Setting-up exercises for members of the uniformed force and First aid to the injured. 1916

SETTING-UP EXERCISES FOR !E«RS OF
THE UNIFORMED FORCE

AND

FIRST AID TO THE INJURED

FIRE DEPARTMENT

GIFT OF

FIRE DEPARTMENT

WASHINGTON : : DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

SETTING-UP EXERCISES

FOR MEMBERS OF THE UNIFORMED FORCE

AND

FIRST AID TO THE INJURED

V

1916

WASHINGTON
1916

INSTRUCTIONS.

These exercises are for the purpose of keeping the members of the
Department in good physical condition.

It has been observed that a great many of the members have
increased in weight, especially about the abdomen, and these exer-
cises are for the purpose of correcting this condition, and for stimu-
lating the heart, lungs, and digestive system.

In order that they may prove beneficial, all the exercises should
be executed with vigor and enthusiasm.

3

347182

POSITION.

The position of attention should be assumed before starting the
exercises. It is as follows:

Heels on the same line, and as near each other as the conformation
of each man permits; feet turned out equally, and forming an angle
of about 45 degrees; knees straight without stiffness; the body erect
on the hips, and spine extended throughout its entire length; the
shoulders, falling naturally, are forced back until they are square;
chest arched and slightly raised. The arms hang naturally, thumb
along seam of trousers, back of hand out, and elbows turned back;
head erect, chin drawn in, so that the axis of the head and neck is
vertical; eyes straight to the front, and fixed on an object at their
own height.

In this position the weight rests principally upon the balls of the
feet, the heels resting lightly upon the ground. When properly
assumed, a vertical line drawn from the top of the head should
pass in front of the ear, just in front of the shoulder and the thigh,
and find its base at the balls of the feet.

Prior to starting the exercises, the men should form in line, four
paces from each other.

First Series.

1. Position of attention, from at ease and rest.

2. Starting positions, Par. 10, Figs. 1 to 8.

3. 1. Raise and lower arms to side horizontal.

Two counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 2.

The arms rigidly extended are brought to the sides smartly
without coming in contact with the thighs. Inhale on first
and exhale on second count.

FIG. 9.

4.1. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE, 3. Quarter bend trunk forward.

Two counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 9.

The trunk is inclined forward at the waist about 45 degrees
and then extended again; the hips are as perpendicular as pos-
sible; execute slowly; exhale on first and inhale and raise
chest on second count.

6 SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

5. 1. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE, 3. Raise shoulders.

Two counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 10.

The shoulders are raised as high as possible without derang-
ing the position of the body or head and lowered back to
position; execute briskly; inhale on first and exhale on second
count.

FIG. 10. FIG. 11.

6. 1. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE, 3. Quarter bend knees.

Two counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 11.

The knees are flexed until the point of the knee is directly
over the toes; whole foot remains on ground; heels closed;
head and body erect; execute moderately fast, emphasizing
the ex tension; breathe naturally.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 7

7. 1. Arms backward, 2. CROSS, 3. Rise on toes.

Two counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 12.

The body is raised smartly until the toes and ankles are
extended as much as possible; heels closed; head and trunk
erect; in recovering position heels are lowered gently; breathe
naturally.

FIG. 12.

Breathing exercise, 2. INHALE, 3. EXHALE.

At inhale the arms are stretched forward overhead and the
lungs are inflated; at exhale the arms are lowered laterally and
the lungs deflated; execute slowly; repeat four times.

8 SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

Second Series.

1. Position of attention, as in first series.

2. Repeat first lesson .

3. 1. Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE, 3. Extend arms forward.

Two counts; repeat 8 to 10 times.

The arms are extended forward forcibly, palms down, and
brought back to position smartly, elbows being forced back;
exhale on first and inhale on second count.

4. 1,

FIG. 13.

Hands on hips, 2. PLACE, 3. Bend trunk backward.

Two counts; repeat 6 to 8 times, Fig. 13.

The trunk is bent backward as far as possible; head and
shoulders fixed; knees extended; feet firmly on the ground;
hips as nearly perpendicular as possible; in recovering care
should be taken not to sway forward; execute slowly; inhale
on first and exhale on second count.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 9

5. 1. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE, 3. Move shoulders forward.

Two counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 14.

The shoulders are relaxed and moved forward and in as far
as possible and then moved backward without jerking; head
and trunk erect; execute slowly; exhale on first and inhale
on second count.

FIG. 14. FIG. 15.

6. 1. Arms backward, 2. CROSS, 3. Half bend knees.

Two counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 15.

The knees are separated and bent halfway to the ground,
point of knee being forced downward; head and trunk erect;
execute smartly and emphasize the extension ; breathe natu-
rally.

10 SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

7. 1. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE, 3. Half bend trunk forward.

Two counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 16.

The trunk is inclined forward until it is at right angles to
the legs, hips perpendicular; knees extended; head and
shoulders fixed; execute moderately slow; exhale on first and
inhale and raise chest on second count.

FIG. 16.

1. Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE, 3. Strike arms sideward.

The arms, knuckles down, hands closed, are flung outward

forcibly and brought back to shoulders smartly; execute fast;

breathe naturally.
Breathing exercise, as in first lesson.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

Third Series.

11

Position of attention, as in first series.

Repeat second lesson.

1. Raise arms overhead laterally.

Two counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, as in Fig. 3.
The arms, rigidly extended at the elbows, are raised over-
head, palms inward, smartly and brought down the same way;
execute moderately fast; inhale on the first and exhale on the
second count.

FIG. 17.

4.1. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE, 3. Bend trunk sideward, right or
left.

Two counts; repeat 6 to 8 times, Fig. 17.
The trunk, stretched at the waist, is inclined sideward as
far as possible; head and shoulders fixed; knees extended
and feet firmly on the ground; execute slowly; inhale on first
and exhale on second count.

12

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

5. 1. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE, 3. Bend head forward and back-
ward .

Four counts; repeat 6 to 8 times, Fig. 18.
The chin is drawn in and the head bent forward, back mus-
cles of neck being stretched upward; shoulders remain fixed;
in recovering the muscles are relaxed; execute slowly; inhale
and raise chest on first and exhale on second count. In bend-
ing the head backward the muscles of the neck are stretched
upward; breathe as before.

FIG. is.

FIG. 19.

6. 1. Curl shoulders forward.

Two counts; repeat G to 8 times, Fig. 19.
The shoulders relaxed are rolled forward as far as possible,
arms being rotated forward; they are then rolled backward
and the arms are rotated backward; execute slowly; exhale
on first and inhale on second count.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 13

Hands on hips, 2. PLACE, 3. Full bend knees.

Two counts; repeat 6 to 8 times, Fig. 20.

The knees are separated and bent as much as possible;
point of knees forced forward and downward; heels together;
trunk and head erect; execute slowly; breathe naturally.

FIG. 20.

8. 1. Hands in rear of . head, 2. LACE, 3. On toes, 4. RISE,

5. ROCK.

Two counts; repeat 6 to 8 times.

The body is raised on toes and then by short and quick;
extensions and flections of the toes it is lowered and raised
knees extended; heels together and free from the ground;
breathe naturally.

9. Breathing exercise as in first lesson.

14

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

Fourth Series.

1. Repeat third series.

2. 1. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE, 3. Thrust arms forward.

Two counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 21.

The arms, knuckles up, are thrust forward forcibly; in re-
covering the elbows are forced back; execute moderately fast;
exhale on first and inhale on the second count.

3. 1.

FIG. 21.

FIG. 22.

Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE, 3. Twist trunk sideward,
right or left.

Two counts; repeat G to 8 times, Fig. 22.

The trunk is turned to the right or left as far as possible;
hips as nearly perpendicular as possible; shoulders square and
head erect; knees extended and feet firm; execute slowly;
inhale on first and exhale on second count.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

15

Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE, 3. Turn head right, or left.

Two counts; repeat 6 to 10 times, Fig. 23.

The head, chin square, is turned to the right, or left, as far
as possible, muscles of the neck being stretched; shoulders
remain square; execute slowly; breathe naturally.

FIG. 23.

FIG. 24.

Hands on hips, 2. PLACE, 3. Raise knee.

Two counts; repeat 10 to 12 times, Fig. 24.

The thigh and knee are flexed until they are at right angles,
thigh horizontal; toes depressed; the right knee is raised at
one and the left at two; trunk and head erect; execute in ca-
dence of quick time; breathe naturally.

16 SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

6. 1. Fingers in rear of head, 2. LACE, 3. Full bend trunk forward.
FORWARD.

Two counts; repeat 6 to 8 times, Fig. 25.

The trunk is bent forward as far as possible; knees extended ;
feet firm; head and shoulders fixed; execute slowly; exhale
on first and inhale on second count.

FIG. 25.

7. 1. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE, 3. On toes, 4. RISE, 5. HOP.

Two counts; repeat 12 to 16 times.

The body is raised on toes and the hopping is performed
with knees extended; execute fast; breathe naturally.

8. Breathing exercise, as in first lesson.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

Fifth Series.

1. Repeat fourth series.

2. 1. Arms forward, 2. RAISE, 3. Stretch arms sideward.

Two counts; repeat 6 to 8 times, Fig. 26.

17

FIG. 26.

From the front horizontal the arms are extended to their
fullest extent and then stretched sideward, the arms rotating
till the palms are up; the sideward movement is performed
slowly; the recovery relaxed and quick; inhale on first and
exhale on the second count.

37667°— 16 2

18 SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

3.1. Hands on hips, 2. PLACE, 3. Bend trunk obliquely forward,
right or left.

Two counts; repeat 4 to 8 times, Fig. 27.

The trunk is turned to the right and bent forward to the
half -bend position; shoulders remain square, in the plane of
the ground; head fixed; knees straight; feet firm; hips as
nearly perpendicular as possible; execute slowly; exhale on
the first and inhale and raise chest on second count.

FIG. 27. FIG. 28.

4. 1. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE, 3. Extend leg forward.

Two counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 28.

The knee and ankle are extended forward with a snap, the
toes just escaping the ground; all extensor muscles con-
tracted; in recovering relax; trunk and head erect; execute
briskly ; breathe naturally .

SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 19

5. 1. Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE, 3. Move elbows forward.

Two counts; repeat 8 to 10 times. Fig. 29.

The elbows are brought together horizontally in front and
then forced back as far as possible; the forward movement
relaxed, the backward a stretch not a jerk; execute moderately
fast; exhale on the first and inhale on the second count.

FIG. 29.

6. 1. Hand on hips, 2. PLACE, 3. Bend trunk forward and back-
ward.

Two counts; repeat 6 to 8 times.

Bend trunk forward to the half-bend position (Fig. 16), and
then backward (Fig. 13); execute slowly; exhale on first and
inhale on second count.

20 SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

7. 1. Arms backward, 2 CROSS, 3. Rise on toes, right and left
alternately.

Four counts; repeat 10 to 12 times, Fig. 30.

FIG. 30.

The body is extended on the toes of the right foot and then
on those of the left; heels closed; trunk and head erect; exe-
cute moderately fast; breathe naturally.
8. Breathing exercise, as in first lesson.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 21

Sixth Series.

1. Repeat fifth series.

2. 1. Arms forward overhead, 2. RAISE, 3. Swing arms downward

and upward.
Two counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 31.

FIG. 31.

3. 1. Arms sideward overhead, 2. RAISE, 3. Fingers, 4. LACE,
5. Bend trunk sideward, right and left.
Two counts; repeat 6 to 8 times, Fig. 32.
The arms are fully extended and the body, stretched at
the waist, is bent sideward to the right and left; knees straight;
feet firm; head erect; execute slowly; breathe naturally.

22 SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

4. 1. Knees to squatting position, hands on hips, 2. BEND,
3. Rock on knees.

Two counts; repeat 6 to 8 times.

The knees are bent as in Fig. 20; extend and bend the
knees in quick succession; trunk and head erect; heels
closed; execute moderately fast; breathe naturally.

FIG. 32.

5. 1. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE, 3. Move shoulders forward, up,
back, and down.

Four counts; repeat 8 to 10 times.

The shoulders are relaxed and brought forward; in that
position they are raised; then they are forced back without
lowering them; and then they are dropped back to position;
execute slowly; exhale on the first; inhale on the second and
third and exhale on the last count.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 23

6. 1. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE, 3. Thrust arms forward; swing
them sideward, forward, and back to position.
Four counts; repeat 8 to 10 times.

FIG. 33.

The arms are thrust forward, then relaxed and swung side-
ward, then forward and finally brought back to position,
pressing elbows well to the rear; execute moderately fast;
exhale on the first and third and inhale on the second and
fourth counts.

24 SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

7. 1. Hop to side straddle and swing arms over head laterally and

recover position of attention.

Two counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 33.

The distance between the legs is about 30 inches; in alight-
ing the toes come in contact with the ground first and knees
are bent slightly; trunk and head erect; arms extended;
execute moderately fast; breathe naturally.

8. Breathing exercise, as in first lesson.

FIG. 34.
TRAINED SOLDIERS' INSTRUCTION.

First Series.

1. 1. Stretch arms forward, sideward, forward and down.
Four counts; repeat 6 to 8 times.

The arms, stretched to their utmost, are raised forward
horizontally, then moved sideward, knuckles down; in

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

25

returning and lowering the arms the muscles are relaxed;
trunk and head erect; execute first two motions slowly;
second two moderately fast; inhale on first and second, and
exhale on third and fourth counts.

Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE, 3. Half bend trunk forward
and extend arms sideward.

Two counts; repeat 6 to 8 times, Fig. 34.

The trunk is bent as in Fig. 16, and arms are extended
forcibly; in the recovery the elbows are forced back and the
chest raised; execute slowly; exhale on first, inhale on second
count.

FIG. 35.

Hands on hips, 2. PLACE, 3. Full bend knees and extend
arms sideward.

Two counts; repeat 6 to 8 times, Fig. 35.

The knees are bent as in Fig. 20, and arms are extended
sideward forcibly; execute moderately slow; breathe naturally.

26 SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

4. 1. Arms sideward, 2. RAISE, 3. Roll shoulders and arms for-
ward and back.

Two counts; repeat 6 to 10 times, Fig. 36.

The arms are rotated and the shoulders rolled forward and
backward as far as possible; execute slowly; exhale on first
and inhale and raise chest on second count.

FIG. 36.

5. 1. Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE, 3. Twist trunk sideward
right, or left, and extend arms sideward.
Two counts; repeat 6 to 8 times, Fig. 37.
The trunk is twisted as in Fig. 22; execute moderately
fast; inhale on the first and exhale on the second count.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

27

Raise arms and right or left leg forward, move arms sideward
and leg backward; move arms and leg forward and recover.

Four counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 38.

On the first count, the arms and legs are raised forward,
arms horizontal, leg extended; toes depressed; foot at height

FIG. 37.

FIG. 38.

of knee; on the second count the arms are moved smartly
to side horizontal and the leg is moved backward, knee and
toes extended; at three the first position is assumed and at/ow
the position of attention; execute moderately fast; inhale
on first two and exhale on last two counts.

28 SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

7. 1. Forearms vertically, 2. RAISE, 3. Extend arms upward and
raise on toes; resume vertical position; and recover position
of attention.
Four counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 39.

FIG. 39.

The forearms are raised vertically at one; at two they are
extended upward and the body is raised on toes; at three the
first position is assumed, and at/owr the position of attention;
execute briskly; inhale on first two and exhale on last two
counts.
8 Breathing exercise.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 29

Second Series.

1. Repeat first series.

2. 1. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE, 3. Thrust arms upward, swing

downward and backward, swing upward and recover.
Four counts; repeat 6 to 10 times, Fig. 40.

FIG. 40. FIG. 41.

The arms are thrust upward forcibly at one' at two the
arms, relaxed, are swung downward to the front and back
ats far as possible; at three they are swung upward, and at/owr
the position of attention is resumed; trunk and head erect;
knees extended; execute moderately fast; inhale on first
three and exhale on last count.

30 SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

3. 1. Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE, 3. Bend trunk backward
and extend arms sideward, knuckles up.

Two counts; repeat 6 to 8 times, Fig. 41.

The trunk is bent backward as in Fig. 13, and the arms,
knuckles down, are extended to the side horizontal; head
fixed; knees extended; feet firm; execute slowly; inhale on
first and exhale on second count.

FIG. 42.

4. 1. Full bend knees and raise arms, knuckles down, to side hori-
zontal, 2. BEND, 3. Rock, and circle arms backward.

Two counts; repeat 6 to 10 times, Fig. 42.

The knees, bent to the squatting position, are slightly
extended and flexed as in Exercise 4, Sixth Lesson, Recruit
Instruction, and the arms are circled backward in circles of
about 12 inches; head and trunk erect; arms extended; exe-
cute moderately fast: breathe naturally.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

31

Hands on hips, 2. PLACE, 3. Circle trunk right, or left.

Six counts; repeat 4 to 6 times, Fig. 43.

The trunk is half bent forward at one; at two it is moved to
the right side bend position; at three to the back bend; at
four to the left bend; at five to the front bend position and
raised at six; knees extended; feet firm; head fixed; execute
slowly; exhale on first; inhale on second; hold breath on
third and fourth; exhale on fifth and inhale on sixth count.

FIG. 43.

FIG. 44.

Hands on hips, 2. PLACE, 3. Swing right and left leg for-
ward, breast high, and extend right and left arm forward
horizontally, alternating right and left.

Four counts; repeat 6 to 10 times, Fig. 44.

The right leg, knee extended, is swung forward high enough
to come in contact with the hand; supporting leg extended;
body inclined as little as possible; execute moderately fast;
breathe naturally.

32 SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

7. 1. Leaning rest in four counts.

Repeat 6 to 8 times, Fig. 45 a and b.

At one knees are bent to squatting position, hands on the
ground between knees; at two the legs are extended back-
ward to the leaning rest; at three the first position is resumed,

FIG. 45 a.

FIG. 45 6.

and at four the position of attention; hands should be directly
under shoulders; back arched; knees straight; head fixed;
execute moderately fast; breathe naturally.
Breathing exercise.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 33

Third Series.

1. Repeat second series.

2. 1. Stretch arms forward, sideward, upward, sideward, forward,

and down.

Six counts; repeat 6 to 10 times.

First five counts arms are extended as much as possible; in
the last they are relaxed ; execute slowly ; inhale on first three
counts and exhale on last three.

FIG. 46.

3. 1. Half bend trunk forward and rotate arms inward; raise and
bend trunk backward, raising and rotating arms backward,
palms up; resume first position and recover.

Four counts; repeat 4 to 8 times, Fig. 46.

In the first position the body and arms are relaxed ; in the
second the body and arms are tense (Fig. 41); the third posi-
tion is the same as the first, and at four the position of atten-
tion is resumed ; execute slowly ; exhale on first and third and
inhale on second and fourth counts.

37667°— 16 3

34

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

4. 1,

Hands on hips, 2. PLACE, 3. Rise on toes, bend knees to
squatting position; extend knees and recover.

Four counts; repeat 6 to 8 times.

The body is raised on toes slowly at one; at two the knees
are bent slowly to squatting position; at three they are ex-
tended slowly and at four the starting position is resumed ;
execute slowly; breathe naturally.

FIG. 47.

FIG. 48.

5. 1

Hop to side straddle position, hands on hips, bend trunk for
ward and extend arms downward, fingers touching ground;
resume straddle with hands on hips and hop to attention.

Four counts; repeat 6 to 8 times, Fig. 47.

Execute moderately fast; breathe naturally.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

35

Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE, 3. Thrust arms forward; swing
right, (left) arm up, left, (right) down; swing to front hori
zontal and recover.

Four counts, or alternating in eight counts; repeat 8 to 10
times, Fig. 48.

The thrust and recovery are forcible, the swings brisk but
relaxed; execute moderately fast; exhale on first and third
count and inhale on second and fourth.

FIG. 49 a.

FiG. 496.

7. 1. Step position forward right, or left, and raise arms to front hor-
izontal; lunge forward and swing arms to side horizontal; re-
sume first position and recover position of attention.

Four counts; repeat 6 to 10 times, Fig. 49 a and 6.

The right foot, knee extended and toes depressed, is moved
forward once its length, the toes resting on the ground lightly,
the weight resting on the left leg, and the arms are raised to

36 SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

the front horizontal, at one; at two the right foot is advanced
and planted smartly, the distance between heels being about
3-foot lengths, and the arms are swung to side horizontal;
right knee is well bent, left extended ; trunk and head erect;
at three the first position, and at four the position of atten-
tion are resumed ; execute moderately fast; exhale on first and
and third and inhale on second and fourth counts.
8. Breathing exercise.

FIG. so.

Fourth Series.

1. Repeat third series.

2. 1. Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE, 3. Extend arms upward-

swing arms downward laterally, upward laterally, and recover
starting position.

Four counts; repeat 6 to 10 times.

3. 1.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

37

The first and fourth motions are energetic; the second and
third relaxed; execute moderately fast; inhale on first and
third counts and exhale on second and fourth.
To side straddle with arms overhead, 2. Hop, 3. Bend trunk
forward and back and swing arms downward and upward.

Two counts; repeat 6 to 8 times, Fig. 50.

FIG. 51.

Being in the straddle position, the body is bent forward as
far as possible and the arms are swung between the legs; the
arms are then swung upward and the body bent backward;
knees extended; execute moderately fast; exhale on first and
inhale on second count.

38 SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

4. 1. Arms to thrust, 2. RAISE, 3. Thrust arms sideward and lunge
sideward right and left alternately.

Four counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 51.

FIG.

The starting position is resumed at two and/owr; the dis-
tance of the lunge is three times the length of the feet; sup-
porting leg extended; head and trunk erect; execute moder-
ately fast; inhale on first and third and exhale on second and
fourth counts.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 39

5. 1. Hands on shoulders, 2. PLACE, 3 Bend trunk sideward right

and extend left arm obliquely upward and right obliquely

downward; swing trunk sideward left and right and recover.

Four counts; repeat 6 to 8 times, Fig. 52.

The trunk is bent to the right, the left arm, palm down, is

extended obliquely upward and the right arm obliquely

downward, at one; at two the body is bent to the left; at three

to the right and at four the starting position is resumed; arms

extended; knees straight; head fixed; execute moderately fast;

breathe naturally.

FIG. 53.

6. 1. To squatting position, hands on ground. 2. BEND. 3. Ex-
tend right and left legs backward, alternately.

Four counts; repeat 6 to 10 times, Fig. 53.

The squatting position is the starting position, from there
the right and left legs are extended backward and brought
back to the squatting position again; execute moderately
fast; breathe naturally.

40 SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

7. 1. Hands on shoulders. 2. PLACE, 3. Extend arms sideward
and swing right and left legs sideward, alternately.
Four counts; repeat 8 to 10 times, Fig. 54.

FIG. 54.

The legs are extended and swung loosely to the side as
high as possible, arms being extended with each leg move-
ment; execute moderately fast; inhale on one and three and
exhale on two and four.
8. Breathing exercise.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 41

Fifth Series.

This series is composed of three groups, each group containing
four exercises, and together they form a combination which can be
adapted to music.

Each exercise is composed of four movements and should be
repeated four, times, twice to the right and twice to the left, alter-
nately, except the last, which is repeated in- the same direction.
The third position always corresponds to the first, and the fourth
to the position of attention.

When performed to music it is advisable to employ "two-four"
time, allowing two beats to every movement, or four measures to
an exercise, the action occurring on the first beat and a pause in
position during the second beat. If this is done and the tempo is
made to suit the movements, it will be possible to execute the exer-
cises with precision and vigor, and slurring a movement for the sake
of keeping time will be eliminated. Every group should be pre-
ceded by an introduction of four measures.

42

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

FIRST GROUP.
First Exercise.

FIG. 55. FIG. 56.

Counts.

1 — 2. Raise arms overhead laterally and step position forward right.
Fig. 55.

3 — 4. Lunge forward right and swing the arms downward and back-
ward laterally. Fig. 56.

5 — 6. Resume first position.

7 — 8. Resume position of attention.
Repeat left, right, left.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

Second Exercise.

FIG. 57. FIG. 58.

Counts.
1 — 2. Raise right arm obliquely upward to the right, and left arm

obliquely backward to the left, and step position forward

to the right with the right foot. Fig. 57.
3 — 4. Lunge obliquely forward to the right and swing right arm

downward to the rear, and left arm obliquely upward, Fig. 58.
5 — 6. Resume first position.
7 — 8. Resume position of attention.

Repeat left, right, left.

44

SETTING-UP EXERCISES,

Third Exercise.

FIG. 59. FIG. 60.

Counts.

1 — 2. Flex arms over shoulders with lateral motion, knuckles to the

rear, hands closed, and step position sideward right. Fig. 59.
3 — 4. Lunge sideward right and extend arms to side horizontal,

knuckles to the rear. Fig. GO.
5 — 6. Resume first position.
7 — 8. Resume position of attention.

Repeat left, right, left.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

45

Fourth Exercise.

FIG. 61. FIG. 62.

Counts.
1 — 2. Raise arms to side horizontal and step position backward right.

Fig. 61.
3 — 4. Lunge backward right and raise arms overhead, knuckles

out. Fig. 62.

5 — 6. Resume first position.
7 — 8. Resume position of attention.

Repeat left, right, left.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

SECOND GROUP.
First Exercise.

FIG. 63.
Counts.

1 — 2. Lunge forward right and raise arms to side horizontal. Fig. 63.
3 — 4. Bend trunk forward and move arms downward. Fig. 64.
5 — 6. Resume first position.
7 — 8. Resume position of attention.
Repeat left, right, left.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

47

. 64.

48

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

Second Exercise.

FIG. 65.

Counts.
1—2.

Lunge sideward right and raise right arm obliquely upward,

and left arm obliquely downward. Fig. 65.
3 — 4. Bend trunk sideward right and swing left arm upward,

knuckles out, and right arm downward in rear of body,

knuckles out. Fig. 66.
5 — 6. Resume first position.
7 — 8. Resume position of attention.

Repeat left, right, left.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

49

FIG. 66.

37667°— 16 4

50

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

Third Exercise.

FIG. 67.
Counts.

1 — 2. Lunge obliquely forward to the right, and raise arms overhead

laterally. Fig. 67.
3 — 4. Bend trunk forward and swing arms downward and upward.

Fig. 68.

5 — 6. Resume first position.
7 — 8. Resume position of attention.

Repeat left, right, left.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

51

FIG. 68.

52

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

Fourth Exercise.

FIG. 69.
Counts,

1 — 2. Lunge backward right and raise arms to side horizontal,

knuckles up. Fig. 69.
3 — 4. Bend trunk and head backward and raise arms overhead

palms in. Fig. 70.
5 — 6. Resume first position.
7 — 8. Resume position of attention.

Repeat left, right, left.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

53

FIG. 70.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

THIRD GROUP.
First Exercise.

FIG. 71.
Counts.
1 — 2. Stride forward right and flex arms over shoulders laterally,

hands closed, knuckles up. Fig. 71.
3 — 4. Face to the left on both heels, bending knees and striking

arms sideward, knuckles down. Fig. 72.
5 — 6. Resume first position.
7 — 8. Resume position of attention.

Repeat left, right, left.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

55

FIG. 72.

56

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

Second Exercise.

FIG. 73.

Counts.

1 — 2. Stride sideward right and raise and circle arms outward, cross-
ing them below. Fig. 73.

3 — 4. Bend right knee and trunk obliquely forward, clasp thigh
with arms. Fig. 74.

5 — 6. Resume first position.

7 — 8. Resume position of attention.
Repeat left, right, left.

SETTING-UP EXERCISES. 57

FIG. 74.

58

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

Third Exercise.

FIG, 75. FIG. 76.

Counts.
1 — 2. Stride backward right, and raise arms overhead laterally,

palms in. Fig. 75.
3 — 4. Turn about on both heels, bend left knee and trunk backward

and lower arms to side horizontal, palms up. Fig. 76.
5 — 6. Resume first position.
7 — 8. Resume position of attention.

Repeat left, right, left/

SETTING-UP EXERCISES.

59

Fourth Exercise.

FIG. 77.
Counts.
1 — 2. Bend to the squatting position, hands on the ground. Same

as Fig. 45a.

3 — 4. Extend to the leaning-rest with legs straddled. Fig. 77.
5 — 6. Resume first position.
7 — 8. Resume position of attention.

Repeat four times.

NOTE. — Length of stride in these exercises should be 28 inches
between heels.

FIRST AID TO THE INJURED.

SHOCK.

Shock is a more or less profound depression of the nervous system.
Collapse is another term used in describing this condition. A per-
son sustaining injuries, burns, or even sudden fright is liable to
suffer from shock. The amount of shock depends not so much upon
the nature of the accident as upon the character of the individual.

SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK. — The onset of the symptoms is likely to
be unnoticed unless looked for.

There is either apathy (a stupid condition in which the patient
manifests no interest in what is taking place about him), partial or
complete unconsciousness, feeble breathing, face pale, pinched, and
anxious; eyelids drooping, eyes dull, and pupils dilated ; pulse feeble,
usually rapid, and often absent at the wrist; the skin is cold, and there
may be shivering; sometimes the mind wanders. These symptoms
may follow the slightest injury, and again they may be absent or
only present in a slight degree after the severest accident. In most
cases reaction will take place in a few hours; in others no reaction
takes place, and the person dies from heart failure.

TREATMENT. — If there is severe bleeding it must be stopped, but
no more than this should be done until after attending to the shock.
Place the patient in a horizontal position, the head slightly lowered;
give a dessert-spoonful of whisky or alcoholic liquor in a table-
spoonful of hot water every 15 minutes until five or six doses have
been taken. Wring out flannels in hot water and lay them on
the chest and abdomen; then cover the patient with a blanket
to keep in the heat. Place hot water bottles, hot bricks, or any-
thing hot along both the sides of the body and legs, inside the thighs,
and under the armpits; in using hot water bottles or hot bricks care

61

62 FIRST AID TO THE INJURED.

must be had not to burn the patient, and to warm and stimulate the
patient in every way is the object of treatment.

SUFFOCATION.

If a person has been under water, or in a room full of illuminating
gas or thick with smoke, in a sewer, old mine, or well, or has been
hanged or choked, in every case the result is the same; the air has
been prevented from reaching the lungs, consequently he is suffo-
cated. The person may be completely insensible, breathing
slightly or not at all, his face purple and swollen, lips livid; but
these signs are not always present, for instance, in cases of exposure
to a noxious gas.

TREATMENT. — If it be hanging, cut the rope. If water, take it
out of him; do not let the fact that hours have elapsed be your ex-
cuse, as in apparent drowning, as well as in other forms of suffoca-
tion, people have recovered after being insensible for long intervals.
A person taken out of the water, either drowned or apparently so,
may have a purple, swollen face, livid lips, and eyes bloodshot, in
which case he has fought against death and has been suffocated by
the exclusion of air from the lungs, and possibly has drawn water
instead of air into them. If he appears pale and flabby, it is probable
he has fainted or there has been some failure of the heart. The
treatment must be carried out on the spot, except in extremely cold
weather, when it is proper to remove the body to a place of shelter
if it be near. The first object is to make the patient breathe. Send
immediately for blankets, dry clothes, and stimulants; allow the
chest and shoulders to be exposed to the wind. Open the clothing
about the neck and waist; turn the patient on his face; clasp your
hands together beneath the stomach and lift as high as possible,
letting the head hang down so that the water can run out. Hold in
this position for a few seconds and turn patient on his back; if

FIRST AID TO THE INJURED. 63

breathing is absent, apply smelling salts to the nose, holding the
container a few inches away from face ; tickle the nose with feather
or straw; dash cold water on the chest and face; or first cold water,
then hot water, being careful not to burn the patient. If the above
measures are not successful in a few moments, you must resort to
artificial respiration.

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION.

The Schaefer or prone pressure method of artificial respiration is
now generally used. The advantages of this method are that by it a
greater amount of air is gotten into the lungs, it is not necessary to
hold the tongue out, and it is much easier for the operator. Unless
the operator is extremely rough no danger attends its practice.

In the Schaefer method the patient is laid on the ground face down.
The arms may be stretched out at full length over his head or one
arm may be bent so the forehead rests upon it. In either case the
face must be placed slightly to one side so that the ground will not
block off the air from nose and niouth.

As soon as the patient is in proper position the operator kneels at
one side or astride his body, but without resting his weight upon it.
The palms of his hands are placed on the short ribs across the small
of the back, with the thumbs nearly together. The operator, by let-
ting his weight fall on his wrists, by bending his body forward de-
creases the size of the chest, and the air is expelled from the lungs.
The pressure is then released by the operator swinging backward,
the elastic chest springs out to its original size, and the air is drawn
into the lungs. The movement is at the rate of 12 to 14 a minute.
Better time with a watch.

Whatever the method of artificial respiration used, it should be
kept up for at least an hour and a half.

64 FIRST AID TO THE INJURED.

BURNS.

Burns are dangerous, however caused. Influenced by their loca-
tion, depth, and extent, they are divided into three classes or degrees:
First degree: When the skin is simply reddened.
Second degree: When the skin is blistered.
Third degree: When the skin is charred.
If they are of large size, they are apt to be fatal.

They are always accompanied by shock. Treat by applying freely
on the affected parts carron oil (which consists of equal parts of lin-
seed oil and limewater) ; cover the parts thickly with cotton batting
or flannel; secure the whole with a light bandage. The air most be
kept from the burned parts and they must be kept warm. Burns
may be treated with free applications of sweet oil, fresh lard, vase-
line, etc.

SCALDS.

Burns from steam may be treated by dusting the parts thickly
with bicarbonate of soda (commonly known as baking soda). Cover
the parts in the same manner as burns from heat, with cotton batting

or flannel.

WOUNDS.

A wound is a breach of continuity of the tissue or a division of
tissue. Wounds are of various kinds — incised, lacerated, contused,
etc. — and are dangerous in proportion to their location, extent, and
depth. For practical reasons this subject will be treated from the
standpoint of asepsis, i. e., teaching how to dress a wound so as to
lessen the danger of blood poisoning. If a doctor is available, his
services should be secured. Wounds should be treated with an
antiseptic solution made of a tablet of bichloride of mercury dis-
solved in a quart of water. These tablets are carried in the medical
bag accompanying each hook and ladder truck in the Department.

FIRST AID TO THE INJURED. 65

Take some gauze, soak it in the solution and wash out the wound,
being sure to remove all foreign matter, such as grit, splinters, pieces
of cloth, in fact, anything that does not belong in the wound, then
place a compress of gauze wet with the solution on the wound, then
bandage comfortably to prevent the ingress of germ into the wound.

HEMORRHAGE OR BLEEDING.

When a wound occurs, it is usually accompanied by bleeding —
this may be profuse or small. When the small blood vessels are
opened the bleeding is called oozing, because it comes from the
capillaries. When the larger blood vessels, such as the arteries and
veins, are opened, the hemorrhage is profuse' and requires imme-
diate attention for its control. If the wound is in an artery, the
blood flows with a spurt or impulse and is bright red in color.

If the wound is in a vein, the blood flows smoothly and is of a
dark red or purple color. Frequently both artery and vein are
opened because they, as a rule, accompany each other, running side
by side. We then have a mixed hemorrhage which makes it impos-
sible to determine from its appearance whether an artery or vein
have been opened, or both. Quickly checking the flow of blood is
the object to be attained, and for this reason it is better to compress
the blood vessel by placing your finger or thumb in the wound,
making as much pressure as you can, placing a compress over the
wound and binding it tightly on. If this does not control the
bleeding, you must apply a tourniquet at a point between the
wound and the heart; they may be made from rubber hose, rope,
cord, suspenders, bandages, or any cloth that will encircle the
injured limb — a handkerchief folded in a triangle in which a small
stone or any hard substance is placed may be wound around the
limb, and a loop through which a stick may be passed can be used
as a capstan for tightening the compress.
37667°— 16 5

66 FIRST AID TO THE INJURED.

Study the situation of the arteries in order that we may know at
what points to compress them, but unless the wound is in the leg or
arm, the bleeding must be arrested by placing the fingers or a pad
directly over the bleeding point, as when the wound is in the chest
or abdomen it is not possible to reach and compress the arteries
which convey the blood to the wound. Any hemorrhage may be
stopped by direct application of pressure to the bleeding point.

In the upper arm the artery lies on the inner side of the bone and
under the biceps muscle; by pressing the thumb deep under this
muscle and toward the bone the artery may be compressed.

In the upper part of the thigh the artery lies in front and just
below the center of the groin ; by deep pressure with the two thumbs
at this point the blood supply of the whole leg may be cut off.

The supply of blood to the shoulder, armpit, and whole arm is
interrupted by compressing the artery which lies under the collar
bone; to do this, stand behind the patient and thrust the fingers
far down behind the collar bone.

A bleeding wound should be treated as follows: Lay the patient
at full length, the head very slightly raised; raise the part of the
body wounded to a higher level than the rest, expose the wound — •
that is, if there is clothing or anything else in the way, remove it — •
then cleanse the wound and bandage it as described before. Venous
bleeding in a limb is controlled by raising the limb.

In cases where there is bleeding from places to which it is difficult
to apply pressure or a bandage properly, a piece of ice may be held
on the compress, allowing the very cold water to reach the wound.
Ice or cold in any form will arrest moderate bleeding; use very cold
water if a bleeding wound is to be washed, or else use water as hot
as can be borne — either contracts the blood vessel. Warm water or
warmth in any form increases bleeding.

FIRST AID TO THE INJURED. 67

FRACTURES.

A fracture is a broken bone. In simple fractures the bone is
broken, but skin is not injured to such an extent as to expose the
bone.

A compound fracture is so called because the skin and the inter-
vening parts are also divided down to point of fracture. In com-
pound fractures the ends of the broken bone may be driven through
the skin. A compound fracture is more serious and dangerous than
a simple fracture.

TREATMENT. — The treatment by any but a surgeon must depend
on the surrounding circumstances; rid yourself of the idea that
something must be done immediately. There is not the least hurry
about setting a fracture. If the patient can remain at or near the
scene of accident until the surgeon arrives, place him in a comfort-
able position and uncover the injured part; cut everything such as
clothing away with scissors or sharp knife; place injured part on a
pillow or other soft material; lay a wet cloth on the fracture and
sprinkle it frequently with cold water. Do not by unnecessary
handling add to the suffering of the injured one and perhaps retard
his recovery.

If a patient must be moved for any reason before the arrival of
the surgeon, you may draw the bone into as nearly its natural position
as possible by placing one hand above and the other below the seat
of fracture and pulling steadily without using unnecessary violence ;
take two pieces of board as long as or longer than the bone that is
injured, and, if possible, as wide as the limb is thick, place on them
a pad made of cotton batting or any soft substance, apply them on
the limb and secure firmly by tying them with strips of cloth or
handkerchiefs, placing them above and below the seat of the frac-
ture; anything with a flat surface may be used for splints. In an
emergency, for a fracture of the leg below the knee a soft pillow may

68 FIRST AID TO THE INJURED.

be placed under the leg, turning up the sides of the pillow and
securing it firmly about the leg with strings of cloth, handkerchiefs,
etc.

TRANSPORTATION OF WOUNDED.

When it is necessary to remove an injured person from one place
to another it should be done in such a manner as to cause him as
little danger and suffering as possible. By rough handling and
transportation, the sharp ends of a broken bone may be thrust
through the flesh or may cut into an artery, or the wound may bleed
afresh. After the wound has been attended to, the patient should,
if possible, be placed on a stretcher. Stretchers may be improvised
from doors, shutters, boards, and, what is more convenient for use
in the Department, horse blankets, carried on the apparatus,
stretched over the handles of the short hooks and secured by safety
pins, make a good means of transporting the injured. Wrhen ready
to place the patient on a stretcher, one bearer kneels on each side of
the patient and joins hands underneath his hips and shoulders with
the bearer on the opposite side; a third man attends to the wounded
limb and looks after the bandage or splints that may have been ap-
plied. The bearers then rise to their feet, raising the patient in a
horizontal position, and by a series of side steps bring the patient
over the stretcher (which should always be placed at the head of
the patient on a line with his body); he should be lowered quietly
onto it and made as comfortable as possible. The taller of the two
bearers places himself between the handles at the head of the patient
and the other at the foot. The bearer at the head starts with lu's
left foot, the other with his right. Should they keep step, the
stretcher would roll badly. The patient is carried feet first, except-
ing when going up a hill or upstairs, when he is carried head first.
Other means for transporting the injured when a stretcher can not
be procured or improvised have been taught in the Department

FIRST AID TO THE INJURED. 69

schools of instruction and are familial to all members' of the uni-
formed force.

HYGIENE.

Hygiene is the care and promotion of health and prevention of
disease. The human body must be protected from harmful external
influences by proper clothing and suitable homes — the waste effects
must be removed by the proper applications of the principles of clean-
liness and a suitable amount of treatment must be provided.

Pure air is essential to health — the atmospheric air is composed of
oxygen 20.96, nitrogen 78, argon 1, carbon dioxide 0.04, in TOO parts>
with traces of ammonia, watery vapor, and organic matter. When the
atmosphere becomes confined its composition differs from that of
pure normal air; the change in its composition is due to the respi-
ration of persons and artificial illumination and heating, which
results in a decrease of oxygen; also an increase of temperature of
the air and an addition of watery vapors and some volatile matter
from the lungs of the individuals present; and also to the presence
of dust and bacteria.

Sufficient fresh air should be admitted to an apartment to destroy
all sensible odors or impurities resulting from imperfect ventilation.
Such an exchange of air is called ventilation.

It is estimated that one person should have room of sufficient size
to contain at least 3,000 cubic feet of pure air per hour.

The skin throws off daily a certain amount of matter, both solid
and liquid, which should be removed — neglect to do so will cause
ill health. Cool baths should be taken frequently, once a day upon
rising, if possible, but in no case should they be taken less than three
or four times a week.

The .scalp, nails, and parts of the body where there is a growth of
hair should be cleaned regularly. The teeth should be cleaned
morning and night.

70 FIRST AID TO THE INJURED.

Heating of rooms varies according to the season of the year. The
temperature of rooms for house dwellers should be in winter between
60° and 70° F. and in summer from 65° to 75° F.

A too high degree of heat in dwellings interferes with heat conduc-
tion and evaporation, while a too low temperature, by reason of the
withdrawal of the body heat in a greater rate than it is substituted,
is dangerous. Sudden changes causing disturbance in the heat
equilibrium of the body, thereby lowering the resisting force o! the
body, predispose to certain disease.

EXERCISE. — Fatigue is a purely personal factor and depends on
individual susceptibility and is counteracted by keeping the body
fit by a proper degree of exercise. Good habits, above all else, are
the best safeguard against the contraction of disease.

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