or 
2,000,000  ozs.  more  than  tlie  actual  output  in  1900. 

Copper.  The  production  of  copper  in   1901   sliowed  a  slight  decrease 

for  the  first  time  during  a  number  of  years,  the  figures  being 
about  297,500  tons  of  2,000  lbs.,  as  compared  with  300,416  like 
tons  in  1900.  The  decrease  occurred  mainly  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  year,  and  in  the  district  of  Montana. 

1«mI.  The  production  of  lead  in  1900  which  had  been  estimated  at 

262,000  short  tons  reached  in  fact  275,907  tons;  the  output 
in  1901  is  estimated  at  265,000  tons  or  a  reduction  of  about 
11,000  tons. 

Zinc.  The  production  of  zinc  is  estimated  at  128,000  tons  or  about 

5,000  tone  of  2,000  lbs.  more  than  in  1900. 

IWnction  of        The  total  productiou  of  pig-iron  in  the  United  States  dnring 

pig-iron.  j^jjg  yg^   1901  amounted  to  15,878,354  gross  tons,  as  compared 

with  13,789,242  tons  in  1900,  and  13,620,703  tons  in  1899.  This 
represents  an  increase  in  production  of  more  than  2,000,000  tons 
over  the  highest  previous  record,  and  the  home  consumption  seems 
to  have  been  even  in  larger  proportion  for,  while  at  the  close  of 
the  year  1900  the  unsold  stock  was  estimated  at  446,020  tons, 
at  the  corresponding  period  in  1901  there  appeared  to  be  only 
73,647  tons  of  pig-iron  on  the  market.  The  imports  of  iron  and 
steel  during  1901  are  estimated  at  218,621  tons,  and  the  total 
consumption  and  export  at  16,469,348  tons  ;  deducting  the  exports 
which  appear  to  have  been  only  700,818  tons  in  1901,  as  compared 
with  1,154,270  tons  in  1900,  the  domestic  consumption  of  iron 
and  steel  in  the  United  States  would  seem  to  have  been 
15,768,530  tons  in  1901,  as  against  12,467,216  tons  iu  1900, 
and  13,197,842  tons  in  1899.  It  is  remarkable  that  this  la^ 
increase  iu  the  production  of  pig-iron  comes  almost  entirely  from 
the   Northern   States,  Pennsylvania   and   Ohio,  and  in  a  minor 


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degree  Illinoia ;  there  was  a  slight  iiicreaee  in  Alabama  and 
Maryland,  but  the  total  for  the  whole  of  the  Southern  States 
was  only  2,578,854  tons,  as  compared  with  2,604,671  tons  in  1900, 
while  Penneylvania  pitMiuced  7,343,257  tons ;  Ohio,.  3,326,425  tons ; 
Illinois,  1,596,850  tons;  and  the  Northern  States  as  a  whole 
13,299,490  tons,  as  against  11,184,571  tons  in  1900.  It  was  at 
one  time  considered  that  the  supremacy  of  the  Northern  iron  and 
steel  centres  was  likely  to  be  seriously  threatened  by  the  fact 
that  the  ore,  the  fuel  and  the  flux  were  found  in  such  close 
proximity  in  the  South ;  the  slow  progreaa  made  by  the  Southern 
iron  makers  is  attributed  to  the  difficulties  they  have  had  to 
contend  with  in  finding  a  market  within  their  own  borders,  and 
this  difficulty  is  now  being  met  by  the  erection  of  steel  works. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  year  prices  were  fairly  low  and  the 
competition  which  was  threatened  by  the  rivalry  of  the  different 
companies  threatened  to  demoralise  the  trade  so  that  buyers  were 
diflposed  to  withhold  their  orders.  After  the  combination  of  these 
different  companies  under  the  control  of  the  United  States  Steel 
Corporation  the  demand  increased,  and  the  prodnction  of  pig-iron 
in  the  first  six  months  of  the  year,  which  had  reached  its  highest 
point,  namely,  7,674,613  tons,  was  surpassed  in  the  second  six 
months  when  it  amounted  to  8,203,741  tons. 

The  amount  of  bituminous  coal  mined  in  the  United  States  Oo«L 
during  1901  is  estimated  at  235,000,000  short  tons  of  2,000  lbs., 
as  compared  with  212,514,000  abort  tons  in  1900.  In  the  year 
1899  the  price  of  bituminous  coal  b^an  to  rise  for  the  first  time 
during  12  yeatB,  a  further  advance  was  made  in  1900  when  the 
average  price  .reached  4s.  4rf.  per  short  ton,  and  throughout  1901 
prices  ruled  higher,  labour  was  better  paid,  and  the  trade  as  a 
whole  was  in  a  most  satisfactory  condition.  The  attempt  to  build 
up  a  large  export  trade  was  interfered  with  by  the  very  laige 
demand  for  home  consumption,  and  this  could  not  always  be  fully 
met  as  the  railroads  had  not  sufficient  rolling-stock  to  meet  the 
requirements.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  features  in  the  mining 
of  bituminous  coal  in  the  United  States  is  the  progress  made  in 
the  development  of  undercutting  machines  ;  in  1898  the  amount 
mined  by  machines  was  32,413,144  short  tons,  in  1899  it  rose 
to  43,964.000  short  tons,  and  in  1900  (notwithstanding  a  decrease 
in  Illinois  where  the  labour  unions  opposed  the  use  of  these 
machines)  to  52,790,500  tons.  The  number  of  machines  in  use 
was  3,907  in  1900,  as  compared  with  3,125  in  1899,  and  2,622 
in  1898. 

The  total  production  of  anthracite  coal  in  1901  is  estimated  at 
61,000,000  long  tons,  as  compared  with  about  53,000,000  tons  in 
1900.  This  appears  to  he  the  largest  figure  ever  reached,  and  at 
the  same  time  prices  were  well  maintained,  chiefly  in  consequence 
of  the  greater  concentration  of  control  among  the  different  carry- 
ing and  mining  companies,  but  also  to  a  certain  extent  due  to  a 
greater  demand  consequent  on  the  depletion  of  stocks  attendant 
on  the  strike  of  the  miners  in  1900,  and  to  cold  weather  and  high 
winds  in  Februaiy,  March,  and  April.  The  first  exports  of  any 
f49)  A  4 


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8  HEW   YOBK. 

importance  from  the  United  States  to  Europe  were  made  in  October, 
when  an  unusually  low  ocean  freight  could  be  obtained,  and  a 
certain  number  of  orders  were  placed  for  amounts  of  from  3,000 
to  10,UOO  tons,  but  offers  of  contracts  for  larger  amounts  are  said 
to  have  been  refused  in  consequence  of  the  strength  of  the  home 
market.  Prices  in  New  York  Harbour  averted  about  2s.  higher 
than  !n  1900. 

The  import  of  bituminouB  coal,  chiefly  from  British  North 
America,  amounted  to  about  1,920,000  tons,  much  the  same  ae  in 
1900  ;  that  of  anthracite  coal  is  insignificant.  The  eaqwrt  of  both 
kinds  during  the  year  is  returned  at  a  total  of  7,383,393  tons  as 
compared  with  7,917,519  tons  in  1900,  and  5,752,150  tons  in  1899. 
The  export  of  anthracite  coal,  1,993,307  tons,  shows  an  increase 
of  about  340,000  tons  over  1900;  that  of  bituminous  coal, 
5,390,086  tons,  a  diminution  of  over  800,000  tons.  Of  the  total 
export,  5,081,000  tons  went  to  British  North  America  as  compared 
with  5,422,500  tons  in  1900. 

The  revenues  of  the  railroads  continued  to  improve  during  1901, 
the  gross  receipts  showing  an  advance  of  10'6  pei  cent,  as  com- 
pared with  1900,  while  the  net  earnings  increased  in  still  larger 
proportion,  representing  a  gain  of  15-3  per  cent.  The  improve- 
ment has  been  more  general  than  in  the  former  year,  ail  the  groups 
showing  an  increase  in  gross  earnings,  and  only  the  Mexican  group 
returning  a  decrease  in  the  net  revenue.  In  the  first  part  of  the 
year  the  railroads  in  the  north-west  suffered  in  consequence  of  the 
short  crop  of  spring  wheat  of  1900,  while  the  south-western  lines 
profited  by  an  excellent  yield  of  winter  wheat,  favourable  condi- 
tions in  the  cotton  trade,  snd  extensive  movements  of  cotton. 
Lat«r  in  the  year  the  north-western  lines  reaped  the  benefit  of  a 
good  wheat  crop,  while  those  in  the  south-west  had  to  contend 
with  the  conditions  brought  about  by  a  poor  crop  of  Indian  com 
and  a  late  crop  of  cotton.  Other  adverse  influences  were  the 
strike  of  steel  workers,  some  unfavourable  weather,  and  a  certain 
amount  of  rate  cutting  at  the  end  of  the  year,  but  the  conditions 
in  general  were  distinctly  favourable.  Business  was  very  active, 
rates  of  freight  remunerative,  the  carriage  of  general  merchandise 
was  of  enormous  volume,  and  that  of  live-stock,  wheat,  and 
cotton  fully  up  to  an  average,  although  there  was  a  falling-ofF  in 
Indian  corn,  oats,  and  harley.  Passenger  traffic  was  brisk,  and  the 
coal  roads  showed  a  notable  increase,  both  in  gross  receipts  and 
net  earnings,  due  to  a  further  decided  advance  in  rates  made 
possible  by  a  concentration  of  ownership.  In  the  latter  part  of 
the  year  so  great  was  the  pressure,  due  to  the  large  movements  of 
iron,  steel,  coal,  lumber,  and  grain,  that  in  many  instances  the  rollii^- 
stock  waB  found  insuificient  for  the  traffic.  The  total  increase  in 
the  gross  earnings  of  all  the  railroads  is  estimated  at  about 
30,000,0001.  in  1901,  following  on  successive  increases  estimated 
at  about  24,000,000^.  in  1900,  28,000,000/.  in  1899,  18,000,000/.  in 
1898,  and  at  about  15,000.000/.  in  1897,  so  that  in  the  course  of 
the  last  five  years  the  yearly  gross  receipts  have  increased  by  con- 
siderably upwards  of  100,000,000/.  sterling.     Although  it  ie  hardly 


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NXW   VOEK.  ^ 

expected  that  this  rate  of  progress  in  gioes  receipts  will  be  main- 
tained during  1902,  there  is  an  opinion  that  net  earnings  may  still 
be  increased  by  means  of  further  concentrations  and  the  more 
complete  recognition  of  a  community  of  interests,  while  economies 
are  looked  for  in  the  expenditure  for  maintenance,  which  has  been 
very  large  of  late.  Wtule  larger  and  more  far-reaching  consolida- 
tions were  carried  out  in  1901  than  had  ever  taken  place  before, it 
seems  possible  that  during  the  present  year  there  will  be  a  number 
of  important  transactions,  amalgamations,  leases,  &c.,  calculated  to 
diminish  the  number  of  independent  companies,  although  not  of 
the  magnitude  of  those  involving  the  Burlington,  the  Southern 
Pacific,  or  the  Korthern  Pacific  and  Great  Northern.  The  totAl 
railroad  mileage  is  estimated  at  199,000  miles,  and  the  amount 
built  in  1901  at  3,868  miles,  or  950  miles  less  than  in  1900.  The 
largest  additions  were  made  in  Oklahoma,  398  miles ;  Texas,  313 
miles ;  and  West  Virginia,  266  miles.  While  there  was  a  decrease 
in  new  mileage,  the  output  of  railway  cars  in  1901  was  the  largest 
on  record ;  exclusive  of  the  cars  built  by  railroads  in  their  own 
shops,  144,267  cars  were  constructed,  ]  39,295  for  use  in  the 
country  and  4,972  for  export.  Of  these  136,950  were  freight  care 
and  28,143  were  either  all  steel  or  had  steel  under  frames,  as  com- 
pared with  18,604  of  the  same  kind  in  1900. 

The  value  of  the  total  exports  of  merchandise  from  the  United  Ezporti, 
States  in  1901  amounted  to  1,465,380,000  dol.,  or  about 
293,076,000^.,  as  compared  with  1,478,000,000  dol.,  or  295,600,000^, 
in  1901.  This  decrease  of  about  2,500,000/.  from  the  highest  point 
ever  reached  is  accounted  for  by  a  decrease  in  the  shipments  of 
Indian  com  and  oats,  in  consequence  of  the  poor  harvest  of  these 
cereals,  to  a  slight  fall  in  the  price  of  cotton,  and  to  reduced 
exports  of  iron,  steel,  and  copper.  The  exports  of  iron  and  steel 
were  affected  not  only  by  the  depressed  condition  of  European 
markets  but  also  by  an  extraordinary  demand  for  home  consump- 
tion, while  the  maintenance  of  an  artificial  price  for  copper 
checked  the  export  of  that  metal.  On  the  other  hand,  prices  for 
agricultural  produce  were  niaintuined  at  a  high  figure,  and  the 
export  of  wheat  and  fiour  was  in  excess  of  that  of  any  previous 
years.  Taking  the  leading  products,  6,963,092  bales  of  cotton 
were  shipped,  as  against  6,671,561  bales  in  1900,  The  price  fell, 
however,  irom  9^  c.  (48^.)  to  8^  o.  (about  4^^.)  per  lb.  The 
bales  would  also  seem  to  have  been  a  trifle  smaller,  the  values 
being  returned  at  about  60,200,000/.  in  1901  and  62,850,000/.  in 
1900.  The  shipments  of  wheat  and  flour  amounted  to  266,296,000 
bushels,  as  compared  with  183,000,000  bushels  iu  1900,  and  the 
price  averaged  72^  c.  (3g.  O^d.)  per  bughel,  as  compared  with 
71i  c,  or  a  little  under  3s.  in  1900.  The  amount  of  Indian  com 
shipped  was  only  102,359,089  bushels,  as  compared  with 
190,094,538  bushels  in  1900,  but  the  price  was  considerably  higher 
at  49 J  c.  (2t.  Q^d.)  in  lieu  of  44i  c.  (Is.  lOirf.).  There  was  also  a 
considerable  reduction  in  the  amount  of  oats  exported,  about 
26,000,000  bushels,  as  compared  with  32,000,000  bushels  in  1900, 
but  here  again  prices  were  higher,  averaging  35^  c.  (Is,  5^^)  per 


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10  NSW   YORE. 

bushel.  Notwithstanding  the  loss  on  these  two  last  items,  the 
total  of  the  breadstuffs  exported  ajuounted  to  276,404,300  dol.  (about 
55,281,000/.),  an  increase  of  over  25,000,000  doL,  or  upwards  of 
6,000,000/.  sterling,  as  compared  with  1900.  ProvisioDS, 
41,400,000/.,  show  au  increase  of  about  4,000,000/. ;  cattle,  sheep,  and 
hogs,  7,860,000/.,  an  increase  of  about  850,000/.  In  each  of  these 
cases  there  has  been  an  increase  in  quantity  as  well  as  a  rise  in 
prices.  In  petroleum  there  v/aa  an  increase  in  the  quantity 
expoi-ted,  1,051,000,000  gallons,  against  967,000,000  gaUons,  but 
the  value  feU  from  14,900,000/.  in  1900  to  14,560,000/.  in  1901. 
These  five  leading  products  show  an  increase  in  the  a^regate  of 
over  7,000,000/:,  the  returns  being  896,395,944  dol.  (179,280,000/.) 
in  1901,  and  861,134,842  doL  (172,230,000/.)  in  1900.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  exports  of  other  goods  fell  from  616,811,000  dol. 
(123,362,000;.)  in  1900  to  569,118,000  dol.  (113,824,000/.)  in  1901, 
a  difference  of  about  10,000,000/.  sterling,  which  is  fully  accounted 
for  by  the  decrease  of  5,400,000/.  (from  25,930,000/.  to  20,500,000/.) 
in  exports  of  iron  and  steel,  and  that  of  4,800,000/.  in  the  export 
of  copper,  the  value  of  which  was  only  6,700,000/.,  as  compared 
with  11,500,000/.  in  the  previous  year.  There  was  an  increase  in 
the  exports  of  cotton  cloth  of  a  little  over  1,000,000/.,  due  to  the 
trade  with  China  having  resumed  the  proportions  it  had  in  1899, 
and  of  about  275,000/,  in  boots  and  shoes. 

Imports  again  rose  in  value  from  829,020,000  dol.  (165,804,000/.) 
in  1900  to  880,421,000  dol.  (176,084,000/.)  in  1901.  Tliis  is  the 
lai^est  figure  that  has  ever  beon  attained  by  the  impoi-ts  in  any 
one  year,  and  the  increase  of  about  10,000,000/.  was  distributed 
as  follows:  aiticles  in  a  crude  condition  which  enter  into  the 
various  processes  of  domestic  industry,  increase  4,800,000/. ;  articles 
of  voluntary  use,  luxuries,  &c.,  increase  3,672,000/. ;  articles  manu- 
factured ready  for  consumption,  increase  1,240,000/.;  articles 
wholly  or  partially  manufactured  for  use  as  materi^  in  the 
manufactures  and  mechanical  arts,  increase  460,000/, 

Taking  the  articles  more  in  detail  there  were  lai^;ely  increased 
receipts  of  cott'ee,  fruits,  potatoes  and  fish,  and  a  considerable 
decrease  in  sugar  among  food  products.  In  raw  materials 
increases  in  value  were  shown  in  hides  and  leather,  chemicals, 
lumber,  raw  cotton,  furs,  raw  silk,  and  leaf  tobacco.  On  the  other 
hand  there  were  decreases  in  the  values  of  imports  of  tea,  cotton, 
silk,  woollen  goods,  raw  wool,  tin,  leather,  and  iron  and  st«el. 

The  excess  in  value  of  the  exports  other  than  bullion  over  the 
imports  in  1901  was  about  585,000,000  dol.  (117,000,000/.)  iie 
compared  with  nearly  130,000,000/.  in  the  previous  year.  Both 
imports  and  exports  are. affected  by  the  exclusion  from  the  retunw 
of  "foreign  trade"  of  the  figures  representing  the  trade  with 
Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico. 

The  movements  of  gold  show  a  balance  of  exports  amounting  to 
about  600,000/.  as  compared  with  an  import  on  balance  of 
2,520.000/.  in  1900.  The  export  of  silver  4,898,50(1/.  showed  a 
decrease  of  about  320,000/.  as  compared  with  the  previous  year. 

The  imports  from  the  United  Kingdom  are  returned  at  a  value 


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NBW   YORK.  II 

of  31,060,000^.  as  compared  with  30,314,000^.  in  1900  and 
28,466,000/.  in  1899.  i'rora  British  North  America  the  increase 
has  been  from  7,18t>,000;.  m  1899  to  8,143,000/.  in  1900  and  to 
9,180,000i.  in  1901.  From  the  British  East  Indies  the  returna 
have  b.«n  7.577,000/.  in  1899,  8,665,000/.  in  1900,  and  9,434,000/. 
in  1901 ;  from  the  British  West  Indies  :i,868,0O0/.  in  1899. 
3,480,000/.  in  1900  and  2,538,000/.  in  1901. 

The  money  market  waa  easy  in  February  and  March  and  again  New  York 
in  August,  rates  ruling  between  2  and  2^  per  cent.,  but  with  these  JJ^Hl 
exceptions  the  general  tone  was  firm,  while  in  May  during  the 
panic  it  became  impossible  at  one  time  to  borrow  money  on  any 
terms  and  again  in  September  at  the  time  of  the  assassination  of 
President  McKinley  the  market  was  much  disturbed.  Commencing 
at  5  per  cent,  early  in  January  the  rate  gradually  declined  to 
2  per  cent,  at  the  end  of  the  month  ;  in  March  there  was  a  slight 
recovery  which  became  more  pronounced  ia  the  later  months. 
During  the  first  three  days  in  May  the  range  was  between  3J  and 
8  per  cent,,  on  the  7th  it  liad  risen  to  5  to  10  per  cent  with  the 
bulk  of  transactions  at  7,  on  the  following  day  the  ruling  rate  was 
8  per  cent.,  as  much  as  25  per  cent,  having  been  paid  however  in 
certain  instances.  On  the  day  of  the  panic  itself  40  per  cent,  and 
later  rates  up  to  75  per  cent,  were  paid,  but  a  syndicate  of  bankers 
was  formed  who  offered  some  4,000,000/.  on  loan  at  market  rates, 
and  Messrs.  J.  P.  Morgan  and  Co.  lent  1,200,000/L  on  their  own 
account  at  6  per  cent  Bates  continued  irregular  for  a  few  days 
but  normal  conditions  were  soon  re-established  and  by  the  end  of 
the  month  tbey  had  fallen  to  4  per  cent.  After  May  1  cash  was 
continually  absorbed  by  the  United  States  Government  notwith- 
standing the  passive  of  the  War  Eevenue  Redaction  Bill,  most  of 
tlie  provisions  of  which  came  into  foitie  on  July  1.  On  Sep- 
tember 6  the  attack  was  made  on  the  President,  the  following  day 
the  bank  statement  issued  showed  a  loss  during  the  former  week 
of  upwards  of  1,000,000/.  in  the  surplus  reserve  which  was  reduced 
to  1,400,000/.  and  the  situation  gave  cause  for  anxiety.  A  pledge 
was  obtained  by  the  Clearing-house  Committee  for  a  sum  of  about 
6,000,000/.  to  lend  on  the  Stock  Exchange,  and  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  invited  tenders  for  the  purchase  by  the  G-ovemment 
of  outstanding  United  States  bonds  up  to  a  value  of  4,000,000/.  in 
.iddition  to  allowing  hankers  to  retain  Government  deposits  up  to 
the  total  value  of  bonds  deposited,  in  lieu  of  95  per  cent  as 
formerly.  Later  the  Secretary  directed  the  prepayment  of  the 
October  interest  on  bonds,  and  on  September  28  the  surplus 
reserve  of  the  banks  had  increased  to  3,260,000/.,  on  September  13 
as  much  as  10  per  cent  was  paid  for  money  on  call,  but  with  this 
4;xceptioa  the  I'ate  did  not  rise  above  6  per  cent,  and  by  the  end  of 
the  month  it  had  fallen  to  about  4  per  cent.  The  market  remained 
firm  for  the  rest  of  the  year  with  some  tightness  in  December  when 
6  to  10  per  cent  was  frequently  paid  for  loans  and  in  some 
instances  12  and  15  per  cent 

The  rate  for  choice  60  to  90  day  commercial  bills  with  two 
signatures  waa  very  steady  throughout  the  year  at  between  4  and 


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12 


NKW  YORK. 


5  per  cent. ;  in  February  and  March  it  was  somewhat  lower  at 
3^  to  4  per  cent.,  but  from  September  till  the  close  of  the  year 
the  ruling  rate  was  4J  to  5  per  cent,  with  the  higher  figure 
predominating. 

The  following  table  shows  the  position  of  the  New  York 
clearing-house  banks  at  difTerent  periods  of  the  year,  the  rate  of 
exchange  being  taken  at  6  del.  to  the  1/. 

The  surplus  reserve  represents  the  excess  over  28  per  cent,  of 
the  deposits  and  the  returns  give  the  average  of  each  week,  not 
the  actual  figures  for  the  day  mentioned. 


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April           6 

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Stock 

Exchange. 


The  maximum  and  minimum  of  deposits  were,  maximum 
202,502,800/.  on  March  2  as  compared  with  181.468,980/.  on 
September  15,  1900 ;  and  the  minimum  174,190.020/.  on 
January  o  as  compared  with  149,790,620/.  on  January  6,  1900. 
The  maximum  and  minimum  of  reserve  were,  maximum  6,159,890/, 
on  January  26,  as  compared  with  6,174,255/.  on  February  3.  1900, 
and  minimum  1,042,305/.  on  July  6  as  compared  with  537,285/. 
on  March  17,  1900. 

With  such  enormous  transactions  as  the  organisation  of  the 
a.  United  States  Steel  Corporation  and  the  financial  operations 
involved  in  tlie  different  railway  consolidations  carried  out  in 
1901,  it  was  but  natnial  that  the  New  York  clearing-house 
returns,  which  had  diminished  in  1900  as  compared  with  1899, 
should  show  a  large  increase.  This  amounts  to  upwards  of  50  per 
cent,,  the  figure  being  15,900,000,000/.  as  compared  with 
10,527,000,000/. ;  and  at  the  same  time  the  clearings  outside  New 
York  which  had  remained  stationarj'  have  increased  by  16^  per 
cent.  Taking  the  United  States  as  a  whole  the  clearings  liavf 
increased  by  37^  per  cent.,  and  a  remarkable  feature  is  that  there 
has  been  an  increase  in  every  group  of  States  and  in  every  one  of 
the  four  quarters  of  the  year  as  compared  with  1900. 

On  the  Stock  Exchange  the  denUnga  duriiig  the  early  montIi.s 
of  the  year  were  on  an  enormous  scale,  the  speculation  which  had 
begun  in  November  of  the  previous  year,  after  the  result  of  the 
Preaidential  Election  had  becoratj  known,  having  received  fresh 
stimulus  from  railroad  combinations  and  the  consolidation  of  the 
steel  interests  in  the  United  States  Steel  Corpoi-ation.     As  time 


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HEW   YOEK.  13 

went  on  speculation  became  wilder  until  early  in  May  a,  panic 
occarred,  resulting  in  the  worst  collapse  in  prices  experienced 
since  1873.  This  was,  however,  only  temporary,  brought  about 
chiefly  by  large  purchases  of  Northern  Pacific  common  stock 
which  it  was  found  impossible  to  deliver,  and  the  panic  was 
arrested  by  the  action  of  a  syndicate  of  bankers  who  lent  large 
sums  of  money,  while  the  rival  houses  contending  for  the  control 
of  the  Xorthem  Pacific  line  came  to  an  (^reement  not  to  enforce 
delivery  of  the  stock.  No  failnrea  occurred  and  the  recovery  was 
rapid,  but  the  market  was  more  or  less  unsettled,  and  speculation 
was  not  renewed  on  the  old  scale  in  the  face  of  such  adverse 
influences  as  the  deficiency  in  the  crop  of  the  Indian  com,  the 
strike  of  the  steel  workers,  and  the  assassination  of  the  President. 
Nevertheless  many  stocks  reached  their  highest  point  subsequent 
to  the  panic,  the  weakness  developed  from  time  to  time  was,  as  a  rule, 
followed  by  recovery,  and  the  general  tone  remained  strong  to  the 
end.  The  number  of  shares  sold  during  1901  was  265,944,659 
of  an  approximate  value  of  4,086, 200,000 1,  as  compared  ^vith 
138,380,184,  valued  ^t  about  1,849,857,000/.  in  1900.  The  price 
of  a  seat  on  the  Stock  Exchange  i-ose  during  the  year  from  about 
9,900/.  to  over  16,000t 

There  are  no  official  data  kept  at  the  Produce  Exchange,  but  Prodno* 
from  such  daily  reports  as  have  been  published,  it  would  appear  ^cliMg*- 
that  notwithstanding  the  speculative  activity  which  prevailed  at 
times  in  the  grain  market  consequent  on  the  short  crop  of  Indian 
com  the  sales  fell  considerably  below  those  of  1900.  It  is  cal- 
culated that  the  combined  total  of  spot  and  option  sales  only 
reached  869,516,000  bushels,  as  against  1,095.532,000  bushels  in 
1900 ;  there  was  a  slight  increase  in  oats  but  a  reduction  in 
every  other  kind  of  grain. 

The   following   table  gives   the  posted  rates  of  exchange  on  StMling 
London,  highest  and  lowest  of  each  month  in  the  year ;  they  are  i^^^'  "^ 
as  a  rule  fmctiouably  higher  than  those  for  actual  business. 


d  by  Google 


NEW   YOBK. 


Table  showiag  the  Posted  Bates  of  Sterling  Exchange  on  London 
for  the  Tear  1901. 


Honth. 


Fobnmry 
Uueh  .. 

M«y      .. 

July      .. 

Septembw 
October.. 
Vortmhw 
Deosmber 


!higb«rt 
loweit 
highMt 

rbigheit 
\  lowest 
/  highMt 

{highest 
lowest 
r  highcft 

J  highest 
1  lo-ert 


fbigheM 
highest 
highest 
highest 


Under  ordinary  circumstances  the  rate  for  bills  payable  on 
demand,  which  admits  of  the  export  of  gold  from  New  York  to 
London,  is  about  4  dol.  88  c.  for  bars,  and  4  doL  89  c.  for  coin, 
end  the  rate  at  whicli  gold  can  be  imported  without  loss  is  about 
4-835  dol.  per  U. 

The  rate  of  exchange  adopted  in  this  report  is  the  London 
Stock  Excliange  rate  of  6  dol.  to  the  11.  As  the  value  of  11.  at 
par  is  4-86165  doL,  the  Stock  Exchange  valuation  is  about  Sj  per 
cent,  below  par,  and  accordingly  the  quotations  of  American 
securities  are  about  ^J  per  cent,  higher  than  iu  New  York,  a 
bond  worth  100  dol.  in  New  York  b^g  quoted  at  102f  dol.  iu 
London. 

The  following  taken  from  the  tables  prepared  by  Messrs.  K.  G, 
Dun  and  Co.  shows  the  number  of  commercial  failures  in 
this  Consular  district,  as  well  as  those  in  the  whole  United  States 
in  1901  as  compared  with  1900: — 


New  York  .. 
Connecticut  ,, 
New  Jeney  . . 
Rhode  laUnd 
DeUwoie  .. 
Whole  of  United 


Number  of  Failurai. 

Amount  of  Li»baitie«. 

1901. 

1900. 

1901. 

1900. 

f. 

£ 

1.4C0 

1.821 

5,312,026 

8,470,460 

8M 

8S0 

621,260 

882,160 

183 

281 

603,264 

1,(83,050 

106 

83 

168,270 

144,580 

19 

22 

26,842 

21,630 

11.002 

10,774 

22,618.474 

27,699,200 

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NEW  YORK.  15 

The  figures  for  the  whole  of  the  United  States  here  show  aa 
increase  of  about  2  per  cent ;  the  liabilities  have  decreased  by 
upwards  of  18  per  cent,  but  the  assets  have  fallen-off  in  still 
larger  proportion,  the  figures  being  approximatively  11,100,000/. 
in  1901,  and  15,616,000/.  in  1900.  In  the  State  of  New  York 
there  was  a  slight  increase  in  the  number  of  failures  but  a 
considerable  decrease  in  the  liabilities,  the  assets,  howeTer 
(1,909,120/.),  represented  barely  36  per  cent  of  the  liabilities ;  in 
New  Jersey  there  was  a  reduction  in  the  number  of  failures  of 
about  20  per  cent.,  while  the  liabilities  were  less  than  half  those 
of  the  previous  year,  and  the  a-saets  averted  65  per  cent,  of  the 
liabilities;  in  Connecticut  there  was  a  slight  inci'ease  in  the 
number  of  failures  accompanied  by  a  decrease  in  the  liabilities. 

In  the  tables  published  by  Messrs.  R.  G.  Dun  and  Co.,  showing 
the  insolvencies  by  branches  of  trade  in  four  different  groups, 
manufacturers,  traders,  brokers  and  transporters,  and  bankers, 
show  in  every  instantie  an  increase  in  the  number  of  failures  nnd 
a  decrease  in  the  amount  of  liabilities.  Taking  the  different  items, 
however,  among  manufacturers  there  was  an  increase  in  the 
number  of  failures  and  in  the  amount  of  liabilities  of  manufac- 
turers of  cotton,  lace  and  hosiery,  of  clothing  and  millinery,  of 
chemicals,  drugs,  and  paints,  and  of  printers  and  engriivers  ;  the 
roost  notable  diminutions  were  in  iron,  foundries  and  nails, 
machinery  and  tools,  woollens,  carpets  and  knitted  goods,  and 
lumber,  carpenters  and  coopers.  Among  the  traders  there  was  an 
increase  in  the  number  of  failures  and  the  amounts  of  liabilities 
of  general  stores,  hotels  and  restaurants,  hardware,  stoves  and 
tools ;  the  decreases  were  largest  in  the  case  of  groceries,  meats 
and  fish,  dry  goods  and  carpets,  and  shoes,  rubbers  and  trunks ; 
clothing  and  furnishing  showed  an  increase  in  the  number  of 
failures  but  a  decrease  in  the  amount  of  liabilities.  Among 
brokers  and  transporters  there  were  596  failures  with  liabilities 
of  3.214,000/.,  as  compared  with  521  and  5.475,000/.  in  1900,  while 
banking  failures  show  74  with  liabilities  of  3,603,800/.,  against 
59  and  7,124,000/.  in  the  previous  year. 

The  figures  published  by  Bradatreets  differ  from  the  above  as 
r^ards  totals,  and  probably  do  not  include  some  of  the  firms 
noted  under  the  head  of  "  brokers  and  transporters "  in  Messrs. 
Dun's  tables.  Messrs.  Bradstreets  classify  failures,  according  to 
their  primaiy  causes,  under  11  heads,  eight  of  these  implying 
faults  of  those  failing,  namely,  "  incompetence "  irrespective  of 
other  causes,  "  inexperience  "  without  other  incompetence,  "  lack 
of  capital "  including  trying  to  do  too  much  business  for  the 
capital  employed,  "granting  of  unwise  credit,"  "speculation" 
outside  of  the  regular  business,  "  n^Iect  of  business "  due  to 
tloubtful  habits,  "  extravagance  "  of  a  personal  chiiracter,  "  fraud," 
fraudulent  disposition  of  property.  The  remaining  three  heads 
refer  to  failures  not  due  to  the  faults  of  those  failing,  namely, 
"  specific  conditions,"  flood,  fire,  failure  of  crops,  commercial  crisis, 
"  failure  of  others  "  apparently  solvent  debtors.  "  competition  "  of 
£ome  special  or  undue  character. 

The  following  summaries  are  taken  from  these  tables : — 


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III    llllli 

i 

d  by  Google 


NEW   YORK.  17 

These  totals  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  a  little  over  7  per 
cent,  in  number  when  compared  with  1900,  but,  inasmuch  as  the 
total  number  of  traders  increased  by  3'4  per  cent,  during  the  year, 
the  proportion  to  the  whole,  namely,  '88  per  cent,  is  only  slightly 
larger  than  in  the  two  previous  years.  The  liabilities  show  an 
increase  of  about  2-3  per  cent.,  and  the  assets  an  increase  of  about 
1'6  per  cent.  There  is  an  increase  in  number  under  every  head 
except  those  of  "  neglect "  and  "  competition,"  but  in  liabilities 
the  only  large  increases  are  iinder  the  heads  ot  "  incompetence  " 
and  "  unwise  credits,"  while  there  is  an  equally  large  reduction 
under  the  head  of  "speculation."  In  the  Eastern  States  the 
number  of  failures  decreased  from  20,301  in  1900  to  1,949  in 
1901,  and  the  liabilities  from  5,118,000/.  to  4,572,000/. ;  in  the 
Middle  and  Pacific  States  there  was  an  increase  in  numbers  but 
a  slight  diminution  in  the  liabilities ;  in  the  Southern,  the  Western, 
and  the  North-Western  States,  as  well  as  in  the  Territories,  botli 
the  number  of  failures  and  the  amount  of  liabilities  were  lai^r 
than  in  1900.  As  regards  capital  91-6  per  cent,  of  the  failures 
were  those  of  firms  having  1,000/.  capital  or  less;  in  1900  the 
proportion  was  94'2  per  cent. ;  with  over  1,000/.  and  less  than 
4,000/.  of  capital,  6'3  per  cent,  as  compared  witti  3-4  per  cent. 
In  the  United  States  and  Canada  tliere  were,  according  to  these 
returns,  only  two  failures  of  firms  with  over  100,000/.  capital  in 
1901  as  compared  with  seven  in  1900. 

The  report  of  ttie  Superintendent  of  Banks  for  the  State  of  sut*  b 
New  York  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  September  30.  1901,  shows 
that  during  that  period  the  number  of  State  banks  was  again 
reduced,  12  banks  having  closed ;  of  these  one  was  closed  com- 
pulsorily,  four  went  into  voluntary  liquidation,  four  joined 
the  national  banking  system,  two  were  merged  with  other  State 
banks,  and  one  individual  banker  was  succeeded  by  a  corporation. 
On  the  other  hand  only  eight  new  Stite  banks  were  organised, 
but  10  branch  otficea  were  opened  in  the  City  ot  New  York  by 
banks  already  established  there,  and  although  the  cooibined 
resources  of  the  banks  which  went  out  of  limjinusa  considerably 
exceeded  those  of  the  institutions  newly  formed,  the  quarterly 
reports  in  September  showed  that  the  total  assets  of  the  State 
banks  had  increased  by  over  50,000,000  dol.  (more  than  10,000,000/.), 
as  compared  with  the  same  period  in  ihc  former  year.  Tlie  bank 
which  was  closed  compulsorily  is  alluded  to  as  being  the  first  case 
of  this  kind  for  five  years,  and  within  a  montli  arrangements  were 
made  for  the  payment  of  depositors  in  full.  The  closing  of  this 
bank  in  Buffalo  was  brought,  about  in  a  great  measure. by  the 
failure  of  a  national  bank  in  tlie  same  city,  many  rumours  were 
current,  but  anything  in  the  shape  ola  panic  was  avoided  by  the 
prompt  action  of  the  Clearing-house  Association  of  Buffiilo  and 
the  calm  view  of  the  situation  token  by  the  Press.  The  Superin- 
tendent comments  unfavourably  on  the  practice  prevalent  in  some 
localities  of  paying  excessive  rates  of  interest  on  deposits,  rates  - 
which  sometimes  run  as  high  as  4  per  cent.,  and  suggests  that, 
notwithstanding  the  competition  for  business,  bankers  might  easily 


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18  .NEW   VOIiK. 

combine  to  do  awny  with  the  abuse  of  surrendering  the  principal 
shave  ol"  their  profits  to  their  customers.  Ttie  total  number  of 
discount  banks  under  the  supervision  of  the  department  is  given 
at  198,  with  a  capitJil  of  about  28,446,000  dol.  (5,700,000/.),  and 
combined  surplus  and  undivided  profits  of  about  29,177,000  dol. 
(5.840,000/.).  The  aggregate  resources  were  about  403,477,000  dol. 
(80,700,000/.),  Iwing  about  52,400,000  dol.  (10,480,000/.)  more  than 
at  the  same  date  in  1900. 

The  total  number  of  notional  banks  in  the  State  of  New  York 
is  341,  with  a  capital  of  104,828,000  dol.  (about  21,000,000/.),  and 
combined  surplus  and  undivided  profits  of  107,792,000  dol,  (about 
21,560,000/.) ;  the  agj^regate  resources  of  these  banks  amount  to 
1,487,258,000  dol.  (297,452,000/.),  showing  an  increase  of 
174,388,000  doi.  (nearly  :5 5,000,000/.)  as  compared  with  1900. 

The  report  further  .states  that  there  are  61  trust  conipaiiies 
in  the  State  of  New  York,  with  an  aggrcgfttc  capital  of 
47,450,000  dol.'  (about  9,500,000/.),  and  sui-plus  and  uudivided 
profits  amounting  to  98,372,000  dol.  (about  19,700,000/.),  being 
over  8,500,000  dol.  (1,700,000/.)  more  than  in  1900.  Their  total 
resources  were  966,528,000  dol.  (193,310,000/.),  and  dei^sits 
802,519,000  dol.  (160,540,000/.)  Their  net  profits  for  the  half 
year  ended  June  30, 1901, are  stated  to  represent  a  fraction  under 
22  per  cent,  on  the  actual  capital,  and  a  traction  over  7  per  cent, 
on  their  combined  capital,  surplus,  and  undivided  profits.  There 
is  said  to  be  little  if  any  tendency  to  increase  the  number  of 
trust  companies  in  the  City  of  New  York,  b'lit  constant  applica- 
tions appear  to  be  made  for  the  authorisation  of  such  institutions 
in  the  smaller  cities  and  even  in  villages. 

The  number  of  savings  banks  in  the  State  of  New  York  remains 
the  same,  namely,  128,  and  the  Superintendent  remarks  that  when 
even  the  banks,  which  have  long  been  established  and  which  enjoy 
the  advantage  of  having  a  considerable  surplus  andnn  experienced 
management,  are  compelled  by  the  high  price  of  securities  and 
the  diminishing  rate  of  interests  to  reduce  their  rates  of  dividend. 
a  good  deal  of  evidence  would  be  needed  to  convince  one  con- 
versant with  the  facts  of  the  probable  success  of  a  new  savings 
bank.  Some  years  ago  dividends  at  the  rate  of  6  or  7  per  cent, 
were  not  uncommon,  now  few  institutions  are  able  to  maintain  a 
4  per  cent,  rate,  with  most  the  rate  is  'i^  per  cent.,  in  some  cases 
only  3  per  cent.  But  while  present  conditions  do  not  seem  to 
favour  the  oi^anisation  of  more  savings  banks,  the  continued 
prosperity  of  those  already  established  ia  shown  by  the  increase  of 
deposits  which,  between  July,  1900,  and  July,  1901,  amounted  to 
65,540,000  dol.  (more  than  13.000,000/.). 

The  total  resources  of  all  the  institutione,  under  the  super- 
intendence of  this  Department  of  the  State  of  New  York,  are 
given  as  follows ; — 


d  by  Google 


B*tik»  of  dmant  and  dweount. . 
SaTingi  banki    . .         , . 
Tnut  oomntniei  . . 

8«f«  dapoMt  oorapMiiM. . 
Foreign  mortgage  oompuiiBS  ■ . 
Building  and  loan  uiocialton* 

Total       .. 


Date. 

Ainoiuit 

SrptemberlZ,  1901     . 
Jnlj             1,  JWl     .. 
Jul,              1,1901     .. 
Julj              1,1901     .. 
JanuaTT         1,1901      .. 
Januuj         1,1901     .. 

£ 
60,700,000 
821,020,000 
193.306,000 

1,095,000 
1,1*),030 
11,981,000 

609.192.000 

Tlie  total  shows  an  increase  of  nearly  57,000,000/.  over  that 
of  last  year,  and  building  and  loan  associations  are  the  only  institu- 
tions which  show  a  decrease.  This  decrease  ia  due  to  1 1  of  those 
associations  having  heen  referred  to  the  Attorney- General  for  the 
institution  of  proceedings  for  their  dissolution,  because  of  impair- 
ment of  eapited  or  violation  of  law,  or  because  it  was  unsafe  or 
inexpedient  for  them  to  continue  in  business,  and  the  Superin- 
tendent of  Banks  considers  that  these  associations  are  now  on  a 
better  footing  than  they  have  been  for  the  past  10  years. 

The   banking  legislation   during  1901   included  amendments  AmendmeDU 
giving  the  Superintendent  power  to  examine  every  agency  located  *°  l^oW"^ 
in  the  State  of  any  foreign  bank,  authorising  savings  banks  to    "■ 
invest  a  portion  of   their  deposits  in  railway  bonds,  increasing 
from  24  to  30  the  number  of  directors  which  a  trust  company 
may  have,  and  imposing  a  numlier  of  restrictions  on  the  methods 
of  business  as  adopted  by  some  of  the  building  and  loan  aasooia- 
tions.     There  was  also  l^slation  affecting  banks  of  ^deposit  and 
discount,  trust  companies  and  savings  banks,  placing  them  all  on 
an  approximately  uniform  basis  and  also  on  an  equality  as  regards 
tax  burdens. 

The  Superintendent  renews  his  recommendation  that  every  R^oomman- 
board  of  bank  directors  be  required  to  examine  periodically  and  '^'*'*"*> 
as  often,  at  least,  as  once  iii'  every  six  months,  the  assets  and 
liabilities  of  the  institutions  with  which  they  are  connected  and 
report  the  result  under  oath  to  the  Superintendent.  He  also, 
amonjj  other  matters,  recommends  that  all  foreign  trust  companies 
should  be  expressly  prohibited  fi-om  coming  into  the  State  of  New 
York  to  do  any  kind  of  business  without  first  obtaining  the  ofGcial 
consent  of  the  Superintendent  of  Banks. 

The  debt  of  the  State  of  New  York  amounted  on  September  30,  Pob*  <>'  Stata 
1901,  to  10,075,660  dol.  (about  2,015,13^/.),  as  compared  with  °' *^*' ^"^■ 
2,026,000/.  at  the  same  date  in  1900.  Of  this  sum  upwards  of 
1,700,000/.  is  represented  by  3  per  cent,  bonds  issued  for  the 
improvement  of  the  canals  and  redeemable  in  1906,  1912,  and 
1913.  The  tax  rate  for  the  past  year  was  1  dol.  20  c.  (48.  lOd.) 
per  1,000  dol.  (200/.)  for  purposes  of  State  Government,  as  com- 
pared with  1  dol.  96  c,  (7s.  lOd.)  for  the  former  year.  The  proceeds 
are  estimated  to  amount  to  1,365,000/.,  of  which  853,000/.  are  to 
be  devoted  to  schools,  and  512,000/.  to  the  pavment  of  interest  on 
(49)  ■  B   2 


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20 


NEW   YOBK. 


canal  bonds  and  other  parpo&ee.  The  gross  valuations  now  amounl 
to  l,137,505,600t,  an  increase  of  over  380,000,000i  in  the  last 
10  years. 

The  debt  statement  of  the  City  of  New  York  shows  that 
the  total  gross  funded  debt  stood  on  December  ;}1,  1901,  at 
416,262,224  dol..  and  the  sinking  fund  at  117,399,480  dol.,  leaving 
the  net  funded  debt  at  298,862,744  dol.  (about  09,772,550/.),  an 
increase  of  over  4,000,000/.  since  1900  when  the  total  amounted 
to  55.523,560/.  The  valuations  for  the  year  1901  were,  real  estate, 
3,237.778,261  dol.,  and  personal  estate,  550,192,612  dol.,  or  a 
total  of  3,787,970,873  dol.  (757,000.000/.),  as  compared  with 
3,651,122,192  dol.  (730,224,500;.)  in  1900.  The  total  taxes 
amounted  to  88,034,633  dol.  (about  17,607,000/.),  an  increase  of 
a  little  over  1,000,000/.,  and  the  tax  rate  was  slightly  higher, 
2'317  per  cent,  in  the  borough  of  Manhattan,  as  compared  with 
2"24  i)er  cent.;  in  Brooklyn,  2'338  per  cent,  as  against  2^32  per 
cent ;  in  Queen's,  2'352  per  cent.,  as  against  2'34  per  cent ;  and 
in  Kichmond,  2-35  per  cent.,  as  compared  with  2-22  per  cent  in 
1900. 

The  freight  market  for  the  first  three  months  of  1901  was 
fairly  remunerative  to  owners,  but  subsequently  rates  declined, 
and  they  huve  touched  the  lowest  level  reached  for  some  years. 
A  much  lai^er  amount  of  tonnage  Ijecame  available  for  the 
general  carrying  trade  in  consequence  of  tlie  release  of  a  number 
of  steamers  which  had  been  chartered  during  the  previous  year 
as  Government  transtwrts  and  which  now  returned  to  their  r^ular 
business. 
t.  The  comparative  failure  of  the  Indian  corn  crop  liad  a  most 
depressing  effect  on  gmia  freights ;  as  soon  as  tiie  actual  deficiency 
was  established  rates  sliowed  a  weaker  tendency,  and  in  the  last 
few  months  of  the  year  sliipmcnts  were  on  a  very  limited  scale. 
While,  in  January,  3s.  Gd.  per  quarter  was  paid  for  sliipments  lo 
Cork  for  oi-ders,  2s.  per  quarter  was  accepteii  in  October. 
Cliarters  for  full  cargoes  were  obtained  with  difficulty,  and, 
in  a  few  instances,  some  of  the  steamers  of  the  regular  lines  to 
Liveipool  and  London  carried  gi-ain  practically  freigiit  free.  The 
exports  from  Xew  York  in  1901  amounted  to  oidy  64,800,000 
bushels,  a  decrease  as  compared  with  1900  of  about  15,000,000 
bushels,  and  of  about  28,000,000  bushels  as  compared  with  1899. 

Cotton  freigbt-8  ruled  low  in  sympathy  with  the  general  market. 
A  few  charters  were  made  in  the  summer  for  loading  at  Gulf  ports 
daring  the  autumn  mouths  at  15s.  6d.  per  net  register  ton,  but 
owing  to  an  over  supply  of  tonnage  at  the  time  of  shipment  rates 
fell  as  low  as  9s.  6rf.  Better  rates  were  obtained  from  the  Atlantic 
cotton  ports  as  shippers  defeiTed  chartering  until  the  commence- 
ment of  the  season  when  1/.  10s.  was  the  market  tate;  this, 
however,  eventually  declined  to  1/.  3s.  for  Liverpool,  Havre,  or 
Bremen.  Shipments  for  Japan  and  the  East  have  been  contined 
almost  entirely  to  the  Pacific  route. 

Very  good  rates  were  obtained  by  steamers  at  the  beginning 
of  the  year  for  carrying  petroleum  to  the  Far  East,  as  mnob  as 


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NBW   YOBK.  21 

40  c.  (Is.  8d.}  per  case  having  been  paid  in  Janiiaf)',  but  the 
supply  of  tonnage  proved  far  in  excess  of  the  demand.  Freights 
gradually  dropped,  end  at  the  end  of  the  year  touched  20  c  (lOd.) 
per  case  to  Shanghai  with  other  Eaetern  ports  on  a  comparative 
basis.  The  freight  market  for  sailing  vessels  was  subject  to  tlic 
same  fluctuations.  The  European  oil  markets  have  been  supplied 
as  previously,  almost  entirely  by  tank  vessels. 

Sliipments  of  timber  and  deals  from  the  Gulf  ports  show  an  iSmber  mod 
increase  over  last  year;  rates  of  freif^ht  by  steamer  varied  from  ^•°''- 
6/.  per  standard  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  year  to  4/.  6a.  at  the 
close.     Steam  tonnage  continues  to  replace  sail  in  the  carrying  of 
these  cargoes. 

Contracts  for  carrying  cattle  were  made  early  in  the  season  by  C»ttl«. 
the  regular  lines  at  21.  5s.  to  21.  10s.  per  heail,  b\it  these  rates  liad 
to  be  reduced  later,  when  outside  steamers  came  into  the  market 
and  accepted  rates  of  11.  5s.  to  1/.  10s. 

There  was  little  variation  in  the  rates  of  freight  for  si^ar  from  Sugar. 
Cuban   and  West   Indian   ports;   a   few  outside   steamers   were 
chartered  during  the  height  of  the  season,  but  the  greater  part  of 
the  business  was  done  by  the  vessels  of  the  regular  lines. 

The  export  trade  in   coal  was  considerably   handicapped   by  co«l. 
insufficient  fucilities  for   transportation  from   the   mines   to   the 
seaboard.     Eates  to  the  Meditenanean  ports  commenced  ai  14s 
to   15s.  per  ton,  but  declined  about  6s.  per  ton  before  the  year 
closed. 

Eates  for  time-charters  showed  a  marked  reduction  as  com-  Time^birt*™. 

Eiared  with  the  previous  year.  The  requirements  of  the  regular 
ines  did  not  necessitate  their  procuring  outside  tonnage ;  the 
supply  of  steamers  was  in  excess  of  tlie  demand,  and  the  regiilai- 
time-charterers  had  little  difficulty  in  obtaining  vessels  at  prac- 
tically their  own  figure. 

The   return   of    shipping  at   New   York   obtained   from   the  Shippiog  &! 
custom-bouse  shows  that  4,215  vessels  of  8,933,185  tons  entered  ^®*  ^•""k- 
in  1901,  representing  an  increase  of  105  vessels  and  640,000  tons 
as  compared  with  1900.     The  clearances  are  returned  as  3,77T 
vessels  of  8,400,977  tons,  a  decrease  of  67  A'essels,  but  an  increase 
of  560,000  tons. 

British  tonnage  shows  a  decrease  in  the  entries  of  23  vessels, 
but  an  increase  of  nearly  500,000  tons;  the  United  States  an 
increase  of  68  vessels,  but  a  decrease  of  about  35,000  tons; 
German  toimage  an  increase  of  22  vessels,  but  a  decrease  ol* 
15,000  tons;  French  tonnage  increased  by  about  15,000  tons; 
that  of  the  Netherlands  by  47,000  tons;  Norwegian  tonnage 
decreased  by  50,000  tons.  There  was  a  considerable  increase 
in  the  tonnage  of  Italitui  vessels,  namely,  irom  68  vessels  of 
92,580  tons  in  1900  to  102  vessels  of  214,528  tons  in  1901.  This 
return  does  not  include  vessels  entering  or  clearing  coaatwiae  ;  tlie 
total  entrances  and  clearances  of  British  vessels  at  the  Consulate- 
General  were:  entered,  2,272  vtasels  of  4,566,972  tons;  cleared, 
2,25y  vessels  of  4,522,719  tons;  the  increase  as  compared  with 
1900  is  about  385,000  tons. 

(49)  B  3 


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22  NEW   YORK. 

Shipboildiiig.  ^^^  report  of  the  CommiBsioner  of  Navigation  at  Washingtoa 
shows  that  during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1901 ,  the  number 
of  vessels  built  in  the  United  States  was  1,581  of  a  gross  tonnage 
of  483,634  tons,  and  that  the  tonnage  during  the  present  year  is 
likely  to  be  considerably  larger.  Much,  however,  is  likely  to 
depend  on  the  course  of  legislation  respecting  subsidies  to  shipping. 
Two  very  large  steamers  are  under  conHtruction  by  the  Eastern 
Shipbuilding  Company  at  New  London,  Connecticut.  These  vessels 
are  being  built  for  the  Great  Northern  Steamship  Company  to  be 
employed  in  the  Pacific  trade ;  they  will  be  deeper  and  fuller  than 
the  "  Celtic,"  with  a  tonnage  of  26,000  tons. 

The  Atlantic  Transport  Company  is  said  to  have  given  orders 
to  the  New  York*  Shipbuilding  Company,  at  Camden,  New  Jersey, 
for  the  conatniction  of  four  passenger  and  freight  steamships  suit- 
able for  the  fast  Atlantic  trade. 
N«w  The  Hansa  line  has  commenced  a  service  between  New  York 

■t«uuiiup       and  the  East,  the  intention  being  to  carry  on  a  monthly  service 
W-P8DIW.      ^  f,^j^  -j,^^^^^  p^jj^  Elizabeth,  East  London,  Port  Natal,  and 
Calcutta. 

The  Atlas  line  of  steamers  which  carried  on  a  service  with  the 
West  Indies  and  South  America  under  the  British  flag  has  been 
absorbed  by  the  Hamburg-American  line. 
Public  iTorki.         The  report  of  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Works  of  the  State 
Cuftl*.  „f  jie^  York  shows  that  3,420,613  tons  (of  2,000  lbs.  each)  were 

carried  on  the  State  canals  during  the  year,  being  an  increase  of 
74,672  tons  as  compared  with  1900.  Of  the  total  freight  2,276,199 
tons  went  eastward,  of  which  858,622  tons  were  through  freight, 
and  1,417,577  tons  way  freight,  while  1,144,414  tons  went  west- 
ward, composed  of  453,904  tons  through  freight,  and  690,510  tons 
way  freight.  There  was  a  decrease  in  the  western  shipments  of 
86,376  tons,  but  an  increase  iji  those  eastward  of  161,048  tons. 
The  report  states  that  for  many  years  the  boatmen  have  not  had 
such  a  prosperous  season  as  that  of  1901,  the  amount  of  business 
being  limited  only  by  the  craft  available  for  navigation,  and  many 
boats  which  had  been  out  of  commission  for  a  long  time  having 
been  hastily  repaired  and  pressed  into  service.  The  Superinten- 
dent refers  to  his  report  for  1900,  in  which  he  pointed  out  that 
the  talling-off  in  traffic  was  almost  wholly  traceable  to  the  un- 
settled policy  of  the  State  so  far  as  its  waterways  were  concerned, 
and  commenting  on  the  little  progress  made  oven  yet,  again 
ui^es  an  early  settlement  by  the  State  of  the  question 
whether  the  canals  are  to  be  enlarged  in  accordance  with  the 
plans  on  which  action  was  begun  in  1895,  or  in  accordance  with 
more  i-ecent  suggestions,  or  left  to  struf^jle  with  the  present 
adverse  conditions.  He  cites  the  case  of  18  steel  canal  boats 
which  were  completed  and  placed  in  commission  in  1898,  but  later 
were  withdrawn  and  sold  to  the  Philippine  Transportation  and 
Construction  Company.  It  was  admitted  that  the  boats  earned 
profits,  but  they  are  not  to  be  replaced  as  the  returns  were 
meagre,  and  further,  the  opinion  was  expressed  that  the  Erie 
Canal  was  likely  to  prove  a  failure  unless  despatch  could  be 


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NEW  YORK.  23 

secured  at  both  New  York  and  Buifalo.  The  question  of  tetmiDal 
facilities  is  one  which  the  Superinteudent  urges  upon  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Legislature.  Another  question  is  that  of  the  use  liy 
surface  railroads  of  the  bridges  over  the  canals,  several  bridges 
having  been  damaged  by  heavy  cars  of  electric  tramways  passing 
over  them. 

No  decision  has  been  taken  at  present  with  regard  to  any  of  . 
the  different  plans  suggested  for  the  improvement  of  the  canals ; 
if  any  of  those  plans  be  adopted  by  the  present  Legislature,  they 
must  be  submitted  to  the  people  at  the  next  general  election, 
and  if  endorsed  they  must  then  again  be  passed  by  the 
Legislature. 

That  portion  of  the  Law  of  1896  which  prohibited  the  forma- 
tion of  companies  with  a  capital  of  more  than  50,000  dol.  (10,000/.) 
has  been  repealed. 

The  work  of  improving  tlie  East,  or  Ambrose  Channel,  of  the  improTement 
harbour  of  New  York,  so  as  to  provide  a  width  of  2,000  feet  and  s„^^J°^^ 
a  depth  of  40  feet  at  mean  low  water,  lias  made  but  slow  prc^resM 
during  the  year  owing  in  a  great  measure  to  bad  weather.  Two 
specially  constructed  dredgers  have  been  at  work  since  June  1, 
1901,  but  it  seems  probable  that  an  extension  of  time  will  have  tti 
be  granted  beyond  the  five  yeara  originally  contemplated  at  the 
end  of  1900, 

Ttiere  are  non^  three  briflges  planned  and  under  construe- Bridgai. 
tion  between  t)ie  boroiigli  of  Manhattan  and  Brooklyn,  across  the 
East  River.  It  is  estimated  timt  the  most  advanced  of  these 
bridges  will  not  be  completed  for  about  20  montlis,  and  in  the 
meantime  considerable  difficulty  is  experienced  in  dealing  with 
the  passenger  traffic  between  New  York  and  IJrooklyn  at  the  close 
of  business  hours. 

Work  on  the  underground  railway  (Rapid  Transit)  has  made  Uiidei-groumi 
good  prioress  during  tlie  year,  and  it  is  now  stated  that  the  "")»«:■- 
engineers  expect  that  the  railway  will  be  in  operation  before  the 
end  of  the  year  1903.  Tlie  intention  is  to  make  every  station 
dlGTerent  in  colours  and  mural  designs,  so  tliat  a  constant  traveller 
will  recognise  immediately  tlie  station  for  which  be  is  destined 
without  liaving  to  search  for  any  sign.  One  station  1ms  already 
been  completed,  and  others  are  in  an  advanced  state. 

Plans  have  been  made  for  the  junction  of  the  I'eniisylvania  Projoctrf 
and  Long  Island  railroads,  with  a  central  station  in  tlie  centre  of  M*^^'"  ""**■■ 
New  York  proper,  by  means  of  tunnels  under  the  North  and  East 
rivers.  These  tunnels  under  the  North  Itiver  will  be  oi'  a  novel 
construction,  being  in  fact  bridges  enclosetl  in  steel  tubes,  and 
supported  on  piers  reacliiiif,'  down  to  bed-rock,  the  reason  lor 
adopting  this  pecuhar  construction  Iwiiig  the  character  of  the 
river-bed.  For  some  f';et  below  the  surfiice  the  bed  is  of  soft  mud, 
then  Siind  ani  clay  formations  extend  down  from  70  to  100  feet 
before  the  rock  is  reached,  and  a  tunnel  bored  through  this  sand 
and  clay  would  not  be  considered  safe.  The  steel  tubes  are  to  be 
18  feet  6  inches  in  diameter,  and  the  motive  power  of  the  trains 
will  be  electricity.  The  tunnels  under  the  East  Eiver  are  more 
(4'J)  B  i 


d  by  Google 


24  NEW   rOHK. 

easily  coil  »)tr  lie  ted  as  the  bottom  is  aU  solid  rock.  It  is  eatimated 
that  the  tunnels  under  both  rivet's  caii  be  constructed  in  about 
three  years. 

Slactrioitf  M         The  use  of  electricity  as  a  luotive-power  is  rapidly  extending. 

m  niotiTo-        Diiring  the  year  1901  the  Metropolitan  Street  Eailway  Company 

'*"*"'  changed  the  motive-power  on  the  lines  in  Broadway,  Lexington 

Avenue,  and  OolumbuB-Avenue  from  the  uudei^round  cable  to  the 
undei^round  trolley  system,  and  it  is  calculated  that  in  so  doing 
they  not  only  spent  about  2,000,000/,,  but  sacrificed  plant  which 
was  still  in  working  order  of  a  value  of  1,200,000/.  The  yearly 
receipts  of  this  system  are  said  to  amount  to  over  ;},000,0OO/., 
collected  in  fares  of  5  c.  (^Ji.)  each. 

At  the  close  of  the  year  the  new  power-house  of  the  Man- 
hattan Elevated  Eaihvay  Company  had  been  completed,  and  pre- 
jttirations  had  been  made  for  running  a  certain  number  of  trains 
by  electricity  by  the  third  rail  system.  It  is  estimated  that  the 
change  will  result  in  an  increJise  of  about  20  per  cent,  in  the 
receipts. 

hnilroadii  j3uring  the  year  1901  the  total  tonnage  of  all  clasees  of  mer-   . 

fo-id:.  traffic,  clianclise  .sent  westward  from  New  York  City  by  railroad  consigned 
to  or  beyond  Buffalo,  Salamanca,  Pittsburg,  Bellaire,  &c.,  was 
1,042,854  tons,  of  2,000  lbs.  each  ;  that  arriving  in  New  York  City 
from  the  places  above  noted  or  from  points  west  of  them  amounted 
to  6,236,201  tons.  These  figures  represent  the  goods  trathc  on  the 
following  railroads : — New  York  Central  and  Hudson  Biver ; 
Erie ;  Pennsylvania  ;  Baltimore  and  Ohio ;  West  Shore ;  Delaware ; 
Lackawanna  a:id  Western  ;  also  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  traOic 
eastward,  and  that  of  the  Central  Uailroad  of  New  Jersey  west- 
ward. 

The  tonu^;e  outward  shows  an  increase  of  115,000  tons  as 
compared  with  1900,  but  is  below  that  of  1899  by  alxmt  35,000 
tons ;  the  tonnt^e  inward  is  less  than  that  of  1900  by  nearly 
600,000  tons,  and  about  473,000  tons  below  that  of  1899. 

Vital  The  vital  statistics  of  the  City  of  New  York  for  the  past  two 

stntistic'g.        years  are  given  as  follows : — 


Biithi  ., 
Stjll-birth* 
Uarruga 
Daathi     .. 


Bumbw. 

1801. 

ISOO. 

80,786 
6,760 
88,486 
70,788 

81,™ 
6316 
81,220 
lOfilt 

Of  the  deaths  reported  24,251  were  children  under  five  yean 
of  f^^  which  compare  with  25,815  in  1900. 

The  estimated  population  to  which  these  figures  refer  ia 
:(,5;i6.3l7,  and  the  death  rat«  waa  20  per  1,000  as  c<impared  with 
20-6  in  1900. 


d  by  Google 


NEW   YORK. 
The  following  table  gives  the  principal  causeB  of  death— 


Cauu*  of  DmA. 


SmaU-poi  

Meuln 

Sonrlet  teret 

Diphtharia  »nd  cfoiip  ■• 
Wboopins  cough 

Tjphoid  fcTer 

Diarrhcea  ( under  2  yean] 
Fiierpentl  fcTcr . . 

Phthui 

Other  tub«rculou>  dlwatet 
Congenital  d«biliC]' 
Diaeoies  of  narroDi  lystaiD 

Heart  diaeau 

BroDobitu  

Pneumonia 

Diee>M«  of  digeatire  omne     . . 

Hephritia  and  Bright*!  ^feaie. , 

Aooident 

Homicide  


2,4ta 
!1,141 
1.271 
2.870 
e,726 
4,6S1 
2,1B1 
9,165 


2,291 
tj,l(i8 
1,471 
4,785 
6.241 
4,070 
1,974 
10.182 
6,443 
&.S6S 


The  cases  of  contf^ous  disease  reported 


Di«eaH. 

Vuinber. 

IBM. 

1900. 

Diphtheria  and  rroup  ..         .. 
Hiule.  ..         ..         ..         .. 

Soarlet  fever 

Tjphoidferer 

Sm^ll-pii           

18,829 
11,990 
18,602 
2,748 
1,964 

12.918 
19,294 
6,678 
3.6B7 
160 

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i  SEW   YORK. 

The  immigration  returna  for  t901  give  the  following  figures  r— 


3fule. 


Afiican  (block) |  60 

Armenian          .-         ..         ..         ..  P85 

Boh  BiatHn  and  Moravian        ..          ..I  1,814 

Bulgarian,  Serrian,  and  Montenegrin  j  666 

CroatiHD  an<i  Sloreniui           . .         . .  |  12,<i  I U 

Dalmatiaa.  Bogniiin,and  HenegoTiniao  T6t 

Dutcti  and  FJ  Ornish [  2,10S 

East  Indian      ..                     .•         ...  8 

EngU«li 3,270 

£aquiinaui       ..         ..         ..         ..'  10 

French I  2,06H 

Finnisli '  3,130 

Oerman <  19,2ir, 

Greek I  4,02fl 

Hebreir !  18,601 

Iri»li 8,347 

rtaliau,  North ..  16,049 

Italian,  South t)l,S48 

Japanese           . ■         • .         ■  •  11 

Litbuaniiin        6,875 

Haevar 10,69!) 

Polish 29,736 

Portuguese 1,963 

Roumanian 863 

Bul.henian  (BnssDiak)  4,682 

TtiiBsian 301 

Scan<tinaTian(NoriTegintu,Daiies.nnd  ' 

Swedes)         16,390 

Scotch ;  763 

Slowk I  21,765 

Spanish 439 

8;rian I  2,743 

Turkish 58 

Welsh :  309 

Arabian 23 


1,788 

4,918 

81,672 

166 

6,095 

37,048 

10,732 

19.079 

4,489 

24,522 

116,070 

2,436 

3,960 

14,569 

18,622 

43,268 

1.617 

54 

917 

1,596 

6,178 

370 

9,632 

25,051 

310 

1,063 

8,309 

30,074 

Totsl 


In  addition  to  the  above  3,311  persons  were  rejected,  2,648  as 
paupers  likely  to  become  a  public  charge,  195  aa  contract  labourers, 
ijG  on  account  of  disease,  seven  as  insane  or  idiots,  and  five  as 
having  been  convicted  of  crime  involving  moral  turpitude,  while 
332  were  returned  within  one  year  of  landing. 

The  total  is  about  39,700  higher  than  in  1900,  when  there  was 
an  increase  of  89400  over  1899,  which  year  again  showed  an  in- 
crease over  1898  of  about  79,000.  Comparing  the  figures  of  the 
difrei"ent  categories  with  those  of  19O0  there  is  a  trifling  increase 
of  English  and  Scotch,  a  slight  diminution  of  Welsh,  and  a  con- 
siderable reduction  ot  Irish  (from  25,000  to  19,000).  The  number 
of  Italians  has  increased  by  30,000;  that  of  Poles  by  7,000; 
Croatians  and  Slovaks  by  about  6,000  in  each  case  ;  Germans  by 
4,000;  Magjars  by  over  3,000;  on  the  ether  hand  the  number  of 


d  by  Google 


NBW  YORK.  27 

Hebrew  immignints  has  decreased  by  16,000.  The  number  ol  re 
jectioDB  vras  larger  tlian  ia  1900,  more  having  been  rejected  as 
paupers  and  on  iiccount  of  disease.  Persone  suffering  from  con- 
suniptioix  are  now  excluded. 

Aa  regard  the  destination  of  immi grants  admitted  152,959  were 
for  New  York,  92,052  for  Pennsylvania,  23,924  for  Massachusetts, 
25,034  for  New  Jersey,  25,022  for  Illinois,  and  13,401  for  Con- 
necticut. The  laigest  increase  is  in  those  destined  for  Pennsylvania, 
30,000  more  than  in  1900. 

From  the  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Labour  of  the  State  I^on^ 
of  New  York,  it  appears  thaton  September  30, 1901,  the  number  of '*'^'*"'"- 
labour  organisations  in  the  State  was  1,881,  with  a  membership  of 
276,141,  showing  an  increase  as  compared  with  1900  of  246 
organisations  and  30,760  members;  of  theee  membera  14,618  were 
women,  an  increase  of  2,790  since  the  previous  year,  raising  the 
percentage  of  the  "total  from  about  475  per  cent,  in  1900  to  5'3 
per  cent,  in  1901.  The  total  increase  was  somewhat  less  than  in 
either  of  the  two  previous  years,  and  more  than  half  of  it  was  in 
the  clotliing  trade.  The  largest  group  of  organised  working  men 
are  those  in  the  building  trade  who  represent  about  31  per  cent,  of 
the  trade  unionists ;  next  in  importance  but  very  much  smaller  are 
the  three  groups  of  clothing  aiid  textiles,  machinery  and  ship 
building,  and  the  transport  trade,  which  together  make  up  40  per 
cent  of  the  total.  All  the  groups  show  an  increase  of  membership 
with  the  exception  of  tobacco.  During  the  year  the  relative 
amount  of  unemployment  among  members  of  labour  organisations 
was  smaller  than  in  any  recent  years,  except  1899 ;  the  average 
number  of  days  worked  was,  in  the  third  quarter  of  each  year,  for 
men,  70  days  in  1901,  67  days  in  1900,  and  71  days  in  1899;  for 
women,  66  days  in  1901,  65  days  ia  1900,  and  71  days  in  1899. 
All  the  groups  with  the  exception  of  wood  working  and  public 
employment  show  a  higher  avert^e  number  of  days  worked  in 
1901  than  in  1900,  but  as  compared  with  1899  one  half  show  a 
higher,  the  other  half  a  lower  average.  The  averse  earnings  of 
oi^anised  working  men  in  1898  were  4  per  cent,  greater  than  in 
1897 ;  in  1899  they  gained  another  11  per  cent. ;  in  L900  they  lost 
4  per  cent.,  while  in  1901  they  gained  5  per  cent.,  so  that  at  the 
latter  date  they  were  16  per  cent,  higher  than  iu  1897.  On  the 
other  hand  the  Commissioner  estimates  that  the  wholesale  prices 
of  meat,  dairy  and  garden  produeta  have  during  that  period 
increased  26  per  cent,  and  of  breadstuffs  41  per  cent,,  admitting 
that  retail  prices  may  not  have  increased  in  quite  the  same  pro- 
portion he  stilt  coneiders  it  safe  to  say  that  the  coat  of  living  has 
increased  since  1897,  at  least,  as  much  as  the  earnings  of  labour. 
The  following  tables  give  some  idea  of  the  economic  condition  of 
organised  labour  in  the  Stale  of  New  York  during  the  last  five 
years,  and  of  their  average  daily  earnings  during  the  last  three 
yean. 


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NEW  TORK. 


ArnmgtDtllTEuiilnp. 

GKWp. 

im.                    !««■ 

1*01. 

Cumncj. 

SMTling.  1  CiuneiMj 

SMrilni- 

Cnmai?.!  EMriln(. 

II 

FllDtel. 

StrMrinllwsTnuD      '-. 

afc"?."  ::;    r 

Bnotrr  emplojii       ... 

Dol.  c. 
I    I« 

1    «2 

1  ,M 

2  W 

fc    J.         DOI.  «. 

I)  ti       a  60 

11    0          i    82 
■  11           2     4S 

"ti   Is 

,11     li! 

11  I       s  a» 

e  1       £  12 

l'«    0 
U    S 
W    0 

e  0 

11 11 
e  9 

IMl.  c. 

!1 

S    2« 

1  m 

s   »1 

1  32 

2  W 

Ull 
12    i 

»    0 

11     8 
10    1 

Table  showing  Percentage  of  Membere  Unemployed,  &&,  for  the 
Years  1897  to  1901. 


1897. 

1808. 

1899. 

1900. 

1901. 

F«rcentags    of    memben    nnem- 
ployed- 

At  any  one  tune 

ConlinuoUBly  (or  thwo  month». . 

21-8 

ia-2 

19-7 
7-7 

13-8 
6-9 

190 
7-8 

16  0 
6-6 

AT«r»ge  nttinber  of  day*  of  em- 
ploTment  per  nnnnm 

261 

S55 

278 

265 

271 

Average  ftimual  eaniiog*   ., 

180Z.  0». 

1861. 12*. 

1491.  8.. 

im.il. 

1511.  it. 

Relation      betireen    inoome    and 

pnoei— 
Annual  ayerage  income . .          . .        100 
Wholeaale  price* 100 

101 

107 

115 

lis 

110 
126 

116 
126 

Oo«t  of  living.  -A^  regards  the  cost  of  living,  a  table  has  been  prepared  showing 
the  advance  which  has  taken  place  during  the  last  four  years,  the 
figures  used  representing  the  value  of  the  average  consumption  per 
head  of  each  group  of  articles.  Converting  the  amounts  into 
sterling  at  the  rate  of  5  dol.  to  the  1^.  we  have  the  following 
results  aa  at  January  1  of  each  year : — 


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Co.*. 

1898. 

1899. 

1000. 

1901. 

1008. 

Snadrtuffi, . 
Unit 

DurjMidgsrdan.. 
Othar  food  . . 
Clothing      .. 
MbWJ.         ..         .. 

&    *.    i. 
%  14     1 
1    9    7 
3    9    7 

1  18    4 
S  18    8 

2  6    4 
2    8    8 

£    t.    i. 
Z  16    6 
1  10    2 
8     6  11 

1  16    4 

2  16    8 
2    7    6 
8  10    2 

£    :    d. 
2  18    0 

1  9    0 

2  14  10 
1  le  10 

3  B  10 
3  12    6 
8    6    4 

£    ..    d. 

2  18    0 
1  13    9 

3  2    3 
1  18    0 
S    4     1 
3    3    S 
8    3    8 

£   :    d. 
4    0    0 

a  0  10 

8    10 
1  15  U 
3    2    8 
8    17 
3    7     4 

Total 

IS    0    1 

16    2    2 

10    1     3 

19    3    8 

20    8  11 

In  the  above  table  breadstuSs  iuclude  wheat,  maize,  oats,  rye, 
barley,  beans  and  peas ;  meat  includes  lard  and  itallow ;  dairy  and 
^garden   products   include  mUk,  eggs  and  fruita,  in  addition   to 


Suring  the  year  1901  laws  were  passed  creating  a  Department  L&booT  U«i 
of  labour  and  the  office  of  Commissioner  of  Labour,  and  abolishing  ol  1901, 
the  offices  of  Commissioner  of  labour  Statistics  and  Factory 
Inspector  as  well  as  the  State  Board  of  Mediation  and  Arbitration ; 
-exempting  stationary  engineers  from  jury  duty ;  providing  for  the 
inspection  of  public  laundries ;  and  for  the  licensing  of  stationary 
firemen  in  New  York  City. 

The  Board  of  Mediation  and  Arbitration  of  the  State  of  strik**. 
New  York,  reporting  for  the  uine  mootJis  from  January  1  to 
September  30,  gives  the  number  of  strikes  and  lock-outs  during 
that  period  as  126,  of  which  45  were  for  an  increase  of  wages, 
31  for  a  reduction  in  the  hours  of  work,  and  27  on  the  question 
of,unioniBm,  The  report  states  that  the  employers  won  all  the 
-disputes  of  the  sympathetic  kind,  and  also  those  involving  the 
employment  of  particular  persona ;  they  were  wholly  or  partially 
defeated  where  the  method  of  paying  wages  was  concerned,  and 
for  the  most  part  when  a  reduction  of  wages  was  involved ;  wJiile 
■disputes  about  increase  of  wi^es  and  reduction  of  hours  were 
mostly  settled  by  comproniiae.  Although  the  negotiations  con- 
nected with  the  strike  ordered  by  the  Amalgamated  Association 
of  Iron,  Steel,  and  Tin-plate  Workers  were  carried  on  at  New 
York,  the  mills  affected  were  not  in  this  State,  and  the  strike 
finds  no  place  in  the  report  of  the  Board.  Of  the  strikes  men- 
tioned the  most  important  was  that  of  the  machinists  which 
commenced  in  May.  The  demands  made  by  the  men  comprised  those 
for  a  day  ot  nine  hours  instead  of  ten;  for  an  increase  of  12^  per 
■cent  in  wages ;  and  for  the  restriction  of  the  number  of  apprentices 
to  one  for  the  shop  and  one  for  each  hvu  journeymeu  employed. 
The  nien  had  the  support  of  the  International  Association  of 
Machinists,  and  they  also  claimed  to  have  that  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labour;  the  masters  declared  that  an  i^reement 
.still  in  force  between  the  Metal  Trades  Association  and  tlio 
IntematioDal  Association  of  Machinists  had  been  broken ;  t  hat  a 


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strike  hail  been  called  without  any  attempt  to  arbitrate,  and  that 
the  Associatiou  of  Machinists  had  proved  themselvea  to  be  an 
irresponsible  Ixxiy  with  whom  no  binding  contract  could  be  made. 
At  their  meeting  the  Metal  Trades  Association  declared  that  they 
recognised  the  right  of  any  man  to  belong  to  any  religious, 
political,  or  economic  sect,  to  leave  employment  at  hie  free  will, 
and  to  sell  his  labour  to  the  best  advantage ;  tbey  maintained 
their  own  rights  to  employ  a  man,  whfither  he  belonged  to  an 
organisation  or  not,  at  wages  mutually  satisfactory,  also  to 
discharge  him  at  their  discretion.  It  would  seem  that  a  demand 
had  been  made  that  wages  should  be  fixed  by  the  Association 
of  Machinists  irrespective  of  local  conditions.  The  Executive 
Board  of  this  association  appealed  to  all  the  oi^anisations  in  the 
United  States  and  the  United  Kingdom,  and  announced  that  the 
Amalgamated  Asaociation  of  Engineers  of  Manchester  had  promised 
them  tinancial  and  moral  asfiatance.  It  is  estimated  that  at  one 
time  between  40,000  and  50,000  men  were  out  on  strike;  bo 
general  settlement  was  made,  but  mattere  were  arranged  locally 
and  apparently  in  most  cases  independently  of  the  asso«iation. 
Another  important  strike  was  that  of  the  street  railway  servants 
at  Albany  and  Troy,  Here  the  men  demanded,  in  addition  to  an 
increase  in  wages  and  other  matters,  that  no  person  should  be 
allowed  to  act  as  a  motor- man  or  conductor  who  was  not  a  member 
of  their  association.  These  demands  havii^  been  refused  the 
men  struck,  and  on  non-union  men  being  imported  to  keep  the 
street  cars  running  riots  ensued  and  a  force  of  3,000  men  of  the 
National  Guard  was  eventually  sent  to  Albany.  In  the  eonrse 
of  further  disturbances  .two  prominent  men  were  shot.  An 
arrangement  was  finally  come  to  by  which  an  increase  of  wages 
was  conceded,  hut  the  company  retained  the  right  to  employ  nnion 
or  non-union  men,  and  to  discharge  them  for  cause. 

fieference  was  made  in  the  last  report  to  an  agreement  entered 
into  at  Chicago  between  the  National  Metal  Trades  ABSOciation 
and  the  International  Association  of  Machinists  for  referring  all 
disputes  to  arbitration.  This  agreement  waa  entered  into  in  March, 
1900,  provided  that  no  strike  or  lock-out  should  occur  preceding 
arbitration.  The  strike  of  the  machinists  referred  to  above 
showed  how  little  such  agreements  could  be  relied  upon  in  times 
of  stress  when  the  arbitration  committee  consisted  solely  of 
representatives  of  the  two  conflicting  parties.  An  endeavour  is 
now  being  made  to  pro^'ide  a  committee  which  will  be  able  to 
prevent  strikes  and  lock-outs,  and  to  aid  in  renewing  industrial 
relations  when  a  rupture  has  occurred  and  this  not  in  relation 
to  any  particular  trade  but  as  a  means  of  maintaining  harmony 
between  capital  and  labour  under  all  ciTCumstances,  The  forma- 
tion of  a  committee  with  this  object  in  view  waa  the  outcome  of 
the  annual  meeting  of  the  Industrial  Department  of  the  National 
Civic  Federation  iield  in  New  York  on  December  16  and  17, 1901, 
and  the  new  feature  is  importation  of  representatives  of  the  general 
piililic  equal  in  number  to  those  of  capital  on  the  one  hand  and 
labour  on  the  other.     Much  is  expected  from  this  innovation  as 


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NEW   YORK.  31 

tending  to  lead  to  a  better  iinderstandiug  by  the  general  public 
of  the  true  causes  of  iiiy  dispute  that  may  arise  and  of  the  means 
suggested  for  its  settlement,  matters  which  are  often  obscure  at 
the  present  time,  and  on  which  it  is,  therefore,  difficult  to  brine 
any  force  of  public  opinion  to  bear.  The  committee  is  composed 
of  12  members  representing  employers  of  labour,  12  representing 
oi^nised  labour,  and  12  representing  the  general  public,  all  men 
of  great  influence.  The  committee  declares  that  it  is  prepared 
to  do  what  may  seem  best  to  promote  industrial  peace,  to  be 
helpful  in  establishing  rightful  relations  between  employers  and 
workers,  by  its  good  offices  to  endeavour  to  obviate  and  prevent 
strikes  and  lock-outs,  and  to  aid  in  renewing  industrial  relations 
where  a  rupture  has  occurred ;  they  advocate  conferences  and 
mutual  agreements  between  employers  and  workers;  and,  while 
aasiiming  no  powers  of  arbitration  unless  such  powers  be  conferred 
by  both  parties  to  a  dispute,  declare  that  when  requested  they 
will  either  as  a  whole  or  by  a  3ul>-committee  act  as  a  forum  to 
adjust  and  decide  upon  questions  at  issue  between  workers  and 
their  employers,  provided  in  the  opinion  of  the  committee  the 
subject  is  one  of  sufficient  importance. 

The  prices  of  leading  staple  commodities  as  shown  by  the  CoDijimtiTe 
Bradstreets'  index  of  107  staple  articles  were  considerably  lower  JJJ^^iJI^,^''' 
on  January  1,  1901,  than  they  had  been  at  the  same  date  in  1900 ; 
there  was  a  steady  and  continuous  decline  till  the  beginning  of 
June  when  they  reached  their  lowest  place  in  the  succeeding 
months,  and  after  some  slight  fluctuations  in  November  they 
reached  their  highest  point  at  the  beginning  of  December, 

The  index  number  on  January  1,  1902,  showed  a  fractional 
increase  over  that  of  January  1,  1901,  but  a  decrease  of  nearly 
6  per  cent,  as  compared  with  1 900. 

The  index  numbers  are  as  follows: — 


D»te. 

1001. 

1900. 

1S90. 

January  1 

Aprill 

Ju).Tl 

October  1 

..!         B*,873 
83,663 

M5,67(! 

00,971 
fll,176 

8e,i;i& 

87,767 

77^10 
79,086 
d0,618 
86.798 

The  index  number  on  January  1,  1902,  was  35,104. 

Comparing  prices  on  .Fanuary  1,  1902,  with  those  ruling  at 
the  same  date  in  the  previous  year,  it  is  found  that  out  of  the 
107  staple  articles  which  are  taken  as  the  basis  of  calculation  50 
were  higher  in  price,  40  were  lower,  and  17  were  unchanged. 
Among  the  articles  showing  advances  were  breadstuflfe,  provisions 
and  groceries,  live-stock,  coal  and  coke,  hides  and  leather,  and 
naval  stores  ;  on  the  other  hand,  dried  fruits,  textiles,  oils,  build- 
ing materials,  and  chemicals  and  drugs  declined  iu  price 

The   year  19O0  has   been   remarkable  in   the  history  of  the  iron  iir.i  »(*«!. 


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32  HEW   YORK. 

iron  and  steel  industry  of  the  United  Statoa.  In  the  moatii 
of  February  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation  was  organised 
with  an  original  capital  of  1,154,000,000  dol.  (231,000,000^.)  divided 
into  4-25,000,000  dol.  of  common  atock,  425,000,000  doL  of  pre- 
ferred stock,  and  304,000,000  dol.  of  bonds,  the  object  being  to 
unite  under  a  single  control  the  leadiuj;  iron  ami  steel  companies  in 
the  United  States  and  bo  avoid  detrimental  competition.  In 
March  almost  all  the  shares  in  the  compauiee  to  be  absorbed 
had  been  deposited,  and  it  was  then  decided  to  take  in  two  other 
large  companies  and  to  increase  the  capital  by  250,000,000  dol. 
(50,000,000/.),  the  total  capital  now  being  1,404,000,000  dol. 
(281,000,000/.).  divided  up  as  follows:  550,000,000  dol 
(110,000,000/.)  common  stock,  a  like  amount  of  7  per  cent,  pre- 
ferred stock  and  304,000,000  dol.  (61,000,000/.)  bonds  bearing 
5  per  cent,  interest.  The  properties  owned  by  tlie  corporation 
have  been  described  in  a  general  way  as  follows:  7S  blast 
furnacee  with  a  capacity  of  6,500,000  tons  of  pig-iron  yearly, 
representing  about  half  the  product  of  the  United  States  in  1900 : 
149  steel  works  and  six  ^nishing  plants,  including  bar  mills, 
structural  steel  and  plate  mills,  tin-plate  works,  sheet,  wire,  nail, 
and  rod  mills,  with  an  annual  capacity  of  about  9,000,000  toua  of 
finished  material ;  18,300  coke  oveus  ;  about  70  per  cent,  of  the  ore 
mines  of  the  I.iake  Superior  region,  producing  in  1900  12,724,000 
tons ;  70,830  acres  of  coal  lands,  alwut  30,000  acres  of  surface  lands 
in  the  Lake  region  ;  125  Lake  vessels,  &c.  It  is  stated  that  in  the 
management  of  these  vast  properties  every  feature  of  the  manu- 
facturing departments  and  the  relations  of  every  mill  to  its 
particular  specialities  are  made  the  objects  of  careful  study  by 
scientific  and  expert  authorities  in  connection  vfith  tbe  heads 
and  subordinate  officials  of  the  various  departments ;  and  that 
committees  are  formed  which  examine  closely  into  all  the  details 
relating  to  the  location  of  plants,  transportation  facilities,  coat 
of  raw  material,  methods  of  manufacturing,  and  all  the  elements 
which  determine  productive  capacity  and  cost.  It  is  claimed 
that,  as  a  result,  enormous  economia"  in  production  are  being 
effected  and  that  the  corporation  is  thus  able  to  adhere  to  its 
policy  of  maintaining  steadiness  in  prices  while  securtug  profits 
for  its  shareholders.  The  statement  issued  for  the  nine  months 
ended  December  31,  1901,  showed  that  the  net  earnings  amounted 
to  about  17,000,000/.,  which  after  provision  had  been  made  for 
sinking  fund  and  maintenance  for  the  interest  on  bonds  and  pre- 
ference stock,  and  for  a  dividend  on  the  common  stock  of  1  per 
cent,  per  quarter  left  a  surplus  of  nearly  4,000,000/. 

In  April,  soon  after  the  formation  of  the  United  States  Steel 
(Jorporation,  a  strike  was  ordered  by  the  Amalgamated  Association 
iif  Iron,  Steel,  and  Tin-plate  Workers  at  some  nulls  of  the  American 
Kheet  Steel  Company,  one  of  the  companies  included  in  the  com- 
bination. This  strike  was  easily  settled,  but  when  the  agreement 
of  the  Amalgamated  Association  respecting  the  acale  of  wages  of 
its  members  terminated,  an  endeavour  was  made  to  bring  under 
tliif  rules   of   the   Association  plants  which   had   hitherto   been 


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NEW  TOHK.  3? 

working  on  a  non-union  basis.  On  this  being  resisted  a  strike  of 
the  union  workers  employed  in  the  mills  of  some  of  the  companies 
employing  non-union  men  vr&a  ordered,  and  after  several  fruitless 
coiiferences  had  been  held  an  order  wag  issued  for  a  general  strike 
of  all  the  onion  men  employed  by  the  corporatioo.  Most  of  the 
men  responded  but  the  Chicago  works  of  the  Federal  Steel  Com- 
pany continued  in  operation.  The  strike  was  finally  settled  at 
a  conference  between  officials  of  the  United  States  Steel  Corpora- 
tion and  the  Amalgamated  Association  held  in  New  York  on 
September  13;  no  question  of  w^es  had  been  at  issue  the 
contest  having  arisen  on  the  attempt  of  the  Amalgamated 
Association  to  force  their  rules  upon  non-union  mills,  and  the 
terms  accepted  in  the  end  were  less  favourable  than  those  wliich 
had  been  rejected  by  the  representatives  of  the  workers  two  months 
previously. 

The  year  1900  closed  with  the  market  in  an  unsatisfactory 
condition,  but  the  first  two  weeks  of  1901  showed  a  decided 
improvement  The  price  of  Bessemer  pig-iron,  which  opened  at 
13  dol.  25  c.  {21. 13s.)  in  January  advanced  to  14  dol.  75  e.  (21. 19s.) 
in  February,  and  to  17  dol.  {31.  8s.)  in  March ;  from  the  beginning 
of  May  till  the  end  of  October  the  price  remained  steady  at  about 
16  dol.  to  16  dol.  25  c.  {'dl.  4s.  to  Zl  5s.),  while  in  November  and 
December  the  ruling  rate  was  16  dol.  75  e.  (3/.  7s.).  Steel  billets 
opened  at  19  dol.  75  c  (31.  193.)  in  January,  rose  to  24  doL 
(41.  16s.)  in  March,  to  26  dol.  50  c.  (51.  6s.)  in  September,  and 
reached  28  dol.  (5/.  12b.)  in  November  and  December.  Steel  rails 
were  quoted  at  26  dol.  (5/.  4s.)  in  January,  February,  and  March, 
rose  to  28  dol.  in  April,  and  remained  steady  at  that  figure  for  the 
rest  of  the  year.  While  prices  are  higher  at  the  end  of  the  year 
than  they  were  at  the  commencement,  they  did  not  reach  the  high 
figures  attained  in  1899  and  during  some  part  of  1900,  on  the 
other  hand,  they  were  not  subject  to  the  same  fluctuations. 
Attempts  made  during  the  last  quarter  to  advance  prices  owing 
to  the  heavy  demand  were  resisted  by  the  large  steel  corporation 
as  being  likely  to  check  orders  for  future  delivery.  Notwith- 
standing the  strike  whicli  curtailed  production,  the  year  is  con- 
sidered more  satisfactory  than  either  1899  or  1900,  and  the 
prospect  for  1902  is  described  as  excellent,  the  buying  at  the  close 
of  the  year  having  covered  the  outpnt  of  many  of  tlie  mills,  &c., 
for  several  months. 

The  exports  of  atee!  rails  from  the  United  States  amounted  to 
318,055  tons,  valued  at  about  1,726,000^.  in  1901,  as  compared 
with  356,245  tons,  valued  at  about  2,180,000^.,  in  the  former  year. 
The  export  to  British  North  America,  65,800  tons,  shows  a  reduc- 
tion of  60,000  tons ;  that  to  Mexico,  53,450  tons,  shows  an  increase 
of  nearly  20,000  tons ;  exports  to  South  America  increased  by 
32,000  tons.  The  exports  of  steel  plates  diminished  by  nearly 
50  per  cent,  that  of  wire  increased  by  about  13  per  cent  The 
number  of  locomotives  exported  was  448,  as  compared  with  436  in 
the  previous  year.  The  imports  of  tin-plates  from  the  United 
Kingdom  increased  from  about  60,000  to  nearly  70,000  tons ; 
(49)  0 


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34  SEW  YOBE. 

that  from  Canada  amounted  to  a  little  over  800  tons.  The  import 
at  Xew  York  was  returned  at  55,180  tons,  valued  at  726,436/.,  an 
increase  of  atout  30  per  cent,  in  quantity  and  18  per  cent  in 
value. 

The  production  nf  copper  in  1901  fell  slightly  below  that  of 
1900,  and  exports  showed  a  very  marked  decrease.  Bu.iines3  in 
the  country  has  been  good,  there  having  been  a  large  increase  in 
the  consumption  of  copper  for  electrical  and  traction  purposes. 
Prices  in  New  York  market  avert^ed  about  &^d.  per  lb.  until 
December,  when  they  fell  rapidly  to  a  fraction  under  Td.  The 
t«tal  imports  amounted  to  about  129,000  tons,  as  conipured  with 
85,900  tons  in  1900,  and  the  ex^iorts  to  about  106,400  tons,  com- 
pared wiih  about  160.000  tons. 

The  production  of  lead  in  the  United  States  is  estimated  at 
about  265,000  short  tons,  or  about  10,000  tons  less  than  in  the 
previous  year.  The  price  of  4-35  c.  (about  2^)  per  lb.  was 
maintained  through  the  first  H  months,  but  large  stocks  accumu- 
lated, and  in  December  the  price  was  suddenly  reduced  to  4  c 
(2d.)  per  lb. 

The  imports  were  much  the  same  as  last  year,  about  100,000 
tons,  the  greater  part  of  which  was  re-exported. 

The  total  imports  of  dry  goods  at  New  York  under  the  heads 
of  cotton,  silk,  woollen,  and  flax  manufactures  are  returned  at  a 
value  of  about  17,996,000/.,  as  compared  with  about  18,116.000/. 
in  1900.  The  principal  decrease  has  been  in  cotton  goods,  which 
show  a  reduction  in  value  of  about  270,000/.  Silk  danufacturea 
have  decreased  by  70,000/.,  woollen  manufactures  remain  much  the 
same,  and  manufactures  of  flax  show  an  increase  of  200,000/. 
>.  The  year  opened  with  heavy  stocks  of  cotton  goods  and  a  poor 
demand,  and  prices  declined  steadily  for  the  first  four  months, 
losing  about  10  per  cent.  Heavy  brown  cottons  which  had  been 
most  seriously  affected  lirst  showed  signs  of  recovery  on  purchases 
for  export  to  China.  The  demand  was  somewhat  spasmodic  at 
first,  but  later  grew  in  importance,  and  was  supplemented  by  the 
requirements  of  the  home  trade.  The  lowest  prices  were  recorded 
shortly  before  the  close  of  the  first  half  of  the  year,  and  the 
unprofitable  character  of  the  market  led  to  some  curtailment  of 
production.  There  was  an  increase  in  the  purchases  for  Red  Sea 
ports,  and  oji  the  whole  the  market  is  described  aa  being  in  a  more 
favourable  condition  at  the  close  than  at  the  beginning  of  the  year, 
many  of  the  mills  manufacturing  for  export  having  had  contracts 
whicb  would  keep  them  in  work  well  into  the  present  year.  In 
ginghams  there  was  a  fall  of  ^d.  per  yard  prior  to  June,  but  this 
was  fully  recovered  later.  The  fact  that  some  of  the  mills  have 
not  worked  up  to  their  full  capacity  is  attributed  to  difficulty  in 
securing  and  retaining  a  full  stall'  of  weavers  trained  in  the  pro- 
duction of  the  finer  class  of  goods.  There  were  wide  fluctuations 
in  the  prices  for  cotton  prints.  Opening  at  3^  c.  (1-^ti,),  there 
was  a  prevailing  downward  tendency  till  2g  c.  (l-fV^.)  was  reached 
in  June.  Stocks  accumulated  steadily  in  spite  of  production 
being  curtailed  by  milts  shutting  down  for  four  weeks.  In  June 
there  were  some  large  purchases,  which  caused  a  temporary  rise 


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KBW   YORK. 


of  i  c.  (•^.),  but  the  market  fell  back  quickly  to  2 J  c.  (lid.) ; 
with  renewed  purchases  the  market  rose  to  3^  e.  {l-^t€)  in 
October,  and  closed  at  3  c.  (l^d.)  in  December  witli  a  firm  tone. 

It  was  eatiraated  at  the  end  of  August,  1901,  that  the  numbei 
of  spindles  hadiuereased  in  the  North  by  4fiO,000  to  15,050,000, 
and  those  in  the  South  by  about  1,280,000  to  5,ai9,835.  Mill 
building  in  the  South  has  been  less  active  than  last  year,  hut  the 
addition  of  new  spindles  has  been  the  ]ai^est  on  record.  A 
number  of  mQls  building  in  1900  were  completed  in  1901,  and  a 
prominent  feature  was  the  number  adapted  for  the  production  of 
fine  yarn  goods.  The  price  of  middling  upland  cotton  which 
stood  at  10-^  c.  i.'5^^.)  at  the  beginning  of  Jannarj',  reached  its 
highest  point,  12  c.  (Gd.),  on  the  28fch  or  that  month,  from  wliich 
point  it  fell  to  about  10  c.  (Srf.)  in  February,  and  then  gradually 
declined  to  about  8  c.  (id.).  The  maximum  of  the  season,  Sep- 
tember 1,  1900,  to  Anguat  31,  1901,  was  12  c,  the  minimum  8  c, 
as  compared  with  1 0^  c.  and  6^  c.  in  the  previous  season. 

The  total  exports  of  cotton  cloth  from  the  United  States 
amounted  to  376,233,960  yards,  as  compared  with  257,910,508 
yards  in  1900,  and  418,504.132  yards  in  1899.  Uncoloured  cloth 
shows  an  increase  of  72,000,000  yards  as  compared  with  1900,  but 
is  still  nearly  73,000,000  yards  below  the  export  figure  of  1899. 
The  export  of  coloured  cotton  cloth,  132,350,000  yards,  is  the 
lai^est  yet  readied.  The  total  export  to  the  United  Kingdom  was 
9,500,000  yards,  as  compared  with  6,300,000  yards  in  1900,  and 
nearly  8,000,000  yards  in  1899  ;  to  China,  201,400,000  yards, 
as  compared  with  101,700,000  yards  in  1900  and  227,900,000 
yards  in  1899.  The  export  to  Colombia  has  risen  from 
7,300,000  yards  in  1899  and  4,950,000  yards  in  1900  to 
21,500,000  yards  in  1901.  The  total  imports  of  cotton  cloths 
from  the  United  Kingdom  have  diminished  from  50,000,000  vards 
in  1899  to  40,000,000  yards  in  1900  and  to  30.000,000  yards  in 
1901.  There  is  a  reduction  in  the  imports  from  France  and 
Germany,  and  a  fractional  increase  in  those  from  Switzerland. 

The  year  1901  showed  a  marked  improvement  in  the  condition  ^*"'* 
of  the  silk  trade  as  compared  with  1900.  The  importation  of  raw 
silk  was  larger,  prices  were  steadier,  tlieve  was  an  increased 
demand  for  the  manufactured  articles,  and  the  year  closed  with 
the  mills  in  full  work  and  a  general  feeling  of  confidence  in  all 
departments  of  the  industry. 

TliG  importation  of  raw  silk  in  1901  was  81,000  bales,  valuetl 
at  7,920,000/.,  as  compared  with  54,739  bales,  valued  at  6,726,000^., 
in  1900,  and  77,414  bates,  valued  at  8,480,000i,  iu  1899.  Tiie 
weights  were  11,873,613  lbs.  in  1901,  against  8,179,321  lbs.  in 
1900.  and  11,103,317  lbs.  iu  1899,  and  the  United  States  again 
appears  in  the  position  occupied  two  jears  ago  of  the  largest 
importer  of  raw  silk  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

After  the  opening  of  the  new  crop  season  on  July  1  prices 

were  exceedingly  steady,  the  variations  not  exceeding  30  c.  jier  lb,, 

or  about  10  per  cent.     Thus,  Japan   filature  No.    1   opened   at 

3  dol.  60  c.  per  lb.,  advanced  after  July  to  3  dol.  90  c.  per  lb.,  and 

(49)  C  2 


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closed  at  tlie  end  of  the  year  at  3  dol.  90  c.  The  trade  in  silk 
piece-goods  is  reported  having  been  very  satisfactory,  with  a  more 
extensive  demand  for  goods  of  a  higher  and  better  grade.  The 
total  imports  of  eilk  mauufactures  were  valued  at  about  5,852,100/., 
ae  compared  with  5,944,000i.  iu  1900.  The  importation  from  the 
United  Kingdom  decreased  by  about  117,000^.,  from  507,000i  to 
about  390,000/. ;  that  from  Switzerland  by  about  60,000/.  The  value 
of  the  imports  from  Japan  increased  by  about  146,000/.  to  746,000/., 
while  those  from  France  and  (Jei-many  remaiued  practically 
stationary  at  about  1^,880,000/.  and  916,000/.  respectively. 

In  woollen  goods  there  was  also  a  decided  improvement  in  the 
market  as  compared  with  1 900.  The  demand  was  well  maintained 
nnd  free  from  the  speculation  which  produced  such  bad  results  in 
the  previous  year.  Prices  gained  from  5  to  10  per  cent,  on  staple 
goods  and  returned  a  moderate  profit  to  manufacturers.  Mills 
worked  close  to  the  orders  on  hand,  and  there  were  no  accumula- 
tions of  stock  of  any  moment  at  the  close  of  the  year. 

The  total  imports  into  the  Unitetl  States  of  unmanufactured 
wool  amounted  to  about  125,000,000  lbs.  in  1901,  as  against  about 
140,000,000  lbs.  in  1900;  there  was  an  increase  in  quantity  but 
a  decrease  in  value  in  clothing  wool,  a  decrease  in  combing  wool 
of  r'j.OOO.OOO  lbs.  (entirely  in  the  imports  from  the  United 
Kingdom),  and  a  decrease  of  about  13,000,000  lbs.  in  the  imports 
of  carpet  wool  from  Cliina  and  Asia,  those  from  the  United 
Kingdom  showed  a  slight  increase.  In  dress  goods  there  was  a 
slight  increase  in  quantity,  but  the  value  remaiued  much  the 
same. 

The  importation  of  manufactures  of  flax  and  hemp,  including 
burlaps  at  New  York,  sliowed  a  further  increase  in  value  from 
3,407,620/.  in  1900  to  3,612,993/.  in  1901.  The  total  importation 
into  the  United  States  was  i-etumed  at  a  value  of  7,281,000/,,  as 
compared  with  6,505,7OOA  in  the  pievious  year. 

In  the  leather  market  the  year  was  one  of  activity  with  prices 
rising  steadily  and  by  easy  stages.  Tanners  of  sole  leather  were 
working  up  to  their  full  capacity  so  far  as  the  supply  of  hides 
would  admit,  but  tliis  fell  short  in  the  autumn.  The  demand 
slackened  after  December  1,  but  there  were  back  orders  to  be 
filled  up,  and  at  the  end  of  the  year  there  were  no  surplus  stocks. 
In  upper  leather  the  conditions  were  prosperous,  but  the  demand 
did  not  exceed  the  supply,  and  prices  showed  no  material  rise. 
The  exports  of  sole  leather,  37,500,000  lbs.,  show  an  increase 
of  10  per  cent,  in  value ;  those  of  upper  leather  remaiued  about 
the  same  as  in  1900,  the  value  being  returned  at  nearly 
3,000,000/.  '    ■ 

The  production  and  consumption  of  hoots  and  shoes  was 
greater  in  1901  than  it  had  been  in  any  previous  year,  but  prices 
were  not  wholly  satisfactory  in  view  of  the  enhanced  cost  of 
leather  and  other  materials.  Manufacturers  with  large  capital 
and  extensive  credit  were  probably  able  to  make  a  fair  profit  by 
means  of  large  purchases  of  raw  material  when  prices  ruled  low, 
but  there  is  a  general  opinion  that  those  with  smaller  capital  and 
credit  made  but  little  profit,  and  in   some  cases   suffered  loss 


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KKW   YOKK.  37 

where  a  correct  forecast  of  the  market  was  not  made.  The  total 
export  was  valued  at  about  1,200,000/.,  an  increase  of  about  30" 
per  cenL  The  export  to  the  TJnited  Xingdom  was  valued  at 
375,000^.,  an  increase  of  over  75  per  cent. 

The  imports  of  hides  and  skins  at  New  York  show  a  decrease  Hidet  mud 
of  about  12  per  cent,  in  quantity  and  value.  For  the  whole  vf  »Vns. 
the  United  States  there  ia  an  iaereaae  of  about  1  per  cent  in 
quantity  and  8  per  cent,  in  value ;  from  the  United  Kingdom 
there  has  been  a  alight  decrease,  but  a  corresponding  increase  from 
British  North  America;  the  largest  decrease  is  in  importations 
from  the  East  Indies ;  France,  Germany,  Mexico,  and  South  America 
all  show  decreases. 

The  export  of  cattle  from  New  I'ork  increased  from  108,600  C»ttle. 
in  1900  to  nearly  125,000  in  1901.  The  total  export  from  the 
United  States  is  returned  at  454,590,  of  which  361,000  went  to 
the  United  Kingdom  and  71*600  to  Bermuda  and  the  West  Indies. 
The  export  of  fresh  beef  from  New  York  rose  from  80,546  tons  in 
1900  to  90,620  tons  in  1901 ;  that  of  canned  and  cured  beef  from 
26,500  to  28,290  tons.  The  total  export  of  fresh  beef  from  the 
United  States  to  the  United  Kingdom  continuea  to  rise  year  by 
vear,  the  figures  being  319,845,000  lbs.  in  1899,  322,860,000  lbs. 
in  1900,  and  350,624,000  lbs.  in  1901  ;  the  same  may  be  said  of 
canned  beef,  but  salte(\  beef  shows  a  slight  reduction. 

The   export   of   butter   from   New    York   has  increased  from  Butter  u,A 
4,280  to  7,476  tons  ;    that  of  cheese  has  fallen  from  24,.'i39  to  checso. 
8,387  tons,  very  much  the  same  as  in  1899,  and  tlie  relative  value 
lus  risen  to  about  the  same  point  as  at  that  time. 

The  volume  of  trade  in  Scotch  and  Irish  herrings  was  much  g^^u  , 
about  the  same  as  in  previous  years,  the  receipts  amounting  to 
about  31,000  barrels.  Prices  were  good  on  the  whole  aud,  with 
a  strong  demand,  the  market  was  left  bare  at  the  close  nf  the  year 
with  a  prospect  of  full  values  being  obtained  for  early  receipts 
of  the  new  catch.  The  importations  from  Newfoundland 
amounted,  to  about  3,000  barrels,  or  1,000  barrels  more  than  in 
the  previous  year ;  the  curing  of  these  herrings  showed  con- 
siderable improvement,  and  they  seem  likely  to  compete  strongly 
in  the  future.  The  supplies  from  Holland  and  Norway  were 
small. 

The   importation   of   sugar  into   New   York   is   returned   at  sugar. 
1,064,186  tons,  an  increase  of  116,000  tons,  notwithstanding  the 
fact   that   the   trade   with   Hawaii   and   Porto  Rico  is  not  now 
included. 

In  the  year  1897  the  Legislature  of  New  York  passed  an  Act 
appropriating  25,000  dol.  to  pay  a  bounty  on  sugar  made  from 
beets  at  the  rate  of  1  c.  (Id.)  per  lb.,  on  condition  that  the  manu- 
facturer did  not  grow  his  own  beets  but  bought  them  at  not  less 
than  5  dol.  (or  a  little  over  II.)  pei-  ton,  and  that  the  sugar  con- 
tained at  least  90  per  cent,  of  crystallised  sugar.  In  1901  the 
amount  of  the  appropriation  for  this  purpose  was  100,000  dol. 
(over  20,000(,);  for  the  year  1902  it  has  been  reduced  to  half 
that  sum,  and  the  amount  of  the  bounty  is  reduced  to  ^  c  (^(^.) 
(49)  c  3 


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38  NEW  YORK. 

per  lb.  According  to  the  views  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
■of  the  United  States,  the  places  where  the  beet  sugar  industry  ia 
most  likely  to  thrive  are  certain  parts  of  California;  Idaho, 
Michigan,  Nebraska,  New  York,  Oregon,  and  Utah  with  smaller 
areas  in  other  States. 

The  experiments  connected  with  the  growing  of  the  finest 
kind  of  Sumatra  and  Havana  toltanco  under  shade  in  Connecticut, 
appear  to  show  that  this  cultivation  can  be  carried  on  most 
successfully  and  so  as  to  produce  very  large  profits.  The  plants 
are  grown  under  a  lent  of  cheese  cloth  (a  kind  of  coarse  muslin) 
and  the  leaf  is  said  to  possess  all  the  desii-ed  qualities  of  thinnesB, 
silkiness,  grain,  bum,  colour,  and  size. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  year  1901  the  comer-stone  was  laid 
'■  of  a  building  for  the  High  Hchool  of  Commerce  to  be  erected  by 
the  City  .Authorities  of  New  York.  The  building  will  be  a  lai^e 
five-storeyed  construction,  with  a  lecture  hall  100  by  68  feet, 
with  a  total  seating  accommodatiou  for  1,200  persons,  and  also 
containing  a  gymnasium,  swimming  bath,  laboratories,  and  smaller 
lecture  halls.  The  intention  is  to  provide  for  a  scientific  study  ol 
commerce  in  all  its  relations,  from  both  the  theoretical  and  the 
practical  point  of  view,  and  generally  speaking  to  give  commercial 
instruction  on  a  higher  plane  than  that  imparted  in  business  or 
commercial  courses  or  schoola  It  is  prol^ble  that  students  will 
have  to  give  proof  of  suitable  preparation  before  tiiey  will  be 
admitted. 

Tables  aie  annexed  of  the  principal  articles  of  export  and 
import  at  New  York,  and  as  regards  the  latter  a  distinction  has 
been  maintained  between  dutiable  articles  and  those  which  enter 
free.  The  imports  from  the  United  Kingdom  show  an  increase  in 
value  of  about  1,500,000^.,  tliose  from  British  possessions  a  decrease 
of  M6£,000/. ;  the  exports  show  au  increase  of  ^50,000/.  to  the 
United  Kingdom  and  1,630,000/,  to  British  possessions.  The 
impoi-ta  from  Germany  have  decreased  by  about  400,000/.,  and  the 
exports  to  that  country  by  about  2,650,000/.;  the  imports  from 
France  have  increased  by  1,240,000/.,  while  the  exports  have 
decreased  by  :i,360,000/.  or  over  30  per  cent. ;  exports  to  the 
Netherlands,  Sweden  and  Norway  and  Eussia  have  decreased 
sliglitly,  those  to  Japan  in  a  more  marked  degree ;  as  regards  Italy 
the  exports  and  imports  remain  much  the  same.  The  total  value 
of  the  expoi'ta  is  returned  at  about  99,700,000/.,  as  compared  with 
105,230,700/.  in  1900;  that  of  the  imports  as  11,003,000/.,  com- 
pared with  106,206,100/:  in  1900.      . 

The  grain  shipments  show  a  reduction  of  16,600,000  quarters 
from  79,200.000  quarters  in  19O0  to  62,612,000  quarters  in  1901. 
Wheat  shows  an  increase,  hut  there  is  a  laige  reduction  in  maize, 
and  the  export  of  barley  has  been  reduced  to  very  small  pro- 
portions 

A  great  deal  of  attention  has  again  been  directed  to  the 
continued  falling-off  in  the  grain  shipments  from  New  York,  a 
complaint  being  made  that  New  York  is  subjected  by  the  rail- 
roads to  unjust  and  discriminating  transportation  and  terminal 
charges  as  oompared  with  other  porta  on  the  AlJantio  seaboard. 


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NEW   TOBK. 


Eetuen  of  Principal  Articles  of  Export  from  New  York  during 
tlie  Years  1901-1900. 


IWI. 

1800 

^nic^^^. 

Qo^ltT. 

v^uo. 

ttiuotltjr. 

V.)«. 

s,a)e,«io 

2,412,217 

4,389.210 

Smod  nnd  bum      

To»;"  .. 

ii»,e» 

l,M7.7W 

126,839 

Stz-   -   

Biub.li    .. 

m,B07 

^m 

4,8li;4M 

4a>,S4S 

FM«h 

Tom         ._ 

«,eso 

1,TW.7M 

80,648 

C"n«l       - 

12,0»1 

IH.BW 

nan 

Cnnsl          ._        

BM.ttnilm>[>>       

isoliii 

iiImi 

>9»:78i 

Bouw  ...        _        

Tom" 

"t.iib 

fM.tOa 

iis;«4« 

^«ib«  ... 

i5V,Mt 

i,m'.m 

£!»-« 

Tom 

8,m; 

1U.WI 

Clock!  uul  ntchM 

^^Md  iDgOtl         ,„ 

Tom 

Ta,3i« 

111,076 
4,918.JW 

104,410 

2eo',188 

aoiphiiwt 

1S,TU 

'ioe,'907 

£19,680 
4, 048,661 

1711M 

Com,  IhUu             

BiHbMt   „. 

M,Mi,*M 

2,«i,4tl7 

41.119,818 

Ywa.       ... 

!II,11t,«lfi 

4'i-AIM 

Z11,M4,91B 

a,18»,027 

CielZ'.'.'. 

Lbi."      ... 

*gl,»7,6Tl 

'issieia 

147,779,208 

6.L<»:BBI 

Dnun 

- 

... 

e*i.)i,t 

ii^nM^kEo^.;:: 

(iuoibn  .. 

"  ISD 

Diolsei 

Sr™   :::    :::    - 

1.7:818 

nisa 

aaid.    ... 

i,a'](i,zu 

nonr  (whMl)!"                  " 

Bimli     ... 

*;«(?Tii 

*.Mo;m 

4:tii:«H 

y^^ 

FnmiB.™    :::         ::: 

4Tlit(J7 

z 

runindiUiu          

iu.44e 

^;^ 

Tom""      ... 

'ii.iM 

'ii>,ii* 

Grw« 

!m.600 

8)«;4M 

Hop.     ...        „        ._        _ 

Totu'"      ... 

t,uo 

"6,474 

SJKs.,  i-i-i- 

HuBHwr  ... 

is^ia 

bll^loS 

!8,881 

JSiSU 

::: 

;- 

KmIim) 

- 

168.087 

InO       Ud       MM],       EUDD- 

tKIDroot  ..        

>.i:4,gii 

Tom       .„ 

i'a4,M« 

4,41T08J 

1H,18S 

4,o6«:46a 

1,011,811 

m.»w 

Lumber          

IK.8U 

m'^ 

"x?"-?   , - 

1,»4.<I1 

4,108,814 

5:S^""...   ::   ::. 

~ 

830,118 
148,880 

;;.' 

«M:178 

10II:TS2 

MI.I4S 

H«lli »        ... 

NIglMl 

Ton;"     ... 

ie,<a 

18S,0M 

H3.8M 

'27,«8 

K7^ 

OQ- 

Brntal.    ... 

8,ttT,tM 

Sis,  Oil 

3,812,110 

118;78S 

flaUou   .„ 

1,440,117 

271.848 

i8.2;i.B»T 

1,190.111 

iD.miMtini         :: 

BM,2M,4H 

1,047.118 

607,T8t|2l« 

7:762:781 

LobrtMtlin          

61,081,117 

1.M7.2M 

84.7U,471 

Pi^mn           ...       .„        ... 

Tom'"      ,„ 

11,724,811 
61,171 

228.080 

7«i:eos 

11,221,817 
62,608 

476.414 

Tiaun 

Plpau»]Bttla.l      ...       „. 

'llVls 

Tou         „ 

ii,8i8 

■i2,881 

pamp.:"    ":    :;:    ;:: 

1I7.7JO 

Buiiw.j  vtn  ... 

Bje      ~       ". 

BMbOt   „ 

i,((»,oo« 

198,411 

iw:«7 

1,479,IM 

tJa^iw 

l«i»C*<»)n«i       ■-       .■■ 

248,884 

iM.m 

807:sii 

BMP     

201.688 

BTT^..-.        ...       ~        ... 

a>ik^  ... 

'■"jjjg 

244,711 

»,lV«,877 

22j:;87 

T^tow 

Tom 

»81,0«0 

2i:«4 

604,7  W 

(49) 


d  by  Google 


Retukn  of  Principal  Articles  of  Export  from  New  York  during 
the  Years  1901-1900— continued. 


ArtlclH. 

.«!. 

im. 

QoBiiUtr. 

V.l«. 

».»>»,. 

Vd-. 

m*  oil. 

Tt*««i'    :::         i: 
Tosll 

Twlzw  ...       „ 

SSr""  ::   :::    :: 

28,M0,J« 

... 

i,Hs,eu 

m'.m 

M.UZ 

1,U0,SM 

d  by  Google 


Bktdrn  of  Frincipal  Articles  of  Import  to  New  York  duriug  the 
Tears  1901-1900. 


DCTIABLX. 


Art  worki 
Books  .. 
Bristtei . . 
Chemicoli 
Ohink  ,. 
Ooftl-Uf  oolonn 


Drj  gootU,  cotton 

f  eathen,  cruda 
„       utifleial 

Tuli 

Flftz,  manafacturei  of. 

Fruit 

Tun 

Olau 

OlsTM     uid     laather 

mADufaotlirM 
Hal  msleriab  . . 
HidM    .. 
Iron  and  steel  . . 
Jeirellerj  and 


Lewi      .. 

Hatting.. 

UettlM  .. 

Oil*       .. 

Fointi   .. 

FApet,  manqfactuMe  of 

Sugar    .. 

Tea 

Tobacco. . 

Tin-plate* 

TOJB  .. 

Watohes 
Winei   .. 

Wool,  DuuiafeotuMd 
Wood    .. 


Bookg 

Chemicali 

Cocoa,  and  ihella  of    . . 

Coffee 

<!opper  ore  and  pigi  . . 
Cork  wood  and  bark  . . 
Co  Hon ,  uFunanufacturad 
Diamonde,  to  ugh 
FniiU    .. 


896,671 
6,170 


470,707 
511,487 

267,686 
267,607 
1,0«»,?3S 

9^,7ia 

800,960 

869,860 

6,666,006 

6,147.621 

2,579,191 

384,928 

439,246 

59S,133 

3,61 2,993 

1,362,600 

911,719 

636,236 

842,249 


3,879,606 
402,074 
248,0S3 
700,607 
467,132 
219,386 
4^5,406 
10,342,000 
932,406 

2,683,418 
726,436 
446,847 
284,969 

1,646,610 

1,004,626 
476,634 


11,100.118 
1,723,984 

S;;2,056 

3*0,000 

1,318,447 

437,927 


462,080 

386,030 

2G4,0O0 

820,800 

1.733.248 

863.908 

737,423 

816381 

6,924,686 

6,226,047 

2,668,068 

266,056 

385,294 

633,408 

3,407,620 

1,818,357 

971,058 

003,061 

1,481,000 
392,172 

2,896,600 
1,751,400 

2,266,040 
30S.82S 

279,151 
612,362 

3ee,o;i3 

220,018 

400,520 

9,839.820 

1,2S1,666 

2,238,911 

616,638 

397,640 

240,256 

1,603,3M 

1,771,122 

682,741 


0,868,905 
1,391,067 
268,488 
627,340 


d  by  Google 


Bbtubk  of  Principal  Articles  of  Import  to  New  York  during  th» 
Years  1901-1900— continued. 


ArticlM. 

1901. 

IftOO. 

Quantitj. 

Talue. 

Qoantitj.          Tains. 

FsBB— conb). 

Tun,  andreswd 
Indiwubbtir  and  crude 
J^ute,  nunils,  and  aiml 
Liqnorice  root . . 

Flktinum    and"  plum- 
bago  

SkW 

Silk,  mw 

Soda,  nitrate  of 

Tin,  pigB  and  bars 

Toiw. 

23,448 
120,112 
28,922 

1,281 
78,163 
18,933 

29,779 

£ 

1,345,726 

6,366,174 

2,078,e6g 

288,674 

616,810 

441,621 
5,411,467 
2,184,286 
433,196 
691,669 
8,796,187 

Ton.. 

21,298 
107.668 
88,754 

I'.iai 

110.335 
12,628 
27,010 

£ 

1,076,908 

6,464,488 

8,074,834 

818,821 

491,809 

646,861 

4,140,790 

2,274,647 

699,600 

499,192 

3,468,6« 

Table  showing  Total  Value  of  all  Articles  Exported  from  and 
Imported  to  New  York  to  and  from  Foreign  Countries 
during  the  Year  1901. 


Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
Britiab  po«e«uoa> 
Argentine  Bepnblic 
Austria-HuDgiry  . . 


Brazil         

Central  American  States  . . 

Chile  

China         


France  and  poMMiioni  . , 
Germanj  and  pouauiona. . 

Hajti         

Italy  and  poiMtMona 

Uetico        

Netherlands  and  powesuoni 
Portugal  and  poueaaiona . . 
Peru  

San  Domingo 

Spain  and  uoeaessioDB 

Switurland 

Sweden  and  Norway 

United  Btates  al  Colombia 

Uruguay     .. 

Teneiuela 

Other  countries     . . 


Total 89,682,600 


36,418,900 

12,086,100 

1,786,700 

746,900 

4,616,000 

1,918,000 

881,300 

687,000 

1,891,300 

1,422,300 

6,161,200 

10,479,500 

632,900 

3,116,600 

1,086,600 

1,458,500 

6,632,400 

697,400 

372,700 

931,700 

308,200 

647,300 

46,000 

1,293,100 

645,200 

232,000 

696,400 

8,648,400 


19,802,100 

9,243,300 

1,242,100 

1,489,600 

2,104,000 

18,894,300 

741,600 

1,133,200 

1,364.000 

210,500 

18,806,600 

18,602,100 

168,600 

4,681,600 

1,788,600 

2,607,100 

6,466,700 

661,800 

625,700 

938,200 

661,700 

869,600 

2,944,800 

406,000 

682,500 

869,000 

1,406.200 

8,881,000 


d  by  Google 


HKW  TOBK. 


TabiiB  showing  Countries  from  and  to  which  Specie  was  Imported 
and  Exported  dnring  the  Tear  1901. 


CountWM. 

Ttlue. 

Import!. 

Kiport>. 

FrftDoe 

OuU     ^ 

p<Sl!^iii>   "    ;;    '.'. 

£ 

54,000 
236,600 

186,400 
2,660,000 

837,600 

£ 
9,351,400 
7,052,800 

2,961,200 
81,400 
24,900 

641,100 

Total 

3,873,600 

20,112,800 

•  DisoontiiiuBci,  oommeroe  curied  on  in  coartwiia  trade. 

Tablic  showing  Shipments  of  Grain  from  the  I'oii  of  New  York 
to  the  United  Kingdom,  the  Continent  of  Europe,  &c.,  during 
the  Year  1901. 


Countiy. 

Unitad  KiDgdom  >nd  South  Afrioa 

Balgium  

Neweiiuide   .. 

Oernumjr        

Portugal         . .         . .         , . 

D«iunuk        

Ital^ 

Sweden  nnd  Norwsj 

AuBtrJA  ..         .,         ., 

Total      


39,459,098 

2,030,666 

4,66l),902 

11,606,656 

1,41^040 

913,081 

1,107,056 

259,220 

273,949 

858,626 

£3,408 


12,612,699 


Table  showing  Grain  Shipments  for  the  Year  1901. 


Gnun. 

Quantity.       ■ 

Wheat         

Maize           

K7« 

Bmbeli 

29,164,616 
30,886,023 
1,144,651 

Barley        

Buckwheat 

Flaiaeed    , 

Total          

461,062 

623,20* 

1,946,986 

62,612,599 

d  by  Google 


Rettjbn  of  all  Shipping  at  the  Fort  of  New  York  during  the 
Year  1901. 


Ooimhry. 

HnmtMr  of  T«m«1>. 

Tonnage. 

EKeam. 

Bailing. 

Total. 

Steam. 

Sailing. 

Total. 

United   Kingdom 

and  Coloniei  . . 

4fi8 

1,986 

S6,8!0 

United  Btatoi     . . 

380 

«7 

928,466 

170,467 

1,098,928 

AiutriB-Hungary 

18 

18 

39,894 

Belginm.. 

36 

36 

132,880 

122,880 

1 

2 

1,688 

298 

1,976 

Cub. 

6B 

69 

80,113 

80,118 

76 

124,415 

126,907 

101 

101 

287.496 

887,496 

Q^muDy . . 

48S 

89 

627 

1.623,656 

61,193 

1^684,849 

It^y        ..         .. 

2G 

102 

190,932 

23,696 

214,628 

NrtherUnd.       .. 

lai 

10 

181 

406,979 

12,416 

418,896 

PortupJ..         .. 

16 

2 

18 

27,094 

1,886 

28,479 

Spun 

89 

100,371 

100,371 

S-oredeD  and  Nor- 

way     .. 

aoi 

14 

816 

286,400 

13,721 

299,121 

Total 

8,246 

970 

4^16 

8,8ftl,80« 

641,883 

8,908,185 

Oouutrj. 

Nnmber  of  TtmOi. 

Tonnage. 

Steam. 

Bailing. 

Total. 

8le»>n. 

Sailing. 

Total. 

andColoJe*  .. 

1,408 

506 

1,908 

4,022,988 

278,761 

4,301.789 

United  6tat«>     .. 

384 

246 

630 

932,016 

136,784 

1,067,749 

Auitria'Hangftry 

18,670 

Belginm  .. 

84 

S4 

114,965 

114,965 

Cuba       .. 

62 

62 

82,393 

82,882 

Denmark.. 

69 

5 

74 

120,058 

1.180 

121,238 

Prance    .. 

97 

97 

2S0,9B0 

280,980 

Germnny.. 

440 

80 

1.601.758 

1,649,417 

Italy 

46 

24 

69 

116,979 

22,400 

189,379 

Netberkndi        .. 

118 

8 

126 

3'J2,tl96 

13,241 

406.237 

Portugal,. 

16 

1 

16 

26,879 

1,086 

26.965 

31 

1 

82 

82,109 

227 

8^,336 

Sweden  and  Noi- 

way      .. 

iS2 

20 

252 

194,390 

19.827 

213,717 

Tot^ 

2,986 

841 

3,777 

7,881,079 

519,898 

8,400,977 

d  by  Google 


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46  PROTlDnCE. 

Phovidenge,  Bhodb  Isukd. 

Mr.  Vice  Consul  Stoekwell  reports  as  follows : — 
The  record  shows  that  the  volume  of  business  during  the  year 
1901  was  very  lai^e  and  also  satisfactory  generally. 

Statistics  of  the  Port. 


Deimptioi 


'  Ojtter  boat  trip*  . 
Stnmet  tripi 
Tug-boat  tnpa 
Coal  receiTCd 
Lumber  reoeited   . 
Ulhs 


Ojtten 

HiaoellsDeoiu  freight 
Paasengera,  in  and  out,  by 


Tom  . . 
Feet  .. 
Tons  . . 
IfumbM 
Tods  .. 
Number 
Tons  .. 
Number 
Tons  .. 
•fHUon* 
Tone.. 
Bushels 
loas  .. 
Tom  . . 
Number 


1,864 

S,000 

7,860 

486 

2,000,602 

22,gs7,4(S 

39,924 

12,770,660 

a,6fi4 

2,708,000 

339 

2,999,381 

4,198 

<l,905,000 

14,426 

680,000 

1E,SGS 

36,082 

1,661,210 


Money.  The  bank  clearings  during  the  year  ainonuted  to  349,329,900 

dol.,  while  the  clearings  of  the  previous  year  were  326,289,300  dol., 
showing  an  increase  for  1901  of  ^;i,040,600  dol. 

The  dealings  in  first  .cla-ss  securities  and   prime   commercial 

paper  were  very  large.     Funds  were  abundant  and  the  demand  for 

good  investments  was  active.     The  average  price  of  prime  paper 

during  the  year  was  about  4^  per  cent. 

Cotton.  The  price  of  spot  cotton,  middling  upland  in  the  Providence 

market  during  the  year  averaged  about  8J  c,  the' highest  being 

12|  c,  and  the  lowest  7|i  c. 

Cotton  and  The  cotton  and  woollen  mills  have  been  in  continuous  opera- 

'*^'j"  tion  during  the  year,  and  some  of  them  have  run  overtime.      The 

operatives   were    never   in    better  condition    generally,  or  better 

satislied  with  their  lot,  for  their  prosperity  is  perhaps  at  high 

water   mark.      Continuous   employment   and   good    wages    solve 

problems.     Wages  have  not  thanked.     The  supply  of  opei-ativew 

has  byen  ample,  and  all  who  are  willing  to  work  for  a  living  have 

been   employed.     No  strikes   in   cotton   or  woollen    mills    have 

occurred. 

Tlie  bnilding  The  building  trades  have  been  very  active  throughout  the  year, 

trsdes.  ^jjj  durii'g  R  part  of  the  time  skilled  labour  of  the  right  kind  was 

not  sufficient  to  meet  the  demand.     The  painters  struck  for  a  day 

of  eight  hours,  but  were  not  successful.     The  eight  hour  time  card 


d  by  Google 


PROVlDKNCt  47 

has  not  yet  been  adopted  anywhere  in  the  Stata  The  labour  day 
remains  at  nine  houra,  occasionally  longer,  but  never  shorter.  The 
following  wages  are  paid : — 


Amount. 

F«.,n- 

To— 

Mmom 

Plumber.           

Ptiinten 

Dol.    0. 

2  50 

3  0 
8        0 
2        0 

Dol.  c. 
3      0 
3    60 
8    60 
2    60 

The  building  trade  has  been  biiBk.  During  the  year 
1,302    permits    to    build   have   been    issued,    and    the    number 

ia  200  more  than  last  yeai'.  The  total  cost  of  new  structures, 
houses  and  mercantile  buildingB  was  4,739,720  do!. ;  the  total  cost 
last  year  (1900)  was  4,204,950  dol.  The  new  structures  number 
763  and  of  this  number  461  were  dwelling  houses.  Money  has 
been  so  plentiful  and  cheap  that  the  man  of  moderate  means  may 
own,  nominally,  his  home  and  pay  interest  instead  of  rent 

The  manufacture  of  jewellery  is  one  of  the  prominent  industries  xh»  jewellery 
of  Providence,  the  second  plant  in  size  in  this  country.  There  are  indiutry. 
now  250  establishments,  formerly  jewellery  factories  were  in 
operation  only  half  or  two-thirds  of  the  year.  In  1900  work  was 
continued  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  and  in  1901,  the  lai^er 
establishments,  perhaps  all,  kept  the  machinery  running  through- 
out the  year  except  during  a  few  weeks  for  repairs.  The  sale  of 
jewellery  depends  upon  the  prosperity  of  the  country,  and  the 
greater  the  prosperity  the  better  the  quality  of  the  jewellery  worn. 
The  "good  times  "  in  the  Far  West,  and  the  employment  of  labour 
everywhere  is  responsible  for  an  active  jewellery  market  In  the 
trade  there  have  been  no  large  failures,  and  payments  have  been 
easy  and  at  due  dates.    Wages  have  not  changed. 

Workers  in  machine  shops  have  had  no  idle  time.  The  Maohmery 
manufacture  of  engines,  locomotive  and  stationary,  woollen  and  manufacture. 
cotton  machinery  are  classed  among  the  great  industries  of 
Providence.  During  the  year  there  has  been  a  continuous  demand. 
Providence  machinery  goes  to  every  part  of  the  industrial  world. 
No  strikes  in  machine  shops  .have  occurred  and  no  dissatisfaction 
with  labour  or  wages  has  been  expressed. 

The  new  State  house  was  occupied  by  the  different  depart-  Publio 
menta  on  January  1,  1901,  but  was  not  completed.     The  total  cost  ""P""*- 
to  the  Stnte  was  2,924,402  dol.  10  c. ;  land  given  by  the  City  of  ""■'" 
Providence,  190,000  dol. ;  total,  3,114,402  dol.  10  c. 

Harbour  improvements  are  being  made  by  Government  and 
local  authorities,  and  in  time,  a  better  harbour  or  roadstead  may 
nut  be  found  on  the  i^tlantic  coast. 

While  statistics  of  the  port  may  not  properly  include  those  of 


d  by  Google 


48  pRovmiNCE. 

the  State.  y«t  in  a  State  so  small  as  Eliode  Island,  busioess 
generally  centres  in  the  capital  city.  Indeed,  within  ten  miles  of 
the  City  of  Providence  is  60  per  cent,  of  the  total  population  of 
the  State. 

The  following  statistics  show  the  prosperity  of  both  City  and 
State;— 


8«nii^  baiili*  aiui  inetitatioDs  for 
"T"ig» 

Dtpodtii 

Depoiiton  

Kumber  depomtiiiK  GOO  dol.  Kid  under 
IpOOOdoL        

Numbm  depoMting  1,000  dol.  and 
upwards 

Ifumber  depositing  under  BOO  dol.      . . 

Lugeat  amount  due  to  auTOne  depoutori 

Arenge  anunmt  of  depont 

l«it  dWidend 

Avenge  oF  diridend  for  lait  three  years 

Beseired  proBts  tt  tine  of  last  diri- 

Increase  of  depositors   . . 

Deoiease  of  those  depositing  less  tlian 

eoodoi.         

Increase  of  tbose  depositing  GOO  dol. 

and  IsM  than  1,000  doL 
iDorease  of  those  depositing;  1,000  dol. 

aod  upwards  .. 


Inut  oompanies. .         .  < 
Depositors  • .         , . 

Number  depoiiting  500  dol.  and  under 

l.OOOdol 

Number    depositing    IJMO   dol.    tod 

upwards .. 

Largest  amount  due  to  any  depositoF. . 

Xiast  dividend 

Areiage  of  diTidendfor  lut  three  jaan 


Number 
Amount 

Number 


Amount 
Percent,  p. 


QtuntiV,  &o 

Amount. 

DoL       c. 

U 

I«,i6B 

74,800,794  86 

20,812 

83,642 
10S,21G 

"a-82 
3-88 

160,148  81 
496  70 

474 

2,411,610    0 

480 

712 

S«2 

11 
17,6G4 

2,878 

4,872 

■*8fll6 
3 -898 

71,971  40 

Annex  A. — Betubn  of  all  Shipping  at  the  Fort  of  Providence 

during  the  Year  1901. 

Sailing. 


£ttt«r«d. 

OWred. 

Nationality. 

^^^f/l        Ton. 

Number  of 

TeswOs. 

Tons. 

BritUb 

American 

56         1       6,772 
16                  S,96S 

40 

la 

8,628 
1.785 

Totkl     .. 
„    1900       .. 

71       ,  1       9,736 
BO          1        7.634 

62 
84 

5,858 
4,379 

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Annex  B. — fttTUBN  of  Principal  Articles  of  Export  from  Providence 
during  the  Years  1901-1900. 


ArtiolM. 

Tfdue. 

1901. 

j 

1900. 

LumlMF 

PporarioM 

£ 

M7 
140 

£ 

709 

687 

2,900 

Total 

1,660 

4,S4e 

Rbtukn  of  Principal  Articles  of  Import  into  Providence  during 
the  Years  1901-1900. 


Aitiolo. 

V»tne. 

1901. 

1900. 

Diygood 

Ctupmioali 

Tobwoo 

OtherutiotM        

£ 
55,640 
20,120 
28,898 

78,i9* 
12,864 
10,801 
16,865 

£ 
40,702 

9,660 
27,889 

2,074 
81,990 

7,876 

78,025 

ToUl           

216,877 

842,716 

(49^ 


d  by  Google 


PfiOTlDINOE. 


Annex  C. — Table  dhowiog  Total  Value  of  all  Articles  Exportet} 
from  and  Iinpoi-f«d  into  Providence  to  and  from  all  Countries 
during  the  Years  1901-1900. 


Counti?. 

Biports. 

Import*. 

1901. 

1900. 

IWl. 

1900. 

Auatria-Hnngar; 

££l    ::    ;: 

Briti.h  Eait  lodie.     .. 
BritiBli  Wf.t  Indies    .. 

Canada 

Ciibn 

DeDiD«rk 

Dutch  West  Indies     . . 

i-t-    ::    :: 

F«nee 

French  We»t  Indies    .. 
Qermanj 

Qreece 

Hajti 

Hong-Kong      .. 

Ireland 

Italy 

Japan    

Netfaerlandl     .. 
Portugal 
Boiimania 
St-otland 

Spain 

aWeden 

Uruguay 
AU  others 

J47 

£ 
3,608 

•• 

m 

£ 
14,CM9 

Vm 

IB 

1,196 

7,462 

'ii8 

«,780 
84,269 

m 

6 

4.109 

6,96S 

2« 

1,606  ■ 

390 

68 

9,042 

338 

278 

2,382 

2,616 

16 

£ 

20,907 

167 

"le 

8,061 

6.806 

187 

"74 

60,707 

112,026 

68 

24,286 

66 

l,Sfi2 

4,714 

4,014 

279 

4,201 

274 

8,660 

970 

^164 
"ifi 

Total.. 

1,660 

4,2« 

216,877 

842,716 

lONDON 

Friiit«d  for  His  Majesty's  Stationery  Office, 

Bx  HABBI80K  AND  SONS, 

Frintcm  in  Ordinary  to  Hie  Uajesty. 

(76    6|02— H&8    49) 


d  by  Google 


No.  2798  Annaal  Series. 
DIPLOMATIC  AND  CONSULAR  REPORTS. 


UNITED    STATES. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  YEAR  1901 


TKADE,    &c.,    OP    PHILADELPHIA. 


RE;F£RENGB  to  previous  REPUKT,  Anuusl  Series  No.  2621. 


Pruenttd  to  both  Howen  of  Parliament  bg  Cov^tmil  ■}/  His  Maje*t§. 
MA  r,  I  y02. 


LONDONi 

PBINTBD  FOK  HIS  UAJESTTB  STATIONEBY  OFFIO^ 

BT  HABBISON  AND  SONS,  ST.  UABTIN'S  LANB, 


And  to  Iw  purcliii«ed.  either  directly  or  tbrongh  aaj  BookHller,  from 

STUK  i  SPO'lTISWOUDE.  Eaht  Habdino  Sikiit,  Fliit  Btrkbt,  B.O, 

Bnd  82,  Ahtmihon  Stmkvt.  Webtbinsirb,  S.W.j 

or  OLIYtJU  k  BUi'D,  EniNBOBaa , 

ot  £.  PUNSONBY,  116,  OBUtoH  Srsin,  Ddblih, 


[Od.  786—102.]  Print  Twoptncf. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


CONTENTS. 


Biitiah  ihipping 

Foreign        „ „ 

Import* „_.__,_„..™.,.„— .^■■^..,„. 

EiportsoriiTB-stock _,.- _ _..„ 

Dnit«d  SbtteB  shipping  indiutry  _ _._ ^ 

Ship-building  on  the  Ltilei  _.._.»» „._. 

Foreign  trade  in  the  Unit^i  Btstaa ™..._....„,..„,..™. 

SunimarT  of  conditions  of  industrial  oombinattODi   .._.._ _..._ _ 

East  Cosat  Milling  Companj    ^ _ ^ 

Con!  trade  for  1901 „ _..- - - 

Pennsyltaiiin  coot  „...».....^ _..^ ^...» 

„  bitnminoua  coal  _„...„_ _„ 

Ifarjland  bituminous  coal    _ ^.. 

West  Tirgiain  bitiuniaous  coal... _ _«>. 

Indinn  tsrritorj  and  Artunsas  oil  disoorerj  checks  output  of  eo*l 

ProgreiBin  mining,..,.- _ ., 

Tmporfi  and  exports  of  coal _ ,.... 

Riporte  of  coal  for  11  months  ending  November _.__ 

Antbmcite  coal  trade  in  l&Ol   > ....— ^ »- 

Outlook  for  1903 „ 

Export  nf  nnthracils  coal  »...._„_.___ »___ 

Bituminous  cMial  tradfl  in  1901 

Coke  indtiBtr/  in  Penna;lTaiua....„...„... „..„...,___.,_..,.„..«.._.„. 

Pioiluction  of  pig-iron .„„.._„„..>.....,„.,„,..,„.._„ „_^ 

Beaseoier  pig-iron  _.~...~ ~-....,„.~,.~ -.„,._ 

Basic  pig-iroD ,..„ _^.„...„._». __. 

Spiegeleiien  and  f enomanganMe ._ _.».«. ....».._„ ..... 

Charcoal  pig-iron    „,„ „ 

Unsold  stocks - _ ._.»» „^..,. >....»...» 

Fumst  en „_„_„.,., . ._ - 

A  jear'B  output  ot  steel  rails    „ ....„ _....> 

United  Slalea  foreign  trade  in  stMl  produalt    ..__....-..__.._„.« ». 

Baldwin  looomotive  work* _ „.^ „ ...._ ~, 

Preaiium  plan  of  rewarding  labour ». _ _...~.._~. 

Hooper  pneumatic  concentrator  for  orushed  ores  bj  drj  prooeM  .... 

A  method  of  hardening  armour  plate _ _ _ 

The  c^conio  propeller    ~~_. ~ 

Uaohinerj  for  turning  Out  wooden  pUtet  ..........— ■^...— —.—.—.- 

A  .now  plough     

Batum  of  BHtith  shipping i,,. 


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No.  2798.  Annaal  Seriei. 

Be/erenee  to  premoua  R^xtrt,  Annual  Seriei  No.  2621. 


Report  on  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of  Philadelphia  for  the  Year 
1901 

By  Me.  Consul  Powbll. 

(Beoeivad  at  Foreign  Office,  ipril  29,  1902.) 

During  the  year  1901  the  total  number  of  British  shipB  that  Bntith 
entered  the  port  of  Philadelphia  amounted  to  636,  with  a  tonnage  •lupping. 
of  1,266,248  tons,  showit^  a  decrease  of  55  veeaels  and  72,624 
tons  on  the  previous  year. 

The  decrease  noted  above  is  in  a  laige  measure  dae  to  the 
fact  that  in  1899-1900  the  agricultural  surplus  was  very 
large,  whereas  in  1901  there  was  a  material  decrease  in  the  export 
of  grain,  owing  to  the  poor  harvest  and  the  home  markets  having 
increased  their  demands. 

Also  in  manufactores  the  exports  from  1898-1900  were 
phenomenal,  owing  to  depression  in  prices  in  the  United  States, 
which  caused  the  manufacturer  to  seek  higher  ofiera  in  the 
foreign  markets.  In  1901  rising  prices  in  the  United  States  and 
falling  markets  abroad  brought  export  back  to  its  normal  level. 

Non-Bkitish  Shipping  at  the  Port  of  Philadelphia  during  the     ^orw?" 
Tear  1900.  ^^^^ 

Entehed. 


Suling. 

StMm. 

FUk. 

Number  of           Net 
Teesela.          Ijonnaga. 

Number  of 
TeueU. 

Tonnage. 

American 

Aiutro-HunnriBii      , , 
Belgian..         ..         .. 

Cuban 

Daniih 

Dutch 

Pwnch 

German 

Italian 

Horwagian 

Rnaiifln 

Spam.h 

S-eiiih 

lil              7S,S50 

::     i     :: 

;;         1        ;; 
"e      ;       »,8i9 

14                97,486 
18                16,879 
2                  2,020 

"l                   '607 

88 
11 
66 

1 
SI 
18 

I 
73 

9 
164 
21 
15 

1 

43.701 

20,169 

191,447 

i:3G8 

64J64 

37,072 

2,245 

184,828 

20,559 

179,694 

18,944 

34,120 

S,402 

Total    .. 

182        I      182,840 

448 

776,29»  • 

d  by  Google 


philadblphia. 
Cleakkd. 


8«liBg. 

Stoun. 

F\H. 

Hnmber  of 

Set 

Number  of  1         Set 

Veiaeli. 

Tonnage. 

V«iel>. 

Tonnage. 

Ameriowi 

118 

87,027 

sg 

43,824 

Aiulxo-Huninn 

8 

18,908 

Belgi.!... 

I 

Duiiih  .. 

30         1       51.986 

Dutch    .. 

16        1        30,836 

French  .. 

6 

8.91B 

8         1         4,769 

Oennan. . 

13 

24.E68 

78              187,439 

It*li.n  .. 

20 

16,782 

14                32,228 

Sorwegian 

2 

2,020 

185         ;      212,099 

20         1        18,280 

S|»Di>h.. 

12 

21,212 

2 

Tot*l 

IGS 

140,979 

468 

809,180 

Value  of  Goods  Imported  into  the  Port  of  Philadelphia  from  the 
United  Kingdom  and  BritiBh  FosseBsions  daring  the  Year 
1901. 


Taloe. 

Sterling.               Currencj. 

EDglud           

Scotlwd         

Ireland           

£ 

1,876,670 

338,406 

68,025 

Dollar,. 
9,882,861 
1,667,026 
316,128 

»OT«Scotia 

Ontwio           

Britiah  Columbia 

BHtiib  We«t  Indie* 

„      Ouiaoa          

EMtlndie* 

Hong-Eong 

Britiik  po>•eMioQ^  Afrios 

2,278,000 

15,192 

326 

94 

16,848 

186.131 

12,999 

846,894 

4,556 

3,680 

18,289 

11,866,000 

75,961 

1,628 

460 

84,237 

830,666 

64,996 

4,281,970 

22,776 

18,164 

91,193 

Total           

All  other  countries 

3,867,408 
6,200,064 

16.787,040 
31,000,821 

into  Philadelphia 

9,667.472 

47,787,361 

Carried  in  American  veueli 

foreign  TeueU 

410.703 
9,146,769 

2,063,614 
46,733,847 

into  Philadelphia 

9,667,472 

47,787,861 

d  by  Google 


PUILA.DILPHIA. 


Value  of  Gooda  Exported  from  the  Port  of  Philadelphia  to  tha 
United  Kingdom  and  British  Possessions  during  the  Year 
1901. 


TalDB. 

Bngl«.d         

Ijootlttnd         

Ireland           

Btwlii^. 

£ 
7,291.039 
1,0W,522 
298.046 

Curreoc;. 

Dollar.. 
36,465.193 
6.472.610 
1,490,228 

aibraltop        

IfoTftScotU 

BritUh  W*«  India. 

„       South  Airic*            

„       GuUn*         

„       ButlDdiu 

8,688,606 
9,848 
77,S1* 
86,*26 

ao,oi6 

2,782 
G16 

11.618 

43,418,026 
4«,736 
887,672 
177,132 
100.072 
.         18,911 
2,680 
73,081 

Total           

8,843,824 
7,021,046 

44,219,120 
36,106,224 

Total   eiporti  from   the  port  of 
PhiladelphU 

16,864,869 

79,321,344 

Carried  in  American  Teeuli 

„            foreign  TMMla 

225,191 
15,839,878 

1,126,955 

78,198.389 

Total  export*  Erom  (he   port  ot 

16,864,869 

79,324,344 

ExPOBT  of  Live-stock  with  Number  of  Attendants  for  some  from 
the  Port  of  Philadelphia,  FennBylvauia,  during  the  Teai  1901. 


ExporUdto-            ,'(^^,^ 

°(t1.^^  American  American 

Animal.. 

London,  England              „      28,302 

Lirerpool,  ffngland           ..        2,617 
Aromnouth.  EngUnd       . .        1,432 
Manclifliter.  England       ..  '         907 

1,720 
175       ,         .. 

297      '         " 
167            4,188 

894 

940 
86 
62 
49 

see 

Totel       ..         ..      87,870 

629      '      6,863 

296 

1,398 

According  to  the  report  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  The  United 
Navigation,  American  tonnage  has  now  attained  practically  the  ^'■'«« 
former  maximum  of  1861.     The  figures  of  1901,  compared  with  '^J'^^_ 
1861,  show  au  increase  iu  coasting  trade  vessels  from  2.704,544 
to  4,582,683  tons  (two-thirds  of  this  increase  being  on  the  Great 
Lakes),  a  decrease  in  foreign  vessels  from  2,496.894  to  879,595 
tons,  and  a  decrease  in  whaling  and  fiahii^  vessels  from  ?38,37o 
(68)  A.  3 


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■Q  PHILADELPHIA. 

to  61,940  tons.  Of  tlie  total  tounage  of  the  United  States 
3,623,201  tons  are  wooden  vesaela  and  only  1,901,017  tons  are 
inm  or  ateel  vessels.  (In  1900  the  United  Kingdom  launched 
1,440,000  tone  of  steel  vesFele.) 

I'orto  Kico  appears  in  the  returns  with  25  vessels  of  5,297 
tons,  and  Hawaii  with  64  vessels  of  37,149  tons.  In  the  Philip- 
pines 2,340  vessels  of  102,581  tons  {of  whicli  149  vessels  of 
43,593  tons  are  steara  vessels)  are  under  American  jirotection. 
(Until  Congress  has  so  enacted  Philippine  vessels  are  not  vessels 
of  the  United  States.)  Although  registered  American  vessels 
increased  by  62,435  tons  during  the  year  1901,  American  bottoms 
carried  only  8-2  per  cent,  of  the  United  States  exports  and 
imports,  the  smallest  percentage  in  the  liistory  of  the  United 
States. 

The  tonnage  built  and  i-egistered  in  the  United  States  during 
the  past  fiscal  year  comprised  l,ri80  vessels  of  483,469  gross  tona 
The  steel  vessels  under  construction  during  the  present  fiscal  year 
will  much  exceed  similar  toniu^e  built  in  any  previous  year. 
The  Commissioner  of  Navigation  is  advised  of  Sd  such  merchant 
vessels,  building  or  under  contract,  of  355,645  gross  tons,  to  be 
valued  at  about  36,000,000  dol.  (7,200,000^.).  Beyond  the  fore- 
going, 71  naval  vessels  of  281,148  tons  displacement  are  being 
built.  In  this  work  44  yards  are  engaged,  aggr^ating  a  capital 
of  about  68  000,000  dol.  (13,f)00,000/.),  and  employing  about 
46  000  men. 

The  building  of  10  Tranaatlftntic  steamers  presumably,  rests 
on  anticipated  legislation  by  Congress.  Six  of  the  Atlantic  Trans- 
port line  steamers  are  building  from  the  same  plans  used  in 
building  steamers  in  the  United  Kingdom  for  the  same  company. 
The  American  coat  of  a  steamer  of  the  "  Minnehaha  "  type  mil  be 
1,846,800  dol.  (369,360/.);  the  cost  of  the  British  boat  will  be 
1,419,200  dol.  (283,840/.).  The  American  cost  of  the  smaller 
Transatlantic  caiyo  steamers  will  be  729,000  dol.  (145,800/.),  for 
which  the  British  price  ranges  from  534,000  to  486,000  dol. 
(106,800/.  to  97,200/.). 

As  an  illustration  of  the  difference  in  wages  on  American  and 
foreign  vessels,  the  following  example  may  be  taken : — The 
pay  roll  (excluding  master)  of  380  men  on  the  steamship  "  St. 
Louis  "  is  11,300  dol.  (2,260/.);  of  427  men  on  the  British  "  Oceanic  " 
9,900  dol  (1,980/.);  and  of  500  men  on  the  "Kaiser  Wilhebn 
der  Grosse  "  7,715  dol.  (1,543/.),  The  German  is  the  faster  steam- 
ship ;  the  American  is  the  smallest. 

Including  the  Leyland  purchase,  American  capital  owns  fully 
670,000  tons  of  steamers  under  foreign  flags  which,  in  actual 
carrying  power,  exceed  all  American  vessels  now  engaged  in 
foreign  trade.  The  War  and  Navy  Departments  also  own  126,847 
gross  tons  of  foreign  built  transports  and  colliers.  American 
money  of  late  years  has  purchased  931,000  tons  of  foreign  built 
steel  steamers,  and  since  1891  there  have  been  built  in  the  United 
States  1,600,000  tons  of  steel  steam  vessels  of  all  kinds. 
ihipbuiiding  The  principle  of  shipbuilding  on  the  Great  Lakes,  as  regards 

nfli«L»kM. 


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PUILADKLPH1&.  t 

tlie  size  of  the  steel  car^  carryiii^j  vessele  for  Bervioe  en  these 
inland  seas,  appears  to  have  undergone  a  virtual  revolution  withia 
the  past  two  or  three  years. 

On  the  Great  Lakes  as  on  the  ocean,  the  increase  in  the  size 
of  the  vessels  has  been  a  gradual  evolution.  In  the  10  years  from 
1890-1900  the  standard  length  of  freight-carrying  steamers  has 
nearly  doubled,  while  the  dead-weight  carrying  capacity  was 
extended  from  2,500  to  7,000  gross  tons. 

The  largest  of  what  might  be  termed  these  new  classes  of  Lake 
ships  ar^  436  feet  in  length  over  all,  50  feet  beam,  artd  28  feet 
depth.  A  steamer  of  this  size  has,  on  a  draught  of  18  feet,  a 
carrying  capacity  of  approximately  6,200  gross  tons,  and  costs 
complete  260,000  dol,  (5;J,000/.),  If,  in  this  new  em,  any  one  class 
of  cargo  boats  can  be  said  to  be  of  a  standard  size,  it  would 
undoubtedly  apply  to  the  400  feet  cargo  boats  which  are  of  the 
same  beaiu  and  deptli  as  the  before-mentioned  vessel,  and  while 
providing  a  carrying  capacity  of  5,600  tons,  costs  20,000  dol.  (4,000/.) 
less  than  the  larger  boat  There  are  also  being  constructed 
on  the  Great  Lakes  a  considerable  number  of  vessels  which  range 
from  366  to  390  feet  in  length,  but  have  a  uniform  beam  of  48 
feet  and  a  uniform  depth  of  28  feet.  The  capacity  of  those  steamerfl 
ranges  from  4,800  to  5,200  gross  tons  each,  and  their  value  is  about 
220,000  dol.  (44,OuO;.)  to  230,000  dol.  (46,000/.)  according  to  size. 
The  most  interesting  of  present  tendencies  in  Lake  shipbuilding 
is  found  in  the  construction  of  large-sized  steamers  for  ocean 
service. 

For  many  years  past  occasional  vessels  have  been  transferred 
from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Atlantic  Coast,  but  very  few  of  them 
had  been  designed  for  deep  sea  service.  Lately  the  shipbuilding 
firms  on  the  Lakes  have  entered  upon  the  construction  of  deep 
sea  craft  as  a  regular  branch  of  their  operations,  and  contracts 
have  been  secured  for  the  construction  of  13  steel  steamers  tor 
ocean  service. 

The  few  vessels  constructed  on  the  Lakes  for  service  on  salt 
water,  prior  to  1901,  had  invariably  been  of  such  dimensions  aa 
to  permit  of  their  passage  through  the  St.  Lawrence  Canal,  that 
is  to  say,  not  exceeding  270  feet  in  length,  but  in  1901  tlie  con- 
struction of  fhips  of  much  greater  sizo  was  undertaken ;  the  spring 
of  the  same  year  witnessed  the  transportation  to  the  Atlantic 
coast  of  two  steel  steamers,  each  450  feet  in  length,  43  feet  beam, 
and  35  feet  in  deptli,  with  a  carrying  capacity  of  7,000  tons,  in  sec- 
tions. The  method  employed  in  the  transfer  of  these  laige 
steamers  to  the  ocean  is  usually  as  follows :  The  bull  is  fully 
completed  except  for  the  space  of  about  two  plates  at  or  near  the 
centre.  These  plates,  during  the  time  the  hull  is  on  the  stocks, 
are  simply  bolted.  A  bulkhead  Is  constructed  on  the  forward 
and  after  midship  ends,  and  when  tlie  hull  ts  fully  completed  in 
other  respects  these  centre  plates  are  removed  and  the  hull 
launched  in  two  pieces.  Each  section  may  be  towed  through  the 
cantds  by  a  tug,  or  the  after  part  of  the  hull  containing  the 
machinery  can  tow  the  other  portion.      At   Montreal   the   two 

(63,1  A  4 


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Cmmp  and 
.Son*'  Ship 
and  Bngins 
Building 

Companj. 


Na*  York 
'^hipbuildinic 

(tompimy, 


Neallekiid 
htry  Ship 
■lid  Engine 
Building 

Oompuij. 


8  PHILAUKLPHIA. 

sections  are  joined  together  and  she  continues  her  voyage  to  the 
sea  coast. 

This  method  of  building  ocean  EteamerB  is  attaining  such  pro- 
portions that  it  is  proposed  to  establish  a  shipyard  at  Montreal, 
the  main  purpose  of  which  will  be  to  connect  tlie  portions  of 
vessels  which,  in  consequence  of  their  size,  have  to  pass  through 
the  canals  in  sections. 

Cramp  and  Sons'  Ship  and  Kngine- building  Company  has 
completed  the  United  Stat«s  battleship  "  Maine,"  of  12,300  tons 
displacement  and  16,000  indicated  horse-power.  The  following 
were  building :  the  United  States  armoured  cruisers  "  Penn- 
sylvania," 13,800  tons  displacement,  23,000  indicated  horse- 
power, and  "Colorado,"  13,400  tons  displacement,  and  23,000 
indicated  h oi-se- power ;  and  the  Imperial  liussian  battleship 
"  Retvizan,"  12,700  txins  diapiaeement,  18  knots  speed. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  the  tirm  1ms  on  hand  passenger  and 
freight  steel  steamers  "  Kroonland  "  and  "  Finland  "  for  the  Inter- 
national Navigation  Company,  560  feet  long,  two  sets  of  three- 
crank  triple- ox  pansion  engines,  twin -screws,  nine  single-endod 
boilers,  and  10,000  horse-power.  Oil-tank  steamer  for  the  Standard 
Oil  Company,  360  feet  long,  one  three-crank  triple-expansion 
engine,  single  screw,  and  two  single-ended  Scotch  boilers  5,000 
horse-power.  A  cmiser  of  3,200  tons  displacement  for  the  Turkish 
Navy, 

The  New  York  Shipbuilding  Company,  Camden,  has  xuider 
construction  the  single-screw  steamer  "J,  M.  Gufl'ey,"  for  the 
J.  SI.  GuH'ey  I'etroleum  Company,  309  feet  7  inches  long,  triple-ex- 
pansion engine  of  1,500  indicated  horse-power,  two  Scotch  boilers, 
and  2,700  gross  tonnage. 

The  twin-screw  stumers  "  Texan  "  for  the  American  Hawaiian 
Steamship  Company,  484  feet  3  inches  long,  quadruple-expansion 
engine,  3,400  indicated  horse-power,  8,100  gross  tonnage,  and  the 
"  Nevada"  and  "  Nebraska,"  371  feet  6  inches  long,  triple- expansion 
engines,  3,000  indicated  liorse-power,'  two  Scotch  boilers,  and 
3,700  gross  tonnage. 

The  twin-screw  .steamers  "  Minnekakda  "  and  "  Minnelora,"  for 
the  Atlantic  Transport  Company,  615  feet  3  inches  long,  triple-ex- 
pansion engines  of  12,000  indicated  horse-power,  four  double  and 
two  single-ended  Scotch  boilers,  13,100  gross  tonnage,  and  the 
"  Massachusetts  "  and  "  Mississippi,"  505  feet  6  inches  long,  triple- 
expansion  engines  of  6,000  indicated  horse-power,  two  double  and 
two  single-ended  boilers,  and  8,200  gross  tonnage. 

The  Neafie  and  Levy  Ship  and  Engine-building  Company 
report  that  they  are  building  the  following  vessels  for  the  United 
States  Navy  : — Theprotectedcruiser  "St. Louis":  length, 424 feet ; 
beam  66  feet,  of  10,000  tons  displacement,  23  feet  6  inches  mean 
draught,  21,000  indicated  hoi-se-power,  16  water-tube  boilers,  and 
22  knots  speed.  Second-ckasi  stirimer  "  Denver  " ;  length,  292  feet ; 
be-am,  44  feet;  lo  feet  9  inches  me^u  draught,  3,200  tons  dis- 
placement, 4,700  indicated  horse-power;  165  knots  speed,  six 
water-tube  boilers.    Also  the  following  torpedo  boat  destroyers : — 


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PHILADELPHIA.  9 

"  Bainbridge,"  "  Barry,"  ami  "  (Jhauncey,"  fauli  1^45  (net  louf^ ; 
beam,  23  feet  7  inches ;  Dieaii  draught,  6  feut  Ij  iiiclius  ;  420  tons 
displacement,  8,000  indicated  horse-power,  29  knots  speeil,  four 
Tliorneycroft boilers, togetherwith  the  following,'  nieifliaiiisteaiiien*: 
the  "  Znlia"  screw  steamer  of  1,715  tons,  as  well  us  the  "  Calvert," 
for  the  Weems'  line,  Baltimore,  passenger  and  freight  Hteamer, 
190  feet  long,  compound  engine,  single  screw,  one  Scotdi  1  »)ili;r,  itnd 
810  tons  displacement.  Also  the  steamshipa  "  Quaker  City  "  and 
"  City  of  Trenton,"  together  with  a  number  of  smaller  craft. 

Harlan  and  HoHingsworth,  shipbuilders,  are  building  for  the  Harlan  and 
United  States  Xavy,  torpedo  destroyers  "  Hopkins  "  and  "  Hull " :  Holiing*- 
244  feet  in  length,  24  feet  6  inches  lieam,  6  feet  mean  draught,  "j^'.^J^'j,. 
408  tons  displacement,  7,200  indicated  horse-power,  29  knots  speed, 
and  four  Thornoycroft  boilers.     Also  the  "  Sti-ingham  " :  225  feet 
long,  22  feet  beam,  6  feet  6  inches  mean  draught,  340  tons  displace- 
ment,  7,200   indicated   horse-power,   30   knots   .speed,   and   four 
Tliorneycroft  boilers.     Also  for  the  Mercantile  Marine,  steel  screw 
steamer  "  Pathfinder " :  325  feet   long,  triple -expansion  engines, 
two  Scotch  boilers  of  1 ,200  indicated  horse-power.     Steel  steamers 
"Btandon":  213  feet  long,  triple-expansion  engines,  two  Scotch 
boilers,    1,200    indicated    horse-power;   "William    G.    Payne": 

257  feet  long,  two-cylinder,  compound  engine,  four  Scotch  boilers 
of  2,000  indicated  liorse-power ;  and  "  Sagamore  " :  203  feet  long, 
beam  engine,  two  lobstet-back  boilers,  700  indicated  horse-power. 
An  auxiliary  steam  yacht  145  feet  long,  compound  engine,  two 
Alniy  water-tube  boiler.s,  together  with  several  steam  ferry  boats,  &e. 

Shipbuilding  at  the  several  works  of  the  American  Shipbuilding 
Company  are  as  follows : — 

Cleveland,  Ohio ;  Two  cargo  steamboats,  each  of  436  feet  over  CletelBnd, 
ail  and  6,200   gross   tons ;   one  of  374  feet  over  all  and  4,900  ^^^ 
gross  tons;   also  a  car  ferry  of  350  feet  over  all, 

Lorain,  Ohio :  Two  cargo  steamers  of  436  feet  over  all  and  6,200  Lorain,  Ohio. 
gross  tons  ;  six  of  400  feet  over  all  and  5,600  gross  tons ;  and  one 
of  434  feet  over  all  and  6,200  gross  tons. 

Bay  City,  Michigan :  Three  cargo  steamers  of  434  feet  over  B»y  uity, 
all  and  6,200  gross  tons ;  and  one  of  376  feet  over  all  and  5,000  M'"''i8M- 
gross  cons. 

Detroit,  Michigan  :  One  cargo  steamer  of  366  feet  over  all  and  Detroit, 
4,800  gross  tons  ;  two  passenger  and  freight  steamers  of.  366  feet  MiohigMi, 
over  all  and  a  ferry  steamer,  the  dimeusionsof  which  are  not  yet  fixed. 

Toledo,  Ohio :  One  cargo   steamer  of  220  feet  over  all  and  Cnig't 
2,000  gross  tons ;  one  of  198  feet  over  all  and  1,800  gross  tons,  and  ^^^^^^^"8 
one  of  370  feet  over  all  and  5,000  gross  tons ;  one  oil  steamer  of  xoiedo  ?)'hio. 

258  feet  over  all  and  2,800  gross  tons.  jenk»' ' 
Port  Huron,  Michigan  :  One  cai^  steamer  257  feet  over  all  Shipbuilding 

and  3,000  gross  tons,  and  Port  Huron  Lighthouse  Steam  Tender  S""!^"'' 
of  160i  feet  over  all.  MifhSr"' 

The  foreign  trade  of  tlic  United   States   for   the  fiscal  year  foreign 
ending  June  30,  1901,  was  larger  than  for  any  corresponding  year,  trade  m  the 
amounting  to  over  100,000,000   dol.   (20,00O,000;.)  higher   than  ^^^ 
the  figure   for   1900.     It    does  not,  however,  show  the  same 


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iO  PUILADICL1>HIA. 

abuormal  growth  in  exports,  and  particularly  in  manufactures, 
which  has  been  shown  for  several  yeai-s  past;  this,  however, 
seems  to  bo  due  not  so  much  to  the  fact  that  the  year's 
figures  were  unduly  small,  but  to  the  circumstance  that  they  must 
be  compared  with  those  which  are  unduly  lai^. 

The  removal  of  Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico  from  the  list  of  foreign 
countries  witli  which  the  United  States  has  commercial  relations 
is  a  factor  to  be  taken  into  consideration  iu  respect  to  the  export 
trade,  particularly  with  regard  to  domestic  manufactures. 

The  fact,  however,  remains  that  the  year's  trade  was  the  lai^est 

on  record,  and  the   United  States  mercantile   transactions  with 

other     countries     show     a    balance     to    their    credit    of    over 

600,000,000  dol.  (120,000,000;.)- 

The  siuniiMnj        The  Chief  Statistician  for  Manufactures  of  the  Census  Bureau 

of  ™duBM^   ^^^  issued  an  impoitant  bulletin,  giving  data  concerning  industrial 

TOmbinatioiu.  combinations,   as   they   existed   at  the  end  of  the  census  year, 

May  31,  1900.     In  order  to  secure  a  uniform  basis  of  tabulation,  a 

definition  had  to  be  mnde  of  the  term  "  industrial  combination," 

and  the  following  was  adopted : — 

"  For  the  puipose  of  the  census  the  rule  has  been  adopted  to 
consider  no  aggregation  of  mills  and  industrial  combinations, 
unless  it  consists  of  a  number  of  formerly  independent  mills 
which  have  been  brought  tc^ether  into  one  company  under  a 
charter  obtained  for  that  purpose.  We,  therefore,  exclude  from 
this  category  many  large  establishments,  comprising  a  number  of 
mills  which  have  grown  up,  not  by  combination  with  other 
mills,  but  by  the  erection  of  new  plants  or  the  purchase  of  old 
ones." 

The  statement  shows  a  total  authorised  capitalisation.  May  31, 
1900,  for  the  183  corporations  reported  of  3,607,539,200  doL 
(721.507,840^.),  and  capiUl  stock  issued  of  3,085,200,868  doL 
(617,040,173/.       12«0.  The      authorised      capital      includes 

270,127,250  dol.  (54,025,450i.)  in  bonds;  1,259,540.900  doL 
(251, 908,1 80t)  in  prefei-red  stock,  and  2,077,871,050  dol. 
(415,574,210;.). 

The  total  value  of  all  the  products  of  the  combinations 
reported  is  1,661,295,364  doL  (332,259,072/.  16s.),  and  subtracting 
the  value  of  the  products  of  the  hand  trades,  or  mechanical 
and  allied  industries,  which  amount  to  1,216,165,160  dol. 
(243,233,032/.),  the  product  of  the  industrial  combinations  in  1900 
is  found  to  be  equivalent  to  over  20  per  cent,  of  the  total  gross 
products  of  the  manufacturing  industries  of  the  United  States  as 
they  existed  in  1890. 

The  183  corporations  above-mentioned  employed  399,192 
labourers,  receiving  194,534,715  dol.  (38,906,943/.)  in  wages. 
Employment  was  also  given  to  24,585  salaried  officials,  clerks, 
ftc,  receiving  a  total  of  32,653,628  dol.  (6,530,725/.  12s.)  in 
salaries.  The  miscellaneous  expeni^e  of  these  combinations  aggi'e- 
gated  151,851,077  dol.  (30,370,215/.  85.).  The  total  cost  of 
material  used  was  1,085,083,828  dol.  (217,016,765/.  12*.).  The 
gross   value   of  products,   less   the  value  of  material  purchased 


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FHIliADELPHlA.  11 

in  i>artly  manufactured  form,  gives  the  net  or  trae  value 
of  products  of  these  combinations  aa  1,051,981,586  floL 
(2]ll,396,317i.  4s.). 

According  ta  induatriea  the  corporations  were  distributed  an 
foUowfl : — 


A„,.,-. 

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InTCUed. 

V»lueo(  product.. 

"c»r«^i^ 

SurtiDs. 

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Sterling. 

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ChemlciliindaUlnlprDclucti  ... 

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8^478,848  1* 

ituo  Iron  nod  sttel      

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:    leo,  154,701 

38,080,810  12 

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17,197,108  II 

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14,177,610    8 

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,      44,418.411 

8.e8^881    8 

CU7.  ffU«,  Md  noat  prodocM... 

«,a77.198 

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29,2118,182 

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8,721,014  12 

Anew  Hour  mill  for  export  purposes,  called  the  East  Coast S"*.*^'"'* 
Milling  Company,  will  be  built  at  ^Delaware  Avenue  *°*1  G''^'!  cwnwuiT 
Street,  Philadelphia,  with  an  output  capacity  of  5,000  barrels 
per  day.  The  wharf  at  the  foot  of  Green  Street  has  been  pax- 
cliHsed  by  the  Company  for  the  purpose  of  loading  ships  direct  for 
Europe,  &c.  It  will  be  the  largest  dour  mill  east  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains.  It  is  capitalised  at  1,400,000/.  and  incorporated  under 
tlie  Laws  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  by  Philadelphia  and  New 
York  capitalists.  Work  is  now  being  commenced  for  the  purpose 
of  erecting  the  property. 

Advices  from  all  the  important  coal  producing  centres  show  Ooal  bmd« 
that  the  large  production  which  the  United  States  attained  in  ^"^  ^**'* 
1900  has  been  exceeded  iu  1901  by  about  30,000,000  tons,  which 
brings  the  output  of  the  latter  year  up  to  approximately 
300,000,000  short  tons.  Even  this  very  large  amount  would  have 
been  exceeded  had  it  been  within  the  power  of  the  transport 
companies  to  handle  tlie  product,  in  order  to  brii^  it  to  the 
market.  During  most  of  the  year,  and  particularly  during  the 
latter  half,  the  scarcity  of  truck  supplies  was  a  constant  complaint 
from  coal  shippers,  and  this  condition  became  so  emphasised  in 
December  tbat  a  coal  famine  was  apprehended  in  several  of  the 
Eastern  Cities,  The  previous  short  supply  had  been  rendered  more 
acute  by  heavy  floods,  which  not  only  interfered  with  the  trans- 
port companies,  but  caused  the  cessation  of  operations  at  a 
number  of  collieries  in  the  anthracite  region  of  Pennsylvania.  So 
inadequate  were  the  railroad  facilities  to  respond  to  the  ilemands 
placed  upon  them  in  the  last  two  weeks  of  December,  that  coal 
was  at  a  premium  in  Pittsburg,  a  condition  unprecedented  in 
the  industrial  history  of  that  city. 

In  reviewing  the  coal  mining  industry  of  the  United  States  as 
a  whole,  one  change  that  has  taken  place  in  the  last  few  years  is 


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12 


PHILADELPHIA 


worthy  of  special  notica  This  has  been  tlie  practical  elimination 
of  anthracite  coa!  as  a  factor  in  manufacturing  enterprises.  T  do 
not,  of  course,  include  in  this  statement  eome  BEtablishments  in  a 
few  large  Eaatem  Cities,  such  as  New  York,  Boston,  Fhtladetphia, 
&c,  whete  as  in  large  buildings  power  is  furnished  with  the 
premises  and  is  obtained  from  st^m  raised  from  hard  coal ;  but  as 
B  blast-furnace  fuel  and  in  establishments  where  lai^  quantities 
of  coal  are  consumed,  anthracite  coal  has  given  way  to  bituminous 
coal  or  to  coke.  Anthracite  coal  has  now  become  almost  entirely 
a  domestic  fuel,  and  apart  from  the  irregularities  in  production, 
produced  by  strikes  or  other  disturbing  influences,  the  annual 
fluctTiation  of  the  trade  may  be  said  to  follow  the  readings  of  the 
thermometer,  varying  according  to  increased  population  and  the 
uncertain  elements  of  prosperity  or  the  reverse.  In  some 
locsUties,  anthracite  coal  is  a  luxury  and  is  used  only  in  periods 
of  exceptional  prosperity,  such  as  have  been  recorded  in  1901. 


Pkoddction  of  Anthracite  and  Bituminous  Coal  in  the  United 
States  from  1880  to  1900,  by  Quinquennial  Averages. 


ftuMtitj 

AntbTMile. 

Bitummoi.. 

1S80. 

1881-86      .. 
1888-90      .. 
1B91-96      .. 
1896-1900  .. 

Short  tons. 

28,649,811 

36,lt>4.1S8 

..        <2,151,86* 

6B,406,lfl9 
66,626,166         1 

Short  tons. 
42,831,768 
70,816,115 
84,488,681 
128,216,327 
171,685,687 

Production  of  anthracite  coal  in  1901  will  have  probably 
exceeded  that  of  1900  by  about  8,000,000  tons,  and  will  exceed  the 
year  1899  by  about  5,000,000  tons.  The  exceptional  prosperity 
which  prevailed  throughout  the  United  States  during  1901,  together 
with  the  fact  that  the  coal  regions  were  free  from  labour  disturb- 
ances of  any  note,  enabled  the  output  to  be  increased  in  an  unusual 
d^;ree.  A  large  amount  of  authracite  coal  was  shipped  to  the 
west  and  north-weat  last  year  and  consumed  in  regions  where  it  is 
looked  upon  as  a  luxury  only  to  be  used  in  years  of  plenty. 

I  I'ennsylvania  continues  to  hold  undisputed  supremacy  as  the 
coal-producing  State,  her  combined  product  of  hard  and  soft  coal 
amounting  to  more  than  half  the  total  output  of  the  United 
States. 

1  The  bituminous  product  of  Pennsylvania  in  1900  was 
79,842,326  short  tons,  something  more  than  one-thii-d  the  total 
bituminous  output  for  that  year,  Pennsylvania's  bituminous  pro- 
duction for  1901  will  be  between  85,000,000  and  90,000,000  tons. 
Maryland's  coal-mining  industiy  (bituminous)  in  1900,  was 
somewhat  injured   by   labour    strikes   and    the   production   was 


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PHILADBLfHIA.  13 

reduced  by  nearly  800,000  short  tone  in  comparison  with  the  year 
1899.  The  procluctioii  from  1901,  however,  will  probably  equal, 
if  not  exceed,  that  of  1899,  and  will  reach  about  5,000,000  tons. 

Virginia  and  West  Virginia  combined  in  1900  produced  a  little  Wert 
over  25,000,000  short  tons,  of  which  something  over  90  per  cent  Virgink 
is  credited  to  the  latter  State.    For  1901  it  ia  estimated  that  these  o^""*"' 
two  States  will  have  an  output  of  about   30,000,000  tons.     West 
Virginia  is   now   the  tliird    in   rank  among   the   coal-prodncing 
States,  and  is  destined  to  displace  Illinois,  which  now  ranks  next 
to  Pennsylvania. 

The   Beaumont   oil    diaeovery    threatens   to   check   the   coal  li"Ji»n 
inthistry  of  the  Indian  Territory  aad  Aiteinaas.  By  far  the  greatest  j^^^ 
portion  of  the  products  of  these  coal  fields  is  marketed  in  the  Stat«  oil  diacoiwj 
of  Texas.     The  introduction  of  oil  as  fuel  will  displace  a  lai^e  coal  clieck* 
tonnage  hitherto  shipped  from  these  mines.     Should  the  railroad  ^^"*  "^ 
companies  of  Texas  adopt  oil  as  a  fuel,  the  situation  may  become 
serious  lor  the  coal  mines  of  the  Indian  Territory,  although  the 
natural  increase  in  the  consumption  of  coal  in  other  directions  will 
poa^ibly  modify  the  effect  of  the  oil  competition  to  a  great  extent. 

The  progress  made  during  the  last  few  yearn  in  the  develop-  Progrew  in 
me  I  it  of  the  use  of  under-cutting  machinery  for  the  mining  of"™'"«- 
bituminous  coal  in  the  United  States  has  attracted  much  attention 
in  the  coal  mining  industry.  The  statistics  for  1900  issued  by  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey,  show  that  about  one-fourth  of 
tile  total  amount  of  bituminous  coal  mined  in  the  States  was 
undercut  by  the  use  of  machines.  Nearly  50  per  cent,  of  the  total 
increase  in  the  output  of  bituminous  coal  in  1900  was  contributed 
by  mines  working  with  under-cutting  machines.  The  use  of 
these  machines  will  probably  show  a  Targe  increase  for  the  year 
1901. 

The  latest  statistics  available  regarding  the  imports  and  expoits  Imports  ud 
of  coal  during  1901,  are  for  the  11  months  ending  November  30.  ^^'*"'^ 
Both  show  a  slight  decline,  although  the  decrease  in  imports  is 
hardly  noticeable.  The  imports  are  principally  obtained  from 
British  Columbia  and  from  Australia  to  San  Francisco  and  other 
Califomian  ports,  also  from  Nova  Scotia  to  New  England  ports, 
pai'ticularly  Boston.  The  piincipal  export  trade  is  vifi  the  inter- 
national bridges  to  Canada.  The  exports  of  coal  for  the  first  11 
months  of  1901  show  a  falling-off"  of  a  little  over  200,000  long  tons. 
The  export  of  anthracite  increased  about  400,000  tons,  while 
bituminous  exports  decreased  by  (i00,000  tons. 


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11  Diontlii 
SpTember. 


PHILADELPHU. 


Exports  ending  November  30,  in  the  last  three  years,  have 
been  as  follows  in  long  tons : — 


1809. 

1900. 

1901. 

LoDgton*. 
1,664.188 
8,644,879 

ass- 

6,649,712 

LoDg  torn. 
I,BW,48S 
6,043,221 

Total 

S,!!08,817 

7,146,089 

6,98f,M9 

Anthraotte 
coal  tmdeL 
1901. 


1901  will  be  memorable  iii  the  history  of  the  anthracite 
ooal  trade ;  not  only  was  the  output  the  laigest  on  record,  exceed- 
ii^  that  of  1900  by  over  8,000,000  tons,  but  the  prices  secured 
have  been  satisfactory  to  the  producer ;  this  combination  of  large 
output  and  good  prices  is  a  decided  novelty.  The  record-breaking 
output  of  1895  was  accompanied  by  a  fierce  competition  for  freight 
accommodation  among  the  different  producers,  and  the  total  result 
of  the  year's  operations  was  not  financially  satisfactory.  The 
present  condition  of  the  anthracite  trade  is  totally  different  from 
its  position  a  few  years  ago. 

The  control  of  production  and  transport  in  1898  seemed  to 
be  hopelessly  confused,  and  the  industry  was  in  an  miusually 
poor  condition. 

The  extremely  favourable  outlook  of  the  anthracite  coal  trade 
in  1901  is  due  to  three  causes.  First,  an  absolute  control  by 
the  "  Community  of  Interest "  plan,  perfected  in  the  Temple 
Iron  Company  and  by  an  understanding  with  the  chief  holders 
of  stock  in  the  Delaware  and  Hudson,  and  Delaware,  Lackawanna 
and  Western  Companies.  Second,  the  general  prosperity  of  the 
country.  Third,  the  cold  weather  and  high  winds  in  February, 
March  and  April,  which  caused  a  heavy  consumption  of  coal, 
so  that  stocks  at  many  inland  points,  and  particularly  in  the 
West,  were  completely  gone  when  the  warm  weather  come. 
The  last  two  causes  fleeted  production,  the  lirst,  prices. 

The  outlook  for  1902  is  bright.  The  "  Community  of  Interest " 
plan  has  proved  very  successful  in  controlling  production  and 
prices  during  a  good  year.  What  it  can  do  in  a  poor  year  remains 
to  be  seen.  Everything  favours  a  good  demand  for  1902;  some 
labour  troubles  are  anticipated,  but  it  seems  probable  that  there 
will  be  no  open  rupture  between  employers  and  miners,  at  all 
events,  to  any  very  great  extent. 

The  great  bulk  of  the  anthracite  cool  exported  from  the  United 
States,  goes  by  rail  or  canal  to  Canada ;  tbei-e  are  also  small  ship- 
ments to  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies.  Several  attempts  have 
been  made  from  time  to  time  to  build  up  a  market  in  Europe,  but 
these  efforts  seem  to  have  amounted  to  httle  or  nothing.  The  first 
exports  of  any  importance  from  the  United  States  to  Europe  were 


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PHILADELPHIA.  15 

made  last  October,  and  they  were  entirely  due  to  an  unusually  low 
oueari  freight  rate,  which  ib  the  principal  factor  in  exporting 
Auierifan  anthracite  to  Europe  with  any  profit.  A  number  of 
onlers  were  placed  for  lots  of  from  3,000  to  10,000  tons  tor 
European  porta,  and  with  the  low  freight  rates,  the  movement 
mi^ht  have  aseunietl  considerable  proportions,  but  for  the  great 
deiuHud  iur  anthmctte  coal  that  started  in  the  United  States. 
It  ia  reported  that  one  firm  in  I'hiiadelphia  was  offered  a  contract 
for  n  100,000  tons  for  export  to  France,  but  refused  it,  having  at 
the  time  no  coal  in  storage  at  tidewater  and  not  caring  to  take 
such  a  lat^e  contract  when  the  liome  market  was  so  stroug. 

it  is  hardly  to  be  expected  that  anthracite  from  American 
njines  will  ever  be  largely  exported  to  Europe  ;  low  ocean  freight 
and  iiigh  prices  for  Welsh  anthracite  are  the  only  conditions  under 
which  such  shipments  are  possible. 

The  question  which  mining  companies  faced  at  the  opening  of  BitumL 
1901  was  whether  railway  control  would  be  satisfactorily  exer-  ^^^  " 
ciset! ;  in  case  production  were  excessive,  would  the  railroads 
restrict  the  output  by  limitiug  carriage  in  all  eases,  or  would  there 
be  discrimination  shown  to  certain  grades  of  coal  and  certain 
companies.  However,  producers,  while  paying  higher  freight 
rat«^<,  appear  to  have  found  that  ihere  has  been  a  stefwly  and  ftai 
attempt  to  restrict  supply  to  market  needs. 

Wliile  there  have  been  no  changes  in  the  policies  of  tlie  rail- 
roads, there  have  been  some  very  large  consolidations  of  interests 
among  the  mine  owners,  particularly  in  West  Vii^jnia  These 
consolidations  have  had  for  their  object  the  securing  of  more 
favourable  freight  rates  and  a  uniform  distribution  of  trucks  at  the 
mines. 

iTcnei-ally  speaking,  foreign  trade  was  of  little  inipottance  to 
bituminous  shippers  during  1901 ;  none  of  the  openings  for 
American  bituuiiiious  coal  abroad,  which  were  so  much  talked 
about  in  1899  and  1900,  were  heard  of  in  1901.  The  smalhiess  of 
the  export  movement  was  due  to  several  causes ;  at  the  bt^inning 
ol  the  year  ocean  freight  rates  were  high  enough  to  prevent  new 
contracts  being  taken  for  European  shipments,  but  by  the  end  of 
the  year,  when  freights  had  veiy  much  fallen,  the  demand  of  the 
home  market  was  so  strong  that  ibreign  business  was  not  desired. 
Enfjlisli  opeiators  also  sold  coal  during  the  year  at  considerable 
reduction  from  the  high  piice  of  lilOO,  when  so  much  was  heard  of 
Americans  supplanting  liiitish  coal  in  German,  French,  Italian 
and  Australian  ports.  As  a  result,  American  coal,  early ,  in  the 
year,  was  unable  to  compete  with  British  coal  at  European  ports 
and  the  new  busiuese  done  by  American  shippers  was  almost 
entirely  confined  to  the  West  Indies  and  Central  and  South 
America. 

The  exports  of  bituminous  coal  from  the  United  States  for  the 
first  11  months  of  1901  amounted  to  5,043,221  long  tons,  a 
decrease  of  600,000  tons  gainst  the  same  period  in  1900.  In 
;respect  to  freight  rates  during  the  year,  charters  were  obtained 
early  m  Mareh  from  Chesapeake  Bay  ports  to  the  Mediterranean 


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16  PHILADELPHIA. 

at  3  dol  84  c  (15s.  4J<i)  per  ton ;  Ly  May  the  rate  had  fallen  to 
3  dol.  16  c.  to  3  dol,  12  c.  (12s.  7jd.  to  12^.  5Jd)  aad  by  the  end  of 
October  tu  2  dol.  22  c.  to  2  doL  16  c.  (8s.  lOirf.  to  8s.  7f<f.)  but 
^  -was  about  2  dol.  28  c.  (9s.  l^d.)  at  the  end  of  the  year. 

PomiBXnniii  Prior  10  1850  the  colce  industry  of  the  United  States  was  so 
insigniiicant  that  no  mention  is  made  of  it  iu  the  census  returns, 
and  in  that  year  the  total  product  amounted  in  value  to  but 
16,250  dol.  (3,050/.).     All  of  this  waa  produced  iu  Pennsylvania. 

The  growth  of  the  coke  industry  has,  naturally,  been  parallel 
with  the  development  of  iron  manufacture.  According  to  a  state- 
ment, recently  issued  by  the  United  States  Census  Bureau,  in  1880, 
77"3  per  cent,  of  the  total  product  of  coke  iu  the  United  States 
was  conautned  by  the  blast  furnaces  of  the  country  as  compan'd 
with  a  percentage  of  92'3  in  1890. 

The  figures  for  later  years  are  not  obtainable  at  present. 

There  was  an  increase  of  96-2  per  cent,  in  the  number  of  tons 
of  coke  produced  in  1899  over  that  produced  in  1889.  but  only  an 
increase  of  10-6  per  cent,  in  the  number  of  new  establishments,  and 
44-3  per  cent,  in  the  number  of  ovens. 

The  averi^e  product  per  establishment  in  1889  was  45,909 
sliort  tons,  and  in  1899,  81,497  short  tons.  There  has  been  a 
corresponding  inci'ease  in  the  amount  of  capital  invested,  and  an 
almost  equal  increase  in  the  number  of  i>eople  employed.  Almost 
the  entire  output  of  coke  is  the  product  from  the  distillation  or 
combustion  of  bituminous  coal  in  retorts,  ovens  or  pita.  As  a 
result  of  the  increasing  use  of  electricity  for  lighting  purposes,  and 
of  water-gas  for  coal-gas,  the  amount  of  coke  obtained  as  a  by- 
product in  the  manufacture  of  gas  from  coal  is  decreasing  every 
year. 

Three  classes  of  by-product  ovens  are  used  by  coke  producers 
in  the  United  States.  They  are  the  Ottfi-Hoffman,  the  Semet- 
Solvay  and  the  New  ton -Chambers. 

As  coke  production  is  generally  carried  on  in  connection  with 
coal  mining,  it  is  not  suiprising  that  Pennsylvania,  the  lai^est 
coal -producing  State,  is  the  most  important  of  coke-producing 
States  as  well. 

Out  of  a  total  of  241  establishments,  Pennsylvania  has  89 ; 
of  the  entire  number  of  ovens  (47,142)  she  uses  26,920, 

The  total  output  of  coke  in  the  United  States  for  the  year 
1899  was  16,640,798  tons,  of  which  Peimsylvania  produced 
13,245,594  tons,  or  nearly  80  per  cent,  of  the  whole. 

The  followii^  table  is  taken  from  the  recently-issued  Census 
Bulletin  on  the  coke  industries  of  the  United  States : — 


*  Tha  pur  of  eicbange  mcd  in  tbis  report  ii  G  dol.  per  li 


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PUILADELPHIA. 


TaluB. 

Onmnof. 

Steriing. 

Dollan. 

KitobUabmuiU     in    P«u>. 

■jlraDU 

Nnmber 

S9 

20,818,147 

*,Q42fiia    a 

V^e^ntT,            ..          .. 

HiunlMr 

9;J88 

W ■»■  paid  per  ttniram      . . 

4,ei6,6Gl 

808,830    4 

"•«lt        

11,678,W9 

!,836,816  18 

13,Z46,&M 

22,09V,iei 

4,407,880    4 

rieldofcoaliDooke 

Per'^nt 

■'  OS 

243,207 

48,641     8 

'  Thii  rsprasents  the  ralue  of  the  laoda,  buildiagf.  orens,  machiner;,  tools, 
il&plailieiite,  and  the  lire  raipit>tl  required  to  cur;  on  the  stock,  but  doei  not 
inalnde  the  oftpitti  itook  of  any  of  the  eoTporationi. 

t  Including  19,490,030  torn  of  ooalTaluedit  10,899,832  dol.  (2,179,966^.  n<.)- 

The  total  production  of  pig-iron  in  1901  was  15,878,354  groBfl  Pwduetion  trf 
tons,  against  13,789,242  tons  in  1900.  13,620,703  tons  in  1899,^*^'™"- 
11,773,934  tons  in  1898,  and  9,652,680  tona  in  1897.     The  fol- 
lowing table  gives  the  half-yearly  production  of  pig-iron  in  the 
last  four  years  in  gross  tons ; — 


Period. 

Talne. 

Pint  Half. 

Second  Half. 

Total. 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1001 

QroM  Tom. 
6.869,703 
6.28n,lOT 
7,648,669 
7,674,613 

OroM  Ton*. 
6,904,231 
7,831.536 
6446,678 
8,208.741 

Qrow  Tom. 
11,773,934 
I8.fi20,708 
11<,7S9,24S 
16,878,364 

The  increase  in  production  in  the  first  half  of  1901  over  the' 
second  half  of  1900  was  1,527,940  tons,  the  increase  in  pro- 
duction in  the  second  half  of  1901  oyer  the  first  half  of  1901  was 
529,128  tons,  and  the  increase  in  1901  over  1900  was  2,089,112 
tons.  This  is  a  larger  increase  than  the  year  1899  shows  over 
the  year  1898. 

The  production  of  Bessemer  pig-iron  in  1901  was  9,596,793  BeMemar 
tons,  against  7,943.452  tons  in  1900.  pig-iron. 

The  production  of  basic  pig-iron  in  1901  was  1,448,850  tons,  B»«o 
against  1.072,376  tons  in  1900.  pig-iron. 

The  production  of  spi^eleisen  and  ferromaDganese  in  1901  Spie^leiien 
was  291,461  tons,  against  255,977  tons  in  1900.  "d  firro- 

The  production  in  charcoal  pig-iron  in  1901  was  360,147  tons,  ^^^^' 
against  339,874  tons  in  1900.    The  production  of  mixed  charcoal  pig-iron, 
and  coke  pig-iron  in  1901  was  23,294  tons,  against  44,608  tons  in 
1900. 


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«utaut  of 


18  FBILADBLPUIA. 

The  stocki!  of  piK-iruu  wliich  were  unsold  in  the  hands  of 
manufacturers,  or  wluch  were  under  tlieir  control  at  the  close  of 
1901,  and  were  not  intended  for  their  own  coaautoption,  amounted 
to  only  70,647  tons,  againat  442,370  tons  at  the  close  of  1900. 

The  American  Pig-iron  Storage  Warrant  Company  held  in  its 
yards  on  December  31, 1901,  3,000  grosa  tons  of  pig-iron,  of  which 
2,400  tons  were  coke,  and  600  were  charcoal  iron.  None  of  this 
iron  v.as  controlled  by  the  makers.  Adding  tin's  3,000  tons  to 
the  70,647  tons  of  unsold  stocks  above  mentioned,  we  have 
73,647  tons  of  pig-iron  which  were  on  the  market  at  the  close 
of  1901 

The  whole  number  of  furnattes  in  blast  on  December  31,  1901, 
was  266,  against  232  on  December  31,  1900. 

The  American  Iron  and  Steel  Association  has  completed  its 
statistics  on  the  production  of  all  kinds  of  rails  in  the  United 
States  for  1900.  In  March,  1901  the  production  of  Bessemer  steel 
rails  by  the  producers  of  Bessemer  steel  ingots  in  1900  was  given 
as  amounting  to  2,361,921  <jr05s  tons.  To  this  total  must  now  be 
added  21,733  tons  of  Bessemer  rails  made  in  the  same  year  from 
purchased  goods  and  re-rolled  and  renewed  Bessemer  rails,  making 
a  grand  total  for  the  year  of  2,383,654  tons  of  Bessemer  steel  rails. 
In  the  same  year  also  was  made  the  lai^eat  quantity  in  recent 
years  of  open-hearth  rails  (1,333  tons),  and  tlie  smallest  quantity  of 
iron  rails  ever  recorded  (695  tons),  wliich,  added  to  the  Bessemer 
steel  rails,  as  above,  makes  the  total  production  of  rails  in  1900 
amount  to  2,385,682  tons,  the  largest  production  obtained  in  one 
year. 

Tlie  total  production  of  all  kinds  of  rails  in  1899  was  2,272,700 
tons,  of  which  133,836.  tons  weighed  less  than  45  lbs.  to  the  yard, 
1,559,340  tons  weighed  45  lbs.  and  less  than  85  lbs.  to  the  yard, 
eind  579,524  tons  weighed  85  lbs.  and  over  to  the  yard.  The 
steel  rails  made  in  1899  are  reported  as  amounting  to  164,246 
tons. 

The  following  table  gives  the  total  production  of  rails  in  the 
United  States  in  1900  according  to  the  weight  of  the  rails  per 
yard,  including  101,312  tons  which  are  reported  as  steel  rails: — 


EiDdt. 

Quantity. 

b™.„„. 

Open-Hearth. 

Inm. 

Under  45  lb. 

4Mb*,  Slid  le»  chui  86  llx.   .. 
85  lb*,  and  OTSr 

Qroaa  long. 
166,950 
1,626,646 

602,068 

Urou  Tods. 
886 

447 

eroMToiu. 
6» 

Total 

2;88S,6M 

1,888 

6»S 

United  Stktei        During  last  year  the  export  of  farm  implements  amounted  to 
foMign  tmdo  nearly  17,000,000  doL  (3,400,000/.)-   The  most  important  customer 

prodncts. 


in  this  line  was  British  North  America,  which  took  3,812,553  doL 


d  by  Google 


PUIJJLDBLPHIA.  19 

(762,610/.  13s.)  worth  of  agricultural  implemeuts  last  year. 
ifext  is  GoTDiauy,  and  the  third  on  the  list  ia  the  Argentine 
Sepablic. 

In  1901  the  export  of  railway  cars,  carriages,  and  cyclea 
amounted  to  the  value  of  nearly  11,000,000  doL  (2,200,000/.). 

Next  in  importance  in  iron  and  steel  exports  are  locomotives, 
of  which  448  were  sent  abroad  during  1901,  at  an  average  price  of 
a  little  over  9,000  dol.  (1,800/.)  each. 

American  exports  of  structural  steel,  railway  bars,  nails,  hard- 
ware, and  numerous  other  products  of  iron  and  steel  amounted  in 
value  last  year,  to  a  little  over  120,000,000  dol.  (24,000,000/.), 
whilst  the  imports  of  these  manufactures  in  1901  amounted  to  a 
little  over  20,000,000  dol.  (4,000,000/.),  a  slight  decline  compared 
with  1900.  Of  these  imports  the  chief  article  ia  tin-plate,  of  which 
upwards  of  5,000,000  dol.  (1,000,000/.)  worth  was  imported  into 
this  country  in  spite  of  the  protective  duty  of  80  per  cent.  But 
nearly  all  this  tin-plate  goes  out  of  the  country  again  with  a  rebate 
duty,  as  cans  for  preserved  meats,  fish,  fruit,  and  other  pro- 
visions. The  rest  of  the  steel  imports  consists  chiefly  of  machinery, 
fine  cutlery,  and  firearms. 

The  total  production  of  locomotives  at  the  Baldwin  Locomotive  B»W»in 
Works  in  the  year  1901  was  1,375,  of  which  174  were  exported  ^^°"' 
to  the  following  countries: — New  Zealand,  Cuba,  Mexico,  West 
Australia.  Canada,  Spain,  Japan,  France,  Brazil,  Hawaii,  Costa 
Rica,  Bolivia,  G^uatemala  Peru,  Ecuador,  Algeria,  South  Africa, 
Chile,  Corea,  Santo  Domii^,  Butch  Guiana,  Yucatan,  and  Puerto 
Bico. 

Of  the  1,375  locomotives  produced  last  year,  526  only  were  of 
the  compound  system. 

The  average  number  of  men  employed  by  the  firm  throughout 
the  year  was  9,595,  and  the  maximum  number  was  1 1,000.  The 
average  pay  per  man  was  13  dol.  (at  4  dol,  86  c.  to  the  1/.  equals 
2/.  13».  6d.)  per  week. 

The  weight  of  each  locomotive  and  tender  (empty)  was 
168,876  lbs. 

In  the  oonstructton  of  these  locomotives,  together  with  the 
spare  parts  (which  forms  an  important  feature  in  the  business  of 
the  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works),  the  following  raw  materials  were 
used: — 


ArtielM. 

Lbi 

Quantity. 

Iron  and  9t«e1  toTpnm. . 

..  «^if 

78,936,017 
67.764.160 

Steel  OMtinn 

K»lleaMain>ncutmpi.. 

ADthxtMite  coal 

9,304,498 
2,S83,031 
2i.482,4S4 
1,074,812 
41,730 
02,730 

•  short  too  of  3,000  Dm.  t  fioglJah  too  of  8,840  Ibi. 

(68)  1 


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20 


PHIUDILPHIA. 


The  following  Premium  Plan  for  tho  pajTment  of  workmen  has 
been  adopted  and  is  now  in  full  working  order  at  several  of  the 
large  tool  and  drill  manufacturing  companies  in  Cincinnati  ■ — 

The  Premium  Plan  conditions  were  aa  foUowe — 

1.  That  each  workman  shall  be  guaranteed  his  regular  day'a 
work  wages  so  long  as  he  shall  remain  in  the  employment  of  the 
finn  or  company. 

2.  That  the  time  limits  shall  never  be  lower  than  the  beat 
time  made  with  the  same  tools  under  the  day's  work  plan. 

3.  That  no  one  shall  be  discharged  because  of  failure  to  reduce 
his  time  below  the  limits. 

4.  That,  in  addition  to  his  regular  wages,  each  workman  shell 
be  paid  one-half  of  his  regular  hourly  rate,  less  any  fraction  ot 
a  cent.,  for  each  and  every  hour  he  may  reduce  his  time  below  the 
prescribed  limits. 

5.  That  a  limit  once  fixed  shall  not  be  lowered,  except  through 
the  introduction  of  new  methods  of  doing  the  work. 

6.  That  all  premiums  shall  be  paid  within  two  weeks  of  the 
completion  of  the  work  upon  which  they  were  earned. 

7.  That  at  the  end  of  one  year's  time  the  system  will  be 
withdrawn  from  all  those  not  wishing  to  continue  to  work 
under  it. 

8.  That,  if  withdrawn,  the  workpeople  shall  not  be  required  to 
work  at  the  same  rate  of  speed  without  an  equivalent  in  wages. 

These  conditions  were  submitted  to  the  Grand  Master  of  the 
International  Association  of  Machinists,  who  expressed  himself 
as  satisfied  with  them  and  presented  them  at  the  following  Con- 
vention of  tlie  International  Association  of  Macfainiata  and  the 
following  conditions  were  then  added  : — 

9.  Any  member  of  the  International  Association  of  Machinists, 
working  at  the  premium  work  system,  shall  not  be  permitted  to 
earn  more  than  10  per  cent,  in  excess  of  the  average  wage  paid 
in  the  locality  in  which  ho  ia  workiag.  A  shop  committee  shall 
ascertain  each  pay  day  the  amount  earned  by  each  member  under 
the  premium  work  system.  All  over  10  per  cent,  he  may  earn 
ahaU  be  forwarded  t«  the  lodge,  of  which  he  is  a  member,  and 
reported  to  the  financial  secretary  of  the  lodge, 

10.  !Xo  member  of  the  International  Association  of  Machinists 
sliall  be  permitted  to  run  two  or  more  machines,  except  where  an 
f^reement  has  been  entered  into  with  the  organisation  and  the 
firm.  Such  agreement  shall  only  apply  to  special  machines,  and 
shall  require  all  machinists  to  be  members  of  the  International 
Association  of  Machinists. 

It  was  moved  at  the  Convention  that  under  these  10  condi- 
tions, members  of  the  I  nternational  Association  of  Machinista  should 
be  at  liberty  to  accept  the  premium  work.  The  motion  was 
rejected  and,  during  the  discussion  that  followed,  there  appeared 
a  decided  and  almost  unanimous  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  men 
to  confound  premium  work  with  piece-work. 

Tlie  action  of  the  International  Association  of  Machinists  at  the 
C'oiivention  and  the  unsuccessful  machinists*  strike  of  the  summer 


d  by  Google 


FHIL&UICLPRIA. 


31 


of  1901  are  now  matters  of  histoiy ;  the  Premium  Plan  is  to- 
day operating  satisfactorily  in  Cincinnati,  and  the  firms  are 
endeavouring  to  extend  its  infiueuce  to  others  as  rapidly  as 
occasion  permits.  When  this  system  was  first  introduced  com- 
parative statistics  were  compiled,  shovdng  the  time  consumed 
in  the  past  on  each  operation  of  ihe  standard  line  of  pro- 
duction. 

The  following  are  the  resnlto  shown : — 

Premium  ti(£et  showing  the  earnings  of  John  Smith.    Ko. 
Tool  No. 

On  turning,  boring,  and  facing. 

Six  pieces,  marked  11  A.  3.     For  Piece  Order  No. 
Kig.  1. 


Tim«. 

Hoan. 

Rata. 

K-nung.. 

Dtttostid 

Time  limit      .. 

Aetmltimo    .. 
Pramium 

10 
10-80 

m 

18* 

Dol,     £  *, 

as^  s  12 

14      2  16 

Dol,       £  ..      d. 

2*-78  =  4  19    11 
1-89      0    7    « 

24/7/99 
3/8/99 

Labour  oort  of  work.. 
Laboar  co»t  per  pioce 
lunpeeted        .. 

36-67      6    6    Bi 

By  Foreman.     Read  notice  on  reverse  side. 

Notict. — It  is  the  purpose  of  the  management  of  the  company 
to  compensate  its  employ^  according  to  their  individual  ability 
to  turn  oat  good  work  at  niiniqium  coat,  and  in  order  that  this 
may  be  done  by  a  system  that  will  nut  in  any  way  endanger  the 
pi^sent  scale  of  wages,  it  lias  been  decided  to  adopt  the  Premium 
Plan.  Under  this  system  each  workman  is  assured  his  regular 
going  rate,  whilst  being  afforded  an  opportunity  of  earning  a 
substantial  bonus  on  all  wurk,  which  he  completes  within  the 
specitied  time  set  by  the  office.  Tables  have  been  prepared 
showing  the  average  time  consumed  in  the  past  and  the  per- 
formance of  each  operation  on  the  several  parts  of  our  standard 
machines.  These  averages  will  be  regarded  as  representing  the 
minimum  time  within  which  the  work  must  be  completed  in  order 
to  entitle  the  workman  to  a  premium.  It  will  not  be  dif&calt, 
therefore,  for  anyone  to  add  something  to  his  earnings,  the  amount 
of  iucrease  depending  solely  upon  the  individual  etiort  of  the 
workman.  There  is  no  risk  of  lose,  but  every  opportunity  for  gain. 
A  time  limit  once  fixed  will  not  be  changed,  except  through  the 
introduction  of  new  methods  of  doing  the  work,  so  there  need  b© 
no  fear  of  earning  too  much  money.  Those  who  earn  the  most 
will  be  worth  the  moat. 

'*  This  slip  shows  on  the  reverse  side  the  amount  earned  by 


d  by  Google 


PUlLADSIfHU. 


you  on  the  work  iBclicated  id  the  heading.  The  rate  per  hour  at 
which  premiums  are  figured  vary  according  to  the  going  rate  of 
the  workman,  a  schedule  of  which  la  given  below  : — 


B>tM. 

Premiums 

B-11 

ie-18 

14-16 

16-17 

18-19 

20-21 

22-28 

24-26 

S6-27 

"  The  conditions  governing  the  payment  of  premiums  are  as 
follows : — 

"  Premiums  will  not  be  paid  on  any  work  that  is  not  completed 
to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  the  foreman. 

"Every  workman  must  assure  himself  before  commencing  a 
piece  of  work  that  it  will  finish  to  the  required  size,  whether  the 
work  is  to  be  completed  by  him  or  others. 

"  No  allowances  can  be  made  tor  bad  material  or  deficient 
workmanship  in  any  previous  part  of  the  work  unless  the  same 
is  poiuted  out  to  and  endorsed  by  the  foreman  as  soon  as  dis- 
covered, 

"This  slip  must  be  carefully  preserved,  both  for  your  own 
reference,  and  in  order  that  it  may  be  returned  to  the  office  in 
good  condition  in  case  of  your  leaving  our  employ. 

"  All   premiums   will   be  paid   on  the  first  regular  pay  day 
following   the   completion   of   ihe   work   upon  which  they  were 
earned." 
PracUcKi  The  results  obtained  from  the  previous  plan   appear  to  be 

working  of      entirely  satisfactory, 

ihe  syitem  ];ijg  following  table  (Fig.  2)  represents  the  front  and  back  of 

one  of  the  comparative  time  cards  used  in  this  matter,  upon  which 
is  given  the  time  consumed  on  each  shop  order  in  performing  the 
several  operations  on  a  staple  article  of  manufacture.  The  time 
limits  of  this  piece  of  work  were  fixed  at  27  hours  for  boring, 
66  hours  for  planing,  and  21  hours  for  drilling  and  tapping  ;  the 
actual  time  consumed  on  this  order  were  18*48  and  18  hours 
respectively,  showing  a  total  time-saving  of  36  hours,  or  a  cash 
gain  of  8  dol.  82  c.  (1/.  16«.  3d,),  which  snm  is  equally  divided 
ixitween  the  workman  and  employer.  But  the  gain  to  the  employer 
does  not  stop  there,  for  there  is  that  gain  also  due  to  the  increased 
ontpnt  of  the  plant. 


d  by  Google 


PHUJLDILPHIA. 


Comparative  time  card  (front). 

Symbol  2  m.  14.     He&d.     Time  od  six  pieces. 

Fig.  2. 


Time. 

8.  V.               Haobioe. 

1  BarinK 

2  Pl»^           

3  ,  Tapping  and  driUing 

4  1 

27 
66 
27 

Remarks. — Time  limit  was  fixed  on  c 
Comparative  time  card  (back). 


)mpletioii  of  order. 


Order. 

Job. 

1. 

2. 

s. 

4. 

182 

2S 

861 

331 

277 

27i 

81 

291 

81fi 

27 

379 

21i 

24 

428 

sat 

63 

20 

576 

51 

19* 

6S2 

19 

m 

18fr 

1,127 

16 

*» 

18 

The  saving  in  time  on  the  job  first  cited  is  as  70  to  100  houia. 
Fig.  3  in  table  form  shows  the  result  obtained  by  an  employi 
in  1,770  hours'  continuous  work  under  the  Premium  FIelq,  in 
which  the  new  time  is  to  the  old  time  as  1,770  is  to  2,500  hours 
or  as  70'8  is  to  100  hours. 

This  table  shows  the  time  consumed  in  performing  the 
same: — 


d  by  Google 


PHILADELPHIA. 


Fig.  3. 


Huiuber 

IMm. 

Time 

Aetna! 

Form 

BrW>« 

entrnxwigt, 

XlB.. 

E.r<Md. 

Con.   " 

CMt. 

In  Lot. 

HDun. 

Hon™. 

«"..   rt. 

Do).         «  i.   <. 

SO 

0«=  0   »■  ij 

8-SO 

■    1    0    H 

BO 

ISO       0  11    2 

IB 

IM 

1E6 

t-M         )     T     B 

10 -80 

•    t    S 

W 

11 

O^W       0    »    II 

7-80 

I  11     2 

0-82           1     7     B 

U 

T-» 

1   II     2 

1-M           1     •    4 

M 

SO 

T-80 

I'M         1    S    2 

fl 

M 

») 

1-M       0    411 

7 -BO 

1   11     2 

S-M           1     •    1 

« 

SO 

1-M       0    »    C 

1  11     2 

O-U         1    •    1 

M 

11 

1  11    2 

8-24         1    4  Uk 

10 

18 

SM       0  1"    2j 

10  BO 

18-00          1  12    O" 

80 

4    B    2 

17-84         8  114 

4     12 

II 'IS         1    B    I 

11 

U 

IM      0  a   s 

1    8    1 

IB-M          12    4 

«s 

1ST 

It 

«s 

1ST 

14-81          S  IS     g 

1« 

se 

IB 

a-M      0  0  3 

I    8    1 

14  82          2  18     1 

48 

14-82         2  18    a 

IB 

g 

4» 

14-B»          2  1«    8 

IR 

l-K         0     T     J 

14M 

2  IB    i 

SO 

IB 

Z'oe      OBI 

14-04 

11-86         2    7  U 

14-04 

M 

M 

2-»        0*4 

11 -TO           2     >    S 

U 

14-04 

M 

2  IS     2 

HOT           2     8     1 

» 

8-M       I    Oil 

ej-44 

11     8     M 

12-21           6     8  W 

101 

0-26         1      1     0 

1;    8    >I 

K'lB         8    «    St 

S-ll        1    (    » 
t-H       1    4    « 

17     8     ^ 

Bin           8     8     If 

W 

n-M       8  11   6l 

n 

'2 

1«0 
29 

m 

a-88         ISO 

o-«      0   2   T 

lO-OO 

I  '7    0 

lot 

IS  9  ^ 

2»14         4  12    ( 

11 

O-M        0     S    2 

6-40 

6-<e 

4  87           0  18     I 

u 

u 

0-01       0    17 

!'iS 

M 

a-u      0    R    4 

IT-IB 

14-81          2  18    4 

M 

10 

M 

!'!5! 

«-7S           1     7     01 

n 

19 

U 

_i|_j_H[ 

8-80         1  16    tI 

ToUl.. 

M 

40 

W-M 

211   10) 

ll-iO         2    4    4 

I.UO 

1,170 

WOT     woo 

«»-» 

iti  It   i 

bit-m     110  It   t 

Note. — (Showino  the  gains  in  wages  effected  in  actual  practice 
by  workmen  in  1,770  houta'  continuous  work  under  the  Premium 
Plan,  tt^ether  with  the  former  and  present  wage  coat  of  the  work.) 
Same  operation  on  successive  lots  ut'  the  same  piene  ;  in  one  caae 
the  time  was  cut  from  72  to  50J  hours  in  one  leap ;  in  another 
there  was  gradual  shrinkage,  Anally  amounting  to  a  time  limit  of 
64  hours.  Taken  altogether  this  table  ie  an  excellent  example  of 
what  may  be  expected  from  the  Premium  Plan,  the  records 
througliout  having  been  made  by  the  same  man  on  the  same  tool 
by  th6  same  method  and  under  the  same  conditions. 

In  the  deteimlDing  of  time  limits  there  must  be  a  painstaking 
effort  to  be  fair,  though  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  there  is  a 
danger  of  adopting  too  high  as  well  as  too  low  a  rate.  As  an  illustra- 
tion Fig,  4  is  appended,  which  is  a  table  of  actual  lecords  made  in 
mnehiuing  10  successive  lots  of  a  certain  piece  of  work,  Tliis 
job  was  not  offered,  however,  under  the  Premium  Plan  until  the 
seventh  of  these  10  lots  had  been  completed,  when  the  time  limit 
was  fixed  at  40  hours.  Immediately,  from  a  best  previous  record 
of  38j  hours,  the  time  was  reduced  to  18J  houis  and  finally  U> 
18  hours. 


d  by  Google 


PRILlDBLPHtA. 
Fig.  4. 


■ 

DoOmk. 

DolUn. 

374 

6 

78 

8  00 

6  80 

489 

6 

72 

2-00 

4-18 

624 

e 

66i 

2-OD 

3-76 

769 

e 

Ml 

2-00 

8-63 

943 

4!} 

a  00 

aw 

n2H 

c 

40J 

2-00 

2-72 

1881 

« 

m 

2-00 

2-58 

itm 

6 

m 

3  1fi 

1S9 

IWS 

1! 

19 

3  10 

1-62 

1747 

6 

18 

8-22 

1-57 

^otf~ — (Showing  the  greatest  reduction  in  time  that  haa  been 
effected  under  the  Premium  Plan.) 

On  the  other  hand,  too  low  a  limit  is  discouruging  to  tlie  ' 
men.  The  intended  effect  of  the  plan  is  to  preserve  and  strengthen 
the  individuality  of  the  workman  and  to  reward  him  according  to 
his  ability.  The  employer  cannot  possibly  gauge  the  exact  wage 
value  of  any  man,  but  he  can,  by  means  of  the  Premium  Plan, 
make  his  earnii^  proportional  to  his  ability,  so  that  the  mediocre 
man  gets  what  he  is  worth  in  the  labour  market,  the  good  man 
more  and  the  best  man  moat. 

The  Hooper  concentrator,  a  comparatively  recent  invention,  The  Uoopw 
should  prove  of  great  value  to  miners  in  Australia,  South  Africa,  c^^blrtor 
and  other  parts  of  the  Kmpire,  where  the  precious  metals  are  for  muhed 
difiicutt  to  work,  owing  to  the  absence  of  water.    It  ia  well-known  c™«  bj  dry 
that  there  are  thousands  of  square  miles  in  Australia  alone  where  ?■***••- 
gold-bearing   quartz-reefs   abound,   but   whicli  cannot  at  present 
be  worked  satisfactorily  owing   to   the  need  of   water     As   the 
Hooper  concentrator  eliminates  this  difficulty,  a  report  on  it  may 
prove  useful. 

This  machine  consists  of  a  broadcloth  table  capable  of  various 
inclinations,  supported  by  a  grating  and  in  turn  supporting  a  mesh 
work  of  riffles  and  skimmers.  Pulsations  of  air  are  introduced 
through  a  series  of  valves  and  beat  upon  the  lower  side  of  the 
table  at  the  rate  of  400  to  450  per  minute,  the  strength  of  the 
stroke  being  regulated  according  to  the  peculiar  characteristics  of 
the  ore  treated.  These  pulsations  project  the  tiny  particles  of  dry 
crushed  ore,  which  are  on  the  table  into  the  air,  the  lighter  ones 
rising  to  greater  heights  than  the  heavier  and  so  passing  over  the 
riffles,  but  guided  in  their  prt^ress  by  the  skimmers,  toward  the 
left  side  of  the  table.  The  heavier  particles  do  not  rise  so  high 
and  fail  to  get  over  the  riffles,  but  follow  the  same  tu  the  opposite 
or  right  side  of  the  table,  while  that  material  which  is  of  an 
average  weight  passes  down  midway  between  the  two  extremes. 
It  follows,  therefore,  that  when  a  rock  contains  two  or  more  metals 
they  are  gradually  parted  from  each  other  and  delivered  as 
separate  concentrates. 

<68)  C 


d  by  Google 


26  PHILADGLPUIA. 

It  is  necessary  that  thts  ure  be  dry  and  ciiished  until  the 
several  ((articles  are  thoroughly  disintejirated.  Tin-  crushing  must 
L>e  done  skilfully,  producing  a  minimum  of  tine&  After  crushing 
the  mass  is  screened  into  several  sizes,  usually  thu^e  passing 
tlirough  12, 20, 30,  40,  (iO,  100, 120,  and  150,  and  sometimes  »s  hi^h 
as  250  mcili.  The  sizing  is  necessary  because  difiereut  inclinations 
are  given  to  the  top  and  the  etvoke  and  pulsation  of  air  \'ary  botli 
in  strength  and  lapiiUty  with  the  sizes. 

Like  all  other  concentrators  this  machine  is  not  adapted  to 
the  treatment  of  all  ores,  nor  is  it  under  every  condition  bftier 
than  any  other  machine,  but  it  haa  certain  advantages  which  are 
striking.  Tlie  presence  of  antimony  or  graphite  or  talc,  or  other 
iuterl'ereuces,  which  render  the  wet  processes  more  or  less  im- 
practicable (iocs  not  in  any  way  interfere  with  the  i-esults  upon 
the  Hooper  concentrator.  Only  two  conditions  are  recjuired ;  the 
several  parts  of  the  ore  must  be  capable  of  disintegration  by 
crushing,  and  there  must  be  an  appreciable  difTercnce  in  the 
specific  gravitj'  between  them. 

,  The  machine  has  been  commercially  demonstrated  upon 
corundum ;  graphite,  garnet,  lead,  and  zinc ;  lea^l,  tin,  and  zinc ; 
copper ;  copper  and  lead,  copper  and  iron ;  iron  and  lead ;  gold ; 
gold  and  silver;  gold,  silver,  and  antimony;  lead  and  Mlver;  lead, 
silver,  and  antimony ;  antimony  ;  manganese ;  rutile ;  tungsten  and 
wolframite ;  ferrochronie ;  tin  and  monozite. 

At  every  atep  in  the  treatment  the  ui-e  is  capable  of  careful 
observation,  and  the  presence  and  ilirection  of  the  values  are 
capable  uf  detection. 

The  absence  of  water  makes  a  cleaner  and  more  wholesome 
mill  possible.  There  are  no  wet  floors,  no  broken  pipes,  no 
expensive  waterwajs  to  maintain,  no  periods  of  freezing  up  or 
of  delay  in  work  thi-ough  drought. 

The  iiiacliine  has  practically  no  wearing  parts,  and  the  mill, 
which  is  100  miles  from  a  railroad,  will  not  be  closed  for  days, 
because  of  tht;  necessity  of  repairing  the  concentmtor. 

It  weighs  about  1  ton,  but  its  heaviest  part  does  not  weigh 
more  than  260  lbs.  It  is  exceedingly  simple  in  its  operation, 
and,  while  some  experience  with  it  is  ess^enlial  to  the  successful 
treatment  of  any  ore,  a  man  of  average  intelligence  can  master  it 
in  a  short  time.  An  average  of  not  above  1  and  IJ  horse-. 
power  is  required  for  each  machine,  and  it  can  be  worked  by  the 
same  po^^'er  that  is  used  in  i-unniug  the  crushers. 

The  machine  occupies  about  3  by  li  feet  floor  space,  and  one 
man  can  work  at  least  10  of  them  successfully.  The  machine 
is  made  in  two  patterns,  A  and  J!,  which  are  the  same,  except 
that  the  latter  is  supplied  with  a  stroke-adjusthig  device,  which  is 
specially  valuable  upon  an  ore  of  a  changing  or  dilficult  charaeter. 
They  are  valued  at  130/.  (650  dol.)  and  loO^.  (750  del.). 
I  An  inventor  of    Philadelphia   lias   recently   taken   out   three 

patents  for  the  manufacture  and  treatment  of  armour-plates  The 
system  consists  in  slowly  heating  a  steel  plate  to  a  brigiit-retl,  then 
submerging  it  in  a  bath  of  hardening  liquid,  keeping  it  in  the  bath 


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PHILADELPHIA.  37 

for  a  (iuffident  lengtli  of  time  l»  effect  the  liardeniiig  proceee  aud 
maintaining  the  Imth  as  nearly  as  practicable  at  a  temperatiite 
of  about  60"  to  70°  Fahrenheit,  and  tben  toughening  the  face  of 
the  baldened  portion  in  surface-tempering,  whereby  an  urmour-. 
plate  of  three  different  grades  of  steel  may  bo  obtained.  Another 
claim  is  less  general  and  describes  a  mode  of  manufacturing  iji 
armour-faced  plate  hardened  to  any  re<|uired  depth,  which  consists, 
in  tdowly  heating  a  plaw  of  low-grade  or  mild  open-hearth  steal 
ooDtainiug  from  20  to'  50  per  cent,  of  carbon,  and  iilloyeil  with 
from  IJ  to  5  per  cent  of  nickel,  to  a  bright-red  heat,  submerging  it 
when  at  this  heat  tor  a  sufficient  length  of  time  to  effect  the 
hardening  process  in  a  Itath  of  hardening  liquid  to  a  depth 
■con-espouding  with  the  depth  to  which  it  is  required  to  harden 
it,  maintaining  the  bath  during  the  process  at  a&  nearly  ik.i 
practicable  a  temperature  of  about  60°  to  70°  Faliienheit  by 
-cooling  it,  annealing  the  back  portion  of  the  plat«  by  phicing  upon 
the  back  of  the  plate  when  so  heated,  a  plate  heated  to  a  greater 
heat,  as  a  white  beat,  removing  the  plate  from  such  bath,  aud 
then  toughenii^  the  face  of  the  hardened  portion  of  the  plate  by 
aurface-tempering. 

The  inventor  in  his  other  two  patents  claims  t)ie  following 
solutions  for  the  treatment  of  steel ; — Sweet  spirits  of  uitie,  o  ozs. ; 
aqua  ammonia,  ^  o^s. ;  chloride  of  ammonium,  6  ozs. ;  sulphate 
of  zinc,  ii  ozs.;  ground  alum,  3  ozs.;  glycerine,  8  i>:is. :  water, 
1  gallon.  Or  sweet  spirits  of  nitre,  3  ozs. ;  aqua  limmoniH,  :i  nzis. ; 
chloride  of  ammonium,  li  ozs.;  sulpliate  of  zinc,  '6  ozs.;  giuund 
Alum,  -i  ozs,;  glycerine,  8  ozs.;  sulphate  of  copper,  1  oz. ;  niti-ate 
of  Boda,  1  oz. ;  water,  1  gallon. 

The  method  of  preparing  these  solutions  is  described  as  follows 
in  two  of  the  claims : — In  mixing  solutions  for  the  treatment  of 
steel  containing  ground  alum,  sulphate  of  zinc,  water,  glycerine, 
and  other  ingredients;  Urst  introducing  the  alum  and  sulphate 
into  the  water,  maintaining  such  mixture  in  a  state  of  rest  for 
appi-oximately  12  hours,  then  adding  the  glycerine  and  other 
ingredients,  aud  maintaining  the  solution  in  a  state  of  rest  for 
approximately  24  hours  before  using.  The  method  of  making  a 
solution  lor  the  treatment  of  steel  consists  in  first  introducing 
3  ozs.  of  ground  alum  and  3  ozs.  of  sulphate  of  zinc  into  1  gallon 
of  water,  maintaining  such  mixture  in  a  state  of  rest  for  approxi- 
mately 12  hours,  then  adding  glycerine,  8  ozs.;  chloride  of 
ammonium,  ti  ozs.;  aqua  ammonia,  3  ozs.;  and  sweet  spirits  of 
nitre,  3  ozs. 

The  cycouic  propeller  appears  to  be  likely  to  liave  a  great  The  ctcouI 
future.  The  merits  claimed  for  it  and  which  have  been  satis-  p'opofi"'- 
factorily  demonetrated  are  as  follows : — 

At  the  high  peripheral  speed  of  2,000  revolutions  it  does  not 
■churn  the  water,  thus  demonstrating  that  the  propeller  has 
practically  no  slip. 

It  throws  the  displaced  water  iu  a  line  directly  opposite  to  the 
movement  of  the  boat,  the  water  being  absolutely  controlled 
within  the  circle  of  the  screw. 


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28  PHILADELl'IUA. 

It  does  not  race  at  llie  start,  but  iustautly  takes  hold  of  the 
water. 

It  cannot  operate  beyond  the  radius  of  its  own  circle,  and  its 
action  is  therefore  directly  like  a  pump  drawing  water  from  the 
ship  and  delivering  it  sternwards  with  an  accelerated  velocity.  It 
cannot  Huck  the  boat  down  at  the  stern,  as  its  action  (as  described 
above)  entirely  removes  all  possibility  of  the  creation  of  a  vacuum. 
A  practical  demonstration  is  made  of  a  cyconic  propeller  5  feet 
7^  inches  in  diameter  at  250  revolutions  driving  a  boat  at  16  knots 
per  hour,  being  stopped  in  1^  of  a  112  feet  length  upon  quick 
reverse  of  the  engines.  Practical  tests  indicate  that  its  backing 
efficiency  has  all  the  elements  of  strength  required  to  bring  a  boat 
to  dead  stop  in  a  shorter  time  than  any  propeller  wheel  so  far 
introduced. 
MiohiMTy  -:■  The  little  wooden  plates  which  are  so  much  used  in  the 
*'"'*"™°*  restaurani,  by  the  grocer,  as  well  as  by  the  greengrocer,  are 
plMM.!  '"  uianulactnred  in  the  United  States  by  the  million.  The  machine 
that  does  this  work  weighs  nearly  2  tons,  but  the  weight  is 
necessary  to  produce  the  force  required.  The  way  in  which  the 
machine  is  worked  is  as  follows  r — 

The  block  of  wood  which  is  to  be  converted  into  plates  is  first 
boiled  in  water,  which  softens  its  fibre,  it  is  then  placed  in  the 
machine  and  held  Mmily  by  screwing  down  a  wheel,  which  clamps 
it.  The  block  of  wood  is  usually  from  2  to  3  feet  in  length  and 
the  Ixame-work  to  which  it  is  clamped  travels  on  a  sliding' 
carriage.  When  the  woodhas  been  securely  fastened,  the  apparatus 
is  started  by  the  workman  pressing  on  a  foot-lever,  the  carriage  on 
which  the  block  of  wood  rests  slides  forward  on  the  frame-work 
until  it  reaches  two  knives  which  trim  the  sides  of  the  block 
until  it  is  circular.  Then  as  the  block  comes  further  to  the 
front  it  reaches  a  circular  knife  revolving  so  rapidiy  that  it  is 
impossible  to  see  the  blade ;  this  knife  is  curved  in  such  a  way 
that  it  cuts  into  the  wood  obliquely  and  scoops  out  a  slice,  .■^o  that 
the  bottom  of  one  plate  forms  the  inside  of  the  next.  Each  newly- 
made  plate  falls  into  a  trough  below  the  knife,  and  is  moved  on  a 
traveller  to  be  piled  up  one  upon  the  other  automatically.  The 
machine  works  at  a  marvellous  rapidity,  practicallj-  turning  out  a 
plate  every  half  second,  but  it  actually  finishes  7,500  in  an  hour. 
The  plates  are  ^'-jtb  inch  in  thickness,  so  that  a  block  of  wood  a 
foot  in  length  will  make  nearly  300,  which  can  be  cut  in  various 
sizes  from  about  6  inches  to  10  inches  in  diameter.  Usually  maple 
or  some  wood  which  is  odourless  is  used. 
A  iDoir.  A  snow-plough  of  novel  design  has  been  at  work  during  the 

plougb  on  it«  present  winter  on  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western  liaiiroad. 
^^tum-  n  jg  atipplied  with  a  turn-table  arrangement  by  wTiich  the  plough- 
end  of  the  ear  can  be  turned  completely  around  at  any  point  on 
the  rails  without  irtie  use  of  a  stationary  turn-table.  This  is  a 
considerable  advantage  as  it  is  often  the  case  that  the  snow  in  a 
cutting  may  neeeasitate  the  mturn  of  a  plough  over  the  gi-ound  just 
traversed.  Tlie  front  truck  (or  bogie)  of  the  plough  car  Iihs  on  it  a 
turn-table  of  about  fi  feet  in  diameter  and  at  the  centre  of  the  car 


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fEHAOELPHIA.  29 

there  is  a  bolster  with  a  centre  bearing  to  fit  the  brack  and  six 
8i  ioch  wheels  arranged  in  a  circle  to  bear  upon  the  tum-table 
track,  when  it  is  moved  to  the  centre  of  the  car.  In  order  to  turn 
the  plough  the  front  end  of  the  car  is  raised  by  means  of  compressed 
air  cylinders  to  clear  the  &ont  truck,  which  is  then  rolled  back 
under  the  centre  bolster  or  bearing.  The  weight  of  the  car  is  now 
supported  by  the  truck  under  the  centre,  the  rear  truck  hanging 
to  the  body  of  the  car ;  the  tum-table  arrangement  being  situated 
at  such  a  point  that  the  body  of  the  car  is  balanced  over  the 
centre  truck,  the  plough  is  turned  by  pushing  it  around,  when  the 
front  truck  is  returned  to  its  ordinal  position  in  Uie  fi^nt  part  ot 
the  car.  Three  men  are  sofBcient  to  turn  the  car  when  thus  baJancod. 

The  statistics  upon  which  this  report  is  founded  are  compiled  Otmoliuion.; 
especially  for  the  Consulates  by  the  courtesy  of  the  Custom 
Officials  of  this  port,  the  United  States  fiscal  year  endii^  on 
June  30. 


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J>H1LADBLPHIA. 


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No.  2825  Annaal  Series. 
DIPLOMATIC  AND  CONSULAR  REPORTS. 


UNITED    STATES. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  TEAR  1901 


TRADE.    COMMERCE,    &c.,    OE    THE    CONSULAK 
DISTRICT    OP    SAN    ERANCISCO. 


SEFERBNOB  TO  PREVIOUS  REPORT,  Annaal  Series  No.  2973. 


Presented  to  both  Houtee  of  Parliament  by  Command  of  Hit  Majeitj/, 
JUNE,  1902. 


LONDOVt 

fbhtted  tob  his  HAJESTT'B  stationebt  offiol 

bt  habbison  akd  sons,  st.  martin's  lanb, 

rumBBB  in  okdihixi  to  bis  kuibtt. 

And  t«  bepnreli— ed,  wUiw  dirwUr  or  throncli  »aj  Booktellar,  ban 
KTBB  A  SPOTPISWOODS,  Bur  Habdims  Stuh,  Tibbt  Sswuix,  ■ 

Ud  tS,  AjlIiiiPON   Btxiit,  WSKltlllBTmB,   S.W.I 

or  OLIVBa  A  BOYD,  Bdinbumh  i 
«r  I.  PUNSONBT,  UB,  Guvmm  Siun,  Droux. 

ISOi; 
[Cd.  786—129.]  iVtcs  Twopence  Haljpeimif. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


CONTENTS. 


S^y  Fbavcibco — 

latixxiluotorT  lemtaiu..., 
Twdeai  ' 


n  of  eiparU  and  importi  (utielM,  qiu 
Eiporto— 

Wbent  and  flour  ..„....„,_„ __..~ ^„ 

TiDDcd  ralmOD „ 


Tinuod  truit  «iid  ngktlUm 


Itnporta — 
Coal 


Bailf»7 

Detth-rate   „ „ 

Pacific  CoTsmeroial  Mm 


TiBQimiMion  of  elM^ricpooer  inCUifmuft.M 
SeTelopmeut  of  Oalifomia  oU  field».— ■■■^■■.— , 

Bubatitution  of  oil  for  ooal   „ „«,..__.. 

Orade  oil  tnatment  for  roadi  ...—.„.,.».>._„„ 
Flan  UideTelop  Central  Californi 


Seamcn'a  wagcB  and  "blood  mottaj"  _ 

Progrcis  OD  Dew  drj  dock  ....„_,„ 

Jnoreaied  wbarfage  ai  '  " 


Seamen  for  AJaaka  trade   . 


CUch  of  wbalioB  fleet    . 

Seamen'a  Inttitute  «.».. 

Agrioulture . 

IiOB  AxoBLEB  trade  report  — 
Sul  D»ao  trade  report   «...» 


d  by  Google 


No.  2825.  Animal  Series. 

Rr.ferenee  to  previoun  Report.  Anmial  Series  No.  2673, 


Report  on  the  Trade,  Gommerce,  Agrievlture  and  otlier  Matters  of 
Ivierest  of  the  Conmlar  IHstrict  of  San  Frarwisco  for  the 
Yea>r  1901 

By  Mr.  Vicjt-CoNSUL  W.  Moork. 

{Recaired  at  Foreign  Office,  Maj  20,  1902.) 

The   expectations   of    a   prosperous    year    for    Califomifi,   so  imroductorj 
geuei-ally  prophesied  at  the  begiciung  of  1901,  were,  on  the  whole,  imuMki. 
tullj  realised. 

The  yield  of  wheat,  which  coutioues  to  be  the  staple  product 
of  tlie  State,  was  larger  than  in  1900,  although  the  returns  to  the 
farmers  were  not  so  good  as  in  that  year. 

Fruit  growers  enjoyed  a  prosperous  season  owing  to  the  high 
prices  ruhng  in  the  Eastern  States,  where  the  bulk  of  the  crop  is 
disposed  of. 

Beet  sugar  was  depressed  in  price,  but  the  output  exceeded  all 
previona  records. 

Mining  wag  fairly  prosperous  and  increasing  attention  is  being 
paid  to  the  development  of  base  metal  properties. 

The  manufacturing  interests  of  the  State  have  been  stimulated 
by  the  rapid  development  of  the  oil  fields,  wliich,  with  the  pro- 
posed plants  for  the  transmission  of  electric  energy,  assure  an 
unlimited  supply  of  cheap  power. 

In  connection  with  the  development  of  the  oil  fields  it  should 
be  noted  that  exporters  are  likely  to  have  to  pay  inci-eased  rates 
for  the  carriage  of  their  grain  to  Europe.  Owing  to  the  fall  in 
price,  it  will  be  impossible  to  import  coal  profitably  from  either 
the  United  Kingdom  or  Australia,  and  shipowners  will  be  forced 
to  demand  higher  rates  of  freight  if  they  are  compelled  to  send 
their  vessels  to  this  port  in  ballast. 

In  many  respects  thfl  past  year  has  been  important  in 
the  annals  of  San  Francisco.  Its  importance  lies,  not  so  much 
in  the  volume  of  the  commerce  by  sea,  as  in  the  development  of 
broader  commercial  relations  and  the  establishment  of  trade 
conditions  entirely  different  from  the  methods  in  vogue  among  the 
business  men  here  for  so  many  years.  Merchants  seem  to  have 
enlai-ged  their  ideas,  and  are  beginning  to  reach  out  for  the  growing 
trade  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  They  begin  to  realise  that  through 
their  efforts  San  Francisco,  before  many  years,  may  become  the 
(91)  A  2 


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SAN   FRANCISCO. 


;  distrihutiiig  point  on  the  Pacific.  This  feeling  appeiirs 
to  have  originated  with  the  acquisition  of  the  Hawaiian  and 
Phili|)pine  Islands. 

Taking  into  consideration  the  fact  that  the  movement  from 
the  Hawaiian  Islands  no  longer  appears  in  the  custom-house 
records,  the  imports  and  exports  make  a  fair  show.  The  bank 
clearings  i^^aia  surpassed  all  reconis,  and  increased  by  the  sub- 
stantial sura  of  30,636.482/,  as  compared  with  1900, 

Eeal  estate  exhibited  more  activity  than  for  many  years,  and 
the  class  of  buildings  being  erected  testifies  to  the  faith  inveetui'S 
possess  in  the  city's  futura 

Capitalists  from  the  Eastern  States  are  regarding  California 
with  growing  favour  as  a  field  for  investment.  Several  latge 
undertakii^  have  been  projected  during  the  year,  the  most 
Important  transactioa  being  the  purchase  by  a  Baltimore  syndicate 
of  the  principal  street  railway  system  of  San  Francisco  for  about 
3.500.000/. 

The  following  tables  show  the  amount  and  principal  articles  of 
export  and  import  for  the  years  1901  and  1900 : — 

KetuBiV  of  Principal  Articles  of  Export  from  San  Francisco 
during  the  Years  1901-1900. 


■"■ 

i     *».«. 

v..». 

<tamH7. 

V*llK. 

Whew  HDil  Soar      

.1      11,M0*,090 

2.;S»,6M 

IM«dfnitibTH«     

2,767,64* 

64,110 

SS-r*"  ::: 

Lbi. 

Tnaian         

... 

if.«e,*M 

... 

Gnnd  total     

10,089.629 

n, 071,966 

Retork  of  Principal 

Articles  of  Import  to  San  Francisco  during 
the  Years  1901-1900. 

ArtcK., 

Lbt. 

Tiiu 
Lbi. 

i»i. 

ItOO, 

::: 

<h»M«7.      ,         Vrim. 

QHHUI]'. 

v^ 

luvsUk 

CoB^*       

S     :■;. 

Hiss         

Ccffleot 

Tinpliui"!                  Z 
Otbcrartlelo     

».<8i,»7   '     s.ws.an 
4a,ei4,ua           »e6.i<? 

61HI.S00                IW0,6U 
19,MM,E.M                 n  8,481 

'^S     Hi 

Vio,;a8 

21.I88.E14 

,..KS! 

iei,!M,«44 

a».M7 

*.M7,0Tli 
»a8,8I6 

'■»!! 

I48.66« 
1.WWM 

101, an; 

ITMiwr. 

:;:         iiisiiiM 

;;: 

8,128,74a 
6,76a,[>K 

antadtoUI 

ll.3B8,0M 

.,. 

1M».»> 

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SAN   FKiUfCISCO.  5 

The  exports  of  wheat  and  flour  were  the  largest  since  1897,  E,port*. 
and  show  a  gain  of  1,678,364  centals  (of  100  lbs.)  as  compared  wheat  md 
with  1900.    The  United  Kingdom  took  7,721,536  centals  of  wheat  Hour- 
out  of  a  total  of   9,294,538  centals  sent  abroad.      The  heaviest 
shipments  of  flour  were  made  to  China  and  Central  America,  tlie 
United  Kingdom  taking  38,787  barrels.     The  average  price  for 
No.    1   white   wheat   was   1    dol.    (4s.   1^.)  per   cental,   against 
1  dol  1  c.  {4s.  2d.)  in  the  year  preceding. 

Exports  of  tinned  salmon  decreased  by  29,111  cases  during  Tinned 
the  year.  The  United  Kingdom  took  510,963  cases,  against  '^°">''- 
578,876  cases  in  1900.  Australia  is  the  next  best  customer,  and 
increased  her  purchases  by  41,849  cases.  20,646  cases  were  sent 
to  South  Africa.  The  Pacific  Coast  pack  was  the  largest  on 
record,  being  computed  at  5,045,355  cases,  against  2,994,485  cases 
in  1900. 

Barley  exports  were  the  largest  recorded,  and  show  an  increase  Bwley. 
of   1,622,794  centals  during  the  year.     The  average   price  was 
7ii  c.  (3a.  0|d.),  gainst  79  e.  (3*  3rf.j  in  1900. 

The  exports  of  tinned  fruit  and  v^tables  fell  oft'  remarkably,  I'innod  fruit 
50^1,482  cases  less  than  in  1900  having  been  seut  away.     The '""    . , 
United   Kingdom   took   227,553   cases   and   Australia   and   New  ^**       '^*' 
Zealand  44,765  cases.     A  trade  estimate  of  the  amount  packed 
in   1901  places  it  at  2,275,700  cases,  each  case  containing  two 
dozen  2i-lb.  tins. 

The  export  of  timber  increased  by  3,699,396  feet  during  the  Timber. 
year.     Australia  took  the  largest  amfiunt,  the  United  Kingdom 
comii^  second  and  Mexico  third.     The  bulk  of  the  timber  sent 
to  the  United  Kingdom  consists  of  dunnage  used  in  the  stowage 
of  wheat  cargoes. 

Wine  exports  fell  off  during  the  year,  183,055  gallons  less  Wine 
than  in  1900  having  been  sent  away.     The  United  Kingdom  was 
the   largest    purchaser,   having   taken    189,878    gallons.   Central 
America  being  second  and  Mexico  third.     Over  5,000,000  gallons 
were  sent  to  the  Eastern  States  by  sea. 

A  satisfactory  increase  in  the  exports  of  dried  fruit  is  noted.  Dried  fruit  by 
406,025  lbs,  more  than  in   1900  having  been  forwarded  by  sea.  •"■ 
The  principal  purchasers  were  British  Columbia,  Australia.  New 
Zealand  and  South  Africa. 

Exports  of  quicksilver  declined   by  1,977   flasks  during  the  Quickiilver, 
year,  which  is  partly  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  no  shipments 
were  made  to  China,     Mexico  and  Central  America  were  the  best 
customers. 

Hop  show  a  decrease  of  141,353  lbs.,  as  compared  with  1900.  Hop^ 
Australia  was  the  principal  buyer,  taking  360,296  lbs,,  New  Zea- 
land coming  second  with  63,130  lbs. 

About  three  times  as  much  brandy  was  exported  in  1901  as  BnndT, 
in  the  year  preceding.     The  Philippine  Islands  and  Chile  were  the 
largest  buyers. 


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SAN   FRANCISOO. 


The  importations  of  foreign  coal  at  San  Francisco  in  1901  and 


Co«l.  1900  were  as  follows : — 


Fpom- 

Qn.ntitj. 

1901.        1 

1000. 

Britiah  Colnmbim 

Unit«i  Kinedotn 

Tolsl 

Torn. 
438,800 
159,200 

89,200        1 
8,400        1 

695,C00 

573.600 
179,800 

103,300 
62,600 

909,300 

The  above  figures  show  that  the  importations  decreased  from 
every  source,  aggregating  213,700  tons  less  than  in  1900,  owing 
to  the  increased  use  of  oil  for  fuel.  In  addition  to  the  above 
731,600  tons  of  domestic  coal  were  received  by  sea  and  a  consider- 
able quantit}'  by  rait  from  California  and  Utah. 

Coal  values  have  been  gradually  declining,  being  forced  down 
to  ,meet  the  increasing  competition  of  oiL  Australian  grades  at 
the  close  of  1900  were  selling  at  fully  1  dol.  50  c  (6s.  2d.)  per  ton 
more  than  in  T>ut'ember,  1901,  which  compels  the  colliery  pro- 
prietors oE  British  Columbia  and  the  State  nf  Washington  to 
market  their  output  at  vei-y  low  figures,  except  those  who  produce 
an  aiticle  especially  adapted  to  house  purposes.  At  the  close  of 
the  year  there  was  an  actual  difference  existing  of  fully  2  doL 
(83.  3d.)  per  ton  in  the  selling  price,  locally,  of  domestic  and  steam 
coal. 

The  following  table  shows  the  quantity  of  cement  imported 
during  the  last  two  years :— 


From- 

Quantity. 

1901.                    1900. 

Belgiam 

Chtrmanv            

United  Kingdom 

China 

J"!"" 

Total 

LI*                     Lbt 
1^8,195,082     !     122,182,290 
42,198,477     ■      76.412,551 
22,800           69,4*3,000 

2.9^,146 
931,200 

105,416,359         270,982,187 

Sufficient  cement  was  left  over  from  the  exceptional  amount 
received  in  1900  for  a  year's  requirements,  wiiich  accounts  for  the 
heavy  shrinkage  of  the  imports  in  IS'Ol.  The  market  exhibited 
a  downward  tendency  throughout  the  year,  prices  closing  at  from 
2  do!   10  c.  (8*,  3rf.)  to  2  doL  25  c  (9s.  '^^U.)  per  barrel,  according 


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BAN  FHANCIBCO.  7 

to  ^rand  and  quantity.  These  figures  were  unprofitable  to  the 
importera,  and  are  said  to  show  a  loss  of  from  25  c.  (la.  OJd.) 
to  50  c.  (2s.  O^d.)  per  barrel. 

The  amount  of  British  cement  imported  was  ouly  nominal,  as 
may  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  table.  Not  many  years  ago  it 
enjoyed  almost  a  complete  monopoly  of  this  market,  and  its 
present  position  is  entirely  due  to  the  manufacturers,  who  ignored 
the  warnings  given  them  to  produce  a  finer  article  until  the  trade 
had  passed  out  of  their  hands  into  those  of  their  Continental  com- 
petitors. 

No  consignments  were  received  from  Cluua  and  Japan  during 
the  year  and  very  little  came  from  the  State  of  Ut&h,  the  low 
price  of  the  foreign  article  and  the  high  transportation  charges 
lestricting  its  sale.  The  United  States  naval  and  military  authori- 
ties have  used  the  Utah  cement  on  fortification  work,  but  some 
complaints  have  been  made  regarding  its  keeping  qualities,  owing 
to  the  method  employed  in  packing  it  in  bags. 

One  of  the  local  companies  incorporated  for  the  manufacture 
of  cement  has  completed  a  plant  capable  of  turning  out  800  barrels 
per  day,  and  expects  to  place-  its  product  on  the  market  during 
the  coming  summer.  The  works  are  located  at  Suisun,  near  tide 
water,  and  the  tests  made  are  said  to  have  given  highly  satis&c- 
tory  results, 

A  syndicate  is  reported  to  have  acquired  62  acres  of  land  at 
Santa  Cruz  with  the  object  of  erecting  a  plant  thereon,  and  the 
concern  at  Tesla  has  not  abandoned  its  intention  of  entering  the 
field,  although  active  operations  have  not  yet  been  commeoced. 
It  seems  likely  that  the  entire  needs  of  the  State  will  he  supplied 
from  local  sources  within  a  few  years. 

Importations  of  tin  plates  declined  by  135,282  boxes  daring  Tio  pktw. 
1901.    As  pointed  out  in  the  i-eport  for  last  year  the  demand 
for  the  foreign  article  is  entirely  confined  to  the  caimers,  who  use 
it  in  packing  goods  intended  for  export,  in  which  case  a  drawback 
on  the  duty  is  allowed. 

The  combination  of  the  tin  plate  manufacturers  of  the  Eastern 
States  have  extended  their  busineHS,  and  the  prospects  for  importers 
ace  not  very  bright. 

The  total  quantity  of  coke  received  by  sea  was  34,533  tons,  Ook«- 
against  41,741  tons  in  1900.  Over  50  per  cent  of  this  amount 
came  from  the  United  Kingdom,  7,794  tons  from  Belgium  and 
Germany,  6,906  tons  from  British  Columbia,  and  1,835  tons  from 
Anstralia.  It  is  estimated  that  from  9,000  to  10,000  tons  were 
received  by  rail  and  delivered  direct  to  consumers  at  iuterioi 
points. 

Foreign  pig  iron  has  been  lai^ely  displaced  by  the  domestic  Kg  irw. 
article  in  this  market,  only  4,753  tons  of  British  oiigin  having 
been  received  in  1901. 

The  sale  of  British  earthenware  in  this  market  about  held  BvtliMtiraM. 

its  own  in  the  period  under  review.     Prices  were  slightly  reduced 

to  meet  the  competition  of   the  domestic   manufacturers  which 

ia  becoming  keener  year  by  year.    No  difficulty  was  experiencesd 

(91)  A  4 


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9  SAM  FBAMCIBCO. 

in  obtRining  delivery  of  the  goods  which  interfered  somewhat  with, 
the  trade  in  1900. 

Decorated  lii^li  grade  British  china  continues  to  sell  well  In 
thin  iiiarkot.  The  French  and  German  makers  supply  moat  of  the 
china  aold  here  of  a  lower  grade,  the  former  enjoying  the  bulk  of 
thu  huBfnoss.  1'he  principal  British  manufacturers  mamtain  agents 
In  New  York  who  periodically  send  representatives  to  this  city  to 
obeerve  tlie  local  requirements. 

Iniportations  of  linens  from  the  United  Kingdom  have  increased, 
M  compared  with  the  previous  year.  British  goods  hold  their 
own  well  in  this  market,  except  in  fancy  damask  towels,  in  which 
articloH  tlie  bulk  of  the  trade  seems  to  be  carried  off  by  German 
lUAnufacturers.  It  is  thought  that  the  British  could  secure  a 
ulinro  of  this  business  if  they  would  turn  out  similar  goods.  An 
iiu|xirtcr  here  strongly  urges  the  necessity  of  British  mauu- 
fHolurt'ra  paying  more  attention  to  designs  instead  of  sticking  to 
old  (mttorns  of  years  gone  by.  The  Swisi;  are  said  to  excel  in 
thi«  nwHH't  and  produce  novelties  each  year  to  catch  the  public 
tH!>t<>.  Home  nianufanturers  of  buck  towels  are  improving  their 
gWMls,  and  increasing  competition  must  be  expected  from  this 
quarter. 

A  member  of  one  of  the  principal  firms  in  the  business  states 
that  the  sales  of  British  cloth  have  increased  in  this  district  durii^ 
the  last  year.  He  attributes  the  increase  entirely  to  the  prosperous 
condition  of  trade,  which  always  stimulates  the  sale  of  the  most 
exi^ensivo  articles  of  wearing  apparel  No  material  increase  of 
importHtiona  can  be  expected  while  the  pivsent  heavy  tariff 
continut's  in  force. 

Home  manufacturers  are  constantly  improving  the  quality 
of  their  product,  and  competition  from  this  quarter  becomes  keener 
each  year. 

ConiiMirativcly  little  German  or  French  cloth  is  sold  in  this 
market,  the  bulk  of  the  trade  being  in  American  or  British  goods. 

Tlie  Halo  of  Scutch  whisky  in  this  Consular  district  baa  increased 
to  ft  umrki'd  extent  in  the  last  few  years.  A  prejudice  formerly 
cxlMoil  Huniimt  its  use,  except  in  the  form  of  toddy,  and  several 
mmoiiH  aril  nivou  in  explanation  of  its  growing  popularity.  Some 
■ay  that  it  I'niiie  into  fashion  with  golf,  others  that  the  increase 
JH  \\w  to  the  recommendations  of  the  doctors,  or  that  the  habit 
wtui  liitniiliici'd  by  travellers  from  the  United  Kingdom.  Probably 
nil  tliri'ii  cjinses  have  helped  to  bring  about  the  present  result 
MoNl  cif  the  best-known  brands  are  represented  here,  and  the 
liiiu'ki't,  which  is  limited  ui  extent,  is  said  to  be  fully  stocked  at 
tbi>  priMimt  time. 

Tbi)  sales  of  British  bottled  beer  and  stout  have  increased 
rnn-iitty,  owing,  it  is  believed,  to  the  legal  steps  taken  by  the  mann- 
fiii'Liiritrs  to  protect  their  trade  marks. 

Home  jam  is  taking  the  place  of  the  imported  article  which, 
ttlthdiigh  of  better  quality,  cannot  compete  with  it  in  prica 

The  following  table  shows  the  volume  of  tradfl  with  each 
country : — 


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BAN  FBAXCISOO. 


Tabli  showing  Total  Value  of  all  Artioles  Exported  from  and 
Imported  to  San  Francisco  to  and  from  Foreign  Countries 
during  the  Years  1901-1900. 


Export*. 

ImpoiU. 

0«mtej. 

1001. 

1000. 

1001. 

1000. 

Vdt«d  Kingdom 
ChinB    .. 
Aottrmkut       .. 
J»p.i.    ..         .. 
Central  Amerin 
SonthAmerimi.. 
Heiico  . . 

St.  Vinoent,  for  ordrni 
Canada . . 
FhLippine  Iilanda 
Soutb  PaoUio  I«land« 
Balgiam 
Aiiatio  BuMia.. 
Hut  Indio*      .. 
SonthAfrioa    .. 
OamuinT 
Franoe.. 
Hawaii»ii  lalandi 
Othar  countriaa 

« 
2,ST9,1B8 
1,167,681 
779,176 
692,03a 
477,827 
872,637 
SS8.966 
267,986 
242,533 
197,926 
SS,82G 
76,71H 
61,129 
47,892 
27,668 
86,010 
4,079 

81,866 

2,862,017 
074,814 
f>36,002 
761,176 
831,813 
241,768 
850,668 
18,000 
209,870 
166,668 
94,023 
86,266 
33,706 
48.078 
4,606 
14,608 
14,916 
1.199,679 
0,868 

£ 
426,944 

1,298,299 
167,201 

2,481,860 
961,418 
161,763 
110,040 

497,087 
82.146 
61,692 

144,868 
1,088 

670,701 

805,717 
248,066 

160,868 

e 

667,974 
1,602,982 
128,961 

1,716,380 
481,601 
181.718 
88,680 

581.904 
98,686 
93,909 

202,800 
144 

674,718 

809.117 

271,326 

1,164,390 

180,118 

7,772,004 
2,816,436 

7,940,012 
8,123,961 

7,6S3,S46 
4,282,193 

8,128,748 
6,760,902 

eModtoui.. 

10,086,639 

11,072,066 

11,066,039 

19,870,741 

The  exports  of  merchandise  show  a  loss  of  176,918/^  as  com- 
pared with  1900,  but  these  figures  are  mieleadiug  as  the  goods 
sent  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands  were  excluded  from  the  castom- 
honse  records  in  the  year  under  review,  and  are  now  classed  as 
domestic  trade.  Including  the  trade  of  these  islands,  for  purposes 
of  comparison,  the  amount  of  merchandise  sent  away  waa,  no 
doubt,  over  1,000,000/.  greater  than  in  1900.  Exports  of  treasure 
defined  by  807,519/,,  principally  owing  to  a  falling-off  in  the 
amount  sent  to  China.  The  United  Kingdom  continues  to  be  the 
lai^est  purchaser  of  Califomian  productions,  and  took  articles 
worth  16,236/.  more  than  in  the  year  preceding. 

The  majority  of  wheat-laden  vessels  clear  for  Cork,  for  orders, 
and  the  value  of  their  cargoes  is  included  in  the  exports  to  the 
United  Kingdom,  although  some  of  them  receive  orders  there  to 
proceed  to  Continental  ports  to  dischai^e.  On  this  account  the 
exports  to  the  United  Kingdom  are  no  doubt  actually  less  than 
the  amount  given  in  the  above  table. 

Compared  with  1900,  imports  of  merchandise  show  a  loss  of 
444,903/.,  but  these  figures  are  as  misleading  aa  the  exports,  for 


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10  ajiS  FUAijCisco. 

aiinilar  reasons.  The  imports  of  treaenre  decreased  by  1,468,799^., 
owing  to  a  falling-ofif  in  the  movement  from  Aostralia  and  Japan. 
ImportA  from  the  United  Kingdom  show  a  decrease  of  138,430*- 

The  annual  statement  prepared  hf  Messrs.  Wells,  Fargo  and 
Co.,  regarding  the  production  of  precious  metals  within  this 
Consular  district,  is  no  longer  issued,  but  the  Director  of  the  San 
Francisco  Mint  estimates  the  gold  production  of  California  in 
1901  at  3,243,443/.  This  shows  a  slight  decrease  according  to 
the  estimate  for  1900  prepared  by  the  same  authority,  bat  an 
increase  of  269,910t  as  compared  with  Wells,  Fargo  and  Co.'a 
statement.  It  is  considered  likely  that  the  estimate  is  too  low, 
as  the  productive  season  was  longer  in  1901  than  in  the  preceding 
year,  and  the  mines  showed  no  diminution  in  their  yield. 

Dredging  for  gold  in  the  river  beds  is  receiving  increased  atten- 
tion. The  success  of  the  dredgers  installed  on  the  Feather  Biver, 
below  Oroville,  has  been  remarkable,  and  this  method  is  proving 
extremely  lucrative.  The  ground  worked  yields  from  15  c 
(7Jd.)  to  75  c  (3*.  Id.)  per  cubic  yard,  while  the  coat  of  work- 
ing the  dredgers,  including  an  allowance  for  wear  and  tear  of 
machinery,  is  said  to  be  lees  than  5  c  (2^^)  per  cubic  yard. 
Many  of  the  gold  bearing  streams,  whose  bars  and  benches  have 
been  found  unprofitable  to  work  by  other  processes,  are  becoming 
available  for  this  system  of  working. 

Interest  in  hydraulic  mining  was  revived  by  the  sale  of  the 
Sweepstakes  Gravel  Mine,  in  Trinity  County,  to  capitalists  from 
the  Eastern  States  for  about  1,250,000/.,  said  to  be  one  of  the 
largest  transactions  in  the  mining  history  of  this  State.  The 
purchasers  intend  to  expend  a  large  amount  of  money  in  developing 
the  property,  which  is  situated  outside  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
California  Debris  Commission. 

Base  metal  mining  is  rapidly  growing  in  importance,  especially 
in  Shasta  County,  where  the  principal  copper  properties  in  the 
State  are  located. 

The  report  of  the  manager  of  the  clearing-house  gives  the  bank 
clearings  for  the  past  two  years  as  follows: — 


Amount. 

Olforingi  for  1901 

»          i«o 

£ 
«!,e2i,668 
818,289,071 

JnervHS 

80,«86.48a 

The  clearings  for  1901  were  the  largest  on  record. 

The  total  number  of  real  estate  sales  made  in  this  city  and 
county  of  San  Francisco  in  the  year  1901  was  4,2G1,  valued  at 
6,009,890/.,  as  against  3,259,  valued  at  3,820,168/.,  in  the  year 
preceding.  This  was  an  increase  of  1,002  transactions,  valued  at 
2,189,722/,  Eeal  estate  dealers  regard  this  as  an  excellent  record, 
considering  that  business  was  seriously  afiected  for  three  mouths 


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SAN  FRANCISCO.  11 

hy  the  strike  referred  to  below,  during  which  tiine  buyers  decliDed 
to  invest,  believing  that  prices  would  weaken.  The  most  notable 
feiiture  of  the  year  was  the  abBeuce  of  speculation.  Most  of  tlie 
purchsfes  made  were  for  investment  purposes,  and  the  number  of 
flites  bought  by  manufacturing  firms,  with  the  object  of  building, 
is  said  to  have  been  unprecedented. 

During  the  seven  years  ending  in  1898,  capitalists  neglected 
i-eal  estate,  preferring  to  put  their  money  into  stocks  and  bonds. 
Heavy  fluctuations  in  many  of  these  securities,  and  the  high  prices 
to  which  others  have  risen,  seem  to  be  responsible  for  a  change  in 
their  ideas. 

The  year  1902  is  expected  to  pi'ove  a  record  year  in  building 
o|>eration8.  Plans  for  several  large  hotels  are  being  perfected, 
and  the  office,  warehouse,  and  dwelling  accommodation  of  the 
city  will  receive  extensive  additions. 

The  purpose  that  seems  to  have  guided  the  efforts  of  the  Railway 
California  railroail  buildera  in  raiSway  coiiatruction  during  the  """"■""^f"'"- 
year  1901  has  been  to  bring  all  existing  lines  up  to  a  condition  of 
greater  efficiency  rather  than  to  extend  their  systems  into  new 
territory.  The  result  is  that  the  railroads  of  the  State  are  now 
in  a  better  condition  than  ever  befoie  known.  Many  thousands 
of  tons  of  heavy  steel  rails  have  taken  tlie  pliice  of  worn  rails  of 
lighter  dimensions,  substantial  masonry  arches  or  steel  bridges  of 
modem  design  have  been  erected  in  place  of  old  wooden  structures, 
and  many  miles  of  hitherto  unballasted  track  have  been  put  in 
condition  for  the  safe  operation  of  fast  and  heavy  trains.  Nearly 
the  entire  road  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Saugus,  a  distance  of  78 
miles  on  the  coast  line  between  San  Francisco  and  Southern 
California,  has  been  rebuilt,  the  old  rails  having  been  found  too 
light  to  stand  the  traEBc 

Only  5i  miles  of  track  were  added  to  the  Southern  Pacific 
Company's  system  during  the  year,  and  no  construction  work  was 
done  by  the  Santa  ¥i  company  outside  their  terminals  at  Point 
Richmond,  China  Basin,  and  South  San  Francisco. 

The  report  on  vital  statistics,  issued  by  the  Health  Department  T>««tb-nt«. 
for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1901,  classifies  the  deaths  in  this 
city  as  follows : — 


Total     .. 

1        (Tuniber  of 
Death.. 

General  diKOiei 
Loo»l 
Violent  deaths 

.J           2,797 

. .  1           8,68fi 

675 

7.008 

On  an  estimated  population  of  360,000  the  percentage  of 
^k-atha  was  1946  per  1,000. 

The  number  of  births  registered  during  the  year  was  4,87o. 
It  will  be  noticed  tliat  the  deaths  lai^ely  exceeded  the  births 


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12 


SAX    FRANCISCO. 


Conuneroial 

MUHHUII. 


according  to  the  ofSeial  table,  but  this  unsatieiactory  record  ia 
said  to  be  due  to  tlie  neglect  nf  many  pliysicians  to  report  all 
birihs  occurring  in  their  practice. 

After  a  period  of  unavoidable  delay  the  Pacific  Commercial 
Museum  has  at  last  installed  its  exhibits  in  a  large  room  in  the 
Ferry  Building,  which  is  now  accessible  to  the  public.  The  cases 
on  display  contain  much  of  interest  and  information  bearing  upon 
the  products  and  demands  of  countries  bordering  upon  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

According  to  the  purposes  of  the  origan  is ation  the  exhibits  are 
divided  into  two  classes.  One  of  these  shows  the  raw  products  of 
the  countries  above  refen-ed  to,  with  the  native  manufactured 
products,  and  the  other  displays,  irrespective  of  source,  the  various 
manufactured  articles  and  materials  in  demand  in  the  several 
countries.  The  manner  in  which  they  must  be  prepared  for  ship- 
ment is  described  as  an  object  lesson,  showing  American  producers 
just  what  they  should  send  to  foreign  countiits  and  how  it 
should  be  pacVcd,  if  thev  would  market  their  products  suCceas- 
fully. 

Not  only  the  crude  and  finished  products  of  these  lands  are 
disijlaved,  but  alongside  of  the  nati\'e  good  nre  shown  articles 
and  niateiials  of  Kuropean  manufacture,  chietiy  British  and 
German  goods,  with  which  the  manufacturers  of  those  nations 
capture  the  markets,  presumably  to  the  excltision  of  American 
trade. 

A  special  agent  has  been  at  work  in  the  Philippine  Islands 
making  a  collection  comprising  everything,  from  native  woods  to 
manufactured  products,  which  will  shortly  be  received. 

British  commercial  travelleis  who  visit  San  Francisco  should 
not  fail  to  pay  a  visit  to  this  museum,  where  much  useful  infor- 
mation may  bH  acquired. 

British  subjects  who  intend  to  become  settlers  in  this  Stuie 
should  be  in  no  hurry  to  buy  land  until  they  have  resided  here  one 
or  two  years  and  become  familiar  with  their  surroundings.  So 
many  British  subjects  have  come  to  grief  through  investing  in 
land  immediately  on,  or  even  before,  arrival  in  this  country,  that  I 
cannot  too  strongly  impress  upon  them  the  importance  of  observing 
this  precept.  Fruit  growing  in  these  days  of  low  prices  ia  not  the 
profitable  business  it  is  often  reprc'iented  to  be,  and,  as  there  is  no 
difficulty  in  renting  or  leasing  land  in  any  part  of  California,  it 
is  wiser  to  follow  that  course  than  to  sink  capital  in  an  under- 
taking from  which  it  is  difficult  to  withdraw. 

The  epidemic  of  strikes  which  swept  over  the  United  States  in 
1901,  reached  San  Francisco  on  May  21,  when  all  the  men 
employed  in  the  iron  foundries  and  shipbuilding  eslabliuhments 
went  out  in  a  body.  Subsequently  the  cooks  and  waiters  struck 
work,  followed  by  the  teamsters,  whose  lock-out  took  eff'ect  towards 
the  end  of  July.  The  latter  occurrence  caused  the  City  Front 
Federation,  an  organisntiou  embracing  all  the  different  labour 
bodies  connected  with  shipping,  to  order  out  its  full  meml>ership 
which  temporarily  stopped  almost  all  the  work  on  the  ilocks  and 


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8AN   FRANCISCO.  13 

shipping  pointa  round  the  bay  of  Sau  Fi-aucisco.  Both  the 
employers  and  strikers  were  well  oi^aniaed  aud  business  would 
have  been  seriously  crippled  but  for  the  imiubet  of  unemployed 
attracted  to  this  city  by  thts  labour  troubles,  who  to  a  great  extent 
supplied  the  places  of  the  unskilled  workmen  on  strike. 

Steamship  owners  managed  to  dispatch  their  vessels  without 
much  delay,  but  the  sailing  ships  were  liampereil  by  the  difficulty 
of  getting  their  cargoes  moved  fiom  aud  to  the  wharves.  Vessels 
repairing  at  the  iron  works  were  seriously  delayed,  and  all  work  on 
the  war  ships  building  for  the  United  States  Government  was 
atupped.  This  state  of  atl'airs  continued  until  the  Ij^inuing  of 
October,  when  the  strike  came  to  an  end  owini{  lo  concessions 
liiiide  by  both  sides. 

A  report  has  been  published  to  the  effect  that  tlie  largest  Tjiusmiwi 
electric  transmission  plant  projected  in  any  part  of  the  United  °f  aleotrio 
States,  except  at  Niagara  Falls,  is  to  l>e  developed   in    I'luuias  ^jjfo^ia. 
County,  California,  on  tlie  noi-th  fork  of  the  Feather  River.     The 
basins  of  the  Big  Meadows  and  Butte  Valley  are  to  be  converted 
into  reservoirs  to  store  the  drainage  of    the  watersheds  of   the 
Lassen  Peak  region,  which  covers  an  area  of  about  600  square 
miles,  a  part  of  which  is  within  the  perpetual  snow  Hue. 

These  two  reservoirs  will  contain  about  10,000  acres  of  land, 
and  the  watershed  is  expected  to  furnish  through  them  120,000 
miner's  inches  of  water,  with  a  capacity  for  generating  300,000 
horee-power. 

The  primary  purpose  of  the  promoters  seems  to  be  tlie 
generation  of  electric  power  for  transmission  to  San  Francisco 
for  use  in  manufacturing.  The  distance  covered  by  the  trans- 
mission lin&",,  when  the  project  is  carried  out,  wUl  aggregate 
250  miles. 

A  Philadelphia  company  has  taken  the  initiative  in  the 
development  of  a  big  electric  power  plant,  utilising  the  drainage 
of  the  watershed  of  Mount  Hamilton,  the  eminence  on  which  the 
celebrated  Lick  Observatory  is  built.  The  plans  of  the  enter- 
prise provide  for  the  conservation  of  the  waters  of  three  streams 
rising  on  the  mountains,  the  power  generated  being  transmitted  to 
this  city,  a  distance  of  nearly  70  miles.  The  two  largest  companies 
in  the  State  are  the  Bay  Counties  Power  Company  and  the 
Standard  Electric  Company.  The  former  is  already  delivering 
power  into  Oakland,  over  150  miles  from  the  point  of  generation, 
and  the  latter  expects  to  extend  its  lines  to  this  city  during  the 
current  year. 

The  prosiiectB  of  an  abundant  supply  of  cheap  electric  power 
in  San  Francisco  are  steadily  improving.  Some  optimists  maia- 
cnin  that  the  time  will  soon  come  when  the  watersheds  of  the 
Oalifornian  mountain  ranges  will  furnish  power  for  all  purposes  in 
this  city  at  lees  cost  than  it  cau  be  pi-oducud  by  the  cheapest  crude 
petroleum  obtainable.  Whether  this  is  really  possible  remains  to 
be  seen,  but  in  the  last  few  yea.rs  a  surprising  change  has  taken 
jil.ice  in  the  ditliculties  relating  to  fuel.  Fonneriy  every  industry, 
<1ependeni  for  its  success  on  power,  obtained  in  this  manner,  was 


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u 


SAK    FlUNXISCO. 


under  &  cloud,  but  now  we  appear  to  be  on  the  eve  of  a  new  era  ia 
the  matter  of  manufacturing  which  could  not  be  profitably  carried 
on  under  the  former  conditions. 

The  following  table  showing  t!ie  number  of  producing  wells, 
those  that  have  been  capped,  and  those  in  course  of  construction 
in  California  at  the  end  of  1901,  together  with  the  production  of 
oil  for  that  year,  has  been  prepared  by  the  "  Pacific  Oil  Reporter," 
and  is  believed  to  be  Approximately  correct: — 


Number  of  Weill- 

Producing  Field.. 



Production. 

Producing. 

Cpped- 

Drilled. 

BmmU. 

Kewlisll,  8M>t«  P«ulaand  Venture 

293 

88 

618,000 

Puento        

34 

8 

141,5W> 

Lif  Angeln           

1,013 

29 

1,26^,000 

Summerland           

128.000 

CMlinp. 

41 

S3 

74000l> 

Whitlitfi- 

65 

20 

612,00.1 

FullerlDi.iindiimi  (.'aiivuii 

724,000 

Kuril  River 

18t 

284 

25 

3,870,000 

HcSittrick 

12 

41 

4 

480,000 

SttBMt          

25 

S2 

188,500 

4,000 

Santa  Maria           

' 

a 

t) 

7,600 

ToUl 

2,040 

355 

201 

8,712,600 

The  above  figures  show  the  rapid  inei-eaae  of  the  industry,  tlie 
production  of  1900  being  given  at  4,329,950  barrels  and  that  of 
1899  at  2,ti77,875  barrels. 

During  1901  drilling  was  prosecuted  in  the  counties  of  Shasta, 
Humboldt,  Tehama,  Glenn,  Coluaa,  Butte,  Napa,  Solano,  Marin, 
Contra  Costa,  Santa  Clara,  Santa  Cruz,  San  Mateo,  Stanislaus, 
Tulare,  San  Benito,  Monterey,  San  Luis  Obispo,  Rivei'side,  San 
Bernsrdino  and  San  Diego,  but  up  to  the  end  of  the  year  the  wells 
sunk  had  not  proved  productive. 

The  output  of  oil  during  the  past  year  has  undoubtedly  been 
contracted  by  the  heavy  charges  for  transportation.  When  the 
owners  of  productive  wells  in  the  Kern  and  Fresno  County  fields 
were  confronted  with  a  tran s porta tiou  tariff  which  absorbed  two- 
tiiii-ds  of  the  value  of  their  product  delivered  in  San  Francisco,  or 
any  point  north  of  this  city,  it  acted  as  a  damper  on  their  enter- 
prise. To  all  intents  and  puriH)aes  it  put  a  stop  to  exploration 
and  the  opening  of  new  wells,  as  an  in(irease  in  the  supply,  under 
the  existing  conditions,  would  only  have  increased  the  embarrass- 
ment of  the  oil  miners  and  made  the  marketing  of  their  product 
more  difficult.  Many  wells  were  cjipped  and  will  probably  I'emnin 
closed  until  the  projected  pipe  line  from  Bakerstield  to  Point 
Ivichmond  is  finished.  Contracts  were  made  at  CU  c.  (2*.  *></.) 
per  banel  of  42  gallons,  on  which  freight  was  paid  by  the  vendor 


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8AK  FBANCIBCO.  15 

of  over  40  c.  (is.-  8d.)  per  barrel.  Better  prices  prevuled 
towatde  the  end  of  the  yeai;  and  wheaevet  conditioiia  become  more 
favourable  for  marketdng  the  product  it  ifl  thought  there  will  be  no 
'  difficulty  in  donbliog  or  trebling  the  present  output 

The  most  important  feature  of  the  year  waa  the  entry  of  the 
Standard  Oil  Company,  with  its  unlimited  capital,  into  the  Cali 
fomia  industry.  ThiB  company  purchased  the  oil  fields,  refinii^ 
plant,  &C.,  of  the  Pacific  Coast  Oil  Company,  and  is  proceeding  to 
erect  at  Point  Kicbmond,  the  terminus  of  the  Santa  F^  Bailroad 
on  the  bay  of  San  Francisco,  one  of  the  lai^eat  refiueriea  in  the 
United  States.  It  contemplates  building  an  S-inch  pipe  line 
from  the  Kem  County  fields  to  Point  Richmond,  a  distance  of 
about  270  miles.  This  line  will  probably  be  ready  for  operatioo 
in  the  autumn  of  the  current  year,  and  is  expected  to  create  a 
revolution  in  the  business. 

Shortly  before  closing  this  report  it  was  announced  that  a 
compromise  between  the  Bailroad  CommissioneiB  and  the  railroad 
companies  concerned  had  been  reached,  under  which  a  reduction 
LD  the  rate  to  this  city  of  about  5  c.  (2^.)  a  barrel  had  been  agreed 
upon. 

The  railroad  companies  in  this  State  are  introducing  oU-  SoJi 
burning  furnaces  in  their  locomotiveB,  and  discarding  the  uBe°'<»'^^'>*'- 
of  coal.  The  Southern  Pacific  Company,  up  to  the  end  of  1901, 
had  130  locomotives  running  on  the  Pacific  division  which  had 
been  so  converted.  Many  engines  of  the  Santa  F^  Bailroad  Com- 
pany have  been  similarly  equipped,  and  other  companies  are  fol- 
lowing snit  One  ferry  boat  has  been  run  as  an  oil  burner 
for  some  time,  and  many  other  vessels  oxe  to  be  fitted  with  oil 
furnaces,  43  permits  having  been  issued. 

All  the  power-houses  for  cable  roads  in  San  Francisco  are 
using  oil  only,  so  that  the  principal  outlet  for  steam  coal  to-day  is 
for  army  transports,  ocean-going,  and  in  a  decreasing  degi'ee,  bay 


Two  or  three  years  ago  the' consumption  of  oil  in  this  city 
for  fuel  purposes  did  not  exceed  1,000  barrels  per  annum,  while 
at  the  present  time  it  approximates  1,000,000  barrels,  showing 
how  rapidly  the  situation  is  being  changed.  If  any  device  can 
be  produced  to  supplant  coal  with  oil  for  domestio  purposes,  the 
sale  of  the  former  in  this  market  will  be  even  more  seriously 
affected. 

The  experiment  of  using  oE  instead  of  water  for  laj'iug  the  Onid«  <^ 
dust  has  been  tried  in  the  Golden  Gate  Park  in  this  city.     Com-  "   ■    --  ■ 
plaints  were  made  by  the  public  at  first  because  partiolea  of  dirt " 
soaked  with  oil  were  thrown  by  carriage  wheels  and  horsea'  hoob, 
damping  clothing  and  carriage  rugs.     But  the  experimeut  is  con- 
sidered a  success.    Tte  roadways  are  kept  in  better  condition  than 
formerly  at  less  expense,  the  oil  mixing  well  with  the  dirt  and 
gravel,    making     a     smooth    hard     surface    resembing    asphalt 
pavement    Knowledge  of  the  proper  methods  of  applying  the 
oil   under  varying   conditions   has   resulted   in    minimising    the 
objections  raised.    There  is  practically  no  dust,  and  the  grass  and 


d  by  Google 


16  B\K  FRAKaSCO. 

foliage  bordering  the  drireways  look  bright  and  cleaD.   .  A  number 
of  counties  in  the  StAte  are  now  using  oil  for  thia  purpose,  and  the 
result  is  said  to  be  entirely  satisfactory. 
Ptkti  to  Several   meetin^^   have    recently    taken    place   between   the 

*"*J2  members  of  the  San  Francisco  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  repre- 

CUifoniiB.  sentatives  of  local  development  associations  with  the  object  of 
attracting  prospective  setUers  to  Central  California.  A  plan  of 
organisation  and  operation  has  been  agreed  upon,  and  money  is 
now  being  coUecbed  to  carry  out  the  pr<^ramme  mapped  out.  An 
outline  of  the  work  suggested  includes  a  permanent  exhibition  in 
this  city,  where  exhibite  furnished  by  each  section  may  be  dis- 
played, and  files  of  newspapers  kept  on  hand  for  reference.  Agents 
will  be  employed  to  board  west-bound  passenger  trains  to  meet 
pBSsei^rs,  learn  their  wishes,  and  direct  them  accordingly.  Branch 
offices  and  exhibits  will  be  maintained  in  several  oUier  coast 
cities,  and  advertisements  are  to  be  placed  in  magazines,  news- 
papers and  other  periodicals. 

It  is  expected  that  10,000/.  per  annum  will  be  spent  on  the 

project. 

Uiiluiiig  Barbed  wire  fences  are  being  utilised  for  telephonic  communi- 

™**"  ■*"*     cation  among  the  farmers  in  the  neighbourhood  of    Woodland, 

tcll^o^.      California.     The  greater  part  of  the  lines  consist  of  wire  fences 

running  along  the  sides  of  the  roads  or  dividing  the  farms,  poles 

and  elevated  wires  being  supplied  wherever  necessary.     Branches 

or  loops  are  added  extending  to  the  residences  of  the  farmers  living 

along  the  routa 

The  undertaking  has  proved  so  successful  that  the  original 
promoters  have  induced  others  to  join  them,  and  the  line  is  to  be 
greatly  extended.  Heretofore  it  has  not  been  found  necessary  to 
establish  a  central  oCBce  or  to  employ  an  operator,  the  telephones 
having  been  so  limited  in  number  that  a  code  of  signals  sufficed. 
With  Lhe  extension  of  the  line  this  addition  will  become  neces- 
sary. 

Thia  very  practical  idea  might  be  usefully  adopted  as  a  means 

of  communication  on  large  estates,  and  would  prove  a  cheap 

method  of  telephonic  intercourse  in  the  colonies. 

Sluppng  »nd         The  following  table  shows  the  number  and  nationality  of  the 

aavigalion.      yeggelg  which  entered  and  cleared  at  this  port  during  the  past 

year: — 


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SAK   FUA.NCISCO. 


Annex  A. — Eetubn  of  all  Shipping  at  tbe  Port  o/  San  Fraucisco 
during  the  Year  190L 


W 

lltolt. 

1               " 

Mm. 

_»-• 

Humiour. 

NnMr 

1    MDMtW 

NuilMr 

<l 

Itai. 

Of 

Torn. 

VMMto. 

Vi^ 

I0> 

im,«n 

IIB 

M>,Mt 

MI.IM 

AjHrt»n/h,n  fanlso 

«t 

•MU 

210 

4»,f«T 

US,  US 

An«1«ii,fn)inUluUe" 

ronxXOiilim 

;,t8: 

r,«M 

la 

4l.«2t 

» 

»,m 

tl 

M^<n 

ito.iiyt 

am»«    

u,m 

ai,m 

Fi«iob      

az.s» 

n 

KB» 

iXT::: 

::: 

'1 

•iVsTO 
I8,»M 

IIJKM 

lllm 

i.WT 

Z.M8 

10,BU 

OUurmtntriH 

* 

_i.^_ 

< 

«;«! 

IMtl          

~^K^t~ 

*i»~ 

^i^ii. 

l,»M.tN 

„    W00_       .. 

m 

HUT> 

Hfl,IW 

•" 

CLKAitED. 

St 

lUU. 

SMm. 

To»l. 

HUtouUQ'. 

Namibw 

tliuitw 

Huibar 

Tou 

Ttni. 

TmhIs. 

V«Mdl. 

V»»»lfc 

BrftUb      ...       .„       ... 

IIT 

1U,W* 

3U 

MZ.aag 

4MV1BU.      to     tNMfU 

OODUriM             ...           ... 

M,MI 

aw 

4W,MS 

«M,B» 

pnUofOnliift 

!»,>» 

i<i,m 

»,»]( 

Horw<«l«i          

l,t8S 

w 

va,ni 

ioe.M>« 

»,M8 

a 

M,IOT 

tbIim 

mub  ;;:         „ 

«,1M 

SSSTz    ::.    ::. 

w 

i»,m 

II 

MMn-HuniEUlu 

IJ.BW 

1!.CM 

8.IU 

X,M« 

IMU 

DMureaanEric*  '..'. 

I 

S.M1 

s 

i;»» 

4.m 

^.«»"         - 

XM 

rT.«M 

u> 

SII.TH 

«8B 

i,ica,«t* 

U» 

MS.4M 

m,)u 

SM 

1,*M,W 

Korm.— Tlu  ratnaoH  ud  nlainaagi  of  AbitIomi  ilili*  d 
vtaBlliic  01  Oihlnc  Tojrgm. 

British  shipping  shows  a  decrease  of  46  vessels  of  81,618  tons 
entered  as  compared  with  19U0,  of  which  21  were  steamers  and  2& 
sailing  ships.  The  falling-ofT  in  the  former  is  accounted  for  by 
the  decline  in  the  demand  for  collierB  in  the  coast  trade.  The 
competition  of  foreign  vessels  (especially  French),  combined  with 
the  ditficulties  connected  with  the  strike,  affected  the  arrivals  of 
the  latter. 

The  decline  in  the  clearances  was  not  so  marked,  consisting  of 
20  vessels  of  35,285  tons.  This  decrease  is  entirely  confined  to 
steamers,  two  more  sailing  ships  than  in  1900  having  departed. 

Takii^  into  consideration  the  f^t  that  the  Pacific  Steam 
Navigation  Company  established  a  line  of  steamers  between  this 
(91)  B- 


d  by  Google 


18  SAN   FRAKCISCrO. 

port  and  Viiljtaraiso  iu  Fehrnnry,  1901,  the  show  made  by  British 
vessels  in  the  return  mast  be  reganied  as  veiy  unsatisfactory. 

In  AnierirAti  shipping  from  foreign  cojintriea  a  decline  of  111 
vessels  of  17.819  tons  entered,  and  97  vessels  of  36,199  tons 
cleared,  is  noted.  The  trade  from  the  Atlantic  porta  of  the  Union 
also  shows  a  falling-ofi'.  American  vessels  trading  with  the 
Hawaiian  Islands  are  now  considered  to  be  in  the  coasting  trade, 
of  which  no  statistics  are  obtainable.  Tide  fact  accounts  for  the 
large  decrease  in  the  totals  of  the  table  as  compared  with  the  year 
preceding. 

Norwegian  shipping  increased  by  five  vessels  of  6,722  tons 
entered,  and  eight  vessels  of  14,000  tons  cleai-ed. 

Qennan  shipping  exhibits  an  increase  of  seven  vessels  of  15,011 
tons  entered,  and  seven  vessels  of  15,859  tons  cleared.  The 
Kosmos  Steamship  C()mi>any  extended  its  service  to  British 
Columbia  during  the  year. 

Under  tlie  bounty  system,  which  eontinnas  to  benefit  French 
shipping,  owners  are  enabled  to  send  their  vessels  from  Europe  to 
this  port  in  ballast  at  a  profit.  The  increase  last  year  was  seven 
ships  of  11,671  tons  entered,  and  seven  ships  ot  12,5tf3  tons 
cleared. 

Little  change  is  observable  in  Japanese  shipping,  the  vessels 
of  the  steamship  line  trading  between  San  Fi-ancisco  anil  Hong- 
Kong  continuing  to  make  regular  trips. 

The  Compania  Sud  Americana  de  Vapores,  a  Cliiliau  corpora- 
tion, commenced  running  a  line  of  steamers  from  Valparaiso  to 
this  port  in  February,  1901,  in  conneciion  with  the  Pacific  Steam 
Navigation  Company.  This  accounts  for  the  appeai-anee  of  Chilian 
shipping  iu  the  return. 

The  other  nationalities  mentioned  do  not  exhibit  any  material 
change  as  compared  with  tlie  year  1900. 

The  following  table  shows  the  lowest  and  highest  fre^hts  paid 
for  iron  and  steel  wheat-ships  in  each  month  of  1901,  the  figures 
given  being  for  ships  in  port  to  proceed  to  Cork  for  orders  to  the 
United  Kingdom,  Havre  or  Antwerp : — 


Janimrj  .. 
Februtrj. . 
March     .. 

j£r 

■Tune 
Jul7 

Septmnlwr 
OcIub«r  .. 
fioTcmber 
l^eocmbur 


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SAN  FRANCIBCO.  19 

The  wages  for  seamen  en«^ed  for  deep  water  voyages  were  Scamoi'* 
42.   per  month   up   to    June  7,   when   the   Seamen's    Laudlords  wam  ud 
Association  held  a  meeting  and  decided  to  raise  them  to  51.  per  "J^^h 
month,  at  which  ^ire  they  remained  for  the  remainder  of  the  ™     ^' 
year. 

The  boarding-house  keepers  and  shipping  agents  still  exact  & 
levy  of  25  dol.  for  each  man  furnished  to  vesBels  bound  for  Europe, 
but  towards  the  end  of  the  year  several  shipmasters  secured  crews 
without  submitting  to  this  by  engaging  the  services  of  a  shipping 
agent  not  connected  with  the  combination  which  established  and 
maintains  the  charga 

The  new  dry  dock,  referred  to  in  previous  reports,  now  in  ^™^^ S*. 
course  of  construction  at  Hunters  Point  in  this  harbour,  is  making  ""  '^ 
satisfactory  progress.  Over  150  feet  of  the  bow  has  been  completed 
and  it  is  Expected  that  the  dock  will  be  ready  to  accommodate 
vessels  in  the  autumn. 

Permission  was  granted  by  the  Federal  Government  in  1901  '"Jf*?"*^ 
to  extend  the  pier-head  line  200  feet  further  into  the  bay,  and  the  ^^^^I^J^,. 
Board  of  Harbour  Commisniouers  are  having  this  work  rapidly  tion. 
pushed  to  completion.     During  the  last  few  years  the  wharfage 
facilities  have  proved  totally  inadequate,  and  the  additions  made 
will  help  to  relieve  the  situation. 

The  managers  of  the  American,  British  and  Japanese  steamship  ^"^l*??"' 
lines,  running  from  this  port  to  Hong-Kong  on  a  joint  schedule,  ","^  m«iS*. 
have  entered  into  an  ^reement  under  which  one  of  the  nine 
steamers  of  the  fleet  employed  will  call  at  Manila  once  a  month 
after  visiting  ports  in  Japan.  This  arrangement  went  into  effect 
in  March  of  tiie  current  year,  and  will  prove  of  great  benefit  to 
shippers  to  the  Philippine  Islands,  who  were  formerly  obliged  to 
tranship  goods  at  Hong-Eong, 

The  harbour  improvements  and  excavation  of  the  Oakland  H«rbonr  in> 
Tidal  Canal,  on  which  no  work  has  been  done  for  a  number  of  years, '' 
is  now  rapidly  neaiing  completion.    The  object  in  view  is  to 
connect  Oakland  Creek  with  the  bay,  in  order  that  the  action  of 
the  tide  may  deepen  and  cleanee  it,  and  to  improve  the  existing 
facilities  for  shippii^  at  Oakland. 

The  well-known  adaptability  of  a  sailor  to  turn  his  hand  to  Soamen  ft* 
any  kind  of  work  is  well  illustrated  in   the    supply   of   labour  *^^"  ''*^*- 
furnished  for  the  operation  of  the  Alaska  salmon  canneries.    Most 
of  the  men  engaged  are  sent  from  this  city,  and  only   such  as  are 

r  seamen  are  accepted.  Their  first  -  duty  consists  in  sailing 
vessel  to  her  point  of  destination,  when  all  bands 
go  ashore  with  the  exception  of  the  master  and  a  boy 
who  act  as  caretakera.  The  rest  are  immediately  set  to  work 
unloading  the  cai^  and  making  ready  the  canning  plant  fcr 
operation.  When  this  is  completed  a  certain  number  are  chosen 
to  act  as  fishermen,  while  others  prepare  the  catch  and  attend  to 
its  being  cooked  and  packed  in  tins.  No  difficulty  is  experienced 
in  finding  some  among  them  with  a  sufficient  knowledge  of 
carpentry  to  enable  them  to  case  the  goods,  and  when  the  season  ia 
over  the  vessel  is  loaded  and  sailed  back  to  San  FrRucisco.  The 
(91)  B  2 


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SAN   FKAKCI8C0, 


labour  is  exti'eniely  harii,  but  is  well  paid,  each  man  earning  from 
400  to  500  do!,  for  his  Bve  months  work  in  addition  to  liis. 
board. 

Several  new  canneries  have  been  established,  and  it  is  expected 
that  from  6,000  to  7,000  men  will  be  sent  north  during  the 
months  of  April  and  May.  This  number  is  exdusive  of  those' 
employed  in  tho  whaling  and  cod-fishing  industriea  The  scarcity 
of  seamen  usually  experienced  in  San  Francisco  during  the  summer 
months  is  therefore  likely  to  become  more  acute. 

Shipbuilding.  Shipbuilding  showed  less  activity  than  in  the  year  preceding. 
40  vessels  of  11,397  gross  tons  were  turned  out,  the  largest  being  a 
bay  ferry  boat  of  1,554  tons.  Most  of  the  others  were  small 
steamers  or  sailing  vessels  intended  for  the  coast  trade.  The  ship- 
building yards  on  the  Oakland  Creek  have  been  enlarged  and 
secured  a  good  share  of  the  work. 

Oifaili  of  The  catch  of  the  Arctic  whaling  fleet  for  the  past  two  years 

wh>]iiij[  n««t.  j^poxted  at  San  Francisco,  was  as  follows : — 


Quantity. 


6,910 


10  vessels  were  engaged  in  the  industry,  against  19  in  the 
previous  season. 

The  Seamen's  Institute  is  well  worthy  the  support  of  both 
British  and  foreign  shipowneis,  and  the  committee  of  management 
will  be  glad  to  receive  contributions  to  their  funds  as  expenses  are 
heavy  and  it  is  difficult  to  meet  the  demands  made  upon  thcio. 
The  institute  is  excellently  managed  and  exercises  a  capital 
influence  upon  the  crews  of  vessels  of  all  nationalities  visiting 
this  port. 

The  wheat  crop  wss  above  the  average  of  the  last  few  years 
being  estimated  at  17,000.000  centals  (of  100  lbs.),  but  the  low 
prices  which  have  prevailed  greatly  discouraged  the  growers. 
Eeturns  to  the  farmers  are  largely  dependent  on  freights  which 
have  ruled  high  since  the  Spanish  and  South  African  wars,  and, 
although  much  of  the  divei'ted  tonnage  is  returning  to  the  channels 
of  trade,  charters  on  this  coast  have  not  fallen  as  much  as 
elsewhere. 

An  attempt  is  being  made  to  create  a  grain  growers  association 
with  the  expectation  that  by  controlling  a  large  share  of  the  crop 
important  savings  can  be  eft'ected  in  freights,  interest  on  advances, 
warehousing  and  insurance.  It  is  considered  doubtful,  however,  if 
the  growers  will  be  able  to  form  an  oi^anisation  of  sufficient 
strength  to  become  an  important  factor  in  the  grain  market 

Ikrley  continues  to  rank  next  to  wheat  as  the  principal  cereal 


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8AH  VRAXCacO.  2t 

crop  of  the  State.  By  reasan  of  the  large  local  demand  for  feeding 
purposes  and  export,  the  situation  of  the  growers  was  more  favour^ 
able  than  that  of  the  wheat  farmers.  The  production  of  barley  is 
roughly  estimated  at  10,000,000  centals  against  a  crop  of 
8.500,000  centals  in  1900. 

The  hop  growers  enjoyed  a  proeperous  year.    Although  the  Hop* 
yield  was  moderate,  better  prices  are  expected  to  more  than  com- 
pensate for  the  deficiency. 

The  Californian  wool  clip  in  1901  is  estimated  at  18,000,000  lbs.  Wool. 
The    condition    of  the    business    improved   considerably    during 
the  year,  the  large  surplus   stock   treing  disposed    of  at  steady 
prices.     A  healthy  sign  is  the  growing  demand  for  goods  which 
are  not  so  much  adulterated  with  cotton  or  other  substances. 

The  interest  in  Angora  goats  is  increasing,  and  the  quality  of 
the  clip  improves  each  year  as  more  attention  is  being  paid  to  th6 
breeding  of  the  animals. 

Although  the   beet  sugar  industry  in  Oalifomia  has  aufiered  ^***  *^t^- 
to  a  certain  extent  in  the  last  few  years,  owing  to  a  deficiency  in 
the  rainfall,  this  State  is  r^arded  as  being  admirably  adapted  t<> 
the  production  of  sugar  from  beets,  more  so  indeed  than  almost 
any  other  part  of  the  United  States. 

Authorities  consider  that  all  possible  improvements  in  eultii'a- 
tion  have  not  yet  been  brought  into  operation,  and  a  new  system 
of  planting  is  about  to  be  tried  in  different  parts  of  Southern 
California.  Instead  of  sowing  the  seed  at  the  usual  time, 
in  the  spring,  farmers  will  commence  putting  it  into  the  ground 
about  the  middle  of  December,  and  continue  doing  so  periodically 
through  the  usual  seeding  season.  Irrigation  is  also  extending,  as 
the  most  advanced  farmers  think  that  sugar  beets  reach  their 
highest  degree  of  value  by  this  method  of  cultivation. 

The  product  of  1901  is  estimated  at  80,000  tons,  the  largest 
ever  harvested  in  this  State,  but  prices  were  depressed  owing  to 
the  enormous  sugar  output  of  the  world.  A  Trust  established  in 
the  Eastern  States  has  begun  a  war  upon  the  beet  sugar  industry 
by  reducing  the  price  of  refined  sugar  at  Missouri  lliver  points 
where  it  comes  into  competition  with  western  beet  sugar.  The 
Trust  is  also  demanding  a  great  reduction  in  the  duties  on  raw 
sugar,  and  the  effect  of  this  movement  upon  the  industry,  should 
it  be  successful,  cannot  be  foretold.  Producers,  however,  seem  to 
be  confident  of  holding  their  own,  for  new  factories  are  projected 
in  different  parts  of  the  United  States,  including  one  in  California. 

Bee-keepers  are  said  to  have  hod  a  "  good  honey  year  "  in  1901.  Kmuj. 
The  crop  of  the  State  being  estimated  at  about  4,800,000  lbs., 
against  2,208,000  lbs,  in  the  year  precedii^.  A  favourable  year 
depends  on  just  the  right  proportion  of  late  spring  rains  and 
early  summer  fogs,  without  which  there  may  be  myriads  of 
flowers  without  a  drop  of  honey.  The  crop  was  in  good  demand 
at  profitable  prices. 

The  wine  production  of  California  for  1901  will  be  somewhat  Wineund 
less  in  quantity  than  that  of  the  year  preceding.    The  growing  •»"'"<'.'■■ 
season  opened  most  auspiciouslv;  the  weather  being  almost  all 

(91)  '  B  .■■> 


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22  SAK  FBANCISOa 

tbat  could  be  dflBired.  B&ina  in  January  and  February  forced  the 
vines  into  early  growth,  but  unfortunately  frosts  in  March,  April 
and  May  nipped  the  planta  severely.  It  looked  at  one  time  as 
though  the  crop  was  entirely  ruined,  but  owing  to  the  recupera- 
tive power  of  the  grape  vine  about  12,000,000  gallons  of  dry 
wine  were  secured.  There  ia  little  to  be  said  regarding  the 
vintage,  except  that  weather  conditions  were  favourable,  the 
seasonable  rains  holding  off  fully  a  week  later  than  usual,  and 
that  in  many  sections  the  yield  was  coneiderably  under  the  early 
estimate. 

Prices  for  grapes  ranged  from  13  dol.  (2/.  IZa.  Id.)  to 
32  doL  60  c.  (67.  lis.)  per  ton,  according  to  variety  and  district. 
The  production  of  sweet  wine  is  estimated  at  5,500,000  gallons, 
against  6,000,000  gallons  in  1900.  During  the  year  under  review, 
the  wholesale  wine  dealers  of  San  Francisco  have  added  to  their 
power  by  the  accession  of  several  lai^  capitalists.  The  avowed 
purpose  is  to  afford  more  stability  to  prices  ;  to  give  paying  prices  to 
grape  growers  for  their  product,  and  also  to  encourage  the  smaller 
producers  by  buying  their  wines  at  a  fair  price.  With  the  neces- 
sary slight  increase  in  prices  a  great  improvement  in  the  quality 
of  the  wines  is  expected  to  result. 

The  brandy  production  for  1901  was  extremely  short,  being 
estimated  at  810,750  gallons,  aganst  3,256,513  in  1900. 

The  deciduous  fruit  crop  was  far  smaller  than  that  of  1900, 
but  growers  did  well  owing  to  uniformly  high  prices  in  the  Eastern 
States,  improved  transportation  facilities,  and  a  reduction  in  the 
charges  for  refrigeration,  which  became  effective  in  April,  1901, 
The  product,  generally  speaking,  was  of  good  quality  and  sold 
teadily  at  satisfactory  prices  both  to  canners  and  for  shipment. 
At  the  height  of  the  shipping  season  a  strike  of  the  teamsters 
took  place  in  San  Francisco,  wliich  seriously  interfered  with  the 
sales  in  this  marked  The  fruit,  however,  was  largely  diverted 
to  Eastern  markets  and  to  other  canning  centres,  and  it  is  not 
believed  that  a  great  amount  was  lost  by  the  occurrence.  A 
feature  of  the  freeh  fruit  trade  is  the  increasing  prominence  of 
the  apple  industry.  According  to  a  table  prepared  hy  the  Cali- 
fornia Fruit  Gi-owers'  and  Shippers'  Association,  6,459  car  loads 
(of  10  tons  each)  were  sent  from  California  in  1901,  against 
6,435  ear  loads  in  1900.  The  consignments  to  foreign  markets 
consisted  of  165  car  loads,  of  which  109  car  loads  were  sent  to  the 
United  Kingdom. 

The  largest  crop  of  citrus  fruit  ever  harvested  was  gathered  in 
the  year  ending  October  31,  1901,  there  being  a  movement  of 
8,9d4,000  boxes  of  oranges  and  lemons,  against  6,624,000  boxes  in 
the  year  preceding.  The  season  was  not  entirely  satisfactory 
for  the  growers,  and  the  amount  realised  is  not  thought  to  have 
exceeded  that  obtained  for  the  previous  crop.  The  causes  that 
contributed  to  bnug  about  this  result  were  the  despatch  of  unripe 
frait  early  in  the  season,  injuiy  to  fruit  by  frost,  heavy  rains  in 
January,  which  affected  the  condition  of  the  fruit  and  difticulties 
of  transportation.    There  was  a  very  marked  increase  last  season. 


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SAN   FRANCISCO.  23 

in  tlie  exports  of  Oalifornia  oranges,  suiiie  Eaaterii  tiruia  Imving 
Bh4)ped  three  or  four  car  load»  a<week  to  London,  where  the  frait 
loought  about  '1  del,  (4*  lirf.)  a  box  more  than  in  the  New  York 
marKet. 

The  California  lemon  continuee  to  grow  in  popularity  in  all 
parts  of  the  United  States.  It  is  estimated  that  992,000  boxes 
were  sent  last  season,  including  the  figures  given  above. 

The  wahiut  crop  of  1901  is  estimated  at  14,700.000  lbs.  and  Wminuu  «■* 
was  of  fine  quality.  The  output  k  nearly  all  marketed  by  co-  »l™<n>^- 
operative  associations,  whose  representatives  ^ree  upon  a  uniform 
price  at  which  the  entire  crop  is  tak«n  by  a  syndicate  of  deftlers. 
Last  year  the  growers  received  from  9  to  9^  c.  (4J<i  to  4Jrf.)  per 
lb.,  about  a  ^  c.  (^.)  less  than  tlie  year  preceding.  For  the  past 
year  or  two  a  myeterious  disease  among  the  trees  has  created 
some  alarm,  but  so  far  it  has  not  seriously  reduced  the  crop, 

The  almond  output  is  estimated  at  225  ears  of  12  tons  each, 
which  shows  il  slight  decrease  compared  witli  19O0.  Growers 
have  endeavoured  to  organise  themselves  in  a  similar  way  to  the 
walnut  pro<lucera  but  have  not  succeeded  to  the  same  extent. 

A  marked  increase  in  the  production  of  apples  took  place  in  App]«g. 
tlie  veav  under  review.  Those  nent  from  Pajaro  Valley  for  the 
season  of  1900-^1  amounted  to  960,000  boxes,  against  871,000 
boxes  in  1899-1900.  Exports  also  show  a  healthy  increase, 
200,094  boxes  having  been  consigned  to  the  United  Kingdom  and 
Germany,  against  149,515  boxes  in  the  year  prtc«ding. 

The  cured  fig  output  is  estimated  at  5,900,000  lbs.,  against  a  Figi- 
production  of  6,000,000  lbs.  in  the  year  preceding.     The  colony  of 
the  blastophaga  or  fig-wasp  at  Fresno  is  in  a  flourishing  condition, 
and  another  colony  has  been  established  at  Niles,  California,  on 
a  site  giving  greater  assurance  of  immunity  from  frost. 

About  60  tons  of  cured  figs  were  secured  from  the  Fresno 
orchard  last  year,  and  are  siud  to  be  almost  identical  with  those 
imported  from  Smyrna.  They  will  be  marketed  under  the  name 
"  Calimyma "  to  distinguish  them  from  the  ordinary  Califomian 
fig,  which  is  not  a  very  attractive  product. 

The  estimated  raisin  crop  for  1901  is  72,000,000  lbs.,  against  Bmum. 
94,325,000  lbs.  produced  in  1900.  This  shortage  is  attributed  to 
frost  in  April,  which  blighted  grape  prospects  in  most  poitions  of 
Northern  California.  With  this  exception  the  crop  arrived  at 
maturity  with  no  serious  drawback,  and  under  favourable  con- 
ditions. 

Prices  ruled  lower  than  in  1900.  As  with  the  other  great 
co-operative  fruit  association  in  this  State,  the  California  Baisin 
Growers'  Association  has  retrograded  from  the  position  it  once 
held,  and  dissensions  and  loss  in  acreage-control  have  weakened 
it  both  in  the  eyes  of  growers  and  of  dealers. 

The  output  of  prunes  for  1901  is  estimated  at  60,000,000  lbs.,  Pruii«*. 
the  figure  for  the  year  preceding  being  now  placed  at 
174,000,000  lbs.  A  light  yield  following  a  lai^e  yield  is  a  natural 
sequence,  but  it  is  not  this  fruiting  habit  which  is  alone  re- 
sponsible for  the  great  difference  between  the  two  seasons.  Frosts 
(91)  B  4 


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24  SAN   FRANCISCO. 

in  April  gi-eatly  iiijm-ed  tlie  pi-ospects,  and  the  heavy  dropping  of 
the  fruit  in  .hine  further  atfected  the  result.  The  harveet,  except 
at  the  vtry  last,  was  secured  under  favourable  conditions,  and  the 
cured  product  is  of  good  quality  and  graded  largely — 40  to  60  to 
the  lb. 

Prices  of  the  new  crop  settled  down  to  2j  c.  (Ifrf.)  per  lb.,  with 
the  old  crop,  of  which  there  was  a  large  stock  on  hand,  J  c.  (^rf.) 
lower. 

Tlie  .small  output  of  1901  relievetl  tlie  stloatiou  temporarily 
and  penuited  the  surplus  crop  of  1900  to  !«  disposed  of,  hut  the 
ultimate  outlook  of  the  industry  is  not,  promising;,  owing  to 
the  production  of  an  average  year  beinj^  largely  in  excess  of  the 
demand. 

There  has  lieen  serious  friction  l>etween  the  inanagenient  and 
some  of  the  members  of  the  California  Cured  Fruit  Association 
ever  since  its  foi-mation,  and  its  affairs  are  now  being  wound  up. 
The  contruversies  were  the  inevitable  consequence  of  a  pecuniarily 
unsuccessful  enterprise. 

A  large  crop  of  olives  was  produced  in  1901,  but  aa  the  growers 
of  the  southern  counties  found  dealers  unwilling  to  take  the  risk 
of  buying  their  product  at  pro6table  rates  they  organised  an 
association  to  deal  with  the  problem.  The  members  of  this  com- 
bination own  about  80  per  cent,  of  the  crop  of  Southern  California, 
wliicli  is  estimated  at  3,500  tons,  of  which  about  two-lhirds  will 
be  made  into  oil  and  the  remainder  pickled. 

The  juice  offered  by  dealers  nver^es  only  about  40  doL 
(8/.  4k.  11(/.)  per  ton,  wliich  is  greatly  below  former  rates  and 
quite  unprofitable  to  the  producer. 

The  State  Department  at  Washington  has  instnicted  the 
jJ2^^^*  j^  United  States  Consuls  residing  in  foreign  countries  competing 
lormga  with  California  in  the  production  of  fruit  to  furnish  telegraphic 

reports  regarding  the  crops  and  prices  thereof  in  their  respective 
diati'icts.  These  reports  arc  transmitted  to  this  State  and  pub- 
lished in  the  daily  press,  thereby  affording  fniic  jn-owers  informa- 
tion of  the  greatest  value  regarding  their  competitors  abroad. 
The  expense  in  connection  witli  this  service  is  borne  by  the  Pacific 
Commercial  Museum. 


Los  Angelrs 

Mr,  Yice-Cousul  C.  White  Mortimer  rep">rts  as  follows: — 
r  This  city  is  increasing  in  wealth  and  population  more  rapidly 
than  at  any  time  in  its  history,  and  this  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
for  the  past  four  years  the  rainfall  has  l)een  insuiiicient  to  properly 
mature  the  crops.  The  census  of  1900  shows  that  the  percentage 
of  increase  in  tlie  past  decade  in  value  of  manufactures,  bank 
clearings,  post-ofhce  receipts,  and  new  buildings  has  been  from 
200  to  1550  per  cent,,  and  that  the  increase  in  these  and  other 
indications  of  business  activity  is  more  rapid  than  in  any  other 


InfonuatioD 


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LOS  ANGELES.  za 

«ity  in  the  United  States.  Work  on  the  Govemmeut  breakwater 
at  the  pott  and  on  the  new  short  line  to  the  east  hy  the  way 
of  -Salt  Lake  City  is  proceeding  rapidly,  and  it  is  now  appai-ent 
that  the  real  growth  of  this  city  and  district  is  only  com- 
mencing. 

20  years  ago  Lob  Angeles  had  11,000  inhabitants.  There 
were  about  20,000  more  people  in  Los  Angeles  County,  and 
in  all  about  45,000  people  in  Southern  California,  and  Los 
j^ngeles  was  without  business  connections  outside  a  circle  of 
50  miles.  It  is  now  a  city  of  about  130,000  inhabitants,  there 
are  about  400,000  more  people  in  Southern  California,  and  it  is 
the  business  centre  for  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  There  are  19 
hanks,  more  than  100  churches,  hundreds  of  miles  of  paved  and 
graded  streets,  and  I  think  it  is  safe  to  say  that  there  is  no  city  of 
its  size  so  well  lighted  and  so  well  supplied  with  electric  street 
railways.  Three  transcontinental  rail-roads  centre  here,  and  a 
system  of  electric  roads  is  now  being  constructed  at  a  cost  of  more 
than  1,000,000/.  connecting  Los  Angeles  with  all  the  towns  and 
Tillages  in  the  vichiity.  Several  thousand  barrels  of  crude  oil  are 
produced  here  daily,  and  it  is  sold  at  so  low  a  price  that  the  cost 
of  fuel  for  manufacturing  is  less  than  in  any  other  city  in  the 
country. 

Senator  Clark's  railroad  from  Los  Angelas  to  Salt  Lake  City  is 
being  actively  pushed,  and  work  on  another  road  between  these 
cities  has  been  commenced  by  the  Union  Pacific.  Tliat  two  more 
transcontinental  roads  are  being  built  to  Los  Angeles  ia  due  to  the 
fact  that  with  the  completion  of  the  harbour  now  being  constructed 
here  it  is  realised  tliat  the  Oriental  trade  will  be  diverted  to  Los 
Angeles.  The  eaay  grades,  and  the  freedom  from  snow  blockades 
on  the  southern  roads  giving  them  such  an  advantage  over  the 
Central  and  Northern  Pacific  lines  as  to  insure  Lob  Angeles 
being  the  gateway  from  the  East  to  the  interior  of  the  United 
States. 

The  following  comparative  statements  will  jjive  some  idea  of 
the  condition  of  business,  and  the  increase  in  the  last  year  and  the 
last  decade : — 

The  clearinf;-house  i-eturns  show  that  the  total  clearings  in  1891 
amounted  to  7,420,000/1,  and  in  1901  had  increased  to  ;!2,100,0OO/. 
The  percentage  of  increase  in  clearings  for  the  past  year  over  the 
year  1900  was  23J  per  cent.  The  increase  in  bank  deposits  in  the 
past  decade  amounted  to  over  2.30  per  cent. 

The  inspector  of  buildings  of  this  city  reports  that  permits  for 
new  buildings  have  been  taken  out  as  follows  : — 


Yew. 

Amonnt. 

1900 

1901 

£ 
500,000 
876.000 

Some  yean  ago,  I  advised  Biitish  capitalists  to  purchase  city  Adrir*  lo 

onpilaliitt. 


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•>(>  LOS   ASliKLEri. 

and  county  )^ld  bonds  here.  Ttiu  rate  of  interest  has  decreased  bo 
much  of  late,  however,  that  there  is  no  particular  inducemeint  to 
do  this  now.  20  years  ago  I.os  Aisles  had  to  pay  fi'om  8  to 
10  per  ceut.  interest  on  her  bonds.  10  years  ago  the  rate  was  5^ 
per  ctjnt.,  and  now  it  is  3'85  per  cent,  Tliere  ai*  some  gold  lionds 
of  Intimate  enterprises  still  for  sale  hew  whioh  net  about 
5  per  cent.  The  rate  of  intei'est  on  best  tirst  roortg^e  security 
has  declined  from  about  10  per  cent  net  to  about  5  per  cent,  net, 
on  sums  of  fi-om  100/.  to  400/.,  6i  to  7  per  cent,  net  is  still  paid. 
Information  as  to  investments  of  this  description  can  no  doubt  .be 
obtained  tlirough  the  London  agen^jies  of  the  banks  here.  Barcla\- 
and  Company,  Limited,  are  the  London  agents  of  the  First  National 
Bank  of  lum  Angeles. 

In  my  last  report  I  advised  capitalists  not  to  purchase  oil 
stocks  without  personally  inspecting  the  pro]}erties.  I  am  afraid 
that  this  advice  has  not  been  followed,  to  the  loss  of  a  number  of 
investors. 

The  only  classes  needed  here  are  farmers  with  some  capital, 
capitalists,  great  and  small,  and  labourers.  The  "  Lob  Angeles 
Times,"  in  its  issue  of  September  22,  1901,  discourages  clerks. 
book-keepers  and  professional  people  from  coming  here.  I  make 
the  following  extract  from  the  article : — 

"  The  '  Times '  in  its  special  editions  prepared  for  circulation 
abroad,  has  always  emphasised  the  fact  that  I>os  Angeles  is  no 
place  for  persons  without  means  who  seek  light  employment  at 
such  work  as  Iwok-keeping,  clerking  and  so  forth,  or  even  for  the 
professional  Tuan  of  moderate  ability  and  small  means,  as  we  are 
already  crowded  with  that  class  of  people.  There  is  probably  no 
city  of  the  size  in  the  United  States  where  it  is  so  difficult  to 
obtain  work  of  this  kiud  at  a  reasonable  rate  of  remuneration  as  in 
Los  Angeles.  This  is  quite  natural,  and  is  only  what  might  be 
expected.  Tliousands  of  people  come  hei*  for  their  health,  in 
order  to  enjoy  the  mild  climate.  Many  of  these  people  ai-e  still 
able  to  do  li^t  work.  They  bring  with  them,  perhaps,  just  enough 
to  pay  their  board  and  lodging  for  a  limited  time.  Anythin,^'  they 
can  make  is  so  much  gained.  C-onsequently,  if  the  educated 
Eastern  consumptive  sees  a  chance  to  take  a  book-keeper's  place 
at  30  dol.  a  month  which  is  worth  100  dol.  a  month,  he  does  so. 
The  same  is  true  of  almost  every  branch  of  light  employment,  such 
for  instai'.ce  as  small  storekeeping.  An  advertisement  of  a  few 
lines  inserted  in  the  paper  calling  for  a  clerk  or  book-keeper  will 
often  bring  several  hundred  replies,  even  though  the  wages  offered 
may  be  ridiculously  low," 

It  was  stated  in  the  press  here  recently  than  an  Englislmian 
was  induced  by  the  Anglo-American  Company  to  purchase  a  farm 
in  Southern  California  before  leaving  the  United  Kingdom,  and  for 
which  he  paid  2,400/.  Needless  to  say  that  on  arriving  here,  he 
found  that  it  was  valueless.  1  mention  the  matter  in  the  faint 
hope  that  it  may  deter  othei'S  from  like  folly.  Land  should  not  be 
purchased  in  California  until  after  a  year's  lesidence  prospective 
settlers  have  learned  something  about  its  ^'alue. 


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LOS  AHGBLBS. 


Foieiga   going    vessels    dischaive  at   the   Southern    Faoifie  shmping  v 
Oompaoy  s  wluLTf  at  Port  Loa  Angeles,  16  miles  west  of  this  city.  lUTi^tioii. 
It  ia  an  open  roadstead,  and  vessels  are  sometimes  unable  to  come 
aloi^de  the  whatL 

lam.  indebted  to  the  Collector  of  Cuatoms  for  the  following 
retom  of  shipping  ^— 

Annex  A. — ^BsrCBir  of  all  Shipping  at  the  Fort  of  Los  Angelea, 
California,  during  the  Year  1901. 


Suling. 

Steam. 

TotaL 

NMionalitr. 

Nmnbw 

Toiu. 

5Dmber 

of 
TtmOM. 

Ton*. 

tTumber 
of 

Ton*. 

British    .. 
Amerwan 

1 
8 
X 

1,788 

8 
89 

27,948 
71,768 
6,M6 

9 
43 

4 

29,440 
71,882 
8^678 

loba 
„    1900  .. 

6 
7 

8,8M 
10,874 

60 
40 

106,646 
76,80* 

65 
47 

110,000 
85,678 

Suting. 

Stum. 

Total. 

N>tdoiulit7. 

Knmber 

of 
TmmLl 

lona. 

Hnmbor 

of 
YmmU. 

Tona. 

of 

Tom. 

Britoh    .. 
AnKTioui 
Other  DOWitriM.. 

"a 

'ss 

8 
80 
8 

27.948 
64,719 
6,946 

8 
32 
8 

27,948 
64,768 
6,945 

Total 

„    1900.. 

i 

88 

9,407 

41 
84 

99,6ia 
64,669 

4B 
40 

90,646 
7V>76 

Speakii^t  generally,  I  believe  I  may  say  that  the  only  opening  Tf«de 
here  for  British  tiade  is  in  the  very  best  goods.    In  cheap  machine-  "o"™* 
made  goods  the  United  States  is  easily  first    Taking  guns,  for 
exam^e,  nothing  made  in  Europe  can  compete  with  the  cheap 
gnus    nude    here,    and    sportsmen    here    tell    me    that    they 
cannot  get  a  gan  in  the  United  States  at  all  approaching  the  best 
Bngli^  gons.    It  will  be  seen  tiam  Annex  B  Uiat  piactically  the 
only  articles  of  import  are  Portland  cement  and  coaL    The  coa 
brought  from  British  Columbian  ports,   and  is    being   rapidly 
aaperBeded  by  ml  produced  here.    Most  of  the  cement  comes  from 


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z8  .I/)B  ANCELEB. 

Ocnnsny  end  Belgium,  and  unless  England  can  supply  a  better 
article  at  a  lower  price  she  must  lose  this  trade.  '^ 

Heretofore  coffee  has  been  dmnk  here  almoat  to  the  exclusion 
of  tea.  More  tea  is  now  being  consumed,  and  as  the  quality  leav% 
much  to  be  desired,  while  the  price  is  quite  high,  I  should  think 
when  the  demand  increases  pure  Ceylon  teaa-might  be  sold  here  bfr 
advantage.  Several  agencies  for  the  sale  of  Ceylon  teas  have  been 
.estabhshed  here  in  the  laat  11  years  and  have  not  been  successfi4, 
and  the  time  is  not  yet  ripe  to  press  the  sale  of  good  teas.  I 
think,  however,  that  there  will  be  a  market  her©  in  the  future. 

The  citrus  fruit  exported  from  Southern  Califomia  in  the  past 
two  years  is  reported  as  follows : — 


Yeu. 

QuMtilj.. 

Valued  at— 

1900  ..   ■      

1901          

■ 

Cu-loadt. 
17,103 
24,098- 

'£ 
1,900,000 
2,200,000 

NOTTt. — A  car  load  oo 


»  of  862  boiea  waigbing  abtmt  70  lb*,  per  boi. 


The  crop  now  being  harvested  will  be  less  than  last  year, 
owing  to  drought  in  the  early  part  of  the  season.  Over  2,006 
car  loads  of  vegetables  will  be  despatched  this  season. 

I  am  Indebted  to  the  collector  of  customs  for  the  statistics  of 
exports  and  imports  in  Annexes  B  and  C  following : — 

Annex  B. — Retchn  of  Principal  Articles  of  Import  to  Los 
Angeles,  California,  during  the  Years  1900-01. 


Artiolea. 

Tone       . 
Bamk  . 

laop.. 

1901. 

1  Quantity.       Talne. 

QuMititj. 

Talne. 

■    Coal 

Cement       .. 
Othw  article!        .. 

1             '      e 

137,480    j    109,986 

I      62,862          18.619 

1       9,289 

91,804 
19.811 

£ 
78,441 
..    8.862 
3.608 

Tolal   .. 

1         ..         j    187.783 

80,809 

Annex  C. — Table  showing  Total  Value  of  all  Article  Imported 
to  Los  Angeles  from  Fore^  Countries  during  the  Tears 
1900-01. 


,                               Cooiifay. 

Talae. 

1900. 

1901. 

tTniUd  Eingdon 
Britiih  Oolmnbia 
Other  countriea 

8,148 
112,263 
17,387 

e                * 

■8,603 
78.411 
7,1!8 

i                                      Total           ..         .: 

187.798 

83,078                   ■ 

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LOB  INQBLM.  39  • 

The  census  of  1900  shows  a  surprismg  increase  in  nuumfacttues  poiHihtioB 
in  this  city:  The  capital  invested  is  returned  at  2,400,0001,  an  >■><! 
increase  of  115  per  cent,  in  the  last  decade.  In  view  of  the  fact  »n^'"'*i«* 
that  Los  Angeles  has  been  little  else  than  a  health  resort  until 
very  recently,  this  is  remarkable,  and  due  almost  wholly  to: 
the  discovery  of  cheap  fuel.  Oil,  which  is  now  sold  here  at  2&  pet' 
barrel  of  42  gallons,  is  cheaper  than  coal  at  7s.  per  ton.  In  the 
past  decade  Uiere  haa  bean  a  great  reduction  in  the  rate  ol'  interest,' 
and  in  uisurance  rates,  and  tlus,  with  the  cheap  fuel  accounts  for 
the  increase  in  manufactures.  lai^  deposits  of  iron  ore  have- 
recently  been  discovered  near  this  city,  and  steel  works  and  cotton 
factories  are  now  projected.  The  cropu  and  manufactured  goods 
ill  this  district  produce  about  20,000,000/.  per  annum,  and  to  this 
must  be  added  at  least  6,000,000^.  left  here  annually  by  the 
40,000  to  60,000  tourists  from  the  Eastern  States,  Canada  and 
Europe.  This  latter  "  crop  "  is  increasing  annually,  and  this  in  ■ 
{ace  of  discouragement  at  the  hands  of  some  of  the  hotel 
proprietors,  who  are  now  ctiarging  21.  to  3^  per  day  for  a  room' 
^thout  board. 

A  post-office  building  sufficient  for  the  needs  of  this  city  at  the  Port-o***- 
^me  was  erected  here  in  1892  at  a  cost  of  25,000/.  The  city  has 
grown  so  rapidly,  however,  that  it  has  now  become  necesaaiy  to' 
pull  it  down,  and  a  new  building,  to  cost  200,0001.,  is  to  be  con- 
structed in  its  place.  At  the  present  rate  of  increase  the  popula- 
tion of  this  city  will  be  over  600,000  in  1920. 

The  county  coroner  reports  that  he  held  314  inquests  in  1901,  D«»*iifc 
in  which   nine    verdicts    of  murder   were  returned    and   25   of 
suicide. 

The  city  health  officer  reports  that  there  were  1,927  deaths  in 
this  city  in  1901,  this  gives  a  death  rate  of  l&'OO  per  1,000.  A 
very  large  percentage  were  people  who  came  here  in  search  of 
bealth ;  428  died  of  toberculosis  contracted  elsewhere. 

The  county  clerk  reports  as  follows  : —  DiTOw  ind 


The  superintendent  of  the  free  schools  in  this  city  reports  as  BdnoMioa. 
follows : — 

"  The  total  number  of  children  of  school  age,  tiiat  is,  between 
-5  and  17  years  of  age,  is  38,1«}6.  Of  tliis  number,  23,609  attended 
the  free  schools,  2,102  attend  private  schools,  and  6,262  do  not 
attend  any  schooL  There  are  60  free  schools  in  the  city,  valued, 
with  tiieir  furniture,  at  262,800/.  The  school  bonds  outstanding 
against  the  city  amount  to  about  200,000/.,  bearing  interest  at 
fi  and  4^  per  cent.    Additional  sdiool  accommodation  is  required. 


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80  LOS  ANQELSa 

and  bonds  to  the  amonnt  of  80,000^  will  aliortly  be  iaaaed.  ^ese 
bonds  will  probably  be  iasued  at  about  4  per  cent.,  and  will  be 
good  security  for  people  satiafled  with  a  low  rate  of  interest. 

This  district  has  never  been  carefully  prospected  for  gold  and 
copper.  When  it  was  profitable  to  mine  silver  about  20  years 
ago  there  was  very  little  demand  for  copper,  and  gold-copper 
locations  were  frequently  taken  up  and  abandoned.  The  United 
Verde  Copper  Mine,  worth  to-day  several  millions  sterling,  was 
offered  for  a  few  thousand  dollars  in  1881.  Lai^e  deposits  of 
molybdenite  and  other  rare  ores  have  been  found  here,  and  there 
are  immense  deposits  of  infusorial  earth,  asbestos,  sulphur,  borax. 
Bait,  nitre,  and  other  substances,  some  of  which  are  not  worked 
at  ^1,  and  others  to  a  very  limited  extent.  I  am  reliably  informed 
that  on  the  new  road  from  Lob  Angeles  to  Salt  Lake,  now  in  the 
course  of  construction,  there  are  enormous  deposits  of  iron  and 
coaL 

It  is  almost  impossible  to  get  accurate  statistics  of  tfae  output 
of  oil  in  this  district  There  are  about  1,100  wells  within  the 
city  limits  of  this  city,  producing  from  3  to  20  barrels  per  day. 
In  the  Fullerton  oil  district,  about  15  miles  south-east  of  tius 
city,  some  of  the  wells  produce  as  much  as  100  barrels  per  day. 
The  total  production  of  oil  in  this  district  in  1900  was 
estimated  at  4,000,000  barrels,  in  1901  at  8,000,000  barrels.  As 
the  price  has  now  dropped  from  4^.  to  2s.  per  barrel,  the  production 
has  lessened,  and  the  amount  for  this  year  will  probably  be  a  good 
deal  le^B  than  last  year.  The  transcontinental  railways  are  con- 
verting their  engines  into  oil  burners,  as  it  is  new  demonstrated 
that  there  ie  no  danger  of  a  shortage  in  the  supply  of  oiL  This 
will  effect  a  saving  of  at  least  60  per  cent,  in  the  fuel  bills  of  tfae 
railway  companies. 

The  production  of  beet  sugar  at  Oxnard  in  this  district  in  1900 
was  19,392,900  lbs.,  and  in  1901    41,783,800    lbs.     The  other 
factories  in  this  district  did  not  work  in  1900,  owing  to  drought, 
and  in  1901  the  Chino  Factory  produced  4,902,000  lbs. 
■  The  heat  of  the  sun  is  being  utilised  here  to  create  power 

*  and  to  heat  water  for  domestic  purposes.  At  the  ostricfa  farm 
adjoining  this  city,  a  solar  motor  is  in  operation  every  sunny  day 
(about  300  days  in  the  year),  and  pumps  1,400  gallons  of  water 
per  minute.  One  man  can  easily  revolve  the  whole  structure  on 
its  axis ;  the  reflector  is  33  feet  6  inches  in  diameter  on  top,  and 
15  feet  on  the  bottom;  l.'ZSS  mirrors  concentrate  the  sunshine 
upou  a  central  point — the  boiler — this  receptacle  is  13  fett  6  inches 
in  kngth,  and  contains  100  gallons  of  water,  leaving  still  8  cubic 
feet  for  steam.  The  contrivance  is  designed  to  resist  a  wind 
pressure  of  100  miles  per  hour ;  it  is  entirely  automatic,  and  runs 
all  day  without  attention;  the  steam  pressure  is  conirolled  by 
means  of  a  safety  valve ;  the  supply  of  water  to  the  boiler  is 
furnished  by  an  automatic  apparatus,  and  by  means  of  a  condenser 
the  steam  is  returned  to  the  boiler  after  working  the  engine. 

Solar  heaters  are  placed  on  the  roofs  of  the  houses  end  con- 
nected with  the  water  pipes.  One  heater  will  supply  hot  water 
foi-  domestic  purposes  for  an  ordinary  family. 


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LOS   AXGEIJilS.  'M 

The  railway  now  being  coustmcted  belweeii  Los  Angeles  and  Poblio  work*. 
Salt  Lake  City  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  this  city  and 
vicinity,  first,  because  it  will  give  competition  in  the  transcon- 
tinental business ;  secondly,  because  it  will  shorten  the  distance 
to  Chicago  very  materiaily ;  and  thirdly,  because  it  will  open  up 
«nd  make  tributary  to  Los  Angeles  a  very  valuable  mining 
country. 

Mr.  Gibbon,  a  vice-president  of  the  company,  writes  to  me  as 
follows :  — 

"  The  plans  of  the  San  Pedro,  Los  Angeles  and  Salt  !Uike  Itaihoad 
Company  are  to  continue  construction  as  rapidly  as  possible  until 
its  line  from  Los  Angeles  to  Salt  Ijike  City  is  completed  and  in 
operation.  We  have,  during  the  past  year,  rebuilt  the  27  miles 
of  line,  extending  l>etween  T.os  Angeles  and  San  Pedro,  have  also 
acquired  considerable  rights  of  way  extending  from  the  City  of 
Los  Angeles  towards  Salt  Lake  City,  have  graded  aboitt  40  miles 
of  road  and  are  now  engaged  in  laying  the  track  thereon.  We 
have  surveyed  probably  two-tliirds  of  the  total  length  of  the  line, 
and  have  filed  maps  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  covering 
several  hundred  miles  through  lands  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment. We  have  expended  between  5,000,000  and  6,000,000  dol. 
in  the  enterprise,  this,  of  course,  including  a  lai^  amount  of 
equipment,  20,000  tone  of  steel  rails,  several  hundred  thousand 
ties,  and  other  construction  maceriaL" 

General  farming  has  been  much  depressed  here  during  the  i^cultnn. 
past  four  years,  owing  to  insufficient  rainfall,  the  principal  sufferers 
being  those  engaged  in  grain  farming  and  stock  raising.  The  fruit 
growers,  who  depend  on  irrigation  have,  with  some  exceptions,  not 
suffered  very  much,  as  the  sources  of  supply  of  the  artesian  wells 
and  other  water  used  for  irrigating  are  in  the  high  Sierras,  hun- 
dreds of  miles  away. 

It  will  be  seen  elsewhere  in  this  report  that  orange  growing  Onuge*. 
is  one  of  the  principal  industries,  and  great  care  is  taken  to  pre- 
vent the  importation  of  diseased  fruit  In  some  portions  of  Mexico 
the  oranges  are  infested  with  m^gots,  and  in  reference  to  this  the 
quarantine  officer  of  the  State  Board  of  Horticulture  says  in  his 
last  report: — 

"  I  hope  that  Congress  will  take  some  action  at  the  coming  : 

Session  and  pass  a  law  that  will  prohibit  the  introduction  of 
omnges  from  the  infeeted  sections.  If  a  measure  of  this  kind  is 
not  enacted,  the  growers  of  citrus  fruits  in  the  United  States  may 
soon  have  to  wage  warfare  upon  a  pest  that  will  be  more  difGcnlt 
to  control  than  the  codlin  moth  in  apples  aud  pears.  I  do  not 
anticipate  any  satisfactory  result  from  the  Mexican  Government 
request  to  the  Governors  of  the  various  States  to  have  the  pest 
stamped  out  in  their  districts.  It  is  too  serious  a  question  for 
our  Government  to  hesitate  upon.  From  a  personal  interview 
with  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  I  am  satisfied  that  we  can  rely 
upon  his  hearty  co-operatiou  in  preventing  such  a  pest  entering 
the  United  States." 

The  report  from  which  the  above  is  an  extract  is  most  interest- 


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H2  LOS  angei.es. 

in<»  and  valuable  to  fruit  growers,  and  shows  the  care  that  is  beinjj 
taken  to  prevent  the  introduction  into  Californiii  of  injurious 
paraaites. 

The  olive  growers  here  are  suffering  from  over-production. 
One  of  tbe  largest  olive  groves  in  the  world  is  at  San  Fernando, 
about  20  luiles  north-weet  of  IjOS  Angeles.  It  contains  nearly 
1,400  acies  in  olive  trees  just  commencing  to  bear.  As  I  havn 
said  in  former  reports,  when  the  people  learn  how  much  morf^ 
wholesome  olive  oil  is  for  cooking  than  animal  oils,  the  demand 
will  make  the  business  profitable.  At  present  1  understam) 
tliat  it  is  unprofitable  and  some  growers  are  upi-ooting  theii- 
trees.  A  good  deal  of  British  capital  has  been  invested  in  this 
industry  in  this  district  to  the  sorrow  of  the  investora  The 
Secretaiy  of  the  State  Board  of  Horticulture  writes  me  that  he 
is  unable  to  obtain  statistics  of  the  output  of  olive  oil  and  pickled 
olives. 

Walnut  trees  are  proving  to  be  in  many  respects  more  profit- 
able than  orange  groves.  Tliere  is  less  danger  of  over-production, 
as  it  takes  about  1 6  years  to  bring  a  walnut  tree  into  full  bearing, 
iind  conipamti\'ely  few  can  afford  to  wait  so  long  for  returns.  The 
denjnnd  for  the  nuta  is  steady,  and  the  prices  obtained  are  very 
good.  The  Secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Horticulture  writes 
uie  that  the  estimated  yield  of  walnuts  in  this  district  for  1901 
is  14,rOO,000  lbs.,  and  adds  :— 

"  llepresentatives  of  the  Walnut  Growers'  Association  of 
Sontliem  (Jalifornia,  through  whom  the  lai^er  part  of  the  crop 
is  sold,  fixed  the  prices  on  September  21,  1901,  as  follows: — 
Standard,  4^d.  per  lb. ;  soft  shell,  4jcf.  per  lb. ;  second  grades  of 
either  ^■ariety,  Id.  less  per  Ih.,  f.o.b.  cars." 

A  fungus  affection  lias  been  spreading  among  tbe  walnut  trees 
through  the  various  district  during  the  last  few  years.  This- 
condition  appears  to  vary  with  the  seasons  and  not  to  remain 
permanently  with  the  trees.  Apart  from  this,  the  walnut  tree  is 
very  healthy  and  free  from  pests.  The  value  of  a  walnut  grove 
varj-s  a  good  deal  according  to  the  quality  of  the  land  and  the 
water  rights,  prices  running  from  80^.  to  200/.  per  acre  for  hearing 
orchards. 

Ploughs  driven  by  steam-power  are  used  to  some  extent  lu 
this  district.  On  level  land  these  machines  will  plough  as  much 
UB  200  acres  per  day. 

As  stated  elsewhere  in  this  report,  this  district  has  suffered  a 
good  deal  from  drought  for  several  years  past.  An  official  recoi-d  - 
of  the  rainfall  has  been  kept  here  for  the  last  24  years.  In  the 
first  eight  years  of  this  period  the  average  rainfall  was  16'8o 
inches,  in  the  second  eight  years  the  average  was  1948  inches, 
and  in  the  last  eight  years  the  average  was  only  1064  inches.  Up 
to  February,  1902,  the  rainfall  was  so  light  as  to  make  it  probable  . 
that  there  would  be  a  total  failure  of  the  crops.  Heavy  rains  in 
the  first  half  of  March  have  removed  this  apprehension,  and  it  is 
now  probable  that  there  will  be  a  reasonably  good  ciop. 

The  wealthy  tourists  from  the  Eastern  States,  who  tornieily 


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LOS  ANGELES.  33 

went  to  Iflorida  for  the  winter,  ore  now  comiDg  to  Los  Angeles 
in  greater  nunLbers.  This  change  is  due  in  part  to  the  fact 
that  the  attractions  of  California  are  being  advertised  by  tlie 
transcontinental  railways  throughout  the  Eaetein  States  and 
Canada,  and  principsdly  to  the  fact  that  California  does  present 
attractions  not  found  eUewhere.  Every  kind  of  climate  can  be 
found  here  in  the  winter  time,  from  intense  cold  in  the  mountainB 
to  bright  sunshine  and  warm  dry  air  in  the  orange  groves.  In 
sumioer  cold  fc^,  with  a  temperature  of  50  degrees,  can  be  had 
at  San  Francisco,  and  within  an  hour's  run  a  temperature  of  100 
d^rees  in  the  San  Joaquiu  Valley,  or  75  to  80  d^rees  at  Loa 
Angeles.  The  tourist  can  find  every  kind  of  mountain  and  valley 
scenery,  and  the  sportsmao  can  catch  any  kind  of  fish,  from 
trout  and  bass  to  tuna  and  jew-flsh,  weighing  200  to  500  lbs.,  or 
shoot  almost  any  kind  of  bird  or  animal  indigenous  to  the  northern 
and  central  portions  of  the  Continent.  InvfUids  make  the  mistake 
of  coming  here  for  the  winter,  and  returnii^  to  their  homes  in 
the  spring,  the  climate  in  summer,  however,  is  more  beneficial 
for  invalids,  and  at  or  near  the  sea  coast  is  never  too  hot. 

In  this  report  dollars  have  been  converted  in  11.  sterling  at 
the  rate  of  5  dol.  per  11.  and  Id.  na  the  equivalent  of  2  c. 


San  Dikgo. 

Mr.  Vice-Consul  Allen  reports  as  follows  : — 

The  drought  of  the  past  four  years  has  been  a  great  obstacle  introduotorj. 
in  the  path  of  progress  for  a  section  as  wholly  dependent  upon 
^riculture  as  is  that  of  the  country  immediately  surrounding  San 
Diego. 

The  rainfall  of  1901,  although  not  enough  to  insure  good 
barveste,  was  sufficient  to  save  the  seed  in  the  shape  of  hay, 
where  grain  was  not  reaped  and  helped  out  the  fruit  interests 
materially. 

Agriculture  generally,  however,  lias  been  in  a  depressed 
condition. 

The  fruit  growers  depend  almost  entirely  on  irrigation,  and 
are  therefore  to  soma  extent  independent  of  the  rainfall,  except 
in  so  far  as  the  replenishing  of  the  reservoirs  is  concerned,  and 
for  this  purpose  it  proved  sufficient. 

Owing  to  the  poor  harvests  no  given  shipments  were  made  Trmde  and 
from  the  port  during  the  past  year.  conuneree. 

Coal   importations  show   the   large   increase  of  12,494^.  I6s.  Co»l«uid 
over  the  previous  year.     Cement  a  decrease  of  1,238/.  8a.    The  <*"""•"■ 
value  of  cement  imported  from  the  United  Kingdom  amounted 
to  10,356(.  158.    The  remainder  valued  at  6,894/.  17«.  came  from 
Belgium  and  Germany. 

The  coal  importations  from  British  Columbia  are  valued  at 
25,798/.,  and  thoae  from  Australia  at  5,313/.  18s. 

A  good  deal  of  coal  was  sent  during  1901  to  Los  Angeles  by 
(91)  c 


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34 


SAN   DIIOO. 


rail  from  this  port  The  Sasta  Fi  Railway,  formerly  a  large' 
customer  for  coal  at  this  port,  has  for  Bome  years  past  used  oil 
for  fuel  entirely,  as  it  is  both  clieaper  and  cleaner. 

With  the  above  exceptions  of  coal  and  cement,  moat  of  the 
imports  for  local  consumption  caxae,  as  in  previous  years,  by  sail 
and  rail  from  San  Francisco,  Los  Angeles  and  the  Eastern  States. 

German  cutlery  has  to  a  lai'ge  extent  superseded  British  in 
the  local  market  owing,  I  am  informed  by  the  vendors,  to  tlie 
fact  that  German  dealers  are  willing  to  replace  any  article  having 
a  defect  or  flaw,  which  a  customer  may  discover  after  the  pm- 
chase  has  been  made,  and  also  to  their  willingness  to  supply  small 
orders. 

The  trade  in  pruning  shears  and  knives,  &c.,  on  account  of 
the  large  fruit  interests,  is  considerable,  and  the  Germans  are 
paying  great  attention  to  it  They  also  supply  the  market  largely 
with  scissore,  pocket  knives,  and  razors.  It  is  doubtful,  however, 
if  any  foreign  country  can  long  compete  in  the  steel  trade ; 
America  is  already  lately  supplying  chese  articles  itself,  and 
will  in  a  few  years  do  so  entirely. 

The  following  tables  show  the  amount  and  principal  articles  of 
export  and  import  during  the  years  1900-01 : — 


Ketuh.n  oC  Pr 


cipal  Articles  of  Import  to  San  Di^o  during  the 
Yeare  1900-01. 


KMOtt. 

1«0. 

mi. 

qunUtf 

1       Vslu.. 

quuituy 

V^w. 

OmI 

.       ...  Tom 

...    ■a.Mt 

j        I8,7M     * 

4wai 

turn  'i 

Ctmial       

.,.;       »,«M 

M,8» 

Silk 

t^llla   a 

'.'.'.   Lb.." 

...'     tUM 

nViis 

Kit. ::;    ;:: 

„.    1M,IM 

CkiumDilJ>iiu>» 

8,N»  a 

SUK.r[roniH«lK-KDIlg 

2.ma 

""■in*      

a,<s>  u 

"'wi  " 

JoM  ind  fibre       ... 

;        ■"   Samiier 

...      1S,M5 

8,I«T    s 

■2,Mi    g 

uiuDD  ud  ii'muw* 

1          l.MW  IS 

z.wt 

4,S6S    a 

BuIUoB  i(rid 

'.'.'.   Ob. 

'.'.'.\     *,ooa 

12,0*8    0 

QMtOMttUnlf .,. 

\na  8 

OtberutldH 

i>,8e8  IS 

8,tU    0 

EnMnd  lor  uneboat 

;    :::i     ::: 

iie,(i»   4 

...         !      1I2,W4  It 

d  by  Google 


Beturk  of  Principal  Articles  of  Export  from  San   Di^o  during 
the  Years  1900-01. 


.«-.. 

l»0.                   j                  Mi. 

OunO.,. 

Vihu. 

Quiuutr 

Tiilue. 

CMUm     

Wii.        

.„ 

: 

»1,7W    » 

Total 

.„ 

>14,U7    4 

... 

Me,«8  l« 

Table  showing  Total  Value  of  all  Articles  Exported  from  and 
Imported  to  San  Diego,  California,  to  and  from  Foreign 
Countries  during  the  Years  1900-01, 


Country. 

ExporU. 

Import.. 

1900.       ;         1901. 

1900. 

1901. 

United   Kiogdom    sud 

China  uid  J>paD        .. 
Heiioo 

£       .. 

132    0 

267,868    4 

89,018    i 

7,M8  16 

£        #. 

1,626    4 

172,101    0 

30,906    0 

4.046  12 

£       •. 

89,660    8 
62,462  16 
80,964    8 
16,481  12 

£        '. 

43,481    4 
47,816    4 
16,610    8 
14,997    0 

Total     . . 

314,647    4 

306,678  16 

186,619    4 

128,804  16 

ralne. 

IlIlport^  1901 

£         : 

122,804  16 

4,687    4 

127,944    4 

In  bond,  under  inuuediate  tmuportMion.  mnd 
paid  at  other  port* 

uty 

Totelim 

portatiODBthn 

ugh  port.. 

2H936    4 

(91) 


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Bkturk  of   all  Shipping   at  the  Port  of  San  "Disgo,  California, 
United  States  of  America,  during  the  Year  1901. 


BritUh    .. 
Amenoa 
Other  iMtioiuji  lie* 

5 

8,324 

67J< 

6,687 

91 
96 
10 

64.786 
129,998 
17,020 

96 
186- 
18 

78,06(1 
130,677 
28,667 

Totol 
„    1900  . . 

49 
41 

16,440 

8,277 

196 
206 

811,764 

213,661 

246 
247 

227,19». 
220,828 

Clsarkd. 

T 
Kumber 

KMioriBlity, 

Sailing. 

Ifi,mbt-r 

of            Ton.. 
TmmU. 

VmmIb. 

Ton.. 

otaL 
Ton*. 

Brituh     .. 
Amencftii 
Other  DfttioDalitiea 

»i 

8,324 
492 

9,710 

00 
9 

8 

61,462 

10,948 
16,S46 

96 
40 

13 

6B,776 
11,386 
25.956 

„    1900  .. 

41        . 
81 

18,626 
10.680 

107 
117 

88.641 
107,057 

148 
148 

107,067 
117,787 

Shipping  ud  The  Dumber  of  British  ships  calling  at  the  port  during  1901 
DaTiption.  ia  about  the  same  as  those  of  the  previous  year,  and  amounled  to 
96  entries  and  95  clearings,  91  of  which  were  steamers  and  5 
Bailing  vessels.  The  coal  importations  from  British  Columbia 
were,  with  the  exception  of  the  last  cai^o,  broi^ht  to  this  port  in 
British  bottoms. 
Oaliromut  During  the  past  year  the  two  lines  of  steamers  trading  between 

Mid  Orimtal    San   Diego   and    foreign   ports,   in   connection   witli   the    tranp- 

a, x.:..       continental   railway   (Santa   ii),   have    discontinued   using   Sai. 

Diego  as  a  port  of  call,  viz.,  the  California  iind  Oriental  Steam- 
ship Company,  whose  vessels  traded  between  this  port  and  China 
and  Japan  via  Honolulu,  and  the  Kosnios,  a  German  line  whose 
steamers  rim  from  Hamburg,  touching  ut  ports  iu  South  and 
Central  America  and  Mexico. 

Two  or  three  steamers  of  the  first-named  company  may  dehver 
caivoes  here  during  the  spring  of  1 902,  us  their  charters  do  not 


CoropaQj. 
Koiinoi 

Staam.hip 
Computf. 


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SAN   DIEGO.  37 

expire  till  then,  but  after  that  the  steamship  line  will  cease  to 
call  at  this  port 

The  North  Island  Marine  Ways  has  installed  a  new  cable.  Marine  -nj*. 
The  arrival  of  the  cable  and  the  incidental  repairs  being  made 
at  the  ways  marks  a  great  improvement  for  the  shipping  interests 
of  San  Di^o  harbour.  Several  thousand  dollars  will  have  been 
expended  before  all  has  been  completed,  and  the  ways  are  in  good 
working  order.  The  company  will  be  able  to  handle  all  kinds  of 
steamers  and  sailing  craft,  up  to  1,200  tons,  in  which  class  is 
included  all  coast  plying  vessela. 

The  United  States  Govemmeut  has  already  allowed  large  sums  improTement 
for  fortifying  the  harbour,  and  the  construction  of  the  inter-  of  harbour. 
oceanic  canal  will  probably  entail  mure  elaborate  plans  for  this 
work  than  at  present  contemplated.  In  addition  to  these  expendi- 
tures on  the  part  of  the  Government,  the  Rivers  and  Harbour 
Bill  now  before  Congress  carries  with  it  an  appropriation  of 
70,000i.  for  the  general  improvement  of  this  harbour,  while  appro- 
priations have  already  been  allowed  and  made  available  for  the 
early  construction  of  a  Government  coaling  station  near  Fort 
Rosecmns,  and  for  the  enlargement  of  the  present  quarantine 
station  to  double  its  present  capacity.  The  growing  industrial 
life  along  the  western  coasts  of  South  and  Central  America  and 
Mexico,  the  expanding  commerce  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand, 
the  opening  of  China  to  trade  and  colonisation,  the  industrial  pro- 
gress of  Japan,  the  new  American  dominion  in  the  Philippines 
and  Hawaii,  and  the  unforeeen  development  of  Alaska,  are  the 
events  of  a  few  years,  coming  swiftly  and  with  cumulative  force, 
and  have  resulted  in  fixing  the  attention  of  capital  and  enterprise 
upon  the  seaports  of  California,  Or^on,  and  Washington,  and  are 
factors  that  must  be  counted  with  in  the  commercial  life  of  the 
near  future. 

The  records  of  the  Board  of  Public  Works  show  that  building  PopnUtloii 
permits,  a^regating  32,007^.,  were  issued  during  1901,     As,  how-  »'iaindn»trie». 
ever,  the  figures  given  in  asking  for  permits  are  usually  nominal, 
it  is  within  bounds  to  say  that  the  actual  amount  in  new  buildings 
during  the  year  was  nearer  50,000A 

The  Telephone  Company  has  made  great  improvements.  It 
has  purchased  its  own  home  at  a  cost  of  2,500/.,  and  all  the  wiren 
running  into  the  new  building  have  been  placed  underground,  and 
so  relieved  the  city  of  some  of  the  unsightly  wires  and  poles,  in 
addition  to  giving  better  sevice. 

A  feature  of  municipal  success  during  the  pa.st  year  was  the  tWy  w»ter 
purchiise  by  the  city  of  the  entire  properties  of  the  San  Diego  'J***™- 
Water  Company  for  100,000/.,  and  the  city  distributing  system  of 
the  Southern  California  Mountain  Water  Company  for  20,000i. 
The  question  was  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people  upon  the 
issue  of  120,000/.  in  bonds  to  pay  for  these  properties,  and  the 
action  of  the  City  Council  was  ratified.  Following  their  autho- 
rl'^ed  is&iie  came  the  sale  of  the  waDer  bonds,  which  netted  the 
city  a  substantial  premium. 

The  entire  trackage  of  the  San  Di^o  Electric  Railway  system  Kieotric 


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Fropoied 


38  SAS    DIEOO. 

lios  also  been  reconatructed,  and  has  been  very  tborouglily  doae. 
Some  27,000  split  redwood  ties,  6  by  8  inches  and  8  feet  loug, 
have  replaced  the  old  ties,  and  about  1,200  tons  of  60-lb,  steel 
rails  Jiavt!  i-eplaced  the  lighter  rails. 

The  total  coat  of  maintaining  the  public  school  system  in  this 
city  for  all  purposes  duriug  the  past  year  waa  15,834/.,  and  the 
total  number  of  teachers  employed  was  85.  The  average  daily 
attendance  for  the  year  ^laa  2,494.  The  total  number  aitendinf; 
schools,  including  thu  High  Schuol.  is  3,368.  There  are  eight 
school  buildinfjs  in  tlie  ciLy  projwr,  one  of  which  is  devot«d  ex- 
clusively to  lii'ih-school  work,  and  graduates  from  this  institution 
are  accepteil  without  examinatinn  into  any  of  the  State  univer- 
sities. There  is  besides  these  the  State  normal  school  lor  higher 
education. 

Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie,  who,  as  mentioned  in  a  previous  rejmrt, 
gave  lO.OOOi.  towards  the  biiildiiij;  of  a  pubhc  library  in  this 
city,  has  added  another  1,400/.  to  provide  for  heating,  book  shelves, 
furniture,  and  layiii<{  out  the  surrounding  grounds.  The  biiihling 
is  nearly  coini)leted,  and  will  be  opened  to  the  public  aliout  June, 
1902,  when  the  books  of  the  present  library  will  have  lieen  moved 
into  their  new  iiuartere. 

BunineNS  with  tiie  tiu'ee  local  railroads — San  Die^'O,  Cuyaniaca 
and  Easterij,  1^  >IolJu  and  National  City  and  Otay — has  shown  a 
decided  increase  durii^  1901  as  compared  with  previous  years. 
Owing  to  tbe  increase  in  freight  the  Cuyamoca  and  Eastern  has 
recently  put  on  a  special  passenger  sen'ice,  an  innovation  that 
haa  added  to  the  populaiity  of  this  road.  The  total  freight 
hauled  over  this  read  during  the  year  was  30,000  tons,  made  up 
of  the  folluwint;  items  : — Hay,  3,700  tons ;  grain,  844  tone ;  frnit, 
6,in7  tons  ;  stone,  10,703  tons  ;  miscellaneous,  8,646  tons.  Service 
over  the  La  Jolla  road  has  also  been  improving. 

The  National  City  and  Otay  Railway  Company  imports  a  very 
gooil  business  year.  The  increased  fre4i;ht3  have  compelled  this 
Company  to  put  on  an  independent  freight  train,  which 
gives  a  double  daily  freight  service  between  San  Di^o  and  the 
interior.  Early  in  the  year  instructions  were  given  to  overhaul 
the  entire  road  bed  of  the  railroad  company,  and  a  large  force  of 
men  has  been  employed  tliroughout  the  year  on  this  work,  and  the 
motive  power  and  rolling-stock  equipment  has  also  been  main- 
tained and  added  to,  ao  that  the  Company's  entire  property  is  ill 
better  condition  than  it  has  been  for  many  years, 

During  the  past  year  it  was  propo.sed  to  build  a  railroad  east- 
ward from  the  port  of  San  Diego  to  Yuma,  on  the  Colorado  River. 
The  possibilities  of  constrncting  such  a  road  have  been  discussed 
since  1868,  and  in  that  year  the  project  tailed  only  througii  the 
financial  embarrassment  of  a  foreign  syndicate,  which  agreed  to 
take  from  the  promoter  of  the  enterprise  the  amount  of  bonds 
necessary  to  build  it.  Such  a  raili-oad  reaching  the  Colorado  River 
and  beyond  will  tap  the  great  and  ever-increasing  trafiic  of 
Southern  California,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  and  of  Chihuahua. 
Sonora  and  Lower  California  in  Old  Mexii^,  thereby  opening  the 


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SAN   DIKOO.  89 

shortest  and  cheEipest  outlet  to  tide  water.  The  region  to  be 
trRversed  and  served  is  one  of  the  i-apidly-developing  newer 
sections  of  the  United  States,  owing  to  if^  large  production  of 
minerals,  principally  copper  and  iio\ti,  of  cattle,  hogs,  sheep,  fniit, 
cereals  and  other  agricultural  staples. 

As  a  preliminary  to  this  undertaking,  the  San  Biego  Chamber 
i)f  Commerce  appointed  a  committee,  who  have  effected  the 
organisation  of  the  San  Diego  and  Eaatcrn  Eailway  Company,  and 
lifive  elected  a  board  of  officers.  The  public  have  responded  to  an 
invitation  for  subscriptions,  and  a  sum  of  SfiOOt.  was  promised  the 
cummittee  for  the  necessary  survey  and  establishment  of  grades. 
The  surveyor  has  established  the  controlling  gradient  across  the 
mountains  as  75  feet  to  the  mile  as  the  lowest  grade  over  the 
coast  range,  and  it  is  expected  that  the  Han  Diego  Eastern  Railway 
Company  will  ehortly  be  organised,  with  substantial  financial  men 
on  the  directorate.  The  road  ie  to  reach  tide  water  at  tlie  port  of 
San  Diego,  and  would  thereby  furnish  the  local  traffic  of  Northern 
Mexico,  Southern  Arizona,  the  Colorado  Delta,  and  the  inter- 
mountain  region  with  the  shortest  route  to  the  sea. 

In  raising  lemons,  San  Diego  (Jouiity  leads  every  county  in  Lemom, 
Southern  California.  There  are  in  round  numbers  about  500,000 
lemon  trees  in  the  county,  of  which  nearly  200.000  are  in  bearing. 
The  output  in  19O0  was  about  600  car  loads.  During  1901 
between  700  and  800  car  loads  were  sent  out.  Wlien  the 
orchards  are  in  full  bearing  the  annual  product  will  be  several 
thousand  car  loads. 

At  the  close  of  1901  the  total  bonded  indebtedness  of  the  Bonded 
county  was  26,800Z.     As  an  offset  to  this  liability,  the  county  lias  ind«btedn«M 
public  buildings  valued  at  38,000/.,  and  tlie  treasurer  had  42,000/.  '^^'""^'^■ 
cash  on  hand.     There  are  1,260,117  acres  of  land  in  San  Diego 
county,  and  the  total  assessed  valuation  of  all  property  in  1901 
wa-fl  3,992,000/. 

The  cash  paid  into  the  San  Diego  Post  Office  for  stamps  sold  Postal 
during  the  year  banning  October  1,  1900,  and  ending  Sep- "^"P**- 
tend)er  30,  1901,  exceeded  that  of  the  previous  year  by  584/.  The 
total  receipte  for  stamps  purchased  during  the  year  ending  Sep- 
tember 30,  1900,  were  7,226/.  IQs.,  and  for  the  year  ending 
Septeralier  30,  1901,  7,810?.  Us.  The  figures  give  evidence  of  a 
healthy  increase  in  the  general  business  of  the  city  for  the  past 
year,  and  do  not  include  the  holiday  business,  which  is  believed  to 
have  exceeded  former  records. 

During  the  year  the  average  death  i-ate  per  1,000  of  the  popula-  Public 
tiou  was  12'46,  and  the  average  I'irth  rate  14-83  per  1,000.  No  '>«»l'>»- 
epidemic  of  any  consequence  visited  the  city,  nor  did  any  con- 
tf^^ions  diseases  gain  a  ''oothold.  The  number  of  rases  of  infectious 
di^'ases  report€d  during  the  ye.ir  has  been  very  small — -one  of 
diphthei'ia,  four  measles,  seven  of  scarlet  fever,  and  two  of  typhoid 
fever. 

The   mean    temperature  lot   the  year   was   61-4,   which    was  Climate. 
1  degree  above  normal.     The  highest  temperature,  96,  occurred  on 
October  21,  and  the  lowest,  35,  on  December  13.     During  the  year 


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LOSDOH : 

Printed  for  Wa  Hijntj'i  BUtionery  Office, 

Bi  HAKfiiaON  ASD  SOITB, 

Prinlcn  in  Ordinarj  to  Hu  Kijeatf. 

(76    6  I  02— H  k  8    m 


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No.  28S8  Annnal  Series. 
DIPLOMATIC  AND  CONSULAR  KEPORTS. 


[JNITED    STATES. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  YKAK  1901 


TRADE  AND  AGRICULTUttE  OF  THE  STATES  OF 
.      OREGON,  WASHINGTON  AND  IDAHO. 


REFERENCE  TO  PREVIOUS  REPORT,  Annoal  Series  No.  2666. 


Pruenttd  to  both  Houatt  of  Parliament  %  Command  of  Hie  Mi^utj/, 
JULY,  1902. 


LOVDOIT: 

PRnriBD  -BOB.  Hia  ICAJESTT'B  BTATIONBaT  05>E1C% 

BT  HASBISON  AND  SONS,  ST.  UAETIN'B  LANS, 


■Hu  lu,  aDinauuN  Stbekt,  WismiHtTn,  S.W.) 

or  OLIVEE  4:  BOTD,  Edikbhsch  ; 

m  I.  PONSONBT,  lis,  Qbutoh  Stbiu,  l>ttBua. 

tdos. 

([Cd.  786 — H>2.]  Price  Threepence. 


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CONTENTS. 


POBTLASD—        • 

Introdiiot(»7  n 


Imprata  bj  MmntriM  eoiapM«d    , 
Britiali  tnde  „„.._._... 


PopulatioD  ftad  indaittiM _...._,..-- ». 

M&nufactorM  in  Ongon  and  Wutungtoa . 
Labour „.._ _»— 


Fiihariei  of  Oregon  and  Wuhingbm ... 
Uining  .._.„..... „ 


Bcml»ft«t4  .. 
l^ition  ..... 


Lewis  and  Claik  OenteDDisl  and  Fkcifla  Sxpoaitiai 


ArniBii  report  ~^. — 

Tost  ToVHaxirs  report   . 


StBtirtie*)  UbU*  for  Pnget  Boimd  dirtriat ._ 
StiTTLi  report ^ „....„....__,„.„..... 


Non. — Ibronghont  thie  report  doIlM*  h^ve  been  Bowertet  into  ttrnMnt  at 
>  rate  of  6  doL  to  tlio  1). 


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No.  2858.  Annaal  Series. 

Se/erenee  to  previous  Seport,  Annual  Seriet  No.  2666. 


IRgport  on  the  Trade,  Commerce  and  Agi-iculture  of  the  Consular 
IHstriet  of  Portland,  Oregon,  for  the  Year  1901 

By  Mr.  Consul  Laidlaw. 

(BeMiTsd  ti.  Foredga  Offioe,  June  24,  1902.) 

The  general  trade  of  this  district,  which  includes  Oregon,  introdBctofr 
Washington  and  Idaho,  during  the  year  1901  has  been  in  an  ex-  wmwta- 
ceedingly  healthy  condition.  Crops  of  all  the  great  staples  were 
lai^,  and  there  was  a  continued  improvement  in  the  mining  and 
timber  interests.  The  salmon  fisheries  of  Or^n  show  a  diminu- 
tion, but  there  has  been  a  very  large  increase  of  the  product  in 
Washington.  The  carrying  trade  of  the  district  haa  materially 
improved,  and  dairying  and  ^riculture  show  great  development. 
There  haa  been  some  increase  in  general  manufactures. 

On  reference  to  the  tables  attached  to  this  report,  it  will  be  Impcwt  tnd« 
noticed  that  imports  of  cement,  tea,  sulphur  and  earthenware  fell  off 
materially,  but  there  was  an  increase  in  silk,  rice,  coal,  sugar,  salt, 
&c.  The  transit  trade  at  this  port  fell  off  somewhat,  but  improved' 
considerably  at  other  ports  of  the  district.  Value  of  foreign  goods 
upon  which  duty  has  been  paid  at  a  port  of  entry  outside  of  this 
district  is  not  given  in  the  tables  attached  to  this  repot  t,  as  it 
cannot  be  ascertained. 

The  principal  articles  received  at  this  port  from  Japan,  were :  Imports  bj 
matting,  68,654/,;    tea,   35,519/.;    raw    and    manufactured    silk  coootriw. 
20,310i.;   rice,  18,703/.;   manila  fibre,  17,764/.;  curios,  11,844/.  ■  J«p»ii. 
straw  braid,  9,858/.;  sulphur,  8,941/.;  camphor,    2,901/.;  kaolin' 
1,503/. ;  earthenware,  704/. ;  apices,  678/. 

The  receipts  from   Houg-Kong  and   Chinese   prats   consisted  Chint. 
principally    of    the   following   goods:    matting,   15,048/.;   sugar 
6,457/. ;  tea,  3,572/. ;  manila,   1,908/. ;   fixed  oils,   1  770/  ■    cured 
fish,  1,325/. ;  rice,  8,525/. 

From  British  India  and  East  Indies :  jute  bags  and  bagging,  lodis. 
76,118/.;  other  manufactures  of  jute,  8,736/.;  raw  jute,  10  741/  ■ 
coffee,  3,704/, ;  spices,  2,280/. ;  tea,  409/.;  pig  tin,  4,461/.      ' 

Receipts  from  the  Philippine  falands,  consisting  of  raw  jute  PhiUppine 
aud  manila,  51,910/.  Iiludt. 

(129)  i  2 


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Aoitnlih  From  Australia  coal  was  received  to  the  value  of  2,817/. ;  and 

Canada,  from  CQn&d&  imports  were  principally  coal,  value  3,3S2/. 

Europe.  In  the  direct  import  trade  of  this  port  with  European  countries 

the  United  Kingdom  regained  her  status,  her  share  of  the  whole 
having  heen  51  per  cent.,  that  of  Germany  was  37  per  cent,  a 
slight  increase,  while  Bel^n  trade  dropped  from  24  to  4J  per 
cent.  The  ratio  of  import  trade  on  Puget  Sound  was:  Germany, 
S4  per  cent, ;  the  United  Kingdom,  30  per  cent.;  and  Belgium, 
rather  over  29  per  cent. 

The  enlarged  share  of  import  trade  secured  hy  Germany  and 
Belgium  in  recent  years  is  consequent  upon  the  cement  trade 
having  passed  into  their  hands  from  those  of  the  British  manu- 
facturer. 

Oennan;.  The  principal  items  of    German    import  at   this  port  were : 

cement,  10,948/,;  chinaware  and  glassware,  1,653/.;  chemicals, 
680/.;  tijys,  1,061/,;  cotton  manufactures,  principally  hosiery, 
1,220/. ;  cutlery  and  other  manufactures  of  steel,  310/. ;  cured 
fish,  360/. ;  spirits,  485/. 

Belginta.  The  only  important  item  received  from  Belgium  was  cement, 

2,186/. 

Swedan.  Bar  iron  was  received  from  Sweden  to  the  value  o/  1,197/. 

Britiik  trul*.        Tlie  following  were  the  principal  articles  imported  from  the 
United  Kingdom : — 

Manufactures  of  jute,  2,394^. ;  salt,  2,342/. ;  eai-tlienware, 
5,501/.;  spirits,  795/.;  oils,  1,044/.;  fire-brick,  1,255/.;  pig  iron, 
1,093/. ;  caustic  soda,  406/. ;  soda  ash,  784/. ;  glass,  S&61. ;  cutlery, 
&c,  541/.;  oilcloth,  565/,;  cotton  laces,  446/.;  woollens,  1,042/.; 
clays,  196/.;  malt  liquors,  1,074/. 

TiD  plate.  Tin  plate  to  the  value  ot  30,613/.  was  imported  into  Puget 

Sound  district  for  the  use  of  salmon  packers.  This  was  rendered 
practicable  on  account  of  the  drawback  on  export  of  tinned  goods, 
and  there  was  also  a  scsrcity  of  the  American  tin  plate.  The 
Trust  now  gives  a  rebate  equal  to  the  drawback,  so  that  the 
mai'ket  is  practically  closed  against  the  British  article  unless  under 
exceptional  cireumstances. 

Cement.  The  imports  of  Chinese  and  Japanese  cement  have  not  been 

repeated,  as  it  was  found  upon  trial  that  most  of  it  would  not  set 
under  the  suiiace  in  a  reasonable  time,  and  the  greater  part  of 
that  imported  into  the  district  was  of  German  manufacture.  In 
consequence  of  strikes  in  Belgium  tbe  quantity  received  frem  that 
country  was  smaller  than  usual,  but  there  are  heavier  indents  on 
the  way  to  arrive  in  1902.  Average  price,  about  10s:  6d.  per  cask 
for  beat  brands,  duty  4d.  per  cask. 

oluL  A  small  amount  of  picture  glass  was  received  from  the  United 

Kingdom,  and  no  Belgium  window  glass  was  imported  during  the 
year  in  consequence  of  strikes  in  Belgium  during  the  last  month 
of  1900  and  first  part  of  1901.  More  will  be  received  during 
1902,  but  it  is  only  a  question  of  a  short  time  before  American 
glass  displaces  the  imported. 

Eirtfaenware.         SlowIy  but  surely  the  American  earthenware  is  superseding 
that  of  British  manufacture  on  this  coast,  but  the  British  potteries 


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have  still  the  advantage  of  a  comparatively  cheap  rate  of  trans- 
port by  sea. 

Imports  of  salt  are  twice  as  great  as  in  1900,  and  this  trade  Salt 
is  likely  to  continue.     Prices  were  controlled  by  the  Salt  Trust, 
and  dealers  paid  5^.  per  ton  and  over. 

The  trade  in  fire-bricks  tends  to  increase,  and  there  is  a  good  Pire-brieki. 
demand  at  about  11.  10».  per  1,000. 

For  pig  iron  there  was  a  good  demand,  heavy  forward  orders  Pig  iion. 
have  been  placed.    Sales  were  made  tA  41.6s.  to  &l.    Beceipts  of 
American  iron  were  much  greater  than  last  year. 

Coal  imports  vere  resumed  to  some  extent  during  the  yeai-.  Cod. 
the  receipts  being  5,693  tons  from  AuBtralia,  5,710  tons  from 
British  Columbia,  381  tons  from  Japan,  and  286  tons    British 
aathracite. 

Coal  to  the  extent  of  35,344  tons  was  received  by  rail  from 
Fnget  Sound,  and  it  is  estimated  36,000  tons  came  from  Wyoming. 
Importers  made  little  profit  on  coal. 

There  was  a  heavy  increase  in  the  consumption  of  jute  bags  '"*•  goodi. 
and  bagging,  and  as  usual  all  came  from  Calcutta  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  product  of  the  Washington  Penitentiary  noted  below. 
The  consumption  in  the  district  is  estimated  to  have  been  about 
20,000,000  wheat  bags,  110,000  wool  bags,  and  525,000  ^ards  of 
hop  cloth.  Average  price  for  standard  wheat  bags  during  the 
year  was  about  1/.  10s.  per  100  bags,  double  warp  hop  cloth  sold 
at  an  average  of  5{d.  per  yard,  and  wool  bags  at  Is.  5rf.  for  4  lbs., 
and  U.  S^rf.  for  3^  Iba 

The  foliowii^  are  the  statistics  of  product  of  the  Washington 
State  Penitentiary : — 


Artklet. 

Bdtt 

<Jii»iititj. 

BawmaierialuMd.. 

3,1SS 

Oiainlng*.. 

Numbw    .. 

], 186,000 

4B4i>ch  borii^      .. 

woolhw  .. 

C,028 

Hop  cloth   .. 

Twda       .. 

SI,  tar 

RS-iDoh  IDlUlllg        .. 

nMeet«iD« 

S.088 

li.  Sd.  Mch 
fi^rf.  per  jard 
If.  Sd.  per  jMd 
e(i.perlb.(120atriDK 
lie  lb.) 


So  far  as  can  be  ascertained  there  has  been  an  improving  sale  1>>7  8<Md&. 
for  the  finer  {trades  of  worsteds,  linens,  tweeds,  mohairs  and  laces 
of  British  make. 

The  following  data  are  furnished  by  a  dealer  of  long  experi- 
ence in  the  trade : — 

British  cotton  hosiery  is  sold  in  very  small  quantities.  In 
German  goods  there  is  a  large  consumption,  both  in  plain  and 
fancy  styles,  which  have  much  improved  in  shape  and  qualities. 
There  is  a  very  large  production  in  American  goods  chiefly  in  the 
lower  and  medium  grades.  In  the  middle  range,  German  goods 
easily  compete  with  the  American  production. 

(129)  A  3 


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The  qualities  and  shape  of  the  British  goods  are  very  superior, 
aud  should  have  a  larger  sale  than  they  hava  Few  wholesale 
American  houses  handle  British  goods,  and  then  only  in  limited 
quantities  Many  more  could  be  sold.  Inhere  is  a  large  sale  of 
women's  woollen  hosiery  of  British  manufacture,  but  men's  sizes 
are  nearly  all  of  domestic  makes,  ranging  at  factory  prices  from 
7<-  per  dozen  up  to  18^.  per  dozen.  Above  these  prices  foreign  and 
chiefly  British  and  German  goods  are  used. 

Domestic  makes  of  underwear,  which  are  very  fine,  have  to  a 
$;reat  extent  driven  out  British  goods  of  this  class.  The  hi^h  tariff 
kills  the  import  into  this  country  of  all  but  the  higher  grades. 
Formerly  much  Scotch  woollen  underwear  was  used,  but  home 
competition  has  stopped  its  sale.  German  goods  are  used,  chiefly 
from  Stuttgart  and  its  neighbourhood,  made  with  unfinished  seams, 
costing  less  than  British  goods  with  their  fine  and  costly  finished 
seams.  Superiority  of  British  goods  in  the  higher  grades  is  tin- 
questioned,  but  their  sale  is  necessarily  limited.  It  is  the  great 
middle-clflss  consumption  that  tells. 

French  hosiery  and  underwear  ara  too  high  grade  to  sell  freely, 
and  the  Germans  now  imitate  the  French  finish  in  cheaper  goods 
and  do  it  well. 

In  fine  white  cotton  fabrics — such  as  nainsooks,  soft  finish  cam- 
brics, victoria  lawns — British  goods,  in  the  finer  grades,  hold  the 
market,  but  in  tlie  lower  grades  American  makes  have  almost 
tt  complete  monopoly. 

British  made  coloured  cotton  shirungs  have  a  very  lai^  sale. 
Styles  are  much  improved,  and  colourx  and  textures  unsurpassed. 
At  present  no  price  seems  to  deter  the  purchaser,  provided  style  is 
r^ht.  Gla^ow  cotton  fabrics,  such  as  ginghams,  are  greatly  sold, 
as  styles  and  quality  are  very  superior.  There  is  an  unlimited  field 
for  these  goods  in  the  Unitod  States,  and  if  manufacturers  were  to 
push  them  more  generally  throughout  the  countiy,  and  not  confine 
their  product  to  a  few  houses  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  more  could 
be  sold. 

A  great  many  men's  kid  gloves  are  sold  here,  but  more 
especially  in  the  heavy  makes.  The  Worcester  styles,  such  as 
Dent,  Allcroft  and  Fownes  make  are  very  much  imitated  in  the 
Eastern  States,  but  they  do  not  compare  in  quality  with  British 
goods.  Heavy  undressed  gloves,  both  for  ladies  and  gentlemen 
(those  made  from  Arabian  skins)  are  chiefly  American  make,  as 
the  leather  flntshers  here  make  better  effects.  light  weight  kid 
gloves  are  mostly  French,  Belgian  and  German. 

The  quality  of  British  linen  damasks  enables  them  to  hold  the 
first  place  among  consumers  in  this  country.  Immense  improve- 
ments have  been  made  in  designs,  a  very  great  factor  in  helping 
their  sale.  All  things  being  equal,  the  patterns  at  once  decide 
the  choice. 

British  yams,  especially  in  the  lower  and  medium  grades,  are 
superior  to  the  German  makes.  The  British  wear  clean,  the 
German  goods  are  apt  to  wear  fuzzy.  A  softer  mellower  finish 
than  is  usually  given  would  be  desirable. 


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A  most  importaDt  desideratum  in  towels  is  a  soft  finish  and 
slow  grass  bleach,  which  retaiiui  the  silky  touch  and  appearance  of 
the  Imeu, 

Plain  linen  handkerchiefs  are  of  ready  sale.  The  soft  finish  is 
preferred  to  the  stiff  article. 

Great  improvement  could  be  made  in  the  designs  of  embroidered 
goods.  They  are  of  too  stereotyped  siyles.  Much  could  be  learned 
from  the  Swiss  patterns,  which  are  most  efTective.  The  Irish  could 
beat  them  altogether  iu  quality,  but  their  designers  confine  them- 
selves too  closely  to  the  old  lines. 

More  versatility  is  required.  This  is  well-known  to  the  dis- 
tributor, who  can  readily  dispose  of  goods  with  an  original  design. 

The  finish  and  make  of  French  Bnen  haudkerchiefe  might  be 
studied  with  advantage.  Their  high  price  alone  prevents  their 
great  sale.  They  have  a  look,  a  touch  and  finish  that  at  once  com- 
mends them  to  the  trade  and  the  consumer. 

Irish  linen  cambrics  cannot  be  surpassed.  Shirting  aud  sheeting 
linens  would  sell  much  better  with  the  soft  finish. 

Biscuits,  marmalade,  pickles,  sauces,  pi-eserves  and  other  Fine 
high  grade  groceries  are  sold  to  a  limited  extent.  These  are  frocorifl*. 
generally  imported  from  the  United  Kingdom  and  France.  The 
great  bulk  of  the  trade  is  for  lower  grades,  which  are  supplied  by 
American  factories.  Some  of  the  American  goods,  however, 
strongly  compete  with  the  products  of  the  most  noted  British 
factories. 

The  export  trade  has  increased  very  materially  at  all  ports  in  E-tport  tr»de, 
this  district.  The  value  of  wheat  exports  from  this  port  shows  a 
gain  of  411,391^.  over  last  year,  being  one-third  more,  and  from 
Fuget  Sound  the  increase  is  more  marked,  being  nearly  130  per 
cent  Details  of  exports  are  very  fully  given  in  the  tables  given 
elsewhere  in  this  report 

The  wheat  trade  was  active  during  the  entire  year,  and  the  Wheii. 
quality  was  superior.  The  average  market  value  of  Walla  Walla. 
Washmgton,  was  Ss.  IQd.  per  cental,  being  Ic^  higher  than  in  1900 
and  there  were  no  violent  fluctuations  in  price.  The  harvest  in 
Western  Oregon  was  larger  than  for  some  years  past.  Being  a 
soft  plump  grain  this  wheat  is  almost  entirely  used  by  millers, 
producing  a  very  white  flour.  Very  little  is  now  exported  in  the 
grain. 

The  following  were  the  exports  of  wheat  from  this  Consular 
district  during  1901 : —  ___  _  


QMoUty. 

fwm— 

CoMtwiM. 

To  fonUga 

P*g«tS«vid 

BasheU 
ie.lS7 
8S,G23 

RuheU. 
H,m.ll8 
ll,lSt,e89 

ToUl 

„     1900      .. 

GT,64» 
876,188 

18,120,718 

(129) 


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Of  the  shipments  to  foreign  countries  73  per  cent,  cleared 
for  the  United  Kingdom,  11  per  cent,  for  St.  Vincent,  and  5  per 
cent,  for  Suez  for  orders,  3  per  cent,  for  Peru  and  Chile,  3  per 
cent,  for  Germany,  2  per  cent,  for  Belgium,  and  the  rest  for  Ital^, 
South  Africa  and  Japan.  The  vessels  clearing  for  St.  Vincent, 
Suez  and  Italj  were  steamers,  and  this  steam  trade  is  increasing 
rapidly.  There  was  a  large  stock  carried  over  from  1900  and 
likewise  at  the  close  of  1901. 

There  is  no  very  reliable  method  for  estimating  the  crops 
in  these  States,  and  authorities  differ.  It  would  appear  to  have 
been  about  45,000,000  bushels,  certainly  not  over  50,000,000 
bushels,  though  the  United  States  Agricultural  Departmenfa 
figures,  noted  elsewhere  in  this  report,  give  a  much  larger  crop. 

There  was  a  lessened  demand  for  flour  to  Asiatic  porta,  and 
exports  to  the  United  Kingdom  were  on  a  small  scale.  Prices 
were  very  steady  during  the  year,  the  average  for  export  extras 
being  11a,  2d.  par  barrel  of  196  lbs.,  the  same  as  last  year.  Super- 
fines  were  rather  h^her,  averaging  about  Ss.  id.  per  barrel 

The  shipments  for  1901  were  as  under : — 


Qwntit/. 

To- 

Ftob) 
Cottunblft  BW<r. 

From 
Pogot  Sowid. 

United  Kiogdom 

Hong-Koi^  and  ChiuMC  poito. . 

jMiftneae  porta 

AjktioRiuda 

South  Alric« 

BoaLh  Am«ricft 

Port3»id            

Otberpom       

COMtlrilO             

Burelt. 

4S,oeo 

t1S,4S8 

128,722 
4S,98Q 
2!,S98 

7,629 

Bwreli. 
34,206 
469,188 
287,070 
242,077 
41,328 
60,493 
11,600 
79,844 
111,978 

Total       

„    ISOO 

8«t,G3S 
1,189,872 

LSW.ISO 
1,398,600 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  trade  to  Asiatic  Kussia  has  assumed 
considerable  proportions.  Of  the  shipments  of  barley  88  per  cent, 
went  to  the  United  Kingdom  and  the  rest  to  the  Philippine  Islands. 
There  was  a  considerable  increase  in  the  exports ;  market  price 
averaged  'is.  9d.  per  lOO  lbs.  f.o.b. 

The  export  of  oats  from  this  district  was  only  about  one- 
third  of  that  of  1900 ;  average  market  price  4&  5d.  per  100  lbs. 
The  requirements  of  forage  for  the  Philippines  having  fallen 
off. 

There  was  the  usual  large  inland  trade  in  fresh  fruits. 

The  crop  of  small  fruits  was  lat^e  in  all  this  district,  but 
these  do  not  enter  the  foreign  trade. 

Or^on  apples,  in  competition  at  the  Pan  American  Exhibition 


d  by  Google 


at  Bcflfolo,  won  the  highest  awards,  and  in  conseqnence  there  iB  a 
present  and  prospective  demand  for  varieties  suitable  for  export. 
The  crop  vas  somewhat  light  and  prices  high,  selling  at  from  48. 
to  5s.  per  hox.  For  high  quality  of  sound  fruit  6«.  to  78.  was  paid 
at  the  close  of  the  year. 

There  is  au  increasing  trade  in  Oregon  yellow  Newton  pippins 
to  the  United  Kingdom  and  the  Continent  They  are  carefully 
packed  in  boxes  of  45  lbs. 

Oregon  or  Itahan  prunes  were  not  a  full  crop,  but  larger 
than  last  year  and  sold  lower ;  over  20,000,000  Iba  of  these  prunes, 
dried,  were  sent  to  Eastern  States  and  sold  at  the  average 
prices  of  2^rf.  to  3d.  per  lb.  in  boxes  lor  the  lar^e  sizes.  Some 
of  this  fruit  was  exported  to  the  United  Kingdom,  Small 
French  prunes  sold  for  Middle  States  at  ^d.  to  \d.  per  lb.  in  bags. 
A  quantity  of  fruit,  principally  pnines,  was  shipped  to  South 
Africa. 

Oregon  produced  74,000  bales  of  hops  and  Wfishington  31,724  ""!*• 
bales  of  180  lbs.  each,  and  the  quality  in  both  States  was  fine 
and  free  from  mould.  The  weather  was  favourable  for  picking. 
The  yield  was  20  per  cent,  short  of  last  year,  though  tlie  acreage 
was  somewhat  larger.  There  were  no  stocks  of  old  hops  when  the 
market  opened,  yet  demand  was  sluggish  at  first. 

Many  contracts  had  been  made  early  at  prices  ranging  from 
4^.  to  5^(i,  and  for  some  time  after  harvest  sales  were  made 
at  about  the  same  range.  Towards  the  close  of  the  year  prices 
advanced  as  high  as  T^d.  A  laige  proportion  was  marketed  in 
London.     Average  price  for  the  year  was  about  5d.  per  lb. 

There  was  a  largely  increased  trade  in  timber  between  this  Timber, 
port  and  porta  in  A^o,  South  Africa,  the  Philippine  Islands  and 
Australia,  and  there  was  also  a  larger  coartwise  and  inland  trade. 
Prices  ruled  low  and  logs  were  higher,  while  the  mills  were  kept 
full  of  orders  and  busy ;  the  margin  of  profit  was  not  high. 

The  development  of  this  trade  with  Asiatic  ports  has  been 
very  rapid,  and  it  c-ontinues  to  increase  at  a  remarkable  rate. 

Seference  is  made  to  the  reports  of  the  Vice-Consuls  on 
Puget  Sound  for  Washington  trade,  but  the  following  table  gives 
a  rfyuTrU  of  the  total  shipments  from  this  Consular  district  during 
the  year:^ 


d  by  Google 


Qaintity. 

By  Bail. 

CoulirlM. 

Foreigi.. 

Lumber. 

SUn^M. 

OngoD  dlttrieU- 
PortUnd  .. 

Oth«p«iDl.        .. 

au.fe«t. 

j.   4B,*B0,113{ 
78,75*,624 

HH.  feet. 

S8,eE6,000 
4,625,000 
1,000,000 

B.M.  feet. 

139,210,000 

1 298.290,000  { 

Cms. 
768 

ToW     .. 

.,     1900        .. 

1IS,3S4,737 
148.i9i,000 

44,480,000 
15,418.420 

807,600,000 
368,610,000 

76S 
640 

1800     .. 

278,885,609 
2a«,fl00,000 

188,446,000 
108,400,000 

8B4,S80,000 
284,880,000 

28,0)5 
28.734 

Or&Dd  total 

IMO 

897,920,846 
370,094,000 

232,926,000 
M8,8l  6,426 

782,030,000 
687,890,000 

23,808 
24,380 

At  tfae  beginning  of  the  year  large  stocks  of  the  wool  clip  of 
1900  were  stiU  in  warehouse,  and  there  was  a  very  light  demand 
till  after  the  new  clip  came  to  market  large  sales  were  made 
in  June  of  unwashed  wools  at  prices  ranging  from  id,  to  6^, 
according  to  quality  and  shrinkage,  and  during  the  remainder 
of  the  year  there  was  a  good  market,  the  ave^e  of  the  year 
being  4^  for  Washington,  5^  for  Eastern  Oregon  and  Idaho, 
and  SJrf.  for  Or^on  Valley  wools.  The  clip  of  this  district  was 
not  quite  so  large  as  in  1900. 

The  following  are  the  figures  of  the  United  States  Agricultural 
Department  for  the  year  1901 : — 


Slat«. 


Onsntlt;. 


Id'.ho 
<lTe|^n 
WMhingtaii. 


20,336,2SO 
16,189,320 
4,888.000 


Quality  of  Eastern  Oregon,  Iilalio  and  Washington  was  better, 
but  that  of  Western  and  Southern  Oregon  was  coarser,  as  farmers 
in  these  sections  are  generally  breeding  more  for  the  mutton 
qualities. 

There  was  an  increased  production  of  mohaur,  the  clip  beii^ 
given  as  275,000  lbs.,  which  readily  sold  at  from  11^.  to  Is.  2^. 
per  lb. 

The  somewhat  large  shipments  of  beef  appearing  in  the  export 
tables  was  mostly  shipped  to  Asiatic  Bussia,  and  was  brought  here 
for  shipment  from  the  Eastern  States. 

There  continues  to  he  a  good  and  increasing  market  in 
Scandinavian  countries  for  horseflesh  pickled.     Durii^  1901  some 


d  by  Google 


PORTLAND.  11 

500  mnge  ponies  were  slaughtered  here.  This  meat  is  packed 
under  Guvemment  inspection  and  is  perfectly  sonnd.  I  am  told 
it  is  laid  down  in  Sweden  at  -id.  per  lb.  The  skin  and  offal  of 
the  animal  is  aJl  utilised,  nothing  is  wasted.  The  packers  have 
orders  ahead  and  expect  to  double  the  business  next  year. 

The    cotton,  raw  and  manufactured,  which  appears  in  the  CoWw*- 
export  tables  of  ports  in  this  district,  is  not  produced  on  this 
ooast,  but  is  brought  across  the  Continent  for  shipment  tc  China 
and  Japan. 

There  has  been  a  continued  growth  in  the  trade  in  fresh  and  ^"^  *>*'•• 
pickled  fish,  particularly    salmon,    some    proportion    of    which  Preih  »nd 
eventually  reaches  European   markets,  but   leaves   this  coast  in  P"='''*'  ■•"■ 
refrigerator  cars  for  eastern  points.     I  cannot  ascertain  the  extent 
of  tms  trade.     One  estimate  gives  the  Columbia  Biver  product  as 
2,550  tierces  of  750  lbs.,  and  at  least  100  car  loads  of  24,000  Ibe. 
were  carried  east  from  Fuget  Sound. 

The  following  summary  of  the  pack  of  tinned  salmon  through-  ^'™"|"' 
out  this  Consular  district  in  cases  of  four  dozen  1-lb.  tins  is  taken 
from  the  reports  of  the  Fish  Commissioners  of  the  two  States : — 


ColDnbift  IUT«r— 

WuhtDgtoti 

Otber  riicn  and  Iwyi  in  Or^ou 

Wwliingtan— 
Orajri  Hubour         .,         ., 
WiD^M  Hftrbou     .. 

PofetSooDd 


Totol 


179.e2« 
07,810 

oe,sis 

4l,G00 

S8,800 

1,<IB6,600 


188,912       .        3SI,S4A 
101.211  12T.226 

5G,SS5  78,800 


81,200 

S7,040 

1,196,400 


3O,S0O 
2S,S0O 
409,450 


Other  authorities  consider  the  Commissioner's  figures  too  high 
and  give  the  total  pack  as  1,780,629  cases. 

Ii'urther  details  of  this  trade  are  given  in  the  reports  of  the 
Vice-ConBuls  at  Astoria  and  Seattle. 

The  average  prices  for  canned  salmon  were  about  as  under  :— 


Colanblk  Ktw — 

CUnook 
Pngat  Boond — 

Socke  JM 

Hmnpbtcki    , , 

CohoM.. 


Piieet. 

FUU. 

Talli. 

>.    d. 

#.  d. 

a  1 

0    0 

4    B 
8     0 

4"  2 

4  S 

2    0 

5  7 

8    7 

d  by  Google 


12  PORTLAND. 

The  demand  has  kept  up  wonderfully  in  apite  of  the  eoormous 
pack. 

Of  aardines  5,000  cases  were  packed  m  Puget  Soimd,  valued 
at  3,000/^     These  are  packed  in  oil  or  a  mustard. 

Money  has  been  exceedingly  plentiful  during  the  year  and 
good  securities  sought  after  at  lower  rates  of  interest  The  amount 
of  money  on  deposit  in  banks  has  lai^ely  increased,  particularly 
in  the  State  of  Washington. 

According  to  clearing-house  returns  at  Portland,  the  clearances 
during  the  year  were  24,515,092/.,  and  balances  ;S,975,638i.,  an 
increase  of  14'7  per  cent. 

Kates  of  exchange  wei'e  very  steady,  averaging  4  doL  82  c. 
for  60  day  commercial  bills  and  4  del.  84  c.  for  bank  exchange. 
'  Anne:(  A  gives  the  number  and  nationality  of  all  vessels 
which  entered  this  port.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  proportion  of 
foreign  tonnage  is  increasing  at  the  expeuse  of  the  British  Sag. 
A  large  increase  is  noted  in  the  bounty-fed  French  ships.  Below 
I  give  a  comparison  of  the  proportion  of  the  different  Ae^s  in  the 
foreign  trade  of  this  port : — 


Per  Cent  of  ToUl  Toiuuge  in  Forajgn  Trade. 

NatioiMUtj. 

smog.                       Steam  and  B^ing. 

1901. 

isoo.     1      leoi. 

IBOO. 

BriU.h 

Qetmui 

French 

Nonre«UQ  and  Swtduh 
Other  ^ 

68 -< 
37  0 
ia-8 

a-0 
11 

62-4                 81  -8 
Si -7                 18-0 
8-8        1         10-3 
08                   •■2 
S'8                   4-0 

as -4 

IT  8 
6-8 
8  9 
I'l 

ToUl     .. 

100 '00 

100 -OO            100 -00 

100-00 

The  foreign  steam  trade  is  rapidly  increasing  in  this  district. 
There  is  a  monthly  line  of  British  steamers  of  over  3,000  tons 
register  between  this  port  and  Hong-Kong  vi^  Japanese  and  Chinese 
ports,  but  numbers  of  Uage  Bteamers  are  also  employed  in  the 
lumber  trade  to  Asiatic  ports.  Several  were  chartered  for  wheat, 
calling  for  orders  at  St.  Vincent,  Cape  de  Verde  Islands.  This 
trade  is  likely  to  increase,  particularly  when  freights  are  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  21. 

Most  of  the  charters  for  grain  were  made  before  arrival,  and 
the  average  rate  throughout  the  year  tor  wheat  and  flour  for 
orders  for  the  United  Kingdom,  with  usual  options,  was  1/.  19s.  3^. ; 
lowest  rate  paid  was  II.  12s.  Qd.  and  the  highest  21.  Ss.  Exclusive 
of  coasting  voyages  and  the  established  lines  of  steamers,  the 
tonnage  engagements  during  the  last  two  years  were  as  follows : — 


d  by  Google 


From  FortUnd 
■nd  Colambi*  Unr. 

From  Paget  SoDod 
■ltd  rort«  in  WuhiDgtM). 

1901.       '        IBOO. 

IIKII. 

1900. 

OTsin  ftod  Bonr 
llmbor.. 

Tom  ng.    i    Tons  r^, 
..!     103.2S2           18t>,807 
..!        «,m              12,821 

'    Toni  1^. 

sis,ati 

Tniwieg. 
80,911 

160.B4a 

Coasting  traffic  in  lumber  continued  to  be  a  profitable  business 


The  position  as  I'egards  desertion  and  crimping  of  sailors  in  the  Stilon. 
portB  of  Oregon  and  Washington  is  no  better  than  it  was  a  year 
ago.    The  bonus  paid  is  certainly  6/.  and  often  more.    My  experi- 
ence convinces  me,  as  1  stated  in  iny  report  of  last  year,  that 
nothing  short  of  a  general  United  States  law,  drastic  in  its  pro-  '. 

visions  and  firmly  enforced,  rendering  such  bonuses  illegal,  coupled 
with  compulsory  arrest  of  all  deserters,  will  have  any  efTect  in 
curbing  the  evil.  The  percentage  of  desertion  to  numbers  of 
crews  at  this  port  was  2345  per  cent,  in  sailing  vessels.  As  moat 
of  the  steamers  carry  Chinese  or  Lascar  crews,  which  are  eai-efully 
watched  by  the  United  States  authorities  to  prevent  their  landing, 
desertions  were  small,  only  1-32  per  cent.,  and  these  generally 
Europeans. 

Wrecks  and  casualties  on  this  coast  were  somewhat  numerous  WrMksud 
duiing  the  year.  The  "  Cape  Wrath "  and  Kathdrum "  bound  eMo^ltiM. 
here  were  missing.  "  Baroda "  went  ashore  near  Alsea  and 
remainR.  "Otto  Gildeuiester "  put  into  San  Fmncisco  and  was 
sold.  "  Kenriette,"  loaded  with  lumber,  sunk  at  Astoria,  and  was 
afterwards  raised.  "Pinmore  "  and  "  Ernest  Reyer"  went  ashore  near 
Quinaiult.  The  former  was  towed  into  Puget  Sound  after  iiaving 
been  abandoned  by  the  crew,  several  lives  being  lost,  and  the  latter 
became  a  total  loss.  Tlie  "  Nelson "  shifted  caigo  outside  and 
was  towed  into  Puget  Sound,  and  the  "Leyland  Bros."  put  into 
San  Francisco  for  the  same  reason.  The  "  Asie  "  capsized  along- 
side a  wharf  here  and  was  much  dams^ed.  There  were  other 
minor  casualties  and  much  bad  weather  during  the  leist  months  of 
the  year. 

Dredging  has  been  continued  in  the  rivers  below  Portland,  Port  «»* 
both  by  the  United  States  engineers  and  the  Port  of  Portland  f"'*"°' 
Commission,    and    although    there    are    points    where    ac    low  ,^t^ 
water  there  is  only  18  to  19  feet,  yet  by  taking  advanti^  of  the 
tides,  vessels  drawing  up  to  24  feet  have  experienced  httle  or  no 
delay  in  going  down  the  rivers,  but  owing  to  the  condition  of  the 
Columbia  Biver  and  unusual  bad  weather,  there  have  been   at 
times  long  delays  in  getting  to  sea.     The  United  States  Govern- 
ment and  port  of   Portland   are  each   building  a  new  dredger. 
Work  is  being  done  under  the  United  States  engineers  removing 


d  by  Google 


14  POBTLAND. 

what  is  known  fts  the  Sylvia  de  Grasse  Beef,  a  rocky  spot 
below  Tongue  Point,  near  Astoria,  where  there  is  a  short  and 
dangerous  turn.  The  sum  of  21,148/.  was  spent  on  these 
works  during  the  fiscal  year.  The  project  adopted  contemplates 
a  series  of  dykes,  supplemented  by  dredging  to  secure  a  channel 
depth  of  25  feet  at  low  waters  from  Fortiaud  to  the  sea,  and  the 
estimated  cost  is  579,702/,  to  complete  the  work. 
Colambift  The    jetty    completed    in    1895    was    4^    miles    long,    and 

Bu  Jetty.  caused  an  increase  in  depth  over  the  bar  from  20  to  '61  feet. 
Since  that  time  there  has  been  a  continual  shoaling,  and  the  last 
annual  survey  of  July  8,  1901,  showed  a  depth  of  23  feet  across 
the  bar  at  the  average  of  lowest  low  water  through  a  channel 
1,500  feet  wide.  The  project  now  being  caiTied  out  contemplates 
an  extension  of  the  jetty  and  a  channel  of  40  feet  in  depth. 
Work  done  last  year  was  preliminarj-,  and  ;!2,149/.  was  expended, 
leaving  the  estimated  amount  still  required  455,236/ 

The  above  data  are  taken  from  the  annual  report  of  Captain 
Langfitt,  United  States  engineer  in  cliarge. 
UgUiaod  There  have   been  few  important  changes  in  tlie   lights  and 

'*'*  buoys  of  this  district  during  the  year,  and  no  new  lights. 

Columbia  Kiver  Light  Vessel  No.  50  was  repaired  and  replaced 
after  having  been  ashore  for  18  months.  Umatilla  Reef  Light 
Vessel  drifted  from  lier  moorings  several  times.  Her  lights  have 
been  changed  from  electric  to  oil  7,000/  has  been  appropriated 
for  a  light  and  fog  signal  at  the  lower  end  middle  ground,  Desde- 
mona  Sands,  Columbia  Eiver,  and  18,000/.  for  a  relief  ateam  light 
vessel,  with  a  steam  fog  signal.  This  will  be  very  useful  in  case  of 
accident. 
SkipbnlldiDg.  In  addition  to  small  river  craft,  barges  and  steamers,  built  at 
Portland  and  other  points,  there  were  built  at  Coos  Bay  and 
Coquille  seven  schooners  of  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  3,511  tons, 
valued  at  67,200/  and  four  others  are  partially  completed. 

A  number  of  lumber  schooners  and  other  craft  were  built  on 

Puget  Sound  and  at  Gray's  Harbour,  Washington. 

Population  A  Steady  immigration  is  coming  into  this  district.     The  State 

and  indu-       of  Washington  is  better  advertised,  and  is  receiving  a  larger  share 

*"*■■  than  the  other  two  States,  but  all  are  increasing  their  population 

more  rapidly  than  for  some  years  past. 

The  district  has   been   free   from   epidemic  diseases,   though 

cases  of  a  mild  type  of  small-pox  have  been  somewhat  numerous. 

Birthaiad  Exclusive    of  stillbirths,   the  total  number  registered  in  the 

deRtho.  city  of    Portland  was  1,156,  an  increase  of  10  per  cent.      The 

HmIUl  number  of  deaths  was  1,143,  which  is  an  increase  of  2574  per  cent., 

but  the  increase  of  population  is  beheved  to  be  at  least  10  per  cent, 

and  the  Health  Commissioner  gives  the  rate  per  1,000  as  1143. 

There  were  62  cases  of  small-pox  during  the  year,  but  there  were 

no  deaths  from  this  disease.     The  largest  number  of  deaths  from 

any  cause  was  from  pneumonia  and  diseases  of  the  lungs.     In  the 

earlier  months  of   the  year  measles  were  very  prevalent,  almost 

amounting  to  an  epidemic. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  returns,  it  appears  that 


d  by  Google 


the  principal  indoBtries  of  Portkad  are  lumber  and  timber  pro- 
ducts, flour  and  grist  mill  products,  and  slaughtering  and  meat 
Cking,  and  that  in  point  of  fact  since  the  last  census  there  has 
n  a  diminution  in  the  number  of  persons  and  capital  employed 
in  manufacturing  and  hand  trades,  and  in  the  value  of  the  product 
of  their  labour.  The  number  of  establishments  has,  however, 
increased  87  per  cent  "Hie  total  number  of  eetablishments  was 
1,064,  the  number  of  hands  8,572,  and  the  value  of  products 
4,690,22fi^  In  the  three  States  there  has  been  a  considerable 
increase  as  the  following  figures  will  show : — 


Oo^t^T. 

NBmber 
MOO. 

rUud*. 

mo. 

Value  of  Ppodncta. 

ISOO. 

1390. 

Owgon 

Idaho 

17,889 
88,808 
1,177 

18,780 

18,877 

687 

£ 

9,800.117 

17,86»,010 

804,108 

£ 

8,888,488 

8,868.80* 

879,819 

The  leading  industries  of  Oregon  are  given  as  lumber  and 
timber  prodncts,  Sour  and  grist  mill  products,  fish  cauniag  and 
pieeerviag,  meat  packing,  woollen  goods,  ship  and  boat  building, 
car  and  general  shop  construction,  and  printing  and  publishing. 

Those  of  Washington  are  the  same,  except  woollen  goods,  and 
in  addition  cheese,  butter  and  condensed  milk  faetoiy  products, 
foundry  and  machine  shop  products,  and  malt  liquors. 

The  two  factories  in  the  beet  sugar  district  at  La  Grande,  B««t  Bogar. 
Or^n  and  Waverly,  Washington,  continue  to  be  hampered  by  a 
short  supply  of  beets,  but  there  is  an  improvement  each  year  in 
this  respect.     The  capacity  of  each  factory  is  350  tons  per  day. 
The  figures  balow  are  furnished  to  me  by  the  owners : — 


faetoritw. 

Area 
Planted. 

HwTerted. 

Bngnj 

Aytnge. 

SoKU-. 

Pnrilj. 

'I«Otwid« 
Wawrlj 

Acre.. 
8,483 
1,W0 

Tom. 
18.719 
13,000 

Lbi. 
8,814,000 
2,840,000 

PerCeuL 
18  4 

17-8 

PerCuL 
88 -4 

There  are  eight  woollen  mills  in  the  Slate  of  Oregon,  a  new  mill  Woolleu. 
bavii^just  been  pat  up  at  Portland.  These  mills  employ  about 
700  bands  in  the  manufacture  of  blimkete,  caaeimeres,  flannels  and 
tweeds.  Part  of  the  year  there  was  a  strike  of  the  operators  of 
the  largest  milL  Their  united  conmimptioii  of  wool  is  estimated 
at  1,500,000  lbs. 

The  largest  paper  mills  on  the  coast  are  at  Oregon  City,  where  F^r  and 
there  are  two  mills  working  on  newspaper  and  wrapping  paper.  f"f- 


d  by  Google 


Foundry  and 
BUKluDe 

Other  mana- 


16  POETLAND. 

The  anDiial  product  of  five  Oregon  niiUs  is  about  '21,000  tons  of 
newspaper  and  8,000  tons  of  wrapping  paper.  Over  700  haads  are 
employed. 

The  mill  at  Everett,  WashiEgton,  makes  wrapping  paper,  book 
and  writing  paper.  Its  product  was  5,500  tona  in  1900,  and 
employed  250  hands.  I  have  not  procured  figures  for  1901. 
There  is  also  a  latgp  mill  at  La  Camas,  Washington,  working 
principally  on  newspaper.  All  the  mills  export  largely  to  China 
and  Japan. 

In  reviewing  the  timber  trade,  the  Oregon  timbermen  state 
that  as  a  whole  the  business  has  not  been  as  profitable  as  in  1900. 
There  has  been  over-])roduction,  and  prices  have  not  been  as  well 
sustained.  The  cut  of  the  Columbia  Kiver  is  given  as  400,000,000 
feet,  of  which  Portland  mills  cut  300,000,000  feet  50,000,000 
shingles  were  cut  in  the  State.  The  great  saw  mills,  planing  mills, 
sash  and  door  and  box  factories  give  employment  to  about  4,600 
men,  of  whom  over  1,250  are  employed  in  Portland.  This  does 
not  include  loggers  and  others  engu;ed  in  getting  out  the  raw 
material.  The  largest  proportion  of  the  timber  is  red  or  yellow 
fir,  known  as  Oregon  pine,  but  there  is  also  spruoe,  cedar,  yellow 
pine,  larch  and  other  timber  in  smaller  proportion. 

In  the  State  of  Washington  there  are  over  16,400  persons 
employed  in  working  timber  and  its  products,  some  8,000  men  in 
logging  camps,  and  there  are  555  lumber  and  shingle  mills. 
Further  details  are  given  elsewhere  in  this  report  and  in  the 
reports  of  the  Vice-Consuls  on  Puget  Sound, 

Unlike  the  other  two  States,  which  are  probably  the  greatest 
timber  producers  in  the  world,  Idaho  (.annot  bo  called  a  timber 
State,  but  there  are  a  few  mills  doinf;  a  fairly  lai^e  business. 

The  flour  trade  was  not  so  active  as  during  the  last  year,  nor 
was  it  as  profitable,  Init  wliile  not  pressed  to  their  full  capacity, 
most  of  the  mills  were  kept  running.  There  are  153  mills  in 
Oregon,  85  in  Washington,  and  'M  in  Idaho. 

'J'here  was  more  nctivitv  in  the  foundry  and  machine  shops, 
and  the  lai^er  establishnieuis  did  a  fair  business. 

Furniture  factories,  linseed  oil  mills,  rope  and  cordage  works, 
rolling  mills,  meat  pai;kiiig  plants  were  all  in  steady  work  during 
the  year.  The  manufacture  of  clothing  and  shirts  is  being  carried 
on  here  on  an  increasing  scale,  one  factory  in  Portland  employing 
over  250  men  and  women. 

For  two  or  thi-oe  years  past  there  has  been  a  scarcity  of 
unskilled  labour  and  farm  hands,  but  in  the  iron  trades,  the 
demand  for  skilled  mechanics  continues  limited.  Building  and 
allied  trades  have  been  very  active,  and  the  number  of  dwellings 
and  business  premises  built  and  under  construction  in  Portland  ia 
larger  than  for  many  years  pafit.  There  has  been  a  continued 
scarcity  of  domestic  servants.  On  the  other  hand,  cleiks  and 
salesmen  usually  find  it  difScult  to  obtain  employment 

Although  it  will  not  be  published  till  next  year,  the  Fish 
Warden  for  Or^on  has  courteously  fumi^ed  me  with  a  copy  of 
his  report  for  the  past  year,  which  is  a,  most  valuable  document, 
particularly  on  the  culture  and  habits  of  the  salmon. 


d  by  Google 


POETIAND. 


17 


The  United  States  Fisheries  Dep&rtment  has  a  Balmon  hatchery 
Id  operatioQ  on  the  Clackamfts  itiver,  Ore^n,  and  produced  during 
the  year  8,646,309  young  fry. 

There  are  seven  State  Hatcheries,  four  on  the  Columbia  River 
and  tributaries  and  three  on  coaat  streams.  The  number  of  young 
salmon  turned  out  during  the  year  was  as  follows : — 


BpMlM. 

ftuMiatj. 

Hnmbw. 

ll,S»0,fi50 

246,000 

7,967,000 

Steelheadi  .. 
aUrenidM  .. 

ToW 

lB,i91,W0 

21,123,739  lbs.  of  salmon  were  taken  in  the  Or^n  lUvers 
during  the  year,  also  572,900  Ibe.  of  other  fish,  principally  sturgeon, 
shad,  smelt,  and  catfish. 

5,000  cases  of  clams  were   packed    near   Astoria,  each  case  FitheriM  of 
containing  4  dozen  1  lb.  tins.  Wuhlngtwi. 

1,396  licenses  were  issued  to  fishermen  alone. 

The  Washington  Fish  Commissioner  reports  that  there  are 
eight  salmon  hatcheries  on  the  Columbia  River  and  tributaries  in 
Washington,  eight  in  Fuget  Sound  district,  one  at  Grays  Harbour, 
and  one  at  WiUapa  Harbour.  Theae  establisbmente  owned  by  the 
State  planted  58,695,000  young  fry.  The  United  States  Fisheries 
Department  also  has  a  hatchery  on  the  White  Salmon  River 
and  produced  15,385,232  young  fish.  The  CommisBioner  reports 
11,128  persons  employed  in  the  fislieriea  and  fish  packing  establish- 
ments of  the  State  in  various  capacities. 

A  large  number  of  young  trout  were  planted  in  Oregon  streams  Trent 
during  the  year  by  tlie  Fish  and  Game  Association. 

Reliable  statistics  of  gold  aud  silver  miniiig  are  hard  to  obtain,  Mining, 
but  tJie  following  figures  of  the  product  for  1901  are  believed  to 
he  as  nearly  as  possible  correct.    T^ose  for  Or^on  and  Washington 
are  furnished  by  the  United  States  Assay  Office  at  Seattle,  and 
thoee  for  Idaho  by  the  Inspector  of  Mines: — 


SUtN. 

Gold. 

Stlnr. 

Qawtttf. 

Talao. 

QiianUtj. 

\al<i*. 

Idaho    

Ol^OD 

WMhlngton     .. 

Fine  OSS. 
110,228 

88,000 

81,000    , 

£ 

*B8,08* 
SSI.Ui 

131,931 

Finaoa, 

3,305,164 

1 60.000 

370,000 

£ 
252,882 
41,280 
66,460 

Total     .. 

SAl,ie3 

1     JI8B,S7I 

In  Idaho  County,  Idaho,  there  have  been  extenaive  new  dis- 
(129)  B 


d  by  Google 


18  POUTLAHD. 

coveries  of  gold-bearing  rock,  and  considerable  excitement  in 
consequence. 

Mines  in  Idaho  are  to  a  considemble  extent  worked  by  Britisli 
capital.  The  lead  production  of  Shoahone  County  alone  is  about 
one-fourth  of  the  total  product  of  the  United  States-  These  mines, 
known  as  the  Cteur  d'Alenes,  are  mostly  controlled  by  the  smelting 
combination,  and  were  not  worked  to  full  capacity,  as  the  trust 
limited  the  production  in  order  to  keep  up  prices.  The  ores  are 
concentrated  and  sent  to  smelters,  averaging  usually  50  per  cent, 
lead  and  30  to  50  ozs.  of  silver  per  ton. 

The  total  product  of  lead  in  Idaho  during  1901  was 
65,967,000  lbs.,  valued  at  527,736/.,  and  was  pi-oduced  in  the 
counties  of  Blaine,  Custer  and  Shoshone. 

I  am  unable  to  give  the  lead  product  of  either  Washington  or 
Oregon.  While  theie  is  plenty  of  the  mineral  in  these  States, 
there  are  no  great  mines  opened. 

Copper  is  found  at  numerous  places  in  all  three  States,  but  the 
development  of  this  mineral  is  slow.  Washington  Ckmnty,  Idaho, 
is  especially  rich,  and  when  railroad  communication  is  fully 
csteblished,  production  will  be  large. 

Other  minerals  found  and  worked  to  some  extent  in  Oregon, 
are  nicktl  and  cinnabar.  Iron  is  smelted  in  both  Oregon  and 
Washington,  and  zinc  is  hugely  produced  in  Idaho,  and  is  common 
in  all  three  States. 

By  far  the  largest  proportion  of  the  ores  mined  in  this  district 
are  sent  elsewhere  to  he  smelted,  but  there  are  three  smelters  in 
the  State  of  Washington,  at  Tacoma,  Kverett  and  Northport,  and 
all  have  been  steadily  at  work  during  the  year  on  gold,  silver,  lead 
and  copper  ores. 

Mr.  C.  F.  Owen,  State  Mining  Inspector,  has  furnished  mc 
with  the  following  data  of  the  coal  production  of  Washington 
during  1901.     I'l-oduction  is  in  tens  of  2,000  lbs. : — 


HlneB. 

Coontr. 

ProdDctioD 
ofCcI. 

Hen 

OpenUd 
(A.nngt), 

802 
2SS 

300 
302 

Rodjn          ..        .. 

GmlDM 

11    „ 

UIdo  Canyon 

Cokedftl«      .. 

KiMitM.. 
-Eierc    .„       -. 
King      ..         .. 
Wlmteom 
Sk.pt   ..         .. 

TUDB. 

1,005,027 

sTcoei 

SaS,S3B 
48,200 
13,643 

I,M6 

1,1S6 

1,084 

34 

8S 

ToUl     .. 
„     1900 

2,604,190 
2,418,084 

4,899 
^2«8 

Average  value  of  coke  at  tide  water,  13».  per  ton  (avoirdupois) 
f.o.b.  I'icice  County  produced  43,391  tons  of  cok(i  and  Skagit 
County  5,806  tons. 

There  has  Iwen  more  prospecting  for  coal  done  in  Oregon  than 
at  any  time   past,  and  apparently  with   some   I'esult.      As   yet, 


d  by  Google 


worki 
Ongon. 


PORTLAND.  19 

however,  the  oiily  producing  mines  are  in  Coos  County  in  the 
southern  p«rt  of  the  State.  The  product  during  the  year  was 
714.50  tons,  valued  at  12s.  per  ton.  It  is  expected  that  three  new 
miues  will  be  in  a  position  to  ship  coal  during  1902. 

Accidents  in  the  coal  mines  of  Washington  were  more  numerous  AcaideBta. 
than  last  year,  there  were  27  fatal  and  882  non-fatal  accidents. 
Improvements  are  heing  made  in  ventilation  of  the  mines. 

In  addition  to  the  river  works  referred  to  under  the  heading  Public  work*, 
of  "port  and  harbour,"  other  works  are  being  carried  on  under 
supervision  of    Captain  W.   C.  Langfitt,  of    the    United    States 
Ei^neer    Corps,   from   whose   report    I    extract    the    following 
information : — 

"  The  present  approved  project  for  improvement  of  the  entrance  W»w  and 
to  Coos  Bay  in  Southern  Or^on  provides  for  obtaining  and  main-  'wbonr 
taining  a  channel  20  feet  deep  at  low  tide  through  the  bar  by  the  " 
construction  of  two  high  tide  rubblestone  jetties,  the  north  jetty 
to  be  9,600  feet  long  and  the  south  jetty  11,200  feet.  The  estimate 
of  cost  is  493, 28l'/.  The  amount  expended  up  to  the  end  of  June, 
1901,  was  17u,630i.,  the  north  jetty  being  completed,  and  as  the 
result  has  been  to  produce  a  channel  of  from  18  to  22  feet  at  low 
tide  it  is  improbable  that  the  south  jetty  will  be  constructed. 

"  This  harlHJu  ■  is  growing  in  importance, 

*'  Other  improvements  are  being  carried  on  at  Coi^uille,  Siuslaw, 
Tillamoolc  and  on  the  upper  rivera,  but  these  have  only  an  indirect 
bearing  upon  foreign  commerce," 

The  following  infonaation  is  taken  from  the  annual  report  WMhingto*. 
of  Mtgor  Millis,  United  States  Engineer  Corps,  in  charge  of  curtain 
works : — 

"  Gra3'8  Harbour,  Washington,  is  being  improved  by  means  of 
a  jetty  with  the  expectation  of  securing  a  depth  of  24  feet  at 
mean  low  water  across  the  bar.  Luring  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  30,  1901,  the  jetty  trestle  was  advanced  3,232  feet,  the 
completed  foundation  3,200  feet  and  enrockment  1,992  feet.  The 
full  length  of  trestle  was  then  10,968  feet,  the  foundation  had 
been  completed  10,840  feet  and  enrockment  mised  for  9,192  feet 
liie  amount  expended  during  the  year  was  41,411^,,  and  the 
minimum  depth  of  channel  over  the  t«r  was  18  feet. 

"  Work  was  begun  upon  a  ship  canal  which  ia  to  connect  Puget  OhuL 
Sound  with  fresliwater  lakes  of  Union  and  Washington  so  as  to 
provide  a  ffeshwater  harbour.  It  is  estimated  to  cost  1,300,000/., 
and  contemplate-*  an  entrance  through  Salmon  Bay  to  Lake  Union 
and  thence  to  Lake  Washington,  dredging  through  the  flats  outside 
of  Salmon  Bay  to  a  lock  in  the  lower  end  of  the  bay,  the  construc- 
tion of  this  lock,  dredging  inside  the  lock  throngh  Salmon  Bay, 
digging  of  a  canal  from  the  upper  end  of  Salmon  Bay  to  Lake 
Union,  dredging  of  the  eastern  end  of  Lake  Union  and  the  con- 
struction of  a  canal  and  lock  between  Lakes  Union  and  Washing- 
ton. The  maximum  lift  of  the  lower  lock  at  low  tide  will  bo 
about  25  feet  and  the  average  lift  of  the  upper  lock  8^  feet.  The 
canal  section  and  the  lock  dimensions  are  to  be  such  as  will 
accommodate  the  largest  merchant  vessels  and  ships  of  war. 
(129J  B  2 


d  by  Google 


20  POBTLAMD. 

"  Everett  Harbour  is  being  improved  at  s  cost  of  84,400/.  by 
"pzcavation  and  dredging  a  (Manuel  to  deep  freshwater  in  the 
SnobamiBh  Eiver." 

Other  works,  of  local  importance  only,  are  nnder  charge  of 
Mf^or  Millis. 
Dry  dock.  The  construction  of  the  dry  dock  at  this  port  referred  to  in 

iny  last  report,  has  not  been  be^n.  A  contract  was  given,  bat  was 
afterwards  cancelled  and  new  plans  are  being  prepared.  The  dock 
will  be  a  sectional  floating  one,  built  uf  wood,  and  it  is  expected 
this  much  needed  work  will  be  pushed  to  completion  as  rapidly 
as  possibla 
lUIlwiy*.  The  amount  of  railway  track  laid  in  this  district  consisting  of 

extenaions  and  short  lines  were  in  the  a^r^ate  considerable,  uid 
there  are  numerous  extensions  in  course  of  construction.  The 
actual  mileage  of  track  laid  in  this  district  was : — In  Washington, 
134-30  miles ;  in  Idaho,  11740  mile^ ;  and  in  Oregon,  7'2I  mSes. 
AgrienltaK.  Agricultural  conditions  during  the  year  were  generally  favour- 

'**j?S'*'''**  ""^^^  "^  '^'^  districL  Cold  rains  and  frosts  in  the  spring  damaged 
■""'  *"*  and  reduced  the  yield  of  small  fruits,  and  later  cau.'ied  the  dropmig 
of  prunes  and  to  some  extent  some  of  the  laiger  fruits.  Boot 
crops  were  reduced  by  hot  weather  in  July  and  August,  but  the 
moist  weather  in  spring,  the  absence  of  hot  winds  during  the 
filling  season,  and  the  dry  weather  for  harvesting  and  thrashing 
produced  the  largest  cei-eal  crofts  ever  harvested  in  this  district. 
Except  in  the  "WiUamette  Valley  and  portions  nf  Washington,  the 
tendency  throughout  the  whole  of  this  district  is  to  farm  krge 
areas  for  a  single  crop.  Neither  fcrtiliseiB  are  used,  nor  rotation 
of  crops  practised,  hut  summer  fallowing  is  the  usual  mode  of 
resting  the  land.  The  avenge  annual  rainfall  of  Washington 
varies  from  110  inches  at  the  shore  Une  to  less  than  10  inches 
in  the  Yakima  Valley  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains  In  the  lower  and  middle  WilLimette  Valley  in 
Oregon  the  average  is  46  inches,  on  the  eastern  olope  of  the 
Cashes  20  inches,  and  over  the  plateau  region  of  central  and 
eastern  Oregon  between  10  and  15  inches.  In  the  mountain 
r^ion  of  Idaho  it  is  40  inches  and  the  plains  are  senii-urid.  Id 
the  foothills  and  lower  end  of  the  Falouse  Valley  there  is 
generally  sufficient  rain  for  the  crops.  Monthly  wages  of  farm 
bands  average  22  dol.  (■U.  8s.)  with  board. 

Dairying  is  attaining  considerable  proportions  in  the  WiUamette 
Valley  and  Western  Washington,  and  fruit-growing  is  also  in- 
creasing in  these  districts  and  in  the  footliills  of  Idalio. 
.  LkBda.  During   the  fiscal  year  ending  June   30,    1901,  the  Federal 

Government  disposed  of  lands  as  follows: — In  Oregon,  593,884 
acres ;  in  Washington,  814,942  acres ;  and  in  Idaho,  813,016  acres. 
<7nMU  The  cereal  crops  of  this  district  during  1901,  as  furnished  to 

me  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  were  aa 
under,  but  the  consensus  of  opinion  is  that  the  figures  are  too 
fa^h  or  the  home  consumption  is  greater  than  is  generally 
supposed : — 


d  by  Google 


crop.. 

i.d... 

Or«(00. 
At».       1  <lMnill7.   . 

WuUxtOD. 

Ani. 

QuMtit,.   1 

ATM. 

HUUltitT. 

Com          

S,M1 

m,sn 

T»,TM 

1,J78,»(»     j 

*I™1    1      ui%a 

tU,Hi     1  17,168,0S» 
184,803     :     B.8IJ,2M 

if:;;;  j  .as 

»,ai8 

1,18^TS) 

M.180 
^U),1I8 

A  moet  interesting  pamphlet  hay  been  recently  pnUbhcd  by 
the  United  States  Department  of  Agricultare  on  wheat-growing- 
on  the  Pacific  Coast  r^on,  from  which  it  appears  that  the  averse 

Geld  of  wheat  per  acre  in  Or^ou  during  the  laet  10  years  bas 
lon  17'7  bushels ;  in  Washington,  20-8  bushels ;  and  in  Idaho, 
22"8  bushels.  Thase  averages  would  appear  to  be  low,  but  there 
is  a  very  great  diversity  in  production.  In  some  of  the  lai^est 
wheat-growing  districts  the  average  is  from  25  to  30  bushels  per 
acre.  At  this  rate  of  production  careful  farmers  estimate  wheat 
can  be  grown  and  sacked  for  26  c.  (la.  Id.)  per  bushel.  The 
average  of  1901  of  the  principal  cereal  crops,  was  Oregon: — 
Wheat,  21  bushels;  oats,  'AV5  bushels;  barley,  30-6  bushels.  In 
Washington,  291,  475  and  435  bushels.  In  Idaho,  21-2,  38-3 
and  40-2  bushels  respectively.  Farmers  appear  to  have  been  well 
satisfied  with  results.  It  is  stated  that  fall-sown  grain  in  Adams 
County,  Washington,  averaged  50  bushels  per  acre.  A  field  in 
Palouse  district  produced  64^  bushels  per  acre,  and  other  lat^ 
tracts  produced  from  52  to  58  bushels  per  acre. 

Although  the  yield  of  hops  was  20  per  cent,  below  average  Hop  e«^ 
and  the  burr  small,  yet  the  quality  was  ^ooA  and  prices  satis- 
factory. The  hop  usually  grown  here  is  the  English  cluster. 
The  average  investment  in  a  yard  of  20  acres  is  about  450?,, 
including  cost  of  land,  kiln  and  planttug.  A  low  average  crop 
is  1,000  lbs.  of  dried  hops  per  acre,  and  on  this  basis  the  cost  in 
the  bale  is  about  3|d,  leaving  a  fair  return  on  the  average  price 
of  5d.  this  season.  The  acreage  nnder  hops  during  1901  was  about 
17,500  in  Oregon  and  5,000  in  Washington. 

The  average  yield  of  potatoes  was  reduced  on  account  of  hot  Boot  crop*, 
weather  in  summer  by  at  least  25  per  cent.,  but  market  prices 
were  high  aud  fanners  made  profits.  Farmers  are  being  slowly 
educated  in  growing  sugar  beets  in  the  district  adjoining  the  sugar 
factories,  and  although  it  is  more  laborious  than  wheat  farmmg 
ii  seems  to  be  found  profitabla  The  soil  is  said  to  surpass  the 
beat  sugar-beet  French  soils  in  the  potash  element  and  the  per- 
centile of  sugar  is  probably  greater  than  that  of  beets  grown  in 
any  other  section  of  the  United  States.  One  grower  in  Spokane 
County  reports  42^  acres  as  producing  9'87  tons  per  acre,  which 
sold  at  an  average  of  1/.  Of.  lOf^.  per  ton,  and  states  that  the  actual 
cost  delivered  at  the  sugar  factoiy  was  12s. 

Taking  this  immense  district  as  a  whole  the  fruit  crops  were  Bortlcoltan.. 
below  an  average,  but  all  reports  agree  that  growers  made  money. 
There  ia  a  continually  increasing  area  being  put  under  fruit,  the 
(129)  B  3 


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22  POBTLAKD. 

tendency  being  to  grow  apples  and  Italian  prunes,  which  aeem  to 
have  a  larger  market  thEin  other  fruits.  At  one  time  there  were 
lai^e  areaa  under  French  prunes,  but  these  have  not  been  profitable 
and  the  growing  of  this  species  has  been  largely  abandoned.  Small 
fruits  have  a  good  market  in  the  middle  States.  Oregon  is  divided 
into  five  districts,  each  under  a  Commission.  The  first  distriot 
embraces  the  northern  part  of  the  Willamette  Valley  and  the 
two  const  counties  south  of  the  Columbia ;  the  second  district  is 
composed  of  the  six  central  counties  of  Western  Oregon ;  the 
third  contains  the  seven  southeramoet  counties ;  the  fourth 
district  consists  of  the  five  central  counties  east  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains ;  and  the  fifth  comprises  the  seven  most  easterly 
counties  of  the  State. 

The  first  and  fourth  districts  produce  more  small  fruits  than 
the  others,  and  in  the  second  pruue  growing  is  most  extendve 
The  best  apples  are  grown  in  the  third  and  fourth  districts,  but 
aU  grow  fruit  in  a  great  variety,  and  all  the  Conmussionns  reported 
A  satisfactory  season. 

The  Washington  Bureau  of  Statistics  affirms,  in  a  report 
published  in  1901,  that  there  are  more  than  85,000  acres  planted 
to  fruit  in  that  State.  Profits  in  apples  run  very  high  dnrit^ 
the  year,  for  instance,  one  grower  in  Southern  Oregon  realised 
nearly  l,200i.  gross  in  a  10  acre  orchard  of  10  year  old  trees  and 
another  240/.  net  on  2^  acres.  Their  figures  are  apparently  well 
authenticated. 

Although  the  price  of  Italian  prunes  was  lower  than  in  1900 
and  the  yield  hy  no  means  full,  there  is  no  doubt  the  growers 
made  very  good  profits.  A  prune  orchard  pays  nothing  until  the 
fifth  year  mer  it  is  planted,  and  at  eight  years  is  in  full  bearing. 
The  cost  of  growing  and  drying  appears  to  he  about  Id.  per  lb. 
under  ordinary  circumstances. 

In  previous  reports  I  refeiTed  to  the  growing  of  the  teazel 
burr  which,  for  many  years,  has  been  grown  to  good  profit  in 
Clackamas  County  of  this  State.  These  burrs  are  used  to  some 
extent  hy  manufacturers  of  cloth  to  raise  a  nap  in  the  doth. 
Enquiries  have  recently  been  made  on  the  subject  hy  German 
cloth  manufacturers,  and  in  case  ihe  matter  posseasefl  any  intei'est 
to  British  manufacturers  I  think  Jt  advisable  to  give  some  further 
information. 

The  teazel  appears  to  be  grown  only  at  two  places  in  the 
United  States,  at  Skaneateles,  Kew  York,  and  in  Clackamas  County, 
Or^on.  It  belongs  to  tJie  thistle  family  and  requires  two  years 
to  mature.  It  throws  out  branches  surmounted  by  thistle  like 
beads  or  burrs  on  long  stems  which,  when  dry,  form  the  teazel  of 
■commerce.  The  Oregon  teazel  is  smaller  than  the  New  York 
product,  and  Mr.  Sautelle  of  Molalla,  Oregon,  secured  a  gold 
medal  at  the  Charleston  Exhibition  on  account  of  the  quality  of 
he  product,  the  points  being  particularly  tough  and  elastic 

Steel  points  are  used  in  American  mills  in  place  of  teazels, 
but  only  for  the  coarser  cloths.  It  costs  about  2d.  per  lb.  to 
giov  and  prepare  teazels  for  tlie  market,  and,  they  sell  at  ao 


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average  price  of  4d.  There  are  only  three  growers  in  this  State 
who  have  had  an  experience  of  many  years.  The  business  has 
been  proGtable. 

There  has  been  a  very  rapid  increase  in  dairying  in  all  the  Djirjing, 
States  in  this  district  during  the  last  few  years.  The  formera  of 
Western  Oregon  have  increased  their  butter  production  fully  one- 
third  during  the  year,  and  Washington  haa  increased  in  about  the 
some  ratio.  No  leas  than  62  new  creameries  and  cheese  iactories 
were  opened  during  the  year,  there  being  now  253  creameries  and 
37  cheese  factories  in  that  State.  Nearly  every  farmer  who  has 
a  fair  number  of  cows  has  a  hand  or  power  cream  separator,  and 
by  far  the  lai^eet  proportion  do  not  make  butter  on  the  farm,  but 
sell  the  cream  to  outter  factories.  The  prpduction  of  butter  ami 
cheese  has  now  reached  a  point  where  the  supply  is  sufficient  for 
home  consumption,  and  an  export  trade  must  be  established. 
Quantities  are,  of  course,  sent  to  Alaska,  but  farmers  are  looking 
for  trade  with  Japan,  China,  tlie  Philippine  and  Hawaiian  Islands. 
The  average  price  paid  by  creameries  for  butter  fat  was  lid.  per 
lb.,  and  the  average  price  paid  by  dealers  for  butter  of  the  highest 
(trade  was  ll^d.  per  lb.  The  natural  result  of  the  increase  in 
dairying,  pursued  as  a  business,  is  the  rapid  improvement  in  the 
breeding  of  farm  cattle. 

Tear  by  year  the  free  range  ia  being  restricted,  more  rapidly  S*"*^ 
in  the  State  of  Washington  than  iu  the  other  States  o!  this**"^'"*' 
district,  and  it  may,  therefore,  be  expected  that  the  numbers  of 
stock  on  the  ranges  will  be  lessened.  The  winter  of  1900-01  was 
favourable  for  stock  and  losses  were  not  excessive.  There  was 
a  strong  demand  and  high  prices  were  paid  for  all  stock,  and  there 
is  no  doubt  the  business  was  profitable. 

The  time  has  nearly  gone  past  when  stock  could  be  fed  ttio 
year  round  on  the  ranges  without  any  provision  being  made  by 
raising  hay  for  that  purpose,  and  in  some  districts  the  runs  are 
overstocked.  Angora  goats  have  been  found  profitable  in  timber 
districts,  as  they  require  little  care,  and  subsist  on  the  shoots  of 
trees  and  shrubs,  rendering  useful  service  in  keeping  down  a 
second  growth  in  partially  cleared  lands. 

Although  the  assessors'  returns  are  not  considered  altogether 
reliable,  as  they  are  generally  much  understated,  they  give  a 
general  idea  of  the  growth  of  certain  industries,  and  those  for 
1901  show  an  increase  in  all  stock  in  the  State  of  Oregon. 

Statistics  on  the  wool  product  are  given  elsewhere  in  this 
report,  and  the  following  figures  are  given  me  by  the  largest 
dealer  in  the  State  of  Oregon  as  the  averse  prices  paid  for 
different  animals  for  slai^htering  purposes  during  1901  :---Cattle, 
7^.  12s. ;  calves,  11.  18s. ;  swine,  21.  16«. ;  sheep  and  lambs,  12s. 

There  was  a  strong  demand  for  horses  and  mules  -and  large 
numbers  were  purchased,  principally  for  army  purposes,  at  prices 
ranging  from  25/.  to  30/.  for  trained  work  horses  and  mules  and 
6/.  to  12A  for  saddle  horses.  There  appears  to  be  more  money  in 
cattle  than  in  horses,  and  the  tendency  is  to  give  more  attention 
to  the  former  and  less  to  horse  breeding.  Domestic  animals  in 
(129)  B  4 


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24  POBTLiinX 

this    district   have    not    been    seriously    affected    by    disease. 
There  is  no  considerable  amount  of  scab  amongst  sheep. 

There  was  some  mortality  amongst  swine  from  h<^  cholera 
or  a  very  similar  disease,  and  anthrax  was  also  prevalent  to  some 
extent  in  Klamath  County,  Oregon,  with  sporadic  cases  elsewhere, 
Yaccination  was  found  to  be  a  successful  mode  of  checking  the 


The  table  given  below  of  the  United  St^es  cenaos  ratnms  of 
the  numbers  and  aver^  value  of  domestic  animals  in  this  district 
is  interesting.  The  proportion  of  lambs  under  one  year  old  to  the 
total  number  given  in  the  table  is  about  one-third : — 


1             Or^. 

Wublagtos. 

IdltO. 

**""'           j    Ku^ber.    1     A'*™"' 

KDiDl»r. 

Aranfc 

Numlin. 

Atcthk* 
V.1IW. 

\     *   ,.  d. 
MiMVUidltmbi...     >,au:,Tt7          0    9  Jl 

a«u      i!ia,m  1    0 11  s 

Bvin 28e,Ml          0  lit    0 

CiU1>  Ukd  alTH...       TIE.tM         *    «    J 

910,988 

t   1.  ± 

1   0   :i 

"■'■as 
1 

S    ,.  d. 
0  18    0 

4  18  II 

The  average  value  given  above  is  for  animals  of  all  ages  and 
conditions. 

There  has  been  a  continued  improvement  in  values  ol  real 
estate,  both  in  town  and  country,  and  a  very  great  scarcity  of 
dwelling  houaea  in  Portland  with  a  continued  rise  in  rents.  A 
lai^e  number  of  buildings  have  been  constructed  during  the  year. 

The  valuations  for  taxation  purposes  during  the  year  1901  of 
all  property  in  this  district  were  fixed  as  under: — ' 


BtAtA. 

Talutlon. 

WMhiogton 

?ffi*    ::    :;    ::    ::    :: 

£ 
E2,0S6,147 
38,278,708 
10,288,1S1 

The  tax  levy  on  all  property  within  the  city  limits  of  Portland 
was  2'80  per  cent 

Revenue  of  the  city  of  Portland  was  112,477^.  and  the  general 
expenditure  96,850/.,  which  includes  police  and  fire  departments. 

The  revenue  of  the  Water  Commission  was  56^6^.,  and  its 
working  expenses  6,9502.  It  paid  32,000/.  interest  on  bonds  and 
17,296/.  on  construction  and  extensions. 

From  special  funds  there  was  expended  on  parks,  2,550/. ;  on 
street  improvements  and  extensions,  27,296/. ;  and  on  sewers, 
22,637/. 

The  following  was  the  bonded  indebtedness  of  the  city  on 
December  31,  1901  :— 


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{ 

Anunnt. 

Intenrtat— 

Wftter  bonds 
TiriODibond. 
10  7««Brtraet 

£ 

680,000 
871,000 
101,800 

ae,8u 

PMeenL 
0 
6 

6 
0 

ToU 

1,118,628 

" 

To  coBunemorate  the  oenteimial  of  the  expedition  of  LewisBsUbition 
and  Clark,  it  is  intended  to  hold  in  Portlaad  an  exhibition  in 
1905.    It  will  be  on  a  large  scale,  and  a  gnarantee  company  has 
been  incorporated  with  a  capital  of  100,000?.  under  the  name  of 
"  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Centennial  and  Pacific  Exposition." 

SnbventionB  are  expected  from  the  State  of  Oregon,  the  neigh- 
bouring States  and  Federal  Government.  Britieh  merchants  and 
manufacturers  might  find  this  a  good  opportunity  for  increasing 
their  trade  with  toe  Pacific  Coaat  States. 

Annex  A. — Retdkn  of  all  Shipping  at  the  Fort  of  Portland, 
Oregon,  during  tbe  Year  1901. 


aailing. 

8t«am. 

Total. 

NationaUtj. 

Number 

Nmabw 

Nnrnlwr 

of 

Ton*. 

of 

Tmu, 

of 

Tons. 

TmmIi. 

TeMoU. 

TmmU. 

BriUib    .. 

08 

111,186 

40 

10O,S66 

108 

821,440 

AnMriean— 

CoMUng-       .. 
Trom     brdgu 

S 

4,878 

1 

1,176 

1 

1,880 

3 

8,061 

OmS^  ..        .. 

Si 

S 

8,886 

04,600 

Fmneh     .. 

28 

86,901 

S8 

88,001 

NotwegUD      and 

S 

4,400 

10 

17,778 

18 

22,808 

Autro-HoDgailM 

S 

4,784 

4,784 

1,188 

1,288 

1 

1,841 

1,641 

I>iiteh      .. 

1 

8,701 

2.701 

Total 

189 

Ifil 

288,080 

S90 

470,162 

„    1800  .. 

ill 

108,028 

les 

210,008 

274 

411,121 

*  Tb«M  do  not  inclnde  uy  river  itetmor*. 


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FORTIAHD. 
ClXABED. 


SaUiDg. 

Steam. 

Nnmber; 

ToUl. 

H»timi»Utj. 

Namlwr 

Number 

ot 

Tona. 

of 

Tom. 

of 

Tons. 

,^ 

ToMoU 

Tesseli. 

Brltidi    ..        .. 

88 

112,S19 

SO 

99,267 

102 

211,676 

ADMriCU- 

UOMtiDg* 

8 

B,4S4 

100 

107,039 

117 

118,483 

To  foreign  ports 

1 

eS4 

3 

8,702 

3 

*,S8S 

8,836 

SO 

82,670 

20 

32,(170 

Nonr^n      and 

4.784 

2 

4,784 

1 

1,288 

I 

1,288 

lUItu     .. 

- 

2 

Dutch      .. 

■■ 

1 

2,781 

1 

2,791 

ToUl 

132 

2ao,23S 

177 

244,808 

309 

485,181 

„    1800  .. 

118 

198,408 

1&8 

208,981 

274 

107,384 

■  Theae  do  no[  isclode  an;  Htw  ■Utmen. 


Annex  B. — KktDRN  of  Principal   Articles  of   Export  from 
Portland,  Oregon,  during  the  Years  1901-1900. 


AifldM. 

1«.. 

«». 

O^atj. 

T«lM. 

qnudtr. 

THOB. 

OUUT  *nlel« 

... 

""    

~ 

.,i84,«>    j             ... 

1,MI,0« 

d  by  Google 


Ketubn  of  Principal  Aitides  of  Import  to  Portland,  Oregon, 
during  the  Years  1901-1900. 


.«-. 

IMU. 

1*00. 

To^'      .. 

Qnuttr. 

Vitm. 

H,mMV. 

VllD*. 

ffi-S2S»  : 

'£«M 

as 

i,iw 

■1,011 

«4:«i 

Urn. 

tT,l2« 

i^wa 

a,iiu 

4,oao 

lUttlBi;          

Si"":: 

1,Z8^«8 

lilua 

lu.iai 

1,*M 

42,tea 

l»,t37 

B^BM 

16,«M 

iDlptiiir        r.       ill       " 

TIHM           „. 

a,*7i 

8,M4 

2,«B 

ii,m 

I»    »    ...    „.    ... 

M^lU 

St7* 

1,1»5»»T 

99^207 

XuUMiwMa  ...       .-       _ 

1,U8 

ll,l«l 

Ua. 

«LT(iai«H 

iT.aa 

4.ni;oio 

n,«i 

^1^ 

■  Ul 

?10i 

1^ 

>ia,OH 

>,UI 

Tll,>7t 

4,01« 

Bjtto™       -       ...       _ 

"     z 

l».ftTS 
t4t,Ul 

tSi 

11,171 
1W,TW 

l,t» 

SSTz    I    z    z 

." 

MMH 

*,w 

*4,1M 

]l.\?. 

9S»«^    Z 

l^OOO 

Ki^T'z    ' 

lft,lM 

IMM 

^»l 

e,a> 

K,»n 

7,W> 

iSfas;  I   "   : 

Tom*" 

"'*M 

l,tM 

"'t« 

"*M 

■■ll    ...     -     „     ... 

OUdolh"       ~       ■_"       .1: 

UN. 

»,i»*."e 

t,SM 

i,Mi,aM 

l,00i 

Eq.^... 

'4>1( 

i,<ai 

iiw 

on 

I,SM 

1^ 

lIoM 

e^^    ... '?y  :: 

T»8 

1,IM 

LU." 

ira,«n 

iii.v» 

m 

wlTn 

li 

^T^  :::    z    :: 

nslroD          

looi" 

""»» 

1,0« 

Lt.    :r 

l,OM 

ISM 

I.W 

i|Mi 

Uilnn         .'       ;." 

«8,U0 

i,in 

120,01)0 

ilm 

CWIerT  ud  other  Ina  ud 

1,M1 

i,t» 

WtoflowglMi _ 

Lin."' 

ViiTfo 

M 

1,«M>)0 

T,ao« 

: 

1T,«8I 

ii,t« 

To«        ...        .„ 

.„ 

ttt,tXi 

._ 

»0t.011 

JUHtx      „        _       .. 

M,«1I 

00,1« 

£.£««•-    ::: 

" 

■;; 

ut,*n 

Curio.         ._       .„       _ 

ii;h« 

loitta 

KtwrtnU-.       „       .„ 

>,b6» 

ir,M« 

C™pk«c .. 

t>l 

iImo 

AUMbnnMM  ~       Z 

.„ 

'i'm 

!;; 

u;«H 

anaAMW 

... 

tI(,M 

1     w,m 

d  by  Google 


Annex  C. — ^Table  Bhowing  Total  Value  of  all  Articlea  Ezportad 
from  and  Imported  to  Portland,  Or^;on,  to  and  from  Foreign 
Countries  during  the  Yeara  1901-1900. 


Conntriw. 

Bzporta.                !                Import*. 

IBDl. 

1900. 

1001. 

1900. 

[Toited  Ciugdom 
BriUnh  India  ud  Eart 

IndlM 
BoqUiAMo    .. 
AiutnlU 

Uauda 

HoDg-Koag      ..         .. 
ChiDB    .. 

S'iK:^".'"  :: 

Oernuuir 

Bdgium           ..        .. 

P«ni 

Ofaile 

Trsnce  

Onl* 

Sweden  and  Horn;   .. 
HeiiM.. 

£ 
1,888.084 

ODS 
8S,S8« 
1,320 

21T,GSd 
02.695 
198,871 

181,«H 
T*.T22 
fi0,428 
SI^OB 
8^867 
38,868 
22,084 

£ 
1,2G2,786 

41,487 

26i446 
81.440 
12G,08'i 

17,278 
8,4B8 

80,069 

£ 
26,081 

108.700 

2,817 
6,686 

48,028 
4,19S 

62,608 

144.021 

6^121 

1 

18,274 

2.2. 

U32 
2.181 
l,2«l 
1,020 
1,826 

£ 
26,636 

90.124 

"48 
6,SS4 

26,248 
8.06B 
60.919 

220.447 

3«,i70 

26 

28,297 

16,648 

'606 

«,785 

942 

l.b8» 

Total     .. 

2^4,97* 

1.801,072 

470.843       1      681,458 

AbtorU- 

Mr.  Vice-Coneul  Cherry  reports  as  follows  : — 

This  district  has  had  a  year  of  unusual  prosperity,  and  the 
demand  for  its  chief  products  of  salmon  and  lumber  has  been  good. 
So  far  no  great  increase  in  the  size  of  the  town  has  been  noted. 
One  freezing  establishment  for  fifih  has  been  completed  during  the 
year. 

A  great  deal  of  interest  has  beea  shown  by  the  community 
in  eflbrts  to  attract  people  with  knowledge  and  capital  to  come 
here  and  start  manufactures  of  wood,  such  as  sawmills  turning  out 
rough  lumber,  shingle,  basket,  box,  sash  and  door,  and  wooden- 
waro  factories.  The  natural  resources  are  here,  with  easy  trans- 
portation by  both  rail  and  water. 

Values  of  timber  land  have  increased;  Government  land  is 
reported  to  be  almost  exhausted  in  this  district,  and  is  now  valued 
at  from  21.  to  10/.  per  acre,  depending  on  the  position  and  the 
amount  of  standing  timber  on  it  The  influx  of  wealthy 
buyers,  and  the  fact  thai;  the  timber  lands  of  the  Gi-eat  Lakes- 


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refjion  are  almost  exhausted,  have  enhanced  the  prices  of  the  forest 
landa  in  Oregon.  The  owning  of  large  tracts  of  laud  by  non- 
residents, often  held  merely  as  aii  investment,  is  detrimental  to 
the  interests  of  the  bond  fide  settler. 

Most  interesting  reports  of  the  great  wealth  in  the  forests  of  Vonat  vaiii 
this  State  have  been  made  by  the  forestry  expert  for  Ore^n. 
He  states  that  Or^n  is  the  heaviest  timbered  State  in  the  Umon, 
and  estimated  the  total  staodlng  £imber  at  S3o,000,000,000  feet, 
even  with  the  wasteful  method  now  employed  of  taking  out  only  the 
best  logs.  When  the  cut  is  more  economically  done,  it  '  will 
amount  to  nearly  500,000.000,000  feet,  valued  at  lOO.OOO.OOOi.  at 
the  present  values,  which  are,  however,  steadily  going  up.  The 
total  cut  for  the  State  is  now  900.000,000  feet,  and  at  this  rate 
forests  would  be  inexhaustible,  as  the  growth  would  more  than  keep 
up  with  the  cut     There  is  no  doubt  that  with  proper  forest  con- 

;  servancy  the  cut  might  be  increased  fivefold  without  depleting  the 
forests,  as  the  miJd  moist  climate  makes  a  rank  growth.  The 
territory  in  this  Vice-Consular  district  has  the  greatest  body  of 
timber,  and  more  attention  is  being  directed  to  it  each  year. 

Ix^ging  was  very  brisk  daring  the  year  at  increased  prices  Logging. 

•durii^  the  first  six  months,  but  owing  to  over  cutting  prices  have 
fallen. 

The  largest  local  lumber  mill  was  burned  down  during  the  Lumber, 
year,  and  Uie  cut  was  thereby  materially  reduced.     The  pro- 

Erielors  immediately  rented  another  mill  further  up  the  river  to 
eep  up  with  their  contracts  for  ti'ansport  by  rail  to  east  of  the 
Socky  mountains. 

Persons  interested  in  coal  mining  have  commenced  operatious  OoiL 
-at  the  mouth  of  the  Nelialem  Eiver,  as  mentioned  in  my  laat 
report  (Annual  Series  Ko.  2666).  They  claim  that  the  quality  of 
the  coul  is  equal  to  that  of  the  best  British  Columbia  mines.  This 
particular  mine  is  located  due  south  of  Astoria  about  36  miles. 
At  present  the  greatest  bar  to  development  is  deficient  commu- 
oication. 

Ko  further  developments  have  been  made  on  the  northerly 
«xtnnsion  of  this  bed,  which  ends  at  the  Columbia  Kiver  due  east 
'  of  Astoria. 

There  has  been  an  increase  of  25  per  cent  in  shipping  in  the  SUppinc. 
foreign  trade,  and  the  average  tonnage  is  larger.  The  proportion 
of  British  tonnage  has  fallen  from  68  per  cent  last  year,  to  61^ 
per  cent.  I  attribute  the  falling-off  in  the  proportion  of  British 
vessels  to  the  larger  size,  the  difficulties  of  the  port  being  felt  by 
the  larger  vessels,  and  to  crimping  abuses. 

The  winter  has  been  very  stormy,  and  a  number  of  disasters  Wwthw. 
have  occurred  outside  this  port  in  the  immediate  waters.  Kear 
Quinaiult  a  French  barque  was  driven  ashore  and  became  a  total 
loss.  The  British  ship  "  Pinmore  "  was  abandoned  near  the  same 
place,  but  was  afterwards  picked  up  and  taken  to  Puget  Sound. 
Minor  casualties  occurred. 

The  lightship  known  as  "  Columbia  Eiver,  No.  50,"  after  being  '"W"*  *>?• 
-  ashore  for  nearly  18  months,  was  taken  off  the  beach  in  a  novu 


d  by  Google 


30  ASTOBU. 

way.  The  vessel  was  raised  by  house  movers,  placed  on  woodea 
rollers,  and  hauled  across  a  low  divide  between  the  ocean  and 
river,  and  launched  in  the  Columbia  River,  the  repairs  being 
attended  to  while  en.  Touie. 

During  the  past  year  I  have  not  had  a  single  case  where  the 
shipmaster  has  requested  an  order  for  the  ari'est  of  a  deserting 
seaman.  The  excuse  is  that  the  crimps  would  refuse  to  give  them 
any  other  men  in  case  their  men 'escaped. 

I  compile  the  following  from  the  records  kept  at  this  Vice- 
Consulate  of  changes  in  crews  of  British  ships  : — 


Deathi 
'Discliugee  .. 

DeEartioaH  .. 


Of  these  desertions  I  believe  98  per  cent,  were  caused  by  the 
crimps. 

The  agriculture  of  this  district  is  in  a  prosperous  condition 
owing  to  the  great  demand  for  all  the  products  of  the  soil, 
with  the  possible  exception  of  hay,  which  is  selling  at  a  compara- 
tively low  price.  Not  much  of  the  large  extent  of  land  is  in  cul- 
tivation. Heavy  forests  and  high-priced  labour  prevent  clearing 
to  a  great  extent,  but  farming  pays  well,  and  the  increase  in 
wealth  of  the  "  rancher  "  has  enabled  him  to  pay  for  separators, 
and  ui  some  cases  water-power  has  been  put  in  to  help  out  the 
family  labour.  In  the  immediate  neighbourhood  farming  is  more 
backward  than  in  the  districta  to  the  north  and  south.  Dairying 
is  the  leacUng  branch,  then  cattle  and  raising  swine.  Hay  growing 
for  sale  has  fallen  off,  as  the  Ic^ing  camps  now  use  steam  engines 
in  the  place  of  draught  cattle  in  the  forests. 

I  believe  that  the  total  amount  of  salmon  caught  is  declining. 
It  is  now  quite  difficult  to  procure  reliable  figures.  A  few  years 
ago  all  the  salmon  was  tinned,  and  by  this  means  it  was 
possible  to  have  a  close  approximation  on  the  quantity  caught. 
Now  much  of  the  fish  is  frozen  and  exported  through  the  Atlantic 
ports,  and  also  to  the  cities  east  of  the  Mississippi,  or  exported 
pickled.  These  statistics  are  not  readily  obtainable,  nor  those  of 
the  home  consumption.  Prices  have  been  high,  and  there  was 
little  fall  fitihing  done. 

The  canning  industry  is  steadily  decreasing,  and  the  following 
table  gives  the  figures  for  the  year : — 


d  by  Google 


Spiing  pick  in  ri 
P»ll 

Total  . 


QwoiUtj. 

Decraau. 

CasN. 
SIS,000 

2,000 
86,000 

CtMM. 

17,000 
38,000 
33,000 

SDS,000 

84,000 

Practically  all  the  pack  was  sold  at  the  end  of  the  year  at 
prices  lower  than  in  1900. 

Oyster  culture  has  been  more  carefully  attended  to  during  the  Oj»l«r«. 
past  year.     I  am  informed  that  the  product  is  now  selling  as  far 
east  as  Salt  Lake  City  aud  down  to  Southem  California.    Higher 
prices  are  given  for  the  Pacific  coast  oyster  than  for  the  oyster 
of  the  Atlantic  coast. 

There  is  a  great  chance  for  improvement  in  this  direction. 
All  the  natui-al  oyster  beds  have  not  been  taken  up,  and  the 
business  is  certainly  profitable. 

There  has  "been  an  increase  in  population,  few  buildings  being  Population 
unoccupied  aud  many  new  dwellings  have  been  built.     The  health  '°°  ''«»''h' 
of  the  city  has  been  good,  not  so  much,  I  believe,  on  account  of  any 
special  measures,  but  owing  to  climatic  conditions. 


Annex  A. — Kkturn  of  all  Shipping  at  the  Port  of  Astoria, 
Oregon,  during  the  Year  1901, 


Enterbd. 

Sailing:. 

Steam. 

Total. 

HalionaUlj. 

Kiimber 

Number 

Number 

of 

Tons, 

of 

T..D8. 

of 

Tona. 

Vexacla 

VG»ela 
34 

91,ES0 

r«BMia. 
101 

Bdtidi  .. 

., 

117,8Tfl 

209,485 

.imericjin— 

Foreign 

2 

1,65S 

3 

3,651 

S,20S 

Coaaling 

22,483 

280 

240,788 

821 

288,220 

■    21 

!«,050 

21 

84,050 

QBTinan  ,. 

31 

69,268 

2 

8,!78 

.      8<! 

63.078 

Norwegian 

2 

2;2« 

H 

20,871 

;     13 

2!i,no 

2,791 

Donlah     ..      .   .. 

1 

1,288 

],^88 

AuUr»Hai«arian 

3 

Italian     .. 

1 
1 

1.711 
1,«37 

i;711 
1,887 

Total 

170 

24I,1<S 

333 

386,208 

BOS 

S0S,3tS 

„    IftOO.. 

122 

198,038 

8(7 

380,846 

469 

658,884 

d  by  Google 


ABTOBU. 

Cleabbd. 


Btiling. 

StMUL 

ToUL 

VriioiikUtj. 

HnndMr 
of 

Tom. 

Nombec 

of 
Vweli. 

Tou. 

Nunber 

of 
TmmIi. 

Tool. 

BriUih    .. 
Ameiiou- 

Fwnoh    ..         .. 
OennMi  .. 
Nonrtgiu 

1 

4 
48 
1 
9 

3,aM 

3,628 
26,940 

i,7«e 

»,4B8 

IS 

1  ■ 
280 

"i 
I 

3S,7B4 

80 
928,918 

8^77 
9.791 

14 

6 

B78 
I 
S 
2 
I 

86,992 

2,659 
264,868 
1,789 
8,4BB 
8,977 
9:791 

ToW 
„    IBM  .. 

SS 
49 

Sfi,»44 
89,976 

247 
39T 

269,470 
899^78 

808 
889 

106,414 
889,868 

Aonex  B. — ■Rbtdrk  of  Principal  Articles  of  Expert  from 
ABtoria,  Or^on,  dming  the  Yeara  1901-1900. 


ArtidN, 

BuRbeU  . . 
Burels  .. 
Budieli  .. 
Xetfeet 

hU."     .. 

1901. 

1900. 

Qumtlt;.  1     Value. 

dataatj. 

VjQO. 

ffhe« 

Pbnr 

Bari«y 

Limber      .. 

riling 

Sklmrai,  pickled    .. 

124,639 

a,io* 

28,988 

8,887 

788 

106,186 

£ 
14,400 
8:686 
2,486 
7.600 
1,460 
8,900 
610 

29,907 
8.442 

4,880 

£ 

8,ai6 

4,628 
0,876 

ToUl 

., 

88,970 

18,190 

HErnBN  of  Principal  Articles  of  Import  to  Astoria,  Oregon, 
duiii^  the  Yeare  1901-1900. 


Lbi.       .. 
Tom      .. 
Lba        .. 

1001, 

1900. 

gnanUtf. 

Ttlae. 

QwnUty. 

Tilne. 

Tin-pUtM    .. 

Skit!!      !!      !! 

BnDdriei     .. 

1,000 

660 

666 

900,480 
146.600 

£ 
1,436 

ISO 
888 

Total 

" 

1.191 

1,971 

d  by  Google 


Anbex  C— Table  showing  Total  Value  of  all  Anides  Exported 
from  aod  Imported  to  Astoiia,  Oregon,  to  and  from  Foreign 
Countries  during  the  Years  1901-1900. 


Export.. 

ImvoriM. 

1001. 

i«a 

ISOl. 

IBOO. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

toitod  Kingdom 

m 

488 

IS 

1,S01 

2,m 

S,3M 

C«peColoBr    ..        .. 

1,»«6 

m 

lU 

Pern 

1,GB3 

FhiUppin«  Iiludi      . . 

B8 

oSii^        ..       .. 

3,SSfi 

2,864 

9,m 

J»pw 

40                   238 

ToW     .. 

88,870 

18,120 

1,181 

1,971 

Post  Towkseid. 

Mr.  Vice-Coneul  Klocker  reports  as  follows : — 

During  the  past  year  busiuesa  -was  fairly  good  at  tbiB  place,  ( 
several  new  induBtries  were  started  and  people  in  general  seem  " 
more  hopeful  that  the  time  will  eoon  come  when  we  will  share  in 
the  general  prosperity  of  the  Puget  Sound  districts ;  all  we  need 
is  a  railroad  to  connect  us  with  the  overland  trains. 

The  lumber  exports  have  been  smaller  than  in  the  preceding  LsBbwlnd*. 
year  by  19,954,000  feet,  and  prices  obtained  have  not  been  remu- 
nerative. Mills  have  therefore  been  satisfied  to  take  sufficient  " 
orders  to  keep  going,  without  making  any  effort  to  work  to  their  full 
capacity.  There  is  every  indication  that  this  industry  will  soon 
be  placed  on  a  more  satisfactory  footing.  The  shipment  of  lumber 
to  South  Africa  was  increased  by  22,967/.  over  the  year  1900,  and 
several  more  cargoes  will  go  forward  in  the  near  future.  A  few 
caigoes  for  the  use  of  the  United  States  Government  at  Manila 
have  gone  forward. 

Lumber  freights  have  gradually  decreased  since  the  beginning  fiUppiic  iml 
of  1901,  and  at  present  freights  are  low  with  a  moderate  demand  f'^^  *" 
only.  Lumber  freights  during  the  year  have  varied  as  follows :  to 
Australian  porta  1/.  18a.  Qd,  to  3/.  10<.  according  to  port,  Weat 
Coast  of  South  America,  2L  7s.  6d.  to  3/.  St.,  Argentine,  3^.  to 
ZL  Us.  Sd.,  Chinese,  Japanese  and  Asiatic  Buasiau  ports  from 
21.  2s.  M.  to  Zl.  15&,  South  Africa,  3/.  2t.  6d.  to  3/.  15&  and  the 
United  Kingdom  3^  5i,  to  4^  Is.  %d.  The  grain  freights  from 
Puget  Sound  have  again  strengthened  considerably  and  engage- 
ments are  reported  at  about  1/.  15s.,  while  a  month  ago  vessels 
(129)  0 


d  by  Google 


';U  PORT  T0WU8EKD. 

were  oKered  at  1/.  lis.  3rf.  The  lavge  quantity  of  wheat  tfl  be 
■moved,  together  with  the  very  few  steamers  offering,  has  helped  to 
turn  the  market  in  favour  of  owners.  The  great  tramp  steamers 
of  all  mttionalities  *re  now  carrying  immense  cat^oes  and  seem  to 
bfi  favoured  above  sailing  vesaals. 

All  aloug  Puget  Sound  at  eveiy  shipbuilding  plaat,  builders 
have  been  very  busy  and  a  gteat  many  veseels  launched.  The  tonnage 
of  the  Pacific  coast  has  b^n  increasing  rapidly  during  the  last  few 
years,  and  there  are  indications  that  the  demand  for  lumber  vessels 
is  less  than  the  supply.  While  in  former  years  a  great  ti^my 
British  vessels  were  engaged  in  cariyii^  lumber,  very  few  are 
engaged  now  in  this  trade,  as  they  cannot  successfully  compt^te 
with  the  modern  lumber  schooners. 

A  very  important  industry  has  been  revived  at  this  place 
duriug  the  past  year.  The  old  Iroudale  Smelter,  which  has  been 
lying  idle  for  years,  passed  into  the  control  of  an  eastern  syndicate, 
and  at  their  plant  at  the  head  of  this  bay  they  have  been  busil}' 
engaged  the  whole  year  building  docks,  warehouses,  rebuilding 
furBOoes,  buildings  for  their  workmen,  &c,  and  the  whole  plant  is 
now  iu  first  class  condition  oud  the  smellaog  of  iroti  lias  be^p 
successfully  carried  on  for  the  last  three  months.  A  large  body  of 
men  is  employed  and  adds  mat«rially  to  the  prosperity  of  the  place. 
All  the  iron  ore  used  is  imported  from  British  Columbia. 

The  salmon  pack  of  Puget  Sound  for  1901  amounted  to 
1,36S,297  cases,  by  for  the  latest  in  the  history  of  the  Industtj-. 
18  companies  and  ijidividual  firms  were  eng^ed  in  the  busi- 
ness. The  total  canning  exceeded  three  times  over  that  of  1900 
and  vtBS  mere  than  double  the  pack  of  1899,  which  was  the 
'record  year  up  to  1901. 

The  number  of  sailors  on  Britis)i  vessels  an-iving  was  778  and 
the  following  changes  occuiiiad  at  this  port. 


The  total  import  trade  shows  an  increase  of  706,190/.,  whieh 
consists  mainly  of  silk  from  Japan,  and  copper  and  lead  ore  fi-om 
Bhtieb  Columbia. 

llie  total  export  tivde  shows  an  increase  of  1,404,366^.,  which 

■  was  duie  to  the  lai^e  increase  in  eicports  of  wheat  sod  ootton. 

Tlie  export  trade  to  the  Philippine  Islands  was  119,803t  lees 
than  ID  1900,  due  to  the  fact  that  the  United  Btates  Ckiremmeiit 

■  did  nflt  forward  many  horses  and  the  shipments  of  feed,  grain  and 
hay,  Ac,,  by  the  Oo^-ermnent  diminished  considerably.  The-ton- 
nage  employed  in  the  Philippine  tmde  besides  the  United  States 

■  transports  consisted  of : —  • 


d  by  Google 


toKt  toWhsShO. 


VMauatr. 

BtMm 
BtMm 
Sullng 

Nnmbwol 
TmhIk 

T«M. 

BritiA 

^-~»«         { 

4 

1 

IMM 
1,708 

Totol         ..        .. 

J 

W.7»4 

The  export  trade  to    the    Hawaiian  Islands  amounted 
236^67i  "«»^ 

The  general  health  of  this  district  has  been  good.  HmIO, 

I  append  the  several  annexes,  marked  reapecbvely  A,  B,  C,  and  D, 
to  show  in  detail  the  commeree  and  trade  for  the  collection  district 
of  Fuget  Sound. 


Annex  A. — EiruRN  of  all  Shipping  at  the  Porto  of  Puget  Sound, 
including  Tacoma,  >Seattle  and  Fort  Townsend  during  the 
Tear  ISOl. 


Stilinc.           j            SlMin. 

Total. 

ViUouUlf. 

Mombw 

NnmlMr 
Tou.           «r 
VomU. 

Ton*. 

NmnlMr 

of 
Temli. 

Tom. 

Britidi    .. 
Ameiiaui 
JftpMieM),, 
0«rmui  .. 
ChilUn    .. 

IlAlUn    .. 

i!r«Ui«riud 

D»>i>h    ..        .. 
Bnatu  .. 
M«zieu.. 
Psnnlui.. 

171 
116 

"u 

13 
8 

"l 

"l 

"l 

6S,S3B 

SB,42e 
18,117 

i'ln 
i'fibi 

m 

487 

i,eis» 

1S0.S01 
7iS,lE4 
flO^SS 
1>,SB4 

7,110 
4,748 

■'■« 

6M 
1,7W 

808,704 
777,888 

Sffi 

18,117 
10.088 
4,148 

<7« 
3,651 
1,884 
976 

470 

ToUI 
„    1S00  .. 

8SS 
810 

21B.02S 
aEC,E«2 

2,»B 

1,668 

1,008,881 
BB8,0S4 

S.4SS 
i;B72 

1,887,887 
1,818,616 

■  Th«M  laolnds  Soniid  itMBHn  on  tiw  ngidu  nm  (o  pord  of  BiiUih  CoIunUa. 


(129) 


d  by  Google 


36 

PORT   T0WK6KND. 

(J  LEAKED. 

Suling. 

8 
Knmber 

earn. 

T««. 

Katioulft*. 

KumbeT 

Niimber 

ol 

rou. 

of 

Tmu. 

of 

Ton* 

T-^ 

VmhI*. 

Tewli. 

firiUik    .. 

17* 

H2.no 

491 

MS,KS 

OSfl 

m\ 

AmericM 

3S5 

lflTv575 

i,m* 

76S.S03 

i,85(r 

JapueM . . 

"is 

3S;M8 

IS 

ea,io7 

IS 

ao 

» 

ChUUtn    '.'.        '.'. 

19 

18.117 

12 

13^17 

NonregbO 

3 

3,073 

7,lld 

6 

V 

itaiito    ..       .. 

1 

1,M» 

2,SH 

2 

Netb<iUu>d 

^701 

1 

WM 

2.400 

3,100 

D>Di>h      .. 

"l 

1,«S1 

1 

1.051 

RnniMi  .. 

.. 

■l,»* 

I. 

l.Kt 

MmIcm  . . 

B7fl 

1 

878 

PwriTlBi.. 

"» 

"*T0 

1 

4T0 

ToUl   .. 

442 

868,872 

2.1M 

1,047,6M 

%m 

M07,816 

.,    IWO      .. 

177 

3fl4,SU 

1,70* 

S07,182 

2,078 

I,»l,ilJ 

*  Tb«w  iiicliida  Smad  itMod^  on  tin  nfvtar  itm  to'twrta  of  Britnh  ColoinUs. 


d  by  Google 


PORT  TOWKSBMD. 


Annex  B.— Rktdbk  of  Prinoipul  ArticleB  of  Import  to  Pugat 
Sound,  including  Tacoma,  Seattle,  and  Port  Townaend 
daring  the  Years  1901-1900. 


i 

j                    IBOl. 

1900. 

Artido^ 

QnuUtj. 

V«h«. 

Vain* 

£ 

« 

ST  ■:.    :.    ::\iZ  :: 

«,S90 

218,479 

286,300 

l,l»^^e8   . 

i,ie7,»e2 

BM,S7G 

2l,0M^8 

15,707 

7S,fi60 

lfl,87a.Mfl     . 

108,228 

3S.7T0 

Tft.           1      „        .. 

22,182 

a-  :: 

tSfiOO 

M,0«0 

„    QUDina udhemp  .. 

»t,lH 

14,600 
«,1W 

L<4*      .-      ..      .. 

32,6U 

10,440 

«,»!» 

M87 

Tlpplite 

30,918 

8:480 

Tirdg    ..      MBM91 

d>,3S8 

i,aie 

Booteholdgoodi.. 

16,464 

11,140 

imt     

E,16a 

3,S00 

Bto         

..      2,717,108 

10,323 

7,178 

Bop*       

„      ..I     io?,«o   : 

7,060 

.. 

1,111 

brdken,  £tone  utd  china- 

OtliKvticlei      .. 

oa,4»i 

09,669 

ToUl         ..         ..          .. 

1.842,441 

1,187,261 

Tnonit  entrie*  to  foreign  { 

wmntrie*         ..        ..i 

14B,«1 

7M,108 

TnuuiteiittiM  to  porta  in 

the  United  Slates 

B>l^t7l 

Onndtctd 

!     2,(80,228 

1,MB.414 

-Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


38  POBT  T0WN8EKD. 

Brtuen  of  Principal  Articles  of  Export  from  Punt  Sound, 
including  Tacoma,  Seattle,  and  Port  Townaead  during  the 
Yeara  1901-1900. 


BtHoy 

Com         

Otia  

Prepufttioiu  of  table  food 

Cm)  

Cotton 


TasUloi 

Ckttle       

AsTioiiltiinl  inipl«m«iitt.. 
Booki  tad  printed  matlets 
CtnUgM  and  cjoIm 

Vuh  

H.y  

Heat  Rod  piorliiona 

P»par        

IjBtther 

iJqaora     

Copper,  and  intniiliMitnTee 


of 


Muinfkciimi  ot  Iron  ind 


Lumber     ■•  ..  . 

Iron  and  ileal  n^l> 
UannfaotnrM  of  lumber, 

Tobaeeo 

Chenical* 


^ 


Wool,  and  manaEwtarea  of 

Hilk         

Bngnr 

Hool^  honia,  and  booea . 

Brickt 

Hnileal  iaatniBiBDU       • 

Cnndlea 

Bntter  and  efaeeat 
Other  artlelM 

Total 


i,iB4,sae 

l,lSS.lfiS 

a,S88 

10S,S2t 

16.423 

404,787 


1,163,181 
S6!,8C8 
SS,4aO 
S,S07 
1,>0I> 
31,330 
7,SS9 

8,ua 

1,048,481 

Tia,sw 

T.neo 

4a,8G0 
2,898 
11,801 
19,8DS 
118,e97 
»S,4e8 
70,8e0 
79,641 
18,980 
M,0«<> 

4,100 

S4S,908 
>6a,l79 

9,eos 

40,200 
60,403 
17,886 
41,717 
11,869 
11,100 
083 
11,180 


12,083 
18,084 
20,803 
1,880 


69I,S7I 

076,040 
13,840 
11,188 
3,139 

iu,«n 

1M08 
880,390 

's,830 
186,600 
3,093 
13,358 
30,873 
73,S»0 
04,838 
107,130 

e9,uo 

36,314 
08,840 


38,430 
98,840 
31,160 
37,900 
10,330 


0,340 
10,830 
18,000 

7,740 


1,833 
3,400 

'4,84S 

84,727 


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POUT  TOWSSBHD. 


Annex  U. — Table  sUowing  Total  Value  of  all  Articles  Kxported 
from  and  Imported  to  Piiget  Sound,  including  Taeoina,  Seattle 
and  Port  Townsand  during  the  Years  1901-1900. 


Coaatr;. 

Eiporta. 

Importa. 

IBM. 

1900. 

1901. 

1900. 

« 

£ 

£ 

£ 

United  KlDgdou 

8S9,S30 

549,397 

10,234 

20,119 

Britiili    Oolnmbtk  Mid 

Ctnada 

817,791 

60S,S58 

446,004 

408,88* 

J^pwi 

1,SSS,91V 

1.137.108 

1,319,177 

474,889 

China 

828,006 

192.S78 

61,68* 

87,801 

Portog»l          ..        .. 

iB8,BM 

AriaticBiuu»>. 

18B  773 

180.047 

"474 

PbUippiH  i«luid*      . . 

164,789 

284,808 

1,886 

"  17 

HawMuui  UUndi       .. 

181.872 

7« 

i-natnUa 

leivi 

17S,8«a 

"m 

14 

HoDK-KoDg     ..        .. 

810,867 

878,669 

S6,S4a 

11,618 

Ban" 

1S1,0S< 

SG,400 

P«n. 

106,583 

48,725 

'1,490 

IMtiBh  Sonth  AMca  .. 

Se.l63 

63,198 

•- 

Belgiiim 

71,(01 

10,169 

24,838 

Ittly 

HBOO 

195 

Germuy 

51.414 

12,(31 

11,868 

102,719 

CRiUe 

47.970 

36,258 

224 

MuiM 

iSAa 

21,fiaS 

682 

'i,fi98 

Biitiith  EMt  IndU      .. 

9.072 

IflO 

11.581 

4,G98 

Bctttdor 

a,iH 

10,900 

ArnnUne  BcpubUu    .. 

8,82S 

Prencli  Oceani* 

3,DG4 

'4,991 

Core* 

2,fil7 

0,903 

SamoA 

2,123 

1,384 

Franco 

1.831 

1,856 

840 

"876 

Aaia  (all  otber  part*)  .. 

951 

QutemaU 

478 

'.'. 

SaWador 

US 

Bnwian  China.. 
?»il«landi      .. 
BAltdi  India    .. 

31,792 

10 

8.778 

191 

14.1  IS 

NaUnUnda     .. 

"  80 

'1,121 

«^M 

Othar  eoauititt 

5(7 

.  "3,187 

li,787 

1.B42 

Tola)     .. 

5,i9!.0r.7 

3,888,681 

1,812.41T 

l,lS7,J6i 

*  fiicluaive  of  tranait  entriei,  1,137,7871..  princlpall;  (rom  Japan  and  CUu. 


(129) 


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rOKI  T0WN88ND. 


Annex  B.— 'Tabls  showlDg  Value  of  all  Articles  Exported  from 
and  Imported  to  the  Different  Ports  in  the  Fiiget  Sound 

Customs  District  for  the  Year  1901. 


T»l06. 

PorL 

Importfl. 

ExporU. 

£ 

2,461,G2S 

611,389 

1,920,883 

1,000,010 

Port  TowMend  .. 

4]!6,6S6 

188,037 

131,948 

14T,SS4 

i7,gu 

H.K6 

86,8TT 

Anuortw          

S^GS 

e,197 

8.85B 

8 

«,0S1 

11,219 

3,!2S 

7,384 

Erwetl 

2,219 

108,188 

South  Band         

BocheEkrtMar.. 

ToUl          ..   ,      ,. 

5,898,067 

1,84M*1' 

'  RieluriTaoflmultaDtri«i,l,lS7,i87I. 


Mr.  Geoghegan.  Acting  Vice-Consul,  reports  as  follows:— 
Busineea  at  this  port  during  the  year  1901  has  been 
good.  Both  exports  aud  imports  show  an  iucrease  as  com- 
pared with  the  preceding  year.  Bank  clearances  were  con- 
siderably in  excess  of  those  of  1900.  Eealty  and  building 
operations  made  a  good  record.  Fishing  advanced  beyond  pre- 
cedent and  the  profits  of  the  business  have  been  large. 
Lumbering  exhibited  considerable  gains.  Wheat  made  an  excel- 
lent crop  at  fair  prices.  Coal  mining  has  not  fallen  below 
previous  years,  all  the  mines  in  this  district  having  been  in 
operation. 

There  has  been  an  increase  in  most  lines  of  manufacture,  with 
the  exception  of  iron  and  steel  industries,  which  were  hampered 
by  a  protracted  strike  of  machinists.  The  wholesale  jobbing  and 
retail  trade  shows  an  increase  of  about  5  per  cent.,  groceries  taking 
the  lead,  and  dry  goods,  clothing,  hardware,  and  oacking-house  pro- 
ducts following  in  the  order  named.  Extensive  building  operations 
have  exerted  an  especially  good  influence  on  the  retail  hardware 
trada  The  flour,  hay,  grain,  and  feed  biisinesses  were  unfavour- 
ably affected  in  the  early  part  of  the  year  by  conditions  in 
Chma,  but  during  the  latter  months  trade  was  more  settled. 
Hay  scarcely  held  its  own,  owing  to  the  decreased  army  demand 


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SEATTLE.  41 

from  the  Philippines,  but  was  counterbalanced  by  an  increase  in 
the  grain  and  feed  trade. 

The  foreign  and  coastwise  trade  was  very  satisfactory.  ThelmpoiUud 
total  imports  of  the  Puget  Sound  customs  district  were  valued  at  ^"P**** 
l,842,384i,  of  which  this  port  received  1,000,022/.  The  total 
foreign  and  coastwise  trade  of  the  port  is  summarised  as 
follows :— Foreign  imports,  1,006,022^. ;  foreign  exports,  1,920,632/. ; 
coastwise  imports,  2,454,285/. ;  coastwise  e:tports,  3,163,470/. ; 
British  Columbia  imports,  123,763/.;  Sritish  Columbia  exports, 
346.523i;  Hawaii,  62,518/.;  total,  9,077,213/.  The  leading 
domestic  products  in  the  coastwise  ti-ade  were:  coal,  472,719 
tons;  and  lumber,  20,939,000  feet.  Flour  shipped  to  foreign 
ports  amounted  to  474,848  barrels.  During  12  months  ended 
November,  1901,  the  total  collections  of  the  customs  district  of 
Fuget  Sound  amounted  to  107,127/.,  of  which  Seattle  business 
paid  54,577/.  Steamers  to  the  number  of  668  and  sailing 
vessels  to  the  number  of  109  anivcd  in  Seattle  harbour  during 
the  year,  of  945,670  net  tons,  and  663  steamers  and  111  sailing 
vessels  of  928,.^10  net  tons,  departed  in  the  foreign  and  cosiitwise 
trade.  Many  vessels  sailing  from  and  to  Seattle  ontered  and 
cleared  at  other  ports  of  tltis  customs  district,  as  permitted  by 
United  States  r^ulations. 

The  items  of  export  to  Japau  and  China  were  very  varied :  InM  with 
flour,  tobacco,  leather,  tools,  machinery,  raw  and  manufactured  J''''^  ""• 
cotton,  beer,  steel,  lead,  cigarettes,   nails,   lumber,   bicycles,   &c,   ''*°' 
19   vessels  of  the  Nippon  Yusen  Kaisha   cleared   from   Seattle 
during  the  year,  of  a  net  tonnage  of  59,255  tons,  carrying  cargoes 
valued  at  1,391,722/.,  an  increase  of  five  vessels,  21,271  tons,  and 
a  little  over  70  per  cent,  cargo  value,  as  compared  with  the 
year  1900.      The  figures   indicate  that  shipments  of  lumber  to 
Japan  and  China  did  not  I'each  expectations,  Siberian  products 
at  Chinese  labour  prices  having  entered  into  successful  competi- 
tion with  Washington  lumber.     Imports  from  Asia  have  been  as 
hitherto,  mainly  silk,  tea,  matting  and  bamboo,  with  greater  or 
less  quantities  of  curios,  rice  and  oranges. 

The  addition  of  new  vessels  by  the  Nippon  Yusen  Kaisha,  and  Shippinf. 
the  advent  of  the  China  Mutual  and  Kosmos  lines  stimulated 
Oriental  shipments  to  some  slight  degree.  The  first  vessel  of 
the  Cliina  Mutual  Steam  Navigation  Company  left  this  port  in 
March.  These  vessels  start  from  Liverpool,  the  home  port, 
and  toncti  at  Gibraltar,  Port  Said,  Suez,  Aden.  Colombo,  Singa- 
pore, Hong-Kong,  Nagasaki,  Moji,  Kobe,  Yokohama  and  Seattle, 
the  terminus  of  the  line,  making  the  samtt  ports,  with  the 
tJie  addition  of  Manila,  on  the  return  voyage.  14  vessels  left 
Seattle  during  the  year  of  47,565  tons  net  register,  the  greater 
part  of  the  cargoe.i  being  wheat  for  the  United  Kingdom,  and 
considerable  quantities  of  canned  salmon.  The  increased  tonnage 
afforded  by  these  lines  has  had  a  natural  tendency  to  prevent  any 
rise  iu  freights,  but  it  is  nut  observed  that  it  has  caused  a  decline. 
The  Globe  Navigation  Company  inaugurated  a  line  between 
Seattle  and  Hawaii,  and  has  in  contemplation  extensions  to  ManiU 
and  other  ports  in  the  Philippines. 


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42  SIAITLE. 

CuwUjtii  Jtnd        Imports  from    I'vitwli   {.'nliiiiibifi  iirL-   Qstiiuati'd   nt  1^:!,763/., 

AlMbtntde.  and  exports  thitlicv  nt  :!4(i,52:>/.  It  is  difiicult  to  oiitnin  cxac-t 
figures  of  the  purely  ('aiiadiau  trailo,  hut  the  volnino  of  Seattle's 
basinesB  witli  the  British  Yukon  and  Alaska  combined  is  given  as 
10,107,400^.  Gold  shipments  from  the  Yukon  territory  and 
Alaska  amounted  to  2,900,000/.,  of  which  over  2,000,0(KH  is 
credited  to  BritiBh  tenitory.  The  value  of  fish  ("canned  and 
fresh),  fui-8,  minerals,  and  other  products  consigned  to  this  port 
&om  the  British  Yukon  and  Alaska  aggregated  1,125,800?. 
Merchandise,  lumber,  machinery,  and  general  products  sold  to  the 
Britisli  Yukon  and  Alaska,  5,000,000/.  Amount  paid  t-o  Seattle 
companies  and  individuals  for  Iransportatinn  between  this  port 
and  the  British  Yukon  and  Alaska  during  the  year  1901  was 
1,082,600/.  These  figures  show  n  gi-owth  in  Seattle's  trade  with 
Alaska  and  a  considei'able  decrease  in  that  with  the  Canadian 
territory.  The  niiniber  of  persons  leaving  Seattle  for  tiie  British 
Yukon  and  Alaska  in  1901  was  approximntely  41,200,  and  of  those 
returning  by  way  of  this  port  44,400. 

Utnuracturti.  xhe  establishment  in  this  town  of  the  general  oflices  of  the 
Pacific  Packing  and  Navigation  Company  was  a  notewoithy 
event  of  the  yeai-,  as  it  represents  prolwbly  a  larger  capital 
than  all  the  otlier  miinufactoriee  coniliineil.  The  Moran  Brothers 
(Company,  shipbuilders,  has  addt-d  to  its  plant  improvements 
valued  at  100,000/.,  and  several  other  of  the  older  industries 
have  made  extensive  additions.  Two  new  breweries  liave  been 
established  during  the  year  and  those  alreiuly  existing  lia\'e  l>een 
cnlai^'eil  Bricks  are  Ixting  made  to  some  extout,  and  ^emanufac- 
tui-o  of  biscuits  and  candles  is  flawing.  Noticeable  additions  nro 
a  glass  plant  and  one  fur  the  handling  of  coal-tar  products.  A 
local  company  has  been  organised  to  start  a  tannery. 

Shipbuilding.  Activity  continues  in  the  shipbuilding  industrj-.  One  com- 
pany is  engaged  in  the  construction  of  a  battleship  for  the  TTnit<il 
States  (iovernment,  at  an  estiniateil  cost  fif  'r()7,-")80/,,  giving 
steady  employment  tu  some  SCO  mechanics.  Another  plant,  estali- 
lishetl  in  the  summer  ()f  1900,  has  a  contract  for  the  building  of 
live  four-masted  schooners.  This  class  of  vessel  is  becoming 
))opulai'  in  the  coastwise  tra-de,  '^Vashington  timbeiB  00  to  80  feet 
in  length  lieing  used,  which  "ive  great  staiinchness  in  comparison 
with  the  12  anil  24  feet  Inmlier  of  the  Atlantic  coast.  An 
important  branch  of  the  industr)-  is  the  repairing  of  vessels. 
A  floating  dry  dock  for  medium-sized  vessels  was  constnicted 
during  tlie  year,  but  facilities  are  still  iTiadequate. 

Expenditures  for  juaterials  used  in  the  constniction  and  repair 
departments  at  the  Puget  Hound  \avy  Y'ard  during  the  year 
amounted  to  58,748/.,  and  a|)propriatioiis  exceeding  200,000/.  have 
been  recommended  by  the  Na\'y  Department  for  improvements 
during  the  year  1902,  Plans  have  I>een  completed  for  an  addi- 
tional dock  with  two  compartments,  which  wlien  completed  ^vill 
afford  facilities  for  docking  three  vessels  at  a  time.  This  iitxvy 
yard  is  the  only  one  in  the  cuimtrj'  where  worJi  is  done  on  the 
inerebunt  marine. 


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SUTTLE.  43 

Freight  rates  for  wheat  to  the  United  Kingdom  and  Continent  pni^hu. 
of  Europe  have  i-anged  from  40s.  down  to  about  23s.  Qd.,  and 
while  rates  were  from  about  32«.  6d.  and  upwards  steamers  were 
chartered  for  wheat,  but  at  anything  less  than  this  fignre  they  do 
not  seem  to  care  for  the  business.  In  r^aid  to  Hteamer  business 
vi4  Suez,  the  feeling  is  tliat  unless  they  can  get  about  35».  they 
will  cut  their  shipments  of  wheat  down  to  a  minimum,  preferring 
to  carry  Sour  from  here  to  the  Orient,  and  take  chancea  of  getting 
cargo  from  there  on.  This  season  there  has  lieen  a  larger  per- 
centage of  tramp  steamers  canying  wheat  as  compared  with 
sailing  vessels  than  heretofore,  and  this  state  of  things  seems 
like^  to  continue. 

The  output  of  the  lumber  luilla  in  Seattle  and  neighbourhood  Lumi^r. 
duriag  1901  was  202,366,439  feet  of  lumber  (1  square  foot  1  inch 
thick),  163,160,500  shingles  and  13,721,000  laths.     In  addition  to 
this  the  mills  at  the  suburb  of  Ballard  produced  58,692,730  feet 
of  lumber,  9,000,000  laths  and  569,430,000  shingles. 

From  the  report  of  the  State  Inspector  of  coal  mines  it  appears  Co»l, 
that  of  2,504,190  tons  minpd  in  the  State  during  the  jeai-,  865,227 
tons  were  produced  in  the  vicinity  of  Seattle.  The  total  number 
of  persons  employed  in  coal  mining  in  this  county  was  1,964. 
The  old  mine  at  Franklin  is  being  re-opened  and  the  workings 
extended.  Extensive  improvements  have  been  undertaken  at 
Kenton.  The  local  demand  for  coke  and  coal  is  increasing, 
although  the  use  of  oil  as  fuel  has  displaced  coal  to  som«  extent 
in  the  California  market. 

Fishing  on  Puget  Sound  has,  within  the  past  five  years,  become  FiihcriM. 
a  leadiug  industry  of  the  State.  The  run  of  salmon  during  the 
season  of  1901  was  the  largest  ever  known,  the  Puget  Sound  pack 
amounting  to  1,363,297  cases  (of  48  lbs.  net)  of  a  value  of  about 
1,027,590^,  not  includii^  73,000  cases  packed  at  other  places  on 
the  sea  coast  of  this  State.  The  pack  was  made  up  of  1,105,096 
cases  sockeyes,  136,823  cases  cohoes,  49,437  cases  humphocks, 
71,941  cases  chums.  The  exceptional  run  is  attributed  to 
the  extensive  system  of  artificial  propagation  undertaken  a  few 
years  ago.  Tliis  port  is  now  the  headquarters  of  the  Pacific 
Packing  and  Navigation  Company,  organised  during  the  year, 
which  controls  the  majority  of  the  canneries  of  Washington, 
Or^on,  and  Alaska.  The  greater  part  of  the  Alaska  product  is 
handled  here,  as  well  as  the  supplies  requisite  to  the  business. 
The  company  had  4  pile-drivers,  5  pile-pullers,  60  scows,  60  trap- 
80OW8,  125  dories,  and  20  steJimere  and  tugs  at  work  duriiw  the 
season  on  the  lower  Sound.  The  quality  of  the  fif^  packed  was 
much  better  than  last  year,  when  only  432,031  cases  were 
packed 

Betums  of  the  United  States  Assay  OtBce  in  this  town  show  Gold, 
receipts  from  the  following  districts:  Alaska,  Kome,  581,527/.; 
Alaska,  other  113,825/. ;  Yukon  Territory,  Klondyke,  2,219,424/. ; 
British  Columbia,  Canada,  125,536/. ;  Washington,  Oregon,  Idaho, 
&G.,  17,733/. ;  total  3,058,045^.  The  number  of  deposits  made  was 
4,995.  The  weight  of  gold  received,  in  Troy  ounces  before  melting 
was  911,500-69  ozs. 


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44  SEATTLE. 

A  bulletin  of  tlie  United  Status  Loiisiis  Bureau,  lately  issued, 
allows  that  the  capital  invested  in  nianufacturiog  industries  iii  this 
State  in  tliD  year  1900  waa  10,529,952/.  Of  this  amount, 
2,026,330;.  was  in  Seattle  bufiiuesses.  The  total  value  of  Seattle 
products  was  5,274,680^. ;  the  number  of  establishments  658 ; 
avenge  numliei  of  w^e  earners  8,480  ;  total  wages  1,115,05U. ; 
coat  of  materials  used  2,843,238/.  As  compared  with  those  of  the 
year  1800,  these  figures  show  the  following  percentages  of  increoae; 
capital  invested  112-9;  number  of  establishjuents  187'9;  wa^ 
earners  125-1;  ttital  wages  80'8 ;  cost  of  materials  used  1B7'4; 
value  of  products  158-5.  Dui-iug  the  same  period  the  total  capital 
iuvested  in  manufactures  in  the  State  increased  532  per  cent.,  and 
the  total  value  of  the  State's  manufactured  products  107*8  per  cent. 
The  Census  Bureau  records  53  classified  industries  in  this  town, 
tlie  moat  important  being  the  lumber  and  timber  industry.  This 
had  14  establishments  in  1900,  representing  an  iuvestmsnt  of 
380,975/.,  the  land  owned  by  these  establishments  was  valued  at 
132,930/.,  their  buildings  at  27,200£,  and  their  machinery,  &c.,  at 
112,220/.  The  fish  industry  has  grown  much  since  1900,  but  at 
that  time  it  had  seven  establishments,  with  a  yearly  wage  roll  of 
21,267i.  Six  fioui'  mills  represented  an  investment  of  93,060/., 
34  machine  shops  ami  foundries  124,869/..  33  masonry,  brick,  and 
stone  yards  79,663/.,  12  slii])  and  l>oat  building  yards  47,585/., 
eight  abattoirs  and  meat  packing  wholesales  establishment 
114,070/. 

Tliere  were  876  deaths  and  985  birtlis  in  the  t<Hvn  during  the 
yciir,  being  an  excess  of  104  deaths  and  164  births  over  the 
previous  year.  (Jaaes  of  infectious  diseases  rejiorted  were: 
diphtheria  48,  scarlet  fever  255,  measles  188,  small-pox  198.  The 
report  of  the  milk  inspector  shows  that  2;!2,660  gallons  of  milk 
were  examined,  of  which  255  were  condemned. 

More  building  has  been  soing  on  than  for  some  time  past,  with 
prospects  of  yet  gieater  activity.  Dwelling  houses  arc  still  scarceand 
rents  high.  Keal  ostate  valued  at  3,076,590/.  changed  hands,  and 
the  value  of  buUding  permits  reached  the  sum  of  701,790J.  The 
market  was  uniformly  steady,  and  has  been  characterised  by  an 
absence  of  speculation  and  the  investment  principally  of  local 
capital.  A  high  acltool  building  is  under  construction  on  which 
40,000i  is  to  1)6  expended,  There  lias  been  much  improvement  in 
street  railway  facilities,  several  new  Unes  having  been  built 
and  old  lines  rebuilt  anil  exten<lcc1.  Business  properties  have 
advanced  from  15  to  20  i>er  cent,  since  the  beginning  of  the 
year.  An  important  movement  has  been  the  active  buying  and 
selling  of  the  tide-lands ;  these  lots  have  appreciated  in  value  over 
100  per  cent,,  due  partly  to  the  practical  settlement  of  the  site  for 
the  proposed  union  railway  station.  I'lic  choice  of  a  site  for  the 
Government  building  has  also  liail  a  good  cfl'ect  on  vnlues  in  the 
business  district. 
I-  The  Board  of  Public  Works,  tlie  Vitter  Department,  and  the 
Engineering  Department  of  the  town  have  heen  pushing  the  work 
of  public  improvements;  12^  mile«  of  slrei'ts  hnvo  been  giwled. 


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SKATl'LK  45 

35  miles  of  atone  and  10  of  \toodeu  J)arapets  lakl.  down,  7  iiiiles 
of  streets  asphalted  and  4  miles  planked,  beaiiiea  7  miles  of  sewere 
constructed.  The  street  lighting  has  been  done  by  contract,  at  an 
iipproximate  cost  of  5,000/.,  134  arc  lights  costing  1/.  8s.  per  rtionth 
imd  1,200  incandescent  lights  costing  6s.  |wr  montli  being  in  use. 
Tliera  is  room  for  luucli  iinprovomeut  in  this  department.  On 
cleaning  and  repairing  the  streets  10,000^.  liris  lieen  expended.  A 
l^ood  amonnt  or  work  lias  been  itccompliBhed  on  the  wiiter  system, 
mostly  at  the  exitense  of  thw  pioperty  owners  benefited.  Tlie 
town  contributed  only  4,000/.  towtu'ds  the  cost,  making  a  total  cost 
to  date  of  480,170/.  The  total  capacity  of  the  reservoirs  is  given 
an  52,2;i6,000  galhtna ;  daily  capacity  of  the  conduits  2.^,000,000, 
fjallons ;  amount  consumed  daily  10,000,000  gallons ;  receipts  from 
water  rates  45,000/.  Tlie  Cedar  lii\-ev  system  was  opened  £<ir 
service  during  tlie  yeai-.  The  most  noticeable  impi-ovements  of  the 
year  are  those  on  the  water  fi^oni,  where  many  of  the  old  whar\es 
and  warehouaes  have  been  demolished  and  new  structni-es  erected, 
with  largely  increased  aecomniodation  for  shipping  arid  storat^e. 
The  Merchants*  Association  has  done  good  work  in  agitating  for 
tlie  further  impiuvenient  of  tlie  extensive  tide-ldnds,  which  present 
\aluable  sites  for  potential  factories. 

Under   the   direction   of   tlie    United   States    (juartenuaster's  United  Stati 
Department,  with  lieadquarters  at  this  port,  17    ehartered   *"id '•™*°'* 
owned  transports,  of  whicli  7  were  British  bottoms,  sailed  from     . 
Seattle  during  the  year.     No  liorees,  mules,  oxen  or  stock  were 
shipped,  but  1'5,805  tons  of  ha.)',  12,748  tons  of  oats,  27  tons  of 
bran,  74   tons  of    maize,   26  tons  of  straw,  4,783  tons  of  coal, 
1,635,023   feet   of  liunber,  and    1,788    tons   miscellaneous  army 
supplies   were   sent   to   the   I'iiilippines,  Sandwich   Islands,  and 
Alt^ka.    The  disbursements  at  Seattle  amounted  to  467,377/. 

lucchange»  passed  tiirough  the  Seattle  clearing  house  duiiug  Finui«e. 
the  year  amounted  to  over  28,600,000/.    The  deposit  accounts  of 
thd  12  banks  doii^  business  here  a^regated  4,047,573/. 

Losses  by  fire  amounted  to  16,017/.  on  buildiiigs,  and  24,019/.  Fin  Iowm. 
on  contents,  the  average  loss  by  each  fire  being  106/. 

Post  office  receipts  for  the  year  were  as  follows ;  sale  of  stamps  Port  offloe. 
45,^1/.,  an  inqrease  of  8,225/.  over  the  previous  year,  money  orders 
issued  254,133/.,  money  orders  paid  320,942/. 

The  19  creameries  iu  King  County  produced  973,206  lbs.  of  Dalrjr 
butter;  and"tbe"4  cheese  factones  500,300  lbs.  of  cheese.  »-.j™. 


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Annex  A.— Bkturh  of  all  Shipping  at  the  Port  ot  Seattle, 
Washington,  dnring  the  Year  1901, 


BOlMt. 

atMoi. 

Total. 

Nfttiouutr. 

Nmabw 
YmOM. 

Tom. 

Nnrnber 

of 
T««ali. 

Tou. 

Number 
VmmI*. 

Tou. 

BiUUi    .. 

Ssr;:    :; 

Dntck     .. 
IUli»    ..         .. 
AmariMn 

9 

10;474 
1,661 

'sis 

61 
IS 

1 

I 

I 
8!1« 

89.8M 

57,48« 
1,789 
a,7Bl 

s.aoe 

188,800 

7« 
18 
3 
1 
1 
US 

8,440 

1,781 

3,808 

184,138 

ToUl 
„    1000  .. 

14 

19.948 
13,988 

S13 
310 

aeo.»B 

228,1!1 

817 
SSC 

371,318 
283,104 

SriitoB- 

Steun. 

Totd. 

HftUoulitf. 

Nnmbor 
of 

Tom. 

KiiDber 

or 

VmmU. 

Tom. 

HamlMi 
of 

T«Mb. 

Tonik 

British    .. 

OWBU    .. 

ChiUu    .. 
FeniTiaii.. 
Amerleut 

Tot>l 
„    1900  .. 

17            21,862     1       89 
80 

1               1,3U             2 

1               2,808 

1                 978     '       .. 

4              4,808    j       .. 

1       '           470    1       .. 
13      ,       8,973    ]    107« 

68,888 
Si^lSS 
S;08S 

;; 

7e,*9«S 

86 
30 

S09 

7G,S60 
02,118 
6,878 
%808 
976 
4^8 
470 
S«,38G 

87       '      SS,e80     '     388          199,657 
39           37,390    '    388         146,348 

S2C 
297 

sss,ia 

193,487 

*  TbiM  inclade  Sonnd  itcunen  on  the  regnlur  ran  to  BriUili  CtdnmbU, 


TaCOHA,  WAiHIHOTOK. 

Mr.  Vice-Consul  Alexander  reports  as  follows: — 
The  past  year  hiia  been  satisfactory  throughout  the  State 
for  the  agriculturist  as  well  as  the  buBiness  man.'  Eeal  estate  in 
the  towns  and  farming  lands  are  in  better  demand  and  prices  have 
stiffened  in  consequence  of  restored  confidence.  A  large  increase 
has  taken  place  in  emigration  to  the  towns  and  country  from  Uia 


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TACUMA.  47 

middle  iiiul  eastoru  States,  aud  new  hmds  arc  buiiig  bronglit  under 
cuItivatioB.  Irrigation  ditches  are  being  constructed  and  others 
cxteuded  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  which  have  brought 
niauy  thousands  of  acres  of  desert  land,  lieretofore  apparently 
worthless,  into  produce  bearing  districts. 

The  ijopuktion  of   Tacoma  nifty  now  be  estimated  at  about  Population 
55,000. 

The  health  of  the  county  and  town  generally  iluriny  the  past  HmIUi. 
year  has  been  good :  there  liaa  been  no  epidemic  of  contagious  or 
iDfeclions  diaua^^e  uf  a  serious  nature  ;  tlie  deaths  oi'cun'iu|;  were 
24  from  diphtheria,  210  scarlet-fever,  1 20  lueaalt's,  29  sinall-pox, 
'■'f  typhoid-fever ;  tlie  total  number  of  deaths  wca  474,  of  which, 
269  were  males  and  205  fomales.  309  males  and  2(J9  females, 
making  a  toUil  of  608  were  born  during  this  period,  in  addition  to 
■id  stillborn.     474  couples  ^-ei-e  married. 

The  total  rainfall  for  the  year  was  greater  than  usual.  W««ther. 
4()67  inches  of  i^ain  fell  during  the  year,  of  which  962  inches  fell 
during  the  mouth  of  November;  Aug\ist  was  the  driest  month, 
\vheii  only  0-;>2  inch  was  regbteied.  The  maximum  tempemtitre 
'  reached  was  S8  degivei  on  Juue  J  8,  mid  August  0,  and  the 
minimum  24  decrees  on  Dcuember  12. 

The  cutting  and  manufacture  of  timljcr  Ims  )tceii  very  pros-  IndutriM. 
perous  during  the  year.  Local  deiuand  has  been  good  aud  despatches  Timb«r. 
by  railway  to  Eastern  States  have  been  lieavier  than  usual ;  the 
prosperous  condition  of  tlie  country  has  meant  an  increased  dem^uid 
for  buildiug  purposes  and  railway  equipment.  The  sliingle  industry 
lias  been  equally  praspcruus,  and  it  is  safe  to  say  tiiat  more  mills 
for  the  manufacture  of  timber  and  shingles  are  iu  operatiou  tliau 
at  any  time  during  the  liistory  of  the  State.  The  cotid  cut  for  the 
State  is  estimated  at  1,650,000,000  feet.  210,327,239  feet  went 
abroad,  aud  223,35.5,15y  feet  went  to  domestic  ports ;  the  despatches 
by  railway  were  38ti,856,0O0  feet,  and  4,803,701,000  shUigl&i 
were  manufactui'ed.  The  shipments  from  Tacoma  were  estimated 
at  32,800,190  feet  valued  at  75,737/.  to  foreign  porta;  while 
43,718,800  feet  valued  at  89,080/.  wei'c  shipped  to  domestic  ports. 

The  State  Mine  Inspector  issues  ni>  official  report  for  the  past  Minlnr 
year,  so  data  are  not  available.  All  the  mining  companies  in  this 
and  other  counties  tributary  to  Tacoma,  have  extended  their 
-  operations  and  improved  their  works  in  order  to  increase  their  out- 
put, many  of  them  buildii^  coke-ovens,  where  the  quality  of  coal 
will  justify  tlieir  doing  so.  It  is  said  that  a  very  fine  quality  of  coal 
for  "  blacksmithing "  purposes  has  been  recently  found  in  the 
Mont«8uma  District,  which  is  meeting  with  a  very  ready  local 
sale.  The  actual  quantity  of  coal  taken  out  of  these  mines  for  the 
year  1901  caunot  be  ascertained,  but  it  is  estimated  at  2,800,000 
tons,  valued  at  1,000,000/.  at  the  pits  mouth.  Alwut  015,000 
tons  (2,240  lbs.),  valued  at  al)out  4OO_,000/.,  worn  shipped  from 
the  liort  ot  Tacoma ;  the  slupincnts  to  ('alifoniia  wunld  pi-obably 
have  increased  this  aniouuL,  had  it  noL  been  for  the  long- 
continued  strike  and  labour  troubles  and  it^itations  in  San 
I'Vancisco,  which  alTeci'ed  the  traile  and  manufacturing  establish- 


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ii  (icoui. 

mentfi.  Again,  the  more  general  ubu  of  crude  oil  for  fuel 
purposes  in  California  and  on  the  Southern  Pacific  Railway,  has 
had  a  tendency  to  reduce  the  demand  for  coal ;  this  is,  however, 
ofbet  in  a  small  d^^e  by  an  increased  demand  for  fuel  in  the 
Hawaiian  Islands.  There  wei'e  about  30,000  tone  of  coke  made 
during  the  year. 

The  Tacoma  Smeltii^  and  Eehiiing  Company  have  continued  to 
make  great  improvements  to  their  works  during  the  year  at  con- 
siderable cost,  which  has  been  more  than  met  by  the  increased 
facilities  afforded  for  the  reduction  of  ores,  especially  that  of  copper, 
very  large  quantities  being  Low  received,  fiie  supplies  of  ores  are 
brought  by  water  and  railway,  chiefly  from  Alaska,  Canada, 
Montana,  Nevada  and  local  places ;  ores  have  also  been  received 
from  youth  America,  Mexico  and  Korea ;  it  is  almost  safe  to  say 
that  fully  one-third  of  the  ores  i-eceived  came  from  Canada. 

Prices  for  grain  have  been  fairly  remunerative,  and  farmers  in 
most  cases  have  been  able  to  save  some  money.  The  price  of 
wheat  has  left  a  fair  return,  selling  at  from  Is.  8d.  to  2jt.  at  the 
point  of  shipment  or  an  average  of  Is.  lOd.  per  bushel  (60  lbs.) 
for  the  year.  Oats  were  a  good  crop  and  prices  have  been  high, 
averaging  about  4».  i>er  100  lbs.  Hay,  grown  in  Eastern  Wash- 
ington, averaged  2/.,  and  that  grown  in  Western  Washington 
averted  1/.  lUs,  Gd.  per  ton  to  the  grower.  The  contracts  let  by 
the  United  States  Government  for  large  quantities  of  oats  and 
hay  for  military  supplies  for  the  forces  in  the  Philippines  have 
upheld  good  prices  fur  these  commodities,  and  farmers  have 
profited  to  a  certain  e.\t-ent,  although  having  to  sell  to  dealers. 
Lai^e  quantities  of  fodder  have  also  been  sent  up  to  Alaska  and 
other  northern  places.  A  very  much  laiger  acreage  is  now  being 
sown  to  oats  and  seeded  down  for  pasturage  and  hay,  as  the 
demand  will  probably  be  good  for  some  time  to  come.  Potatoes 
were  in  good  demand  during  the  autumn  for  Eastern  States ;  the 
dry  season  in  the  middle  Western  States  destroyed  the  yield, 
and  to  supply  the  demand  potatoes  were  sent  from  this  State 
and  Oregon  to  Colorado  and  other  places.  Potatoes  aver^fed  to 
the  grower  il.  per  ton  (2,000  lbs.). 

The  following  is  an  estimate  of  the  yield,  no  Oovemment 
computation  having  been  made: — 


Ana. 

Acw. 

ProdDcUon. 

TllM. 

Wb«>t  .. 

SUM      .. 

B»le;  ..         .. 

AereL 

..:    1,081,000 

8,000 

97,000 

41,020 

BnihsU 
8S-96 
17-6 

43-4 

!»,0»8,000 

101,000 

4,807,000 

1,82S,«20 

'4z 

007,184 
188,087 

Exports  continue  to  increase,  and  although  the  trade  in  flour 
has  probably  not  been  as  profitable  as  in  former  years,  seveml 
new  mills  have  been  erectol.    H^h  prices  for  bran  and  sliorU 


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have  helped  to  save  manufacturers  from  loss  at  times  when  the 
price  of  flour  for  export  did  not  seem  tempting. 

The  yield  of  hops  waa  deficient  although  the  quality  was  fair.  H»p«- 
Prices  averaged  about  5d.  per  lb.  after  harvest,  at  which  figure 
most  of  the  crop  was  disposed  of  by  growera ;  later  iu  the  year 
the  price  advanced  to  about  7d.,  but  the  dealers  only  beuefited. 
The  crop  of  the  State  was  about  30,000  bales,  as  t^inst  37,500 
bales  the  previous  year. 

The  fruit  crop  during  the  past  season  has  been  only  fair,  taken  Fmit. 
as  a  whole.  There  was  a  good  crop  of  apples  throughout  the 
State,  better  on  the  eastern  than  on  the  western  or  Paget  Sound 
side.  The  pear  crop  was  light  all  over  the  State.  Prunes  were 
good.  Cherries  were  a  very  light  crop.  Small  fruits  are  grown 
in  great  abundance,  and  it  is  very  rare  for  the  crop  to  be  a 
failure.  Diseases  of  various  kinds  still  prevail  in  spite  of  the 
methods  used  to  eradicate  them.  Scab  affects  the  apples  aud 
pears  in  Western  Washington,  and  it  is  probable  that  it  will 
always  prevail  on  account  of  climatic  conditions.  Codlin  moth 
attacks  the  apples  in  Eastern  Washington,  but  it  is  being  con- 
trolled by  diligent  spraying  with  Paris  green  and  arsenate  of  soda. 
Aphis  is  controlled  by  continuous  spraying  with  quassia  chips  and 
whale  oil  soap.  The  potato  blight  in  Western  Washington  is 
controlled,  as  far  as  possible,  by  a  liberal  use  of  the  Bordeaux 
mixture.  Prices  were  greatly  governed  by  quality  in  the  local 
markets  and  Alaska,  especially  in  the  case  of  apples,  boxes, 
weighing  50  lbs.,  ranging  from  2s.  to  8s.  per  box.  The  markets  for 
Western  Washington  fruit  were  chiefly  local  and  Alaska  and 
northern  places,  while  the  small  fruits,  grown  in  Eastern 
Washington,  were  marketed  along  the  lines  of  railway  extending 
as  far  as  St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  and  the  large  fruits  as  fiu-  as  New 
York. 

More  attention  is  being  paid  to  stock-raising  now  than  lAvnioek. 
formerly ;  the  advance  in  prices  of  live-stock  of  all  descriptions 
throughout  the  United  States  has  turned  farmers  and  stockmen's 
attention  to  cattle  and  sheep  raising  as  well  as  horse  breeding, 
and  there  wiU  be  a  good  demand  for  high-class  animals  for  some 
time  to  come. 

The  statistics  of  this  year's  export  trade  from  Tacoma  show  an  Commercial 
appreciable  increase  as  compared   with   last   year's  figures,  and  r*'»Ji*""'  ^*^ 
particularly  so  in  the  case  of  flour  to  Japan,  China  and  Hong-  ^nfjjeg. 
Kong.    As  in  the  case  of  1900  the  volume  of  business  decreased 
towards  the  end  of  the  year,  this  is  attributable  to  more  flour 
having  been  shipped  to  Japan  and  Hong-Kong  in  the  earlier  part 
of  the  year  than  the  consumption  in  those  countries  required,  and 
the    fact  that  the    rice   harvest   in   Japan   was   more   bountiful 
than  the  country  had  enjoyed  during  any  of  the  preceding  10 
years.    Local  disturbances  in  the  southern  provinces  of  China  are 
responsible  for  a  decrease  in  shipments  from  this  port  toward  the 
end  of  the  year.     Wheat  exports  from  here  were  chiefly  to  the 
United  Kingdom  or  the  Continent  of  Europe,  but  five  cargoes  of 
wheat,  flour,  timber  and  tinned  goods,  valued  at  40,000^.,  went  to 
(129)  ,  D 


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50  TACOUA. 

ports  in  British  Soutli  Africa.  1 2  cargoes  of  timber  were  coosigued 
to  ports  in  Australia,  valued  at  25,000/. 

The  China  Mutual  Sttam  Na\-igation  Company  and  the  Glen 
Line  of  steamers  maintained  throughout  the  year  a  r^ular  service 
by  their  respective  steamers,  vil  the  Philippines,  Straits  Settle- 
ments, Suez  Canal,  Mediten'anean  and  Continental  ports,  to  and 
from  London  and  Liverpool.  The  importajice  of  Tacoma  as  a 
shipping  port  has  been  further  recognised  hy  the  extension  of  the 
German  Kosmos  Line  steam  service  to  Tacoma,  which  has  hitherto 
traded  to  and  from  Hamburg  and  the  west  coast  of  South  and 
North  America,  as  far  north  as  San  Francisco  only.  The  Hawaiian- 
American  Steamship  Company  recently  started  with  eight  good 
cargo  boats  to  load  to  and  from  New  York  and  Hawaiian  Islands, 
via  San  Francisco,  has  announced  that  it  will  hereafter  make 
Tacoma  a  regular  port  of  call  on  the  voyage  to  Hawaii ;  these 
steamers  will  carry  general  cai^o  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco, 
Tacoma  and  Hawaii,  after  discharging  which  at  these  ports,  more 
local  cai^o  for  Hawaii  will  be  loaded ;  sugar  will  be  the  return 
cargo  to  New  York. 

The  freight  rates  for  grain  prevailing  during  the  year  from  ports 
on  Puget  Sound  to  Europe  have  shown  some  decline  as  compared 
with  previous  years,  ranging  from  1/.  12s.  6rf.  to  21.  Is.  3rf,, 
averaging  for  the  year  about  1/.  15«.  South  African  freights  have 
ruled  about  2».  6rf.  higher. 

Timber  rates  have  been  as  follows : — 


AuBtnlla        

Chlu 

VladlToitock 

Wett  Coul  of  Sooth  Ameriet 

Sonth  AMca 

Europe 


The  domestic  trade  shows  some  improvement  over  last  year  ; 
better  facilities  are  provided,  both  by  water  and  railway,  for  the 
carrying  of  merchandise  from  the  outlying  districts  to  markets, 
and  the  development  of  the  country  is  progressing  accordingly. 
There  were  13,040  milway  truck  loads  of  wheat  brought  to  this 
port  for  inspection  by  the  State  Grain  Inspector  during  tliG  season, 
averaging  940  bushels  to  the  truck,  in  addition  to  2,388  truck  loads 
of  oats  and  228  truck  loads  of  barley. 

The  United  States  custora-house  report  shows  that  312  vessels 
entered  and  329  cleared  from  this  poit  during  the  year  1901 ; 
that  the  total  export  amounted  to  2,601,229/.,  in  addition  to 
96,740/.  foreign  goods  transhipped,  making  a  total  of  2,697,969/., 
as  against  1,734,661/.  in  1900;  the  export  for  the  district  of  Puget 
Sound  aggregates  5,293,057/.;  this  shows  that  Tacoma  contributed 
nearly  50  per  cent.     The  imports  amounted  to  511,239/.,  as  against 


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TACOMA.  51 

361,685/.  the  previous  year ;  the  impoi-te  for  the  whole  district 
amount  to  1,842,44H.,  showing  Tacoma's  share  to  be  about  28 
per  cent  ^ 

The  total  busineee  of  the  port  is  estimated  by  the  local 
authorities  at  6,882,146i,  of  which  the  exports  are  c»«dited  with 
4,580,975t ;  the  imports  from  foreign  countries  are  credited  with 
1,421,190/.,  and  from  domestic  ports  with  879,981/.,  making  a 
total  of  2,301,171/.  It  appears  that  the  chief  articles  of  export  of 
local  production  were:  10,713,826  bushels  of  wheat,  valued  at 
1.265,964/. ;  924,744  barrels  of  flour,  valued  at  530,703/. ;  636,106 
tons  of  coal,  valued  at  402,707/. ;  78,810,265  feet  of  timber,  valued 
at  159,470/.;  95,246  cases  of  tinned  sahnon,  valued  at  103,0802.; 
the  value  of  bullion  is  placed  at  314,800/.  852  vessels  arrived 
with  a  roistered  tonnage  of  1,046,428  tons,  and  847  vessels 
departed  with  a  registered  tonnage  of  1,024,863  tons. 


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I 


LONDON  :  | 
PrinUd  f«  UU  Hifettj'i  SUtionti;  Oftoe, 

Bz  HABBISON  AND  SONS,  .                   I 

Printtn  ik  Oidluir  to  Hli  Hftjetty.  i 

(7S    7  I  OS— H  k  8    12B)  | 


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No.  2889  Ammal  Series. 
DIPLOMATIC  AND  CONSULAR  EEFORTS. 


UmTED    STATES. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  YEAR  1901 


TRADE    OF    THE    PHILIPPINE    ISLANDS. 


BBFSBBNGE  TO  PRBVI0U8  RBFOBT,  Anmul  8wi«i  No.  2689. 


Prtiented  to  both  HotueM  of  PorUameiU  by  OommandofHitMaJMty, 
AUGUST,  1902. 


LONDON! 

PEIHTED  FOR  BIS  MAJESTY'S  STATIONKBT  OFFICE, 

BT  HARBISON  AND  SONS,  ST.  MARTIN'S  LANE, 


ETBE  A 

ud  82,  Am-vonoN  Btrkkt.  Wkbtmin8T«b,  S.W.j 

or  OLIVER  &  BOYD,  Edimilkob  ; 

gr  B.  PONSUNBY,  lie,  QunoM  Stkiit,  Dobmh 

1902. 
[Cd.  78ft— 198.]  Prie*  Thru  ffal^Mo*. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


CONTENTS. 


Hamiu— 

Qanenl  rMBwki.... 


Kbw  tariff    . 
Cuitomi  cle> 


CiBU  tnde  rsport  .. 


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Vo.  2889. 

Be/ertftce  to  previous  Report,  Ati7iual  Series  No.  2638. 


Ji^port  on  tite  Trade  of  the  Philippine  Islands  for  th«  Year  1901 
By  Mr.  Acting-Consul  Sinclair. 

(Raemred  at  Foraign  Offloe,  Aiignrt  6,  1902.) 

Trade  in  the  PhilippineB  in  1901  as  in  1900  failed  to  come  up  General 
to  expectations,  itnporls  keeping  slack  owing  to  ihe  unsettled  state  ren^'k*- 
of  the  couutry  and  scarcity  of  money  entailed  by  the  events  of  the 
past  few  years.  Exports  are,  as  I  anticipated  in  my  last  year's 
report,  leAS,  as  the  effect  of  the  opening  of  closed  district  and 
consequent  throwing  of  accumulated  stocks  on  the  market  has 
ceased. 

Before  going  into  details  I  will  endeavour  to  point  out  briefly 
the  state  of  affairs  in  tbe  more  important  islanda  of  the  group, 
showing  the  progress  of  law  and  order  in  the  past  year. 

Tbe  island  of  Luzon,  north  of  Manila,  may  be  considered  paci-  Iauoq. 
fled,  life  and  property  being  as  safe  as  in  Europe,  except  possibly 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  few  head-hunting  tribes  left  in  the 
most  iuacoessible  mountain  distiicte.     Even  these  are  being  kept 
in  check  by  tbe  lately  created  constabnlary. 

Luzon  contains  the  moet  important  tobacco  and  rice  districts 
of  the  FhilippiDee.  Several  rice  mills  owned  by  British  Arms  are 
situated  along  tbe  Manila  and  Dagupan  Railway,  but  they  did  not 
do  much  business  in  the  past  year  owing  to  deficient  rains  and  a 
decrease  in  the  quantity  of  rice  planted,  due  to  the  scarcity  of 
draught  animals  caused  by  war  and  rinderpest. 

The  paciticatiou  of  this  district,  and  especially  of  the  central 
province  of  Benguet,  is  gradually  bearing  fruit  in  the  establishment 
of  a  sanatorium  at  Baguio,  a  project  mooted  in  Spanish  times  but 
now  taking  a  concrete  form. 

This  district  enjoys  a  maximum  shade  temperature  of  75"  F. 
as  compared  with  the  99"  F.  of  Manila,  and  in  the  winter  months 
the  thermometer  occasionally  falls  below  freezing  point. 

European  fruit  and  v^etables  can  be  grown  on  this  plateau, 
and  cattle  raised. 

At  present  Baguio  is  somewhat  inaccessible,  but  11'  as  is  pro- 
posed a  light  railway  be  constructed,  the  American  and  European    . 
population  of  the  Philippines  will  be  able  to  obtain  a  change  from 
the  continuous  damp  beat  of  the  ports,  without  the  stormy  trip  to 
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Uhina  or  Japan,  aow  Decessary  for  those  in  search  ot  a  more 
bracing  climate. 

In  the  south  of  Luzon  the  state  of  aftairs  has  not  been  so 
favourable. 

Until  early  in  the  present  year  a  guerilla  warfare  was  atill  in 
progress  in  the  southern  provinces. 

Hemp  and  coprah,  the  main  productions  of  this  part  of  th» 
island;  hoth  suffered  considerably  owing  to  the  closing  of  the 
lake  and  seaports. 

The  island  of  Mindoro,  in  spite  of  its  nearness  to  Manila,  is  one 
of  the  least  known  owing  to  its  rugged  nature  and  bad  climate. 
It  w:ia  the  scene  of  considt^rable  military  activity  in  1901,  owing 
to  a,  large  number  of  inaui^gents  from  Southern  Luzon  having 
established  themselves  there. 

It  is  now  pacified  and  may  become  valuable  for  cattle  breeding, 
though  at  present  it  is  of  no  commercial  importfmca 

Samar,  one  of  the  most  important  hemp  ialandB.gave  more  trouble 
to  the  military  authorities  in  the  latter  end  of  the  paat  year  and 
beginning  of  the  present  than  the  rest  of  the  Archipelago  com- 
bined. Up  to  the  middle  of  the  year  the  Americans  contented 
themselves  with  the  occupation  of  the  coast  towns  and  a  mild 
blockade. 

The  countrj-  is  rough,  covered  with  thick  jungle  penetrated  by 
narrow  trails,  from  the  shelter  of  which  the  natives  were  able  to 
anipe  into  the  towns  and  bodies  of  troopa  in  the  river  vallej's 
without  much  risk.  Luckily  for  the  Americans  their  musketry 
was  bad  and  tlieii-  supply  of  arms  aud  ammunition  detective,  and 
until  September  of  1901,  the  chief  lossea  sustained  by  the  troopa 
were  due  to  pitfalls  and  sudden  rushes. 

In  the  last  days  of  that  month,  however,  a  desperate  attack  was 
made  by  about  400  fanatics,  armed  with  bolos  (cutlasses),  on  a  com- 
pany of  the  9th  United  States  Infantry  at  Balangiga,  while  the 
latter  were  at  breakfast  In  spita  of  losing  about  half  their  number, 
the  attacking  force  succeeded  in  killing  45  officers  and  men,  only 
24  managing  to  escape  by  the  sea. 

Roused  by  this  disaster  the  authorities  poured  troops  into  the 
island,  and  eventually  a  general  surrender  took  place  in  the  epring 
of  the  present  year. 

The  neighbouring  island  of  Leyte,  also  mainly  producing  hemp, 
has  been  for  some  time  under  civil  rule,  but  has  been  suffering 
from  brigandage,  possibly  due  to  an  influx  of  rebels  from  Samat 
across  the  narrow  strait  separating  the  islands. 

Fanay  and  Cebu  Islands  are  dealt  with  in  detail  in  the  annexed 
Imports  of  the  Cebu  and  Uoilo  Vice- Consuls.  Panay  growa  mainly 
sugar,  Cebu  hemp  also.  The  best  coal  in  the  Philippiues  also 
occurs  in  the  latter.  Both  islands  are  now  in  a  settled  condition, 
the  greater  pai-t  of  the  rebels  in  Cebu  surrendering  in  the  autumn, 
after  a  lai^  number  of  troopa  had  been  thrown  into  the  island 
owing  to  the  outskirts  of  the  city  having  become  unsafe  for 
Americana  Cebu  is  daily  increasing  iu  importance  as  a  hemp 
port,  being  centrally  situated  as  r^ards  the  main  sources  of  supply. 


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The  harbour  is  good,  lai^  vessels  being  able  to  lie  close  to 
the  shore  and  so  escaping  the  expensive  lighteiang  necessary  at 
Manila. 

Iloilo  is  also  the  port  ot  shipment  for  the  sugar  produced  in  the  Noftro*- 
lai^e  island  of  Negros,     With  the  exception  of  one  district  this 
island  is  quiet. 

The  great  southern  island  of  the  Archipelago,  Mindanao,  is,  UinduiM. 
except  as  regards  its  coasts,  almost  a  ten-a  incognita.  It  covers  an 
area  of  about  36,000  square  miles,  much  of  which  has  never  been 
explored.  The  population  consists  mainly  of  Mahouiedan  Malays, 
who  were  never  subdued  by  the  Spaniards  and  continue  truculent, 
80  much  80  that  a  punitive  expedition  had  recently  to  be  sent  to 
punish  one  section  of  them  for  a  number  of  treacherous  attacks  on 
isolated  parties  of  soldiers  engaged  in  telegraph  construction  and 
other  duties. 

Hemp,  rubber,  gums  and  otlier  tropical  products  are  exported, 
and  when  roads  are  constructed  the  forests  will  become  a  source 
of  profit.  An  influential  American  syndicate  is  being  formed  for 
the  purpose. 

There  are  a  number  of  deep  rivers  running  far  into  the  oonntry 
through  rich  land  suitable  for  sugar  and  other  plantatii  ins. 

The  western  extremity  of  the  island  tapers  off  into  the  Jolo  or 
Snlu  Group,  v/hich  are  more  in  touch  with  Singapore  than  Manila, 
except  as  far  as  the  gtuTison  is  concerned.  Zamboauga,  the  chief 
port  in  Mindanao,  lies  in  the  track  of  vessels  bound  from  Australia 
for  Manila.     Some  pearling  is  done  in  the  neiglibourhood. 

The  south-western  boundary  of  tht;  Philippines  is  formed  byE 
the  long  narrow  island  of  Parngua,  or  Paluan,  which  has  little 
trade  importance,  except  that  from  it  and  some  of  the  sioall 
neighboiiring  islands  considerable  quantities  of  beche-de-mer  and 
material  for  birds'-neat  soup  are  sent  to  Hong-Kong  for  Chinese 
consumption. 

The  trade  of  the  southern  islands  is  mainly  in  the  hands  of 
Chinese. 

The  charting  of  the  surrounding  seas  is  very  defective,  many 
points  being  6  or  moiB  miles  from  their  supposed  positions. 

To  summarise,  the  islands  are  pacified,  but  in  an  impoverished  Summaiy  of 
condition  consequent  on   the  events  ot  the  past  five  years.     Not^°^ 
only  has  there  been  great  loss  of  life  among  the  natives  owing  to  **       °^' 
war,  but  rindeipest  and  a  disease  called  "  surra  "  have  reduced  the 
supply  of  draught  animals  to  such  an  extent  that  all  cultivation 
is  seriously  hampered.     Rice,  the  staple  food  of  the  islands,  has 
suffered  most  seriously,  as  not  only  has  the  actual  amount  planted 
been  smaller  than  usual,  biit  owing  to  drought  the  last  year's  crop 
was  li^ht. 

A  land  tax  is  now  being  imposed  and  collected  by  the  Insular  ^*^^  '«i- 
Government  on  the  basis  of  1  per  cent,  of  the  gross  value  for  1901, 
1^  per  cent,  for  1902,  to  rise  to  2  per  cent  in  1903. 

A  very  large  amount  of  money  has  been  put  in  circulation  by  labour. 
the  Government  in  payment  for  labour  as  well  aa  by  the  large 
number  of   troops    in   the  islands.     This  has,  however,  maiuTy 
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affected  the  labouring  class,  and  the  keepers  of  email  stores  and 
saloons.  The  labourers,  altJioi^h  their  pay  has  more  than  doubled, 
do  not  work  any  harder,  and  recently  in  Manila  resolved  that 
they  would  not  work  during  the  hot  hours  of  the  day  (9  A.H.  to 
5  P.M.  liere).  The  apparent  result  of  increased  pay  is  a  desire  on 
the  part  of  the  native  to  work  less  days  in  the  week. 

The  introduction  of  Chinese  labour,  though  favoured  by  the 
Insular  Grovemment,  has  been  opposed  by  the  home  authorities. 

As  far  as  the  agricultural  interests  are  concerned,  the  main 
requirements  are  personal  security  and  capital  for  the  purchase  of 
machinery. 

"With  the  exception  of  the  construction  of  one  or  two  roads 
no  stepR  have  been  tuken  to  improve  communications  in  the  islands. 
The  Government  is  inclined  to  leave  the  construction  of  railways, 
&c.,  lo  private  individuals,  who,  however,  do  not  appear  iuclijied 
to  iuvest  in  the  Philippines  under  present  conditions.  Even  in 
Manila  a  number  of  schemes  for  electric  tramways  between  the 
widely  distant  extremities  of  the  city  have  fallen  through,  althoi^h 
there  is  a  great  need  for  them. 

A  form  of  local  government  has  been  established  giving  con- 
siderable power  to  local  headmen  or  "  presidentes,"  induding  the 
control  of  the  locitl  police  and  magisterial  powers. 

The  language  difficulty  may  be  solved  when  the  labours  of  the 
700  or  800  teachers  (male  and  female),  imported  from  the  United 
States,  begin  to  bear  fruit.  At  present  Spanish  forms  the  principal 
means  of  communication  with  the  natives,  only  about  10  per  cent 
of  whom  speak  that  language. 

A  slight  epidemic  of  plague  visited  Manila  in  the  past  year, 
but  was  kept  well  in  hand  by  the  authorities.  The  malady  seemed 
to  attack  Chinese  in  preference  to  natives,  unlike  the  present 
epidemic  of  cholera,  which  is  heavier  on  the  native. 

A  cosmopolitan  hospital  is  in  course  of  construction,  funds 
being  largely  guaranteed  by  the  various  firms  in  Manila.  The 
staff  will  mainly  be  drawn  from  late  members  of  the  United 
States  Army  Nursing  Staff.  At  present  this  need  is  filled  by 
the  Manila  Womans'  Hospital,  originated  by  Mrs.  Whitelaw 
Keid,  of  New  York,  which  is  to  be  amalgamated  with  the  new 
institution. 

A  Government  laboratory  and  bacteriological  institute  has  been 
established. 

A  Bureau  of  Agriculture  has  been  organised,  as  well  as  a 
Forest  Department  to  r^fulate  the  cuttii^  of  timber  and  take 
steps  to  propagate  the  growth  of  rubber  and  other  valuable 
plants. 

Since  the  despatch  of  my  last  year's  report  considerable  im- 
provements have  taken  place  in  vessels  running  between  Hong- 
Kong  and  Manila,  accompanied  by  a  reduction  in  fare& 

Two  large  modern  passenger  vessels  having  been  put  on  the 
service  by  the  China  and  Manila  Steamship  Company  of  Hong-Kong, 
the  Japanese  "  Toyo  Kiaen "  Company  began  to  run  the  former 
P.  and  0.  liner,  "  Hosetta,"  in  opposition,  with  the  result  that  the 


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Tojage  is  made  iu  shorter  time  and  that  fares  have  been  reduced 
from  60  to  40  doL  (Mexican)  on  the  larger  boats,  and  to  30  doL 
(Mexican)  on  the  smaller  and  slower,  a  similar  reduction  taking 
place  iu  height. 

The  United  States  mail  lines,  including  the  White  Star  vesseb 
of  the  Occidental  and  Oriental  Company,  call  at  Manila  monthly 
on  their  way  to  Hong-Kong,  and  will  probably  take  over  the  duties 
of  the  tranapoit  service,  which  is  to  be  abolished. 

The  Japanese  mail  line  to  Australia  has  been  reinforced  by  a 
5,000-ton  vessel,  the  "  Kumano  Mam,"  built  on  the  Clyde. 

The  British  India  Company's  vessels,  which  run  direct  from 
Manila  to  Japan,  offer  the  most  direct  route  to  that  country,  but  are 
not  largely  patronised. 

The  fine  freighters  of  the  Ocean  line  now  call  at  Manila  monthly, 
and  have  considerable  influence  on  the  tonu^  statistics  of  the 
port. 

The  extensive  rice  trade  with  Saigon  is  mainly  carried  on  by 
German  vessels. 

Regular  communication  with  Singapore  is  kept  up  "by  two 
small  German  vessels  runnii^  in  connection  with  the  German 
mail 

Four  small-Britisb  steamers  are  at  present  under  charter  to  the 
United  States  military  authorities  as  inter-island  transports. 

A  very  noticeable  decrease  has  taken  place  in  the  number  of 
sailing  vessels  to  and  from  Manila. 

The  numl)er  of  British  vessels  whose  papers  have  been  deposited 
at  this  Consulate  show  a  steady  increase  since  1896,  the  figures 
being  as  follows : — 


The  projected  harbour  works  are  in  progress,  but  will  not  be  HariMU' 
completeKt  for  some  years.  work*. 

The  mooted  establishment  of  a  navy  yard  in  Subi^  Bay,  north 
of  Manila,  seems  to  be  abandoned.  It  is  doubtful  if  an  establish- 
ment of  this  natnre  would  confer  benefits  compensating  for  the 
cost,  as  }!Ood  docking  facilities  exist  within  comparatively  easy 
reach  of  Manila  in  Hong-Koi^,  Shanghai  and  Japan. 

As   will   be  seen   from  the   annexed  statistics  British  trade  Brituh  trsda. 
occupies  a  predominant  position  in  the  Philippines,  but  the  fact 
must  not  be  overlooked  that  large  quantities  of  goods  transhipped 
at  Hong-Kong  and  Singapore  figure  as  British  and  swell  the  totals, 
although  produced  in  other  countries. 

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In  1901  out  of  a  total  of  imports,  valued  at  32,758,095  do\. 
gold,  15,545,734  dol.  worth  came  from  varioua  British  or  Colonial 
ports.  These  paid  3,183,055  doL  duty  out  of  a  tot^  of 
6.394,915  dol. 

Imports  have  increased  from  24^84,66(>  dol.  in  1900  to 
32,758,095  dol.  in  1901.  This  increase  is  maittly  due  to  a  much 
increased  civil  population,  whose  food,  drink  and  clothes  all  have 
to  be  imported, 

Australian  meat,  poultry,  fish  and  dairy  products  are  largely 
used,  little  or  no  meat  being  produced  in  the  islands  at  present. 

The  army  and  navy  import  all  their  beef  from  the  same  source. 

There  is  a  large  demand  for  Scotch  whisky  and  ginger  ale,  and 
similar  "  soft  drinks  "  find  a  good  sale,  owing  to  the  present  cholera 
scare. 

Owing  to  the  increase  in  shipping,  coal  is  being  imported  largely 
from  Newcastle,  New  South  Wales  and  Japan. 

Cooking  stoves  are  in  increased  demand  to  replace  the  primi- 
tive native  arrangement  hitherto  in  vogue. 

'^rge  quantities  of  lumber  are  being  imported  from  Or^oa 
tor  building  purposes,  as  also  iron  roofing  from  the  United 
Kingdom. 

Rice  is  impoited  in  large  quantities  from  Saigon  for  native  and 
Chinese  use,  owing  to  the  failvire  of  local  crops. 

Piece-goods  have  been  in  poor  demand,  owing  to  Chinese 
pedlars  not  being  able  lo  go  their  rounds  and  the  difficulty  of 
collecting  debts. 

White  drill  and  khaki  have  been  in  strong  request,  being  wont 
by  all  ranks  and  classes,  civil  and  military. 

Thin  striped  cotton  jerseys  are  largely  worn  by  the  natives, 
with  short  sleeves  and  in  various  colours.  These  are  mainly 
manufactured  in  Spain. 

White  buckskin  and  canvas  boots  and  shoes,  with  leather  soles, 
if  well  made,  will  sell  well.  The  class  of  boot  at  present  obtain- 
able ready  made  is  distinctly  flimsy, 

Automobiles  are  being  imported  from  the  United  States  of 
America,  owing  to  the  Wgh  price  of  ponies.  A  light  machine 
"uitable  for  use  in  the  i/>wn  and  not  too  e.tpensive  would  sell  well 
here  at  present. 

I  desire  to  call  the  attention  of  manufacturers  of  machinery  of 
all  kinds  to  the  remarks  on  catal<^ues,  &c,  contained  in  Mr.  Vice- 
Consul  Bethell  Jones'  report  on  the  trade  of  Iloilo. 

As  regards  exports,  a  total  value  of  13,783,179  doL  gold  went 
to  Itritish  ports  out  of  a  gross  export  of  20,760,648  dol.,  paying 
duty  to  the  amount  of  402,073  dol.,  out  of  a  total  669,085  doL 

The  total  quantity  of  hemp  exjwrted  in  1901  amounted  to 
!l]o,349  bales  of  which  781,838  bales  were  shipped  by  British 
(irms.     The  sliipmenta  were  distributed  as  follows: — 


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Balea. 

United  Kingdom !  860,198 

ContiiMDt 3,408 

United  Htet^e  oF  Amsriia  (East!..  168.493 

Califumia 2*,80B 

Audtrslis 15,78* 

ChiM.           14,686 

Japnn           G,822 

T»riou»        5,ai0 


Of  the  above  78T,451  b&lijs  were  shipped  from  Manila  and  125898 
bales  from  Uebu. 

A  large  reduction  in  exports  to  the  United  Kingdom  may  be 
expected  in  the  current  year,  owing  to  the  abolition  of  the  export 
duty  on  hemp  sent  to  the  United  States,  as  this  product  will  then 
have  to  be  shipped  direct  to  the  United  States  of  America  to  obtain 
this  privile;;e.  The  total  quantity  exported  will  probably  increase 
largely  in  the  next  few  years,  aa  tranquillity  being  re-established, 
larger  areas  will  be  planted  with  this  valuable  crop,  which  is  not 
hard  to  cultivate  and  is  populai-  with  the  natives. 

The  export  of  sugar  fell  from  60,966  tons  in  1900  to  54,334  3og«r. 
tons  in  1901.     In  1893  256,0:J4  tons  were  exported.     War  and 
rinderpest  liave  both  contributed  to  this  result,  but  poor  prices 
*nd  competition  in  the  Chinese  market  have  had  their  effect. 

Coprah  shows  a  heavy  falling-off  from  1900,  32,640  tons  beinjj  Oopmb. 
the  total  export  compared  with  62,610  tons  in  that  year.     This  19 
mainly  due  to  the  coprah  districts  having  been  the  most  disturbed 
in  the  p'ast  year.     This  product  is  mainly  shipped  to  the  Continent 
for  the  manufacture  of  soap,  Ac. 

The  export  of  leaf  tobacco  was  below  average.  I  have  no  Tobacco. 
statistics  to  hand  relative  to  cigars.  Only  the  cheaper  qualities 
are  sent  to  the  Unitred  Kingdom,  the  better  classes  apparently 
lieing  unable  to  compete  with  Mexican  and  West  Indian  cigars 
in  home  markets.  Australia  and  the  China  coast  are,  however, 
good  customers. 

A  new  tariff  came  into  effect  in  November,  1901,  which  has  ^'*  '•''*'■ 
in  many  cases  raised  the  previous  duties,  although  it  was  intended 
only   to   raise   those   on   luxuries   and   reduce    the    charges    on 


Jewellery,  plate  and  other  valuables  have  been  subjected  in  many 
cases  to  an  increase,  making  the  total  duty  payable  equal  to  more 
than  tbe  cost  of  the  article.  This  is  due  to  all  interior  packings  being 
charged  at  the  same  rate  as  the  highest  priced  article  contained  in 
them.  Certain  silver  cups  bought  in  Hong-Kong,  with  eases  and 
ebony  stands,  paid  the  same  duty  on  the  eases  and  stands  as  if 
they  had  been  part  of  the  silver  cup. 

Doubts  and  difficulties  are  constantly  arising  as  to  the  classi- 
lic&tion  of  goods,  the  same  description  of  article  paying  different 
rates  on  different  occaaions. 


d  by  Google 


10  HANIU. 

Sailcloth  with  one  coloured  yam  down  the  centre  and  one  at 
each  edge  for  cutting  out  purposes,  pays  duty  as  being  made  of 
dyed  yam. 

The  decision  ae  to  tEiriff  claasification  nas,  until  lately,  left 
entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  collector  of  customs,  but  owii^  to 
numemus  complaints  a  "  Court  of  Customs  Appeal "  has  been 
established. 

As  the  whole  staff  of  the  customs  are  more  or  less  new  to 
their  work  and  the  tariff  complicated,  considerable  time  is  occupied 
in  getting  goods  through,  and  merchants  are  forced  to  pay  consider- 
able sums  for  storage. 

The  dischaiglng  accommodation  at  the  custom-house  is  limited, 
there  being  only  room  for  four  lighters  to  discharge  at  once. 
This  of  course  adds  to  the  delay  in  handling  merchandise. 

The  expense  of  landing  goods  in  Manila  is  about  eight  times  as 
great  as  in  Hong-Kong. 

The  Mexican  dollar  has  fluctuated  considerably  in  the  past 
year,  having  gone  down  from  over  Is.  lid,  to  1*.  M.  odd. 

The  official  rate  of  exchange  is  now  227  dol.  (Mexicaji)  to  the 
gold  dollar. 


d  by  Google 


Table  showing  Value  and  Dutf,  by  Coimtries,  stated  in  United 
States  Currency,  at  the  Port  o{  Manila  during  the  Calendar 
Tear  1901. 


Auitria-HuDguy  .. 
Belgium  ,. 
Bri'iUh  AortnlMu 
Britiah  China 
Briliih  Columbia  . . 
OhineM  Bmpirs  . . 
Denmark 

atopt 

Bntuh  B«at  Indiet 
Dutch  East  [ndie* 
Frencli  Eait  India 
England 
FnncB 

French  A  frit* 
Fienoh  Indo-Cliiii* 
Germaoj    . .         .  < 

Hong-Kong  . . 

Ireland 

Ital; 

HadsgMcai 
Netbo'lands  . . 

Portugal      . . 

SootUnd     . . 


8w«den  tod  Nomj 
Snitieriand 
Turker  in  Ana      . . 
United  Stetel 
Britiih  Wert  Indiet 


ToUl   . 


Dollan. 

107 

lli,0&2 

219^4 

680,611 

201,764 

22,684 

2,674,461 

4,060 

78,972 

9,692,011 

271,305 

1,8£U,926 

4,471,878 

1382,221 

100 


6,966,41! 

8,120 

118,866 


1S8,960 

60 

86,142 

198,384 

618,278 

3,718 

1,790,927 

1,179 

742,547 

289 

8,406,186 


883,871 

1,267,044 

236,682 


21,604 
127,019 
128,466 


d  by  Google 


IIANILA.. 

ExpoRTa. 


Countrj. 

V«lue. 

Dat7. 

DoUan. 

DoUan. 

Aiten           

Awbui         

187 

1.310 

24 

Argentine  EspubUo 

356 

67 

Auetria-Hungsrj 

fi0,160 

16,897 

11,778 

899 

BoliTift        

210 

Briti-hAfrioi        

29,912 

872 

Britiih  AiuCreluis,  Auitrmlim 
Britiah  China 
BntUh  Coluuibik  .. 
CbiDeie  Empire     . . 

Kpjpt         

BritlsL  Eut  Indiea 
DuCcb  BMt  Indiei.. 
French  Eaat  Indiei 
PortiiiiUMe  But  Indiei    .. 

EnglBiid 

FMDce 
Krench  China 
Oermauj     .. 
Oibnltar 

Oualemala  .. 

Hawaiian  Itland*  . . 

HoDg-Eong 

Italj  

KorfH  .".'         '.'.         '.'. 

KetbnlHlld* 

Son  Scotia 

Philippine  laluicii..  ..  < 


29,912      ' 

872 

619,b90      1 

18,1  S5 

79.101 

1,249 

4,29*    ; 

45,907 

854 

Biutian  China 
SooUand      .. 

Spaniih  OMUiia 
BwiiieiUod,, 
Traniva^    .. 
United  SUtoa 
Vruguaj     . . 


ToUl   . 


44£,602 
18.273 
l,fi2B 


61,132 
3,481 
2.761 
15S 
2,206 
2,084,426 
16,057 


2,827 

432 

1,E6G,202 


Rbcapitulation. 


Year. 

Imports. 

Export!. 

Vftlue. 

Dotj. 

T»lBe.             Dutj. 

1900 

1901 

Dollmn. 
24.284.6e« 
38,768,095 

DoUan. 
6,016,006 
6,394,915 

Dollan.            Dollan. 
22,70^029         673,084 
20,760,648         66Q,06S 

d  by  Google 


fltUTIHKiT  of  Foreign  Vessels  (Sailing)  which  Entered  aai 
Cleared  at  the  Port  of  Manila,  F.L,  during  the  Year  ending 
December  31,  1901. 


WWiOuio. 

,...<... 

KttToB. 

"KS."  !»••'-■ 

AtMIlOU 

ADOrilrUimNUT 

l,tM 

_ 

i» 

BlttM        

^^«,K         ...        ... 

Ml 

E      E 

ToUl        .„       ... 

2t         1      2MM 

'   I   '" 

CwmiiT. 

WhbCufo. 

I.I..UU. 

Flw. 

NmTodi. 

"rr 

NmTmi. 

tmulma 

BrtUik      „.       .. 

SS-.::   ::: 

SI   i;    z 

Brltim  AoMiluk       ... 
BrldUi  But  laUM 

SSX."   =   ::: 

Oaiut  BUtm       

UnltMSnUa       

J*|M          „         ...         ._ 

Total        .„       ... 

i 

l,iM 

M 

{■8 

d  by  Google 


STATUfENT  of  Foreign  Yessela  (Steam)  which  Entered  and 
Cleared  at  the  Fort  of  Manila,  F.I.,  during  the  Year  ending 
December  31,  1901. 


OwnWT- 

WIthOirso.                         InBaUHt. 

nwt. 

Ttwdi. 

H«T««.   1  "--X" 

HKTau. 

4,an     1 

BriUAKutJiiaiM 

«8      1         .„ 

Fwoh  But  InllH 

i,m 

HoorKoBC         

l^SM     1          « 

■"m 

J«J«>        

NO      , 

UDlUdStlM       

11,*IB      1 

1           1 

i.'m 

H«w-K«w         "i        Z 

"i 

l,M 

DnlMSMM      

I 

l,t» 

"^  -  - 

KnuetaEullDdl^ 

H«1R.EDD(             

JM»n        

1 

\\m 

\ 

iVni 
ioi7 

BritUh       

Ao»rl»-Hnwi«7 

i'iw 

W 

at,»u 

BrlUah  Co'.umiila          ~ 

T,O.M 

Brittota  Chiu      ... 

iiM 

Brtllih  Rut  IDdiH 

■X 

M,BZ( 

1,818 

KrracbEutlDdIo 

8.9;  4 

EndbuKl     

iKrai 

How^Kons          

IM 

200,171 

H,7M 

M 

7»,m; 

ii,ni 

Scotlud    '".                 '.'. 

ll,IU7 

OnllfdShitn     

M 

llV 

i'ite 

Dulili      

Dutck        

BrtMi  Eut'ludlM 
ITBlMdBaK.       

} 

2 

i,l»4 

S.IM 

BrWib  Kut  India        .. 

K 

M,««l 

M 

M^TM 

Ifcr^Juir 

a;i;« 

Uona-Koiift         

i«B 

"« 

iVtie 

4 

B,1S9 

inUnn       

Bittkta  Aiutnluil   .    .. 
Dnlud  StUea       

1 

:.H0 

1,4N 

J«l»n«c 

Brlli>b  Au.n.lMj» 

11 

21  OW 

Fnnali  Eul  indtu 

Z3» 

HoiKt-Kom 

»,242 

i^ufhBa^'lndlu 

to 

a;»it 

::: 

ilTO 

oXli  ui^  ":    ;r 

»!iw 

'". 

~ 

Rputm    

4,ltlt 

■■Mltand     

iS^ooo 

Hong-KOBB         

IM 

Sctfn         

1 

gmdlA     

t^^ofaEMlndlM 

1,«W 

yuloB.     ...        - 

lKmc-Xo<V         ...       . 
Total 

1l4 

"7 

"ii4 

«n 

MO.SIS 

47 

~«i,»«i 

d  by  Google 


IIAKILA. 
CLSAitED 


WlBiO«i«, 

K.B.>un. 

"M- 

CMIMrT. 

Nn>ilm«r 

K«rM«. 

"ySSt 

Nit  Tow. 

«aalmi_       ..- 

BrMihEMlHU*        _ 

j 

I,IM 

is 

I 

"Ut 

"»«n«a  

h»om      ... 
Jipm 

"i 

?* 

:;■ 

t,Mt 

i'oTI 

B>10u     ._       .. 

Ss. :;;  E 

i 

I'.JCI 

1^ 

.' 

l,»»l 

BiUIA      ...       ._ 

Brtmii  ColonUa 

> 

1»,«7 

8.eH 

"• 

II.Ki 

Brlditi  But  [wUh 

HM8 

OnuhBHi  India 

IO,«M 

*.ta* 

I<iC)>>>d     ...        .» 

a 

71,380 

mno.     

ia,m 

H-W-K-q,         

l>a,7K 

a 

ti'M 

Ji*™        

H.m 

34.Ht 

UnlwdSUtM      

z.uz 

VtaM,      -.       .- 

!tt'..i™«»:    :: 

■i,tu    1 

1    .  1 

in2 

Ddwu  EUtlDdlM 

t,a»    1 

BuMuChlu     

"m 

rnace     „ 

BrliWi  China      

I 

BriUMEutlBUa        .- 

tt 

IS.SM                   t 

I'.tM 

FTtaMbMIoliM       ... 

ina            10 

;\M 

Ssr  :   ::: 

• 

zxa 

(Caot    1       to 

2!.«S 

Jmp"        - 

«,»j    1 

am         „       

'uo 

1I>Hm       

£Sf*.n^„-;    :;: 

1            im    1 

U                2J,1M      1         ...         1 

Honf-lMi        „       .„ 

»,H>       1             1 

t.m 

:: 

1,M0       , 

J»p»ii       

ifiu    1 

1,U0 

atui        ...      .-      .. 

lUA 

VnludSMWi      

%N8 

BlUBllk       .-           ... 

BDglud    ...       .„       .. 

a»>*     , 

Imdbh     .„       ... 

TDlil       ._       .„ 

I 

io* 

~iir"~ 

•N,KS              IM         1     in,8M 

Recapitdlation. 


Total 


1               BDtor«d. 

OlMrad. 

,    Nnmbwof 
1      ■^-'"■ 

Net  Tom. 

Number  of 

Bet  Tom. 

!            28 

j          5SS 

2S,266 
871,179 

31 
468 

29,a«8 

7»e,iu 

[       m 

! 

8M,4M 

489 

627,4>0 

d  by  Google 


Cowtiriw.  Ti»de. 

1         1901. 

im. 

Soo.      ' 

Knmber , 

of            Tom. 

|Ifumb«r, 

1       of      '      Tom. 

NumW 
of 

T«M«1<. 

Tom. 

Brtered 
Clrared 

1,881*  '    368,010 
].956"      899,803 

],7SB        336,8SS 
1,830        83*,606 

468 

678,l« 
646,412 

*  i.11  fljing  Am«rioMi  flat;. 


Ckbu. 


Mr.  Vice-Consul  Fulcher  reports  as  follows : — 

Thei-e  lias  been  a  Tair  trade  done  in  general  merchandise  during 
tlie  year  1901,  which,  however,  has  been  chiefly  confined  to 
articles  of  necessity,  such  as  clothing  materials,  clieap  cutler}', 
hiit«,  crockery',  lamps,  Ac,  clieap  cloth  for  native  dreases  beiujr 
the  largest  of  these  items  imported  from  Europe  and  China  vO. 
Hong-Kong,  from  which  centre  regular  commtinication  is  assured 
by  a  line  of  British  steamers,  which  also  briug  transhipment  catgo 
from  the  United  States,  chiefly  conaiatiug  of  bottled  beer  in  con- 
siderable quantities  and  whisky,  besides  a  scuall  amount  of  canned 
goods,  bicycles  and  photographic  apparatus. 

A  steady  demand  for  Satgon  rice  was  maintained,  and  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  coal  imported,  while  the  importation  of 
petroleum  was  only  moderate  ;  the  following  are  the  figures : — 


Article*. 


Rioe  trom  f^aigon  direct 
„         Eong-KoDf;   . 
Prtroleiim  from  Uatouni 
JapkDcve  coal 
Auainliui  coal . . 


QuMitit;. 


188,000 
17,600 
12,500 
9,800 
6,600 


It  has   been  thought  that  under  the  American  Government 
there  will  be  a  considerable  increase  of  general  merchandise  from 
the  United  States,  but  the  requiremeuts  of  the  natives  are  not 
such  as  to  warrant  much  hope  in  the  fulfilment  of  this  prospect 
Eiporu.  The  chief  article  of  export  in  this  district,  viz.,  hemp,  has  been 

Hemp.  somewhat  restricted  in  its  production  owing  to  the  continuance 

of  hostilities  iu  the  islands  of  Leyte,  Samar  and  Mindanao,  and 
consequent  closing  of  the  ports  of  these  islands  to  trade  for  some 
months ;  later  in  the  year  Leyte  and  Mindanao  were  pacified  and 
again  opened  to  trade,  and  the  natives  took  advantage  of  the 
high  prices  ruling  to  clear  as  much  as  possible,  thus  in  a  measure 


d  by  Google 


cm. 


17 


compensatiDi;  for  the  shorboge  occasioned  by  the  closing  ot  pores ; 
oil  the  whole  production  was  less  titan  in  previous  years,  though 
audicient  was  forthcoming  from  auch  ports  as  were  open  to  trade 
to  show  that  when  peace  is  established  full  supplies  may  be 
looked  for. 

The  sugar  crop  was  larger  than  in  the  previous  12  months,  Sngkr. 
though  only  about  half  what  might  be  expected  in  normal  times ; 
large  quautities  of  cane  have  beea  planted,  and  a  good  crop  may 
be  expected  next  year,  but  it  is  doubtfiU  if  it  can  all  be  milled, 
as  most  of  the  cattle  used  in  this  process  and  for  carting  have 
been  carried  off  by  rinderpest,  and  it  is  feared  that  much  cane 
must  remain  uuharvested. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  year  the  Kevolutionary  forces  in  this  Cknaral 
island  surrendered  to  the  United   States  General  in  Cebu,  and  Mn»i*«- 
peace  was  immediately  established  tliroughout  the  island.    Many  of 
the  officers  now  hold  posts  in  the  constabulary  and  other  branches 
of  the  American  Government  service. 

In  Leyte  matters  are  much  improved,  and  most  towns  were 
opened  to  trade  by  the  end  of  the  year,  though  there  are  still 
some  small  parties  of  armed  rebels  in  the  southern  i>ortion  of  the 
island. 

In  Samar  a  long  and  costly  struggle  is  being  maintained,  about 
12,000  United  States  troops  and  a  number  of  gunboats  being 
employed.  « 

Under  the  new  tariff  duties  on  food-«tu%,  cheap  cloth  and  Customs 
petroleum  have  been  considerably  reduced,  so  that  an  increase  of  dutie*. 
importation  in  these  articles,  and  more  especially  Saigon  rice,  may 
be  looked  for. 


Annex  A. — Retdrn  of  all  Sliipping  at  the  Port  of  Cebu 
during  the  Tear  1901. 


Sailing 

Stnm. 

ToUl. 

KutiomUty. 

Vumbw 

ot 

Tom. 

ot 

Too*. 

of 

Ton.. 

Tew«tt. 

2,757 

3R 

64,8i6 

38 

Briti>h    .. 

57,6J3 

G«rman  .. 

9,260 

9,260 

KorwogMQ 

2 

8,068 

8,088 

4 

Vrench    ,. 

2,086 

BeMwn   ..          .. 

S 

4,5m 

Jtptuicae.. 

8,168 

8,168 

TotJ.. 

8,6« 

67 

?»,740 

60 

88,868 

„    1900  .. 

Gl 

GS,47e 

61 

68,476 

(169) 


d  by  Google 


NaticiuJity.    , 

Number 

Number! 

Hiunbw 

c( 

Ton*. 

Tom. 

of 

TOB-. 

Teuali. 

Teuel>. 

VMNdl. 

Britiih    .. 

2 

2,767 

35        i 

63^2 

1   3' 

6i{.6B9 

aernuin  .. 

^    : 

9;e60 

2 

8,038 

i       ^ 

8,038 

1 

S86 

4      . 

8,789 

1        G 

8,676 

F»nch    .. 

1 

2,086 

Belgi.,.   ..         .. 
JspanCM . 

2 

4,644 

a.168 

1         8 
2 

4,644 
3,168 

Total.. 

8 

3,6*8 

56 

78,716 

;    69 

82,859 

„    1900    .. 

* 

52,370 

1       *5 

52,370 

Comparative  Statements  of  Exports  from  Cebu  duriDg  the 
Year  1901. 


Countiy. 

SnpariorSngu'. 

Htidp. 

Copoih. 

ISOI. 

itot. 

IBH. 

IHl. 

IMO.        19M. 

IWl. 

IMO. 

IBM. 

OnttHlKliiiKkidl    . 
DnlMBMu 

VonmA,t.o.       .. 

;:; 

;:: 

Toiu. 

n'fiti 

VM 

Took 

ni 

2,m 

Tom. 
I.HI 

Honl-Konc 

ts 

'»! 

im 

\,mi 

219 

fl,M6 

::: 

Toul 

;,T«7 

i,m 

IS,JM 

l^^M8 

iai,ioe 

148.0U 

«.T« 

^MO 

4,017 

Iloilo. 

Mr.  Vice-Coii8»l  Jonea  reports  as  follows : — 

The  year  1901  has  been,  as  far  as  the  state  of  the  country  is 
concerned,  much  more  favourable  than  the  previous  year.  The 
islands,  with  the  exception  of  Leyte,  Samar,  Bohol  and  the  extreme 
south  of  Luzon,  are  at  present  in  a  state  of  peace.  This  island 
(Panay)  is  still  suffering  from  the  effects  of  the  past  years  of 
warfare.  The  rice  crop  has  not  been  neaily  as  large  as  usual, 
but  came  in  time  to  save  the  people  of  the  interior  from  starva- 
tion. Native  police  and  mounted  constabulary  (native)  are  now 
established  in  this  island.  Schools  with  American  teachers  have 
been  started  in  all  the  principal  towns.  An  electric  light 
plant  is  in  course  of  construction  for  lightiugthe  town.  The  great 
difficulty  here  is  the  means  of  communication,  the  roads  being  bad, 
and  in  tiie  rainy  season  almost  impassable. 


d  by  Google 


There  is  talk  of  railways  being  laid  down  here,  but  up  to  the 
present  nothing  has  been  done.  Such  a  step  would  give  a 
great  impetus  to  trade  which,  after  so  many  bad  years,  sadly 
needs  it 

Negros,  where  the  bulk  of  the  sugar  crop  is  grown,  haa  a 
splendid  harvest  for  next  year,  but  unfortunately  owing  to  the 
low  price  obtainable  for  sugar  it  will  leave  the  planter  with  very 
little  profit. 

Kinderpest  during  the  year  has  been  a  great  aooui^e  here, 
the  draught  animals  (carabaos)  dying  off  rn  large  numbers.  This 
has  occasioned  a  good  demand  for  light  tramways  for  carrying  the 
cane,  &c,  and  nearly  all  this  business  is  done  by  German  firms, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  they  make  everything  easy  for  the  planter. 

A  German  firm  has  models  to  show  to  customers,  and  will 
quote  them  a  price  in  dollars  for  delivery. 

A  British  firm  will  send  out  catalogues  with  sterling  prices 
for  delivery  in  London  and  without  models. 

Owing  to  the  very  small  sugar  crop  last  year  consumption  of  Impoitt. 
cotton  goods  was  much  smaller  than  anticipated,  with  the  result  pieoe-prads. 
that,  although  imports  fell  off  considerably  during   the  last  six 
months,  stocks  to-day  are  still  very  heavy. 

There  has  been  a  sensible  decrease  in  imporDs  from  Spain, 
while  very  few  Ametican  goods  have  found  their  way  to  this 
market  The  few  shipments  of  American  prints,  however,  which 
have  arrived  seem  to  be  in  good  favour. 

Owing  to  the  new  customs  tariff  British  manufacturers  will 
require  to  devote  their  attention  to  new  cloths  to  come  in  under 
the  new  weight  test.  Under  this  new  tariff  all  yarns  will  be 
allowed  into  these  islands  at  a  considerable  reduction,  which 
should  encounwe  legitimate  counts  and  help  to  curtail  the  importa- 
tion of  false  reded  yams. 

In  consequence  of  the  vast  destruction  of  property,  owing  to  the  iron, 
political  troubles  in  1899-1900,  building  during  the  period  under 
review  has  been  going  on  to  a  moderate  extent,  and  there  have 
been  fair  importations  of  galvanised  corrugated  iron  for  rooting 
purposes.  All  the  iron  imported  has  come  from  the  United 
Kingdom. 

In  Continental  manufactures,  such  as  wire,  rails,  &c.,  America 
is  competing  keenly. 

Frospecte  for  the  year  1902  are  distinctly  favourable. 

The  sugar  crop,  which  is  the  principal  industry  here,  has  again  Sugw. 
been  small,  owing  to  insufficient  planting  of  cane,  the  export  this 
year  heii^  44,063  tons,  as  against  34,667  tons  in  the  year  1900, 
and  76,883  tons  in  the  year  1899. 

The  following  is  the  yearly  export  of  sugar  from  this  yat  for 
the  last  10  years  : — 


d  by  Google 


Ymt. 

Tom. 

IM3..                             

1S94 

183,a»8 

86,437 

1896 

120.871 
126.686 

74,6S8 
38.816 
42,788 

1900 

1901 

The  crop  for  1902  is  estimated  at  91,000  tons. 
Sapu-wood.  This  has  been  a  good  year  for  sapan-wood,  and  neaily  all  of  it 

has  KOne  to  China. 

Tlie  quantities  exported  for  the  last  five  years  are : — 


Year. 

Quantity. 

1S97   . 
1898.. 

Tors. 

1.288 
556 

two.. 

8,934 
4.681 

The  import  of  petroleum  this  year  has  been  42,300  cases, 
against  37,010  cases  for  1899.  This  business  is  now  in  the  hands 
of  the  Standard  Oil  Company,  who  sell  at  less  than  it  would  cost 
any  foreign  firm  to  import  it. 

Tliere  has  been  a  very  poor  demand  for  machinery,  planters 
after  their  bad  years  having  no  money  to  buy  new,  and  with  the 
present  low  prices  for  sugar  tlie  prospect  is  not  any  better. 

Very  little  hemp  is  grown  here,  the  principal  districts  being 
Leyte.  Samar  and  Southern  Luzon. 

7,186  tons  of  Australian  and  3.245  tons  of  Japanese  coal  have 
been  imported  during  the  year. 

The  importation  of  rice  has  increased  on  that  of  last  year, 
owing  to  (he  effects  of  the  late  disturbances.  I'ice  lands  have 
been  nbiiinldnid,  dianght  animals  have  been  stolen  or  died,  and 
labourers  dispersed.  Tliis  is  now  to  a  great  e:itent  remedied, 
and,  if  no  fresh  trouble  breaks  out,  next  year  ought  to  show  a 
decrease  of  imported  rice. 

There  were  27,550  tons  imported  in  1900  and  33,830  tons  in 
1901. 

During  tlie  year  81  vessels  of  91,286  lona  entered  and  cleared 
at  this  port.  38  being  British  of  46,056  tons. 

A  British  line  in  Houg-Eong  now  run  one  or  two  steamers 
here  every  month. 


d  by  Google 


Brnnttr  of  all  Shipping  at  the  Fort  of  UoUo,  Fanay,  P.I., 
during  the  Year  1901. 


fUtling 

Bt«Mn. 

Tot&l. 

NfttioiMU^. 

Vmnber 

If  umber 

SumbOT 

of 

of 

Tom. 

of 

Tow. 

TMMlt. 

V«Meb. 

Teeaels. 

Briiiih  .. 

« 

84 

il,438 

83. 

48,066 

QenMD..        .. 

2B 

19,462 

2S 

19,462 

Amm<»n 

1 

686 

15 

16 

12,662 

JkpueM..        .. 

6,666 

4 

6,606 

S,0S8 

2 

8,088 

ToUl 

6 

6^ao 

8X 

86.766 

86 

91,S86 

SailinS. 

8te>m. 

Total. 

Natfoiuaitj. 

Humbw 

KuwW 

ITum^MF 

of 

Ton*. 

of 

Toiu. 

of 

Ton.. 

TeMoli. 

Teuola. 

VeMeb. 

Britiih    .. 

84 

40,836 

88 

46.469 

a«raiMi  .. 

28 

19,462 

28 

19,462 

Amniam 

1 

886 

16 

11,776 

16 

12,662 

6,665 

4 

8,088 

2 

8,038 

BdpTr,         .. 

8,414 

2 

2.414 

1 

Totol 

6 

S,620 

81 

86,179 

M 

90,699 

(159) 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


Btfuek  of  British  Sfaippii^  at  the  Port  of  Uoilo,  Paoay,  F.L, 
during  the  Year  1901. 


WithOwp.. 

InBallMt. 

Total. 

CountriM 

fiotamd. 

Nnmbsr 

HDmbeT 

Knmbcr 

of 

ToDi. 

of 

Tom. 

of 

Ton*. 

Tsueli. 

T«MeIl. 

Tmeb. 
18 

F^ppi^^tlud^ 

18 

19,05B 

18,068 

2,997 

6 

8.028 

S 

11.020 

4,684 

4 

4,684 

Sil«.pOM 

8.221 

8 

8.M1 

B^on     ..         .. 

2,266 

2,266 

J.f.11      .,         .. 

1,929 

1 

1,06! 

S 

2,991 

1,928 

1 

1,028 

GlMgo...         .. 

9S9 

1 

969 

ToW 

81 

aa,fl71 

7 

9,066 

88 

«.06« 

Conntriei 
towbioh 
OUwed. 

WithODTgo. 

InBallHt. 

ToW. 

Number 

of 
T«Meli. 

Tout. 

Nomber 

of 
TeeMln. 

Tom. 

Nnmbet 

of 
YeMdi. 

Ton.. 

Hong-Kong        .. 
PhifppinsTriMd. 

Hew«u.tlB,N.3.-W 
Singapore 
Baigon     .. 
Jipm      .. 
United  StatM     .. 

17 

18,881 
1,037 

4>15 
2,274 

6,806 
8,970 
1.110  ■ 
1,272 
iy!66 

28 

88,686 
10,007 
1,110 
1,272 
2:266 
4,916 
2,274 

ToUL 

^ 

26,667 

16 

18,918 

88 

46.469 

LONDON: 

Printed  for  His  U^jeatj's  Stetlonmy  OBtce, 

Br  HAEEI30N  ABD  B0N3, 

Priatan  in  OnUnxy  to  Hii  Majert?. 

(7E    8  1  03— fl  A  S    169 


d  by  Google 


No.  2894  Annual  Series. 
DIPLOMATIC  AND  CONSULAR  REPORTS. 


UNITED    STATES. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  YEAR  ENDING  JUSE  30,  1902, 

ON    THE 

TEADE   OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


REFERENCE  TO  PREVIOUS  REPORT,  Annual  Series  \o.  2704. 


Prettnted  to  both  Boimt  of  Parliament  by  Ooammtd  of  Hit  Majeity, 
SEPTEMBER,  1902. 


LONDON. 

PBIMTED  FOB  HIS  MAJESTTS  8TATIONKBT  OFPIO^ 

BT  HABBISOK  KSH  80KS,  ST.  MABTIK'S  LANE, 


And  lo  b«  pnTchoHd.  either  direetlf  or  through  ui*  Baok>»ll*r,  from 

■TBS  k  SPCKA'ISWOODE,  Eam  Habding  Sth»t,  Flkkt  Stmrt,  K.O^ 

•nd  SS,  Abikgdok  Stbekt,  Wbbtminbteb,  S.W.i 

or  OLIVBB  k  BOYD,  EmNBOBaa , 

«r  B.  PONSOKBY,  116,  QBirroN  STUit,  Dublix. 

1902 

[CM.  786—198.]  iVt'M  Tkret  Hal/pence 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


CONTENTS. 


Export*    , ... 

Iron  and  «teel 

Copper „_ 

Iifftnnfactared  goodi .._ 

Iron  nod  itoel  mannEsotiirei _._. 

Deitiaation  of  eipoiti  . 

Frasperity  in  iron  uid  itesl  trade* 
Imports  of  iron  and  itael  goodi  .,_ 

„       of  raw  matsrial*,  Ae 

B«mark*  on  iron  and  iteel  tndM.«. 

Cotton  mill*    

LAota,  atrikes  aact  mgM _.. 

Cau«nt „ _ 

Cofffle  and  tea. _ 

Spioe*  » 

EartliMiwaM  and  ohina _ 

Viih 


d  by  Google 


No.  2894.  Annual  Series. 

Rfference  tn  premous  Report,  Annual  Series  No.  2704. 


Report  on  the  Trade  of  (he  United  Stales  for  lite  Year  endhig 
June  30,  1902,  hy  Mr.  Bell.  Bntish  Commercial  Agent  in  the 
United  States. 

(BeceiTcd  *t  Foreign  Office,  Augtut  21, 1002.) 

The  value  of  the  total  exports  fram  the  United  States  fur  tiie  Eiporf*. 
liscal  year  endiug  June  30  last,  according  to  the  advance  figures  of 
the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  shows  a  falling-off  of  104,980,1)45  dol,  as 
compared  with  the  previous  year. 

This  large  decrease  is  chiefly  owiug  to  the  partial  failure  of  the 
Indian  com  crop  of  last  year,  and  partly  owing  to  the  decrease  in 
the  value  of  iron  and  steel  goods  exported. 

The  Indian   corn    exported    during    the    12    months    ended  indUn  corn. 
June  30,  1902,  amounted  to  only  26,636,552  bushels  valued  ut 
16,185,673      doL,     against      177,817,965     bushels     valued    at 
82,627,933    dol,  in    the    precedii^    year,  showing  a  differeuee 
in  value  of  65,342,310  dol.  in  favour  of  1901. 

During  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30, 1901,  the  exports  of  all  iron  and  itecl. 
kinds  of  iron  and  steel,  with  the  exception  of  iron  ore,  amounted 
to    117,319,320    dol.     This   last   year    they    amounted   to   only 
98,552,562  doL,  showing  a  falling^fT  of  18,766,758  dol. 

The  decrease  in  the  value  of  copper  exported  amounts  to  Copper. 
2,069,757  dol.,  but  this  is  due  to  exceptional  circumstances.  The 
weight  is  in  axceas  of  1901  though  the  value  is  less.  The  follow- 
ing are  the  figures : — Weight  of  ingots,  bars,  plates  and  old  copper 
exported  last  year,  288,720,655  lbs.  valued  at  39,190,619  dol. 
Weight  exported  previous  year  252,769,328  lbs.  valued  at 
41,260,376  doL  The  average  price  per  pound  in  1902  was  13i  c, 
and  in  1901  16^  c 

The  total  value  of  manufactured  goods  exported  during  the  last  u«;iufaHiired 
fiscal  year  amounted  to  403390,763  doL,  compared  with  in  1901  g«>d». 
412,155,066  dol,  showing  a  difference  of  8,264,303  dol.  in  favour 
of  1901. 

If,  however,  the  value  of  the  exports  of  iron  and  copper  be 
deducted  from  the  totals  it  will  be  found  that  the  remaining  mttnu- 
factured  goods  show  a  considerable  increase. 

(170)  A  2 


d  by  Google 


UNITED  STATES. 


The  figures  are :- 


Tilno. 

Total  siportf  of  nunufutured  goodi 

Dollan. 

Imi,  iron  and  rteel  goodi     ..      9S,6fi2,S62 

„    M>pp«rgooda     ..         ..     41^8.878 

«ffl,890,7e» 
180,770,986 

L«»Tii>f 

204,110,828 

1901. 

T»la«. 

Total  eiporte  of  manufuturad  goodi 

D<dl>n. 

Lmi,  iron  BDd  ttoel  good!     ..    117^10,820 

„    ooppergood 43,267,021 

Dollan. 
412,166,066 

160,686,811 

I*«™« 

261,668.726 

That  the  exports  of  certain  manufactured  goods  during  this 
last  year  show  a  decrease  compared  with  the  previous  year  must 
not  be  taken  as  an  indication  that  the  United  Statee  are 
unable  to  compete  successfully  with  other  manufacturing 
countries  in  those  articles.  Trade  generally  in  the  United  States 
has  continued  to  show  such  extraordinary  briskness  that  in 
some  articles  the  supply  has  fallen  short  of  the  demand.  This  is 
pai-tioul&rly  the  case  with  iron  and  steel  manufactures.  Notwith- 
standing the  enormous  output  from  the  American  furnaces,  a&aistad 
by  exceptional  advantages  as  regards  raw  material,  transport, 
&c.,  it  has  been  found  necessary  to  import  considerable  quantities 
of  raw,  aemi-manufactured  and  even  manufactured  material  in 
order  to  assist  in  supplying  the  demand.  In  spite  of  this  unlooked 
for  circumstance  contracts  have  fallen  very  much  in  arrear,  and 
many  contractors  have  been  obliged  to  suspend  work  altc^ther 
for  want  of  material 
Iron  ud  ateel  The  following  table  shows  the  principal  articles  of  iron  and 
mftDuftcturr*.  gt^el  manufactures  exported  during  the  12  months  ended 
Jime  30,  1902,  compared  with  the  corresponding  months  of  the 
preceding  fiscal  year : — 


d  by  Google 


DNITCD   BTATBS. 
EXPOKTS. 


Bu   , 

Bars  or  Todi  of  iteel 

Hoop  »nd  leroll  iron 

BiU:«ta,  iwoto,  Ac. 

Steel  MiU 

Sheets  end  platee 

Wire 

Bnilden'  hardimre 


ichmeiT   . 

Metal  working  nAomnc 
Pumpt  end  pumping  maohiner^ 
Sewing  mscninee 
LooomotiTe  enginei 
Tjpewriter*      . . 
Nsilt  end  spiket 


Lbf. 

Dillon 


18  Mmthi  ending  June— 

1901. 

1902. 

256^8 

B«,704 

68,1E0,S4S 

46.071.956 

62,846,064 

3,899,793 

121,186 

8,M7 

873,688 

166,816 

38,027,996 

164,883,419 

228.196,650 

9,101,618 

9,844,102 

4,054,818 

2,977,290 

2,187,2*6 

2,159,699 

4,095,668 

4,022,697 

428 

366 

2,827,829 

3,1102,191 

65,791.781 

A  compariBoti  of  the  above  with  the  following  table  of  imports 
of  iron  and  steel  goods  during  the  same  periods  b  not  without 
interest — 


Pigimn.. 

B»r    , 

Ben,  railwttj,  ot  iron  < 
Hoop  end  ecToIl  iron 
Billete,  iasote,  Ac. 
Sheete  Mid  pUitee 
Wire  rode 

Wire  and  wire  goods 
1!in  platee 

Cutlery  . . 
Klee  .. 
Viio-armi 
Hachinoiy  .. 
ITeedln  . . 
Shot  gun  barrel* 


13  Hoatfait  ending  Juoe- 


1901. 

89,826 
8»,747,4»7 
1,091 
768,117 
19^44,640 
4,891,623 
41,588,1 9ii 
6,242,160 


117,81 


),312 


626,078 
822,890 

1,596,663 
69,779 
9H,447 

3,324,766 
888,034 
265,276 


From  tables  recently  issued  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  it  is  Deetinaiioi  of 
interesting  to  note  for  what  part  of  the  world  the  different  exports  "P*"^ 
were  destmed.    They  show  that  in  1901  52  per  cent  of  the  manu- 
factures exported  went  to  Europe,  23  ^r  cent,  to  British  North 
America,  6-6  per  oent.  to  South  Amenca,  8-2  per  cent,  to  Asia,    ' 
(170)  A  3 


d  by  Google 


6  UKITKD   STATBS. 

7  per   cent,  to   Oceania,  and   a  little  lesa  than  3  per  cent  to 
Africa. 

Expoits  from  the  United  States  to  Asia  have  shown-  a  greater 
gain  in  the  iiscal  year  just  ended  than  those  to  any  other  part  of 
the  world.  This  is  particularly  noticeable  as  regards  China,  Uie 
Sgures  being  24,715,861  dol  in  1902,  against  ]0,405,834  doL  in 
1901. 

Exports  to  Japan  also  show  a  large  gain,  the  figures  being 
21,485,883  dol.  in  1902,  against  19.000,640  dol.  in  1901. 

The  following  table  shows  the  exports  from  the  United  States 
to  Asia  and  Oceania  respectively,  in  each  year  from  1890  to 
1902  :— 


T«lae. 


ToAmk. 


DoUkn. 
19,696320 
2&,6fia,8ns 
19,590,360 
16,SSS,8G4 
20,872,781 
17,326,067 


39,274,906 
4*,707.791 
4^860,161 
61,918,807 
49,890,718 
68,960,148 


To  Ooaanu. 


DoUui. 

16,460,269 

18,621,801 

16,678,767 

11,199,477 

11,914,188 

18,109,281 

]7,1B7,2S9 

22,692,778 

22,008/tt2 

29,876,016 

43,891,276 

86,898,401 

34,166,»41 


PnMperitj  in  As  has  already  been  pointed  out,  the  present  supply  of  certain 
uDDRud  iteel  jjjjjj  j^jjj  g(^gj  goods  falls  considerably  short  of  the  demand.  This 
is  chietiy  due  to  the  great  prosperity  of  the  railways.  They  not  only 
have  been  buying  rails  extensively,  hut  also  have  been  purchasing 
heavily  in  the  direction  of  rolling-stock  and  general  supplies,  thus 
sustaining  the  demand  for  a.  great  deal  of  other  material  produced 
by  iron  and  steel  manufacturers. 

It  is  estimated  by  steel  rail  manufacturers  that  the  railways 
will  require  at  least  2,000,000  tons  of  steel  rails  for  the  year 
ending  June  30,  1903.  Orders  for  1,000,000  tons  have  already 
^  been  given.  It  is  said  that  1,250,000  tons  of  the  2,000,000  tons 
will  he  required  for  renewails,  the  remainder  being  used  for 
extensions. 

Another  great  factor  in  the  iron  and  steel  trade  is  the  i^n^oul- 
tnral  implement  industry.  The  works  have  been  exceptionally 
busy  and  have  bought  lai^ely  though  they  have  had  some  difficulty 
in  gettii^  delivery  of  all  5iey  required.  One  of  the  largest  works, 
in  order  to  be  independent  of  iron  manufactureis,  has  secured 
an  iron  ore  property  and  is  making  preparations  to  produce  their 
own  pig  iron. 

Building  operations  have  been  carried  on  all  over  the  country 


db,  Google 


UNITED  BTATKB.  7 

to  an  UQpTecedented  extenb.  This  applies  equally  to  residential 
buildinga  and  factories.  In  both  ki^e  quantities  of  steel  are 
used. 

The  total  imports  of    iron  and    steel    goods    amounted    to  ImpotU  of 
27,180,255  do!.,  ae  compared  with  17,874,789  del.  iu  1901,  an  in-  «t^  wd  «•« 
crease  of  9,305,466  dol.  «**** 

The  increase  ia  general  throughout  the  whole  list  of  articles, 
but  is  largest  as  regards  raw  and  semi-manufactured  material  such 
ae  iron  ore,  showing  an  increase  of  1,227,273  dol. ;  pig  iron  show- 
ing an  increase  of  2,011,941  doL;  ingots,  billets,  blooms,  &a, 
showing  an  increase  of  2,225,046  dol 

Notwithstanding  the   enormous   demand   for  iron   and   steel 

firices  have  been  kept  at  a  reasonable  level.  This  has  been 
argely  due  to  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation,  who  firmly 
refused  to  raise  their  prices  unduly.  This  policy  has,  doubtless, 
caused  a  prolongation  of  the  period  of  great  activity,  by  encouraging 
greater  consumption.  Wild  advances,  followed  by  the  inevitable 
abrupt  fall,  as  experienced  in  the  past,  have  been  avoided,  and 
business  has  in  consequence  been  carried  on  on  a  more  healthy 
basis. 

A  notable  feature  of  the  imports  is  the  large  proportion  of  Importo  of 
manufacturers'  materials,  as  compared  with  what  may  be  considered  '"" 

as  luxuries.  Thus,  raw  cotton,  silk^  wool,  fibres,  tobacco,  hides, 
rubber,  wood,  tin,  copper  and  chemicals  form  the  bulk  of  the 
importations  of  raw  materials  for  use  in  manufacturing.  In 
nearly  all  of  these  a  comparison  of  the  quantities  and  value  of 
the  importations  of  1902  with  those  of  preceding  years  shows 
that  the  increase  in  quantity  is  greater  than  the  increase  in  value. 
In  raw  cotton,  for  example,  the  quantity  imported  during  the  12 
mouths  ended  June,1901,was  98,715,680  lbs.,  a^iust  46,631,283  lbs. 
last  year;  but  the  value  in  the  last  12  months  was  11,712,170  dol., 
gainst  6,787,828  dol.  in  the  year  ended  June  30.  1901.  From 
this  it  will  be  seen  that  the  quantity  increased  111  per  cent., 
while  the  value  increased  about  72  per  cent.  The  weight 
of  indiambber  imported  was  50,413,481  lbs.,  against 
55,275.529  lbs.  in  the  year  ended  June  30,  1901,  while  the 
value  is  given  as  24,899,230  dol,  against  23,455,383  dol.  in  1901. 
The  quantity  has  decreased  9  per  cent.,  while  the  value  in  1902 
shows  a  reduction  of  13  per  cent,  as  compared  with  that  of  1901. 
Of  tin,  for  use  in  manufacturing  tin  plates,  the  imports  of  the  last 
12  months  were  79,352,356  lbs.,  valued  at  19,461,850  doL.  while 
in  the  12  months  ended  June,  1901,  the  importations  were 
73,091,890  lbs.  and  the  cost  19,805,551  dol.  Of  tobacco,  the 
imports  of  the  laat  12  months  were  29,428,837  lbs.  valued  at 
15,211,671  dol.,  while  in  the  12  months  ended  June,  1901,  they 
were  26,851,253  lbs.  valued  at  16,290,387  dol.  Thus,  while  the 
quantity  shows  an  increase  of  about  9^  per  cent.,  that  of  cost 
shows  a  decrease  of  about  6}  per  cent.  Of  wool,  the  imports 
daring  the  12  months  ended  Juiw  this  year  were  166,262,148  lbs., 
valued  at  17,711,788  dol.,  while  in  the  year  ended  June  30, 1901,  the 
%ire8  were  103,583,505  lbs.  valued  at  12.529,881  dol,  an  increass 
(170)  A  4 


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UNITED   STATES. 


of  about  65  per  cent,  in  quantity  and  an  increase  of  about  41  per 
cent,  in  value. 

The  following  table  shows  a  comparison  of  the  quautitiee  of 
certain  mauufacturers'  materials  imported  during  the  last  two 
years,  the  demand  for  which  is  likely  to  continue : — 


ArtiolM. 

Tow  .. 

Lbs 

Tom.. 

Lb. 

12  MoDtb*  eodiog  Juna— 

190L 

1902. 

Copperore        

Cotton 

Fibres    

Hide 

Silk        

Tin         

75,646 
46,681,283 
236,233 
280,900,887 
66,556,089 
9,139,617 
73,091,890 
26,851,253 
103,588,605 

98,617 
98,716,680 
306,727 
326,124,108 
50,939,248 
12,620,682 
79,362,356 

Wool 



166,262,148 

lUmuks  on  As  lonjj  as  the  United  States  continues  in  its  present  pros- 

ma  uid  tuei  perous  condition,  absorbing  without  difficulty  all  it  can  produce 
in  the  way  of  iron  and  steel,  British  manufacturera  need  not  fear 
nerious  competition  in  those  articles  in  the  world's  markets.  It 
may  be  pointed  out,  however,  that  on  the  strength  of  the  con- 
siderable imports  as  shown  above,  much  capital  is  being  employed 
in  extending  existing  and  building  new  works  in  order  to  bring 
the  supply  up  to  the  demand.  The  home  market  is,  of  course,  the 
most  pro^table  for  the  manufacturer,  and  as  long  as  the  demand 
continues,  little  thought  will  be  paid  to  other  and  less  profitable 
markets,  except  in  the  way  of  keeping  them  in  view,  so  as  to  be 
able  to  export  on  a  large  scale  when  the  time  arrives. 

The  following  extract  is  from  "The  Iron  and  Trade  Review": — 
"  The  extent  of  the  new  capacity  now  being  provided  iu  the 
United  States  for  the  production  of  iron  and  steel  is  probably  not 
well  appreciated.  Not  only  is  the  iron  and  steel  industry  an 
important  contributor  to  its  own  unprecedented  prosperity,  but  a 
very  large  additional  capacity  in  blast  furnace  and  steel  plants 
and  in  various  lines  of  linished  material,  will  be  active  by  the 
middle  of  1903,  while  some  of  it  will  help  to  swell  production  in 
the  late  months  of  1902  and  the  early  months  of  next  year.  The 
showing  is  a  most  impressive  one,  and  is  well  worth  the  study  of 
every  manufacturer  of  iron  and  steel.  A  brief  summary  is  as 
follows: — 

"  Blast  furnaces  under  construction  in  the  United  States,  34, 
with  estimated  annual  capacity  of  4,300,000  toua  Blast  furnaces 
now  being  remodelled  and  enlarged,  or  soon  to  be  reconstructed,  12. 
Additional  capacity  thus  provided,  about  l,6gO  tone  a  day  or 
600,000  tons  a  year.  Total  estimated  addition  to  blast  furnace 
capacity,  all  expected  to  be  available  before  the  end  of  1903, 
4,900,000  tons  a  year. 


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UNITED   STATES.  9 

"  Open-hearth  furnaces  under  construction,  103,  with  a  daily 
capacity  of  8,900  tons,  and  an  annual  capacity  of  about  2,700,000 
tons.  Open-hearth  furnaces  planned,  15,  with  daily  capacity  of 
1380  tons,  or  about  400,000  tons  annually.  Open-hearth  furnaces 
building  for  steel  foundries,  21,  with  a  daily  capacity  of  650  tons, 
or  about  200,000  tons  a  year.  Total  additional  open-hearth 
capacity  available  by  the  close  of  1903,  3,300,000  tons  a  year. 

"New  sheet  mills  under  constniction,  67,  with  an  annual 
capacity  of  200,000  tons. 

"New  tin  plate  mills  under  coustruction  by  independent 
interests,  59,  with  an  annual  capacity  of  120,000  tons. 

"  The  list  of  miscellaneous  hnisliing  mills  under  construction 
includes  five  modem  plate  niUls,  with  annual  capacity  of  500,000 
tons,  new  tube,  bar,  hoop,  wire  and  structural  mills  of  a  capacity 
difficult  to  estimate,  but,  judging  from  the  capacity  of  connected 
open-hearth  furnaces,  probably  equivalent  to  1,250,000  to  1,500,000 
tons  of  finished  material  a  year,  a  small  portion  of  it  to  be  in 
operation  in  1902,  and  all  of  it  probably  by  the  end  of  1903." 

We  must  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  this  prosperity  cannot 
last  indefinitely.  The  home  demand  must  fall  off  to  a  greater  or 
lesser  extent  when,  owing  to  the  present  increase  of  output  all 
over  the  country,  we  shall  probably  see  an  over-production 
exceeding  anything  hitherto  experienced.  It  is  only  too  evident 
that  preparations  are  being  made  to  meet  this  contingency.  I'ail- 
ways  are  either  combining  or  forming  communities  of  interest 
with  a  view  to  carrying  goods  as  economically  as  possible, 
especially  towards  the  seaboard.  The  shipping  interests  have  the 
same  thing  in  view,  so  that  by  the  ttnie  the  supply  greatly  exceeds 
the  demand  in  this  country,  everything  will  be  in  readiness  to 
carry  the  surplus  to  Europe  and  other  countries  more  economically 
than  has  ever  l>een  done  before.  The  large  Trusts  are  preparing 
for  that  time.  The  laT^e  financial  interests  in  New  York  and 
other  centres  have  become  so  mixed  up  with  railway,  industrial 
and  shipping  concerns  that  they  are  able  to  exert  an  enormous 
infiuence  with  the  transportation  companies  in  order  to  obtain 
favourable  rates  of  transport  for  the  Trusts'  merchandise.  The 
latest  of  the  great  combines,  the  Atlantic  shipping,  is  doubtless 
part  of  this  great  scheme. 

In  the  meantime,  those  British  manufacturers  who  have  not 
already  done  so  will  have  an  opportunity  of  remodelling  their 
works  and  placing  them  in  a  condition  to  be  able  to  meet  in  a 
more  satisfactory  manner  the  inevitable  and  severe  competition. 

While  the  whole  country  is  in  a  condition  of  great  prosperity, 
perhaps  it  is  more  noticeable,  comparatively  speaking,  in  the  south 
than  in  any  other  part.  Not  that  the  Southern  States  are  really  mote 
prosperous  than  the  northern,  but  the  contrast  is  so  much  greater 
than  what  it  was  a  few  years  ago.  The  increase  in  exports  and  im- 
ports at  the  principal  southern  ports  in  the  last  two  years  is  a 
reflection  of  the  growth  in  commerce  and  trade.  Railway  travelling 
has  been  very  much  improved,  and  the  railway  companies  are 
assisting  the  farmers  and  manufacturers,  knowing  that  theii  profits 


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10  mUTED  BTATKS. 

depend  upon  the  resources  of  the  south,  and  as  a  cousequence  do 
efTort  is  beiug  spared  to  encourage  the  developmeut  of  the  iu- 
dustiies  along  the  various  lines.  The  developmeut  of  the  oil 
industry  has  done  wonders  for  some  of  the  States.  Not  only  has 
it  brought  immense  sums  of  money,  but  the  low  cost  of  oil  has 
caused  it  to  be  used  as  fuel  on  steamships,  locomotives,  &c., 
reducing  costs  of  manufacture  and  transport  to  uo  inconsiderable 
extent. 

The  ironworks  in  the  Southern  States  are,  of  course,  benefiting 
by  the  general  prosperity. 

The  acreage  planted  with  cotton  has  gradually  increased,  and 
the  number  of  cotton  mills  in  operation  is  being  increased  con- 
siderably. Attempts  are  also  being  made  to  consolidate  some  of 
the  lai^er  textile  concerns  of  the  south,  so  as  to  be  able  to  work 
with  greater  economy. 

As  the  textile  trade  has  become  of  so  much  importance  in  the 
United  States,  perhaps  I  may  be  excused  for  quoting  an  article 
from  "  The  American  Wool  and  Cotton  Reporter  "  of  July  3,  re- 
ferring to  the  new  enterprises  projected  or  begun  during  the  first 
haJf  of  this  year.     It  is  as  follows  : — 

"Textile  mill  constructiou  for  the  first  six  mouths  of  1902  is 
practically  the  same  in  the  F^regaCe  of  new  enterprises  as  for  the 
first  half  of  1901.  There  is  also  about  the  usual  increa.se  over  the 
preening  sis  months  which  emphasises  the  fact  that  the  first  half 
is  the  active  season  of  the  year  for  beginning  and  projecting  new 
enterprises.  But,  while  comparisons  of  aggregates  are  naturally 
made  with  the  first  six  montJis  of  previous  years,  there  are  yet  a 
few  interesting  facts  to  be  quoted  in  connection  with  the  statistics 
for  the  last  half  of  1901.  Those  months  are  notable  for  an  un- 
usual activity  in  woollen  mill  construction ;  that  spui-t  is  over, 
and  normal  conditions  now  prevail.  During  those  same  months 
of  1901,  cotton  mill  constructiou  displayed  an  unusual  degree  of 
inactivity,  which  has  been  succeeded  by  renewed  energy  both 
north  and  south.  Although  the  total  number  of  new  cotton  mills 
is  leas  than  in  similar  periods  of  preceding  years,  there  is  a  de- 
cided increase  over  the  preceding  six  months,  and  not  only  bas 
there  been  a  renewal  of  activity  in  new  construction,  but  there 
bas  been  a  notable  addition  of  equipment  to  estabhshed  nulls, 
especially  in  the  south  and  in  Fall  Hiver,  Mass.  Those  additions 
and  many  others  are  chronicled  in  our  record  of  enlargements 
and  improvements,  all  of  which  indicates  tliat  cotton  manufac- 
tures aie  enjoying  a  season  of  prosperity,  and  have  a  promise  of 
future  prosperity. 

"  According  to  the  tables  which  follow,  there  have  been  con- 
structed or  proposed  257  milla,  and  compared  with  the  six  months 
ending  December  31,  1901,  there  has  been  an  increase  of  49 ; 
compared  with  the  period  ending  June  30,  1901,  a  decrease  of  4. 
The  gain  has  been  wholly  in  the  south,  but  compared  with 
previous  mid-year  statistics,  northern  construction  is  above  the 
average,  the  percentage  being  36  this  year ;  Jnoe,  1901,  28  per 
cenL ;  June,  1900,  34  per  cent 


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mUTKD  STATES.  11 

"Of  the  257  mills,  119  are  devoted  to  the  manufacture  o( 
cotton,  33  to  the  manufacture  of  wool,  50  to  knit  proods,  and  55 
to  miscellaneous  goods,  such  as  linen,  cordage  and  silk.  A  com- 
parison of  these  figures  with  previous  periods  reveals  the  fact  that 
while  cotton  mill  construction  has  thrown  off  the  lethargy  which 
marks  t)ie  close  of  1901,  it  has  not  returned  to  an  abnormal 
activity  such  as  marked  the  year  1900.  Comparison  also  shows 
that  woollen  and  kirit  goods  manufacturers  are  maintaining  a  high 
level  of  activity,  and  that  miBcellaneous  textiles  have  notably 
increased.  This  latter  increase  should  be  credited  to  silk  manu- 
facture, our  miscellaneous  list  including  24  new  silk  mills. 

"The  following  tables  present  a  fuller  summary  ot  the 
review : — 

"Construction  in  the  north  and  south  for  the  aix  months 
ended — 


De<»mbcr, 
1B09. 

Jnne, 
1900. 

Number. 

December, 
1900. 

Jane, 
1901. 

December, 
1001. 

J.me, 
1902. 

Northern 

78 
105 

IBS 

106 
201 

46        i      76 

180             186 

96 
112 

165 

Total  ,     .. 

307 

£25         1    261 

808 

207 

"  We  also  present  the  following  comparative  table  showii^  the 
class  of  goods  manufactured  by  the  mills  repotted  during  the  last 
six  half-years : — 


Number. 

Ooudi. 

1  December, 
1899. 

1800. 

December,'    June, 
1       1900.      i     1901. 

1901. 

Jnne, 
1908. 

OrttOD.. 

Woollen 
Eoit    .. 
Mi»cell.Qeou». 

in 

35      , 
26 

1         11 

19« 
29 
U 
89 

lU             143 

U        ;      SS 

!         51         I      68 

:        16               26 

76 
46 
61 

29 

119 
S8 
50 
K 

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UNITED  STATES. 


rtrilcNUid 

W»gM. 


The  following  table  gives  in  detail  the  location  of  the  257 
new  textile  enterpriseB,  tc^ether  with  the  class  of  goods  manu- 
factured : — 


Buicbtir. 

Cotton. 

Woollon. 

Knit  Qoodi. 

AUbftink 

la 

1 

Arkanui 

'i 

Cslifornia       .. 

i 

Colorado 

"2                                               3 

Georp.          ..         .. 

16 

2 

IlUnoia 

.. 

Keutucky       .. 

LouiNBiu 

M.ine 

Hujlsnd 

Michinn 

M»Binippi     .. 

ii 

MiiMuri 

How  Jentj    . . 

Ne-York      .. 

North  Curoliu 

£0 

Ohio 

Oklaliomt      .. 

Rhode  IsUnd.. 

Soutb  CtroUiu 

23 

Tmm 

IS 

Tttgi™          ,.         .. 

1                       3 

■  West  Virgini* 
WiMoiuin       .. 
Wyoming       .. 

;;      1      ;; 

Csnsda 

1      ^ 

ToIbI   .. 

lie 

33        i        CO 

66 

"  Our  record  of  enlargements  and  improvements  indicates  that 
manufacturers  of  all  grades  of  goods  are  alive  to  the  necessity  of 
keeping  abreast  with  the  times  in  the  matter  of  latest  improved 
machinery." 

The  additions  to  the  textile  manufacturing  strength  of  the 
south,  planned  during  the  first  three  mouths  of  the  year  for  the 
mills  of  11  States,  has  been  121,884  spindles  and  2,478  looms, 
representing  an  investment  of  2,437,680  dol,  while  16  new  mill 
undertakings  have  been  reported ;  the  greater  portion  of  the  addi- 
tions to  equipment  were  for  15  eatablished  mills,  aggr^ating 
79,384  spindles  and  1,628  looms. 

Strikes  during  the  last  12  months  have  only  slightly  affected 
the  prosperity  of  the  country.  As  a  rule,  those  that  have  occurred 
have  been  of  short  duration,  the  employers  in  most  cases  acceding 
to  the  demands  of  the  men  rather  than  lose  their  share  of  the 


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UKITED  STATES.  13 

large  profits  being  made.  The  most  notable  case,  perhaps,  was 
that  of  the  New  Sigland  textile  workers,  when  60,000  of  then^ 
obtained  an  increase  of  10  per  cent,  in  their  wages,  this  following 
npon  other  considerable  increaseB  during  the  last  two  yean. 

The  United  States  Steel  Corporation  caused  considerable 
sensation  when,  a  short  time  ago,  the  wotkii^  men  in  all  branches 
of  the  steel  works  had  their  wages  increased  without  their  having 
asked  for  it.  Present  prosperitj,  of  course,  fuUj'  justifies  these 
increases  in  wages.  Not  only  are  the  manufacturers  and  trans- 
portation companies  making  large  profits,  but  the  cost  of  living 
has  gone  up  enormously  during  the  last  few  years.  Wage-earners 
were  never  before  so  fully  occupied  nor  so  well  paid,  and  the 
result  is  seen  in  the  lai^er  consumption  of  the  necessaries  of  life 
and  often  of  the  luxuries.  One  of  the  trade  papers  referring  to 
this  question  *  says : — 

"It  is  hardly  open  to  question  that  the  cost  of  living  has 
advanced  much  more  rapidly  than  wages  in  recent  years.  The 
weokly  income  of  the  average  man,  for  instance,  wUl  probably 
not  obtain  for  him  as  large  a  measure  of  commodities  and 
services  as  they  would  have  obtained  in  some  previous  periods. 
Such  being  the  case,  it  would  seem  as  if  there  should  be  striking 
evidences  of  hardship  among  the  masses,  but  this  is  far  from  being 
the  fact.  It  certainly  is  a  great  many  years  since  the  bulk  of 
ibe  people  of  the  United  States  have  hod  less  difficulty  in  keeping 
soul  and  body  tc^ether  than  at  present. 

"  Probably  a  number  of  factors  have  contributed  to  this  result. 
While  it  is  true,  no  doubt,  that  prices  have  advanced  faster  than 
wa^s,  the  hardship  to  the  wage-earner  has  unquestionably  been 
in  considerable  measure  o£f-set  by  steadier  employment.  For 
some  years  past  the  industries  of  the  nation,  as  a  whole,  have  been 
kept  so  busy  as  to  necessitate  the  steady  employment  of  a  maximum 
working  force.  In  some  former  periods,  when  the  disparity 
between  prices  and  wages  was  less  striking  than  it  is  to-day,  such 
was  not  the  case.  At  such  times  the  wage-earner  was  frequently 
in  danger  of  having  to  tide  himself  over  long  intervals  of  enforced 
idleness.  Though  a  dollar  then  would,  at  any  given  time,  pro- 
cure for  liim  more  of  the  necessaries  of  life  than  it  will  now,  he 
did  not  have  the  dollars  coming  to  him  month  after  month  and 
year  after  year  with  the  regularity  that  has  been  the  case  in  the 
last  few  years, 

"  In  other  words,  though  a  week's  wages  at  the  present  moment 
will  not  obtain  as  many  necessaries  and  comforts  of  life  as  pre- 
viously, there  are  more  weeks'  wages  coming  to  the  average  man 
in  the  course  of  a  period  of  several  years  than  formerly.  This  is 
a  very  important  consideration  for  the  waje-eamer,  much  of  whose 
income  in  past  years  has  gone  to  pay  for  '  dead  horses.*  In 
periods  of  less  industrial  activity  than  the  present,  the  w^e-eainer 
fiequently  found  himself  in  a  position  where  he  had  to  live  for 
we^,  and  poasible  months,  at  a  time  'on  tick.'  That  is  his  land- 
lord and  tlie  local  storekeepers  had  to  carry  him  over  intervals  of 
enforced  idleness." 


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14  UNITED  STATES. 

Within  the  last  five  years  living  expenses  have  increased  more 
in  the  United  States  than  in  the  previous  20  years.  These  con- 
ditions, of  course,  cannot  last,  and  can  eventually  only  result  in 
profound  difiturbance  of  social  conditions.  As  long  as  the  work- 
men continue  to  receive  high  wages  they  do  not  inquire  too 
closely  into  the  reasons  for  the  increased  cost  of  the  necesaaries  of 
lifa  When,  however,  the  reaction  conies  more  will  be  heard  of 
the  questions  of  Trusts  and  tariffs. 

Financial  authorities,  in  the  meantime,  are  advising  caution  on 
the  part  of  commercial  as  well  as  financial  interests.  Though  the 
country  is  still  extraordinarily  busy  and  extraordinarily  prosperous, 
there  is  no  doubt  that,  after  five  yeai-s  of  almost  continuous  growth, 
the  chances  of  a  reaction  at  no  distant  date  are  very  much  increased 

That  labour  has  shared  fairly  in  the  general  prosjjerity  is  shown 
by  the  fact  that  the  present  level  of  wages  averages  higher  than 
at  any  time  in  the  Iiistory  of  the  country.  Though  voluntary 
advances  of  from  5  to  10  per  cent,  have  been  frequently  made, 
they  are  becoming  less  frequent,  and  increasing  friction  between 
employers  and  trade  unions  has  become  more  noticeable.  Strikes 
and  threatened  strikes  in  a  large  variety  of  trades  are  becoming 
more  frequent.  Taken  altogether  the  labour  question  appears  to 
he  in  rather  a  critical  condition.  How  far  this  state  of  affairs 
will  affect  the  general  prosperity  of  the  country  is  not  at  all 
apparent  at  present,  but  there  are  many  who  are  of  the  opinion 
that  labour  will  soon  act  as  a  check  to  industrial  and  commercial 
development.  Doubtless  the  large  industrial  combinations  make 
strikes  among  their  workmen  more  difficult  than  fonnerly,  but,  on 
the  other  hand,  unions  of  different  trades  are  becoming  amalga- 
mated, and  mutual  assistance  is  rendered  so  that  employers. 
whether  in  the  form  of  Trusts  oi'  otherwise,  Iiave  increasingly 
powerful  organisations  to  contend  against. 

British  cement  manufacturers  appear  to  have  abandoned 
this  market.  During  the  last  fiscal  year  only  8,674  tons  came 
from  the  United  Kingdom  out  of  a  total  of  189,216  tons.  Belgium 
sent  74,065  tons  and  Germany  101,364  tons. 

The  avenge  declared  prices  of  the  imported  Portland  cement 
from  the  different  countries  were  as  follows : — 


Dollan. 

United  Eingdom 8  70 

Belgium 7'04 

Germmj 8-23 

ATerage  of  all  oountriM '  7  *81 


Official  statistics  give  the  production  of  Portland  cement  for 
1901  in  the  United  States  as  12,711,225  barrels,  an  increase  of 
4,229,205  barrels  over  that  of  1900.  It  was  valued  at 
12,532,360  doL,  as  against  9,280,525  dol.  in  1900.  In  1890  16 
works  produced  over  335,000  barrels  ;  in  1894  24  works  prodaced 


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UNITED  STATES. 


15 


over  798,000  barrels;  in  1899  36  worka  produced  over  5,652,000 
barrels;  in  1900  50  works  produced  over  8,482,000  barrels;  in 
1901  56  works  produced  over  12,711,000  barrels.  In  1890  each 
one  of  the  16  cement  works  averted  a  little  over  20,000  barrels ; 
in  1901  each  one  of  the  cement  works  averaged  more  than  230,000 
barrels  for  the  year.  The  percentage  of  the  consumption  of 
domestic  Portland  cement  has  increased  from  13'2  in  1891  to 
34-7  in  1896,  to  73-9  in  1899,  to  791  in  1900  and  to  96-2  in 
1901.  The  total  consumption  of  all  kinds  of  cement  in  the  United 
States  in  1901  was  20,573,538  barrels,  and  the  total  domestic  pro- 
duction of  all  kinds  of  cements  was  20,068,737  barrels  valued  at 
15,786,789  dol.  In  1901  60  works  produced  7,084,823  barrels  of 
natuTsl  rock  cement  valued  at  3,056,278  dol.,  as  compared  with 
over  8,383,000  barrels  produced  by  64  works  in  1900,  and  with 
9,868.000  barrels  produced  by  63  works  in  1899. 

The  production  of  sIe^  cement  in  1901  amounted  to  272,689 
barrels  valued  at  198,151  del.,  as  compared  with  365,601  barrels 
valued  at  274,208  dol.  in  1900.  Of  the  total  consumption  of 
cement  of  all  kinds  in  the  United  States,  natural  rock  cement 
furnished  71'67  per  cent.,  imported  Portland  cement  1354  per  cent., 
and  domestic  Portland  cement  14-79  per  cent. 

The  imports  of  chemicals  amounted  to  57,723,336  dol.,  being 
an  increase  of  7|  per  cent,  over  last  year.  The  most  important 
increases  were : — 


BlMching  powder 
Mnriftte  of  pobuh 


Q,aaiitit7. 


20,860,712 

110,960,623 

135,056,213 

7,88».fl06 


2B,S70,400 

180,251,696 

186,898,771 

9,182,817 


While  during  this  last  Escal  year  coffee  has  increased  from  OoSee  m 
854,871,310  to  1,091,004,252  lbs.,  the  quantity  of  tea  imported  *"• 
has  decreased  from  89,806,876  to  75,579,125  lbs. 

As  regards  coffee  the  United  Kingdom  has  done  badly,  only  send> 
ing  3,582,512  lbs.,  as  against  4,340,855  lbs.  the  previous  year.  The 
West  Indies  have  done  better,  increasing  the  amount  sent  from 
7,324,116  lbs.  in  1901  to  11,001,197  lbs.  this  year.  Coffee  from 
the  East  Indies  lias  increased  from  14,576,640  to  16,033,332  lbs. 

In  tea  the  United  Kingdom  has  improved  her  trade,  there 
being  an  increase  from  2,891,720  lbs.  in  1901  to  3,740,100  lbs. 
this  year.  From  the  East  Indies  there  is  a  slight  decrease,  the 
figures  being  2,897,870  lbs.  this  year,  against  3,093,864  lbs.  last 
year.  There  is  still  room  for  great  improvement  as  the  total 
importa  were  75,579,125  lbs. 

Since  a  duty  was  placed  on  tea  the  average  annual  importation 
has  been  about  83,000,000  lbs.,  whereas  the  avert^  during  the 


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16 


CKITED   STATES, 


three  preceding  years  was  about  93,000,000  lbs.  a  year.  This 
gives  an  average  importation  for  consumption  of  over  1^  lbs.  per 
capita  per  annum  in  the  three  years  prior  to  June  30,  1898,  and 
only  a  little  over  1  lb.  per  capita  per  auiiuni  during  the  three 
years  following  that  date. 

This  reduction  in  the  importation  of  tea  has  been  accompaaied 
by  a  corresponding  increase  in  the  importation  of  coffee.  The 
per  capita  import9  for  consumption  for  tlie  latter  three  years 
averaged  10'4  lbs.  per  annum,  compared  with  9-9  lbs.  for  the  three 
years  prior  to  June  30,  1S98.  The  increase  per  capita  in  the 
consumption  of  coffee  may  also  be  due  partly  to  tiie  lower  price, 
as  since  1898  the  price  has  averaged  67  c.  per  lb.,  gainst  an 
iivemge  of  11  c.  for  the  three  years  immediately  preceding  1898. 
Tlie  price  of  tea,  on  the  other  hand,  lias  remained  almost 
stationary. 

The  following  table  shows  the  total  imjiortation  of  tea  and 
coffee  in  each  fiscal  year  from  1890  to  1902  : — 


Ytu. 

Quaotily. 

T<->.                     CoBee. 

l.b>.           !            Lbs. 

83,8S6,SE0 

8;t,+S3.330     : 

90.078,033 

89,e(;i,287    I 

93,518.717    1 
97.853,468    i 
93,998,872 
113,347,175     i 
71.957,715 
74,089,899    1 
61,845,107    1 
39,806,453 
75,579,125 

499,15S,I20 
619,528,432 
R40,2I0,TH8 
SBS,4C9,008 
550,934,337 
662,208,975 
680,597,915 
737,646,670 
870,514,466 
831,827,063 
787,991,911 
854,871,310 
[   1,091,004,252 


ITiere  has  been  a  good  trade  in  spices,  especially  from  the 
East  Indies.  The  total  amount  imported  was  37,483,054  lbs.,  as 
compared  with  35,211,737  lbs.  the  previous  year.  The  figures  for 
the  East  Indies  were  15,068,447  lbs.  in  190a,  and  11,461,721  lbs. 
in  1901. 

In  earthenware  and  china  the  following  figures  are  worthy  of 
attention : — 


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rNITin   &TATB8. 


Importad  from —  

1900. 

DoUkts. 

United  Einftdom          . .         . .  3,175,030 

Aiutria-Bungsiy         . .         . .  6]S,681 

Fmnee 1,468,609 

OmnkiiT           8,B76,S76 

SMt  of  EuMp« lS7.7fiO 

J«p»n 374,620 


Dollan. 

DoU>». 

8,083,037 

2.938^1 

1,614,606 

1,616,667 

3,4W^7 

3,e6l,2W 

469,641 

469,707 

There  has  been  a  lai^e  incraise  in  the  <iuttntity  of  fish  imported.  Kih, 
The  figures  are  8,289,524  dol.  in   1902,  against  2,056,565  doL  in 
1901.     The  increase  is  general  thioughout  the  whole  list,  and  the 
demand  is  likely  to  continue. 

Of  the  export  of  coal  there  is  not  much  to  be  said.  The  Ooui- 
enormous  exportationa  which  were  expected  I'roni  this  country 
have  not  taken  place.  The  large  home  consumption  has,  of  couree, 
had  a  good  deal  to  do  with  this,  but  it  is  chiefly  due  to  the  shippers 
finding  it  more  difficult  to  compete  with  British  coal,  either  in 
quality  or  price,  than  they  anticipated. 

The  quantity  imported  was  alx)ut  the  same  as  in  the  previous 
year,  1,941,422  tons,  against  1,977,238  tons  in  1901. 

The  quantity  exported  is  nearly  750,000  tons  less  than  the 
previous  year.  Of  the  anthracite  quality  1,570,490  tons  were 
shipped,  against  1,912,080  tons  in  1901.  Nearly  the  whole,  or 
1,506,467  tons,  went  to  British  North  America.  Of  the  bitnminoua 
quality,  the  quantity  exported  was  5,400,694  tons,  against 
5,763,469  tons  in  1901  The  destination  of  this  coal  waa  as 
follows : — 


Britiah  North  Aiuerioa 

Onbs  

Other  WMt  lodiai  knd  Bermuda, . 


Quantitj. 

1801. 

1902. 

Ton..         i 
677,084      j 
3,297,lRe 
580,638      I 
3HWI      1 
87(^018 
488,788      ; 

Ton.. 
441,698 
8,346,605 
648,296 
877,619 
888,282 
893,364 

The  strike  in  the  Fenusylvania  anthracite  mines  has  proved  to 
be  much  more  difficult  to  settle  than  was  at  first  anticipated. 

A  good  deal  of  attention  is  being  paid  at  present  to  districts 
from  which  coal  mny  be  shipped  on  the  Pacific  coast.  The  coal- 
fields in  the  neighbourhood  of  Puget  Sound  are  considered  the 
most  promising.  Their  output  last  year  wae  considerably  over 
4,000,000  tons.     Coal  is  also  abundant  in  Alaska. 

(170)  B 


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18  UNITED  STATES. 

Boo£nf  ilatM.  '  ^°^  t^^  l&st  Sve  years  this  country  has  exported  to  the  United 
Kingdom  roofing  slfriea  of  the  value  ot  over  1,000,000  dol,  per 
annum.  The  amount  exported  during  the  last  fiscal  year  woe 
valued  at  945,352  dol.,  practically  all  going  to  the  United  King- 
dom. If  British  quarries  were  equipped  with  machinery  for 
extracting  and  trausportiug  the  slate  of  the  latest  design  there 
ought  to  he  no  difficulty,  in  view  of  the  distance  it  has  to  be 
carried,  in  shutting  out  a  good  deal  of  the  American  product. 

0r«piiit«.  There  is  a  good  demand  for  graphite  in  the  United  States. 

The  production  in  1901  of  crystalline  graphite  was  3,967,612  Ibe. 
valued  at  135,914  dol.,  and  that  of  amorphous  graphite 
was  809  short  tons  valued  at  31,800  dol.  Under  this  latter  head 
is  included  the  so-called  Ban^  graphite  of  Michigan,  and  the  so- 
called  graphitic  anthracite  of  Ehode  Island.  The  amount  of 
graphite  imported  into  the  United  States  in  1901  was  14,320  long 
tons  valued  at  895,375  dol.,  chiefly  from  Ceylon. 

Boota  and  The  value  of  boots  and  shoes  exported,  though  larger  than  in  the 

ihon.  previous  year,  has  not  increased  in  the  same  ratio  as  in  former 

years.  The  exports  were  valued  at  6,182,098  dol.,  compared  with 
5,526,290  dol.  in  1901.  About  60  per  cent,  of  this  amount  went 
to  the  United  Kii^dom  and  British  possessions. 


LONDON 1 

Pnutod  for  Hii  MBJMtj'i  Stationery  OOoa, 

Bt  HARRISON  AND  SONS, 

PrinMn  in  Ordinw;  to  Hii  U»jMtj. 

(76    g  I  02~H  it  8    170) 


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No.  2909  Annual  Series. 
DIPLOMATIC  AND  CONSULAR  REPORTS. 


UNITED    STATES. 


REPORT  rOR  THE  YEAR  1901 


TRADE    AND    COMMERCE    OF    THE    ISLAND 
OF    CUBA. 


BBPERENCE  TO  PREVIOUS  REPORT,   Annual  Series  No.  2674 


FregOited  to  both  Hovati  of  Parliament  by  Command  of  Hie  Majesty, 
OCTOBER,  1902. 


LONDOK! 

PBIKTED  TOR  HIS  MAJESTY'S  STAHOVEBT  OFFICE 

BT  HABRISON  AKD  SONS,  ST.  UAETIN'S  LANS, 


And  h)  ba  pnrnlminii   fiitlinr  directlf  or  Utrough  taj  Boolnller,  from 

KTBB  A  SFOTTISWOODE,  East  Hudiro  Stuct,  Fl»t  Btkibi,  B.(L» 

aad  88,  Abinsdon  Stbibt,  Wistkihbtib,  S.W.; 

or  OLIVEB  t  BOYD,  EdihbdKoR  ; 

w  E.  PUNSONBY,  IlC.  OnAnoN  SiBtn,  Dntix. 
1902. 
[C4  786—213.]  Price  Twopenet. 


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CONTENTS. 


latroductorj  r«mnrka... 

CommeriM    ^,.,. 

Import!  bj  ouuntriM  >. 


Uetab  ODd  m&ohiiwrj    , 
Lire-ftool 


>T  anA  manuiact 


Wood  and  muiaheliiirM    . 


GlsH,  aBTthenware,  itooe,  tm.  . 
Paper  and  nAnu&ctorM    »...._. 

Other  BTtioles  .^-^^ „«..„ 

Exports  b  J  01 


•rtiolM... 


BogM  Mid  produrtt  of  . 
Tobaoco    


Minor  eiporta „ __... U 

BritUh  tnde  wilh  Cab* IS 

New  openiDgB  tcx  Britiih  trade    , .., IS 

How  to  pu*b  Briliili  trade U 

Cantacj  and  esobauge  _ 10 

Sngar  indiutry    ,., ^ ,_. ____. , ,..,„„ id 

Tobaooo  indnttrj    „» _»,„..«.»..__.,„...__. ■« _-—.___.„»__„...„_.  SI 

Stock  railing    _ ».u..»..^ „»____u>....„„»._^ 2S 

Foreigii  shipping  ._.,„.„„_.,.„„_,._.  ...„ , BS 

Britiih  ihipping  at  HaTana  •._..„.»•__»——»—..»■...•»«»_  »..«._»_..__,.i.  28 

Caban  oarrying  tiads i,,, .„„  M 

lUiTeDue  and  eipenditan ■ .    .im,...  M 


Vital  itatiitice  of  Earana  ... 


Nora. — All  raluet  in  thi)  report  hare  baen  oouTerted  Into  iterling  at  the  rat* 
of  6  dol.  to  the  1^  where  Amaiioan  monej  ii  osDOoroed,  and  of  S  dol.  SO  c.'t*^ 
the  IL  in  the  oate  of  Spaniih  gold  dollan. 


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Mo.  2909.  Aimiial  Seriea. 

Btferviux  to  previotta  Beport,  Annual  Series  Xo.  2674. 


Jieport  on  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of  the  Island  of  Cuba  for  the 
Year  1901  Ay  Jifr.  Lionet  Carden,  His  Majesty's  ifini^er  at 
Havana. 

(lUeriTed  at  Foraign  Ottot,  Ootober  9, 1901} 

The  reBulte  of  the  year  1901  may  be  considered  on  the  whole  luiroJuolorj 
as  favourable  for  Cuba.  reiD»rk«. 

The  production  of  si^r  is  on  the  iocreaBe ;  improvements  are 
being  introduced  in  the  cultivation  of  tobacco ;  farms  are  being 
lapidly  re-stocked  with  cattle  imported  from  abroad ;  while  con- 
siderable activity  ia  obaervable  in  the  minor  a^cultural  industries, 
such  as  the  raising  of  fruit  and  v^tabtes,  as  well  rs  in  minii^, 
in  the  sponge  fisheries,  and  in  the  exploitation  of  the  valuabte 
cabinet  woods  with  which  the  forests  abound. 

This  development  of  the  island's  resources  cannot  fail  to  be 
greatly  furthered  by  the  construction,  now  approaching  its  termina- 
tion, of  the  new  railway  to  Santiago  de  Gutu,  which  will  open  up 
to  cultivation  districts  of  lai^  extent  and  great  natural  wealth, 
hitherto  practically  valuelees  owing  to  the  lack  of  means  of  com- 
munication. 

It  is  true  that  the  fall  in  the  price  at  which  the  sugar  crop  of 
1900-01  was  realised  caused  alarm  among  the  planters,  but  it  did 
not  prejudicially  affect  the  value  of  the  exports  that  year,  owing 
to  the  largely  increased  production,  nor  did  it  in  any  way  check 
the  preparations  for  making  the  next  crop.  The  effects  of  the 
more  recent  and  still  greater  fall  in  the  price  of  sugar  will  be 
dealt  with  in  another  part  of  this  report  under  the  head  of  "  the 
sugar  industry."     (Sea  p.  20.) 

The  statistics  of  the  commercial  movement  in  Cuba  in  1901,  Commeroc 
a  summary  of  which  is  given  in  the  following  table,  show  a  far 
more  satisfactory  state  of  things  than  those  of  tlte  previous 
year : — 


IBOO. 

1801. 

ImpoTU.         Ezporte. 

ImporU, 

KipOTto. 

CdId  ud  bullion 

ia,SIl,718    1    8,780,887 
681,125            487,830 

13.816,784 
M3,827 

£ 

12,866,878 

844:758 

Totil     .. 

14,015,848     '  I0,X«8,4«T 

1^M»,«M 

U,S00,«S1 

(184) 


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Thanks  to  the  larger  output  of  Bugar,  t)ie  value  of  the  imports 
is  now  practically  covered  by  that  of  the  exports,  so  that  any 
future  increase  in  the  island's  production  will  probably  be  marked 

by  a  corresponding  increase  in  the  importations. 

The  following  table  shows  the  imports  of  merchandise  into 
Cuba  by  principal  countries ; — 


^s:'- 


United  Btttta  and  pocaeuioai         . .         . .  6,07S,96S  S,B1S,12T 

UnitedKiugdomMtd  British  poHcuioDB  ..,  2,tSe,llS  2,008,711 

Sp»ln I  1,«1,809  1         ],»»9,TT1 

France i  SfiS,K20  I          SSS.BGS 

Qtimtaj        I196,G6«  I           eSS,17S 

Other  couDlriet         I  1,9U,>52  3,810,146 


18,816,701 


It  will  be  observed  that  there  has  been  a  falling-ofii  cf  no 
great  consideration  it  is  true,  in  the  trade  of  the  United  Stat«R, 
Uie  United  Kingdom,  Spain  and  France,  and  an  increase  in  that 
of  Germany  and  of  other  countries. 

In  the  case  of  Germany  the  greater  part  of  the  increase 
consists  of  Indian  rice,  which,  having  been  shipped  to  Cuba  by 
way  of  Hcunbiirg,  figures  in  the  Cuban  returns  as  a  Grercian  pro- 
duct. The  value  of  these  shipments  in  1900  was  186,065t,  and 
in  1901  263,668/.  If  they  had  been  entered  as  they  properly 
belong,  under  the  trade  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  British 
possessions,  it  would  be  seen  that  the  falling-off  in  British  t^de 
in  1901  in  reality  did  not  exceed  58,000/.,  while  the  increase  in 
Oerman  trade  was  only  37,000/. 

The  increase  in  tie  trade  of  other  countries  is  due  almost 
entirely  to  the  larger  importations  of  cattla 

In  the  following  table,  which  shows  the  imports  by  articles, 
a  difference  of  nearly  7,000/.  will  be  found  between  the  total  im- 
ports for  1900,  as  given  in  my  report  for  chat  year  ;and  those 
given  below.  This  arises  from  some  small  disorepancies  between 
the  sum  of  the  monthly  returns,  from  which  my  report  was  ooni- 
piled,  and  the  complete  annual  statement  which  did  not  appear 
till  a  month  or  two  later,  and  which  is  obviously  more  correct. 

Moreover,  I  should  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  I  have  made 
■ome  alterations  in  the  grouping  of  the  different  articles,  notably 
in  the  case  of  live-stock,  which  in  my  last  report  I  divided  into 
"animals  intended  for  consumption,"  which  were  included  under  pro- 
visions, and  "  those  intended  for  breeding  purposes,"  which  were 
entered  under  the  heading  of  "  live-stock."  In  the  present  tablft 
I  have  classified  all  live-stock  together 


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V«lu*. 

1«W. 

1901. 

£ 

£ 

ProiUoUMidHquon          

*.»0S,«48 

4.BM.817 

TflitileEOoda 

2,011,311 

H«Ub  uid  in*»<ir4etar«t  tbereof,  iodDding 

1,M1,218 

i,ne,z98 

1,8SS,<I1S 

Dnn  vid  ehemistla 

41T,4SS 

*H076 

3S1,U2 

236,747 

170,3)1 

AHnhwarUoVa       ."          '.'.         '.'. 

221,8eS 

2Sa,188 

I,76*,190 

ToUl           

18.881,718 

18,818,794 

Thfl  gross  importntion  under  the  head  of  provisions  and  liquors  P«rtdon» 
has  varied  very  little  in  amount  from  that  of  1900,  although  the  "^  '^V^^ 
details  show  considerable  fluctuations  in  certain  articles. 

There  waa  a  decrease  of  122,000/.  in  the  imports  of  meats  and 
dairy  products,  principally  in  the  shipmenta  of  jerked  beef  from 
River  Plate  potts,  which  were  discontinued  for  some  time  in  view 
of  the  stringent  quarantine  measures  to  which  they  were  subjected 
owing  to  the  cases  of  plague  which  had  occurred  in  Monte  Video. 
ITiere  was  also  a  falling-off  of  60,000/,  in  the  imports  of  eggs,  a 
result  ot  the  large  importations  of  poultry  since  the  terminatioB 
of  the  war,  and  in  coffee  and  fruita  to  the  amount  of  41,000/.  and 
9,000/.  respectively,  due  to  the  increased  production  of  those 
articles  at  home.  Wines  and  cordials  decreased  75,000?.,  owing 
to  the  excess  of  importation  over  demand  in  previous  years  and 
the  consequent  accumulation  of  stocks,  and  malt  liquors  also 
declined  39,000/.,  owing  to  the  establishment  of  new  breweries 
near-  Havana. 

On  the  other  hand  there  was  an  increase  of  62,O00/L  in  the 
Imports  of  bread-stuffs,  of  79,000/.  in  fish,  of  102,000/.  in  rice,  and 
of  137,000/.  in  beans,  potatoes  and  other  vegetables. 

Kice  constitutes  so  important  a  branch  of  British  imports  into  Bioti 
Cuba  as  to  call  for  some  special  mention. 

By  far  the  greater  part  of  the  rice  consumed  in  Cuba  comes 
from  British  India,  the  cheaper  grades,  which  are  most  lai^ly 
used,  being  known  as  Rangoon,  and  the  more  expensive  as  Patna, 
Most  of  it  is  imported  from  India  by  way  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
hut  some  is  brought  in  vessels  bound  for  other  European  ports, 
principally  Hambuig,  and  is  transhipped  there  to  Cuba,  conse- 
quently figuring  in  the  customs  returns  as  a  German  product 

Practically  the  only  other  rice  known  in  this  market  comes 
from  Valencia  in  Spain.  It  is  of  fine  quality,  but  is  rather 
expensive  and  is  only  brought  in  sniaU  quantities. 

The  importations  from  the  United  States  are  iusiguificant  in 
amount,  owing  to  the  h^h  price  and  inferior  quality. 

(184)  A  S 


d  by  Google 


The  following  table  ahowB  the  quantities  imported  into  Cuba 
ill  the  pn9t  two  yeAia  and  the  couutriea  from  which  it  was 
hmuglit ; — 


QMntUj. 

1»00. 

1«1. 

IHnet  from  iDdlan  potU         

rran  Britidi  porU       

„     Oemuuportt 

flSB,28T 
420.361 

Cwte. 

7r,»(7 

1,028.880 

■      609,668 

Total  Britiih  Indian     .. 

AmniMDriee        

Spulihnee          

Other  iic8,  principal];  British  Indian,  imported 
thningh  Fniuli  and  Bolgiut  porta     .. 

1,1S8 
14,077 

10,782 

1,717,176 

Mi 

29,386 

68 

Toll! 

VJue 

l,17«,flSfi 

£ 
SH,SOS 

1,741,662 

£ 
7M,421 

The  import  duty  on  rice  is  1  doL  (United  States  currenc;)  per 
100  kilos.,  equivalent  to  -J  c.  a  lb,  in  Spanish  gold. 

Banguon  rice  can  be  laid  down  in  Havana  harbour  at  from 
8s.  Gd,  to  93.  per  cwt  (112  lbs.),  including  cost,  freight  and  in- 
surance, and  will  cost  to  the  merchant,  on  the  wharf,  after  paying 
duty  and  landing  charges,  between  2  doL  75  c.  and  2  dot  80  c. 
(Spanish  gold)  per  100  lbs.  At  this  price  there  are  no  grounds 
for  apprehending  successful  competition  from  any  other  quarter. 

I  haA'c  already  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  only  the  rice 
imported  direct  from  British  ports  is  credited  in  the  customs 
letums  as  a  British  import. 

The  imports  of  textile  goods  show  a  falling-ofF  of  157,000/.,  or 
about  7^  per  cent.,  as  compared  with  those  of  the  previous  year, 
most  of  which  occurs  under  the  heading  of  linens  and  woollens. 
I  am  assured  that  this  is  due  to  over-importation  in  1900,  induced 
by  the  fear  that  higher  duties  were  going  to  be  imposed  on  those 
articles  in  the  new  tariff  which  came  into  force  in  June  of  that 
yeai',  and  should  not  be  attributed  to  any  decrease  in  the  con- 
sumption. 

"While  this  has  affected  British  imports  to  some  extent,  it  is 
8);tisfactory  to  observe  that  in  cotton  goods  our  trade  has  not  only 
lield  its  own,  but  has  made  a  decided  advanca 

Textile  goods  represent  so  lai^e  a  proportion  of  British  trade 
with  Cuba  ihat  it  can  scarcely  fail  to  be  of  interest  to  manufac- 
tiu^rs  to  know  the  extent  of  the  competition  they  have  to  meet 
from  other  countries.  I  therefore  append  a  table  showing  the 
distribution  of  this  trade  in  each  of  the  past  two  years,  sub-divided 
into  cottons,  linens  (including  jute  and  other  fibres),  woollens 
and  silk : — 


d  by  Google 


* 

1 

^flllH 

-- 

i. 

i 

1 

'•llilil 

i 

i 

•. !  1  till 

1 

i 

"III  1 1 1 

1. 

1 

i 

'.  1 1 1 1 !  i 

i 

«.  1 1 1  i  1  i 

1 

1 
1 

1 

s 
1 

"llllll 

i 

5 

1 

4IIIII 

i. 
5 

i  1 1  i  1  i 

"  |-  i  i  »■  s  =■ 

1 

i:::;; 

1  :     :     :     :     : 

2  112  11 

1 

(184^ 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


An  importaoD  item,  which  is  comprehended  under  the  head  of 
linen  and  other  fibrea,  is  that  of  jute  bags  for  sugar,  known  as 
"  Calcutta  bags,"  which,  although  they  figure  in  the  returns  as 
coming  from  Germany  and  the  United  States  a3  well  as  from  the 
United  Kingdom,  are  really  all  made  in  British  India.  As  all  the 
Ktigar  shipped  from  Cuba  is  packed  in  these  h&gs,  the  number 
required  each  year  depends  on  the  size  of  the  crop.  Each  bag 
holds  rather  over  300  lbs.,  so  that  seven  are  required  for  a  ton 
of  2,240  Iba.  The  value  of  each  bag  at  the  port  of  shipment  is 
about  od.,  and  it  weighs  a  little  more  than  2^  lbs.  For  a  crop  of 
800,000  tons,  such  as  was  estimated  for  the  current  year,  5,600,000 
of  these  bi^  would  be  required,  worth  117,000^.,  and  weighing 
6,250  tons. 

The  imports  of  metals  and  machinerv  show  a  gross  increase  of 
neai'ly  230,000^.  over  those  of  1900,  iJthough  in  many  of  the 
minor  branches  of  the  trade  there  was  a  falling-off. 

The  principal  items  imported  under  this  head  in  the  past  two 
years  are  as  follows : — 


Agricnttnnl  implements 

Couier  uid  muiDrBctnres  of  , , 

OuUeTj        

Iron  and  iteel  in  hetvj  cMtingi,  or  Blractatal  . . 

„  „    nnwroDgbt. . 

H*Jebinei7,    smftll,    Mviof    iiiaehin««,    (jp«- 

Michiner;,  SDgftr 

„  ftll  other        • 

Nail*  and  icreire 

Pipes  and  GttinCB 

lUiU  , 

Stoun  en^ei,  boiten  and  locomotircB  . . 

TooU  

Wire  and  win  cable         


Vtloe. 

ISOO. 

1901. 

£ 

£ 

n.ioo 

ss,»oo 

95,700 

40,600 

ie,20o 

17,000 

61,200 

148,000 

7«,3ao 

50,000 

6D,B0(t 

88,000 

266,800 

18l,*00 

129,700 

2*,200 

18,200 

27,400 

46,SO0 

107.800 

71,200 

48,100 

66.800 

11,000 

S0,I0O 

It  will  be  ohserved  that  the  improvement,  as  I  anticipated  in 
my  report  for  last  year,  has  been  mainly  in  sugar  machinery,  in 
i-ails  for  the  new  railway  which  is  being  constructed  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  island,  in  structural  iron  and  steel  and  heavy  castings, 
and  in  wire  and  wire  cable  ;  all  showing  increased  activity  in  me 
industrial  development  of  the  island. 

About  15  per  cent,  of  the  total  imports  of  metal  and  machinery 
came  from  the  United  States,  13  per  cent,  from  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  6  per  cent,  from  Germany. 

Contrary  to  expectation  there  was  a  large  increase  in  the  im- 
pnitation  of  cattle  in  1901,  amounting  to  over  75,000  head,  valued 
n.t  -00.000/.  The  total  number  imported,  including  bullocks  in- 
htmled  for  food  and  for  draught  purposes  and  atock  cattle,  was 
:::(i,552  head,a8  against  292,241  in  1900.    These  figures  are  taken 


d  by  Google 


■from  the  customs  returns,  nnd  diffL-v  slightly  iVoiii  tliose  imhlisliod 
by  the  Finance  Department. 

In  the  couise  of  last  year  174,887  bullocks  veiv  l<illeil  for 
food  ill  the  different  licensed  slaughter-houses  thiiinshout  tite 
island.  After  allowing  an  additional  10  per  cent,  on  this  total  for 
those  killed  on  farms  and  in  the  countr}-  districts  remote  from  any 
slatighter-house,  there  still  remains  an  excess  of  iniportiition  over 
consumption  of  nearly  180,000  head,  showing  that  capital  is  being 
largely  invested  in  re-stocking  the  island.  The  total  number  of 
live-stock  of  all  kinds  in  the  country  on  December  31 ,  1001 ,  will 
be  found  in  another  part  of  the  report  under  the  hoiul  m  "  stock 
raising"  (p.  Ii2). 

The  value  of  the  cattle  iQiporte<l  was  1,688,623/. ;  ol'  horeea 
and  mules,  150,785i, ;  of  pigs,  22,58.'W. ;  and  of  other  animals, 
1,625/; 

Nearly  all  the  pigs,  30  per  cent,  of  the  horses  and  mides,  and 
about  IS  per  cent,  of  the  cattle  came  from  the  United  States,  and 
the  remainder  from  Mexico  and  the  countries  bordering  on  the 
Caribbean  Sea. 

There  has  been  an  increase  of  over  lOO.OOOi  in  the  imports  of  Dmg^ 
•drugs  and  chemicals  (with  which  aie  grouped  oils  and  paints),  e>>™Ho»li,  io. 
which  occurs  principally  under  the  head  of  "  chemicals  and  patent 
medicines  "  and  "  vegetable  and  mineral  oilw." 

The  principal  branches  of  this  trade  are  as  follows  : — 

Chemicals  and  drugs,  including  patent  medicines,  204,000/., 
of  which  44  per  cent,  cauie  from  the  United  States,  25  per  cent. 
from  France,  and  10  per  cent,  from  the  United  Kingdom. 

Mineral  waters,  16,200/.,  of  which  50  jwr  cent,  were  Spanish, 
20  per  cent.  French,  and  13  per  cent.  Britisli. 

Animal  and  vegetable  oils,  203,000^.,  consisting  chiefly  of  olive 
oil  from  Spain,  but  including  also  7,000/.  worth  of  cotton  seed  oil 
from  the  United  States  and  12,400/.  of  linseed  oil  almost  entirely 
from  the  United  Kingdom. 

Mineral  oils,  113,600/.,  all  of  which  came  from  the  United 
States ;  and  finally,  paints  and  varnishes,  worth  52,600/.,  50  pei- 
cent  of  which  came  from  the  United  States  and  35  per  cent,  from 
the  United  Kingdom. 

Very  little  change  is  observable  in  the  leather  trade,  thou^  Latthw  ud 
there  has  been  a  small  falling-off  in  "  boots  and  shoes "  and  in  m»«>n*Mtnr». 
"hides  and  skins,"  which    was  compensated  by  an    increase  in 
"  other  manufactures  of  leather." 

Boots  and  shoes  still  constitute  by  far  the  most  important 
branch  of  this  trade,  the  imports  in  1901  being  valued  at  336,800/,, 
of  which  72  per  cent,  came  from  Spain  and  the  remainder  wholly 
•  from  the  United  States. 

Only  4,000/.  worth  of  leather  goods  in  all  were  of  British 
manufacture. 

There  has  been  an  increase  of  130,000/1  in  the  imports  under  Wood  tad. 
this  bead  in  the  past  year,  principally  in  unmanufactured  wood.        " 

Almost  all  the  lumber  consumed  in  Cuba  comes  from  tbe 
United  States,  the  imports  from  Canada  in  1901  being  only 
12,000/.     The  total  value  imported  was  268,000/. 


d  by  Google 


10  CUBA. 

Ill  manufactures  of  wood,  which  were  valued  at  212,000^.,  the 
United  States  also  took  the  lead  with  126,000^.,  followed  by  Spain 
vith  52,00Oi^,  consisting  largely  of  hogsheads  and  barrels. 

The  principal  items  which  have  been  grouped  tt^tlier  under 
this  head  are  as  follows  :— 

Glassware,  worth  115,000/.,  imported  chiefly  from  the  United 
States,  Germany,  Spain  and  France.  A  small  amount  ouly 
(9,O00i.)  eame  from  the  United  Kingdom. 

Crockery  and  earthenware,  worth  82,000/. ;  from  the  United 
States,  the  United  Kingdom,  Germany  and  Spain,  in  nearly  equal 
proportions. 

Cement,  worth  44,000/. ;  almost  entirely  from  the  United  States- 

Bricka,  worth  16,000/. ;  from  the  United  States. 

And  marble  and  stone,  worth  12,000/.  ;  from  the  United  States, 
Spain  and  Italy. 

The  total  imports  under  the  above  head  show  an  increase  of 
30,000^.  in  1901,  almost  all  of  which  occurs  in  cement. 

There  has  been  little  or  no  change  in  the  paper  trade  in  the 
'■  past  year. 

Books  and  printed  matter,  to  the  value  of  44,000/.,  were  im- 
ported in  nearly  equal  proportions  from  the  United  States, 
Germany  and  Spain  ;  while  paper  and  cardboard,  worth  188,000/., 
came  principally  from  Spain,  and  in  somewhat  smaller  quantities 
from  the  United  States,  France  and  Germany.  It  is  a  noticeable 
fact  Uiat  only  3,000/.  worth  of  paper  and  printed  matter  together 
was  of  British  manufacture. 

The  fullowing  are  the  most  important  of  the  items  which  are- 
grouped  together  under  the  head  of  "  other  articles  "  : — 

Coal,  worth  265,800/. ;  imported  exclusively  from  the  United 
States. 

Soaps,  worth  115,000/. ;  87  per  cent,  of  which  came  from  Spain 
and  the  i-emainder  from  the  United  States,  Germany  and  France. 

HaC8  and  caps,  worth  66,400/. ;  imported  principally  from 
Ecuador,  Italy  and  France,  and  in  smaller  quantities  from  the 
■  United  Kingdom  ajid  the  United  States. 

Vessels,  mostly  small  schooners  and  fishing  boats,  worth 
64,800/. ;  imported  principally  from  the  United  States,  besides  one 
Genuan  steamer  valued  at  30,000/. 

Candles,  worth  61,800/. ;  almost  entirely  from  Spain. 

PBrfumery,  worth  40,000/. ;  almost  entirely  from  France. 

Kubber  articles,  worth  29,600/. ;  58  per  ceni  of  which  came 
from  the  United  States  and  the  remainder  mostly  from  the 
United  Kingdom  and  Spain. 

It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  of  the  articles  just  enumerated 
only  18,200/.  worth,  or  less  than  3  per  cent,,  came  from  the 
United  Kingdom. 

The  total  value  of  the  imports  under  this  head  was  1,196,490/., 
.  of  which  the  United  Kingdom  supplied  only  42,600/. 


d  by  Google 


The  sliare  ol  different  countries  in  the  export  trade  of  Cuba  iiports  b/ 
^luring  the  past  two  years  was  as  follows : —  — *-"" 


Ooniitry. 

1900. 

Vilue 

1»I. 

UniUd  SUt«s  ud  poHMiloni 

£ 

e,esi,MB 

l,2BB,fl7e 
1T6,M7 
Ztli,T04 

i,ioe,isB 

•83,206 

£ 
»,eu,714 

i.afl4,»02 

K.::    ;.    ::    ::    ::    :: 

■Other  wimtrie* 

Total       

848,018 
400,876 

8,780^87 

12,668,678 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  excess  of  exports  in  1901  over 
tboae  of  1900  was  takeu  chiefly  by  the  United  States  and  the 
United  Kingdom,  consieting  in  the  cose  of  the  former  country 
Almost  wholly  of  sugai-  and  molasses,  and  in  that  of  the  United 
Kingdom  of  cigars. 

The  large  increase  in  the  value  of  the  exports  is  due  almost  lEipinti  b/ 
entirely  to  the  increased  productiou  of  sugar.  wttol**. 

The  following  table  ^ows  the  value  of  the  principal  articlee 
exported  as  compared  with  those  of  the  pi^eceding  year : — 


ArUclflfc 

Tftlue. 

ISOO. 

1801. 

Bam       '.'.        '.'.        '.'.        '.'. 

£ 

3,30,031 
116,286 
46.468 

£ 

8,1«7,048 
248.866 
41,808 

Total 

8.620,768 

6,461,716 

liMf  uid  Mnp  tohuM. . 

cigui 

Clique.          

2,778,781 

2,868,163 

61,710 

8,614,447 

2,406,866 

64,683 

ToUl 

6,817,684 

6,068,486 

outer  artldw- 

OlM         

Jmlta 

Omm 

Hmer«nd*u 

Hide. 

W«odi 

141,8M 
148,866 
78,828 
88,716 
47,461 
»9,841 
334,867 

187,807 
198,041 
78,788 
91,847 
46,486 
887,808 
286,888 

Total 

1,041,576 

1,188,616 

Graadlotal    .. 

B,78»,>87 

12,866,676 

d  by  Google 


12  CUBA. 

As  in  the  case  of  the  imports,  a  difference  will  be  found  in  the 
value  of  the  exports  for  1900  from  thoee  given  in  my  report  for 
that  year,  which  is  due  to  rectifications  since  made  in  the  cuBtoms 
tetums. 

According  to  the  customs  statistics,  589,281  tons  of  sugar, 
valued  at  6,167,042/,,  were  esported  in  1901,  as  compared  with 
286,996  tons,  valued  at  3,359,051/..  in  1900,  showing  a  falliiig-off  in. 
the  value  uf  the  ton  from  11/.  14s.  Id.  to  10/.  9^.  id. 

I  may  mention  that,  although  the  prices  published  by  the 
Havana  Sugar  Broker's  Exchange  do  not  entirely  agree  with  these, 
the  customs  authorities  have  to  my  knowledge  taken  so  much  pains 
to  ensure  accuracy  in  their  returns  of  values,  especially  aa  regards- 
ihe  sugar  exported,  that  they  must  be  considered  as  sufficienLly 
correct  for  all  practical  purposes. 

Practically  all  the  sugar  and  molasses  found  its  market  as 
usual  in  the  United  States,  cane  spirit  being  the  only  bye-product 
of  the  industry  which  was  exported  elsewhere,  principally  to  the 
United  Ki:igdom  and  Spanish  America. 

Very  little  change  la  noticeable  in  the  quantity  of  leaf  aud 
scrap  tobacco  exported  last  year,  60  per  cent,  of  which,  including 
a  la^e  proportion  of  the  better  grades,  went  to  the  United  States. 
Of  the  remainder,  two-thirds  found  a  market  in  Germany.  The- 
value,  however,  shows  a  falling-off  -of  somewhat  over  250,000/.  as 
compared  with  the  preceding  year,  due  to  inferiority  in  the 
i^uality. 

On  the  other  hand  there  has  been  an  increase  both  in  th& 
value  as  well  as  in  ti>e  number  of  the  c^^r8  exported,  the  figurea 
for  the  past  two  years  being  reepectively  aa  follows: — In  1900, 
209,194,632  cigars,  worth  2,382,153^.,  and  in  1901,  213,571,93* 
cigars,  worth  2,496,355/. 

This  increase  occurs  principally  in  the  exports  to  the  United 
Kingdom  and  British  possessions,  which  in  1901  numbered 
103,176,822  cigars,  or  nearly  half  the  total  exports,  as  against 
94,228,05fi  cigars  the  previous  year.  There  was  also  an  increase 
of  1,340,000  cigars  iu  the  exports  to  the  United  States,  but  a 
falling-off  of  some  extent  in  those  to  Germany  and  France. 

The  other  principal  articles  of  export,  besides  sugar  and 
tobacco,  are  as  follows : — 

Cabinet  woods,  for  the  most  part  mahogany,  worth  237,903/. ; 
exported  principally  to  the  United  States  and  in  a  lesser  d^ree  to 
Germany  and  the  United  Kingdom. 

Fruita,  comprising  bananas,  pineapples  and  cocoanuts,  worth 
199,9492. ;  aU  of  which  found  a  market  in  the  United  States. 

Ores,  chiefly  iron  and  manganese,  worth  187,607/. ;  all  of  which 
were  shipped  to  the  United  States. 

Honey  and  wax,  worth  91,947i. ;  exported  principally  to 
Germany  and  in  a  lesser  degree  to  France  and  the  United  States. 

Cacao,  worth  78,735/.;  to  the  United  States  and  a  little  t» 
Spain. 

Hides,  worth  45,496/. ;  principally  to  France  and  Germany, 
and  finally,  unspecified  articles,  worth  296,888/. ;  among  which  are 


d  by  Google 


CPRA. 


13 


incluJud  sponges,  to  the  value  of  95,000/.,  fibres,  drugs  ^iiid  dyes, 
asphalt,  tortoiae-ahell,  fresh  vugetablcs,  and  imported  articles' 
re-exported. 

It  will  ba  observed  that  in  almo:)t  all  the  above  articles  there 
lias  been  au  increase  in  the  value  expoi-ced  as  compared  with  the' 
previous  year. 

In  order  to  facilitate  comparison  with  previous  years  I  append  BritUli  bwl« 
a  table  in  the  same  form  as  that  given  in  ray  last  report,  showing  ^^  Oab*. 
the  imports  of  British  goods  ioto  Cuba :— 


Vslno. 

Article*. 

1900. 

1901. 

£ 

£ 

AitiolM  of  food  md  drink           

882,600 

048,000 

CoUooi 

SSS,SOI) 

081,800 

UneoB         

377,700 

314,000 

WooUenB 

SI.SOO 

66,800 

156,600 

161,900 

61,100 

io,sao 

S4,800 
41,300 

188,*00 

110.800 

Tout 

2,823,100 

2,287,600 

Note.— In  the  abore  table  the  imports  of  British  Indian  ilea  shipped  thransli 
BambDi^  hare  bean  added  to  tlie  total  Briliib  imports  u  giren  in  the  eaitonu 
ratiinu,thetalDetbeingufuirova:— laieoo,  ISS.OOU.,  and  in  1901,  2S3,700L 


Although  British  imports  held  their  own  fairly  well  in  the 
past  year,  it  is  disappointing  to  find  no  signs  of  any  eSbrts  being 
made  by  our  merchants  or  manufacturers  to  compete  in  new 
branches  of  trade.  This  is  the  more  to  be  regretted  as  our 
existing  trade  is  restaicted  to  comparatively  few  articles,  ui  none 
of  which  can  we  expect  to  retain  our  present  share  unchallenged 
for  any  length  of  time,  in  view  of  the  efforta  being  made  by  our 
American  rivals  to  improve  their  commei«ial  position  here, 
favoured  as  they  are  by  cheaper  freights  and  more  expeditious 
■delivery. 

The  exports  from  Cuba  to  the  United  Kingdom  during  the 
past  year  call  for  no  special  remark,  being  confined  as  heretofore- 
almost  entirely  to  cigars,  rum  and  cabinet  woods.  There  is, 
however,  a  ^neral  impression  that  next  year  large  shipmenta  of  ■ 
low  grade  unrefined  sugar  will  be  made  to  the  United  Kingdomt 
Moreover,  the  Government  is  doing  all  in  its  power  to  induce 
farmers  to  cultivate  cotton,  for  which  it  is  said  the  soil  and 
climate  are  specially  favourable.  Should  this  industry  be 
eveiitually  established,  it  is  more  than  likely  that  the  product 
will  find  a  market  in  the  United  Kingdom,  thus  adding  con- 
siderably to  the  commercial  intercourse  between  the  two  countries. 

There  can  be  no  question  that  much  more  could  be  done  in  K«w 
this  market  if  our  traders  would  take  auffioient  trouble  to  -  briftg  J"^' 


d  by  Google 


14  CUSA. 

their  gooils  before  the  notice  of  the  purchasing  public,  and  I 
caonot  do  better  than  give  for  their  information  a  list  of  articles 
of  fairly  large  conaumption  in  Cuba  which  at  present  are  scarcely 
imported  at  all  from  the  United  Kingdom,  although  they  are- 
manufactm-ed  or  produced  there : — 


foilUh 
Prodsca  uid 
Htnuhetore. 


Bo«U  and  «hoe«        

CmI 

MumlactDiei  of  wood,  indDdiag  famltare  . , 

Paper  and  manDractiircj 

ItfiD  and  rteel  rsiU 

Sotpa  

Hannfutum  of  glut         

StrnetuTal  Iron  sod  itml  and  heavj  cMttng* 
Steam  cnginea,  bollen  and  locomotircB    .. 

Hata  anil  cap*  

,  Candles  

Monobctnies  of  leat&er  olhar  Uiao  booti  and  b1io«« 
Small  inachlnciy,  typewriteri,  Micmg  machine*,  Im. 

Wire  and  wire  cable 

Patent  medicines 

Books 

Cemeot  

PerfnineT; 

Clockaand  watchet 

Jeveller/ 

Bailwajr  and  tram-car*        

Gamea  and  toji        

FUt«dwaT« 

Onnpoirder 

Total  


SMfiOO 

sss.soa 

31  MOO 
188,200 
1S7,80O 
11S,000 
115,100 
107,800 
77,000 
08,400 
61,800 
52,400 

no,soi) 

60,300 
40,720 
4S,S00 

4a,eoo 

40,000 
27,940 
82,200 
2a,S0O 
2],S40 
20,800 
18,000 
15,400 


4,000 
18,200 
1,400 


2,1SO,200 


Id  addition  to  the  above,  228,400/.  worth  of  unspecified  articles 
were  imported,  of  which  only  12,800/.  were  of  Sriiish  origin. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  field  ia  a  larce  one,  aud  it  only  reiuaius 
to  be  considered  how  it  can  best  be  avaued  of. 

Before  making  any  suggeatious  as  to  the  beat  means  of  pushing 
■  Briti^  trade  here,  I  will  commence  by  calling  attention  to  the 
ignorance  of  the  conditions  and  needs  of  Spanish  American 
markets,  which  I  fear  is  very  general  in  British  commercial  circles, 
and  which  must  be  remedied  if  we  wish  to  hold  our  own  against 
the  keen  competition  we  have  to  face  at  the  present  day.  I  should 
mention  that  the  following  remarks  in  no  way  apply  to  the  textile 
goods  trades,  in  which  the  canvassing  for  oidei'e  is  generally 
entrusted  to  men  of  experience  and  ability,  sent  out  from  the 
United  Kingdom,  who,  by  keeping  their  principals  thoroughly  well 
informed  as  to  the  constantly  varying  minutise  of  the  businees, 
enable  tliem  to  meet  their  customei's'  wishes  to  the  beat  advantage. 
It  is  probably  due  in  great  measuie  to  this  that  textile  goods 
represent  so  lai^e  a  proportion  of  our  total  trade  with  Spanish 
America. 


d  by  Google 


CUBA.  15 

The  British  mercbaut  or  manufacturer  wisliiog  to  exteod  his 
busioeBy  generally  writes  in  the  first  iustance  to  tliu  Consular 
officers  in  the  country  with  which  he  intends  opening  relatiooSt 
asking  them  either  to  surest  Home  person  to  act  as  his  agent,  or 
to  send  him  the  names  and  addrcsssB  of  the  principal  merchants 
who  deal  in  articles  similar  to  those  in  which  he  himself  ia 
interested.  Having  thus  secnred  a  base  of  operations  he  sends, 
-out  his  catalogues  and  particulars  of  the  terms  on  which  he  is 
prepared  to  do  business,  and  olten  finds  someone  willini^  to  under- 
take his  agency.  In  tiie  great  majoiity  of  eases,  however,  the 
resnlt  is  di8coui'a;^ing  and  little  or  no  business  ensues.  Though 
the  reasons  tor  this  may  not  always  be  the  same  in  each  case  they 
will  piobably  be  found  among  the  following: — 

1.  Catalogues  are  usually  sent  out  in  English,  or,  if  in  Spanish, 
the  translations  are  frequently  so  defective,  especially  in  the 
rendering  of  technical  terms  and  in  the  descriptions  of  the  uses 
and  appliciLtions  of  the  various  articles,  as  greatly  to  diminish 
their  utility. 

2.  The  prices,  weights  and  measures  given  are  almost  invari- 
ably English,  thus  entailing  on  the  agent  or  the  customer  the 
labour  of  reducing  them  to  local  standards.  It  would  certainly 
seem  to  lie  to  the  interest  of  persons  wishing  to  find  a  market  for 
their  goods  to  offer  tbem  to  possible  purchasers  in  such  a  way  as 
to  be  most  easily  intelligible  to  them, 

3.  Mention  is  very  rarely  made  in  English  price  lists  of  tb'.: 
weights  or  shipping  measurements  of  goods  packed  ready  for  ship- 
ment, or  any  formula  for  estimating  this.  In  couutri&i  where 
land  as  well  as  sea  freighta  are  expensive,  and  where  perhaps  duty 
also  is  leviable  on  gross  weight,  it  la  most  essential,  especially  in 
the  case  of  heavy  or  bulky  articles,  to  have  these  particulars  in 
order  to  estimate  the  probable  cost.  Moreover,  in  localities  whete 
the  only  means  of  transport  is  by  pack  mules,  it  is  very  important 
to  know  if  machinery  can  be  supplied  in  pieces  which  can  be 
carried  in  this  way. 

4.  In  most  catalogues,  and  particularly  in  those  which  are  got 
up  with  little  regard  to  detail,  a  notice  will  be  found  to  the  eBect 
that  "the  fullest  particulars  can  be  obtained  on  application." 
British  merchants,  however,  should  bear  in  mind  that  purchasers 
nowadays  will  not  take  the  trouble,  save  in  very  exceptional  cases, 
to  write  to  ask  for  such  particulars,  whereby  they  would  perhaps 
waste  weeks  or  even  months,  but  will  prefer  to  take  what  they 
can  get  near  at  hand.  In  countries  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  and  the  Caribbean  Sea,  it  is  due  principally  to  the 
proximity  of  the  United  States  and  the  possibility  of  getting 
orders  filled  more  quickly  there  than  in  the  United  Kingd<Hn 
that  American  trade  has  succeeded  in  supplanting  ours  in  many 
directions.  While  this  advantage  is  due  to  geographical  condi- 
tions, the  effect  of  which  can  only  be  partially  obviated  by  the' 
greatest  attention  to  promptitude  in  the  despatching  of  goods, 
there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  be  accentuated  by  negligence  on 
the  part  of  our  merchants  in  describing  the  articles  they  wish' 
to  sell. 


d  by  Google 


16  CUBA. 

5.  From  the  foregoing  remarks  it  will  be  seen  that  c&telogaes, 
in  order  to  be  of  real  value,  should  contain  all  the  data  necessary 
to  enable  poasible  purchasers,  unacquainted  with  English  money, 
weights,  or  measures,  to  form  a  fairly  close  estimate  of  the  cost 
of  the  different  articles,  placed  in  their  own  country,  with  the 
least  trouble  to  themselves.  Tliey  should  also  be  translated  into- 
Spanish  by  persons  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  language  and 
with  the  commercial  terms  in  current  use.  In  the  case  of 
machinery  and  appaiatus  of  all  kinds,  their  uses  and  applications 
should  be  described  in  language  which  is  intelligible  to  non-pro- 
fessional people,  and  technical  terms  should  be  eschewed  as  mucli 
as  possible.  General  information  also  in  tabulated  form,  especially 
on  engineering  and  industrial  subjects,  adds  to  the  value  of 
catalogues  and  promotes  frequent  refei'ence  to  them.  Finally,  I 
have  seen  one  or  two  catalogues  got  up  by  British  firms  with 
admirable  code  systems  attached,  whereby  even  extensive  orders, 
with  shipping  directions  and  full  instructions  as  to  packing,  &c., 
could  be  cabled  by  the  use  of  a  very  few  words.  Such  a  system 
cannot  be  too  highly  recommended  as  affording  a  means  of  shorten- 
ing the  time  which  must  elapse  between  the  sending  of  the  order 
and  the  receipt  of  the  goods,  without  the  nece58ity  of  going  to 
great  expense  in  tel^raphing. 

6.  The  successful  introduction  on  a  strange  market  of  new 
articles,  or  articles  of  makes  hitherto  unknown,  calls  for  the 
exercise  of  tlie  highest  commercial  qualities  and  also  for  the  judicious 
outlay  of  a  certun  amount  of  money.  It  is  not  sufficient  for  the 
agent  to  bring  the  merits  of  the  goods  he  is  pushing  to  the  notice 
of  his  own  immediate  circle ;  he  must  make  them  more  widely 
known  by  advertisement,  and  he  must  also  be  in  a  position  to 
show  the  articles  themselves  and  to  arrange  for  their  being  seea 
by  as  many  of  the  purchasing  public  as  possible. 

Unfortunately,  manufacturers,  as  a  rale,  are  unwillii^  to. 
fnrniah  money  to  their  agents  for  advertising,  and  rarely  do  more 
than  send  tbem  out  some  goods  for  sale  on  commission,  leaving 
the  duties  and  expenses  to  he  defrayed  by  them.  Moreover,  the 
temas  they  generally  offer,  involving  as  they  do  only  prospective 
advantages  more  or  less  remote,  are  seldom  attractive  enough  ta 
induce  agents  to  take  much  trouble  or  to  risk  any  money  in, 
pushing  their  business. 

It  may  then  be  said  that  the  appointment  of  unpaid  agents, 
who  are  not  authorised  to  go  to  any  expense  for  account  of  their 
principals,  is  rarely  productive  of  any  practical  results  in  building 
up  new  trada 

7.  Finally,  British  merchants  will  do  well  to  realise,  in  entrust- 
ing their  agencies  to  foreigners,  that  the  spirit  of  international 
rivalry  in  trade  is  a  factor  to  be  taken  into  considei'ation,  and  that 
most  people  will,  not  unnaturally,  recommend  the  products  of 
their  own  countiy  in  preference  to  those  of  others  when  the  two 
in  any  way  compete. 

More  than  one  case  has  come  under  my  personal  notice  in 
which  foreign  firms,  while  acting  as  agents  for  British  manu- 


d  by  Google 


CUBA.  17 

factnrers,  finding  tliat  certain  articles  met  with  a  readr  acceptance 
by  the  public,  have  had  them  copied  in  their  home  factories  at  a 
slightly  reduced  price,  and  have  introduced  the  imitations  on  the 
market,  thus  supplanting  the  very  trade  they  were  supposed  to  be 
farthering,  and  I  have  been  given  to  understand  that  trie  practice 
is  by  no  means  uncommon. 

In  thus  calling  attention  to  some  of  the  defects  in  the  means 
adopted  by  our  merchants  to  oiien  up  new  fields  of  trade  in  Spanish 
America,  to  which  I  think  is  due  in  great  measure  the  restriction 
of  our  imports  into  those  countries  to  comparatively  few  articles 
of  established  reputation,  I  do  not  wish  to  imply  that  the  circula- 
tion ol  really  well  got  up  catalogues  and  price  lists,  the  eanvassing 
of  markets  by  competent  travelletB  with  samples,  and  the  appoint- 
ment of  local  agents,  even  thongli  not  always  British,  may  not  be 
productive  of  some  results.  They  do  not,  however,  succeed  in 
attaining  the  ultimate  object  aimed  at,  namely,  that  of  bringing 
the  goods  before  the  notice  of  the  actual  consumer,  on  whose 
acceptance  of  them  depends  the  success  of  the  enterprise.  For 
this  the  active  and  intelligent  co-operation  of  the  retail  dealer  is 
required,  especially  in  the  case  of  articles  of  relatively  small  eou- 
sumption  and  of  those  which  are  new  to  that  particular  market, 
and  it  is  scarcely  necessary  to  add  that  the  more  direct  his  rela- 
tions can  be  made  with  tlie  manufacturer,  with  proper  regard  to 
security  for  payment,  the  more  profitable  will  be  the  busintss. 

Unfortunately  Englishmen  rarely  engage  in  retail  trade  in  the- 
Spanish -American  Republics,  and  the  ultimate  channel  through 
which  all  goods  must  pass  before  reaching  the  consumer  is,  there- 
fore, entirely  controlled  either  by  natives  of  those  countries  or  by- 
Spanish,  French,  Gennan,  or  American  houses. 

I  have  already  pointed  out  that  our  merchants  in  pushing  the- 
sale  of  their  goods  cannot  reasonably  expect  any  very  enthusiastic 
assistance  from  foreign  firms,  who,  from  a  national  standpoint  are 
their  rivals  in  t'ade,  except  jwrhaps  where  the  existence  of  an 
established  stea<ly  business,  or  the  prospect  of  unusual  profits 
affords  a  special  inducement ;  and  I  am  convinced  that,  until  these 
conditions  are  altered,  we  shall  be  practically  shut  out  from  par- 
ticipating in  the  new  and  more  diversified  trade  which  i3  growing 
up  with  the  increase  of  wealth  and  refinement,  besides  having  to 
face  keener  competition  each  year  in  that  vhich  we  have  come  to 
regard  as  peculiarly  our  own. 

However  desii-able  from  the  standpoint  of  our  national  interests. 
may  be  the  establishment  of  retail  shops  in  the  countries  to  which. 
I  am  specially  referring,  it  is  doubtful  if  they  would  prove- 
profitable  to  individual  traders  in  view  of  the  more  than  ordinary 
difKculties  to  be  encountered,  the  details  of  which  it  is  unneces- 
sary to  go  into  here. 

Suffice  it  to  say  that  they  are  enough  to  deter  most  people- 
from  embarking  in  such  enterprises.  But  this  objection  does  not 
apply  to  large  stores  combining  a  wholesale  and  retail  business. 
owned  by  wwlthy  iimis  or  companies  and  backed  by  ample  capital, 
and  I  have  for  many  years  past  repeatedly  called  attention  in  my 
(184)  B 


d  by  Google 


18  CUBA. 

snuual  reports  to  the  pn)fitable  nature  of  such  undertakings,  and 
the  immense  aasiBtance  they  would  be  able  to  render  to  the 
advancement  of  Briush  trade. 

Conditions  in  Havana  are,  I  think,  especially  favourable  for  the 
operation  of  a  British  trading  company,  organised  with  the  objecta 
above  mentioned : — 

1.  Ketail  prices,  except  in  the  case  of  articles  of  large  con- 
sumption, are  extremely  high,  and,  although  freights  from  Europe 
are  not  dear  and  import  duties  average  verj-  little  more  than  25 
per  cent,  on  invoice  values,  it  is  rare  to  find  any  goods  priced  at 
less  than  100  per  cent,  in  excess  of  their  original  cost.  Especially 
is  this  the  case  with  medicines  and  drugs  of  all  kinds,  as  well  as 
with  fancy  articles.  Moreover,  few  shops  here  keep  any  very  large 
assortment  of  goods  in  stock,  thus  adding  to  the  labour  and  incon- 
venience of  shopping  in  a  tropical  climate,  A  lai^e  general  store, 
then,  dealing  in  a  great  variety  of  articles,  would  not  only  he  in  a 
position  to  compete  successfully  with  its  smaller  rivals  owing  to 
greater  economy  in  its  management  and  working  expenses,  and 
through  being  in  a  position  to  purchase  direct  from  the  manu- 
facturer, thus  saving  commissions  to  middlemen,  but  it  would  also 
attract  custom  by  the  facilities  it  would  offer  to  the  public  for 
making  all  their  purchases  in  the  same  building. 

2.  In  its  wholesale  department,  the  company  would  be  able  to 
supply  goods  on  commission  to  retail  dealers  throughout  the 
country,  being  enabled  to  do  so  with  safety  from  the  facilities  it 
would  have  for  ascertaining  locally  the  credit  and  standing  of 
the  individuals,  and  for  exercising  control  over  their  operations,  a 
class  of  business  which,  though  highly  profitable,  it  is  needless  to 
Bay  cannot  be  engaged  in  without  great  risk  by  merchants  resid- 
ing in  distant  countries. 

3.  From  tlie  faeilities  it  would  have  for  reaching  the  public 
direct  througli  its  retail  department  as  well  as  through  its  country 
customers,  it  would  be  in  a  better  position  to  act  as  agents  for 
British  manufacturers  than  any  private  Urm,  and  might  reason- 
ably expect  to  control  this  business  almost  entirely,  with  notable 
advantage  to  British  commerce, 

4.  Finally,  being  neeesaarily  in  business  relations  with  many 
merchants  and  manufacturers  in  the  United  Kingdom,  it  would 
rarely  if  ever  happen  that  the  company  would  be  unable  at 
once  to  obtain  a  supply  of  any  goods  ordered,  as  not  infrequently 
happens  in  the  case  of  agents  of  individual  firms,  to  the  great 
prejudice  of  our  trade. 

While  I  am  strongly  of  opinion  that  an  oi^nisation  on  lines 
somewhat  similar  to  those  I  have  just  indicated,  embracing  the  two 
features  of  ample  capital  (obtained  either  through  the  association 
of  merchants  and  manufacturers,  or  by  ordinary  financial  methods) 
and  combination  of  retail  with  wholesale  business,  would  exercise 
a  very  powerful  iuflueuce  in  stimulating  our  commerce,  I  do  not  of 
course  wish  to  imply  that  other  means  cannot  be  found  to  promote 
the  same  end  on  a  smaller  scale. 

I  have  already  called  attention  to  the  dearuess  <>f  all  articles 


d  by  Google 


CUBA.  19 

sold  retail  at  Havana,  except  those  of  very  large  cousutnptiou,  and 
I  think  that  advantage  might  be  taken  of  this  by  active  and  enter- 
prising men  witliont  much  capital  to  introduce  the  same  articles  in 
small  quiuitities  by  means  of  the  parcels  post,  as  soon  as  a  nonvention 
for  that  purpose  is  made  with  Cuba,  or  by  arraugeuient  for  the  trans- 
mission of  parcels  with  the  owners  of  steamers  now  sailing  at 
stated  intervals  from  the  United  Kingdom  to  Cuba.  The  saving 
thus  effected  to  the  coosuuier  would  be  very  considerable,  as  the 
charges  on  goods  sent  in  tiiis  way,  over  and  above  tlie  first  cost, 
would  be  restricted  to  the  actual  freight,  the  actual  duties,  and  the 
commission  to  the  agent  for  his  trouble.  Moreover,  the  assortment 
of  articles  thus  rendered  available  for  purchase  would  be  practically 
unlimited  in  its  variety,  while  the  articles  themselves  would  arrive 
fresh  and  new,  instead  of  being  soOed  and  faded,  as  they  so  often 
become  after  a  few  months  exposure  in  the  shop  windows.  The 
importance  of  these  advantages  makes  it  probable  that,  if  they  were 
properly  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  purchasing  public,  a  not  in- 
considerable trade  might  be  built  up  in  this  way. 

In  order  to  start  such  a  business  the  agent,  who  should  of 
course  be  well  acquainted  with  the  retail  trade,  and  be  able  to  speak 
Spanish  fluently,  would  only  require  to  open  a  convenient  office, 
centrally  situated,  and  well  stocked  with  illustrated  catalogues  and 
price  lists ;  to  spend  sufficient  money  in  judicious  advertising  to 
make  himself  known ;  and  to  enter  into  arrangements  with  some 
bank  whereby  purchasers  could  be  guaranteed  against  loss  in  pay- 
ing for  their  goods  before  receiving  them.  A  comprehensive  code 
system,  whereby  orders  could,  if  necessary,  be  telegraphed  at  a 
moderate  expense,  would  add  considerably  to  the  advanti^es  the 
agency  would  offer  to  the  pubUa 

Before  concluding  this  subject  there  are  three  other  points  to 
which  I  would  call  attention : — 

1.  British  manufactures,  especially  cutlery  and  hardwares  of 
all  kinds,  when  of  cheap  make  are  usually  very  unattractive  in 
appearance,  in  strong  contrast  to  American  and  German  goods  of 
similar  quality.  It  is  obvious  that  this  must  be  altered  if  our 
manufacturers  wish  to  retain  their  share  of  the  trade  in  such 
articles,  which  is  yearl)'  increasing  in  importance. 

2.  It  is  often  hard  for  people  m  the  United  Kingdom  to  realise 
that,  in  the  Western  hemisphere,  where  industries  are  relatively 
apeiddng  in  the  experimental  stage  and  new  methods  are  conatantly 
superseding  the  old,  great  durability  in  certain  articles,  if  accom- 
panied by  unnecessary  weight,  is  not  always  regarded  as  aa 
Etdv&ntage.  Such,  however,  is  the  case,  and  the  lighter  American 
machinery  will  often  be  taken  in  preference  to  more  substantial 
articles  of  British  make,  partly  because,  while  their  first  cost  is 
necessarily  less,  they  are  considered  sufBciontly  strong  to  do  the 
work  required  of  them  for  a  i-easonable  length  of  time,  and  partly 
owing  to  the  economy  eSected  in  freight,  which,  where  loi^ 
distances  have  to  be  traversed  by  cart  or  pack  mules,  often 
represents  a  sum  eqnal  to  or  even  greater  than  the  original 
purchase  price  of  the  article  itself. 

(184)  B  2 


d  by  Google 


:':  It  not  unfi-equently  happens  that  persons  sending  ordei'S 
I'luni  distant  countries  are  informed  that  the  goods  asked  for  are 
not  in  stock  and  cannot  be  supplied  for  some  considerable  time. 
In  the  case  of  first  orders  this  almost  invariably  results,  not  only 
in  the  customer  going  elsewhere  for  what  he  wants,  but  also 
in  the  permanent  loss  of  what  might  have  proved  to  be  a  valuable 
trade  cotmectioii.  Manufacturers  would  do  well  to  bear  in  mind 
that,  although  for  the  moment  they  may  have  all  and  more  than 
all  they  can  do,  it  is  not  wise  in  these  days  of  keen  competition  to 
reject  a  new  customer,  wlioae  business  it  would  in  almost  every 
case  be  possible  to  retain  by  taking  a  little  trouble  to  have  his 
order  tilled  at  some  other  factory. 
1  The  value  of  the  Spanish  silver  dollar  has  varied  during  the 
past  year  in  its  relation  to  the  Spanish  gold  dollar  as  follows : — 


Higheil  . 
Lowest    , 


Xqniralenl 


The  selling  rates  in  Spanish  gold  dollars  of  bills  on  London  at 
tlii-ee  days'  eight  during  the  same  period  were  aa  follows  : — 


PtemloB. 

Eqiil»»l«nt 
toll. 

HigbM 

Lowert 

Mmh 

Pet  cent 

f.i 

Dol.  c. 
S    41 
S    31 
B     871 

The  vitality  shown  by  Cuba  in  the  rapid  rehabilitatioa  of  its 
sugar  industry  during  1899-1900,  with  practically  no  fiaaucial 
assistance  from  abroad,  to  which  I  called  attention  in  my  last 
annual  report,  has  been  still  more  strikingly  exemplified  by  the 
remarkable  progress  which  has  been  since  made,  in  spite  of  the 
continued  steady  fall  in  the  value  of  sugar  and  the  discouraging 
prospects  of  the  market  The  crop  of  1900-01,  which  proved  to 
amount  to  635,856  tons,  realised  very  fair  prices  on  the  whole, 
averaging  a  little  over  10s.  per  cwt. ;  but  the  fall  which  commeaoed 
in  January  became  far  more  accentuated  in  September,  and  the 
known  existence  of  unusually  large  stocks  of  beet  as  weU  as  cane 
sugar  in  the  principal  markets  excited  the  gravest  apprehension 
among  the  planters.  Meetings  were  held,  and  appeals,  which 
received  the  active  lapport  of  the  Military  Governor,  were  made  to 
the  United  States  Grovemment  to  grant  a  reduction  in  the  duties 
on  Cuban  sugar,  in  which  it  was  positively  stated  that,  if  the 
existing  crisis  continued,  a  lai^  proportion  of  the  factories  would 


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CUBA.  21 

lie  shut  down,  thousands  of  people  would  be  thrown  out  of  employ- 
ment, commerce  would  be  paralysed,  the  revenues  of  the  Govem- 
ment  would  fall  off,  and  widespread  misery  culminating  probably 
in  public  disorders  would  be  the  result.  After  months  of  fetation 
in  the  Press  of  the  United  States  as  well  as  of  Cuba,  the  American 
Congress  adjourned  without  having  done  anythii^  in  the  matter, 
and  in  the  meanwhile  by  far  the  largest  crop  taken  in  since  1895, 
amounting  to  over  800,000  tons,  was  successfully  harvested  and 
has  eventually  been  sold  at  prices  which  have  averaged  a  tride 
over  Qs.  Id.  per  cwt.  In  spite  ot  the  very  low  price  obtained,  none 
of  the  evils  which  were  so  confidently  predicted  have  coma  to  pass. 
Not  a  single  factory  failed  to  work  to  its  fullest  extent ;  the 
demand  for  labour,  in  view  of  the  magnitude  of  the  crop,  was 
greater  if  anything  than  in  previous  years ;  and  the  low  price  at 
which  the  sugar  was  sold  being  compensated  by  the  much  larger 
output,  imports  and  consequently  also  the  customs  receipts 
have  shown  no  falling-off  at  all — rather  the  contrarj'.  More- 
over, to  the  surprise  of  everybody  the  threatened  severe  losses 
to  individual  planters  have  been  proved  to  be  wholly  iint^inary 
and,  while  the  profits  made  have  not  of  course  been  suflncient  to 
meet  heavy  mortgage  charges,  I  have  heard  of  no  well  appointed 
estates  on  which  the  working  expenses  were  not  amply  covered, 
besides  leaving  in  many  cases  a  smsll  margin  of  profit. 

The  crisis  then,  far  from  being  disastrous,  has  really  been 
of  immense  service  to  the  island,  in  forcing  the  planters  to 
be  economical  in  the  man^ement  of  their  plantations  and  in 
teaching  them  what  can  be  done  in  that  direction,  with  the  result 
that,  whereas  three  years  ago  it  was  thought  impossible  that  sugar 
could  be  made  profitably  for  Ss.  6rf,  per  cwt,  there  are  not  wanting 
now  planters  wno  hope  to  bring  the  cost  of  its  production  down 
to  as  low  as  1  c  per  lb. 

Tinder  the  present  conditions  Cuba  has  little  or  nothing  to  fear 
from  the  competition  of  other  countries  in  the  production  of  sugar, 
whether  cane  or  beet,  and  there  is  every  reason  to  expect  that, 
when  the  bountiea  on  beet  sugar  are  abolished,  she  will  r^ain  the 
dominant  position  she  formerly  occupied  in  the  world's  markets, 
which  she  will  have  fairly  won,  thanks  to  the  enei^  and  tenacity 
of  her  planters. 

The  tobacco  crop  of  1901  was  the  best  that  has  been  known  TobaoM 
for  many  years,  being  not  only  fairly  plentiful  in  quantity  but  iniu^r. 
fdso  of  excellent  quality,  as  r^ards  wrappers  as  well  as  fillers. 
The  prices  of  thia  tobacco,  which  is  now  (1902)  being  made  up, 
are  rather  high  owing  to  the  small  amount  of  old  stock  left  over 
from  the  previous  year. 

The  extreme  sensitiveness  ot  the  tobacco  plant  to  excessive 
heat  and  glare,  and  to  the  effects  of  very  heavy  rains,  as  well  as 
the  dangers  to  which  it  is  exposed  from  the  attacks  of  insects, 
have  induced  some  planters  to  try  the  experiment  of  affording  it 
a  certain  amount  of  shelter,  by  covering  in  their  fields  with  an 
awning  made  of  a  loosely  woven  cotton  ff^ric  known  in  the  United 
States  as  cheese-cloth,  which  is  stretched  on  poles  at  a  height  of 


d  by  Google 


22  CUBA. 

about  8  feet  above  the  grouud.  The  plau  is  aot  new,  being  prac- 
taed  to  some  extent  in  the  United  States  and  in  yumatra,  but 
whether  it  will  give  good  results  or  not  in  Cuba  remains  to  be 
Been.  The  Government  of  the  Kepublic,  with  the  object  of  assisting 
the  industry,  has  taken  ofT  the  import  duty  on  cheeee-cloth  intended 
for  this  purpose,  but  in  spite  of  this  it  is  estimated  that  the  expense 
of  covering  in  laud  in  this  w£y  represents  an  additional  cost  per 
bale  of  toba«x>  in  the  first  year  of  between  3L  and  il.,  or  about 
35  per  cent,  of  its  selling  value. 
;.  In  my  last  report  I  ^timated  the  number  of  cattle  in  the  ialaud 
at  the  end  of  1900  at  approximately  550,000  head,  since  when 
there  has  been  a  further  addition  to  it  of  180,000  head  by  importa- 
tion, besides  the  natural  increase.  The  accuracy  of  this  estimate 
is  borne  out  by  a  return  recently  published  by  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture,  in  which,  by  actual  enumeration,  the  number  of  cattle 
on  December  31,  1901,  is  shown  to  have  been  758,305. 

In  the  sajne  report  I  mentioned  that  a  number  of  cattle  for 
breeding  purposes  had  been  imported  by  the  Government  and 
distributed  among  the  small  farmers  on  easy  terms  of  payment. 
This  experiment  has  had  very  good  results,  more  than  half  the 
value  of  the  cattle  having  been  already  refunded,  and  has 
encouraged  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  to  ask  for  a  grant  from 
Congress  to  enable  him  to  repeat  it  on  a  more  extensive  scale 

At  the  present  rate  of  increase  the  island  will  in  three  or  four 
years'  time  not  only  be  entirely  self-supporting  as  regards  its  meat 
supply,  but  will  be  in  a  position  to  furnish  as  well  all  the  dairy 
products  required  for  its  consumption,  such  as  butter,  cheese  and 
oondensed  milk,  which  are  now  imported  fram  abroad  at  a  cost  of 
over  200,000/.  a  year. 

The  other  stock  in  Cuba,  besides  cattle,  at  the  end  of  1901 
were  as  follows : — 122,521  horses ;  20,942  mules ;  and  1,326  aaees. 

Unfortunately  no  statistics  were  published  by  the  Military 
Government  since  1899  showing  the  movement  of  foreign  shipping 
hy  flags  at  all  the  ports  of  Cuba.  The  gross  foreign  tonn^;e 
employed  in  the  carrying  trade  was,  however,  considerably  larger 
in  1901  than  in  the  previous  year,  owing  to  the  increase  of 
800,000  tons  in  the  amount  of  sugar  exported,  the  greater  part  of 
which  was  shipped  through  the  ports  of  Cardenas,  Cieofu^oe, 
Matanzas  and  Caibarien. 

The  data  for  the  port  of  Havana  were  as  follows : — 


d  by  Google 


Eeturn  of  all  Foreign  ShippiDg  nt  tlie  Port  of  Havana  during 
the  Year  1901. 


BBt«r«L                               ClMTwl. 

Number  of       „ „       Nomber  of 

Vewelt.      I    Tonn««e.         y^,. 

Tonaage. 

BriU»b 

Am«ricBD 

Spuiah 

NonregUn 

Oennui 

Franeh 

1«        1        21B,469               lOE 
724        !     1,078,419               714 
170                878,838               IBS 
258                !2B,Bfl4               238 

ss      ,       61,680           ae 

ae                  49,708                 26 
71        1          64,Sil                 65 

218,587 
1.089,725 
372,648 
221,997 
47,683 
4S,e2S 
43,418 

Total     .. 
«    1900        .. 

1,48*        1     8,064,894            1.416 
1,480             1,844,704            1,401 

2,048,929 
1.847^20 

Voix.— H»Ting  been  aiuble  to  proenre  the  number  and  tonnag^e  of  Oab«n 
vaneli  entered  and  daand  in  1901,  I  naTo  dednctad  the  carrMpoading  Sgnraa  from 
the  tola!  for  1900  in  oidor  to  tSoii  a  soirect  baalB  for  oomparlson. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  and  tonnage  of   the  Britiih 
British  vessels  entered  at  and  cleared  from  Havana  in  1901  -. —       pipping  at 

Entered. 


WiUh  Cargo. 

Id 
Namb«r 

Ballaat. 

TotaL 

Conntr;. 

Knmber 

Number 

• 

of 

Tona. 

of 

Toiia. 

ot 

Tou 

Teael* 

Uoited    Kingdom 

OolDDiea 

S3 

17,176 

1 

8.078 

28 

19,254 

Dnited  States    .. 

88,871 

18 

Hexioo,     Centwl 

•Dd      Soath 

America 

as 

86,480 

1 

2.188 

89 

67,893 

Cnban  porta       .. 

6 

8,847 

6 

8,847 

18 

21,768 

IS 

88,786 

ToUl 

143 

181,890 

80 

88,879 

168 

218,469 

„    IMO  .. 

828 

Sti.IS7 

< 

iA26 

228 

BB1,M8. 

d  by  Google 


CUBA. 

Gleabed. 


•y^dTR 


With  Cargo, 

Id  Baltut. 

i             'i 
Humbori 

Total. 

CooDtry. 

Nnmber 

Nomberl 

of 

Tuns. 

'       of            Ton* 

of      ,     Tom. 

Vaneh. 

VeauU' 

To(«eli. 

Vniled    EiDgdam 

bud       BriUtn 

ColonJw 

3       1       3,STS 

8      !       a,8T6 

Unitod  Sutea    .. 

27 

J8,752 

j      (9       ,      6B,W)8 

9S      1    107,281 

Mexico,     Ceutral 

: 

•Dd      South 

AmeriM 

5 

10.ei7 

1       19      ;      28,766 

24            37,878 

Cabui  porta 

22 

iO,B78 

20    ,    2e,eBo 

42      '      70,S2B 

ToUl 

54 

100,8*7 

1   n:       118,180 

165      ,    218,887 

„  leoo  .. 

72 

112,483 

IBl          137,137 

2SS          219,609 

It  will  be  seen  that  in  spite  of  tlie  general  iucrease  in  the 
Cuban  carrying  trade  the  entiiea  of  British  vessels  have  continued 
to  fall  off  very  considerably. 

In  the  direct  trade  22  vessels  entered  in  cai^o  and  one  in 
ballast  from  the  United  Kingdom  and  British  possessions,  of 
which  17,  with  a  tonnage  of  5,121  tons,  were  small  Canadian 
schooners  bringing  cargoes  of  potatoes  or  lumber,  and  the  remainder 
were  steamers  from  British  porta  with  geniiral  cargoes.  In 
addition  to  these,  12  otlier  steamers,  aggregating  24,095  tons, 
brought  cargo  from  British  ports  after  touching  on  the  way  at 
Antwerp  or  "Vigo.  The  actual  amount  of  cargo,  mostly  general, 
brought  by  these  18  steamers  was  approximately  15,300  tons,  or 
somewhat  under  half  their  registered  net  tonnage;  66  vessels, 
steamers  and  saihng  vessels  combined,  averaging  1,000  each, 
brought  coal,  lumber,  cattle  or  general  cargo  from  American 
ports,  and  38  steamers  brought  cattle  from  Mexico  and  the  Republics 
bordering  on  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

No  British  vessel  cleared  with  cargo  for  any  British  or  colonial 
port ;  27  took  cargoes  of  sugar  or  molasses  direct  to  New  York, 
and  22  more  partially  loaded  at  Havana  and  then  proceeded 
to  other  Cuban  ports  to  take  in  the  remainder  of  their  carge. 
A  large  proportion  of  the  total,  however,  took  no  cargo  at  all  i'rom 
Havana,  but  cleared  in  ballast  to  porta  of  tlie  United  States  or 
of  Central  or  South  America, 

In  my  report  for  1899  I  called  attention  to  the  absence  of 
any  British  line  of  first-class  freight  and  passenger  steamers 
running  at  regular  intervals  to  and  from  Havana,  and  to  the 
influence  such  a  line  would  liave  in  stimulating  trade  between 
the  two  countries;  and  last  year,  in  giving  evidence  before  the 
House  of  Commons  Committee  on  Shipping  Subsidies,  I  pointed 
out  the  desirahihty  of  the  Government's  encouraging  the  estab- 
lishment of  such  a  line  by  the  grant  of  a  subsidy,  even  though 


d  by  Google 


ouly  for  a  limited  period,  in  view  of  the  opposition  it  would  have 
to  encounter  at  the  outset,  and  the  service  it  would  render  to 
British  commerce.  The  publication  during  the  past  year  by  the 
Military  Government  of  Cuba  of  a  most  interesting  series  of 
returns,  showing  the  nationality  of  the  veseels  in  which  all  the 
merchandise  imported  into  aud  exported  from  Cuban  ports  was 
carried,  supplies  a  great  deal  of  valuable  information  bearing  on 
the  subject. 

The  data  themselves  are  so  instructive  that  I  give  tliem  here- 
with in  tabulated  form. 

Table  showing  the  Value  of  the  Imports  from  all  Countries  to 
Cuba,  and  the  Nationality  of  the  Vessels  in  which  they 
were  brought  in  the  Calendar  Year  1901. 


F» 

k!,X.  "'■■ 

Frine.. 

o<mur 

ConoWM. 

gsnr::;    :: 

1«0,0«I 

i,i»a,iwi  1  i,»«,i»o 

n»,ooi> 

"»•"" 

EM,ooa 

DM 

'"^    

e,T8T 

M,«»T  1     n,tm 

T,»M 

,.m 

10,M1 

uo,m 

Tabia  showing  the  Value  of  the  Exports  from  Cuba  to  all 
Countries,  and  the  Nationality  of  the  Vessels  in  which  they 
were  carried  in  the  Calendar  Year  1901. 


nnlied 
Stun. 

KIlTgdO. 

SptlD. 

iiaVooo 

Fninc*. 

,„„. 

AO  Dtbar 

S"::    :: 

s,i«a.en 

lOB.SM 

1,MT,M» 

Voiii 

S,I17 

200 
2,000 

-17,«7 

n.siT 

9,000 
3,«l 

4^ 

ie;oM 

SS,000 
U,1M 

•11,000 

IW,IW 

«]bulH«ii  tppU«d  bj 


The  first  point  which  naturally  attracts  attention  is  the  very 
small  proportion  of  the  British  imports  into  Cuba  which  was 
brought  in  British  bottoms.  If  we  compare  this  with  the  trade  of 
other  foreign  countries  we  find — 

(184)  0 


d  by  Google 


Impsrbi. 

fipuii'tb 
AmericftQ    .. 
Qerman  .. 

BritiihorCoionUl!! 


All  these  countries,  with  the  exception  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
have  direct  lines  of  steamers  running  to  Cuba,  which  would  seem 
to  account  for  tlie  relatively  large  proportion  of  their  merchandise 
which  was  brought  under  their  own  Hag. 

A  considerable  part  of  the  British  merchandise  carried  in 
foreign  bottoms  is  brought  in  Spanish  steamers  belonging  to  the 
Serra,  Flecha,  Arrotegui,  and  Larriuaga  lines,  which  sail  from 
Liverpool  to  Cuban  ports  by  mutual  arrangement  as  nearly  as 
possible  weekly,  thus  affording  a  practically  regular  tboi^h  some- 
what slow  service.  The  vessels  belonging  to  the  first  three  of 
these  lines  are  partly  British  owned.  In  the  past  year  47  steamers 
under  the  Spanish  flag  belonging  to  the  above'  four  companies, 
with  a  gross  tonnage  of  108,489  tons,  cleared  from  Liverpool  to 
Cuba,  either  direct  or  touching  at  Spanish  ports  en  route,  returning 
by  way  of  the  United  States. 

A  large  quantity  of  British  goods,  exceeding  in  value  those 
broi^ht  in  British  vessels,  are  sent  under  through  bills  of  lading 
by  way  of  New  York,  where  they  are  transhipped  to  American 
steamers  of  the  Ward  line,  thus  arriving  in  Cuba  from  the  United 
Kingdom  in  less  than  15  daye.  This  shows  the  demand  of  the 
present  day  for  quick  transport,  even  thouj^h  entailing,  aa  it  does, 
greater  expense  for  freight  and  other  charges,  and  a  certain  amount 
of  rough  usc^e  to  the  packages  arising  from  the  extra  handling  in 
transhipment. 

In  the  case  of  the  exports  the  resiilts  shown  are  still  more 
remarkable — 


Sxport*  to  —                      P«r  C«dL 

Carried  ta- 

Frwce 91 

Sptin 78 

United  Statet. '            45 

Q«nnMiy        T 

United  Eingdom  tQd  BHtish 

FreDch  ihipt 
Sp«nidi    ,. 
Imflricnniliips 
Oeraunalilpi 

Btitiah      „ 

In  the  case  of  the  United  States,  recourse  is  had  to  foreign 
vessels  for  the  service  of  tlieir  import  as  well  as  export  trade  with 
Cuba,  owing  to  the  insufficient  number  of  American  vessels,  a  de- 
ficiency which  will  probably  be  made  good  at  no  very  distant  date. 

In  the  case  of  Germany  and  the  United  Kingdom  the  exports 
from  Cuba,  consisting  largely  of  cigars,  are  sent  by  way  of  the 
United  States  owing  to  the  quicker  delivery  by  that  route. 


d  by  Google 


CLBA.  27 

The  losB  then  to  our  carrying  trade  of  the  freight  oq  the  cigars 
shipped  to  the  United  Kingdom,  which  is  worth  at  present'  rates 
About  20,000/.  a  year,  and  of  that  on  the  400,000/.  of  merchandise, 
roughly  epeabing,  which  ia  now  being  sent  by  way  of  New  York, 
must  be  ascribed  directly  to  the  absence  of  any  but  slow  cargo 
steamers  running  between  the  United  Kingdom  and  Cuba,  and 
«onatitutes  a  strong  argument  in  favour  of  the  establishmeRt  of  a 
faster  service.  It  is  obvious,  however,  that  in  order  to  regain  this 
trade,  which  was  formerly  controlled  exclusively  by  the  Royal 
Mail  Steam  Pucket  Company,  it  would  be  necessary  to  fnmisn  a 
service,  almost,  if  not  quite,  equal  in  point  of  speed  to  that  of  the 
Kew  York  route,  there  being  always  a  certain  advantage  in  direct 
aliipment,  and  the  vessels  of  the  new  line  would  therefore  have  to 
be  fast  enough  to  make  the  voyaqe  between  Liverpool,  or  some 
other  British  port,  and  Havnna  iu  12  or  13  days.  This  would,  of 
course,  call  for  tirst-class  steamers,  the  running  expenses  of  which 
would  be  necessarily  high,  and  it  remains  to  be  seen  if  the  freight 
prospects  are  aulliciently  encouraging  to  induce  shipowners  to 
seriously  entertain  such  a  project.  They  may  be  summed  up  as 
follows: — 

1.  Freight  on  400,000/.  worth  of  goods  now  brought  by  way  of 
New  York. 

2.  Freight  on  over  100,000,000  cigars  now  shipped  to  the 
United  Kingdom,  also  by  way  of  New  York. 

3.  A  share  in  the  freight  on  the  3O0,O00Z.  worth  of  goods  now 
brought  from  the  United  Kingdom  direct  in  British  vessels. 

4.  A  share  in  the  freight  on  the  1,150,000/.  worth  of  goods 
now  brought  from  the  United  Kingdom  in  Spanish  vessels. 

5.  The  building  up  of  a  very  fair  passenger  tra£Qc,  which  would 
undoubtedly  follow  the  establishment  of  a  fast  line  to  the  United 
Kii^dom,  whereby  passengers  would  avoid  the  expense  and  trouble 
at  present  attendant  on  transhipment  at  New  York. 

6.  The  increase  in  our  trade  with  Cuba,  which  might  reason- 
ably be  expected  to  result  from  so  great  an  improvement  in  the 
means  of  communication. 

7.  Should  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  return  freights  from  Cuba 
prove  an  insuperable  obstacle,  it  would  always  be  possible  for  the 
steamers  to  proceed  from  Havana  to  New  Orleans  or  Galveston, 
and  take  cargo  from  there,  calling  again  at  Havana  on  their  home- 
ward voyage. 

Finally,  it  will  be  observed  from  the  same  tables  that  only 
8  per  cent,  (by  valae)  of  the  total  Cuban  imports,  and  16  per  cent 
■of  the  exports  were  carried  in  British  bottoms,  while  American, 
Spanish  and  Norwegian  vessels  carried  respectively  33,  28  and 
17  per  cent,  of  the  imports,  and  51,  5  and  17  per  cent,  of  the 
exports. 

Some  explanatiim  of  the  iaUing-oS'  in  the  British  shipping 
engaged  in  the  Cuban  carrying  trade  may  be  found  iu  the  em- 
ployment of  lat^e  numbers  of  British  steamships  in  the  past  year 
or  two  in  the  South  African  transport  service ;  but  the  fact  cannot 
t>e  overlooked  thatNorw^au  vessels  are  not  only  supplanting  British 


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28 


CDBA. 


in  point  of  iiumbera,  but  are  also  carrying  more  cargo  in  relatiou 
to  their  tonnage.  Tbb,  I  am  aBSured,  is  due  partly  to  the  low 
rates  of  wages  paid  on  these  ships  and  partly  to  their  loading 
deeper  than  Brilisli  ships,  but,  whether  other  circumstances  as 
well  have  contributed  or  not  to  bring  it  about,  the  result  is  of 
serious  importance  to  British  shipping  interests,  especially  when 
taken  in  coimectiou  with  the  ^owth  of  the  Americau  mercantile 
marine,  owing  to  which  the  United  States  are  becoming  every 
year  less  dependent  on  foreign  shipping  for  the  conveyance 
of  its  mercbaQdise  to  and  from  Cuba. 
I  The  following  tabls  shows  the  revenue  and  expenditure  of  th& 
Military  Government  during  the  calendetr  year  1901,  ae  compared 
with  1900. 

Unfortunately  the  expenditure  last  year  was  classified  under 
different  heads  from  those  given  in  my  last  report,  thus  making 
comparison  impossible. 


1901. 

IMO. 

£ 

FromcuBtoms            ..                    3.131,638 
„     iMtal  mitIm     .         ..             71,813 
„     int«rDiillaiei..          ..           ISP.TTfl 
„     miKclluiaoD fi3,3>fl 

£ 

8,327,804 

9*,308 
188,738 

ae,7S8 

Tolal           ..                    8.S9E,Ur 

3,481.078 
S,8S9,B30 

D«Scit         ..         ..'         8tO,lSB 

78,413 

"nui 

■tMbtietof 


On  the  transfer  of  the  Government  to  the  new  Cuban  Eepublie 
on  May  20,  1902,  the  funds  in  the  Treasury,  after  payment  as. 
far  as  practicable  of  all  obligations  of  the  Military  Government 
to  that  date,  amounted  to  137,826^.,  subject,  as  the  Military 
Governor  stated  in  his  .speech,  "  to  such  claims  and  obligations- 
properly  payable  out  of  the  revenues  of  the  island  as  may 
remain." 

The  mortality  in  Havana  in  the  year  1901  amounted  to  5,720, 
representing  a  death-rate,  calculated  on  an  average  population  of 
258,560,  of  only  2211  per  1,000.  This  shows  a  considerable 
improvement  over  1900,  when  the  number  of  deaths  was  5,102 
and  the  rate  24-40  per  1,000  inhabitauts. 

The  principal  causes  of  death,  as  compared  with  the  previous 
Tear,  were  as  follows : — 


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NDmber 

From— 

1901. 

1»"0. 

800 

8S1 

1,016          ' 

606 

Oig*a\e  diseuM  of  the  heart  . . 

it!         1 

US 

MeningiiJi  {Bimpl*)      .. 

3B5 

DisGun  of  the  arl«ti«. . 

ISI 

3U 

2Tfl          ! 

819 

YelloirrevBT       

27        ; 

31 S 

140 

185 

OthercaoKi 

3,112 

2.38T 

TotU 

3,720          i 

6,102 

The  great  increase  iii  the  moilality  fiom  diarrhea  was  found 
to  arise  from  the  practice  at  some  of  the  market  gardens  of 
qprinlfling  vegetables,  especially  lettuces,  with  sewt^  liquid, 
which  it  is  scarcely  necessary  to  uay  has  been  stopped. 

On  the  other  hand  the  gi-eat  decrease  in  the  yellow  fever  cases, 
which  numbered  only  58  with  27  deaths,  must  be  directly  ascribed 
to  the  precautions  taken  to  prevent  the  sjjread  of  infection  by 
screening  the  patient  from  the  bites  of  mosquitoes,  which  are  now 
recognised  as  being  the  means  whereby  the  infection  is  carried, 
and  to  the  destruction  of  the  insects  themselves  by  the  extensive 
use  of  petroleum. 

The  birtlis  returned  during  the  year  1901  numbered  5,721,  as 
against  6,755  in  1900. 
■    In  conclusion,  it  is  highly  satisfactory  to  note  the  remarkable  Conoltuioii. 
progi-ess  the  island  has  made  in  the  past  three  years,  in  npite  of 
the  deplorable  condition  in  which  It  was  left  at  the  end*of  the 
war. 

The  production  of  sugar  has  risen  fi-om  335,000  tons  in  1899 
to  over  800,000  tons  in  1902,  and  will  probably  reach  1,000,000 
tons  in  the  coming  crop ;  the  cultivation  and  manufacture  of 
tobacco,  as  wall  as  the  minor  industries,  show  considerable 
improvement  i  the  stock  of  cattle  in  the  island,  thanks  to  the 
large  importations,  now  numbers  upwards  of  750,000  head,  as 
compared  with  less  than  200,000  head  at  the  banning  of  1899; 
and  tiaaUy  the  value  of  the  exports  has  increased  from  9,260,000/. 
to  12,655,000/.,  and  would  have  reached  a  much  higher  tigure  but 
for  the  fall  in  the  price  of  sugar. 

Considering  how  little  financial  assistance  the  Cubans  have 
received  from  abroad,  it  speaks  very  highly  for  their  enei^  and 
industry  that  they  should  have  achieved  so  much  in  so  short  a 
time  and  with  sueli  limited  resources  at  their  command,  and 
affords  strong  grounds  for  believing  that  the  work  of  developing 
the  island's  industries  anew,  commenced  under  such  difficult 
conditions,  will  be  persevered  in. 

As  a  commerci^  nation  we  cannot  afford  to  be  mere  passive 
(184)  D 


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30  CUBA. 

spectators  of  the  dawning  prosperity  of  a  country  which  already 
imports  nearly  two-thirds  as  mutdi  as  the  richest  of  the  Spanish- 
American  Republics,  nor  can  we  hope  to  profit  by  any  iDcrease  in 
her  trade,  nor  even  to  retain  the  share  of  it  we  at  present  enjoy, 
save  by  the  most  atrenuous  efforts,  in  view  of  the  competition 
we  have  to  face  in  her  markets. 


LOITDOHi 

Printed  for  HU  ]fi|j«rtr'i8tatl«Mi7  OOe^ 

Bt  HABBISOl?  AKD  SQSB, 

Prlaten  in  Ordlnvj  to  Hi*  Kq'MFtj. 

(76    IO|02-HJe8    1S1) 


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No.  2847  Annual  Series. 
DIPLOMATIC  AND  CONSULAR  REPORTS. 


UEUGUAY. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  TEAR  1901 


TRADE,    COMMERCE    AND    FINANCE    OF    THE 
REPUBLIC    OF    URUGUAY. 


RKPEBENCE  TO  PKEVIODS  REPORT,  Annual  Series  No.  2638. 


PrtmOed  to  both  HovtM  of  Parliament  6v  Ooinjnand  of  His  Majetty, 
JULY,  1902. 


LONSOHt 

FBDTTBD  TOR  EI8  MAJESTTB  BTATIONEBY  OFFIO^ 

BT  HABBISON  ASD  SOIfS,  ST.  UABTIN'S  L1.NI. 


or  OLITBB  h  BOTD,  BiiiirauB«a  i 
«r  B.  PONSONBY,  110,  Qunox  Bamuc,  JiVKUtM. 

1902. 
[Od.  786—151.]  Price  Three  Halfpence. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


C  01^  TENTS, 


Wool 


NaliTe  indiutriM   . 
^tnn  pnMpectt  .. 

B*l>nce  of  (ndfl 

Sbltiitiiial  tablil..... 


VoTB.—In  tbii  BepoH  exduge  it  ealooUted  »t  *  doL  70  o.  to  th*  IL 


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No.  2847.  Aimnal  Series. 

B^renee  to  prmwm  Baporty  Annual  8one»  No,  2536. 


Report  on  the  Trade,  Covitn-erce  and  Finance  of  the  Sepublio  of    ' 
Uruguay  for  the  Year  1901 

By  Me.  Consul  ELekvbt. 

(BMciTed  at  Foreign  Offloa,  Jane  14, 1902.) 

The  year  1901,  if  its  record  iiaa  not  been  brilliant,  has  atc^encni 
least  closed  with  -a  hopeful  outlook  for  the  future,  and  has  been  rmii»A«. 
marked  by  one  or    two    events  of    the  first  importance  to  the 
Kepublic. 

If  the  optimistic  prognostications  concerning  increasing  trade 
and  enhanced  revenues  have  not  been  entirely  realised,  there  have 
nevertheless  not  been  wanting  signs  of  that  reviving  confidence 
which  must  necessarily  be  the  precursor  to  any  lasting  improve- 
ment. The  most  potent  factor  conducing  to  thia  happy  condition 
of  things  has  undoubtedly  been  the  peaceful  settlement  of  the 
recent  elections  by  a  general  armngement  between  the  various 
parties  as  to  the  disposition  of  seats  in  the  chambers,  an  arrange- 
ment which  was  rendered  necessaiy  to  prevent  a  Governmental 
deadlock,  and  possible  disturbances  in  the  near  future. 

As  regards  the  public  debt,  the  only  issue  which  has  taken 
place  during  the  year  has  been  that  of  1,000,000  dols.  (about 
212,766/.)  of  the  Extraordinaiy  Loan,  1897,  3rd  Series,  for  the 
final  payment  of  the  stilt  outstanding  costs  of  the  pacification  of 
the  country  in  1897,  and  for  a  grant  of  200.000  dols.  (42,553i.) 
to  the  National  Charity  Commission, 

The  services  of  the  various  debts  and  the  amortisations  hjive 
been  regularly  and  punctually  carried  out,  and  the  total  debt, 
notwithstanding  the  new  emission,  now  stands  at  26,550,000/., 
or  150,000/.  less  than  in  1900. 

The  foreign  debts,  consisting  of  the  3^  per  cent,  consolidated, 
and  the  5  per  cent,  of  1896  loans,  have  been  reduced  by  99,000/. 
by  amortisation  during  the  year,  and  tt^ther  amount  to 
21,105,000/.  Taking  the  population  of  the  Eepublic  at  960,000 
(the  last  estimated  figure),  the  burden  of  debt,  foreign  and  inteiiial, 
borne  by  each  inhabitant  amounts  to  over  27/.  per  head,  a  heav}~ 
load  for  a  comparatively  undeveloped  country  to  struggle  under. 

A  table  giving  a  complete  summary  of  the  indebtedness  of  the 
Bepublic  will  be  found  on  p.  21. 

(120)  A  2 


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The  official  estimates  of  the  revenue  of  the  country  fur  the 
past  year  have  unfortunately  been  somewhat  above  the  mark. 
InBtead  of  realising  3,431,000^.  as  estimated,  the  total  taxation  and 
custom-house  duties  produced  only  3,307,000/.,  or  a  difference  of 
124,000i 

This  difference  is  almost  wholly  accounted  for  through  the 
failure  of  the  customs  duties  to  show  the  considerable  increase 
expected;  these  fall  short  of  the  estimate  by  some  119,000/. 

To  ascertain  in  the  iirst  place  the  cause  of  the  estimate  having 
been  placed  at  so  high  a  figure,  it  is  necessary  to  review  the 
situation  in  previous  years.  In  the  year  1899,  with  the  prospects 
of  peace  and  reform,  there  was  a  slight  general  improvement 
in  the  foreign  commerce,  and  there  was  every  reason  to  hope 
that  this  improvement  would  be  maintained. 

The  next  year  started  well,  high  prices  being  obtained  for 
cattle,  and  wool  went  up  to  figures  not  seen  for  a  long  time, 
which  rejoiced  the  hearts  of  the  sheep  owners.  The  latter  mostly 
succeeded  in  disposing  of  their  stock  at  inSated  prices,  and  when, 
shortly  afterwards,  the  disastrous  break  in  values  occurred,  the 
buyers  who  hai]  not  had  time  to  ship  and  re-sell  their  stock,  found 
themselves  with  their  warehouses  full,  and  with  practically  no 
market  except  at  ruinous  prices.  In  these  circumstances  they 
held  on  as  long  as  they  could,  and  this  undoubtedly  caused  a 
bad  effect  on  the  miirkets  generally,  brining  about  a  considerable 
diminution  in  the  despatch  of  merchandise  from  abroad. 

In  framing  the  estimates  for  the  year  1900-01,  therefore,  these 
special  circumstances  had  to  be  taken  into  account,  and  improved 
receipts  from  the  custom-house  could  justly  be  expected.  Once 
again,  however,  results  failed  to  come  up  to  expectation. 

The  Director  of  Customs,  in  a  memorandum  on  the  subject, 
endeavours  to  explain  the  causes,  and  adduces  the  argument  that 
the  usual  slaughtering  of  cattle  took  place  later  than  usual,  and 
that  therefore  there  waa  an  unwonted  delay  in  the  exports  of 
slaughter  house  produce  in  general.  He  also  explains  that  the 
new  season's  wool  was  being  shipped  extremely  slowly,  and  that 
these  factors  combined  produced  a  general  paralysis  in  the  com- 
merce of  the  country  districts,  causing  operations  to  be  limited 
to  the  capital,  and  thus  reducing  the  demand  for  foreign  goods. 

I  do  not,  however,  consider  these  to  be  aiguments  of  great 
importance,  as  the  exports  from  this  country  are  always  subject  to 
somewhat  violent  fiuctuations  and  changes,  both  in  regard  to 
quantity  and  time 

Another  point  on  which  the  Director  touches,  and  which 
undoubtedly  exercises  a  great  influence  on  Uie  revenue  from 
imports,  is  the  gradual  establishment  of  native  industries,  favoured 
by  the  high  import  duties. 

The  figures  given,  showing  the  decline  in  revenue  on  certain 
articles  niade  in  the  country,  which  are  banning  to  oust  those  of 
foreign  manufacture,  are  quite  remarkable,  the  difference  between 
the  yeats  1899  and  1900  being  no  less  than  402,800/.  (decreased 
revenue). 


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Alcohol,  common  wine,  beer,  cheese,  starch,  lineeed  oil,  caodlee, 
readyraade  cluthing,  and  certiiio  woollen  and  mixed  cloths  show 
the  lar;;e8t  differences,  the  importation  of  wine  especially  beii^ 
reduced  by  more  than  one  lialf. 

Complete  details  such  as  the  above  for  the  year  1901  are  not 
yet,  uulortanately,  available  from  the  custom-house,  but  the 
native  industrieB  are  authoritatively  said  to  be  growing  apace,  and 
have  contributed,  no  doubt,  by  their  comparative  immunity  from 
taxation,  towards  the  sl^ht  falling-off  of  some  16,300^.  in  the 
revenue  from  customs  import  duties  in  1901.  From  the  few 
particulars  which  have  come  to  hand,  I  find  that  last  year 
there  was  a  fuither  i-eduction  of  17,000?.  in  the  value  of  drinka 
imported ;  soft  goods,  77,800/. ;  and  ready-made  clothing,  32,400/. 
Other  items  are  grouped  together  in  general  totals,  but  those 
enumerated  above  account  twice  over  for  the  reduction  in  general 
revenue. 

In  commercial  circles  the  necessity  fur  a  thorough  revision 
of  the  taxation,  both  as  regards  the  customs  tariff  and  internal 
imposts  generally,  has  universally  been  acknowledged.  The  tariff 
is  antiquated  and  the  valuations  in  many  cases  excessive,  pi'e.ssii^ 
on  certain  branches  of  trade  to  the  ultimate  detriment  of  the 
revenue,  and  the  inconvenience,  to  say  the  least  of  it,  of  the 
public  A  general  revision  of  the  tariff  was  oixlered  sumo  years 
ago,  and  I  believe  a  committee  was  appointed  for  this  pur[io3e, 
but  I  am  not  aware  of  any  report  having  been  presentt-d,  or, 
if  80,  of  any  action  having  been  taken  in  the  matter. 

The  result  of  the  year's  finances  has  been  a  tiual  deficit  of 
114,200/.,  but  as  the  Government  has  a  lecal  right  l^>  draw  u]i  to 
1,000,000  dol.  (212,76di.)  on  the  bank  of  the  H^public,  without 
security,  there  is  no  necessity  for  recourse  to  fresh  burrowing,  and 
it  is  confidently  expected  that  the  natural  developnuiut  of  the 
country  will  cause  this  adverse  balance  to  more  than  disappear  by 
the  end  of  the  current  year. 

The  principal  exports  from  Uruguay  are   live-stock   (horses,  JJ^crlfc 
mules,  oxen,  sheep,  &c.),  wool,  jerked  beef,  hides,  extract  of  beef, 
slaughter-house   products,   agricultural  products,   seal-skius,    and 
provisions  for  vessels. 

The  exports  during  1901  have  been  the  lowest  recorded  since 
1893,  and  have  to  compare  with  another  bad  year  in  1900.  The 
low  pricea  which  have  been  ruling  for  wool  during  1900  and  the 
earlier  months  of  1901  are  responsible  in  great  measure  for  the 
low  totals,  as  this  product  accotmts  for  about  one-third  of  the  total 
exports.  The  returns  for  1901  are  given  at  6,900,000i,  as  against 
6,258,000/.,  a  falling-off  of  358,000/.  The  failure  of  the  wheat 
crop,  with  its  consequent  decreased  exportation  (including  flour, 
bran  and  other  derivatives)  of  334,000/.,  practically  make  up 
this  sum. 

Another  quit©  unforeseen  cause  of  the  reduced  exportation  is 

the  inability  of   the  Brazilian   market   to   absorb  the  stocks  of 

jerked  beef.     Brazil  is  the  great  market  for  this  product,  and  those 

concerued  here,  resting  in  optimistic  security,  and  relying  on  the 

^120)  A  3 


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perpotual  continuance  of  a  steady  demand,  have  allowed  the  times 
to  outstrip  them.  Not  until  trouble  actually  overtook  tbem  did 
they  betMnk  them  of  modem  scientific  methods  such  as  have 
been  long  in  vogue  in  the  Argentine  Kepublic  and  other  countries, 
and  of  fresh  markets.  The  Brazilian  Government  recently  imposed 
a  tax  of  Id.  per  kilo.  (2^  tba.)  on  preserved  provisions,  and  jerked 
beef  not  being  specified  amongst  the  exceptions,  the  authorities 
b^an  to  collect  the  tax,  which  in  this  ease  had  only  been  0^.  The 
margin  of  profit  for  the  Uruguayan  manufacturer,  already  small, 
practically  dwiudled  away,  and  matters  were  made  worse  by  a 
prolonged  drought  which  forced  stock-owners  to  press  their  cattle 
on  an  already  glutted  market.  Diplomatic  representations  were 
made  with  the  view  of  obtaining  remisaion  of  the  tax,  and  it  is 
hoped  that  they  may  be  successful. 

The  tigiires  at  present  obtainable  do  not  show  the  quantities 
and  value  of  wool  shipped  during  1901,  but  I  am  able  to  give  the 
quantities  of  the  clip  and  the  season's  shipment.  The  total  cUp 
for  the  season  1900-01  amounted  to  42,250  tons,  gainst  42,623 
tons  in  1899-1000.  The  stock  remaining  on  hand  and  p^sed 
on  to  this  season's  clip  was  6,200  tons. 

The  position  up  to  April  15,  1902,  is  as  follows: — 


DfliTsriee  from  October  1,  1901,  to  ApiU  16, 1902 

Btook*  in  tbe  coui^trj 

DeliTrries  kt  small  porti 

ToW     ..  ..  .. 


6,000 
,40,260 


Quantity. 

ahipped  ill  Monte  Tid«o  &om  Ootober  1,  1901,  to 

Aprill6,1902        

Tntraiuit        

Stock 

Torn. 

28,876 
2,186 
2,760 
6,000 

Totel 

10,260 

Placing  the  total  production  of  the  country  at,  rov^hly, 
45,000  tons,  the  different  classes  of  wool  may  be  divided  sb 
follows : — 

Extra  superior  in  fineness  and  quality  come  principally  from 
the  Departments  of  Flores.  Durazno,  San  Jos^,  Colonia,  Eio  N^ro 
and  Soriano,  and  amount  to  about  14,000  tona 

Qood  clean  wools,  not  quite  first-class,  come  chiefly  from 
Florida,  Tamarembo,  Paysandu,  Minaa  and  Treinta  y  Tree,  con- 
tributing some  12,000  tona. 


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ORDOUAY.  7 

Second-class  wools,  of  good  quality,  but  not  so  ime  as  the 
above,  come  to  about  10,000  tons,  and  are  sent  fjrom  the 
Departments  of  Cerro  La^o,  Rocha,  Maldouado,  Bivepi,  Qtilijo 
and  Artigas. 

Fine  and  coarse  crosses,  amounting  to  2,000  tons,  ai^e 
produced  almost  entirely  in  Soriano,  Colonia,  San  Jos^,  and 
Florida.  2,500  tone  of  lambswool  ("borr^o"),  and  4,500  ton^ 
of  belly  wool  complete  the  tale. 

The  value  of  the  whole  wool  clip  for  the  last  two  seasons, 
ending  1901  and  1902  may  be  taken  at,  approximately  2,500,000^, 
The  prospects  for  the  next  season  are  eneoun^ng,  as  owing  to 
the  reduction  of  scab,  and  the  comparatively  small  mortality 
amongst  the  lambs,  some  considerable  increase  may  be  expected. 

The  following  table  classifies  the  exports  under  separate  general 


Value, 
1900.                    1901. 

Linitook          

Other  produeta 

ProTuioai  for  Tcosals   .. 
Cnebnified        

£            '              £ 
113,660                JO0.73O 
6,660,960             6,B17.2au 
855.240                lel  640 
100.780                181,820 
25,620                  27,210 
1,470                    1.380 

Total 

6.257,630             6,900,240 

I  understand  that  considerable  niuubers  of  horses  and  mules 
have  been  bought  here  for  shipment  to  South  Africii ;  they  are 
seat  over  to  Buenos  Ayres,  and  shipped  from  that  port.  Some 
have  been  included  in  lots  bought  for  account  of  His  Majesty's 
Government  in  the  Ai^entine  Bepublic,  and  others  are  sent  out 
by  speculators,  and,  on  arrival,  find  a  ready  sale. 

The  imports  from  foreign  oountries  in  1901  were  some  61,000^.  In 
short  of  those  in  the  previous  year,  and,  as  ali'eady  explained  in 
another  place,  this  comparatively  small  difference  may  be  easily 
accounted  for  by  the   growth  of  local  industries  and  manufac- 
tures. 

I  am  inclined  to  believe  that,  with  continued  quiet  in  the 
political  world,  there  will  be  a  steady,  if  small  improvement.  In 
the  days  of  extravagant  expenditure  a  fictitious  temporary  pros- 
perity prevailed,  and  considerably  larger  figurea  for  imports  were 
registered  ;  but  the  inevitable  reaction  could  not  fail  to  set  in,  and 
now  perhaps  we  may  take  the  values  of  the  last  three  or  four  years 
sa  normal  The  returns  for  the  first  three  months  of  1902  have 
(120)  A  4 


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Tood>»ti& 


already  ahown  some  improvement,  and  there  is  no  reason  to 
snppoae  that  thia  wiU  not  be  maintained  throi^hout  the  year. 

Beverages  in  general  are  reduced  by  16,800/.,  no  doubt  due 
chiefly  to  the  large  quantities  of  wine  now  produced  in  the 
oonDtry,  wine  which,  although  of  a  third-rate  description,  succeeds 
iu  meeting  with  a  ready  consumption. 

Foodstuffs,  cereals  and  spices  show  a  small  increase  of  36,600/. 

There  is  a  rise  of  4,5002.  or  more  than  10  per  cent,  iu  the 
:£bB«M  lud  ^uc  of  tobacco  and  cigars  imported ;  this  uotwithetanding  the 
cigmn.  continued  growth  of  tobacco  locally. 

Eaw  materials  and  machinery  show  the  only  other  increase,  a 
considerable  one,  of  116,'700/.  Separate  details  are  not  yet  avail- 
able in  moat  cases. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  Measi-s.  Wilson  Sons  and  Company,  I 
am  enabled  to  give  the  figures  for  the  coal  imported  from  the 
United  Kingdom  and  the  United  States  for  the  years  1900  and 
1901.     They  are  as  follows ; — 


maohin^T'. 


^- 

<l«wtitT. 

X900. 

1801. 

United  Kingdom 
UnitedStMM 

TODB. 

311,312 
4,178 

Tom. 

291,271 

6,765 

Tout 

316,486 

>»7,<n6 

The  figures  given  elsewhere  for  the  year  1900,  obtained  from 
Governmental  statistical  soureea,  refer  presumably  to  the  quantity 
of  coal  imported  into  the  Republic  for  local  consumption. 

Soft  goods  and  ready-made  clothing,  show  a  material  decrease 
owing  to  competition  from  native  manufactories. 

There  is  also  a  diminution  under  the  heading  of  live-stock, 
oansed  by  the  r^ulations  which  were  in  force  during  the  year, 
prohibiting  the  importation  of  cattle  from  the  United  Kingdom. 

The  following  table  shows  the  differences  in  the  amount  of 
goods  imported  last  year,  as  compared  with  1900:^ — 


d  by  Google 


DRDGDAY. 

Impokts. 


AMiolei.. 

V^UA. 

1900. 

ISOl. 

£ 

e 

BaTemgM  in  generml 

502,8ftO 

K6,(m 

1,054,940 

1,091,450 

44,770 

49,920 

Soft  goodii,  Ar. 

873,680 

887,490 

Keod^-nuule  obllliDg 

277,070 

203,060 

Ban  iDUeruila  and  mochinen     . . 

),548,8B0 

1.650,110 

LiTBItOok 

214.880 

175,060 

690,240 

548,280 

Total 

5,101,700 

5,OW,M0 

There  were  only  677  animals  importeti  at  Monte  Video  in  1901, 
as  compared  with  1,232  in  1900.  This  is  explained  by  the  decree 
issued  in  May  of  1901  piohibitiDg  the  free  lauding  of  live-stock 
owiny  to  the  supposed  existence  of  foot-and-mouth  disease  in 
Europe. 

I  give  below  full  details  of  the  imports  lor  the  year  1900, 
-which  are  the  latsst  obtainable,  and  as  the  import  trade  follows 
very  much  the  same  channels  year  after  year,  they  are  not  perhaps 
mthout  some  value. 

Drinks  in  general,  602,886/.,  were  about  the  same  as  the  year  Dtinto  in 
before.  Spain  is  the  largest  contributor,  with  279,789i.,  piinci^^ly  e^""^ 
in  ordinary  wine  {270,000i.).  Italy  is  next  with  102.000/.  France 
foUowiny  with  78,000^.,  in  each  case  ordinary  wine  being  the 
princi[:^  detail.  The  United  Kingdom  figures  only  for  4,000/., 
including  whiskey  1,700/.  The  rapid  growth  of  the  local  wine 
industry,  helped  by  protective  duties,  tends  to  reduce  the  imports 
from  abroad. 

Sweetstuffs,  4,178/.    The  United  Kingdom  with  890/.  is  thiid  Sweetituff!. 
to  Brazil  and  France. 

Spices,  26,000/.     Italy  provides  about  half  the  total  quantity ;  iipioe*. 
the  United  Kingdom  is  third  with  l,5fl0t 

Dried  fruits,  34,800/.     Spain  sends  10,000/.,  chiefly  raisins ;  Dried  fmiu. 
Italy,  figs  and  chestnuts  10,000/. ;  Chili,  nuts  and  dried  peaches 
8,000/. 

Vegetables  and  cereals,  238,900/.  Potatoes,  valued  at  111,000/.,  VmdUble* 
and  rice  with  and  without  husks,  are  the  two  principal  items  under  *"^'*"^'' 
this  head.  There  is  now  very  little  rice  coming  into  the  country 
without  husks,  owing  to  the  threshing  machinery  having  been  put 
up  locally.  The  custom-house  duty  on  rice  with  husks  is  1  c.  a  kilo, 
(about  2/.  2s.  Qd.  per  ton)  and  on  that  without,  4  c.  a  kilo.  (8/.  10"-. 
per  ton). 

Germany  sends  lice  valued  at  24.000/.  Chili  sends  beaiia 
valued  at  9,200/.  Potatoes  are  France's  principal  contribution 
Bice  comes  from  Italy  also  valued  at  54,000/. 


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10  ORUGUAY. 

BhelUih  Shellfish  and  dried  fiah,  24,300^.     (Jermany  is  the  cheif  pur- 

HiddriBdflah.  veyor  of  cod  and  such  like  lish.  her  total  exports  amounting  to 
11,200/.  Sardines,  valued  at  11,000/.,  come  from  Spain  and  Ftance. 

Snndfr  Sundry  comestibles,  721,800/.     In  raw  sugar,  out  of  a  total  of 

comoAiblM.  274,000/.,  Germany  sells  177,000/.;  Belgium,  87,000/.  It  is  note- 
worthy that  in  1898  raw  sugar  to  the  value  of  35,000/,  came  from 
the  United  Kingdom,  the  present  figure  being  only  1,200/.  With 
the  development  of  the  local  sugar  industry  from  that  grown  in 
the  Republic,  this  market  should  soon  be  a  thing  of  the  past.     In 

Sugar.  refined  sugar,  France  is  first  with  30,000/.  out  of  72,000/. 

Coffee.  Coffee,  51,300/.,  comes  principally  from  Brazil. 

Terba  mate,  Yerba  mate,  which  continues  to  bold  its  place  in  the  estimation 

of  the  people,  was  valued  at  179,000/.,  the  greater  part  of  it  coming 
from  Brazil ;   Pan^uay  also  exports  a  little. 

T«.  Tea  imports  are  small,  some  16,000/,,  supplierl  chiefly  by  the 

United  Kingdom. 

Biseuito.  Biscuits  forui  a  gi-adually  diminishing  market  owii^  to  local 

competition  in  the  commoner  descriptions. 

CbocolBto.  The  imports  of  chocolate  are  worth  12,000/.;  France  contri- 

buting the  lai'gest  share. 

Cigars  and  Gigars  and  tobacco,  44,800/.     In   cigars,  Italy  holds  the  first 

tobaooo.  place,  3,500/. ;  the  Argentine  Kepublie  with  2,000/. ;  Cul-a,  1.800/. ; 

the  United  Kingdom,  780/. ;  are  next  in  order. 

Tobacco  conies  from  Brazil,  12,650/.;  Paraguay,  8,900/.;  the 
United  States,  Argentina,  and  finally,  the  United  Kingdom, 
1,300/. ;  which  last  compares  with  about  500/.  in  the  two  previous 
years. 

Cloth,  &o.  Cloth,  873,600/.     There  in  a  large  decrease  under  this  heading 

of  some  150,000/.,  compared  with  the  two  previous  years,  which 
is  probably  due  to  the  institution  of  native  manufactories.  The 
United  Kingdom  still  holds  the  lai^cst  share  of  this  market  with 
a  total  of  522,500/.,  but  these  figures  show  a  decline  of  122,000/., 
an  excessive  falling-off  proportionately.  Germany  figures  with 
101,000/.;  she  has  been  materially  increasing  her  hold  on  this 
market  of  late  yciii-s,  the  only  country  to  do  so,  and  that  ciiiefly 
at  the  expense  of  the  British  manufacturer,  France,  with  6,000/.,- 
is  about  the  same  as  in  1899.  Belgium,  50,000/,,  is  losing  ground ; 
as  also  the  United  States,  whose  total  of  15,500/.  is  6,000/.  or 
7,000/.  less  than  preceding  years,  Italy,  with  95,600/.,  is  a  close 
competitor  with  Germany. 

To  go  into  closer  particulars — 

Sackcloth,  51,800/.,  comes  from  the  United  Kingdom  and 
Germany. 

Cotton  cashmere.  9,000/.  Italy  is  first,  to  the  United  Kingdom's 
second. 

Ill  woollen  cashmeres  the  United  Kingdom  leads  the  way, 
sending  54,100/.  out  of  102,500/,  Germany  and  France  are  both 
improving  their  sales. 

In  cashmeres  (mixed)  the  United  Kingdom  is  responsible  for 
33,000/.  out  of  39,800/.     Germany  and  France  supply  the  rest. 
Flannel  (cotton),  50,700/.     The  United  Kingdom  is  still  first 


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UBUOUAT.  11. 

with  22,300/.,  but  Italy  is  close  up,  aod  lias  more  than  doubled  her 
export  since  1898. 

Germany,  France,  and  the  United  Kingdom  divide  the  honoun 
for  woollen  flannels,  and  the  United  Kingdom  heads  the  small 
market  for  mixed  flannels. 

Cotton  cloth,  &c.,  417,600t  Here  the  United  Kingdom  has 
niaintaineil  lier  proportion,  her  exports  being  valued  at  275.800/. 
Italy.  06,300/.;  and  G(!nnany.  :;.:}]  0/. ;  are  the  only  serious 
competitoi's. 

Linen  cloth,  26,500/.  Hermany  and  Itelgium  sell  7,300/.  each  ;, 
the  United  Kingdom,  6,000/.;  being  nearly  .5,000/.  less  than  the 
year  before. 

Mixed  linen  cloth  is  sent  by  the  same  three  countries  in  aliout 
equal  proportions,  and  ia  valued  ut  3,300/. 

la  woollen  cloths  France  heads  the  hut  witli  12,000/.  out  of 
26,100/.,  the  United  KingJo:n  and  Gerjnany  Following;  the  total 
imports  into  Urutjuay  in  iliis  line  show  a  great  falling-off. 

The  United  Kingdom  sends  18,400/.  <.at  of  26,500/.  in  mixed 
woollpns,  France  and  Germany  being  next. 

Silk,  6,500/.  The  total  imports  have  been  considerably  re- 
duced, the  United  Kingdom  being  the  chief  sufferer.  France  sends 
2,400/. 

Oilcloth,  4,900/.  Germany  contributes  1,000/.,  and  the  United 
Kingdom  nearly  all  the  remainder. 

The  United  States  supply  most  of  the  canvas,  cotton  and 
jnte,  8,200/.  out  of  17,200/.,  the  United  Kingdom  having  now  fallen 
to  second  place  with  6,800/. 

Sailcloth,  7,700/.,  is  sent  principally  from  the  United  Kingdom. 

The  market  for  boots,  shoes,  &c.,  has  now  become  very  small, 
only  902  dozen  pairs  of  boots  and  shoes  being  imported  during  the 
year,  valued  at  2,200/.,  and  sundries  connected  with  this  trade 
valued  ac  7,800/.     France  sends  half  the  total  amount. 

The  import  of  hats  and  caps  amounted  to  36,300/.,  i^ainst 
54,300/.  Italy,  the  United  Kingdom  and  France  are  close  com- 
petitors for  this  market ;  we  have  succeeded  in  ousting  trance 
from  the  second  place. 

Underclothing  in  general,  98,500/.  This  shows  a  considerable 
dimination,  the  average  for  the  last  two  years  being  120,000/.  To 
a  great  extent  this  is  due  to  the  increase  of  native  manufactures, 
these  being,  however,  as  yet  of  a  very  inferior  description.  Ger- 
many leads  the  way  with  35,200/.,  the  United  Kingdom  following 
with  26,900/.,  a  difference  of  8,300/.  In  1898  the  difference  against 
us  was  only  1,600/.,  so  it  api>ears  but  too  evident  that  we  are 
rapidly  losing  our  hold  on  this  market.  France,  Italy  and  Belgium 
follow  in  the  order  named. 

Cotton  shii-ts  are  mostly  sent  by  Germany. 

Linen  shirts  by  Germany  and  France,  then  the  United 
Kingdom. 

Cotton  vests,  10,700/,  On  a  fairly  open  market,  France 
leading. 

Woollen  vests,  6,400/.  Here  the  United  Kingdom  leads, 
showing  a  slight  improvement  on  former  years. 


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12  TJBCOUAT. 

Hose  and  half-hose,  cotton,  42,800/,  Oermany  sends  conaidOT- 
ably  over  half ;  the  United  Kingdom,  4.300/,  only. 

Woollen  hose,  &c.,  2,200/.     The  United  Kingdom  is  first. 

Cotton  haodkerchiet's,  10,000/. ;  and  linen  handkerchiefs, 
1,850/. ;  come  mostly  from  the  United  Kingdom. 

Silk  handkerchiefs,  5,700/.,  are  sent  by  France  and  the  United 
Einsdom. 

Keady-made  articles  of  clothing  generally,  22,600/.  Half  this 
market  is  held  by  GJermany,  which  sends  cotron  and  woollen 
"  ponchos,"  and  general  articles  of  clothing  for  men.  France  pro- 
videB  for  the  requirements  of  ladies  and  children. 

Jerseys,  4,400/.,  are  supplied  principally  by  Germany,  2,700/. 

Kibbons,  17,200/.  France  sends  half  the  total  supply,  whilst 
the  United  Kingdom's  modest  contribution  of  2,200/.  shows  a 
great  falling  off. 

Blankets  (cotton),  10,200/,  Germany,  Belgium  and  France 
divide  this  market  between  them;  the  United  Kingdom,  which 
used  to  have  a  good  share,  has  l^een  completely  undersold. 

Blankets  (woollen),  7,400/.  The  United  Kingdom  is  ahead  of 
all  competitors  with  5,100/. 

Cotton  counterpanes  are  sent  by  Germanv,  4,500/.  out  of 
8,700/. 

Woven  wool,  for  women  and  children,  8,900/.  Germany  stands 
alone  with  6,800/.,  having  doubled  its  trade  in  three  years. 

Laces  of  all  kinds,  15,000/.  The  United  Kingdom  holds  the 
market,  sending  9,000/. 

Cotton  gloves  are  sent  by  Germany,  and  kid  gloves  by  France. 

Umbrellas,  2,400/.  Italy  heads  the  list  in  this  line,  the  United 
Kingdom  being  second  with  470/. 

Cotton  and  woollen  wraps,  5,200/.  Germany  sends  the  largest 
proportion,  the  United  Kingdom  contributes  only  620t 

In  serviettes  Germany  is  again  first  with  2,900/.  out  of  5,100/. 

Towels  are  sent  bv  Italy,  4,000/.,  and  the  United  Kingdom, 
1,800/.,  out  of  a  total  of  7,500/. 

Prepared  hides,  25,200/.  France  is  well  ahead  of  all  competitors 
with  11,200/.,  the  United  Kingdom  next  with  7,600/. 

Dressed  sheepskins,  3,100/.  These  come  principally  from 
France. 

CalfsliiuB,  2,900/.  France  is  again  first,  but  patent  calf  comes 
chiefiy  from  Germany  and  Belgium. 

Kidskins,  8,600/.  France  leads  with  6,000/.,  the  United  States 
send  1,000/. 

Sheepskins,  6,700/.    Practically  all  come  from  the  United 
Eii^dom. 
I  There  were  7,622  ploughs  imported,  valued  at  16,800/.     The 

United  States  seem  to  have  secured  this  market  for  themselves, 
sending  6,700,  value  14,800/.  The  United  Kingdom  sends  only 
663.  A  plough  much  in  use  is  Wood's,  as  it  turns  over  a  heavier 
sod  than  the  British  makes,  and  is  more  easily  managed  with 
ozen. 

Scythes,  sickles,  harrows,  rakes,  &g.,  9,000/,     The  valuation 


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tIEOaUAT.  13 

does  not  in  any  of  the  above  classes  exceed  1,300/.  each.  The 
United  Stat«B  coDthbute  one-half  the  total ;  the  United  Kingdom 
send))  1,860^.,  aickles  and  Bpades  forming  her  chief  contribution ; 
the  balance  of  this  market  is  scmiubled  for  by  three  or  four 
countries. 

Agricultural  machines,  20,100/L  The  United  States  are  first 
with  14,200/.,  the  United  Kingdom  is  second  with  4,400/. 

In  threshing  machines  the  United  Kingdom  sappUea  11  out  of 
12  imported. 

Keapiug  and  binding  machines,  13,100/.  The  United  States 
monopolise  this  market.  In  the  harvest  1900-01,  according  to 
a  recent  census,  there  were  398  machines  in  use,  of  which  the 
commonest,  type  was  the  "  Clayton  " ;  the  Hornsby,  Ruston  B,nd 
Marshall  came  in  fur  about  an  equal  share  of  popular  favour. 

Drills  are  sent  by  the  United  States  and  Germany. 

Waterina  machines  come  from  the  United  States. 

Windmill  machinery  comes  from  the  United  Kingdom  and 
Germany. 

Sulphate  of  copper,  used  for  washing  vines,  comes  from  the  auiph»te  of 
United  Kingdom  and  the   United   States ;    the  total  value  was  copper. 
5,000/. 

Halchets,  shovels,  pickaxes,  &c,  15,100/.    The  United  King- Utibcheti,     , 
dom  sends  6,700/.,  including   most  of  tlie  shovels.     The  United  ''?ot*1»i 
States  send  the  hatchets.     Germany  and  Belgium  are  modestly  '*"  ""*• 
represented.  * 

Of  machinery  in  general  the  total  imports  are  32,500/.,  or  50  Maohinoryia 
per  cent,  less  than  the  previous  year.     There  is  a  great  falling-off  s^"*^- 
in  the  imports  from  the  United  Kingdom,  which  stand  at  11,000/., 
Germany  with  7,100/.,  and  the  United  States  with  6,200/.,  are  both 
forging  ahead  rapidly. 

Steam  motors  are  principally  from  the  United  Kingdona. 

Lithographic  macMnery  comes  from  the  United  States. 

Sewing  machines,  valued  at  12,900/^,  come  from  the  United 
Kingdom  and  the  United  States,  showing  a  decrease  as  regards 
the  former  and  an  increase  aa  regards  the  latter. 

Printing  machinery,  1,100/.  None  came  from  the  United 
Kingdom. 

Textile  machinery,  3,200/.  Belgium,  Germany  and  France  ai* 
the  chief  sources  of  supply. 

Thread,  90,905/.  It  is  satisfactory  to  note  that  the  United  SundriM. 
Kingdom  has  gone  ahead  in  this  line  ;  her  51,800/.  compares  with  TtuMd. 
34,800/.  from  the  United  States. 

Packthread,  8,000/.,  is  sent  by  Italy,  Germany  and  the  United 
Kingdom. 

Sewing  cotton  in  balls  and  i-eels  comes  almost  entirely  from 
the  United  Kingdom. 

Binding  thread  for  wheat,  47,300/.  The  United  States 
monopolise  over  two-thirds  of  this  market,  but  the  United 
Kingdom  contributes  10,000/.,  and  is  annually  improving  her 
position.  Ti  h«.  ml 

The    imports    of  timber  and   wood   in    general    amount   to^^^J^*"* 
178,700/.  geoml. 


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14  URUGUAY. 

Sleepers  come  from  the  Argentine  Republic  and  Paraguay, 
and  BO  does  wood  for  sawdust. 

Mouldings  are  sent  by  Germany. 

Walnut  wood  comes  from  the  United  States. 

Spruce  pine,  105,700/.,  comes  almost  entirely  from  the  United 
States,  a  little  from  Brazil. 

Posts  Csmall  fencing)  worth  5,000/.  and  posts  (large  and  half 
aiae),  18,400/.,  are  sent  from  the  same  countries. 

Planks  and  boards,  9,000/.,  are  sent  by  the  United  States, 

Beams,  8,300/.,  are  supplied  by  Paraguay  and  the  Argentine 
Republic. 

Hemp   and   Manila    rope,   15, BOO/.       Italy   and   the  United 
„       ^    '■  Kingdom  supply  the  lai^st  quantities. 
MuOk  rope.  ,        Wire  cable,  940/.,  is  sent  from  the  United  Kingdom. 

Acids  from  Germany. 

Machinery  sundries  comes  front  the  United  Kingdom  and  the 
United  States. 

Macbine  oil  comes  from  Germany,  the  United  States  and  the 
United  Kingdom  ;  total,  0,600/. 

Turpentine,  4,400/.,  is  almost  all  from  the  United  States. 

Fencing  wire,  90,000/.  Germauy,  with  32,000/.,  is  losing 
ground.  The  United  Kingdom  has  slifthtly  improved  with  26,100^ 
The  imports  from  the  United  States  fluctuate;  for  1900  they  are 
given  at  18,400/.  Other  wir^  are  valued  at  2,400/.,  and  Belgium 
is  first. 

Starch,  6,100/.,  conies  from  Germany. 

Prussian  blue,  2,800/.,  is  from  the  same  country. 

Sulphur,  7,600/.,  is  sent  by  Italy. 

Tiles  of  all  sorts,  9,600/.     France  sends  nearly  two-thirds. 

Of  varnish  the  United  Kingdom  sends  3,100/.  out  of  4,700/. 

Of  ^lass  bottles  two-thirds  come  from  Germany;  total,  6,600/. 

l^piut:,  eailheuware,  1,900/.  The  United  Kingdom  sends 
1,100/.  and  Belgium  the  rest. 

Piping,  iion,  2,300/.  Comes  chiefly  from  the  United 
Kingdom. 

Piping,  galvanised,  2,200/.  The  United  Kingdom  and  the 
United  States  divide  this  market. 

Lead  piping  comes  entirely  from  the  United  Kingdom. 
C«*L  Of  coal  the  imports  are  given  as  105,334  tons,  and  valued  at 

227,500/.  The  United  States  sent  12,287  tons,  or  four  times  as 
much  as  in  1898.  The  United  Kingdom  sent  89,397  tons. 
These  figures  are  presumably  those  for  local  consumption 
only.  (See  further  particnlai-s  on  p.  8  about  the  coal  trade  in 
1901.) 

Cardboard,  8,400/.     Germany  and  Italy  provide  most  of  this. 

Casks  (in  parts),  valued  at  6,500/.,  come  from  Spain,  Brazil 
and  Argentina. 

Matt  is  sent  by  Germany. 

Nails  are  from  Germany,  Belgium,  and  the  United  Kingdom 
(a  bad  third);  total  imports,  12,000/. 

Elastic  for  boots  comes  from  Italy,  6,000/. 


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URUGUAY.  15 

Slieep  dip,  42,000/.  The  United  Kiugdom  sends  half  the  total, 
aud  is  followed  by  the  Argentine  Bapublic. 

Vegetable  ttbre,  3,100t    All  from  Germany. 

Ii-on  hoops,  5,800/.,  come  from  the  United  Kingdom, 

Iron  bare  and  platee,  42,6001.  We  hold  more  than  half  this 
market,  hut  Belgium  has  been  making  rapid  strides. 

Oalvanised  iron  roofing,  36,700/.,  is  nearly  all  sent  from  the 
United  Kingdom,  as  also  galvanised  iron  bars  and  plates. 

The  United  Kingdom  lias  also  the  command  of  the  tinware 
trade,  valued  at  17,-JOO?. 

Cigarette  paper  comes  from  Belgium,  printing  paper  from 
Gemmny  and  Belgium,  with  modest  quantities  from  the  United 
Kingdom  and  Italy. 

Paint  comes  from  the  United  Kingdom  and  Belgium. 

Carriage  springs  from  France. 

Hesiu,  •i'c,  from  the  United  States. 

Balls,  2.000/.,  from  the  United  Kingdom. 

Salt  ia  sent  from  Japan. 

Lucerne  (alfalfa)  seed  from  Germany  mostly. 

Soda,  16,400/.,  from  the  United  Kingdom. 

Poi-tland  cement,  14,500/.,  from  the  United  Kingdom,  Belgium 
and  France. 

Screws  and  nuts,  5,200/.,  from  the  Unitetl  Kingdom  and 
Belgium. 

Glass  18  sent  by  Belgium. 

Jute,  10,600/.,  comes  entirely  from  the  United  Kingdom. 

Of  the  foregoing  miscellaneous  articles,  valued  altogether  at 
1,125,000/.,  the  United  Kingdom's  share  comes  to  535,000/.; 
she  has  succeeded  in  maintaining  her  proper  proportion  of  this 
trade. 

Musical  instruments,  17,5001.  Pianos  constitute  the  principal 
item.  Out  of  187  imported,  valued  at  12,000/.,  166  came  from 
Germany  and  only  three  from  the  United  Kingdom. 

Accordions,  valued  at  Z,iOOL,  were  also  sent  from  Germany, 

Soda  and  mineral  waters,  5,600/. 

Bicycles.  2,800/.  The  United  States  are  here  first;  the 
American  article  is  generally  cheaper  and  more  within  the  means 
of  the  buyers.  1  am  told  that  longer  credit  is  also  given  by  the 
Amencan  manufacturer  than  the  British  cares  to  grant 

Drugs  are  valued  at  54,100/.,  and  come  equally  from  several 
European  countries. 

Of  pharmaceutical  articles  the  United  Kingdom  sends  only 
700/.  out  of  6,100/. 

Hardware,  94,000/.  Germany  has  one-third  of  this  trade, 
31,900/.,and  Belgium  and  the  United  States  are  rapidly  increasing 
their  salea     The  United  Kingdom  alone  is  losing  ground. 

Of  jewellery  and  precious  stones  France  and  Germany  are  the 
chief  contributors. 

Kerosene,  109,400/.,  comes  of  course  from  the  United  States. 

Of  crockery  the  United  Kingdom  sends  14,000/1  put  of 
19,400/. 


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16  nROOUAY. 

Haberdashery,  66,100;.  Germany  leads  the  way  with  26,300t 
France  is  next  with  20,100/.,  and  the  United  Kingdom  clings  on 
to  a  remnant  of  its  former  trade  with  7,100/.  What  we  lose 
apparently  goes  to  Germany. 

Furniture,  12,700/.,  comes  from  Germany  and  the  United 
States. 

Paper,  white  and  brown,  is  supplied  by  Italy  and  Germany. 

Combs  are  supplied  by  France. 

Perfumeiy  by  France  and  some  from  the  United  Kingdom. 

Porcelain  articles  by  Germany  and  France. 

Saddlery,  &c.,  by  the  United  Kingdom,  Belgium  and  France. 

Glassware  principally  by  Germany  and  Belgium. 

The  imports  of  sheep  during  1900  were  6,154,  valued  at  650/. ; 
of  cattle,  99,029,  valued  at  175,000/. ;  of  horses,  3,364.  valued  at 
3,300/.     Nearly  all  of  these  came  from  the  Argentine  Republia 

The  imports  of  live-stock  include  113  horses,  1,022  rams  (352 
from  the  United  Kingdom)  and  118  bulls  (111  from  the  United 
Kingdom). 

The  numbers  of  cattle  and  sheep,  &c.,  although  liable  to  certain 
fluctuations,  show  steady  increases.  In  1898,  the  total  of  all 
animals,  including  horses,  mules,  goats  and  swine  was  returned  at 
20,800,000;  in  1900  the  figures  had  reached  26,100,000,  an 
increase  of  5,300.000. 

Below  are  the  separate  particulars : — 


Sheep 

Number. 

~18,60e,717 
6,8Z7,<28 
561,408 
93.92.1 
22,998 
20.42S 

~ 

Hon« 

Toi«J 

26,100,000 

British  stocV 

owners  possess  a  total  of  8 

06,859  head, 

including 

276,183  cattle. 

There  has  been  no  foot-and-mouth  disease  reported  during  the 
year,  but  Texas  fever,  known  by  the  name  of  "  Tristeza,"  has  in 
many  parts  made  serious  ravages  amongst  the  herds.  The 
prolonged  drought,  now  over,  seems  to  have  been  largely  responsiblfr 
for  this. 

Owing  to  the  rigorous  measures  taken,  by  frequent  dipping,  to 
prevent  and  eradicate  scab,  this  disease  has  considerably  dimini^ed 
amongst  the  sheep  of  late. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  increase  which  has  taken  place  in 
recent  years  in  these  animals.  In  1887  the  total  numbers  were 
returned  at  9,500,000,  whereas  in  1900  they  were  almost  dpuble 
that  figure. 

The  foreigners  together  own  almost  as  many  head  of  all  kinds 
of  animals  as  the  Uruguayans,  that  is  1 1,800,000  out  of  26,100,000, 


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Uruguay.  17 

and  are  actually  first  as  regards  cattle.    Of  the  foreigners,  the 
Brazilian,  Spanish  and  EVench  are  the  largest  owners. 

Viticulture  has  now  become  an  important  industry,  as  may  be  Vino 
Been  by  the  steadily  increasing  number  of  vineyards;  in  1890  <="^''"*'<»'- 
there  were  only  181  vineyai-da,  and  the  return  for  1898,  which 
appears  to  be  the  latest  published,  shows  824  vineyarda,  covering 
an  area  of  3,610  hectarea  (about  9,000  acres).  The  production 
of  wine  amounted  tu  710,089  gallons  of  red  wine,  and  27,196 
gallons  of  white  wine,  total  7.37,285  gallons.  At  present  the  class 
of  wine  made  is  but  third  rate,  and  not  suitable  for  the  palates 
of  ainnoisseurs.  The  imports  of  wine  in  1889  from  abroad  were 
7,390,435  gallons,  and  3,601,658  gallons  in  1900.  A  very  small 
portion  of  this  large  difference  is  made  up  by  increased  manu- 
facture of  pure  wine  at  home ;  nearly  all  being  due  to  the 
immense  quantitiem  of  nrtificial  wine  made.  Legislation  to  remedy 
this  state  of  things  has  been  i-ecently  proposed. 

The  principal  ero]-Kj  grown  aie  wheat  and  maize,  and  a  little  Agriaalture. 
linseed.     Oals,  barli'v  and  birdseetl  are  also  prown  in  very  small 
•luantities. 

The  wheat  croj)  for  the  season  19(10-01  was  the  worst  since 
1892 ;  the  prolonged  drought  waa  tlie  cauae  of  this.  The  returns 
give  the  crop  at  99,720  tons,  against  187,376  tons  the  year  before. 
The  beat  season  was  that  of  1894,  witli  245,077  tons.  The  area 
under  wheat  last  year  was  276,511  hectares  (683,000  acres). 
Kstiniates  for  the  new  season's  crop  place  it  at  four  times  as  mnch 
as  last  year,  and  it  is  e.^iwcLed  tlmt  there  will  be  almut  300,000 
tons  available  for  e.KporUition. 

The  ninize  crop  for  1900-01  was  a  j,'Ood  hik',  lieing  retinned  al, 
141,(i48  tons,  almost  double  that  of  the  .feu-tmi  bclbro;  the  aviM 
under  cultivation  was  181,538  hectares  (448,450  acres). 

Birdseed  709  tons,  liariey  438  tons,  and  oats  68  tons,  fomi  the 
Imlance  of  the  croja  grown  last  season. 

Some  small  experiments  in  cottoii-gi'owing  luivc  been  made  in  Cufton. 
the  province  of  Taeuareiiibo ;  samples  were  sent  to  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  examined  in  London,  Manchester,  and  Liverpool ; 
one  of  the  samples,  seedless,  large-fibred  and  soft,  was  classified  as 
Texas,  and  stated  to  be  worth  i^d.  to  i^d.  a  lb.,  and  it  waa  said 
that  it  could  compete  on  gootl  ternia  %vith  North  American 
cottons. 

The  building  of  a  port  at  Monte  Video,  projects  for  which  have  Harbour 
been  for  so  many  years  l)efore  the  nation,  but  which  up  to  last  wofl". 
year  never    succeeded    in    passing    the    preliminary    stages   of 
estimate,  is  now  at  last  to  become  an  accomplished  fact. 

A  contract  was  signed  in  January,  1901,  with  a  French 
,  syndicate,  whoso  tender  was  adjudged  the  most  suitable,  and  in  the 
July  following  tlu;  foundation  stone  was  laid.  So  far  little  actual 
work  in  the  bay  has  been  done,  the  principal  scenes  of  activity 
being  in  the  quarries  where  stone  is  being  prepared  and  blocks 
made;  the  requiretl  dredging  and  other  machinery  is,  however, 
about  to  arrive,  and  it  ia  expected  that  the  work  will  shortly  be  in 
full  swing.  There  are  to  be  docks  within,  and  also  an  exterior 
(120)  B 


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18  UR0GUAT. 

port ;  the  depth  of  water  to  be  8  metres  (26^  feet).  The  dredging 
material  used  by  the  syndiiate  is  to  be  the  property  of  the  State, 
lind  will  thus  be  permanently  available  for  preserving  the  neces- 
sary depth,  or  even  for  augmenting  this  should  the  daily  increasing 
tonnage  of  ocean-going  vessels  require  it. 

Amongst  the  tenders  presented  and  not  accepted  were  those 
from  British  firms ;  one  of  them  bad  special  advantages  in 
competing,  having  built  important  port  works  at  Buenoa  Ayres, 
there  being  thus  on  the  spot  dredgers  and  all  kinds  of  machinery 
necessary  for  eueli  an  undertaking.  Had  they  secured  the  con- 
tract, the  work  would  no  doubt  have  been,  long  ere  this,  well  under 
way. 

One  of  the  clauses  in  the  existing  agreement  provides  that  the 
syndicate  can  obtain  from  the  Government  advances  up  to  four- 
fifths  of  the  value  of  the  installations  of  machinery,  &c.,  imported 
into  the  countrj'. 

It  is  impossible  to  over-estimate  the  vahie  and  importance  of 
these  jjoix  works,  when  completed.  In  a  pastoral  country  such 
as  this,  where  the  great  bulk  of  the  national  wealth  consists 
in  live-stock,  it  ia  strange  that  there  should  be  practically 
no  living  animals  exported  direct  to  their  markets.  The 
Bay  of  Monte  Video  at  present  is  unprotected,  and  vessels 
of  any  size  have  to  lie  a  long  way  out,  all  cargo  being  transhipped 
by  means  of  lighters  ;  tlie  expense  (and  danger)  of  handling  cattle 
and  other  animals  is  thus  so  great  as  almost  entirely  to  prevent 
their  exportation  vii  the  principal  port  in  the  Eepublic  The 
live-stock  exported  in  1900  amounted  to  127,000  head,  30,000 
going  to  the  Argentine  Kepublic  for  re-exportation,  and  most 
of  the  remainder  being  sent  over  the  frontier  to  Brazil  for 
consumption. 

At  Sana,  a  small  port  east  of  Colonia,  vessels  drawing  up  to 
18  feet  can  go  alongside  a  mole  and  load,  but  the  approach,  through 
a  narrow  channel,  is  dangemus  and  difficult  of  access.  The  exports 
during  the  wliole  year  1901  amounted  to  only  3,900  tons  of  cereals 
and  merchandise  and  4,400  head  of  live-stock. 

It  has  often  been  stated  that  if  the  Monte  Video  port  bad 
been  built  earlier,  a  large  portion  of  the  vast  trade  which  is  now 
earned  on  at  Buenos  Ayres  would  have  been  absorbed  by  Monte 
Video,  and  it  may  at  first  be  difficult  work  to  regain  trade  which 
has  so  long  been  settled  in  fixed  channels.  It  behoves  the 
Government,  when  the  docks  are  built,  not  to  endeavour  to  make 
a  paying  concern  out  of  them,  but,  on  the  contrary,  by  imposing 
the  lowest  possible  dues,  to  attract  shipping  and  stimulate  now 
dormant  trade. 

An  event  of  considerable  importance  took  place  last  year,  in 
Ihe  opening-up  to  regular  traffic  of  a  new  line  to  the  town  of 
Merced."-.? ;  this  line  taps  a  district  of  considerable  wealtli,  and  in 
course  of  time  it  is  hoped  fliat  it  may  prove  to  be  a  valuable  source 
of  income  to  the  company ;  it  is  not  guaranteed  by  the  State. 

Tlie  total  extension  of  the  railway  lines  in  the  Eepublic  now 
amounts  to  1,200  miles. 


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UBUOnAT.  10 

The  bridge  on  the  Santa  Lucia  Kiver,  which  was  destroyed  by 
the  great  floods  in  1900,  is  heiug  rebuilt,  and  is  already  approach- 
ing completion ;  the  traHic  has  been  carried  on  almost  continuously 
in  the  meantime  by  means  of  a  small  temporary  bridge. 

The  year  has,  unfortunately,  proved  to  be  most  unsatisfactory 
for  the  railways  generally;  tbore  has  been  a  tonsiderable 
diminution  in  the  carri^e  of  goods  from  the  port,  and  the  failure 
of  the  wheat  crop  has  also  told  heavily ;  radical  changes  have  in 
consequence  been  found  necessary  by  the  management,  and  it  is 
hoped  that  by  strict  economy,  aided  by  the  favourable  prospecto 
of  full  crops,  better  results  may  be  obtained  this  year. 

Although  still  extremely  limited,  local  industries,  fostered  by  suUe 
the  heavy  impart  duties,  are  in  some  cases  making  considernble  indiutriet. 
heailway. 

Amongst  arlicles  of  food  and  drink  manufactured  here  may 
be  mentioned  wine,  beer  (a  very  superior  pro<luot),  alcohol,  sweet- 
stuffs,  biscuits  and  cheese.  Keady-made  clothes,  shirts,  boots, 
woollen  and  mixed  cloth,  Hannel,  hats,  &c.,  are  also  manufactured. 

Sugar  refineries  have  lately  been  established  in  the  country, 
and  considerable  tracts  of  land  laitl  down  under  beetroot  for  the 
supplying  of  these ;  the  8Ugai--grower3  are  at  present  well  protected 
by  llie  duties ;  tlie  Government  of  Brazil  is,  however,  formulating 
a  proposal  by  which  Brazilian  sugar  should  be  permitted  to  enter 
the  country  on  preferential  terms,  in  return  for  their  not  raising  the 
duties  on  jerked  beef,  of  which  lai^e  quantities  ore  sent  from 
Uruguay.     No  definite  move  has  yet  been  made. 

The  principal  sugar-making  establishment,  now  being  erected 
in  tbe  Department  of  Maldonado,  is  to  have  a  inintmuni  production 
of  2,000  tons  of  sugar  tor  the  fii-st  two  years,  to  be  increased 
afterwards  as  required  up  to  6,0i)0  tons.  As  it  is  calculated 
that  there  will  be  from  200  to  600  workmen  employed  in  the 
cultivation  of  the  beet,  and  from  20  to  140  in  the  raw  sugar 
works  according  to  the  season,  some  idea  may  be  gained  of  the 
importance  this  industry  is  likely  to  attain  in  tbe  near  future. 

Efforts,  which  will  probably  prove  successful,  aie  being  made 
to  start  freezing  establishments  for  meat  in  this  country,  and  to 
the  inexperienced  onlooker  it  seems  extraordinaiy  that  nothing 
has  hitherto  been  done  in  this  line.  By  means  of  these  establish- 
ments, the  absolute  dependence  (at  present  existing)  on  Brazilian 
consumers  tf  jerked  b^t  as  an  outlet  for  f.nrplus  stocks  will  be 
done  away  with,  and  a  new  market  will  be  opened  up  in  Europe. 

The  disproportion  that  exists  in  tliis  liepublic  in  the  degree  \r,.,]ti,  a„d 
of  ricliee  possessed  by  the  Uruguayan  and  the  foreigner  is  most  indunr; : 
marked.  Umgiiajan 

The  habits  of  a  pastoral  population  in  an  undeveloped  und  totiigoer. 
country,  conducing  to  tho  acceptance  of  the  primitive  methods  of 
their  forefathers,  originally  paved  tho  way  for  the  (vlviAnce  ot 
energetic  immigrants  from  abi^oad,  and  gradually,  licat  IM  labourer, 
then  the  small  proprietor,  and  finally  the  larger  land-owner,  have 
had  to  give  way,  for  the  most  part  concentrating  in  the  small  rural 
villages  and  towns.    In  the  report  of  the  Census  Commission,  the 


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■  distrihulioii  of  tho  iiulustiiea  of  tlio  Department  ol  Moiite  Video 
is  tabulated  as  follows ; — 


LivG-atork 
Manufaclun; 
Commercial 
Othor.. 


NaUoDia. 

Foreign. 

807 

8,892 

101 

^l 

96i 

4,986 

10.330 

63 

72A 

The  values  as  declared  Ibr  payment  of  taxes  in  the  whole  of 
■  the  Eepublic,  og  shown  by  latest  statistics  in  1898,  amounted  iu 
the  aggregate  to  57,400,000/.  (29,400,000/.  national,  and  28,000,OOOi. 
foreign). 

In  another  place,  too,  can  be  seen  the  numbers  of  cattle,  sheep, 
&c.,  owned  respecti\'e]y  by  foreigners  and  the  native  bom. 

With  the  more  active  pushing-on  of  ahipmenta  of  wool  and 
other  products  of  the  country,  a  healthitir  tendency  has  set  in,  and 
there  has  been  a  bnsker  consequent  demand  for  goods  from  abroad  ; 
the  custom-house  returns  published  up  to  date  have  shown  a  very 
c'^nsiderable  improvement  on  those  of  correcpouding  periods  in 
]90i.  Crops  are  doing  well,  tho  wool-clip  is  Ratisfactory,  and 
conlidence  in  general  seems  to  ho  reviving,  as  niny  he  seen  by  tht- 
increased  demand  for.  and  higher  valnes  of  all  utock  exchange, 
securities.  The  future  of  the  country,  the  maintenance  and 
improvement  "E  its  commercial  prosjioiity,  the  upholding  of  its 
L^od  name,  depend  not  on  natural  causes  so  niuc!i  as  on  the 
l«itriotism  of  itH  citizens  in  refraining  from  jirofitless  political 
strife. 

By  turning  to  the  table  given  on  page  21,  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  balance  of  tmde  has  of  late  years  b'.?en  consistently  in 
fiivonr  of  the  llepublic :  tho  annual  service  of  the  foreign  dehti, 
and  the  dividends  earned  on  foreign  capital  absorb  no  doubt  a 
lar^e  portion  of  the  (hfference :  nevertheless  I  am  credibly 
informed  that  there  are  large  sums  of  money  hoarded  up  in  the 
country  bringing  little  or  no  i-etum  to  their  owners. 

Local  pessimistic  economists  endeavour  to  show  that  a  sui-plus 
of  exports  over  imports,  instead  of  denoting  the  wealth  of  a 
country,  shows  up  its  poverty,  and  the  general  state  of  depression 
existing  through  its  want  of  purchasing  power  ;  they  wind  up  by 
triumphantly  asking  what  has  become  of  the  suiplus,  as  no  signs 
of  it  are-  visible  in  the  Bepublic,  and  by  asserting  that  as  the 
country  has  not  benefited  by  it,  the  disappearance  of  so  much 
wealth  must  be  an  actual  loss. 

It  must,  however,  be  i-emembered  that  Uruguay's  assets  are  not 
of  a  wasting  descriptitm,  such  as  coal,  iron,  or  nitrate,  whicli  once 
taken  away  do  not  replace  themselves.     Her  strength  lies  in  the 


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riclmeay  of  Iier  soil,  the  reproductive  powet  ol'her  ttocks  and  herds, 
Knd  her  beneficeat  climate. 


TaUle  A. — Showing  Value  of   Imports  and  Exports   during  the 
Years  1897-1901. 


Y~. 

Taliie. 

Import!. 

Bzporta. 

ToUl. 

189H 
18»» 
1900 
1901 

Ttlt4l        .. 

£ 
4,162,000 
5,278,000 
5,465,000 
5,102,000 
6,041,000 

« 
6,238,000 
6,442,000 

7,782,000 
6,258.000 
5,900,000 

£ 
10,300,000 
11,715,0)0 
13,240,000 
11,360,000 
10.941.000 

25,026,000 

32,620,000 

57,64«,000 

PUBUC  Debt,  December  31,  1901. 


D««nb«r)l,  1901. 
Citmaar.  EWiilag. 


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(7S    7  I  02-  U  ft  R    ISO) 


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No  2772  Annnal  Series. 
DIPLOMATIO  AND  CONSULAR  REPORTS. 


VENEZUELA. 


RBPOM  FOR  THE  TEAR  1901 


TRADE    AND   COMMBECE    OP    THE   CONSULAR 
DISTRICT    OF    CIUDAD   BOLIYAR. 


BBFEEBNCB  TO  PRBVIOUB  BEPOET,  Annua!  Series  Wo.  2638. 


FretaUtd  to  both  Houtes  of  ParUammt  by  Command  of  Bit  Majitty, 
APRIL,  1902. 


LONDON: 

""nUKMRi  liTcBDINiBV  lO   HIS   lli«BrT. 


LONDON:  "  „,™ 

PRIHTBD  FOB  HI8  MAJESIT'B  STATIONEBI  OFFICE 
B?  illSlSON  aSd  SONS.  ST.  MABTIN-S  LANH. 


BTBB4  ^O'rtnSwOObK,  Haw  Ham-wb  8ibx«   ffLin  Btuh,  B-O, 

wd  8S   Abinodon  Siisit,  Wbbhiihst**,  S.W.j 

or  OLIVKE  &  BOTD,  Bdiwbdmbi 

or  B.  P0N80NBY,  116,  Ghaftoh  Btmit,  Dubliv. 

1902. 

[Cd.  786—76.]  P^t  On«  Hi>i*«»3r. 


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CONTENTS. 


d  by  Google 


No.  2772.  Annual  Seriet. 

lUffrtu*  to  prevwtu  Btpori,  Annval  Seriet  No.  3633. 


Stport  on  the  TratU  and  Commerce  of  the  Oonmdar  Dittriet  of 
Oiudad  SolivaT/or  the  Tear  1901 

By  Ms.  CONBUL  DE  Lehos. 
(BeeeiTcd  at  Vottifa  Ofloe,  April  7,  IMS.) 

Doiii^  the  paat  year  tbe  trade  in  Uiis  Consular  district  has  not 
been  adversely  affected  by  the  political  disturbances  which  pre- 
Tailed  in  some  parts  of  the  Bepublic  of  Venezuela. 

The  total  trade  with  foreign  countries  (imports  and  exports) 
amounts  to  706388^-  for  the  year.  This  shows  an  iocrease  on  the 
previous  year  of  9^75^.,  whUe  if  compared  with  the  aven^  of 
624,74821  of  the  previous  10  years,  1891-1900,  the  increase  in  the 
volume  of  trade  is  81,645/. 

The  imports  are  3,296/.  larger  than  in  1900.     It  is  impossible  impotu, 
to  trace  accurately  the  countries  of  origin  as  some  foreign  goods 
come  in  British  bottoms,  while  some  British  goods  come  in  fore^ 
bottoms,  and  no  complete  record  is  kept  as  to  the  country  of  manu- 
facture or  production. 

By  careful  investigation  I  am,  however,  able  to  state  that 
British  manufactured  goods  continue  to  hold  their  own  in  this 
market. 

The  total  exports  for  the  year  under  review  were  440^93/.  Bsport*. 
None  of  the  various  articles  call  for  special  comment  with  the 
exception  of  the  herou  feathers  (^ret).  These  show  a  falling-off, 
compared  with  the  previous  year,  of  3,798  kilos,  in  weight,  and 
25,507/.  in  value.  The  heavj-  drop  in  prices  in  the  home  markets 
DO  doubt  aocounts  for  this  reduction,  as  the  rates  now  ruling, 
although  still  covering  cost,  no  longer  make  the  killing  of  these 
birds  tor  the  collection  of  feathers  so  remonerative  an  industry  as 
formerly. 

The  want  of  a  bank  in  this  Consular  district  continues  to  be  BanUiif. 
felt,  as  the  entire  absence  of  financial  facilities  for  traders  reetricte 
enterprise  and  commerce. 

The  gold  mbing  industry  in  the  Yuruari  Territory  has  not  Gold  mimm. 
shown   any  advance.     European    capital   which    is  needed    to 
open  up  and  develop  the  district  appears  disinclined  to  come 
this  way. 

Tile  communication  between  this  port  and  the  outer  world  Shipping, 
(it)  A  2 


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4  CICDAD  BOLITAR. 

depends  at  pi-esent  almost  entirely  on  one  moderate  eized 
Venezuelan  steamer,  the  "Bolivar."  She  runs  once  a  fortnight 
between  the  Island  of  Trinidad  and  this  port,  and  vice  versa. 
She  carries  nearly  all  the  goods  imported  here,  and  takes  down  to 
Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad,  nearly  all  the  produce  exported.  Besides 
this  she  carries  passengers  and  cattle. 

The  goods  imported  mostly  come  on  through  bills  of  lading 
from  the  United  Kingdom,  the  United  States,  and  Continental 
countries  to  Trinidad,  while  the  produce  is  exported  also  on  through 
bills  of  lading  to  Europe  and  America. 

The  goods  and  produce  are  transhipped  at  Port  of  Spain. 

The  freights  for  both  importe  and  exports  are  high.  For 
instance,  dour  from  the  United  States  is  carried  to  Trinidad  at 
40  to  50  c.  per  barrel,  while  the  freight  to  this  port  vifl  Trinidad 
(an  additional  300  miles)  is  1  dol.  per  barrel. 

The  following  through  rates  of  freight  charged  on  produce  to 
I/indon  and  Hamburg  may  prove  of  interest: — Balata  rubber,  SI. 
per  ton ;  Pard  rubber,  51.  per  ton. 

Annexed  will  be  fonnd  the  usual  annual  tables : — 

A,  Eeturn  of  Shipping. 

B,  Eeturn  of  Exports. 

C,  Keturn  of  Imports. 

Annex  A. — Eetdkn  of  all  Shipping  at  the  Port  of  Ciudad 

Bolivar  during  the  Year  1901. 

Enteeed. 


Sulmic. 

S 

Number 
of 

«sni. 
Ton^ 

Total. 

ITitiOTimlitj. 

Number 

of 
TexMJi. 

Tom. 

Number 
of 

Tom. 

illli 

IB      ,      1,216 
81               628 
1       '        344 

'7               645 

si 
il 

■■ 

12 
13,412 

16 
60 

1 
11 

7 

1,22B 

13,940 

844 

645 

Total 

„    1900.. 

44 

2,788 

61 

•• 

15,636 

95 
78 

18.869 
82,917 

d  by  Google 


ciudad  bolivar. 
Cleabed. 


8^. 

StMm. 

loW. 

Nfttioualilj. 

Nnniber 

Number! 

NmnW 

of 

Ton.. 

of       1 

Ton*. 

(rf 

Ton*. 

T<»«lB. 

TmmIi. 

V„^ 

8               969 

1 

IS 

fl 

981 

28            1,747 

36 

18,360 

S9 

1S,0Q7 

1               3M 

French 

8.21B 

11 

Other  .. 

4      j        878 

4 

278 

IMal 

96      '      S,BS8 

48 

1B,B74 

S4 

18,912  ■ 

„     1900  .. 

74 

28,470 

Annex  B.— Return  at  Principal  Articles  of  Export  from  Ciudad 
Bolivar  during  the  Years  1900-01. 


Artiolei. 

1900. 

1801. 

Qiumtity. 

Tslue. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Coooa 

Coffee 

CopKbaoQ      .. 
Bubl>er(PM»).. 

Hi.'.=*^l    ; 

Deer-ikini 
Otiiertkin*      .. 
Goldbullion     ., 
Child  snd  silT«r  tpeme. 
Tonga  Utat     . . 

Tobacco 

Henm  feather*  (ecret) 
Oilier  articles  .. 

Kilos. 
86,481 
13,107 
H,474 
47.780 
1,206,612 
1,495^7 
86,169 

"eoo 

BG,-160 
43,211 
6,811 
71,018 

£ 

2.327 

431 

860 

11,561 

186,141 

80,613 

2,986 

68,904 

9,272 
1,488 
36,882 

8,076 

EUo6. 

33,810 

66,997 

16,287 

148,797 

1,164,778 

1,486,682 

52,192 

12,060 

848 

63 

7,571 

67,0CB 

2,013 

26,642 

£ 

1,924 

1,828 

1,678 

81,363 

167,674 

81,100 

4,33« 

646 

89,151 

190 

904 

1,866 

10,376 

987 

C«tlJe 

Other  uimali.. 

Number. 

6,496 

309 

402,438 

Number. 
9,618 
337 

898,670 

46,699 
924 

TotiJ     .. 

434,214 

440,298 

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CIITDAD   BOLIVAll. 


-Retubn  of  Value  of  Imports  at  Ciudad  Bolivar 
during  the  Years  1900-01. 


Ooimbj. 

Talt». 

190a 

1001. 

KiDgd(^,  tTniUd  StatM,  &«.).. 

UDited 

269,166 
3,683 

S64,2U 
fl.788 

Vnitod  6l«tet  dir«ot 

ToUl 

86a.799 

866,096 

LONDON: 
Plinth  for  HJi  lUieatj't  Stationeiy  Offio«, 

bt  habbison  Aim  sons, 

Friutsn  in  Ordjiwrj  to  Eii  Mtintj. 

(76    4|03-HAa    M) 


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No.  2833  Animal  Series. 
DIPLOMATIC  AND  CONSULAR  REPORTS. 


VENEZUELA. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  TEAR  1903 


TRADE    OF    THE    CONSULAR    DISTKICT    OF 
CARACAS. 


REFERENCE  TO  PREVIOUS  REPORT,  Annual  Series  No.  2643, 


Prmented  to  (ofA  Hornet  of  Parliament  hy  Oommand  of  Hit  Majetty, 
JUNE,  1902. 


LONDON: 

PBlItrtBD  FOB  HIS  HAJBSTT'S  8TATI0NEBT  OFFIO& 

BT  HABBISON  AND  SONS,  ST.  MARTIN'S  LANI, 


I,  Ear  Habdiks  Si&bit,  ViiHt  Srun,  E.O4 

Knd  Si,  Abinsdok  Stbrit,  WieTUiHeriK,  8.W.; 

or  OLIVER  A  BOYD,  EDiHBUBfiH; 

SI  B.  PONSONBY.  lis,  QunoK  Stsiii,  Dduik. 


1902. 
[Cd.  786— 1S7.]  Price  Om  Penitf. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


CONTENTS. 


Imports    .._~..... 

Export*    „ 

Shipping  ..  _  - ^ . 

Csltlfl 

Li  Grim  report. 

fvEBTO  Cabbllo  report  ... 
UUtAClIBO  Mpoit _ 


d  by  Google 


Mo.  2833.  Annual  Series. 

Sefermce  to  previous  Report,  Anivual  Seriet  No.  2643. 


Itqxtrt  oa  the  Trade  qf  the  Consular  District  of  Caracas  for  the 
Tear  1901 

By  Mr.  Actikq-Consul  Andk&l. 

(B«a«ived  at  Foniftn  OIBm,  June  6,  1902.) 

Trade  during  the  year  1901    lias  continued  the  dowoward  Intorfiwtofy. 
tendency   it    b^an    some    10    years    aijo.      In    every   line     of 
hasiness  there  has  been  a  falling-ofT  in  the  amount  of  trafiio  in 
consequence  of  continued  political  disturbance. 

The  import  trade  showed  two  distinct  pha-ses  in  the  districts  In»poi*- 
of  La  Guaira  and  Puerto  Cabello,  judging  from  the  reports  of 
the  Vice-Gonsuls  at  those  places.  At  the  former  there  was  a 
slight  increase,  while  at  the  latter  port  the  decline  has  been  pro- 
nounced. It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  report  of  the  trade 
through  Ia  Guaira  is  more  or  leas  a  statement  of  the  commercial 
movement  of  Caraca;  and  the  back  country,  in  the  same  way 
that  that  of  Puerto  Cabello  includes  the  town  of  Valencia  and  a 
large  area  round  about. 

As  the  Vice-Consul  at  La  Guaira  remarks,  the  increase  in 
weight  did  not  necessarily  signify  an  improvement  in  businesa. 
The  importation  of  an  article  which  holds  an  important  place 
among  the  crops  grown  in  the  country  is  an  index  of  a  bad  condi- 
tion of  things,  for  it  means  an  outlay  of  money  which  would  have 
remained  in  the  country  under  ordinary  circumstances.  The 
crops  of  corn  and  beans  had  failed  in  the  interior,  and  the  poor 
people  were  suffering  hardships  irom  the  deameas  of  the  articles 
which  form  their  principal  food.  The  Government,  therefore, 
took  into  consideration  the  clamours  of  the  public  through  the 
press,  and  issued  a  Decree  admitting  these  stufls  from  abroad  free 
.of  duty, 

This  gave  the  impetus  to  the  importation  of  com  and 
beans,  for  under  this  condition  Ihey  could  be  sold  at  reason- 
able prices,  and  in  a  short  time  the  maiket  was  well  stocked 
with  ^em. 

In  La  Guaira  there  was  also  a  certain  augmentation  in  the 

hardware  and  timber  trade,  and,  as  the  Vice-Consul  surmises,  it 

was  doubtless  due  to  the  building  operations  which  have  lately 

been  carried  on  here  in  Caracas  as  the  result  of  the  severe  eurth- 

(111)  A  2 


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quake  which  occmred  in  the  mouth  of  (Ictober,  1900,  and 
destroyed  auineiuus  houses,  &c.  The  fault  was  at  once  put  on 
the  old  style  of  construction.  Engineers  proposed  new  metliods 
for  the  repairs  and  for  building  "  earthquake  proof  "  houses,  in 
which  iron,  cement,  and  wood  would  Imve  a  greater  share 
in  the  structure,  and  those  who  could  afford  it,  being  impelled 
by  the  fear  of  a  repetition  of  the  catastrophe,  immediately 
seized  the  opportunity  to  have  erected  buildings  which  would 
protect  them.  A  great  incentive  to  this  was  that  the  Govern- 
ment conceded  au  exemption  from  duty  on  all  materials  intended 
for  such  buildings.  Within  a  short  time,  therefore,  a  number  of 
houses  were  built  in  Csracas  of  iron  frame,  with  cement  walls 
and  the  corresponding  woodwork.  This  easily  accounts  for  ihe 
increase  in  tlie  imports  of  hardware,  timber,  and  cement.  The 
materials  for  the  construction  of  these  houses  were  all  brought 
from  the  United  States,  as  they  could  be  obtained  more 
quickly  and  cheaply  from  New  York  than  from  any  other 
market. 

The  increase  in  the  weight  of  merchandise,  i.e.,  dry  goods,  &c., 
introduced  into  this  district,  is  not  to  be  accepted  as  a  proof  of 
any  favoui'able  turn  in  business,  for  the  present  condition  of 
affairs  here  leads  the  public  to  demand  cheap  stuH' without  nmcb 
regard  to  quality,  and  so  it.  is  quite  probable  that  the  values  of 
the  cloths,  &c.,  imported  decreased  just  in  the  same  praportion  as 
the  weight  increased. 

The  return  ol'  Puerto  Cabello  shows  a  very  poor  state  of  affairs 
in  that  district.  A  decline  of  25  per  cent,  in  the  value  of  imports 
in  one  year  speaks  very  clearly  as  to  the  general  poverty  which 
reigned  in  that  part  of  the  country. 

In  every  product  exported  from  the  La  Guaira  and  Puerto 
Uabello  distriuta  there  was  a  great  decrease.  The  coffee  crop 
proved  very  poor  in  quantity  owing  to  severe  drought.  From 
the  same  cause  the  cocoa  harvest,  on  which  greater  hopes  were 
based,  was  much  lower  than  the  avemge  The  number  of 
hides  and  skins  also  d\viiidled  away,  seeming  to  pro\'e  that  less 
meat  was  consumed  by  tlie  population.  In  fact  in  the  decreased 
exports  we  have  the  proof  of  the  decline  of  the  powers  of  the 
country,  for  not  only  have  we  to  face  the  small  quantity  produced, 
but  also  the  more  important  question  of  the  drop  in  prices. 
Those  obtained  for  coffee  last  year  were  not  the  lowest,  but  very 
near  it.  During  a  few  weeks  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  there 
was  «  alight  improvement  which  mised  the  hopes  of  exportei-s,  but 
these  were  speedily  dashed  to  the  ground  as  prices  dropped  once 
more,  even  lower  than  tliey  had  been  before.  Cocoa  prices  were  not 
so  bad,  but  were  not  up  to  the  average. 

Ill  the  Mai-acaibo  district  it  appears  that  the  export  business 
was  a  little  better  than  in  the  year  befoie.  It  is  some  consolation 
t'l  note  a  slight  exception  to  the  general  condition  of  things  in 
llie  country.  The  States  of  Zuliit  and  Los  Andes,  for  which 
Maracaibo  is  the  outlet,  are  bo  well  watered  that  they  are  not 
solely  dependent  on  the  rainfall  for  the  production  of  their  crops. 


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and  while  those  of   bhfl   central  part  of  the  country  failed,  the 
opposite  was  the  case  in  the  States  above  mentioned. 

The  resolution  of  the  Government  to  completely  abolish  the 
export  duties  on  coffee,  cocoa,  and  cotton,  which  came  into  force 
in  May,  was  well  received  by  the  speculators  in  these  articles  and 
also  by  the  growers,  for  although  it  came  rather  late  in  the  year, 
iji  fact  when  the  crops  bad  nearly  all  been  shipped,  it  was  still 
some  advantage  to  have  the  expenses  on  these  products  reduced 
in  view  of  the  very  low  prices  obtainable. 

It  is  true  that  the  Government  counterbalanced  the  difference 
made  in  the  revenue  by  increasing  import  duties  12^  per  cent, 
and  commerce  has  to  bear  a  small  rise  in  price,  but  should  crops 
be  better  this  year  and  should  prices  improve  even  to  a  slight 
extent,  it  is  quite  possible  that  the  gain  on  the  products  exijorted 
will  more  than  cover  ihe  increase  iu  the  cost  i)f  articles  imported, 
and  shippers  and  growers  will  derive  a  tangible  benefit  from  the 
measure.  Nothing  definite  can  as  yet  be  said  ou  the  subject  how- 
ever, and  a  complete  lack  of  reliable  statistics  prevents  any 
deductions  being  thoroughly  accurate. 

From  a  report  published  in  a  paper  here  referring  to  the 
exports  at  La  Guaira,  it  appeai-s  tliat  the  greater  part  of  the  coffee 
shipped  froin  this  district  last  year  weut  to  Kew  York.  It 
amounted  to  nearly  40  per  cent  of  the  total  shipments.  The 
tide  of  business,  specially  for  the  exportation  of  coffee,  turned 
towards  the  United  States  as  soon  as  the  extra  duty  was  imposed 
by  France  on  the  Venezuelan  product. 

Twenty  per  cent,  of  the  coffee  went  to  Hamburg,  and  the 
balance  to  Havre  and  other  ports. 

Venezuelan  cocoa  finds  its  best  market  in  France.  Of  the 
70,821  bt^  shipped  hence,  about  57,000  bags  went  to  the  three 
ports  of  Havre,  St.  Nazaire  and  Bordeaux. 

Hides  and  skins  go  nearly  all  to  New  York,  whither  76,000  of 
the  total  of  84,000  were  shipped. 

The  German  steamers  of  the  Hambui^-American  line  carry  Shipping, 
the  greater  part  of  the  cufl'ee  to  Europe,  but  they  take  the  second 
place  where  cocua  is  concerned,  as  this  is  chiefly  carried  by  the 
French  steamers  of  "the  Compagnie  Generale  Transatlantique," 
which  also  touch  in  Spain. 

The  carrying  trade  of  these  two  lines  dropped  exactly  one-half 
of  what  it  was  the  year  before.  The  former  carried  52,000  bags 
and  the  latter  47,000  bags. 

The  Spanish  steamers  of  the  "  Conipafiia  I'ransatlantica 
Espafiola"  did  a  much  better  business  in  1901  than  in  the 
previoQS  year,  for  it  seems  that  iu  the  Spanish  market  there  is 
now  some  demand  for  Venezuelan  coffee.  They  took  12,000  bags, 
against  5,000  bags  for  1900. 

The  whole  of  the  American  trade   oue   might  say  is  in  the 

hands  of  the  Bed  "  U  "  Une  of  steamships,  and  all  the  coffee  and 

hides  shipped  to  New  York  are  taken  by  them,  the    Dutch 

steamers  only  obtaining  a  small  share.     The  homeward  cargoes 

(111)  A  S 


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of  tlie  former  line  increased  exactly  100  per  cent,  over  the 
previous  year,  for  tliey  carried  48,000  bags,  against  24,000  bags 
the  year  precediDg. 

These  figui'es  show,  huwever,  that  there  is  not  sufficient  freight 
to  support  any  other  line  in  the  same  route. 

Iiu-ee  lines  of  British  steamships  continue  to  touch  at  Veue- 
zuelan  ports,  the  Eoyal  Mail,  Harrison,  and  Leyland  line  The 
former  conies  principally  to  deliver  the  mail,  for  which  it  is 
subsidised,  and  also  does  some  business  in  passenger  traffic,  but 
handles  very  little  freight.  The  two  others  come  fcrom  Liverpool, 
and  have  the  entire  trade  from  the  United  Kingdom  to  these 
ports,  although  this  does  not  represent  a  very  large  business,  and 
might  be  put  down  at  about  5,000  tons  annually  for  the  whole 
of  Venezuela.  The  steamers  of  these  lines  do  not  take  any  freight 
from  Venezuelan  ports,  and  those  of  the  Boyal  Mail  only  carried 
1,200  bags  durin<^  the  year. 

Tlie  export  of  cattle  to  Cuba  continued  during  the  last  year 
from  Puerto  Cabello.  The  number  shipped  is  an  increase  over 
previous  years  and  the  highest  since  the  trade  began.  In  1899 
the  total  from  l*uerk)  Cabello  and  Guatna  was  64,083;  in  1900 
it  bad  dropped  at  the  lomier  port  to  18,774,  but  last  year 
the  total  shipped  reachad  the  high  figure  of  66,049  head,  which 
were  conveyed  to  Havana  and  Santiago  de  Cuba  on  74  steamers 
flying  the  Norwegian  flag. 

7'his  trade  will  probably  continue  for  some  time  longer  and 
might  even  increase,  were  it  not  for  the  great  trouble  and  expense 
in  bringing  the  animals  from  the  interior  to  the  port  of  emtttrka- 
tion.  They  are  first  driven  over  bad  roads,  without  proper  fodder 
or  drink,  until  they  reach  Valencia,  and  thence  are  brought  by 
rail  to  Puerto  Cabello,  The  expenses  amount  to  about  21.  per 
head  placed  ou  board  ship,  and  they  are  sold  in  Cuba  on  the 
average  for  about  51 


La  GlTAiHA. 

Mr.  Vice-Conaul  Schuuck  reports  as  follows; — 

The  decline  of  commerce,  which  has  been  prii^pressii^  gradually 
for  some  \  ears  past,  did  not  show  any  sign  of  stopping  during 
1901,  ami  local  business  in  La  Guaira  was  very  dull. 

According  to  the  figures  of  the  statistical  tables,  there  has  been 
an  increase  over  1900  in  the  quantities  imported  of  all  the  classes 
of  goods  specified  in  the  list;  but  that  iDcreiise,  as  will  be  shown 
further  on,  does  not  reprtsent  any  improvement  in  trade,  but 
rather  is,  to  some  extent,  another  proof  of  the  poor  condition  of 
the  country. 

In  the  trade  of  this  town  with  the  coast  the  decline  has  been 
considerable.  The  local  consumption,  always  insignificant,  has 
also  decreased,  though  not  to  sucli  an  extent  as  to  cause  any 
failures  ;  but  tlie  fact  that  there  is  not  much  business  is  palpable 


d  by  Google 


LA  QUAIUA.  7 

frum  the   calm    which   prevails   in    the  estftblisbmenta,    where 
assiataste  patiently  await  customere  who  are  not  forthcomm^;. 

During  the  year  two  important  measures  wei-e  decreal  by  the 
Government,  which  affected  both  the  import  and  export  trade  in  a 
considerable  degree. 

The  first  was  a  resolution,  coming  in  force  on  May  1, 1901, 
which  abolished  the  export  duties  on  coffee,  cocoa  and  cotton,  and 
raiaed  by  12^  per  cent,  the  exiaiing  territorial  duty,  which  mode 
the  addition  to  the  ordinary  import  duty  to  be  25  pet  cent. 

The  second  was  in  July,  when  corn  and  beans  were  admitted  Imports 
fiee  of  duty  for  a  period  of  about  two  months,  which  expired  on 
September  6. 

Taking  the  different  lines  of  importe  in  the  order  observed  in    ' 
the  tables,  we  find — 


PruTiiiiMii  .. 
Hardware  •. 
Oilt  (not  keroMne) 


Cod 

Haohinei^  ..  •• 


In  view  of  these  figures  it  seems  paradoxical  to  say  that  trade 
bad  gone  back  during  the  year,  yet  this  is  nevertheless  the  fact. 

The  augmentation  in  the  importation  of  merchandise — in 
which  is  included  cloth  stuffs  of  every  description,  fancy  articles, 
Ac, — can  only  be  accounted  for  by  the  desire  of  a  few  l&ive  houses 
to  avoid  the  increase  of  12^  per  cent,  in  the  duties,  to  t&e  effect 
in  May,  which  caused  them  to  import  largely  in  the  preceding 
month.  Besideci  thia,  some  businesses  are  obliged,  even  under 
adverse  circumstances,  to  keep  up  their  stock  in  order  to  avoid 
the  complete  loss  of  trade  by  the  withdrawal  of  their  clients. 

In  provisions  the  increased  importation  appears  principally 
in  the  months  of  August  and  September,  and  is  due  to  the 
enormous  quantity  of  com  brought  from  the  United  States  in  view 
of  the  decree  alluded  to  above.  The  opportunity  to  introduce  the 
article  free  was  not  lost,  and  a  lai^e  stock  was  therefore  imported, 
one  steamer  alone  bringing  a  cargo  of  1,500  tons  of  corn  just  a  few 
days  before  the  decree  lapsed. 

It  may  thus  be  safely  estimated  that  the  total  increase  referred 
to  was  chiefly  from  this  source. 

In  hai'dwHre  is  included  all  iron  work,  and  as  several  buildiui^ 
with  iron  frami.-s  were  imported  from  the  United  States  during  the 
year,  it  is  to  this  circumstance  that  we  must  attribute  the  increase 
of  985  tons. 

(Ill)  A  4 


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8  tA  OUAIRA. 

Coal  is  the  only  article  which  haa  really  been  in  demand  dnring 
the  year.  The  total  increase  in  the  receipts  amounte  to  4,396 
tone,  and  the  vessels  engaged  in  the  ti-ade  numbered  19  more  than 
in  the  preceding  year. 

It  is  in  the  table  of  exports  that  we  see  the  great  difference 
in  the  trade  of  this  port  during  1901. 

The  coffee  crop  was  far  below  the  averf^,  and  the  quantity 
shipped  was  3,010  tons  less  than  in  1900.  Besides  this  the  prices 
obtained  for  the  article  were  very  low. 

Cocoa  alRo  showed  a  <lecline  in  the  shipments  amounting  to 
1,992  tons. 

In  hides  there  was  a  falling-off  of  32,469,  equal  to  293  tons. 

The  failure  of  the  com  and  cocJDa  crops  referred  to  affected 
somewhat  the  volume  of  the  incoming  trade  with  the  coast,  and 
the  total  decline  was  equal  to  1,764  tons.  There  was,  on  the  other 
hand,  a  great  increa.se  in  the  timber  trada 

British  shipping  is  well  represented  at  La  Guaira  in  point  of 
number  of  steamers  calling  at  the  port ;  it,  in  fact,  holds  first 
place.  But  the  same  cannot  be  said  with  regard  to  the  quantity 
of  freight  handled,  for  in  this  they  only  rank  third,  and  it  would 
even  seem  that  they  hardly  cover  the  expenses  of  calling  here, 
merely  doing  so  not  to  lose  their  hold  on  the  trade. 

Only  four  British  sailing  vessels  came  here  during  1901,  two 
of  them  laden  with  coal. 

Although  the  greater  part  of  the  coal  imported  comes  from 
Cardiff,  veiy  little  is  brought  by  British  ships ;  Itussian  vessels 
took  the  greater  part  of  this  freight,  no  less  than  seven  having 
arrived  at  La  Guaira  during  the  year. 

During  the  whole  of  1901  this  port  was  scarcely  one  day  with- 
out a  foreign  warship.  Sometimes  three  or  four  were  here  at  the 
same  time.  This  was  naturally  of  some  material  benelit  to  the 
place,  owing  to  their  requiring  large  quantities  of  fresh  meat, 
poultry,  vegetables,  &c.,  &c. 

The  total  quantity  of  imports  from  the  United  Kingdom  shows 
a  rise  of  3,264  tons,  but  this  must  be  put  down  to  the  increase  of 
the  coal  trade,  and  it  would  therefore  seem  that  the  balance  of 
commerce  with  the  United  Kingdom  has  remained  more  or  less 
stationary. 

The  La  Guaira  and  Caracas  Railway  Company  (British) 
continues  to  keep  up  the  traffic  between  this  poi-t  and  the 
capital,  and  by  dint  of  very  good  man^;ement  is  able,  notwith- 
standing the  falling-off  in  trade,  to  clear  expenses  and  pay  a  small 
dividend. 

The  La  Guaira  Harbour  Corporation,  the  only  other  British 
Company  established  here,  is  also  very  ably  managed,  and  it 
facilitates  in  every  possible  way  the  shipping  coming  here,  which 
find  a  safe  and  commodious  anchorage  under  the  shelter  of  the 
breakwater.  The  company  spares  no  expense  to  keep  the  whole 
business  in  perfect  working  order,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  trade 
will  not  further  decrease,  as  it  would  be  tC  great  loss  to  La  Guaira 
should  this  enterprise  be  forced  to  stop  work. 


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I  BubjoiQ  four  tables  giving  the  figures  relating  to  the  quan- 
tities of  the  importa  and  exports  and  the  coasting  trade  in  the 
district  of  this  Vice-Consulate. 

Table  A. — Impobtation,  Exportation,  and  Coasting  Trade  loi 
the  Year  1901. 


FoBMQN  Importation. 

Qoai 

tity. 

Packagei. 

Met.  ton*. 

187.618 

8,610 

Hwdwsrs           

56,180 

a,260 

ProTuioQi  and  liqucm  , .         . . 

306,f»g 

17,146 

Oils,  other  than  keroMne 

9,108 

538 

Etrowne            

«6,2«7 

Timber 

19,110 

1,696 

Cement 

20.261 

3,419 

CwJ        

16,674 

7U 

120 

8,447 

S6a 

Numtur. 

Shin  oarrying— 

210 

limber            

1 

FoKWGN  Exportation. 


QooHm. 

Qnantity. 

B»gi<rf  coffee 

„      cocoa    

HidM 

Suodriei 

Fackagea. 

120,217 
70,085 
80,058 
8,517 

Het.toii>. 

7,290 

3,774 

782 

677 

Coasting  Tkadb. 


AjUoIm. 

(i«^titT. 

ImportBUon. 

limber 

Coal        

Met.  tona. 

14,055 

8,741 

248 

Met.tona. 
5,584 

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LA.  OUAIKA. 


Table  B.—Statehint  of  Foreign  ImportotioDs  for  the  Year  1900, 
with  Countries  from  which  the  Goods  are  Shipped. 


OonnHy. 

8^'"^.        '.'.        '.'.        '.'. 
LWm)  States  of  AmeriOB       .. 

-HollKid;!         '.'.         '.'.         " 

Itaij        ..         

Bel^iiUD 

Columbia 

P.ck«e.. 
162,082 

806,664 
28.706 
S4346 
42,968 

«,« 

18 
168 

Urt.  ton*. 
7,666 
1,639 
24,613 
1,M7 
8,680 
18,W7 
812 

li 

SI 

Table  C. — Statehent  showing  Importation  and  Exportation, 
with  NationaUty  of  Vessels,  during  the  Year  1901. 

Impoktatiok. 


Art 

EXMBTATION. 

olfls. 

duantitj. 

Met.  tons. 
7,290 
8.774 

Cocoa           

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Lh.  GDAIRA. 

Natiomauty  of  Vksskls. 


Number  of  VsMelt. 

Nationality. 

Sleam. 

SaiUiijr. 

Auiwiomn            

3S 

1 

a*rmm 

2G 

apaDiili 

FVeDch     

19 
82 

■- 

Dut«h 

38 

Britiili 

I'fclian 

1) 

\eneiiieliii         

I 

8 

I'OEHTO   CaBELLO. 

Mr.  Vice-Cousul  Kolster  reports  as  follows : — 

We  look  back  upon  another  year  of  political  diaturbaiices,  of 
low  prices  for  the  chief  exports  of  the  country,  and  as  a  logical 
consequence  of  this,  upon  a  year  of  restriction  on  all  the  lines  of 


The  population  is  pauperised  by  the  constant  revolutions,  of 
which  the  central  districts  Dave  been  the  ^^hosen  field;  and  by  the 
extraordinary  contributions  which  have  appeared  necessary  for 
the  maintenance  of  public  order.  The  consumption  of  foreign 
goods  has  thus  gone  back,  whilst  in  the  sister  Kepublios  it  has 
increased.  In  the  better  class  of  dry  goods  a  decrease  of  demand 
is  chiefly  noted,  and  this  accounts  for  the  liquidation  of 
two  of  the  principal  houses  iu  that  line,  and  for  the  visible 
diminution  in  the  trade  with  the  United  Kingdom,  the  moat 
important  selling  country  in  that  branch. 

The  minor  crops  liaving  sutiered  by  a  continuous  aridity, 
lai^r  quantities  of  grain  were  brought  into  the  country ;  aud 
rice  being  the  leading  article,  imports  from  {Jermany  and  Holland 
show  a  slight  increase  over  last  year's  figures,  whUst  trade  with 
the  United  States,  in  spite  of  larger  shipments  of  corn  and  beans, 
on  which  duties  were  abolished  for  a  while,  has  not  readied  its 
previous  standard  either. 

The  following  are  the  official  figures  of  imports  during  the 
year  1901  :— 


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PUEKTO  OABRLLO. 


From— 

V.lue. 

Carreaej. 

Stsriing. 

United  £iDgdom 

G«nii»n»            

United  StMH 

FiBDce 

Hollwid 

IWJ        

Spwi 

Other  conntrie* 

1,602,788    28 
1,300.636    68 
874,888    46 
MI,464    75 
11U,630    16 
86,661    93 
16,887    76 

£        #.  d. 
64,820    S     6 
68,476  11    8 
61,G06    0    1 
84,629    1    0 
82,683    6    a 
4,881     7  11 
8,482    3    1 
607    8    9 

Totol 

6,486,872    82 

364,886    0    8 

Hon.— 25  Bob.  2G  c.  -  It.  sterling. 

Imports,  according  to  these  figures,  have  decreased  consider- 
ably, showing  a  reduction  oE  fully  25  per  cent  if  compared  with 
those  of  the  year  previous,  and  of  more  than  40  per  cent,  if  com- 
pared with  those  of  the  year  1898,  which  is  by  no  means  the 
beat  on  record. 

The  number  of  vesaela  from  foieign  ports  entered  and  cleared  ' 
during  the  year  1901  was : — 


ITatioTuditj. 

Number  of  TesseLi. 

Steam. 

Sailing. 

HonreBimn          

78 

61 

Dutoli 

47 

British     ..         

S8 

1 

ss 

2 

Spwiish 

12 

BnBiUn 

2 

62 

1 

Total 

817 

8 

AlmoBt  all  the  cattle  steamers  loading  between  the  Island  of 
Cuba  and  this  portion  of  the  Continent  are  Norwegian,  and  the 
trade  having  this  year  been  quite  lively,  their  number  has  largely 
increased. 

Figures  for  exports  during  the  year  1901  are  the  following : — 


d  by  Google 


FDERTO  CABBLLO. 


Coffee 
Cm»m> 
Hide* 
Ueenkini 
OoitUkiiiB   , 

Oldmetali. 

LiKiiber 


MARACAIftO. 

Mr.  Acting  Vice-Consul  Wilst  reports  as  follows : — 
The  year  1901  must  be  considei-ed  very  bad,  although  some- 
what better  than  1900.  £xpoTta  of  nearly  all  pitMiuce  have 
increased  a  little,  and  especially  during  the  first  seven  months 
of  the  year  business  was  almost  satisfactory,  taking  into  con- 
sideration the  low  coffee  prices,  which  influence  in  the  first  place 
geiiei-al  business  in  these  dit>tricts.  Unfortunately  in  August, 
me  State  of  £1  Tachira  was  invaded  by  Venezuelian  revolutionists, 
and  in  consequence  of  this  invasion  General  Castro  prohibited 
the  traffic  on  the  Zulia  Biver,  so  that  all  commercial  connections 
with  Colombia  ceased.  Tliia  lias  affected  seriously  the  Maracaibo 
district,  and  the  last  five  inontlis  of  the  year  190L  were  worse 
than  ever,  business  being  nearly  at  a  complete  standstill. 

The  export  of  cofl'ee  has  amounted  to —  OoVm. 


Qntntiij. 


1900 
1899 
1B9S 


412,866 
S16,47l 
844,3ii8 
MI,S79 


The  average  price  of  coffee  per  100  lbs.  f.o.b.  Maracaibo,  may 
be  calculated  as  26i!.,  against  26s.  for  1900 ;  25s.  for  1899,  213.  for 
1898  and  44*.  for  1897.  On  account  of  the  low  price  of  coffee  the 
Goverament  resolved  to  take  off  the  export  duty  on  May  1,  which 
makes  a  difference  of  about  80  c.  (2*.  M.)  per  100  lbs.,  and  has 
created  much  satisfaction  amon;,^t  the  planters. 

Tlie  value  of  exports  of  coffee  in  1901  amounted  to  591,112/., 
aoainst  540,707t  in  1900,  543,243/.,  in  1899  and  772,584/.  in 
1898. 

The  export  of  hides  has  increased  considerably  as  to  quantity,  HidM. 


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14  MARACAIBO. 

whilst  the  value  shows  a  decrease  in  consequence  of  the  decline 
of  prices.  There  have  heen  exported  in  lfK>l  45,472  hides, 
against  34,793  hides  during  1900.  The  value  of  export,  was  only 
22,800/.,  against  30,430;.  in  1900. 

The  export  of  goatskins  has  increased,  amounting  to 
139  tons,  gainst  121  tons  in  1900. 

7i  tons  of  deerskins  have  been  exported  in  1901,  against  4J 
tone  in  1900. 

In  1901  the  export  of  balsamo  copaiba  amounted  to  40J  tons, 
against  36}  tons  in  1900. 

The  export  of  fishsounds  shows  a  decrease.  There  have 
been  exported  36  tons,  against  43  tons  during  1900. 

On  account  of  the  heavy  rains  the  cocoa  crop  has  suffered  a 
good  deal,  and  therefore  arrivals  were  poor.  The  export  in  1901 
amounted  to  154  tons,  with  a  value  of  8,370/.,  against  184 
tons  in  1900,  with  a  value  of  10,800/. 

The  quina  bark  export  has  increased,  it  amounted  to  6^  tons, 
against  4  tnna  in  1900. 

A  good  business  has  been  done  during;  the  year  1901  in 
(iividivi.  Prices  improved  at  the  end  of  the  year  in  consequence 
of  tlie  heavy  demand  in  Europe,  aa  exports  of  dividivi  from  Kio 
Haclia  liiid  neaily  ceased  on  account  of  the  revolution  in  Colombia. 
There  have  been  shipped  from  here  in  1901  about  3,400  tons, 
against  1,800  tons  in  1900. 

Wood  shows  also  a  email  increase.  The  export  was  6,272  tons, 
against  5,421  tons  for  last  year. 

American  asphalt  manufacturers  bought  a  big  mine  near  the 
Eiver  Limon,  and  are  building  a  railroad  from  this  mine  to  the 
lake.  They  also  bought  the  necessary  machinery  in  order  to  refine 
the  raw  material  here.  The  export  will  begin  probably  during 
1902. 

The  best  mail  communication  with  Maraeaibo  ie  viil  New  York, 
with  steamers  of  the  American  Red  "  D "  line,  four  times  a 
month. 

ARRiTAiiS  of  Vessels  at  the  Port  of  Maraeaibo  from  January  1  to 
December  31,  1901. 


KonregioD   . 

Danirh 

Dukli 


Fierth 
Tofal 


Number  ot  T««aola. 


'  Scboonan.  [     Total. 


n  tonnBrr.  4<,3I0. 


d  by  Google 


GlHEEAL  Produce  Exported  from  Maracaibo  daring  the  Tears 
1901-1900. 


Bw 

Met-toni. 

B^. 

Met.  tout. 

4£I!,S86 

26,628 

20.820 

8,i79 

S,88S 

184 

Humbw. 

8* 

NumW. 

4 

Hide. 

46,478 

466 

84,703 

338 

OoatakiDi 

^ST 

189 

'tx- 

ISl 

Deankiiu 

S4 

71 

60 

4t 

OopulM 

1,020 

401 

890 

36t 

6,272 

6,421 

DiridiTi 

8,S«8 

1.781 

Brown  nuar    .. 

10,883 

7,168 

274 

604 

86 

48 

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r-ONDOKi 

Ftiiil»d  Tor  Hi*  MajntT*!  Stattomry  Offloe, 

Bt  HABBIBON  AND  BOITS, 

PrinUn  in  Ordinuy  to  Hi*  Hajcrty. 

(76    6  I  08— H  t  8     111) 


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No.  2745  Aniiiial  Series. 
DIPLOMATIC  AND  CONSULAR  REPORTS. 


WESTEEN    PACIEIC. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  TEAR  1901 


TRADE    OF    SAMOA. 


EUfPERENOE  TO  PBEVIOUS  BBPORT,  AudubI  Series  Na  3ft61 


PruenUd  to  both  Stnutt  of  Pariiament  bg  Commando/  Hit  Majetti/, 
MARCH,  1902. 


LONDONi 

PBINTED  FOR  HIS  MAJESTZ'B  STATIONKRY  OFFICL!:, 

BY  HARRISON  AMD  SONS,  ST.  MARTIN'S  LAME, 


BTV.E  &  SPOITISWOODE,  East  nARDiKo  3iriit,  Thkt  Btmii,  S.C- 

BDd  tS,  AniNGDON  Street,  Wkstminbtes,  5.W.; 

or  Ul.IVER  A  BOTD,  EmHBDBaB  j 

orB.  PCINSONBY,  \\(i.  anAPToN  Strrrt,  Dubliit. 

1902. 
(6—49.;)  trie*  One  Halfipmny. 


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CONTENTS. 


€toeisl  nnwrb.- _,..,-_-_....«_._..._,-.„«.._....._„ _ _ S  | 

CitUom*  tMJil „..«._ - « _ ^..^.^ ^ S 

Caneaoj  .-..._-..__._.» _...» _._.._.„«.._„..._.^  ...»__> .._.—.—..  1  i 

TftIM -....-»...«. - '*  I 

-Copn  _.._.^...»..__..._....__.._,.i„..„......»...»....u.... ..._....»._.. S  I 

LeMM  ..- -.... — -.  6 

Import!    - -_ _ ....„ — fi 

OpaniDgi  tor  bade . ..._ ~ ..—.... _._.._ S 

LangoAge.... _. .~ „..~....^... - ~ 6 

Population  .._._........ ~ „,„.......,... _ _ .._....  6 

StMiftiM _ _ -. -. _  6 


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No.  2745.  Annnal  Series. 

Beftrence  to  previom  Beport,  Annual  Series  No.  2561. 


BtpoH  on  the  Trade  of  Samoa  for  the  Year  1901 
By  Me.  Acting  Vice-Consul  T.  Teood. 

(BaoeiTed  tt  Foreign  Offioe,  TtAmury  11,  190S.) 

The   year   1901   haa   not  been  a  prosperous  one   in   Samoa,  asiwwl 
There  has  been  a  falling-off  in  the  copra  yield,  and,  conae- 1*™"^- 
quently,  in    the    sales'  of    goods  by  merchants  here ;    and    as 
cacao-growii^  is  only  in  ite  infaney,  very  little  aasistance  from 
it  to  swell  the  value  of  exports  can  be  looked  for  before  another 
five  years. 

The  Samoa  Estates,  limited,  has  just  commenced  operations 
in  cacao  planting,  and  great  things  are  expected  from  it  which  bid 
fair  to  be  realised. 

Mr.  Hart,  F.KS.,  of  Trinidad,  recommends  in  his  work  on 
cacao  the  planting  of  Jievea  rubber  trees  between  the  rows  as 
shade  plants.  Some  of  the  experienced  planters  here  do  not 
favour  this,  on  the  ground  that  the  lievea  rubber  tree  is  not 
profitable  to  cultivate,  and  say  that  the  castilloa  elastica  is  better ; 
they  also  think  that  ihe  rubber  tree  should  not  be  planted 
amongst  the  cacao.  However  this  may  be,  it  may  be  regarded 
as  certain  that  laive  planting  companies  should  cultivate  the 
castilloa  elastica  rubber  tree,  which,  I  am  informed,  thrives 
here  equally  as  well  as  cacao,  and  yields  a  return  in  from 
six  to  eight  years  some  say.  It  is  not  as  subject  to  diseaee  as  the 
cacao,  and  could  be  planted,  as  experts  may  recommend,  either 
between  the  cacao  rows  or  in  another  part  of  the  plantation. 
Whether  it  withstands  hurricanes  better  than  cacao,  which  is  a 
very  fragile  tree,  I  cannot  say. 

I  strongly  advise  the  companies  who  intend  to  carry  on 
planting  operations  here  not  to  depend  solely  on  cacao,  but  to 
plant  as  well  indiarubber  trees,  with  other  tropical  products, 
suited  to  the  soil  Kola,  too,  bearing  in  10  years,  should  be 
cultivated  by  small  planters. 

On  April  1,  last,  the  customs  tariff  was  altered  by  the  Govern-  Outtmu 
ment  and  is  now  as  follows ; —  '*™' 


(11) 


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ArtiolM. 

1       Psi^ 

1 

Oaneiusj.    1       Pw— 

Bteiliiig. 
(approiimato). 

Ale    .. 

^.    :: 

Oigar. 

Sportine  arms 
Ounpowdor  . . 

.;  utM 

:  Uao.    :: 

.    Kilo. 

M>rk.  pf. 

0    20         Doi.  qiuTti 
a     60          Gallon        .. 

0  SO               „          .. 

1  40               „          ■■ 

4    60         Lb 

9      0           

lA      0         Bach 

2  eo         Lb 

1  H 

4    0 
16    0 
1    1* 

KoTi. — 1  litre  is  equal  to  2|  wine  pint* ;  1  kilo.  U  eqnal  to  2i  Ibe. ;  1  mail  ii 
eqiial  to  1>.  (approximate) ;  100  pf.  make  1  mark.  All  other  article!  are  lubjeot  to 
a  dot;  of  10  per  oent.  on  ioToico  cost  and  freight :  formerlj  thii  ad  valorem  dutj 
wta  onlj  2  per  eent. 


The  export  duty  on  copra,  2^  per  cent.,  hae  been  umulled,  aa 
also  that  on  coffee  and  cotton. 

The  currency  uow  in  all  Government  documents  is  reckoned 
in  marks,  20  marks  gold  being  valued  at  19s.  M.  nearly,  but 
Enelish  and  United  States  coinage  are  also  a  legal  tender,  at  a 
little  above  par. 

The  Government  on  June  15,  1901,  proclaimed  as  follows: — 

Gold :  The  English  sovereign  shall  be  equal  to  20  marks  42  pf, ; 
the  CJnited  States  gold  5-doL  piece  shall  be  equal  to  20  marks 
95  pf. 

Silver:  The  German  mark,  English  shilling  and  United 
States  25-c.  piece  shall  be  all  of  equal  value,  but  payments  in  . 
same  to  the  Treasury  must  not  exceed  20  shillings  from  each 
per.iion  on  each  occasion. 

For  all  payments  to  and  by  the  Government  this  stands  good, 
but  persons  requiring  cash  to  use  in  the  British  colonies  or 
California  have  sometimes  to  pay  a  premium  when  exchanging 
marks  for  Eiigliah  or  United  States  coinage. 

The  Government  has  come  forward  to  remove  all  difficulties  of 
a  large  scale  arising  out  of  the  above  by  issuing  postal  orders  on 
the  British  colonies  and  Europe  to  any  amount  required,  but 
limiting  the  amount  of  each  order  to  400  marks  for  postal 
orders  on  the  colonies  and  to  101.  for  orders  on  Europe.  I 
am  informed  that  the  cost  of  remitting  say  40i.  in  this  manner, 
i.e.  in  four  orders  of  206  marks  70  pf.  for  101.,  is  826  marks  80  pf., 
or  about  3^  per  cent,  if  1^.  sterling  is  taken  as  20  marks,  or 
1^  per  cent,  if  11.  sterling  is  reckoned  at  20  marks  42  pf.* 

The  building  tax  is  1  per  cent,  yearly  on  the  assessed  value. 
A  small  yearly  tax  has  to  be  paid  by  persons  carrying  on  trades 


*  The  merchant  remitting  in  marks  to  Qermanj  pajg  2  per  c 
goodi  than  ttie  merohant  Temitting  in  sterling  lo  Great  firit«iti,  fc 


Talue,  Tit,,  42  pf.  an  ererj  20  mark*. 


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and  profesaioD?.     Storekeepers  pay  store  taxes  from  21.  lOt.  to  2(iL 
per  annum  according  to  the  buslnesB  doua 

The  value  of  copra  exported  in  1901  amounted  to  35,000/.  Ot^n, 
This  includes  about  1,000  tons  shipped  to  Australia.    It  was  90,0001. 
in  1899  and  46,000/.  in  1900. 

All  the  land  (about  12,000  acres)  belonging  to  the  American 
Company  has  been  purchaaed  by  Mr.  Kiinst,  a.  German  millionaire 
here. 

Country  lauds,  owing  to  cacao  c;ultivation,  are  ste&dily  rising 
in  value 

The  great  drawback  at  present  is  the  shortness  of  leases  Lmml 
allowed  by  the  German  Giovemment,  viz.,  10  years,  but  should 
the  term  be  extended  to  40  years,  or  the  option  of  purchase  from 
the  Samoans  be  allowed,  a  lai^e  field  will  be  opened  for  the 
profitable  employment  of  capital  in  this  direction,  especially  as 
Governor  Solf  is  endeavouring  to  bring  about  the  Introduction  of 
labourers  from  abroad  into  this  colony. 

As  regards  imports  nearly  all  the  articles  used  by  the  Sauioaus,  ImpoiU. 
excepting  soft  goods,   come   from   Auckland,   Sydney   and    San 
Francisco.     From  Germany  a  good  deal  of  drapery  is  imported, 
and  some  hardware ;  thiB  has  always  been  the  case. 

The  cheaper  lines  of  provisions,  as  salt  and  preserved  meat, 
Sour,  bbcuits,  &c.,  are  all  supplied  by  Australasia  and  the  United 
States. 

Lumber  and  kerosene  come  from  San  Francisco. 

From  time  to  time  letters   from   large  manufacturing  firms  0 
at  home  reach  this  Consulate  making  enquiries  about  business '' 
prospects,  but  the  foreign  population  is  so  small  (400  by  latest 
estimate,  with  some  400  half-casies)  and  the  native  wants  are  so 
few  that   for  machinery,   motors,  fire-engines,   &c,   there   is   no 
demand  whatever. 

Galvanised  rooting  iron  is  always  in  demand.  It  is  imported 
chiefly  from  Sydney. 

Flints,  longclotb,  handkerchiefs  and  piece-goods  are  the  staple 
native  trade. 

The  Sydney  and  Auckland  merchants  combine  to  send  here, 
every  four  or  six  months,  travellers  furnished  with  full  sets  of 
samples,  each  traveller  represtfnting  several  houses,  supplying 
totally  different  classes  of  goods, 

I  recommend  the  same  plan  to  houses  in  the  United  Kingdom 
keeping  stocks  of  hardware,  roofing  iron,  tinned  provisions,  and  all 
kinds  of  soft  goods. 

The  pioneer  experiment  would  cost  money,  but  it  is  the 
only  way  to  open  up  a  direct  trade  from  here  with  British 
houses.  Sut,  as  regards  the  sale  of  British  manufactures, 
whether  they  come  direct  from  the  United  Kingdom  or 
through  Australian  houses,  the  result  to  British  commerce  is 
the  same. 

This  being  a  German  colony  all  Grovemment  communications  i 
and  court  proceedings  are  in  the  German  language,  but  English 
is  still  largely  used. 


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The  local  fortnichtly, "  S&moaniBche  Zeitung,"  iB  printed  partlj 
in  Eng^h  and  partly  in  G«miai). 

Fereons  settling  here  will  find  it  necessary,  in  time,  to  under- 
stand Germaa 

On  Tntuila,  70  miles  from  Apia,  and  Manna,  130  miles  distant 
(the  TTnited  States'  Samoan  poasessions),  everything  ia  vorkiiiig 
smoothly.  The  natives  there,  and  here,  are  eatisfieid  with  their 
new  Government. 

There  is  no  particularly  good  opening  there  at  present  for 
either  planting  or  trading,  alUiough  much  money  is  being  spent 
there  by  the  Government  on  public  works. 

The  native  population  of  German  Samoa  is  32,000 ;  of  American 
Samoa,  6,000. 

The  statistics  appended  are  only  approximate,  but  as  it  will  be 
several  months  before  detailed  particulars  of  the  whole  year's 
transactions  can  be  obtained  from  the  ouatom-house,  it  is  better 
to  fnroish  at  once  a  statement  for  the  year  which  may  be  taken  as 
correct  for  all  practical  purposes. 

Table  I. — Ketdrn  of  all  Shipping  Entered  and  Cleared  at  the 
Port  of  Apia  during  the  Tear  1901  (exclusive  of  Ships  of 
War> 

Inwards. 


Stoam. 

Sftihng. 

Total. 

Number 

of 
VeweU. 

Ton« 

Nii-nber 

of 
V««»U. 

Tons. 

Nu.nber 

of 
Ve«Ml«. 

Tons. 

BritiiiU    .. 
aennu  .. 
Americn 
Norwegian 
Dsuiih    .. 

33 

7 

69,118 
1,456 

1 

4 

5 

4 

149 

718 
8,453 
2,027 

S4 
7 

4 
6 

4 

59,268 
1,456 
718 
8.463 
8,027 

Total 

40 

60,576 

14 

6,347 

64 

66,9SS 

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BAMOA. 

OoXWAEDa 


at«un. 

SidliiiR. 

Total. 

BBtionaKl.;. 

Nuxiber 
of 

Toiw. 

Numlxr 

of 

Toia. 

Number 

of 
TeMoli. 

TOOM. 

Britiih     .. 
DMliih     ..          .. 

88 

7 

69,119 
1,4W 

1 

5 
5 

14B 

718 

84 
7 

& 

B 

ea.2e» 

1.466 
718 
8,468 

Totil 

40 

60,575 

16            7,l8fl 

r,r, 

67,764 

d  by  Google' 


Hill 
I2-I 


1 

If 


7000'09  JiKKiy 


8---|S|S« 


i       sis  :ii| 


■c 

l 


(76    8  I  08— H  &  a     11) 


s. 
isl  3 


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No.  2848  Annnal  Seriei. 
DIPLOMATIC  AND  CONSULAB  REPORTS. 


WESTERN    PACIFIC. 


REPOET  FOR  THE  YEAR  1901 


TRADE    AND    COMMERCE    OF 
THE    FRIENDLY   ISLANDS. 


RBrBRBlfOB  TO  PEHVIOUS  EEPORT,  Annual  Series  No.  2267, 


Praenied  to  both  Somea  of  ParUament  by  Command  of  Ria  Mtyafy, 
JULY,  1902. 


LONDON! 

FBIH'tBD  FOK  HIS  MAJESTY'S  STATIONBKY  OBSIOJS, 

BT  HABRiSON  AND  SOSS,  ST.  MARTIN'S  LANE, 


And  to  be  parch nicil,  either  directly  or  tliroogh  any  Book»eller,  from 
EYfiX  A  BPO'ITriRWOODK,  Kai^  Habdino  Sibbbt,  Flxxi  Stubi,  B.0.« 

Ud  82,  ABE.XnDON  SlRKKT,  WKMNlNaTBX,   S.W.  | 

or  OLTVKIl  &  BOYD,  Edihbubshi 
cr  B.  FON80NBT,  116,  Gbutoh  Stubi,  r 

1902. 
[Od.  786— 152.J  Pri«*  On*  iVrMy. 


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CONTENTS. 


Aro&  and  popuUlioD  ..m i 

Importo    ^ 

Alcoliolu:  nqnoia    «. ........ 

I^ xporti    __ 

Shippini;  and  uaTigation   _ 

Table  oC  importa  and  export; 

freight*,  &c _ 

Trmde  nnites    _ , „ 

Cni|«W7  .......^M 

FitUQcea  


d  by  Google 


No.  2848.  Annual  Series. 

Jipfeir.uce  h previovx  Ri'poH,  Annual  Series  No,  22ti7, 


Jiej)ort  on  the  Trade  arid  Commerce  of  the  Friendly  Islands  /or 
the  Year  1901 

By  Ms.  Consul  Hohtkb. 

(R«GeiTed  at  Foreign  Offioe,  Juna  16, 1903.) 

Ifc  was  impossible  to  compile  a  report  on  the  trade  aud  cout- 
raerce  of  this  Protectorate  for  the  year  1900,  owing  to  the 
(lUticulty  of  obtaining  reliable  statiBtica.  The  Protectorate  is 
divided  into  three  groupe,  viz.,  Tonga,  Haabai  and  Vavau,  and 
OS  each  has  a  port  of  entry,  with  its  customs  oftioials,  the  diffi- 
ciilties  of  obtaining  reliable  returns  are  gieatly  increased. 

The  area  is  about  390  square  miles,  approximately.  Area. 

No  tehable  census  appears  to  have  been  taken  fur  years.  The  F^puUtioii. 
native  Tongan  population  on  December  31,  J  900,  was  snid  to  have 
been  aliont  20,000,  but  this  was  in  excess  of  the  .ictiud  numbers. 
The  tolnl  population  of  Tonga,  including  foreigners,  lialf-castes, 
TonganM,  and  all  other  natives  of  the  Piicific  residing  in  Tonga, 
may  be  taken  to  be  as  follows : — 


Britiih  Bnbjeott,  whitea 
Foranien,  white* . , 
HkU-owtet.. 

ToDgsiis       . . 
Other  natiTei 

Total 


IToTB. — ^e  flguret  at  regordi  natlTet  aie  approiimate. 
CoMPAEATiva  Table  of  Value  of  Imports  for  the  Years  1899-1901. 


(122) 


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4  FRIEKDLY  ISLAHDS. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  above  figures  that  the  value  of  imports 
for  the  year  1901  was  24,659/.  less  than  that  of  1900,  while  1900 
exceeded  the  previous  year  by  14,794^.  This  large  excess  in  1900 
may  be  attributed  to  the  fact  that  that  year  was  one  of  the  beat 
known  in  the  Group  for  copra,  cocoanute  at  present  being  the 
mainstay  of  the  islands. 

Sydney  and  Auckland  are  the  two  porta  through  which  nearly 
all  goods  are  imported  into  the  Protectorate.  The  following 
comparative  statement  gives  the  values  of  the  importe  for  the  last 
two  years : — 


Port. 

Talna. 

1900. 

lODl. 

Bydner.NAW 

Ani!Umd,N.Z 

£ 

S4.727 
89,5M 

Thus,  taking  the  total  for  the  two  years,  Sydney  exceeds 
Auckland  by  some  800^.,  but  aa  the  former  is  the  principal  port 
through  which  direct  shipments  from  Europe  to  Tonga  are  made, 
it  may  be  fairly  said  that  New  Zealand  gets  the  lion's  share  of 
supplying  colonial  products  that  are  consumed  in  the  Protectorate. 
These  are  principally  fpod-stuCfs  and  timber. 

The  following  list,  with  current  prices,  of  the  principal  lines  im- 
ported into  the  Protectorate  was  obtained  from  one  of  the  lai^st 
importers,  but  the  quantities  imported  are  unobtainable  :— 


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FEIENDLY  ISLANDS. 


WBUtDsnm'*)       , 

DniwrT,  e«d(t>1       ...       —1 

FMKriaodi    ...       

Bardnn        I  ~ 

OilnnlHd  Iron  lor  ncAii(...|  Ton,  Mnnta 


fhh  llDH  *ad  twrrlnc  twiDt  |  Lb. 


'    0  1«    0 

i   0  "i   0 


'  Batinlr    ImpoTtfld    trom    ] 


SouUi  WtlM 
Prom   Hen    Zi—iimi  and   Hii 
fcuih  Walai.    Acsordinf  t 

Almoil    entlnlr     Nsw     SouU 

WalH.    PrlGMnu7 
N4>  Zadud.    Pil«  uaoTdlm 

United    ElDgdoa,    Nov    Sootl 


Unllod  ElBRdom  and  Owbimit 
Doited  Ktaidom  u4  Qtrawaf 
Otnaanj 


tlie  ml  (rom  QormMiy 
0Bit«d  KM«dOH  and  Oinu^ 
UnlMd  KJutdom  and  OcraiBDr 
Prindpall/    UnlMd    Stau*    ol 

'-Hrlsa,  a  imaU  propoRloa 


Nov  Sontta  Walei 


The  imports  of  nines,  Bpirits,  beer  and  porter  are  as  follows : —  Winea,  tpxitt, 

Artidet.  Bemftiii. 

WinM,  gensnl  i  Auitrelitui 

Champagne  aad  finer  kiuda  of  winea  |  Frencli  and  German 

Beer '  Prrnoipolly     German,     »maU    proportion 

I       BtiCiah  and  Coloniai 

Porter I  British 

Whidcj  United  Eingdom 

GiD :  German 

Brandj  I  French 


(U'2; 


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raiKNDLY   18UND8. 


Table  showing  Total  Quantity  and  Values  of  Spirita,  Wiuea,  ] 
and  Port«r  Imported  during  the  Tear  1901. 


ArtJdM. 

j      Qntntity. 

Value. 

'^i    :.    ::    ;: 

■    Beeruid  porter     .. 

1       QnUou. 
1,916 
1.S87 
4.860 

e    f.  d. 
569    7    7 
356  19  10 
e9S    G    6 

Total 

7,683 

1,610  12  11 

Comparative  Table  of  Value  of  Exports  for  the  Years  1899-1901- 


1899 

1900 
1901 


70,911 
106,793 
88,008 


Here  f^ain,  as  with  imports,  the  value  of  exports  for  the  year 

1900  greatly  exceeded  that  of  the  preceding  or  succeeding  year. 
The  principal  articles  of  export  are  copra,  candlenuts,  fuogue 

and  fruit     The  export  of  copra  in  1901  was  some  5,000  tons  leas 
than  in  1900. 

The  total  amounts  of  these  products  exported  during  the  year 

1901  are  as  follows : — 


Articlea. 

Qiuwtttj. 

&wuu::    ::    ::    :: 

Tom.. 

7,7« 

Orange!      

Sbiuom 

ptoiBppi*::    ;:    :; 

Coooanute 

Cum.. 

3« 
47,878 
18,908 
1,047 
1,50* 
88 

Copra,  which  la  the  prinsipal  article  of  export,  is,  it  is  feared, 
likely  to  decrease  in  future  years,  owing  to  the  want  of  energy  on 
the  part  of  the  natives  in  planting  cocoanuta.  Many  of  the  trees 
have  seen  their  beat  day,  and  the  yield  must  very  materially 
lessen  if  they  are  not  replaced  with  young  trees.  There  is  a  law 
that  each  native  must  plant  a  certaiL  numher  annually,  but 
it  never  appears  to  be  enforced,  owiug  probably  to  the  existing 
system  of  laud  tenure.  Under  a  more  atiible  fonii  of  government 
there  is  no  reason  why  tliis  Protectorate  should  not  produce  from 
50,000  to  100,000  tons  of  copra  per  annum,  according  to  good  and 
bad  seasons. 


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VRIENDLT  ISLANDS.  "P 

Pearl  shell  and  bScbe-de-mer  should  botli  appenr  on  the  liat  of 
exports,  aad  add  largely  to  their  value,  but  the  native  Govera- 
ihent  are  averse  to  opening  up  the  reefs,  and  place  such  a  pro- 
hibitive price  on  a  license  to  fish  that  these  industries  are 
strangled,  and  tbousauds  of.pounds  are  lost  annually.  One  lot  of 
pearl  shell,  "  hlack  edge,"  was  sent  to  Sydney  during  the  year, 
and  broaght  7(W.  per  ton,  which  is  a  very  good  inde.^  of  the  value 
of  the  reefs. 

COHPARATIVX  Table  showing  the  Nationality  and  Tenure  of  SMppinjt  and 
Vessels  that  Entered  and  Cleared  at  the  Ports  of  Entry  in  ti«ngatioi» 
the  Protectorate -during  the  Years  1899-1901. 


■     .   ; 

Tonnsge. 

1899. 

1900. 

IWl. 

BritMll 

Nortrenaii        

D»Duh 

AmorioMi  (U.S.) 

96,686 

B,707 

1,019 

326 

262 

78,668 
10.368 

318 
336 

105,410 

8,604 

4,192 

636 

258 

Total 

108,900 

j         92,124 

119,100 

Table  showing  Value  of  Imports  and  Exports  Carried  by  British 
and  Foreign  Ships  during  the  Years  1899-1901. 


NitioDBli^. 

V.lue. 

1699. 

1900. 

1901. 

BritUh 

Duiiir 

Am«i»n(U.S.)           .. 
Owmui 

&    *.  i. 

71,661    S    0 

1,878  13    6 

4    0    0 

286    8    6 

924    6     1 

£      ..    d. 

m,m  11  9 

4,749  17    6 

10    0    0 

1,258  16    S 

X,ia7    8    1 

09.188  18    0 

2,776  14    6 

907    9    8 

886    8    9 

601  18    « 

Hntionality. 

TJdo. 

1899. 

1900. 

1901. 

Brittili 

Norwedmu 

DMiiilT?:        ..         .. 

Ameriwm  (U.S.) 

*     ..  d. 

42,072  16    0 
82,604    3    0 
6,617  18    7 

716  14    9 

i     ,.   d. 

81,286  18    6 
68,306    S    0 
£0,400  12    2 
1,862    0    0 

£      *.    d. 
22,481  16    6 
84,946  IB    6 
80,612  10    0 

17  10  11 

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S  PBIBHSLT  ISLANDS. 

By  the  above  tables  the  tonnage  of  British  shipping  far  ex- 
ceeds that  of  all  other  nationalities,  and  with  the  exception  of 
direct  shipments  of  copra  to  Europe  in  sailing  ships,  mostly  Nor- 
w^ian  and  Danish,  the  great  bulk  of  the  imports  and  exports  to 
and  from  the  Protectorate  are  carried  in  Biitish  bottoms. 

Feeights  and  Chartsrs. 


Prom— 

._ 

Pbt- 

Bate. 

Londoi 
LoadoD 
H«mbti 

Aiutra] 
NairZ 
Tonga 
Tonga 
Tonga 

TODg. 

Xougs 
Tonga 

laland 

Tonga  Tii  Anstralia      .. 
Tonga  Tift  New  ZeoUnd. . 
Tonga  Til  ATwtralia      .. 

Tonga      

Tonga 

Anrttalia 

Australia  (copn) 

NewZealand 

New  Zealand  (copra)     .. 
Kow  Zealand  (fruit)      .. 
New  Zealand  (b«awifl»).. 

Ton       . 

cLe      '. 
Bunch   . 

£>. 
a  10 
2  10 
2  10 
2    0 
2    0 
S    0 
CIS 
2    0 
0  16 

u.  to  it- 

0    1 

XoTE. — t'liartors  as  jwr  .■vgrecmcnl. 

Passage. 


Tonga  . , 


AuBi.Ttlia  TiA  Fiji    .. 
AiiEtrulia  Till  New  ZphUiuI.  ■ 
New  Zralund 


Trade  Toutee, 
B7  (team  or 


PatBenger 
Bjateam. 


Tlie  freights  and  passages  to  and  from  Australia  and  New 
Zealand,  with  the  exception  of  copra,  are  very,  liigh  considering 
the  distances,  but  as  one  steamship  company  has  the  monopoly, 
the  traveller  and  producer  have  to  submit. 

Trade  routes,  by  steam  or  sail :  (1)  From  Europe  to  Sydney, 
New  South  Wnlee,  thence  by  Union  Steamship  Company  of  New 
Zealand,  to  Tonga ;  (2)  From  Euix)pe  to  Auckland,  New  Zealand, 
thence  by  Union  Steamship  Company  of  New  Zealand,  to  Tonga. 

Passenger  routes,  by  steam:  (1) From  Sj'dney,  New  South  Wales, 
vi&  Fiji,  every  four  weeks,  by  Union  Steamship  Company  of  New 
Zealand ;  (2)  From  Auckland,  New  Zealand,  every  four  weeks,  by 
Union  Steamship  Company  of  New  Zealand. 

Gold  and  silver  coin  of  the  United  Kingdom,  United  States  of 
America  and  Oemany  are  at  present  legal  tender  in  the  Protec- 
torate. There  is  very  little  United  States  coin  in  circulation  in 
the  Group,  British  and  German  being  about  equal.  The  Higli 
Commissioner's  Court,  for  lees,  and  the  Union  Steamship  Com- 
pany,  for   freight.fi   and   passages,   take   only   British   coin;    the 


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FIIIESDLY   ISLANDS. 


GovovmuLiUt  accounts  are  kept  tii  dollai's,  shillings  unil  iwnce,  tho 
clolliir  leprcseiitiiig  4«.  Britiali. 


UOJiPAUATiVK  Tables  of  Estiuateil  lieveiiue  iiiiij  Espeutiituru  of  Finuicei. 
the  Native  Government  for  the  Years  1899-1901. 


rew. 

Amoiut. 

1S99 
1900 
1901 

18,600 
19,440 
20,900 

EXPENDIIUHE. 

Twr. 

AnwBut. 

1899          

1900          

1901           

£       *■ 
17,186  18 
18,503  17 
80,883    4 

The  above  are  merely  the  eatiniatea  as  published  in  the  Tongaii 
Gazette;  what  the  actual  revenue  and  expendituie  really  are  is 
never  published. 

For  the  year  1901  the  expenditure  may  be  divided  as 
follows ; — 


Penoiwl  emoltunetitH 

Up-1cMp  of  boati,  printing,  stationerj ,  medi- 

diiai,  bookajpiiwi,  Ac        

Publio  worti (         •• 

ToUl  


Amount. 

PwOent. 

£        '. 
16,408    4 

2,700    0 
1,7B0    0 

78-61 

18-92 
8-67 

90^    4 

100-00 

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'Utvnas  I 

Printed  (or  HU  H^ntj'i  StttlDDar)'  OBoe, 

Bt  HABKIBOS  XSD  B0N8, 

PiiDl^ra  in  OrdiwKT  to  HU  H^Mty. 

(75    7  I  02-H  &  S    122) 


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No.  2732  Animal  Seriea. 
DIPLOMATIC  AND  CONSULAR  REPORTS. 


WtFETEMBERG. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  YEAR  1900  AND  PART  OF  1901 


TRADE,    AGRICULTURE,    AND    FINANCES    OF 
WtiRTEMBERG. 


BEFEKENGE  TO   PREVIOUS   REPOET,  Annnal  Seriei  No.  853i. 


PraerUed  lo  both  Hovta  of  Parliament  hy  Command  of  Hit  Majesty. 
DECEMBER,  19Ul. 


LONUOM-. 

PJONTSD  FOR  Hra  MAJESTY'S  STATIONERY  OFKIOB, 

BT  HAJIKISOS  AND  SO^S.  ST.  MARTIN'S  LANE. 


And  to  br  purchuwd.  nther  direoU;  or  thronith  aaj  BooVaeller,  from 

BTBE  4  Sl'O'i'riS^rnGlH:,  Baeh  Habdino  Stbkkt.  ttltM  Stk«m,  E.O, 

uid  BE,  AB:.snDoH  StRVKT,  Wkctmlnstrr,  S.W.: 

or  ULTVMJt  A  BOYD,  EniNKu«r.ii ; 

or  H.  PUNSOXBY,  116,  Graitun  Stukiit,  DobliM, 

1901. 
[Cd.  786— 3C]  Priet  Three  Haljpnce. 


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CONTENTS. 


Oenerol  nnurk*  on  the  itate  of  (JarmBii  induitnet  tnd  tiade  .._.. 
„  „  Wart«mb«rg  ind 

Fruit 

Tioltiga    _ 


C&tLle-br«edi[ig  and  m 


SpiritB  of  Tina  and  Tinagar  ... 


Iron  mai  other  matalf   . 

Uaohinerj  , 

Ulectrio  works 

Textile  indiutriM      

Cotton 


Book  tisda  .» _..... 


Hone^mailet   . 
Sev  iuuae  


Strikea... 


Adoption  of  the  Ctennan  Impaiwl  po«t*ge  atMnp. 
'Die  Neokar  Birer  Canal  „..» ~ 


CuibI  and  river  tnuitport  in  Oarmanj   . 
Truat*  ia  Wurtembarg  aad  GemMnj    . 

Eipanditure  and  reTMiua _..__— 

Public  debt 


Compoutioa  of  tha  Goramment ... 


Betirement  of  the  FraaidaDt  of  the  Miniatry,  Baron  TOn  Hittnuht ._ 


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No.  2732.  Annnal  Series. 

Be/erence  to  previous  Report,  Annual  Series  No,  2532. 


S^rt  on  the  Trade,  Agriculture  and  Finances  of  Wilrtember'/  /or 
ike  Year  1900  and  Fart  of  1901  hi/  Dr.  Frederick  Rose, 
Ilia  Majett^a  Conml  at  Stuttgart. 

[Boocdred  tt  ForaigD  Offloe,  DBOrmber  S,  1901.) 

As  in  other  States,  the  induBtrial  year  of  1900  in  Germany  Oencnl 
showed   two  diatinctly  difterent   phases.     During   the   first   half"™"**"* 
of  the   year   the  period  of  commercial   prosperity,  the   greatest  q^^|^  " 
which  Germany  has  experienced  for  many  years,  was  still  able  to  uidiutries 
maintain  itself,  but  during  the  latter  half  of  the  year  the  inevit-  ""^  trade, 
able  and  anticipated  leactiou  began  to  make  itself  felt,  afl'ecting 
at  fint  single  oBtablishments  in  various  induBtriee  but  becoming 
general  in  almost  all  directions  towards  the  close  of  the  year. 

In  spite  of  many  disquieting  symptoms  the  general  feeling  at 
the  b^inning  of  1900  was  one  of  confidence.  In  most  countries 
the  supply  had  increased  greatly  without  in  many  cases  having 
been  able  to  meet  the  demand  ;  in  Germany,  for  example,  many 
smeltini;  and  machine  works  and  various  branches  of  the  textile 
industries  were  unable  to  fulfil  their  orders  and  contracts  punc- 
tually, and  a  palpable  lack  of  raw  materials  and  coal,  of  workmen 
and  capital  manifested  itself  on  all  sides.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
extreme  tension  of  the  mOney  and  industrial  markets,  the  con- 
tinued flotation  of  new  companies,  the  ex^gerated  buildim 
speculation,  the  deamess  of  raw  materials,  and  the  high  rate  oi 
discount — features  similar  to  those  which  preceded  the  great  com- 
mercial ciiais  in  1873 — indicated  to  careful  observers  that  a 
reaction  was  approaching  and  rendered  the  greatest  caution 
necessary  in  contracting  for  extensive  commercial  undertakings. 
Such  industrial  crises  have  hitherto  taken  place  at  almost  regular 
intervals,  and  the  date  .of  their  probable  recurrence  has  even — 
within  certain  limits — been  determined  in  advance. 

The  b^inning  of  the  reaction  was  experienced  first  by  the  ex- 
change market  and  the  buildiug,  textile,  metal,  and  machine 
industries ;  which  branches  were  almost  simultaneously  affected. 
The  high  discount  rate  of  the  Imperial  Bank  exercised  a  certain 
pressure  upon  the  exchange  and  the  building  and  allied  industries, 
and  a  temporaiy  cessation  of  the  American  iron  production  re- 
acted unfavourably  upon  the  shares  of  the  Gremian  mining  com- 
panies. Many  complications  were  further  caused  by  manufacturers 
who,  anticipat^g  an  unlimited  duration  of  the  period  of  prosperity, 
bad  given  large  and  reckless  ordeis  for  raw  materials  and  unfinished 

(919)  A.  2 


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4  wUurzUBEUii. 

^oods ;  further,  lai^  sums  were  lost  by  small  capitalistB  through 
mjadicious  investments  in  unsafe  undertakings. 

The  decline  in  the  building  industries,  which  was  without  doubt 
partially  caused  by  the  arti6cial  increase  of  the  prices  for  building 
Bitee  in  and  near  large  towns,  aflected  in  its  turn  those  industries 
which  are  dependent  upon  building  operations  for  their  develop- 
ment, such  as  sheet-iron,  brick  and  cement  works,  and  saw  mills. 
In  some  large  towns  the  decline  of  the  building  industries  and 
their  allied  branches  waa  productive  of  most  serious  crises  which 
were  again  further  aggravated  by  the  failure  of  several  important 
mortgage  banks. 

Two  further  important  industries,  iron  and  wool,  which 
under  the  influence  of  plentiful  orders  and  good  prices  had 
advanced  too  far  in  speculation,  showed  a  distinct  decline.  Prices 
for  textile  stufl's  showed  a  considerable  reduction,  often  within  the 
compass  of  a  few  weeks,  beginning  with  the  wool  prices  which  fell 
40  per  cent,  and  more,  and  followed  by  cotton  and  silk,  the  fall  in 
the  prices  of  the  last  two  mentioned  being  more  of  a  temporary 
nature. 

In  reviewing  the  course  of  industrial  events  in  the  past  year 
it  is  impossible  to  overlook  the  fact  that  speculation  in  the  pur- 
chase of  raw  materials  and  in  the  granting  of  credit  is  decidedly 
on  the  increase.  Many  old-established  firms  have  engaged  in  under- 
takings of  an  unsafe  nature  and  utilised  their  facilities  for  credit 
to  an  extent  which  would  scarcely  have  been  deemed  possible  IS 
or  20  years  ago. 

At  the  end  of  the  year  1900  the  symptoms  of  the  end  of  the 
period  of  prosperity  had  become  general  imd  unmistakable  and 
were  chiefly  characterised  by  a  wide-spread  want  of  confidence, 
the  fall  in  the  prices  of  various  goods,  the  diminution  of  business 
profits,  the  decline  in  the  value  of  industrial  shares — principally 
in  the  cement,  electricity,  and  textile'  branches — and  finally  by  a 
reduction  in  the  number  of  workmen  and  the  amount  of  wages. 

All  these  unfavourable  conditions,  enumerated  above,  have 
naturally  resulted  in  a  large  number  of  failures.  From  January 
to  the  end  of  July,  1901,  no  less  than  21  firms  with  a  total 
liability  of  4,600,000/.  were  declared  bankrupt  Of  this  total 
amount  the  sum  of  3,0  00,000/.  was  due  to  the  failure  of  the 
Leipzig  Bank  and  the  Cassel  Company,  which  had  both  indulged 
in  speculations  of  a  reckless  nature,  whilst  the  rest  was  largely 
contributed  to  by  the  failure  of  several  Prussian  mortgage  banks. 

During  the  same  period  (January  to  July,  19011  28  companies 
were  compelled  to  reduce  their  capital,  the  total  reduction  for  25 
firms  amounting  to  about  1,100,000/.  Finally,  during  the  same 
time,  eight  companies,  with  a  total  capital  of  1,156,000/.,  went 
into  voluntary  liquidation. 

It  is  difficult  at  present  to  predict  with  any  measure  of  cer- 
tainty how  long  the  present  state  of  depression  may  still  continue 
and  what  extent  it  may  further  assume.  The  study  of  the  com- 
mercial crises  of  the  last  century  shows  that  they  are  gradually 
tending  to  appear  in  a  less  acute  shape,  not  so  much  in  the  form 


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WCfiTEMBIBO.  6 

of  a  siidileD  ruinous  collapse  as  in  that  of  a  protracted  period 
ol  depressioa  accompanied  hj  a  greater  or  leas  number  of  com- 
mercial failures ;  the  extent  and  duration  of  such  period  of 
depresaion — given  the  absence  of  grave  political  or  social  disturb- 
ances— being  gt'.oerallv  dupeudeut  upon  the  extent  of  the  previous 
over-speculation  and  over-production  ami  the  recuperative  qualities 
of  tlie  nation  in  question.  The  prinrj[)al  failures  which  have 
occurretl  during  the  past  year  and  a-half  in  Germany  have  been 
those  of  banks,  caused  by  indulgence  in  speculation,  and  not  those 
of  factories  and  works  founded  upon  a  sound  basis. 

In  spite  of  the  general  depression  prevailing  at  present  several 
not  unl'ttvourabla  indications  may  be  observed.  The  revenues  of 
the  State  railways  show  for  some  months  an  increase  instead  of  a 
decrease.  Germany's  position  in  the  markets  of  the  world  does 
not  seem  to  have  suffered  materially.  In  spite  of  the  almost  total 
cessation  of  trade  to  China  and  Africa,  the  imports  for  the  first 
five  mouths  of  1901  show  an  increase  of  543,991  tons,  compared 
with  the  same  months  of  the  previous  year.  It  is  true  that 
exports  for  this  same  period  show  a  decrease  of  930,459  tons 
compared  with  1900,  but  this  is  still  a  surplus  of  347,108  tons 
compared  with  1899.  Finally,  the  statistics  for  June,  July,  and 
At^ust,  1901,  will  most  probably  show  that  the  decline  in  exports 
is  banning  to  cease.*  As  far  as  the  Port  of  Hambui^  is  con- 
cerned, the  total  tonnage  of  the  ships  which  left  during  the  first 
nine  months  of  1901  amounted  to  6,355,813  tons,  compared  with 
6,140,2;j4  tons  for  the  same  period  of  the  previous  year,  being  an 
increase  of  215,579  tons. 

At  the  time  of  writii^,  however,  more  unmistakable  symptoms 
of  the  gravity  and  extent  of  the  depression  have  declared  them- 
selves. 

The  Speech  from  the  Throne  read  at  the  opening  of  the  Diet 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Saxony  confirms  the  grave  economic  condition 
of  the  country.  It  deplores  the  unfavourable  financial  situation  of 
the  Empire  which,  it  affirms,  reacts  disastrously  upon  the  Budgets 
of  the  other  German  States,  and  declares  a  finan(^  reform  to  be 
necessary  and  ui^nt. 

It  su^ests,  further,  that  it  would  be  advisable  to  regulate  the 
financial  relations  between  the  Empire  and  the  various  States  in  a 
difTerent  manner. 

The  President  of  the  Bavarian  Government  has  spoken  in 
similar  terms  in  the  Bavarian  Diet. 

The  official  oi^an  of  the  Prussian  Ministry  of  Finance  has 
rect^nised  the  impossibility  of  an  increase  in  the  matricular  con- 
tributions of  the  States  to  the  Empire,  and  has  proposed  a  loan 
in  order  to  cover  the  deficit  resulting  therefrom. 

Finally,  the  number  of  unemployed  workmen  is  steadily  in- 
creasing ;  the  town  of  Berlin  alone  contributes  from  35,000  to 


of  the  Berlin  ImpMikl  Office  show  tbat  'the  deoline  in  export*  up  to  Uie  end  <rf 
B«ptemb«r,  1001,  ha*  been  nduaed  to  6X9,414  toni,  omnpwred  with  the  ume  period 
ot  1900. 

(919)  A  3 


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C  ■\vOktkmbeiig. 

40,000,  and  in  the  Crrand  Duchj  of  Baden   the  Government  has 

iuBtituted  extensive  relief  works. 

G»nBi»l  The  Wtirtembei^  industriea  and  trade  were  not  so  strongly 

^Dftrki  on      affected  by  the  general  state  of  affairs  in  Germany  aa  might  be 

'Wfiit«mb«rg   inferred  n-om   the  preceding  remarks.     To  a  great  extent  they 

indoitriM  and  had  refrained  from   the  feverish  indulgence  in   over-speculation 

*™*»-  displayed  by  other  German  States,  and  were  consequently  less 

affected  by  the  reaction  which  b^an  to  maniteat  itself  in  the 

summer  of  the  year  1900.    Most  industries,  with  the  exception  of 

flour  mills  and  some  few  others,  were  well  occupied. 

In  many  branches  of  the  export  trade,  in  pianos,  harmoniums, 
machinery,  and  gloves,  for  example,  the  business  transacted  with 
the  United  Kingdom  and  the  British  Colonies,  although  hampered 
by  the  duration  of  the  South  African  War,  was  still  upon  the 
whole  of  a  favourable  nature.  The  crisis  in  the  tanning  industry 
at  Backnang  seems  to  have  been  overcome,  as  most  of  the  works 
were  fully  occupied  and  well  supplied  with  ordei-s  owing  to  the 
flourishing  condition  of  the  boot  and  shoe  trades.  The  weaving 
industries,  in  spite  of  the  unfavourable  conditions  of  the  cotton 
and  wool  markets,  received  more  orders  than  they  were  able  to 
fulfil.  The  iron  and  wooden  furniture,  lithographic  and  chemical 
industries,  and  a  great  number  of  the  machinery  and  metal  goods 
branches  showed  no  appreciable  diminution  in  1900  compared  with 
1899,  but  commenced  to  decline  in  1901.  The  Stuttgart  furniture 
industry  especially  is  in  a  very  flourishing  condition  ;  the  number 
of  workmen  engaged  and  the  amount  of  wages  paid  being,  alone, 
equal  to  the  total  of  the  five  towns  of  Darmstadt,  Freihm^, 
Karlsruhe,  Mainz,  and  Mannheim. 

The  book  trade,  liowever,  one  of  the  oldest  industries  of  the  town 
is  greatly  threatened  by  the  competition  from  Berlin  ;  many  firms 
have  erected  branches  in  Leipzig,  and  may  settle  there  definitely 
should  any  further  difficulties  arise.  Many  engineering  firms  are 
deploring  the  cessation  of  the  export  of  locomotives  to  South 
Africa,  and  generally  speaking,  the  war  in  that  country,  together 
with  the  Chinese  difficulties,  have  seriously  aEfected  the  export  of 
metal  goods. 

A  careful  survey  of  the  general  stata  of  aflairs,  nevertheless, 
reveals  many  undesirable  and  unhealthy  conditions.  The  smaller 
rural  industries  and  trades  which  were  anticipating  a  brisk  season 
on  accoimt  of  the  favourable  harvest,  were  more  or  less  dis- 
appointed. The  wholesale  manufacturers  and  dealers  complain  of 
the  difficulty  and  slow  conditions  of  payment  exacted  by  retail 
dealers  for  goods  delivered ;  they  are  compelled  to  prolong  their 
bills — many  of  them  for  small  sums  and  payable  at  a  late  date — 
and  in  some  eases  even  to  lend  sums  of  ready  money,  in  order  to 
prevent  the  retail  dealers  from  becoming  bankrupt  The 
frequent  recurrence  of  these  complaints  forms  a  faithful  indication 
of  an  unsatisfactory  state  of  trade. 

The  formation  of  the  numerous  trusts  in  the  various  branches 
of  trade  Eind  their  arbitrary  determinations  of  prices  seem  to 
have  effectually  banished  in  Wiirtemberg  the  sympathies  which. 


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wObteubero.  7 

ftt  the  begioniDg,  were  expressed  for  them  iu  uiaD;  quarters. 
This  probable  development  of  public  opinion  regarding  the  results 
of  the  action  of  the  trusts  was  foreshadowed  in  tlie  previous 
annual  Wiirtemberg  report.  It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  the 
formation  of  trusta  in  some  branchea  renders  the  formation  of 
trusts  in  other  branches  necessary ;  so,  for  example,  the  spirits  of 
wine  and  paper  trusts  formed  in  1900  were  followed  shortly 
afterwards  by  the  formation  of  trusts  in  the  varnish  and  iu  the 
account-book  and  writing-paper  industries.  Before  the  appearance 
of  the  trusts  the  prices  of  raw  materials,  apart  from  the  cost  of 
carriage  aud  protective  duties,  were  regulated  by  a  natural  process 
of  supply  and  demand  ;  now  they  are  determined  by  the  exceed- 
injjly  conflicting  intei'ests  of  various  industrial  groups,  and  com- 
plicated atill  further  by  the  injudicious  participation  of  large 
banks,  and  the  demand  for  increased  protective  duties  ur^d  by 
the  powerful  and  active  agrarian  party. 

The  cooditioD  of  the  working  classes  iu  1900,  and  especially 
during  the  first  half  of  1901,  cannot,  be  considered  fiivoiirabie. 
The  supply  of  workmen  was  iu  excess  of  the  deninnd  .  an 
exception  was  made  by  the  weaving  and  boot  branches,  where 
there  was  an  appreciable  lack  of  female  hands.  Wages  were  only 
increased  in  a  few  branches,  for  example,  weaving  and  furniture, 
and  generally  speaking  the  position  and  purchasing  capacity  of 
the  working  classes  have  declined.  In  many  cases  the  hours  of 
work  have  been  shortened,  owing  to  the  scarcity  of  orders,  and  it 
was  found  necessary  to  dismiss  a  certain  number  of  workmen. 
Prices  of  provisions  and  tenement  rents  for  the  working  popu- 
latiou  remained  at  their  old  level.  The  books  of  the  Labour 
Office  show  that  in  June,  1901,  there  were  5,800  offere  for  4,000 
places,  a  proportion  of  about  three  offers  to  two  places,  whereas  in 
June,  1900,  there  were  102  offers  for  100  places,  a  proportion  of 
about  one  to  one. 

The  dif&culty  of  finding  employment  at  present  has  induced 
many  workmen,  wliose  term  of  military  service  has  not  yet  fallen 
due,  to  proffer  themselves  voluntarily  to  the  military  authorities 
without  waiting  for  an  official  intimation  to  serve.  Thus  the 
artillery  regiment  at  Oannstatt  received  in  October,  1901,  no  less 
than*  42  applications,  whereas  in  former  years,  when  trade  uid 
industry  were  more  flourishit^,  workmen  generally  waited  until 
tbey  had  attained  the  age  limit  and  had  been  served  witli  a  notice. 
They  calculate  that  by  entering  now  they  can  tide  over  the  bad 
tinies,  and  will  find  a  more  flourishing  condition  of  affairs  after 
the  expiration  of  their  term  of  service. 

The  grain,  potato,  and  fruit  harvests  of  1900  bear  conipaiisoii  AgriouHur 
with  the  best  harvests  of  the  last  20  years ;  fruit  and  grapes  wrjit- 
exceedingly  plentiful,  the  amount  of  wine  obtained  in  1900  being 
two  aud  a-hiilf  times  as  much  as  that  of  1899.  These  conditions 
have  certainly  improved  the  state  of  agriculture  in  the  country 
districts,  which,  however,  still  suffer  from  Jack  of  capital  and 
labourers,  and  the  high  rents  exacted  for  farms  and  estates. 

Compared  with  former  years  the  fruit  harvest  of  1900  was  Fruit. 
(919)  A  4 


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8  wUbtkhbebg. 

most  exceptionally  plentiful,  representing  a  value  of  960,000/. 
This  is  about  four  times  tlie  amount  of  the  previous  year, 
and  about  double  the  amount  of  the  average  for  the  last  10 
years.  Of  the  total  amount,  apples  contributed  about  72  per  cent., 
pears  following  with  15  per  cent,,  and  plums  with  6  per  cent. 
The  import  of  fruit  which  conies  principally  from  Switzerland 
consequently  decreased,  being  only  20,400  tons  of  apples,  compared 
with  85,000  tons  in  1899. 

Prices  for  fruit  were  extremely  low  ;  at  Stuttgart,  2«.  to  4«. 
were  paid  per  cwt,  whilst  in  some  country  distriete  where  only 
la.  to  2s  were  offered,  it  was  found  scarcely  profitable  to  pick  the 
fruit  at  all.  Many  village  authorities  in  rural  districts  seeing 
that  the  low  prices  offered  for  plums,  about  2«.  per  cwt.,  would 
infallibly  result  in  a  great  waste  of  unsaleable  freah  fruit,  bought 
drying  stoves,  which  were  lent  to  the  peasantry  at  a  nominal 
price. 
Tintag*.  The  vintage,  also,  was  most  plentiful,  amounting  to  9,636,000 

gallons,  compared  with  3,608,000  in  the  preceding  year.  This 
amount  has  only  been  surpassed  six  times  during  the  last  30 
years.  The  value  amounted  to  995,000/.,  compared  with  about 
3.30,000/.  in  1S99.  The  quality  of  the  wine  was  fairly  good, 
although  it  failed  to  fulfil  the  sangnine  expectations  in  this 
respect,  which  had  been  formed  in  many  quarters.  The  import  of 
grapes  from  other  countries  underwent  a  considerable  decrease; 
in  1899,  9,500  tons,  corresponding  to  about  1,386,000  gallons  of 
wine  were  imported ;  in  1900,  only  4,000  tons,  corresponding  to 
about  594,000  gallons.  Prices  were  moderate  at  the  h^ianing  of 
the  hiirvest,  but  rose  afterwards  to  an  extent  entirely  out  of  pro- 
portion to  the  quality  of  the  brands  offered  for  sale.  It  was 
found  necessary  to  treat  many  of  the  medium  qualities  in  various 
ways  in  order  to  render  them  palatable  and  fit  for  sale.  It  may 
be  mentioned  that  the  Coopers*  Association  seized  the  opportunity 
of  the  plentiful  harvest  to  demand  and  obtain  a  rise  in  wages  and 
a  diminution  of  the  hours  of  work. 

Since  October  1  of  the  present  year  a  new  Imperial  tax  has 
been  levied  upon  champt^ne,  and  has  caused  much  dtseatiiifaction 
in  Wiirtemberg,  where  many  manufacturers  complain  that  the 
measure  was  decreed  before  the  necessary  statistical  information 
re.garding  the  production  and  export  had  been  collected.  The 
proceeds  of  this  new  Imperieil  tax  are  to  be  devoted  to  the  expenses 
of  the  increase  of  the  German  Navy. 
Cattle-  Prices  for  cattle  and  meat  were  satisfactory,  and  a  great  dimi- 

breedinguid    nution  in  the  number  of  districts  affected  by  foot   and   month 
*"  ■     disease  points  to  a  more  favourable  condition  of  the  cattle  trade 

in  the  future.  The  restrictions,  however,  imposed  upon  this  trade 
by  the  prevalence  of  disease  have  not  yet  been  removed.  Some 
of  them  are  extremely  onerous  ;  for  example,  a  cordon  of  7J  miles 
is  drawn  round  each  infected  locality,  and  cattle  dealers  who  have 
sojourned  within  the  same  are  not  permitted  under  pain  of  severe 
penalties  to  visit  Einother  farm  during  the  same  day. 

The  imporb  of  American  lard  has  greatly  dimioished  owing  to 


d  by  Google 


wOktkhbero.  9 

the  increase  in  the  number  of  pigs  bred  in  Wiirtembei^ ;  towards 
the  end  of  1900  prices  rose  slightly,  following  the  lead  of  the  Chicago 
market,  but  are  at  present  etill  lower  compared  with  former  yeara. 

The  moist  spring  of  1900  caused  much  anxiety  iu  Germany  Hop*, 
and  Bohemia  regarding  the  prospects  of  the  hop  harvest,  but  the 
warm  summer  which  followed  dispelled  these  fears  and  indicated 
the  probability  of  an  average  harvest  The  results  for  Wiirtem- 
berg  were  satisfactory  as  r^ards  the  quality  but  iusufticient  aa 
r^ards  the  qnantity  : — 


Owta. 

LHOO  I  Sfi,000 

18W  107,000 

1899  69,000 


The  Wurtemberg  deficit  of  20  per  cent,  for  1900,  compared 
with  1899,  corresponds  to  the  deficit  experienced  in  almost  all 
other  hop  producing  countrieB,  with  the  exception  of  Russia  where 
the  quantity  was  greater  but  the  quality  inferior.  Considerable 
quantities  of  Wiirtembere:  hops  were  exported  to  tbe  United 
Kingdom  without,  liowever,  exercising  any  appreciable  influence 
upon  prices  whicli  remained  at  about  the  same  level  aa  the 
previous  year,  and  were,  without  doubt,  affected  by  the  plentiful 
fruit  harvest  which  induced  the  brewers,  whose  sale  of  beer  was 
thereby  unfavourably  affected,  to  limic  their  purchases.  This  last 
remark  applies  not  only  to  South  Germany,  but  also  to  Switzer- 
land and  France  where  the  fruit  harvests  were  also  extremely 
plentiful.  The  price  for  early  growths  was  about  61.  per  ewt. ; 
this  declined  afterwai-ds  to  61.  10a.,  and  further  to  a  steady  average 
of  41.  17s.  6d.  per  cwt. 

The  poor  quality  and  quantity  of  the  fruit  harvest  in  the  B 
autumn  of  1899  caused  a  large  consumption  of  beer  during  the 
first  eight  months  of  the  following  year,  1900,  the  production 
amounting  to  no  Jess  a  figure  than  90,200,000  gallons.  The  abun- 
dant fruit  harvest  in  the  autumn  of  1900  at  once  reacted  most 
unfavourably  upon  the  consumption  of  beer,  owing  to  the  large 
quantities  of  wine  and  cider  placed  upon  the  market.  The  import 
of  light  beer  from  Pilsen'ha.-)  declined  owing  to  the  imposition  of 
a  duty  of  15^.  per  100  gallons,  and  several  breweries  are  conse- 
quently endeavouring  to  produce  a  home-brewed  beer  of  a  similar 
■quality.  The  export  to  the  adjacent  States  has  increased  and  is  still, 
as  it  has  been  for  the  last  three  years,  about  equal  in  amount  to  the 
import,  one  of  the  largest  Stuttgart  breweries  even  sending  con- 
siderable quantities  to  Milan.  In  spite  of  the  deamess  of  coal, 
increased  wages,  and  the  rise  in  the  malt  tax,  the  large  breweries 
were  unable  to  raise  their  selling  prices,  and  have  consequently 
formed  a  trust  in  order  to  effect  this  object.  The  larger  breweries 
paid  dividends  of  from  4  to  9  per  cent.,  but  the  smaller  have 
to  struggle  with  many  difficulties. 


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10 


wCrtbub^rg. 


Spirit!  of 
wine  ftcd 


Of   latereat  is  bhe  fact  that  the  employment   of   aubetitut^ 

of  barley  malt  for  brewing  purposes  baa  been  forbidden. 

The  year  1900  was  the  first  year  passed  under  the  influence 
of  the  powerful  "  Grerman  Spirit  Tiust "  which,  in  apite  of  the 
plentiful  potato  harvest,  resulted  in  a  general  nse  of  prices. 
About  75  per  cent,  of  the  German  manufacturers  are  members  of 
this  trust  and  are  thus  easily  enabled  to  manipulate  prices  accord- 
ing to  their  will. 

The  sale  of  vinegar  was  dull  and  the  heavy  competition  caused 
by  acetic  acid  was  keenly  experienced.  This  ia  a  frequently 
recurring  complaint,  but  it  is  true  that  the  competition  of  acetic 
acid  was  especially  vigorous  during  1900  as  the  raw  material  for 
vinegar,  spirits  of  wine,  rose  in  value,  whilst  the  raw  material  for 
acetic  acid,  calcium  acetate,  fell  about  45  per  cent,  and  is,  in 
addition,  imported  duty  free  from  the  United  States. 

The  production  of  sugar  in  Germany  for  the  season  1899-1900 
was  1,800,000  tons,  compared  with  1,720,000  tons  for  the  season 
1898-99.  The  export  in  1900  v.as  980,000  tons,  of  whicli  no  less 
than  490,000  tons  went  to  the  United  Kingiloin ;  the  figures  for 
1899  were  1,020,000  and  570,000  tons  respectively.  The  fierce- 
ness of  the  competition  of  French  sugai'  in  tlie  British  market 
was  instrumental  in  the  iprmatiou  of  a  sugar  trust  which  raised 
prices  by  about  12  or  13  per  cent. 

The  condition  of  the  Wiirtembei^  sugar  industry  did  not  dilTer 
materially  from  the  rest  of  Germany,  the  quality  being  slightly 
inferior  and  the  yield  about  J  per  cent  below  that  of  the  previous 
year.  The  cost  of  production  has  increased  on  account  of  the 
higher  prices  of  coal  and  increased  wages,  a  tiae  which  was  not 
compensated  for  by  a  more  advantageous  utilisation  of  the  refuse 
products. 

The  total  yield  of  the  tobacco  harvest  in  1899  was  474  tons 
corresponding  to  an  average  of  2-2  tons  per  hectare  (2^  acres). 
Although  the  prices  obtained  for  this  harvest  were  very  high  the 
quality  proved  to  be  very  poor,  not  even  attaining  the  level  of  the 
very  moderate  harvest  of  1898.  The  large  quantities  in  stock 
at  the  Ijeginning  of  1900  decreased  the  importation  of  foreign 
tobaccos;  the  harvest  of  1900  i-esulted  in  a  good  quahty  which 
was  Boid  at  high  prices.  The  cost  of  the  manufacture  of  cigars 
has  increased  owing  to  the  rise  in  the  prices  of  raw  tobacco,  cedar- 
wood,  paper,  &c.,  and  the  sale  is  Iiampered  by  the  long  terms  of 
credit  exacted  by  retail  dealers. 

The  demand  for  quinine  was  very  irregular  during  1900,  being 
very  brisk  during  some  months  and  very  weak  during  others.  It 
does  not  seem  that  the  wars  in  China  and  Africa  have  exerted  any 
perceptible  iufiuence  upon  the  course  of  the  trade  in  quinine. 
Quinine  prices  during  the  last  few  years  have  risen  steadily  fol- 
lowing the  prices  oi  quinine  bark ;  in  January  1900  the  kilo. 
(2.^  lbs.)  stood  at  46«.,  rose  in  August  to  54«.,  and  sank  in  December 
to  42*. 

The  demand  for  nitro-pliencls  ha;*  latterly  decreased  as  these 
chemicals  have  been  replaced  Ibr  certain  purposes  by  other  pro- 


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wObtbhbkbo.  11 

dticte ;  the  import  of  carbolic  acid  comes,  aa  heretofore,  nlmost 
exclusively  from  the  United  Kingdom. 

The  di39olutioa  of  the  "  Salicylic.  Acid  Trust "  towards  the  end 
of  1900  resulted  in  a.  general  fall  ot  chemical  products  prepared 
from  salicylic  acid.  The  export  of  these  ehemicale  to  the  United 
States,  France,  and  Austria  has  been  rendered  almost  impossible 
by  the  high  duties  which  prevail.  The  chemical  works  seem  to 
desire  the  enactment  of  trade  treaties  baaed  upon  the  principle  of 
free  importation  of  raw  materials  and  a  reciprocal  treatment  with 
other  countries  for  duties  on  chemicals. 

The  struggle  between  natural  and  synthetic  indigo  still  con- 
tinues, and  it  would  seem  that  at  present  owing  to  the  favourable 
harvest  of  1900  the  prospects  of  natural  indigo  have  improved  for 
the  monlent  The  retui  indigo  trade  is  at  present  extremely 
hampered  in  its  movements  owing  to  the  uncertainty  regarding 
the  real  cost  of  the  manufacture  of  artificial  indigo  and  the  mani- 
fold patents  for  its  production.  It  is  difficult  to  obtain  absolutely 
reliable  statistics  regarding  the  consumption  of  indigo  in  Ger- 
many and  the  amount  exported,  aa  the  difference  between  artiri- 
cial  and  natural  indigo  is  not  always  given ;  this  is  further 
complicated  by  the  difference  in  the  effective  percentile  of  the 
qualities  offered  for  sale.  There  is  scarcely  any  doubt  that  the 
existence  of  natural  indigo  has  become  precarious  and  will  most 
probably  remain  so ;  on  the  other  band,  however,  it  seems  from 
later  information  probable  that  natural  indigo,  provided  the 
prices  remain  moderate,  may  still  be  ueed  in  Germany  for  several 
purposes  in  preference  to  artificial  indigo. 

The  prices  for  the  raw  materials  of  soap  manufacture  showed  Stmf. 
a  considerable  advance  in  1900,  solid  fats  increasing  by  50 
per  cent.,  oils  by  100  per  cent,  soda  and  potash  by  about 
B5  per  cent.  An  increase  in  the  manufacture  of  Wiirtember^ 
soaps  can  scarcely  take  place  as  the  raw  materials  are  subject  to 
heavy  import  duties,  and  the  majority  of  the  countries  to  which 
the  soaps  are  exported  exact  about  a  50  per  cent,  ad  valorem 
duty. 

The  great  increase  in  the  number  of  new  buildings  and  streets,  Boadiug 
a  sure  indication  of  commercial  prosperity,  which  was  manifested  enterpriM, 
during  the  last  four  or  five  years  ceased  more  or  less  completely  in 
Idol.     The  principal  reason  was  naturally  the  state  of  commercial 
depression  evidenced  in  different  directions,  in  the  general  feeling 
of  uncertainty  and  insecurity,  in  the  h^h  price  of  money,  the  fall 
in  the  values  of  State  loans  and  industrial  shares,  aud  in  the  great 
difficulty  experienced  in  obtaiuing  money  on  mortgage.     It  seems 
also  that  the  introduction  of  the  German  Imperial  General  Civil    . 
Code,   with  its  new  formalities    and    enactments,   caused  many 
difficultiea     In  consequence  the  business  effected  in  real  estate 
suffered  materially,  being,  for  example,  for  the  town  of  Stuttgart 
only  l,250,000i.,  compared  with  2,550,000i.  in  1899. 

In  spite  of  the  decrease  in  building  enterprise  the  production  BQiiding 
and  sale  of  bricks  and  tiles  were  fairly  satisfactory  for  1900,  the  ™»*""»"- 
depression  making  itself  felt  more  in  the  manufacture  of  other 


d  by  Google 


]2  WtiBTKHBERG. 

bnilding  msteriala,  for  example,  in  mortar,  plaster  of  Paris,  and 
Mmeat.  The  manutJEicture  of  cement  suffered  in  Wiirtemberg  in  a 
limilsT  degree  to  the  rest  of  Germany.  The  majority  of  the 
mneot  vorks  of  South  Germany  have  formed  a  trust  to  regulate 
srioes,  and  negotiations  are  on  foot  with  a  view  to  inducing  all  the 
German  manufacturers  to  join. 

The  demand  for  glass  wares  was  fairly  satisfactory,  but  in  spite 
of  the  dearaess  of  prices  for  raw  materials,  selling  prices  remained 
the  same. 

During  the  first  quarter  of  1900  the  demand  for  iron  was  still 
■  so  brisk  as  to  exceed  in  some  caaes  the  supply,  but  it  soon  declined 
to  such  an  extent  that  in  ffovamber  and  December,  for  example, 
the  only  business  effected  in  cast-iron  was  the  fulfilment  of  orders 
placed  some  considerable  time  previously.  The  renetion,  however, 
wu  by  no  means  so  great  as  in  N'orth  G^erroany  where  the  end  of 
a  period  of  reckless  speculation  exerted  a  most  depressing  infiuence 
upon  the  market.  The  influence  of  the  depression  in  the  iron 
tnde  upon  large  and  small  retail  firms  was  by  no  means  of  a  uniform 
chaiacter,  as  several  Wiirtemberg  firms  seem  to  have  closed  the 
jear  1900  with  favourable  results. 

The  trade  in  other  metals,  in  copper,  bi'ass,  tin,  zinc,  and  lead, 
remained  almost  the  same  during  1900  as  in  the  previous  year, 
although  the  supply  at  times  exceeded  the  demand. 

Most  of  the  boiler  works  were  well  occupied  during  the  greater 
part  of  1900  but  began  to  feel  the  reaction  towards  the  end  of  the 
jrear,  especially  as  many  of  them  had  increased  the  extent  of  their 
vorlEB  in  anticipation  of  the  duration  of  the  period  of  prosperity. 

The  continuation  of  the  South  African  War  has  seriously 
afTected  the  export  of  locomotives  to  that  country,  the  Nether- 
lands South  African  Sailway  Company  which  has  already  taken 
DO  leas  than  232  having  ceased  to  send  orders. 

One  machine  works  at  Esslingen  has  constructed  the  following 
machines  during  the  past  50  years : — 


LocomottTea 

Dyiuino 

Electric  I 


8l««m  eoginM,  bridge  and  other  iron  conftmiiiioiii . 


It  is  interestmg  to  learn  that  latterly  several  steam-rollers  and 
traction  engines  have  been  imported  irom  the  United  Kingdom ; 
furUier,  tool-manufacturiag  machines  from  the  United  States. 

The  reports  of  the  various  works  for  the  manufacture  of 
turbines  and  mill  machinery  differ  greatly,  but  all  are  agreed 
with  regard  to  the  difificultiea  caused  by  the  high  price  of  coal 
and  the  diminution  of  the  export  trade.  The  sale  of  fruit 
presses  and  other  machinery  and  tools  for  the  manipulation  of 


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WDKTElfBmGL  13 

irfib  was  extremelj  brisk  owii^  to  the  plentiful  harvest  of 
grapes  and  other  fniita.  The  manufacture  of  kneadlog  iiud 
mixing  machinery  ie  still  in  a  flourishing  condition.  Thia  is 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  Wiirtemberg  works  possess  a  certain 
monopoly  in  the  construction  of  these  machines  and  export 
them  to  all  parts  of  the  world,  so  that  the  diminution  or 
cessation  of  the  export  to  one  country  is  compensated  for  by  an 
increase  of  the  export  to  another  country  or  by  the  opeoinjg  up  of 
new  markets. 

The  manufacture  of  tools  was  very  active  in  the  banning  of 
1900  but  extremely  weak  towards  the  end  of  the  year,  suffering 
especially  from  the  depression  in  the  building  industries. 

The  general  and  severe  depression  under  which  almost  all  the  Eleetrio 
electro- technical  works  in  Glermany  are  sufTering  at  present  has "" 
not  aFTected  Wiirtemberg  to  any  grave  extent.  The  lai^e  establish- 
ments at  Cannstatt,  Esslingen,  and  Stuttgart  were  w^l  occupied 
and  only  in  a  few  cases  were  some  works  compelled  to  limit  their 
production.  The  export  to  South  Africa  and  China  languished 
on  account  of  the  wars ;  electric  machinery  is  also  exported  to 
Sweden,  Norway,  Belgium,  Holland,  the  United  Kingdom,  France, 
Italy,  Austria-Hungary,  and  Kussia. 

The  number  of  lamps  fed  by  the  Stuttgart  Electric  Works 
increased  in  1900  by  28  per  cent^  compared  to  1899.  These 
works  have  been  enlaiged  by  the  utilisation  of  the  water-power 
of  the  Neckar  at  Marbach  where  four  new  turbines  have  been 
erected,  each  with  300  horse-power.  In  addition  to  these  a  new 
dynamo  of  1,000  horse-power  was  added  to  the  already  existing 
machines  at  Stuttgart. 

The  cotton-spinning  mills,  whose  products  are  almost  excluaively  Tmtae 
sold  in  South  Germany,  were  well  occupied  during  1900.    Towards  p^^*^**** 
the  end  of  the  year  the  general  depression  made  itself  felt,  but  no    " 
great  reduction  of   the  output  nor   dismissal   of  workmen  were 
observed.     Tlie  cost   of   production   was    increased    during   the 
summer  by  the  low  water  level     During  the  first  half  of  1900 
the  cotton-weaving  mills  were  not  able  to  raise  their  prices,  in 
spite  of  the  increase  in  the  price  of  raw  materials,  as  ^ey  were 
bound  to  fulfil  the  engagements  entered  upon  at  an  earlier  date 
at  lower  prices.    Buncg  the  second  half  of  the  year  prices  were 
raised  but  orders  were  not  plentiful  in  spite  of  the  favourable 
results  of   the  agricultural   branches,  and   great  exertions   were 
necessary  to  balance  the  high  prices  of  raw  materials  with  the 
comparatively  low  selling  prices  of  manufactured  goods  and  to 
prevent  any  serious  reduction  in  the  production. 

The  wool-spinning  industry  was  extremely  depressed  during  WooL 
1900  on  account  of  the  fall  in  the  price  of  wool  and  the  over- 
speculation  of  the  previous  year.  This  depression  was  not  shared 
by  the  wool-weaving  industry,  which,  in  contrast  to  the  rest  of 
Germany,  showed  favourable  results.  Those  mills,  especially, 
which  were  well  provided  with  raw  material  from  the  previous 
yeai-  were  abundantly  and  profitably  occupied  during  the  whole 
year.    A  certain  number  of  mills,  however,  worked  with  little  or 


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14  IVOHTEHBKBG. 

no  profit  towards  the  end  of  the  year.  The  export  of  voven 
woollen  goocU  has  increased.  The  weaving  mills  at  Vaihingen 
were  so  well  employed  that  they  increased  the  number  of  workmen 
from  2,200  to  2,500. 

The  Bilk-weaving  mills  suffered  from  the  fall  in  prices  of  raw 
silk.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Chinese  War  prices  for  niw  silk 
b^an  to  rise  rapidly  but  Boon  afterwards  sank  heavily  by  f^bout 
30  to  40  per  cent. 

The  manufacture  of  pianos,  one  of  the  principal  Wiirtoinberg 
industries,  was  slightly  irregular,  but  generally  speaking  satis- 
factory. The  production  and  export  of  American  harmoniums  is 
gradually  increasing.  The  piano  industry  has  naturally,  in  comniun 
with  most  others,  sufEei-ed  from  the  rise  in  the  prices  of  raw 
materials.  The  export  remained  at  the  level  of  the  year  1899; 
it  may  be  mentioned  that  Gtirmany's  export  of  pianos  and  their 
component  parta  has  increased  from  850,000^.  in  1893  to 
1,400,000/.  in  1900.  The  principal  customer  for  Wiirteraberg 
pianos  is  the  United  Kingdom,  to  which  country  about  two-thirds 
of  the  Stutt^rt  pianos  find  their  way.  The  export  was  at  first 
unfavourably  affected  by  the  South  African  War,  but  has  latterly 
risen  again.  Many  pianos  are  also  exported  to  Australia  where, 
however,  the  competition  of  other  countries  in  this  respect  is 
keenly  felt. 

Generally  speaking  the  year  1900  was  fairly  favoumble  to  the 
book  trade,  the  principal  event  being  the  issue  of  Bismarck's 
letters  which  were  sold  in  laige  numlmrs.  The  export  amounted 
to  4,600  tons  compared  with  4,157  tons  in  1898.  Towards  the 
end  of  the  year  proEts  were  affected  by  the  rise  in  the  price  of 
paper.  The  position  hitherto  occupied  by  Stuttgart  in  the  German 
book  trade  seems  to  be  seriously  threatened  by  the  increasing 
competition  of  Berlin  and  Leipzig.  As  already  mentioned  in  the 
introduction  moat  Stutl^rt  firms  have  branches  in  Leipzig,  and 
any  further  dithculties  may  induce  them  to  settle  there  altogether. 
The  most  dangerous  competition  ia  at  Berlin  with  its  literary 
and  artistic  attractions ;  partial  remedies  have  been  proposed  in 
the  shape  of  increased  and  improved  telephonic  and  railway 
communication. 

The  Stuttgart  exchange  moved  in  sympathy  with  the  other 
German  and  foreign  exchanges,  as  far  as  the  shares  of  the  countries 
in  question  were  concerned,  but  showed  a  totally  independent 
line  with  regard  to  purely  Wiirtembeig  shai'ss  and  emissions. 
For  example,  at  the  time  of  writing,  the  shares  ot  the  Wiirtemberg 
Mortgage  Bank  are  at  exactly  the  same  level  a^  in  December, 
1899.  A  similar  result,  in  some  cases  more  favourable  still,  is 
shown  by  the  majority  of  the  South  German  Mortgage  Banks. 
This  fact  stands  out  in  great  contrast  to  the  North  German  Banks 
of  the  same  description  whose  shares  in  some  cases  have  declined 
2,  6,  and  7  per  cent.  The  same  remarks  apply  to  the  position  of 
Wiirtemberg  industrial  shares  at  the  Stuttgart  exchange;  they 
are  not  much  affected  by  speculation  in  other  parts  of  the  Empire, 
but  are  valued  according  to  their  intrinsic  worth  and  future 
prospeete. 


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WtlBTXUBSUG. 


16 


The  following  table  which  contains  a  comparison  of  some  tit 
the  principal  Wiirtemberg  works  for  the  years  1899  and  1900 
shows — in  accoidance  with  the  above-described  conditions  of  the 
Wiirtemberg  industries — that  shares  have  in  some  cases  risen,  in 
others  I'emained  stationary,  and,  finally,  in  many  cases  declined  : — 


Quotation  (share  issued 

Last 
Dividend. 

at  100  marki) 

»n  Deoembsp— 



1899. 

1900. 

Peroent. 

Wfirtembatg  HjnoH.ekeabank      . . 

71 

151 

161 

„            Notenbaak     .. 

R 

112 

no 

7 

140 

138 

BaokuiaUlt   .. 

7 

148 

180 

HeilbroDD  Tnde  Bank'      .. 

Ri 

114 

110 

BO 

310 

AMOciated  l^elt  Works        .. 

13 

254 

210 

Eiflingen  Mnchiiie  Works  . . 

10 

145 

130 

Geulingen  Hsahine  Work.. . 
TtToh  firewary 

9 

114 

180 

7 

114 

97 

WuUe  B  rower?         

6i 

123 

107 

Oemun  Publishing  CompuiT 
Eortweil  Powder  Work.     .. 

9 

12 

14fl 
218 

134 
196 

Stut^rt  Irftm  Corapuny  . . 

10 

ISS 

200 

suabian  Cement  Worki      . . 

IS 

230 

200 

HHilbronn  Salt  Works 

10 

IBO 

187 

Stuttgart  Sugar  Worki 

7 

110 

no 

BnuTthal  BaSwar 

60 

15 

& 

111 

109 

•  Has  since 

failed  for  IE 

>0,OOOI. 

The   following   loans   and   new   shares    were    issued   at    the  New  ii 
Stuttgart  Exchange  during  1900 : — 


DesoriptioD  of  Sharae. 


i  pnr  tent.  Wurtemberg  Mortjpiige  Bank  Loan 

Baden  Aniline  and  &oda  Works 

31  per  cent.  Stut^^carb  Munioipal  Obligatioiis 


1,000,000 
50,000 
150,000 
150,000 
460,(>00 
150,000 


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16  wCrtembebq. 

Of  the  new  companies  formed  during  1900  and  of  those 
which  incteased  their  workiDg  capital,  the  following  may  be 
mentioned : — 


Amoaax  of  Oapitet  or  InoraMe 

of  alreadj  Existing  Capital. 

DvKriptioD  of  UompMi;. 

From- 

To— 

E»liDgeL  Br«™j            

S0,000 

62,600 

Stuttgart  Real  Eatets  and  Uuilding  Companj.. 

110,000 

160,000 

100,000 

Oermania  LinoUura  Works         

60,000 

120,000 

LiqueQed  Carbotiio  Aoid  Compan; 

76,000 

87.000 

20,000 

ArtiBeiftl  Stone  Works,  Ulm       

60,000* 

•  Formerlj  prirate  works. 


t  Fusiou  of  two  priTate  works. 


The  increase  in  business  done  by  the  branches  of  the  Imperial 
Bank  since  their  establishment  at  Stuttgart  and  other  towns  is 
shown  by  the  following  table : — 


Value  io  Million 

Town. 

1877. 

18S9. 

IMO. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

Btutteart           

Fra^kf^^^on•tbe.Mlun 

41 

02 

128 

225 

484 

687 

Mannheim         

36 

117 

Munich 

3S 

87 

26 

4B 

106 

42 

22 

87 

During  the  month  of  September,  1900,  nine  book-binding 
establishments  with  384  workmen  were  locked  out  in  Wlirtemberg ; 
the  differences  were  arranged  by  means  of  the  arbitration  of  the 
Council  of  the  German  Bookbinders'  Association.  Altogether 
during  1899  no  less  than  1,288  strikes  took  place  in  Germany 
affecting  7,120  establishments  and  266,800  workmen,  1,090  estab- 
lishments being  compelled  to  ceaae  work  completely.  The  highest 
number  of  workmen  out  on  strike  at  one  time  amounted  to  99,300. 
Of  the  total  number  of  strikes  (1,288)  no  less  than  1,019  were 
undertaken  for  the  purpose  of  gaining  concessions,  and  269  for  the 
purpose  of  opposing  a  reduotion  of  wages  or  curtailment  of  privi- 
l^es.  313  strikes  were  wholly  sueeessful,  429  partially  so,  and 
528  failed  completely.  23  lock-outs  affecting  427  establishments 
with  8,290  workmen  were  terminated  in  1900,  the  loss  in  wages 
amounting  to  215,000/. 


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17 

As  far  as  the  statistics  for  1900  are  known  71,580  workmen  in 
4312  establishments  went  out  on  strike  during  the  first  half  of 
the  year  in  Germany. 

The  negotiations  initiated  last  year  by  General  von  Podbielaki,  i^*'K'ff°°' 
then  Po8tmaater  of  the   German   Empire,  with  the  Kingdom  of  jmperiaj   " 
Wiittembei^  relative  to  the  adoption  by  the  latter  of  the  German  itomp  br 
Impei^  Stamp  have  now  been  brought  to  a  successful  conclusion,  Wttrt«nUrg, 
and  after  April  1,  1902,  the  special  Wiirtembei^  postage  stamps 
will  have  ceased  to  exist  and  wiU  be  replaced  by  the  uniform 
Imperial  stamp.     The  only  State  now  left  in  Germany  with  a 
special  diatiuctive  stamp  of  its  own  is  the  Kingdom  of  Bavaria. 

The  following  are  the  piincipal  paragraphs  of  the  agreement 
entered  between  the  Empire  and  Wurtembei^  : — 

(1)  After  April  1,  1902,  the  postage  scamps  of  the  Kingdom 
of  Wiirtemberg  will  be  replaced  by  the  Imperial  Stamp  bearing 
the  inscription  "  Geraiau  Empire," 

(2)  The  mutual  postal  relations  between  WGrtembeiT^  and  the 
Empire  are  to  be  conducted  in  such  a  manner  as  to  leave  the 
Wiirtemberg  postal  authorities  entirely  independent,  especially  in 
financial  respects. 

(3)  The  uniform  Imperial  stamps  for  Wiirtembei^  are  to  be 
printed  at  the  Imperial  printing  ofBces  in  Berlin.  In  view  of  the 
fact  that  the  Wiirtemberg  stamps  have  liitherto  been  printed  at  a 
lower  rate  than  the  Imperial  stamps,  Wiirtemberg  is  to  receive  an 
annual  grant  of  1,500/. 

(4)  The  WUrtembei^  official  and  district  stamps  remain 
nnaSected  by  the  present  agreement  and  will  be  printed  and 
manned  as  heretofore  by  the  Wiirtemberg  postal  administration, 

(5)  The  already  existing  postal  arrangements  with  the  Empire 
relative  to  the  division  of  the  receipts  from  money  orders, 
telegrams,  &c,  are  not  altered  by  the  new  agreement. 

(6)  The  above  i^reement  is  valid  until  March  31, 1906.  After 
this  date  one  year's  notice  must  be  given  by  either  of  the  con- 
tracting parties  in  case  a  withdrawal  from  the  agreement  is 
contemplated. 

The  calculation  of  the  proportional  amount  due  to  Wiirtemberg 
out  of  the  total  postal  receipts  of  the  Empire  has  also  been 
determined.  The  Wiirtemberg  postal  receipts  for  stamps  during 
1899  amounted  to  572,056/.,  those  of  the  Empire  to  12,957,416/., 
the  Wiirtemberg  proportion  being  therefore  4'2  per  cent. ;  the 
proportion  due  to  Wiirtemberg,  every  year  during  which  the 
agreement  holds  good,  will  be  determined  in  a  similar  manner. 

A  comparison  of  the  terms  of  the  agreement  now  entered  into 
and  the  negotiations  which  took  place  in  November,  1899,  between 
Postmaster  von  Podbielski  and  the  President  of  the  Wiirtemberg 
Ministry,  Baron  von  Mittnacht,  shows  that  the  latter,  who  has 
since  retired,  fully  appreciated  the  importance  of  the  question,  and 
was  without  doubt  greatly  instrumental  in  bringing  about  the 
present  successful  conclusion  of  the  n^otiations. 

The  question  of  dredging  and  canalising  the  Eiver  Neckar  from  Tt»  Neofar 
Mannheim  in  Baden  where  it  flows  into   the  Khine,  as  far  as      "  O^oai, 
(919)  B 


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18  1903ISUBSBG. 

Easliiigen,  is  gradually  becoming  a.  question  of  the  greatest 
impoitance.  A  committee  including  members  of  the  Government, 
experts,  and  the  Stuttgait  Chamber  of  Commeitie,  has  been  t'ormed 
and  baa  issued  in  buck  form  the  results  of  its  careful  investigations 
and  deliberations. 

The  membera  of  the  committee,  who  during  the  last  three 
years  ha\  e  caused  the  projected  line  of  the  canal  to  be  surveyed 
by  five  eminent  engiueers  and  exports,  have  come  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  plan  is  pi-acticable,  and  that  the  cost  of  construction 
would  probably  range  from  2,000,000/.  to  2,500,000/.,  and  that, 
fui'ther,  the  consti-uction  of  the  various  locks  would  render  an 
amount  of  u'ater  -  power  available  estimated  at  a  value  of 
1,300,0002. ;  iinally  the  report  of  the  experts  does  not  anticipate, 
from  an  engineering  point  of  view,  any  grave  or  insuperable 
obstacles  in  the  projected  line  of  construction. 

The  probable  reduction  in  freights,  if  the  canal  were  completed, 
would  amount  to  about  50  per  cent,  for  the  distance  Mannheim 
to  Heilbronn,  and  to  about  30  per  cent,  for  the  distance  Heilbronn 
to  Cannstatt ;  these  calculations  are  based  upon  a  comparison  of 
the  present  railway  freights  for  these  distances,  and  do  not  take 
into  consideration  the  estimated  revenue  from  canal  dues. 

The  proceedings  of  the  Wiirteniberg  Diet  last  June  have 
demonstrated  that  the  Government  ia  fully  aware  oE  the  importance 
of  the  project  for  the  development  of  the  Wiirtemberg  industries, 
as  almost  all  the  principal  manufacturing  towns  are  situated  upon 
the  Neckar.  It  is  not  yet  known,  however,  to  what  extent  the 
Wiirtemberg  and  Baden  Governments  are  prepared  to  guarantee 
the  costs  of  construction,  and  in  what  manner  this  will  eventually 
be  effected.  At  present  the  plans  and  estimates  have  been 
submitted  to  the  Baden  Government  without  whose  co-operatioD 
the  construction  of  the  canal  cannot  be  undertaken. 

The  importance  attached  in  Germany  to  the  construction  of 
canals  and  the  utilisation  of  rivers  as  a  means  of  cheap  transport 
is  best  shown  by  the  following  figures.  From  1877-97  the 
number  of  liyer  and  canal  boats  has  increased  from  17,653  to 
22,564,  an  advance  of  28  per  cent. ;  the  carrying  capacity,  however, 
has  increased  from  1,400,000  to  3,400,000  tons  or  about  143  per 
cent.  If  this  latter  number,  3,400,000  tons,  is  compared  with  the 
loading  capacity  of  the  German  sea-going  fleet  upon  Januwy  1, 
1898,  which  amounted  to  2,400,000  tons,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
carrying  capacity  of  the  river  and  canal  boats  surpassed  the 
loading  capacity  of  the  sea-going  fleet  by  about  1,000,000  tons. 
A  comparison  of  the  relative  size  of  the  river  and  canal  boats 
reveals  that  the  number  of  small  boats  of  200  tons  shows  only  a 
slight  increase,  that  the  number  of  those  between  200  and  400  tons 
has  ■  abnost  trebled  itself  (967  to  2,673),  and  that,  finally,  the 
number  of.  large  river  and  canal  boats  above  400  tons  has 
increased  tenfold  (137  to  1,541).  The  number  of  steamers  shows 
also  a  great  increase,  having  risen  from  570  with  35,000  horse- 
power to  1,953  with  240,000  horse-power,  including  an  increase 
of  passenger   steamers   of    from   269   to   844   and    an   inoreasft 


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19 

in  tug-boats  aod  eteam  freight  boats  of  from  301  to  1,109.  Thia 
increase  in  the  number  of  boate  and  the  increaeed  utilisation  of 
the  loading  capaoity  have  reduced  the  costs  of  transport  on 
German  waterways  during  the  period  of  20  years  mentioned  above 
by  about  one-half,  so  that  the  present  cost  of  transport  per  mile 
and  ton  amounts  to  something  less  than  ^. 

The  increase  which  has  taken  place  in  Grermany  during  the  Trtuu  in 
last  few  years  in  the  number  and  extent  of  the  various  trusts  ^5^2"'**''* 
renders  some  remarks  upon  this  question  necessary.  At  present  *"  tbohj. 
there  probably  exist  iu  Germany  between  100  and  130  trusts  of 
various  sizes  and  descriptions.  Among  the  most  important  may 
be  mentioned  the  coal,  iron  smelting  works,  chemical,  paper, 
cellulose  and  carbide  trusts.  The  textile  industries  do  not  seem 
to  have  'been  very  successful  in  the  formation  of  trusts.  Many 
difficulties  had  to  be  overcome  before  the  formation  of  the  truste 
could  be  looked  upon  as  assured,  so  for  example  the  independence 
of  many  manufacturers,  the  fierce  competition,  the  complicated 
and  costly  oi^nisation*  and  especially  the  great  differencee  in  the 
costs  of  production  and  the  complicated  technical  plant.  This 
may  explain  why  most  trusts  are  composed  of  establiahmente  with 
similar  working  arrangements  and  products.  The  preference 
seema  to  be  given  to  raw  and  accessory  materials  and  unfinished 
products,  for  example  coals,  pig-iron,  copper,  rails,  chemicals,  sugar, 
and  petroleum. 

Up  to  a  certain  point  the  trusts  show  a  resemblance  to  the 
so-called  "  rings  "  or  "  comers,"  but  beyond  that  they  have  little 
in  common,  three  cardinal  differences  of  the  former  being  their 
longer  duration,  more  extensive  plan  of  operations,  and  internal 


The  <1uration  of  the  trusts  is  subject  to  extreme  variations,  and 
any  speculation  as  to  their  present  stability  is  a  matter  of  consider- 
able difficulty  owing  to  the  strict  privacy  in  which  their  interaal 
affftiTB  are  conducted.  It  may  be  generally  assumed,  however, 
that  they  are  proof  against  the  isolated  action  of  outside  firms, 
and  are  often  dissolved  on  account  of  defective  organisation  and 
especially  of  internal  dissensions  amongst  their  members  which 
are  often  provoked  by  an  unjust  distribution  of  profits. 

The  principal  objects  aimed  at  by  the  trusts  are  to  regulate 
buying  and  selling  by  decreeing  certain  fixed  maximum  and 
minimum  prices.  In  many  cases  the  various  districts  are  appor- 
tioned for  selling  purposes  to  the  various  members  of  a  trust,  and 
in  some  cases  the  amount  of  production  cf  the  members  n  limited 
in  order  to  prevent  over-production  and  a  consequent  fall  in 
prices.  There  are  trusts  which  go  still  further  and  attempt  to 
divide  the  total  profits  amongst  all  the  members  or  establish 
certain  fixed  ofiices  of  sale. 

The  number  and  importance  of  the  objects  aimed  at  render 
naturally  a  rigid  organisation  absolutely  imperative.  In  some 
cases  the  members  of  a  trust  are  compelled  to  show  their  books, 
and  discipline  is  maintained  by  the  exaction  of  heavy  fines  and 
sureties. 

(919)  B  2 


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20  wObtshbebo. 

Opinion  in  Germany  is  divided  as  to  the  utility  of  trusts  ;  on 
the  one  baud  they  are  praised,  even  by  eminent  economists,  as 
most  beneiicent  institutions,  and  on  the  other  hand  they  are 
publicly  denounced  aa  subversive  of  all  normal  commercial  develop- 
ment As  far  as  Wiirtembei^  is  concerned  tlie  cousensua  of 
upinioc  is  decidedly  inimical  to  their  existence. 

The  reasons  adduced  in  their  favour  are  generally  the 
following : — 

(a)  To  limit  the  abuses  consequent  upon  an  untrammelled 
development  of  free  competition ; 

(6;  To  effect  a  certain  continuity  in  production  and  sale; 

{c)  To  preveut  over-production  and  underselling  ; 

{d)  To  avoid  the  costly  extravagances  of  modern  adver- 
tising. 

It  is  too  early  at  present  to  venture  upon  a  definite  judgment 
of  the  future  of  trusts  in  Germany.  In  some  few  cases  where 
they  have  succeeded,  even  temporarily,  in  regulating  production 
and  prices,  they  have  even  been  praised  by  the  workmen  engaged 
in  the  branches  concerned,  but  as  a  rule  they  are  feared  and 
heartily  disliked  by  great  numbers  of  workmen  on  account  of  their 
great  power  and  extensive  ramifications. 

Experience  gained  in  many  countries  seems  to  show  that  it  is 
scarcely  possible  to  interfere  with  the  trusts  by  means  of  legisl^ 
tion,  and  this  has  induced  certain  economists  in  Germany  to 
advocate  the  formation  of  State  monopolies  as  a  means  of  restoring 
the  jeopardised  commercial  equilibrium  and  eventually  abolishing 
private  trusts.  The  coal  mines,  so  necessary  for  the  prosecution 
of  most  industries,  have  been  designated  as  a  suitable  object  of 
experiment.  Before,  however,  having  recourse  to  this  further 
measure  of  State  Socialism,  more  highly  developed  in  Germany 
than  in  other  countries,  the  opponents  of  State  interference 
indicate  other  possible  methods  of  combating  trusts,  principally 
by  means  of  coalitions  on  the  part  of  industries  affected  by 
particular  trusts.  So,  for  example,  a  coahtion  of  gas  and  smelting 
works  against  a  coal  trust,  a  coalition  of  beet  growers  against  a 
sugar  manufacturers' tinist,  a  '  coalition  of  spinning  mills  against 
a  weaving  manufacturers'  trust,  and  so  forth.  Finally,  perhaps, 
a  coalition  of  consumers  figainst  producers.  The  above  remarks 
represent  fairly  accurately  German  opinion  on  trusts,  as  voiced  by 
Professor  Haushofer  of  Munich, 

The  following  are  the  details  of  the  estimated  revenue  and 
expenditure  for  the  financial  year  1901  (ending  March  31, 
1902):— 


d  by  Google 


wOrtehbesq. 
expenditubb. 


Civil  lilt  and  uppwugM 
Pnblio  debt 

Peniioni  to  cinl  wrrkutj 
Prirj  CooDoil  . .  ■ . 
Belief  purpoe«a  ..  ,. 
Annnitiei  and  intereat . . 


AdmmutntiTe  law  court 

Miniitrj  of  JuBtioe 

MiniatC7  for  Foreign  ASain   ..         .. 

Uinistrj  of  the  Interior 

Mini^trj  of  WoraLip  and  Bdaoation  . . 

Mini*ti7  of  Fiaanoo     . .         . . 

For  Imperial  objeoli    . . 

Pottage 

Beearre  fund 

Kiitatoa,  TreMorj  

Qrsnttoiiards  inoreaae  in  ealariei  of  v. 
offlcialf  


Orand  total 


Mu-kt. 

2.117,768 
20,630,905 

3.196,700 


177,093 

0,76B,478 

13,849,435 

4,135,414 

£6,102,630 

630,000 

80,(K)0 

481,694 


1,80 


105,888 

1,031,546 

159,836 

3,162 

28,360 

23,048 

S,17u 

1,340 

301,186 

8,856 

188,474 

667,471 

aoe,77o 

1,256,181 
31,500 

4,000 
21,5tJ5 

00,161 

4,484,480 


Amount. 

Correnoy. 

Sterling. 

Mark*. 

£ 

9,365,507 

493,276 

67:465 

2,878 

Mine,  and  foundrie.     ..         

360.000 

18,000 

Baltworki          

400,000 

20,000 

OoUeoted  at  tbe  offloei  of  the  Slate  domaiai 

454,012 

22,700 

Bailwaj« 

16.500,000 

815.000 

Foita  and  telegrapha 

2.981.500 

1,000 

50 

Mint 

10,000 

600 

695,381 

29,770 

J8,96i!,620 

947.6W 

17,111,120 

866,566 

Aiiigned  by  the  Empire          

81,946,270 

X.087,268 

Orwdtotal 

89,046.276 

4,462,818 

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wUbtbubbro. 

SCHlfABT. 


' 

T«lD«. 

£ 
4,484,480 
4,«2,318 

Surpltu       

17,S3a 

Est™-  The  sum  of  4,352,300  marks  (217,615/.)  was  voted  for  the 

ordinal^  followiug  purposes : — 

eipenditare. 


Amonnt. 

Camnoy. 

8l«riing. 

For  new  railiTfiTt 

Ereotion  of  pnbUo  building*  .. 

2,806,200 
1,769,200 

m,ooo 

£ 
110,810 
88,460 
18,846 

ToW 

4.862,800 

817,616 

Public  debt.  The  public  debt  of  Wilrtembei^  ia  1901  amounted  to : — 


1,1S0,86& 

..I      21,866,818 

2,868,966 


ConsistiDg  of— 

lotol            

Amount. 

BailmT  dAt 
Oenenldebt 

e 

28,190,480 
1,708,7I6 

24,900,168 

Uiiitarr  The  expenditure  for  the  "Wiirtemberg  Army,  Imperial  Army 

eipenditure.    Corps  No.  13,  fonns  a  separate  budget: — 


d  by  Google 


wObtembbbo.  23 

EZFENDiTURB  aud  ilevenue  for  the  Year  1901. 


Begulu  aipenditnre     ..         ..         ..         ..         ., 

OoMnonsl  eipanditnn 

Qenenl  pension  fimd  .•         ■•         •• 

ImperUl  duablad  aoldion' fund  ,,         ,.         ,, 

Dissbled  loldisra'  peniiiaiu  fvom  the  «»r  of  1870~71 

„  „  Danuh  tad   Aattrian 


1.051,7m 

96,667 

1S4,706 

£79 

S1,47G 

2,177 


BeTSniw  from  vuions  «i 


During  the  next  four  j'ears  the  expenditure  will  be  in  excess 
of  these  figures  aa  by  the  Imperial  Law  of  Murch  25,  1899,  a 
gradual  iocreaso  of  the  army  from  October  1,  1900,  to  March  31, 
1904,  was  enacted.  For  this  year  it  seems  to  be  somewhat  less 
as  the  expenditure  for  1899  was  1,355,411/.  A  slight  reduction 
is  effected  every  year  by  the  gradual  cessation  of  the  pensions  to 
disabled  soldiers  caused  by  iae  decrease  in  the  number  of  the 
latter. 

Effective  Strength. 


Offluen 

Non-commiHioned  officen 
Medical  staif 

Offlcinl 

Subaltern  oStcials  .. 
Bank  and  file 

Total 


The  Wiirtembei^  Government  is  at  present  composed  of  the  Compoai«oQ 
following  members ; — President  of  the  Ministry  and  Minister  of  <>'  the 
Justice,   Dr.   von   Breitling ;  Minister   of   the  Interior.   Dr.  von  QoTe™"*"- 
Fischek ;  Minister  of  Finances,  Dr.  von  Zeyer ;  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  Baron   von  Soden ;  Minister  of  Education  and  Public 
Worship,  Dr.  von  Weizsacker ;   Minister  of  War,  General  von 
Schnfirlen. 

The  Kingdom  of  Wiirtemberg  is  further  represented  in  the 
Bundesrath  by : — Minister,  Dr.  von  Breitling ;  Minister,  Dr.  von 
Zeyer ;  Minister,  Baron  von  Soden ;  the  wiirtemberg  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  Kingdom  of 
Prussia,  Baron  Varnbiiler  von  und  zu  Hemmingen. 


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24  wOktembkeg. 

The  principal  change  in  the  Ministiy  during  1900  was  tliv 
retirement  of  Baron  Dr.  von  Mittnacht,  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs 
Eident  of  jm(j  President  of  the  Ministry,  who  was  succeeded  by  Baron  vou 
^Ton  Soden,  hitherto  Chief  of  the  Cabinet  of  His  Majesty  the  King  of 
itnacht.      Wiirtembei^. 

Dr.  von  Mittnacht,  who  in  spite  of  his  advanced  age,  75  years. 
stiil  fulfilled  admirably  and  completely  the  onerous  and  responsible 
duties  of  Mb  ofBce,  was  compelled  to  retire  by  the  failing  state  of 
his  eye-sight.  He  has  served  his  country  for  nearly  50  years 
diiriiiff  the  reigns  ot  three  kiugs,  and  has  stood  at  the  helm  of 
state  for  nearly  25  years.  Under  his  wise  guidance  Wiirtembei^ 
assumed  its  present  position  els  one  of  the  principal  support*  of 
the  German  Imperial  Confederation,  and  incorporated  in  its 
institutions  the  great  legislative  works  of  the  Empire,  from  the 
Unified  Criminal  and  Civil  Laws  to  the  introduction  of  the 
Imperial  Grerman  General  Civil  Code,  Loaded  with  outward  dis- 
tinctions he  was  honoured  upon  his  retirement  by  a  letter  frpm 
the  King  of  Wiirtemberg,  in  which  His  Majesty  gave  warm  ex- 
pression to  his  feelings  of  gratitude  inspired  by  such  a  long, 
faithful,  and  successful  tenure  of  of&ce  in  the  service  of  his 
countiy. 

In  conclusion  the  author  desires  to  express  his  great  indebted- 
ness to  the  Stuttgart  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  to  the  Wftrtem- 
bei^  Statistical  Of&ce  for  the  most  valuable  asaistance  accorded 
him  in  the  compilation  of  the  above  report. 


IX)NIK)N : 
Printed  for  Hii  M»JeB^'i  SutiODCir  Offle«, 

bt  habbison  akd  boss, 

Piiaten  in  Ordlnarr  to  HU  U^tj. 
(TS    13  I  01— H  ft  S    910} 


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Mo.  2718  Annaal  Seriei. 
DIPLOMATIC  AST)  CONSCXAK  REPORTS. 


ZANZIBAE 


KEPORT  FOR  THK   IfEAIt   1900 


TRADE    AND    COMMERCE    OP    ZANZIBAR. 


REPBRENOE  TU  PREVIOUS  REPORT.  Anniiftl  Series  No.  262a 


PrMmted  to  hoth  Houtet  of  Parliament  (y  Coi^mand  of  Hi*  Majetlf. 
OCTOBER,  1901. 


LONItONi 

PBINTED  FOR  HIB  MA-TESTys  STATION  BRT  OFFIOB. 

BT  HABRI30N  AND  SONS,  ST.  MARTIN'S  LANE. 


And  to  he  pmch—ed,  either  duwtJr  or  through  any  Booknller,  from 

>TBK  A  BPOl'nS WOODS,  Sast  Habdinq  Stbkct,  Flibt  BtsEM,  ■ 
■Bd  8S,  Abinodon  Stbeet,  Wrstiiinbtis,  B.W.: 

or  ni.IVKK    &    BOID,  EDIKBCHaR  ; 

gc  IL  FONSONBT,  116,  QunoH  Srun,  Dnsbw. 


[Od.  786—22.}  Prie*  Three  Halfpenot. 


d  by  Google 


CONTENTS. 


Introduebiry  Mnurk*   i 


Ecom  foraign  oonntiie*  oompared  ... 


Afiiakii  import* „ _ G 

Biporta    „ _ - - ~ „ 6 

„  to  foreign 
AlHcui  eiporta  .... 
-Ooods  in  ttvtuit .... 


ExperimentBl  eoltitMum  _ 


Otiter  commodildM  in  dan 


Briliih  trade  and  toitiffi  BoniprtiUon . 

Sample  bureau   _ .._ 

Oonditioni  of  trade   .. 

Sbip^nginbaidia... ~ 

Shippin* 


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No.  2718.  Annual  Series. 

Be/ereiux  to  pi'evious  Report,  Annual  Series  No.  2520. 


Beport  on  the  Trade  and  Oomvterce  of  Zan-M)ar  fur  the  Year  1900 
By  Mb.  Consul  Cave. 

(B«ceit«d  *t  Foreign  Offloo,  October  1,  1001.) 

The  statistics  of  the  trade  and  eoninierce  of  Zanzibar  for  the  Introdnetorr 
year  1900,  which  have  been  compiled  under  the  able  auperin-  rew^^*- 
tcndence  of  Mr.  K.  V.  Coster,  the  Collector  of  Customs  in  the 
Government  of  His  H^hnese  the  Sultan,  do  not  compare  favour- 
ably with  those  presented  at  the  end  of  any  of  the  three  years 
immediately  preceding  it  But  although  ttie  latewt  returns  of 
both  imports  and  exports  are  lower  than  they  hnve  becu  oi  icc 
1896,  it  must  not  he  necesBarily  assumed  that  the  volume  of  trade 
passing  throi^h  the  port  of  Zanzibar  has  materially  decreased  or 
fallen  below  the  level  which  it  might  have  been  expected  to  tc  ich 
ill  a  year  in  which  there  were  no  adventitious  circumstances  to 
afiect  it.  It  was  pointed  out  in  the  report  for  1898  that  the 
great  improvement  noticeable  in  the  returns  for  that  year  was 
chiefly  due  to  the  famine  in  the  interior  of  East  Africa  and  to 
an  abundant  clove  crop,  and  it  was  observed  that  there  was  no 
ground  for  supposing  that  a  similar  combination  of  circumstances 
would  again  occur  to  swell  the  customs  statistics ;  in  1899  the 
efl'ecta  of  the  famine  were  still  felt  and  a  still  Ini^r  clove  ci'op 
was  obtained  and  consequently  the  trade  returns  again  showed  ; 

an  upward  tendency ;  but  in  1900  there  waa  no  longer  any  special 
demand  for  necessities  on  the  mainland  and  tlie  clove  season 
was  unusually  poor  ;  these  facts  alone  ai-e  sufficient  to 
account  for  a  considerable  decrease  in  the  high  figures  to  wliich 
tlie  trade  of  Zanzibar  had  attained  in  recent  years.  But  it  is  also 
probable  tliat  trade  in  this  part  of  the  world,  as  in  others,  has 
been  to  some  extent  injuriously  affected  by  the  war  in  South 
Africa ;  home  prices  have  gone  up  and  the  local  merchant,  in  the 
hope  that  at  the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  may  meet  with  easier 
terms,  has  withheld  his  indents  for  goods  of  which  he  baa  a  stock 
in  hand  sufficient  for  his  immediate  requirements.  It  should 
also  be  pointed  out  that  in  the  tables  annexed  to  this  report  the 
iiriports  to  and  exports  from  the  dominions  of  His  Highness  the 
Sultan  have  for  the  first  time  been  entirely  omitted,  in  respect 
both  of  the  year  1900  and  of  the  preceding  period  of  12  months, 
m\^  A  2 


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ZANZIBAR. 


the  statiBtics  Ibr  which  ai'e  insulted  for  pui'poses  of  uompnviieoit 
in  an  adjacent  colunui ;  the  returns  now  therefore  represent  the 
trade  of  the  Zanzibflr  Protectorate  with  foreign  countries  instead 
of,  as  formerly,  that  of  the  port  of  Zanzibar.  Annex  A  is  a 
summary  of  ttie  principal  articles  which  have  been  imported  into 
Zanzibar  from  foreifpi  countries  during  the  year  1900.  In 
Annex  B  are  shown  the  quantities  and  values  of  the  various 
commoditieB  exported  during  the  same  period.  Annex  C  is  a 
list  of  the  various  foreign  coimtiies  which  maintain  commen.ial 
relations  with  Zanzibar  and  shows  the  extent  to  which  they  hiive 
each  participated  iu  both  her  import  and  export  trade;  in  tliis 
table,  as  iu  the  otliers,  the  returns  for  1900  are  compared  with 
those  of  the  previous  year.  Annexes  D  and  E  are  statements 
of  the  number,  tonnage,  and  nationality  of  all  ocean-goii^  and 
coasting  vessels  respectively  which  have  entered  the  port  of 
Zanzibar  during  the  12  months  under  review.  AH  amounts  have 
been  converted  into  sterling  at  tlie  rate  of  15  rs.  to  the  1/. 
Importi.  The  value  of  all  articles  imported  into  Zanzibar  iu  the  >'ear 

1900  was  1,116,04U.,  or  239,907/.  less  than  during  the  prBceding 
VJ  mouths.  This  decrease  is  divided  fairly  equally  amoi^t  tlie 
various  non-African  countries  whose  manufactures  find  a  market 
in  this  country,  the  aggregate  imports  from  the  African  mainland 
showing  little  variation.  Of  the  principal  articles  imported 
piece-goods  havd  decreased  by  ]  1^,007/.,  rice  by  34,116/.,- coal 
by  31,437/.,  ghee  by  12,047/.,  wheat  and  other  grains  by  8,228/., 
and  groceries  by  4,912/.,  whilst  on  the  other  hand  hides  show  an 
increase  of  17,234/.,  petroleum  of  7,590/.,  timber  of  5,605/.,  simsim 
of  5,058/.,  and  salt  and  flour  to  a  smaller  extent. 
Importo  from  Of  all  foreign  iiountries  wliich  import  goods  into  Zauzibar 
foraign  British  India  stands,  aa  us<ial,  easilj'  first,  but  with  a  total  which 

c^Bwrod.       ^^^  ^^""^  *'°°'  ■*^''"'^^^'  '"  1^^^  •■"  405,902/.  in  1900.     The  value 
Brit^^dia.  of  the  rice  imported  from  Rangoon  and  Calcutta  has,  owing  to 
the  termination  of  famine  on  the  mainland,  decreased  to  the  extent 
of  77,741/,,  smil  tlie  demand  for  piece-goods  and  ghee  is  less  by 
33,294/,  and  10,044/.  respectively  than  in  the  previous  year. 
United  The  first  place  amongst  European  countries  is  again  taken  by 

Kingdom.  the  United  Kingdom,  but  her  imports  only  amount  to  106,400/. 
as  compared  with  146,143/.  in  1899,  a  decrease  of  over  27  per 
cent.  The  j^reater  part  of  this  is  accounted  for  by  coal,  the  value 
of  which,  owing  to  the  wai-  in  South  Africa  and  the  consequent 
withdrawal  of  practically  the  whole  of  the  ships  composing  the 
East  African  squadron,  baa  dropped  from  *J2,581/.  to  21,398i,  but 
the  piece-goods  trade  only  amounts  to  37,155/.,  as  gainst  48,714/. 
in  the  previous  year,  and  the  imports  of  other  British  products 
such  as  crockerj'  and  glassware,  tobacco,  wine,  spirits,  and  beer 
have  all  decreased  to  a  corrt-spoudiug  extent.  The  only  com- 
modities which  aliow  an  advance  are  manufactured  wooden  articles 
such  as  doors,  windows,  Ac,  machinery,  and  hardware,  the 
trade  in  goods  which  come  within  the  last-named  category  being 
now  valued  at  9,067/.,  as  against  4,069/.  in  1899. 
Oihor  Grermany  stands  next  amongst  European  countries  with  a  total 


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of  67,331/.,  a  reduction  of  over  29  per  ceat  ou  the  figures  obtained 
for  the  preceding  12  months.  Piece-goods  have  decreased  b; 
12,560/. ;  sugar,  by  8,463/. ;  groceries,  by  3,054/. ;  and  hardware, 
by  2,7902.  ^e  imports  from  the  United  States  of  America  are 
valued  at  60,781/.,  as  ^aiuat  101,014/.  in  1899  ;  piece-goods  have 
decreased  by  no  less  (han  46,726/^,  owiug  to  the  place  of 
"  Americam  "  as  an  article  of  barter  in  Uganda  having  been  taken 
by  the  Indian  rupee,  whilst  petroleum  on  the  other  hand,  which 
is  the  only  other  commodity  imported  to  uny  considerable  extent 
from  the  Unit«d  States,  shows  an  increuee  of  8,777/.  Belgium  is 
next  on  the  list  with  51,066/.  as  compared  with  56,:j80/.  in  the 
preceding  year ;  there  is  practically  no  change  in  the  value 
(43,772/.)  of  hftr  principal  import,  piece-goods,  but  tobacco  shows 
a  slight  faUing-off.  France  is  also  fairly  steady  with  23,560/., 
as  against  24,978/. ;  her  chief  imports  are  groceries,  vegetables, 
piece-goods,  wine,  and  spirits.  Of  the  other  European  countries 
which  send  their  manufactures  to  Zanzibar,  Ituly  and  Austria- 
Hungary  show  little  variation,  whilst  Holland,  in  consequence  of 
the  decreased  demand  for  piece-goods,  lost-s  more  llian  half  her 
trada 

The  imports  from  (iermau  Vast  Africa  anioinitud  dniing  the  *'"<*" 
year  under  review  to  a.  value  of  180,628/.,  an  advance  of  7,456/.  '"^  ' 
on  tlie  figures  obtained  for  the  previous  year.  The  specie  brought 
into  Zanzibar  from  German  territory  was  worth  12,039/.  more 
than  in  181^9;  grain  (mtania  and  cheroko)  showed  nn  increase  of 
6,739/.,  and  simaim  one  of  3,396/.  owing  to  the  end  of  the  famine 
and  a  plentiful  rainfall,  and  more  copra  was  imported  than  in  the 
previous  year ;  rubber,  on  the  other  hand,  was  less  by  10,754/.  and 
gum  copal  by  9,363/.,  whilst  the  amount  of  ivory  shipjied  from 
the  German  coast  towns  in  1900  was  valued  at  50,553/.,  as  against 
53,171/.  in  1899.  There  baa  been  ii  drop  of  lS,n'Ml.  in  the  import 
trade  from  the  British  East  Africn  Protectorate,  a  sum  which  is 
almost  identical  with  the  decreased  value  (13,503/.)  of  ivory: 
rubber  is  also  less  by  4,5482.,  whilst  on  the  other  hand  the  imports  • 
of  specie  and  African  grain  have  slightly  iniprove<i.  I'roduce 
shipped  to  Zanzibar  from  the  territory  leased  to  Italy  on  the 
Benadir  coast,  was  valued  at  44,115/.,  or  7,187/.  more  than  during 
the  12  months  immediately  preceding ;  specie,  ivory,  live-stock, 
ghee,  and  hides  are  the  principal  articles  imported,  but,  whilst  the 
first  four  of  these  articles  have  to  some  extent  declined,  the  value 
of  hides  imported  lias  risen  from  6,226/.  in  1699  to  22,794/.  in 
1900.  The  import  trade  from  Mauritius,  Madagascai',  the  Comoro 
Islands,  and  other  southern  ports  has  decreased  by  12,517/. ; 
tiie  sugar  imported  was  worth  3,265/.  more  than  iti  the  previous 
year,  but  on  the  other  hand  the  demand  for  mtama,  cheroko,  and 
other  kinds  of  grain  has  decreased,  owing  to  the  teiTsination  of 
tlie  famine  on  the  mainland,  by  14,908/.  It  may  again  be 
mentioned  that  the  statistics  of  the  produce  which  has  entered 
the  eustom-bouse  from  the  agricultural  districts  of  Zanzibar  and 
.  I'emba  Islands  have  been  entirely  omitted  from  this  report. 

The  total  declared  value  of  all  articles  exported  from  Zenzilmv  Kxport*. 
(901)  A  3 


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during  the  year  1900  was  1,167,794/.  or  200,768/.  less  than  in  the 
year  which  immediately  pruceded  it.  The  export  trade  in  piece- 
goods,  which  is  carried  on  with  thft  various  ports  of  the  Aiii(*n 
mainlaDd,  was  worth  61,794/.  less  than  in  the  previous  year; 
cloves  and  clove  stems  declined,  as  the  result  of  a  bad  seaaoii,  by  , 
39,084/.  and  6,869/.  respectively,  copra,  for  a  similar  reason  by 
26,644/.,  specie  by  20,035/.,  gum-copal  by  16,574/..  rubber  by 
16,012/.,  and  ivory  by  11,958/. ;  the  only  articles  of  export  whose 
figures  compare  favourably  with  those  of  previous  years  are  hides, 
chillies  and  simnim,  the  value  of  which  has  increased  during  the 
period  under  review  by  15,17-i/.,  6.711/.  and  3,756/L  respectively. 
Bxporta  to  The  value  of  the  produce  shipped  from  Zanzibar  to  all  parts 

foreign  of  the  world,  exclusive  ot  the  adjacent  territories  of  the  African 

"""li"^        mainland,  was  476,452/,,  as  against  574,861/.  in  1899,  a  decrease  of 
"'""-~''       98,409;.  . 

BriiJBh  IndiA.        British  India  again  takes  first  place  amoi^t  foreign  countries 
with  a  total  ot  123,12^/.,  or  6,773/.  less  than  in  the  previous  year. 
The  output  of  cloves  has  decreased  by  12,818/.,  whilst  that  of 
ivory  has  increased  by  6,186/. 
The  Umt«d  Amongst  European  countries  the  United  Kingdom  still  ranks 

KiDfrdom.  firet,  but  with  a  total  which  is  10,799/:  less  than  in  1899.  The 
two  principal  exports,  ivory  and  cloves,  with  total  declared  values 
of  42,283/.  and  18,301/.  resi>ectively  do  not  show  much  variation, 
and  chillies  have  a  sl^ht  upward  tendency,  but  gum-copal  has 
decreased  by  8,743/.  and  hides  and  rubber  by  upwards  of  3,000/. 
Exports  to  the  United  States  were  valued  at  81,477/,  as  compared 
with  84,464/.  in  1899;  hides,  chillies,  and  cloves  improved  by 
8,489/.,  3,227/.,  and  2,671/.  respectively,  whilst,  on  the  other  hand, 
the  trade  in  ivory  amounted  to  12,955/.  and  in  gum-copal  to 
2.706/.  less  than  during  the  12  months  immediately  preceding. 
France,  which  in  1899  took  Zanzibar  produce  to  a  value  of 
80,591/..  was  content  in  the  following  year  with  a  total  which  vaa 
24,684/.  less  ;  copra,  of  which  a  far  lai^r  quantity  is  shipped  to 
•  Marseilles  than  to  any  other  port,  decreased  in  consequence  of  an 
unfavourable  season,  to  the  extent  of  27,094/. ;  hides  and  chillier 
were  in  greater  demand,  but  the  quantity  of  cloves  put  on  the 
French  market  was  smaller  than  usual. 

The  export  trade  with  Holland,  consisting  entirely  of  cloves  and 
dove-stems,  failed  by  18,189/>  to  reach  the  figures  recorded  for  the 
preceding  year. 
Aincm  Goods  shipped  from  Zanzibar  to  other  East  African   ports  had 

(iporti.  ^  declared  value  of  691,342/.,  as  compared  with  793,701/.  in  1899. 

Nearly  two-thirds  of  thb  trade  was  with  the  German  colony,  with 
whose  ports  Zanzibar  is  in  constant  communiciition  by  means  of 
coasting  vessels  and  native  dhows  j  of  the  various  articles  so 
exported  specie  was  worth  20,984/.  more  than  in  the  preceding 
year,  and  petroleum  also  showed  an  advance,  but  the  demand  for 
piece-goods  decreased  by  16,875/.,  and  for  beads,  rice,  ghee,  sugar, 
flour,  groceries,  hardware  and  crockery  to  a  greater  ot  less  extent. 
The  v^ue  of  goods  shipped  to  the  ports  of  the  British  East  Africa 
Frotectorato  was  101,520/.,  a  reduction  compared  with  the  year  1 899 


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ZXlTZtBAR.  T 

of  over  46  per  cent.  A  coneiderable  portion  of  this  is  accounted  for 
by  the  decrease  (44,90.'i/,)  in  the  amoantof  specie  shipped  to  British 
territory,  but  there  is  a  decline  in  all  the  articles  ordiuarily  re- 
exported to  the  coast,  the  moat  noticeiible  reduction  being  in 
piece-goods,  14,981?. ;  groceries,  6,636t ;  beads,  Sfib'oL;  rice  and 
sugar. 

To  the  ports  under  Italian  administration  on  the  Benadir 
Coast  grain,  specie  and  groceries  have  been  sent  in  greater 
quantities,  but  the  decrease  (21,847?.)  in  the  value  of  piece-,i,'Ood8 
lias  caused  the  total  of  this  trade  to  fall  (18,754?,)  short  ot  the 
tigui'es  recorded  in  the  preceding  year.  The  value  of  the  goods 
shipped  to  Madagascar,  Mauritius,  the  Comoro  Island?,  and  ether 
southern  ports  has  risen  from  88,560?.  in  1899  to  li;l,503/.  in 
1900 ;  the  trade  in  piece-goods  has  somewhat  declined  but  the 
demand  for  rice  has  increased  by  7,893?,,  for  petroleu'ii  by  4,917?., 
for  groceries  by  3,895?.,  and  for  flour  by  3,232?.  Goods  taken 
from  the  Zanzibar  custom-house  for  conveyanei-  to  other  parte 
of  thft  Sultan's  dominions  have  not  been  inclndsd  in  this  report. 

The  above  statistics  are  limited  in  the  case  both  of  imports  <3n>oii  in 
and  of  exports  to  goods  actually  landed  at  or  shipped  from  the  *'™^^; 
custom-house  at  Zanzibar,  but  considerable  quantities  of  mer- 
chandise are  transhipped  in  the  harbour  directly  from  the  home 
mail  steamers  on  to  the  smaller  coasting  vessels  which  much  at 
many  of  the  less  important  ports  on  the  mainland,  and,  siuiilnrly, 
much  of  the  local  produce  of  the  adjaci'nt  continent  is  transferred 
from  these  smaller  vessels  to  the  homeward  mails  without  being 
landed.  The  statements  annexed  to  this  report,  therefore,  whilst 
showing  the  volume  of  trade  which  passes  through  the  customs  do 
not  fully  illustrate  the  importance  of  Zanzibar  as  a  port  of  tran- 
shipment and  as  the  commercial  metropolis  of  East  Atrica. 

The  principal  local  products  of  the  Zanzibar  Protectorate  are  I*~l 
cloves,  copra  and  chillies,  the  other  articles  which  appear  in  the  P***^""*' 
list  of  exports  being  brought  over  for  the  most  part  from  the 
adjacent  mainland  for  re-shipment  to  foreign  countries. 

Cloves  iilways  have  been,  and  probably,  in  spite  of  the  attention  Cb»oi. 
which  has  been  given  to  experimental  cultivation  and  of  the  efforts 
that  have  been  made  to  induce  the  Arab  cultivator  not  to  put  all 
his  e^s  into  one  basket,  always  will  be  the  most  important  com- 
mercial product  of  these  islands.  Tii^  following  table  shows  the 
actual  quantities  of  cloves  brought  into  tlie  town  of  Zanzibar  f mm 
the  a jzri cultural  districts  of  Zanzibai'  and  Pemba  '  I'espectively 
during  the  last  10  years  ;  in  preparing  this  statement  tiie  ordinary 
solar  year  has  been  taken,  and  not  the  clove  season  proper,  which 
extends  from  August  to  March : — 


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Qu»ntitj 

ToW. 

Zanzibar. 

Femba. 

FraoLu*       I 

Fnailu. 

FraaUu 

1891 

69,888          j 

334,£62 

898,640 

1893 

131,898 

236,211 

867,809 

108,090 

138,691 

&11,6»0 

1896 

l«,397 

891,460 

637,867 

iSW 

119,791 

287.090 

856,881 

1897 

90,fl76 

240,954 

331,680 

1898 

60,8M 

308,480 

368,S60 

1809 

189,320 

1900 

49,130 

S48.936 

298.116 

■  1  f  nuiltt  -  86  Ibi. 


From  these  figures  it  will  be  seen  that  the  clove  crop  for  1900 
-was  the  smallest  recorded  during  the  last  decade,  being  more  than 
33,000  fra«ilas  short  of  the  return  for  1897,  and  this  in  spite  of 
the  fact  that  the  quantities  gathei-ed  in  the  island  of  Pemba  did 
not  fall  ver^'  much  below  the  avert^. 

Various  theories  have  been  propounded  to  account  for  the 
great  difference  between  the  results  obtained  last  year  and  in  the 
year  which  immediately  preceded  it,  the  one  most  genprallj 
accepted  being  that  the  poorness  of  last  year's  yield  was  due  to 
the  heavy  rainfall  and  floods  which  occurred  in  1899.  But  on 
looking  at  the  meteorological  statistics  and  comparii^  them  wltii 
the  above  table  we  find  that  a  rainfall  in  1893  of  over  71  inches, 
5  inches  in  excess  of  that  recorded  in  1899,  was  followed  by  a 
clove  crop  second  only  to  that  of  the  following  year ;  in  the  latter 
year  the  rainfall  dropped  to  54  inches,  and  the  succeeding  crop 
was  proportionately  larger,  but  in  1895  only  40  inches  of  rain  fell 
and  the  following  season's  pickings,  instead  of  showing,  as  the 
theorist  would  have  expected  them  to  do,  a  still  better  result, 
yielded  180,000  fiasilaa  less,  a  decrease  of  over  33  per  cent 
Again  it  has  been  suggested  that  the  clove  crop  is  dependent 
on  the  abundance  of  the  rainfall  two  years  before,  the  more 
plentiful  the  rain  the  more  prolific  the  crop,  but  nlthougb  this 
theory  is  to  some  extent  supported  hy  the  stiitisticu,  its  effect  is 
considerably  weakened  by  the  fact  that  wLereas  a  moderate  ruin- 
fall  of  4)3  inches  in  1892  produced  an  enormous  crop  in  1894,  the 
latter  year  and  1896,  when  54  and  04  inches  of  rain  respectively 
weie  recorded,  "  ere  loiiowed  in  each  case  two  years  later  by  clove 
harvests  which  were  only  moderately  productive  It  is  unprofit- 
able, therefore,  to  attempt  to  gain  any  practical  results  from  a 
study  of  these  theories,  and  a  comparison  of  the  rainfall  r^^ 
tercd  in  different  months  of  different  years  leads  to  equally 
unsatisfactory  conclusions ;  it  is  probably  enough  to  say  that  an 
exceptionally  large  clove  crop,  due  to  causes  which  are  at  present 
undetermined,  is  usually  followed  by  a  period  of  exhaustion  from 
■which  the  trees  require  two  or  three  years  to  recover.     It  can  only 


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be  hoped  that  in  the  present  case  this  period  will  not  be  unduly 
prolonged. 

Prices  have  been  fairly  steady.  At  the  beginning  of  the  year 
Zanzibar  cloves  sold  at  2  doL  70  c,  and  Pemba  cloves  at 
2  dol.  53  c.  per  fraaita ;  from  the  end  of  January  there  was  a  steady 
rise  until  the  end  of  April,  when  a  few  lots  wero  sold  at  'i  dol.  75  c. 
and  3  dol  58  c.  respectively;  the  market  was  fairly  quiet  until 
the  tiiiddleof  October,  but  from  that  period  until  well  into  December 
the  ilemand  gradually  increased,  the  highest  price  obtained  before 
the  close  of  the  year  being  4  dol.  17  c.  and  4  dol.  11  c.  for 
Zanxihar  an<l  Femba  clovey  respectively.  The  average  price 
throughout  thi;  year  was  about  7  r*.  per  frasila,  or  3^.  per  lb. 
Higiier  prices  than  these  win  of  covirse  be  realised  by  special  care 
in  picking  and  drying ;  for  "  extra  fine  "  cloves  a  special  quotation 
■can  always  be  obtained  up  lo  a  certain  amount,  and  Zanzibar 
'«loves,  although  never  equal  to  the  Penung  variety  which  appear 
to  .preaerve  their  colour  better,  have  fetcheH.  when  carefully 
selected  and  dried  under  glass,  as  much  as  Id.  or  M.  per  lb.  in  the 
London  market.  The  best  quality,  however,  is  only  required  for 
the  spice  market,  and  the  demand  which  is  naturally  limited,  is 
probably  fully  met  by  other  clove-producing  countries ;  there  is  no 
reason  to  believe  that  ninre  valuable  esaential  oils  are  distilled 
from  "  extra-tine "  than  from  "  ordinary  fair  Zanzibar,"  and  it 
would  prolably  therefore  be  more  profitable  for  the  Arab  cultiva- 
tor to  devote  his  energies  to  producing  as  good  and  as  clean  a 
sample  as  possible  of  the  ordioary  quality  rather  than  to  §pend 
time  nnd  money  in  placing  on  the  market  a  commodity  for  which 
there  can  never  be  more  than  a  limited  demand,  and  which,  if 
that  demand  were  to  increase,  could  only  he  supplied  under  trained 
European  supervision. 

But  for  the  production  of  even  an  average  sample  u  certain 
amount  of  labour  is  required,  and  the  supply  of  that  labour  is  a 
problem  for  which  no  adequate  solution  has  yet  been  found.  To 
obtain  the  best  results  it  is  necessary  not  only  that  the  plantation 
should  be  kept  clean,  but  that  at  harvest  time  the  buds  should  he 
picked  when  the  steins  are  turning  from  green  to  pink;  if 
gatliered  too  soon  the  dried  cloves  will  be  shrivelled,  if  too  late 
the  stems  will  be  brittle  and  many  of  the  heads  drop  off  and  be 
lost ;  buds  ripen  at  different  times,  not  only  on  different  trees,  but 
on  diflei'ent  branches  of  the  same  tree,  and  consequently,  if  an 
even  sample  is  to  be  obtained,  it  is  desirable  that  the  trees  should 
be  picked  over  two  or  three  times.  But  tliis,  which  was  hardly 
possible  even  in  the  days  of  the  slave  trade,  is  now  quite 
impossible ;  the  buds  are  picked  as  quickly  as  possible  willioiit 
much  reganl  to  their  ripeness ;  those  branches  are  cleared  that 
can  be  most  easily  reached,  the  rest  are  left  untouched,  whilst 
others  are  torn  to  the  ground  in  the  eagerness  to  save  time ;  buds 
that  have  ripened  and  fallen  to  the  ground  are  occasionally  swept 
up  and  mixed  with  the  others ;  whole  trees  and  in  some  cases 
whole  plantations  are  left  to  run  to  seed.  Strenuous  eflurts  are 
being  made  to  organise  the  supply  of  labour  in  the  agricultunU 


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10  ZANZIBAB. 

districts,  but  there  are  two  great  difficiiltidB  to  contend  with,  the 
natives'  iiihei'ent  dislike  tcj  any  form  ol  settl'Hl  work,  and  the 
Arab's  JDability  or  disinclinaUoii  to  pay  moQey  wages.  In  former 
times  the  slave  had  to  do  a  certain  amount  of  woik  wlnither  he 
wanted  tti  or  not,  but  uow  that  be  baa  eithfir  become  a  tree  m.in, 
or,  if  be  has  uot  changed  his  status,  knows  and  lettt  liis  master  know 
that  be  can  at  any  time  shake  off  bis  fetters  if  thoy  become  a 
burden  to  hiin,  be  does  as  little  us  bo  can,  Ijc  eats,  drinks,  and  ia 
merry  and  takes  no  tbou^fbt  for  the  morrow.  There  ts  one  way, 
and  one  way  oiriy,  by  which  he  cau  be  induced  to  do  continuous 
work,  aud  that  is  by  offering  him  a  settled  lioiiie  and  settled  wages, 
hut  the  latter  of  these  two  conditions  the  Arab  cultivator  cannot, 
or  will  not  fulfil  ;  be  will  give  him  a  bouse  and  a  piece  of  land 
aud  two  or  three  days  a  week  to  woi'k  on  it,  expecting  the  labourer 
to  devote  the  retuajuder  of  his  time  to  the  cultivation  of  his 
employer's  estate ;  at  liarvest-time  be  will  pay  a  little  for 
the  cloves  picked,  but  during  the  rest  of  the  year  be  pi'acti- 
caliy  leaves  bis  plantations  to  take  care  of  themselves,  for  even  if 
he  has  the  money,  it  is  against  bis  principles  to  lay  it  out  unless 
he  sees  the  prospect  of  an  immediate  return. 

The  consequence  is  that  only  a  few  of  the  old  slaves  have 
remained  on  the  shambas,  and  that,  when  the  clove-picking  season 
coiues  round,  the  cultivator  experiences  considerable  difficulty  in 
collecting  suthcient  outside  labour  to  pick  bis  trees.  The  actual 
supply  of  availiible  labour  is  wholly  insufficient  to  meet  the 
demand  and  will  probably  have  to  be  supplemented  sooner  or 
later  from  external  sources,  but  the  output  of  cloves  would  at 
any  rate  be  cousidurably  increased  if,  by  the  payment  of  a 
monetary  wage  or  by  some  other  means,  a  ceitain  number  of 
labourers  could  be  iuduced  to  establish  themselves  permanently 
on  every  shamUa. 

It  has  been  a  bad  year  for  copra  as  well  as  for  cloves,  the 
amount  exported  having  fallen  from  12,^57,977  lbs.,  uith  a 
declared  value  of  69,7;j6/.,  in  1899,  to  8,277,704  lbs.,  valued  at 
43,092^.,  in  1900.  With  the  exception  of  small  quantities  sent  to 
India  and  Gerinany  the  whole  of  the  cojira  produced  in  these 
islands  is  shippe<l  to  Marseilles,  the  British  manufacturer  finding 
that  he  cannot  afford  to  buy  at  tlie  prices  oflered  by  his  Fri'Doh 
competitors.  As  much  as  1  doL  31  c  per  fmsila  was  offered  at 
the  beginning  of  ihe  year,  but  this  rate  gradually  dropped;  it 
was  fairly  steady  at  from  I  dol.  6  c  to  1  dol.  12  c,  until  Oetol>er, 
but  on  several  iKx-asionu  during  the  lust  quarter  of  the  year  94  c. 
pet  frasila  was  the  highest  price  obtainable.  The  culiivation  of 
the  cocoanut  palm  is  simple  and  inexpensive;  unlike  the  clove 
tree  it  does  not  demand  much  lalioitr  and  is  not  burd>-ned  with  a 
produce  tax,  and  every  effort  is  bein^.^  made  to  induce  the  Arab 
cultivators  to  devcie  a  fittle  more  attention  to  what  should  prove 
a  fairly  profitable  source  of  income. 

The  value  of  chillies  exported  from  Zanzibar  has  risen  from 
5,419;.  tor  412,011  H  s.  in  I6y9  to  12,\H(il.  for  840,61)3  lbs.  during 
the  twelve  months  under  review.     Of  this  quantity  nearly  one- 


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ZAN'ZIBAR.  U 

hnlf  goes  to,  America,  the  remainder  Imiiig  shared  by  the  United 
Kingdom  and  France.  During  the  first  two  months  of  the  year 
tlift  price  in  the  Zanzibar  market  was  about  i!  dol.  per  frasila ;  it 
nwe  at  the  end  of  April  as  high  as  3  dol.  75  c.,  but  felt  during  the 
following  months,  little  moi'e  than  2  dol.  being  (quoted  about  Mie 
end  of  August ;  aubHequently  it  took  a  U^tter  toue  and  was  fairly 
steady  at  from  2  dol.  80  c.  to  2  dol.  90  c.  durin<^  the  closing  weeka 
of  the  year.  These  prices  could  lit-  couaidembly  increiised  it  imnxi 
cai'e  were  takeu  in  gathering  and  packing  the  podg,  a  sample 
which  had  been  carefully  stalked  and  cleaned  having  sold  for 
between  40s.  and  45^.  in  the  London  market. 

Rubber,  though  not  at  present  cultivated  to  any  great  extc'ut  Rubber, 
in  these  islands,  arrives  here  in  cousidenilile  ipiaiitities  on  its  w<iy 
to  Europe,  and  from  the  frequency  witli  whiuii  rubber  forests  are 
reported  to  have  been  recently  discovered  in  various  districts  on 
the  mainland  it  appears  possible  that  the  trade  will  still  further 
develop  iu  the  uear  future.  In  Zanzibai'  itself  there  is  very  little 
rubber,  except  whut  is  grown  for  exjierimental  purposes,  but  in  the 
island  of  Pemha,  especially  iu  the  forests  at  its  nortliern  end,  the 
■creeper  known  as  /Mndolpkia  KirMi  grows  fairly  freely.  It  is 
found  over  scattered  areas,  iu  some  places  gi-owing  thickly,  whilst 
iu  others  it  is  only  occasionally  met  with  or  is  altogether  absent 
It  does  not  attain  to  a  very  targe  size,  but  grows  to  a  considerable 
length,  and  the  latex  is  clean  and  white.  With  respect  to  the 
rubber  trees  that  have  been  planted  exporiinentally  in  the  Goiera- 
meut  plantations,  it  is,  perhaps,  too  early  to  offer  any  definite 
opinion  as  they  have  not  been  established  for  more  than  two  or 
thi-ee  years.  The  Assam  rubber,  Ficue  eloMica,  is  possibly  the 
moat  vigorouB,  b\it  the  Central  American  variety,  Cantilloa  elnsliai, 
shows  excellent  promise  and  appears  to  be  well  suited  to  the 
climate :  of  the  others  the  Pani  and  ('eara  rubber  trees  grow 
rapidly,  either  from  seed  or  cuttings,  but  their  yield  has  so  far 
been  small.  The  so-called  gutta-percha  tree,  referrcfl  to  in  last 
year's  report,  appears  to  be  of  doubtful  economic  value  as  the 
latex  obtained  from  it  loses  its  plastic  character  after  a  few  months 
and  becomes  friable. 

Of  other  experiments  conducted,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Eii«rimnital 
K.  N.  Lyne,  by  the  Agricultural  Department  of  the  Sultan's  ""l*"'"'^'''"' 
Oovernment,  that  made  with  Arabian  coffee  grown  from  seed 
-obtained  from  British  Central  Africa  has  not  been  altogether 
successful,  owing  to  a  leaf  disease  which  has  attacked  and  destroyed 
the  majority  ot  r,lie  young  trees;  the  remnant  that  survives  gives 
excellent  promise.  The  Dberian  coffee  planted  in  1899  is  healthy 
And  vigorous,  and,  like  that  raised  from  seed  imported  from  Sierra 
I.eone,  almost  completely  free  from  parasitical  attack.  Tea  does 
not  appear  to  thrive  in  Zanzibar,  where  the  soil  is  possibly  too 
stiff  for  it;  6,414  young  trees  were  planted  out  in  April,  1899, 
and  7,385  more  a  year  later,  and  of  these  only  2,874  now  survive. 
The  leaves  have  recently  been  attacked  by  a  disease  known  as 
"  blister  blight,"  which  is  said  to  have  done  considerable  datni^u 
Id  the  plantations  iu  Assam,  but  its  results  here  have  not  hitherto 


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12  ZANZIBAR. 

l»eeu  serious.  Cocoa  and  kola  are  both  doiug  well,  the  latter  being 
especially  hardy  and  free  from  disease.  Vanilla  has  given  most 
satisfactory  results  and  there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not  be 
remuneratively  cultivated,  some  sample  poda  which  were  sent 
home  last  spring  having  been  favourably  reported  on ;  the  plant 
does  not  require  very  much  labour  and  there  is  plenty  of  shade. 
Various  fibre  plants  have  been  successfully  tried,  but  would  ha\e 
to  l>e  spread  over  wide  arens  to  make  the  industry  profitable. 
Gooil  results  could  probably  lie  obtained  with  cinnnnion  and 
cocaine. 

A  few  remarks  may  be  offei-ed  on  some  of  the  principal 
commodities  for  which  there  is  a  demand  in  the  Zanzibar  market, 
with  particular  reference  to  those  which  possess  a  special  interest 
for  the  British  manufacturer.  These  observations,  however,  as 
well  as  the  samples*  which  accompany  them,  will  be  confined  for 
the  most  part  to  those  articles  for  which  the  demand  has  shown 
any  disposition  to  change  during  the  period  under  review ;  the 
rcquirementa  of  the  local  market  vary  so  little  from  year  to  year 
that  a  reference  to  previous  repoi-ta  in  this  series  and  an  inspection 
of  the  samples  forwarded  with  them  and  distributed  amongst  tlie 
various  Chambers  of  Commerce  interested  will  altbrd  any  fiiither 
intormatiou  which  may  be  required. 

T!ie  total  value  of  piece-goods  imported  into  Zanzibar  in  1900 
was  255,720/.,  and  the  extent  to  which  the  principal  manufacturing 
countries  participated  in  this  trade  was  as  follows: — British  India, 
104.9:W.;Belgium,43,550/.;  theUnitedKingdom,37,155/.;  America, 
22,807^.;  Germany,  18,238/.;  Holland.  4,500/. ;  and  France,  3,934/. 
The  imports  from  Belgium  and  Francewere  practically  the  same  as  in 
1899,  but  with  i-espect  to  oil  the  other  countries  mentioned  there 
was  a  decided  decrease,  amounting  in  the  case  of  the  United 
Kingdom  to  23  per  cent.;  of  Imlin,  24  jrer  cent.;  Germany,  40 
per  cent. ;  Holland,  56  per  cfut. ;  and  America  to  no  less  than 
67  iwr  cent,  of  the  goods  imported  during  the  previous  yeai'. 
In  the  case  of  the  United  Stales  this  decrease  is  explained  by  the 
introduction  of  the  rupee  into  Ugantla,  and  the  consequent  reduc- 
tion in  the  demand  for  "  Aniericani,"  an  unbleached  cloth  which 
until  recently  formed  the  only  currency  in  that  part  of  the 
country.  In  other  directions  it  is  due  to  a  bad  financial  year  in 
consequence  of  a  poor  clove  crop,  and,  as  regards  British  pro- 
ducts, to  the  fact  that,  with  large  stocks  on  hand,  the  merchant 
did  not  see  his  way  to  pay  the  higher  prices  to  which,  as  «  result 
of  the  South  Africa  War,  many  of  the  home  manufacturers  had 
risen.  With  the  exception  of  the  better  kinds  of  "  grey  cloths  " 
above  alluded  to,  the  trade  in  this  particular  class  of  piece-goods 
has  not  shown  much  variation ;  the  inferior  qualities  of  whites 
and  greys  come  almost  entirely  from  India,  which  enjoys  great 
advantages  in  the  matter  of  labour  and  freight.  The  Indian 
samples  of"  gnmpty  "  and  "  bindessa,"  two  varieties  of  a  grey  cloth 
known  as  "membai,"  are  also  more  popular  than  those  manufac- 
tured in  the  United  Kingdom  on  account  of  the  absence  cf  size 
01-  its  presence  in  very  small  quantities. 

*  Sent  to  the  AxaoviKtinu  of  Chamb«n  of  Connierce. 


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ZAWaBAB.  IS 

In  white  shirtings  and  the  filler  grades  of  mueliii  Manchester 
holds  its  OWE,  but  this  class  of  goods  lias  only  a  limited  sale 
amongst  the  Ambs  and  Indiaii.<4.  Woven  cloth  also  cometi  from 
the  United  Kingdom,  indigo-dyed  cottons  ("  kaniki ")  from  Bombay. 
For  "bandera,"  or  dyed  Turkey  red,  there  is  a  considerable 
demand  ;  it  is  shipped  from  A nstria- Hungary  aud  other  Eui-opean 
countries,  and  is  sold  in  two  qualities  known  as  "cambric"  and 
"twill,"  Loin-cloths,  or"  vikoi,"are  worn  by  all  Arabs  and  natives; 
the  ordinary  kind  is  made  in  the  United  Kingdom,  a  better  quality 
in  Muscat.  Similarly  the  latter  country  supplies  the  hand-made 
cloths,  of  which  the  best  turbans  are  composed,  a  cheaper  sample 
coming  from  MaucheHter,  Thin  cotton  vests,  whicli  are  universally 
worn,  are  shipped  from  several  European  countries. 

Ajiother  important  branch  of  the  piece-goods  trade  is  in  con- 
nection with  "kangas,"  or  printed  cotton  handkerchiefs,  some 
72  by  50  inches,  two  of  which,  together  with  a  scarf  round  the 
head,  constitute  the  every-day  attire  of  native  women.  These  are 
mostly  imported  from  Holland,  where  the  bloek-printing  pri)('«55 
is  not  only  cheaper  than  the  roller  printing  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
but  permits  of  a  great  variety  of  pattern  at  a  comparatively  alight 
increase  of  cost.  A  British  lirm  has,  however,  recently  succeeded 
in  placing  on  the  market  a  "  kauga"  which,  while  it  is  sold  at  the 
same  price  as  the  Dutch  imported  article,  namely,  12  rs.  12  a.  per 
korj  of  20,  is  much  superior  to  it  in  iwint  of  iinality  and  finiKli; 
the  difl'erence  between  the  two  systems  of  jirinting  can  easily  be 
seen  in  the  two  samples*  which  accompany  this  report ;  an  order 
for  2,000  of  these  handkerchiefs  of  the  same  pattern  is  the  lowest 
that  the  manufactm-er  can  accept,  but  in  view  of  tlie  manifest 
advantages  which  they  possess  over  those  of  foreign  make,  there 
ahould  be  no  difficulty  in  disposing  of  that  number,  m  long  as 
the  pattern  and  colour  strike  the  public  fancy.  A  few  samples* 
are  sent  herewith  of  handkerchiefs  wliich  command  the  readiest 
sale  at  the  present  moment;  the  most  popular  this  yeai'  coii- 
aist  of  fancy  designs  in  red,  black,  or  yellow,  but  it  is  quite  possible 
that  in  a  few  mouths'  time  the  fashion  will  have  entirely  changed, 
And  it  is,  therefore,  always  advisable  for  manufacturers  to  submit 
their  patterns  to  their  local  agents,  who  from  their  intimate 
knowledge  of  the  market  are  in  a  better  position  to  determine 
what  particular  designs  are  most  likely  to  meet  the  popular 
taste. 

Of  other  comm'idities,  soap  of  the  common  mottled  variety  Other 
comes  from  both  the  United  Kingdom   and  Germany,   but  the  *o™'«od'ii'^ 
produce  of  the  latter  country  is  i^ii  most  request,  owing  to  its  being  '"''*"°*''  • 
more  malleable  and  less  liable  to  break  or  flake  when  pressed  with 
tlie  fingers.     Samples*  of  both  kinds  are  supplied  herewith.     The 
best  class  of  cement  comes  from   the   United   Kingdom,   but   a 
cheaper  aud  therefore   more   popular  kind   from   Belgium.     For 
lieads  and  for  wire,  which   were  largely  used  as  articles  of  barter 
on  the   mainland,  tlie  demand  has   now   decreased,   but   a  con- 

*  Sent  to  tli«  AMOoiation  of  Chunben  of  Commeicu. 


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14  ZANZIBAR. 

sidei'able  amount  of  iron  wire,  of  the  kiud  commonly  used  for 
fencing  purposes,  is  still  I'equired  in  the  manufacture  of  spears, 
or  corrugated  iron  sheets  the  better  quality  are  shipped  from 
Loiidon.and  an  inferior  quality  from  Hiiro  burg.  Bar  iron  is  imported 
from  Belgium  and  Sweden.  Screws  are  taken  from  the  United 
Kingdom,  but  nailii  from  Belgium,  British-made  iron  nails  being 
found  to  rust  too  quickly  in  this  climate.  Iron  and  copper 
cooking  pots  are  supplied  from  India,  cheap  enamelled  ware  ffnii 
Austria.  The  bulk  of  ordinary  kinds  of  timber  is  from  Norway 
and  Sweden,  teak  from  India.  Eough-sawn  deal  and  pinewocKl 
plaiikn  from  the  United  Kingdom  would  probably  find  a  ready 
sale.  Matches  come  from  Sweden.  Crockery  and  glassware  are 
imported  both  from  the  United  Kingdom  and  Germany,  the 
fonner  country  supplying  the  better  and  the  latter  the  cheajier 
kinds.  Lamps,  globes  and  chimneys  come  from  Bombay,  as  do 
the  cheap  class  of  tools  which  are  mostly  in  request.  Paints,  oils, 
and  turpentine  are  supplied  by  the  United  Kingdom ;  to\k  and 
thread  is  also  shipped  from  the  United  Kingdom,but  coir  from  1  ndia. 
A  lai^e  trade  in  red  tarliooshes  goes  to  AuKtiia-Hujigaiy.  Loaf 
sugar  is  imported  from  the  beet  plantations  of  the  Continent,  moist 
av^av  from  Mauritius  and  Johanna.  A  light  beer,  suitable  to  the 
clinjate,  is  made  in  Germany.  America  has  up  to  the  present 
time  monopolised  a  lai^e  trade  in  petroleum,  but  a  local  bulk  oil 
installation  is  now  in  course  of  constrnction  by  a  British  company, 
the  "  Shell  Transport  and  Trading  Company."  Storage  will  be 
provided  for  2,500  tons  of  oil,  and  a  plant  cspable  of  making 
2,000  tins  a  day  will  l>e  attached  to  the  depot.  The  first  cargo 
will  probably  come  from  Eatoum,  but  later  consignments  may  be 
expected  from  Borneo,  where  the  compiny  owns  some  rich  fields. 
Britifh  trade  'l"he  imports  from  the  United  Kini,'dom  have  always  been 
■ndforeun  j,reater  than  those  of  other  foreign  countries  on  account  of 
Zanzibar  being  a  coaling  station,  the  Welsh  collieries  enjoying  a 
monopoly  in  this  trade,  but,  with  this  item  omitted,  the  manuhic- 
turea  of  the  United  Kingdom  have  year  after  year  had  to  yield 
pride  of  place  to  those  of  one  or  other  of  her  commercial  rivala 
Taking  the  last  five  years,  we  find  that  in  1896  and  i^in  in  1899 
America  stood  first  in  the  list,  whilst  for  three  years  German 
commerce  well  sustained  the  foremost  position  among  European 
couutries  which  it  won  in  1897.  During  the  year  under  review, 
however,  in  which,  as  has  already  I)epn  remarked,  business  was 
uimsually  slack,  British  trade  suflered  considerably  less  than  that  of 
theo[hercountries,and,exclu8ive-of  the  value  of  coal,  is  now,  for  the 
fii'Bt  time  since  1892,  well  in  advance  of  them.  An  e.xamination  of 
the  tables  annexed  ;o  this  report  will  show  that,  omittin*:;  coal, 
the  United  Kingdom  has  lost  but  9  per  cent,  of  the  amount  which 
her  trade  represented  in  1899,  whereas  of  her  three  principal 
ijvals,  Germany  has  lost  ^9  per  cent.,  the  United  States  39  per 
cent,  and  Belgium  and  Holland,  which,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the 
same  goods  are  shipped  at  different  times  from  either  Antwerp  or 
Amsterdam,  are  considered  ss  one,  10  per  cent.  Again,  on  com- 
paring the  statistics  of  the   imiwrt   trade  in  1900  with  th<jse  of 


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ZiUTZIBAK.  15 

■five  years  bact,  we  find  that  whereas  British  trade,  and  also  that 
of  Germany,  has  increased  4  per  cent.,  that  of  Belgium  and 
Holland  has  decreased  21  per  cent.,  and  that  of  the  United  States 
33  per  cent.  We  may  conclude  therefore  that  the  United  Kingdom 
has  during  the  lost  five  years  maintained  its  position  as  well  as, 
and  in  the  majority  of  cases  better  than,  any  of  its  commercial 
rivals,  and  that  in  the  year  under  review,  although  the  volume  of 
if  ti-ade  has,  owing  to  extmneous  reasons,  been  somewhat  less  th^n 
that  of  the  three  preceding  years,  it  has,  comparatively  speaking, 
made  a  considerable  advance. 

It  has  been  repeatedly  pointed  out  in  these  reports  that  cheap- 
uess  is  the  chief  desideratum  in  the  East  Afrieau  market.  The 
'Swaliili  is  not  a   provident  person,  he  spends   what  he  earns  as  "  , 

'soon  as  he  receives  it,  usually  sooner ;  he  is  always. in  debt,  and  is 
quite  content  if  he  can  see  his  way  to  providing  himself  with 
'the  necessaries  of  life  till  next  pay  day.  He  has  his  fancies,  but 
little  money  to  gmtify  them,  and  consetjuently  if  he  has  to  choose 
between  a  cheap  article  which  may  last  him  a  month  and  one  a 
little  more  expensive,  which  will  wear  for  half  a  year,  he  *tll 
have  no  hesitation  in  buying  the  one  that  costs  him  the  least.  It 
is  to  a  great  extent  by  meeting  this  demand  for  cheap  goods  that 
the  Germfin  manufacturer  has  in  the  last  decade  obtaiued  such  n 
firm  foothold  in  the  Znnzibar  market,  and  it  is  on  these  lines  only 
that  the  British  merchant  ean  successfully  compete  with  him. 

There  are  also  one  or  two  other  points  which  deser\'e  the 
attention  of  manufacturers.  When  a  price  is  quoted  by  a  British 
house  it  is  in  many  cases  the  price  at  which  the  article  in  question 
<jan  be  purchased  in  the  United  Kingdom,  whereas  in  the  case  of 
foreign  firms  it  almost  invariably  includes  cost,  insurance,  and 
freight ;  the  native  merchant  ean  in  the  latter  case  see  at  a  glance 
what  he  will  have  to  pay  for  the  goods  which  he  requires,  and  he 
prefers  to  have  the  calculation  made  for  him  to  making  it  him- 
self. Secondly,  a  certain  ^.ttention  to  detail  is  advisable  in  making 
up  goods  for  this  market ;  the  native  likes  his  piece-goods  to  be 
of  a  certain  width  and  of  a  certain  weight,  his  bar  of  soap  should 
cut  into  a  certain  number  of  equal  pieces,  his  coil  of  wire  should 
be  of  a  certain  length  and  there  should  be  always  the  same 
number  of  coils  in  a  case,  and  so  on ;  these  details  should  be 
obtained  from  a  local  agent.  And,  thirdly,  the  manufactui-er 
would  do  well  to  furnish  his  agents  with  illustrated  catalogues 
and,  wliere  possible,  samplea  of  the  goods  which  he  is  prepared  to 
aupply,  so  that  the  retail  merchant  may  be  enabled  to  select  with 
greater  confidence  the  articles  with  which  he  proposes  to  meet  the 
local  demand. 

It  has  long  been  felt  that  the  decrease  of  trade  in  certain  Sampb 
articles  of  British  manufacture,  and  the  corresponding  increase  •>"'*••>- 
in  the  sale  of  goods  of  foreign  origin,  has  been  due  to  some  extent 
to  the  comparatively  greater  care  with  which  the  latter  have  been 
brought  to  the  notice  of  the  local  consumer.  To  give  British 
commercial  houses  a  chance  of  elttending  their  business,  not  only 
-with  the  merchants  ■  with  whom  through  their  local  ^ents  they 


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16  ZANZIBAK. 

are  already  in  toticli,  but  wiili  the  whole  of  the  trading  community, 
the  Zanzibar  Government  have  now  decided  to  open  a  sample 
bureau.  In  this  uffice,  which  will  te  under  the  control  of  a 
Kuropeaii  officer  of  the  administrntion  and  which  will  be  open 
throughout  the  bunineBS  liours  of  the  day,  will  lie  depo»itetl  and 
cjitalogned  all  f.he  samples  which  may  be  forwarded  for  that 
purpose ;  thene  should,  to  avoid  deterioration,  be  limited  in  bulk 
an4  should  he  uccompanied  by  illustrated  price-lists  and  quota- 
tions so  compiled  ae  to  enable  the  trader  to  see  at  a  glance  what 
the  actual  cost  of  any  article  will  he,  delivered  in  Zanzibar. 
Samples  and  inquiries  in  connection  with  them  should  be  addressed 
to  the  Secretary,  Sample  Bureau,  Zanzibar, 
f  The  expression  "cash  terms"  is  understood  to  mean  in  the 
Zanzibar  market  4^  per  cent,  discount  on  payment  iu  one  or  two- 
months  ;  "  credit  terras  "  aignilies  from  four  to  six  months'  credit 
with  one  mouths'  grace.  The  latter  term  has,  however,  become  a 
somewhat  elastic  one  owing  to  certain  foreign  firms  having  given, 
in  some  cases,  as  much  as  12  months'  cr^t;  thia  system  has 
doubtless  enabled  them  to  dispose  more  readily  of  their  goods,  but 
it  can  hardly  have  increased  their  profits  to  a  corresponding  extent, 
for  several  bad  debts  have  resulted  from  it  during  the  last  year 
or  two.  hi  buying  for  export  the  torma  are  cash  down.  Since 
September,  1899,  the  free  port  system  h%a  been  abolished,  all 
imports  from  foreign  countries  being  now  subject  to  an  ad  valorem 
duty  of  5  per  cent,  with  the  exception  of  beeswax,  coal,  calamba 
root,  copm,  gum  arabic,  gum  copal,  gunny  bags,  hides,  hippo  teeth, 
ivory,  orchella  weed,  rhino  hoi-ns,  rubber,  shells,  akias,  and  tortoise 
shell  The  scale  of  export  duties  will  be  found  in  the  commercial 
treaty  between  the  United  Kingdom  and  Zanzibar. 

Much  has  recently,  and  indeed  for  many  years,  been  said  and 
written  with  respect  to  the  grant  of  a  Government  subsidy  for  a 
direct  line  of  steamers  between  London  and  East  Africa,  and  if 
the  subject  is  again  referred  to  here  it  is  only  because  it  is  one 
which  possesses,  in  the  writer's  opinion,  the  utmost  importance, 
not  only  for  those  who  represent  the  United  Kingdom,  either 
officially  orconimercially  in  this  part  of  the  world,  but  also  for  the 
whole  future  of  British  trade  in  Africa. 

The  present  position  is  as  follows ;  A  French  line,  the  Mes- 
sageries  Maritimes,  with  an  annual  Government  subsidy  of 
45,000^.,  runs  a  fortnightly  service  from  Marseilles  to  Madagascar, 
Reunion,  and  Mauritios,  every  alternate  boat  calling  at  Zanzibar 
on  both  the  outward  and  homeward  voyages ;  the  vessels  ou  this 
line  average  about  3,860  tons,  and  maintain  a  speed  of  about  12 
knots.  The  steamers  ot  the  German  East  Africa  Line  vary  from 
5,300  to  2,600  tons,  and  run  fortnightly  from  Hamburg,  via 
Amsterdam  or  Antwerp,  Lisbon,  and  Naples,  to  Zanzibar,  and 
thence  to  Dar-es-Saiam.  Mozambique,  BeJra,  and  Delagoa  Bay; 
they  call  on  alternate  voyages  at  Mombasa,  and  once  a  month  ex- 
tond  their  service  to  Durban  ;  there  is  also  a  branch  line  belonging 
to  this  company  which  runs  between  Bombay  and  East  Africa, 
connecting  with  the  main  line  steamers  at  Zanzibar.    The  subsidy 


d  by  Google 


ZAU/ABilL  17 

graated  by  the  German  Govemmeat  was  until  recently  45,000/1 
per  anntim,  hut  h«8  now  been  increased  to  67,500/.  for  a  service 
which  is  to  include  the  West  aa  well  as  the  East  Coast  of  Africa. 
The  speed  to  be  maiutained  on  the  West  Coast,  and  from  Naples 
as  far  as  Dar-es-SaUm  on  the  East  Coast,  is  12  knots,  during  the  ' 
I'eniainder  of  the  voyage  10^  ktiotB,  and  on  the  brauch  line  to 
Bombay  10  knots,  but  so  far  as  thu  main  line  is  concerned,  the 
company  hue  undertaken  to  inureaHc.  these  rates  of  speed  in  pro- 
portion as  the  contract  speed  of  foi-ei^  competing  lines  is  in- 
creased. And  lastly,  we  have  the  Britiali  India  Steam  Navigation 
Company,  which  has  three  local  lines,  oue  every  four  weeks  from 
Ikimhay  to  Zanzibar,  vi4  Aden,  where  it  awaits  the  arrival  of  the 
Peninsular  and  Oriental  mail  from  Brindiai;  the  second  at 
irregular  intervals  from  Bombay  to  Zanzibar  by  way  of  Seychelles ; 
and  the  third  monthly  between  this  port  and  Delagoa  Bay.  This 
company  receives  a  subsidy  of  9,000i.  per  annum  for  the  carriage 
of  mails  between  Aden  and  Zanzibar  at  a  contract  speed  of  7i 
knuts  ;  the  two  vessels,  however,  wbicli  are  Hi  preaeuC  on  this  run, 
and  whicli  are  of  about  0,000  tons,  are  usually  able  to  mainlain  a 
speed  of  about  9  knots. 

The  merchant  who  wishes  to  ship  goods  to  or  from  Zanzibar 
has  these  three  lines  to  choose  from.  If  he  selects  the  French  or 
German  lines  his  goods  must  be  transhipped  at  Marseillos  or  Ham- 
burg, and  although  in  view  of  the  fact  Uiat  both  of  these  ports  are 
termmi,  and  not  ports  of  call,  there  is  not  much  risk  of  any  of  tht- 
London  cai^  being  shut  out,  considerable  delay  and  occasionally 
some  loss  results  from  the  process  of  transhipment  at  Zanzibar  ; 
however,  his  goods  are  not  iofrequently  shut  out  in  the  case  of  the 
Messagerics  steamers,  because  they  are  not  allowed  under  their 
contract  to  stay  more  than  24  hours  in  the  port,  and  in  that  of 
the  German  vessels  because  they  have  already  filled  up  at  southern 
ports.  If  on  the  other  hand  the  goods  are  shipped  by  the  British 
line  they  take  four  days  longer  to  reach  Aden,  and  have  usually 
to  wait  some  days  there  before  a  vessel  arrives  by  which  they  can 
be  forwarded  to  England ;  when  such  a  vessel  does  arrive  it  is 
not  infrequently  too  full  to  accept  the  Zanzibar  cat^o,  which  has 
therefore  to  await  another  opportunity,  and  to  await  it  in  open 
lighters  exposed  to  sun  and  rain ;  goods  sent  by  this  route  are 
therefore  not  only  liable  to  considerable  delay,  but,  in  view  of  the 
perishable  nature  of  most  of  the  local  products  which  are  put  on 
the  London  market,  to  deterioration  in  quality  and  to  coitsequent 
depreciation  in  value.  For  these  reason^  British  cargo  is  earrieiJ 
whenever  possible  in  German  bottoms,  whilst  nearly  the  whole  of 
the  passenger  traffic  is  secured  by  the  French ;  mails  are  deUvered 
by  both  the, British  and  German  boats,  but  official  dpspatcbes, 
when  it  is  thought  advisable  to  send  them  by  the  British  sub- 
sidised line,  can  only  be  despatched  at  intervals  of  four  weeks. 
And  it  should  be  remembered,  when  making  this  comparison 
between  British  and  foreign  lines,  that  Britisli  interests  in  East 
Africa  alone  are  four  times  as  great  as  those  of  either  France  or 
Germany. 

(901)  B 


d  by  Google 


18  zixzmiK 

There  caa  be  no  doubt  but  that  a  home  liae  of  British  si 
which  coald  carry  mails,  paseengern  and  cargo  at  a  fair  rate  of 
apeed,  would  be  an  immeuse  boon  to  British  commercial  hooaes 
already  established  in  Zanzibar  ;  aud  it  is  not  only  in  Zanzibar 
that  the  benefit  would  be  fe[',  for  such  a  line  would  be  in  direct 
communication  with  the  East  Africa  Protectorate,  Uganda,  and 
British  Cuntral  Africa,  auil,  if  it  were  extended  to  Delagoa  Bay, 
■would  open  up  a  new  route  to  the  Transvaal  only  600  miles  longer 
than  that  which  passes  round  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  But  it  would 
also  in  all  proliability  a(^t  as  a  direct  and  powerful  incentive  to 
British  trade  und  be  tlie  means  of  increasing  the  sale  of  British 
manufactures  throughout  I'jiHt  Africa.  Among  the  reasons  whieli 
induced  the  German  Iteichstag  to  increase  the  Kast  Coast  subsidy 
.  were  the  freeing  of  Gi^rnian  commerce  from  the  agency  of  foreign 
nations,  the  avoidance  of  damage  and  delay  I'esulting  from  cran- 
ahipment,  the  independent  carriiige  of  official  and  other  mails,  the 
encouragement  of  German  shipbuilding,  and,  most  important  of 
all,  the  extension  of  German  ti^e  on  the  African  continent  The 
value  of  tlie  traffic  in  purely  (jcrmaii  goods  on  the  Deutsche  ftet- 
Afrika  Linie  i-ose  from  300.900/.  iu  lS9i  to  y;"..'),UOO/.  in  1«98,  aud 
although  ihe  granting  of  tlirougli  liills  of  ladiuu  from  the  interior 
of  Germany  with  special  provisions  as  to  »afe  delivery  and  insur- 
Ance,  and  of  reduced  freights  on  the  German  State  railways,  as 
well  as  other  causes,  have  doubtless  largely  contributed  to  this 
result,  yet  it  must  be  due  to  some  extent  to  the  advantages  which 
German  commerce  enjoys  in  the  possession  of  a  direct  line  of 
steamers.  With  these  heavily-subsidised  foreign  lines  no  Britiah 
company  could  possibly  compete  without  State  assistance,  for  in 
a  war  of  freights  the  line  with  a  Government  subsidy  at  its  back 
would  naturally  Qutlast  the  one  whose  existence  depended  on  its 
earnings  alone,  but  if  the  mail  contract  were  made  to  include  a 
'  guai-aiitee  that  material  for  the  Uganda  Bailway  or  Government 
stores  of  any  kind  which  might  in  tbe  future  be  required  in  the 
British  possessions  or  Protectorates  in  East  Africa  would  be 
shipped  by  the  subsidised  line,  instead  of,  as  has  hitherto  been  the 
case,  by  steamers  specially  chartered  at  considerable  expense  for 
that  purpose,  ii  is  possible  that  a  British  East  African  line  could 
be  started  at  no  very  extravagant  cost,  at  a  cost  at  any  rate  which 
would  be  more  than  outweighed  by  the  gain  which  it  would  ensure 
to  British  trade  and  to  British  prestige. 

if  further  confirmation  be  required  of  tbe  rapidity  witli  which 
(ierman  shippiug  hss  come  to  the  fore  in  l-^t  African  waters  it 
will  be  found  in  the  fact  that  whereas  in  1895  the  number  of 
Ciennan  merchant  vessels  which  entered  the  jjoit  of  Zanzibar  was 
only  59  with  a  gross  tonnage  of  84,384  t<m3,  in  the  year  1900 
.Uieir  Dumber  was  109  and  their  tonnage  180,998  tons ;  whilst,  on 
the  other  hand,  British  shipping  which  was  represented  six  years 
ago  by  70  vessels  of  99,175  tons,  appears  in  the  latest  return 
with  a  total  of  62  ?hips  of  107983  tons.  The  statistics  of 
French  shipping  show  a  slight  increase  in  both  numbers  aiid 
tonnage.      A  vessel   belonging  to  the  Austrian-Lloyd   Company 


d  by  Google 


ZAHZniAK.  19 

made  ftnother  experimental  trip  down  the  East  African  Coast 
during  the  year  ander  review,  bat  thifi  company  has  not.  yet 
attempted  to  institnte  a  regular  service.  The  od^  point  to  be 
Dotic^  with  r^ard  to  coasting  vessels  is  that  the  umnberof  visits 
paid  to  this  port  by  boats  carrying  the  German  flag  has  consider- 
ably increased. 

The  new  %hthou8e  on  Chumbe  Island,  some  7  -miles  south  of  Li^hrJioi 
Zanzibar  town,  has  been  completed  and  the  light  is  in  readiness 
for  installatioii.    New  4th  order  Ughta  have  been  ordered  for  the 

I  Ughtjiouses  at  Bas  Nungwe  and  Mangopwani.  A  new  black  buoy 
has  been  laid  over  the  Penfold  £ock  in  the  southern  pass  and 
Ughts  have  been  placed  in  position  to  enable  ships  to  enter  the 
barbour  at  night  The  port  service  is  ably  conducted  ])y  CapttUQ 
Agnew,  the  port  <  officer,  and  it  will  be  still  (urtlier  improved. as 
soon  aa  the  various  Treaty  Powere  have  consented,  as  it  is  hoped 
tbej  shortly  will,  to  the  imposition  of  mode^te  light  and  harbiwr 
dues.     A  new  stone  pier  has  been  constructed  at  Chaki-Chaki,  the 

■capital  of  Pembs. 


d  by  Google 


Annex  A — Return  of  Pruici{«l  Artioles  of  Import  into  Zanzibar 
during  the  Yeara  1900-1899. 


l»0O. 

1899 

AltiolM. 

Qiwiitilj-. 

V,>lu... 

(timntitj. 

V»lur. 

£ 

£ 

Pi«-.-good,     ..         .. 

lockage. 

I9,25M 

256,7a» 

84,596 

867,817 

Ri™ 

3o6,ie:> 

169,353 

346,715 

193.469 

Lb«r 

245,852 

94,M17 

274,168 

118,204 

Ooiu  and  bulliou      .. 

I^k.«e. 

783 

94,716 

1,838 

96,576 

aroMrie* 

77,610 

64,3:>6 

68,886 

58,288 

132,700 

37,103 

126.760 

2»,51! 

Wb«l.,  mtuna.  Am.  . . 

43,162 

33,482 

93,174 

,41,710 

Hid.. 

Lb..        .. 

].276,nfi4 

80.436 

549.386 

13,1»2 

8-g'r 

Fmokagai 

23,488 

29,972 

27.322 

31.466 

19,410 

24,SB4 

19,077 

26,772 

Enbber 

Lb..        .. 

190,620 

24,048 

322,521 

40,48^ 

Co«l 

Ion. 

6,106 

21,709 

8,528 

68,146 

Ghee 

PilCk.«~ 

9,625 

20,372 

16,062 

82,419 

Winw,bMruid*piriU 

18,440 

18,184 

1E,16E 

17,818 

VIOUT 

i8,ooe 

17,883 

16,990 

15,184 

Lire-rtook 

6,800 

lt,468 

8.29S 

17.312 

TobMOO 

Lb.."      .. 

5(9,628 

12,886 

667,033 

15.876 

Timber 

Toiu>       .. 

2,60) 

13,076 

1,869 

6.470 

entn  copal      .. 

Lb..        . . 

366,922 

10,966 

888,116 

».8«6 

Bim-mn 

P.ck>««. 

13,183 

10,038 

8,670 

4,980 

BMdl 

1,622 

8,187 

1,864 

18,894 

DriediUh       .. 

16,642 

8,010 

«1,668 

8.638 

TeieUkbU*      .. 

60,ga£ 

7,520 

68.098 

8,352 

JewelleiT,  ic. 

104 

7,oei 

87 

6,R99 

Omekei7    ud    gh»- 

mn 

6,285 

5308 

7.062 

S/M» 

Woodwork  (doon  ud 

windowi)     . . 

4,65iJ 

4,862 

3.806 

3.7i7 

UMbmerr      .. 

64ti 

4,742 

890 

4,852 

Bus  and  oudu 

3.101 

S,«06 

6,284 

5,27N 

&«it 

49,184 

3,J05 

28.123 

t596 

Otli-i-  krtidn. . 

87,246 

99.2H1 

Total   .. 

1,116.0*1 

■■ 

1.866,948 

d  by  Google 


4a*»  B. — Rvn^BB  of  Prixi«i{ial  Articles  ot  Export  ^rom  ZajtziUiar 
during  tbe  Tears  1900-1899. 


1900. 

1889. 

AitialM. 

PMk»ee. 

Quaotitj . 
80,267 

T»lM. 

QoMtitj. 

V.lue. 

£ 
264,701 

41,847 

£ 
826,495 

Lb».       .. 

11,768,089 

158,148 

PacLafM 

2,38b 

167,852 

IfOTT     

116,354 

286,834 

127,812 

Grnn 

IPM*>gM 

17G.3S8 

98,351 

]77,49« 

96,361 

OBKerim 

1 

66,168 

69,0U1 

67,1U 

Omni 

43,081! 

13,9*7,977 

09,He 

1,298,990 

36,784 

7Ta,3S8 

21, 6U 

Rnbbtr 

190,811 

e5,£86 

818,770 

41,298 

Sugar 

Ipuibg.. 

U.50S 

18,815 

17,098 

30,791 

Onmoopal     .. 

S43,E55 

15,858 

60J,»40 

82,482 

OhilUef 

840,(i93 

412,011 

6,419 

B««it. 

P>cW* 

2.221 

lo.ias 

3,R29 

19.500 

Clntr-itrmi    .. 

2,0ei.ST8 

6,9M5 

8>n->im 

pMbwe. 

6,104 

5,604 

1,916 

Dried  fiih       .. 

13,107 

5,620 

Lb>. 

6,501 

4,630 

8,<J06 

Shell,  .nd  cowria.    . 

PMk>g~ 

6,466 

4,412 

8,660 

BhiDoreriM  honu      . 

89,264 

88,988 

8,861 

40,241 

S.960 

49,864 

8.827 

OtbrrMtiole. 

■■ 

148,187 

154,830 

ToUl   .. 

1,167,794 

1,368,532 

Annex  C. — Tabls  showing  Total  Value  of  all  Articles  Importeii 
to  and  Exported  from  Zanzibar  from  and  to  Foreign 
Countries  during  tlie  Tears  1900-1899. 


Britiah  Iiidi»       

German  Eait  Africa 

UniiMl  Singdotn 

British  E«at  Africa 
OieTmmj  .. 

Ammnoa  (United  State*).. 
Balgium    .  • 

Beiudir  porta 

Bontliem     ports     (UAdaftaaoar, 
Manritiot  and  Comoro  Idandi) 

Kraooe       

Italy  

Holland 

An*tri»-Huiip>)r 

Other  ODuntnea 


405,002 
180,628 
106,400 
72,607 
67,331 
60,781  I 

51,066 ; 

44,116 

82,996 
28,660 
0,861 
4,044 
4^19 
61,6r" 


401,648  I 
173,172 
146,143  ' 


10,389 
8,618 
73,620 


123,128  I 
437,611 
106,lf(6 
101,620  I 


1,116,041.     1,W6,M6     1,167,794 


129.806 
467,288 
116.964 
190.641 


56,862 
2,796 
85,300 


(901) 


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Annex  D. — Ketubn  of  all  Oceaa-going  VeBBeln  that  have  KnttreJ 
the  Port  of  Zanzibar  durintr  the  Year  1900. 


G.Tm«n  ..         ..| 

BritUI ■ 

Frmoh    ..        _..| 

"5 
11 

8 

10,R3^ 

109 

67 
27 

196 

190 

180.1198 

101,709 

60,036 

6,130 

109 
62 

27 
S 

l(i0.9l«t 

107.983 

60.086 

6.180 

4.258 

Total           ..1 

,.    isen.., 

387,878 
816,707 

207 
19S 

MS,K>5 
»B4Jt61 

Annex  E. — Betuhn  of   all  Coaating  VesBela   that   have  Entered 
the  Port  of  Zanzibar  during  the  Year  1900. 


Number  of 
Vowels. 

Tod*. 

Oermaa 

Zunbar   . 

Fmnoh 

British 

Portaguese           

103 
88 
10 
24 

1 

19.640 
8,892 
4,160 

3341 
880 

Total 

„     1899  .. 

176 

35.863 
16,888 

LONDON : 

Prinled  for  His  Hajertj's  Stationer;  OIBm, 

Bs  HARKISON  AND  BONS. 

Pria(«n  in  Ordiiui^  to  Hi<  Majnty, 

(76    10  I  01— E  k  a     901) 


d  by  Google 


No.  2893  Annaal  Series. 
DIPLOMATIC  AND  CONSULAR  REPORTS. 


ZANZIBAE. 


REPORT  FOR  THE  YEAR  1901 


TRADE    AND    COMMERCE    OE    ZANZIBAR. 


BBFEEBlfCE  TO  PREVIOUS  REPORT,  Animal  Seriei  No.  2718. 


Preiented  to  both  Hotttes  of  PaTliameni  by  Command  of  Bit  Jiajeity, 
SEPTEMBER,  1902. 


LONDON; 

PEINTSD  FOE  HIS  MUKSTTB  STATIONERY  OFFICl. 

Vt  HARBISON  AND  SONS,  fiT.  MARTIN'S  LANS, 


mjA  to  be  nprchased,  fiiUiOT  dirsctl;  or  throng  auj  Bookialler,  frmn 

EYRE  1  SFurriSWOODE,  Sabt  Hakdiho  Sturi,  Flrit  Stbikt,  B.0« 

■ad  SS,  Abihohon  Stbiit,  WisraiHRBi,  fi.W.) 

or  OLITEB  1  BOYD,  Bdihbdbsbi 

m  B.  FONSONBT,  110,  Outtoh  Btuit,  Dublik. 

1902. 
[Cd.  786—197.]  iVi«  Om  Pmoy. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ  I C 


CONTENTS. 


Intiodaobnj  n 
Import!   ..„.._ 


„        fiom  foragn  ocrantiiM  w 
Sunpla  bnnaa    ^._„...._ 


to  ferngn  ooontriM  ei 
to  *ft*»v»  ports 


Loal  produce  :- 
aoTM 


Cooeluding  nuarka  .. 


d  by  Google 


No.  2893.  Annuel  Series. 

Beferenee  to  prwiout  Ssporl,  Antmal  Seriea  No.  2718. 


Seport  on  the  Trade  and  Commerce  of  Zaiutibar  for  the  Tear  1901 
By  Mb.  Vice-Consul  Kbstkll-Oornish. 

(BKeived  at  Foreign  Offloe,  Augnrt  G,  1002.) 

It  will  be  seeii  from  the  tables  which  accompany  this  report  Inbadnotorj' 
that  the  trade  of  Zanzibar  has  improved  during  the  past  year.  ™'*'"- 
The  statistice  given,  while  showing  the  conditions  of  trade 
with  East  Africa,  are  exclusive  oC  those  imports  to  ajid 
exports  from  Zanzibar,  which  find  their  way  from  and  to  other 
places  in  the  island  of  Zanzibar  or  in  that  of  Femba.  The  customs 
returns  show  a  net  revenue  of  15,0251.,  an  increase  of  7,1691.  on 
that  of  the  previous  year,  chiefly  due  to  an  improvement 
in  the  value  of  cloves  entering  the  custom-house  from  various 
parts  of  Zanzibar  and  Pemba  Islands  and  brought  to  this  town 
m  dhows.  Cloves  show  an  increase  in  revenue,  as  compared 
with  the  yeai- 1900,  of  8,1111.  This  fact  is  only  mentioned  as  a 
matter  of  intei-est  and  as  showii^  the  healthy  condition  of 
thb  islands  as  regards  the  clove  produce.  It  is  of  course  not 
illustrated  by  the  accompanying  tables,  which  show  the  trade 
of  Zanzibar  with  foreign  countries  pure  and  simple,  and  from  which 
it  will  be  observed  that,  apart  from  the  above-mentioned  cause,  the 
import  trade  shows  an  increase  of,  in  round  numbers,  80,000/., 
whilst  the  value  of  exports  is  also  greater,  though  to  no  very 
appreciable  extent. 

In  Annex  A  will  be  found  the  quantities  and  values  of 
the  principal  articles  which  have  entered  the  port  of  Zanzibar 
in  the  year  1901,  with  the  corresponding  statistics  for  the 
previous  12  months ;  Annex  B  gives  a  summary  of  the 
various  commodities  exported  during  last  year ;  Annex  C  con- 
tains a  statement  of  the  principal  countries  which  maintain  com- 
mercial relations  with  Zanzibar,  and  shows  the  extent  to  which 
they  each  contribute  to  it,  as  rt^rds  both  the  import  and  export 
trade ;  Annexes  T)  and  E  are  returns  of  the  ocean-going  and  coast- 
ing vessels  respectively  which  have  entered  this  port  in  the  year 
under  review.  The  corresponding  statistics  of  the  year  1900  have 
in  every  ease  been  inserted  in  these  tables  for  purposes  of  com- 
parison. The  value  of  each  article  of  import  and  export  has  beew 
converted  into  sterling  at  the  rate  of  Is.  4d.  per  rupee. 

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Impoiti. 


The  increase  in  the  value  of  goods  imported  into  Zanzibar 
during  the  year  1901,  which  amounted  to  80,000/.,  ia  accounted 
for  principally  by  the  shipment  of  larger  quantities  of  coins,  ivory 
and  piece-goods. 

The  increase  in  the  value  of  eoine  imported  amounted  in  round 
numbera  to  71,000/.,  and  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  they 
were  imported  in  laige  quantities  from  Bombay  by  the  local  banks 
to  meet  the  demand  for  cash  from  the  adjacent  coast  where  there 
were  favourable  crops  of  grain,  rubber,  Ac. 

The  improvement  in  the  value  of  ivory  imported  into  Zanzibar 
amouuted  to  about  19,000/.,  alai^e  quantity  which  had  accumulated 
at  various  stations  in  the  interior  {owii^  to  a  scarcity  of  porters) 
having  been  taken  down  to  the  coast  by  the  Uganda  fiailway.  It 
may  be  mentioned  in  this  connection  that  about  one-quarter  of  the 
ivory  wliicli  conies  to  Zanzibar  finds  its  way  afterwards  to  Bombay 
and  Hong-Kong.  That  which  is  taken  from  the  west  coast  doee 
not  reach  this  side  of  Afi-ica,  but  finds  an  outlet  viS  the  Congo 
Free  State  to  Bel^um.  West  Africa  ivory  ia  as  different  from 
that  which  comes  from  the  Zanzibar  hinterland  as  ehony  is  from 
mahogany,  the  tusks  from  the  latter  portion  of  the  Dark  Continent 
being  by  Nature,  and  not  from  any  process  through  which  they 
pass  after  being  taken  from  the  elephant,  much  softer  and  more 
easily  worked.  The  softest  ivory  cornea  from  the  Beuadir  coast, 
and  is  said  to  be  unrivalled  by  that  of  any  other  country  in  the 
world. 

The  improvement  in  the  value  of  piece-goods  imported  amouuted 
to  nearly  43,000/.  The  reason  for  this  would  appear  to  be  that 
owing  to  excellent  grain  crops  and  the  consequent  prosperity 
amon[;Bt  the  native  population  on  the  mainland,  there  was  a  greater 
general  demand  for  this  clnss  of  goods,  which  first  entered  Zanzi- 
bar (thus  figuring  as  an  import)  and  was  afterwards  transhipped 
to  the  e.i3t  coast  of  Africa,  This  fact  tends  to  show  the  value  of 
this  port  as  a  distributing  centre.  (Vide  also  notes  on  imports 
from  Holland  on  next  page.) 

In  spite  of  tlie  total  increase  (and  that  a  substantial  one)  in  the 
value  of  imports,  there  are  certain  articles  which  have  declined  in 
the  past  year,  notably  flour,  rice  and  sugar.  The  decrease  in  the 
amount  and  value  of  these  commodities  appears  to  be  the  con- 
sequence of  the  lesser  demand  for  them  in  South  Africa,  very  large 
consignments  of  these  aiticles  were  originally  ordered  from  the 
United  Kingdom  by  local  merchants  during  the  South  African 
War,  but  a  certain  number  of  shipments  were  cancelled  as  their 
expectations  were  not  I'ealised. 
1  The  imports  from  British  India  have  decreased  (as  will  be  seen 
from  Annex  C),  but  the  decrease  was  so  much  less  than  that  which 

appeared  in  the  year  19O0  as  to  be  of  comparative  insignificance. 

Briti^  India.  ^''^  amount  of  the  diminution  for  the  year  under  review  was 
about  4,000/.,  that  fc-  the  previous  year  86,000t  As  mentioned 
above  the  values  of  flour,  sugar  and  rice  imported  show  a  diminu- 
tion, and  these  are  all  articles  supplied  to  Zanzibar  by  British  India. 
Flour  and  sugar  are  imported  from  Bombay,  and  rice  from  Bangoon. 


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Iinpuits  from  the  United  Kingdom  sbow  a  slight  improvement,  unit«d 
The  vaIui;  of  piece-goods  imported  from  London,  Liverpool,  Man- Zingdom. 
ciiestcr  and  Southampton  contrihuted  to  this  increase  with  a  total 
of  39,724i.,  as  agninst  37,155/.  in  the  year  1900,  Tlie  araouut  of 
coal  from  Cardiff  slightly  decreased,  but  only  to  tlie  extent  of 
1,988/.,  an  insi<rniticant  Fall  aa  compared  with  the  previous  year, 
when  a  decrease  of  ^1,000/.  had  to  be  reported. 

There  i»  a  decrease  of  about  4,000/.  in  the  value  of  the  imports  OemiHy. 
from  Crerniany  which,  amongst  European  countries,  stands  next 
to  tlie  United  Kingdom  in  importance.  Hardware  diminished  to 
the  extent  of  2,08^/.,  groueries  to  t!iat  of  1,565/.,  whilst  piece-goods 
imported  fiom  that  country  were  greater  in  value  by  2,683/., 
and  the  value  of  sugar  imported  also  showed  an  increase,  though 
only  very  slight. 

The  total  imports  from  Holland  show  an  increase  of  53,152/.  HoUand. 
over  the  previous  year's  returns,  the  only  oonsidsrable  import 
being  that  ^v'hich  comes  under  the  heading  of  piece-goods,  which 
has  increased  from  4,500/.  in  1900  to  50,006i  in  lUOl.  It  is 
difficult  entirely  to  account  for  this  enormous  increase,  though  it 
is  no  doubt  partly  owing  to  the  greater  demand  for  native 
"  Kanzus"  and  "  Kaugas,'  the  ordinary  dress  of  the  Swuhili  men 
and  women,  who  are  by  no  means  slow  to  take  advantage  of  any 
improvement  in  their  circumstances  by  (what  is  to  tliem)  an 
extravagant  outlay  on  an  improvement  in  their  attire.  (Vide 
remarks  on  previous  pf^e  on  the  general  improvement  in  piece-goods 
importetl.) 

The  imports  from  Belgium  show  a  decrease  of  39,()98/.     i'iece-  Belgium, 
goods  are  less  by  34,415/,  and  tobacco  by  2,'J65/. 

The  i;hief  articles  imported  from  France  are  grooeriea,  piece-  Fraaoe. 
goods,  wines  and  vegetables.     Imports  from  France  decreased  by 
6,544/.,  the  thi-ee  articles  above   mentioned   Irnving   all  declined, 
piece-goods  and  wines  in  about  equal  proportions  (about  1,800/.), 
and  vegetables  by  661/. 

It  will  be  seen  that  there  is  a  rise  of  some  6,000/1  in  the  value  of  United  Sm 
imports  fi-om  the  United  States,  fetroleum,  however,  one  of  the 
principal  exports  thence  to  this  part  of  the  world,  does  not  contribute 
to  the  increase,  that  article  showing  a  decline  in  import  value  of 
19,620/.,  owii^,  probably,  to  the  local  bulk  oil  installation 
which  has  been  established  here  by  a  British  company,  and  also 
to  the  fact  that  itussian  oil  now  competes  lai^ely  with 
American  case  oil.  Piece-goods  from  New  York  have  risen 
25,534/.,  and  the  increase  can  be  further  accounted  for  by  the  fact 
that  in  the  year  under  review  the  following  articles  \i'cre  sent 
from  Xew  Yoi-k- — crockery  and  glassware,  cariiages,  flour,  wood- 
work for  doors  and  windows,  wheeees  none  were  received  from 
the  United  Suites  in  the  year  1900.  Also  tlie  value  of  machinerj' 
contributed  by  the  United  States  was  in  1901  greater  by  337/. 

The  proposal  to  maintain  a  sample  bureau  (referred  to  in  the  Svapla 
report  for  11)00)  has  not  been  carried  out.     In  practice  it  was   "'*'''" 
found  that  all  the  samples   which   were  forwarded  to  the  bui'eau 
were  already  upon  tlie  market,  it  did    not    appear,    therefore, 
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0  ZANZIBAR. 

that  any  practical  advantage  would  be  obtained  from  the 
institutioD. 

^^.*"'  It   may   be  meutioned  that    in    thi3  declared  value  of  gootis 

entering  or  cleariug  from  the  custom-house,  upou  which  the 
figures  given  in  the  annexed  tables  are  based,  tliere  is  included 
a  cerlain  amount  of  merchandise  which  lies  in  bond  until  a 
favourable  opportunity  occurs  for  its  export.  Such  caigoes  coiue 
in  the  customs  statistics  under  the  headings  of  both  imports  and 
exports,  tJiougli  they  are  not  composed  of  the  country's  produce, 
nor  destined  on  the  other  hand  for  local  consumption. 

The  remarks  made  in  the  report  of  the  trade  of  this  country 
during  the  year  1900  with  regard  to  transhipment  of  goods  In  the 
harbour  not  landed  at  the  customs-house  equally  apply  to  the 
year  imder  review. 

Bipori«.  As  will  be  seen  by  a  glance  at  Annex  I!  or  Annex  C  the  total 

value  of  all  exports  from  Zanzibar  amounted  in  the  year  dealt 
with  in  this  report  to  l,168,olH/.  The  advance  on  the  corre- 
sponding figures  for  the  year  1900  is  here  so  slight  as 
hardly  to  render  necessary  or  possible  any  explanation  of  the 
causes  which  have  ledto  it,  but  the  following  few  notes  may 
prove  of  interest ; — 

Bipoiia  to  The  total  value  of  exports  to  foreign  conutrieB,  leaving  any 

portion  of  Africa  out  of  the  question,  amounted  to  630,294/.,  an 
increase  of  53,842/.  over  the  figures  for  1900. 

Bricuh  India.  It  is  satisfactory  to  remark  an  improvement  in  the  value  of 
expoits  to  British  India,  the  total  of  which  in  the  year  dealt  with 
in  this  report  amounted  to  131,311/.,  an  increase  of  8,188/.  The 
cloves  exported  to  Bombay  and  other  Indian  poi-ts  were  of  greater 
value  by  19,204/.  than  those  exported  in  1900,  whilst  ivory 
decreased  in  value  to  the  extent  of  11,930/.  Almost  all  the 
ivoiy  that  is  exported  to  India  is  used  for  the  manufacture  of 
bangles. 

France  has  in  the  year  under  review  received,  as  compared 
with  the  previous  year,  double  the  value  of  goods  from  Zanzibar. 
The  increase  amounted  to  68,614/.  Copra  shows  an  increase  of 
7<),071/.,  whilst  the  export  of  chillies,  cloves  and  hides  have 
declined.  A  decrease  of  some  3,000/.  also  occurs  in  the  value  of 
certain  uiisrellaneous  articles  of  minor  importance. 

The  value  of  exports  to  the  United  Kingdom  was  less,  by 
23,070/.  than  in  tie  previous  year.  Chillies,  groceries,  ivory  and 
rubber,  taken  as  a  whole,  show  a  deci-ease  of  'J&,2411. ;  cloves  and 
stems  and  gum  copal  a  total  increase  of  9,320/. ;  again,  hides, 
hippopotamus  teeth,  rhinoceros  horns,  and  tortoise-shell  all  show  a 
decline. 

Next  in  imjMjrtance  comes  Germany  which  has  received  9,608/. 
worth  of  gootls  in  excess  of  the  con'esponding  value  of  exports  to 
that  country  in  the  year  1900.  The  value  of  rubber  taken  by 
that  country  in  the  year  1901  exceeded  the  previous  year's  return  by 
7.828/.,  that  of  ivory  was  greater  by  5,47G/.  Hides,  copra  and 
coir  all  surpassed  the  corresponding  statistics  of  the  year  1900, 
whilst  the  value  of  cloves  and  gum  copal  declined. 


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Exports  to  Hollaad  E^ain  decreased,  namely,  by  about  6,000/.,  Holknti. 
the  cloves  sent  to  that   country   (which  U  practically  the  only 
article  exported  thither  from  Zanzibar)  having  been  less  in  value 
by  6,595;. 

Tfae  value  of  goods  shipped  from  Zanzibar  to  other  ports  of  African 
Africa  amounted  in  the  year  dealt  with  in  this  report  to  638,224/.,  P""**- 
as  against  691,342^.  in  1900.  The  greater  bulk  of  this  trade  is 
with  the  (Jennan  coast,  the  value  of  Zanzibtu'  goods  taken  by  the 
latter  territory  was,  however,  somewhat  less  (namely,  by  31,413/.) 
than  in  the  previous  year.  The  following  were  the  principal 
goods  thus  exported :  —Piece-goods,  specie,  rice  and  grocerioB.  The 
value  of  piece-goods  exported  was  less  by  6,244/.,  and  there  was 
also  a  decline  in  the  case  of  each  of  the  other  three  articles 
mentioned,  rice  showing  a  decrease  of  11,764/. 

The  principal  articles  which  contributed  to  the  increase  of 
28,000/.  shown  in  Annex  C  in  the  case  of  goods  exported  to 
British  East  Africa,  were  specie,  piece-goods  and  groceries.  Of 
these,  spetie  increased  the  niost.  there  being  a  difference  in  value 
as  regard.-s  that  item  of  22,262/.  There  was  a  decrease  in  the 
value  of  sugar  exported  to  the  British  coast. 

It  has  l>een  found  impracticable  to  obtain,  for  the  purposes 
of  this  rei>ort,  more  precise  information  than  is  given  above  as 
to  the  actual  ports  in  British  East  Africa  to  which  Zanzibar, 
goods  are  exported.  A  quantity  oE  goods  are  forwarded  to 
Mombasa,  and  are  thence  diatributed  to  various  parts  of  the  East 
Africa  Protectorate. 

The  value  of  articles  exported  to  the  ports  under  Italian 
administration  on  the  Be  nadir  coast  i-emains  practically  the 
same,  the  following  are  the  principal  goods  shipped  ihere : 
piece-goods,  groceries,  toltacco  and  coir,  the  value  of  piece-goods 
thus  exported  being  far  greater  than  that  of  the  other  articles 
referred  to. 

Turning  next  to  the  decrease  in  the  value  of  goods  sent  to 
Madagascar,  Mauritius,  the  Comoro  Islands  and  other  southern 
ports,  it  may  be  mencioned  that  there  was  far  less  demand  for 
piece-goods,  rice,  groceries  and  petroleum  than  in  the  previous 
year,  the  export  value  of  each  of  these  articles  beii^  little  more 
than  half  that  of  the  year  1900. 

The  clove  crop  in  the  year  1901  proved  much  better  than  was  Lootl 
anticipated.     It  ia  very  difficult  to  prophesy  accurately  in  one  Fwi'we. 
year  what  the  yield  will  be  during  the  two  seasons  in  the  next.  CIotm. 
For  example,  the  new  crop — August,  1901,  to  Jnly,  1902 — was 
estimated   at   no   more   than    80,000    bales,   whereas   it   already 
amounted  to  71,398  bales  at  the  end  of  December,  and  will,  it 
is  estimatt-d,  reach  a  total  of  90,000   bales.     Several  causes  are 
adduced    as   possibly   affecting    the   yield   of    this   article.     The 
principal  are  undoubtedly  (1)  care  in  cultivation,  for  in  the  uase 
of  a  heavy  crop,  trees  have  been  found  to  suffer  very  considerably 
from  the  destructive  carelessness  of  the  clove  pickers ;  and  (2)  the 
rains,  the  fall  of  which  appears  to  have  beet)  vei-y  favourable  tu 
the  young  trees  until  the  beginning  of  December,  after  which  dry 
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weather  set  in  and  the  plants  died  in  hundreds,  burnt  up  by 
the  sail. 

Planters  seem  to  have  seriously  turned  their  attention  to 
chillies,  which  have  increased  considerably  in  the  last  two  years. 
The  foUowinj;  figures  apeak  for  themsslvea.  The  total  average 
produce  during  the  yeura  1896,  1897.  1898  and  1899  was 
4,375  Dwts.,  in  1900  over  9,060  cwts.  and  in  1901  11,875  cwts.. 

Cocoanuts  obtained  fairly  high  pricee  in  1901,  attaiuiti?  a 
maximum  of  16  doL  per  1,000  in  the  month  of  August.  Un- 
fortunately, the  copra  brought  into  the  town  was  by  no  means 
well  prepared,  and  the  result  was  that  its  price  wa^  lower  than  it 
should  have  been.  Efforts  are,  however,  being  made  by  the 
Customs  and  A^cultural  Departments  of  His  Highne^  the 
SulUia's  Government  to  make  the  natives  understand  ihat  nothing 
is  gained  by  bringing  in  copra  which  is  only  half  dried,  seeing 
that  it  naturally  obtains  a  much  lower  price  than  if  jiroperly  dried, 
altliuugh  the  weight  of  the  bags  may  in  the  former  case  be  slightly 
greater. 

It  really  seems  as  if  with  proper  attent'on  and  care  in  planting, 
&a,  a  uselul  purpose  can  be  served  hy  the  local  growth  of  coffee. 
The  writer  has  himself,  in  the  course  of  an  afternoon  visit  at 
a  house  situated  in  the  grounds  of  the  Univeraities  Mission  to 
Qeutral  Africa,  up  till  I'ecently  the  property  of  Miss  Thackeray, 
for  many  years  a  member  of  that  mission,  and  owned  in  earlier 
days  by  Sir  John  Kirk,  enjoyed  a  cup  of  most  excellenr  coffee 
grown  upon  that  (Mbeweni)  estate.  Moreover,  the  trees,  although 
lacking,  through  the  force  of  circumstances,  careful  and  thorough 
cultivation,  yet  present  a  healthy  appearance,  and  on  the  whole 
there  seems  to  be  no  reason  \i  hy,  with  greater  attention,  useful 
results  should  not  be  obtained  from  its  cultivation.  Mr.  Lyne, 
head  of  the  Agricultural  Department  of  the  Zanzibar  Government, 
furnishes  in  the  annual  report  of  that  Department  tor  the  year 
1901.  tlie  following  remarks  on  the  subject  of  this  tree:— 

"  Ijberian  coffee  requires  no  protection,  but  light  shade  appears 
to  suit  Arabian  coffee.  0\ir  plantation  of  Arabian  coffee  has  been 
laid  out  next  to  a  remnant  of  native  forest,  and  bushes,  up  asainst 
the  forest,  hare  been  sheltered  from  tlie  morning  sun.  These  are 
healthier  mid  larger  than  those  further  out  in  the  open.  Observing 
this,  and  in  ordpr  to  provide  a  light  covering  for  the  trees  during 
the  hoi  season,  I  planted  the  whole  clearing  with  grevillna, 
Ceara  rubber  trees,  mapapayi  and  cassava ;  the  shade  thus 
produced  has  proved  of  great  advantage  to  the  trees.  We  have 
in  the  old  nursery  a  five-year-old  Arabian  coffee  tree  which  enjoys 
complete  shade,  and  which  is  at  this  moment  loaded  with  berries." 

In  spite  of  various  diseases  which  have  attacked  the  leaves  of 
the  tea  plant  the  Agricultural  Department  is  able  to  report  fair 
progress  with  this  product  The  condition  of  a  large  proportion 
of  the  tices  leaves  no  doubt  that  under  favourable  conditions  of 
soil  the  ])lant  will  thrive  during  showery  weather.  It  is  note- 
worthy that  Arabs  anchiiatives  take  more  intei-cst  in  tea  than  in 
3ny  other  new  product  at  Dunga.    When  the  leisure-loving  and 


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improvident  character  of  the  Sw&hilt  is  taken  into  coDsideiution, 
as  also  that  of  the  Arab,  and  theae  qualities  apply  largely  to 
both,  it  appears  to  the  writer  to  be  half  the  battle  that  they  should 
be  awake  to  the  advantageB  to  be  obttiiiied  from  the  cultivation  ot 
this  article  of  trade. 

Eice  is  imported  in  large  quantities  fi-om  Rangoon  every  Bioe. 
year,  when,  at  any  rate  to  the  ordinary  observer,  there  would 
appear  to  be  no  reason  why  it  should  not  tliiive  in  the  rich 
and  luxuriant  soil  of  these  islands.  Moreover,  in  the  course 
of  a  drive  towards  the  east  coast  of  Zanzibar,  beautiful 
patches  of  a  bright  green  colour,  indicating  the  growth  of 
this  produce,  are  prominent  in  secluded  and  marshy  lociili- 
ties.  Large  quantities,  it  is  true,  are  giown  in  this  island  by 
the  natives,  but  the  area  in  which  it  can  be  grown  is  limited. 
The  quantity  could  be  increased  very  much,  it  is  said,  if  the 
people  understood  and  practised  the  principles  of  irrigation,  though 
at  the  same  time  the  rivers  and  streams  available  for  irrigatioji  are 
few  and  insignificant. 

It  would  appear  from  a  comparison  of  the  samples  of  vanilla  Vanilla, 
with  those  of  other  countries,  which  have  been  sent  to  the  United 
Kingdom,  that  Zanzibar  can  compete  with  other  vanilla-producing 
countries  such  as  Seychelles. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  compare  the  rates  of  freight  and  Freighi: 
passage  charged  by  the  different  shipping  companies  whose  ships  "••«•■ 
call  at  these  ports,  namely,  the  British  Inditi  Steam  Navigation 
Company,  the  German  Ea.'st  Africa  line,  and  the  Mesaageries 
Maritimes  Company.  The  first -mentioned  company  runs  a  monthly 
service  between  Zanzibar  and  Aden,  and  tranships  passengers  and 
fre^ht  at  Aden  either  into  other  steamers  of  the  same  line  (coming 
from  Bombay  and  touching  at  Aden)  or  into  steamers  of  the 
Peninsular  and  Oriental  Company.  Their  rates  are  as  follows  : — 
Freight  from  London,  21.  per  ton  weight  or  measurement  plus  10 
per  cent,  piimage ;  freight  from  Liverpool,  21.  5s.  per  ton  weight 
or  measurement  plus  10  per  cent  primage. 

The  German  Ea^t  Africa  line,  in  calculating  their  freight 
charges,  divide  goods  into  four  classes  upon  which  difl'ei-ential 
rates  are  levied,  thus,  1st  class  freight  from  Hamburg,  Bremen, 
Rotterdam,  Amsterdam,  Antwerp,  Lisbon,  Marseiilea  and  Naples 
to  Zanzibar  amounts  to  21.  9s.,  ^nd  class  freight  to  1/.  19s.  2d., 
'Sii  cluBB  freight  to  1/.  14^.  'M.,  and  4th  class  h«%bt  to  \L  Qs.  id. 
per  ton  weight  or  measurement  at  the  option  of  the  company,  plus 
10  per  cent,  primage. 

The  freight  charged  by  the  Messageries  Maritimes  Company, 
in  respect  of  goods  shipped  from  Marseilles  to  Zanzibar,  amounts 
to  21.  8s.  per  ton  weight  or  measurement  at  the  option  of  the 
company. 

The  decrease  in  the  tonnage  of  the  vessels  which  have  entered  :jiiippiii(. 
and  quitted  Zanzibar  harbour,  as  shown  in  Annex  D,  is  due  to  the 
lesser  number  of  transports  which  called  at  this  port  in  the  year 
under  review  as  compared  with  the  previous  year,  whilst  the  loss 
of  the  steamer  "  Setos,"  of  the  German  East  Africa  Line,  also  cou- 
tribut«s  to  the  decline  in  tonnage. 


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10  ZANZIBAR. 

Of  the  lights  to  the  north  of  this  island  the  new  fourth  order 
light  for  Bas  Nungwo,  referred  to  in  last  year's  report,  has  been 
received  and  ia  now  ready  for  settii^  up,  whilst  good  prt^rese  has 
been  made  with  respect  to  an  improvement  of  Mangapwaui  light. 
That  of  the  sixth  order  has  been  replaced  hy  one  of  the  fourth 
order,  the  tower  itself  having  been  also  put  into  a  thorough  state 
(^  repair. 

To  the  soutli  of  the  island  the  full  installation  or  the  light 
upon  Chumbe  lighthouse  is  not  yet  completed,  as  a  portion  of  the 
apparatus  became  injured  and  had  to  be  sent  to  Enrope  for  repair. 
The  aite  for  a  light  ou  Kigomachi,  upon  the  northernmoBt  point  of 
Pemha  Island,  bas  been  selected  and  prepared ;  the  iron  light- 
house and  lantern,  which  were  obtained  from  Messrs.  Chance 
Brothers,  were  landed  on  the  spot  upon  which  it  was  decided  to 
erect  it  and  are  in  position.  A  third  order,  red  and  white  llRshing 
light.  lia.s  been  ordered  from  the  United  Kingdom. 

There  is  one  point  which  is  perhaps  wMth  nocictng,  and 
which  np])i-ur8  to  the  writer  as  at  least  a  possible  factor  in  the 
maiiiteuiUK'e  of  Zanzibar  in  the  commercial  position  which  she 
has  estuMiaiied,  and  that  ic  the  fact  that  she  is  directly  connected 
with  the  United  Kingdom  by  the  Eastern  Telegraph  Cwmpany's 
cable,  although  Mombasa  (which  is  north  of  this  island)  is  sot. 
Tele;.'rauis  from  London  to  Mombasa  have  to  pass  through  the 
Zanzi'iar  Telegraph  Station,  whence  they  are  transmitted  by  a 
branch  cable  to  Mombasa. 

Many  of  the  facts  which  are  stated  in  the  report  for  previous 
years  as  tu  local  conditions  of  trade  apply  equally  to  the  year 
dealt  witli  in  this  report,  and  it  has  uot  been  thought  necessary 
to  recapitulate  them,  but  perhaps  the  brief  review  of  the  commerce 
of  1901.  which  has  been  given,  will  suffice  to  show  that  Zanzibar 
maintains  her  position  as  an  important  centre  of  trade  from  which 
she  has  not  been  ousted  by  her  great  competitor — Mombasa,  in 
spite  of  the  impulse  given  to  tnide  in  that  place  by  the  Uganda 
Railway.  The  outlook  is  promising  for,  if  during  a  year  of  com 
mercial  depression  in  tlie  [Inited  K.ingdoiu,  there  has  been  no 
diminution  of  the  goods  wliicli  have  entered  or  left  the  country, 
there  is  good  ground  for  expecting  still  better  returns  in  future 
years  when  trade  iu  the  United  Kingdom  and  in  other  parts  of 
the  world  will  have  resumed  its  normsil  vigour. 

I  be^'  to  express  iny  thanks  to  Mr.  W.  N.  Swinerd,  Acting 
CoI'lecCor  of  Customs,  and  to  Mr.  K.  N.  Lyne,  Head  of  the 
Agricultural  Department  of  the  Zanzibar  Government,  fiw  the 
assistance  they  have  rendered  to  me  in  the  preparation  of  this 
report. 


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Anuex  A. — ^Rvtdbn  of  Principal  Articles  of  luport  into  Zanzibnr 
during  the  Years  1901-1900. 


Artiolw. 

1901. 

190a 

Quantitj. 

Value. 

Tnlue. 

Coini  and  bullion      . 

Koe 

iTory   

Orooeriee 
Petroleum 
^hee 

■Coal 

Eubb«r 

Wheat,  mtama,  &0.  . 

iSf^'          '.'.         '. 
LiTB-rtooi       .. 
Br«T,  wine*  and  smnU 
Hidei  ..         ..         . 
Qniu  copal     .. 
JMedflih      . 

Flout 

Timber 
Ban-Mim 

BeZa. 

Crockery    and    gUd- 

intra 

JewellMT,  4c. 
BagianJamdM 

WoodwoA  (doon  and 
window./..         . 

Salt 

OawrMtiolefc. 

Packagn 

Lb«."      .. 
Packages 

loi^'      .. 

Lba. 

Packagos 

Lbt"       .. 
Number 

p!loki«W 

Toni'       .. 

Paokagee 

28,317 
947 

274,800 

275,816 
86,254 

184, 17« 
14,856 
24,898 
11,112 

223,474 
54,022 
14,468 

737,746 
10,723 
12,672 

786,699 

459,189 
21,128 
12,296 
2,098 
14,906 
62,449 
1,082 

2,612 

181 

3,846 

618 

3,888 
180,400 

£ 
298,318 
166,048 
12S,MS 
113,547 
58,160 
38,061 
27,094 
27,069 
26,618 
26,262 
21,963 
17.696 
17,8U1 
18,787 
ie,3G3 
18,494 
12,746 
10,968 
10,428 
9,421 
8,869 
8,106 
5,771 

6,663 
6,882 
4,982 

3,888 

3,384 
8,067 
94,844 

19,259 

783 

806,162 

246,962 

77.610 

132,700 

9,625 

19,410 

6,106 

190,620 

48,162 

23,488 

659,623 

6,800 

13,440 

1,276,064 

868,922 

16,642 

18,009 

2,601 

13,183 

60,985 

1.682 

6,286 

104 

8,101 

646 

'  4,668 
49,184 

£ 
266,720 
94,715 
169,353 
94,817 
54,326 
87,102 
30,372 
24,894 
21,709 
24,049 
33,482 
29,972 
18,886 
18,468 
18,184 
80,426 
10,986 

8,010 
17,368 
12,075 
10,038 

7,520 

8,187 

6,808 
7,081 

4,742 

4,862 
3,105 
87,246 

Todd   .. 

1^96,881 

" 

l,U6fiil 

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Annex  B. — BxrUBK  of  Principal  Articles  of  Export  from  Zanzibar 
during  the  Yeai«  1901-1900. 


AildolM. 

leox. 

1800. 

Fackuet 

ftHantity. 

Value. 

Qnwtitj. 

Value. 

Piece-goodi    .. 

80.428 

£ 

267.849 

80,267 

264,701 

Claras.. 

11,9(12.068 

164,368 

Coins  .. 

PaoktgM 

149.366 

11,788.089 

158,148 

Q-niiii  .. 

127,804 

67.888 

175,388 

98,361 

Copra  .. 

LIm. 

!8,S«,171 

120,101 

264,7M 

114,583 

278,072 

115,864 

anweriM 

67,847 

48,276 

70,664 

66,168 

Bubher 

218,708 

26,130 

25,286 

HMes.. 

822,293 

19.710 

1,298,990 

36,784 

Gum  copal 

824,759 

18,069 

248,566 

16,868 

Sugar  . . 

Faokagee 

5,638 

7.301 

14,508 

18,816 

Dr(*d  fleh 

7.832 

6,187 

18,606 

e,37G 

Brad>  . . 

1,728 

8,041 

2,221 

10,188 

Sim-tiiu 

8.528 

6,fi7S 

6.104 

6,564 

Lbs.        .. 

1,641,008 

6,034 

2,061,873 

6,985 

Paciag« 

4.3fl3 

4,413 

6.603 

3,973 

6,601 

4,650 

26,035 

2,002 

40,241 

a,950 

OtliM  artictM 

116.844 

148,137 

Total   .. 

1,168,518 

1,167,794 

Annex  C. — TABLE  showing  Total  Value  of  all  Articles  Imported 
to  and  Exported  from  Zanzibar  from  and  to  Foreign 
Countries  during  the  Years  1901-1900. 


Britiah  Ini?ia 

German  East  ktnaa 

UniiedEiDgdom.. 

Britiili  East  Africa 

tTnitrd  9tat«s  of  Amraica 

GenrMlT 

Uolland 

Benadir  ports       

Sonthern  ports  (Haduaicar, 
Mauritius  and  the  Comoro 
Islaads) 

Belgium    ..         ...     .. 

ItaJy  

Austria  ■  HuDgarj 
Otber  countries   .. 

Total 


401,528  , 
223,878  I 
107,W5 
82.469  \ 
67,126  1 
62,974  , 
68,086  I 
84,894 


6,096 
S.4S8 
91.605 


67,831 
4,944 
44,116 


131,811 
406,398 
83,096 
129,748 
76.766 
46,200 
81,513 
88,614 


23,560        124.621 


123,128 
487,811 
106,165 
101,620 
81,477 
35,692 
87,678 


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Annex  D. — Betubh  of  all  Oceaii-going  Yeeselfl  that  have  Entered 
the  Port  of  Zanzibar  during  the  Tear  1901. 


SuliDg. 

8l«MD. 

Numbar 

Total. 

Natiowliej. 

Nnnber 

Nomber 

of 

Tddb. 

of 

Toiu>. 

v™^. 

VetrntU. 

TeueU. 

German 

1,4B6 

78 

147,766 

80      ,    14e,210 

Britiih    .. 

2,684 

89,9H> 

U      .      92,504 

48,061 

26      \     48,001 

AoBtro-HuDguuQ 

3 

5,178 

S 

6,178 

Norwwian 
UnitecTSUUi    .. 

1,69] 
1,036 

8 

1 

1,691 
1,026 

' 

70 

1 

70 

lotel 

6,766 

161 

290,984 

168 

297,740 

11 

10,632 

196 

887,873 

207 

848,406 

Annex  E — Ebtorn  of  all  Coasting  Vessels  that  have  Entered 
the  Port  of  Zanzibar  during  the  Year  lOOT. 


NriioiMUt7. 

Numbw-of 
Veueli. 

Tor.B. 

Oennan 

ZuuiW 

Brituh 

Pi«iiah 

lie 

88 
15 

4 

18,206 
7,722 
1,963 
1,660 

Total 
„    1900  .. 

168 
176 

29,661 
85,868 

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LONDON  1 
Prinled  for  Hli  U^'Mty'i  atatiaawy  Offiea, 

Bt  habbison  and  sons, 

PllDtmin  OrdJiiu;  ta  Bh  M^lMtj. 
tin    0  I  02— H  &  S    166) 


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CHINA.     No.  8  (1901). 


FURTHER    CORRESPONDENCE 


RBSPBCmNa 


EYENTS    AT    PEKING. 


In  continuation  of  "  China  No.  4  (1900).*'] 


Presented  to  both  Houses  of  Parliament  by  Command  of  His  Majesty. 
April  1901. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED  FOR  HIS  MAJESTY'S  STATIONEflY  OFriCE, 

BT  HARBISON  AND  SONS.  ST.  MARTIN'S  LANE, 


And  to  bo  pnnhiaBd,  ntho'  ditectljr  or  tbrougli  in;  Baoktdler,  from 
kvp  aPOTTISWOODE,  Ea«t  Habdihq  Stubt,  FLiir  Stbkbt,  E.G., 

32,  AbINODOM    StSIKT,  WBBTIflI?(ITBK,  8.W.; 

Oft  OLIVER  &  BOYD,  Kdimbubob  ; 
OK  K.  FONSONBY,  116,  GkArroN  STaKsr,  Ddblin. 


[Cd.  442.]     Pi-iee  S^d. 


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TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Si}. 

Name. 

Date. 

SOBJKCT. 

P«g. 

1 

Sir  C.  MicDonald 

Dm.  24,  1900 

20th  June  to  UtbAngmt    ,. 

I 

' 

26, 

time  Outtomt  during   nege  of  Peking.     C4lli 
.     attention  to 

SI 

3  1  T.>>ii  0.  MocDonal.i 

Feb.    10,  1901 

Hit  Reporti  of  si^e  and  relief  cf  l^ationa  highly 
valued.     Apprei-iatioo  by  Hia  Mujeity'a  (lOTeru- 
ii'eitt  of  part  borne  by  him  during  cri*is 

S3 

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Further  Correspondence  respecting  Events  at  Peking. 


[fn  continuation  of  "  China  No.  4  (1900).'"] 


-   Sir  C  MaeDunald  to  ike  Marquest  of  Lansdowne. — {Received  January  31,  1901.) 

My  Lord,  T6ki6,  December  24, 1900. 

I  HAVE  the  honour  to  forward  a  Report  on  events  in  Peking  fro.ii  the  20th  June  to 
the  \A\h  August. 

A  prerious  Report  has  dealt  with  affairs  up  to  the  20th  June,  and  the  political  aspects 
of  the  ^iege  of  the  Lotion  quarter,  together  with  the  correspondence  carried  on  between 
myself  and  the  Chinese  Government  during  the  same  period  has  heen  fully  reported  upon 
elsewhere. 

The  present  Report,  which  deals  almost  entirely  with  the  military  a,spect  of  the  siege, 
Ves  been  somewhat  delayed  by  the  preparation  of  the  maps  which  accompany  it,  and  by 
the  fact  that  my  time  from  the  I4th  August  until  the  dat6  of  my  leaving  Peking  was  very 
much  taken  np  with  other  matters. 

I  have,  &C. 
(Signed)  CLAUDE  M.  MacDONALD. 


Inclosure  in  Na  1. 
Report  of  Events  in  Peking  from  Ike  20lk  June  to  the  I4tk  Augwt,  1900. 

THE  record  of  events  in  Peking  having  been  brousht  up  to  the  20th  June,  the 
following  account  in  nnrrative  form  of  what  happened  after  that  date,  and  mainly  from 
a  military  point  of  view,  may  prove  of  interest. 

This  account  is  compiled  from  two  diaries,  both  kept  during  the  sie;;e  in  accordance 
with  my  instructions:  one  by  Captain  Poole,  my  Adjutant,  and  one  by  Mr.  Meyrick 
Hewlett,  who  acted  as  my  Private  Secretary,  from  the  reports  of  the  various  Commanders 
of  detachments  given  me  verbally  or  in  writing,  sometimes  direct  and  sometimes  through 
their  various  Ministers,  and  lastly,  from  my  own  personal  observation. 

Before  the  *iOth  June,  barricades,  but  uot  of  a  very  substantial  nature,  had  been 
erected  across  the  road  which  runs  between  the  Imperial  Maritime  Customs  compound  and 
the  Austrian  Legation,  in  front  of  the  Italian  Legation  in  Legation  Street,  facing  eitst. 
This  was  composed  mainly  of  upturned  Peking  carts,  and  was  to  meet  any  attack  from  the 
east,  whilst  against  an  enemy  advancing  along  the  street  from  the  west,  one  had  been  put 
up  between  the  Russian  and  American  entrance  gates. 

The  British  marines  iield  the  North  Bridge  over  the  canal  with  a  picket;  the  other 
detachments  also  patrolled  the  roads  in  the  vicinity  of  their  Legations  and  pickets  were 
stationed  at  various  points. 

The  German  detachment  had  made  a  barricade  in  the  street  between  their  Legation 
and  the  Tartar  city  wall  lacing  east,  and  the  Americans  one  at  the  back  of  their  Legation 
lacing  west. 

Immediately  the  death  of  the  German  Minister  became  known,  it  was  clear  that  we 
had  a  different  foe  to  deal  with,  and  preparations  were  made  to  defend  the  Legations  in 
grave  earnlMt. 

A  plan  which  had  been  sketched  out  previously  by  the  commandants  of  the  Legation 
guards  was  immediately  put  into  execution;  all  barricades  were  hastily  strengthened  and 
outlying  pickets  withdrawn.  All  women  and  children  were  ordered  into  the  British  I^ega 
tioo.  This  order  was  pretty  generally  carried  out,  orily  a  very  few  remaining  at  the  Peking 
Hdtel,  situated  in  Lection  Street.  More  than  100  women  and  children  came  in  durini; 
[3961  B  2 


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the  afternoon,  for  all  of  whom  accommodation  bad  to  be  found.  This  does  not  include 
some  600  to  700  Chinese  Christians,  servants,  converts,  kc,  of  whom  more  than  half 
were  women  and  children. 

The  student  interpreters  gave  up  their  qoarters  and  slept  in  the  "tingerhs,"  or  open 
reception  halls;  most  of  the  staff  also  gave  up  their  houses.  The  Second  Secretary's 
(Mr.  Dering's)  was  handed  over  to  the  Russian  Legation  and  bank.  The  Accountant's 
was  handed  over  to  the  members  of  the  French  Legation  and  their  wives  and  families. 
The  ladies  of  the  American  rogation  occupied  the  doctor's  quarters,  and  one  block  of 
the  students'  rooms  was  given  over  to  the  Imperial  Maritime  Customs.  Fifteen  ladies 
were  accommodated  in  the  ball-room  of  the  Minister's  house,  twelve  others  lived  io  the 
smoking-room,  two  families  occupied  the  billiard -room,  whilst  many  missionaries  slept  in 
the  corridors.  The  Belgian,  Japanese,  and  Italian  Ministers  and  their  families,  together  - 
with  the  widowed  Baroness  Ketteler,  were  also  accommodated  in  the  Minister's  house.  In 
all,  78  Europeans  slept  in  this  building,  which  usually  accommodated  a  dozen ;  whilst 
nearly  900  lived  within  the  four  walls  o(  the  Legation  during  the  eight  weeks'  si^e, 
the  normal  numher  being  about  sixty. 

The  whole  day  was  occupied  in  bringing  in  and  storing  provisions  and  making  further 
arrangements  for  the  defence.  Punctually  at  4  p.m.  the  Imperial  troops  opened  (ire  Arom 
the  north  and  east,  mostly  on  the  Austrian  and  Italian  barricades,  and  then  commenced 
the  organized  attack  on  the  Peking  Legations  by  the  forces  of  the  Chinese  Govern- 
ment. 

So  far  as  the  Boxers  were  concerned,  the  garrisons  of  the  various  Legations  could 
have  routi^d  their  entire  force  in  Peking,  fur  the  bond  fide  Boxer  believed  implicitly  in  his 
supernatural  powers,  and  disdained  to  use  a  fire-arm  ;  but,  with  Mauser  and  Mannlicher 
bullets  humming  through  the  air,  we  knew  that  a  different  order  of  things  had  begun. 
Captain  Strouts  withdrew  the  picket  from  the  North,  or  Yu  Ho  Bridge,  to  a  barricade 
which  we  had  erected  at  the  main  gate  of  the  Legation ;  the  enemy,  from  the  roofs  of 
houses,  opened  fire  on  this  barricade,  and  the  fire  was  at  once  returned.  The  removal  of 
this  picket  was  in  accordance  with  the  plan  decided  upon  by  the  military  authorities;  it 
was  in  a  very  exposed  position,  useful  against  Boxers,  but  untenable  against  rifle  fire. 
Across  the  canal,  which  runs  from  the  Imperial  city  past  the  main  gate  of  the  Legation, 
is  tituated  the  Su  Wang  Fu,  or  Palace  of  Prince  Su,  a  direct  descendant  of  one  of  the 
Iroocapped  Princes.  This  Prince  had  been  friendly  and  helpful,  allowing  part  of  his  Eu 
inclusure  to  be  used  as  a  shelter  for  the  Christian  refugees.  I  had,  on  this  account,  had 
some  communication  with  him  through  a  Mr.  Huberty  James,  a  professor  at  the  Peking 
University,  one  of  the  refugees  in  the  Legation.  When  the  firintc .commenced,  Mr.  James 
informed  me  that  Prince  Su  seemed  very  much  distressed  at  hostilities  having  broken  out, 
and  asked  him  to  convey  a  message  to  me,  stating  that  be  was  convinced  that  if  be  could 
carry  the  Court  an  assurance  that  the  foreign  Powers  had  no  intention  of  partitioniag  the 
Empire,  orders  would  be  given  for  a  cessation  of  the  attack.  I  authorized  Mr.  James  to 
say  that  the  mission  of  all  the  foreign  Representatives  in  Peking  was  to  maintain  friendly 
relations  with  the  Chinese  Government  and  that  Great  Britain,  and  so  far  as  I  knew,  none 
of  the  other  Powers,  had  any  designs  whatsoever  on  the  integrity  of  the  Chinese  Empire. 
Mr.  James  departed  with  my  message  and  returned  shortly  afterwards  saying  that  he  bad 
delivered  it  to  the  Prince,  who  bad  immediately  mounted  his  horse  and  galloped  off  in  the 
direction  of  the  Palace.  Mr.  James  returned  to  the  Fu ;  suddenly,  to  the  consternation 
of  the  small  detiichment  holding  our  barricade  at  the  main  gate,  he  was  seen  to  run  out 
on  the  North  Bridge,  which  at  that  time  was  swept  by  the  enemy's  fire  and  our  own; 
instantly  three  Chinese  cavalry  soldiers  chai^d  the  unfortunate  man  and  with  blows  of 
their  sabres  drove  him  before  them  off  the  bridge;  be  was  not  actually  seen  to  fall,  but 
there  is  no  doubt  that  he  was  then  and  tber^  cut  down.  A  hurried  volley  was  fired  at  the 
cavalry,  but  owing  to  the  faiUng  tight  it  was  imposaible  to  see  with  what  result. 
Mr.  James,  who  spoke  Chinese  well,  had  without  doubt  left  the  north  gate  of  the  Fu  and 
proceeded  on  to  the  bridge  to  expostulate  with  the  soldiery,  but  orders  bad  evidently  now 
been  given  to  kill  all  foreigners  at  sight,  orders  which  Tung  fu  Hsiang's  men  were  only 
too  ready  to  obey. 

The  attack  uo-w  became  fairly  general  and  if  pressed  home  must  have  been  attended 
with  disastrous  results  for,  as  I  have  stated,  none  of  the  Legations  had  at  that  time  been 
put  into  a  thorough  state  of  defence.  Desultory  attacks  took  place  during  the  night,  all  of 
which  were  repulsed.  On  the  following  day  work  was  continued  on  the  barricades  and 
the  provisioning  of  the  British  Legation  was  proceeded  with. 

June  21. — The  Austrian  Legation  was  vigorously  attacked;  a  French  marine  was 
killed  and  an  Austrian  wounded  behind  the  Austrian  barricade;  this  led  to  the  Austrians 
falling  back  on  the  French  Legation,  thereby  exposing  the  entire  east  side  of  the  la^ 


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3 

Block  or  Customs  buiWiiigs,  which  op  to  this  had  been  held  by  Toluoteers  belonging  to 
the  Maritime  Customs.  Before  long,  immense  volumes  of  smoke  arose,  and  the  roar  of 
flames  and  crash  of  falling  timbers  were  heard,  denoting  that  the  Chinese  had  not  been 
slaw  in  taking  advantage  of  this  retirement.  The  incendiarism  continued,  and  during  the 
day  the  Austrian  and  Dutch  Legations  were  burnt,  as  well  as  the  greater  part  of  the. 
Customs  quarter  and  the  Chinese  Bank.  The  enemy  were  particularly  bold  in  their 
attacks,  exposing  themselves  freely,  and  suffering  in  proportion;  it  was  noticed  that 
nothing  fanned  their  failing  courage  so  much  as  a  conflagration.  From  tlie  French  and 
German  Legations  it  was  reported  that  some  troops,  presumably  Prince  Ching's,  were  seen 
to  open  a  heavy  lire  on  the  Boxers  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Hata  Gate.  Meanwhile, 
Tung-fu  Hsiang's  troops,  noticeable  by  their  uniforms — red,  with  black  velvet  facings,  the 
cavalry  having  on  their  breast  three  characters  denoting  "  the  cavalry  of  Kansu  ' — were 
very  busy  in  their  attacks  on  us  from  the  north  and  west.  At  9  A.M.  a  determined 
onslaught  was  made  on  the  Students'  Mess,  a  two-storied  building  overlooking  the 
Imperial  Carriage  Park;  the  upper  story  of  this  building,  which  formed  the  library,  had 
been  barricaded,  and  was  held  by  a  garrison  of  marines  and  volunteers.  The  enemy  were 
driven  off,  leaving  six  of  their  number,  making  picturesque  dots  of  colour  in  the  long  grass, 
German  marines  reported  that  Prince  Ching's  troops  had  entered  into  conversation  with 
them  on  the  wall ;  these  troops  said  that  they  had  orders  to  prevent  any  Boxers  coming  on 
the  wall  of  the  city,  and  Prince  Ching  had  issued  the  strictest  injunctions  to  shoot  any 
Boxers  doing  so ;  they  added  that  foreign  soldiers  could  come  up  there  as  much  aa 
they  pleased. . 

AH  day  the  garrison  not  actually  engaged  in  repelling  the  attacks  oi  the  enemy  were 
busy  in  assisting  the  organization  of  the  defence  within  the  British  Legation  ;  a  Committee 
of  Public  Comfort  was  appointed,  the  members  consisting  of  representatives  of  the 
various  Legations,  the  Maritime  Customs,  and  the  various  missionary  bodies.  Various 
Sub-Committees  were  also  appointed,  one  of  the  most  important  being  the  Fortification 
Committee,  under  the  Rev.  F.  D.  Gamewell,  of  the  American  Methodist  Mission  ;  this  Com- 
mittee, under  its  intelligent  and  energetic  Head,  subsequently  rendered  the  most 
invaluable  services ;  the  Pood  Supply  Committee,  to  look  after  and  regulate  the  stores 
and  supply  of  food ;  the  Water  Committee,  in  charge  of  the  five  wells  in  the  Legation, 
to  measure  each  day  the  depth  of  water  and  regulate  its  consumption ;  the  Committee 
on  Native  Labour,  a  most  important  one,  very  ably  presided  over  by  the  Rev.  W. 
Hobart,  an  American  missionary ;  by  the  proper  management  and  organization  of  native 
refugees  splendid  results  were  obtained.  There  was,  of  course,  some  little  confusion  at 
first,  but  before  many  days  everything  worked  smoothly,  and  by  applying  to  the  proper 
Committee  even  watches  could  be  mended  and  boots  repaired  free  of  charge. 

June  22. — In  the  forenoon  it  was  reported  to  me  that,  owing  to  a  mistaken  order, 
the  garrisons  of  the  various  Legations  were  all  falling  back  on  the  British  Legation, 
and  on  going  to  the  main  gate  I  found  this  to  be  the  case. 

Fortunately,  the  Chinese  were  not  aware  of  the  critical  state  of  affairs,  or,  at  any  rate, 
did  not  .take  advantage  of  it.  Before  it  was  too  late  the  matter  was  rectified,  and  the 
various  marine  detachments  inarched  back  to  their  respective  Legations,  the  Germans, 
however,  losing  two  men  in  so  doing. 

While  this  was  going  on,  a  certain  amount  of  confusion  naturally  prevailed,  as  a 
result  of  which  the  Russian,  French,  and  Italian  Ministers  begged  me,  as  having  some 
previous  military  experience,  to  take  general  command  of  the  defence  of  all  the  Legations, 
and  I  accepted  the  task.  I  subsequently  eiaw  the  American  and  Japanese  Ministers,  who 
confirmed  the  above  request.  1  would  take  this  opportunity  of  stating  that  during  the 
remainder  of  the  siege  I  was  throughout  supported  with  the  greatest  loyalty  and  willing- 
ness by  my  colleagues,  and  also  by  the  Commanders  of  the  various  detachments.  I  would 
also  beg  to  acknowledge  the  splendid  assistance  given  to  the  defence  in  general,  and  myself 
in  particular,  by  the  missionaries,  especially  the  Americans,  to  whose  powers  of  organiza- 
tion the  comfort  and  comparative  safety  of  the  British  Legation  were  mainly  due. 

The  Italians,  who,  previous  to  their  enforced  retirement,  had  gallantly,  by  a  bayonet 
charge,  repulsed  an  attack  of  the  enemy,  found,  on  returning,  that  their  Legation  was  in 
flames.  Their  Commander  immediately  reinforced  the  nearest  post,  wliich  was  the 
German,  and  together  with  their  detachment  held  a  barricade  on  the  city  wall  above  the 
German  Legation,  and  also  one  in  the  street  betow.  By  my  direction  the  Italians  sub- 
sequently occupied,  together  with  the  Japanese,  the  Su  Wang  Fu.  This  Palace  or  Fu 
tmbsequently  formed  one  of  the  principal  parts  of  the  defence ;  it  consisted  of  an 
inclosure  of  some  13  to  14  acres,  surrounded  by  walls  20  feet  high.  Inside  were 
some  thirty  buildings  of  various  sizes,  beautiful  gardens,  houses,  pavilions,  rockeries, 
summer-houses,  itc. 


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The  garrison  of  the  Fu  now  consisted  of  the  Japanese  detachment  of  one  officer  and 
twenty-three  men,  besides  nineteen  volunteera,  most  of  whom  had  served  in  the  army; 
the  Italian  detachment  of  one  oflficer  and  twenty-eight  men,  the  whole  under  the 
command  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Shiha,  Japanese  Military  Attach^ ;  also  twelve  British 
marines  and  the  same  number  of  volunteers,  mostly  from  the  Maritime  Customs,  a  small 
garrison  to  hold  so  extensive  a  post.  This  was  the  weak  point  of  the  entire  defence,  the 
j^arrison  being  altogether  too  few  in  numbers  for  the  area  defended ;  it  was,  however, 
under  the  circumstances,  unavoidable,  as  it  would  have  been  impossible  to  have  sur- 
rendered any  single  point  of  the  defence  without  seriously  endangering  the  rest. 

A  general  glance  at  the  position  held  may  here  be  useful. 

The  garrison  were  fighting  practically  with  their  "  backs  against  a  wall,"  in  thit 
instance  the  wall  being  that  of  the  Tartar  city,  60  or  60  feet  high,  and  30  feet  wide  at 
the  top. 

The  German  and  American  Legations  were  the  two  which  abutted  on  to  this  wall,  a 
narrow  street  only  dividing  them  from  it.  The  line  of  defence  on  the  21st  June  com- 
menced on  the  east  at  the  German  Legation,  and,  crossing  Legation  Street,  took  in  the 
liVench  Legation,  a  compound  of  5  or  6  acres,  containing  the  Minister's  residence  and 
those  of  his  staff. 

The  line  then  followed  the  wall  of,  and  included,  the  Su  Wang  Fu  ;  from  there  it 
crossed  the  canal,  and  took  in  the  British  Legation  going  south.  It  included  the 
Kussian  and  American  Legations,  finishing  again  at  a  point  on  the  wall  some  500  yards 
from  where  it  commenced. 

Tn  the  defence  the  French  Legation  formed  a  sort  of  salient,  open  to  close  attack 
from  the  north  and  east,  and  also  irom  the  city  wall  and  houses  to  the  south-east.  By 
the  burning  of  the  Customs  quarter  the  Su  Wang  Fu,  generally  called  the  "Fu,"  became 
open  to  attack  from  the  east ;  its  north  wall  faced  the  enemy,  its  west  side  was  covered  by 
the  British  Legation. 

On  the  south  of  the  Fu  were  situated  the  Spanish  and  Japanese  Legations,  which 
were  included  inside  the  hnes  of  defence  and  never  suffered  from  a  direct  attack. 
The  British  Legation  was  completely  open  to  attack  from  the  north  and  west;  abutting 
the  north  face  were  the  buildings,  temples,  examination  halls,  and  library,  of  the  world- 
renowned  Hanlin  Yuan  or  Hanlin  College,  commonly  called  "  The  Hanlin."  On  the 
west  was  the  Imperial  Carriage  Park,  consisting  of  an  inclosure  12  acres  in  extent, 
with  handsome  trees  and  capacious  storehouses  tiled  with  Imperial  yellow,  in  which  were 
stored  the  Imperial  chairs  and  carriages. 

This  Carriage  Park  was  held  throughout  the  siege  by  the  enemy;  it  was  noticeable 
that  the  yellow-tiled  roofs  of  the  store-houses,  though  they  commanded  the  British 
Legation  at  close  range,  were  never  utilized  by  the  enemy  ;  to  the  south  of  the  Carriage 
Park,  and  abutting  the  west  wall  of  the  Legation,  in  some  places  actually  built  against 
this  wall,  were  the  houses  which  surrounded  an  open  space  some  2  acres  in  extent, 
which  went  by  the  name  of  the  Mongol  Market;  as  its  name  implied,  this  inclosure 
was  used  by  the  Mongols,  who  visit  Peking  in  the  winter,  as  a  market-place  for  their  wares. 

The  south  of  the  Legation  was  defended  from  direct  attack  by  the  Russian  Legation, 
but  between  these  two,  which  are  some  50  yards  apart,  was  a  large  collection  of  Chinese  and 
Mongol  houses.  These  houses  were  a  source  of  grave  danger  to  both  Legations,  on 
account  of  the  ease  with  which  they  could  be  set  on  fire.  South  of  the  British  Legation 
was  situated  the  Russian,  the  north-east  half  of  which  was  protected  from  direct  attack 
by  the  British,  but  the  north-west  formed  part  of  the  Mongol  Market,  and  was  under  fire 
from  the  north  and  west;  abutting  the  west  of  this  Legation  were  Chinese  houses,  the 
whole  of  the  south  wall  faced  Legation  Street,  on  the  opposite  side  of  which  was  the 
American  Legation,  which  was  separated  from  the  Tartar  city  wall  by  a  narrow 
street.  It  was  commanded  at  close  range  from  the  wall.  The  position  is  clearly  shown 
in  the  inclosed  excellent  map,  compiled  after  the  siege  by  Lieutenant  Fei^usson,  of  the 
United  States'  Engineers. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  siege  the  west  of  the  American  Legation  was  protected 
by  the  Russian  Bank,  which  for  some  few  days  was  held  by  Russian  and  American  marines 
and  volunteers.  It  was  evident  from  the  commencement  that  to  the  general  defence  the 
most  important  points  were  the  Tartar  city  wall  and  the  Fu,  the  former  because  an 
enemy  holding  it  commanded  easily  the  entire  circle  of  defence,  and  the  Fu,  because  its 
loss  would  render  the  British  Legation  almost  untenable,  and  here  were  assembled,  by  tbe 
decision  of  the  Military  Commandants,  the  women  and  children,  spare  ammunition  and 
provisions,  also;  an  enemy  holding  the  f  u  would  menace  the  retreat  ot  the  German  and 
French  Legations.  The  wisdom  of  tbe  above-mentioned  decision  on  the  part  of  the 
Commandants  was  amply  borne  out  by  subsequent  events. 


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Late  in  the  afternoon  the  enemy  developed  their  attack  from  the  west,  openmg  fire 
from  the  Mongol  Market,  the  houses  surrounding  which  had  been  loopholed.  A  private 
of  the  marines  was  shot  dead  on  the  west  wall  of  the  Legation  whilst  returning  the 
enemy's  fire.  Two  9-pr.  Erupps  also  opened  fire  from  the  Chien  Gate  of  the  city,  doing 
damage  to  the  Russian  Bank  and  American  Legation. 

The  buildings  in  the  Hanlin  College  were,  from  a  military  point  of  view,  a  source  of 
great  danger  to  the  British  Legation,  owing  to  the  possibility  of  their  being  Bet  on  fire, 
and  it  was  proposed  to  destroy  them.  As  the  buildings  were,  however,  of  a  very 
substantial  nature,  it  would  have  been  difficult  to  do  this  without  explosives,  of  which  we 
had  none ;  to  set  them  on  fire  would  have  been  the  best  course,  but  one  attended  with  very 
great  danger  to  ourselves.  One  could  only  hope,  therefore,  that  the  Chinese,  a  nation  of 
literati,  would  hesitate  to  commit  this  act  of  vandalism  and  destroy  their  national  library. 
By  way  of  precaution,  however,  a  hole  was  made  through  the  wall  which  separated  us  from 
the  Hanlin  inclosurci  and  a  search  party  sent  out  under  Captain  Poole,  the.  various 
buildings  were  found  unoccupied  by  the  enemy,  neither  were  any  signs  of  preparation  for 
setting  them  on  fire  visible. 

June  23. — Communication  with  the  Russian  Legation  was  established  through  a 
hole  in  the  South  Wall,  and  the  work  of  destroying  the  shops  and  small  buildings  situated 
between  the  two  Legations  was  commenced  ;  this  was  a  most  important  necessity  in  order 
to  establish  safe  communication  bet  neeu  the  two  Legations,  and  to  ward  off  all  danger  from 
incendiarism ;  the  enemy  kept  up  a  heavy  ri6e  6re  on  the  working  party,  some  of  whom  were 
wounded,  including  Mr.  Peachy,  a  student  interpreter,  but  considerable  progress  was  made. 

A  brisk  (ire  was  now  commenced  and  kept  up  by  the  enemy  from  some  high  roofs 
belonging  to  the  recently  established  Electric  Light  Company,  as  also  from  the  adjoining 
premises  of  the  Chinese  Colonial  OfHce;  these  buildings  lie  some  300  yards  to  the  north- 
east orthe  British  Legation;  the  Italian  quick-firing  1-inch  gun  was  brought  up  and 
together  with  our  sharpshooters  from  the  north  stable  picket  returned  the  fire  with  telHng 
effect.  This  Italian  quickfirer  was  by  far  the  most  useful  of  the  machine-guns  brought 
by  the  various  detachments.  The  ottiers  were  an  Austrian  Maxim,  a  British  five-barrelled 
Nordeofelt,  very  old  pattern,  and  an  American  Colt  automatic.  Unfortunately,  there  were 
only  150  rounds  brought  up  with  the  Italian  gun.  In  the  course  of  the  siege  the  entire 
gun  detachment  of  this  quick6rer,  consisting  of  five  men,  were  either  killed  or  wounded. 

At  11*15  A.M.  a  determined  attack  was  made  on  the  Hanlin  inclosure.  It  was 
preceded  by  a  sharp  infantry  fire  from  the  Imperial  Carriage  Park ;  the  greater  part  of  the 
Hanlin  was  then  set  on  fire  by  the  enemy  ;  the  fire  bell  rang  and  all  hands  were  soon  at 
work  endeavouring  to  extinguish  the  flames ;  the  Chinese  had  carefully  selected  their  day 
and  had  evidently  no  qualms  whatever  as  to  the  vandalism  they  .were  committing  ;  a  fresh 
north  wind  was  blowing  and  the  dames  were  carried  nearer  and  nearer  to  the  Legation 
buildings;  a  stubborn  fight  Aas  maintained  until  late  in  the  afternoon  when  the  flames 
were  got  under,  hut  not  before  more  than  three-quartern  of  the  temples,  examination  halls, 
and  libraries,  forming  the  Hanlin  College,  had  been  destroyed.  There  remained  only  one 
building  entirely  intact,  the  heavy  wooden  eaves  of  which  overshadowed  and  almost  touched 
the  students'  quarters  in  the  legation :  had  theee  caught  fire,  the  Legation  would  most 
probably  have  been  doomed,  but  owing  to  the  splendid  efforts  of  the  garrison,  men,  women, 
and  even  children,  joining  in  the  work  of  passing  water  to  the  engines,  as  well  as  to  u 
providential  change  of  the  wind  to  another  quarter,  the  danger  was  averted.  Orders  were 
given  to  save  as  many  of  the  valuable  books  in  the  Hanlin  as  possible;  the  greater  part 
had,  however,  been  destroyed  either  by  fire  or  water ;  a  good  many  were  taken  away  as 
mementoes  by  members  of  the  garrison. 

The  enemy  pursued  these  incendiary  tactics  at  other  parta  of  the  defence,  and  at 
3  F.U.  a  fire  was  reported  from  the  Russian  legation,  but  M.  de  Giers  reported  that  he 
thought  he  could  cope  with  it  with  the  resources  at  his  command.  Late  in  the  afternoon 
the  American  detachment  reported  a  determined  attempt  to  set  6re  to  their  Legation 
buildings.  I  sent  over  immediately  a  reinforcement  of  twenty-five  men  and  some  members 
of  the  fire  brigade.  The  Russo-Chinese  Bank  next  to  the  American  Legation  was  on  fire, 
and  partially  burnt  down,  but  the  Legation  escaped.  For  the  next  five  days  the  enemv 
endeavoured  to  burn  out  the  garrison,  and  a  daily  and  hourly  fight  took  place,  resulting 
in  a  complete  victory  for  the  defenders. 

The  practice  from  the  enemy's  Krupp  9-pr.  battery  on  the  Chien  Gate  now  became 
very  accurate,  and  for  a  time  they  paid  particular  attention  to  the  national  standards 
Hying  over  the  entrance  gates  of  the  Russian  and  American  Legations.  The  American 
flag-staff  was  shot  away,*  and  a  considerable  hole  made  in  Itie  gate-way.    The  Kussian 

•  N.B.— Sir  C.  MacDunald  ulegrophetl  on  the  39ih  Jumiarv,  1001,  to  ihe  ciTi-el  lint  this  iacWent  took  dace 
n«t  on  tlie  23rd  June,  but  later,  on  the  tith  July. 


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flag  had  aleo  some  narrow  escapes,  and  they  were  both  eventually  removed  to  placet 
where  they  could  not  be  seen  from  the  wall.  This  battery  also  shelled  the  barricade  on 
the  wall  at  the  back  of  the  American  J.«gation,  bursting  two  shells  in  the  barricade  itself, 
the  range  being  about  800  yards.  Unfortunately  we  had  no  artillery  heavy  enough  ,to 
silence  these  guns,  imd  our  riflemen  were  so  scattered  it  was  all  we  could  do  to  keep  in 
check  tbofle  of  the  enemy.  The  9-pr.  which  was  to  have  accompanied  the  Russian 
detachment  had  most  unfortunately  been  left  behind  on  the  platform  of  the  railway  station 
at  Tien-tsin,  though  the  ammunition  had  been  brought. 

June  24. — Early  on  this  morning  an  attack  was  made  on  the  American  and  Rusuan 
Legations,  resulting  in  some  casualties  on  our  side.  A  determined  attack  was  also  made 
on  the  Fu,  the  Chinese  trying  to  breach  the  high  wall  on  the  north-east  corner,  but  were 
driven  off  with  loss.  They  also  effected  a  lodgment  on  the  Tartar  city  wall  immediately 
behind  the  American  Legation,  where  they  displayed  their  banners,  and  seemed  to  be 
waiting  for  orders  to  fire.  A  brilliant  charge  along  the  top  of  the  wall  by  a  small  force  of 
Germans  and  Americans,  led  by  the  intrepid  Lieutenant  von  Soden,  put  the  enemy  to 
flight,  and  the  pursuit  was  kept  up  almost  to  the  Chien  Gate.  Here  the  pursuing 
party  had  to  retire,  finding  themselves  face  to  face  with  a  Chinese  barricade.  In  this 
gallant  aflair  the  enemy  lost  from  eight  to  ten  killed  and  three  banners.  While  this  was 
going  on  the  British  Legation  was  attacked  in  a  determined  manner  from  the  Mongol 
Market,  the  attack  being  directed  against  the  south  stable  quarters,  the  enemy  working 
their  way  through  the  Chinese  houses  up  to  the  wall  of  the  Legation.  They  then  set  fire 
t  ipart  of  the  stables,  and  threwstones  and  other  missiles  into  the  stable-yml.  A  sortie 
was  instantly  decided  upon,  a  hole  was  made  in  the  wall,  and  a  party  of  marines  headed 
by  Captain  Halliday  dashed  into  the  burning  buildings,  and  cleared  them  at  the  point  of 
the  bayonet.  Unfortunately  Captain  Halliday  was  amost  immediately  wounded  very 
severely  by  a  rifle-shot  through  the  shoulder  and  lung,  and  had  to  give  up  the  command. 
Notwithstanding  the  severe  nature  of  his  wound.  Captain  Halliday  shot  three  of  big 
assailants,  and,  refusing  all  aid,  walked  to  the  hospital,  a  distance  of  some  200  yards.  I 
regret  to  say,  owing  to  the  severity  of  the  wound,  the  services  of  this  excellent  officer  were 
lost  to  the  defence  for  the  rest  of  the  siege.  Captain  Strouts  now  took  command  of  the 
sortie,  and  inflicted  considerable  loss  on  the  enemy,  killing  thirtj'-four  in  one  house.  One 
marine  was  mortally  wounded,  and  others  slightly  in  this  aflair,  which  had  a  most 
excellent  effect,  as  it  destroyed  some  200  yards  of  cover  which  the  enemy  possessed,  and 
drove  them  back  to  their  barricades  situated  at  the  same  distance  from  the  Legation  wall. 
During  the  morning  an  equally  brilliant  sortie  was  made  by  Colonel  Shiba  from  the  north- 
east corner  of  the  Fu  at  the  head  of  ten  French,  ten  Italians,  and  ten  Japanese  marines, 
and  some  British  and  Japanese  volunteers,  driving  the  enemy  out  of  and  past  the  Customs 
buildings.  In  the  meanwhile  the  American  detachment  under  Captain  Myers  had  efiected 
a  lodgment  on  the  Tartar  wall,  and  a  barricade  had  been  commenced,  a  special  gang  of 
coolies  to  work  on  it  being  told  ofi*  under  an  American  missionary.  By  the  following 
morning  this  barricade  was  completed.  Unfortunately  it  was  constructed  at  the  head  of 
the  east  ramp  leading  up  to  a  bastion,  thus  leaving  the  bastion  and  the  west  ramp  to  be 
taken  possession  of  by  the  enemy  should  they  be  so  minded.  The  ramp  leading  up  to  the 
barricade  was  under  fire  from  the  Hata  Gate,  and  many  casualties  occurred  in  going  up  to 
it.  I  myself  saw  three  "  converts  "  shot  on  the  ramp  in  the  space  of  five  minutes.  The 
enemy  maintained  a  smart  flre  on  this  position,  as  also  on  the  barricades  across  the  street 
below.  The  fire  on  the  wall  was  so  severe  that  any  casualties  which  occurred  could  not 
be  attended  to  until  nightfall,  and  the  dead  had  to  remain  where  they  fell.  The  French 
and  German  Legations  had  meanwhile  been  keeping  up  a  stubborn  defence.  The 
Germans  held  a  barricade  facing  the  Hata  Gate,  on  the  wall,  and  also  on  the  road 
between  the  legation  and  the  foot  of  the  ramp,  and  the  French  a  barricade  across 
Legation  Street  looking  east.  As  evening  closed  in  a  British  marine  was  dangerously 
wounded  whilst  walking  inside  our  Legation  compound.  At  the  time  be  was  shot  down 
several  ladies  and  children  were  within  a  few  yards.  It  is  a  noticeable  fact  that  during  the 
entire  siege  only  three  casualties  took  place  in  the  actual  grounds  as  distinguished  from 
the  defences  of  the  Legation.  A  marine  was  shot  dead  coming  out  of  the  guard-room  by 
a  bullet  which  skimmed  the  roof  of  the  constables'  quarters  ;  the  third  casualty  was  a  lady 
seriously  wounded  on  the  tennis  lawn  a  few  minutes  after  the  relieving  force  entered  the 
'  Legation. 

June  25. — During  the  night  and  early  morning  the  banicades  on  the  wall  and  in  the 
street  at  the  back  of  the  American  Legation  were  badly  damaged  by  shell  fire  from  the 
Chien  Gate ;  ten  Germans  and  ten  British  marines  were  sent  to  reinforce,  two  British 
marines  were  almost  immediately  wounded  by  shell  fire,  one  of  whom  subsequently 
died. 


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French  remforeements,  together  with  Customs  and  Legation  Tolunteers,  tinder 
Captain  Poole,  were  sent  to  the  Fu,  which  was  hard  pressed ;  in  this  attack  one  French 
marine  and  two  Japanese  were  killed  and  two  Italians  wounded. 

Shortly  after  4  f.h.  great  excitement  was  caused  in  the  British  Legatiou  by  the 
appearance  of  a  small  group  of  men  carrying  a  board  on  the  North  Bridge,  and  word  was 
passed  to  the  northeru  defences  and  to  the  Fu  to  cease  fire.  By  means  of  glasses  from' 
the  north  stable  the  board  was  made  out  to  be  au  Imperial  Decree  fitatin<;  that  the 
Chinese  troops  were  sent  to  protect  the  Legations  and  stop  the  firing,  and  adding  that  a 
despatch  would  be  handed  to  the  Legations  on  the  North  Bridge.  One  of  the  gai-rison,  a 
Chinaman,  volunteered  to  go  out  and  receive  the  despatch;  he  was  furnished  ^Yith  a  notice 
board  with  black  characters  painted  thereon,  to  the  effect  that  the  Imperial  Decree  had 
been  understood,  and  that  the  despatch  would  be  received ;  wearing  an  official  hat  the 
messenger  sallied  out  watched  by  an  expectant  Ji^T'son  ;  on  arrival  at  the  bridge  he  was 
received  with  cries  of  **Lai,  la"  ("  He  has  come  "),  whereupon  his  courag'e  seemed  to  fail 
him,  and  dropping  the  board  he  retreated  hurriedly  back  to  the  Legation,  arriving  unhurt. 
'  Two  Mandarins  accompanied  by  soldiers  appeared  round  the  corner  of  the  bridge  and 
everybody  hoped  that  communications  with  the  enemy  were  about  to  be  opened,  but  some 
dropping  shots  were  beard  and  the  Mandarins  and  soldiers  quickly  disappeared.  It  was 
thought  at  the  time  that  some  too  zealous  sentries  in  the  Fu  had  been  unable  to  resist  the 
temptation  of  shooting  a  Mandarin,  and  had  disobeyed  ordi?rs  ;  but  I  have  subsequently 
ascertained  that  the  shots  were  fired  by  Tung  fu  H=iang'8  soldiers  at  the  party  bearing  the 
Imperial  Decree,  and  that  one  of  the  bearers  was  actually  shot  dead,  the  rest  taking  to 
flight.  The  board  with  the  Imperial  Decree  inscribed  thereon  remained  for  many  days  on 
the  bridge  a  curious  commentary  on  the  thousands  of  bullete  which  swept  over  it  and 
pattered  on  the  roofs  and  defences  of  the  Legations. 

The  immediate  effect,  however,  of  this  notice  was  a  sounding  of  horns  in  the  Imperial 
city,  which  was  taken  up  all  round  the  defences  and  the  firing  immediately  ceased,  thus 
showing  very  clearly  the  complete  command  the  de  facto  Governnieot,  whether  Dowager- 
Empress,  Prince  Tuan,  or  both  had  over  the  troops.  The  lull  in  the  firing  was  the  signal 
for  increased  activity  in  the  British  Legation  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Uamewell  and  his 
Fortification  Committee,  and  soon  some  hundred  of  converts  were  busily  at  work 
strengthening  weak  places  and  adding  to  the  defences.  Our  advanced  posts  in  the 
Haniin  entered  into  coraversation  with  the  Chinese  soldiers ;  from  tlie  latter  it  was 
gathered  that  Vung  Lu  had  ordered  the  "cease  fire,"  and  that  a  communication  was 
coming  from  him  to  us,  but  it  never  came. 

Previous  to  the  appearance  of  the  board,  the  Germans  and  Americans  had  been  hotly 
engaged,  and  the  Italian  gun  had  been  sent  to  the  wall  barricade  to  endeavour  to  keep 
down  the  shell  fire  from  the  Chien  Gate,  hut  had  itself  been  put  out  of  action,  both 
gunners  having  been  seriously  wounded  and  carried  to  the  luternational  Hospital.  By 
8  P.M.  the  firing  had  altogether  ceased;  shortly  after  a  few  shots  were  exchanged  between 
the  French  lu  their  Legation  and  the  opposing  barricades;  a  few  desultory  shots  were  also 
fired  on  the  wall.  On  this  day  the  Chinese  took  to  building  barricades  of  a  more 
substantial  nature  and  scientific  design ;  up  till  now  they  had  fired  from  barricades 
hastily  constructed,  from  roofs  of  houses,  and  from  behind  ruined  walls,  and  must  have 
suffered  severely. 

About  midnight,  Prince  Tuan  and  the  war  party  having  presumably  again  got  the 
upper  hand  a  tremendous  fusilade  was  opened  from  all  sides,  but  principally  from  north 
and  north-west.  This  was  the  heaviest  fire  to  which  we  had  yet  been  subjected,  and  the 
bullets  struck  and  ricochetted  off  the  roof^  of  the  various  buildings  like  hailstones ;  this 
fire  was  kept  up  all  through  the  night,  and  very  few  of  the  garrison  obtained  any  sleep. 
The  Americans  were  badly  pressed  in  the  barricade  below  the  wall  and  reinforcements 
were  called  for  from  the  French  Legation,  but  Captain  d'Arcy  was  unable  to  send  thcni, 
his  own  post  being  hotly  attacked ;  ten  British  marines  were  accordingly  sent  as  soon  as  they 
could  be  spared. 

June  26.' — In  the  morning  the  enemy,  exhausted  evidently  by  their  efibrts  of  the 
previous  night,  kept  fairly  quiet,  allowing  the  worn-out  garrison  to  snatch  a  few  hours 
sleep.    At  M'ZQ  desultory  snipng  took  place  all  round  the  defences. 

Mr.  Cockburn,  Chinese  Secretary,  and  Mr.  Ker,  Assistant  Chinese  Secretary,  remained 
with  the  picket  in  the  north  stables  the  whole  day,  in  case  any  message  should  come  from 
the  Imperial  city,  but  Id  vain,  and  It  was  now  evident  that  the  war  party  was  in  the 
ascendant,  and  that  a  policy  of  extermination  of  the  Legations  had  been  decidei  on. 
The  enforced  retreat  of  Admiral  Seymour  and  the  successful  blockade  and  bombardment 
of  Tien-tsin,  of  which  we  were,  sf  course;  unaware.  Tould  be  sufficient  to  account  for  this 
decision. 

[395]  0' 


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To'day  was  oreanized  the  last  reserve,  and  the  following  order  was  po<tted  on  the 
Bell  Tower  :— 

"  In  case  of  heavy  firing,  all  men  with  guns  of  any  description  who  are  not  on 
special  duty  at  the  time  are  to  assemble  at  once  at  the  Bell  Tower  and  there  await  the 
wders  of  Captain  Strouts.*' 

Subaequent  instructions  were  ^iven  that  the  assembly  should  only  take  place  at  the 
ringing  of  the  "  general  attack  bell." 

Ihe  French  Legation  was  severely  attacked  towards  evening,  and  heavy  volleys  were 
fired  into  it  from  the  enemy's  barricades. 

June  27. — ^Thig  promised  to  be  a  lively  day.  The  firing  became  very  heavy  all  round 
as  early  as  2  a.u.  At  8  A.H.  the  firing  slackened  somewhat ;  but  a  smart  attack  was 
made  on  the  Fu,  and  Colonel  Shiba  sent  for  the  Italian  gun.  Fresh  gunners  having 
been  procured,  the  gun  was  sent  to  him. 

At  2'30  theAmericao  L^atiou  called  for  reinforcements,  and  a  reserve  of  five  British 
marines,  which  were  now  always  kept  ready  at  the  main  gate,  were  immediately  dispatched 
with  a  promise  of  ten  more,  if  necessary.  Ten  Bntjsh  marines  were  already  in  the 
American  barricade;  this  made  twenty-one  British  marines,  rather  more  than  cne-third  of 
the  available  force,  on  duty  outside  the  British  Legation. 

At  4  F.U.  a  heavy  fusilade  commenced  on  all  sides,  and  the  bugle  sounded  to  general 

Joarters.  There  was  also  heavy  firing  from  the  north-east  corner  of  the  Fu,  and  a 
apanese  orderly  came  hurriedly  over  with  a  note  for  me  from  Colonel  Shiba.  It  ran 
thus: — 

"Dear  Sir, — ^They  are  oearing  to  break  down  the  Fu's  wall.  1  want  to  crush  them 
when  they  come  in.  Will  you  please  send  some  more  reinforcements  to  me  with  the 
bearer." 

Five  marines  and  five  volunteers  were  immediately  sent.  Shortly  afterwards  Colonel 
Shiba  came  over  and  reported  that  the  enemy  having  breached  a  hole  in  Ibe  north-ciist 
corner  of  the  wall,  had  poured  through  into  the  Fu.  He  was,  however,  prepared  for  this 
incursion,  and  opened  a  murderous  fire  on  them  from  surrounding  loop-holes.  The 
enemy  fled  in  panic,  trampling  each  other  down  in  their  efforts  to  escape  through  the 
hole  by  which  they  had  entered,  and  leaving  over  twenty  of  their  dead  in  the 
incloBure. 

To  cover  their  retreat  they  set  fire  to  a  t«mple  at  the  corner  of  the  Fu,  and  for  the 
rest  of  the  afternoon  occupied  themselves  in  dragging  their  dead  through  the  hole  in  the 
wall  by  means  of  long  poles  with  hooks  attached  to  tlie  ends. 

At  8'f.m.  the  American  detachment  reported  that  200  Boxers,  compelled  by  Chinese 
soldiers  to  advance,  had  attacked  the  street  barricade,  but  had  been  forced  to  retire  with 
a  loss  of  fifty  killed.    This  number  is,  I  think,  somewhat  excessive. 

At  10'30  the  "  (general  attack  "  bell  was  sounded.  The  reserves  turned  out  smartly 
and  in  very  creditable  numbers.  The  firing  ceased  sbortjy  after  11,  and  a  fairly  quiet 
night  ensued.  ' 

June  28.— The  enemy  had  evidently  constructed  gun  platforms  during  the  night  for 
their  two  Krupp  guns  in  the  Fu,  and  with  these  they  devoted  themselves  to  bombarding 
the  north  wall  at  close  ran£ce  (about  10  yards)  in  order  to  breach  the  wall  further.  They 
also  turned  their  attention  to  the  "HAtel  de  P^kin."  The  upper  story  of  this  building 
was  struck  twenty-six  times  by  shell,  without,  however,  doing  any  harm  to  the  occupants, 
who  were  in  the  lower  story.  The  ruins  of  the  Russo-Chinese  Bank  were  occupied  this 
day  by  the  enemy. 

At  6'30  F.U.  the  "  general  attack  "  hell  was  again  sounded.  The  enemy  had  manned 
their  loophole  in  the  Mongol  Market,  and  opened  a  heavy  musketry  fire  against 
the  stable  quarters.  Suddenly  a  gate  at  the  north-west  corner  of  the  market  flew  open, 
and  two  Krupp  gurs  opened  tire  at  the  top  story  of  the  stable  quarters  at  a  range  of  about 
200  yards.  Shell  after  shell  crashed  into  the  building,  completely  wrecking  one  window, 
shattering  the  barricades  of  the  next,  and  driving  the  defenders  out  of  the  two  upper 
rooms  down  below  into  the  stable  yard.  Our  men  were  not  slow  to  return  the  fire,  but 
lutving  been  driven  out  of  the  top  story  of  the  building  we  could  only  bring  a  few  rifles 
to  bear.  These,  however,'  delivered  an  effective  fire  into  the  gateway,  where,  through 
the  smoke,  we  could  see  the  gunners  at  work.  These,  however,  stuck  to  their  guns,  and 
it  was  only  when  it  seemed  as  if  the  upper  story  of  the  house  must  come  down,  that  the 
fire  suddenly  ceased. 

Experts  say  that  two  or  three  more  rounds  and  the  supporting  walls  would  have  given 
way,  sending  the  heavy  Chinese  roof  crashing  into  the  story  below.  The  Chinese  gunners 
muit  have  suffered  severely,  for  they  were  considerably  exposed,  and  they  never  again 
attempted  an  artillery  attack  upon  the  Mongol  .Market. 


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The  food  supply  suffered  considerably  duriog  this  bombardmeDt,  two  males  and  a. 
pony  having  boeo  killed  by  exploding  shells.  Several  of  tbe  men  had  narrow  escapes, 
but  only  two  were  wounded. 

The  wall  behind  the  American  Legation  and  the  Legation  itself  were  hotly  attacked 
during  the  day.     Mr.  Conger,  writing  irom  his  L^ation,  says : — 

**  Besides  the  attack  of  last  evening  our  people  on  the  wall  and  in  the  street 
below  had  two  heavy  attacks  during  the  night.  This  morning  they  can  be  seen  in 
largely  increased  numbers ;  they  have  occupied  the  inclined  ramp  opposite  burs,  and 
have  planted  a  banner  near  the  top,  within  100  yards  of  out  position,  but  we  cannot 
touch  them.  If  they  attack.  Captain  Myers  can  repulse  them,  if  not  in  great  numbers. 
I  have  instructed  him  to  hold  on  to  the  last  minute,  and  am  sure  he  will." 

Tbe  enemy  did  not  leave  their  barricade,  but  contented  themselves  with  a  continuous 
fusillade  from  their  loopholes. 

June  21. — Two  sorties  had  been  arranged  for  this  morning:  one  under  Captain 
Wray  and  one  under  Captain  Poole.  The  former  consisted  of  26  British,  10  Russians, 
5  French,  and  5  Italians,  and  tbe  latter,  of  5  marinea  and  10  volunteers.  Captain 
Wray's  party  attacked  Ihe  Mongol  Market  with  a  view,  if  possible,  of  capturing  tbe 
two  Krupp  guns  which  had  done  such  damage  the  day  before;  the  guns  had,  however, 
been  removed,  and  the  sortie  retired,  setting  fire  to  sotne  houses ;  there  were  no 
casualties. 

This  sortie  would  have  effected  more,  but  so  many  nationalities  were  represented  on 
one  spot  that  orders  given  were  not  understood  and  some  confusion  resulted.  Captain 
Poole's  party  penetrated  into  the  Carriage  Park,  but  were  brought  up  by  a  high  barricade  ; 
when  near  the  same  they  came  under  a  heavy  cross-fire  at  close  range,  and  had  to 
retreat,  fortunately  without  any  casualties,  though  the  fire  was  very  hot,  the  bullets 
pattering  like  hail  all  round  the  bole  in  the  wall  through  which  tbe  retreat  bad  to  be 
effected. 

During  the  forenoon  the  enemy's  artillery  at  tbe  north-east  corner  of  tbe  Fu  was 
particularly  energetic ;  the  gunnery,  however,  was  erratic,  several  ot  the  shells  coming 
over  the  Legation,  and  finding  a  home  in  the  Chinese  city  south  of  the  Tartar  wall. 
Reinforcements  were  sent  into  the  Fu,  5  marines  and  3  volunteers.  Shortly  afler  10 
the  Chinese  set  fire  to  a  lai^e  pavilion  at  tbe  north-east  corner  of  the  ¥a,  and  effected 
a  lodgment  in  the  grounds.  They  crept  up  under  cover  of  ruins,  &c.,  with  long  poles, 
at  the  end  of  which  tow  dipped  in  kerosene  was  tied.  With  these  they  set  fire  to  the 
heavy  overhanging  wooden  eaves  of  tbe  Chinese  buildings,  which  were  very  old,  and  burnt 
like  tinder.  It  was  only  by  being  burnt  out  that  the  plucky  defenders  were  forced  to 
fall  back. 

Dr.  Lippett,  surgeon  of  the  American  detachment,  was  dangerously  wounded  whilst 
talking  to  his  Minister.  The  wound  was  a  very  serious  one,  and  he  was  still  in  hospital 
when  the  relieving  troops  entered. 

Captain  E'Arcy,  the  gallant  defender  of  the  French  Legation,  was  severely  attacked 
and  sent  for  reinforcements:  ^  British  marines,  5  volunteers,  and  10  Japanese  were 
immediately  sent  and  assisted  in  repelling  this  attack.  Tbe  British  detachment  was  cheered 
by  their  French  comrades  when  leaving  the  Legation. 

Lieutenant  Herbert,  second  in  command  of  the  French  detachment,  was  killed 
whilst  directing  the  defence,  and  two  French  marines  were  brought  in  wounded  to  the 
International  Hospital,  which  bad  been  established  in  this  Legation  under  Drs.  Poole  and 
Velde,  sui^feons  of  the  British  and  German  Legations  respectively. 

This  had  been  a  bad  day  tor  the  defence  :  every  single  nationality  had  to  deplore  the 
loss  of  some  of  its  members,  and  tbe  French  and  Japanese,  after  hard  fighting,  had  lost 
ground. 

It  had  always  been  supposed  that  heavy  r^n  would  have  the  effect  of  driving  the 
Chinese  under  shelter,  and  that  a  rainstorm  while  it  lasted  would  result  in  quiet  times  for  us. 
At  10  P.u.  heavy  rain  commenced,  and  was  the  immediate  signal  tor  a  most  tremendous 
fusillade  that  quite  surpassed  anything  that  had  ever  taken  place  beiore.  There  was  tittle 
or  no  artillery  fire,  but  the  roar,  for  it  can  be  called  by  no  other  name,  of  musketry 
continued  without  intermission  until  daylight.  There  was  no  necessity  to  ring  the 
alarm  bell,  for  the  entire  garrison  stood  to  arms  during  che  whole  night,  thinking  that 
this  waste  of  ammunition  must  be  the  precursor  of  something  more  serious.  Nothing, 
however,  happened,  and  the  damage  done,  escept  to  trees  and  roofs,  which  were  badly 
cut  about,  was  practically  oil.  To  maintain  so  continuous  a  fire  I  am  of  opinion  that 
the  Imperial  regiments  must  have  relieved  each  other  in  tbe  firing  line.  The  vast 
majority  ot  tbe  hail  of  bullets  were  going  very  high,  and  again  the  Chinese  city  must 
faOB]  C  2 


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have  suffered  seriously.     At  a  low  computation  200,000  rounds  must  have  been  fired  by 
tbe  Chinese  during  the  night. 

June  30. — Up  till  9  A.if.  the  enemy  remained  quiet,  having  without  doubt  passed  a 
sleepless  night,  but  shortly  after  0  they  showed  in  large  numbers  opposite  the  German 
posts  and,  in  reply  to  &  communication  from  the  German  Charg^  d'Affaires,  a  reinforce- 
ment of  ten  Brirish  marines  was  sent  to  assist  in  repellinfj  the  attack;  two  of  this 
reinforcement  were  soon  carried  back  severely  wounded  by  splinters  from  shells;  one  has 
since  died.  Fighting  had  now  become  severe,  and  three  German  marines  were  killed  and 
two  wounded,  but  the  enemy  were  repulsed  having  suffered  heavily ;  the  French,  also, 
though  attacked  and  hard  pressed,  drove  off  their  assailants  with  loss. 

At  11  F.u.  the  picket  in  the  south  stable  reported  what  looked  like  a  search-light 
far  away  on  tbe  southern  horizon.  I  watched  the  light  in  question  for  some  time;  it 
certainly  had  the  appearance  of  a  search-light,  or  rather  lighthouse,  low  down  on  the 
horizon ;  its  resemblance  to  a  search-light,  however,  was  not  sufficiently  pronounced 
to  warrant  a  notice  being  put  up  on  the  Bell  Tower,  where  all  events  of  interest  were 
posted. 

July  I. — This  morning  began  quietly,  but  at  9  a.m.  the  enemy,  notwithstanding  their 
lessons  of  the  previous  day,  showed  in  force  towards  the  Hata  Gate,  and  creeping  up  in 
the  ramps  surprised  the  German  guard  of  ten  men,  under  a  non-commissioned  officer, 
who  retired  down  the  reverse  ramp,  thereby  exposing  the  rear  of  the  American 
barricade  some  450  yards  distant ;  the  latter  coming  under  a  reverse  fire  also  left  the 
wall,  and  the  situalioa  for  a  time  was  very  critical ;  the  Chinese,  however,  did  not  realize 
or  at  any  rate  did  not  avail  themselves  of  the  advantage  they  had  gained:  Russian 
reinforcements  were  at  once  sent  to  the  Americans,  and  shortly  afterwards  they  reoccupied 
their  barricades,  but  the  German  barricades  on  the  wall  remained  in  the  hands  of  the 
enemy  until  the  end  of  the  siege.  At  10'30  a  further  reinforement  consisting  of  ten 
marines,  under  Captain  Wray,  was  sent  to  relieve  Captain  Myers  on  the  wall ;  seven 
marines  also  went  to  the  German  Legation ;  whilst  this  was  going  on  a  fierce  attack  was 
made  on  the  French  Legation ;  Mr.  Wagner,  one  of  the  Customs  volunteers,  was  shot 
dead  and  the  garrison  momentarily  tell  back  to  their  last  line  of  defence,  leaving  the 
German  Legation  in  a  somewhat  e.\posed  and  critical  position.  M.  von  Below,  German 
Charg^  d'Affaires,  sent  word  to  me  informing  me  of  the  state  of  affairs  and  asking  for 
reinforcements ;  though  t.lie  Kansu  troops  were  busy  attacking  our  north  and  north-west 
defences,  Captain  Strouts  was  able  to  detach  six  men  and  a  corporal  to  the  relief;  the 
French  had  in  the  meanwhile  advanced  and  reoccupied  their  Legation.  The  enemy  had 
during  the  night  built  formidable  barricades  in  the  north  of  the  Carriage  Park ;  to  cope 
with  this  the  Italian  quickfirer  was  with  some  difficulty  hauled  up  into  the  Students' 
Library,  a  large  upper  story  room,  and  opened  with  deadly  effect  on  the  said  barricade, 
completely  silencing  its  fire.  At  2  p.m.  Captain  Wray  who,  it  will  be  remembered,  had 
been  sent  to  Captain  Myers'  assistance  on  the  wall,  was  brought  in  with  u  Mauser  bullet 
through  the  shoulder.  I  had  given  this  officer  orders  whilst  on  the  wall  to  commence  a 
barricade  some  t^OO  yards  east  of  the  American  one  in  order  to  hold  the  enemy  in  check 
from  the  Hata  Gate  side  and  to  cover  tbe  rear  of  the  Russo-American  position.  On 
advancing  towards  the  spot  indicated  he  and  his  party  were  met  by  a  severe  cross-fire 
from  both  Ihe  Hata  Gate  and  Chieo  Gate,  the  Mauser  bullets  from  the  latter  just  clearing 
the  top  of  the  American  barricade  in  rear  of  the  little  party,  and  ricochetting  along  the 
wall,  they  nevertheless  continued  to  construct  the  work.  Captain  Wray,  whilst  directing 
his  men,  was  woimded  soon  after;  one  of  his  party  was  also  shot  down.  The  fire  now 
became  so  hot  that  it  was  quite  impossible  to  continue  the  work ;  Captain,  Wray,  therefore, 
ordered  a  retreat,  whicli  was  cairied  out  with  most  exemplary  coolness  under  a  severe 
fire. 

At  3*15,  Lieutenant  Paolini,  the  officer  commanding  the  Italian  detachment  in  (he 
Fu,  reported  that  the  Krupp  gun,  which  had  been  firing  all  day,  had  been  moved  nearer, 
and  he  thought,  by  making  a  sortie,  he  might  be  able  to  take  it;  he  asked  for  assistance, 
and  also  for  permission  to  make  the  attempt.  Thinking  the  proposition  rather  risky,  1 
consulted  Colonel  Shiba,  in  whose  judgment  of  affairs  in  the  Fu  1  had  the  fullest  confi- 
dence. 

Colonel  Shiba  replied  that  he  thought  the  capture  of  the  gun  practicable,  and  that 
the  sortie  should  be  made.  I  accordingly  gave  orders  that  the  desired  reinforcements 
should  be  seat  to  lieutenant  Paolini,  and  that  he  might  proceed.  There  was  no  time  to 
discuss  the  details  of  the  sortie,  as  the  position  taken  up  by  this  gun  was  evidently  only 
temporary,  but  the  general  idea  was  for  Lieutenant  Paolini's  party  to  atack  from  the  west, 
while  Colonel  Shiba  attacked  from  the  east.    The  reinforcements  detached  by  Captain 


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11 

Stroats  consisted  of  seven  British  marioes  and  live  volunteers,  the  latter  all  student  inter- 
preters in  the  Consular  service.  I  ordered  all  firiog  to  cease  from  the  north  stable  picket 
and  main  gate,  and  waited  results.  The  attacking  party  sallied  out  of  the  gate  of  the  Fa, 
and  going  along  the  wall,  disappeared  round  the  corner,  up  a  lane  which  forms  the  north 
boundary  of  the  Fu.  A  heavy  fusillade  was  heard,  and  a  marine  was  seen  staggering 
back,  n-aving  his  hand  as  if  to  attract  attention ;  he  had  not  gone  very  far  when  he  felt. 
Three  of  the  garrison  instantly  dashed  out  and  brought  liira  in.  No  man  of  tlie  attacking 
party  returned,  and  it  was  hoped  that  the  attack  had  proved  successful ;  this,  however, 
proved  subsequently  not  to  be  the  case.  Lieutenant  Paotint  was  severely  wounded,  two 
Italian  marines  killed,  and  seven  marines  wounded,  two  of  the  latter  being  British. 
Mr.  Townsend,  one  of  the  student  interpreters,  was  also  severely  wounded,  [t  appeared 
that  when  the  party  turned  into  the  lane  they  were  met  by  a  severe  fire  from  a  barricade 
some  forty  yards  in  front,  as  well  as  from  the  left  wall  of  the  lane,  which  was  only  some 
18  to  20  feet  broad.  Lieutenant  Paolini  was  shot  almost  immediately,  whilst  gallantly  leading 
the  party ;  two  Italian  marines  also  fell,  one  shot  dead,  the  other  mortally  wounded  (he 
died  almost  at  once).  The  barricade  in  front,  some  8  feet  high,  was  a  blaze  of  fire,  as  well 
as  the  side  wall.  The  little  party,  finding  themselves  in  a  death  tnip,  sought  to  escape 
through  a  hole  or  breach  in  the  wall  of  the  Fu,  which  was,  however,  only  large  enough  to 
allow  of  two  passing  through  at  a  time ;  it  was  whilst  getting  through  this  breach  that  two 
other  men  were  wounded,  Mr.  Russell,  a  young  student  interpreter,  with  great  presence 
of  mind,  ordered  his  party  of  four  volunteers  to  take  cover  behind  a  small  heap  of  earth 
and  bricks,  and  wait  till  tie  regulars  had  got  through  the  hole.  As  soon  as  all  had  passed 
through,  the  students  dashed  across  the  lane  one  at  a  time;  it  was  in  doing  this  that 
Mr.  Townsend  was  shot  in  the  shoulder  and  thigh,  and  fell,  fie  wai^,  however,  pulled 
through  the  hole,  still  retaining  possession  of  his  rifle.  Mr.  Bristow,  another  of  the  party, 
with  great  coolness  and  presence  of  mind,  picked  up  and  brought  in  the  rifle  belonging  to 
the  Italian  marine,  whose  dead  body  was  lying  in  the  lane.  But  for  Mr.  Hussell's  cool 
action,  the  confusion  and  consequent  loss  amongst  the  attacking  party  would  most 
certainly  have  been  greater.  A  fight  now  took  place  over  the  dead  body  of  the  marine,, 
but  the  fire  was  so  deadly  in  the  lane  it  was  found  impossible  to  recover  it ;  three  of  the 
enemy,  tempted,  doubtless,  by  the  reward  offered  by  the  Chinese  Government  for  the  head 
of  a  foreigner,  came  out  from  behind  their  defences,  but  were  instantly  shot  down  by  the 
north  stable  picket  from  an  advanced  post  on  the  other  side  of  the  canal. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Shiba  came  over  to  mc  at  once  and  reported  the  ill-success  of  the 
sortie,  for  which  he  very  generously  took  the  entire  blame. 

It  was  impossible  to  reconnoitre  the  ground  outside  our  defences,  so  that  sorties  were  at 
all  times  very  risky,  and,  with  so  small  a  garrison,  only  to  be  undertaken  under  very  special 
circumstances.  Colonel  Shiba's  party  had  also  encountered  an  unexpected  barricade,  and 
been  forced  to  retire.  Had  we  been  able  to  capture  the  enemy's  gun  and  its  ammunition, 
the  toss  we  suffered  would  have  been  small  in  comparison  to  the  addition  to  our  strength 
in  the  shape  of  even  one  piece  of  artillery.  Lieutenant  Paolini's  wound  was  found  to  be 
severe,  and  he  was  detained  in  hospital ;  his  place  was  immediately  taken  by  M.  Caetani, 
Secretary  of  the  Italian  Legation,  an  ex-officer  of  Italian  cavalry. 

The  evening  passed  fairly  quietly.  At  10'30  the  light  I  have  alluded  to  was  again 
reported.  1  went,  together  whh  the  signalman  of  Her  Majesty's  ship  "  Orlando,"  to  the 
upper  story  of  the  First  Secretary's  house,  and  the  light  was  plainly  visible;  the  signalman  _ 
said  it  was  evidently  a  fiash-light.  As  it  might  possibly  belong  to  the  force  which  was  on 
its  way  (we  hoped)  to  relieve  us,  and  by  way  of  cheering  up  the  spirits  of  tbe  garrison,  the 
following  Notice  was  posted  up  the  next  day  on  the  Bell  Tower : — 

"  Last  night,  between  10  v.ii.  and  2  a.m.,  an  electric  flash-light  was  seen  on  the 
south-eastern  horizon ;  its  approximate  distance  from  Peking,  25  miles.  The  flashes  were 
regular,  and  occurred  at  intervals  of  almost  a  second,  with  a  pause  of  between  five  to  ten. 
seconds  between  forty  or  fifty  flushes." 

Jul}/  2. — Gangs  of  coolies  were  at  work  all  night  on  the  American  barricades,  on 
the  Tartar  city  wall,  and  some  excellent  work  was  put  in,  the  barricades  being  very  coo'*- 
siderably  strengthened.  Spies  coming  in  to  Colonel  Shiba  stated  that  troops  were- 
being  withdrawn  from  Peking  towards  tbe  south.  These  statements  were  received  with 
caution. 

Up  liU  10  o'clock,  however,  very  little  firing  took  place,  and  it  seemed  as  if 
the  enemy  were  either  withdrawing  part  of  their  force  or  engaged  in  making  fresh  plane 
for  attack.  At  10*30  the  Krupp  guns  opened  fire  on  tlie  Fu,  and  an  occasional  shot 
took  eflPect  on  the  defences  ;  the  majority,  however,  were  going  high.  During  the  fore- 
noon the  enemy  commenced  to  construct  a  large  barricade  in  front  of  the  main  gate  of  the 
Haolio,  about  60  yards  from  our  northern  barricades.     A  few  well-placed  shell  from  the 


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invaluable  Italian  quickfirer,  wbtcb  had  again  been  bauled  up  to  the  Students*  Library, 
demoralized  their  working  party,  and  they  did  not  continue. 

VariouB  important  defences  were  commenced  to-day  in  the  British  Legation.  Tt  was 
evident  that  the  enemy  were  concentrating  their  attack  on  the  Fu.  either  because  they  knew 
how  important  a  point  it  was  in  the  defence,  or  because  they  were  aware  from  their  spies 
that  the  buildings  immediately  to  the  south  of  it  had  been  allocated  to  the  converts,  and 
it  was  against  these  latter  that  the  Chinese  seeraed  especially  incensed.  Should  the  Fa 
fall  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  the  British  Legation  would  be  completely  commanded  by 
its  west  wall,  and  the  enemy  would  be  able  to  bring  up  their  Krupp  g^uns  to  withio 
40  yards  of  the  east  wall  of  the  British  Legation  and  batter  it  down,  in  the  same  way  as 
they  had  done  to  the  north  wall  of  the  Fu.  By  my  orders  the  Fortification  Committee, 
under  Mr.  GamewplI,  commenced  to  strengthen  the  east  defences;  the  wall  itself  was  far- 
nished  with  a  doubled  row  of  loopholes  and  thickened  to  a  breadth  of  1 0  feet,  so  as  to 
render  it  proof  against  artillery,  and  traverses  were  erected  to  protect  the  western  defences 
from  reverse  fire. 

At  9  P.u.  the  American  Minister  and  Mr.  Bquiers,  his  Secretary  of  Legation,  both  of 
whom  had  seen  military  service,  and  whose  experience  was  invaluable  to  the  defence, 
came  over  to  report  that  the  Chinese  had  advanced  across  the  bastion  in  front  of  the 
Husso- American  barricade  on  the  wall  under  cover  of  a  species  of  sap  or  stone  wall,  and 
had  erected  a  tower  at  the  end  of  the  sap,  from  which  they  coutd  actually  throw  stones 
at  the  defenders  of  our  barricade,  from  which  the  tower  was  only  distant  some  25  feet. 
They  pointed  out  that  it  was  absolutely  necessary  to  take  this  tower  and  the  Chinese 
barricade  by  assault,  to  prevent  the  enemy  rushing  our  position  on  the  wall,  which  was  iu 
imminent  danger. 

I  immediately  fell  in  with  their  views,  and  promised  a  reinforcement  of  (ifteeo 
men,  which,  with  the  ten  marines  already  on  duty,  made  up  a  total  of  twenty-five; 
with  them  went  Mr.  Nigel  Oliphant,  who  volunteered  for  the  sortie.  The  attacking 
party,  under  Captain  Myers,  United  States'  Army,  collected  behind  the  wall  barricade  at 
1*30  A.M.  on  the  3rd  July;  tlie  party  consisted  of  Captain  Myers  and  fourteen  Ameri- 
can marines,  a  Russian  officer,  Captain  Vroublefi^ky,  and  fifteen  Russian  marines, 
Mr.  Nigel  Oliphant  and  twenty-five  British  marines.  No  marine  ofiicerwas  available,  two. 
Captains  Haiiday  and  Wray,  being  in  hospital  wounded,  and  Captain'Strouts  could  not  be 
spared  from  the  British  defences.  Captain  Myers  addressed  the  men  in  a  short  speech, 
pointing  out  clearly  the  plan  of  attack  :  the  Acglo-American  detachment,  under  his  imme- 
diate command,  was  to  attack  the  tower,  follow  along  the  sap,  and  then  assault  the 
barricade  on  its  left  or  southern  side ;  the  Russian  detachment  was  to  attack  the 
Chinese  barricade  on  the  right  or  northern  end,  where  it  abutted  on  to  the  top  of 
the  ramp. 

At  a  given  signal  the  whole  party  swarmed  over  the  American  barricade  ;  the  night 
was  very  dark  and  threatening  rain.  The  English  and  Americans,  with  Captain  Myers 
at  their  head,  entered  the  tower,  which  they  found  unoccupied.  They  followed  along 
the  sap.  Here  Captain  Myers  received  a  severe  spear  wound  in  the  knee  and  was  disabled. 
At  the  south  end  of  their  barricade  the  Chinese  had  left  a  small  lane  or  opening  to 
connect  with  the  sap.  Through  this  the  Anglo-American  party  streamed  and  engaged 
the  enemy  hand  to  hand,  Mr.  Oliphant  shooting  two  ivith  his  revolver.  A  small  encamp- 
ment of  tents  was  found  behind  their  barricade.  The  enemy  was  cleared  out  of  these, 
and  driven  down  the  ramp,  leaving  twenty-five  of  their  dead  on  the  wall. 

The  Russians,  gallantly  ted  by  Captain  Vroublefisky,  had  in  the  meanwhile  climlied 
over  the  right  of  the  barricade  and  joined  in  the  combat. 

The  enemy's  position,  including  the  whole  bastion,  was  now  in  our  hands,  and  work 
was  commenced  to  strengthen  what  we  had  taken.  A  tremendous  musketry  fire  was 
opened  on  the  working  party  from  a  second  barricade  some  60  yards  further  along  the 
wall,  severely  wounding  a  non-commissioned  officer  of  marines.  Just  before  dawn  heavy 
rain  came  on  which  lasted  several  hours  and  caused  great  discomfort  to  the  men.  Our 
losses  were  two  American  marines  killed  and  Captain  Myers  wounded  ;  one  Russian  killed 
and  two  wounded,  and  three  British  marines  wounded,  all  severely. 

The  above  was  one  of  the  most  successful  operations  of  the  siege,  as  jt  rendered 
our  position  on  the  wall,  which  had  been  precarious,  comparatively  strong.  Work  was 
continued  day  and  night,  and  every  opportunity  taken  to  improve  the  advantage  gained. 
At  dawn  the  Krupp  guns  again  began  pounding  away  at  the  Fu  defences,  which  were 
severely  knocked  about,  and  several  casualties  took  place.  The  rain  which  had  set  iu 
at  dawn  continued  until  sunset;  the  canal  which  separated  the  British,'  American,  and 
Russian  Legations  from  the  remainder  of  the  defence  came  down  in  flood,  and  threatened 


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to  carry  uway  tlie  covered  way  and  barricade  wbicli  had.  been  (M^netructed  aci-088  it ;  aa 
BooQ  as  the  water  Buhsided,  which  it  fortunately  did  next  moraiii;,  work  wiis  started 
OD  this,  and  a  culvert  to  can*y  off  the  water  was  ^instructed.  The  heavy  rain  had  an 
excellent  effect  from  a  sanitary  point  of  view,  as  it  helped  to  clear  out  the  canal,  which 
from  the  number  of  decaying  bodies  of  horses,  mules,  and  dogs,  which  had  been  killed  in 
or  near  tbe  same  by  the  wild  fire  of  the  enemy,  had  become  very  ofFenstve  and 
insanitary;  but  it  played  havoc  with  the  earthvtorks  and  defences  generally,  and  the 
fortification  gangs  were  hard  at  work  repairing  datnuges.  The  enemy's  works  were  also 
much  impaired,  and  they  lost  heavily  when  repairing  them. 

During  the  afternoon  the  halyard  of  the  Union  Jack  Hying  over  the  British  Legation 
gatehouse  was  cut  by  a  bullet  and  the  flag  came  down  with  a  run.  Attempts  were  made 
lo  reboist  it  by  tbe  signalman  and  armourer  of  Her  Majesty'ii  ship  **  Orlando,"  but  tbe 
(ire  on  the  top  of  the  gate-house  was  too  hot;  the  Hagstatf  was  let  down  to  the  ground 
through  the  tower,  the  flag  nailed  to  the  staff  and  the>)  rehoisted  into  its  old  place. 
Amongst  the  small  crowd  of  bystanders  who  helped  with. a  will  to  hoist  the  heavy  staff 
were  the  Bepiesentatives  ot  three  of  the  Great  Powers. 

At  9  P.u.  heavy  firing  began  against  the  Russian  Legation,  and  our  new  position  on 
the  wait  resulting  in  a  few  caauulties.  One  of  the  enemy  cre[it  up  in  the  dark  to  the 
Russian  barricade  and  thrust  a  spear  through  one  of  tbe  loopholei;,  narrowly  missing  a 
Russian  sailor.  Tbe  owner  of  the  s^ear  was  instantly  fired  at  from  the  neighbouring 
loopholes,  but  owing  to  the  darkness  it  was  impossible  to  see  with  what  result.  The 
flaish-hght  was  again  seen,  but  clearer  and  with  more  movement.  It  was  particularly 
bright  at  2  A.H.  ' 

At  my  request  a  Return  was  furuisljed  to  me  this  day  by  the  various  officers  com- 
manding the  detachments  of  tbe  number  of  casualties  which  had  taken  place  since  the 
20th  Juue.    They  were  as  follows : — 

British  marines,  2  killed,  15  wounded,  including  '2  ofbcers. 

Bluejackets,  Italian,  5  killed,  7  wounded,  1  officer. 

Bluejackets,  Russian,  3  killed,  1 1  wounded. 

Bluejackets,  Japanese,  5  killed,  11  wounded. 

German  marines,  8  killed,  7  wounded. 

Bluejackets,  French,  6  killed,  including  1  officer,  b  wounded. 

Bluejackets,  Austrians,  3  killed,  3  wounded. 

American  marines,  6  killed,  6  wrmnded,  1  othcer. 

All  the  wounds  were  severe  and  neces^tated  removal  to  hospital.  Total,  thirty-eight 
kilted  and  fifty-five  wounded. 

July  4. — This  being  the  anniversary  of  American  Independence  tbe  Anglo-Bason 
community  amongst  the  besieged  bad  decided  that  the  relieving  force  would  appear  to-day. 
knowing  the  diflicuUies  of  transport  I  did  not  share  in  their  anticipations,  though  when 
appealed  to,  I  did  my  best  to  encourage  their  hopes.  Several  attempts  had  been  made 
through  the  converts  to  communicate  with  the  outside  world,  from  whom  we  had  received 
no  news  whatever  since  the  commencement  of  the  siege.  Our  messengers  were  at  first  let 
down  over  the  Tartar  city  wall  or  went  through  the  canal  sluice  gate  under  the  same. 
None  had  succeeded,  so  far  as  we  kuew,  in  piercing  the  strict  cordon  drawn  round  us  ;  some 
bad  returned  baffled  in  their  efforts ;  and  some  we  feared  had  been  killed.  To-day  a 
Shantung  lad  of  about  14,  well  known  to  the  American  missionaries,  volunteered  to  go ; 
he  took  a  letter  from  me  to  the  British  Consul  sewed  up  in  a  piece  of  oil-cloth ;  the 
package  was  flat,  just  an  inch  long  and  half-an-inch  broad  ;  instead  of  concealing  it  in  the 
thick  sole  of  his  shoe  or  sewing  it  into  his  clothes,  hiding  places  with  which  the  enemy 
had'become  well  acquainted,  he  concealed  it  in  a  bowl  of  rice  which  he  carried  with  him, 
after  the  fiasbion  of  some  Chinese  mendicants.  As  this  was  the  first  of  our  messengers  who 
got  through,  his  adventurer  are  worth  recounting.  He  left  the  water  gate  nt  night,  and 
after  having  narrowly  escaped  capture  reached  the  south  gate  of  the  Chinese  city ; 
watching  his  opportunity  he  slipped  through  with  some  mendicants  and  gained  the  open 
country,  working  his  way  with  great  caution  from  village  to  village.  As  he  was  not 
ceciain  of  the  road  to  Tien-tsin,  and  tearing  to  excite  suspicion  by  making  inquiries,  be 
used,  on  arrival  at  a  village,  to  join  the  children  at  play  and  from  them  ascertain  by  degrees 
the  general  lie  of  the  couutry,  the  names  of  adjoining  villages,  and  the  direction  of  Tien- 
tsin. The  country  was  overrun  with  Boxers,  and  the  villages  were  full  of  wounded,  the 
result  of  the  fighting  with  Admiral  Seymour.  When  within  sight  of  Tien-ts>n  he  was 
commandeered  by  tbe  enemy  and  made  to  work  for  them  for  over  a  week  ;  at  last  he 
managed  to  escape  and  slipping  through  the  allied  sentries,  which  was  undoubtedly  the 


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14 

most  risky  part  of  the  journey,  he  arrived  at  Tiea-tsin  on  the  19tb,  fire  days  after  the 
taking  of  the  Chinese  city  by  the  allies.  He  wandered  about  for  a  couple  of  days  before 
he  met  any  European  who  could  talk  Chinese,  but  at  last  be  was  fortunate  enough  to  do 
•o  and  was  ac  once  taken  to  the  Britiith  Consul,  where  be  delivered  his  letter  on  the  Slst 
instant,  which,  though  dated  the  4th,  was  the  latest  news  received  from  Peking.  He 
started  back  on  the  2:.'nd  and  made  the  return  journey  io  six  days.  The  lad  stated  that 
when  he  arrived  in  the  vicinity  of  Tien-tsin  the  enemy  were  in  the  greatest  state  of 
demoralization,  flying  in  every  direction  and  leaving  their  artillery  in  ditches  and  hidden  in  the 
millet  fields.  On  the  return  journey  he  noticed  that  finding  they  were  not  pursued  they  had 
recovered  most  of  their  guns  and  were  entrenching  themselves  at  Peitsang  and  other 
places.   All  the  above  we  ascertained  on  the  28th  instant,  when  the  tad  returned. 

The  letter  which  was  received  on  the  21st  by  tlie  Biitish  Consul  was  the/oc*ini»/«  of 
several  others  I  had  sent  on  previous  occasions^,  the  number  of  casualties  only  being 
altered  from  dav  to  day.  On  this  day,  the  4th  July,  we  had  forty-six  killed,  including 
civilians,  and  about  double  that  number  severely  wounded ;  of  these  eight  civilians  had 
been  killed  and  eleven  wounded.  The  sliglUly  wounded  were  not  entered  in  the  Returns 
and  only  went  to  hospital  to  have  their  wounds  dressed  and  then  returned  to  duty.  The 
letter  gave  the  relieving  force,  for  of  course  we  always  counted  on  a  relieving  force,  all 
needful  information  with  regard  to  the  position  we  held,  and  also  pointed  out  that  the  water 
9r  sluice  gate  through  the  Tartar  city  wall  afibrded  the  easiest  means  of  enteiing  the 
I^egaiion  quarter.    It  was  by  this  way  that  the  troops  eventually  entered. 

July  5. — At  a  European  shop  within  our  lines  were  found  some  Japanese  fireworks; 
The  light-hearted  Japanese  garrison  amused  themaelves  at  night  by  a  pyrotechnic  display, 
hat  one  of  their  number  discovered  that  a  very  efFecti^-e  missile  might  be  constructed  bv 
opening  these  fireworks  and  filling  them  with  nails,  scrap  iron,  &c. ;  this  was  accordingly 
done  and  u»ed  against  the  Chinese  with  considerable  effect. 

The  upper  story  of  the  *■  H6tel  de  P^kin  "  was  again  severely  knocked  about  by  the 
enemy's  shells  from  the  Cbien  Gate  ;  the  Secretary's  quarters  in  the  German  Legation  were 
rendered  untenable  from  the  same  cause.  The  enemy  were  during  the  morning  very 
active  in  the  Haolin.  A  party  under  Captain  Poole  were  out  clearing  the  ruins,  the  fire 
became  very  severe  and  a  retreat  was  ordered.  Mr.  David  OHphant,  of  ray  Consular  staB^ 
vas  busy  cuttmg  down  a  tree  in  ccmpanv  with  the  signalman  of  the  "Orlando,"  and 
before  he  had  time  to  obey  the  order,  was  shot  through  the  body  and  fell ;  the  signalman 
stayed  behind  him  under  a  shower  of  bullets  until  a  stretcher  was  brought.  The  wound 
was  mortal  and  the  poor  young  fellow  died  and  was  buried  the  same  afternoon  ;  his  loss 
was  deeply  felt  by  the  whole  British  community,  with  whom  he  was  an  immense  favourite  ; 
•owing  to  his  coolness  under  lire,  and  his  knack  of  commanding  men,  I  had  appointed  him 
in  charge  of  the  eastern  defences  of  the  Legation  and  I  felt  his  loss  very  keenly. 

At  midday  the  s^entries  in  the  upper  story  of  the  Students'  Library  and  quarters 
reported  the  enemy  at  work  amongst  the  yellow  tiles  on  the  top  of  the  Imperial  city  wall, 
which  is  distant  some  200  yards  from  the  north  wall  of  the  Legation.  At  first  it  seemed 
as  if  they  were  loophoHng  it  for  musketry,  but  by  means  ol  field-glasses  through  the 
foliage  of  the  trees  two  guns  could  pluinly  be  made  out.  How  the  enemy  had  succeeded 
in  getting  them  up  to  their  position  it  was  difficult  to  ascertain,  for  the  wall  was  over 
UO  feet  high  and  only  some  3  feet  thick.  Fire  was  instantly  opened  upon  the  battery 
by  our  riflemen.  The  position,  owing  to  the  foliage  and  the  very  small  part  of  the  wall 
disturbed  was  not  easy  to  locate  with  the  naked  eye,  but  with  glasses  the  gunners  could 
-clearly  be  seen  getting  their  guns  into  position. 

\Ve  were  not  long  left  in  doubt  as  to  the  enemy's  intentions,  for  the  first  missile,  a 
7-1b  round  shot,  came  crashing  into  the  students'  quarter,  where  a  group  of  liflemen  were 
endeavouring  to  pick  off  ttie  f:unners.  The  bricks  were  sent  flying  in  every  direction  but 
no  harm  was  done  This  was  the  introduction  to  several  more,  all  of  which  took  effect  on 
the  buildings  in  the  Legation,  the  Mmister*s  house  and  upper  students'  quarters  being 
particularly  favoured. 

The  round  shot  were  of  two  sizes,  one  weighing  7  lbs.  and  the  other  14  lbs. 
The  bombardment  coounued  wiib  intervals  day  and  night  for  the  next  ten  days,  and  over 
IfiO  rounds  of  shot  were  tired  into  the  Legation  and  the  Hanlin  buildings  alone.  Curiously 
«noagh,  the  only  casualty  resulting  from  this  fire  was  an  old  Chinese  woman,  whose  leg 
was  broken  by  a  round  shot,  Irom  the  effects  of  which  she  died.  Some  people  were  hurt 
by  falling  bricks,  displaced  by  the  shot,  but  no  one  seriously. 

There  were,  of  course,  some  narrow  escapes.  The  British  Nordcnfelt,  which  was 
temporarily  in  action  on  the  balcony  of  the  nursery  in  the  Mhiister's  house,  was  struck  by 
a  round  shot,  which  came  through  ihc  wall  and  broke  the  wheel;  tde  seaman  who  was 
working  the  gun  escaped  uninjured.    Another  struck  a  chimney  high  up,  fell  down  the 


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same  and  rolled  out  of  the  grate  on  to  the  floor  occupied  by  three  young  ladies  of  the 
parrisou.  One  crashed  through  the  smoking-room  of  the  Mininter^s  house  and  fell 
amongst  the  occupants,  all  ladies,  but  without  touching  any  of  them.  Another,  after 
carrying  away  part  of  the  coping  of  one  of  the  bed-vooms  in  the  Minister's  house,  smashed 
its  way  through  a  thick  wall  in  the  escort  quarters  occupied  by  the  Maritime  Customs  and 
fell  between  two  ladies  without  touching  either.  And  lastly,  one  entered  the  big  dining- 
room  through  the  north  wall,  and  passing  behind  a  lai^e  picture  of  the  Queen  without  in 
any  way  injuring  it,  pierced  the  south  wall  of  the  dining-room  and  fell  into  the  little 
central  garden,  where  the  children  were  plaviog  at  Boxers,  and  barricades,  sorties,  and 
mimic  warfare  generally. 

Though  the  enemy's  fire  from  these  two  batteries — for  very  shortly  a  second  appeared 
some  SO  yards  to  the  right  of  the  first,  also  furnished  with  two  smooth  bores — was 
ineffective,  the  same  cannot  be  said  of  our  return  fire,  which  seemed  to  annoy  the  enemy 
considerably.  The  invaluable  Italian  gun  was  got  into  position  and  the  second  shell 
exploded  in  the  westernmost  battery,  completely  silencing  one  gun  for  the  rest  of  the 
siege  ;  the  others  continued  to  fire  at  intervals.  Our  ri6e  fire  was  so  searching,  however, 
that  the  gunners  were  unable  to  take  aim  ;  on  the  other  hand,  at  that  short  range  they 
could  not  help  hitting  some  part  of  the  Legation.  The  rifle  practice,  nevertheless, 
prevented  the  enemy  from  concentrating  their  fire  on  any  one  part  of  our  defences  and 
thus  making  a  breach.  Very  shortly,  owing  doubtless  to  their  losses  at  the  guns,  each 
embrasure  was  provided  with  an  iron  door,  which  opened  at  intervals;  the  muzzle  of  the 
gun  was  hastily  protruded  and  the  gun  fired.  The  opening  of  these  doors  was  a  signal  for 
a  volley  from  our  people,  who  had  the  range  to  a  nicety.  These  volleys  must  have 
rendered  the  firing  of  the  gun  a  somewhat  unhealthy  occupation. 

After  the  siege  was  over  these  batteries  were  found  to  consist  of  very  elaborate  gun 
platforms,  20  feet  by  IG  feet,  made  of  scaffolding  strong  enough  to  bold  guns  of  a  much 
heavier  calibre  than  those  actually  used.  They  could  accommodate  from  thirty  to  forty 
meu,  and  were  made  of  timbers  9  inches  in  diameter,  some  700  to  800  being  employed  to 
make  each  battery.  The  constructing  of  the  platforms  must  have  taken  from  a  week  to 
ten  days,  and  occupied  from  thirty  to  forty  workmen  a-piece.  Ramps  12  feet  broad  led 
up  to  the  platforms.  A  small  gallery  supported  by  scaffolding  ran  along  to  right  and  left 
of  the  batteries  just  below  the  yellow-tiled  coping  on  top  of  the  wall.  This  gallery  was 
loopholed  for  musketry.  The  place  where  the  guns  stood  was  roofed  over  as  a  protection 
from  sun  and  rain.  The  iron  doors  mentioned  Were  found  in  the  battery  after  the 
relieving  force  arrived.  They  consisted  of  folding  doors  on  hinges  of  wrought  iron  half- 
an-inch  thick,  but  had  been  pierced  over  and  over  again  by  our  rifle  fire,  and  the  left 
battery  bad  a  hole  through  its  door  as  if  made  with  a  punch.  This  was  the  work  of  the 
Italian  gun.  Towards  evening  the  sound  of  big  guns  was  heard  to  the  west  of  the  city. 
This  was  not  the  bombardment  of  the  Roman  Catholic  missionary  establishment  known  as 
the  Peitang.  The  sound  came  firom  further  off,  and  was  almost  due  west  of  the 
Legation. 

July  6. — ^The  morning  commenced  by  a  severe  shell  fire  against  the  Fu.  The 
Chinese,  emboldened  by  the  failure  of  our  last  sortie  in  this  direction,  moved  one  of  their 
Krupp  guns  up  to  within  a  few  yards  of  the  wall  of  the  Fu,  through  which  they  had  made 
a  breach.  Colonel  Shiba  seized  the  opportunity  to  make  a  sortie  to  capture  the  gun. 
Previous  to  so  doing  he  came  to  me  for  orders,  and  to  explain  the  situation.  The  gun 
was  located  some  10  yards  in  a  lane  to  the  right  of  the  breach  above  mentioned,  and  the 
idea  was  to  dash  through  the  breach  and  seize  the  gun  and  limber.  Several  Chinese 
converts  provided  with  ropes  for  drawing  the  gun  away  were  to  follow  the  attacking 
party,  which  was  composed  entirely  of  Japanese  marines  and  volunteers,  headed  by  an 
ex-otiicer  of  the  Japanese  army  serving  as  a  volunteer,  A  feint  attack  was  to  be  made 
from  the  west  by  the  Italian  detachment,  reinforced  by  a  corporal  and  ten  British  marines. 
The  Japanese  detachment  charged  through  the  breach.  Unfortunately  their  leader  was 
almost  immediately  shot  through  the  throat  and  fell,  but  the  men  pressed  on,  and  actually 
seized  the  gun,  the  Chinese  gunners  taking  to  flight.  The  converts  were,  however, 
panic-stricken  and  refused  to  advance.  The  enemy,  taking  advantage  of  their  hesitation, 
rushed  back  to  their  loopholes,  and  a  terrific  firi:  was  opened  upon  the  attacking  party, 
causing  them  to  retire  through  the  breach  with  three  more  of  their  number  hors  de  combat. 
The  gun  and  limber  were  now  standing  disconsolately  in  the  lane,  which  formed  a  cul  de 
sac.  To  venture  into  the  lane  was  certain  death,  as  every  wall  and  building  which 
commanded  it  was  loopholed,  and  at  every  loophole  stood  one  of  Tung-fu  Hsiang's  men 
with  a  magazine  rifle.  On  the  other  hand,  any  of  the  enemy  who  attempted  to  pass  the 
breach  in  the  wall  to  get  at  the  gun  was  shot  down  by  the  Japanese.  This  state  of  affairs 
asted  till  dark,  when  the  Chinese  from  their  side  of  the  wall  threw  bricks  and  stones  in 
[885")  J> 


Digitized 


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16 

front  of  the  breach,  gradaally  filling  it  up,  and  during  the  night  thejr  withdrew  the  gun. 
The  Russian  and  French  Legations  were  severely  abelled  from  the  Cbiea  Gate,  the  fire 
being  mainly  directed  against  the  American  flag,  which  could  be  seen  from  the  enemy's 
battery.  At  the  fourth  or  fifth  shot  the  flagst^  was  struck  at  the  base  by  a  shell,  which 
exploded  and  shot  away  a  large  portion  of  the  roof  of  the  gate-house,  bringing  down  the 
staff,  flag  and  all.  It  was  rehoisted  in  a  neighbouring  tree,  the  roof  of  the  gate-house 
being  too  damaged  to  allow  of  it  being  rehoisted  there.  The  Russian  flag  was  also 
attracting  the  fire  of  this  battery,  the  shooting  from  which  was  very  true.  The  flag  was 
therefore  removed  to  another  building.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  flags  of  sacb  Legations 
as  remained  unburnt  were  kept  displayed  throughout  the  siege.  These  were  the  flags  of 
America,  Russia,  Great  Britain,  France,  Germany,  Japan,  and  Spain,  the  Chinese  gunners 
distributing  their  favours  amongst  them  with  absolute  impartiality.  A  Russian  Consular 
student,  whose  mind,  it  appeared,  had  been  somewhat  affected  by  the  strain  of  the  sfege, 
suddenly  left  the  French  barricade  in  Legation  Street,  and,  before  he  could  be  stopped, 
advanced  alone  and  unarmed  towards  the  Chinese  barricade  some  tjO  yards  distant.  The 
enemy  allowed  him  to  approach  to  within  10  yards,  and  then  shot  him  down.  InstantJy 
several  Chinese  soldiers  rushed  forward  to  seize  the  dead  body,  but  the  French  sharpthooters 
were  on  the  alert,  and  man  after  man  of  the  enemy  dropped,  until  eleven  had  payed  the 
penalty  of  their  temerity  with  their  Uves.  During  the  night  his  body  was  removed  by  the 
Chinese.  Since  the  commencement  of  the  si^e  this  was  the  third  and  last  European 
whose  dead  body  fell  into  Chinese  bands.  The  gallant  garrison  of  the  Fu  were  this  day 
burnt  out  of  some  more  of  the  buildings  held  by  tbera.  Since  the  fighting  began  they 
had  lost  by  this  means  about  one  quarter  of  the  Fu. 

July  7. — A  quiet  morning,  but  matters  became  lively  as  the  day  advanced.  At 
9' 15  a  sharp  attack  was  made  against  the  Fu  defences,  but  repulsed.  At  9*30  the  French 
Legation  was  bombarded  by  the  guns  north  of  the  Fu,  and  also  from  the  Hata  Gate, 
Firing  of  heavy  ordnance  was  heard  to  the  south  and  south-west  of  the  city  in  the 
direction  of  the  railway  terminus.  This  firing  had  been  distinctly  heard  throughout  the 
night,  and  had  been  reported  to  me  by  the  officers  commanding  the  French,  Austrian,  and 
German  detachments,  and  a  notice  to  this  effect  was  posted  on  the  Bell  Tower,  and  greatly 
cheered  the  garrison.  The  enemy  started  a  fresh  barricade  near  the  North  Bridge  at  th^ 
end  of  the  road  known  as  "  Dusty  Lane,"  but  one  or  two  well-placed  shells  from  the 
Italian  gun,  which  had  been  brought  to  the  main  gate  of  the  Legation,  made  them  desist. 
The  ammunition  for  this  gun  was  unfortunately  getting  very  low.  The  cannonading  from 
the  Imperial  city  wall  became  very  brisk  ;  a  round  shot  came  through  the  north  corridor 
of  the  Minister's  house,  and  fell  on  the  roof  of  the  cellar,  which  had  been  converted  into 
a  magazine ;  as  this  contained  some  20,000  rounds  of  Lee*Metford  and  Mannlicher 
ammunition,  as  well  as  ninety  rounds  of  shell,  common  and  shrapnel,  for  the  Russian 
field  gun,  it  weis  considered  advisable  to  have  the  cellar  further  protected  by  a  roofing  of 
sandbags. 

There  were  now  only  fourteen  shells  remaining  for  the  Italian  quickfirer,  so  this 
gun  was  only  used  when  the  case  was  urgent.  The  armourer  of  Her  Majesty's  ship 
"  Orlando,"  with  considerable  ingenuity,  devised  a  new  cartridge  for  the  same  ;  taking  one 
of  the  empty  copper  cases,  most  of  which  had  been  converted  into  playthings  by  the 
children,  hut  which  were  now  collected,  he  cast  some  conical  solid  shot  made  from  pewter 
vessels,  tea-pots,  candlesticks, &c.,  which  had  been  found  in  the  neighbouring  houses;  the 
charge  consisted  of  pebble  powder  taken  from  the  Russian  shells.  The  difficulty  was  the 
percussion  cap  ;  this  was  surmounted  by  removing  the  cap  of  a  '45-incb  revolver  cartridge, 
which  exactly  fitted  the  hole  made  in  the  copper  case  by  the  removal  of  the  original 
percussion  cap.  One  of  these  projectiles  was  used  experimentally  in  the  Italian  gun,  and 
answered  admirably  ;  the  shot  being  solid  pewter,  and  weighing  more  than  the  old  shell, 
the  shooting  was  not  so  accurate,  neither  was  the  effect  of  the  solid  shot  so  good  as  the 
explosive  shell,  but  as  a  makeshift  it  was  excellent  As  soon  as  the  shells  were  finished, 
these  projectiles  were  taken  into  use,  and  continued  until  the  end  of  the  siege ;  so  far  as  I 
know,  though  upwards  of  seventy  were  utilized,  not  one  missed  fire. 

Towards  evening  much  shouting  and  firing  could  be  heard  in  the  Chinese  city ;  it 
seemed  as  if  the  Boxers  and  Chinese  troops,  or  different  factious  of  the  latter,  had  fallen 
out  and  were  settling  their  differences,  Our  guards  on  the  wall  reported  skirmishmg 
between  what  seemed  to  be  Boxers  and  Imperial  troops,  and  several  of  the  former  were 
seen  to  fall. 

July  8. — At  2  A.U.  a  very  heavy  fusillade  took  place,  but  lasted  only  fifteen 
minutes;  it  was  so  severe  that  the  "general  attack  "  hell  was  rung,  and  the  garrison 
stood  to  their  arms ;  the  smooth  bores  on  the  Imperial  city  wall  joined  in  the  chorus,  aod 
the  din  was  deafening. 


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The  niorninp  passed  quietly  until  shortly  after  10,  when  the  rattle  of  mugketry 
burst  out  all  round  the  north  and  east  of  the  Fu,  accompanied  by  the  fire  of  the  two 
Krupp  guns,  which  were  so  close  that  they  made  the  windows  of  the  British  Lega- 
tion rattle  again.  At  lO'lS  the  following  note  was  brought  to  me  by  a  Japanese 
volunteer : — 

"Pressed  hard  ;  please  send  a  strong  reinforcement. — Shiba." 

Warned  by  the  musketry  fire,  a  reinforcement  was  in  readiness;  a  non-commissioned 
officer  and  six  marines,  also  six  volunteers,  were  at  once  hurried  over.  I  also  wrote  to 
the  Russian  Legation,  and  they  sent  ten  sailors ;  the  attack  bad,  however,  in  the  mean- 
while, been  repulsed,  and  their  services  were  not  required.  The  French  Legation,  to 
whom  Colonel  Shiba  had  also  apphed,  had  not  been  able  to  help,  as  they  were  themselves 
hard  pressed,  being  subjected  to  a  severe  shell  and  rifle  fire  from  the  Bata  Gate.  Captain 
Thoman,  of  the  Austrian  frigate  "  Zenta,"  who  had  come  up  to  Peking  as  a  visitor,  and 
had  been  unable  to  return  to  his  ship,  was  killed  on  this  occasion  in  the  French  Legation 
by  a  fragment  of  shell ;  he  was  a  courteous  and  gallant  officer,  and  his  loss  was  much  felt 
by  those  who  knew  him. 

On  the  previous  day  one  of  the  gangs  of  Chinese  converts  at  work  under  the 
supervision  of  Dr.  Dudgeon,  discovered  at  an  old  foundry  within  our  lines  what  appeared 
to  be  an  old  piece  of  iron  but  proved  on  closer  examination  to  be  a  small  cannon.  The 
trunnions  bad  been  knocked  o&,  and  it  was  one  mass  of  rust  and  dirt;  it  was  handed  over 
to  Mr.  Mitchell,  the  master  gunner  of  the  American  detachment,  and  after  much  hard 
work,  scraping  and  cleaning,  it  presented  quite  a  creditable  appearance.  It  was  at  first 
lashed  to  a  heavy  spar;  when  this  was  tound  unsatisfactory,  it  Was  mounted  on  a  spare  set 
of  wheels  belonging  to  the  Italian  gun  ;  the  shell  of  the  Bussian  gun,  when  removed  from 
its  projectile  fitted,  with  some  coaxing,  the  bore  of  this  new  gun,  which  was  found  on 
closer  examination  to  be  rifled  and  apparently  either  made  of  steel  or  fitted  with  a  steel 
lining,  and  probably  dated  back  to  1860,  when  the  Anglo-French  forces  were  in  Peking. 
As  the  gun  was  found  by  Chinese  converts  in  chat^  of  a  British  subject,  and  was 
probably  of  either  British  or  French  manufacture,  as  it  fired  Russian  ammunition,  was 
mounted  on  an  Italian  carriage  and  further  was  put  together  and  fired  by  an  American,  it 
was  with  much  truth  christened  the  "  International"  gun,  though  our  marines  more  often 
called  it  the  "Dowager-Empress,"  or  "Betsy."  The  performances  of  this  piece  of 
ordnance  were  erratic,  but  owing  to  the  close  quarters  at  which  the  fighting  was  carried  on, 
eminently  satisfactory.  The  first  shot  was  Eumed  at  the  comer  battery  on  the  Imperial 
city  wall,  about  240  yards  distant  (as  there  were  no  sights,  the  aiming  consisted  of 
pomting  the  gun  generally  in  the  direction  of  the  object  aimed  at),  the  projectile  went 
screaming  over  the  battery  into  the  Imperial  city;  the  result  was  received  with  great 
cheering  by  the  onlookers  in  the  Legation,  who,  truth  to  say,  had  not  much  confidence  in 
their  new  acquisition,  and  by  an  astonished  ^ence  on  the  part  of  the  enemy,  who  were 
apparently  startled  to  find  that  after  so  many  days  we  had  at  length  opened  fire  with 
comparatively  heavy  ordnance.  The  second  shot  went  woefully  short,  but  the  third  landed 
in  the  battery.  This  woke  the  enemy  up  from  their  astonishment,  and  the  Mauser  bullets 
began  to  whistle  all  round  in  uncomfortably  close  proximity ;  the  "  International "  was 
tberefore  teniporaiily  withdrawn,  and  transported,  not  without  considerable  difficulty, 
over  to  the  Fu,  where  it  was  twice  fired  under  Colonel  Shiba's  orders  with  telling  effect  at 
a  barricade  some  thirty  yards  distant.  The  first  shot  earned  away  one  of  the  enemy's 
standards,  and  the  second  discharge,  which  consisted  of  old  nails  and  bits  of  scrap  iron, 
was  fired  into  the  barricade,  and  judging  from  the  yells  which  followed  did  considerable 
damage.  One  drawback  to  this  gun  was  that  immediately  the  enemy  located  its  where* 
abouts  (which  was  not  at  all  difficult  to  do,  as  the  noise  and  smoke  created  by  it  were  out 
of  all  proportion  to  its  size),  they  opened  a  heavv  rifle  fire  on  the  spot  and  the  gun  could 
not  be  used  for  more  than  three  or  four  shots  in  succession  from  the  same  place.  From 
this  evening  on,  a  corporal  and  five  British  marines  and  five  volunteers  were  permanently 
stationed  in  the  Fu,  as  affairs  were  very  critical  there  ;  the  Japanese  detachment  having 
been  reduced  by  casualties  from  one  officer  and  twenty-five  men  to  one  officer  and  seven 
men,  and  the  Italian  detachment  bad  suffered  tn  like  manner. 

I'he  British  marines  also  supplied  a  permanent  guard  of  ten  men  to  the  American  and 
Kusiiian  barricades  on  the  Tartar  city  wall;  this  had  been  the  case  since  the  Jst  July  and 
lasted  till  the  17th  July;  this  guard  was  changed  every  twenty-four  hours.  During  the 
afternoon  the  enemy  had  been  very  persistent  in  their  attacks  from  the  Mongol  Market  and 
Carriage  Park  side,  they  brought  up  a  1-iuch  quickfirer  and  shelled  the  British  Legation; 
in  the  space  of  fifteen  minutes  three  shells  exploded  inside  the  roof  of  the  Chinese 
[395]  J>  2 


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Secretary's  house,  the  fragmeDts  coining  through  the  ceiling  in  a  very  uDpleasaot  mautier; 
several  of  these  shells  exploded  in  the  trees  round  the  tennis  ground,  some  struck  the 
hospital,  which  fortunately  was  well  harricaded,  and  one  exploded  in  front  of  the  Second 
Secretary's  house,  then  occupied  by  the  Russian  Minister's  family  ;  the  fragments  entered  a 
room  full  of  children  and  huried  themselves  in  the  wall  and  furniture,  but  happily  touched 
no  one.  It  was  impossible  to  locate  this  gun  as  it  was  skilfully  concealed  amongst  the 
ruins  of  the  Mongol  Market  houses  and  was  using  smokeless  powder;  fortunately  it  never 
returned  to  this  particular  position. 

July  9. — ^The  "  International  "gun  again  changed  position.  This  time  it  was  uolashed 
from  its  carnage  and  hauled  up  into  the  Students'  Library  and  fired  at  a  barricade  which 
the  enemy  had  erected  in  the  Carriage  Park.  Considerable  damage  was  done  to  the 
enemy,  but  nearly  every  pane  of  glass  was  smashed  in  the  library,  although  the  windows 
were  open,  and  the  wall  of  the  mess-room  below  was  cracked.  The  whole  of  this  day 
the  firing  all  round  was  incessant,  but  nothing  of  particular  interest  in  the  figbting- 
line  occurred.  All  our  positions  were  maintained ;  constant  work  was  kept  up  on  the 
fortifications,  repairing  the  old  and  making  new. 

A  Christian  convert  volunteered  to  go  into  the  city  and,  if  possible,  obtain  news  of 
what  was  going  on.  The  American  missionaries  stated  that  the  man  in  question  was 
reliable.  Towards  the  evening  he  returned,  having  bad  many  narrow  escapes.  He  said 
that  the  soldiers  that  surrounded  us  were  Yung-lu's  and  Tung-fu  Hsiaug's  men.  In  the 
north  of  the  city  business  was  proceeding  as  usual,  the  hucksters  crying  their  goods  in 
the  streets.  He  had  himself  bought  some  small  ai-ticles,  which  he  brought  back  with  him. 
The  Emperor  and  Empress  were  both  at  the  Palace,  only  a  few  hundred  yards  from  us. 
The  "Peking  Gazette"  was  published  as  usual.  Tbe  Chinese  troops  had  lost  heavily,  and 
were  afraid  of  the  foreigners  in  the  Legations.  He  could  hear  nothing  of  any  foreign 
troops  coming  to  our  rescue. 

July  10. — The  forenoon  was  quiet  after  a  night  of  incessant  fusillade.  It  was  evident 
that  tbe  Chinese  troops  indulged  in  a  siesta  between  the  hours  of  11  and  1.  During 
the  night  they  never  seemed  to  sleep ;  the  above  hours  were,  therefore,  in  future,  reserved 
for  demonstrations  on  our  part. 

Shortly  after  2  a  fierce  fusillade  commenced  against  the  Fu,  and  the  enemy  seemed 
to  be  concentrating  all  their  efForrs  on  this  part  of  the  defence.  Twenty  marines  under 
Captain  Poole  were  sent  over ;  also  ten  Russian  marines.  One  of  the  Krupp  guns  suddenly 
turned  its  attention  from  the  Fu  to  the  Union  Jack  over  the  Legation  gateway,  Three 
shells  in  quick  snccession  struck  the  gateway,  and  several  exploded  on  tbe  tennis  lawn, 
just  missing  the  staff.    ' 

As  the  latter  was  apparently  drawing  the  enemy's  fire  and  thereby  endangering  the 
women  and  children's  lives,  the  question  of  hauling  the  flag  down,  or  at  any  rate,  moving 
it  to  another  position,  was  mooted  to  me  by  the  missionaries.  Captain  Strouts,  whom  1 
consulted,  was  of  opinion  that  this  would  only  encourage  the  enemy  to  further  efforts, 
and  would  lead  to  great  discontent  on  the  part  of  the  British  marinelguard. 

Fortunately  the  enemy  settled  the  difficulty  by  turning  their  attention  to  other  parts 
of  the  defence,  and  never  again  made  a  deliberate  target  of  the  flag. 

July  1 1 . — A  message  carried  by  one  of  the  Christian  refugees  was  sent  out  through 
the  water  gate.  He  was  received  with  a  volley  from  a  loopholed  house  opposite,  and 
beat  a  hasty  retreat.  The  enemy  had  evidently  discovered  this  means  of  exit  from  our 
lines  and  were  prepared. 

During  this  aflernoon  Baron  von  Rahden  reported  to  me  that  Chinese  soldiers  bad 
been  seen  leaving  their  defences  carrying  away  their  bedding,  and  that  heavy  firing  had 
been  heard  south  of  the  Chinese  city. 

No  satisfactory  reason  for  this  heavy  cannonading  to  the  south  and  west  of  the  city 
has  ever  been  given.  Ruitiour  said  that  Prince  Ching's  troops  had  fought  with  Tung-fu 
Hsiang's  and  been  defeated,  but  no  corroboration  of  this  came  to  hand. 

Mr.  Nigel  Oliphant,  Svho,  as  ah^ady  mentioned,  had  been  with  the  sortie  on  the 
Tartar  city  wall,  was  brought  in  from  the  Fu  this  afternoon  shot  through  the  leg.  The 
day's  casualties  in  the  Fu  alone  amounted  to  1  Japanese  marine  killed  and  2  wounded, 
2  British  marines  and  2  volunteers  wounded. 

The  temperature  to-day  registered  102°  in  the  shade;  it  bad  not  fallen  below  90°  for 
some  days.  The  heat  and  a  perfect  plague  of  flies,  together  with  the  stench  from  dead 
bodies  of  men  and  animals,  was  very  trying,  especially  for  the  wounded.  The  poor 
living — pony  and  mule  broth — was  beginning  to  tell  on  the  children. 

July  12. — During  the  night,  which  was  as  noisy  as  usual,  the  Chinese  built  a  new 
barricade  in  the  Imperial  Carriage  Park  inclosure,  close  to  the  hijjh  west  wall  of  the 
Ilanlin,  and  also  established  a  sandbag  battery  on  top  of  it.     Behind  this  they  placed  a 


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lat^e  black  silk  flag  with  the  Chinese  character  for  "artillery"  ioscrihed  thereot).  This 
battery  abutted  on  to  our  advanced  post  in  the  HaoliD.  Mr.  Mitchell,  the  Americaa 
gunner,  and  Sergeant  Preston,  of  the  Marine  Guard,  in  the  Haolin,  made  a  dash  for  the 
flag,  and  jumping  up  seized  it.  Instantly  a  volley  of  rifle  shots  went  whizziug  in  all 
directions :  one  struck  a  etone  sending  the  fragments  into  Sergeant  Preston's  face ; 
stunned  by  the  blow  he  let  go  his  hold  and  fell.  Mitchell,  however,  retained  his  hold  of 
the  flag,  and  a  species  of  see-saw  ensued,  with  the  wall  as  a  fulcrum ;  several  marines  and 
volunteers  dashed  forward  and  seized  hold  of  Mitchell.  The  added  weight  broke  the  stafP 
and  the  flag  and  part  of  the  staff  was  triumphantly  retained  on  our  side  of  the  wall. 
This  plucky  act  was  the  signal  for  a  tremendous  outburst  of  firing  from  all  the  enemy's 
positions  which  commanded  the  Hanlin,  but  our  men  keeping  well  under  cover  no  damage 
was  done.  The  French  garrison  the  same  afternoon  made  a  gallant  sortie  and  captured 
a  large  silk  flag  with  scarlet  characters  ou  a  white  grouod,  setting  forth  that  the  flag  was 
presented  by  the  Dowager-Empress  to  General  Ma,  commauding  the  left  wing  of 
Yung-lu's  army.  Dashing  forward  the  French  sailors  deliberately  lassoed  the  flag  and 
hauled  it  over  to  their  side  of  the  barricade.  A  tremendous  outburst  of  rifle-fire  was  the 
result,  by  which,  unfortunately,  four  marines  were  wounded. 

July  13,  and  a  Friday.— This  was  the  most  harassing  day  for  the  defence  during  the 
whole  course  of  the  siege.  During  the  night  Tung-fu  Hsiang's  men  had  been  particularly 
active  in  the  Hanlin.  Shortly  after  dayUght  the  Fu  was  heavily  shelled  by  four  guns  with 
shrapnel;  the  defenders  could  do  nothing  with  such  a  hail  of  shot  except  keep  close 
under  cover.  The  attack  became  so  severe  that  Dotwithstaoding  reinforcements  and  a 
most  stubborn  resistauce  on  the  part  of  the  Japanese,  Italian,  and  British,  they  were 
compelled  to  fall  back  to  the  last  position  but  one. 

Colonel  Shiba  had  originally  planned  niue  lines  of  defence,  one  behind  the  other. 
The  seventh  had  been  held  since  the  9tb  instant  but  had  now  to  be  abandoned,  as  most 
of  its  buildings  were  in  flames,  and  the  enemy's  Krupp  guns  were  riddling  them  with 
common  shell  and  shrapnel  shell  at  a  range  of  150  yards. 

About  4  a  tremendous  fusillade  broke  out  on  all  sides.  The  "general  attack"  bell 
sounded,  and  as  many  men  as  could  be  spared  were  fallen  in  ready  to  reinforce  any  part 
of  the  defences,  which  were  more  than  usually  hard  pressed.  The  firing  in  the  Fu  was 
heavier  and  more  continuous  than  I  have  ever  heard  it  before,  and  accompanied  with  yells 
of  "Kill,  kill,"  which  could  be  distinctly  heard  in  the  Legation  ;  the  sound  of  the  firing 
seemed  as  if  the  defenders  were  being  gradually  driven  back,  and  I  expected  every 
oiinute  to  see  our  people  coming  out  of  the  f  u  gate,  crossing  the  canal,  and  falling  back 
on  to  the  Xjegation.  I  had  sant  over  every  man  that  could  be  spared,  for  on  all  sides  we, 
too,  were  being  attacked. 

I  wrote  to  the  Kussiau  Legation  for  reinforcements  and  very  soon  teu  marines  came 
over  at  the  double.  As  soon  as  they  had  got  their  breath  I  sent  them  over  in  charge  of 
M.  Barbier,  a  Russian  volunteer,  who  did  good .  service  throughout,  and  who  knew  the 
geography  of  the  Fu  well.  They  had  hardly  disappeared  through  the  gate  of  the  latter 
when  a  welcome  messenger  came  from  Colonel  Shiba  to  say  that  he  was  holding  his  own 
and  had  driven  oS^  the  enemy,  and  for  the  moment  required  no  further  men.  I  was  about 
to  recall  the  Kussians  when  Herr  von  Bergen,  Second  Secretary  of  the  German  Legation, 
came  running  across  the  lawn  with  an  urgent  written  message  from  the  German  Charge 
d'Affaires,  saying  that  he  was  very  hard  pressed  and  begging  for  immediate  help.  The 
ten  Russian  marines  no  longer  required  at  the  Fu  were  at  once  sent  to  his  aid,  and  arrived 
in  the  nick  of  time.  The  enemy,  after  a  smart  fusillade,  had  left  their  defences  and  charged 
into  the  open  with  waving  banners  and  loud  shouts.  They  were  met  by  a  volley  which 
accounted  for  six  or  seven  of  their  number;  the  rest  wavered.  The  Russians  coming  up 
at  that  moment,  the  united  forces  under  Lieutenant  von  Soden  charged  with  fixed  bayouetg 
and.  pursued  the  enemy  capturing  one  of  their  standards. 

In  the  meanwhile  the  French  Legation  was  being  vigorously  attacked,  and  shortly 
after  7  the  Chinese  exploded  two  mines  underneath  the  Second  Secretary's  house  and  the 
east  side  of  the  Minister's ;  the  explosion  completely  destroyed  these  buildings  and  set  fire 
to  those  adjacent ;  two  French  sailors  were  killed  and  buried  under  the  ruins.  Captain 
ID'Arcy,  the  Commandant,  was  also  partially  buried  and  badly  cut  about  the  head  ty 
falling  stones;  his  wounds  were  fortunately  not  serious.  The  enemy  not  having  properlv 
judged  the  force  of  the  explosion,  suffered  severely,  and  the  spy  stated  that  carts  next  day 
carried  away  thirty  of  their  dead  from  the  vicinity  of  the  crater  formed  by  the  explosion. 
The  command  of  the  French  detachment  for  the  moment  devolved  upon  Captain 
Labrousse,  an  officer  of  Marine  Infantry,  a  visitor  to  Peking,  When  lie  had  satisfied 
himself  that  it  was  impossible  to  recover  the  bodies  of  the  buried  men,  he  ordered  h, 
retreat  to  the  next  line  of  defence.     After  the  explosion  the  Chinese,  notwithstanding 


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their  losses,  seemed  to  be  greatly  elated  at  the  success  of  their  mining  venture  and  opened 
a  sharp  fusillade,  but  did  not  leave  their  defences.  The  French  and  Austrians  now 
occupied  a  trench  which  they  had  prepared,  and  also  the  Legation  chapel,  which  was 
loopholed,  and  held  the  enemy  at  bay.  In  spite  of  their  severe  repulse  by  the  Russian 
and  German  detachments  the  Chinese  attempted  another  attack  along  the  road  leading  at 
the  back  of  the  Grerman  Legation  under  the  city  wall.  The  Americans  were  at  this 
moment  changing  guard  at  this  post;  in  the  half  light  they  detected  the  attempt,  and  the 
double  guard  opened  a  withering  tire  on  the  advancing  enemy,  who  retired  in  confusion, 
leaving  twenty  dead  on  the  road. 

While  all  this  fighting  bad  been  going  on  in  the  east  and  north-east,  the  enemy  bad 
also  made  demonstrations  against  the  Hanlin,  but  had  been  kept  in  check  by  the  fire  from 
the  loopholed  defences  and  the  upper  windows  of  the  students'  quarters  ;  just  in  front  of 
the  west  comer  of  the  Hanlin  defences  against  the  Carriage  Park  wait  there  had  been  a 
temple;  this  had  been  burnt  by  the  enemy  on  the  23rd  June,  and  only  the  four  walls 
remained  standing.  Captain  Strouts  saw  it  was  important  to  occupy  this  inclosure,  as  the 
enemy  had  pushed  their  attack  to  within  a  few  yards  of  it ;  a  hole  was  made  tlirough  the 
wall,  nnd  a  party  under  Captain  Poole  dashed  in  and  occupied  the  place  ;  a  heavy  fusillade 
was  opened,  but  by  keeping  close  to  the  west  wall  no  one  was  hit ;  here  two  sentry  posts 
were  established,  so  close  to  the  enemy's  sandbag  entrenchment  on  the  Carnage  Park 
wall,  that  amenities  in  the  shape  oT  bricks,  stones,  and  water-melon  rtnds  were  freely 
exchanged  between  the  besiegers  and  besieged,  and  our  sentries  could  hear  the  enemy 
quarrelling  over  their  rice  rations  and  discussing  matters  generally.  The  net  result  of  this 
day  was  that  the  enemy  had  undoubtedly  lost  heiivily  and  had  been  severely  handled,  and 
our  defences  had  been  pushed  forward  in  the  Hanlin,  ii8  shown  above,  but  we  had  lost 
ground  both  in  the  French  Lei^ation  and  in  the  Fn ;  our  losses  amongst  the  fast 
diminishing  garrison  were  very  serious,  amounting  to  five  killed  and  about  double  that 
number  wounded. 

That  evening,  together  with  Colonel  Shiba,  I  inspected  the  new  position  in  the  Fu,  to 
which  we  had  been  driven  back;  the  left  of  the  line  was  pretty  strong,  consisting  of  two 
buildings  defended  by  a  high  parapet  with  a  species  of  small  fort  built  against  the 
wall ;  the  ground  in  front  of  this  was  clear,  but  the  enemy  had  crept  up  and  made  a  high 
barricade,  its  right  resting  against  the  wall  some  15  yards  from  the  little  fort ;  the  parapet 
WHS  now  extended  to  the  right,  but  unfortunately  it  was  impossible  owing  to  the  nature  of 
the  ground,  to  construct  it  parallel  to  the  enemy's  attack,  but  it  fell  back  considerably, 
taking  in  a  little  artificial  mound  whereon  a  redoubt  had  been  constructed.  The  fort  and 
buildings  above  mentioned  were  held  by  an  Italian  guard  under  M.  Caetani,  Lieutenant 
Faolini  being  still  incapacitated  by  his  wound.  The  little  hill  redoubt  was  held  by 
Austrians  and  Itahans.  The  line  then  proceeded  east  some  30  yards,  where  a  building, 
half  in  ruins  was  arrived  at;  this  was  held  by  Japanese  sailors  and  volunteers.  Looking 
through  the  loopholes  one  could  see  the  enemy's  positions  amongst  the  still  smoking  ruins 
some  50  yards  off;  the  parapet  was  carried  south-east  again  till  it  met  a  high  wall  which 
divided  the  Su  Wang  Fu  into  two  portions,  the  official  buildings  being  on  the  right  and  the 
private  dwelling-houses  on  the  lef\; ;  the  defence  line  followed  this  till  it  came  to  a  bole 
made  by  the  Japanese;  here  it  went  due  east  inclosing  two  buildings  east  and  west  of  the 
big  centre  gateway  to  the  Prince's  official  residence.  In  front  of  this  entrance  was  a  large 
courtyard  with  gates  east  and  west;  in  this  courtyard  the  Christian  converts  bad  originally 
taken  refuge,  but  had  been  obliged  to  abandon  it  owing  to  shrapnel  and  rifle  fire;  this 
courtyard  formed  the  right  of  the  line  of  the  Fu  defences  ;  it  was  :iOO  metres  south  of  the 
tort  held  by  the  Italians,  and  220  metres  east.  The  two  gates  of  the  courtyard  were  held 
by  the  Japanese  marines  and  British  marines  and  volunteers,  the  advance  sentries  being 
posted  by  Colonel  Shiba  and  myself  at  loopholes  in  the  two  buildings  above  mentioned. 
Looking  through  these  loopholes  manned  by  a  British  and  Japanese  sentry  side  by  side 
the  flames  from  the  burning  buildings  in  front  actually  touched  the  muzzles  of  their  rifles. 
Fortunately,  what  little  wind  there  was  came  from  the  south,  increasing  in  strength  as  the 
night  advanced ;  it  blew  the  fire  back  towards  the  enemy  ;  but  for  this  the  buildings  must 
have  caught,  the  main  gate  would  have  followed,  and  the  enemy  entering  here  the  whole 
position  would  have. been  taken  in  reverse.  When  this  fire  had  burnt  itself  out  oar 
position  was  strengthened,  for  it  had  cleared  a  space  in  front  ot  the  advanced  sentries. 

During  the  night  it  rained  heavily,  and  the  enemy,  in  consequence,  kept  up  a  brisk 
fusillade;  the  forenoon  was  quiet.  In  the  afternoon  matters  Hvened  up  somt^what,  and  an 
attack  waA  made  on  the  Russian  Legatioi),  the  IVIinister's  house  being  t>helled,  and  his 
study  riddled  with  shrapnel.  The  Italian  gun  was  sent  over,  and  assisted  in  repelling  the 
attack.  I'he  "  International "  went  to  the  French  Legation,  where,  under  the  able  direc- 
tion of  the  American  gunner,  it  did  excellent  work,  bursting  a  shell  in  a  Chinese  barricade 


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21 

AQd  scattering  the  eQemT.  On  this  day  a  ChiDese  convert,  late  gatekeeper  at  the  Roman 
Catholic  Cathedral,  called  the  Nan  Tang,  who  had  volanteered  to  take  a  message  to  "Hen- 
tsin,  came  with  a  letter  addressed  to  me,  signed  "  Prince  Cliing  and  others."  A  fuli 
account  of  the  correspondence  which  ensued,  and  which  lasted  up  to  the  last  day  of  the 
siege,  is  given  In  a  previous  despatch.  The  messenger  bore  evidence  of  having  been  badly 
beaten,  and  he  told  a  sad  tale  of  his  experiences.  He  had  been  caught  attempting  to 
leave  the  Chinese  city,, and  compelled  to  give  up  his  letter,  which  the  enemy  read.  After 
beating  bim,  they  took  him  to  Yung  Lu,  who  ordered  that  his  life  should  be  spared,  and 
handed  bim  this  letter.  The  Roman  Catholic  missionaries  gave  the  man  an  indifferent 
character,  so  he  was  kept  apart  from  the  rest  of  the  converts,  and  not  allowed  to  roam 
about  the  defences.  On  the  following  day  he  quite  willingly  took  back  an  answer  to 
Yung  Lu. 

The  enemy  having  been  successful  with  their  mining  operations  in  the  French  Lega- 
tion, were  evidently  bent  on  trying  this  means  of  attack  at  other  points.  ISounds  of 
picking  were  distinctly  heard  by  placing  one's  ear  at  the  back  of  our  foremost  barricade  in 
the  Hanlin,  close  to  the  Carriage  Park  wall.  Mr.  Wintour,  of  the  Imperial  Maritime 
Customs,  obtained  leave  and  commenced  a  countermine  just  at  the  back  of  the  barricade, 
and  worked  in  the  direction  of  the  sound ;  three  of  the  Chinese  converts,  who  had  proved 
themselves  expert  diggers,  were  told  off  and  put  under  his  orders. 

July  15. — A  quiet  night.  Chinese,  judging  by  the  sound,  were  very  busy  in  the  early 
morning  in  the  Carriage  Park  with  pick  and  shovel,  though  no  signs  of  what  they  were 
al,  or  exactly  where  they  were,  could  be  detected.  One  of  our  marines  was  brought  in 
dangerously  wounded  from  the  Fu.  During  the  afternoon  the  Russians  made  a  successful 
sortie,  and  pulled  down  some  houses  outside  their  defences,  which  had  been  giving  cover  to 
the  enemy. 

At  6"30,  Mr.  Warren,  student  interpreter,  was  brought  in  from  the  Fu  mortally 
wounded  by  a  spliuter  of  a  shell  in  the  face ;  he  died  within  a  few  hours  without 
recovering  consciousness ;  be  had  onl.v  been  in  Peking  a  few  months,  and  was  mnch  liked 
by  his  fellow-students. 

Heavy  firing  in  the  direction  of  the  Peitang,  the  celebrated  Roman  Catholic  Mission, 
presided  over  by  Mgr.  Favier.  We  were  aware  that  several  thousand  refugees,  as  well  as 
a  number  of  foreign  priests  and  Sisters,  were  besieged  within  its  walls.  When  the  Lega- 
tion guards  had  first  come  up,  a  French  officer  and~  thirty  men,  and  an  Italian  officer  and 
eleven  men,  bad  been  sent  to  assist  in  the  defence  of  this  important  Mission.  Though 
several  attempts  were  made,  we  never  succeeded  in  establishing  communication  with  this 
place,  which  lay  only  some  4  miles  off,  but  through  streets  packed  with  the  enemy. 

Colonel  Shiba  reported  to  me  that  the  men  of  his  detachment,  sailors  and  volunteers, 
were  quite  exhausted  ;  they  bad  all  been  up  on  duty  night  and  day  since  the  commence- 
ment of  the  siege,  and  had  none  of  them  even  changed  their  clothes  since  the  20th  June, 
nor  had  they  had  more  than  three  or  four  hours  of  consecutive  sleep  during  that  time; 
be  begged  that,  if  possible,  half  might  be  taken  off  duty  for  a  clear  twenty-four  hours,  and 
replaced  by  British  marines  and  volunteers,  after  which  the  second  half  might  he  relieved 
in  a  simitar  manner.  I  consulted  with  Captain  Strouts,  and  it  was  arranged  that,  although 
our  people  were  in  the  same  plight,  an  effort  should  be  made  to  carry  out  Colonel  Shiba's 
wishes.  The  marines  and  volunteers  responded  with  alacrity  to  this  call  made  upon  them, 
for  tbey  knew  what  splendid  work  the  Japanese  had  done  and  were  doing.  It  was  decided 
that  the  .Tapanese  sentries  should  be  relieved  by  ours  at  7  o'clock  on  the  following 
morning 

July  16. — At  7  A.M.  Captain  Strouts  took  over  the  relief  party  ;  he  was  accompanied 
by  Dr.  Morrison,  "Times'"  correspondent.  After  having  posted  the  last  sentry,  they 
were  returning,  and  bad  just  left  the  Italian  post,  when  a  shower  of  bullets  came  over  the 
barricade,  and  Captain  Strouts  fell  mortally  wounded  by  a  bullet  through  the  groin,  which 
shattered  the  upper  part  of  the  thigh-bone.  Dr.  Moirison  was  shot  almost  at  the  same 
time  by  a  bullet  through  the  thigh,  but  which,  fortunately,  did  not  strike  the  bone.  Colonel 
Shiba,  who  was  coming  towards  them  at  the  time,  seeing  Captain  Strouts  and 
Dr.  Morrison  fall,  ran  forward  to  help  them  ;  stretchers  were  procured,  and  both  wounded 
men  were  brought  into  hospital ;  this  was  done  under  heavy  fire,  a  bullet  passing  through 
Colonel  Shiba's  coat.  From  the  first  there  was  no  hope  for  Captain  Strouts,  and  he  died 
within  three  hours  of  bis  entry  into  hospital.  He  was  a  first-rate  officer,  cool,  calm,  and 
fearless,  and  his  death  was  a  great  blow  to  me  and  to  the  entire  defence.  He  was  buried 
at  6  P.M.  in  the  same  grave  with  young  Warren,  who  had  been  killed  the  day  before. 
The  funeral  was  attended  by  all  the  foreign  Representatives,  the  officers  commanding 
detachments,  and  as  many  of  the  garrison  as  could  be  spared  from  their  defence  duties. 
While  the  mournful  procession  was  proceeding  through  the  Legation  grounds  to  the  little 


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cemetery  close  by  the  First  Seciccary's  houge,  tbe  old  ChineBe  messenger  who  had  taken  a 
letter  to  "  Prince  Ching  and  uthers,"  bearing  a  large  wbite  flag  aloft  in  one  hand,  and 
holding  in  the  other  what  proved  afterwards  to  be  a  Kufficiently  friendly  reply  to  our 
letter,  was  inarching  solemnly  along  the  side  uf  the  canal  from  the  North  Bridge  towards 
the  Legation.  Tbe  enemy — whether  they  had  in  the  meantime  relented  of  the  friendlytoae 
of  the  letter  he  carried,  or  whether  they  wished  to  accelerate  their  messenger's  raovementE 
— deftly  exploded  a  shell  over  his  head,  fortunately  without  doing  him  any  barm  ;  the  next 
two  shells  followed  in  the  same  line,  exploding  in  the  trees  just  above  the  funeral  party, 
but  the  fragments  were  carried  into  the  ruins  of  some  neighbouring  houses,  and  did  no 
damage. 

The  document  from  "Prince  Ching  and  others,"  which  was  an  answer  to  my  letter 
of  the  previous  day,  practically  initiated  a  species  of  armed  truce,  which  lasted  until  ten 
or  twelve  days  before  the  entry  of  the  relieving  force. 

For  the  flrst  day  or  two  the  enemy  were  embarrassingly  demonstrative  in  their 
endeavours  to  be  friendly,  and  came  out  unarmed  from  behind  their  barricades  in  con- 
siderable numbers,  and  advanced  towards  oars.  Tbey  had  repeatedly  to  be  warned  back, 
for  we  were  afraid  of  treachery ;  neither  did  we  wish  them  to  see  how  few  were  the 
defenders  behind  barricades  which  otherwise  looked  formidable  to  them. 

As  time  wore  on  this  friendliness  became  less  and  less  apparent,  and  by  the  end  of 
tbe  month  matters  bad  become  almost  normat,  and  the  attacks  and  counter-attacks  were 
as  brisk  and  determined  as  ever.  Tbe  precious  days  of  comparative  peace  which 
followed  the  ]6th  were  utilized  by  us  in  working  with  increased  energy  at  our  defences. 
At  no  time,  however,  after  tbe  20th  of  the  month  was  it  safe  to  show  for  one  second 
outside  the  defences.  Tbe  slightest  exposure  was  a  signal  for  a  hail  of  bullets.  The 
old  Chinese  messenger,  besides  the  ofBcial  despatch  from  Prince  Ching,  brought  a  cypher 
telegram  for  Mr.  Conger  from  the  State  Department  at  Washington.  This  the  messenger 
said  he  had  received  from  the  Tsung-H  YamSn. 

The  arrival  of  this  telegram  created  great  excitement  amongst  the  besi^ed,  as  it 
was  the  first  news  we  had  had  from  tbe  outside  world  since  tbe  1Mb  June.  There 
could  be  no  question  of  tbe  genuineness  of  the  message,  as  it  was  in  a  cypher  possessed 
only  by  Mr.  Conger  and  the  State  Department.  Mr.  Conger  replied  in  the  same  cypher. 
This  message  was  duly  forwarded  'oy  the  Tamfin  and  duly  arrived  at  Washington,  but 
the  public  were  unwilling  to  credit  it,  having  apparently  quite  made  op  their  mind  that 
the  Legations  bad  been  destroyed,  and  the  besieged  massacred. 

July  17. — At  the  east  barricade  in  the  Fu,  the  Chinese  came  from  behind  their 
defences  in  considerable  numbers  and  advanced  up  to  Colonel  Shiba's  post.  Six  of 
them  were  forthwith  made  prisoners,  tbe  rest  beat  a  hasty  retreat.  Colonel  Shiba 
reported  the  matter  to  me  and  I  ordered  tbe  men  to  be  released  with  a  message  to  their 
commander  to  the  effect  that  if  more  than  two  left  their  barricades  together  they  would 
be  fired  on. 

The  same  afternoon  I  was  on  the  Tartar  city  wall,  inspecting  the  defences,  together 
with  Mr.  Squiers,  whom  I  had  appointed  Chief  of  the  Staff.  The  Colonel  commanding 
Tung-fu  Hsiang's  troops  in  the  opposing  barricade,  some  sixty  yards  ofi*,  bad  shouted  a 
message  across  for  permission  to  bury  his  dead  which  were  lying  at  the  foot  of  oar 
barricade,  the  result  of  the  sortie  of  the  3rd  instant.  This  permission,  as  may  be 
imagined,  was  readily  granted. 

The  Chinese  barricade  was  swarming  with  men,  at  least  2d0  being  crowded  on  it 
and  the  adjacent  walls;  their  arms  were  all  out  of  sight.  They,  n ere  dressed  in  a 
variety  of  uniforms,  scarlet  and  black  of' Tung-fu  Hsiang's  men  predominating.  Six  of 
the  Chinese  soldiery  descended  with  spades  and  large  pieces  of  matting,  on  which  tbey 
proceeded  to  carry  away  the  rotting  corpses.  Through  Mr.  Splingard,  our  interpreter,  I 
requested  tbe  Colonel  to  come  and  have  a  talk  with  me.  After  some  demur  be  con- 
sented. I  offered  him  a  cigar,  which  be  gladly  accepted,  and  we  sat  on  the  outside  of 
our  barricade  and  chatted  until  our  cigars  were  finished.  He  told  me  that  he  belonged 
to  the  Kansu  troops,  but  was  at  present  under  the  immediate  orders  of  Yung  Lu,  who 
was  desirous  of  stopping  the  fighting;.  I  remarked  that  tbe  fighting  was  none  of  our 
doing,  but  we  were  quite  prepared  to  defend  ourselves  whenever  attacked.  I  said  that,  to 
prevent  misunderstandings  It  would  be  better  if  not  more  than  two  men  left  their 
barricades  at  a  time.  If  more  than  that  number  did  so  1  should  be  compelled  to  open 
fire.  Be  said  he  thought  it  would  be  a  good  thing  if  some  such  undersfandiog  were 
arrived  at,  and  suggested  my  writing  a  letter  to  Yung  Lu  to  this  effect.  He  assured  me  that 
any  letter  handed  to  him  for  Yung  Lu  would  most  certainly  reach  its  destination.  On 
my  relum  from  my  interview,  whilst  standing  on  the  top  of  our  barricade,  I  could  see 
the  enemy's  positions  stretching  away  to  the  north  until  tbey  disappeared  in  the  direction 
of  the  Carriage  Park. 


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-3 

There  were  berrioades  in  the  streete  below  Uie  vail.  A  large  temple  was  loopboled 
and  put  into  a  state  of  defence  and  full  of  men.  More  men  were  amongst  the  rains  west 
of  the  RuBsian  Legation,  and  a  Bpede»  of  mound  which  dommaoded  this  Legation  and  the 
Mongol  Market  was  gay  with  the  uniforms  of  handrede  of  Imperial  iofantrr.  FoHowiDg 
the  line  west  of  the  Mof^l  Market  the  tops  of  the  houses  carried  ne&ts  of  these  bright- 
coated  soldiery.  AUogetber  from  my  positi<Hi  I  saw  some  1 ,500  to  2,000  meo,  and  maQT 
more  must  have  been  hidden  behind  the  walls  and  ruined  houses.  From  where  I  stood  I 
noticed  that  the  men  in  the  opposing  barricade  could  overlook  certain  portions  of  our 
position  on  tbe  wall,  and  would  probably  remark  the  very  small  garrison  we  were  able  to 
maintain.  I  therefore  requested  the  American  and  Russian  Commandants  to  send  op,  as 
many  of  their  reserve  men  as  could  be  spared,  with  orders  to  show  theniHelves  as  much  as 
possible  OD  the  barricades.  This  order  was  promptly  and  quietly  carried  out,  and  Tery 
shortly  oor  position  was  occupied  by  a  goodly  number  of  Russian  and  American  sailors, 
as  well  as  by  some  twenty  of  our  marines. 

On  my  return  to  the  Legation  I  wrote  a  despatch  to  Tang  Lu,  and  stated  that  in 
view  of  the  negotiations  which  had  commenced  with  the  Tsun^-li  Yam^n  the  defenders  of 
the  Legation  would  not  fire  unless  they  were  fired  at,  hut  to  prevent  misunderstandings  it 
would  be  better  if  not  more  than  two  soldiers  left;  their  barricades,  and  these  must  be 
unarmed.  Any  armed  soldier  leaving  his  barricade  would  at  occe  be  fired  at.  I  also 
added  that  if  the  enemy  were  seen  making  new  barricades  in  advance  of  those  already 
existing  tire  would  be  opened  on  the  working;  parties,  even  if  they  were  unarmed.  This 
letter  was  delivered  into  tbe  bands  of  my  friend  tbe  Colonel,  who  promised  to  deliver  it  to 
Yung  Lu. 

The  Commaodera  of  all  portions  of  the  defence  reported  that  the  pneniy  had  ceased 
firing,  and  showed  a  friendly  disposition  and  a  desire  to  enter  into  conversation  with  the 
besi^ed.  This  was  much  less  the  case  in  tbe  north  and  west,  where  they  were  decidedly 
treacherous  and  unfriendly,  though  they  bad  evidently  received  the  same  irders  as  their 
comrades.  From  information  picked  up  by  the  Japanese  at  their  barricade  it  was  evident 
that  the  cauM  of  this  sudden  change  In  the  demeanour  of  our  assailants  was  due  to  the 
news  which  the  bigb  authorities,  whoever  they  may  have  been  at  that  time,  had  rec^ved 
of  the  capture  of  the  native  city  of  I'ien-tsin  by  tbe  allies,  and  the  rout  of  the  Chinese 
army,  hy  some  friendly  soldiers  we  were  warned  against  mines  which  were  especially  to 
be  directed  against  the  British  Legation.  In  addition  to  the  counter-mine  begun  by 
Mr.  Wintour  on  the  l4tb,  and  which  by  now  had  been  sunk  to  a  depth  of  sotue  9  feet, 
and  then  for  a  short  distance  carried  under  the  Carriage  Park  wall,  a  system  of  counter- 
mines had  been  oi^nized  in  the  north  and  west  of  the  Legation,  and  carried  out  most 
efficiently  under  Mr.  Gamewell's  direction.  They  consisted  of  trenches  some  11  or 
.  1*2  feet  deep  close  up  against  our  advanced  lines,  and  it  would  have  been  impossible  for 
the  enemy  to  pass  these  trenches  without  being  immediately  detected. 

On  the  18tb  July  a  messenger  who  had  been  sent  out  by  Colonel  Shiba  retarned 
from  Tieu-tsin  with  a  letter  from  tbe  Japanese  bead-quarters  staff  at  that  place.  It 
contained  the  news  that  the  native  city  had  been  taken  by  the  allies,  anil  that  a  relief 
force  was  being  organized  consisting  of  24,000  Japanese,  4,000  Russians,  2,000  British, 
1,500  Americans,  and  1,500  French,  and  would  leave  on  or  about  tbe  20th  July  and 
advance  on  Peking.  This  notice  was  posted  on  the  Bell  Tower,  it  was  the  first  news  we 
had  had  from  Tien-tsin,  and  was  joyfully  welcomed  by  tbe  besieged,  though  many  were 
disappointed  that  tbe  force  was  not  already  well  on  its  way.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the 
message  was  far  less  hopeful,  it  mentioned  the  heavy  losses  sustained  by  tbe  allies,  and 
also  Dpoke  of  the  absolute  absence  of  transport.  To  keep  up  the  spirits  of  the  besieged, 
however,  the  message  as  posted  was  made  as  cheerful  as  possible. 

As  an  instance  of  the  curious  state  of  affairs  which  existed  at  this  time  between  the 
besiegers  and  besieged,  especially  on  tbe  east  side  where  the  Japanese  and  French  were 
in  contact  with  the  enemy,  a  young  Frenchman,  by  name  Pelliot,  wandered  over  to  the 
opposing  barricade  and  entered  into  conversation  with  the  Chinese  suldiery ;  without 
thinking  he  stepped  inside  their  barricade  and  was  instantly  made  prisimer ;  he  was  not 
roughly  treated  but  taken  to  a  ¥am£n  at  some  distance  where  he  was  brought  before  some 
high  Mandarins  who  courteously  askeii  him  several  questions  rei^ardini^  our  strength, 
losses,  &c.,  all  of  which  he  answered  in  an  evasive  manner;  eventually  be  was  conducted 
under  un  escort  of  Yung  Lu's  men  through  streets  full  of  Boxers  and  soldiery,  back  to  the 
barricade,  and  set  at  liberty. 

TIte  Japanese  started  a  small  market  for  eggs  which  the  Chinese  soldiers  brought 

rtver  hidden  in  their  capacious  sleeves   and  sold  to  our  people;  the  e^gs  were  mostly 

distributed  by  tbe  Food  Supply  Committee  to  the  hospital,  and  amongst  the  women  and 

children.     The  weather  was  very  hot  and  the  latter  began  to  teel  tbe  want  of  proper  food ; 

[3951  E 


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24 

t)etween  now  and  the  arrival  of  the  relieving  force  six  of  the  younger  ones  died  in  the 
Lection. 

On  the  20th  it  was  reported  to  me  that  the  Chinese  were  heard  mining  in  close 
proximity  to  the  Hanlin.  I  went  down  Mr.  Wintour's  countermine  and  beard  them 
distinctly  at  work  ;  they  seemed  quite  close  but  somevhat  above  my  level;  a  pick  was 
handed  down  and  at  the  first  few  blows  the  enemy  stopped  working.  From  that  time  a 
strict  watcb  was  kept  at  this  countermine,  but  the  enemy  had  either  abandoned  their  mine 
or  had  chanced  the  direction,  for  the  sounds  gradually  died  away  and  then  stopped 
altogether.  After  the  entry  of  the  relieving  force  the  mine  was  thoroughly  examined  by 
the  Royal  Rngiiieers;  it  was  found  to  commence  in  one  of  the  large  buildings  in  the 
Carriage  Park  inclosure  and  tu  proceed  straigbtfor  our  barricade  In  the  Hanlin.  It  arrived 
within  a  few  feet  of  Mr.  Wintour's  countermine  and  then  suddenly  changed  direction  to 
the  south  and  followed  parallel  to  the  dividing  wall  for  some  40  feet,  till  it  arrived  opposite 
the  centre  of  tbe  building,  forming  the  students'  library  and  mess-room  when,  instead  of 
turning  east  under  this  building,  it  turned  west,  described  a  curve  and  eQ<]ed  at  a  point 
some  30  yards  due  south  of  where  it  started.  There  is  no  doubt  that  Mr.  Wintour's 
countermine  checked  the  enemy's  advance  undergroood  and  beaded  them  south,  but  why, 
when  they  got  to  a  convenient  striking  point,  they  went  away  from  their  objective  it  is 
impossible  to  say. 

During  this  spell  of  comparative  quiet  the  enemy  were  very  busy  working  at  their 
barricades,  and  besides  the  one  I  have  mentioned,  mines  were  started  by  them  on  tbe  top 
of  the  Tartar  city  wall  endeavouring  to  get  under  the  Russo-American  barricade,  also  in 
Legation  Street  working  towards  the  Russian  barricade ;  similar  mines  were  commenced 
against  the  French  and  Japanese  defences  on  the  east,  we,  in  the  meanwhile,  were  equally 
busy  working  at  our  defences  and  countermines.  After  the  arrival  of  the  relieving  force, 
amongst  some  documents  seized  by  the  German  troops  was  found  a  letter  addressed  to  the 
General  Commanding  at  the  Hata  Men,  on  the  subject  of  mines.  The  writer  had  been  a 
teacher  at  the  British  L^^tion  in  tbe  employ  of  Her  Majesty's  Government  for  four  yeare 
and  was  well  known  to  the  student  interpreters  ;  together  with  all  the  other  teachers  he 
disappeared  about  the  middle  of  June.  Tbe  letter  was  dated  tbe  beginning  of  July  and 
pointed  out  that  the  General's  methods  of  attacking  the  Legation  were  faulty  and  were 
bound  to  lead  to  considerable  loss  in  the  future  as  tbey  bud  done  in  the  past.  The  proper 
method  of  atrack,  the  writer  said,  was  by  mining ;  to  assist  the  General  in  his  attack 
he  inclosed  a  correct  plan  of  the  British  Legation,  with  which  he  was  well  acquainted, 
and  marked  on  tbe  plan  the  most  suitable  place  for  the  mine  to  be  driven.  Eager  inquiries 
have  been  made,  since  the  siege  was  raised  for  the  writer  of  the  letter  but  as  yet  he  has  not 
been  found. 

On  the  18th  July  one  of  Yung  Lu's  men  advanced  with  a  flag  of  truce  along  the 
city  wall,  and  came  down  to  the  German  defences  with  a  letter  for  me  from  Yung  Lu, 
accepting  the  arrani;ement  suggested  with  regard  to  terms  of  a  truce.  This  man  was  very 
intelligent  and  friendly  ;  be  bad  been  specially  selected  to  come,  as  he  bad  bad  to  do  with 
foreigners,  having  been  a  policeman  on  the  Peking-Tien-tsin  Railway.  He  was  recog- 
nized by  one  or  two  Europeans  in  the  Legation.  The  same  afternoon  another  soldier 
came  in  with  bis  ear  partially  severed  ;  he  had  been  in  the  employ  of  Sir  Robert  Hart, 
and  was  bugler  to  the  regiment  at  the  Hata  Gate.  He  came  in,  he  said,  to  have  his  ear 
seen  to,  as  he  knew  that  foreign  surgeons  were  good  and  humane  men.  His  officer  had 
wounded  him  with  a  blow  of  his  sword  for  not  being  sufficiently  proficient  on  his 
hugle.  He  informed  us,  further,  that  the  men  were  very  discontented,  and  were  sick 
of  fighting  the  foreigners.  The  same  story  was  told  by  three  soldiers  who  strolled,  along 
the  wall  from  the  direction  of  the  Hata  Gate  to  the  American  barricade. 

It  was  very  evident  throughout  the  siege  that  the  enemy  on  tbe  east  were  much  more 
friendly,  and  had  not  tbe  same  stomach  for  fighting  as  our  friends  in  the  north  and  west ; 
from  this  direction  not  a  single  man  ever  came  in,  neither  did  any  of  our  messengers  ever 
succeed  in  getting  out.  My  conversation  with  the  Colonel  on  the  city  wall  was  the  only 
instance  of  a  friendly  act  on  that  side. 

Even  when  the  truce  was  at  its  height,  from  the  I7th  to  the  20th,  it  was  unsafe  to 
show  oneself  for  an  instant  at  the  barricades  in  the  Hanlin.  On  the  19th  some  of  the 
enemy  held  out  a  water  melon  at  the  end  of  a  pole  on  one  of  the  Hanlin  barricades ;  a 
voluLteer  of  ours  advanced  to  take  it,  and  was  instantly  fired  at,  the  bullet  passing  within 
an  inch  of  his  head.  On  the  20th  and  subsequent  days  several  of  our  people,  mostly 
Chinese  converts,  were  hit  whilst  working  at  the  defences;  this  was,  of  course,  in 
accordance  with  the  terms  of  truce,  and  we  returned  the  compliment. 

On  the  24th  the  supply  of  eggs  began  to  dwindle  down,  and  tbe  men  who  brought 
them  reported  to  the  Japanese  that  their  officers  bad  threatened  to  execute  anybody  found 


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bria^ni;  in  anything  to  the  besieged.     Od  the  23rd  tvo  men  were  beheaded  for  this  reason 
witbin  si^ht  of  the  Japanese. 

On  the  28th  July  the  boy  messenger,  who  had  been  sent  out  on  the  4th  July, 
returned  Trom  Tien-tsin.  His  arrival  caused  great  excitement;  be  brought,  sowed  in  the 
collar  of  bis  coat,  the  British  Consul's  letter  in  answer  to  mine.  The  news  ran  like  wild- 
fire tlirougb  the  Legation,  and  eager  crowds  surrounded  the  Bell  Tower,  waiting  to  hear 
what  was  posted  on  the  notice  board.    This  was  the  message  : — 

"Yours  of  the  4th  July.  24,000  troops  have  now  lanried,  and  19,000  here. 
General  Gaselee  expected  Taku  to-morrow.  Russians  hold  Pei  Tsan.  Tien-tsin  city 
under  foreign  Government,  and  Boxer  power  haA  exploded.  Plenty  of  troops  are  on  the 
way  if  you  can  hold  out  with  food.     Almost  all  ladies  have  left  Tieo-tsiu." 

This  letter  caused  great  disappointment  amongst  the  garrison,  as  the  general  opinion 
was  that  ample  time  bad  elapsed  between  the  20th  June  and  the  21st  July  to  organize 
and  start  a  relief  expedition. 

In  justice  to  Mr.  Carles,  who  has  been  blamed  for  not  sending  more  information,  it  is 
right  to  state  that,  had  he  written  the  true  state  of  affairs  which  then  existed  in  Tien- 
tsin, the  effect  on  the  beleaguered  garrison  would  have  been  crushing ;  he  consequently 
made  the  note  as  cheerful  as  he  coald  under  the  circumstances.  Had  not  the  arrival  of  the 
messenger  been  witnessed  by  numbers  of  people,  it  is  more  than  probable  no  notice  of 
the  contents  of  tbe  letter  would  have  been  posted  on  the  Bell  Tower. 

During  the  early  days  of  the  armistice  from  their  barricades  on  the  east  of  the  Fu, 
the  Chinese  adopted  a  novel  way  of  communicating  with  the  Japanese  defenders.  One 
day  a  large  dog  trotted  into  the  Japanese  barricade  with  a  note  tied  round  its  neck. 
This  was  from  the  Chinese  General  conimaoding  in  that  quarter,  pointing  out  the  futility 
of  further  defence,  and  recommending  unconditional  surrender.  A  reply,  declining  the 
suggestion  in  somewhat  forcible  terms,  was  tied  on  tbe  dog's  neck,  with  which  it  trotted 
back. 

This  was  repeated  several  times,  the  advisability  of  surrender  being  urged  with 
greater  insistence  each  time.  Tbe  answers  varied  only  in  the  strength  of  their  language. 
Letters  demanding  and  suggesting  surrender  were  also  tied  to  arrows  and  shut  into  the 
Japanese  tines.  A  remarkable  instance  which  took  place  at  this  time  of  6lial  obedience 
and  good  faith  on  the  part  of  a  Chinese  soldier,  was  recounted  to  me  by  Colonel 
Sbiba. 

Amongst  the  men  who  brought  ^gs  for  sale  was  one  who  belonged  to  Tung  Lu's  force, 
who  was  distinguished  from  his  fellows  by  the  hard  bargains  which  he  drove  for  his  wares. 
Tf'oticing  this,  Colonel  Shiba  thought  the  man  might  be  induced  for  a  price  to  carry  a 
letter  to  Tien-tsin  and  bring  back  an  answer.  He  was  accordingly  approached  on  tbe  subject, 
and  after  considerable  discussion  about  the  amount,  he  agreed  to  go  for  the  sum  of  250 
dollars,  the  money  to  be  paid  over  on  his  return  with  tbe  answer.  The  man  left  on  the 
22nd  and  returned  on  the  1st  August,  bringing  with  him  a  reply  from  tbe  Chief  of  staff 
of  the  Japanese  division.     It  ran  as  follows : — 

"  Your  letter  of  22nd  received.  Departure  of  troops  from  'fien-tsin  delayed  by 
difficulties  of  transport,  but  advance  will  be  made  in  two  or  three  days.  Will  write  again 
as  soon  as  estimated  date  of  arrival  at  Peking  is  fixed." 

The  letter  was  dated  the  26th  July.  The  bearer  refused  to  accept  the  250  dollars, 
and  no  amount  of  persuasion  could  induce  him  to  do  so.  Thinking  that  perhaps  he  was 
unwilling  to  be  discovered  in  possession  of  so  large  a  sum,  he  was  offered  a  letter  to  tbe 
Consul  at  Tien-tsin  in  the  form  of  a  promissory  note,  but  he  declined  everything.  On 
being  asked  why  ha  refused  now,  when  he  had  been  previously  so  keen  to  acquire  the 
money,  be  told  Colonel  Shiba  that  on  arrival  at  Tien-tsin,  after  delivery  of  the  letter  and 
receiving  tbe  answer,  he  went  to  bis  own  home;  his  mother  did  all  she  could  to  prevent 
fais  returning  to  Peking,  but  be  said  he  had  promised  the  foreign  officer  to  return,  and 
return  he  must.  "Then,"  said  she,  "  you  must  accept  no  money,  for  what  you  are  doing 
is  for  the  good  of  your  country."  He,  therefore,  in  obedience  to  his  mother's  wishes, 
steadfastly  refused  any  money  whatever.  He  offered  to  take  a  letter  back  to  Tien-tsin  if 
it  was  written  at  once,  but  be  could  not,  he  said,  bring  back  an  answer.  Seeing  that  it  was  . 
impossible  to  shake  the  man's  resolution,  Colonel  Shiba  wrote  another  letter  which  the 
messenger  duly  delivered  at  tbe  Consulate  at  Tien-tsin,  but  again  refused  all  offers  of 
money. 

Un  the  afternoon  of  the  29tb  July  the  Chinese  began  to  throw  out  heaps  of  bricks 
and  stones  at  the  comer  of  some  ruined  houses  at  tbe  east  end  of  the  north  bridge.  This 
bridge  was  commanded  by  the  north  stable  picket,  and  by  a  caponier  which  had  been 
constructed  in  front  of  tbe  main  gate  of  the  Legation,  called  by  the  marines  "  Fort 
Halliday."    The  road  across  it  is  one  of  the  main  arteries  of  the  city  from  east  to  west. 


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2£ 

and  to  avoid  the  bridge  the  Chinese  had  to  make  a  considerable  detour  throogb  the 
Imperial  city.  It  had  always  been  a  source  of  surprise  to  us  that  no  barricade  bad  been 
constructed  across  the  bridge,  because  in  addition  lo  altowiag  passage  across,  the  6re  from 
it,  tbe  barricade,  would  command  the  whole  length  of  the  canal  witb  the  roads  on  either 
side,  and  would  sweef)  the  south  bridge,  which  was  one  of  our  means  of  communication 
(tbe  only  one  for  carts),  between  the  east  and  west  defences.  During  the  night-time  the 
bridge  was  undoubtedly  used  by  the  enemy ;  but  iu  the  daylight  the  fire  of  our  pickets 
was  so  deadly,  that  after  losing  several  men,  they  gave  up  all  attempts  at 
crossing  it 

It  soon  became  evident  that  the  heap  of  bricks  and  stones  was  the  commencement  of 
the  long-expected  barricade;  immediately  a  lively  fusillade  was  opened  on  tbe  inoSensive- 
looking  heap,  and  bricks  and  stones  were  sent  dying,  but  so  soon  as  tbey  were  shot  away 
others  appeared  in  their  place.  Very  shortly  wooden  c^es,  evidently  tilled  witb  bricks 
and  stones,  were  pushed  forward  from  behind  the  neap  and  tbe  barricade  Bteallhily  crept 
forward. 

Tbe  enemy's  sharpshooters  in  the  ruins  on  the  other  side  of  the  canal  were  in  the 
meanwhile  very  busy,  and  some  very  pretty  shooting  took  place.  They  had  the  most 
modern  rifle  with  smokeless  powder,  and  the  men  in  the  north  stable  picket  had  some 
very  narrow  escapes,  bullets  pattering  round  their  loopholes  and  in  some  instances  comiog 
through. 

The  "  International "  gun  was  at  that  time  doing  good  service  in  tbe  French  Legation 
so  could  not  be  used,  hut  the  Italian  1-pr.  witb  its  solid  pewter  bullet  was  hauled  up  on  to 
a  sandbag  battery  on  tbe  roof  of  the  cow-house  which  formed  part  of  the  north  stable 
picket,  and  opened  fire.  Tbe  enemy  were  not  slow  to  return  tbe  compliment,  and  the 
Mauser  bullets  soon  began  to  knock  the  sandbags  about,  at  the  close  range  of  60  yards, 
cutting  them  into  shreds. 

The  Italian  gunner  behaved  with  great  coolness.  Unfortunately,  as  he  was  laying 
tbe  gun  for  the  third  round  his  band  was  smashed  by  a  Mauser  bullet,  and  he  was  taken 
to  hospital.  Tbe  seijeant  commanding  tbe  marine  detachment  went  up  and  fired  the 
round,  but  the  enemy's  fire  now  became  so  hot,  pieces  of  silk  damask  and  sand  being 
scattered  in  every  direction  by  the  hail  of  bullei^s.  It  was  found  impossible  to  continue  the 
gun  in  action ;  it  was  also  impossible  to  remove  it.  This  was  eventually  done  under  cover 
of  darkness. 

On  tbe  following  morning  it  was  found  that  tbe  enemy  bad  succeeded  ia  building  a 
barricade  6  foot  high  the  whole  length  of  the  uorih  bridge,  a  distance  of  30  to  40  yards. 

In  ibe  correspondence  which  was  at  this  time  proceeding  between  tbe  Diplomatic 
Body  and  the  Chinese  Government  as  represented  by  "Prince  Cbing  and  others," 
expostulations  bad  been  made  respecting  the  strengthening  of  our  defences.  Attention 
was,  therefore,  drawn  to  the  building  of  this  formidable  barricade  by  the  Chinese  Imperial 
troops.  The  reply  received  was  that  "  we  must  not  be  alarmed  as  the  troops  of  Tung-fu 
Hsiang  were  only  engaged  in  mending  the  road  I  " 

Fire  was  immediately  opened  from  this  barricade,  and  the  road  along  tbe  canal  became 
very  dangerous.  To  obviate  this  a  large  traverse  was  run  across  the  road  at  the  smaller 
gate  of  the  Legation  and  a  barricade  constructed  across  tbe  south  bridge. 

On  the  2nd  August  the  fortifications  having  been  thoroughly  strengthened  on  the 
north  and  east,  it  was  determined  to  improve  our  western  defences.  Consequently,  a  small 
party  of  British  marines  and  volunteers  uf  various  nationalities,  mostly  belonging  to  the 
Imperial  Maritime  Customs,  under  M.  von  Strauch,  an  ex-ofHcer  of  tbe  German  army, 
were  directed  to  cut  a  bole  through  the  west  wall  of  the  stable  quarters  and  occupy  some 
buildings  forming  tbe  east  side  of  the  Mongol  Market.  The  hour  chosen  was  that  of  the 
Chinese  siesta,  shortly  before  noon.  The  bouses  were  successfully  occupied  without  the 
enemy  becoming  aware  of  our  intentions.  They  were  found  to  be  in  a  good  state  of 
preservation,  and  a  party  of  Christian  converts  under  Mr.  Gamewell's  orders  were  at  once 
set  to  work  to  loophole  the  walla  and  make  barricades  where  necessary.  Three  Chinese 
soldiers  were  found  dead  in  the  houses,  where  they  bad  evidently  dragged  themselves  to  die. 

In  a  few  days  this  position,  which  was  one  of  considerable  importance,  was  greatly 
strengthened,  Thus  oa  tbe  north  and  west  the  British  Legation  defences  bad  been  pushed 
foiward  in  the  direction  of  the  enemy.  The  latter  very  soon  discovered  this  new  occupa- 
tion, and  the  whole  of  the  Mongol  Market  barricades  blazed  out  on  our  workmg  parties. 
These,  however,  kept  well  under  cover,  and  only  a  few  casualties  took  place. 

For  the  remaining  few  days  of  the  siege  this  position  was  the  scene  of  constant 
attack.  Tbe  enemy,  whose  barricades  by  the  Carriage  Park  wall  were  within  stone- 
throwing  distance,  kept  up  a  constant  fire,  also  hurling  bricks  and  stones  over  tbe  ruined 
walls.     One  of  our  marines  was  badly  cut  on  the  bead  by  one  of  these  miesites. 


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'«7 

On  this  day  a  messenger  arrived  from  Tiea-tsin  beariog  mauy  leltcra.  The  following 
were  posted  on  the  Bell  Tower  :— 

''From  the  American' Consul,  Tien-lsin,  to  American  Minister,  dated  the  28th  July. 

"Had  lodt  all  hope  of  seeing  you  a,s^in.  Prospect  now  bri<;hter.  We  had  thirty 
days  shelling  here,  nine  days  siege,  thought  that  bad  enough.  Scarcely  a  house 
escaped  damage.  Excitement  at  home  is  intense;  of  course,  our  prayers  and  hopes  are 
lor  your  safety  and  speedy  rescae.     Advance  of  troops  to-morrow  probable." 

Another  from  Lieutenant-Colonel  Mallorr*  United  States'  Army,  dated  the  30th 
July:— 

"  A  relief  column  of  10,000  is  on  the  point  of  starting  for  Peking ;  more  to  fullow, 
God  grant  they  may  be  in  time." 

The  one  which  contained  the  most  news  was  written  :by  Mr.  Lowry,  of  the  American 
Legation,  who  was  in  Tien-tsin  when  the  railway  was  cut.  The  letter  was  to  his  wife, 
one  of  the  besieged.     It  was  as  follows : — 

"The  bearer  arrived  last  Friday  with  news  from  Peking.  The  9th,' 14th  United 
States*  Regiments  already  at  Tien-tsin.  6th  Cavalry  at  TaJtu  on  its  way  up.  An 
advance  guard  of  several  regiments  has  already  started.  There  was  fighting!;  this 
morning  at  Pei  Tsang.  Everything  is  quiet  here  now.  Word  came  to-day  Boxers 
killing  Christians  at  Tsun  Hua  and  many  other  places.  Tien-tsin'  full  of  foreign  troops 
and  more  coming  all  the  time.  Railway  open  between  here  and  Tangku.  Many  ladies 
and  children, went  back  to  United  States  on  transport  *  Logan.'  All  property  at  Pei-tai 
Hoa  destroyed." 

This  letter  was  dated  the  30th  July. 

This  news  greatly  cheered  the  spirits  of  the  garrison. 

On  the  7th  August  "  Prince  Ching  and  others  "  sent  condolences  on  the  death  of 
the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha  and  the  dring  was  heavier  than  usual.  The  enemy 
seemed  now  to  be  concentrating  their  attention  on  the  British  Legation,  the  Ore  (roni  the 
Mongol  Market  being  particularly  severe;  the  bullets  were  also  coming  lower.  Mr.  Game- 
well  reported  that  our  fortifications  in  this  quarter  were  being  damaged  by  rifle  fire  to  an 
extent  which  had  not  before  occurred.  We  ascertained  afterwards  through  spies  that  a 
new  division  of  troops  had  come  from  Shansi  under  a  Brigadier-General,  who  had  sworn 
to  take  the  Legadon  in  five  days.     This  division  was  stationed  in  the  Mongol  Market. 

Orders  were  posted  on  the  Bell  Tower  that  women  and  children  were  not  to 
walk  about  the  grounds  while  firing  was  going  on,  severaP  very  narrow- escapes  having 
taken  place.  To  meet  the  attacks  from  the  west  the  Nordenfelt  was  mounted  on  a 
pljitform  on  the  top  of  the  wall  at  the  back  of  the  Chinese  Secretary's  bouse  and  did 
'  exceilent  work.  A  platform  was  also  made  in  our  new  defences  in  the  Mongol  Market 
for  the  "  International "  gun,  which  was  still  in  chai^  of  the  indefatigable  American  gunner, 
Mitchell. 

On  the  9th  August  the  Fu,  which  had  enjoyed  a  spell  of  comparative  quiet,  was 
again  attacked,  and  fresh  flags  were  planted  behind  the  enemy's  barricades.  The  attack 
was  evidently  now  closing  in.  We  had,  however,  worked  so  hard  on  the  defences  that 
our  casualties  were  very  few. 

August  10. — ^At  3  in  the  afternoon  a  tremendous  fusillade  took  place  against  the 
Fu  and  all  our  defences,  Hanlin,  Carriage  Park,  and  Mongol  Market.  The  big  gun 
fire  had  entirely  ceased  since  the  commencement  of  the  armistice,  but  the  rifle  fire  was 
very  heavy,  and  cut  our  fortifications  about  considerably. 

On  Ibis  day  a  messenger,  who  had  been  sent  out  on  the  6th  to  the  advancing 
forces,  returned  with  the  following  letter  from  General  Gaselee,  dated  the  8th  August, 
Tsai  "Tsuns : — 

"  Strong  force  of  allies  advancing.    Twice  defeated  enemy.    Keep  up  youi  spirits." 

Colonel  Shiba  also  received  a  letter  from  General  Fukushima,  dated  Camp  at  Cnong 
Chiang,  2  p.m.,  north  of  Nan  Tsai  Tsung,  the  8th  August : — 

"  Japanese  and  American  troops  defeated  enemy  on  5th  instant  near  Pei-tsangand 
occurred  Yang-tsun.  Tb£  allied  force,  consisting  of  Americans,  British,  and  Russians,  left 
Yaug-taup  this  morning,  and  while  marching  noith  I  received  your  letter  at  ij  p.m.  at  a 
village  called  Nan  Tsai  l^uog.  It  is  very  gratifying  to  know  that  the  foreign  community 
at  Peking  ye  hiding  on,  and  believe  me  it  is  the  earnest  and  unanimous  desire  of  tlie 
lieutenaat-General  and  all  of  us  to  arrive  at  Peking  as  soon  as  poesible,  and  relieve 
you  from  your  perilous  position.  UaltHS  aome  oaftinaeen  event  twes  place  the  allied 
[395]  J 


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foroe  will  be  at  Ho  Si  Wu  on  tlie  9th,  Matoo,  ICkh,  Cliftng  Chia-*an,  llth,  Tung  Chou. 
12th,  and  arrive  Peking  13th  cr  14th."  -        / . 

Oa  the  6th  Mr.  Bquiers.  my  Chief  of  the  stafT,  had  drawn  up  a  plan  of  tUe  city, 
ibowiug  the  sluice  gate  throuifh  the  Tartar  city  wall,  and  ourpositioii  on  the  tvalU  which 
was  marked  by  three  dags,  a  Russian  on  the  weuiern  extremitT^  a  British  flag  io  the 
centre,  and  an  Anitriean  on  the  east.  Direttions  were  f^iven  in  this  letter  in  English 
and  American  cyphrr  as  to  the  best  means  of  entrance.  The  letter  was  addressed  to 
the  American  and  English  Generals,  and  was  duly  delivered  to  them  on  the  Sthin'stii'it. 

August  12. — From  the  various  quarters  of  the  defence  reports  came  in  that  the 
enemy  were  very  active,  and  it  became  evident  that  the  relief  force  whs  Hearing.  .  I^rpm 
the  RuBBO- American  position  on  the  Tartar  city  wall  numerous  bodies  of  troops  were 
rqaorted  leaving  the  Cheng  Meng.  From  the  north  stable  picket  bodies  -of  cavalry  wert  seen 
to  advance  up  to  the  bridge,  dismount,  and  lead  their  horses  across  nnder  cover,  of  the 
barricade;  their  movements  were  considerably  accelerated  by  our  riflemen  from  that  post 
and  the  Main  Gate  caponier;  the  Krupp  gun  by  the  Hata  Gate,  which  had  been  silent  for 
Berernl  days,  again  opened  fire.  Nickel-plated  bullets,  fired  at  a  range  of  20:yards, 
pierced  our  defences  in  the  Mungol  Market  and  elsewhere.  In  their  eagerness  to  press 
forward,  the  enemy  overthrew  one  of  llieir  own  barricade*.  Instantly. our  sharpshooters 
opened  a  deadly  fire,  and  the  Nnrdenfelt  was  brought  to  bear.  Before  they  could  escape 
this  hail  of  bullets  twenty-seven,  including  their  leader,  fell  in  a  riddled  heap.  The  next 
day  "  Prince  Ching  and  others  "  wrote  an  indignant  protest,  saying  that  the  "  converts  " 
had  again  opened  lire  on  the  Imperial  troops,  killing  an  officer  and  twenty-six  men.  'W^e 
subsequently  heard  thai  the  officer  was  none  other  than  the  General  ol'  Division  whose 
rash  oath  has  been  recorded. 

Wheo  the  evening  closed  in  the  enemy  had  made  ,do  advance  in  any  direction  and 
had  Inst  severely.  Our  casualties  were  few,  but  they  included  Captain  Labrousse,  of  tlie 
French  Staff,  an  officer  who  l)ad  done  excellent  service  both  in  the  French  Legation  and 
on  the  Tartar  city  wall;  in  this  capacity  he  came  particularly . under  my  notice.  Ins  ' 
reports  being  very  lucid  and  of  great  service  to  the  defence.  Inhim  the  French  army  l<>st 
a  smart  and  capable  officer. 

The  moniing  of  the  I3th  commenced  with  sharp  firing  in  ever)'  direction,  which 
lasted  with  scarcely  an  interval  throughout  the  day.  Towards  evening  it  was  reported  tu 
me  that  the  enemy  were  at  work  in  the  battery  on  the  Imperial  city  wall.  I  immediately, 
proceeded  to  the  north  stable  picket,  and,  in  the  failing  light,  through  glasses,  saw  that 
wurk  of  some  kind  was  being  carried  on.  1'he  sergeant  of  the  picket  reported  that 
previous  to  my  arrival  be  had  seen  what  he  thought  was  a  u>odern  piece  of  artillery 
owiog  to  the  light  catching  on  brass  mountings.  As  the  enemy  had  not  fired  from  this 
battery  since  the  16th  July,  I  thought  that  it  would  be  advisable  to  let  sleeping  dc^  lie 
and  not  to  draw  the  fire  unnecessarily,  especially  as  the  relief  force  was  so  close ;  but,  to 
be  on  the  safe  side,  before  the  light  died  away  altf^ther  the  Austrian  Maxim  was  brought 
into  the  north  stable  and  careful  aim  taken  at  the  battery.  The  American  gunner  jn 
cbai^i*  of  the  automatic  Colt,  iix  the  .Main  Gate  caponier,  was  instructed  also  to  lay  his 
gan  on  the  embrasure.  Both  had  orders  that  immediately  fire  was  opened  ffom  it 
the  two  machine-guns  were  to  return  the  fire.  The  ranges  were  200  and  350  yards. 
Shortly  before  8  a  tremendous. rifle  fire  opened  alt  round,  and  int>tant1y  the  above- 
mentioned  battery  joined  in.  The  sei^eant  had  been  right  in  his  surmise,  for,  instead  of 
ur  old  friend  the  smooth  bore,  it  was  a  *-'-incb  quick-firing  Krupp  which  opened,  on  ps 
with  segment  and  common  shell.  Hardly  had  the  crash  of  the  first  exploding  shell  taken 
place  wlien  the  Austrian  Maxim  and  the  American  Colt  rattled  out  their  reply.  At 
the  seventh  round  this  gun  was  silenced,  but  not  before  it  had  done  considerable  damage; 
three  shots  struck  Fort  Hatliday,  stunning  the  inmates,  though  hurting  noliody;  one 
carried  away  a  tall  chimney  in  the  Minister's  house,  another  struck  a  brick  pillar  in  tlie 
upstairs  balcony  ot  the  Jiorth-east  corner  of  said  house  (a  post  commonly  known  as 
Rosamond's  Bower),  completely  demolishing  the  pillar  and  part  of  balcony,  and  one 
pieroed  the  roof  and  exploded  Jn  my  dressing-room,  creating  very  considerable  havoc; 
fortunately,  not  a  single  casualty  resulted  from  all  this  cannonade.  Four  limes  between 
sunset  and  sunrise  the  "general  attack  "  bell  was  sounded,  when  all  reserves  turned  out 
and  stood  ready  for  emergencies.  The  enemy  seemed  particularly  active  in  the  Mongol 
Market ;  reinforcements  were  ui^ently  requested  from  this  quarter,  and  were  promptly 
sent.  The  Chinese  officers  were  heard  inciting  the  men  to  charge,  laying  stress  on  the 
fact  that  they  fer  outnumbered  us  and  the  distance  was  very  short.  The  firing  ceased, 
and  an  ominous  silence  followed,,  as  if  they  were  in  reality  gathering  for  the  attack.  It 
was  then  that  our  CommAndant  sent  for  reinforcements;  before  they  arrived  the  enemy 
had  evidently  thought  better  of  their  intention  to  .attack  with  the  bayonet,  and  had 


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recommenced  firing  and  throwing  bricks.     The  tiiu  uf  rifle  fire;  thie  rattk  of  bullets  6a  tt>e  ' 
roofs,  and  the  scream  and  craali  uf  large  ordnance  was  deafeaing. 

At  about  2  A.M.  there  was  a  pause,  when  very  distinctly  the  delighted  garriaoo  heard 
the  boom  of  heavier  ^uns'  away  to  the  east,  and;  the  sound  of  many  Maxims  evidently 
oulsiiie  the  city  whIIs.  The  scene  in  the  Legation  was  indescribable.  Those  who,  tued 
out,  had  fallen  aslpep  ^ere  wakened  by  these  unwonted  sounds,  and  there  was  much 
cheering  and  shaking  of  hands.  The  enemy,  too,  bad  beard  it.  For  a  moment  there  was 
silence;  then  the  ritle'tire  broke  out  more  angry  and  deafening  than  before,  instantly 
responded  to  by  the  rattle  of  our  sharpshooters  and  the  grunt  of  the  tive-barrelled 
Nordenfelt,  which,  under  the  able  management  of  the  *' Orlando's  "  armourer  and  Sergeant 
Murphy  of  the  marines,  refused  to  jam,  but  bailed  volleys  of  bullets  into  the  Mongol 
Market  banicudes.  The  "  International"  was  also  particularly  active,  and  fired  at  point 
blank  range  into  the  said  barricade  until  the  gallant  gunner  Mitchell  had  his  arm  badly 
broken  by  a  Mauser  bullet,  and  was  taken  to  hospital.  Alter  the  relieving  force  entered, 
the  little  garrison  of  the  Mongol  Market  defences  found  that  the  "  International"  was' 
loaded,  but  owing  to  the  accident  to  the  gunner  had  not  been  fired.  As  it  was  impossible 
to  draw  the  charge,  the  muzzle  was  elevated,  and  the  last  shot  fired  from  this  unique  gun 
descended  amongst  the  yellow-tiled  pavilions  of  the  Pink  or  Forbidden  City. 

With  daylight  the  firing  died  down,  and  there  was  a  period  of  calm.  A  sharp 
look-out  was  kept  from  all  the  posts,  especially  the  Tartnr  city  wall,  for  any  possible 
appearance  of  the  relieving  force.  Mr.  Squiers,  my  energetic  Chief  of  the  stati',  reported' 
from  the  American  Legation  shortly  after  daybreak  :  "  On  the  wall  there  has  been  no  sign 
of  the  approach  of  our  troops  beynud  the  firing  of  the  machine-guns,  'i  he  direction  of 
the  firing  seemed  to  he  the  Chinese  wall  just' to  the  right  of  the  part  where  it  joms  the 
Tartar  city  wall.  There  is  no  commotion  in  the  Chinese  city  or  at  either  of  the  gates. 
Your  fiag-staff  viasshot  away  during  the  night,  the  flag  falling  over  the  wall.  Fortunately 
it  was  secured,  and  pulled  back  before  the  Chinese  had  a  chance  to  capture  it.  If  you 
will  send  a  carpenter  ]  will  attend  to  repairs."  The  armourer  and  signalman  of  th« 
"  f  >rlando  "  were  sent,  the  staff  was  mended,  and  the  flag  rehuisted. 

At  6  A.M.  Mr.  Squiers  again  reported :  "  The  Chinese  have  three  guns  mounted  at 
the  Hata  Men,  which  they  have  been  firing  in  an  easterly  direction.  All  the  musketry 
fire  seemed  to  be  on  the  wall  between  the  Hata  Men  and  the  tower  at  the  corner.  iNo 
excitement  in  the  Chinese  city.  The  Chieii  Men  is  still  open,  but  few  passing  in  or  out." 
Again,  at  7  a.m.  :  "  Henvy  firing  at  the  Clii-hua  Men ;  also  further  machine-gun  fire 
beyond  the  Hata  Men.  !No  movement  in  the  Chinese  city."  This  was  the  Japanese, 
Russian,  and  American  attack  developing  along  the  east  side  of  .the  Tartar  city.  As  can 
be  seen,  Mr.  Squiers  is  careful  to  report  any  movement  in  the  Chinese  citv,  for  in 
accordance  with  the  plan  sent  out  it  was  in  this  direction  the  relief  was  expected.  At 
9"16  he  reports  :  "  For  the  past  half-hour  Chinese  soldiers  have  betn  pouring  out  of  the 
Chien  Men,  going  in  the  direction  of  the  south  gate ;  cavalry,  infantry,  and  two  pieces  of 
artillery.  In  the  direction  of  the  Hata  Men  there  is  heavy  cannon  fire,  and  a  large 
shell  has  just  exploded  in  the  roof  of  the  tower  in  the  south-east  angle  of  the  Tartiir  city." 

At  1 1  the  report  came  :  "  Large  numbers  of  Chinese  soldiers  are  passing  through  the 
Chien  Men  into  the  Imperial  city."  The  defending  troops  were  evidently  being  withdrawn 
from  the  Chinese  city  to  meet  the  JapHnese  atuck  on  the  east  gate  of  the  Tartar  city. 

Shortly  before  3  P.M.  a  breathless  messenger  from  the  Tartar  city  wall  arrived 
to  say  that  foreign  troops  were  under  the  city  wall  opposite  the  water  gate.  I 
immedialely  followed  him,  and  arrived  in  time  to  receive  Gleneral  Oaselee  and  his  staff  as 
they  came  through  the  said  gate  and  stood  on  tlie  caual  road.  From  there  I  led  them 
thriiugh  the  RusHian  Legation  to  the  British,  where  they  were  welcomed  bv  the  rest  of 
the  besieged  garrison.  The  regiment  which  first  entered  the  Legation  quarter  was  the 
7th  Rajpoots  under  Alajor  Vaughan.  With  then)  was  Major  Scott,  of  the  8rd  Sikhs, 
attached  to  the  iat  Sikhs,  with  a  few  men  of  this  regnnent.  This  officer  with  several  men 
ran  along  the  canal  road  from  the  south  bridge  to  the  gateway  opposite  the  First 
Secretary's  house,  aiid  were  the  first  to  enter  the  British  Legation.  This  portion  of  the 
canal  road  was  under  the  enemy's  fire  trom  the  north  bridge  barricade,  and  three  casualties 
occurred  here  later  in  the  afternoon. 

On  arriving  in  the  Legation,  which  was  still  being  hotly  attacked  by  the  enemv  from 
the  Hanlin  and  Mongol  Market,  a  small  detachment  of  the  7th  was  sent  into  the 
Main  Gate  caponier  to  assist  In  repelling  the  attack.  A  man  of  this  regiment  was  almost 
immediately  seriously  wounded ;  one  of  the  ladies  of  the  garrisun  was  also  wounded  on  the 
lawn.  In  the  meanwhile,  Mr.  Squiers  with  a  small  party  qf  Russinn  »nd  Amencan 
marines,  under  Captain  Vroubleffsky  and  Captain  Perry  Smith,  had  proceeded  along 
Legation  Street  to  the  Chien  Gate,  which  they -opened,  allowing  th&  I  at  Sikns,  tinder 
[896]  E  2 


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30 

Colonel  Pollock  aod  the  Hong  Kong  artillery  to  enter,  the  Ohioese  making  a  stand  here 
and  charging  up  to  the  Maxims  of  the  artillery.  The  American  troops  under  Gieneral 
Chaffey,  and  Russians  under  General  Linievttch  had,  with  considerable  loss,  forced  the 
north-east  gate  of  the  Chinese  city,  and  proceeding  underneath  the  wall,  had  entered,  some 
by  the  water  gate  and  some  by  the  Chien  Gate.  Two  guns  of  Major  Johnson's 
^ttery  Royal  Artillery  had  also  been  got  through  the  water  gate  and  up  an  improvised 
ramp  on  to  the  canal  road.  One  of  these  (;uns  was  brought  on  to  the  south  bridge,  and 
effectively  shelled  the  north  bridge  barricade,  and  the  battery  on  the  Imperial  city  wall. 
The  besieged  lost  no  time  in  taking  the  offensive.  As  has  been  seen,  the  American  and 
Russian  Legations  were  inslrumental  in  opening  the  Chien  Gate;  Lieutenant  von  Soden 
with  a  detachment  of  liis  men  attacked  the  enemy  and  drove  them  to  the  Hata  Gate, 
capturing  their  guns  and  banners;  the  Italian  and  Japanese  detachment  in  the  Fa  drove  the 
enemy  from  their  positions  and  reoccupied  the  entire  Fu. 

A  detachment  of  British  marines  and  volunteers  under  Captain  Poole  cut  a  hole 
through  the  Carriage  Park  wall  and  occupied  the  whole  of  this  inclosure,  killing  three  of 
the  enemy. 

Two  days  later  a  detachment  of  French,  Russian,  and  English  troops  relieved  our 
gallant  teiiow  prisoners  in  the  Peh-taug,  whose  sufferings  had  been  worse  than  ours,  and  the 
si^e  of  Peking  came  to  an  end. 

During  the  siege  the  rollowing  number  of  cases  passed  through  the  International 
Hospital;  126  wounded,  all  severely,  of  whom  17  died;  40  cases  of  sickness,  mostly 
enteric  and  dysentry,  of  whom  2  died.  Of  the  166  cases  treated  14J  were  soldiers  or 
sailors,  the  rest  civilians;  165  were  men;  1  woman  was  wounded.  Of  the  above  cases 
21  were  Germans;  Americans,  17;  English,  65;  French,  17;  Dutch,  1  ;  Japanese,  14; 
Italians,  17;   Austriaas,  6;  and  Riissians,  18. 

The  slightly  wounded  are  not  mentioned  lu  this  Return  ;  many  of  these  were  treated 
on  the  spot  by  the  excellent  French  and  Japanese  military  surgeons,  who  remained  with 
their  detachments  in  the  French  Legation  and  Fu. 

The  latter  post  has  frequently  lieen  mentioned  as  the  scene  ot  severe  fighting.  The 
following  Retuni  of  the  numbers  killed  and  wounded  therein  will  be  of  interest : — 


Killed. 

Wounded. 

English 

2 

11 

Frencli 

1 

2 

ItuMioas 

2 

AustrJooB 

I 

1 

Italians 

7 

11 

Japanese 

9 

21 

Cliiocse 

Total 

18 

85 

38 

133 

The  Chinese  were  mostly  employed  working  in  the  defences,  though  Colonel  Shiba 
had  organized  a  foice  of  some  twenty  Chinese  armed  with  swords  and  spears  who  were 
very  useful  in  keeping  watch. 

A  Return  of  the  officers  icilled  and  wounded  of  the  various  marine  detachments  will 
be  of  interest: — 


Officers 
orrived. 

Killed. 

BHtish 

S 

Italians 

2 

2 

2 

.lopnnefe 

2 

1 

German 

I 

French 

3 

1 

Austrians     . . 

4 

1 

2 

Americans  ..              .. 

2 

1 

Total 

19 

9 

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The  total  number  of  foreigners  killed  duriog  the  si^  from  the  20th  June  to  the 
14tfa  July  inclusive,  was  sixty-six. 

I  inclose  two  maps :  one,  of  the  defences  of  the  Su  Wang  Fu,  and  the  other,  of  the 
French  LegatioD,  both  drawn  tothe  same  scale. 

A  careful  examination  of  these  maps  will  show  that  from  the  20th  June  to  the 
13th  July  the  garrisons  of  both  these  important  posts  were  driven  back  step  by  step, 
disputing  every  inch  of  the  ground,  yielding  only  to  superior  numbers  and  having  to  cope 
with  shell  fire,  incendiarism,  and  in  the  case  of  the  French  Legation,  subterranean  mines, 
until,  after  twenty-three  days'  fighting,  three  quarters  of  each  of  these  two  positions  was  in 
the  hands  of  the  enemy.  Had  the  latter  pressed  on  after  the  13th  July  with  the  same 
persistence  they  showed  up  to  that  date,  and  also  having  an  attenuated  and  worn-out 
garrison  to  deal  with,  they  would  have  captured  both  positions  by  the  20th  July  at 
latest.  Fortunately,  on  the  14th  instant,  Tien-tsin  was  taken  by  the  allies;  this  produced 
a  market!  effect  on  the  besiegers,  and  the  besieged  received  nearly  twenty  days'  respite, 
which  enabled  them  to  materially  strengthen  their  defences  and  recuperate  generally,  so 
that  the  final  attacks  of  the  enemy  were  repulsed  with  ease. 


[Three  Plans  annexed.*] 


No.  2. 
iStr  C.  MacDonatd  to  the  Marquess  of  Lansdowne. — {Received  February  2,  1901.) 

My  Lord,  T6H6,  December  26,  1900. 

IN  my  Report  dated  the  20th  September  last,  I  bad  the  honour  to  recommend 
certain  officers  and  civilians  who  performed  exceptionally  good  service  during  the  8i^;e 
of  Peking. 

To  the  names  then  mentioned,  it  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  add  the  names  of 
the  following  gentlemen  volunteers,  members  of  the  Imperial  Maritime  Customs,  whose 
sorvicea  have  been  specially  brought  to  my  notice  by  Captain  Poole,  who  was  in  chaise 
of  volunteers. 

I  have,  &a 
(Signed)  CLAUDE  M.  MacDONALD. 


luclosure  in  No.  2, 
List  of  Members  of  the  Imperial  Maritime  Customs  recommended  by  Sir  C.  MacDonald. 

ME.  MACOUN  was  for  some  time  in  charge  of  the  Customs  contingent  of  volun- 
teers, arranged  their  roster,  and  was  himself  unceasingly  on  duty  in  either  the  dangerous 
Prince  Su's  Park  or  West  Hanlin.  He  was  an  indefatigable  worker.  He  was  wounded 
in  the  thigh  by  a  bullet  in  Prince  Su's  Park  on  the  12th  July,  and,  though  lame  from 
the  effects,  cheerfully  resumed  his  duties  afler  a  week's  rest.  I  understand  that  he  is 
not  even  now  fully  recovered. 

Mr.  de  Courcy  was  also  conspicuous  by  his  hard  work,  and  cheerfully  resumed  his 
dangerous  duty  in  the  park  and  dsewhere  before  his  health  really  rendered  it  advisable 
for  him  to  do  so.  After  the  siege  his  health  completely  broke  down,  and  he  died 
at  Tien-tsin  on  the  29th  September.  He  was  also  slightly  wounded  in  the  L^ation 
compound. 

Mr.  Saiythe,  too  ill  at  the  commencement  for  work,  took  his  duty  at  the  very 
earliest  opportunity,  and  was  always  only  too  eager  to  supplement  his  own  watches  by 
relieving  those  who  were  worn  out  by  the  extreme  length  of  the  watches  towards  the 
end  of  the  siege.  His  health  suffered  severely  under  the  strain  of  his  self-denying  good 
nature,  resulting  in  an  attack  of  typhoid  after  the  relief. 

Mr.  Bethell's  extreme  youth  made  the  work  done  by  him  as  a  volunteer  the  more 
specially  noticeable.  The  strain  and  hardship  brought  on  a  sickness  which  necessitated 
his  going  to  hospital  for  a  short  time  durin|r  the  siege,  yet,  in  spite  of  this,  he  resumed 
his  duty  at  the  earliest  chance. 

*  Not  printed. 


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Mr.  BusselFs  arduous,  wiUioff,  and  self-denying  services  in  the  commissuTiat,  where 
he  had  charge  of  and  dealt  out  daily  the  rations  of  the  plainer  foodatuif  to  fcHvignen 
and  natives,  excited  general  admiration,  and  they  were  always  rendered  with  the  greatest 
chet^rfulneHB.  The  important  and  difficult  work  of  milling  the  grain,  in  obtaining  which 
he  was  also  largely  instrummtal,  was  also  intrusted  to  him. 

No.  3. 
*  7%e  Marquess  of  Lansdowne  to  Sir  C.  MacDonald. 

Sir,  Foreign  Office,  February  10, 1901. 

I  HAVE  received  and  laid  before  the  King  your  despatch  of  the  24th  Docenaber, 
iccloaing  a  report,  in  continuation  of  those  zktready  received,  with  accompanying 
maps,  on  events  at  Peking  from  the  20th  June  to  the  14th  August  regarded  from  the 
mibtary  aspect. 

As  the  present  report  completes  your  account  of  the  siege  and  relief  of  the 
L^ations,  I  desire  to  take  this  opportunity  of  stating  how  highly  His  Majesty's 
Government  value  these  admirable  and  exhaustive-  records  of  an  episode  of  the 
deepest  historic  interest. 

The  gallantry  with  which  the  defence  was  maintained  by  all  the  foreign  forces 
engaged,  more  especially  after  the  ^lure  of  the  first  relief  expedition,  and  the  con- 
sequent disappointment  to  the  besieged,  coupled  with  the  energy  and  courage  with 
which  the  efforts  of  the  regular  forces  were  seconded  by  the  Legation  staffs  and  other 
civilians,  has  commanded  the  admiration  of  the  whole  civilized  world. 

His  Majesty's  Government  desire  also  to  place  on  record  their  appreciation  of  the 
important  part  borne  by  yourself  throughout  this  crisis.  On  the  22nd  June,  at  the 
request  of  your  colleagues,  you  took  charge  of  the  defence,  a  position  for  which,  from 
your  military  training,  you  possessed  exceptional  qualifications ;  and  from  that  date 
you  continued  to  direct  the  operations  of  the  garrison  until  the  relief  took  place  on  the 
14th  August. 

Information  has  reached  His  Majesty's  Government  from  various  sources  that  the 
success  of  the  defence  was  largely  due  to  your  personal  efforts,  and  more  particularly 
to  the  unity  and  cohesion  which  you  found  means  of  establishing  and  maintaining 
among  the  forces  of  so  many  different  nationalities  operating  over  an  extended  area. 
Competent  eye-witnesses  have  expressed  the  opinion  that  if  it  can  be  said  that  the 
European  community  owe  their  lives  to  any  one  man  more  than  to  another,  where  so 
many  distinguished  themselves,  it  is  to  you  they  are  indebted  for  their  safety. 

I  cannot  conclude  this  despatch  without  asking  you  to  convey  to  Lady  MacDonald 
the  thanks  of  His  Majesty's  Government  for  her  unceasing  and  devoted  attention  to 
the  (^mfort  and  welfare  of  the  sick  and  wounded.  Her  work,  and  that  of  the  ladies 
who  assisted  her,  have  earned  the  lasting  gratitude  not  only  of  those  who  benefited  hy 
her  ministrationsj  but  also  of  their  reUitives  in  Europe  who  were  kept  for  so  many 
weeks  in  a  condition  of  the  most  painful  anxiety  and  suspense. 

I  am,  &c. 
(Signed)  LANSDOWNE. 


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