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GIFT or
PUBLISHER
L-A.\G£ LIBRARY OF EDUCATION
UNiVtlRSITY OF CALIFORNIA
bERKELEY. CAL!'="Or'Mia
Marcus Tullius Cicero
From the bust in the Vatican
MARCUS TULLmS CICERO
SEVEN ORATIONS
WITH SELECTIONS FKOM THE LETTERS, DE
SENECTUTE, AND SALLUST'S BELLUM
CATILINAE
EDITED
WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, GRAMMATICAL
APPENDIX, AND PROSE COMPOSITION
BY
WALTER B. GUNNISON, Ph.D.
LATE PRINCIPAL ERASMUS HALL HIGH SCHOOL,
BROOKLYN, NEW YORK
AND
WALTER S. HARLEY, A.M.
TEACHER OF LATIN, ERASMUS HALL HIGH SCHOOL
SILVER, BURDETT AND COMPANY
BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO
. « ' . « '
. ' ' « » • * « « t X
' EDUCATION DEPT.
Copyright, 1912, by
Silver, Burdett and Company
PREFACE
The great success of the plan of the previous Latin books
of this series has been an encouragement to the authors to
present this volume of the works of Cicero and other read-
ing matter for the third year in college preparatory work.
The orations selected are those usually required for read-
ing, supplemented by selections from Cicero's Letters
and De Senectute and from Sallust, as recommended by the
American Philological Association and by the Regents of
the State of New York.
The general arrangement of the book is that which was
followed in the Caesar text which preceded it, — that is,
sufficient grammar has been furnished for the full explana-
tion of the text, with careful references to all the standard
grammars for fuller explanation. This is followed also
by exercises in prose composition giving as much as usu-
ally can be done during the year by an ordinary class. A
very careful effort has been made to present the essential
grammatical points of the author and the essential charac-
teristics of his style. This, together with the full vocabulary
and notes, it is hoped will equip the pupils fully for the read-
ing of the third year.
We wish to acknowledge the valuable criticism of the
manuscript, made by Dr. Sidney G. Stacey and by Dr.
WiUiam F. Tibbetts.
THE authors-
Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn, N.Y.
May 1, 1912.
V
Af\CC«N'yf O
PUBLISHERS^ NOTE
For helpful suggestions in regard to the illustrations
and for the loan of valuable photographs, the publishers
desire to express their indebtedness to Professor Adeline
Belle Hawes, of Wellesley College ; Professor John Fran-
cis Greene, of Brown University ; Professor Alexander
Rice, of Boston University ; and Mrs. Harriet Peirce
Fuller, of the English High School, Providence. Thanks
are also due to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the
Boston PubUc Library, and the Farnsworth Art Gallery
at Wellesley College, for courteous permission to repro-
duce photographs from their collections.
VI
CONTENTS
Pack
List of Maps viii
List of Illustrations ix
Introduction:
Marcus Tullius Cicero xvii
Roman Orator}^ . . . ■ xx\d
Roman Citizens . xxvii
The Popular Assemblies xxviii
The Senatp xxx
The Magistrates ....... xxxii
The Courts xxxvi
Provinces xxxvi
The Forum and the Public Buildings . . . xxxvii
Works of Reference xl
Orations :
Oratio in Catilinam Prima 1
Oratio in Catilinam Secunda 19
Oratio in Catilinam Tertia 38
Oratio in Catilinam Quarta 57
De Imperio Cn. Pompei Oratio .... c 75
Pro Archia Poeta Oratio 110
Selections for Sight Reading:
Pro M. Marcello Oratio 129
Epistulae Selectae 143
Cato Maior De Senectute Liber . • • .157
C. Sallusti Bellum Catilinae . • . . . 170
vii
viii CONTENTS — LIST OF MAPS
PAGB
Abbreviations 180
Notes 181
Grammatical Appendix 284
Latin Prose Composition 346
English-Latin Vocabulary ...... 399
Latin-English Vocabulary 415
LIST OF MAPS
PAGE
Plan of the Forum in Cicero's Time. From Plate
III, Ch. Huelsen, The Roman Forum, G. E. Stechert &
Co., New York, 1909 . . . . . . xxxix
Italy in Cicero's Time 20
The Roman Empire in Grf.ece and Asia Minor . 74
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
{Note. — Nearly all of the illustrations in this book have been made from photo-
graphs. In the few exceptional cases, the publishers take pleasure in stating in tM»
list the works to which they are indebted.]
Marcus TuUius Cicero. From the bust in the Vatican, Rome.
Brunn-Arndt photograph. [For discussion, see Bernoulli,
V. I, pp. 138-140, T. xii ; Biirckhardt, v. I, p. 165] F)'ontispiece
IN THE INTRODUCTION
PAGB
Scenes from the life of a famous Roman. Relief from a sarcopli-
agus in the Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence .... xvii
*' Cicero's Tower " at Arpinum . . , . . . xviii
Antium xx
So-called ruins of Cicero's villa at Tusculum .... xxi
Raphael's idea of Cicero. From Raphael's sketch book in the
Museo Civico, Venice . xxvi
The Forum in Cicero's time. Restoration according to the de-
scriptions in Ch. Huelsen, The Boman Forum, G. E. Stechert
& Co., New York, 1909 xxxviii
Cicero before the Senate. From one of the Pomfret Marbles in
the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, England. Photographed
from the engraving by J. K. Sherwin, in Oxonii, E Typo-
grapheo Clarendoniano, 1783 . . ... xlii
IN THE TEXT
Headpiece: Roman eagle and oak wreath. Ornament from
Trajan's Forum ; now in the vestibule of the Church of the
Santi Apostoli, Rome ........ 1
The insignia of the Pontificate. From the frieze of the temple
of Vespasian ....... ... 2
The end of a Roman bronze bed (Pompeii). Museo Nazionale,
Naples .5
vs.
X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Cicero and Catiline in the Senate. From the painting by
Maccari 8
A city gate. Porta Latina, in Kome, as it is to-day ... 11
A domestic shrine. In the middle, the genius of the master of
the house, sacrificing, holding a libation saucer and box of
incense ; at the sides, two Lares (household gods), each
with a drinking horn and pail ; below, a crested serpent
about to devour the offerings ; in the pediment above, sacri-
ficial implements. From the house of the Vettii, Pompeii , 13
Ruins of the temple of Jupiter Stator. On the Palatine Hill,
Rome 17
The Roman Forum as it is to-day. View from the Tabularium,
looking toward the Coliseum. The columns of the Temple
of Saturn are prominent at the right. (See map, p. xxxix)
In the distance (right) the Palatine Hill .... 18
A gladiator's helmet, with reliefs representing an episode of the
Trojan war (Herculaneum). Museo Nazionale, Naples . 23
The end of a Roman banquet. From a Pompeian wall painting,
Museo Nazionale, Naples 25
A Roman sacrifice, showing soldiers carrying the signa militaria.
Relief of the time of Marcus Aurelius, from the Arch of Con-
stantine, Rome ........ 27
Ruins of the Roman theater at Fiesole (Faesulae) . . .28
L. Cornelms Sulla. From the head in the Vatican, Rome. (See
Helhig, 90) 31
The interior of the career to-day. Lower dungeon (Tullianum).
(See Forum map and restoration, pp. xxxviii and xxxix) . 32
A gladiator's shield and greaves. The shield is adorned with
a head of Medusa and an olive wreath (Pompeii). Museo
Nazionale, Naples . . 35
An orator in the toga. British Museum, London ... 36
Tailpiece : A Roman altar. The right-hand relief represents a
goddess with a torch ; the left hand, Leda and the swan. Altar
of the Castores, from the Lacus Juturnae, Roman Forum . 37
Headpiece : Sacrificial animals. From a relief on a balustrade
in the Roman Forum 38
The Mulvian bridge. Ponte Molle, as it is now called, rests
on the foundation of the Pons Mulvius, built by the Censor,
M. Aemilius Scaurus, in b.c. 109. The four central arches
axe ancient . .40
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Xl
PAOB
The Cumaean Sibyl with the Sibylline books. From the fresco
by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican, Rome . 43
A Roman sacrifice. Showing Marcus Aurelius sacrificing before
the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. From a relief in the
Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome ...... 47
The Bronze Wolf of the Capitol. Palazzo dei Conservatori,
Rome 49
Jupiter. The Zeus Verospi in the Vatican, Rome. (See Melbig,
No. 245) 51
A Roman sacrificial procession. From reliefs belonging to the
Ara Pads in the Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence . . 52, 53
A Roman in the toga, sacrificing. Vatican, Rome ... 54
A Roman altar. Altar of Juturna, Roman Forum ... 56
A corner in a Roman house. The wall painting at the left shows
Daedalus, pointing out to Pasiphae the wooden cow that he
has made. The painting at the right represents the punish-
ment of Ixion ; the prominent standing figure is that of
Mercury ; Juno sits on a throne at the right. From a din-
ing-room in the house of the Vettii, Pompeii ... 58
A Vestal Virgin. Found in the Atrium Vestae. Now in the
Museo delle Terme Diocleziane, Rome 59
The Atrium in the house of the Vestal Virgins. Showing the
statues of the Vestals and the marble-lined cisterns for
receiving rain water 65
A painting from a household shrine (Pompeii). In the center
the goddess of Fortune sacrificing, while a servant brings the
pig destined for an offering ; on the right and left, two
Lares ; below, two serpents at the altar. Museo Nazionale,
Naples. Photograph, G. Sommer & figlio .... 69
Scipio Africanus, the elder. Capitoline Museum, Rome . . 70
Marcus Tullius Cicero. From the bust in the Galleria degli
Uffizi. Brunn-Arndt photograph. (For discussion, see ^er-
noulli, V. I, p. 132 ; Biirckhardt, pp. 524, 525 ; Dutschke^
V. Ill, p. 293) 73
Cn. Pompeius. From the bust in the Museo Nazionale, Naples . 76
The triumph of a Roman general. Relief from a sarcophagus
in the Vatican, Rome 78
Medea. From the painting by N. Sichel. By courtesy of the
Franz Hanfstaengl Fine Art Publishing House, 28 West 38th
Street, New York , .,..,.. 86
Xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGB
Ostia. Showing the river and the main street bordered by ruined
shops 90
View of Rome as it looks to-day. Ruins of Sublician Bridge in
foreground o . . . 95
Fortuna. From the statue in the Vatican, Rome ... 96
M. Claudius Marcellus. From the statue in the Capitoline
Museum, Rome. Photograph, Anderson .... 97
Quintus Hortensius. From the herma in the Villa Albani,
Rome. Fhotograph, Anderson ...... 99
The Appian Way. Showing the aqueduct of Claudius . . 102
Marcus Tullius Cicero. From the bust in the Capitoline Mu-
seum, Rome. (See Burckhardt, v. I, p. 166) . . . 109
Headpiece : Poet and Muse. The poet is evidently reciting
from the scroll in his left hand. Relief from a sarcophagus,
British Museum, London 110
Antioch personified. The mural crown distinguishes her as a
city goddess. Below her feet the god of the Orontes issues
from the ground. From the statue in the Vatican, Rome . 112
A comic poet, with muse and actors' masks. On the wall above
the table, a writing tablet. The muse is supposed to have
held a stilus in her right hand, ready to write down the
poet's words. From a relief in the Lateran, Rome . . 118
Ennius. From the bust on the Scipio tomb, in the Vatican,
Rome 119
Orpheus, Eurydice, and Hermes. From the relief in the Villa
Albani, Rome 120
The bust of Ennius on the Scipio sarcophagus. The Vatican,
Rome. (For translation of inscription, see HeJhig, No. 127) 122
Alexander the Great. From the bust in the Capitoline, Rome . 123
Calliope, the muse of epic poetry. From the statue in the
Vatican, Rome ......... 125
Thalia, muse of comedy. Vatican, Rome 126
Tailpiece : Roman bronze lamp (Pompeii). Museo Nazionale,
Naples 127
IN THE SELECTIONS FOR SIGHT READING
Julius Caesar. From the bust in the Museo Nazionale, Naples . 128
The Piraeus, the harbor of Athens, where Marcellus was assassi-
nated . 134
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii
PAGB
A girl with tabellae and stilus. From a Herculanean wall
painting in the Museo Nazionale, Naples .... 143
The harbor at Baiae . • . . . . . . . 145
Arpinum (general view) 147
A grain mill at Pompeii. A corner of a baker's shop, showing
the baking oven at the left ; grain mills at the right , . 148
A group of Roman women. From a Herculanean wall painting,
sometimes called "The Tiring of the Bride." Museo Nazio-
nale, Naples 149
A Roman woman sacrificing. From the statue sometimes called
"Livia" (Pompeii). Museo Nazionale, Naples . . . 151
Tombs on the Appian Way .157
Themistocles. From the bust in the Vatican, Rome . . . 160
Appius Claudius entering the Senate. From the painting by
Maccari 162
Activities on shipboard. A ship entering port. From a relief
on the end of the tomb of Naevoleia Tyche, Pompeii . .163
Homer. From the bust in the British Museum, London . . 164
Socrates. From the herma in the Museo Nazionale, Naples.
Visconti has translated the Greek inscription as follows :
" Not only now, but always, it has been my habit to follow
the dictates of my own judgment. Mature reflection, I find,
after strict examination, to be the best of all things" . . 165
An ancient theater (Tusculum) 167
Tailpiece : A cinerary urn. Vatican, Rome .... 169
IN THE NOTES
The temple of Jupiter Stator. Restoration from Duruy''s His-
tory of Borne . 182
The Palatine Hill as seen from the Forum. View from the
Tabularium .......... 184
Caius Marius. From the bust in the Uffizi, Florence . , 187
Subsellium. A bench about six feet long and one foot wide,
used in the Senate house. Trollope, Illustrations of Ancient
Art, London, 1854 193
A Roman house. Showing the shrine (sacrarium) in place.
House of Castor and Pollux, Pompeii 197
The Rostra. Restoration after Fig. 30, Huelsen, The Boman
Forum, G. E. Stechert & Co., New York, 1909 . . .203
Xiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Gladiators. From a stucco relief on the tomb of Umbricius
Scaurus, Pompeii Beal 3Iuseo Borbonico, Naples, 1824 . 207
Cicero in the toga. (See description of cut, p. xlii) . . . 215
Tabellae et stilus. Objects in order : tablets, double inkstand,
stilus, inscribed parchment. Beal Museo Borbonico, 1824 . 220
A Roman sacrifice. Showing the altar, the ram destined as an
offering, and the person sacrificing holding the patera.
From a relief in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston . . 222
Gladiatorial combats. Showing a vanquished gladiator holding
up his thumb in an appeal to the populace for mercy. From
a relief on the tomb of Umbricius Scaurus, Pompeii. Beal
Museo Borbonico, Naples, 1824 225
Cato (Uticensis) and Porcia (so-called). From the portrait
group in the Vatican, Rome ....... 229
A section of the career. Showing the upper chamber and the
lower, or Tullianum, where the conspirators were put to
death. Yrom Diiruy^s History of Borne 230
Sella curulis. A chair about fourteen inches high, which could
be folded together like a modern camp stool, and so could be
carried about after the consul whenever he appeared in pub-
lic. Trollope, Illustrations of Ancient Art, ^London, 1S64: . 231
Plan of a shop (Pompeii). From Mau''s Bompeii. By courtesy
of the Macmillan Company 238
A baker's shop. From a Pompeian wall painting. Museo Nazio-
nale, Naples 239
Front elevation of the Rostra. Restoration after Fig. 27, Huel-
sen, The Boman Forum, G. E. Stechert & Co., 1909 . . 245
Coin of Mithridates VI, king of Pontus (b.c. 121-63). Bau-
meister, Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums, Munich, 1885 246
Coin of Perseus, last Greek king of Macedon. Baumeister,
Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums, Munich, 1885 . 262
A rostral column. The columna rostrata of Duillius. From the
restoration in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. Bhoto-
graph, Anderson ......... 263
Children at dice play. Medea with a knife, at the right. From
a Pompeian wall painting. Museo Nazionale, Naples. Fho-
tograph, G. Sommer & figlio, Naples 276
Orpheus with his lyre. From a Pompeian wall painting. Mu-
seo Nazionale, Naples 279
Plato. From the herma in the Vatican, Rome .... 283
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[The following authorities may prove helpful in connection with the objects picture4
in this book, and with other monuments of the time of Cicero.]
Amelung, Walther, Fiihrer durch die Antiken in Florenz, Munich,
1897.
Baumeister. Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums, Munich, 1885.
Bernoulli, J. J. Romische Ikonographie, Stuttgart, 1882-1902.
Brunn. Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Sculptur. Unter
Leitung von Heinrich Brunn herausg. von Friedrich Bruckmann,
Munich, 1888-
Brunn u. Arndt. Griechische und romische Portrats. Nach Aus-
wahl und Anordnung von Heinrich Brunn und Paul Arndt her-
ausg. von Friedrich Bruckmann, Munich, 1891-
BuRCKHARDT, Jacob. Der Cicerone, Leipzig u. Berlin, 1900.
Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiq-
uities, in the British Museum, London, 1904.
DuTSCHKE. Antike Bildwerke in Oberitalien, Leipzig, 1878.
Helbig, Wolfgang. Guide to the Public Collections of Classic Antiq-
uities in Rome. Translated by J. F. and F. Muirhead. Leipzig,
Karl Baedeker, 1895.
Huelsen, Ch. The Roman Forum, G. E. Stechert & Co., New York,
1909.
Mau, August. Pompeii : Its Life and Art. English translation by
F. W. Kelsey, Macmillan, 1899.
MiCHAELis. Ancient Marbles in Great Britain.
Monaco, Domenico. A complete handbook to the National Museum
at Naples. English translation by E. Neville Rolfe, Naples, 1906.
Tbollope, Edward. Illustrations of Ancient Art, London, 1854.
XV
^i:
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i
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Scenes from the Life of a Famous Roman ^
INTRODUCTION
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO
1. Early Life. — Marcus Tullius Cicero, the foremost Roman
orator and writer, was born Jan. 3, 106 b.c. His birthplace was
Arpinum, a small country town about seventy miles southeast of
Rome, famous also as the birthplace of Marius. His father, a
member of the equestrian order, was descended from a family
of old standing. Quintus, a younger brother of Marcus, became
a praetor at Rome, and afterwards won distinction as one of
Caesar's lieutenants in Gaul. The two brothers were early taken
to Rome and placed under the care of the best instructors. One
of these was Archias, the Greek poet, whose citizenship the orator
defended in later years before Quintus, when the latter was pre-
siding judge.
After a general training in grammar, rhetoric, and the Greek
language, Marcus began the study of law under Mucins Scaevola,
the greatest lawyer of his time. This study he supplemented by
attending the courts and the Forum, listening to such advocates
as Crassus and Antonius. Then at the age of eighteen a short
military campaign under Pompeius Strabo, uncle of Pompey the
^ The group at the left represents the great man's triumph. Note the
horses, and Victory with the palm. The central group shows him sacri-
ficing ; and the third represents his marriage. Notice that the principal
figure is made carefully the same in ail three groups ; that in the two
first, however, he is represented in the tunic, and in the third, as wearing
the toga.
xvii
xviii
INTRODUCTION
"Cicero's Tower" at Arpinum
Great, gave Cicero all the experience he desired as a soldier.
Gladly he resumed his studies, — rhetoric, logic, philosophy, and
oratory, — pursuing them for two years, at Athens, in Asia Minor,
and at Rhodes. At Athens he met Pomponius Atticus, who be-
came his intimate friend and correspondent. At Rhodes, he was
instructed by the celebrated rhetorician, Apollonius Molo, who
also taught Caesar. It was this instructor who said, after listen-
ing to the young orator, " You have my praise and admiration,
Cicero, and Greece my pity and commiseration, since those arts
and that eloquence, which are the only glories that remain to her,
will now be transferred to Rome."
2. Cicero as an Advocate. — Cicero's first appearance as an ad-
vocate was in 81 B.C., in a civil suit in defense of Publius Quinc-
tius, with the brilUant Hortensius as the opposing counsel.
The following year he appeared in a criminal suit defending Sextus
Roscius against a plaintiff who was a favorite of Sulla. His
success in winning the case was therefore a special triumph. In
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO xix
77, after his return from foreign study, he resumed the practice
of law, in which he was destined soon to take the leadership.
3. Cicero's Early Political Career. — It is significant of Cicero's
qualifications that being a novus homo, i.e., one whose ancestors
had never held office, he himseK was elected to the four offices
of the cursus honorum at the earhest legal age : quaestor at thirty,
curule aedile at thirty-six, praetor at thirty-nine, and consul at
forty-two. The quaestorship in 75 b.c. was spent in the prov-
ince of Sicily, where his justice and impartiahty endeared him to
the people, while he greatly increased his popularity at home by
sending grain from the province at a time of great scarcity. The
holding of this office entitled Cicero to a seat in the Senate for life.
Five years later the Sicilians appealed to Cicero to prosecute
their Roman governor Verres, for tyranny and extortion. He
conducted the impeachment with such skill that Hortensius, the
defendant's counsel, gave up the case and Verres voluntarily
went into exile. ■
In 69, as curule aedile, Cicero pleased the people by the public
games which he furnished in good taste, though not with the
lavish expenditure of his wealthier predecessors. His praetorship
in 66 was made memorable by the passing of the IVIanihan Law,
conferring upon Pompey supreme command in the war with
Mithridates. Cicero's speech in behalf of the bill was the first
he delivered to the people from the Rostra, an oration noted for
its perfect form (see p. 243). By means of it he won the favor
of Pompej^, who was soon to become an important pohtical factor,
and, while incurring the opposition of the senatorial party, he
secured the support of the populace. It paved the way to the
consulship.
4. Cicero's Consulship. — Declining the governorship of a
province at the close of his term as praetor, Cicero devoted his
attention to securing the highest prize, the consulship. His
name was presented in 64 b.c, with five other candidates, includ-
ing Antonius and Catiline. Cicero owed his election to his clean
record, which secured for him the solid support of the equites,
his own order, and of many patricians of the better sort. He
was the first novus homo to be elected since Marius, his fellow
XX
INTRODUCTION
Arpinate. Antonius, second in the contest, became hi?
colleague.
During his term he opposed the agrarian law of ServiHus Rul-
lus, defended Rabirius, an aged senator falsely accused of murder,
and also the consul-elect, Murena, charged with bribery. But
the main event of his consulship, and indeed of his Ufe, was the
suppreseion of the conspiracy of Catiline (see p. 181). This task
was the more difficult because his colleague was in sympathy with
the conspirators, and Caesar and Crassus had supported Catihne
in his candidacy. Furthermore, there was no strong garrison in
Rome at the time, for the legions were with Pompey in the East,
and the nearest troops were in Cisalpine Gaul. It was the con-
sul's prompt action that made him pater 'patriae, and honored
him with a supplicatio, the first given to a civihan.
5. Cicero in Exile. — Having passed the goal of his pohtical
ambition, Cicero spent the next four years as an active member
of the Senate. In 62 b.c. he dehvered his oration for the poet
Antium
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO
XXI
So-called Ruins of Cicero's Villa at Tusculum
Archias, his former teacher (see p. 269). He also defended P.
Cornehus Sulla, who was charged with complicity in the con-
spiracy of Catiline. In private Ufe there was much that added
to the enjoyment of the honors he had earned. His house was on
the Palatine Hill, the best residential section of Rome. He had
villas or country seats at Antium, Cumae, Formiae, Pompeii,
and Tusculum, with their libraries and works of art.
But a cloud hung over his pleasures. On the last day of his
consulship, as he ascended the Rostra to give an account of his
administration, Metellus, the tribune, had tried to prevent him
by declaring that a magistrate who had put Roman citizens to
death without trial, should not himself speak. The gathering
storm of opposition burst in the tribuneship of Clodius, 58 b.c.
This profligate patrician had become the personal enemy of the
orator because the latter had testified against his character. As
the agent of the triumvirs whom Cicero had offended, he pro-
posed a bill that whoever had put to death a Roman citizen with-
XXU INTRODUCTION
out trial should be outlawed. It was evident against whom it
was aimed. Failing to receive assistance from Pompey and the
consuls, Cicero went into voluntary exile. Immediately another
bill of Clodius was passed, declaring Cicero a public enemy,
confiscating his property, and prohibiting him from fire and
water within four hundred miles of the city. Cicero fled to South-
ern Italy, thence to Greece and Thessalonica. This was about the
time of Caesar's battle with the Helvetians. The rest of the
year he remained crushed in spirit and hopeless, notwithstanding
the consolation and kindness extended to him by the provin-
cials.
But in Rome opposition was turning to favor. Clodius had
lost his hold. Pompey and the new consuls and tribunes of 57
urged the return of the exile. A month after the bill recalling him
was passed in the assembly of the people, he reached Rome.
His homeward journey was marked with demonstrations of affec-
tion. His entry into the city was like a triumphal procession.
Later his house on the Palatine and his villas were rebuilt at the
pubhc expense.
6. Cicero as Ex-consul. — Cicero resumed his place in the
Senate and in the courts, but his life was one of weakened influ-
ence. His friendship was sought by Caesar, and finally won, so
that he wrote to Atticus, "The delightful friendship with Caesar
is the one plank saved from my shipwreck which gives me real
pleasure." It was after his return from exile that Cicero began
to write upon rhetorical and philosophical subjects (see sec. 10).
In 53 B.C., he was honored with an appointment to the college of
augurs. In 52, while attempting to speak in behalf of Milo,
who was clearly guilty of the murder of Clodius, he was humih-
ated by failure, breaking down '^ in the presence of the drawn
swords of the soldiers, and of the intense excitement of the by-
standers." The oration, which was delivered only in part, was
afterwards written out, and is one of his best. The following
year Cicero was made governor of Cilicia, a province that had
been grossly misruled by his predecessor. The new governor
won the hearty gratitude of his subjects by his reforms in many
ways, and by subduing their enemies with his legions. He was
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO xxiii
proclaimed imperator, and on his return to Rome would probably
have been awarded a triumph, had the citizens not been distracted
by Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon.
7. Cicero and the Civil War. — Cicero's position between
Caesar and Pompey was indeed difficult. Both leaders had
claims upon his friendship. Failing as a peacemaker, he finally
took the side of Pompey, following him to Greece. After
Caesar's victory at Pharsalus, he returned to Brundisium, await-
ing for months the will of the conqueror, until the message came
with a generous offer of pardon. This was in 47 B.C. With but
little interest in politics, Cicero sought comfort in wiiting. Three
busy years followed, in which he produced four works on rhetoric
and oratory, three on ethics, two on philosophy, besides essays
on other subjects. Domestic sorrows came. His wife Terentia
was estranged, and finally divorced. This was followed by the
death of his only daugl: i-er Tullia, to whom he was devotedly
attached.
Then came the assassination of Caesar in 44 b.c, which in the
course of events, Cicero was more than ready to approve. Once
again, at the age of 63, he threw his energy into the struggle for
the freedom of the repubUc. He became the life and soul of the
senatorial party, aiding the young Octavianus in his claims
against Antony. His last oratorical efforts were called forth in
the fourteen " Philippics," hurled against Antony, in which he
declared the tyrant to be a public enemy, and called upon the
Romans to maintain their liberty. But the voice of her greatest
orator could not save the state.
8. Cicero's Assassination. — The formation of the second
triumvirate blasted all hopes of the patriots. Once more the
proscription lists were made, and to satisfy Antony, the young
Octavianus consented to sacrifice Cicero. His brother Quintus
was also proscribed. Marcus might have made his escape, but
was overtaken by the assassins near his villa at Formiae, Decem-
ber 7, 43 B.C. His faithful slaves would have fought to the end,
but he permitted no resistance. It is recorded that his head
and hands were taken to Rome and in mockery nailed to the
Rostra by order of Antony.
Xxiv INTRODUCTION
9. Cicero as an Orator. — "It happened many years after, '^.
writes Plutarch, " that Augustus once found one of his grandsons
with a work of Cicero's in his hands. The boy was frightened
and hid the book under his gown ; but the emperor took it from
him, and standing there motionless, read through a great part
of the book; then he gave it back to the boy and said : ' This
was a great orator, my child; a great orator, and a man who
loved his country well.' "
Rome was a nation of orators. Not only did Cicero hold the
first place among them, but his influence has been recognized by
all men of eloquence since his day. To natural ability, a com-
manding voice and a pleasing personahty, were added long and
careful discipline and experience. It is true that he argued
chiefly as an advocate, often exaggerating or evading facts in
order to emphasize. He was criticised for being verbose, but
this defect he partly corrected. With his incisive wit, his keen
sense of humor, his wonderful mastery of words, he swayed the
people and the Senate at his will. Of one hundred and seven
orations attributed to Cicero, over fifty have been preserved en-
tire, with fragments of twenty others. Most of these were re-
vised for publication after being delivered.
10. Cicero as a Writer. — The name of Cicero is the greatest
la Roman literature. Mackail saj^s, " Cicero's imperishable
glory is that he created a language which remained for sixteen
centuries that of the civilized world, and used that language to
create a style which nineteen centuries have not replaced, and
in some respects have scarcely altered. He stands in prose, like
Virgil in poetry, as the bridge between the ancient and the
modern world." One can hardly understand how a busy man
could find time to write so much upon so many subjects. His
writings, as they have come down to us, fill ten volumes, about
five thousand pages. Besides his orations and letters we have
his works on rhetoric and i:)hilosophy. With his broad experi-
ence no one could write with more authority than he upon rhetoric
and oratory. In his De Oratore, Brutus, and Orator, he treats of
the ideal orator, his education and training, and the history of
oratory down to his own time.
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO XXV
The treatises in philosophy were written in the last years of his
life. In 46-44 b.c. he produced fifteen works, including De
Republica, De Legibus, De Offi^ciis, De Amicitia, De Senectute, De
Finibus, De Natura Deorum, and the Tusculan Disputations.
He had studied Greek philosophy from his youth. But very httle
had been written in Latin on this subject. To reproduce the
thoughts of the Greeks without aiming to be original, to teach the
lessons of philosophy to his countrymen in their own tongue, this
was his task. Of the Tusculan Disputations it was Erasmus who
said: '' I cannot doubt that the mind from which such teach-
ings flowed was in some sense inspired by divinity. I always feel
a better man for reading Cicero."
11. Cicero's Letters. — To the modern world most interest-
ing are the letters of Cicero. Of these we have over eight
hundred, written to his family and friends {Ad Familiares), to
his intimate friend and publisher, T. Pomponius Atticus {Ad
Atticum), to his brother Quintus {Ad Q. Fratrem), and to Marcus
Brutus {Ad M. Brutum). The}'' cover a period of twenty-five
years, 68 to 43 b.c, and are a priceless source of information of
the times of Cicero, the last days of the republic. And yet as
we read these charming and natural expressions of the great
Roman, we are impressed with their modern tone and our com-
mon ci^ihzation.
12. The Character of Cicero. — Historians vary greatly in
their estimate of Cicero. Perhaps it is nearest the truth to say
that he had many w^eaknesses but much strength. He was
emotional, vain, sensitive. As a statesman he made many mis-
takes. He failed to grasp the supreme problems of his time. He
lacked force, will, and aim. He was vacillating in the ci\dl war,
but his choice of affihation had to be made between two e\dls.
That he w^as a patriot there can be no doubt. His greatest desire
was to save and free the repubhc. That he was honest and in-
corruptible is shown in his provincial administration. He was a
man of peace and honor, pure in hfe and purpose, and sympathetic
with the oppressed. A biographer well says : " His fideht}" to
his prudent friend Atticus, his affection to his loyal freedman Tiro,
his unfailing courtesy toward his mfe Terentia, the love he lav-
ZXVI
INTRODUCTION
^
■■(/
!-,/>"
♦^JC^TVUJGP '^iCS'
ished upon his
daughter Tullia, his
unworthy son Mar-
cus, and his sturdy
brother Quintus,
stand forth in strik-
ing contrast to the
coldness of the typi-
cal Roman of his
day."
ROMAN ORA-
TORY
13. In the time of
Cicero there were
two styles of ora-
tory, the Asiatic and
the Attic. The for-
mer style called for
ornamentation, and
attention to lan-
guage and delivery rather than to thought ; the latter was di-
rect, simple, natural. Hortensius represented the Asiatic; Cic-
ero, the Attic, though being a pupil of the Rhodian School, he
was inclined to strike a mean between the two extremes.
14. Orations were judicial, deliberative, or demonstrative.
(1) Judicial orations, of which the Pro Archia is an example, were
delivered in a court of justice. (2) Deliberative orations were
delivered to the Senate or the popular assembly in the discussion
of some public question. The oration for the Manilian Law and
those against Catihne were of this kind. (3) Demonstrative
orations were designed to praise or censure some one. These are
illustrated by the oration Pro Marcello, by the portions of the
Manilian Law eulogizing Pompey, and portions of the Catiline
orations denouncing the conspirator.
15. The formal outline of an oration included six parts : (1) the
exordium, or introduction; (2) the narratio, or statement of the
Raphael's Idea of Cicero
(From his sketch book)
ROMAN CITIZENS XXVii
case, including the propositio, or statement of the main theme;
(3) the partitio, or division of the argument . (4) the confirmatio,
or affirmative argument from the speaker's side; (5) the refutatio,
or rebuttal of the opponent's argument; (6) the peroratio, or
conclusion.
ROMAN CITIZENS
16. The old distinction between patricians and plebeians was
wiped out as early as 300 B.C., when both classes aUke were en-
titled to hold any office, civil or religious. But another dis-
tinction arose, dividing the people into three classes, the sena-
torial order, the knights, and the commons.
17. The Senatorial Order, or Optimates. — This order in-
cluded all who were descended from a curule magistrate (32)
or who had themselves held office. They therefore constituted
an hereditar}^ nobility. They practically held a monopoly of the
offices, for while any freeborn citizen might be a candidate, the
power of the senatorial party was against all except the nobles.
Senators were excluded by law from trade and banking. Their
distinctive dress was the tunic with a broad purple stripe.
18. The Equites, or Knights. — This term, originally apphed to
the cavalry of the state, came to be used of the men who had the
property quahfication of 400,000 sesterces, about 20,000 dollars
{ordo eqiiester) . They formed, therefore, an aristocracy of wealth,
controlling capital and farming the pubhc revenues. They had
no constitutional privileges until the time of Gains Gracchus,
when they were given the exclusive right to sit on juries. The
equites then lost their mihtary connection and became influential
in poUtics, often as rivals of the senators. The insignia of the
order was a gold ring and two purple stripes on the tunic.
19. The Commons. — In Cicero's time the older famiUes had
all become senators or knights. The great body of the people
constituted the populus, plebs, or populates. By amassing suffi-
cient wealth one of the inferior class could rise to the equites;
by holding the offices, he became a senator. Such a man ennobled
his family, and being the first to hold office, was a novus homo
(a man without ancestry). " The condition of the commons was
xxviil INTRODUCTION
pitiable. The combinations of capital shut them out of commerce
and manufacture, while the competition of slave labor almost
closed agriculture and trade against them. Some found employ-
ment in the colonies and provinces, some eked out a scanty living
on their farms, some made war their trade ; but the idle and de-
graded flocked into the capital to live on the cheap corn provided
by the treasury, and to sell their votes to the highest bidder.'^
(Johnston.)
20. Freed slaves {liherti, lihertini) were citizens and had the
right to vote, but not to hold office until the taint of slavery
was removed by two or more generations.
21. Municipia, or municipal towns, were conquered com-
munities subject to taxation and military service, which finally
gained full citizenship. Civitates foederatae were communities
whose privileges depended on special treaty with Rome. Colo-
nies sent from the city (coloniae), as a rule, enjoyed full citizen-
ship. A praefectura was a town in which justice was administered
by a prefect sent from Rome. Individual foreigners were often
honored with citizenship by special gift, sometimes conferred by
a commander.
THE POPULAR ASSEMBLIES
There were three assemblies based on three different divisions;
of the citizens.
22. The Comitia Curiata. — This was the old assembly of
thirty curiae or wards. Originally its function was to confer
imperium on the king and to decide on peace and war. In the
time of the repubhc its only duty was the conferring of authority
on the consuls and praetors as a matter of form, each curia being
represented by a single delegate.
23. Comitia Centuriata. — This assembly began as a mihtary
organization in the days of Servius Tullius, when the people were
divided into centuries (centuriae). The century or division to
which a man belonged was determined by the amount of his
wealth. About 250 b.c. the assembly was reorganized into three
hundred and seventy-three centuries. This comitia elected the
consuls, praetors, and censors, and for a long time decided ques-
THE POPULAR ASSEMBLIES xxix
tions of peace and war. This latter function, however, was
transferred to the Senate. Its power of legislation was trans-
ferred largely to the comitia tributa, and its judicial power to the
standing courts. It could be summoned by a consul, praetor, or
dictator. Being military in theory, its meetings were usually
held in the Campus Martins.
24. Comitia Tributa. — This was an assembly of the tribes,
thirty-five in number, growing out of the older concilium plebis.
The assembly convened under either name according to whether
the patricians were included (comitia tributa), or excluded {con-
cilium plebis). Their functions were elective, legislative, and
judicial. The comitia tributa elected curule aediles, quaestors,
and certain lesser magistrates, and was presided over by a con-
sul or praetor. Its enactments were known as leges. The con-
cilium plebis, whose presiding officer was a tribune, elected the
plebeian tribunes and aediles and came to be the chief legisla-
tive body of the government. Its laws, known as plebiscita,
had the same validity as the leges of the comitia tributa, and did
not require the sanction of the Senate. Like the comitia cen-
turiata, these tribal assemblies relegated their judicial authority
to the standing courts, though as late as 63 b.c, Rabinius was
tried before the tributa mth Cicero as his defender. The ses-
sions of these assemblies were held in the Campus for elections,
and in the Forum for law-making,
25. Methods of Voting. Adjournment. — The assemblies
mentioned above were called for taking action not for dehbera-
tion. The voting was done by secret ballot. At legislative
meetings each voter received an affirmative and a negative
ballot. At meetings to elect magistrates he received a blank
tabella, on which he wrote the name of the candidate of his
choice. In each century or tribe the individual votes determined
the vote of the century or tribe which was then cast as a unit, a
majority of these divisions deciding the vote of the assembly.
So, for example, the favoring vote of eighteen of the thirty-five
tribes would pass a bill, though the individuals represented might
be less than those who opposed it. If the voting was not com-
pleted by sunset, all was void. The session might then be ad-
XXX INTRODUCTION
journed by the presiding officer, by his colleague, or a superior
officer, or by the occurrence of Ughtning or storm. Finally the
voting would have to be repeated if the officer failed or refused
to announce the result.
26. Contiones. — An assembly of citizens to listen to an ad-
dress or to a discussion was a contio. The people came together
as individuals. Though called together by magistrates only, the
assembly could be addressed by private citizens. It had no
powers, and adopted no resolutions. If action was to follow, a
comitia had to be properly called. The second and third orations
against CatiHne and the oration for the Manihan Law were de-
livered before contiones.
27. Political Parties. — As in all nations, two factions sprang
ap, the aristocratic and the democratic {optimates and populares).
Cicero defined the former thus : " All those are optimates who,
no matter to what class of citizens they belong, bravely defend
the institutions of our ancestors." They formed the conservative
class, including the nobiUty as the chief element. " Those who
wish the things which they do and say to be pleasing to the
multitude," said Cicero", '^ are the populares." The intense party
strife between these factions which began with the Gracchi lasted
till the time of Caesar, who became the successful popular cham-
pion.
THE SENATE
28. Membership. — In the earlier days of the republic any
citizen of proper age was ehgible to the Senate, though the prefer-
ence was given to ex-magistrates. After Sulla, the Senate be-
came exclusively a body of ex-magistrates, serving ex-officio for
life. Before admission to membership, a candidate must be
declared worthy by the censor, must be thirty -one years old, and
mast abstain from certain occupations. While there was no
property requirement, only men of means would be able to serve,
as they did, without pay. The senators in a body were ad-
dressed as patres conscripti, i.e. patres et conscripti, a phrase first
used in 509 B.C. to include the original senators {patres) and the
newly enrolled {conscripti) plebeians. The number of senators
THE SENATE XXxi
was fixed by Sulla at 600, by Caesar at 900, and afterwards re-
duced to 600.
29. The Session. — The regular meeting place of the Senate
was the Curia Hostilia on the north side of the Comitium, but
any temple might be used instead. The first oration against
Catihne was delivered in the Temple of Jupiter Stator, the fourth
in the Temple of Concord. A session was called generally by a
consul, praetor, or tribune, who became the presiding officer.
None but members were admitted, but others might hsten to the
proceedings from the entrance.
30. Procedure. — After the senators had been summoned by
the herald (praeco) or by proclamation, the presiding officer took
the auspices. He then proposed the question to be considered
(rem ad senatum referre), and called upon the members to ex-
press their opinions (rogare sententias). The privilege of speech
was given first to magistrates-elect, then to ex-magistrates
ranking as consuls, praetors, aediles, tribunes, quaestors. The
presiding officer was entitled to speak at any stage of the
debate. The members either spoke at length or simply ex-
pressed agreement, or nonagreement with the motion. After
the discussion the voting was by division. All voted except
magistrates in office. A decision of the Senate which was not
vetoed was called a senatus consultum; but if vetoed by any
magistrate having the right of veto, it was only a senatus
audoritas. To be valid, the decision must be reached before
sunset. Filibustering was practised, for the opponent of a
measure could prevent action on it by talking until sunset.
31. Functions. — The Senate was primarily an advisory body,
giving advice only when asked, but by reason of the dignity of its
members, it gained in power until it controlled all legislation and
elections. Among its special powers were the following :
1. In rehgious matters the Senate ordered the consultation of
the soothsayers or the Sibylline books, decreed a thanksgiving
(supplicatio) , games, or hoUdays, and cooperated with the rehgious
officers in times of peril.
2. In financial matters the Senate controlled taxation, reve-
nues, appropriations, and coinage.
xxxii INTRODUCTION
3. The Senate declared war and concluded peace, assigning
troops and military commands, awarding the title of imperator
and granting a triumph or a supplicatio.
4. The Senate could enter into an alliance by treaty with a
foreign nation, assume the protectorate of a territory, or confer
the title of king or friend of the Roman people on a foreign poten-
tate. Embassies from foreign nations were sent to it, and de-
mands addressed to a foreign nation were sent by the Senate.
5. The government of the provinces was under the jurisdiction
of the Senate, which assigned the proconsuls and the propraetors.
6. The Senate discussed bills which were to be presented to the
legislative assemblies.
7. The Senate had the sole right of naming a dictator, or might
suspend the ordinary laws by passing a senatus consultum ulti-
mum, directing the consuls videant ne quid res publica detrimenti
capiat.
THE MAGISTRATES
32. There were six ordinary magistrates in the repubhcan
period : consul, censor, praetor, tribune of the plebs, aedile,
quaestor. The dictator and magister equitum were extraor-
dinary, appointed only in critical times. The consul and
praetor (dictator and magister equitum) were magistrates with
imperium, i.e. with supreme executive authority, military, civil,
and judicial, which had formerly belonged to the kings. The
other officials were magistrates with potestas. The consul, censor,
praetor, curule aedile (dictator and magister equitum) were curule
magistrates, i.e. were entitled to use the sella curulis, an ivory
chair of peculiar shape, as a symbol of authority. Non-curule
magistrates used a subsellium, a low wooden bench. By a law
in 180 B.C., a cursus honorum was estabhshed, making it neces-
sary for one to have been quaestor before becoming praetor, and
to have been praetor before becoming consul. Furthermore, it
was considered desirable to be aedile before being praetor, though
not essential. Besides this sequence, a minimum age limit was
fixed for the incumbent of each office ; for quaestor, thirty-one ;
aedile, thirty-seven; praetor, forty; consul, forty-three. Th^^
THE MAGISTRATEiS XXxiil
date of the elections was usually set by the Senate for July, but
postponements might occur. Quaestors were inaugurated the
following December 5; tribunes, December 10; others, January 1.
The term of office was one year, except for the censor, who served
eighteen months. An interval of two years was necessary be-
tween the different offices, and one of ten years before reelection
to the same office. Every magistrate possessed the power of veto
over his colleague or an inferior magistrate. There was no salary
for public officials, but an ex-magistrate found a source of gain
in the province to which he was assigned.
33. Consuls. — The two consuls were theoretically of equal
power, exercising their authority on alternate months. They
were the chief magistrates, checking by veto any other except a
tribune. Each consul was limited by the veto power of the other
and of the tribune, and was restrained by the fact that he would
have to give an account of his administration to the people. In
the transaction of foreign affairs, they presided over the Senate,
and executed its orders. They conducted the election of the
curule magistrates in the popular assemblies. They had the power
to levy troops, and were nominally the commanders, but in
Cicero's time it was unusual for them to take the field. In times
of peril, the consuls were invested by the Senate with the power
of a dictator. A consul whose authority was prolonged beyond
his term of office became a proconsul and acted as governor of a
province. The consular insignia were the toga praetexta, sella
curulis, and twelve lictors, who bore the fasces.
34. Praetors. — In case of the absence of both consuls from
the city, the praetors acted in their place. But their chief duty
was to act as judges. As the government developed, their
number was increased from one to eight, as it was in Cicero's
time. Of these, one was the praetor urbanus, in charge of cases
between citizens ; another was the praetor inter peregrinos, in
charge of cases between foreigners, or between a foreigner and a
citizen ; the remaining six presided over the standing courts for
special offences. The praetor urbanus was the chief judge of Rome.
At the close of his year, a praetor became propraetor, in the ca-
pacity of provincial governor.
xxxiv INTRODUCTION
35. Aediles. — There were four aediles, two " curule " and
two '' plebeian." The former were chosen by the comitia
trihuta, the latter by the concilium plebis (24). Their duties
were practically the same, the city being divided into four dis-
tricts, one for each aedile. These duties were the care of the
streets and public buildings, the water supply and the grain
market, the superintending of the pohce, and the providing against
fire. An important function was to provide for the public games
and festivals. For this purpose there was a state appropriation
of funds, but the desire to win the favor of the people often led
the aedile to excessive expenditure which he expected to pay by
means of later income in the provinces.
36. Quaestors. — The quaestors were the public treasurers.
Before the third century b.c. they also prepared evidence in
public prosecutions (hence the name, from quaero). They col-
lected money due the state and paid it out by order of the Senate.
They were also custodians of the pubhc documents such as census
lists, contracts, and copies of laws. Their number, at first two,
was increased by Sulla to twenty. Two of these [quaestor es
urbani), served in the city as general financial officers, while the
others were with the army or in the provinces as paymasters.
Their year of office began December 5, when they drew lots for
assignments as referred to in Cat. IV. 7.
37. Tribunes. — The ten tribunes of the plebs were of neces-
sity plebeian, either by birth or adoption (24). The office was
first created to protect the people against the arbitrary action
of a magistrate. Though they had no positive duties except to
preside at certain elections (24) they came to be the most power-
ful officers in the state, for by their power of veto (ius intercedendi)
they could prevent the act of any curule magistrate, the passage
of laws by the assemblies, or the decree of the Senate. The only
check upon them was the veto of a colleague. They could also
convoke and preside over the Senate (28) and the comitia trihuta,
and initiate legislation. Their activity was confined to the city,
from which tney were permitted to be absent only a day at a
time. As protectors of the people, the houses of the tribunes
stood open day and night. Their persons were declared sacred.
THE MAGISTRATES xxxv
i.e. death might be inflicted on any man who harmed the tribune
in the exercise of his authority.
38. Censors. — Two censors were elected every five years-
They served for eighteen months and then abdicated, their
duties for the remaining time being assigned to the other magis-
trates. These duties were (1) to take the census, assess property,
and arrange for the register of tribes, classes, and centuries ;
(2) to revise the lists of senators and knights, excluding the
unworth}^ (28), and in general to supervise pubhc morals ; (3) to
sell the pri\aleges of collecting taxes, and to let contracts for
public buildings. A man could be degraded from his rank,
remaining so for the current register. On the other hand, a
master could free a slave by having liim inscribed on the censor's
Ust of citizens. In the last century of the repubhc the office lost
much of its prestige, and from 86 to 70 b.c. no censors were
elected (Arcliias, ch. 5).
39. Dictator. — In times of special peril the consuls appointed
a dictator by order of the Senate. His authority lasted for six
months, or less if regular order was restored. There was no
appeal from his decisions. He appointed a military assistant to
command the cavalry {magister equitum), while he commanded
the infantry. There was no regular dictator after 202 b.c, for
Sulla and Caesar, who were so called, usurped the office.
40. Religious Officers. — The religion of the Romans was a
state institution. The priests were men of great influence and
had much to do with pubhc hfe. The most important of the
priestly colleges were the pontifl's (pontifices) and the augurs
(auguries). The former, 15 in number, supervised all reUgious
observances, chose and guarded the Vestals, regulated the
Calendar, fixing the days for legal business and for festivals.
They held office for life. The president of the college, the ponti-
fex maximus, was not prevented from engaging in secular pursuits.
Thus Caesar was elected to this office at the age of tliirty-six, and
continued his public career. The augurs observed and inter-
preted the auspices or reputed natural signs. These signs were
derived from the heavens, including thunder and hghtning, from
the ffight of birds, from the behavior of sacred chickens, and in
XXXvi INTRODUCTION
other ways according to traditional rules. Unless the auspices
were first taken, no assembly, no meeting of the Senate, no elec-
tion could be held, neither could war be declared, nor could
public business of any kind be transacted. Cicero was made
one of the fifteen augurs in 53 b.c.
Haruspices from Etruria foretold the future in detail, rather
than simple answers " yes " or " no." They were an unofficial
guild, consulted in special cases.
THE COURTS
41. The Roman courts were in charge of the praetors (34).
In cases of minor importance, the praetor either gave the deci-
sion himself or referred it to a judge (index) or jury. For cases of
greater importance, standing courts were estabhshed by Sulla,
the quaestiones perpetuae, presided over by the praetors. These
courts considered cases concerning misgovernment (extortion),
murder, forgery, embezzlement, treason, assault, etc. Juries
varied in number of men, and were selected by the presiding
judge. After 70 b.c. a law provided that they should be taken
equally from the senators, the knights, and the tribuni aerarii.
Their service was honorary. Trials were first held in the open
air at the tribunal of the praetor in the Forum, but after 184 B.C.,
often in the basilicas around the Forum. From the decisions of
the standing courts there was no appeal. By the Valerian law
(509 B.C.) citizens condemned to death or excessive fine by any
magistrate had the right of appcfl to the comitia centuriata and
tributa respectively. But capital punishment and the flogging of
citizens were abolished by the Porcian law (198 b.c). Imprison-
ment as a penalty was not known in Rome, though one await-
ing trial might be kept in the career. The ordinary penalties
were a fine (multa), loss of citizenship (infamia), or exile. Exile
was either voluntary, or practicall}^ imposed b}^ the denial of the
use of fire and water (aquae et ignis inter dictio) .
PROVINCES
42. A Boman provmce was organized under a charter prepared
by the conquering general with the sanction of the Senate. Its
THE FORUM XXXvii
government was intrusted to a proconsul when an army was
necessary, to a propraetor when the province was quiet. As far
as practicable, the freedom of the provincials in local matters
was not interfered with. ** The tax exacted of a prov^-'ice was a
tithe (decuma), or a fixed amount in money {stipendium) . Be-
sides the tithe, the Senate might impose the burden of supplying
further produce at a fixed price." (Gow.) During the later
years of the republic, especially, the provinces were plundered
by the governors as well as by the tax farmers. Although charges
could be brought in the special court at Rome against the offender,
yet in fact such action brought little permanent relief.
THE FORUM AND THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS
43. The Forum was the low open space between the Capitoline
and Palatine Hills, originally a market place. " It was about
two hundred and twenty yards long, sixty j^ards wide near the
Capitoline, narrowing to thirty-five near the Palatine." (Gow.)
Adjacent to it on the northwest corner was a small square, the
Comitium, used in earlier days as the center of public life.
Between tne Forum and th? Comitium stood the Rostra, the
speaker's platform, from which audiences could be addressed on
either side. It was from this platform that Cicero's orations to
the people were delivered. The Capitoline Hill on the west was
famed for its temple of Jupiter. The Palatine Hill on the southeast
was the site of many shrines, and of the residences of wealthy
citizens. On the north side of the Comitium was the Senate House,
the Curia Hostilia, whose site is now marked by the Church
of St. Adriano. At the western end of the Forum was the Temple
of Concord, built to commemorate the final harmony between
the patricians and the plebeians. The Temple of Jupiter Stator,
in which Cicero dehvered his first oration against Catihne prob-
ably stood on the slope of the Palatine, a short distance to the
east of the Forum. Among the other buildings of interest about
the Forum were the Temple of Vesta, with its sacred fire ; the
Regia, formerly the palace of the king, later the residence of the
pontifex maximus; the basilicae, used for the law courts ; and
the tabernae, rows of shops. The Forum was therefore the center
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I xxxviii]
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Xl INTRODUCTION
of the religious, legal, and business interests. On the northwest
corner stood the Tulhanum or state's prison, which exists to-day,
the place of the execution of Catiline's fellow-conspirators (see
p. 32).
WORKS OF REFERENCE
. 44. Beesly, a. H., Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius.
BoissiER, G., Cicero and his Friends.
Collins, W. L., Cicero (Ancient Classics for English
Readers.)
Fausset, W. Y., The Student's Cicero.
Forsyth, W., Life of Cicero.
Froude, J. A., Caesar, a Sketch.
Oman, Ch., Pompey (Seven Roman Statesmen).
Plutarch, Life of Cicero.
Strachan-Davidson, J. L., Cicero and the Fall of the
Roman Republic.
Trollope, a., Life of Cicero.
Cruttwell, C. T., a History of Roman Literature.
Fowler, H. N., A History of Roman Literature.
Mackail, J. W., Latin Literature.
MiDDLETON and Mills, The Students' Companion to
Latin Authors.
Sears, L., The History of Orator5^
Abbott, F. F., Roman Political Institutions.
Church, A. J., Roman Life in the Days of Cicero.
Gow, J., A Companion to School Classics.
Greenidge, a. H. J., Legal Procedure in Cicero's Time.
Greenidge, a. H. J., Roman Public Life.
Johnston, H. W., The Private Life of the Romans.
Huelsen, Ch., Forum Romanum.
Lanciani, R., The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome.
MiDDLETON, J. H., The Remains of Ancient Rome.
Nichols, F. M., The Roman Forum.
Cicero before the Senate
(From the statue at Oxford)
[xliij
M, TULLI CICERONIS
ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA
IN SENATU HABITA
The orator arraigns Catiline for his boldness.
1. Quo usque tandem abutere, Catillna, patientia no-
stra ? Quam cliu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet ? Quern
ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia? Nihilne te
nocturnum praesidium Palati, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil
timor popull, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hies
mtinltissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora
vultusque moverunt? Patere tua consilia non sentis?
Constrictam iam horum omnium scientia tenerl coniura-
tionem tuam non vides ? Quid proxima, quid superiore
nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consiliio
ceperis, quern nostrum ignorare arbitraris?
0 tempora ! O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit, consul
videt; hic tamen vivit. Vivit? Immo vero etiam in
senatum venit, fit public! consili particeps, notat et desig-
nat oculTs ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nosis
autem, fortes virl, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si
istius furorem ac tela vTtemus.
^ n >
) ,.S • J.
M. TULLI CICERONIS
The Insignia of the Pontificate
Ad mortem te, Catillna, duci iussu consulis iam pridem
oportebat; in te conferri pestem, quam tu in nos machi-
20naris. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex
maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem statum
rei publicae privatus interfecit; Catillnam orbem terrae
caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem nos consules per-
leremus ? Nam ilia nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C.
25 Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manti
sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica
virtus, ut virl fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem pernicio-
sum quam acerbissimum host em coercerent. Habemus
senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave.
3oNon deest rei publicae consilium neque auctoritas huius
ordinis; nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus.
The Senate has decreed against Catiline, but he is allowed
to live.
2. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul
\aderet, ne quid res publica detriment! caperet. Nox
nfdla intercessit; interfectus est propter quasdam sedi-
35tionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo,
maioribus; occTsus est cum liberTs M. Fulvius consularis.
Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus
est permissa res publica. Num unum diem postea L.
Saturmnum tribtinum plebis et C. Servllium praetoren?
ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 3
mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est ? At nos vicesi- 40
mum iam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctori-
tatis. Habemus enim htiiusce modi senattis consultum,
verum inclusum in tabulis tamquam in vagina recondi-
tum, quo ex senattis consulto confestim te interfectum
esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad dep6nen-45
dam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam.
Cupio, patres conscrlpti, me esse clementem, cupio in
tantis re! publicae periculis me non dissolutum videri,
sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. Castra
sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae f auci- 50
bus conlocata; crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus;
eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium
intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus, intestlnam
aliquam cotldie perniciem rel publicae molientem.
Si te iam, Catilina, comprehendl, si interfici iussero, 55
credo, erit verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes boni
serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat.
Verum ego hoc, quod iam pridem factum esse oportuit,
certa de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Tum denique
interficiere cum iam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, 60
tam tul similis invenirl poterit qui id non iure factum
esse fateatur. Quamdiu quisquam erit qui te defendere
audeat, vives, et vives ita ut vivis, multls mels et firmis
praesidiis cbsessus, 'ne commovere te contra rem publicam
possis. Multorum te etiam oculT et aures non sentientem, 65
sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient.
The conspiracy is fully known.
3. Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod iam amplius ex-
spectes, si neque nox tenebris obscurare coeptus nefarios
nee privata domus parietibus continere voces coniura-
tionis tuae potest, si inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? 70
Muta iam istam mentem; mihi crede, obllviscere caedis
4 M. TULLI CICERONIS
atque incendiorum. Teneris undique ; luce sunt clariora
nobis tua consilia omnia, quae iam mecum licet recog-
noscas. Meministme me ante diem xii Kalendas Novem-
Tsbres dicere in senatu fore in armis certo die, qui dies fu-
turus esset ante diem vi Kalendas Novembres, C. Man-
lium, audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae?
Num me fefellit, Catillna, non modo res tanta, tam
atrox tamque incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis
80 est admirandum, dies ?
Dixi ego Idem in senatu caedem te optimatium con-
tulisse in ante diem v Kalendas Novembres, tum cum
multi principes civitatis Roma non tam sui conservandi
quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profu-
85gerunt. Num mfitiarl potes te illo ipso die meis prae-
sidils, mea diligentia circumclusum commovere te contra
rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu discessu ceterorum,
nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede te contentum
esse dicebas? Quid? Cum te Praeneste Kalendls ipsis
90 Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetti esse con-
fideres, sensistine illam coloniam meo iussu meis prae-
sidiis, custodiis, vigiliis esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil
moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam,
sed etiam videam planeque sentiam.
Tlie meeting of conspirators at the house of Laeca. The attempt on
the life of Cicero.
95 4. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superiorem ;
iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam
te ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico te priore nocte venisse
inter falcarios (non agam obscure) in M. Laecae domum;
convenisse eodem complures eiusdem amentiae sceleris-
100 que socios. Num negare audes? Quid taces? Convin-
cam, si negas. Video enim esse hic in senatu quosdam
qui tecum una fuerunt.
ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA
O di immortales ! Ubinam gentium sumus ? In qua
urbe vivimus ? Quam rem publicam habemus ? Hic, hie
sunt in nostro numero, patres conscript!, in hoc orbisios
terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro
omnium interitu, qui de huius urbis atque adeo de orbis
terrarum exitio cogitent. Hos ego video consul et de re
publica sententiam rogo,
et quos ferro trucldari
oportebat, eos nondum
voce vulnero !
FuistI igitur apud Lae-
cam ilia nocte, Catillna ;
distribuisti partes Italiae ;
statuisti quo quemqiie
proficisci placeret ; dele-
gistl quos Romae relin-
queres, quos tecum edu-
ceres ; dlscrlpsisti urbis
partes ad incendia ; con-
firmasti te ipsum iam
esse exiturum ; dixisti
paulum tibi esse etiam
nunc morae, quod ego
viverem. Reperti sunt
duo equites Romani qui
te ista cura llberarent, et
sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo in-
terfecturos pollicerentur. Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam 130
coetu vestro dimisso, comperi; domum meam maioribus
praesidiis munivl atque firmavi ; exclusi eos quos tu ad me
saltitatum mane miseras, cum ill! ipsi venissent quos ego
iam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis ventures
esse praedixeram. 135
The End of a Roman Bronze Bed
6 M. TULLI CICERONIS
Catiline is urged to leave the city and join his waiting forces.
5. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti.
Egredere aliquando ex urbe ; patent portae ; proficlscere.
Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra
deslderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos; si minus,
l4oquam plurimos; purga urbem. Magno me metu libera-
bis, dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobis-
cum versari iam diutius non potes ; non feram, non patiar,
non sinam.
Magna dis immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi
145 lovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi huius urbis, gratia, quod
banc tarn taetram, tam horribilem tamque Infestam rei
publicae pestem totiens iam effugimus. Non est saepius
in uno homine summa salus perlclitanda rei publicae.
Quamditi mihi consul! designato, Catilina, insidiatus es,
150 non publico me praesidio, sed privata dlligentia defend!.
Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo
et competltores tuos interficere voluisti, compress! cona-
tus tuos nefarios amicorum praesidio et copi!s, ntillo tu-
multu publice concitato ; denique, quotienscumque me
155 pet!sti, per me tibi obstit!, quamquam videbam perniciem
meam cum magna calamitate re! publicae esse coniunc-
tam. Nunc iam aperte rem publicam universam petis;
templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, v!tam omnium
c!vium, Italiam totam ad exitium et vastitatem vocas.
160 Qua re, quoniam id quod est pr!mum, et quod huius
imper! disciplinaeque maiorum proprium est, facere non-
dum audeo, faciam id quod est ad severitatem lenius et
ad communem salutem utilius. Nam s! te interfic! iussero,
residebit in re publica reliqua coniuratorum manus; s!n
165 tu, quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex
urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sent!na rei
publicae. Quid est, Catil!na? Num dubitas id, me im-
ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 7
perante, facere quod iam tua sponte faciebas? Exire ex
urbe iubet consul hostem. Interrogas me, num in ex-
silium? Non iubeo; sed, si me consulis, suadeo. 170
All men fear Catiline because of his crimes.
6. Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te iam in hac urbe
delectare possit, in qua nemo est extra istam coniura-
tionem perditorum hominum qui te non metuat, nemo
qui non oderit? Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non
inusta vitae tuae est ? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus 175
non haeret in fama ? Quae libido ab oculls, quod facinus
a manibus umquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore
afuit? Cui tu adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum in-
lecebris inretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad
libldinem f acem praetulisti ? 180
Quid vero? Nuper cum morte superioris uxoris novis
nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili
scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? Quod ego praetermitto et
facile patior sileri, ne in hac civitate tanti facinoris im-
manitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. 185
Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnes im-
pendere tibi proximis Idibus senties. Ad ilia venio quae
non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad
domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad
summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vitam 190
salutemque pertinent.
Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut huius caeli spiritus
esse iucundus, cum scias esse horum neminem qui nesciat
te pridie Kalendas lanuarias Lepido et Tullo consulibus
stetisse in comitio cum telo, manum consul um et princi-i96
pum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse, sceleri ac
furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed
fortunam populi Romani obstitisse? Ac iam ilia omitto
(neque enim simt aut obscura aut non multa commissa
[81
ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 9
postea) ; quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens consulem 200
interficere conatus es ! Quot ego tuas petitiones, ita
coniectas ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva quadam
decllnatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi ! Nihil adse-
queris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. Quotiens
tibi iam extorta est ista sica de manibus ! Quotiens exci- 205
dit casu aliquo et elapsa est ! Quae quidem quibus abs
te initiata sacrls ac devota sit nescio, quod earn necesse
putas esse in consulis corpore defigere.
The senators show their hostility. Their country cries out against
him.
7. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim iam
tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo 210
debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti
paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia
totque tuis amlcis ac necessarils salutavit? Si hoc post
hominum memoriam contigit neminl, vocis exspectas con-
tumeliam, cum sTs gravissimo iudicio taciturnitatis oppres- 215
sus? Quid, quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta
sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem
constittitl fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam
subselliorum nudam atque inanem rellquerunt, quo tan-
dem animo tibi ferendum putas? 220
Servl, mehercule, mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te
metuunt omnes elves tui, domum meam relinquendam
putarem ; tu tibi urbem non arbitraris ? Et, si me meis
civibus initiria suspectum tam graviter atque offensum
viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam Infestis omnium 225
oculls conspici mallem. Tu cum conscientia scelerum
tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diti tibi
debitum, dubitas, quorum mentes senstisque vulneras,
eorum aspectum praesentiamque vltare? Si te parentes
timerent atque odissent tul neque eos ulla ratione placare230
10 M. TULLI CICERONIS
posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes.
Nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium nos-
trum, odit ac metuit, et iam diu nihil te iudicat nisi de
parricidio suo cogitare; huius tu neque auctoritatem
235verebere nee indicium sequere nee vim pertimesces?
Quae tecum, Catillna, sic agit et quodam modo tacita
loquitur : ' Nullum iam aliquot annis f acinus exstitit nisi
per te, nullum flagitium sine te ; tibi unl multorum civium
neces, tibi vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac
240 libera ; tu non solum ad neglegendas leges et quaestiones,
verum etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti.
Superiora ilia, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut
potui, tuli; nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter
unum te, quicquid increpuerit, Catilinam timeri, nullum
245videri contra me consilium inirl posse quod a tuo scelere
abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quam ob rem discede atque
hunc mihi timorem eripe ; si est verus, ne opprimar ; sin
falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.'
Catiline has judged himself deserving of custody.
8. Haec si tecum, ita ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne
25oimpetrare debeat, etiamsi vim adhibere non possit?
Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti, quod vitandae
suspicionis causa ad M'. Lepidum te habitare velle dlxisti?
A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es, atque ut
domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id
255responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse isdem parietibus
ttito esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem, quod isdem
moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum praetorem
venisti. A quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum opti-
mum, M. Metellum, demigrasti; quem tu videlicet et ad
260 custodiendum dlligentissimum et ad suspicandum saga-
cissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti.
Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse
ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA
11
debere, qui se ipse iam dignum custodia itidicarit ? Quae
cum ita sint, Catillna, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non
potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam multis sup- 265
pliciis iustis debitlsque ereptam fugae solitudinlque man-
dare?
'Refer/ inquis, 'ad senatum'; id enim postulas, et,
SI hic ordo placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, obtem-
peraturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret270
a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi de
te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catillna; libera rem pu-
blicam metti; in exsilium, si banc vocem exspectas, pro-
ficiscere. Quid est, Catillna? Ecquid attendis, ecquid
animadvertis horum silentium ? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid 275
exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatemv
tacitorum perspicis? At si hoc idem huic adulescenti
optimo, P. Sestio, si fortissimo viro, M. Marcello, dixis-
A City Gate
12 M. TULLI CICERONIS
sem, iam mihi consul! hoc ipso in templo iure optimo
280senatus vim et mantis intulisset. De te autem, Catilina,
cum quiescunt, probant ; cum patiuntur, decernunt ; cum
tacent, clamant; neque hi solum, quorum tibi auctoritas
est videhcet cara, vita vilissima, sed etiam illl equites
Romam, honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi
285 elves, qui circumstant senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam
videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire
potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diti manus ac tela
contineo, eosdem facile adducam ut te haec, quae vastare
iam pridem studes, relinquentem usque ad portas prose-
290 quantur.
In the face of unpopularity Cicero again calls upon the enemy to go
into exile.
9. Quamquam quid loquor? Te ut uUa res frangat?
Tu ut umquam te corrigas? Tti ut ullam fugam medi-
tere ? Tu ut tillum exsilium cogites ? Utinam tibi istam
mentem di immortales duint ! TametsI video, si mea voce
205 perterritus ire in exsilium animum induxeris, quanta tem-
pestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus recent!
memoria scelerum tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat.
Sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit privata calamitas et a re!
ptiblicae periculis seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis com-
300moveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus re!
publicae cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es,
Catilina, ut te aut pudor umquam a turpitudine aut metus
a periculo aut ratio a furore revocarit.
Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam dixi, proficiscere, ac, si
805 mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta
perge in exsilium. Vix feram sermones hominum, s! id
feceris; vix molem istius invidiae, s! in exsilium iussti
consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servire meae laud! et
gloriae mavis, egredere cum importtina sceleratorum manu,
UKATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA
13
A Domestic Shrine
confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos elves, secerne te a sio
boms, infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a
me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos Isse
videaris.
Quamquam quid ego te invTtem, a quo iam sciam esse
praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur 315
armati ; cui iam sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio
diem; a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi
ac tuls omnibus confTdo perniciosam ac funestam futuram,
cui domi tuae sacrarium constitutum fuit, sciam esse prae-
missam? Tu ut ilia carere dititius possis, quam venerari320
14 M. TULLI CICEKOJNIS
ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a cuius altaribus saepe
istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti ?
The character of Catiline.
10. Ibis tandem aliquando quo te iam pridem ista tua
cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat; neque enim tibi
325 haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem volup-
tatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas
exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium,
sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. Nactus
es, ex perditis atque ab omnl non modo fortuna verum
ssoetiam spe derelictis conflatam, improborum manum.
Hic tu qua laetitia perfruere, quibus gaudiis exsultabis,
quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero
tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque vide-
bis ! Ad huius vltae studium meditati illi sunt qui ferun-
335 tur labores tul: iacere hum! non solum ad obsidendum
stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non
solum insidiantem somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis
otiosorum. Habes ubi ostentes tuam illam praeclaram
patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus
340 te brevi tempore confectum esse senties. Tantum profeci
tum, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius temptare
quam consul vexare rem ptiblicam posses, atque ut id.,
quod esset a te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius
quam bellum nominaretur.
The whole country demands that the consul punish the traitor.
345 11. Nunc, ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prop©
iiistam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, per-
cipite, quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus animis
vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria,
quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, si cdncta Italia, si
360 omnis res publica loquatur :
ORATIO IN CATILINAM PREMA 15
'M. TuUl, quid agis? Tune eum quern esse hostem
comperisti, quern ducem belli futurum vides, quern ex-
spectarl imperatorem in castrls hostium sentis, auctorem
sceleris, prlncipem coniurationis, evocatorem servorum et
civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non emissus355
ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur? Nonne
hunc in vincula duel, non ad mortem rapi, non summo
supplicio mactarl imperabis? Quid tandem te impedit?
Mosne maiorum? At persaepe etiam privati in hac re
publica perniciosos elves morte multarunt. An leges, 360
quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At
numquam in hac urbe qui a re publica defecerunt civium
iura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? Prae-
claram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, homi-
nem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione maiorum, tam 365
mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus
extulit, si propter invidiae aut alictiius periculi metum
salutem civium tuorum neglegis. Sed si quis est invidiae
metus, non est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis
invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda. An 370
cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta arde-
bunt, turn te non existimas invidiae incendio conflagra-
turum ? '
Cicero's reason for recommending exile rather than death.
12. His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum
hominum qui hoc idem sentiunt mentibus pauca respon-375
debo. Ego si hoc optimum factu iudicarem, patres con-
script!, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram horae
gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si
summi viri et clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et
Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se380
non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe veren-
dum mihi non erat ne quid hoc parricida civium inter-
16 M. TULLI CICERONIS
fecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi
ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper,
385 ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem.
Quamquam non nuUi sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea
quae imminent, non videant aut ea quae vident dissimu-
ient; qui spem Catilinae molhbus sententiis aluerunt
coniurationemque nascentem- non credendo corrobora-
390verunt; quorum auctoritate multi non solum improbi,
verum etiam imperlti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crude-
Uter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste,
quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem tarn
stultum fore qui non videat coniurationem esse factam,
395 neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc autem
tino interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper
reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi se
eiecerit secumque suos eduxerit et eodem ceteros undique
collectos naufragos adgregarit, exstinguetur atque dele-
40obitur non modo haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis,
verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium.
All patriots will unite under the guidance of Heaven to save the state
13. Etenim iam diu, patres conscripti, in his periculis
coniurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto
omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas
405 in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. Quodsi ex tanto la-
trocinio iste tinus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve
quoddam tempus cura et metti esse relevati; periculum
autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in
visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo
4iogravi, cum aestu febrique iactantur, si aquam„ gelidam
biberunt, primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius
vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hie morbus qui est in
re publica, relevatus istius poena vehementius reliquis vivis
ingravescet.
ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 17
Ruins of the Temple of Jupiter Stator
Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, unum in 415
locum congregentur, muro denique, quod saepe iam dixl,
secernantur a nobis ; desinant Insidiari domi suae consull,
circumstare tribunal praetoris urbanl, obsidere cum gladils
curiam, malleolos et faces ad Inflammandam urbem com-
parare; sit denique Inscrlptum in fronte unius cuiusque420
quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor hoc vobis, patres
conscrlpti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore dlligentiam, tan-
tam in vobIs auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis
virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut
Catillnae profectione omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa, 425
vindicata esse videatis.
Hisce ominibus, Catillna, cum summa rei publicae
salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum exitio
qui se tecum omnI scelere parricldioque iunxerunt, pro-
ficlscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tu, luppiter, 430
qui Isdem quibus haec urbs auspicils a Romulo es con-
stitutus, quem Statorem huius urbis atque imperl vere
nominamus, hunc et huius socios a tuls ceterlsque templls,
a tectis urbis ac moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium arce-
bis et homines bonorum inimlcos, hostes patriae, latrones435
Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate
coniQnctos, aeternis supplicils vivos mortuosque mactabis.
M. TULLl CICERONIS
ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA
AD POPULUM
Cicero announces the departure of Catiline.
1. Tandem aliquando, Quirltes, L. Catilinam, furentem
audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molien-
tem, vobis atque huic urbl ferro flammaque minitantem,
ex urbe vel eiecimus vel emlsimus vel ipsum egredientem
verbis prosecuti sumus. Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. 5
Nulla iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moeni-
bus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem
unum huius belli domestic! ducem sine controversia vici-
mus. Non enim iam inter latera nostra sica iila versa-
bitur; non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, noni^*
denique intra domestico^ parietes pertimescemus. Loco
ille motus est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum
hoste nullo impediente bellum iustum geremus. Sine
dubio perdidimus bominem magnificeque vicimus, cum
ilium ex occultis msidiis in apertum latrocinium conieci-i5
mus. Quod vero non cruentum mucronem, ut voluit,
extulit, quod vTvIs nobis egressus est, quod ei ferrum e
manibus extorsimus, quod incolumes elves, quod stantem
urbem reliquit, quanto tandem ilium maerore esse adflic-
tum et profligatum putatis? lacet ille nunc prostratus, 20
Quirltes, et se perculsum atque abiectum esse sentit et
fretorquet oculos profecto saepe ad banc urbem, quam e
19
Italy in Cicero's Tims
(%1
ORATIO IN CATILESTAM SECUNDA 21
suis faucibus ereptam esse luget; quae quidem mihi
laetarl videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque
proiecerit. 26
Why he was allowed to go without arrest.
2. Ac si quis est talis, quales esse omnes oportebat, qui
in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me
vehementer accuset, quod tam capitalem hostem non
comprehenderim potius quam emiserim, non est ista mea
culpa, Quirltes, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. 30
Catilinam et gravissimo supplicio adfectum iam prldem
oportebat, idque a me et mos maiorum et huius imperi
severitas et res publica postulabat. Sed quam multos
fuisse putatis qui quae ego deferrem non crederent, quam
multos qui etiam defenderent? Ac si illo sublato depelliss
a vobis omne periculum iiidicarem, iam pridem ego L.
Catilinam non modo invidiae meae, verum etiam vitae
periculo sustulissem. Sed cum viderem, ne vobis quidem
omnibus re etiam tum probata, si ilium, ut erat meritus,
morte multassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus40
persequi non possem, rem hiic deduxi ut tum palam pug-
nare possetis, cum hostem aperte videretis.
Quem quidem ego hostem, Quirites, quam vehementer
foris esse timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod
etiam illud moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus45
exierit. Utinam ille omnes secum suas copias eduxisset !
Tongilium mihi eduxit, quem amare in praetexta coeperat,
Publicmm et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contracium
in popina nullum rei publicae motum adferre poterat;
rellquit quos viros, quanto aere alieno, quam valentes, so
quam nobiles !
Cicero's contempt for the conspirators left in the city.
3. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanis legioni-
bus et hoc dilectu, quem in agro Piceno et Gallico Q.
22 M. TULLI CICER0NI8
Metellus habuit, et his copiis quae a nobis cotidie com-
55parantur, magno opere contemno, collectum ex senibus
desperatis, ex agresti luxuria, ex rtisticis decoctoribus, ex
eis qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum ma-
luerunt; quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitus nostri,
verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident.
60H0S quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam,
quos etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui
fulgent purpura, mallem secum suos mllites eduxisset ; qui
si hie permanent, mementote non tam exercitum ilium
esse nobis quam hos qui exercitum deseruerunt perti-
oSmescendos. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod,
quid cogitent, me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoven-
tur.
Video cui sit Apulia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam,
quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas
TOlnsidias caedis atque incendiorum depoposcerit. Omnia
superioris noctis consilia ad me perlata esse sentiunt;
patefeci in senatu hesterno die. Catillna ipse pertimuit,
profugit ; hi quid exspectant ? Ne illi vehementer errant,
si illam meam pristinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant
76 futtiram.
These men should follow Catiline.
4. Quod exspectavl, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes
factam esse aperte coniurationem contra rem publicam
videretis; nisi vero si quis est, qui Catillnae similes cum
Catillna sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitatl locus;
80 severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc conce-
dam: exeant, proficiscantur, ne patiantur deslderio sui
Catilinam miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : Aurelia
via profectus est; si accelerare volent, ad vesperam con-
sequentur.
S5 O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem hanc sentinam
urbis eiecerit ! Uno, mehercule, Catillna exhausto, levata
ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA
23
mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali aut
sceleris fingi aut cogitarl potest quod non ille conceperit?
Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis
sicarius, quis parriclda, quis testamentorum subiector, 90
quis circumscrlptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter,
quae mulier Infamis, quis corruptor iuventutis, quis cor-
ruptus quis perditus invenirl potest, qui se cum Catillna
non familiarissime vixisse fateatur? Quae caedes per
hosce annos sine illo facta est, quod nefarium stuprumgs
non per ilium?
lam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine iuventutis
inlecebra f uit quanta in illo ? Qui alios ipse amabat tur-
pissime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat; alils
fructum libldinum, alils mortem parentum non modo im-ioo
pellendo, verum etiam adiuvando poUicebatur. Nunc
vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, vcrum etiam ex
agrls ingentem
numerum perdito-
rum hominum col-
legerat ! Nemo
non modo Romae,
sed ne ullo qui-
dem in a n g u 1 o
totius Italiae op-
pressus aere alieno
fuit quem non ad
hoc incredibile sce-
leris foedus asci-
verit.
Fate overhangs these
degenerate traitors.
A Gladiator's Helmet
5. Atque ut eius diversa studia in dissimili ratione per- 116
spicere possltis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo ad faci-
24 M. TULLI CICERCNIS
nus audacior qui se non intimum Catilmae esse fateatur,
nemo in scaena levior et nequior qui se non eiusdem prope
I20sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque Idem tamen, stupro-
rum et scelerum exercitatione adsuefactus frigore et fame
et siti et vigiliis perferendis fortis ab istis praedicabatur,
cum industriae subsidia atque mstrumenta virtutis in
libidine audaciaque consumeret.
125 Hunc vero si secuti erunt sul comites, si ex urbe exierint
desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, O nos beatos !
O rem publicam fortunatam ! 0 praeclaram laudem con-
sulatus mei ! Non enim iam sunt mediocres hominum
libidines, non htimanae ac tolerandae audaciae; nihil
I30c6gitant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi raplnas. Patri-
mofliia sua profuderunt, fortunas suas obUgaverunt; res
eos iam pridem deseruit, fides nuper deficere coepit;
eadem tamen ilia quae erat in abundantia, libido permanet.
Quodsl in vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta
135 quaererent, essent illl quidem desperandl, sed tamen essent
ferendi; hoc vero quis ferre possit, inertes homines for-
tissimls virls Insidiari, stultissimos prudentissimis, ebriosos
sobrils, dormientes vigilantibus ? Qui mihi accubantes in
convlvils, complexl mulieres impudica?, vino languid!,
I4oconferti cibo, sertis redimltl, unguentla obliti, debilitati
stuprls ertictant sermonibus suls caedem bonorum atque
urbis incendia.
Quibus ego confldo impendere fatum aliquod, et poenam
iam diu improbitati, nequitiae, scelerl, libldini debitam
145 aut Instare iam plane aut certe adpropinquare. Quos si
mens consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit,
non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula propa-
garit rei publicae. Nulla est enim natio quam perti-
mescamus, nullus rex qui bellum populo Romano facere
isopossit. Omnia sunt externa linius virtute terra marique
pacata; domesticum bellum manet; iatus insidiae sunt,
ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA
25
The End of a Roman Banquet i
intus inclusum periculum est; intus est hostis. Cum
luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est.
Huic ego me bello ducem profiteor, Quirites; suscipio
inimicitias hominum perditorum ! Quae sanari poterunt, 15S
quacumque ratione sanabo ; quae resecanda erunt, non
patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Proinde aut ex-
eant aut quiescant aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente
permanent, ea quae merentur exspectent.
1 This illustration taken from a badly damaged Pompeian wall paint-
ing shows the Roman custom of reclining at a feast (accubantes in conviviis).
In the foreground (almost obliterated) is a slave putting on his master's
shoe ; another offers the wine cup ; and a third supports a banqueter who
is vino languidus.
26 M. TULLI CICERONIS
Cicero narrates the arraignment of Catiline.
160 6. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirltes, a me eiectiiim
in exsilium esse Catillnam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi
possem, istos ipsos eicerem qui haec loquuntur. Homo
enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vocem con-
sulis ferre non potuit; simul atque ire in exsilium iussus
165 est, paruit, ivit.
Hesterno die, Quirites, cum domi meae paene inter-
fectus essem, senatum in aedem lovis Statoris convocavi,
rem omnem ad patres conscriptos detuli. Quo cum
Catilina venisset, quis eum senator appellavit, quis salu-
ITOtavit, quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem ac non
potius ut importtinissimum hostem? Quin etiam prln-
cipes eius ordinis partem illam subselliorum ad quam ille
accesserat ntidam atque inanem reliquerunt. Hie ego
vehemens ille consul qui verbo cives in exsilium eicio
175 quaesivi a Catilina in nocturno conventu apud M. Laecam
fuisset necne. Cum ille homo audacissimus conscientia
convictus primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera; quid ea nocte
egisset, quid in proximam constituisset, quem ad modum
esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui. Cum haesi-
isotaret, cum teneretur, quaesivi quid dubitaret proficisci eo
quo iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum secures, cum
fasces, cum tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam
argenteam, cui ille etiam sacrarium domi suae fecerat,
scirem esse praemissam. In exsilium eiciebam quem iam
185 ingressum esse in bellum videbam ? Etenim, credo, Man-
lius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra posuit,
bellum populo Romano suo nomine indlxit, et ilia castra
nunc non Catillnam ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus in
exsilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conferet*
A Roman Sacrifice, showing Soldiers carrying the Signa
MiLITARIA
(Notice also the aquila.)
28
M. TULLI CICERONIS
Ruins of the Roman Theatre at Fiesole (Faesulae)
Cicero is willing to endure unpopularity.
190 7. O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae,
verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! Nunc si L.
Catillna consiliis, laboribus, periculls meis circumclusus ac
debilitatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam mutaverit,
deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendl abiecerit, et ex
195 hoc cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad fugam atque in exsilium
converterit, non ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, n5n
obstupefactus ac perterritus mea dlligentia, non de spe
conatuque depulsus, sed indemnatus, innocens in exsilium
eiectus a consule vi et minis esse dicetur; et erunt qui
200 ilium, si hoc fecerit, non improbum sed miserum, me non
diligentissimum consulem sed crudelissimum tyrannum
existimari velint !
Est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae falsae atque ini-
quae tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis huius horri-
ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 29
bilis belli ac nefarii perlculum depellatur. Dicatur sane 204
eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in exsilium. Sed, mihi
credite, non est ittirus. Numquam ego ab dis immortali-
bus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L.
Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium atque in armis voli-
tare audiatis, sed triduo tamen audietis; multoque magis2io
illud timeo, ne mihi sit invidiosum aliquando, quod ilium
emiserim potius quam quod eiecerim. Sed cum sint
homines qui ilium, cum profectus sit, eiectum esse dicant,
Idem, si interfectus esset, quid dlcerent? Quamquam
isti qui Catilinam Massiliam Ire dictitant, non tam hoc 21a
queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est istorum tam miseri-
cors qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad Massilienses Ire
malit. Ille autem si, mehercule, hoc quod agit numquam
antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici mallet
quam exsulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum el nihil adhuc220
praeter ipslus voluntatem cogitationemque accident, nisi
quod vivls nobis Roma profectus est, optemus potius ut
eat in exsilium quam queramur.
Six classes of men in Catiline's forces.
8. Sed cur tam diu de uno hoste loquinmr, et de eo
hoste qui iam f atetur se esse hostem, et quem, quia, quod 225
semper volul, mtirus interest, non timeo ; de his, qui dis-
simulant, qui Romae remanent, qui noblscum sunt, nihil
dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri possit, non
tam ulclscl studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rel
publicae; neque id quare fieri non possit, si me audIre23Q
volent, intellego. Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex qui-
bus generibus hominum istae copiae comparentur ; deinde
singulis mediclnam consill atque orationis meae, si quam
potero, adferam.
30 M. TULLI CICERONIS
First : Men of wealth, unwilling to pay their debts.
235 Unum genus est eorum qui magno in aere alieno maiores!
etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore adducti dissolvi
nuUo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est
honestissima, sunt enim locupletes; voluntas vero et
causa impudentissima. Tu agrls, tu aedificiis, tu argento,
240 tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis, et
dubites de possessione detrahere, adquirere ad fidem?
Quid enim exspectas? Bellum? Quid ergo? In vasta-
tione omnium tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras putas ?
An tabulas novas? Errant qui istas a Catilina ex-
245 spectant ; meo beneficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum
auctionariae ; neque enim isti qui possessiones habent alia
ratione ulla salvi esse possunt. Quod si mattirius facere
voluissent neque, id quod stultissimum est, certare cum
usurls fructibus praediorum, et locupletioribus his et
25omehoribus civibus uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime
puto pertimescendos, quod aut deduci de sententia possunt
aut, si permanebunt, magis mihi videntur vota facturi
contra rem publicam quam arma laturl.
Second : Debtors ambitious for political power.
9. Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam premun-
355 tur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum
potlrl volunt ; honores, quos quieta re publica desperant,
perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. Quibus hoc
praecipiendum vide tur, unum scilicet et idem quod reli-
quis omnibus, ut desperent se id quod conantur consequi
260 posse; primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, pro-
videre rel publicae; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis
virls, magnam concordiam, magnas praeterea copias mili-
tum ; deos denique immortales huic invicto populo, claris-
simo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi, contra tantam vim sceleris
366 praesentes auxilium esse laturos. Quodsl iam sint id
ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA
31
quod summo furore cupiunt adept!, num illi in cinere urbis
et in sanguine civium, quae mente conscelerata ac nefaria
concuplverunt, consules se aut dictatores aut etiam reges
sperant futures ? Non vident id se cupere quod, si adept!
sint, fugitive alicui aut gladiator! conced! sit necesse? 270
Third : Sulla's veterans, who hope for the spoils of another war.
Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen
exercitatione robustum ;
quo ex genere iste est
Manlius cui nunc Cati-
llna succedit. Hi sunt
homines ex els colonils
quas Sulla constituit ;
quas ego universas civ-
ium esse optimorum et
fortissimorum virorum
sentio, sed tamen ei sunt
coloni qui se in Insper-
atls ac repentlnis pecu-
nils sumptuosius Inso-
lentiusque iactarunt.
Hi dum aedificant tam-
quam beati, dum prae-
diis lectls, familils mag-
nis, convlvils apparatis
delectantur, in tantum
aes alienum inciderunt,
ut, si sah^ esse velint,
Sulla sit els ab Inferls
excitandus ; qui etiam
nonnullos agrestes, homines tenues atque egentes, in ean-295
dem ill am spem raplnarum veterum impulerunt. Quos
ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum dlreptorum-
/
■™-"**^ ■"— ^
L. Cornelius Sulla.
32
M. TULLI CICERONIS
que pono. Sed eos hoc moneo, desinant furere ac pro-
scriptiones et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim illorum
300 temporum dolor inustus est civitati ut iam ista non modo
homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse vide-
antur.
Fourth : Hopeless bankrupts.
10. Quartum genus est sane varium et mlxtum et tur-
bulentum; qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam
SOoemergunt, qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo nego-
tio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant ;
qui vadimonils, itidicils, proscrlptione bonorum defatlgati,
permultl et ex urbe et ex agris se in ilia castra conferre
dicuntur. Hosce ego non tam mllites acres quam Infitia-
310 tores lentos esse arbitror. Qui homines quam primum,
SI stare non possunt, corruant, sed ita ut non modo civitas,
sed ne viclnl quidem proximi sentiant. Nam illud non
intellego, quam ob rem, si vivere honeste non possunt,
perire turpiter velint, aut cur minore dolore perituros se
315 cum multls, quam si soli pereant, arbitrentur.
The Interior of the Carcer To-day
See note on 1. 319, p. 88.
ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 33
Fifth: Criminals.
Quintum genus est parricldarum, sicariorum, denique
omnium facinorosorum. Quos ego a Catilina non revoco ;
nam neque ab eo divelll possunt, et pereant sane in latroci-
nio, quoniam sunt ita multi ut eos career capere non possit.
Sixth : Catiline's body-guard of effeminate debauchees.
Postremum autem genus est non solum numero, verum320
etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod proprium Catillnae
est, de eius dilectu, immo vero de complexu eius ac sinu;
quos pexo capillo, nitidos, aut imberbes aut bene barba-
tos videtis, manicatis et talaribus tunicis, veils amictos,
non togis; quorum omnis industria vitae et vigilandi325
labor in antelucanis cenls expromitur. In his gregibus
omnes aleatores, omnes adulter!, omnes impuri impudici-
que versantur. Hi pueri tam lepidi ac delicati non solum
amare et amari, neque saltare et cantare, sed etiam sicas
vibrare et spargere venena didicerunt. Qui nisi exeunt, 330
nisi pereunt, etiamsi Catilina perierit, scitote hoc in re
publica seminarium Catilinarum futiirum. Verum tamen
quid sibi isti miseri volunt? Num suas secum mulier-
culas sunt in castra ducttiri? Quem ad modum autem
illis carere poterunt, his praesertim iam noctibus? Quo 335
autem pacto ill! Appenninum atque illas pruinas ac nives
perferent ? Nisi idcirco se facilius hiemem toleratiiros
putant, quod ntidi in conviviis saltare didicerunt.
The forces of the State contrasted with those of Catiline.
11. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum hanc
sit habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem praetoriam ! 340
Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tam praeclaras Ca-
tilinae copias vestra praesidia vestrosque exercitus. Et
primum gladiator! ill! confecto et saucio consules impera-
34 M. TULLI CICERONIS
toresque vestros opponite ; deinde contra illam naufra-
S45 gorum eiectam ac debilitatam manum florem totius Italiae
ac robur educite. lam vero urbes coloniarum ac muni-
cipiorum respondebunt Catilmae tumulis silvestribus.
Neque ego ceteras copias, ornamenta, praesidia vestra
cum illlus latronis inopia atque egestate conferre debeo.
350 Sed SI omissis his rebus quibus nos suppeditamur, eget
ille, senatu, equitibus Romanis, urbe, aerario, vect/igali-
bus, cuncta Italia, provinciis omnibus, exterls nationibus,
SI his rebus omissis causas ipsas quae inter se confllgunt
contendere vellmus, ex eo ipso quam valde illl iaceant
355 intellegere possumus. Ex hac enim parte pudor ptignat,
ilhnc petulantia; hinc pudlcitia, ilHnc stuprum; hinc
fides, iUinc fraudatio ; hinc pietas, ilhnc scelus ; hinc con-
stantia, illinc furor ; hinc honestas, ilhnc turpitude ; hinc
continentia, illinc libido ; denique aequitas, temperantia,
360 fortitudo, prudentia, virtutes omnes certant cum inlqui-
tate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum vitils omnibus;
postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita,
mens sana cum amentia, bona denique spes cum omnium
rerum desperatione confllgit. In eius modi certamine ac
365proelio nonne, si hominum studia deficiant, dl ipsi im-
mortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtutibus tot et
tanta vitia superarl?
The consul calls for vigilance, and warns traitors of punishment.
12. Quae cum ita sint, Quirltes, vos, quem ad modum
iam antea dixl, vestra tecta vigilils custodilsque defendite ;
370mihi, ut urbl sine vestro motu ac sine ullo tumultu satis
esset praesidi, consultum atque provlsum est. Colon!
omnes municipesque vestrl certiores a me facti de hac
nocturna excursione Catillnae facile urbes suas finesque
defendent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissi-
375 mam fore putavit, quamquam animo mehore sunt quam
ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA
35
A Gladiator's Shield and Greaves
pars patriciorum, potestate tamen nostra contincbuntur.
Q. Metellus, quern ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum
Picenumque praemisT, aut opprimet hominem aut eius
omnes motCis conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis autem de
rebus constituendls, maturandls, agendis iam ad senatumsso
referemus, quern vocarl videtis.
Nunc illos qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui
contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe a Catilina
relict! sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia sunt
elves, monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas385
adhuc SI cui solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id quod
latebat erumperet. Quod reUquum est, iam non possum
obllvisci meam hanc esse patriam, me horum esse con-
sulem, mihi aut cum his vivendum aut pro his esse morien-
dum. Nullus est portis custos, ntillus Insidiator viae; si 390
qui exire volunt, conivere possum. Qui vero se in urbe
commoverit, cuius ego non modo factum, sed inceptum
ullum conatumve contra patriam deprehendero, sentiet in
36
M. TULLI CICERONIS
394 hac urbe esse consules vigilantes, esse egregios magistra-
tus, esse fortem senatum,
esse arma, esse carcerem,
quern vindicem nefariorum
ac manifestorum scelerum
maiores nostrl esse volue-
runt.
Order will be restored by the
aid of the gods.
13. Atque haec omnia
SIC agentur, Quirites, ut
maximae res minimo motu,
perlcula summa ntillo tum-
ultu, bellum intestinum ac
domesticum post hominum
memoriam crudelissimum
et maximum me uno togato
duce et imperatore sedetur.
Quod ego SIC administrabo,
Quirites, ut, si ullo modo
fieri poterit, ne improbus
quidem quisquam in hac
urbe poenam sui sceleris
sufferat. Sed si vis mani-
festae audaciae, si impen-
dens patriae periculum me
necessario de hac animi
lenitate dedtixerit, illud
profecto perficiam, quod in
tanto et tam msidioso bello
422 vix optandum videtur, ut neque bonus quisquam intereat
paucorumque poena vos omnes salvi esse possitis.
Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia neque humanis
An Orator in the Toga
ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA
37
consilils fretus polliceor vobis, Quirltes, sed multis et non425
dubiis deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus ego
ducibus in banc spem sententiamque sum ingressus; qui
iam non procul, ut quondam solebant, ab externo hoste
atque longinquo, sed hic praesentes suo numine atque
auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendunt. Quos430
vos, Quirltes, precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam
urbem pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt,
banc omnibus hostium copils terra marique superatis a
perditissimorum civium nefario scelere defendant.
M. TULLI CICERONIS
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA
AD POPULUM
Cicero congratulates the Roman people on their safety.
1. Rem ptiblicam, Quirites, vltamque omnium vestrum,
bona, fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros, atque hoc
domicilium clarissimi imperi, • fortunatissimam pulcher-
rimamque urbem, hodierno die deorum immortalium
ssummo erga vos amore, laboribus, consiliis, perlculls meis
e flamma atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et
vobis conservatam ac restitutam videtis. Et sT non minus
nobis iucundl atque inlustres sunt ei dies quibus conser-
vamur quam ill! quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa
lolaetitia est, nascendl incerta condicio, et quod sine sensu
nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, profecto, quoniam
ilium qui banc urbem condidit, ad deos immortales bene-
volentia famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos posterosque
vestros in honore debebit is qui eandem banc urbem con-
38
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 39
ditam amplificatamque servavit. Nam toti urbi, templis, i6
delubris, tectis ac moenibus subiectos prope iam ignes
circumdatosque restinximus ; idemque gladios in rem
publicam destrictos rettudimus mucronesque eorum a
iugulls vestrls deiecimus. Quae quoniam in senatu inlus-
trata, patefacta, comperta sunt per me, vobis iam exponam 20
breviter, Quirltes, ut et quanta et quam m?,nifesta et qua
ratione investlgata et comprehensa sint, vos, qui et igno-
ratis et exspectatis, scire possitis.
Principio, ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe,
cum sceleris sui socios, huiusce nefarii belli acerrimos25
duces, Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et providi,
Quirites, quem ad modum in tantis et tam absconditis in-
sidiis salvi esse possemus.
How written evidence was secured against the conspirators.
2. Nam tum, cum ex urbe Catilinam eiciebam (non
enim iam vereor huius verbi invidiam, cum ilia magis sit 30
timenda, quod vivus exierit), sed tum, cum ilium exter-
minari volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum manum simui
exituram aut eos qui restitissent, infirmos sine illo ac
debiles fore putabam. Atque ego ut vidi quos maximo
furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam, eos nobiscum35
esse et Romae remansisse, in eo omnes dies noctesque con-
siimpsi, ut, quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem ac
viderem, ut, quoniam auribus vestrls propter incredibilem
magnitudinem sceleris minorem fideni faceret oratio mea,
rem ita comprehenderem, ut tum demum animis salutI40
vestrae provideretis, cum oculis makficium ipsuni videretis.
Itaque, ut comperi legatos Allobrogum belli Transalpini
et tumulttis Gallici excitandi causa a P. Lentulo esse solli-
citatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos elves eodemque itinere
cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilinam esse missos, comi-46
temque els adiunctum esse T. Volturcium, atque huic
[40]
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 41
esse ad Catilinam datas litteras, facultatem mihi oblatam
putavl, ut, quod erat difficillimum, quodque ego semper
optabam ab dis immortalibus, ut tota res non solum a me,
sed etiam a senatu et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. 5o
Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C . Pomptlnum prae-
tores, fortissimos, atque amantissimos rei publicae viros,
ad me vocavl, rem exposul, quid fieri placeret ostendl.
111! autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia
sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine uUa mora negotium sus-55
ceperunt, et cum advesperasceret, oceulte ad pontem Mul-
vium pervenerunt, atque ibi in proximis villis ita bipertito
fuerunt ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. Eodem
autem et ipsi sine cuiusquam suspicione multos fortes
viros eduxerant, et ego ex praefectura Reatlna complureseo
delectos adulescentes, quorum opera utor adsidue in rei
publicae praesidio, cum gladils miseram. Interim tertia
fere vigilia exacta, cum iam pontem Mulvium magno
comitatu legati Allobrogum ingredl inciperent unaque Vol-
turcius, fit in eos impetus ; educuntur et ab illls gladii et a 65
nostrls. Res praetoribus erat nota soils, ignorabatur a
ceteris.
How the conspirators and the Gallic envoys were brought before the
Senate.
3. Tum interventti Pomptini atque Flacci pugna quae
erat commissa sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in
eo comitatu, integris signis praetoribus traduntur; ipsi 70
comprehensT ad me, cum iam dilucesceret, dedticuntur.
Atque horum omnium scelerum improbissimum machina-
torem Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad me nihil dum sus-
picantem vocavT ; delude item arcessltus est L. Statilius
et post eum C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem Lentulus 76
venit, credo quod in litteris dandis praeter consuettidinem
proxima nocte vigilarat.
42 M. TULLI CICERONIS
Cum summis et clarissimis huius civitatis viris, qui
audita re frequentes ad me mane convenerant, litteras a
some prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferri placeret, ne, si
nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus iniec-
tus civitati videretur, negavi me esse facturum, ut de peri-
culo publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram
deferrem. Etenim, Quirltes, si ea quae erant ad me
85delata, reperta non essent, tamen ego non arbitrabar in
tantis rel publica3 periculis esse mihi nimiam dlligentiam
pertimescendam. Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vidis-
tis, coegi. Atque interea statim admonitu Allobrogum C.
Sulpicium praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus
90 Cethegi, si quid telorum esset, efferret ; ex quibus ille
maximum sicarum numerum et gladiorum extulit.
The testimony of Volturcius and the Gauls before the Senate.
4. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallls; fidem publicam
iussu senatus dedl ; hortatus sum ut ea quae sclret sine
timore indicaret. Tum ille dixit, cum vix se ex magno
95timore recreasset, a P. Lentulo se habere ad Catilinam
mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut
ad urbem quam primum cum exercitu accederet ; id autem
eo consiho, ut, cum urbem ex omnibus partibus, quem ad
modum discriptum distributumque erat, incendissent cae-
loodemque Infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui
et fugientes exciperet et se cum his urbanls ducibus
coniungeret.
IntroductI autem Galli ius iurandum sibi et litteras ab
Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse
105 dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse praescrlp-
tum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mitterent;
pedestres sibi copias non dcfuturas. Lentulum autem sibi
conflrmasse ex fatis Sibylllnis haruspicumque responsis se
esse tertium ilium Cornelium, ad quem regnum huius urbis
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA
43
The Cumaean Sibyl, with the Sibylline Books i
atqiie imperium pervenire esset necesse ; Cinnam ante se no
et Sullam fuisse. Eundemque dixisse fatalem himc
annum esse ad interitum huius urbis atque imperi, qui
esset annus decimus post virginum absolutionem, post
Capitoll autem incensionem vicesimus. Hanc autem
Cethego cum ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quodii5
Lentulo et aliis Saturnalibus caedem fieri atque urbem
incendi placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur.
Four conspirators identify their letters and confess their guilt.
5. Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri iussi-
mus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primo ostendimus
Cethego signum ; cognovit. Nos linum incldimus, legi- 120
mus. Erat scriptum ipsius manti Allobrogum senatui et
populo, sese quae eorum legatis confirmasset facturum
* See note on line 108, p. 42.
44 M. TULLI CICERONIS
esse; orare ut item ill! facerent quae sibi eorum legati
recepissent. Turn Cethegus, qui paulo ante aliquid tamen
125 de gladiis ac sicis quae apud ipsum erant deprehensa re-
spondisset, dixissetque se semper bonorum ferramentorum
studiosum fuisse, recitatis litterls debilitatus atque abiectus
conscientia repente conticuit. Introductus est Statilius;
cognovit et signum et manum suam. Recitatae sunt
130 tabellae in eandem fere sententiam ; confessus est. Tum
ostendl tabellas Lentulo et quaes! vl cognosceretne signum.
Adnuit. 'Est vero/ inquam, 'notum quidem signum,
imago avi tul, clarissimi viri, qui amavit tinice patriam et
elves suos; quae quidem te a tanto scelere etiam muta
i35revocare debuit.'
Leguntur eadem ratione ad senatum AUobrogum popu-
lumque litterae. Si quid de his rebus dicere vellet, fee!
potestatem. Atque ille primo quidem negavit ; post
autem aliquanto, toto iam indicio exposito atque edito,
I40surrexit; quaesivit a Gallis quid sibi esset cum eis, quam
ob rem domum suam venissent, itemque a Volturcio.
Qui cum illi breviter constanterque respondissent, per
quem ad eum quotiensque venissent, quaesissentque ab
eo nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis loctitus, tum ille
145 subito scelere demens, quanta conscientiae vis esset osten-
dit. Nam cum id posset infitiari, repente praeter opinionem
omnium confessus est. Ita eum non modo ingenium
illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper valuit, sed etiam
propter vim sceleris manifest! atque deprehensi impuden-
150 tia, qua superabat omnes, improbitasque defecit.
Volturcius vero subito litteras proferri atque aperiri
iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catilinam datas esse dicebat.
Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus tamen et
signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem sine
166 nomine, sed ita : ' Quis sim, scies ex eo quem ad te misi.
Cura ut vir sis, et cogita quem in locum sis progressus.
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 45
Vide ecquid tibi iam sit necesse, et cura ut omnium tibi
auxilia adiungas, etiam Infimorum.' Gablnius deinde in-
troductus, cum primo impudenter respondere coepisset, ad
extremum nihil ex eis quae Galli msimulabant negavit. 160
Ac mihi quidem, Quirites, cum ilia certissima visa sunt
argumenta atque indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, mantis,
denique unius cuiusque confessio ; tum multo certiora ilia,
color, oculi, vultus, taciturnitas. Sic enim obstupuerant,
sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim nonnumquam inter sese 165
aspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se
ipsi viderentur.
The Senate praises the consuls and praetors, decrees custody for the
traitors, and a solemn thanksgiving to the gods.
6. Indiciis expositis atque editis, Quirites, senatum con-
sului de summa re piiblica quid fieri placeret. Dictae
sunt a principibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, i70
quas senatus sine iilla varietate est seciitus. Et quoniam
nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria
vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit exponam.
Primum mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod vir-
tiite, consilio, providentia mea res piiblica maximis periculis i76
sit liberata. Deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomptinus praetores,
quod eorum opera forti fidelique iisus essem, merito ac
iiire laudantur. Atque etiam viro forti, collegae meo, laus
impertitur, quod eos qui hiiius coniurationis participes
fuissent, a suis et a rei piiblicae consiliis removisset. Atque 180
ita censuerunt, ut P. Lentulus, cum se praetiira abdicasset,
in custodiam traderetur ; itemque uti C. Cethegus, L. Sta-
tilius, P. Gabinius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in custo-
diam traderentur; atque idem hoc decretum est in L.
Cassium, qui sibi prociirationem incendendae urbis depo-i86
poscerat; in M. Ceparium, cui ad sollicitandos pastores
Apiiliam attributam esse erat indicatum; in P. Furium,
46 M. TULLI CICERONIS
qui est ex eis colonis quos Faesulas L, Sulla deduxit; in
Q. Annium Chilonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat
190 in hac AUobrogum sollicitatione versatus; in P. Um-
brenum, libertinum hominem, a quo primum Gallos ad
Gablnium perductos esse constabat. Atque ea lenitate
senatus est usus, Quirites, ut ex tanta coniuratione tanta-
que hac multitudine domesticorum hostium novem homi-
195 num perditissimorum poena re publica conservata, reli-
quorum mentes sanari posse arbitraretur.
Atque etiam supplicatio dis immortalibus pro singular!
eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi primum
post hanc urbem conditam togato contigit, et his decreta
200 verbis est, 'quod urbem incendiis, caede cives, Itaham
bello liberassem.' Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris sup-
plicationibus conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene
gesta, haec una conservata re publica constituta est.
Atque illud quod faciendum primum fuit, factum atque
205 transactum est. Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam patefactis
indiciis, confessionibus suis, iiidicio senatus non modo
praetoris ius, verum etiam civis amiserat, tamen magi-
stratii se abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo
viro, non fuerat, quo minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil
2ionominatim erat decretum, praetorem occideret, ea nos re-
ligione in privato P. Lentulo puniendo liberaremur.
The victory of the state could not have been won easily with Cati-
line in the city.
7. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi pericu-
losissimique belli nefarios duces captos iam et compre-
hensos tenetis, existimare debetis omnes Catilinae copias,
2i5omnes spes atque opes his depulsis urbis periculis con-
cidisse. Quem quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc
providebam animo, Quirites, remoto Catilina non mihi
esse P. Lentuli somnum nee L. Cassi adipes nee C. Cethegl
A Roman Sacrifice
(The Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in the background)
[47]
48 M. TULLI CICERONIS
furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam. Ille erat umis
220 timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tarn diu dum urbis moeni-
bus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnimn adittis tenebat;
appellare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, audebat. Erat ei
consilium ad facinus aptum, consilio autem neque manus
neque lingua deerat. lam ad certas res conficiendas cer-
225 tos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat. Neque vero,
cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat; nihil erat
quod non ipse obiret, occurreret, vigilaret, laboraret ; frigus,
sitim, famem ferre poterat.
Hunc ego hominem tam acrem, tam audacem, tam para-
230 tum, tam callidum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam in
perditis rebus dlligentem, nisi ex domesticis insidiis in
castrense latrocinium compulissem (dicam id quod sentio,
Quirltes), non facile hanc tantam molem mail a cervlcibus
vestris depulissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituis-
235 set, neque tanto ante exit! ac fati diem rei ptiblicae de-
nuntiavisset, neque commTsisset ut signum, ut litterae
suae testes manifest! sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae
nunc illo absente sic gesta sunt ut nullum in privata
domo furtum umquam sit tam palam inventum quam
240 haec tanta in re publica coniuratio manifesto inventa atque
deprehensa est. Quodsl Catillna in urbe ad hanc diem
remansisset, quamquam, quoad fuit, omnibus eius con-
silils occurri atque obstiti, tamen, ut levissime dIcam,
dimicandum nobis cum illo fuisset, neque nos umquam,
245 cum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis perlculls rem publicam
tanta pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio llberassemus.
The will of the gods was clearly shown.
8. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirltes, ita sunt a me ad-
ministrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque consilio
et gesta et provlsa esse videantur. Idque cum coniectura
260consequl possumus, quod vix videtur human! consil! tan-
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA
49
The Bronze Wolf of the Capitol
tarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, turn vero ita
praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt,
ut eos paene oculis videre possemus. Nam ut ilia omit-
tam, visas nocturno tempore ab occidente faces ardorem-
que caeli, ut fulminum iactus, ut terrae motus relinquam, 253
ut omittam cetera, quae tarn mult a nobis consulibus facta
sunt, ut haec quae nunc flunt, canere di immortales vide-
rentur, hoc certe, quod sum dicttirus, neque praetermitten-
dum neque relinquendum est.
Nam profecto memoria tenetis Cotta et Torquato con- 260
sulibus complures in Capitolio res de caelo esse percussas,
cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt et statuae veterum
hominum deiectae et legum aera liquefacta et tactus
etiam ille qui hanc urbem condidit, Romulus, quem in-
auratum in Capitolio, parvum atque lactantem uberibus263
luplnis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo quidem tem-
pore cum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenissent, caedes
50 M. TULLl CICERONI^
atque incendia et legum interitum et bellum civile ac
domesticum et totius urbis atque imperi occasum adpro-
27opinquare dixerunt, nisi di immortales, omni ratione pla-
cati, suo numine prope fata ipsa flexissent.
Itaque illorum responsis turn et ludi per decern dies
facti sunt, neque res ulla quae ad placandos deos pertineret
praetermissa est. Idemque iusserunt simulacrum lovis
275 f acere mains et in excelso conlocare et contra, atque antea
fuerat, ad orientem convertere ; ac se sperare dixerunt, si
illud signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et forum curiam-
que conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia quae clam essent inita
contra salutem urbis atque imperi, inlustrarentur, ut a
280senatu populoque Romano perspici possent. Atque illud
signum conlocandum consules illi locaverunt; sed tanta
fuit operis tarditas, ut neque superioribus consulibus neque
nobis ante hodiernum diem conlocaretur.
A new statue to Jupiter, by whom the magistrates were guided.
9. Hie quis potest esse, Quirites, tam aversus a vero,
285 tam praeceps, tam mente captus, qui neget haec omnia
quae videmus, praecipueque banc urbem deorum immor-
talium nutu ac potestate administrari ? Etenim cum
esset ita responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei pu-
blicae comparari, et ea per cives, quae tum propter mag-
29onitudinem scelerum nonnuUis incredibilia videbantur, ea
non modo cogitata a nefariis civibus verum etiam sus-
cepta esse sensistis. Illud vero nonne ita praesens est ut
ntitu lovis Optimi Maximi factum esse videatur, ut,
cum hodierno die mane per forum meo iussu et conitirati
295 et eorum indices in aedem Concordiae diicerentur, eo
ipso tempore signum statueretur? Quo conlocato atque
ad vos senatumque converse, omnia quae erant contra
saltitem omnium cogitata, inliistrata et patefacta vidistis.
Quo etiam maiore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni qui noD
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA
51
solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam deorumsoo
templls atque delubris sunt funestos ac nefarios Ignes
Inferre conatl. Quibus ego si me restitisse dicam, nimium
mihi sumam et non sim ferendus. Ille, ille luppiter re-
stitit; ille Capi-
tolium, ille haec
templa, ille cunc-
tam urbem, ille
vos omnes salvos
esse voluit. Dis
ego immortalibus
ducibus banc
mentem, Quirites,
voluntatemque
suscepi atque ad
haec tanta in-
dicia perveni.
lam vero ab Len-
tulo ceterisque
domesticis hos-
tibus tarn de-
menter tantae res
creditae et ig-
notis et barbaris
commissaeque
litterae num-
quam essent pro-
fecto, nisi ab dis
immortalibus
huic tantae au-
daciae consilium
esset ereptum. Quid vero ? Ut homines Galli ex civitate
male pacata, quae gens una restat, quae bellum populo Ro-
mano facere et posse et non nolle videatur, spem imperi
Jupiter
33(1
52
M. TULLI CICERONIS
A Roman Sacrificial Procession
ac rerum maximarum ultro sibi a patriciis hominibus
335oblatam neglegerent vestramque saltitem suls opibus
anteponerent, id non divmitus esse factum putatis, prae-
sertim qui nos non pugnando, sed tacendo superare
potuerint ?
This conspiracy compared with former civil dissensions.
10. Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pul-
Movmaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum
* coniugibus ac liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe honores
dis immortalibus iusti habiti sunt ac debit!, sed profecto
iustiores numquam. Erepti enim estis ex crudelissimo ac
miserrimo interitu ; sine caede, sine sanguine, sine exer-
345citu, sine dimicatione, togati me uno togato duce et im-
peratore vicistis. Etenim recordaminl, Quirltes, omnes
civiles dissensiones, non solum eas quas audistis, sed eas
quas vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla . P.
Sulpicium oppressit ; C. Marium, custodem htiius urbis,
35omult6sque fortes viros partim eiecit ex civitate, partim
interemit. Cn. Octavius consul armis expulit ex urbe
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA
53
ft ft - T'^ i '
5
r
-/*''
•JBr-.'
A Roman Sacrificial Procession
collegam ; omnis hic locus acervis corporum et civium
sanguine redundavit. Superavit postea Cinna cum Mario ;
turn vero clarissimis viris interfectis lumina civitatis ex-
stincta sunt. Ultus est huius victoriae crudelitatem 355
postea Sulla ; ne dici quidem opus est quanta deminutione
civium et quanta calamitate rei publicae. Dissensit M.
Lepidus a clarissimo et fortissimo viro Q. Catulo ; attulit
non tam ipsius interitus rel publicae Itictum quam cetero-
rum. 360
Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant eius modi
quae non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rem pub-
licam pertinerent. Non ill! nullam esse rem publicam,
sed in ea quae esset se esse principes, neque banc urbem
conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. Atque 365
illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium rei
publicae quaesivit, eius modi fuerunt ut non reconcilia-
tione concordiae, sed internecione civium diiudicatae sint.
In hoc autem tino post hominum memoriam maximo cru-
delissimoque bello, quale bellum nulla umquam barbariaSTO
54
M. TULLI CICERONIS
371 cum sua gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo,
Catilina, Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut omnes qui salva
urbe salvl esse pos-
sent, in hostium nu-
mero ducerentur, ita
me gessi, Quirites, ut
salvi omnes conserva-
reminl ; et, cum hostes
vestri tantum civium
superf uturum putas
sent quantum infini-
tae caedi restitisset,
tantum autem urbis
quantum flamma obire
non potuisset, et ur-
bem et cives integros
incolumesque servavl.
Cicero's own reward.
11. Quibus pro tan-
tis rebus, Quirites,
nullum ego a vobis
praemium virttitis,
nullum Insigne hono-
ris, nullum monumen-
tum laudis postulo
praeterquam htiius
diei memoriam sempi-
ternam. In animis ego vestris omnes triumphos meos, om-
nia ornamenta honoris, monumenta gloriae, laudis Insignia
condi et conlocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest delectare,
400 nihil tacitum, nihil denique eius modi quod etiam minus
dlgni adsequi possint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, nostrae
A Roman in the Toga, sacrificing
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 55
res alentur, sermonibus crescent, litterarum monumentis
inveterascent et corroborabuntur ; eandemque diem intel-
lego, quam spero aeternam fore, propagatam esse et ad
salutem urbis et ad memoriam consulatus mei, unoque405
tempore in hac re publica duos cives exstitisse, quorum
alter fines vestri imperi non terrae sed caeli regionibus ter-
minaret, alter eiusdem imperi domicilium sedesque servaret.
Cicero's safety depends upon his fellow-citizens. His personal am-
bition.
12. Sed quoniam earum rerum quas ego gessi, non
eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum qui externa 4io
bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum eis vivendum est quos vici
ac subegi, illi hostes aut interfectos aut oppresses reli-
querunt, vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte
prosunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. Mentes
enim hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne4i5
vobis nocere possent, ego providi ; ne mihi noceant ves-
trum est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem
ipsi nihil ab istis iam noceri potest. Magnum enim est
in bonis praesidium, quod mihi in perpetuum compara-
tum est ; magna in re publica dignitas, quae me semper 420
tacita defendet, magna vis conscientiae, quam qui negle-
gunt, cum me violare volent, se ipsi indicabunt.
Est enim in nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo
nuUius audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnes improbos ultro
semper lacessamus. Quodsi omnis impetus domesticorum 425
hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me unum converterit,
vobis erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos
esse velitis, qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae
periculisque omnibus; mihi quidem ipsi quid est quod
iam ad vitae fructum possit adquiri, cum praesertim neque 430
in honore vestro neque in gloria virtutis quicquam videam
altius quo mihi libeat ascendere?
56
M. TULLI CICERONIS
Illud perficiam profecto, Quirltes, ut ea quae gessi in
consulatti privatus tuear atque ornem, ut, si qua est
435invidia in conservanda re publica suscepta, laedat invidos,
mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita me in re publica
tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae gesserim, curemque
ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse videantur. Vos, Quiri-
tes, quoniam iam est nox, venerati lovem ilium, custo-
440 dem huius urbis ac vestrum, in vestra tecta discedite; et
ea, quamquam iam est periculum depulsum, tamen aeque
ac priore nocte custodiis vigiliisque defendite. Id ne
vobis dititius faciendum sit atque ut in perpetua pace esse
possitis, providebo.
A Roman Altar
M. TULLI CICERONIS
ORlTIO IN CATILINAM QUlRTA
HABITA IN SENATU
The consul declares his will to suffer for his country.
1. Video, patres conscrlpti, in me omnium vestrum ora
atque oculos esse converses; video vos non solum de
vestro ac rei publicae, verimi etiam, si id depulsum sit,
de meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi iucunda in malls
et grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas, sed earn, per 5
deos immortales, deponite atque obliti salutis meae de
vobis ac de vestrls llberis cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio
consulatus data est, ut omnes acerbitates, omnes dolores
cruciatusque perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum
etiam libenter, dum modo meis laboribus vobis populoque 10
Romano dignitas saltisque pariatur.
Ego sum ille consul, patres conscripti, cui non forum, in
quo omnis aequitas continetur, non campus consularibus
auspiciis consecratus, non ciiria, summum auxilium
omnium gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, non 15
lectus ad quietem datus, non denique haec sedes honoris
umquam vacua mortis periculo atque insidiis fuit. Ego
multa tacul, multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa meo
quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi. Nunc si himc
exitum consulatus mei di immortales esse voluerunt, ut20
vos populumque Romanum ex caede miserrima, coniuges
liberosque vestros virginesque Vestales ex acerbissima
vexatione, templa atque delubra, banc pulcherrimam
57
OS
O
o
P5
an
o
[58]
ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA
59
patriam omnium nostrum ex foedissima flamma, totam
Italiam ex bello et vastitate eriperem, quaecumque mihi 25
unl proponetur
forttina, subeatur.
Etenim si P. Len-
tulus suum nomen
inductus a vati-
bus fatale ad per-
niciem rei publicae
fore putavit, cur
ego non laeter
meum consulatum
ad salutem populi
Roman! prope fa-
talem exstitisse?
The Senate must pro-
vide for this crisis,
which is the grav-
est of all.
2. Quare, patres
conscript!, consuli-
te vob!s, prospicite
patriae, conservate
VOS, COniugeS, li- a Vestal Virgin
beros fortunasque
vestras, populi Roman! nomen salutemque defendite ; mihi 4S
parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam pr!mum debec
sperare omnes deos qu! huic urb! praesident, pro eo mihi
ac mereor relaturos esse gratiam ; deinde, s! quid obtigerit,
aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam neque turpis mors
fort! viro potest accidere neque immatura consular! nee 50
misera sapient!. Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qu!
fratris carissim! atque amantissim! praesentis maerore non
60 M. TULLI CICERONIS
movear, horumque omnium lacrimis a quibus me circum-
sessum videtis. Neque meam mentem non domum saepe
ssrevocat exanimata uxor et abiecta metu filia et parvulus
fllius, quem mihi videtur amplecti res publica tamquam
obsidem consulattis mel, neque ille qui exspectans huius
exitum die! stat in conspectu meo, gener. Moveor his
rebus omnibus, sed in eam partem, uti salvl sint voblscum
eoomnes, etiamsi me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius quam et
illi et nos una rei publicae peste pereamus.
Quare, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem rei
publicae, circumspicite omnes procellas quae impendent
nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus
esplebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios conci-
tare conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmium
occidit, in discrimen ahquod atque in vestrae severitatis
indicium adducitur; tenentur ei qui ad urbis incendium,
ad vestram omnium caedem, ad Catilinam accipiendum
70 Romae restiterunt ; tenentur litterae, signa, manus, deni-
que unius cuiusque confessio ; solUcitantur Allobroges,
servitia excitantur, Catilina arcessitur ; id est initum con-
sihum, ut interfectis omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum
quidem populi Roman! nomen atque ad lamentandam
75tanti imperi calamitatem rehnquatur.
The prisoners have been condemned, but their punishment must be
decided before nightfall.
3. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi sunt,
vos multis iam itidiciis iiidicavistis : primum quod mihi
gratias egistis singularibus verbis, et mea virtute atque
dihgentia perditorum hominum coniurationem patefactam
80 esse decrevistis ; deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare
praettira coegistis ; tum quod eum et ceteros, de quibus
iudicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis; maximeque
quod meo nomine suppHcationem decrevistis, qui honos
ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 61
togato habitus ante me est nemini ; postremo hesterno die
praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistisss
amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, ut ei qui in
custodiam nominatim dati sunt, sine ulla dubitatione a
vobis damnati esse videantur.
Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscripti, tam-
quam integrum, et de facto quid iudicetis et de poena 90
quid censeatis. Ilia praedicam quae sunt consulis. Ego
magnum in re publica versari furorem et nova quaedam
misceri et concitari mala iam pridem videbam; sed banc
tantam, tam exitiosam haberi. coniurationem a civibus
numquam putavi. Nunc quicquid est, quocumque vestrae 95
mentes inclinant atque sententiae, statuendum vobIs ante
noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit videtis.
Huic SI paucos putatis adfines esse, vehementer erratis.
Latins opinione disseminatum est hoc malum; manavit
non solum per Italiam verum etiam transcendit Alpes, et 100
obscure serpens multas iam provincias occupavit. Id
oppriml sustentando aut prolatando nullo pacto potest;
quacumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est.
Silanus proposes death as a punishment; Caesar, life-imprisonment.
4. Video duas adhuc esse sententias : unam D. Silani,
qui censet eos qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esse 105
multandos; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam re-
movet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnes acerbitates am-
plectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum
magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos
qui nos omnes vita privare conati sunt, qui delere im-110
perium, qui populi Romani nomen exstinguere, punctum
temporis frui vita et hoc communi spiritu non putat
oportere; atque hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos
Gives in hac re publica esse usurpatum recordatur.
Alter intellegit mortem ab dis immortalibus non esse 115
62 M. TULLI CICERONIS
supplici causa constitutam, sed aut necessitatem naturae
aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem esse. Itaque earn
sapientes numquam inviti, fortes saepe etiam libenter
oppetiverunt. Vincula vero, et ea sempiterna, certe ad
120 singularem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt. Mtini-
cipiis dispertirl iubet. Habere videtur ista res inlquita-
tem, si imperare veils; difficultatem, si rogare. Decer-
natur tamen, si placet. Ego enim suscipiam et, ut spero,
reperiam qui id quod salutis omnium causa statueritis,
125 non putent esse suae dignitatis recusare. Adiungit gra-
vem poenam municipiis, si quis eorum vincula ruperit;
horribiles custodias circumdat et dignas scelere hominum
perditorum ; sancit ne quis eorum poenam quos con-
demnat aut per senatum aut per populum levare possit ;
isoeripit etiam spem, quae sola homines in miseriis consolari
solet. Bona praeterea publicari iubet. Vitam solam relin-
quit nefariis hominibus, quam si eripuisset, multos una
dolores animi atque corporis et omnes scelerum poenas
ademisset. Itaque ut aliqua in vita formido improbis
I35esset posita, apud inferos eius modi quaedam illi antiqui
supplicia impiis constituta esse voluerunt, quod videlicet
intellegebant his remotis non esse mortem ipsam perti-
mescendam.
It would be safer to adopt the proposal of Caesar, the popular leader.
5. Nunc, patres conscripti, ego mea video quid inter-
140 sit. Si eritis seciiti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam hanc
is in re ptiblica viam quae popularis habetur secutus est,
fortasse minus erunt, hoc auctore et cognitore huiusce
sententiae, mihi populares impetus pertimescendi ; sin
illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negoti contrahatur.
145 Sed tamen meorum periculorum rationes titilitas rei pub-
licae vincat. Habemus enim a Caesare, sicut ipsius dig-
nitas et maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat, sententiam
ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 63
tamquam obsidem perpetuae in rem ptiblicam voluntatis.
Intellectum est quid interesset inter levitatem contiona-
torum et animum vere popularem, saluti popull consulen- 150
tern.
Video de istis qui se populares haberi volunt, abesse
non neminem, ne de capite videlicet civium Romanorum
sententiam ferat. Is et nudius tertius in custodiam cives
Romanos dedit et supplicationem mihi decrevit et indices 155
hesterno die maximis praemiis adfecit. lam hoc nemini
dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesltorl gratulationem,
indici praemium decrerit, quid de tota re et causa itidi-
carit. At vero C. Caesar intellegit legem Semproniam
esse de civibus Romanis constittitam ; qui autem rei pub- leo
licae sit hostis, eum civem esse nullo modo posse; deni-
que ipsum latorem Semproniae legis iniussu popull poenas
rei publicae dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentulum, largi-
torem et prodigum, non putat, cum de pernicie populi
Romani, exitio huius urbis tam acerbe, tam crudeliter les
cogitarit, etiam appellari posse popularem. Itaque homo
mitissimus atque lenissimus non dubitat P. Lentulum
aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare et sancit in posterum
ne quis huius supplicid levando se iactare et in pernicie
popull Romani posthac popularis esse possit. Adiungit 170
etiam publicationem bonorum, ut omnes animi cruciatus
et corporis etiam egestas ac mendlcitas consequatur.
But no punishment can be too severe for crimes so unnatural.
6. Quam ob rem, sive hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi
comitem ad contionem populo carum atque iucundum;
sIve SllanI sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me atque 175
vos a crudelitatis vituperatione populo Romano purgabo,
atque obtinebo eam multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam,
patres conscript!, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris im-
manitate punienda crtidelitas? Ego enim de meo sensu
64 M. TULLI CICERONIS
isoiudico. Nam ita mihi salva re publica vobiscum perfrui
liceat, ut ego, quod in hae causa vehementior sum, non
atrocitate animi moveor (quis enim est me mitior?) sed
singular! quadam humanitate et misericordia. Videor
enim mihi videre hanc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum atque
185 arcem omnium gentium, subito uno incendio concidentem ;
cerno animo sepulta in patria miseros atque Insepultos
acervos civium ; versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus
Cethegi et furor in vestra caede bacchantis.
Cum vero mihi proposul regnantem Lentulum, sicut
190 ipse se ex fatis sperasse confessus est, purpuratum esse
huic Gabmium, cum exercitu venisse Catilinam, tum
lamentationem matrum famihas, tum fugam virginum
atque puerorum ac vexationem virginum VestaHum per-
horresco ; et, quia mihi vehementer haec videntur misera
195 atque miseranda, idcirco in eos qui ea perficere voluerunt
me severum vehementemque praebeo. Etenim quaero si
quis pater familias, llberis suTs a servo interfectls, uxore
occlsa, incensa domo, suppHcium de servo non quam
acerbissimum sumpserit, utrum is clemens ac misericors
200 an inhumanissimus et crudeHssimus esse videatur. Mihi
vero importunus ac ferreus, qui non dolore et cruciatti
nocentis suum dolorem cruciatumque lenierit. Sic nos in
his hominibus, qui nos, qui coniuges, qui llberos nostros
trucidare voluerunt, qui singulas unlus cuiusque nostrum
205domos et hoc universum rel publicae domicilium delere
conati sunt, qui id egerunt, ut gentem Allobrogum in
vestlgils huius iirbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperi
conlocarent, si vehementissimi fuerimus, misericordes habe-
bimur; sin remissiores esse voluerimus, summae nobis
210 crudelitatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama subeunda
est.
Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et amantissi-
mus rel publicae, crtidelior nudius tertius visus est, cum
■A
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'A
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H
o
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'A
66 M. TULLI CICERONIS
sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem et
215 audientem vita privandum esse dixit, cum avum suum
iussu consulis interfectum filiumque eius impuberem,
legatum a patre missum, in carcere necatum esse dixit.
Quorum quod simile factum ? Quod initum delendae rel
publicae consilium ? Largltionis voluntas tum in re pub-
220 blica versata est et partium quaedam contentio. Atque
illo tempore huius avus Lentull, vir clarissimus, armatus
Gracchum est persecutus. Ille etiam grave tum vulnus
accepit, ne quid de summa re publica deminueretur ; hic
ad evertenda rel publicae fundamenta Gallos arcessit,
225servitia concitat, Catillnam vocat, attribuit nos trucldan-
dos Cethego et ceteros elves interficiendos Gablnio, urbem
Inflammandam Cassio, totam Italiam vastandam dlripien-
damque Catillnae. VereaminI, censeo, ne in hoc scelere
tam immani ac nefando nimis aliquid severe statuisse vid-
230 eamini ; multo magis est verendum ne remissione poenae
crudeles in patriam quam ne severitate animadversionis
nimis vehementes in acerbissimos hostes fuisse videamur.
The unanimity of good citizens of all classes.
7. Sed ea quae exaudio, patres conscrlpti, dissimulare
non possum. laciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt ad
235aures meas, eorum qui vererl videntur ut habeam satis
praesidi ad ea quae vos statueritis hodierno die transigenda.
Omnia et provlsa et parata et constituta sunt, patres con-
script!, cum mea summa cura atque diligentia, tum etiam
multo maiore popull RomanI ad summum imperium retinen-
240 dum et ad communes fortunas conservandas voluntate.
Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, omnium gener-
um, omnium denique aetatum ; plenum est forum, plena
templa circum forum, pleni omnes adittis huius templl ac
loci. Causa est enim post urbem conditam haec inventa
i245 sola in qua omnes sentlrent unum atque idem, praeter eos
ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 67
qui, cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum omnibus
potius quam soli perire voluerunt.
Hosce ego homines excipio et secerno libenter, neque in
improborum civium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium
numero habendos puto. Ceterl vero, di immortales ! qua 250
frequentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem
dignitatemque consentiunt ! Quid ego hic equites Ro-
manes commemorem? qui vobis ita summam ordinis
consillque concedunt ut voblscum de amore rel publicae
certent; quos ex multorum annorum dissensione huius255
ordinis ad societatem concordiamque revocatos hodiernus
dies voblscum atque haec causa coniungit. Quam si con-
iunctionem, in consulatu conflrmatam meo, perpetuam in
re ptiblica tenuerimus, confirmo vobIs nullum posthac
malum civile ac domesticum ad ullam rel publicae partem 260
esse venturum. Pari studio defendendae rel publicae con-
venisse video tribunos aerarios, fortissimos viros; scribas
item universes, quos cum casu hIc dies ad aerarium fre-
quentasset, video ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem com-
munem esse converses. Omnis ingenuorum adest mul-265
titudo, etiam tenuissimorum, Quis est enim cui non haec
templa, aspectus urbis, possessio llbertatis, lux denique
haec ipsa et commune patriae solum cum sit carum tum
vero dulce atque iucundum ?
Even freedmen and slaves show their loyalty and good will.
8. Operae pretium est, patres conscript!, llbertlnorum 270
hominum studia cognoscere, qui sua virtute fortunam
huius civitatis consecuti vere hanc suam esse patriam
indicant, quam quidam hIc nati, et summo nati loco, non
patriam suam sed urbem hostium esse iudicaverunt. Sed
quid ego hosce homines ordinesque commemoro, quos 275
privatae fortunae, quos communis res publica, quos deni-
que llbertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae
68 M. TULLI CICERONIS
defendendam excitavit? Servus est nemo qui modo
tolerabili condicione sit servitutis, qui non audaciam
280clvium perhorrescat, qui non haec stare eupiat, qui non
quantum audet et quantum potest conferat ad communem
salutem voluntatis.
Quare si quem ve strum forte commovet hoc, quod audi-
tum est, lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare circum
285tabernas, pretio sperare sollicitari posse animos egentium
atque imperltorum, est id quidem coeptum atque tempta-
tum, sed null! sunt invent! tam aut fortuna miseri aut
voluntate perditi, qui non ilium ipsum sellae atque operis
et quaestus cotidianl locum, qui non cubile ac lectulum
290suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae
salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima pars eorum qui
in tabernis sunt, immo vero (id enim potius est dicendum)
genus hoc universum amantissimum est oti. Etenim
omne instrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus frequen-
295 tia civium sustentatur, alitur otio ; quorum si quaestus
occlusis tabernis minul solet, quid tandem incensis futu-
rum fuit?
Quae cum ita sint; patres conscrlpti, vobis populi
Roman! praesidia non desunt; vos ne populo Romano
soodeesse videamini providete.
The foundation of the government must never hereafter be shaken.
9. Habetis consulem ex plfirimls perlculls et Insidils
atque ex media morte non ad vltam suam, sed ad salutem
vestram reservatum. Omnes ordines ad conservandam
rem publicam mente, voluntate, studio, virtute, voce
305 consentiunt. Obsessa facibus et tells impiae conitirationis
vobIs supplex manus tendit patria communis ; vobIs se,
vobis vitam omnium civium, vobIs arcem et Capitolium,
vobIs aras Penatium, vobIs ilium Ignem Vestae sempiter-
num, vobIs omnium deorum templa atque delubra, vobis
ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA
69
A Painting from a Household Shrine
(Pompeii)
mtiros atque urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de vestra 31c
vita, de coniugum vestrarum atque llberorum anima, de
fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focls vestris hodierno die
vobis iudicandum est.
Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblltum sui, quae non
semper facultas datur; habetis omnes ordines, omnessis
homines, universum populum Romanum, id quod in civlli
causa hodierno die primum videmus, unum atque idem
sentientem. Cogitate quantis laboribus fundatum im-
perium, quanta virtute stabihtam llbertatem, quanta deo-
rum benlgnitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas, una nox320
paene delerit. Id ne umquam posthac non modo confici,
3ed ne cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die
providendum est. Atque haec, non ut vos, qui mihi
studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, loctitus sum, sed ut
mea vox, quae debet esse in re pubhca princeps, officio 32S
functa consular! videretur.
70
M. TXJLLI C1CER0NI8
Whatever may befall the consul, he will never repent of his course.
10. Nunc, antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca
dicam. Ego, quanta manus est coniuratorum, quam
videtis esse permagnam,
tantam me inimicorum
multitudinem suscepisse
video ; sed eam esse iudico
turpem et mfirmam et
abiectam. QuodsT ali-
quando alicuius furore et
scelere concitata manus
ista plus valuerit quam
vestra ac rel publicae dlg-
nitas, me tamen meorum
factorum atque consilio-
rum numquam, patres
conscript!, paenitebit.
Etenim mors, quam illl
f ortasse minitantur, omni-
bus est parata ; vitae tan-
tam laudem, quanta vos
me vestris decretis hon-
estastis, nemo est adsecu-
tus. Ceteris enim bene
390 gesta, mihi unl conservata re publica gratulationem decre-
vistis.
Sit Scipio clarus ille, cuius consilio atque virtute Hanni-
bal in Africam redire atque Italia decedere coactus est;
ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas urbes huic
355imperi6 infestissimas, Carthaginem Numantiamque, dele-
vit; habeatur vir egregius Paulus ille, cuius currum rex
potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses honestavit ;
sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et
Scipio Africanus, the Elder
ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 71
metu servitutis libera vit ; anteponatur omnibus Pompeius,
cuius res gestae atque virtutes isdem quibus solis cursusseo
regionibus ac terminls continentur; erit profecto inter
horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi forte maius
est patefacere nobis provincias quo exire possimus, quam
curare ut etiam illl qui absunt habeant quo victores rever-
tantur. 366
Quamquam est uno loco condicio melior externae vic-
toriae quam domesticae, quod hostes alienigenae aut op-
pressl serviunt aut recepti in amicitiam beneficio se obli-
gates pat ant ; qui autem ex numero civium, dementia
aliqua depravati, hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos370
cum a pernicie rei ptiblicae reppuleris, nee Vi coercere nee
beneficio placare possls. Quare mihi cum perditis civibus
aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro
bonorumque omnium auxilio memoriaque tantorum peri-
culorum, quae non modo in hoc populo qui servatus est, 375
sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper
haerebit, a me atque a mels facile propulsarl posse confldo.
Neque ulla profecto tanta vis reperietur, quae coniunc-
tionem vestram equitumque Romanorum et tantam con-
splrationem bonorum omnium confringere et labef actare 380
possit.
Cicero asks for nothing but the recollection of his consulship, and
protection for his son.
11. Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro
provincia quam neglexl, pro triumphs ceterlsque laudis
inslgnibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque salu-
tis custodiam repudiata, pro clientells hospitilsque pro- 385
vincialibus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore
tueor quam comparo, pro his igitur omnibus rebus, pro
mels in vos singularibus studiis, proque hac quam per-
spicitis ad conservandam rem publicam dlligentia, nihil a
72 M. TULLI CICERONIS
39ovobls nisi huius temporis totlusque mel consulatus me-
moriam postulo ; quae dum erit in vestrls fixa mentibus,
ttitissimo me muro saeptum esse arbitrabor. Quod si
meam spem vis improborum fefellerit atque superaverit,
commendo vobis parvum meum fllium, cui profecto satis
395 erit praesidi non solum ad salutem verum etiam ad dig-
nitatem, si eius, qui haec omnia suo sollus perlculo conser-
varit, ilium fllium esse memineritis.
Quapropter de summa salute vestra popullque RomanI,
de vestrls coniugibus ac llberls, de arls ac focis, de fanis
400 atque templls, de totius urbis tectis ac sedibus, de imperio
ac libertate, de salute Italiae, de tiniversa re publica decer-
nite dlligenter, ut Instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum
consulem qui et parere vestrls decretis non dubitet et ea
quae statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum
iOopraestare possit.
Marcus Tullius Cicero
(From the bust in the Uflazi)
1741
M. TULLI CICERONIS
DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEl
AD QUIRlTES ORATiO
Cicero's first address before the popular assembly.
1. Quamquam mihi semper frequens conspectus vester
multo iucundissimus, hic autem locus ad agendum am-
plissimus, ad dicendum ornatissimus est visus, Quirltes,
tamen hoc aditu laudis, qui semper optimo cuique maxime
patuit, non mea me voluntas adhuc, sed vltae meaes
rationes ab ineunte aetate susceptae prohibuerunt. Nam
cum antea per aetatem nondum huius auctoritatem loci
attingere auderem statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum
ingenio, elaboratum industria adferrl oportere, omne meum
fcempus amicorum temporibus transmittendum putavi. lo
Ita neque hIc locus vacuus umquam fuit ab eis qui vestram
causam defenderent, et meus labor in privatorum perlculis
caste integreque versatus ex vestro iudicio fructum est
amplissimum consecutus. Nam cum propter dilationem
comitiorum ter praetor primus centuriis cunctis renuntia- 15
tus sum, facile intellexl, Quirltes, et quid de me iudicaretis
et quid aliis praescrlberetis.
Nunc cum et auctoritatis in me tantum sit, quantum
vos honoribus mandandis esse voluistis, et ad agendum
facultatis tantum, quantum homini vigilant! ex forensi 20
Qsu prope cotldiana dicendi exercitatio potuit adferre,
certe et si quid auctoritatis in me est, apud eos utar qui
eam mihi dederunt, et si quid in dicendo consequi possum,
76„
76
M. TULLl CICERONIS
eis ostendam potissimum qui ei quoque reT frtictum suo
25iudicio tribuendum esse duxerunt. Atque illud in primis
mihi laetandum iure
esse video, quod in hac
msolita mihi ex hoc
loco ratione dicendi
causa taHs oblata est
in qua oratio deesse
nemini possit. Dicen-
dum est enim de Cn.
Pompel singular! ex-
imiaque virtute ; hiiius
autem orationis diffi-
cilius est exitum quam
principium in venire.
Ita mihi non tam copia
quam modus in die-
endo quaerendus est.
The situation in the East.
The main points to be
considered.
Cn. Pompeius
2. Atque ut inde
oratio mea proficlscatur unde haec omnis causa ducitur,
. bellum grave et perlculosum vestris vectlgalibus ac socils
45 a duobus potentissimis regibus infertur, Mithridate et
Tigrane, quorum alter relictus, alter lacessltus occasionem
sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam esse arbitratur.
Equitibus Romanis, honestissimis virls, adferuntur ex
Asia cotldie litterae, quorum magnae res aguntur in
50 vestris "/ectigalibus exercendis occupatae ; qui ad me,
pro necessitudine quae mihi est cum illo ordine, causam
rei publicae periculaque rerum suarum detulerunt;
Bithyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, vicos exustos
i
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 77
esse complures ; regnum Ariobarzanis, quod flnitimum
est vestrls vectlgalibus, totum esse in hostium potestate55
L. Lucullum magnis rebus gestis ab eo bello discedere ;
huic qui successerit non satis esse paratum ad tantum
bellum administrandum ; unum ab omnibus socils et
cTvibus ad id bellum imperatorem deposci atque expeti,
eundem hunc unum ab hostibus metui, praeterea neminem. 60
Causa quae sit videtis; nunc quid agendum sit con-
siderate. Primum mihi videtur de genere belli, deinde de
magnitudine, tum de imperatore deligendo esse dicendum.
Genus est enim belli eius modi quod maxime vestros ani-
mos excitare atque inflammare ad persequendi studiumes
debeat ; in quo agitur popull Roman! gloria, quae vobis a
maioribus cum magna in omnibus rebus tum summa in
re militari tradita est ; agitur salus sociorum atque ami-
corum, pro qua multa maiores vestri magna et gravia
bella gesserunt ; aguntur certissima populi Romani vecti- 70
galia et maxima, quibus amissis et pacis ornament a et
subsidia belli requiretis ; aguntur bona multorum civium,
quibus est a vobis et ipsorum et rei publicae causa con-
sulendum.
The honor of Rome must be maintained.
3. Et quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter cet-75
eras gentes atque avidi laudis fuistis, delenda est vobis
ilia macula Mithridatico bello superiore concepta, quae
penitus iam insedit ac nimis inveteravit in populi Romani
nomine, quod is qui uno die, tota in Asia, tot in civitati-
bus, uno nuntio atque una significatione litterarum civesso
Romanes omnes necandos trucidandosque denotavit, non
modo adhuc poenam nullam suo dignam scelere suscepit,
sed ab illo tempore annum iam tertium et vicesimum
regnat ; et ita regnat ut se non Ponti neque Cappadociae
latebris occultare velit, sed emergere ex patrio regno 85
atque in vestris vectigalibus, hoc est in Asiae luce, versari.
78 M. TULLI CICERONIS
The Triumph of a Roman General i
(From a Roman sarcophagus)
Etenim adhuc ita nostri cum illo rege contenderunt im-
peratores ut ab illo insignia victoriae, non victoriam re-
portarent. Triumphavit L. Sulla, triumphavit L. Murena
90 de Mithridate, duo fortissimi viri et summi imperatores,
sed ita triumpharunt ut ille pulsus superatusque reg-
naret. Verum tamen illis imperatoribus laus est tribu-
enda quod egerunt, venia danda quod rellquirunt.
propterea quod ab eo bello Sullam in Italiam res ptiblica,
95 Murenam Sulla revocavit.
The strength of Mithridates. The services of Pompey and LucuUus.
4. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non ad
oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem novi con-
tulit; qui postea, cum maximas aedificasset ornassetque
classes exercitusque permagnos quibuscumque ex genti-
100 bus potuisset comparasset, et se Bosporanis, finitimis suls,
bellum inferre simularet, usque in Hispaniam legates ac
litteras misit ad eos duces quibuscum tum bellum gere-
bamus, ut, cum duobus in locis disiunctissimis maxime-
que diversis uno consilio a binis hostium copiis bellum
1 Notice the captives kneeling ; the crown and the palm, both em-
blematic of victory.
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 79
terra marlque gereretur, vos ancipiti contentione district! 106
de imperio dimicaretis.
Sed tamen alterius partis perlculum, Sertorianae atque
Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firmamentl ac roboris habe-
bat, Cn. Pompel divlno consilio ac singular! virtute depul-
sum est ; in altera parte ita res a L. Lucullo, summo viro, no
est administrata, ut initia ilia rerum gestarum magna
atque praeclara non fellcitati eius sed virtuti, haec autem
extrema, quae nuper acciderunt, non culpae sed fortunae
tribuenda esse videantur. Sed de Lucullo dicam alio locO,
et ita d!cam, Quir!tes, ut neque vera laus e! detracta ora- 115
tione mea neque falsa adf!cta esse videatur; de vestr!
imper! d!gnitate atque gloria, quoniam is est exorsus
orationis meae, videte quem vob!s animum suscipiendum
putetis.
The allies of Rome are in danger; they silently appeal for Pompey's
aid.
5. Maiores nostr! saepe mercatoribus aut naviculari!s 120
nostr!s iniuriosius tractat!s bella gesserunt ; vos, tot mili-
bus c!vium Romanorum uno nuntio atque uno tempore
necat!s, quo tandem animo esse debetis? Legat! quod
erant appellat! superbius, Corinthum patres vestri, totius
Graeciae lumen, exstinctum esse voluerunt; vos eumi25
regem inultum esse patiemini, qu! legatum popul! Ro-
man! consularem vinculis ac verberibus atque omn! sup-
plicio excruciatum necavit? 111! l!bertatem imminutam
c!vium Romanorum non tulerunt; vos ereptam v!tam
neglegetis? lus legationis verbo violatum ill! persecut!i30
sunt ; vos legatum omn! supplicio interfectum relinquetis ?
Videte ne, ut ill!s pulcherrimum fuit tantam vobis imperi
gloriam tradere, s!c vob!s turpissimum sit id quod accepis-
tis, tuer! et conservare non posse.
Quid ? Quod salus sociorum summum in per!culum ac 135
80 M. TULLI CICERONIS
discrimen vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre debetis?
Regno est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, socius popull Ro-
mani atque amicus; imminent duo reges toti Asiae non
solum vobis inimlcissimi, sed etiam vestris sociis atque
140 amlcis ; civitates autem omnes cuncta Asia atque Graecia
vestrum auxilium exspectare propter pericull magnitudi-
nem coguntur; imperatorem a vobis certum deposcere,
cum praesertim vos alium miseritis, neque audent neque
se id facere sine summo periculo posse arbitrantur. Vident
145 et sentiunt hoc idem quod vos, unum virum esse in quo
summa sint omnia, et eum propter esse, quo etiam carent
aegrius; cuius adventii ipso atque nomine, tametsi ille
ad maritimum bellum venerit, tamen impetus hostium
repressos esse intellegunt ac retardates. Hi vos, quoniam
I50libere loqui non licet, tacite rogant ut se quoque, sicut
ceterarum provinciarum socios, dignos existimetis quorum
salutem tali viro commendetis; atque hoc etiam magis,
quod ceteros in provinciam eius modi homines cum im-
perio mittimus, ut etiamsi ab hoste defendant, tamen
155 ipsorum adventus in urbes sociorum non multum ab hos-
tili expugnatione differant. Hunc audiebant antea, nunc
praesentem vident tanta temperantia, tanta mansue-
tudine, tanta humanitate, ut ei beatissimi esse videantur,
apud quos ille diutissime commoratur.
The revenues of the state are imperiled.
160 6. Quare si propter socios, nulla ipsi iniuria lacessiti,
maiores nostri cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, cum Aetolis,
cum Poenis bella gesserunt, quanto vos studio convenit
iniiiriis provocates sociorum salutem una cum imperi
vestri dignitate defendere, praesertim cum de maximis
165 vestris vectigalibus agatur ? Nam ceterarum provinciarum
vectigalia, Quirites, tanta sunt ut eis ad ipsas provincias
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 81
tutandas vix content! esse posslmus ; Asia vero tarn opima
est ac fertilis, ut et ubertate agrorum et varietate fruc-
tuum et magnittidine pastionis et multitudine earum
rerum quae exportentur facile omnibus terrls antecellat. no
Itaque haec vobis provincia, Quirltes, si et belli utilitatem
et pacis dignitatem retinere vultis, non modo a calamitate
sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda. Nam in
ceteris rebus cum venit calamitas, tum detrlmentum accipi-
tur ; at in vectigalibus non solum adventus mall sed 175
etiam metus ipse adfert calamitatem. Nam cum hostium
copiae non longe absunt, etiamsl irruptio nulla facta est,
tamen pecuaria relinquitur, agri cultura deseritur, merca-
torum navigatio conquiescit. Ita neque ex portu ncque
ex decumis neque ex scrlptura vectlgal conservarl potest ; I8O
quare saepe totius anni fructus uno rumore pericull atque
tino belli terrore amittitur.
Quo tandem animo esse existimatis aut eos qui vecti-
galia nobis pensitant, aut eos qui exercent atque exigunt,
cum duo reges cum maximis copiis propter adsint, cum 185
una excursio equitattis perbrevi tempore totius anni vec-
tlgal auferre possit, cum publican! familias maximas quas
in saltibus habent, quas in agrls, quas in portubus atque
custodiis, magno periculo se habere arbitrentur? Puta-
tisne vos illis rebus frui posse, nisi eos qui vobis fructuiioo
sunt conservaritis non solum, ut ante dixi, calamitate sed
etiam calamitatis formidine liberates?
The private for+unes of Roman citizens are affected.
7. Ac ne illud quidem vobis neglegendum est, quod
mihi ego extremum proposueram cum essem de belli
genere dicturus, quod ad multorum bona civium Ro-195
manorum pertinet; quorum vobis pro vestra sapientia,
Quirltes, habenda est ratio diligenter. Nam et publican!,
82 M. TULLI CICERONIS
homines honestissimi atque ornatissimi, suas rationes et
copias in illam provinciam contulerunt, quorum ipsorum
200 per se res et fortunae vobis ctirae esse debent. Etenim si
vectlgalia nervos esse rel publicae semper dtiximus, eum
certe ordinem qui exercet ilia firmamentum ceterorum
ordinum recte esse dicemus.
Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnavi atque in-
205dustrii partim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos absen-
tibus consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea provincia
pecunias magnas conlocatas habent. Est igitur humani-
tatig vestrae magnum numerum eorum civium calamitate
prohibere, sapientiae videre multorum civium calamita-
210 tem a re publica seitinctam esse non posse. Etenim pri-
mum illud parvi refert, nos publicanls omissis vectlgalia
postea victoria recuperare; neque enim Isdem redimendi
facultas erit propter calamitatem neque alils voluntas
propter timorem.
215 Deinde, quod nos eadem Asia atque idem iste Mithri-
dates initio belli Asiatic! docuit, id quidem certe calami-
tate docti memoria retinere debemus. Nam tum, cum in
Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae solu-
tione impedita fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una
220 in civitate multi rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non plures
secum in eandem trahant calamitatem. A quo periculo
prohibete rem publicam, et mihi credite, id quod ipsi
videtis: haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum quae
Romae, quae in foro versatur, implicata est cum illls
225pecuniis Asiaticis et cohaeret; ruere ilia non possunt, ut
haec non eodem labefacta motu concidant. Quare videte,
num dubitandum vobis sit omni studio ad id bellum in-
cumbered in quo gloria nominis vestri, saltis sociorum,
vectigalia maxima, fortunae plurimorum civium coniunctae
230 cum re publica defendantur.
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 83
Lucullus must be praised for his great achievements.
8. Quoniam de genere belli dixl, nunc de magnittidine
pauca dicam. Potest enim hoc dici, belli genus esse ita
necessarium ut sit gerendum, non esse ita magnum ut sit
pertimescendum. In quo maxime laborandum est ne
forte ea vobis, quae dlligentissime providenda sunt, con- 235
temnenda esse videantur. Atque ut omnes intellegant
me L. Lucullo tantum impertire laudis, quantum forti
viro et sapienti homini et magno imperatorl debeatur,
dico eius adventu maximas Mithridati copias omnibus
rebus ornatas atque instructas fuisse, urbemque Asiae240
clarissimam nobisque amicissimam, Cyzicenorum, obsessam .
esse ab ipso rege maxima multitudine et oppugnatam
vehementissime, quam L. Lucullus virtute, assiduitate,
consilio, summis obsidionis perlculis liberavit; ab eodem
imperatore classem magnam et ornatam, quae ducibus245
SertorianTs ad Italiam studio Inflammata raperetur, supe-
ratam esse atque depressam; magnas hostium praeterea
copias multis proeliis esse deletas, patefactumque nostrls
legionibus esse Pontum, qui antea populo Romano ex
omni aditu clausus fuisset ; Sinopen atque Amisum, qui- 250
bus in oppidis erant domicilia regis, omnibus rebus orna-
tas ac refertas, ceterasque urbes Ponti et Cappadociae
permultas uno aditu adventuque esse captas; regem
spoliatum regno patrio atque avito ad alios se reges atque
ad alias gentes supplicem contulisse; atque haec omnia 255
salvis popull Roman! sociis atque integrls vectigalibus esse
gesta. Satis opinor haec esse laudis, atque ita, Quirites,
ut hoc vos intellegatis, a ntillo istorum qui huic obtrec-
tant legi atque causae, L. Lucullum similiter ex hoc loco
esse laudatum. 260
84 M. TULLI CICERONIS
The escape of Mithridates, the rising of many eastern nations, the
retreat of LucuUus, and the defeat of part of his army.
9. Requiretur fortasse nunc quern ad modum, cum
haec ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse bellum.
Cognoscite, Quirites; non enim hoc sine causa quaeri
videtur. Primum ex suo regno sic Mithridates profugit
265 ut ex eodem Ponto Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur,
quam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra in els iocis,
qua se parens persequeretur, dissipavisse, ut eorum col-
lectio dispersa maerorque patrius celeritatem persequendJ
retardaret. Sic Mithridates fuxgiens maximam vim aurl j
27oatque argenti pulcherrimarumque rerum omnium, quas et
a maioribus acceperat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia
direptas in suum regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem j
rellquit. Haec dum nostri colligunt omnia diligent ius, rex
ipse e manibus effugit. Ita ilium in persequendi studio
275maeror, hos laetitia tarda vit.
Hunc in illo timore et fuga Tigranes, rex Armenius,
excepit diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit et adflictum j
erexit perditumque recreavit. Cuius in regnum postea-
quam L. Lucullus cum exercitu venit, plures etiam
280 gentes contra imperatorem nostrum concitatae sunt. Erat
enim metus iniectus els nationibus quas numquam popu-
lus Romanus neque lacessendas bello neque temptandaL |
putavit; erat etiam alia gravis atque vehemens opiniCi
quae animos gentium barbararum pervaserat, fan! locu-
285 pletissimi et religiosissimi diripiendi causa in eas oras nos-
trum esse exercitum adductum. Ita nationes multae atque
magnae novo quodam terrore ac metu concitabantur.
Noster autem exercitus, tametsi urbem ex Tigranis regno
ceperat et proeliis usus erat secundis, tamen nimia longin-
29oquitate locorum ac desiderio suorum commovebatur.
1/. SicJiel
Medea
[851
86 M. TULLI CICERONIS
t
Hie iam plura non dicam; fuit enim illud extremum,
ut ex eis locis a militibus nostris reditus magis maturus
quam processio longior quaereretur. Mithridates autem
et suam manum iam confirmarat, et eorum qui se ex
295ipsius regno collegerant et magnis adventlciis auxilils
multorum regum et nationum iuvabatur. Nam hoc fere
sic fieri solere accepimus, ut regum adflictae fortunae
facile multorum opes adliciant ad misericordiam, maxi-
meque eorum qui aut reges sunt aut vivunt in regno, ut
300 eis nomen regale magnum et sanctum esse videatur.
Itaque tantum victus efficere potuit quantum incolumis
numquam est ausus optare. Nam cum se in regnum
suum recepisset, non fuit eo contentus quod ei praeter
spem acciderat, ut illam, posteaquam pulsus erat, terram
305umquam attingeret, sed in exercitum nostrum clarum
atque victorem impetum fecit.
Sinite hoc loco, Quirites, sicut poetae solent qui res
Romanas scribunt, praeterire me nostram calamitatem,
quae tanta fuit ut eam ad aures imperatoris non ex proelio
sionuntius, sed ex sermone rtimor adferret. Hie in illo ipso
malo gravissimaque belli offensione L. Lucullus, qui
tamen aliqua ex parte eis incommodis mederi fortasse
potuisset, vestro iussti coactus, quod imperi diuturnitati
modum statuendum vetere exemplo putavistis, partem
3i5militum qui iam stipendiis confecti erant dimisit, partem
M'. Glabrioni tradidit.
Multa praetereo consulto, sed ea vos coniectura per-
spicite, quantum illud bellum factum putetis, quod
coniungant reges potentissimi, renovent agitatae nationes,
320 suscipiant integrae gentes, novus imperator noster accipiat
vetere exercitu pulso.
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 87
In Pompey are the four qualifications of a good general. First :
knowledge of warfare.
10. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor quare esset
hoc bellum genere ipso necessarium, magnitudine perl-
culosum; restat ut de imperatore ad id bellum deligendo
ac tantis rebus praeficiendo dicendum esse videatur. 325
Utinam, Quirltes, virorum fortium atque innocentium
copiam tantam haberetis ut haec vobis deliberatio difficilis
esset, quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac tanto bello
praeficiendum putaretis ! Nunc vero cum sit unus Cn.
Pompeius qui non modo eorum hominum qui nunc sunt 330
gloriam, sed etiam antlquitatis memoriam virtute superarit,
quae res est quae cuiusquam animum in hac causa dubium
facere possit? Ego enim sic existimo, in summo impera-
tore quattuor has res inesse oportere, scientiam rei mili-
taris, virtutem, auctoritatem, felicitatem. 335
Quis igitur hoc homine scientior umquam aut fuit aut
asse debuit? qui e ludo atque pueritiae discipllnis bello
maximo atque acerrimis hostibus ad patris exercitum
atque in militiae disciplinam profectus est; qui extrema
pueritia miles in exercitti fuit summi imperatoris, ineunte 340
adulescentia maximi ipse exercitus imperator ; qui saepius
cum hoste confllxit quam quisquam cum inimico concer-
tavit, plura bella gessit quam ceteri legerunt, plures pro-
vincias confecit quam alii concupiverunt ; cuius adules-
centia ad scientiam rei militaris non alienis praeceptis, 345
sed suis imperils, non offensionibus belli, sed victoriis,
non stipendiis, sed triumphis est erudita. Quod denique
genus esse belli potest in quo ilium non exercuerit fortuna
rei publicae? Civile, Africanum, Transalpinum, His-
paniense mixtum ex civitatibus atque ex bellicosissimis 350
nationibus, servile, navale bellum, varia et diversa genera
et bellorum et hostium non solum gesta ab hoc tino sed
88 M. TULLI CICERONIS
etiam confecta nullam rem esse declarant in usu positam
militari, quae huius viri scientiam fugere possit.
Second qualification : ability. Pompey's is attested by many nations.
355 11. lam vero virtuti Cn. Pompei quae potest oratio
par inveniri? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo dignum
aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum possit adferre?
Neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes imperatoriae quae
vulgo existimantur, labor in negotils, fortitudo in peri-
360culis, industria in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, con-
silium in providendo ; quae tanta sunt in hoc uno quanta
in omnibus reliquls imperatoribus, quos aut vidimus aut
audivimus, non fuerunt.
Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla huius
365virtute et subsidio confessus est llberatam. Testis est
Sicilia, quam multis undique cinctam periculis non terrore
belli sed consili celeritate explicavit. Testis est Africa,
quae magnis oppressa hostium copiis eorum ipsorum
sanguine redundavit. Testis est Gallia, per quam legioni-
370 bus nostris iter in Hispaniam Gallorum intern ecione pate-
factum est. Testis est Hispania, quae saepissime plurimos
hostes ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit. Testis
est iterum et saepius Italia, quae, cum servili bello taetro
periculosoque premeretur, ab hoc auxilium absente ex-
375 petivit ; quod bellum exspectatione eius attenuatum atque
imminutum est, adventu sublatum ac sepultum. Testes
nunc vero iam omnes sunt orae atque omnes exterae
gentes ac nationes, denique maria omnia cum universa,
tum in singulis oris omnes sinus atque portus.
860 Quis enim toto mari locus per hos annos aut tam firmum
habuit praesidium ut tutus esset, aut tam fuit abditus ut
lateret? Quis navigavit qui non se aut mortis aut ser-
vitutis periculo committeret, cum aut hieme aut referto
praedonum mari navigaret? Hoc tantum bellum, tam
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 8S
turpe, tam vetus, tarn late divisum atque dlspersuin, quis 385
umquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus imperatoribus tino
anno aut omnibus annis ab uno imperatore confici posse ?
Quam provinciam tenuistis a praedonibus liberam per
hosce annos? Quod vectigal vobis ttitum fuit? Quem
socium def endistis ? Cui praesidio classibus vestris fuistis ? 390
Quam multas existimatis Insulas esse desertas, quam
multas aut metu relictas aut a praedonibus captas urbes
esse sociorum ?
The long struggle with the pirates was soon ended by Pompey.
12. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro? Fuit hoc
quondam, fuit proprium popull Roman! longe a domo 395
beliare et propugnaculls imperi sociorum fortunas, non
sua tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostrls mare per hos
annos clausum fuisse dicam, cum exercittis vestri num-
quam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint ? Qui
ad vos ab exteris nationibus venirent, captos querar, cum 400
legati popull RomanI redempti sint ? Mercatoribus tutum
mare non fuisse dicam, cum duodecim secures in prae-
donum potestatem pervenerint? Cnidum aut Colopho-
nem aut Samum, nobilissimas urbes, innumerabilesque
alias captas esse commemorem, cum vestros portiis, atque 405
eos portus quibus vitam ac spiritum ducitis, in praedonum
fuisse potestate sciatis ? An vero ignoratis portum Caietae
celeberrimum ac plenissimum navium inspectante prae-
tore a praedonibus esse direptum ; ex Miseno autem eius
ipsius liberos, qui cum praedonibus antea ibi bellum4ia
gesserat, a praedonibus esse sublatos? Nam quid ego
Ostiense incommodum atque illam labem atque igno-
miniam rei publicae querar, cum prope inspectantibus
vobis classis ea cui consul populi Romani praepositus
esset, a praedonibus capta atque oppressa est? Pro dins
iromortales ! tantamne unius hominis incredibilis ac
[90]
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 91
dlvlna virtus tarn brevi tempore lucem adferre rei ptib-
licae potuit, ut vos qui modo ante ostium Tiberlnum
classem hostium videbatis, ei nunc nullam intra Oceani
ostium praedonum navem esse audiatis? 420
Atque haec qua celeritate gesta sint quamquam videtis,
tamen a me in dicendo praetereunda non sunt. Quis
enim umquam aut obeundi negoti aut consequendl quaes-
tus studio tam brevI tempore tot loca adire, tantos cursus
conficere potuit, quam celeriter Cn. Pompeio duce tanti425
belli impetus navigavit? Qui nondum tempestivo ad
navigandum mari Siciliam adiit, Africam exploravit, in
Sardiniam cum classe venit, atque haec tria frumentaria
subsidia rei publicae firmissimis praesidiis classibusque
munlvit. Inde cum se in Italiam recepisset, duabus His- 430
paniis et Gallia Transalpina praesidiis ac navibus confir-
mata, missis item in oram Illyrici maris et in Achaiam
onmemque Graeciam navibus, Italiae duo maria maximis
classibus firmissimisque praesidiis adornavit; ipse autem
ut Brundisio profectus est, undequinquagesimo die totam435
ad imperium populi Romani Ciliciam adiunxit; omnes
qui ubique praedones fuerunt, partim capti interfectique
sunt, partim unius hiiius se imperio ac potestati dediderunt.
idem Cretensibus, cum ad eum usque in Pamphyliam
legatos deprecatoresque misissent, spem deditionis non 440
ademit obsidesque imperavit. Ita tantum bellum, tam
diiiturnum, tam longe lateque dispersum, quo bello omnes
gentes ac nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema
hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate
confecit. 445
Pompey's moral qualities. His scrupulous honesty.
13. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus impera-
toris. Quid ? Ceterae quas paulo ante commemorare
coeperam, quantae atque quam multae sunt ? Non enim
92 M. TULLI CICERONIS
bellandl virtus solum in summo ac perfects imperatore
450 quaerenda est, sed multae sunt artes eximiae huius ad-
ministrae comitesque virtutis. Ac primum quanta inno-
centia debent esse imperatores, quanta deinde in omnibus
rebus temperantia, quanta fide, quanta facilitate, quanto
ingenio, quanta humanitate ! Quae breviter qualia sint
455 in Cn. Pompeio consideremus. Summa enim omnia sunt,
Quirites, sed ea magis ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa
per sese cognosci atque intellegl possunt.
Quern enim imperatorem possum us tillo in numero
putare cuius in exercitu centuriattis veneant atque venie-
460rint? Quid hunc hominem magnum aut amplum de re
publica cogitare, qui pecuniam ex aerario depromptam
ad bellum administrandum aut propter cupiditatem pro-
vinciae magistratibus diviserit aut propter avaritiam
Romae in quaestti reliquerit ? Vestra admurmuratio facit,
465 Quirites, ut agnoscere videamini qui haec fecerint ; ego
autem nomino neminem ; quare irasci mihi nemo poterit,
nisi qui ante de se voluerit confiteri. Itaque propter banc
avaritiam imperatorum quantas calamitates, quocumque
ventum sit, nostri exercitus ferant, quis ignorat ? Itinera
470 quae per hosce annos in Italia per agros atque oppida
civium Romanorum nostri imperatores fecerint, recorda-
mini; tum facilius statuetis quid apud exteras nationes
fieri existimetis. Utrum plures arbitramini per hosce
annos militum vestrorum armis hostium urbes an hiber-
475 ms sociorum civitates esse deletas? Neque enim potest
exercitum is continere imperator qui se ipse non continet,
neque severus esse in iudicando qui alios in se severos
esse iudices non vult.
Hie miramur hunc hominem tantum excellere ceteris,
480 cuius legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint ut non modo
manus tanti exercitus sed ne vestigium quidem cuiquam
pacato nocuisse dicatur? lam vero quem ad modum
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 93
milites hibernent, cotldie sermones ac litterae perferuntur ;
non modo ut sumptum facial in mllitem nemini vis adfer-
tur, sed ne cupienti quidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis 485
enim, non avaritiae perfugium maiores nostrl in sociorum
atque amicorum tectls esse voluerunt.
His self-control, good faith, and kindness,
14. Age vero, ceteris in rebus qua sit temperantia,
considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et tarn in-
credibilem cursum inventum putatis? Non enim ilium 490
eximia vis remigum aut ars inaudlta quaedam gubernandl
aut venti aliqul novl tam celeriter in ultimas terras per-
tulerunt, sed eae res quae ceteros remorari solent non
retardarunt ; non avaritia ab instituto cursu ad praedam
aliquam devocavit, non libido ad voluptatem, non amoeni- 495
tas ad delectationem, non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem,
non denique labor ipse ad quietem; postremo signa et
tabulas ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum, quae
ceterl tollenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda
quidem existimavit. ooo
Itaque omnes nunc in els locis Cn. Pompeium sicut
aliquem non ex hac urbe missum, sed de caelo delapsum
intuentur. Nunc denique incipiunt credere fuisse homines
Romanes hac quondam continentia, quod iam nationibus
exterls incredibile ac falso memoriae proditum videbatur. 505
Nunc imperl vestrl splendor illls gentibus lucem adferre
coepit. Nunc intellegunt non sine causa maiores suos
tum, cum ea temperantia magistratus habebamus, servire
populo Romano quam imperare alils maluisse. Iam vero
ita faciles adittis ad eum privatorum, ita llberae queri-sio
moniae de aliorum iniurils esse dicuntur, ut is, qui dlg-
nitate principibus excellit, facilitate infimis par esse
videatur.
Iam quantum consilio, quantum dicendl gravitate et
94 M. TULLI CICERONIS
6i5copia valeat, in quo ipso inest quaedam dignitas impera-
toria, vos, Quirites, hoc ipso ex loco saepe cognovistis.
Fidem vero eius quantam inter socios existimarl putatis,
quam hostes omnes omnium generum sanctissimam iudi-
carint? Humanitate iam tanta est ut difficile dictu sit
520 utrum hostes magis virtutem eius pugnantes tim_uerint an
mansuetudinem victi dilexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit
quin huic hoc tantum bellum transmittendum sit, qui ad
omnia nostrae memoriae bella conficienda dlvino quodam
consilio natus esse videatur?
Third qualification of a general : personal influence.
625 15. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellls adminis-
trandis multum atque in imperio militari valet, certe
, nemini dubium est quIn ea re idem ille imperator plurimum
possit. Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella adminis-
tranda quid hostes, quid socii de imperatoribus nostris
530 existiment, quis ignorat, cum sciamus homines in tantis
rebus ut aut contemnant aut metuant aut oderint aut
ament opinione non minus et fama quam aliqua ratione
certa commoveri? Quod igitur nomen umquam in orbe
terrarum clarius fuit? Cuius res gestae pares? De quo
635homine vos, id quod maxime facit auctoritatem, tanta et
tam praeclara iudicia fecistis? An vero tillam usquam
esse Oram tam desertam putatis quo non illius diel fama
pervaserit, cum universus populus Romanus, referto foro
completisque omnibus templis, ex quibus hic locus con-
540spici potest, unum sibi ad commune omnium gentium
bellum Cn. Pompeium imperatorem depoposcit?
Itaque, ut plura non dicam neque aliorum exemplis
conflrmem quantum auctoritas valeat in bello, ab eodem
Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum exempla suman-
645 tur ; qui quo die a vobis maritime bello praepositus est
imperator, tanta repente vilitas annonae ex summa inopia
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M. TULLI CICERONIS
et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta est tinlus hominis
spe ac nomine, quantam vix ex summa tibertate agrorum
diuturna pax efficere potuisset.
550 lam accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio de quo
vos paulo ante invltus admonul, cum socii pertimuissent,
hostium opes animique crevissent, satis firmum praesidium
provincia non haberet, amisissetis Asiam, Quirites, nisi ad
ipsum discrlmen eius temporis divlnitus Cn. Pompeium
ad eas regiones f ortfma
populi Roman! attulis-
set. Huius adventus
et Mithridatem insol-
ita mflammatum vic-
toria continuit et
Tigranem magnis
copiis minitantem
Asiae retardavit. Et
quisquam dubitabit
quid virtute perfec-
turus sit, qui tantum
auctoritate perfecerit,
aut quam facile im-
perio atque exercitu
socios et vectigalia
conservaturus sit, qui
ipso nomine ac rumore
def enderit ?
Fourth qualification of a
general : good fortune.
16. Age vero ilia res
quantam declarat
eiusdem hominis apud
FoRTUNA hostes populi Roman!
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO
97
^^B'^iVv "^ I ^H
^mW '/ \^m
■■n[^^2;^.^^«t^i«|' ^1
^^^^^|^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^H|9^^^' ^^^^^^V ^v^^^^^K^^^^^^^^I
f^b'-'^l
auctoritatem, quod
ex locis tarn longin-
quis tamque dlversis
tarn brevi tempore
omnes huic se uni
dediderunt ! Quod
Cretensiura legati,
cum in eorum Insula
noster imperator ex-
ercitusque esset, ad
Cn. Pompeium in
ultimas prope terras
venerunt, eique se
omnes Cretensium
civitates dedere velle
dixerunt ! Quid ?
Idem iste Mithridates
nonne ad eundem Cn.
Pompeium legatum
usque in Hispaniam
misit ? Eum quern
Pompeius legatum
semper iudicavit, ei
quibus erat molestum
ad eum potissimum
esse missum, specula-
torem quam legatum iudicari maluerunt. Potestis igitur
iam constituere, Quirltes, banc auctoritatem, multls postea 605
rebus gestis magnisque vestrls iudicils amplificatam, quan-
tum apud illos reges, quantum apud exteras nationes vali-
turam esse existimetis.
Reliquum est ut de felicitate, quam praestare de se
ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de alteroeio
possumus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate deorum,
M. Claudius Marcellus
98 M. TULLI CICERONIS
timide et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sic existimo, Maximo,
Marcello, ScipionI, Mario, et ceteris magnis imperatoribus
non solum propter virtutem sed etiam propter fortunam
6i5saepius imperia mandata atque exercitus esse commissos.
Fuit enim profecto quibusdam summis virls quaedam ad
amplitudinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene geren-
das divinitus aditincta fortuna. De huius autem hominis
felicitate, de quo nunc agimus, hac utar moderatione
62odIcendl, non ut in illlus pot estate fortunam positam esse
dicam, sed ut praeterita meminisse, reliqua sperare videa-
mur, ne aut invlsa dis immortalibus oratio nostra aut
ingrata esse videatur.
Itaque non sum praedicaturus quantas ille res domi
625mllitiae, terra marique quantaque felicitate gesserit, ut
eius semper voluntatibus non modo elves adsenserint, socii
obtemperarint, hostes oboedierint, sed etiam venti tem-
pestatesque obsecundarint. Hoc brevissime dIcam, ne-
minem umquam tam impudentem fuisse, qui ab dIs im-
630 mortalibus tot et tantas res tacitus auderet optare, quot
et quantas dl immortales ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt.
Quod ut illl proprium ac perpetuum sit, Quirltes, cum
communis salutis atque imperl tum ipslus hominis causa,
sicuti facitis, velle et optare debetis.
635 Quare cum et bellum sit ita necessarium ut neglegi
non possit, ita magnum ut accuratissime sit adminis-
trandum, et cum el imperatorem praeficere possltis, in
quo sit eximia belli scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima
auctoritas, egregia fortuna, dubitatis, Quirltes, quin hoc
eiotantum boni, quod vobis ab dis immortalibus oblatum et
datum est, in rem publicam conservandam atque amplifi-
candam conferatis ?
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO
99
Pompey's advantage of being near the enemy. The objections of
Catulus and Hortensius.
17. Quodsi Romae Cn. Pompeius privatus esset hoc
tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus atque
mittendus ; nunc cum ad ceteras summas utilitates haec 645
quoque opportunitas adiungatur, ut in els ipsis locis adsit,
ut habeat exercitum, ut
ab eis qui habent accipere
statim possit, quid ex-
spectamus ? Aut cur non
ducibus dis immortalibus
eidem, cui cetera summa
cum salute rei publicae
commissa sunt, hoc quo-
que bellum regium com-
mittamus ?
At enim vir clarissimus,
amantissimus rei publi-
cae, vestris beneficils am-
plissimis adfectus, Q.
Catulus, itemque summis
ornamentis honoris, for-
tunae, virtutis, ingeni
praeditus, Q. Hortensius,
ab hac ratione dissenti-
unt. Quorum ego auctoritatem apud vos multis locis
plurimum valuisse et valere oportere confiteor ; sed in hac
causa, tametsi cognoscetis auctoritates contrarias virorum
fortissimorum et clarissimorum, tamen omissis auctoritati-
bus ipsa re ac ratione exqulrere possumus veritatem, atque 670
hoc facilius, quod ea omnia quae a me adhuc dicta sunt,
Jdem isti vera esse concedunt, et necessarium bellum esse
et magnum et in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia.
QUINTUS HORTENSroS
100 M. TULLI CICERONIS
Quid igitur ait Hortensius? Si uni omnia tribuenda
6T5sint, dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad tinum tamen
omnia deferri non oportere. Obsolevit iam ista oratio,
re multo magis quam verbis refutata. Nam tu idem,
Q. Hortensi, multa pro tua summa copia ac singulari
facultate dicendi et in senatti contra virum fortem, A.
68oGabinium, graviter ornateque dixisti, cum is de uno im-
peratore contra praedones constituendo legem promul-
gasset, et ex hoc ipso loco permulta item contra earn
legem verba fecisti. Quid? Tum, per deos immortales,
si plus apud populum Romanum auctoritas tua quam
685 ipsius populi Romani salQs et vera causa valuisset, hodie
banc gloriam atque hoc orbis terrae imperium teneremus?
An tibi tum imperium hoc esse videbatur, cum populi
Romani legati, quaestores praetoresque capiebantur, cum
ex omnibus provinciis commeatu et private et publico
690 prohibebamur, cum ita clausa nobis erant maria omnia
ut neque privatam rem transmarinam neque piiblicam iam
obire possemus ?
•The law of Gabinius restored Roman naval supremacy.
18. Quae civitas antea umquam fuit, — non dico
Atheniensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenuisse
e95dicitur; non Carthaginiensium, qui permultum classe ac
maritimis rebus valuerunt; non Rhodiorum, quorum
usque ad nostram memoriam disciplina navalis et gloria
remansit, — quae civitas, inquam, antea tam tenuis, quae
tarn parva insula fuit quae non portus suos et agros et
Tooahquam partem regionis atque orae maritimae per se ipsa
defenderet? At hercule aliquot annos continues ante
legem Gabiniam ille populus Romanus, cuius usque ad
nostram memoriam nomen invictum in navalibus pugnis
permanserit, magna ac multo maxima parte non m.odo
705 utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperi caruit. Nos quorum
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 101
maiores Antiochum regem classe Persemque superarunt
omnibusque navalibus pugnis Carthaginienses, homines in
maritimis rebus exercitatissimos paratissimosque, vice-
runt, el nuUo in loco iam praedonibus pares esse potera-
710 mus ; nos qui antea non modo Italiam tutam habcbamus,
sed omnes socios in ultimls oris auctoritate nostri imperi
salvos praestare poteramus, turn, cum insula Delos, tam
procul a nobis in Aegaeo mari posita, quo omnes undique
cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, referta divitils,
7i5parva, sine muro, nihil timebat, idem non modo pro-
vinciis atque oris Italiae maritimis ac portubus nostris,
sed etiam Appia iam Via carebamus; et eis temporibus •
non pudebat magistratus populi Romani in hunc ipsum
locum escendere, cum eum nobis maiores nostri exuviis
720 nauticis et classium spoliis ornatum reliquissent !
The question of appointing Gabinius as Pompey's lieutenant.
19. Bono te animo tum, Q. Hortensi, populus Romanus
et ceteros qui erant in eadem sententia dicere existimavit
ea quae sentiebatis; sed tamen in salute communi idem
populus Romanus dolori suo maluit quam auctoritati
725vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una lex, unus vir, unus
annus non modo nos ilia miseria ac turpitudine liberavit,
sed etiam effecit ut aliquando vere videremur omnibus
gentibus ac nationibus terra marique imperare.
Quo mihi etiam indignius videtur obtrectatum esse
73oadhuc — Gabinio dicam anne Pompeio an utrique, id
quod est verius ? — ne legaretur A, Gabinius Cn. Pom-
peio expetenti ac postulanti. Utrum ille, qui postulat ad
tantum bellum legatum quem velit, idoneus non est qui
impetret, cum ceteri ad expilandos socios diripiendasque
735 provincias quos voluerunt legates eduxerint; an ipse,
cuius lege saltis ac dignitas populo Romano atque omnibus
gentibus constituta est, expers esse debet gloriae eius im-
5
SI
[102]
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 103
peratoris atque eius exercitus qui consilio ipsius ac peri-
culo est constitutus?
An C. Falcidius, Q. Metellus, Q. Caelius Latlniensis, 740
Gn. Lentulus, quos omnes honoris causa nomino, cum
tribuni plebl fuissent, anno proximo legatl esse potuerunt ;
in uno Gablnio sunt tam dlligentes, qui in hoc bello quod
lege Gablnia geritur, in hoc imperatore atque exercitu,
quem per vos ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo iure esse 745
deberet? De quo legando consules spero ad senatum
relattiros. Qui si dubitabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me
profiteor relaturum ; neque me impediet cuiusquam iniml-
cum edictum quo minus vobis fretus vestrum ius bene-
fieiumque defendam, neque praeter intercessionem quic-750
quam audiam, de qua, ut arbitror, isti ipsi qui minantur
fetiam atque etiam quid liceat considerabunt. Mea
quidem sententia, Quirltes, unus A. Gabinius belli maritimi
rerumque gestarum Cn. Pompeio socius ascrlbitur, prop-
terea quod alter uni illud bellum suscipiendum vestrls755
^uffragiis detulit, alter delatum susceptumque confecit.
A reply to the objections of Catulus.
20. Reliquum est ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et sen-
tentia dicendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis quaere-
ret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo
factum esset, in quo spem essetis habittiri, cepit magnum 760
suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum omnes una prope
voce in eo ipso vos spem habituros esse dixistis. Etenim
talis est vir, ut niilla res tanta sit ac tam difficilis, quam
ille non et consilio regere et integritate tueri et virtute
eonficere possit. Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime 76«
dissentio, quod, quo minus certa est hominum ac minus
diuturna vita, hoc magis res publica, dum per deos im-
mortales licet, frui debet summi viri vita atque virtute.
At enim ne quid novi fiat contra exempla atque instituta
104 M. TULLI CICERONIS
770 maiorum. Non dicam hoc loco maiores nostros semper in
pace consuetudinl, in bello utilitati paruisse, semper ad
novos casus temporum novorum consiliorum rationes
accommodasse ; non dicam duo bella maxima, Punicum
atque Hispaniense, ab uno imperatore esse confecta,
775duasque urbes potentissimas, quae huic imperio maxime
minitabantur, Karthaginem atque Numantiam, ab eodem
Sclpione esse deletas ; non commemorabo nuper ita vobis
patribusque vestris esse visum, ut in uno C. Mario spes
imperl poneretur, ut Idem cum lugurtha, idem cum Cim-
78obris, idem cum Teutonis bellum administraret. In ipso
Cn. Pompeio in quo novi constitui nihil vult Q. Catulus,
quam multa sint nova summa Q. Catuli voluntate con-
stituta recordamini.
New precedents already established in the career of Pompey.
21. Quid tam novum quam adulescentulum privatum
785 exercitum difficili rei publicae tempore conficere ? Con-
fecit. Huic praeesse ? Praefuit. Rem optime ductu suo
gerere ? Gessit. Quid tam praeter consuetudinem quam
homini peradulescenti, cuius aetas a senatorio gradu longe
abesset, imperium atque exercitum dari, Siciliam permitti,
790 atque Africam bellumque in ea provincia administrandum ?
Fuit in his provinciis singulari innocentia, gra^dtate, vir-
tute ; bellum in Africa maximum confecit, victorem exer-
citum deportavit.
Quid vero tam inauditum quam equitem Romanum
795 triumphare ? At eam quoque rem populus Romanus non
modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio visendam et concele-
brandam putavit. Quid tam inusitatum quam ut, cum
duo consules clarissimi fortissimique essent, eques Ro-
manus ad bellum maximum formidolosissimumque pro
80oconsule mitteretur? Missus est. Quo quidem tempore,
cum esset non nemo in senatii qui diceret non oportere
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 105
mitti hominem privatum pro consule, L. Philippus dixisse
dicitur non se ilium sua sententia pro consule sed pro
consulibus mittere. Tanta in eo rel publicae bene geren-
dae spes constituebatur ut duorum consulum munus unius 80S
adulescentis virtuti committeretur.
Quid tam singulare quam ut ex senatus consults legibus
solutus consul ante fieret quam ullum alium magistratum
per leges capere licuisset ? Quid tam incredibile quam ut
iterum eques Romanus ex senatus consulto triumpharet ? 8io
Quae in omnibus hominibus nova post hominum memoriam
constituta sunt, ea tam multa non sunt quam haec quae
in hoc uno homine videmus. Atque haec tot exempla,
tanta ac tam nova, profecta sunt in eundem hominem a
Q. Catuli atque a ceterorum eiusdem dignitatis amplissi-8i5
morum hominum auctoritate.
Hortensius and Catulus should therefore withdraw their objectiona.
Pompey especially fitted for the war in Asia.
22. Quare videant ne sit periniquum et non ferendum,
illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dignitate a vobis
comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab illis de eodem
homine iudicium popullque Romani auctoritatem impro-820
barl, praesertim cum iam suo iure populus Romanus in
hoc homine suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui
dissentiunt possit defendere, propterea quod Isdem istis
reclamantibus vos unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis quem
bello praedonum praeponeretis. Hoc si vos temere fecis-826
tis et rei publicae parum consuluistis, recte isti studia
vestra suls consilils regere conantur. Sin autem vos plus
tum in re publica vidistis, vos els repugnantibus per vos-
met ipsos dignitatem huic imperio, salutem orbl terrarum
attulistis, aliquando istI principes et sibi et ceteris popullsao
Romani universi auctoritati parendum esse fateantur.
Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum mllitaris
106 M. TULLI CICERONIS
ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae
quoque virtutes animi magnae et multae requiruntur.
835 Difficile est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria, regnlsque interiorum
nationum ita versari nostrum imperatorem ut nihil aliud
nisi de hoste ac de laude cogitet. Deinde, etiamsi qui
sunt pudore ac temperantia moderatiores, tamen eos esse
tales propter multitudinem cupidorum hominum nemo
840 arbitratur. Difficile est dictu, Quirites, quanto in odio
simus apud exteras nationes propter eorum quos ad eas
per hos annos cum imperio misimus, libidines et iniurias.
Quod enim fanum putatis in illis terris nostris magistra-
tibus religiosum, quam civitatem sanctam, quam domum
845 satis clausam ac munltam fuisse? Urbes iam locupletes
et copiosae requiruntur, quibus causa belli propter dlrip-
iendl cupiditatem mferatur.
Libenter haec coram cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio,
summis et clarissimls viris, disputarem ; noverunt enim
85osociorum vulnera, vident eorum calamitates, querimonias
audiunt. Pro sociis vos contra hostes exercitum mittere
putatis, an bostium simulatione contra socios atque
amicos? Quae civitas est in Asia quae non modo im-
peratoris aut legati, sed unlus tribuni militum animos ac
855splritus capere possit?
The bill is supported by many eminent men.
23. Quare, etiamsi quem habetis qui conlatis signls
exercitus regios superare posse videatur, tamen nisi erit
idem qui se a pecunils sociorum, qui ab eorum coniugibus
ac llberis, qui ab ornamentis fanorum atque oppidorum, qui
860 ab auro gazaque regia manus, oculos, animum cohibere
possit, non erit idoneus qui ad bellum Asiaticum regium-
que mittatur. Ecquam putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse
quae locuples sit, ecquam esse locupletem quae istis pacata
esse videatur? Ora maritima, Quirites, Cn. Pompeium
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 107
non solum propter rel militaris gloriam, sed etiam propter 865
animi continentiam requisivit. Videbat enim impera-
tores locupletari quotannis pecunia publica praeter paucos,
neque eos quicquam aliud adsequi classium nomine, nisi
ut detrimentis accipiendls maiore adfici turpitudine vide-
remur. Nunc qua cupiditate homines in provincias et 870
quibus iacturis, quibus condicionibus proficlscantur, igno-
rant videlicet isti qui ad tinum deferenda omnia esse non
arbitrantur. Quasi vero Cn. Pompeium non cum suls
virtutibus, tum etiam alienis vitiis magnum esse videa-
mus. Quare nollte dubitare quin huic uni credatis omnia, 875
qui inter tot annos unus inventus sit quem socii in urbes
suas cum exercitu venisse gaudeant.
Quodsl auctoritatibus banc causam, Quirites, confir-
mandam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum omnium
maximarumque rerum peritissimus, P. Servllius, cuius 880
tantae res gestae terra marlque exstiterunt ut, cmn de
bello deliberetis, auctor vobis gravior esse nemo debeat;
est C. Curio, summis vestris beneficiis maximisque rebus
gestis, summo ingenio et prudentia praeditus; est Cn.
Lentulus, in quo omnes pro amplissimis vestris honoribus 885
summum consilium, summam gravitatem esse cognovistis ;
est C. Cassius, integritate, virtute, constantia singularl.
Quare videte horum auctoritatibus, illorum oration! qui
dissentiunt responderene posse videamur.
Cicero encourages Manilius and pledges his support.
24. Quae cum ita sint, C. Manlll, primum istam tuamsoo
et legem et volimtatem et sententiam laudo vehemen-
tissimeque comprobo ; deinde te hortor ut auctore populo
Romano maneas in sententia neve cuiusquam vim aut
minas pertimescas. Primum in te satis esse animi per-
se verantiaeque arbitror ; deinde, cum tantam multitudinem 896
cum tanto studio adesse videamus, quantam iterum nunc
108 M. TULLI CICERONIS
in eodem homine praeficiendo videmus, quid est quod aut
de re aut de perficiendi facultate dubitemus?
Ego autem quicquid est in me studi, consili, laboris,
90oingenI, quicquid hoc beneficio popull Roman! atque hac
potestate praetoria, quicquid auctoritate, fide, constantia
possum, id omne ad banc rem conficiendam tibi et populo
Romano polliceor ac defero ; testorque omnes deos, et
eos maxime qui huic loco temploque praesident, qui
905 omnium .mentes eorum qui ad rem publicam adeunt
maxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatu facere ctiius-
quam, neque quo Cn. Pompel gratiam mihi per hanc causam
conciharl putem, neque quo mihi ex cuiusquam ampH-
tudine aut praesidia perlculls aut adiumenta honoribus
9ioquaeram; propterea quod perlcula facile, ut hominem
praestare oportet, innocentia tecti repellemus, honorem
autem neque ab uno neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem ilia
nostra laboriosissima ratione vltae, si vestra voluntas feret,
consequemur.
915 Quam ob rem quicquid in hac causa mihi susceptum est,
Quirites, id ego omne me rel publicae causa suscepisse
conflrmo ; tantumque abest ut aliquam mihi bonam
gratiam quaesisse videar, ut multas me etiam simultates
partim obscuras, partim apertas intellegam mihi non neces-
920sarias, vobis non inutiles suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc
honore praeditum, tantis vestrls beneficiis adfectum
statu!, Quirites, vestram voluntatem et re! publicae digni-
tatem et salutem provinciarum atque sociorum mels omni-
bus commodls et rationibus praeferre oportere.
Marcus Tullius Cicero
(From the bust in the Capitoline Aluaeum)
1109)
M. TULLI CICERONIS
PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA POETA
ORATIO AD lUDICES.
Cicero's own indebtedness to Archias.
1. Si quid est in me ingeni, iudices, quod sentio quam
sit exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua me
non infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si huiusce rei
ratio aliqua ab optimarum artium studils ac discipllna
5 prof ecta, a qua ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus
abhorruisse, earum rerum omnium vel in primis hic A.
Licinius fructum a me repetere prope suo iure debet.
Nam quoad longissime potest mens mea respicere spatium
praeteriti temporis et pueritiae memoriam recordari ulti-
10 mam, inde usque repetens hunc video mihi principem et
110
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 111
ad suscipiendam et ad ingrediendam rationem horum
studiorum exstitisse. Quodsl haec vox huius hortatu
praeceptlsque conformata nonnullis aliquando saluti fuit,
a quo id accepimus quo ceteris opitularl et alios servare
possemus, huic profecto ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, 15
et opem et salutem ferre debemus.
Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur, quod alia
quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingeni neque haec dicendi
ratio aut discipllna, ne nos quidem huic uni studio penitus
umquam dediti fuimus. Etenim omnes artes quae ad 20
humanitatem pertinent habent quoddam commune vincu-
lum et quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur.
Cicero begs indulgence for his unusual plea.
2. Sed ne cui vestrum mTrum esse videatur me in
quaestione legitima et in iudicio publico, cum res agatur
apud praetorem populi Romani, lectissimum virum, et25
apud severissimos indices, tanto conventu hominum ac
frequentia, hoc uti genere dicendi, quod non modo a con-
suetudine iudiciorum, verum etiam a forensi sermone
abhorreat, quaeso a vobis ut in hac causa mihi detis hanc
veniam, accommodatam huic reo, vobis, quem ad modum 30
spero, non molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque
eruditissimo homine dicentem, hoc concursu hominum
litteratissimorum, hac vestra humanitate, hoc denique
praetore exercente iiidicium, patiamini de studiis humani-
tatis ac litterarum paulo loqui liberius, et in eius modi 35
persona, quae propter otium ac studium minime in iudiciis
periculisque tractata est, uti prope novo quodam et in
usitato genere dicendi. Quod si mihi a vobis tribui conce-
dique sentiam, perficiam profecto ut hunc A. Licinium non
modo non segregandum, cum sit civis, a numero civium, 40
verum etiam si non esset, putetis asciscendum fuisse.
112
M. TULLI CICERONIS
Archias in his youth won fame in the East. Coming to Italy, he was
welcomed by men of high rank.
42 3. Nam ut primum ex pueris excessit Archias, atque
ab eis artibus quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem in-
fSrmari solet se ad scribendi studium contulit, primum
Antiochiae (nam ibi
natus est loco no-
bili), celebri quon-
dam urbe et copiosa
atque erudltissimis
hominibus liberalis-
simisque studiis
adfluenti, celeriter
antecellere omni-
bus ingenl gloria
coepit. Post in
ceteris Asiae parti-
bus cunctaque
Graecia sic eius
adventus celebra-
bantur ut famam
ingeni exspectatio
hominis, exspecta-
tionem ipsius
adventus admira-
tioque superaret.
Erat Italia tum
plena Graecarum
artium ac discipli-
narum, studiaque
Antioch Personified haec et in Latio
vehementius tum
72colebantur quam nunc Isdem in oppidis, et hie Romae
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 113
propter tranquillitatem re! publicae non neglegebantur.
Itaque hunc et Tarentini et Locrenses et Reginl et Neapoli-
tan! civitate cefcerlsque praemils donarunt, et omnes qui 75
aliquid de ingeniis poterant iudicare cognitione atque hos-
pitio dignum existimarunt.
Hac tanta celebritate famae cum esset iam absentibus
notus, Romam venit Mario consule et Catulo. Nactus
est primum consules eos quorum alter res ad scrlbendumSO
maximas, alter cum res gestas tum etiam studium atque
aures adhibere posset. Statim LucullI, cum praetextatus
etiam tum Archias esset, eum domum suam receperunt.
Et erat hoc non solum ingeni ac litterarum, verum etiam
naturae atque virtutis, ut domus quae htiius adulescentiae 85
prima favit, eadem esset familiarissima senectuti. Erat
temporibus illis iucundus Q. Metello illi Numidico et eius
Pio filio, audiebatur a M. Aemilio, vivebat cum Q. Catulo
et patre et filio, a L. Crasso colebatur ; Lucullos vero et
Drusum et Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensiorum 90
domum devinctam consuetudine cum teneret, adficiebatur
summo honore, quod eum non solum colebant qui aliquid
percipere atque audire studebant, verum etiam si qui forte
simulabant.
Archias has fulfilled the conditions of Roman citizenship
4. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum M. 95
Lucullo in Siciliam profectus et cum ex ea provincia cum
eodem Lucullo decederet, venit Heracllam. Quae cum
esset civitas aequissimo iure ac foedere, ascribi se in eam
civitatem voluit, idque, cum ipse per se dignus putaretur,
tum auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus im- loo
petravit. Data est civitas Silvan! lege et Carbonis : Si
QUI FOEDERATIS CIVITATIBUS ASCRIPTI FUISSENT ; SI TUM,
CUM LEX FEREBATUR, IN ItALIA DOMICILIUM HABUISSENT ,*
ET SI sexaginta diebus apud praetorem essent pro-
114 M. TULLI CICERONIS
105FESSI. Cum hic domicilium Romae multos iam annos
haberet, professus est apud praetorem Q. Metellum,
familiarissimum suum.
Si nihil aliud nisi de civitate ac lege dicimus, nihil dico
amplius; causa dicta est. Quid enim horum infirmari,
iioGratti, potest? Heracliaene esse eum ascrlptum nega-
bis ? Adest vir summa auctoritate et religione et fide, M.
Lticullus, qui se non opinari sed scire, non audivisse sed
vidisse, non interfuisse sed egisse dicit. Adsunt Hera-
clienses legati, nobilissimi homines; huius iudicT causa
115 cum mandatis et cum publico testimonio venerunt, qui
hunc ascriptum Heracliensem dicunt. Hic tu tabulas
desideras Heracliensium publicas, quas Italico bello in-
censo tabulario interisse scimus omnes. Est ridiculum ad
ea quae habemus nihil dicere, quaerere quae habere non
I2opossumus; et de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum
memoriam flagitare ; et, cum habeas amplissimi viri
religionem, integerrimi milnicipi ius iurandum fidemque,
ea quae depravari nullo modo possunt repudiare, tabulas,
quas idem dicis solere corrumpi, desiderare. An domi-
I25cilium Romae non habuit is qui tot annis ante civitiitem
datam sedem omnium rerum ac fortunarum suarum Romae
conlocavit ? An non est professus ? Immo vero eis tabu-
lis professus quae solae ex ilia professione collegioque
praetorum obtinent publicarum tabularum auctoritatem.
The records involved are trustworthy.
130 5. Nam cum Appi tabulae neglegentius adservatae
dicerentur, Gabini, quamdiu incolumis fuit, levitas, post
damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fidem resig-
nasset, Metellus, homo sanctissimus modestissimusque
omnium, tanta diligentia fuit ut ad L. Lentulum prae-
i35torem et ad itidices venerit et unius nominis litura se
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 115
commotum esse dlxerit. His igitur in tabulis nullam
lituram in nomine A. Licinl videtis.
Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de eius civitate dubi-
tetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque in civitatibus fuerit
ascrlptus ? Etenim cum mediocribus multls et aut nulla 140
aut humili aliqua arte praeditis gratuito civitatem in
Graecia homines impertiebant, Re^nos credo aut Lo-
crenses aut Neapolitanos aut Tarentlnos, quod scaenicis
artificibus largirl solebant, id huic summa ingeni praedito
gloria noluisse ! Quid ? Cum ceterl non modo post I4d
civitatem datam, sed etiam post legem Papiam aliquo
modo in eorum municipiorum tabulas inrepserunt ; hie qui
ne utitur quidem illis in quibus est scrlptus, quod semper
se Heracllensem esse voluit, reicietur ?
Census nostros requiris. Scilicet ; est enim obscurum 150
proximis censoribus hunc cum clarissimo imperatore L.
Lticullo apud exercitum fuisse; superioribus, cum eodem
quaestore fuisse in Asia ; primTs, lulio et Crasso, nullam
populi partem esse censam. Sed, quoniam census non ius
civitatis confirmat ac tantum modo indicat eum qui sit 155
census ita se iam tum gessisse pro cive, eis temporibus,
quem tti criminaris ne ipslus quidem iudicio in civium
Romanorum iure esse versatum, et testamentum saepe
fecit nostris legibus et adiit hereditates civium Romano-
rum et in beneficils ad aerarium delatus est a L. Lucullo 160
pro consule. Quaere argumenta, si quae potes ; num-
quam enim hic neque suo neque amicorum iudicio re-
vincetur.
The study of literature relaxes as well as cultivates. It preserves
the examples of the past.
6. Quaeres a nobis, Gratti, cur tanto opere hoc homine
delectemur. Quia suppeditat nobis ubi et animus ex hoc i65
forensi strepitti reficiatur et aures convicio defessae con-
116 M. TULLI CICERONIS
quiescant. An tu existimas aut suppetere nobis pos&c
quod cotidie dicamus in tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos
nostros doctrina excolamus, aut ferre animos tantam posse
170 contentionem, nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus? Ego
vero fateor me his studiis esse deditum. Ceteros pudeat,
si qui ita se litteris abdiderunt ut nihil possint ex eis neque
ad communem adferre fructum neque in aspectum lucem-
que proferre; me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos ita
175 vivo, indices, ut a nullius umquam me tempore aut com-
modo aut otium meum abstraxerit aut voluptas avocarit
aut denique somnus retardarit ?
Quare quis tandem me reprehendat, aut quis mihi iure
suscenseat, si quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas,
180 quantum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum ad
alias voluptates et ad ipsam requiem animi et corporis
conceditur temporum, quantum alii tribuunt tempestivis
conviviis, quantum denique alveolo, quantum pilae, tan-
tum mihi egomet ad haec studia recolenda sumpsero?
i85Atque hoc eo mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his
studiis haec quoque crescit oratio et facultas, quae, quan-
tacumque in me est, numquam amicorum periculis defuit.
Quae si cui levior videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa
sunt, ex quo fonte hauriam sentio. Nam nisi multorum
190 praeceptis multisque litteris mihi ab adulescentia suasis-
sem nihil esse in vita magno opere expetendum nisi laudem
atque honestatem, in ea autem persequenda omnes cru-
ciatus corporis, omnia pericula mortis atque exsili parvi
esse ducenda, numquam me pro salute vestra in tot ac
I95tantas dimicationes atque in hos profligatorum hominum
cotidianos impetus obiecissem. Sed pleni omnes sun*
libri, plenae sapientium voces, plena exemplorum vetustas ;
quae iacerent in tenebris omnia nisi litterarum lumen
accederet. Quam multas nobis imagines, non solum ad
200 intuendum, verum etiam ad imitandum, fortissimorum
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 117
virorum expressas scriptores et Graeci et Latlnl rellquerunt !
Quas ego mihi semper in administranda re publica pro-
ponens animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione homi-
num excellentium conformabam.
Nature and culture unite to produce the greatest men.
7. Quaeret quispiam : ' Quid ? Illi ipsi summi viri 205
quorum ^drtutes litteris proditae sunt, istane doctrina
quam tu effers laudibus erudltl fuerunt?' Difficile est
hoc de omnibus confirmare, sed tamen est certum quid
respondeam. Ego multos homines excellent! animo ac
virtu te fuisse sine doctrina et naturae ipsius habitu prope 210
divTno per se ipsos et moderates et graves exstitisse fateor ;
etiam illud adiungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem
naturam sine doctrina quam sine natura valuisse doctrlnam.
Atque Idem ego hoc contendo, cum ad naturam eximiam
et inlustrem accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque 215
doctrlnae, tum illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare
solere exsistere. Ex hoc esse hunc numero, quem patres
nostrl viderunt, divlnum hominem Africanum ; ex hoc C.
Laelium, L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et con-
tinentissimos ; ex hoc fortissimimi virum et illls tempori-220
bus doctissimum, M. Catonem ilium senem ; qui profecto
SI nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem litteris
adiuvarentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent.
Quodsl non hic tantus fructus ostenderetur, et si ex his
studils delectatio sola peteretur, tamen, ut opinor, hanc225
animl remissionem humanissimam ac llberalissimam iudi-
caretis. Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt neque aeta-
tum omnium neque locorum ; at haec studia adulescentiam
alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis
perfugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi, non im-230
pediunt forls, pernoctant noblscum, peregrinantur, rtisti-
cantur.
118
M. TULLI CICERONIS
All true artists deserve our admiration.
sacred.
Poets have been called
8. Quodsi ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensu nostro
gustare possemus, tamen ea mirarl deberemus etiam cum
235 in alils videremus. Quis nostrum tam animo agresti ac
A Comic Poet with Muse and Actors' Masks
duro fuit ut Rosci morte nuper non commoveretur ? Qui
cum esset senex mortuus, tamen propter excellentem
artem ac venustatem videbatur omnino mori non debuisse.
Ergo ille corporis motu tantum amorem sibi conciliarat a
240 nobis omnibus; nos animorum incredibiles motiis celeri-
tatemque ingeniorum neglegemus? Quotiens ego hunc
Archiam vidi, indices (utar enim vestra benlgnitate,
quoniam me in hoc novo genere dlcendi tam dlligenter
attenditis), quotiens ego hunc vidl, cum htteram scrlpsisset
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO
119
Enxius
(From the bust on the Scipio Tomb)
nullam, magnum numerum optimorum versuiim de eis244
ipsis rebus quae tum agerentur dicere ex tempore; quo-
tiens revocatum eandem rem dicere commutatis verbis
atque sententiis ! Quae vero accurate cogitateque scrip-
sisset, ea sic vidi probarl ut ad veterum scrlptorum laudem
120
M. TULLI CICERONIS
Orpheus,! Eubydice, and Hermes
SCO pervenlret. Hunc ego non dlligam, non admirer, non
omni ratione defendendum putem ?
Atque SIC a summis hominibus eruditissimisque accepi-
mus, ceterarum rerum studia ex doctrina et praeceptis et
arte constare ; poetam natura ipsa valere et mentis viribus
355 excitari et quasi divino quodam spiritu inflari. Quare suo
lure noster ille Ennius 'sanctos' appellat poetas, quod
^ ^ee note on lines 260-262. p. 121.
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 121
quasi deorum aliquo dono atque munere commendati
nobis esse videantur. Sit igitur, iudices, sanctum apud
vos, liumanissimos homines, hoc poetae nomen, quod
nulla umquam barbaria violavit. Saxa et solitndines voci 29C
respondent, bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur atque
consistunt ; nos instituti rebus optimis non poetarum voce
moveamur? Homerum Colophonil civem esse dicunt
suum, Chii suum vindicant, Salaminii repetunt, Smyrnaei
vero suum esse confirmant itaque etiam delubrum eius in 265
oppido dedicaverunt ; permulti alii praeterea ptignant
inter se atque contendunt.
Archias should be honored for celebrating the glories of the Roman
people.
9. Ergo illi alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mortem
etiam expetunt ; nos hunc vivum, qui et voluntate et
legibus noster est, repudiabimus, praesertim cum omne270
olim studium atque omne ingenium contulerit Archias ad
populi Roman! gloriam laudemque celebrandam? Nam
et Cimbricas res adulescens attigit et ipsi ill! C. Mario,
qui durior ad haec studia videbatur, iucundus fuit. Neque
enim quisquam est tam aversus a Musis qui non mandarl 276
versibus aeternum suorum laborum facile praeconium
patiatur. Themistoclem ilium, summum Athenis virum,
dixisse aiunt, cum ex eo quaereretur quod acroama aut
cuius vocem libentissime audlret : ' eius, a quo sua virtus
optime praedicaretur.' Itaque ille Marius item eximie280
L. Plotium dilexit, cuius ingenio putabat ea quae gesserat
posse celebrari.
Mithridaticum vero bellum, magnum atque difficile et
in multa varietate terra marlque versatum, totum ab hoc
expressum est; qui libri non modo L. Lucullum, fortissi-286
mum et clarissimum virum, verum etiam populi Romani
nomen inlustrant. Populus enim Romanus aperuit Lu-
122
M. TULLI CICERONIS
cullo imperante Pontum, et regiis quondam opibus et ipsa
natura et regione vallatum; populi Romaiii exercitus
29oeodem duce non maxima manu innumerabiles Arme-
niorum oopias fudit; populi Romani laus est urbem
amicissimam Cyzicenorum eiusdem consilio ex omni impetu
regio atque totlus belli ore ac faucibus ereptam esse atque
servatam; nostra semper feretur et praedicabitur L. Lti-
295 cullo dimicante, cum interfectis ducibus depressa hostium
classis est, incredibilis apud Tenedum pugna ilia navalis;
nostra sunt tropaea, nostra monumenta, nostrl triumph!.
Quae quorum ingenils efferuntur, ab eis populi Romani
fama celebratur. Carus fuit Africano superiorl noster
aooEnnius, itaque etiam in sepulcro Sclpionum putatur is
esse constitutus ex marmore; cuius laudibus certe non
solum ipse qui laudatur, sed etiam populi Romani nomen
ornatur. In caelum huius proavus Cato toUitur ; magnus
honos populi Romani rebus adiungitur. Omnes denique
The Bust of Ennius on the Scipio Sarcophagus
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO
123
illi Maximi, Marcelli, Fulvii non sine communi omnium 305
nostrum laude decorantur.
The great leaders of history have longed to be remembered in verse.
10, Ergo ilium qui haec fecerat, Rudlnum hominem,
maiores nostrl in civitatem receperunt ; nos hunc Hera-
cllensem multis civita-
tibus expetltum, in hac
autem legibus consti-
tutum de nostra civi-
tate eiciemus ?
Nam si quis mino-
rem gloriae fructum
putat ex Graecis ver-
sibus percipl quam ex
Latlnls, vehementer
errat, propterea quod
Graeca leguntur in om-
nibus fere gentibus,
Latina suls finibus ex-
iguis sane continentur.
Quare si res eae quas
gessimus orbis terrae
regionibus definiuntur,
cupere debemus, quo
manuum nostrarum
tela pervenerint,
eodem gloriam famamque penetrare; quod cum ipsissao
populls de quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, tum
eis certe, qui de vita gloriae causa dimicant, hoc maximum
et periculorum incitamentum est et laborum. Quam mul-
tos scrlptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander secum
habuisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, cum in Sigeo ad 336
Achillis tumulum adstitisset : 'O fortunate/ inquit,
Alexander the Great
124 M. TULLI CICERONIS
'adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum praeconem in-
veneris ! ' Et vere. Nam nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem
tumulus qui corpus eius contexerat nomen etiam obruisset.
340 Quid? Noster hic Magnus, qui cum virtute fortunam
adaequavit, nonne Theophanem Mytilenaeum, scrip torem
rerum suarum, in contione militum civitate donavit; et
nostri illi fortes viri, sed rustici ac milites, dulcedine qua-
dam gloriae commoti, quasi parti cipes eiusdem laudis,
345 magno illud clamore approbaverunt ?
Itaque, credo, si civis Romanus Archias legibus non
esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore civitate donaretur perficere
non potuit. Sulla cum Hispanos et Gallos donaret, credo,
hunc petentem repudiasset ; quem nos in contione vidimus,
350 cum el libellum mains poeta de populo subiecisset, quod
epigramma in eum fecisset tantum modo alternis versibus
longiusculis, statim ex eis rebus quas tum vendebat iubere
el praemium tribul, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea
scriberet. Qui sedulitatem mall poetae duxerit aliquo
355tamen praemio dignam, huius ingenium et virtutem in
scribendo et copiam non expetisset? Quid? A Q.
Metello Pio, familiarissimo suo, qui civitate multos dona-
vit, neque per se neque per Lucullos impetravisset ? Qui
praesertim usque eo de suis rebus scribi cuperet ut etiam
deoCordubae natis poetis, pingue quiddam sonantibus atque
peregrlnum, tamen aures suas dederet.
The desire for praise and fame is common to all.
11. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod obscurarl
non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum : trahimur omnes
studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur.
865lpsi illl philosophi, etiam in eis libellls quos de contem-
nenda gloria scribimt, nomen suum Inscribunt ; in eo ipso,
in quo praedicationem nobilitatemque despiciunt, prae-
dicarl de se ac nominarl volunt. Decimus quidem
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO
125
Brutus, summus vir et imperator, Acci, amicissiml sul,
carminibus templorum ac monumentorum aditus exor-370
navit suorum. lam vero ille
qui cum Aetolis Emiio comite
bellavit, Fulvius, non dubi-
tavit Martis manubias Musis
consecrare. Quare in qua urbe
imperatores prope armati
poetarum nomen et Musarum
delubra coluerunt, in ea non
debent togati indices a Musa-
rum honore et a poetarum
salute abhorrere.
Atque ut id libentius
f aciatis, iam me vobis, iudices,
indicabo et de meo quodam
amore gloriae, nimis acri
fortasse verum tamen ho-
nesto, vobis confitebor. Nam
quas res nos in consulatu
nostro voblscum simul pro
salute huius urbis atque im-
peri et pro \^ta civium pro-
que universa re publica gessimus, attigit hic versibus
atque incohavit. Quibus audltls, quod mihi magna res et
iucunda visa est, hunc ad perficiendum adhortatus sum.
Nullam enim virtus aliam mercedem laborum pericul 5-395
rumque desiderat praeter banc laudis et gloriae ; qua
quidem detracts, iudices, quid est quod in hoc tam exiguo
vitae curricul5 et tam brevi tantis nos in laboribus exer-
ceamus? Certe si nihil animus praesentlret in posterum,
et si quibus regionibus vitae spatium circumscriptum est, 400
eisdem omnes cogitationes terminaret suas, nee tantis se
laboribus frangeret neque tot curis vigil iisque angeretur
Calliope, thk Muse of Epic
Poetry
126
M. TULLI CICERONIS
nee totiens de ipsa vita dimicaret. Nune insidet quae*
dam in optimo quoqiie virtus, quae noctes ac dies animum
405gloriae stimulis concitat, atque admonet non cum vitae
tempore esse dimitten-
dam commemorationem
nominis nostri, sed cum
omni posteritate adae-
quandam.
Literature a lasting monu-
ment. Archias must be re-
ceived and protected as a
citizen.
12. An vero tarn par\'i
animi videamur esse
omnes, qui in re ptiblica
atque in his vitae pericu-
lls laboribusque versa-
mur, ut cum usque ad
extremum spatium nul-
lum tranquillum atque
otiosum spiritum duxe-
rimus, nobiscum simul
moritura omnia arbitre-
mur? An statuas et
imagines, non animorum
simulacra sed corporum,
studiose multi summi
homines reliquerunt ; con-
siliorum relinquere ac virtutum nostrarum effigiem
nonne multo malle debemus, summis ingeniis expressam
et polTtam? Ego vero omnia quae gerebam iam tum in
48ogerendo spargere me ac disseminare arbitrabar in orbis
Thalia, the Muse of Comedy
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 127
terrae memoriam sempiternam. Haec vero sive a meo
sensti post mortem afutura est sIve, ut sapient issimi homi-
nes putaverimt, ad aliquam animi mel partem pertinebit,
nunc quidem certe cogitatione quadam speque delector.
Quare conservate, indices, hominem pudore eo, quern 433
amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate tum etiam
vetustate ; ingenio autem tanto quantum id convenit
existimarl, quod summorum hominum ingenils expetltum
esse videatis; causa vero eius modi quae beneficio legis,
auctoritate municipi, testimonio Luculll, tabulls Metelll44(>
comprobetur. Quae cum ita sint, petimus a vobis,
iudices, si qua non modo humana verum etiam divlna in
tantis ingenils commendatio debet esse, ut eum qui vos,
qui vestros imperatores, qui popull Roman! res gestas
semper ornavit, qui etiam his recentibus nostrls vestrisque 445
domesticis perlculis aeternum se testimonium laudis
daturum esse profitetur, estque ex eo numero qui semper
apud omnes sancti sunt habiti itaque diet!, sic in vestram
accipiatis fidem, ut humanitate vestra levatus potius quam
acerbitate violatus esse videatur. 450
Quae de causa pro mea consuetudine breviter simplici-
terque dixl, iudices, ea confldo probata esse omnibus;
quae a forensi aliena iudiciahque consuetudine et de
hominis ingenio et commfmiter de ipso studio locutus
sum, ea, indices, a vobIs spero esse in bonam partem 455
accepta; ab eo qui indicium exercet, certo scio.
C. Juiiius Caesar
(From a bust in the Museo Nazionale, Naples)
ri28j
SELECTIONS FOR SIGHT READING
M. TULLI CICERONIS
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO
Marcus Claudius Marcellus was a distinguished advocate, consul in
51 B.C., and leader of the senatorial party. He was a bitter enemy of
Caesar, even proposing the latter's recall from his province. After
the battle of Pharsalus (48 B.C.) and the defeat of Pompey, he retired
to the island of Lesbos, and engaged in the study of philosophy. He dis-
dained to seek the conqueror's pardon, though appealed to by Cicero
to do so. In 46 B.C. pardon was granted him through the efforts of a
relative, Gaius Marcellus, whose entreaty as he threw himself at the feet
of Caesar was seconded by the whole Senate. When Caesar generously
offered to grant the request, and put the question to a formal vote of the
Senate, Cicero in his turn delivered the panegyric, known as " The Ora-
tion for Marcellus." Marcellus, however, did not live to return to Rome,
for on his way he was assassinated at the harbor of Athens by one of his
own party. The Athenians honored him with burial in their own Acad-
emy.
Cicero's silence is broken by Caesar's clemency.
1. Diuturni silenti/ patres conscript!, quo eram - his
temporibus tisus non timore ^ aliquo, sed partim dolore,
partim verecundia, finem hodiernus dies attulit idemque
initium, quae vellem quaeque sentlrem, meo pristino
more dicendi. Tantam enim mansuetudinem, tarn inusi-5
tatam inaudltamque ciementiam, tantum in summa po-
testate rerum omnium modum/ tam denique incredibilem
1. * Cicero had not spoken in the Senate since 52 b.c. ^ eram usus,
we should expect the pres. perf . ^ timore, etc., abl. of cause. * moderation.
129
130 M. TULLI CICERONIS
sapientiam ac paene divinam tacitus praeterire nullo
modo possum. M. enim Marcello ^ vobis, patres con-
10 script!, reique publicae reddito non illius solum, sed etiam
meam vocem et auctoritatem et vobIs et rei publicae con-
servatam ac restitutam puto.
Dolebam enim, patres conscripti, et vehementer ange-
bar virum talem, cum ^ in eadem causa in qua ego fuisset,
15 non in eadem esse forttina ; nee mihi persuadere poteram,
nee fas esse ducebam, versari me in nostro vetere
curriculo/ illo aemulo ^ atque imitatore^ studiorum
ac laborum meorum quasi quodam socio a me et
comite distracto. Ergo et mihi meae pristinae vitae
20 consuetudinem, C. Caesar, interclusam aperuisti, et his ^^
omnibus ad bene de omni re ptiblica sperandum quasi
signum ^^ aliquod sustulisti. Intellectum est enim mihi
quidem in^^ multis et maxime in me ipso, sed paulo ante
omnibus,^^ cum M. Marcellum senatui reique publicae
25 concessisti commemoratis praesertim offensionibus, te
auctoritatem huius ordinis dignitatemque rei publicae tuls
vel doloribus vel suspicionibus anteferre.
Ille ^^ quidem fructum omnis ante actae ^^ vitae hodierno
die maximum cepit, cum summo consensu senatus,^^ tum
soiudicio tuo gravissimo et maximo.^^ Ex quo prof ec to
intellegis, quanta in dato beneficio sit laus, cum in accepto
sit tanta gloria. Est vero fortunatus ille, cuius ex salute
non minor paene ad omnes, quam ad ipsum ventura sit,
laetitia pervenerit ; quod quidem ei merito atque optimo
35iure contigit. Quis enim est illo aut nobilitate aut pro-
bitate ^^ aut optimarum artium studio aut innocentia aut
uUo laudis genere praestantior ?
8 abl. abs. w. reddito. ^ though. '' routine. » rival. ' imitator, ^o these
senators. " standard, a military term. 12 {^ the case of. " contrasted w.
mihi. 14 Marcellus. i^ ante aetae, past, i^ The Senate unanimously re-
quested the pardon of Marcellus. " most significant. ^^ honesty.
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 131
Caesar's pardoning of Marcellus excels even the glory of his mili-
tary achievements.
2. Nullius ^ tantum fiumen ^ est ingeni, nullius dicendl
aut scribendi tanta vis, tanta copia, quae non dicam exor-
nare,^ sed enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas possit. 40
Tamen adfirmo,^ et hoc pace ^ dicam tua, ntillam in his ^
esse laudem ampHorem quam earn, quam hodierno die con-
secutus es. Soleo saepe ante oculos ponere idque^ Ubenter
crebris usurpare ^ sermonibus, omnes ^ nostrorum im-
peratorum, omnes exterarum gentium potentissimorum- 45
que populorum, omnes clarissimorum regum res gestas
cum tuis ^^ nee contentionum magnitudine nee numero
proeHorum nee varietate regionum nee celeritate con-
ficiendi nee dissimiUttidine bellorum posse conferri; nee
vero disiunctissimas terras citius passibus cuiusquam50
potuisse peragrari,^^ quam tuis non dicam cursibus, sed
victoriis lustratae ^^ sunt.
Quae quidem ego nisi ita magna esse fatear, ut ea vix
cuiusquam mens aut cogitatio capere ^^ possit, amens ^^
sim; sed tamen sunt aha maiora. Nam belhcas laudes55
Solent quidam extenuare ^^ verbis easque detrahere duci-
bus, communicare ^® cum multis, ne propriae sint impera-
torum. Et certe in armis mihtum virtus, locorum oppor-
tunitas, auxiUa sociorum, classes, commeatus multum
iuvant; maximam vero partem quasi suo iure Fortunaeo
sibi vindicat ^^ et, quicquid prospere ^^ gestum est, id
paene omne ducit suum.
At vero huius gloriae,^^ C. Caesar, quam es paulo ante
adeptus, socium habes neminem ; totum hoc, quantum-
2. 1 of no one. ^ stream. ^ extol. * assert. ^ permission. ^ sc. rebus
gestis. ''the fact, stated in the following clause. ^ speak of. ^ w. res
gestas. 1° sc. rebus, modifying conferri (be compared). ^^ have been
traversed. ^^ visited. ^^ compass. ^* senseless. ^^ belittle. i® share.
*^ claims. ^^ successfully, i^ derived from the pardon of Marcellus-
132 M. TULLI CICERONIS
85 cumque est, quod certe maximum est, totum est, inquam,
tuum. Nihil sibi ex ista laude centurio, nihil praefectus
nihil cohors, nihil turma ^^ decerpit ; '^^ quln etiam ilia ips8
rerum humanarum domina,^^ Fortuna, in istius societa-
tem gloriae se non offert ; ^^ tibi cedit, tuam esse totam el
70 propriam f atetur. Numquam enim temeritas cum sapien-
tia commiscetur,24 neque ad consilium casus admittitur.
Caesar, the conqueror of nations.
3. Domuisti ^ gentes immanitate ^ barbaras, multi-
tudine innumerabiles, locis mfinltas, omni copiarum genere
abundantes ; ^ sed tamen ea vicistl, quae et naturam et
75 condicionem, ut vinci possent, habebant. Nulla est enim
tanta vis, quae non ferro et viribus debilitari frangique
possit. Animum vincere, iracundiam "^ cohibere, victoriae
temperare,^ adversarium ^ nobilitate, ingenio, virttite prae-
stantem non modo extollere ^ iacentem, sed etiam ampli-
soficare eius pristinam dignitatem, haec qui facit, non ego
eum cum summis viris comparo, sed simillimum deo
itidico.
Itaque, C. Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebrabuntur
illae quidem non solum nostris, sed paene omnium gen-
85 tium litteris atque linguis, nee ulla umquam aetas de tuis
laudibus conticescet ; ^ sed tamen eius modi res nescio
quo modo, etiam cum leguntur, obstrepi^ clamore mllitum
videntur et tubarum sono.^^ At vero cum aliquid cle-
menter, mansuete,^^ itiste, moderate, sapienter factum,
90 in 12 iracundia praesertim, quae est inimica consilio, et in
victoria, quae natura insolens et superba est, audimus
aut legimus, quo studio incendimur non modo in gestis ^
2° troop. 21 claims a share. " mistress. ^3 thrust. ^4 united.
3. 1 subdued. ^ ferocity. ^ rich. * anger. ^ be moderate (in the time
of) . * adversary. ' raise. ^ will be silent. ^ be overwhelmed. ^° sound,
1^ vnth humanity. ^ in a time of. ^^ real.
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 133
reb'js, sed etiam in fictis/^ ut eos saepe, quos numquam
vidimus, diligamus ! Te vero, quern praesentem ^^ intue-
mur, cuius mentem sensusque et os cernimus, ut, quicquid95
belli ^^ fortuna reliquum ^^ rel publicae fecerit, id esse
salvum veils, quibus laudibus efferemus, quibus studiis
prosequemur, qua benevolentia complectemur ! ^^ Parie-
tes medius fidius,^^ ut mihi videtur, huius curiae tibi
gratias agere gestiunt,^^ quod brevi tempore futura sit ilia lOO
auctoritas ^^ in his maiorum suorum et suis sedibus.
Caesar, the conqueror of himself.
4. Equidem ^ cum C.^ Marcelll, viri optimi et com-
memorabili ^ pietate praediti, lacrimas modo vobiscum
viderem, omnium Marcellorum meum pectus ^ memoria
obfudit,^ quibus tu etiam mortuls M. Marcello conservato 105
dignitatem suam reddidisti ® nobilissimamque familiam
iam ad paucos redactam ^ paene ab interitu vindicasti.
Hunc tu igitur diem tuis maximis et innumerabilibus
gratulationibus itire antepones. Haec enim res unlus
est propria C. Caesaris; ceterae duce te gestae magnaeiio
illae quidem, sed tamen multo magnoque comitatu.
Huius autem rel tu idem ^ es et dux et comes ; quae
quidem tanta est,^ ut tropaeis et monumentis tuis adla-
tura finem sit aetas (nihil est enim opere et manti fac-
tum, quod non aliquando conficiat et consumat vetustas) ; 115
at haec tua iustitia et lenitas animi florescit cotidie magis,
ita ut, quantum tuis operibus dititurnitas detrahet, tan-
tum adferat laudibus.
Et ceteros quidem omnes victores bellorum civilium iam
" imaginary. ^^ present. 1* w. fortuna. ^^ reliquum fecerit = relique-
rit. ^^ honor, ''medius fidius (sc. iuvet), I declare. ^° are eager. ^^ i.e.
that influential man, Marcellus.
4 ' for my own part. ^ brother or cousin of Marcus. ^ memorable.
* breast, heart. ^ filled. * have restored. '' reduced. ^ at once. ' tanta
est at (anacoluthon), is so great that while ... at, yet.
134
M. TULLI CICERO N IS
The Piraeus, the Harbor of Athens
(Where Marcellus was assassinated)
120 ante aequitate et misericordia viceras ; hodierno vero die
te ipsum vicisti. Vereor ut hoc, quod dicam, perinde^'*
intellegl possit auditum, atque ipse cogitans sentio : ipsam
victoriam vicisse videris, cum ea, quae ilia erat adepta,
victis remisisti. Nam cum ipsius victoriae condicione
l25omnes victi occidissemus, clementiae tuae itidicio con-
servati sumus. Recte igitur tinus invictus es, a quo etiam
ipsius victoriae condicio visque devicta est.
Caesar's love of peace shown by the pardon of Marcellus.
5. Atque hoc C. Caesaris itidicium, patres conscript!,
quam late pateat, attendite. Omnes enim, qui ad ilia
130 arm a fat 5 sumus nescio quo rei public ae miser o fiinesto-
que ^ compulsi, etsi aliqua culpa tenemur ^ erroris humani,
scelere certe liberati sumus. Nam, cum M. Marcellum
deprecantibus vobis rei publicae conservavit, me et mihi
et item rei publicae nullo deprecante, reliquos amplissimos
10 perinde atque, exactly as.
5. * Jatal. ' are guilty of some favli.
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 135
viros et sibi ipsos et patriae reddidit, quorum et frequen-i35
tiam et dignitatem hoc ipso in consessu ^ videtis. Non
ille hostes induxit in curiam, sed iudicavit a plerisque ^
ignoratione potius et f also atque inani '" metu quam cupi-
ditate aut crudelitate bellum esse susceptum.
Quo quidem in bello semper de pace audiendum putavi, 140
semperque dolui ^ non modo pacem, sed etiam orationem
civium pacem flagitantium repudiari. Neque enim ego
ilia nee ulla umquam secutus sum arma civilia, semperque
mea consilia pacis et togae socia,'' non belli atque armo-
rum fuerunt. Hominem ^ sum secutus privato ^ officio, 145
non publico ; tantumque apud me grati animi fidelis
memoria valuit, ut nulla non modo cupiditate, sed ne
spe quidem prudens ^^ et sciens tamquam ad interitum
ruerem ^^ voluntarium.
Quod quidem meum consilium minime obscurum ^^ fuit. 150
Nam et in hoc ordine integra re ^^ multa de pace dixi et
in ipso bello eadem etiam cum capitis mel perlculo sensi.
Ex quo nemo iam erit tam iniustus existimator ^"^ rerum,
qui dubitet, quae Caesaris de bello voluntas fuerit, cum
pacis auctores conservandos statim censuerit, ceteris ^^ 155
fuerit iratior. Atque id minus mirum fortasse tum, cum
esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli; qui vero
victor pacis auctores diligit, is profecto declarat se maluisse
non dimicare quam vincere.
Let Caesar continue to exhibit his generosity.
6. Atque huius quidem rei M. Marcello sum testis, led
Nostri enim sensus ut in pace semper, sic tum etiam in
bello congruebant.^ Quotiens ego eum et quanto cum
3 assembly. * most of them. ^ groundless. « grieved. ^ on the side of,
allied to. ^ i.e. Pompey. ^ from personal devotion, i" with eyes open.
" rushed on. 12 concealed. ^^ integra re : i.e. before the war. " critic,
iudge. " dat., at the rest.
6. * agreed.
136 M. TULLI CICERONIS
dolore vidi cum msolentiam ^ certorum hominum, turn
etiam ipsius victoriae ferocitatem extimescentem ! ^ Quo
165gratior tua llberalitas, C. Caesar, nobis, qui ilia vidimus^
debet esse. Non enim iam causae sunt inter se, sed vic-
toriae comparandae. Vidimus tuam victoriam proelio-
rum exitu terminatam, gladium vagina vacuum ^ in urbe
non vidimus. Quos amisimus cives, eos Martis ^ vis per-
iTOCulit, non ira*^ victoriae, ut dubitare debeat nemo, quln
multos, SI fieri posset, C. Caesar ab inferis excitaret,
quoniam ex eadem acie conservat, quos potest. Alterius
vero partis nihil amplius dicam quam, id quod omnes
verebamur, nimis iracundam '^ futuram fuisse victoriam.
17o Quidam enim non modo armatis, sed interdum etiam
otiosis minabantur; nee quid quisque sensisset, sed ubi
fuisset, cogitandum esse dicebant ; ut mihi quidem videan-
tur di immortales, etiamsi poenas a populo Romano ob
aliquod delictum ^ expetlverunt, qui ^ civile bellum tantum
180 et tarn luctuosum ^^ excitaverunt, vel placati iam vel
satiati ^^ aliquando omnem spem salutis ad clementiam
victoris et sapientiam contulisse.
Quare gaude tuo isto tam excellent! bono,^^ et fruere
cum fortuna et gloria tum etiam natura et moribus tuis,
185 ex quo quidem maximus est fructus iucunditasque ^^
sapienti. Cetera cum tua recordabere, etsi persaepe
virtuti, tamen plerumque ^^ f ellcitati tuae gratulabere ; de
nobis, quos in re publica tecum simul esse voluisti, quo-
tiens cogitabis, totiens de maximis tuis beneficiis, totiens
190 de incredibill llberalitate, totiens de singular! sapientia
tua cogitabis ; quae non modo summa bona, sed nimi-
rum ^^ audebo vel sola dicere. Tantus est enim splendor
in laude vera, tanta in magnitudine animi et consili dig-
' presumption. ^ dreading. ^ vagina vacuum: unsheathed. * of Mars.
^ wrath (after) . ''angry, ^offense. ^ when they. ^^ sorrowful. ^^ satisfied.
w disposition. " pleasure. ^* generally. ^^ certainly.
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 137
nitas, ut haec a Virtute donata, cetera a Forttina com-
modata ^^ esse videantur. Noli igitur in conservandis 195
bonis virls defatigarl/^ non cupiditate praesertim aliqua
aut pravitate ^^ lapsis/^ sed opinione offici stulta fortasse,
certe non improba, et specie quadam rei ptiblicae. Non
enim tua ulla culpa est, si te aliqui timuerunt ; contraque
summa laus, quod minime timendum fuisse senserunt. 200
The safety of Caesar is the safety of all.
7. Nunc venio ad gravissimam querellam ^ et atrocis-
simam suspicionem tuam, quae non tibi ipsi magis quam
cum 2 omnibus civibus, tum ^ maxime nobis, qui a te
conservati sumus, providenda est; quam etsi spero fal-
sam esse, tamen numquam extenuabo> Tua enim cautio '" 205
nostra cautio est, ut, si in alterutro ^ peccandum ^ sit,
malim videri nimis timidus quam parum prudens. Sed
quisnam est iste tam demens ? De ^ tuisne ? — tametsi qui
magis sunt tui, quam quibus tii salutem insperantibus
reddidisti ? — an ex hoc numero, qui una tecum f uerunt ? 210
Non est credibilis tantus in ullo furor, ut, quo duce omnia
summa sit adeptus, huius vitam non anteponat suae.
An, si nihil tui ^ cogitant sceleris, cavendum est, ne quid
inimici? Qui? Omnes enim, qui fuerunt, aut sua per-
tinacia ^^ vitam amiserunt aut tua misericordia retinue- 215
runt, ut aut nulli supersint de inimicis aut, qui fuerunt,
sint amicissimi.
Sed tamen cum in animis hominum tantae latebrae sint
et tanti recessus,^^ augeamus sane suspicionem tuam;
simul enim augebimus diligentiam. Nam quis est omnium 220
^* lent. 1^ become weary. ^^ from depravity. ^^ when they have erred.
7. 1 complaint. 2 omit in translating. ^ 5^^, 4 niake light of. ^ caution
for you. ^ in one way or the other. '' err. ^ some one of. ' your friends.
1° obstinacy, shown by their continuing opposition after the battle of
Pharsalus. ^^ dark corners.
138 M. TULLI CICERONIS
tam ignarus ^^ rerum, tam rudis ^^ in re publica, tarn nihil
umquam nee de sua nee de communi salute cogitans, qui
non intellegat tua salute contineri suam et ex unlus tua
vita pendere omnium ? Equidem ^^ de te dies noctesque,
225 ut debeo, cogitans casus dumtaxat ^^ humanos et incer-
tos eventus valettidinis ^^ et naturae communis fragilita-
tem extimesco ^^ doleoque, cum res publica immortalis
esse debeat, eam in unius mortalis anima consistere. Si
vero ad humanos casus incertosque motus valetudinis
230sceleris etiam accedit insidiarumque consensio/^ quem
deum, SI cupiat, posse opitulari rei ptiblicae credamus?
Caesar is not to consider his life's work ended.
8. Omnia sunt excitanda ^ tibi, C. Caesar, unl, quae
iacere sentis belli ipsius impetu, quod necesse fuit, perculsa
atque prostrata; constituenda indicia, revocanda fides,
235 comprimendae libidines, propaganda suboles ; ^ omnia,
quae dilapsa iam diffluxerunt,^ severis legibus vincienda ^
sunt. Non fuit rectisandum ^ in tanto civili bello, tanto
animorum ardore et armorum, quin quassata ^ res publica,
quicumque belli eventus f uisset, multa perderet et ornamenta
240 dignitatis et praesidia stabilitatis suae, multaque uterque
dux faceret armatus, quae idem togatus fieri prohibuisset.
Quae quidem tibi nunc omnia belli vulnera sananda sunt,
quibus praeter te mederi nema potest.
Itaque illam tuam praeclarissimam et sapientissimam
245 vocem ^ in Vitus audivi : ' Satis diu vel naturae vixi vel
gloriae.' Satis, si ita vis, fortasse naturae, addo etiam, si
placet, gloriae ; at, quod maximum est, patriae certe
parum. Quare omitte istam, quaeso, doctorum homi-
^2 ignorant. " inexperienced. ^* for my part. ^^ merely. ^^ health.
1^ am. made afraid. ^^ conspiracy.
8. ^ All our institutions must be restored. ^ the population m,ust be
increased. ^ have become lax or disordered. * must be strengthened.
'non . . . recusandum : could not be avoided. * violently shaken. ' saying.
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 139
num ^ in contemnenda morte prudentiam ^ ; noli nostro
perlculo esse sapiens. Saepe enim venit ad aures meas te 250
idem istud nimis crebro ^'^ dicere, tibi satis te vixisse.
Credo ; sed turn id audlrem, si tibi soli viveres aut si tibi
etiam soli natus esses. Omnium salutem civium cunc-
tamque rem piiblicam res tuae gestae complexae sunt ;
tantum abes a perfectione maximorum operum, ut fun-25r
damenta nondum, quae cogitas, ieceris.^^ Hic ^^ tti
niodum ^^ vitae tuae non saliite rei publicae, sed aequitate ^'^
animi definies ? Quid, si istud ^^ ne gloriae tuae quidem
satis est ? Cuius te esse avidissimum, quamvis ^^ sis
sapiens, non negabis. 260
'Parumne igitur,' inquies, 'magna ^^ relinquemus ? '
Immo vero aliis quamvis multis satis, tibi unl parum.
Quicquid est enim, quamvis amplum sit, id est parum tum,
cum est aliquid amplius. Quodsi rerum tuarum immor-
talium, C. Caesar, hic exitus futdrus fuit, ut devictis ^^265
adversariis rem publicam in eo statii relinqueres, in quo
nunc est, vide, quaeso, ne tua divina virtus admirationis
plus sit habitura quam gloriae, siquidem gloria ^^ est
inlustris ac pervagata ^^ magnorum vel in ^i suos cives vel
in patriam vel in omne genus hominum fama meritorum. 270
Let Caesar win undying fame by reestablishing the State.
9. Haec igitur tibi reliqua pars est, hic restat actus,^
in hoc elaborandum est, ut rem publicam constituas,
eaque - tu in primis summa tranquillitate et otio perfruare ;
tum te, si voles, cum et patriae, quod debes, solveris et
^ i.e. the philosophers. ^ wisdom. ^° frequently. " laid. 12 under these
circumstances. ^^ duration. '* aequitate animi : resignation (willingness
to die). ^^ that sentiment " satis diu," etc. ^^ although, however, i" pa-
rum magna: achievements too small. ^^ de + vinco. i* Order: gloria est
fama magnorum meritorum. ^o widespread. 21 toward.
9. 1 act; Caesar has a part to play. ^ sc. re publica.
140 M. TULLI CICERONIS
375 naturam ipsam expleveris ^ satietate vivendi, satis diu
vixisse dicito.^ Quid enim est omnlno ^ hoc ipsum "diu,"
in quo est aliquid extremum? Quod cum venit, omnis
voluptas praeterita pro nihilo est, quia postea nulla est
futura. Quamquam iste tuus animus numquam his
280 angustiis, quas nattira nobis ad vivendum dedit, contentus
fuit; semper immortalitatis amore flagravit. Nee vero
haec tua vita ducenda ^ est, quae corpore et spiritu con-
tinetur ; ilia, inquam, ilia vita est tua, quae vigebit ^ me-
moria saeculorum omnium, quam posteritas alet, quam
285 ipsa aeternitas semper tuebitur. Huic tu mservias,^ huic
te ostentes oportet ; quae quidem, quae miretur, iam pri-
dem multa habet ; nunc etiam, quae laudet, exspectat.
Obstupescent ^ posterl certe imperia, provincias, Rhenum,
Oceanum, Nilum, pugnas innumerabiles, incredibiles
290 victorias, monumenta, munera,^^ triumphos audientes et
legentes tuos. Sed nisi haec urbs stabilita tuis consiliis
et institutis erit, vagabitur " modo tuum nomen longe
atque late ; sedem stabilem et domicilium certum non
habebit. Erit inter eos etiam, qui nascentur, sicut inter
295 nos fuit, magna dissensio, cum alii laudibus ad caelum res
tuas gestas efferent, alii fortasse aliquid requirent, idque
vel maximum, nisi belli civllis incendium salute patriae
restlnxeris, ut illud ^^ fati fuisse videatur, hoc ^^ consili.
Servi ^^ igitur eis etiam itidicibus, qui multis post saeculis
800 de te iudicabunt, et quidem haud scio an incorruptius ^^
quam nos ; nam et sine amore et sine cupiditate et rursus
sine odio et sine invidia itidicabant. Id ^^ autem etiamsi
tum ad te, ut quidam putant, non pertinebit, nunc certe
'expleveris . . . vivendi: shall have satisfied with a full life, ''imper-
ative. * quid . . . omnino: for what is the meaning, anyway, of, etc.
• to be considered. "^ will flourish. * be subservient. ^ will stand amazed.
*• games, the public shows given when he was a magistrate. " will be
talked about. ^^ i.e. bellum civile. ^^ i.e. salus. '^ imperative, give heed
to. ^^ m,ore honestly, i* i.e. the judgment of posterity.
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 141
pertinet esse te talem, ut tuas laudes obsctiratura nulla
umquam sit obllvio. 90i
The war being ended, all will unite to protect the conqueror.
10. Diversae voluntates civium fuerunt distractaeque
sententiae. Non enim consiliis solum et studiis, sed armis
etiam et castris dissidebamus ; ^ erat enim obscuritas quae-
dam, erat certamen inter clarissimos duces ; multi dubita-
bant, quid optimum esset, multl, quid sibi expediret,^ 3io
multi, quid deceret,^ nonnulli etiam, quid liceret. Per-
functa '^ res publica est hoc misero fatallque bello ; vicit is,
qui non fortuna Inflammaret odium suum, sed bonitate
leniret, nee qui omnes, quibus iratus esset, eosdem exsilio aut
morte dignos iudicaret. Arma ab aliis ^ posit a, ab aliis ® 3i5
erepta sunt. Ingratus est iniustusque civis, qui armorum
perlculo liberatus animum tamen retinet armatum, ut
etiam ille melior sit qui in acie cecidit,^ qui in causa
animam profudit. Quae enim pertinacia ^ quibusdam,
eadem aliis constantia viderl potest. 320
Sed iam omnis fracta dissensio est armIs, exstincta
aequitate victoris ; restat, ut omnes unum velint, qui modo
habent aliquid non solum sapientiae, sed etiam sanitatis.^
Nisi te, C. Caesar, salvo et in ista sententia, qua cum
antea, tum hodie vel maxime iisus es, manente, salvl esse 325
non possumus. Quare onmes te, qui haec salva esse volu-
mus, et hortamur et obsecramus,^" ut vltae tuae et salHtl
consulas ; omnesque tibi ^^ (ut pro aliis etiam loquar, quod
de me ipse sentio), quoniam subesse ^^ aliquid putas, quod
cavendum sit,^^ non modo excubias ^^ et custodies, sed 330
etiam laterum nostrorum oppositus et corporum pollicemur.
10. 1 were at variance. ^ was expedient. ^ was becoming. * has fin-
ished. ^hy some. 'from, others, ''fell, ^obstinacy. ^ good sense. ^^ en-
treat. " w. pollicemur. ^^ (^ ^g) concealed. " must be avoided. " jm^o-
teetion.
142 M. TULLI CICERONIS
Caesar's crowning kindness.
11. Sed ut, unde est orsa/ in eodem terminetur oratio,
maximas tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Caesar, maiores
etiam habemus. Nam omnes idem sentiunt, quod ex
335 omnium precibus et lacrimis sentire potuistL Sed quia
non est omnibus stantibus ^ necesse dicere, a me certe
dici volunt, cui necesse est quodam modo ; et, quod fieri
decet,^ M. Marcello a te huic ordini populoque Romano et
rei publicae reddito, fieri id intellego. Nam laetarl omnes
340 non de unius solum, sed de communi salute sentio. Quod
autem summae benevolentiae est,^ quae mea erga ilium
omnibus semper nota fuit, ut vix C. Marcello, optimo et
amantissimo fratri, praeter eum quidem cederem nemini,
cum id sollicitudine,^ cura, labore tamdiu praestiterim,
345 quamditi est de illius salute dubitatum, certe hoc tempore
magnis curls, molestiis,^ doloribus liberatus praestare
debeo. Itaque, C. Caesar, sic tibi gratias ago ut, omnibus
me rebus ^ a te non conservato solum sed etiam ornato,
tamen ad tua in me unum innumerabilia merita,^ quod
!i50 fieri iam posse non arbitrabar, maximus ^ hoc tuo facto
cumulus accesserit.
11. 1 began. ^ stantibus dicere : to stand and speak. Cicero was a per-
sonal friend of Marcellus. ^ quod decet : which is proper, w. antecedent id,
explained by laetari omnes. * quod. . . . est : as J or that which is the duty
of the deepest affection. ^ anxiety. ^ distress. '' abl. of specification.
^benefits. ^ maximus cumulus : crowning favor.
A (jlKL, WITH TaBELLAK AXD STILUS
(From a Herculanean wall painting)
M. TULLI CICERONIS
EPISTULAE SELECTAE^
1. To Pompey in Asia.^
M. Tidlius M. F.^ Cicero S. D. Cn. Pompeio Cn. F. Magno
Imperdtorl.
S. T. E. Q. V. B. E.^ Ex litterls tuis, quas publice^
misisti, cepi una cum omnibus incredibilem voluptatem ;
1. 1 See Introduction, 11. 2 Written at Rome, 62 B.C., after Pompey's
dispatches to the Romans announcing his victory over Mithridates.
• M. F. = Marci filius. S. D. = salutem dicit (greets, sends greeting).
Cn. F. = Gnaei filio. * The initials stand for si tu exercitusque valetis,
bene est. ' officially.
143
144 M. TULLI CICERONIS
tantam enim spem oti^ ostendisti, quantam ego semper
omnibus te uno fretus pollicebar. Sed hoc scito, tuos
5 veteres hostes, novos amicos vehementer litteris perculsos
atque ex magna spe deturbatos ^ iacere.
Ad me autem litteras quas mlsistl, quamquam exiguam
significationem tuae erga me voluntatis habebant, tamen
mihi scito iucundas fuisse ; nulla enim re tam laetarl
10 soleo quam meorum officiorum ^ conscientia, quibus si
quando non mutue respondetur,^ apud me ^^ plus ^^ offici
residere facillime patior. Illud non dubito, quin, si te
mea summa erga te studia ^^ parum mihi aditinxerint, res
publica nos inter nos conciliatura coniuncturaque sit.
15 Ac, ne ignores, quid ego in tuis litteris desiderarim,^^
scribam aperte, sicut et mea natura et nostra amicitia
postulat. Res ^^ eas gessi, quarum aliquam in tuis litteris
et nostrae necessitiidinis et rei publicae causa gratula-
tionem exspectavi; quam ego abs te praetermissam esse
20arbitror, quod vererere, ne cuius animum offenderes.
Sed scito ea, quae nos pro salute patriae gessimus, orbis
terrae iudicio ac testimonio comprobari; quae, cum
veneris, tanto consilio tantaque animi magnitudine a me
gesta esse cognosces, ut tibi, multo maiori quam Africa-
'j5nus fuit, me, non multo minorem quam Laelium,^^ facile
et in re publica et in amicitia aditinctum esse patiare.
(Ad Fam. V. 7.)
^ of peace, ''disappointed, ^services. ® non . . . respondetur; no re-
turn is made. ^° apud me : in my favor. ^^ the balance. " zeal. ^^ missed.
" I.e. the suppression of Catiline's conspiracy, to which he expected
Pompey to refer. " Africanus and Laelius were ideal friends.
EPISTULAE SELECTAE
145
The Harbor at Baiae
2. To Atticus, in Rome.
Cicero Attico Sal}
Epistulam cum a te avide exspectarem ad vesperum, ut
soleo, ecce tibi ^ nuntius pueros ^ venisse Roma ! Voco ;
quaero, ecquid litterarum. Negant. ''Quid ais?" in-
quam, '^ nihilne a Pomponio? " PerterritI voce et vultti
confessi sunt se accepisse, sed excidisse in via. Quids
quaeris ? Permoleste tuli ; nulla enim abs te per hos
dies epistula inanis ^ aliqua re titili et suavi venerat.
Nunc, sT quid in ea epistula, quam ante diem xvi Kal.
Maias dedisti,^ fuit historia dlgnum,^ scribe quam pri-
2. 1 salutem dicit. Cicero was writing in his villa near Antium, Apr.
69 B.C., to his intimate friend, T. Pomponius Atticus. * look you (115, b).
• = servos ; indir. disc. w. vb. implied in nuntius. ■* without. ^ sent.
• historia dignum : of importance.
146 M. TULLI CICERONIS
10 mum, ne ignoremus ; sin nihil praeter iocationem/ redde *
id ipsum.
Et scito Ctirionem adulescentem venisse ad me salu-
tatum. Valde eius sermo de Public cum tuis litteris
congruebat^ ; ipse vero mirandum in modum '^reges^^ odisse
15 superbos." Peraeque ^^ narrabat incensam esse iuventutem
neque f erre haec posse. Bene habemus ^^ nos, si in his spes
est ; opinor, aliud ^^ agamus. Ego me do historiae. Quam-
quam licet me Saufeium ^^ putes esse, nihil me est ,inertius.
Sed cognosce itinera nostra, ut statuas ubi nos visurus
20 SIS. In Formianum ^^ volumus venire Parilibus ^^ ; inde,
quoniam putas praetermittendum nobis esse hoc tempore
Cratera ^^ ilium delicatum,^^ Kal. Mails de Formiano
proficlscemur, ut AntI ^^ simus a. d. v Nonas Maias.
LudI enim AntI futurl sunt a iiii ad pr. Nonas Maias.
25 Eos Tullia spectare vult. Inde cogito ^^ in Tusculanum,^^
deinde Arplnum,^^ Romam ad Kal. lunias. Te aut in
Formiano aut AntI aut in Tusculano cura ut videamus.
Epistulam superiorem restitue nobis et adpinge ^^ aliquid
novi.
(Ad Att. II. 8.)
3. To Atticus, in Epirus.^
Cicero Attico Sal.
Numquam ante arbitror te epistulam meam legisse, nisi
mea manu scrlptam. Ex eo colligere ^ poteris, quanta
''joking. ^ repeat. ^ agreed. ^° obj. of odisse, referring to the Trium-
virate. " to the same degree. ^^ bene habemus : are well off. ^^ let us do
something else, giving up politics. " because, like Saufeius, he wrote
much. 15 ffig villa at Formiae. ^^ on the feast of Pales (Apr. 21). *' ace,
Crater, a bay near Baiae. ^^ charming, i' at Antium. ^o gc. ire. ^^ to the
Tusculan villa. ^ to Arpinum,. ^3 d^d^
3. 1 The first paragraph of a letter written at Rome, Aug., 59 b.c,
« infer.
EPISTULAE SELECTAE
147
Arpinum
occupatione ^ distinear.^ Nam, cum vacul temporis nihil
haberem et cum recreandae voculae ^ causa necesse esset 5
mihi ambulare, haec dictavi ambulans.
(Ad Att. II. 23.)
4. To Quintus Cicero, at Ephesus.^
Praeterea Aesopi ^ tragoedi, nostri familiaris, Licinius
servus, tibi notus, aufugit. Is Athenis apud Patronem ^
Epicureum pro libero fuit. Inde in Asiam venit. Postea
Plato quidam Sardianus,'' Epicureus, qui Athenis solet
esse multum ^ et qui turn Athenis f uerat, cum Licinius eo 5
^ business. * am engaged. ^ my weak voice.
4. 1 A paragraph about a runaway slave, from a letter by Cicero at
Rome, Nov., 59 b.c, to his brother, then governor of the province of Asia.
» of Aesopus, a Roman tragedian. ^ Patron, the Epicurean. * of Sardis,
• m,uch (of the time) .
148
M. TULLI CICERONIS
A Grain-mill at Pompeii
(Notice the baking' oven at the left)
venisset, cum eum fugitlvum esse postea ex Aesopi litteris
cognosset, hominem comprehendit et in custodiam
Ephesi tradidit, sed ^ in publicam ^ an in plstrinum ^ non
satis ex litteris eius intellegere potuimus. Tu, quoquo
lomodo est, quoniam Ephesi est, hominem investiges vehm
summaque diHgentia vel tecum deducas. Noli spectare
quanti homo est ; parvi enim preti est, qui iam nihil! est ;
sed tanto dolore Aesopus est adfectus propter servl scelus et
audaciam ut nihil gratius facere possis, quam si ilium per te
15 recuperarit.^
(Ad Q. Frat. I. 2.)
^ but (whether) . ' sc. custodiam.
by slaves. ^ recover.
8 a grain-mill, sometimes worked
EPISTULAE SELECTAE
149
A Group of Roman Women
(From a Herculanean wall painting)
5. To his Wife and Family, in Rome.^
Tullius S. D. Terentiae et Tulliolae et Ciceroni Suls.
Noli putare me ad quemquam longiores epistulas
scribere, nisi si quis ad me plura scrlpsit, cui puto rescribi
5. 1 Written at Thessalonica, Oct., 58 b.c, during Cicero's exile.
150 M. TULLI CICERONIS
oportere ; nee enim habeo, quod scrlbam, nee hoc tempore
quidquam difficilius facio. Ad te vero et ad nostram
5 Tulliolam ^ non queo ^ sine plurimis laerimis seribere ;
vos enim video esse miserrimas, quas ego beatissimas
semper esse volui idque praestare ^ debui et, nisi tam timidi
fuissemus, praestitissem.
Pisonem^ nostrum merito eius amo plurimum; eum, ut
10 potui, per litteras eohortatus sum gratiasque egi, ut debui.
In no VIS tribunis pl.*^ intellego spem te habere ; id erit fir-
mum,^ si Pompel voluntas erit, sed Crassum tamen metuo.
A te quidem omnia fieri fortissime et amantissime video,
nee miror, sed maereo casum eiusmodi, ut tantis tuis miseriis
15 meae miseriae subleventur.^ Nam ad me P. Valerius, homo
officiosus,^ scripsit, id quod ego maximo cum fletti legi,
quemadmodum a ^° Vestae ad tabulam ^^ Valeriam ducta
esses. Hem, ^2 mea lux, mcum deslderium/^ unde omnes
opem petere solebant ! te nunc, mea Terentia, sic vexarl,
20 sic iacere in laerimis et sordibus/"^ idque fieri mea culpa,
qui ceteros servavl, ut nos perlremus !
Quod de domo scribis, hoe est de area,^^ ego vero tum
denique mihi videbor restitutus, si ilia nobis erit restituta.
Verum haee non sunt in nostra manu ; illud doleo, quae
25 impensa ^® faeienda est, in eius partem ^^ te miseram et
despoliatam venire. Quod si eonficitur negotium,^^ omnia
consequemur ; sin eadem nos forttina premet, etiamne
reliquias ^^ tuas misera proicies ? Obsecro te, mea vita,
quod ad sumptum attinet,^^ sine ^^ alios, qui possunt, si
3omodo volunt, sustinere, et valetudinem istam infirmam, si
2 little TulHa. ' / am able. * to have secured. ^ Tullia's husband
* for plebis. "^ a safe thing {to depend on) . ^ are relieved . ^obliging ^° sc.
templo. " the office of Valerius, probably a bank. ^^ alas. ^^ love. ^*mourn-
ing. 1^ de area : about its site, Cicero's house had been destroyed when
he was banished, i® quae impensa : the expense which, "in eius partem
venire : share. '* i. e., his recall from banishment. ^' what you have left.
*• quod . . . attinet " as to the expense (of my support) . *' imperative.
A KOMAN WoMAiN OA^ Kii it. j.>i »ji
[1511
152 M. TULLI CICERONIS
me amas, noli vexare. Nam mihi ante oculos dies
noctesque versaris ; omnes labores te excipere video ;
timeo, ut sustineas. Sed video in te esse omnia 22 ^ quare,
ut id, quod speras et quod agis, consequamur, servi vale-
35 tudini.
Ego, ad quos scrlbam, nescio, nisi ad eos, qui ad me
scribunt, aut ad eos, de quibus ad me vos aliquid scribitis.
Longius, quoniam ita vobis placet, non discedam ; sed
velim quam saepissime litteras mittatis, praesertim si
40 quid est firmius, quod speremus. Valete, mea deslderia,
valete.
(Ad Fam. XIV. 2.)
6. To Caesar, in Gaul ^
Cicero Caesari Imp} S. D.
Vide quam mihi persuaserim te me esse alterum ^ non
modo in eis rebus, quae ad me ipsum, sed etiam in eis, quae
ad meos pertinent. C. Trebatium cogitaram, quocumque
exirem, mecum ducere, ut eum meis omnibus studiis,
sbeneficiis quam ornatissimum domum reducerem. Sed
postea quam et Pompei commoratio diuturnior erat, quam
putaram, et mea quaedam tibi non ignota dubitatio
aut impedire profectionem meam videbatur aut certe
tardare, vide quid mihi sumpserim. Coepi velle ea
10 Trebatium exspectare a te, quae sperasset a me, neque
mehercule minus ei prolixe '' de tua voluntate promisi,
quam eram solitus de mea poUicerl. Casus ^ vero miri-
ficus ^ quidam intervenit quasi vel testis opinionis meae vel
sponsor ^ humanitatis tuae. Nam cum de hoc ipso Tre-
22 all (our hopes) .
6. ^ Part of a letter from Rome, Apr., 54 b.c, recommending Tre-
batius, a famous jurist, to Caesar. ^ imperatori. ' te . . . alterum:
that you are my second self. * freely. ' coincidence. * extraordinary. * o
pledge-
EPISTULAE SELECTAE 153
bafcio cum Balbo nostro loquerer accuratius * domi meae, 15
litterae mihi dantur a te, quibus in extremis scrlptum erat •
'' Mescinium Rufum, quern mihi commendas, ve' regem
Galliae faciam, vel hunc Leptae delega,*^ si vis. Tu ad me
alium mitte, quem ornem." Sustulimus ^^ mantis et ego et
Balbus ; tanta fuit opportunitas, ut illud nescio quid non 20
fortultum/i sed dlvlnum videretur. Mitto igitur ad te
Trebatium atque ita mitto, ut initio mea sponte, post
autem invitatu tuo mittendum duxerim.^^ Hunc, mi
Caesar, sic velim omni tua comitate ^^ complectare, ut
omnia, quae per me possis adduci ut in meos conferre veils, 25
in unum hunc conferas.
(Ad Fam. VII. 5.)
7. To Trebatius Testa, in Gaul.^
Cicero Trehdtid.
Ego te commendare non desisto ; sed, quid proficiam,
ex te scire cupio. Spem maximam habeo in Balbo, ad
quem de te dlligentissime et saepissime scribo. Illud
soleo mirari, non me totiens accipere tuas litteras, quotiens
a Quinto mihi fratre adferuntur. 5
In Britannia nihil esse audio neque auri neque argenti.
Id si ita est, essedum ^ aliquod capias, suadeo, et ad nos
quam primum recurras. Sin autem sine Britannia tamen
adsequi, quod volumus, possumus, perfice, ut sis in famil-
iaribus Caesaris. Multum te in eo frater adiuvabit meus, 10
multum Balbus, sed, mihi crede, tuus pudor et labor pluri-
mum. Imperatorem liberalissimum, aetatem ^ oppor-
8 with unusual earnestness. ® intrust. ^^ lifted in surprise. ^^ accidental.
12 believed. ^^ kindness.
7. 1 From Rome, May, 54 b.c. Trebatius was with Caesar, to gain
military experience. * a war-chariot, neut. ^ Balbus was thirty-five.
154 M. TULLI CICERONIS
ttinissimam, commendationem certe singularem habes, ut
tibi unum timendum sit, ne ipse tibi defuisse videare.
(Ad Fam. VII. 7.)
8. To Tiro, at Patrae.^
Tullius et Cicero S. D. Tironl Suo.
Septimum iam diem Corcyrae tenebamur ; Quintus
autem pater et filius ^ Buthrotl.^ Solliciti eramus de
tua valetudine mlrum in modum, nee mirabamur nihil a
te litterarum ; eis enim ventis istim ^ navigatur, qui si
eessent, nos Corcyrae non sederemus. Cura igitur te
et confirma et, cum commode et per valetudinem et per
anni tempus navigare poteris, ad nos amantissimos tui
venl. Nemo nos amat, qui te non dlligat ; carus omnibus
exspectatusque venies. Cura ut valeas. Etiam atque
10 etiam, Tiro noster, vale.
(Ad Fam. XVI. 7.)
9. To L. Papirius Paetus.^
Cicero Paeto.
Heri 2 venl in Cumanum,^ eras ad te fortasse. Sed
cum certum sciam, faciam te paulo ante certiorem. EtsI *
M. Caeparius, cum mihi in silva Gallinaria ^ obviam ve-
nisset ^ quaeslssemque, quid ageres, dixit te in lecto esse,
5 quod ex pedibus laborares. Tull scilicet moleste, ut
debul, sed tamen constitui ad te venire, ut et viderem te et
viserem et cenarem etiam ; non enim arbitror coquum '
8. 1 From Cicero and his son Tullius to Tiro, his secretary ; written at
Corcyra, Nov. 17, 50 B.C. 2 The younger Quintus, son of Cicero's
brother. ^ ^i Buthrotum. ^ thence, from Patrae.
9. 1 Written at Cumae, Nov. 19, 46 B.C. Paetus was a friend living
near Naples. 2 yesterday. ^ rny Cumaean estate. * and I shall come
although, ^a wood in Campania, near Cumae. * obviam venisset: had
met. ^ the cook.
EPISTULAE SELECTAE 155
etiam te arthrlticum ^ habere. Expecta igitur hospitem
cum mininie edacem,^ turn inimlcum cenis sumptuosis.
(Ad Fam. IX. 23.)
10. To C. Cassius Longinus, in Syria.^
Cicero Cassio Sal.
Vellem Idibus Martils me ad cenam invltasses ; re-
liquiarum - nihil fuisset. Nunc me rehquiae vestrae exer-
cent, et quidem praeter ceteros me. Quamquam egregios
consules habemus, sed turpissimos consulares ; senatum
fortem, sed mfimo ^ quemque honore fortissimum. Populo 5
vero nihil fortius, nihil melius, Italiaque universa ; nihil
autem foedius Philippo et Pisone legatls, nihil flagitio-
sius ; qui cum essent missi, ut Antonio ex senatus sententia ^
certas res nuntiarent, cum ille earum rerum nulll paruisset,
ultro ^ ab illo ad nos intolerabilia postulata rettulerunt. lO
Itaque ad nos concurritur/ factique iam in re salutarl^
populares sumus.
Sed til quid ageres,^ quid acturus, ubi denique esses,
nesciebam. Fama nuntiabat te esse in Syria ; auctor erat
nemo. De Bruto, quo ^ propius est, eo firmiora videntur 15
esse quae nuntiantur. Dolabella ^" valde vituperabatur ^^
ab hominibus non insulsis,^^ quod tibi tam cito succederet,
cum tu vixdum xxx. dies in Syria fuisses ; itaque con-
« attacked with gout. ' greedy. In joking with Paetus, Cicero always
pretended to be a great eater.
10. 1 Written at Rome, Feb. 2, 43 b.c. Cassius, the leading conspira-
tor against Caesar, was governor of Syria, 44-42 B.C. ^fragments, leav-
ings, i.e., Anthony would also have been killed. The cena was the assas-
sination of Caesar, which Cicero applauded. ^ infimo . . . honore : the
lowest in rank. * in accordance with the vote. ^ on his part. ^ i.e., my
house is thronged. '' in re salutari : though supporting a sound constitu-
tional measure. * trans, the impf., ageres, esses . . . erat by the pres.
(180). ^ as. 1" Dolabella, who was to succeed Cassius, scarcely allowed
him the legal month's grace to leave the province. ^^ was criticised, i* non
insulsis : of wit.
156 M. TULLI CICERONIS
stabat eum recipi in Syriam non oportere. Summa laus et
2otua et Bruti est, quod exercitum praeter spem exlstima-
mini comparasse. Scriberem plura, si rem causamque
nossem ; nunc quae scribo, scrlbo ex opinione hominum
atque fama. Tuas litteras avide exspecto. Vale.
(Ad Fam. XII. 4.)
Tombs on the Appian Way
M. TULLI CICERONIS
CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER
AD T. POMPONIUM ATTICUM
Cicero's essay " De Senectute " is a treatise in praise of old age, so
charmingly written that Montaigne said of it, that " it made one long
to grow old." It is cast in the form of a dialogue, in which Marcus Cato
the Elder, in his eighty-fourth year, converses with two young companions,
Scipio Africanus and Gaius Laelius. Cicero says, " I introduced Cato,
the old man, speaking, because no personage seemed better fitted to talk
concerning old age, than he who had been an old man a very long time, and
in old age itself had flourished beyond others."
Old age not burdensome to Cato.
2. Sclpid. Saepe numero ^ admirari soleo cum hoc C.
Laelio cum ceterarum rerima tuam excellentem, M.
Cato, perfectamque sapientiam, tum vel maxime» quod
2. » very often.
157
158 M. TULLI CICERONIS
numquam tibi senectutem gravem ^ esse senserim, quae
splerisque senibus sic odiosa est, ut onus se Aetna gravius
dlcant sustinere.
Cato. Rem haud sane difficilem, Scipio et Laeli,
admirarl videmini. Quibus enim nihil est in ipsis opis ad
bene beateque vivendum, els omnis aetas gravis est ; qui
10 autem omnia bona a se ipsi petunt, eis nihil malum potest
videri, quod naturae necessitas adferat. Quo in genere est
in primis senectus ; quam ut adiplscantur omnes optant,
eandem accusant adept! ; tanta est stultitiae ^ mconstantia *
atque perversitas. Obrepere ^ aiunt eam citius quam
15 putassent. Primum quis coegit eos falsum put are ? Qui ^
enim citius adulescentiae senectus quam pueritiae adules-
centia obrepit ? Deinde qui ^ minus gravis esset eis senec-
tus, si octingentesimum annum agerent quam si octo-
gesimum? Praeterita enim aetas quam vis longa, cum
2oeffluxisset,^ nulla consolatione permulcere ^ posset stultam
senectutem. Quocirca si sapientiam meam admirarl soletis
(quae utinam digna esset opinione vestra nostroque
cognomine !^), in hoc sumus sapientes, quod nattiram
optimam ducem tamquam deum sequimur elque paremus ;
25 a qua non verl simile est, cum ceterae partes aetatis bene
discrlptae ^^ sint, extremum actum tamquam ab inert!
poeta esse neglectum. Sed tamen necesse fuit esse aliquid
extremum,!^ et tamquam in arborum bads ^^ terraeque
fructibus, maturitate tempestlva quasi vietum ^^ et
30 caducum, ^^ quod ferendum est molliter ^^ sapient!. Quid
est enim aliud Gigantum ^^ modo bellare cum dis nisi
naturae repugnare ?
Laelius. AtquI,^^ Cato, gratissimum nobis, ut etiam
^burdensome. ^ of folly. * inconsistency. ^ comes on. ^howf "^ has
stream-edby. ^soothe. ^ my surnaw,e** Sapiens.^' ^° coTuposed. actum: ac^.
Cf. Shakespeare's Seven Ages of Man. " end. '^ ^'^ the case of the fruits.
^ a time of bending. ^* a time of falling. ^^ patiently. ^^ of giants, "and yet
CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 159
pro Sclpione pollicear, feceris, si, quoniam speramus,
volumus quidem certe series fieri, multo ante a te didi-35
cerimus, quibus facillime rationibus ingravescentem aeta-
tem ferre posslmus.
Cato. Faciam vero, Laell, praesertim si utrlque
vestrum, ut dicis, gratum futurum est.
Laelius. Volumus sane, nisi molestum est, Cato, tam-40
quam longam aliquam viam confeceris, quam nobis
quoque ingrediendum sit, istuc,^^ quo pervenisti, videre
quale sit.
He consents to discourse on the enjoyments of oli age.
3. Cato. Faciam, ut potero, Laell. Saepe enim inter-
ful querells ^ aequalium ^ meorum (pares autem vetere 45
proverbio cum paribus facillime congregantur), quae C.
Sallnator, quae Sp. Alblnus, homines consulares, nostrl
fere aequales, deplorare solebant, tum quod voluptatibus
carerent, sine quibus vitam nullam putarent, tum quod
spernerentur ^ ab els, a quibus essent coli ^ solitl. Qui 50
mihi non id videbantur accusare, quod esset accusandum.
Nam si id culpa senectutis accideret, eadem mihi tisu
venlrent ^ reliqulsque omnibus maioribus natu, quorum
ego multorum cognovl senectutem sine querela, qui se et
libldinum vinculis laxatos ^ esse non moleste ferrent, nee a 55
suls despicerentur. Sed omnium istlus modi querelarum
in moribus est culpa, non in aetate. ModeratI ^ enim et
nee difficiles * nee inhumani senes tolerabilem senectutem
agunt ; importunitas ^ autem et inhumanitas omnI aetati
molesta est. 60
Laelius. Est, ut dicis, Cato ; sed fortasse dlxerit
^* istuc quo quale sit : what is the character of that stage at which.
3. 1 have been conversant with the complaints. ^ contemporaries. ' were
despised. * to be respected. ^ usu venirent: would happen. ^ set free.
' temperate. * morose. • rudeness.
160
M. TULLI CICERONIS
quispiam tibi propter opes et copias et dignitatem tuam
tolerabiliorem senectutem viderl, id autem non posse
multis contingere.
65 Cato. Est istud quidem, Laell, aliquid, sed nequaquam ^^
in isto sunt omnia. Ut Themistocles fertur Serlphio ^^
cuidam in iurgio ^^ respondisse, cum ille dixisset non eum
sua, sed patriae glo-
ria splendorem^^
adsectitum : " Nee
hercule/' inquit, ''si
ego Seriphius essem,
nee tu SI Atheni-
ensis, clarus um-
quam fuisses.''
Quod eodem modo
de senectute dici
potest. Nee enim
in summa inopia
levis esse senectus
potest, ne sapient!
quidem, nee insipi-
enti etiam in sum-
ma copia non gra-
vis. Aptissima^^
omnino sunt, Scipio
• Themistocles et Laeli, arma senec-
ttitis artes exercitationesque virtutum, quae in omni aetate
cultae, cum diu multumque vixeris, mirificos ^^ efferunt
Qofrtictus, non solum quia numquam deserunt ne extreme
quidem tempore aetatis (quamquam id quidem maximum
est), verum etiam quia conscientia bene actae vitae multo-
rumque bene factorum recordatio ^^ iucundissima est.
1° by no means. " a Seriphian, 12 a dispute. ^' eminence. " fittest,
" wondrous. " recollection.
■
h ■
.^
%-
':-.^>':^''^^^^^^^^mH
-^~9^^^|^^I^H
r
CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 161
The topics of his theme.
5. Etenim, cum complector animo, quattuor reperio
causas, cur senectus misera videatur: unam, quod avocet95
a rebus gerendls ; alteram, quod corpus faciat infirmius ;
tertiam, quod privet fere omnibus voluptatibus ; quartam,
quod baud procul absit a morte. Earum, si placet, causa-
rum quanta quamque sit iusta una quaeque, videamus.
Youth and age.
6. ''A rebus gerendis^ senectus abstrahit." Quibus? lOO
An eis, quae iuventute geruntur et viribus ? Nullaene
igitur res sunt seniles,- quae veP InflrmTs corporibus animo
tamen administrentur ? Nihil ergo agebat Q. Maximus,
nihil L. Paulus, pater tuus, socer ^ optimi viri, fill mei ?
Ceterl senes, Fabricii, Curil, Coruncanii, cum rem pu- 105
blicam consilio et auctoritate clefendebant, nihil agebant ?
Ad Appi Claudi^ senectutem accedebat etiam, ut caecus^
esset ; tamen is, cum sententia senatus inclinaret ad
pacem cum Pyrrho foedusque faciendum, non dubitavit
dicere ilia, quae versibus persecutus^ est Ennius : HO
Quo^vobismentes,rectae quae stare solebant
Antehac, dementes sese flexere vial?
ceteraque gravissime ^ ; notum ^^ enim vobis carmen est ;
et tamen ipsius AppI exstat oratio.^^ Atque haec ille egit
septimo decimo anno post alterum consulatum, cum inter iis
duos consulatus anni decem interfuissent censorque ante
6. ^ a. rehus get endis, from our activities. ^ activities for old men. ^even.
* father-in-law. * ^ppius Claudius, censor 312 B.C., consul 307 B.C. He
commenced the Appian Way and completed the Appian Aqueduct.
From him Roman jurisprudence, oratory, grammar, and Latin prose
date their beginning. « blind. ^ expressed. » quo, w. viai (archaic gen. of
via) — quern in locum : " On what wild course have wits, once true, but witless
now, misguided you?" ^ in the most dignified style, i" hence there is no
reason for quoting further from Ennius, " the speech against peace w.
Pyrrhiis.
1 162 ^
CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER
163
superiorem consulatum fuisset ; ex quo intellegitur Pyrrhi
bello grandem ^^ sane fuisse ; et tamen ^^ sTc a patribus
accepimus.
Nihil igitur adferunt, ^'* qui in re gerenda versarl 120
senectutem negant, similesque '^ sunt, ut si qui guberna-
torem ^^ in navigando nihil agere dicant, cum alii malos ^^
scandant/^ alii per foros ^^ cursent, alii sentinam exhauriant,
ille autem clavum -° tenens quietus sedeat in puppi, non f a-
ciat ea, quae iuvenes, at vero multo maiora et meliorai25
faciat. Non viribus aut velocitate aut celeritate corporum
res magnae geruntur, sed
consilio, auctoritate, sen-
tentia ; quibus non modo
non orbari,^^ sed 2- etiam
augeri senectus solet. Nisi
forte ego vobis, qui et miles
et tribunus et legatus et
consul versatus sum in
vario genere bellorum, ces-
sare^^ nunc videor, cum
bella non gero. At se-
natui quae sint gerenda
praescribo, et quo modo ; Karthagini male iam diu cogi-
tanti bellum multo ante ^^ denuntio ; de qua vereri non i48
desinam, quam illam excisam -^ esse cognovero.
AoTiviTiKS ON Shipboard
(From a Pompeian tomb-relief)
12 aged, sc. eum as subj. of fuisse. ^^ {g^^ although old, he exhibited such
ability and energy. ^* say nothing to the point. ^^ similesque. . . qui:
16
pilot. 1' masts. ^^ climb. ^^ gangways.
^0 rudder.
24
and are like those who.
2' to be deprived (of). 22 repeat quibus, by which. 23 to be inactive. '■" i.e.
before it is declared by the state. 25 destroyed. It was Cato who used to
end all his speeches in the Senate with censeo delendam esse Karthaginenu
164
M. TULLI CICERONIS
The wisdom of old age.
10. Videtisne, ut ^ apud ^ Homerum saepissime Nestor
de virtutibus suls praedicet ? Tertiam iam enim aetatem *
hominum videbat, nee erat ei verendum, ne vera praedi-
£45 cans de se nimis videretur aut Insolens aut loquax. Ete-
nim, ut ait Homerus, ''ex eius lingua melle ^ dulcior fluebat
oratio/' quam ad suavitatem ^ nullls egebat corporis viribus.
Et tamen dux ille
Graeciae nusquam^
optat, ut Aiacis ^
similes habeat de-
cern, sed ut Nesto-
ris ; quod si sibi
accident, non dubi-
tat, quln brevi * sit
Troia perittira.
The pleasure of agri-
culture in old age.
17. Multas ad
res perutiles Xeno-
phontis libri sunt ;
quos legite, quaeso,
studiose, ut facitis.
Quam copiose ab eo
agri cultura lauda-
tur in eo libro, qui
est de tuenda re
166 familiar!,^ qui Oeconomicus mscrlbitur ! At que ut in-
tellegatis nihil el tam regale videri quam studium agri
colendi, Socrates in eo libro loquitur cum Critobtilo
10. 1 how. 2 m. ' generation. ^ honey. ^ sweetness. ' nowhere. '' Ajax,
* sc. tempore.
17. 1 on the management of one's property.
Homer
CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER
165
Cymm minorem, Persarum regem, praestantem ingenio
atque imperi gloria, cum Lysander Lacedaemonius, virno
summae virtutis, venisset
ad eum Sardis ^ elque dona
a sociis attulisset, et ceteris
in rebus comem ^ erga
Lysandrum atque huma-
num ^ fuisse et ei quen-
dam consaeptum^ agrum
diligenter consitum^
ostendisse. Cum autem
admiraretur Lysander et
proceritates ^ arborum et
derectos^ in quincuncem^
Srdines et humum sub-
actam^'^ atque puram et
suavitatem odorum, qui
adflarentur ex floribus,
tum eum dixisse mlrarl
se non modo dlligentiam,
sed etiam sollertiam ^^
eius, a quo essent ilia
dimensa atque discrlpta ;
et Cyrum respondisse :
"Atqui ego ista sum
omnia dimensus; mel
sunt ordines, mea di-
scriptio/2 multae etiam
istarum arborum mea
manu sunt satae."^^
Tum Lysandrum intu- Socrates
5 ace. to (Sardis. ^affable. * kind, ^fenced. ^planted. "^ the size.
• arranged. ' in fives. " cultivated. " skill. " plan. " planted.
1 166)
CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 167
entem purpuram eius et nitorem^'* corporis ornatumque ^^ 200
Persicum multo auro multlsque gemmis ^^ dixisse : " Rite ^^
vero te, Cyre, beatum ferunt, quoniam virtuti tuae fortuna
coniuncta est."
Spartan respect for old age.
18. Lysandrum Lacedaemonium, cuius modo feci men-
tionem, dicere aiunt solitum Lacedaemonem ^ esse ho- 205
nestissimum domicilium senectutis ; nusquam enim tan-
turn 2 tribuitur aetati, nusquam est senectus honoratior.
Quin etiam memoriae proditum est, cum Athenis ludls
quidam in theatrum grandis ^ natu venisset, magno con-
sessu ^ locum nusquam ei datum a suis civibus ; cum au- 210
tem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui, legatl cum essent,
certo in loco consederant, consurrexisse ^ omnes ill! dicuntur
et senem sessum ^ recepisse. Quibus cum a cuncto consessti
plausus ^ esset multiplex datus, dixisse ex eis quendam
Athenienses scire, quae recta essent, sed facere nolle. 215
The harvest time of life.
19. Horae quidem cedunt et dies et menses et anni, nee
praeteritum tempus umquam revertitur, nee, quid sequa-
tur, sclrl potest ; quod cuique temporis ad vivendum da-
tur, eo debet esse eontentus. Neque enim histrionl,^ ut
plaeeat, peragenda fabula ^ est, modo,^ in quoeumque 220
fuerit actu, probetur, neque sapient! usque ad " Plaudite " ^
veniendum est. Breve enim tempus aetatis satis longum
est ad bene honesteque vivendum ; sin processerit lon-
gius,^ non magis dolendum est, quam agricolae dolent
^* splendor. ^^ attire. ^^ jewels, "rightly.
18. 1 Sparta. 2 so much respect. ^ grandis natu : elderly. * assembly.
' to have risen up. ^ to a seat. ^ plausus multiplex : rounds of applause.
19. 1 actor, dative. 2 the play. ' if only. * " applaud " the word with
which the chief actor closed the play. * sc. aetate.
l,^^ M. TULLI CICERONIS
225 praeterita vemT ^ temporis suavitate aestatem autum-
numque venisse. Ver enim tamquam adulescentiam
significat ostenditque frtictus futures, reliqua autem tem-
pera demetendis ^ fructibus et percipiendis ^ accommo-
data sunt. Fructus autem senecttitis est, ut saepe dixi, ante
230 partorum bonorum memoria et copia.
The soul is immortal.
22. Apud ^ Xenophontem autem moriens Cyrus maior
haec dicit : " Nolite arbitrari, o mihi carissimi filil, me,
cum a vobis discessero, nusquam aut nullum fore. Nee
enim, dum eram voblscum, animum meum videbatis, sed
235 eum esse in hoc corpore ex els rebus, quas gerebam, in-
tellegebatis. Eundem igitur esse creditote,^ etiamsi nul-
lum videbitis. Nee vero clarorum virorum post mortem
honores permanerent, si nihil eorum ipsorum animi effi-
cerent, quo diutius memoriam sul teneremus. Mihi
240quidem numquam persuader! potuit animos, dum in cor-
poribus essent mortalibus, vivere, cum excessissent ex eis,
emori ; nee vero tum animum esse insipientem,^ cum ex
msipientl corpore evasisset ; sed cum omni admixtione "*
corporis liberatus purus et integer esse coepisset, tum esse
245 sapientem. Atque etiam cum hominis natura morte
dissolvitur, ceterarum rerum perspicuum ^ est quo quaeque
discedat ; abeunt enim illuc ^ omnia, unde orta sunt; ani-
mus autem solus, nee cum adest nee cum discedit, ap-
paret. lam vero videtis nihil esse morti tam simile quam
260somnum. Atqui dormientium animi maxime declarant
divTnitatem suam ; multa enim, cum remiss! ' et llberi
sunt, futura prospiciunt. Ex quo intellegitur, quales
futuri sint, cum se plane ^ corporis vinculls relaxaverint.
• of spring. ' reaping. * gathering.
22. 1 in. ' you must believe. ' without consciousness. * connection
(with). ' dear; rerum limits quaeque. * to the place. ^ released. * entirely.
CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 169
Quare, sT haec ita sunt, sTc me colitote," ^ inquit, " ut
deum ; sin una est interiturus animus cum corpore, vos 255
tamen deos verentes, qui banc omnem pulchritudinem ^^
tuentur et regunt, memoriam nostrl pie inviolateque ^^
servabitis."
■" lou must reverence. i° beautiful (world). " affectionately and sacredly.
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C. SALLUSTI CRISPI
BELLUM CATILINAE
Sallust (C. Sallustius Crispus, 86-35 b.c.) was tribune of the people
in 52 ; was expelled from the Senate in 50, being an opponent of Cicero,
and Pompey, but restored later by Caesar ; was praetor in 46, and gov-
ernor of Numidia. After Caesar's assassination he wrote Bellum Cati-
linae and Bellum lugurthinum. In the former he gives an account of
the conspiracy of Catiline and the moral condition of the times. The
speeches of Caesar and Cato before the Senate, concerning the punish-
ment of the conspirators, are of special interest (chapters 51, 52).
The character of Catiline.
5. L. Catilma, nobil! genere natus, fuit magna vi et
animi et corporis sed ingenio malo pravoque.^ Huic
ab adulescentia bella intestina, caedes, rapinae, discordia
civllis, grata fuere ^ ; ibique ^ iuventutem suam exercuit.
5 Corpus patiens inediae/ algoris,^ vigiliae, supra quam
cuiquam credibile est. Animus audax, subdolus,^ varius,
cuius rei libet simulator ac dissimulator ; ^ alieni ^ adpe-
tens, sui profusus, ardens in cupiditatibus ; satis eloquen-
tiae, sapientiae parum. Vastus ^ animus immoderata,
10 incredibilia, nimis alta semper cupiebat. Hunc post
dominationem L. Sullae libido maxima invaserat rei
publicae capiendae ; neque id quibus modis adsequeretur,
dum sibi regnum pararet, quicquam pens! ^^ habebat.
Agitabatur magis magisque in dies animus ferox inopia rei
15 familiaris et conscientia scelerum ; quae utraque eis
5. ^depraved. * = ' uerunt. ^ and in these. * hunger. ^ cold. * subtle.
' pretending and dissembling anything you please (libet). * other men's
property. * insatiable. ^° scruple.
170
BELLUM CATILINAE 171
artibus auxerat, quas supra memoravi. Incitabant prae-
terea corrupt! civitatis mores, quos pessima ac diversa "
inter se mala^ luxuria atque avaritia, vexabant.
Virtues of the Ancient Romans.
Res ipsa hortari videtur, quoniam de moribus civi-
tatis tempus admonuit, supra repetere ac ^- paucis In- 20
stituta maiorum domi militiaeque; quo modo rem publicam
habuerint quantamque reliquerint; ut, paulatim immii-
tata ex pulcherrima atque optima, pessima ac flagitio-
sissima facta sit, disserere.
6. Urbem Romam, sTcutI ego accepi,^ condidere ^25
atque habuere initio Troianl, qui Aenea duce profugi ^
sedibus incertis vagabantur ; cumque eis Aborigines,
genus hominum agreste,'^ sine legibus, sine imperio,
llberum atque solutum.^ Hi postquam in una moenia ^
convenere, dispari genere, dissimili lingua, alii alio more 30
viventes, incredibile memoratu est quam facile coaluerint.^
Sed postquam res eorum, civibus, moribus, agrls aucta,
satis prospera satisque pollens ^ videbatur, sicuti ^ pleraque
mortalium habentur, invidia ex opulentia orta est. Igitur
reges populique finitimi bello temptare ; ^^ pauci ex amicis 35
auxilio esse,^^ nam ceteri metu perculsi a periculis aberant.
At Romani domi militiaeque intenti ^^ festlnare parare,
alius alium hortari, hostibus obviam ^^ ire, libertatem,
patriam, parentesque armis tegere. Post ubi pericula
virtiite propulerant, sociis atque amicis auxilia portabant, 40
magisque dandis quam accipiendis beneficiis amicitias
parabant. Imperium legitimum,^^ nomen imperi regium ^^
habebant. Delecti, quibus corpus annis infirmum, in-
11 contending. 12 w, disserere (1. 24), to describe.
6. 1 understand. 2 = condiderunt. ^ as exiles. * savage. ^ uncon-
trolled. ^ city, '^ united, ^powerful, 'sicuti . . . habentur: as is gen-
erally the case in human affairs. *° historical inf. " intenti festinare :
vnth alertness made haste. 1* met. " regulated by laws. ^* monarchy.
172 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI
genium sapientia validum erat, rei publicae consultabant ;
45 el vel aetate vel curae similitudine ^^ patres appellabantur.
Post ubi regium imperium, quod initio conservandae
llbertatis ^^ atque augendae rei publicae fuerat, in super-
biam dominationemque se convertit, immutato more
annua imperia binosque imperatores sibi fecere ; eo modo
50 minime posse putabant per licentiam insolescere ^^ ani-
mum humanum.
7. Sed ea tempestate ^ coepere se quisque magis ex-
tollere ^ magisque ingenium in promptu habere.^ Nam
regibus boni ^ quam mail ^ suspectiores sunt, semperque
55eis aliena virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas, incredi-
bile memoratu est, adepta ^ libertate quantum brevi ^
creverit ; tanta cupido gloriae incesserat. lam primum
inventus, simul laboris ac belli patiens ^ erat, in castris per
usum militiam discebat, magisque in decoris ^ armis et
60 militaribus equis quam in scortis atque conviviis libidinem
habebant. Igitur talibus viris non labor insolitus, non
locus ulliis asper ^° aut arduus " erat, non armatus hostis
formidolosus ; virtus omnia domuerat. Sed gloriae maxi-
mum certamen inter ipsos erat : se quisque hostem ferire,^^
65murum ascendere, conspici dum tale facinus faceret, pro-
perabat. Eas divitias, eam bonam famam magnamque
nobilitatem putabant. Laudis avidi, pecuniae liberales
erant ; gloriam ingentem, divitias honestas ^^ volebant.
Memorare possem, quibus in locis maximas hostium copias
jopopulus Romanus parva manu fuderit, quas urbes natura
munitas ptignando ceperit, ni ^^ ea res longius nos ab in-
cepto traheret.
8. Sed profecto fortuna in omni re dominatur ; ea res
*^ similarity. ^* sc. causa. " grow overbearing.
7. ^period. ^ to seek distinction. ^ in promptu habere: show. * the
meritorious. ^ the undeserving, ^secured. ' sc. tempore. ^ able to bear,
• fine. 1° difficult. " inaccessible. " to wound. " moderate. " but that.
BELLUM CATILINAE 173
cunctas ex libidine magis quam ex vero celebrat ^ obscurat-
que. Atheniensium res gestae, sicuti ego aestimo, satis 75
amplae magnificaeque fuere, verum aliquanto minores
tamen quam fama feruntur. Sed quia provenere ^ ibi
scrlptorum magna ingenia, per terrarum orbem Athe-
niensium facta pro maximis celebrantur. Ita eorum, qui
ea fecere, virtus tanta habetur, quantum ea verbis potuere 80
extoUere praeclara ingenia. At populo Romano num-
quam ea copia fuit, quia prtidentissimus ^ quisque maxime
negotiosus erat ; ingenium nemo sine corpore exercebat ;
optimus quisque facere quam dicere, sua ab alils bene facta
laudarl quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat. 85
• 9. Igitur domi mllitiaeque boni mores colebantur ;
Concordia maxima, minima avaritia erat ; ius bonumque
apud eos non legibus magis quam natura valebat. lurgia,^
discordias, simultates cum hostibus exercebant ; elves cum
civibus de virtute certabant. In suppliciis ^ deorum 90
magnifici, domi parcl,^ in amicos fideles erant. Duabus
his artibus, audacia in bello, ubi pax evenerat, aequitate,
seque remque publicam curabant. Quarum rerum ego
maxima documenta haec habeo, quod in bello saepius
vindicatum '^ est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem 95
pugnaverant, quique tardius, revocati,^ proelio excesse-
rant, quam ^ qui signa relinquere aut pulsl loco cedere ausi
erant ; in pace vero quod beneficiis quam metti imperium
agitabant,^ et accepta iniuria ignoscere quam persequi
malebant. lOO
Caesar's speech in the Senate Dec. 5, 63 B.C.
Caesar, ubi ad eum ventum est, rogatus sententiam a
consule huiusce modi verba locutus est :
8. ^ she (ea) makes famous. * flourished. ' m,08t talented.
9. ^strife. ^ the worship, ^frugal. * punishment was i/nfiicted. * when
commanded to retreat. • sc. in eos. ^ managed.
174 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI
51 (a). '' Omnes homines, patres conscript!, qui de
rebus dubils consultant, ab odio, amicitia, ira, atque
105 misericordia vacuos esse decet. Haud ^ facile animus
verum providet, ubi ilia officiunt,^ neque quisquam om-
nium libidini simul et usui ^ paruit. Ubi intenderis ^
ingenium, valet : si libido possidet,^ ea dominatur, animus
nihil valet. Magna mihi copia est memorandi,^ patres
110 conscrlpti, qui reges atque popull ira aut misericordia
impulsl male consuluerint. Sed ea malo dicere, quae
maiores nostrl contra libidinem animi sui recte atque
ordine ^ fecere, Bello Macedonico, quod cum rege Perse
gessimus, Rhodiorum civitas magna atque magnifica,
115 quae populi Romani opibus creverat, inflda atque adversa ^
nobis fuit. Sed postquam bello confecto de Rhodiis
consultum est, maiores nostri, ne quis divitiarum magis
quam iniuriae causa bellum inceptum diceret, impunTtos
eos dimlsere.^ Item bellls Punicis omnibus, cum saepe
120 Carthaginienses et in pace et per indutias multa nefaria
facinora fecissent, numquam ipsi per occasionem ^° taUa
fecere ; magis quid se dignum foret,^^ quam quid in illos
iure fieri posset, quaerebant. Hoc item vobis providen-
dum est, patres conscrlpti, ne plus apud vos valeat P.
l25Lentuli et ceterorum scelus quam vestra dignitas, neu
magis irae vestrae quam famae consulatis. Nam si digna
poena pro factis eorum reperitur, novum consilium ^-
adprobo ; sin magnitudo sceleris omnium ingenia ^^ exsu-
perat, his utendum censeo, quae legibus comparata sunt.
130 51 (6). Plerlque eorum, qui ante me sententias dixerunt,
composite atque magnifice^ casum rei publicae miserati
51 (a), ^not. ^obstruct the view, ^interest. * freely exert. ^ holds
possession. ^ i.e., I could easily mention, ''properly. ^hostile. ^ left.
^^ when opportunity offered. ." = esset. ^^ i.e., of putting citizens to
death in violation of law. " imaginations.
51 (6). 1 in studied and impressive language.
BELLUM CATILINAE 175
sunt. Quae belli saevitia ^ esset, quae victis acciderent,
enumeravere ; rapi virgines pueros ; divelli liberos a
parentum complexu ; matres familiarum pati quae vie-
toribus conlibuissent ; ^ fana atque domos spoliari ; cae- 135
dem, incendia fieri ; postremo armis, cadaveribus,^ cruore,^
atque luctu omnia compleri. Sed, per deos immortales,
quo ^ ilia oratio pertinuit ? An uti vos mfestos coniura-
tionl faceret? Scilicet, quern res tanta et tarn atrox non
permovit, eum oratio accendet.^ Non ita est, nequei40
cuiquam mortalium iniuriae suae parvae videntur ; multi
eas gravius aequo ^ habuere. Sed alia aliis licentia est,
patres conscript!. Qui demissi ^ in obsctiro vltam habent,
SI quid Iracundia deliquere,^° pauci sciunt ; fama atque
fortuna eorum pares sunt; qui magno imperio praeditlus
in excelso ^^ aetatem agunt, eorum facta cuncti mortales
novere. Ita in maxima fortuna minima licentia est ;
neque studere ^^ neque odisse, sed minime Irasci decet ;
quae apud alios Iracundia dicitur, ea in imperio ^^ superbia
atque crudelitas appellatur. Equidem ego sic existimo, iso
patres conscrlpti, omnes cruciatus minores quam facinora
illorum esse. Sed plerlque mortales postrema meminere
et in hominibus impils sceleris eorum obliti de poena
disserunt,^^ si ea paulo saevior fuit.
51 (c). D. Sllanum, virum fortem atque strenuum, certoi55
scio quae dixerit, studio ^ rel publicae dixisse, neque ilium
in tanta re gratiam aut inimlcitias exercere ; eos mores
eamque modestiam ^ virl cognovl. Verum sententia
eius mihi non crudelis (quid enim in tales homines crudele
fieri potest?), sed aliena a re publica nostra videtur. 160
Nam profecto aut metus aut injuria ^ te subegit, Sllane,
2 barbarity. ^ should please. * corpses. ^ blood. ^ to what end. '' will
inflame. ^ than was right. ' sunk. ^° have done wrong. " in an exalted
atation. 12 iq show favor. ^^ in the powerful. ^* talk.
51(c). ^ from zeal for. * moderation. ^ the nature of the crime.
176 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI
consulem designatum, genus poenae novum decernere.
De timore supervacaneum ^ est disserere, cum praesertim
dlligentia clarissimi virl, consulis, tanta praesidia sint in
165armls. De poena possum equidem dicere, id quod res
habet/ in luctu atque miseriis mortem aerumnarum *
requiem, non cruciatum esse ; eam cuncta mortalium mala
dissolvere ; ultra neque curae neque gaudio locum esse.
Sed, per deos immortales, quam ob rem in sententiam non
170 addidisti, uti prius verberibus in eos animadverteretur ?
An quia lex Porcia ^ vetat ? At aliae leges item condem-
natls civibus non animam eripi, sed exsilium permitti
iubent. An quia gravius est verberarl quam necari?
Quid autem acerbum aut nimis grave est in homines tanti
175 facinoris convictos ? Sin quia levius est, qui ^ convenit ^
in minore negotio legem timere,^*^ cum eam in maiore
neglegeris ?
51 (d). At enim quis reprehendet quod in parricidas rei
ptiblicae decretum erit? Tempus,^ dies,^ fortuna, cuius
180 libido ^ gentibus moderatur.^ Illis merito accidet, quic-
quid evenerit ; ceterum ^ vos, patres conscrTpti, quid in
alios statuatis, considerate. Omnia mala exempla ® ex
rebus bonis orta sunt. Sed ubi imperium ad ignaros ^
eius aut minus bonos pervenit, novum illud exemplum
185 ab dignis ^ et idoneis ad mdlgnos et non idoneos trans-
fertur. Lacedaemonii, devictis Atheniensibus, triginta
viros imposuere,^ qui rem publicam eorum tractarent.
El primo coepere pessimum quemque et omnibus invisum
indemnatum necare ; ea populus laetari ^^ et merito
* needless. ^ id . . . habet: what is the truth. ^ from hardship. ^ the
Porcian Law ordained that no one should bind, scourge, or kill a Roman.
• how. 9 is it consistent. *° observe.
51 (d). 1 sc. reprehendet. ^ the course of events, ^caprice. * sways,
w. dat. '^but. * I.e., examples of severe punishment, ''into the hands o/
the ignorant. * sc. poena. ' appointed, ^o hist. inf.
BELLUM CATILINAE 177
dicere fieri. Post ubi paulatim licentia crevit, itixta " lOO
bonos et malos libldinose ^^ interficere, ceteros metu
terrere ; ita civitas servitute oppressa stultae ^^ laetitiae
graves poenas dedit. Nostra memoria victor Sulla cum
Damasippum ^^ et alios eius modi, qui malo rei publicae
creverant, iugulari iussit, quis non factum eius laudabat ? 195
Homines scelestos ^^ et factioscs, qui seditionibus rem
publicam exagitaverant, merito necatos aiebant. Sed ea
res magnae initium cladis fuit. Nam utT ^^ quisque
domum aut vlllam, postremo ^"^ vas ^^ aut vestlmentum
alicuius concupiverat, dabat operam, ut is in proscriptorum 200
nnmero esset. Ita ill!, quibus Damasippi mors laetitiae
fuerat, paulo post ipsi trahebantur, neque prius finis
iugulandi fuit, quam Sulla omnes suos divitiis explevit.^^
Atque ego haec non in M. Tullio neque his temporibus
vereor, sed in magna civitate multa et varia ingenia sunt. 205
Potest alio tempore, alio consule, cui item exercitus in
manti sit, falsum aliquid pro vero credi ; ^^ ubi hoc exemplo
per senatus decretum consul gladium eduxerit, quis ill!
finem statuet aut quis moderabitur ?
51 (e). Maiores nostri, patres conscript!, neque consili 210
neque audaciae umquam eguere ; neque illis superbia
obstabat, quo minus aliena institUta, si modo proba*
erant, imitarentur. Arma atque tela militaria ab Sam-
nitibus, insignia magistratuum ab Tuscis pleraque sump-
serunt. Postremo quod ubique apud socios aut hostes2i5
idoneum videbatur, cum summo studio domi exseque-
bantur ; ^ imitari quam invidere ^ bonis malebant. Sed
eodem illo tempore Graeciae morem imitati verberibus
animadvertebant in cives, de condemnatis summum^
" without discrimination. " at their pleasure. " imprudent. ^* before
Sulla's victory Damasippus had put to death some of the senators.
*• wicked. ^^ when. " or even. '* plate. ^* satisfied. *" may be credited.
51 (c). 1 worthy 0/ regard. » adopted. * envy. * i.e., death.
178 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI
220 supplicium sumebant. Postquam res publica adolevit ^
et multitudine civium factiones valuere, circumvenlrl ^
innocentes, alia huiusce modi fieri coepere ; turn lex Porcia
aliaeque leges paratae sunt, quibus legibus exsilium
damnatis permissum est. Hanc ego causam, patres
^25 conscript!, quo minus novum consilium capiamus, in pri-
mis magnam puto. Profecto virtus atque sapientia maior
illis fuit, qui ex par\as opibus tantum imperium fecere,
quam in nobis, qui ea bene parta ^ vix retinemus.
Placet igitur eos dimitti et augeri exercitum Catilinae?
23oMinime. Sed ita censeo, publicandas eorum pecunias,
ipsos in vinculis habendos per municipia, quae maxime
opibus valent ; neu quis de eis postea ad senatum referat
neve cum populo agat ; qui aliter fecerit, senatum existi-
mare eum contra rem publicam et salutem omnium fac-
■235turum."
The Execution of the Conspirators.
55. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis sententiam
discessit, consul optimum factu ratus ^ noctem quae in-
stabat antecapere,^ ne quid eo spatio novaretur,^ trium-
viros ^ quae supplicium postulabat parare iubet. Ipse
240 praesidiis dispositis Lentulum in carcerem^ dediicit;
idem fit ceteris per praetores. Est in carcere locus, quod
Tullianum ^ appellatur, ubi paululum ^ ascenderis ad
laevam,^ circiter duodecim pedes humi depressus ; ^ eum
muniunt undique parietes atque insuper ^^ camera lapideis
245 fornicibus iimcta;^^ sed incultu,^^ tenebris, odore, foeda
atque terribilis eius facies ^^ est. In eum locum postquam
5 grew. * to he involved. "^ acquired.
55. 1 thinking. ^ to anticipate. ^ ne quid novaretur: that no new de-
velopments might arise. * the three officers in charge of executions.
^ the city prison. See Introd. 43. ^ See cuts on pp. 32 and 231. '' a little.
» to the left. ^ humi depressus : sunk in the ground. ^° above. " camera
, . . iunctSL, a chamber formed of stone arches. ^^ neglect. ^^ condition.
BELLUM CATILINAE 179
demissus est Lentulus, vindices ^'^ rerum capitalium, qui-
bus praeceptum erat, laqueo ^^ gulam ^® fregere. Ita ille
patricius ex gente clarissima Corneliorum, qui consulare
imperium Romae habuerat, dignum moribus ^^ f actisque 250
suis exitium vitae invenit. De Cethego, Statilio, Gabinio,
Caepario, eodem modo supplicium sumptum est.
1* punishers. ^^ with a noose. ^^ neck. " charactei',
25
ahbr.
abs.
adj.
adv.
App.
appos
Ar.
cf. {confer
comp
conj.
cons.
def.
dem.
dep.
dir. disc
dist.
freq.
F. P.
i.e. (id
impers
impf.
indecl.
indef.
indie.
interj.
interrog.
est)
ABBREVIATIONS
abbreviated intr intransitive
absolute Introd. . . . Introduction
adjective irr irregular
adverb I line
Appendix lit literally
apposition loc locative
Archias num numeral
compare ohj object
comparative P Pompey's
conjunction Command
consonant p page
defective part participle
demonstrative pass passive
deponent perf perfect
direct discourse plup pluperfect
distributive poss possessive
following pred predicate
frequentative prep preposition
future perfect pron pronoun
that is rel relative
impersonal sc. {scilicet) . . supply
imperfect suhj subject
indeclinable subjv subjunctive
indefinite sup. . . . . superlative
indicative tr transitive
interjection trans translate
interrogative w with
180
NOTES
References to Latin Grammars are indicated as follows:
A., Allen and Greenough's New ; B., Bennett's ; Bur., Burton's;
G., Gildersleeve and Lodge's ; H., Harkness's Complete ; HB.,
Hale and Buck's. References without a preceding initial are
made to the Grammatical Appendix of this book.
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
1. Catiline. — Lucius Sergius Catiline, who was born about
108 B.C., belonged to a patrician family that had fallen into
poverty. According to Cicero and the historian Sallust, he was a
man of remarkable powers of body and mind, but a reckless
debauchee whose strong influence was perverted. He appears first
in history in connection with the proscriptions of Sulla. His
own hands were stained, it is said, with the blood of his wife,
his son, and his brother-in-law. Catiline was praetor in 68 b.c.
and governor of the province of Africa in 67. Returning to Rome,
he was prevented from standing for the consulship in 66 by threats
of prosecution for extortion in his province. He then formed a
plot to kill the consuls-elect, Cotta and Torquatus, on January 1,
65 B.C., and to make himself and Autronius consuls in their place.
This so-called first conspiracy was discovered and failed, and on
a second attempt, February 5, was frustrated because Catiline
gave the signal too soon.
2. The Conspiracy. — In 65 and 64 b.c, Catiline again sought
the consulship but failed, Cicero and Antonius being elected for
63. Maddened by his fourth failure at the election, in July 63,
he planned his insurrection, known as *' The Conspiracy of Cati-
line." The plot included the murder of Cicero, the massacre of
enemies, the burning of the city, and the seizing of the government.
The city was filled with dangerous classes, men who had lost their
fortunes acquired during the civil wars, and discontented veteran*
181
182
NOTES
of Sulla. These Catiline would stir to revolution by hope of '* new
tablets," being emboldened himself by the silent approval of
many men of rank. Recruits for his army were to be drawn
from the colonies in Italy and Gaul. " The wild shepherds, the
brigands of the hills, the slaves and gladiators were all to play
their part." Cicero was fully informed of the details by the
mistress of one of the conspirators. When he disclosed the con-
spiracy to the Senate on October 21, that body virtually declared
martial law by its decree " Let the consuls see to it that the state
suffer no harm." On October 27, Manlius raised the standard of
the rebel forces at Faesulae, in Etruria. The next day Cicero
foiled the projected murder of the Optimates. On November 1
the rebels attempted to seize the fortress of Praeneste near Rome,
but were successfully resisted by the inhabitants, upon Cicero's
warning. Then occurred the meeting of the conspirators in the
house of Laeca on the night of November 6, when two men volun-
teered to murder Cicero. But the consul learned of the design in
time to take precaution.
3. The First Oration. — On the 8th of November, 63 B.C.,
the Senate met for safety in the temple of Jupiter Stator, on the
Palatine Hill, surrounded by a special guard of knights. Catiline
The Temple of Jupiter Stator
(Kestored^
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 183
boldly took his place among the other senators, conscious in all
probability of the purpose of the meeting. It was then that Cicero
delivered the oration which is one of the world's masterpieces of
eloquence, The First Oration against Catiline.
Consult Forsyth, W., " Life of Cicero," Vol. I, p. 131 ;
Strachan-Davidson, J. L., " Cicero," Ch. V ; Froude, J. A.,
" Caesar," Ch. XL For a defense of Catiline, see Beesly, A. H.,
" Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius," and " Catiline as a Party
Leader."
OUTLINE
I. Propositio —
a. Catiline's audacity, Ch. 1.
h. Catiline deserving of punishment, Ch. 2.
II. Narratio —
The movements and plans of the conspirators, Ch. 3, 4.
III. Hortatio —
Catiline exhorted to leave the city, Ch. 5-10.
IV. Peroratio —
Reasons for allowing Catiline to go unpunished, Ch. 11-13.
Chapter 1 «.-«
1. abutere : fut. ind. In the second sing, pass., Cicero regu- 1
larly uses the ending -ris only in the pres. indie, -re in other
tenses; HB. 151. Catilina : case, 96.^ patientia : case, 147.-
2. Quam diu etiam : how much longer? furor iste tuus : that
frenzy of yours.
3. audacia : sc. tua, Nihilne : not at all, stronger than nonne.
For the case of nihil see 129.^ For the repetition of nihil in the
following phrases, " anaphora," see 235. The sentence may be
rendered in the passive : are you not alarmed at all by the^ight
guard ?
4. Palati : the Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills on which
Rome was built. It was famous for its temples, for the resi-
dences of prominent men, including Cicero, and later for the pal-
aces of the emperors. Hence our words " palatial," " palace."
The conspirators would attempt to seize this part of the city.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
1 — 398
340
171
201
402
400
2 — 572
410
218
407
477
429
« — 522
,397
185
333
416
387
184
NOTES
PAGE
1
Looking toward the Palatike Hill from the Forum
5. bonorum : i.e. good citizens. They had probably assem-
bled outside the Temple of Jupiter Stator, in which the Senate
had met for safety (hie . . . locus, 1. 6). The Senate house was
the Curia Hostilia (Introd. 43), but a session might be held in
any temple for special reasons.
6. horum : i.e. the senators.
7. moverunt : alarmed, disturbed. Patere : note the order of
words ; 233, a. non : used for nonne.
8. Constrictam . . . teneri : is held in check, as might be said
of a wild beast.
9. proxima (nocte) : Nov. 7. superiore : Nov. 6 ; see Introd.
Note, p. 184.
10. egeris, fueris, etc. : subjunctives in indirect questions, de-
pending on ignorare ; 202.^ quid consili : what plan; consili : gen,
of the whole ; 103.^
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
» — 846
574
300
467
649
537
« — 412
346
201
367
441
346
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 185
PAQB
11. quern . . . arbitraris : what man of us do you think is not 1
aware? nostrum: for the form of this gen., see 162, b.^
12. tempera: ace. of exclamation; 130.^ haec : the con-
spiracy, consul : Cicero.
13. hie : Catiline.
14. fit . . . particeps : takes part in the public deliberations.
consili : case, 104.^
15. oculis : i.e., as he glances about ; abl. of means.
16. fortes : ironical, satis facere videmur (sc. nobis) : we
think we are doing our duty (lit., seem to ourselves, etc.).
17. istius : of that scoundrel, yitemus : subjunctive in indir.
disc, depending on videmur (we think).
18. te duci oportebat : you ought to have been led. For the f
pres. inf. translated as if perf., see 209, 6.^ iussu consulis : the
Senate had given the consuls special authority by its decree of
Oct. 21. See Introductory Note, p. 182.
19. conf erri : w. oportebat, ought to have been fought. See
note on 1. 18.
20. An : this particle ordinarily connects the members of a
double question, with the meaning or. Here, as in early Latin,
it is used somewhat like -ne, or nonne, but putting strong em-
phasis on the preceding statement ; 89, 6.^ Trans, did not a
most honorable man . . . kill . . .; (and) shall we endure
(perferemus, 1. 24) . . .?
21. Scipio, Gracchum: Tiberius Gracchus, a tribune of the
people in 133 b.c, had aroused the opposition of the wealthy by
reviving the law limiting the amount of land to be held by an
individual. Though he was a patriot and reformer, he was
not always legal in his methods. He was put to death by a
mob of his opponents led by P. Scipio Nasica. The latter is
caljed a private citizen (privatus, 1. 22) because the high priest
was not classed as a magistrate.
24. Nam . . . quod : for I pass over that precedent as too
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
1 — 663
295
242
304
500
254
* — 501
397
183
343
421
399
^ — 425
349
204
374
450
354
* — 948
486
270
653
617
582
5 — 368
162. 4. a
236
186 NOTES
?aqb
8 ancient, that. The plural ilia may imply other similar prece-
dents in the mind of the speaker.
25. Maelium: M. Maelius, a rich plebeian, in the famine of
439 B.C. obtained grain for the sufferers. Charged by the
patricians with seeking favor in order to make himself king, he
was summoned before the dictator Cincinnatus, but refusing to
obey the summons was slain by Ahala, the master of horse.
26. Fuit, fuit : the figure of anaphora ; 235. ista : such.
29. senatus consultum : the decree of Oct. 21. in te : against
you.
30. rei publicae : dat. w. deest ; trans, the republic does noi
lack, huius ordinis : i.e. the Senate.
Chapter 2
32. Decrevit : "A Roman citizen had the right to appeal to
the people in a case of life or death, but the Senate found means
of suspending this right, when it wished to get rid of an enemy,
by establishing a special commission or by passing a senatus
consultum ultimum.'^ — Abbott, quondam: in 121 b.c. ut . . .
videret, ne . . . caperet, object clauses ; 205, a.^
34. intercessit : between the passing of the decree and the
execution.
35. C. Gracchus : a more able statesman than his brother
Tiberius (1. 21). As tribune in 123 and 122 b.c, he accom-
plished many reforms in the interest of the people. His in-
fluence, however, was undermined by the Senate, whose su-
premacy he had attacked. Defeated for the tribuneship of 121,
he met the fate of his brother in the insurrection which followed.
patre, etc. : abl. of description. The father of Gracchus had
been censor, twice consul, and twice honored with a triumph.
His mother Cornelia, famed for her " jewels," was the daughter
of Cornelius Scipio (avo), the conqueror of Hannibal.
36. Note the emphatic position of occisus est, and of decrevit,
interfectus est above ; 233, a. Fulvius : it is said that three
thousand of the followers of Gracchus perished after him.
37. Mario, Valeric : datives. Marius, the conqueror of the
Cimbri and Teutones, was consul for the sixth time in 100 B.C.
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
* — 826 563 295 546 565 502
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE
187
As leader of the democracy, he was to some extent in sympathy
with Saturninus and Servilius (1. 39), but because of their un-
scrupulous action, ending in
the murder of their rival
Memmius, he was compelled
to carry out the Senate's
decree against them.
38. res publica : the safety
of the republic. Num . . . re-
morata est? in the case of
. . . was death delayed . . .?
(Lit., did death delay them?)
40. mors ac poena : omit
ac ; poena explains mors, rei
publicae : 98.^ vicesimum :
Cicero uses round numbers.
From Oct. 21, when the de-
cree was passed, to Nov. 8
was eighteen days.
41. aciem : edge, as of a
sword.
43. tabulis : i.e. the public
records, vagina : the meta-
phor of a sword is continued.
44. ex : according to. te
. . . convenit : you should have
been put to death (lit., it was
fitting, etc.).
47. patres conscripti : conscript fathers, a phrase used in
addressing the senators in a body. The expression was prob-
ably patres et conscripti at first, patres referring to the original
senators, who were patricians, conscripti to the plebeians who
were enrolled and admitted later. (Introd. 28.)
49. inertiae : for the case, see 105. ^
50. Etruria faucibus : .t Faesulae (modern Fiesole), about
three miles from Florence. "It is a position of great natural
strength, commanding a wide view of the valley of the Arno
PAGE
2
Caius Marius
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
UB.
1 — 402
343
199
363
440
344
• — 431
352
208
378
456
342
188 NOTES
PAGE
3 and the Tuscan plain. To the northwest lie the passes (fauces)
by which the great roads crossed the Apennines." — Nicol.
52. imperatorem ducemque : Catiline.
55. comprehendi : w. iussero. Trans, iussero as if pres
Latin is more exact than English in its use of tenses, and there-
fore uses the fut. perf. here.
56. credo . . . dicat : the sentence is ironical. Cicero means
that he fears the charge of slowness rather than of severity in
his treatment of the conspirators. Trans. / shall have to fear^
I suppose, that all good citizens will not say my action was too
tardy, rather than that any one should say it was too severe, non :
modifies dicant (to be supplied w. omnes boni), but not dicat.
59. certa de causa : for a definite reason, stated in the next
sentence, ut faciam : to do.
61. tui : for the gen. w. similis, see 119, a.^ qui . . . fateatur:
as not to admit; rel. clause of result ; 192, a.^
62. qui . . . audeat : a clause of description ; 192.^
63. multis et firmis : English omits the connective.
64. commovere te : to raise a hand against.
65. sentientem : though you do not perceive; 223.*
Chapter 3
67. quod . . . exspectes : a descriptive clause ; 192.^
69. domus : the house of Laeca ; see 1. 98. parietibus :
paries, wall of a house ; moenia, walls of a city ; murus, the
general word for wall.
70. omnia : nom. ; note the position.
71. caedis : for the case, see 108.^
4 72. luce : note the emphatic position ; 233, a.
73. licet recognoscas : you may recall (lit., it is permitted thai
you recall). The subjunctive verb here has a substantive force,
subject of licet ; 205, d, note.^ ante . . . Nov. : = Oct. 21 ; see
248.8
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HK.
1 — 410
385
204
359
435
339
« — 798
537
284
631
591
521
• — 798
535
283
631
591
521
« — 991
496
337
667
638
604
»— 798
535
283
631
591
521
• — 438
350
206
376
454
350
» — 828
565
295, 6
607
564. 1
531
• — 604
631
371
App.
754
660
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 189
75. dicere : used for dixisse. futurus esset : indirect discourse. 4
78. Num . , . fefellit . . . res: was I mistaken either (lit., noi
only) in the fact or (verum).
81. idem: also, w. ego. contulisse : appointed.
82. in : the object is the phrase ante , . . Nov.
83. conservandi : singular for plural, because of the ap-
parently singular form sui. Trans, for the purpose of saving
themselves.
84. cum . . . prof ugerunt : the indicative in a clause of date,
not of description ; 195.^
88. nostra ( = nostri, gen. pi.) caede : with the slaughter of its;
164, h.
89. cum . . . dicebas : see note on 1. 84. Quid : again.
Praeneste : an ancient town, twenty miles southeast of Rome.
92. agis, moliris, cogitas : note the climax ; 239.
Chapter 4
95. noctem superiorem : night before last, i.e. Nov. 6.
96. lam : note the difference in the meanings of iam in the
Voeab.
97. priore : = superiore.
98. inter falcarios : among (i.e. into the street or quarters
of) the scythe makers.
99. eodem : adv. eius amentiae : in the same madness.
103. Ubinam gentium? where in the world? gen. of the whole; R
103.2
106. hoc consilio : i.e. the Roman Senate, noted for its dig-
nity, nostro omnium: of all of us; we should expect nostrum,
gen. pi. of nos ; see note on 1. 88.
107. qui . . . cogitent : a descriptive clause, 192.^ de huius
urbis : w. exitio.
109. sententiam rogo : it was the custom for the presiding
ofl&eer of the Senate to call upon the members, in order of rank,
to express their views upon the question before them. " The
senator might express verbal agreement, or simply nod or raise
his hand, or he might rise and make a speech."
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
» — 857
545
288
580
600
550
« — 412
346
201
367
441
346
• — 798
535
283
631
591
521
190 NOTES
PAGE
6 115. distribuisti partes : f.e. assigned to different conspiratoi:®
divisions in whicli they were to carry out the plans of Catiline.
116. quo: where. quemque : i.e. each one of the conspira-
tors.
118. quos relinqueres : may be a purpose clause, men (whom)
to leave; or an indirect deliberative question, whom you would
leave (direct, whom shall ive leave?).
121. confirmasti : = confirmavisti.
124. paulum : w. morae, a gen. of the whole.
127. equites : knights, members of the equestrian order, qui
. . . liberarent : a clause of purpose.
129. in meo lectulo : in my very bed.
133. salutatum : supine. This refers to an early morning call
or greeting which prominent Romans received from their clients,
venissent : causal and temporal.
134. id temporis : at that time; id is an adverbial ace, tern-
poris a gen. of the whole.
Chapter 5
f 136. Quae . . . sint : causal, since these things are so.
137. Egredere : imperative.
138. Nimium diu desiderant : has too long heen missing ; 173, c*
castra : the camp referred to in 1. 49.
139. Educ : used for educe, si minus : if not.
141. dum mode : if only, introducing a clause of proviso ; 199.^
me atque te : the Latin order is the reverse of the English.
142. feram, patiar, sinam : synonyms, used for emphasis.
144. Magna : w. gratia, 1. 145. habenda est : is due. atque :
and especially, huic : the orator pointed to the statue of the god
in whose temple the Senate was assembled.
145. lovi Statori : the flight of the Romans from their enemies,
the Sabines, in the time of Romulus, was said to have been stayed
by Jupiter. Hence the epithet stater, stayer.
147. saepius : too often.
148. in : in the case of. homine : i.e. Catiline, periclitanda :
passive in meaning ; 220, a.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
1 — 749
466
259
230
533
485
« — 929
528
310
593
587
529
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 191
PAGE
149. consul! designate : Roman officers were elected in July, 6
usually, and entered upon their duties the following January.
During the intervening half year they were designati, elect.
151. Cum voluisti : temporal, w. indie; 195, h.^ proximis
comitiis : abl. of time when, at the last election; not held until
Oct. 28 (63 B.C.), owing to political disturbances. For Roman
elections see Introd. 25.
151. campo : the Campus Martins, a plain in Rome along
the Tiber, dedicated to Mars, where the general assembly of
the people (comitia centuriata) was held.
152. competitores : Decimus Silanus, Lucius Murena, and Ser-
vilius Sulpicius. The first two were elected.
153. nullo tumultu . . . concitato : without causing any public
disturbance. Cicero might have called upon the forces of the
state for aid.
155. petisti : aimed at.
157. Nunc iam : now actually.
160. id quod est primum : namely to put Catiline to death,
huius imperi proprium : in accordance with this authority. Cicero
refers to the special power conferred on him by the Senate.
For the gen., see 119, b.-
162. ad: as regards.
165. quod te iam dudum hortor : as (lit., which) I have long
been urging upon you. For the tense of hortor, see note on 1. 138.
166. tuorum comitum : a defining gen., consisting of your
followers, sentina : dregs; primarily, the bilge water of a ship ;
243. If Catiline should go from the city, his associates would
follow.
167. me imperante : abl. abs.
168. quod faciebas : which you were preparing to do, i.e. to
leave the city. For this force of the impf., see 174, b.^ Exire
. . . hostem : note the word order.
171.
172.
clauses.
Quid es
possit,
A.
545
385
470
Chapter 6
;t : what is there f
metuat, oderit : subjunctives in descriptive
Bur.
» — 857
« — 410
» — 752
B. G. H. HB.
288 580 600 550
204 359 451 339
260 233 530 484
192 NOTES
PAGE
7 174. oderit: the perf. tense of this def. vb. has the force of
the present, nota inusta : runaway slaves were branded on the
forehead as a punishment, domesticae : referring to domestic
or family scandal ; privatarum rerum : of private life, in a broader
sense.
176. haeret in f ama : clings to your name. Quae libido . . .
af uit : from what lust have your eyes ever been free f
178. Cui adulescentulo : w. praetulisti, before what young
man f quern inretisses : a descriptive clause, meaning a young
man such as you had ensnared.
179. ad audaciam : i.e. for some daring deed.
180. praetulisti : as a slave by night carried a torch before his
master to light the way, so Catiline guided the youth into crime.
181. Quid vero : but again, morte : abl. of means, novis
nuptiis : dat. of purpose.
182. alio scelere : the murder of his son in addition to the
implied murder of his first wife.
183. cumulasti : = cumulavisti. praetermitto : the orator, by
pretending to omit, really emphasizes the statement. This
figure of rhetoric is called praeteritio, a passing over.
184. tanti facinoris immanitas : a crime so enormous.
185. non vindicata esse : to have been left unpunished.
186. omnes : to be taken w. ruinas in the main clause, utter
ruin.
187. proximis Idibus : Nov. 13. Debts were due on the
Kalends and Ides of each month.
190. summam rem publicam : the highest welfare of the state.
193. cum: causal, horum : the senators.
194. Lepidus and TuUus were consuls in 66 b.c. On Dec. 31
of that year Catiline had planned to kill the new consuls, Cotta
and Torquatus, who were to take office the following day.
195. comitio : see Vocab. cum telo : armed.
196. paravisse : repeat te as subj. sceleri ac f urori : w.
obstitisse; trans, passively, and that your criminal frenzy was
checked.
198. fortunam: fortunately for the state the first conspiracy
of Catiline had failed, because the signal was given too soon.
ilia : the following, omitto : see note on 1. 183.
199. neque . . . postea : your later crimes are indeed neither un-
known nor few in number, non multa : few; the figure litotes ; 242.
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 193
PAGE
200. designatum : sc. consulem. 9
201. petitiones : thrusts, as made by gladiators.
203. declinatione et corpore : hendiadys; 240.
205. tibi : dat. of reference w. manibus, from your hands.
206. Quae . . . nescio quod : / know not by what ceremonies,
etc. . . . because.
207. initiata : it was customary for assassins to consecrate their
weapons to some deity.
Chapter 7
209. Nunc vero : the orator here begins a calmer appeal,
based on Catiline's present life.
211. debeo : sc. 'perinotus esse, nulla: not at all.
213. hoc: this {lack of greeting), post: within.
214. vocis contumeliam : the reproach of speech.
216. Quid . . . putas : again, with what feelings do you think
you ought to bear the fact that, etc. f The two quod-clauses are
subjects of feiendum (esse) ; 204.^ ista : those near you.
SUBSELLIUM
subsellia : the low seats of the senators, distinguished from the
sella curulis, the official chair of the consul.
217. consulares : Catiline's place was with the other ex-
praetors next to the exconsuls (consulares). tibi : dat. of agent,
used w. a compound tense; 116.-
218. f uerunt : have been, used for sunt to denote what is no
longer true.
221. si . . . metuerent : if my slaves feared me, not if they
should fear ; a condition contrary to fact ; 198, a.^ The subject
servi is more emphatic by its position.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
' — 822
572
299
525
588
552
» — 480
374
189
354
431
373
194 NOTES
9 223. putarem : / should think, the conclusion of the con-
ditional sentence.^ meis civibus : dat. of agent; 116.^
225. carere me (subj.) aspectu: to withdraw from the sight
(lit., to he without the sight) ; 149.^
226. Tu : emphatic position.
230. odissent : expresses the same time as timerent ; see
Vocab. neque : and not.
10 232. patria : our country.
234. huius : of her. Note the absence of interrogative words
here and in lines 214 and 223 ; 88, c*
236. Quae : now she. tacita : though silent.
237. aliquot annis : for several years; abl. of time within
which.
238. tibi uni : in the case of you alone; dat. of reference ; 115.^
239. neces : Catiline took part in the proscriptions of Sulla,
in 82 B.C. vexatio : referring to Catiline's misgovernment of
Africa during his propraetorship in that province in 67 B.C.
240. quaestiones : the law courts; Introd. 41. In 65 b.c.
Catiline had been tried for his extortion in Africa, but by bribery
secured an acquittal.
243. me totam : that I, the whole state, in contrast w. unum te.
244. quicquid increpuerit : at every sound (lit., whatever makes
a noise).
245. a . . . abhorreat : is not connected with; subj. because
the clause is descriptive.
247. mihi : from me; dat. of separation; 113.*
Chapter 8
249. si . . . loquatur: a condition less probable, should
speak; 198, c.^
251. Quid . . . dedisti? What of the fact that of your own
accord (ipse) you put yourself in custody? Catiline had been
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
» — 919
514
301
589
571
581
« — 480
374
189
354
431
373
» — 528
409
214
405
458
425
* — 363
330
162
454
378
231
• — 470
376
188
356
433
366
• — 477
381
188
345
427
371
» — 915
514
301
596
571
573
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 195
PAGE
accused of inciting to riot (de vi). A citizen who was to be 10
tried for a crime against the state might place himself under
the protection (custodia libera) of some man of rank who be-
came responsible for his appearance at court. Note that such
protection was refused Catiline by an ex-consul, by the consul
Cicero, and by a praetor.
252. ad : = apud, at the house of.
254. domi meae : locative, at my house; 154.
255. tulisses : had received, isdem parietibus : in the same
house walls; loc. abl. moenibus (1. 257) : hy the same city walls;
abl. of means.
256. qui . . . essem : since I was; a causal rel. clause ; 192, c.^
259. optimum: said w. irony. M. Metellum : a friend of
Catiline, of whom little is known, videlicet : of course, ironical.
262. quam longe videtur : how far does it seem that he, etc.
(lit., does he seem) ?
263. dignum custodia ; 150.2 iudicarit : perf. subj. 11
264. emori, abire : i.e. suicide or exile.
265. suppliciis : abl. of separation.
268. Refer ad senatum : sc. rem, lay the matter before the
Senate; a technical expression. The Senate, however, had no
power to banish a citizen.
270. id quod abhorret : an act which is foreign to.
271. faciam ut intellegas : I will make you understand,
273. hanc vocem : this word, i.e. exsilium.
274. attendis, animadvertis : synonyms.
276. auctoritatem loquentium, etc. : the expressed command of
those whose silent desire.
277. si . . . intulisset : a condition contrary to fact ; 198, h.^
278. Sestio : a friend of Cicero who was now quaestor. Mar-
cello : Marcellus became consul in 51 b.c. Cicero delivered an
oration Pro Sestio, in 56 b.c. and another Pro Marcello in 46 B.C.
279. hoc in templo : a temple was a place of special safety. 12
280. vim et manus : violent hands ; what figure of speech ?
281. quiescunt: are silent; tacent: say nothing. Note the
climax in this passage.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HK.
^ — 807
535
283
626
592
523
* — 587
418
226
397
481
442
* — 919
614
304
597
577
58)
196 NOTES
PAGE
12 282. hi {i.e. the senators), equites, cives : the orator includes
all classes of citizens, as arrayed against Catiline.
286. studia : sympathies, feelings, voces : shouts, raised by the
crowd, when the conspirator entered the temple, or during the
speech.
287. iam diu, iam pridem : see note on 1. 138 and 1. 165.
289. prosequantur : it was the custom for citizens going into
exile to be escorted to the city gate by their friends.
Chapter 9
291. Quamquam : and yet, a common meaning in transitions.
The clauses Te ut , . . frangat, etc. are exclamatory questions,^
and may be explained as subjects of potestne fieri {can it bef)
to be understood. Note the emphatic position of the pronouns.
Trans. You he subdued by anything! You ever reform!
293. Utinam . . . duint : a wish expressing possibility. 0
that the gods may give; 188. ^
294. duint : an old form of do, = den^.
295. animum induxeris : you determine {lit., bring your mind
to). The tense is fut. perf., which is to be translated by the pres.
after si.
296. nobis : indirect obj. of impendeat. si minus : if not.
297. recenti memona : abl. of cause, at : at least, impen-
deat : indir. question w. quanta.
298. est tanti : it is ivorth while (lit., of such value); 110.^ dum
mode : if only, introducing a clause of proviso ; 199.'* privata :
i.e. confined to myself.
300. commoveare : for the ending, see note on I. 1. tem-
poribus : to the needs; cf. " hour of need."
301. est postulandum: the ut-clauses preceding are the sub-
ject, is : such a man.
303. ratio : reason.
305. vis : from vole.
306. feram, si f eceris : for the form of condition see 198, c.^
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
» — 772 462 558 559 503
* — 773 441 279 260 558 510
» — 424 417 203 380 448 356
« — 929 528 310 573 587 529
• — 911 514 301 589 571 573
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE
197
307. istius : this pronoun expressing contempt is used in ref-
erence to Catiline twelve times in this oration.
309. mavis : from male.
311. latrocinio : in brigandage, a me: modifies eiectus and
invitatus.
312. ad alienos : sc. isse.
314. quid . . . invitem? why should I invite? A deliberative
question; 201.^ a quo . . . sciam : a descriptive clause ; 192. ^
315. Forum Aurelium : a small town about fifty miles north
of Rome, praestolarentur : sub j. of purpose.
316. cui: dat. of agent, cum Manlio diem: Oct. 27; see
1.76.
317. a quo : i.e. Catiline ; modifies esse praemissam. aquilam
illam : a standard which, according to Catiline, had been in the
army of Marius in the war with the Cimbri. It was regarded
PAGB
12
13
■I I Mil 1 1 rr'iiB" rm«im~"iT tr
A Roman House (Pompeii)
(Showing the shrine (sacrariuiyi) in place)
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
UB.
» — 771
444
277
265
642
513
* — 798
535
283
631
591
521
198 NOTES
PAGE
13 with reverence, and kept in a sacred place or shrine (sacrarium)
to bring good fortune to the cause of Catiline.
320. Tu ut . . . possis : the same construction as in 1. 291.
Chapter 10
14 323. tandem aliquando : at last (lit., some time at length),
iam pridem rapiebat : has long been hurrying; 174:, c.^
325. haec res : i.e. joining Manlius in rebellion against the
country.
326. peperit : from pario. voluntas : desire.
327. Nunquam non modo : not only . . . never.
329. ex perditis atque derelictis conflatam : composed of men
morally ruined, and deserted, ab fortuna : modifying derelictis.
The abl. of agent is used instead of the abl. of means, because
fortuna is personified.
331. Hie: here, i.e. in company with such men. perfruere :
note the ending of the second person singular, gaudiis : abl. of
cause.
334. Ad . . . studium : for the pursuit of a life like this.
meditati sunt : were designed. The deponent verb is here
passive in meaning. f eruntur : see Vocab.
335. iacere : in appos. w. labores (practices), ad . . . stu-
prum : to watch for some intrigue.
338. bonis otiosorum : for the property (goods) of peaceable
men. ubi ostentes : an opportunity to display (lit., where you
may display); rel. clause of purpose; ubi = locum in quo.
339. patientiam : Catiline, according to the historians, was a
man of great physical strength and endurance. His character is
here depicted in darkest colors.
340. Tantum : so much, explained by the following ut-clauses,
which are appositive clauses of result.
341. a consulatu reppuli : kept from, etc. Catiline had been
a candidate for the consulship in the election of 63 b.c. His
defeat was brought about by Cicero, exsul, consul : a play upon
words.
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
» — 753 471 260 234 535 485
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 199
Chapter 11
PAGl
345. Nunc, patres conscripti : the peroration or conclusion 14/
(chapters 11-13) is thought by critics to have been added or at
least revised by Cicero when he wrote the oration later for pub-
lication. It seems too elaborate to have been delivered as here
given.
346. detester ac deprecer : / may avert by protest and entreaty.
347. dicam : future, quae is relative not interrogative,
penitus : adv., but may be rendered inmost, w. animus.
350. loquatur : should speak. The conclusion of this condi-
tion is implied in the first sentence of chapter 12 : His . . . voci-
bus . . . respondebo.
351. Tune : = tu + ne, to be taken w. patiere, 1. 355. hostem : 16
pred. ace. ; 122, a.^
354. servorum : eight years before this time the slaves under
Spartacus had defeated several Roman armies and even threat-
ened the city itself.
355. emissus, immissus : another play upon words (lit., let
out, let into), driven out, let free against; cf. 1. 341.
357. duci, rapi, mactari : a pass. inf. may be used w. impero
instead of the regular ut and the subj.
358. mactari: note the meanings of this word, as given in
the larger dictionaries: 1. to honor the gods; 2. to honor a man;
3. to present a man with anything good; 4. to present a man with
an evil, hence to punish.
359. persaepe : this is an exaggeration. In chapter 1, Cicero
mentions only one instance of a private citizen, that of P. Scipio,
which was exceptional.
360. leges : the Valerian law of 509 e.g., the Porcian law of
198 B.C., and the Sempronian law of 122 b.c, provided that no
Roman citizen should be scourged or put to death without the
consent of the people, and that voluntary exile might be sub-
stituted for these penalties.
362. qui a . . . defecerunt : who have been traitors to.
363. invidiam posteritatis : it was the odium resulting from
Cicero's prosecution of the conspirators that led to his banish-
ment in 58 B.C.
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
» — 389 284 168 211 612 319
200 NOTES
PAGE
15 364. praeclaram gratiam : ironical, fine gratitude.
365. hominem . . . cognitum : Cicero was a novus homo, i.e.
lie was the first of his family to hold the higher offices ; see
Introd. 3. nulla commendatione : abl. of description, tam ma-
ture : Cicero held all his offices at the earliest legal age ; see Introd.
32.
366. omnes honorum gradus : what were they? See Introd.
32.
369. severitatis : arising from severity; poss. gen.
Chapter 12
374. His ego, etc. : see note on 1. 350.
375. hoc idem : i.e. that Catiline should be put to death,
mentibus : sentiments.
376. hoc : explained by Catilinam . . . multari. optimum
factu : the best thing to do; 229.^ si iudicarem, dedissem :
Cicero uses the impf. iudicarem rather than the plup., because
he is still of the same opinion. Trans, if I judged (not if I should
judge); 198.2
378. gladiatori : used as a. word of reproach.
379. Saturnini, etc. : these names recall the incidents men-
tioned in chapter 2.
380. superiorum : men of former times.
382. verendum . . . erat : / had no need to fear, quid : w.
invidiae, gen. of the whole, parricida : ef. patria, quae com-
munis est parens, 1. 232. The abl. abs. w. interfecto has the
force of a condition.
16 383. mihi redundaret : should overivhelm me, as a wave (unda).
384. hoc animo fui ut putarem : / have been disposed to con-
sider (lit., been of such a mind that I considered). The ut-clause
expresses result.
385. gloriam, non invidiam : pred. ace, as glory, not unpopu-
larity.
387. qui videant : subjv. in a descriptive clause, ea quae
imminent : we might expect a subjv. by attraction, but the
indie, is used when the relative clause forms a circumlocution
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HR
1017
510
340
436
635
619
919
517
304
697
579
581
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 201
PAGH
that may be expressed by a single word. Here ea quae imminent 16
is equivalent to pericula.^
388. qui aluerunt : while this clause is descriptive, it is not
closely attached to the antecedent (nonnulli). and hence does
not take the subjv.^
389. non credendo : by not believing that there was a con-
spiracy.
392. regie : after the expulsion of the Tarquins, a word sug-
gesting king was odious to Roman ears.
393. intendit: scire, pervenerit : perf. subjv. in indir. dis-
course, used for a direct fut. perf. ; 216, b.^
395. Hoc uno interfecto : conditional, as in 1. 382. uno =
solo.
397. reprimi, comprimi : repress (or check), suppress.
Chapter 13
403. diu versamur : we have long been living, i.e. since the
time of Catiline's first conspiracy, 65 b.c. nescio quo pacto :
somehow (lit., / know not in what way), nescio quo is used as a
compound indef. pron.
404. maturitas erupit : the full development has burst (upon).
406. latrocinio : concretely, a band of brigands.
408. inclusum penitus : deep hidden.
409. Ut, sic (1. 412) : introducing clauses of comparison. TJt
saepe : as it often happens that.
410. cum: when, aestu febrique : by the heat of fever. What
figure ?
413. relevatus : concessive, reliquis vivis : conditional abl.
abs.
415. secedant : let them begone ; subjv. of command ; 187,6.^ 17
416. quod : rel. pron., having as antecedent the clause muro
. . . secernantur.
418. circumstare tribunal : for the purpose of intimidating the
court. The tribunal was a raised platform on which the praetor's
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB
1 — 905
593
629
« — 806
568
» — 794
484
269
514
644
470
* — 768
439
275
263
559
501
202 NOTES
PAGE
17 chair (sella curulis) was placed, praetoris urban! : see Tntrod.
34. cum gladiis : with swords (in their hands) ; abl. of accom-
paniment.
419. curiam : Introd. 29. malleolos : fire darts, shaped like
hammers having the end covered w. lighted pitch or tow.
420. sit inscriptum : let it he written once for all. The perfect
tense is here used w. more positiveness than the present; HB.
490.
427. Hisce ominibus : with these words of warning, cum
salute : to the safety. These ablatives denote attendant circum-
stance ; 140.^
430. luppiter: the orator addresses his final words to the
deity whose statue was before him.
431. qui: whose worship, haec urbs : sc. constituta est. Th^
temple to Jupiter vowed by Romulus was not built till 294 B.C.
432. Statorem : protector ; ef. chapter 5, 1. 145.
436. foedere : abl. of means, inter se : together.
437. vivos mortuosque : the Romans, as a nation, believed in
a future existence.
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
1 — 556 221 — 473 422
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
At the conclusion of Cicero's oration against him, Catiline
replied in his own defense, but upon speaking abusively of the
consul, was interrupted by the senators, who called him " traitor "
and "assassin." (See Sallust, Ch. 31). That night he left the
city, pretending to go to Marseilles into exile, but in reality to
join his army in Etruria, and assume the insignia of a consul.
The Rostra (restored)
The Second Oration was delivered the following day (Nov. 9,
63 B.C.) from the rostra before the people in the Forum, to ac-
quaint them officially of the facts, and to justify his own course.
OUTLINE
I. Exordium — Catiline's departure, Ch. 1,
II. Narratio —
1. Cicero's defense against the charge of
(a) Too great leniency, Ch. 2-5 ;
(6) Too great severity, Ch. 6, 7.
2. The forces of CatHine, Ch. 8-10.
203
204 NOTES
PAGE
19 3. The forces of the republic, Ch. 11.
III. Peroratio — The consul's vigilance and the protection of the
gods.
Chapter 1
I. Tandem aliquando : an emphatic expression, noiv at last.
Quirites : fellow citizens. This word, of uncertain origin, was
applied to the Romans as civilians ; Romani, as warriors and
rulers.
3. ferro flammaque : we say with fire and sword.
4. eiecimus, etc. : an anticlimax. Note the climax and asynde-
ton in the next sentence, Abiit, etc. See 237 and 239. ipsum :
of his own accord.
5. verbis : with words of farewell, used in irony. For the
same thought see Oration I, line 289.
6. Nulla iam : see Vocab. for iam w. negatives.
7. moenibus ipsis : dat. of ind. obj., against the city, i.e. the
walled city.
9. inter versabitur : will play about, sica ilia : the famous
dagger, referred to in Oration I, 1. 205.
10. campo, fore, curia: "the three chief centers of Roman
public life."
II. domesticos parietes : Cicero may have had in mind the
attempt on his own life, loco motus est : he was forced from his
position, i.e. vantage ground, as a wrestler or gladiator.
13. bellum iustum : a regular war, i.e. with an open enemy,
not with insidious conspirators.
16. Quod : causal, vero : hut. cruentum : red with bloody
used as a pred. adj.
17. ei : dat. of reference, 115, a.*
20. lacet prostratus : as a defeated gladiator.
21 23. e suis faucibus : the figure of animal of prey.
24. evomuerit, proiecerit : subjv. in a quoted causal clause ;
196.2
Chapter 2
26. quales . . . oportebat : as all ought to have been; see note
on Cat. I, 1. 18. If the citizens had all desired the arrest of
Catiline, the consul's task would have been easier.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HR.
» — 471
377
188
350
425
368
• — 886
540
286
541
588
535
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 205
PAGE
26. qui . . . accuset : a clause of description, in hoc ipso : 21
in this very thing, i.e. the fact of Catiline's departure.
30. Interfectum esse : the perf. tense is here used for em-
phasis instead of the pres. ; HB. 490.
31. adf actum : we should expect this word to precede inter-
fectum, as it does in thought.
32. mos maiorum : see Cat. I. 1. 362. huius imperi : of this
authority, vested in the consul.
33. res publica : the public welfare.
• 34. qui . . . crederent : a clause of description, def errem .
subjv., by attraction.
35. def enderent : sc. eum. si iudicarem : if I judged; a
condition contrary to fact.
30. periculo : at the risk, cum : causal, ne . . . probata :
as the matter had not even then been made clear to all of you.
40. multassem : should punish; a subjv. in indir. disc, for
multavero.
41. hue: to this point, ut . . . possetis : a clause of result.
43. Quem hostem : to preserve the emphasis, trans, as for
this enemy, quam . . . putem : indir. question, depending on
intellegatis, how much I think he should be feared.
44. licet intellegatis : you may know (lit., it is permitted thai
you know), intellegatis (without ut) is the subject of licet,
hinc : explained by the following clause.
45. quod exierit : subjv. as if quoted from another person,
parum comitatus : with so small an escort..
46. Utinam eduxisset ; 188.^
47. Tongilium, etc. : friends of Catiline, mihi : an ethica)
dat. not easily translated. I see, bless me, thank Heaven, are
suggested equivalents ; 115, 6.^ in praetexta : see Vocab.
50. quanto aere alieno : how much in debt (lit., of how great
debt); abl. of description.
Chapter 3
52. ilium exercitum : of Catiline, prae : in comparison with,
Gallicanis legionibus : the Roman garrison in Cisalpine Gaul.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HR
» — 773
441
279
260
§58-
510
» — 478
380
188
351
432
372
206 NOTES
PAGE
22 54. Metellus : the praetor mentioned in Ca^, 1, 1.257. habuit;
has made, his copiis : w. prae, 1. 52.
55. magno opere : greatly, ex senibus : referring to the
veterans of Sulla ; the abl. denotes material, 134, a.^
56. ex agresti luxuria : abstract for the concrete, of luxurious
countrymen, a phrase nearly repeated in ex . . , decoctoribus.
57. vadimonia : these men in debt were under bail to appear
at court, quam : rather than.
58. quibus si : = et si eis. aciem : the battle array.
59. edictum praetoris : at the beginning of his year of office,
the praetor or judge issued a statement of the principles he
would follow in his administration. These of course would
concern the bankrupts.
61. unguentis, purpura : the use of these was a sign of de-
generation in the eyes of the sterner Romans,
62. mallem : a potential subjv., / should prefer; 189.^ Here
it takes the place of utinam before eduxisset, to express a wish ;
cf. 1. 46., SUDS milites : pred. ace, as his soldiers.
66. quid cogitent : indir. question, object of scire.
68. cui sit . . . attributa : Catiline had assigned the various
parts of Italy to his lieutenants.
70. has . . . insidias : the execution in the city of these plots
of murder and cf fire.
71. superioris noctis : Nov. 6, when the meeting was held at
Laeca's house.
73. Ne : surely, or. / assure you.
Chapter 4
76. Quod : what, explained by the noun clause ut . . . videre-
tis, that you should see.
78. nisi si : unless, quis : any one. Catilinae similes : men
like Catiline (cf. " the likes of "). Catilinae is in the gen. case,
like tui in Cat.y I, 1. 61.
81. concedam : fut. exeant: let them begone, ne patiantur;
187, 6.' desiderio sui : with longing for them.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
» — 539
403
396
467
406
« — 776
447
280
257
556
519
« — 768
439
275
263
559
501
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 207
82. miserum : in misery. Aurelia via : abl. of the route taken ;
146.^ This road extended from Rome along the coast to Pisa.
Another road would have been more direct to the camp of Man-
lius, but Catiline was pretending to go to another place ; see
1. 215.
83. ad vesperam : by evening.
85. O rem publicam : cf. O tempera, Cat., I, 1. 12. sentinam
urbis, exhausto : the figure of the ship of state. Catiline is com-
pared to the *' bilge water " of the ship.
88. quod . . . conceperit : a descriptive clause.
89. tota Italia : the loc. abl. may omit in when tota modifies
the noun.
97. lam vero : and again.
98. alios: some; aliorum (1. 99), of others.
99. serviebat : ministered to. Repeat qui as the subject,
aliis, aliis : to some, to others.
100. impellendo : 227, d.^
Chapter 5
1 16. eius studia . . . ratione : his varied activities in a dif-
ferent sphere oj life.
BEeRYX-T'l-^^V^T:
Gladiators
(From a Pompeian tomb relief)
117. ludo gladiatorio : gladiators were trained in schools in
Rome, Capua, and other places. They were slaves, originally
captives taken in war.
Btir.
A.
B.
» — 581
429
218
•—1014
501
338
G.
425
H.
630
HB.
426
611
PAGE
22
23
208 NOTES
PAGE
24 ii8. audacior: holder, thsm the rest; so levior (1. 119). fate-
atur : subjv. in a descriptive clause.
119. nemo in scaena : actors as well as gladiators were slaves
as a rule, their art being considered unworthy of Romans.
121. exercitatione : abl. of means, adsuefactus frigore . . .
122. perf erendis : trained to endure cold (lit., in enduring) ; abl. of
specification. Cicero spoke of Catiline's powers of endurance in
Cat., I, 1. 339. fortis : pred. adj. w. praedicabatur.
123. cum: concessive, industriae subsidia : the aids of irtr-
dustry.
126. O nos beatos : for the ace, cf. 1. 85.
129. libidines, audaciae : used concretely, deeds of passion^
acts of boldness.
131. res: money, fides: credit.
133- quae erat (sc. eis) : which they had. in abundantia : in
their {time of) prosperity.
134. comissationes solum : if they aimed only at revelry,
they would be tolerable, but they mingle their revelry with
plans of murder and fire.
136. hoc: explained by insidiari. quis possit : who would he
able? potential subjv. in a rhetorical question; 201.^
138. mihi : ethical dat., implying sarcasm or disgust, which
we may express by the tone of the voice ; or trans, bless me.
accubantes : it was the Roman custom to recline at table.
143, Quibus: = sed eis: dat. w. impendere ; 112, h.^
144. improbitati : dat. w. debitam.
146. sanare : se. eos as obj. sustulerit : fut. perf.
147. breve nescio : = quoddam breve ; cf. Cat. I, 1. 403.
150. externa: matters abroad, unius virtute : i.e. of Pompey,
who had suppressed the Mediterranean pirates, and conquered
eastern nations, terra marique : loc. abl.
151. pacata: settled, intus, intus: anaphora; 235.^
26 154. Huic belle: dat. w. ducem ; 118.*
156. quacumque ratione : sc. potero. quae resecanda erunt:
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
MB.
>— 771
268
277
259
557
519
a— 456
367
187
346
426
362
«— 1070
350
666
632
*— 461
366
— .
436
363
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 209
whatever will have to he cut away, a figure derived from surgery page
or from pruning.
Chapter 6
i6o. etiam : still, sunt qui : there are some who. 26
i6i. Quod si: now if . . . this, verbo : i.e. by a mere word
163. videlicet: used in irony.
165. paruit, ivit: note the frequent occurrence of asyndeton;
237.
168. patres conscriptos : see note Cat., I, 1. 47. Quo: there,
169. Quis (senator) : the usual adj. form is qui.
170. ita . . . ut : as (lit., so . . . as).
171. Quin etiam: why even; cf. Cat., I, 1. 213.
173. Hie: adv., hereupon, at this point.
174. vehemens : ironical.
175. in nocturno . . . necne : a double indir. question,
whether . . . or not. utrum (or ne), whether, is omitted; 89.
179. ei : by him; dat. of agent, ratio: plan.
180. teneretur: was caught ("cornered"), eo, quo: to that
place, to which.
181. secures, fasces: symbols of authority, carried by lictors
before Roman magistrates.
182. aquilam : cf. Cat., I, 1. 317.
184. cum scirem : causal; note the anaphora in the sentence.
185. credo : / suppose.
186. iste : said with contempt.
189. Massiliam : a city of Gaul founded by a Greek colony.
It was a favorite place of exile for Romans.
Chapter 7
190. condicionem miseram : grievous task. 28
192. consiliis meis : by my counsels. Note the asyndeton in
this line.
193. pertimuerit: becomes alarmed. The conditional clause
si . . . converterit includes five verbs in the fut. perf. ; the
conclusion begins w. non ille (1. 196) .
196. non ille : w. dicetur (1. 199), he will not be said, spoliatus,
obstupefactus, perterritus, depulsus : sc. esse w. each and
connect w. dicetur. armis : of the arms; separation.
199. eiectus : w. esse, vi et minis : with threats of violence;
hendiadys.
210 NOTES
PAGE
28 203. Est . . . tanti : it is worth while for me; 110.*
204. dum modo : introducing a clause of proviso ; 199.*
a : from.
29 205. Dicatur : let him be said.
210. triduo : time within which.
211. ne ... sit: in appos. w. illud. invidiosum : a cause
(source) of unpopularity, quod emiserim : that I let him go.
The subjv. is used because the orator is quoting his enemies.
The quod-clause is subj. of sit.
213. profectus sit: he has gone away (of his own will).
214. idem quid dicerent : what would the same men say?
Quamquam : and yet.
216. verentur : the associates of Catiline feared that he had
gone to Massilia, and hence had given up the war. tam miseri-
cors : these men preferred to have him lead the army, even to
certain death, than be safe in exile.
217. qui . . . malit : a descriptive clause of result.
218. Ille : w. mallet: he would prefer.
222. vivis nobis : abl. abs., leaving us alive; but nobis may
here refer to Cicero alone, optemus : hortatory ; 187.^
Chapter 8
225. quod: as (lit., which), referring to murus interest; cf.
Cat., I, 1. 141.
226. dissimulant : conceal their sentiments, in contrast w.
fatetur (1. 225).
229. sanare sibi ipsos : to cure them for their own sakes (lit.,
for themselves), placare : reconcile to.
230. neque : = et non.
232. generibus : classes.
233. singulis: to each of the classes, quam : any, sc. medi-
cinam adferre.
30 235. est : consists, eorum : pred. gen. in aere alieno : con-
cessive, though in debt.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
1 — 424
417
203
380
448
356
« — 929
528
310
573
587
529
• — 768
439
274
263
559
501
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 211
PAQB
236. quarum : = sed earum. dissolvi : reflexive, to free them-' 30
selves.
238. voluntas : intention.
239. Tu ... sis et dubites : a potential rhetorical question *
implying a negative answer, is it possible that you are . . . and
(yet) hesitate ? Tu : used without reference to a particular per-
son, agris, etc. : abl. of means.
240. familia : slaves, not family.
241. fidem : credit.
244. tabulas novas : debtors were sometimes relieved by a law
providing for new accounts (lit., new tablets), the creditors receiv-
ing only a part of their due. Catiline proposed to cancel debts
entirely.
245. meo beneficio : thanks to me (lit. by my kindness).
247. Quod si : = et si id.
248. cum usuris : against the interest on their debts.
249. fructibus : with the profits, locupletioribus his uteremur :
we shoidd find them richer. It would be wiser, he says, to seU
part of their property and pay the creditors.
250. minima : least of all the classes.
252. permanebunt : sc. in sententia; cling to their opinions.
Chapter 9
254. Alterum : secundum, est : consists.
256. honores : i.e. offices.
257. Quibus . . . videtur: to these it seems necessary to give
this warning, hoc: explained by me vigilare, etc. (1. 260).
259. reliquis omnibus: ind. obj. of praecipiendum est, which
is to be supplied, ut desperent : expressing purpose.
261. animos : courage.
265. praesentes : in person, used w. deos. sint : w. adepti :
this perf. subjv. stands for a fut. perf. ind. of dir. disc.
267. quae : referring to cinere et sanguine. 3]
270. gladiatori : i.e. to some man like Spartacus, who for
two years (73-71 b.c.) headed a band of gladiators and slaves
against the Roman forces, sit necesse : it woidd be necessary.
271. aetate adfectum (adj.) : feeling the effects of age, advanced
in yearc.
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
* — 771 444 277 466 559 503
212 NOTES
PAGE
31 277. quas Sulla constituit : Sulla gave land to 120,000 of his
men, after the civil war with Marius. He planted one colony
in Faesulae, where Catiline's army was now encamped.
278. universas : as a whole, civium : pred. gen. esse : cou'
sist.
284. sumptuosius : render the comparative ending by too.
292. salvi : solvent, freed from debt.
293. sit excitandus : would have to be summoned. Sulla died
in 78 B.C.
295, agrestes : countrymen, the neighbors of the farming
veterans.
296. rapinarum veterum : such as they had in their soldier
days.
32 298. eos hoc moneo : I give them this advice ; 121. ^ desinant:
let them cease. This is the medicina (1. 233) for the third class
of revolutionists, proscriptiones, dictaturas : recalling the days
of the civil war in which these men had served.
300. ista non mode, etc. : non is understood after mode, but
it is simpler to connect ne (not) w. passurae. Trans, not only
men but even beasts seem to me to be unwilling to endure such things.
Chapter 10
303. sane : utterly; in 1. 318, by all means.
304. premuntur : have been overwhelmed.
305. emergunt : rise, i.e. from their sea of debt, male ge-
rendo negotio : by badly managing their affairs.
307. vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione : the three legal steps
in a case against debtors : 1. the giving of a bail bond to appear
at court ; 2. the trial ; 3. the confiscation or sale of the property
to pay the claim of the creditor.
310. quam primum : as soon as possible.
311. corruant : subjv. expressing command.
312. Connect ne (not) w. sentlant; cf. 1. 301.
33 318. pereant : expressing command.
319. career : the state prison was built in the time of the kings
and stUl exists, covered by a small church. It was used for
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
1 — 50i 390 178 333 412 397
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 213
PAGE
executions, or for detention until the time of trial, imprisonment 33
as a punishment of citizens being practically unknown. See
cuts, pp. 32 and 231, and description, pp. 178, 179.
321. genera: character, quod . . . est: one that is Catiline^ a
own. Catilinae : gen. case; 119, h.^
322. de complexu . . . sinu : composed of his hosom friends.
323. pexo : i.e. elaborately dressed, capillo : abl. of descrip-
tion, imberbes : because of their youth, bene barbatos : with
well-trimmed beards, a mark of affectation, since it was not the
custom for Romans to wear beards at this time.
324. manicatis tunicis : the tunic was the main garment of the
Romans, worn with or without the toga. Ordinarily it had very
short sleeves and reached only to the knees, velis non togis :
these dandies wore togas (the outer garment or robe) so large
that they were compared to sails.
325. quorum . . . expromitur : trans, actively, who spend all
the energy of their lives and wakeful nights (lit., labor of keeping
awake).
331. scitote : know; a fut. imperative used for the pres.,
which is lacking for this verb, hoc : sing, to agree w. seminarium.
We should say these men.
333. isti miseri : such wretches.
Chapter 11
339. pertimescendum : ironical, cum : causal.
340. cohortem praetoriam : a general's bodyguard.
341. Instruite nunc contra : here begins a notable passage of
rhetorical comparison.
343. gladiatori : Cicero again selects this word to express his
contempt of Catiline.
345. florem : i.e. the best or finest part. 34
347. tumulis silvestribus : these hillsides around Faesulae
were all that Catiline yet possessed.
350. eget : w. quibus ; 149.
351. equitibus : knights, not cavalry.
354. quam . . . iaceant : how powerless they are (lit., how
prostrate they lie).
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
> — 410
385
204
359
435
339
• — 528
409
214
405
458
425
214 NOTES
PAQE
34 355. ex hac parte : on this side, illinc : on ^W (side), pudorj
modesty, pudicitia : purity.
358. honestas : honor.
359. aequitas, etc. : the four cardinal virtues, according to
Plato were justice, self-control, courage, wisdom.
362. bona ratio cum perdita : sound (political) principle against
corrupt.
363. omnium rerum desperatione : utter despair.
Chapter 12
368. cum : causal, quern ad modum : as.
369. antea : the speech, as written, contains no earlier use of
these words (defendite, etc.).
370. mihi : contrasted w. vos (1. 368) ; dat. of agent w.
consultum; 116; ^ trans, actively, I have taken care, urbi: dat.
of possessor w. esset.
371. Coloni : Roman citizens who became colonists of other
parts of Italy.
372. municipes : inhabitants of free towns who gained the right
of Roman citizenship.
374. quam : for agreement w. manum see 167, h.^
375. certissimam : most faithftd. animo meliore : better dis-
posed.
36 376. patriciorum : some of Catiline's leading associates were
patricians.
377. hoc : i.e. the present state of affairs.
381. quem vocari videtis : officers were probably summoning
senators to a meeting, as Cicero spoke.
386. hoc exspectavit : has had this object.
387. Quod reliquum est : as for the future.
389. mihi vivendum : that I must live; 225, a.'
390. portis, viae : dat. of possessor.
391. Qui vero : but he who.
36 396. carcerem : the state prison ; see note on 1. 319.
399. voluerunt : intended.
Bar. A. B. G. H. HB.
- 480 374 189 354 431 373
- 707 306 250 614 396 326
-1000 500 337 251 621 600
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 215
Chapter 13
403. res : sc. sedentur, shall
he brought to an end.
408. togato : the toga was
the garb of peace, distinguished
from the paludamentum, or
military cloak. The phrase
therefore implies that there
would be no real warfare.
410. Quod : = et id.
417. patriae : ind. obj. of
impendens.
422. optandum : to he hoped
for.
424. mea prudentia fretus :
relying on my prudence; 150.^
425. et : omit, non dubiis :
unmistakahle.
426. quibus ducibus : under
whose leadership; abl. abs.
431. quam urbem hanc :
trans, hanc urbem quam. In
the Latin order the rel. clause
precedes, for emphasis.
PAGE
36
37
Cicero in the Toga
Bur. A.
« — 576 431
B.
218
G.
401
H.
476
HB.
432
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
The Senate promptly declared Catiline an enemy of the state
and offered amnesty to all his followers who would lay down
their arms. To Cicero was assigned the guarding of the city,
and to his colleague, Antonius, the command of the army. The
documentary evidence needed against the conspirators was sup-
plied by the AUobroges who had come to Rome to secure aid for
their financial difficulties. Their patron at Rome was Q. Fabius
Sanga, To him they reported the overtures made to them by the
conspirators, and he in turn informed Cicero. By design they
were to feign enthusiasm and require written statements from the
leaders. On the night following December 2, they left Rome with
Volturcius, and were arrested on the Mulvian Bridge two miles
north of the city. The Gauls and the leading conspirators were
brought before the Senate, which hastily convened in the Temple
of Concord. The meeting wds prolonged till the dusk of evening,
when Cicero gave an account of it to the people who were await-
ing the news outside the temple. This was the Third Oration
against Catiline (December ^, 63 b.c).
OUTLINE
I. Exordium — The exposure of the conspiracy, Ch. 1.
II. Narratio —
1. The arrest of the AUobroges, Ch. 2, 3.
2. The testimony of Volturcius and the Gauls before the
Senate, Ch, 4, 5.
3. The action of the Senate, Ch. 6.
4. Success due to the absence of Catiline, and to divine aid,
Ch. 7-9.
Ill, Peroratio — The people exhorted to express their gratitude
and to fulfill their duties as citizens, Ch. 10-12.
216
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 217
Chapter 1
PAQF
I. Rem publicam . . . videtis : this long sentence illustrates 38
the " period " in Latin rhetoric; 234.^ We may translate the
objects first, then introduce the verb and the participles, vitam :
we should say lives.
3. domicilium : urbem is an appositive.
4. deorum : subjective gen. w. amore ; 98.2
7. non minus iucundi : the figure of litotes ; 242.
9. salutis . . . condicio : the joy of safety is certain, (while)
our lot at birth is uncertain; i.e. whether we are destined to good
fortune or not. censu : consciousness.
II. prof ecto : w. debebit. ilium: i.e. Romulus.
13. benevolentia famaque : with our loyalty and regard for his
fame, sustulimus : exalted. The Romans deified their heroes
and leaders. As a deity Romulus was called Quirinus.
14. debebit : J,e (Cicero) will deserve.
15. urbi, etc. : dat. w. subiectos, circumdatos. 39
20. comperta : logically should precede inlustrata. exponam :
/ will tell {the facts).
21. et quanta . . . sint : obj. of scire.
22. investigata, comprehensa : investigated, detected (lit.,
tracked, caught).
23. exspectatis : are waiting to hear.
24. ut : ever since.
26. cum reliquisset : having left.
Chapter 2
29. cum eiciebam : indicative because the clause is merely
temporal, and not descriptive ; 195, h.^
30. ilia : sc. invidia.
31. quod exierit : subjv., quoting what men wiU say; 196, a.*
33. restitissent : what form would the direct discourse re-
quire? 216, 6.S
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
1
600
351
684
685
630
* — 402
343
199
363
440
344
« — 857
545
288
580
601
550
< — 886
540
286
541
588
555
• — 794
4S4
319. a
516
541
4I»
218 NOTES
PAGE 34. putabam : I was thinking; the time denoted is the same
39 as that of eiciebam and volebam ; cf . putavi, 1. 48.
36. in 60 : explained by the noun clause ut . . . sentirem ac
viderem, in the effort to know and see.
38. auribus : ind. obj. w. minorem fidem faceret : found too little
credence in your ears.
39. faceret : subjv. by attraction, oratio mea : my words.
40. ut . . . comprehenderem : stating the purpose of viderem.
42. Allobrogum : this Gallic tribe had been conquered by the
Romans in 121 b.c. Their envoys had come to Rome to com-
plain of the provincial government.
43. Lentulo : one of the praetors who was allied with Catiline.
44. eodem itinere : i.e. through Etruria, where Catiline had
his headquarters.
46. Volturciimi : he was sent along as an agent of the con-
spirators.
41 49. ut : repeating ut of 1. 48, for emphasis.
51. praetores : there were eight praetors in the city. Though
they were primarily legal officers, judges, they had also the
power to command troops (imperium).
52. amantissimos rei publicae (gen.) : most patriotic.
54. qui . . . omnia sentirent : who entertained all sentiments,
a descriptive causal clause.
56. pontem Mulvium : across the Tiber, about two miles
north of the city, now called Ponte Molle.
60. praef ectura Reatina : a provincial town governed by an
officer (praefectus) sent from Rome, and having Cicero as a
patron (patronus). Introd. 21.
Chapter 3
69. erat commissa : had begun, litterae : letters; the pi.
may mean either letter or letters.
70. integris signis : with seals unbroken, ipsi : the Allobroges
and Volturcius.
73. Gabinium: this man had brought about the conference
of the Allobroges and the conspirators.
76. credo : ironical, I suppose. Lentulus was known for his
sluggishness as well as his wickedness, in litteris dandis : in
writing the letter. This letter, however, was very short ; see
chapter 5, 1. 155.
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 219
PAGl
78. viris placeret : it seemed best to the men. The subject of 42
placeret is the infinitive clause litteras . . . aperiri . . . deferri.
80. prius-quam: here takes the infin. deferri because of aperiri.
81. tumultus iniectus (esse) civitati : English inverts this
construction, the state was thrown into panic.
82. ncgavi . . . deferrem : / said that I would not fail to lay
before the public council (the Senate) the case as a whole which
concerned the public peril (lit. would not act so as not to refer, etc.).
87. frequentem : /uZZ.
89, qui efiferet : purpose.
90. si quid . . . esset: any weapons there might be. esset:
subjv. by attraction.
Chapter 4
92. fidem publicam : a promise of pardon in the name of the
state, because of his turning state's evidence.
93. quae sciret : subjv. by attraction.
96. litteras : a letter, ut uteretur : advising him to employ.
98, ut . . . esset ille : a noun clause explaining consilio.
100. caedem infinitam: the plan was to kill the senators and
as many other citizens as possible.
103. litteras : letters.
105. sibi praescriptum . . . mitterent : that they had been
directed to send.
108. ex fatis Sibyllinis : according to the Sibylline prophecies.
The tradition was that the Cumaean prophetess, Sibyl, had sold
to King Tarquin her books of prophecy, written in Greek hexam-
eters. These books were destroyed in the Capitol fire, in 83
B.C., but were replaced by others, haruspicum : the soothsayers
foretold the future and interpreted the divine will chiefly by
inspecting the entrails of animals slain in sacrifice.
109. Cornelium : his full name was P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura.
no. esset necesse : it was ordained. Cinna : L. Cornelius
Cinna, the successor of Marius as leader of the popular party. 43
III. Sulla : L. Cornelius Sulla, the dictator and rival of Marius.
fatalem : ordained by fate.
113. virginum absolutionem : six Vestal Virgins guarded the
sacred perpetual fire in the Temple of Vesta. If a Vestal broke
her vows, she was to be buried alive. Nothing is known of the
acquittal referred to.
220
NOTES
PAGE
43
114. Capitoli incensionem : the Capitol, or Temple of Jupiter,
was burned in 83 B.C.
115. Cethego : dat. of possessor.
116. Saturnalibus : on the Saturnalia, a festival of merriment
and good will in honor of Saturn, beignning Dec. 17. Revolu-
tionists select holidays as the time for executing their plots.
Chapter 5
118. ne longum sit: not to he tedious, tabellas : short letters
were written on tablets (tabellae) made of two or more thin boards
Tabellae et Stilus
fastened together. The inner surfaces were hollowed out and
the depressions filled with wax, so as to leave a raised rim, re-
sembling our slates. Writing was done upon the wax by means
of a pointed instrument (stilus). The letter was bound with a
thread (linum), and sealed on the knot with wax (cera).
119. datae : written; sc. esse.
120. signum : the seal made on the knot with a signet ring.
121. Erat scriptum: the subj. is the inf. clause following.
123. orare : the subj. is sese (Cethegus). sibi recepissent:
had undertaken for him, i.e. had promised him (Cethegus).
124. qui : = cum is, although he; 192, h.^
125. apud ipsum : at his house.
Bur. A.
* — 808 535
B.
283
G.
634
H.
593
HB.
523
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 221
PAG.
127. recitatis litteris : by the reading of the letters, abiectus 44
conscientia : conscience-smitten.
129. manum : handwriting.
130. in eandem sententiam : to the same purport.
133. avi tui : P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 b.c.
135- revocare debuit : ought to have recalled.
136. eadem ratione : of the same character; abl. of description.
137. si vellet : subjv. in implied indir. disc.
139. exposito atque edito : given and taken down (recorded).
140. quid sibi esset : what he had to do (lit., what there was to
him).
144. fatis Sibyllinis : cf . 1. 108.
145. subito : adv.
146. posset infitiari : might have denied.
147. eum : obj. of defecit (1. 150).
151. litteras : the letter.
154. Erant : it was. sine nomine: the customary greeting
was omitted, as well as the name of the writer.
156. quern in locum : to what position, in the plot.
158. infimorum : of the lowest, referring to the slaves. 46
161. cum . . . tum : not only . . . hut also.
Chapter 6
168. Indiciis . . . editis : cf. 1. 139. The evidence was
recorded by the clerks of the Senate.
169. de summa re publica : for the highest welfare of ihe state.
£eri placeret : should he done (lit., was pleasing to he done).
170. principibus : i.e. the leading men of the Senate, includ-
ing ex-consuls and consuls elect. See Introd. 30.
171. sine uUa varietate : without any dissenting voice, unani-
mously.
176. sit liberata : subjv. in a quoted reason.
177. forti fidelique : may best be taken as pred. adj. Trans.
/ had found (usus essem) their service brave and loyal.
178. coUegae meo : C. Antonius, the other consul. He was
in sympathy with Catiline, but was made neutral by the promise
of the province of Macedonia for his proconsulship.
181. abdicasset : see Vocab. A Roman magistrate could not
be brought to trial until he resigned his office, in custodiam:
cf. Cat. I, 1. 251.
222
NOTES
iPAQB
46
46
184. hoc decretum est : this decree was passed (lit., this was
decreed). L. Cassium : a senator mentioned in 1. 105.
187. Apulia: a district used chiefly for grazing; cf. Cat. II,
1. 68. indicatum : proved.
188. deduxit : " deducere i<5 the technical word for leading
forth or conducting a colony to a place. The Roman colonia
marched out in military style, sub vexillo." — Nicol.
190. versatus : engaged.
192. ea . . . ut : such . . . that.
194. novem hominum : of this number Lentulus, Cethegus,
Statilius, and Gabinius were already under arrest ; Ceparius fled
from Rome when the conspiracy was discovered, but was ar-
rested later ; the rest escaped punishment by flight.
197. supplicatio : a solemn thanksgiving to the gods for vic-
tory, declared by the
Senate. The student
wiU recall the instances
mentioned in Caesar's
Gallic War.
199. togato : i.e. in a
civil capacity.
202. hoc interest :
there is this difference
(lit., differs this), hoc:
ace. used adverbially.^
The indicative (inter-
est) is used because the
difference exists
whether the comparison (conferatur) should be made or not.
203. gesta : sc. re publica.
204. quod primum fuit : the resignation of Lentulus men-
tioned in the next sentence.
206. indiciis, confessionibus : abl. of cause, iudicio : abl. of
accordance.
208-211. Order: ut in privato P. Lentulo puniendo liberare-
mur ea religione, quae . . . fuerat {which had not prevented
A Roman Sacrifice
Bur.
1 — 504
A.
390, c
B.
176, 2, o
G.
332
H.
409, 1
HB.
397
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 223
PAGE
Marius), quo minus . . . occideret (from killing Glaucia) de 46
quo . . . decretum.
208. quae Mario (dat. of possessor) fuerat : lit., which had
not been to Marius.
209. Glauciam : praetor in 100 b.c. He was allied with
Saturninus, the tribune, in opposing the senatorial party. See
note on Cat. I, 1. 37.
Chapter 7
216. cum pellebam : indie, because the clause merely
defines the time of the main verb ; 195, 6.^
218. somnum, adipes, temeritatem : the characteristics of the
men were well known to Cicero's audience. " This Cassius had
not a lean and hungry look." — Nicol.
220. tarn diu dum : (only) as long as. 48
221. norat : = noverat, he knew (lit., had learned), omnium
aditus : access to everybody; objective gen.
223. consilium : ability, shrewdness.
224. lam : moreover.
226. mandarat : = mandaverat. The indicative w. cum here
denotes repeated action, whenever, etc. ; 195, c.^ neque confec-
tum putabat : i.e. he did not assume that his command was
obeyed.
227. quod : the ace. is required only by obiret ; occurreret
takes the dat. vigilaret, laboraret : watch for, toil for. frigus,
etc. : cf. Cat. I, 1. 339.
231. domesticis : i.e. within the city.
234. Non ille . . . constituisset : he (emphatic) would not
have fixed upon the Saturnalia (but upon an earlier date), con-
stituisset, denuntiavisset, commisisset are subjunctives of
" ideal certainty " (Hale), or potential subjunctives, denoting
action contingent upon the condition implied, si in urbe
remansisset : 189.^
235. tanto ante : so long in advance.
236. neque commisisset : nor have permitted (made the mis-
take of allowing).
243. ut levissime dicam : to say the least.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB
' — 856
545
288,1
580
600
550
* — 904
548
288,3
584
601
579
• — 919
446
280
597
553
519
224 NOTES
PAGE
48 244. dimicandum fuisset : we should have had to fight. The
past indie, is more common than the subjv. (fuisset) in a peri-
phrastic conclusion ; 198, note 2.^
246. tanta pace, etc. : abl. of attendant circumstance.
Chapter 8
247. Quamquam : and yet.
249. Id consequi : to reach that conclusion, cum : not only.
250. quod : because, vix humani consili esse potuisse :
could scarcely have been within the power of human wisdom, con-
sili: pred. gen. ; 111.^
49 251. ita. praesentes : so clearly present.
254. ab occidente : in the west, the unlucky quarter of the
heavens, faces : meteors.
255. fulminum iactus : flashes of lightning^ terrae motus :
earthquakes.
256. nobis consulibus : in our consulship.
260. Cotta et Torquato consulibus : the year was 65 B.C.
261. de caelo percussas : struck by lightning.
262. depulsa : overthrown, from their pedestals.
263. legum aera : the laws were engraved on bronze tablets,
tactus : struck.
264. quern . . . meministis : which you recollect was in the
Capitol, gilded, small, and suckling, clinging to the breast of a wolf.
A bronze group of Romulus and Remus with the wolf-nurse, now
in the Capitoline museum, is marked as if by lightning and is
thought to be the statue to which Cicero refers.
266. Quo tempore cum : when at this time.
267. haruspices : Etruria was noted for its soothsayers. See
note on 1, 108.
60 270. omni ratione : by every possible means.
271. prope fata ipsa: even the gods were subject to fate and
could not change it.
272. responsis : abl. of accordance, ludi : public games were
celebrated as religious rites. They included chariot racing and
gladiatorial combats.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
1 — 921
517
304, 3
597, R. 3 .
582
582,3
« — 408
343
203
366
447
340
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE
225
Gladiatorial Combats
(From a Pompeian tomb relief)
275. in excelso : on a high situation, contra atque . . ,
fuerat : opposite to its former position.
277. illud signum : that statue, just finished.
281. conlocandum locaverunt : gave the contract for setting up,
282. superioribus consulibus : in the preceding consulships.
283. nobis : sc. consulibus.
Chapter 9
284. Hie : in this matter, aversus a : obstinate against.
285. mente captus : deprived of reason (lit., captured in mind).
qui . . . neget : as to say thai . . . not; a descriptive clause of
result.
288. esset responsum : by the soothsayers.
289. rei publicae : dat., for, etc. et ea : and that too.
292. Illud . . . est: was not this fact so opportune (piaesens)?
Illud is explained by the second ut- clause following (ut . . .
statueretur), the first ut- clause expressing result.
293- Optimi Maximi : best (and) mightiest.
294. per forum in aedem : the conspirators were taken from
Cicero's house on the Palatine Hill, and hence would have to be
led through the Forum to reach the temple on the Capitoline Hill.
299. Quo : wherefore, odio digni : for construction see 150.*
302. Quibus si : = et si eis. restitisse : from resisto. si
dicam : if I should say; 198, c, 2.2
page
50
61
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
> — 587
418. b
226,2
397,2
481
442
» — 915
51^, 6
303
596
576
580
226 NOTES
PAGE
SI 303. non ferendus : unbearable, ille, ille luppiter : he, yonder
Jupiter, said with a gesture toward the new statue.
314. suscepi : I have cherished.
322. creditae : entrusted.
324. commissae : given over.
327. nisi . . . ereptum : unless prudence had been taken
from this great audacity, i.e. from these bold men. audaciae :
dat. of separation, 113.^
331. Quid vero : se. dicam.
62 334. patriciis hominibus : Catiline, Cethegus, Lentulus, etc.
336, id : explained by the preceding noun clause ut homines
. . . anteponerent. praesertim qui : especially since they.
Chapter 10
339. pulvinaria : altars, more exactly cushioned couches on
which the images of the gods were laid before the altars. Food
and wine were set before the images in the feast called lectister-
nium.
340. celebratote : imperative fut., second pers. plur.
342. iusti : connect w. ac debiti, just and deserved, habiti
sunt : have been paid.
345. me uno togato : cf. Cat., II, 1. 408,
347. civiles dissensiones : the instances of civil strife cited
by Cicero in 11. 348-360 occurred during the war between the
democratic party under Marius and the aristocratic party under
Sulla, 88-77 b.c.
348. Sulla . . . Suspicium : P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune of
the plebs in 88 b.c, proposed a law transferring the command
against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius. Sulla marched upon
Rome and drove out his enemies. Sulpicius was killed ; Marius
escaped to Africa.
349. Marium custodem : so called because he saved Rome
from the Cimbri and Teutones in 102 b.c.
351. Octavius . . . collegam: in 87 b.c. the consuls were Cn.
Octavius, a partisan of Sulla, and L, Cornelius Cinna, leader of
the democratic party in the absence of Marius, Cinna proposed
to enlarge the franchise privileges of the Italians and began an
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB,
>~477 381 18S. d 345 427 371
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 227
PAGE
agitation in favor of his party. In the riots that foUowed 10,000 53
are said to have perished. Octavius was victorious, and Cinna
fled from Rome.
352. hie locus : the Forum.
353. redundavit : was filled, w. acervis; ran, w. sanguine; an
instance of zeugma ; 247.^ Cinna cum Mario : these leaders
returned to the city at the head of a large army and took ven-
geance upon their enemies.
354. clarissimis viris : including Octavius the consul, Anto-
nius the orator, Scaevola the highpriest. Marius died a few
days after the victory and Cinna returned to power.
356. Sulla : having finished the war mth Mithridates, 83 b.c,
Sulla entered Rome and placed 5000 names upon his proscription
lists, remaining dictator till his death, 78 b.c. ne . . . opus
est : it is quite needless to say.
358. Lepidus, Catulo : consuls 78 b.c. The former, a Marian,
attempted to overthrow Sulla's constitution, but was driven from
the city by his colleague.
.359- rei publicae : dat. w. attulit.
367. quaesivit : aimed at.
369. uno maximo : without exception (lit., alone) the greatest.
370. quale bellum : a war such as.
371. quo in bello: a war in which. 54
372. constituta : laid down, ut omnes . . . ducerentur : that
all should be classed as enemies, etc., a noun clause explaining lex
haec. salva urbe : abl. abs.
379. tantum civium : only so many citizens.
382. restitisset : had survived. The subjv. depends on putas-
sent, and would be fut. perf. in dir. disc.
Chapter 11
388. pro : in return for. rebus : services.
397. In animis : note the emphatic position.
399. condi et conlocari : to be stored and treasured. Nihil
mutum : as a statue.
401. nostrae res : my deeds.
402. litterarum monumentis : in the records of literature. 55
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
-1070 374 690 751 631
228 NOTES
PAGE
&6 403. eandem diem intellego propagatam esse : I feel sure that
the same time has been granted. Cicero means that his consulship
will be rememibered as long as the city stands.
406. quorum alter : i.e. Pompey, who had conquered Mithri-
dates.
408. terminaret: limited; the subjv. depends on intellego.
alter: i.e. Cicero himself.
Chapter 12
410. quae illorum : as (in the case) of those men.
411. mihi . . . illi : contrasted emphatically.
413. vestrum est : it is your duty. The subj. of est is pro-
videre (1. 417). si ceteris . . . prosunt: if others deservedly
profit by their acts, ceteris : ind. obj.
414. Mentes : designs.
417. mihi nihil noceri potest : no harm can be done to me (lit.,
in no way can harm be done to me), nihil is an adverbial ace. For
<he passive noceri see 112 ; note 2.^
419. quod : rel. mihi : for me.
421. tacita : concessive, though silent, conscientiae : i.e.
the conviction that Cicero had saved the state, quam qui neg-
legunt: = et ei qui neglegunt eam.
423. is Animus : such spirit.
424. nullius : used as gen. of nemo, audaciae : dat.
426. in mw unum : within five years Cicero was forced to go
into exile because of his part in punishing the conspirators.
427. qua condicione : in what position, i.e. what is to be their lot.
429. mihi ipsi : as for myself; dat. w. adquiri.
430. ad vitae tructum : to life's enjoyment.
431. quicquam altius : Cicero now held the highest office Id
the state.
56 434. ut privatus . . . ornem : that as a private citizen I will
uphold and dignify.
435. laedat, valeat : supply a connective, ut mihi valeat ad
gloriam : that it may redound to my glory.
437. gesserim : subjv. by attraction.
440. vestrum : unusual form of the objective gen.
441. aeque : see Vocab.
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
-459 369 187 346 426.3 364
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
1. The penalty. — On December 4, the Senate voted rewards to
the Allobroges and Volturcius, and heard further evidence. Fi-
nally, on December 5, this body met in the Temple of Concord at
the foot of the Capitoline Hill, to consider the question of punish-
ment for the prisoners. Silanus advocated the death penalty ;
Caesar, life imprisonment and the confiscation of their property.
Then the consul, as the presiding officer, reviewed the two opin-
ions in his Fourth Oration against Catiline. He was followed by
M. Porcius Cato, the young tribune-elect, who in a speech of
great vigor declared that the conspirators were criminals who
deserved death. The Senate had been strongly impressed by
M. Porcius Cato (Uticensis) and his Wife
229
230
NOTES
the proposal of Caesar, but, after hearing Cato, decided for imme'
diate execution.
2. The execution. — Without delay, the five prisoners were
taken to the state's prison, known as the Tullianum, where in the
A Section of the Tullla.num
(Showing the upper and the lower dungeon pictured on page 82 of the text. See
Sallust's description, chapter 55, page 1T8.)
lower dungeon, death was inflicted by strangling. (See Introd.
43.) On his way across the Forum Cicero announced to the
populace " Vixerunt,'' " they have lived." Although the law
provided that Roman citizens should not be put to death without
appeal to the people, Cicero attempted to justify the Senate's
course on the plea that such men were not to be treated as citizens.
3. The fate of Catiline. — Early in 62 b.c. the rebel forces,
attempting to escape into Cisalpine Gaul, were annihilated near
Faesulae, between two divisions of the Roman army. Of Cati-
line, who led them, the historian Florus wrote, Catilina longe a
suls inter hostium cadavera repertus est, pulcherrimd morte, si prd
patrid sic concidisset.
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 231
OUTLINE
I. Exordium — The welfare of the state alone to be consulted,
Ch. 1, 2.
XL Narratio — The two propositions for punishment, Ch. 3-5.
III. Propositio et Confirmatio — The relative merits of these
propositions, Ch. 6-9.
IV. Peroratio — The Senate's duty to the state and to the consul,
Ch. 10, 11.
Chapter 1 pagh
I. in me : toward me. vestrum : poss. gen. of vos. 57
3. vestro : se. periculo. depulsum sit : implied indir. disc,
for depulsum erit.
4. iucunda : pleasing, grata : welrome.
7. si . . . data est : i.e. if the consulship has been given to me
on these terms.
9. f eram : fut.
13. aequitas continetur : justice is centered. The reference is
to the law courts or basilicas, located around the Forum, cam-
pus consecratus : the consuls were elected by the Comitia Cen-
turiata, which met in the Campus Martins. But no election could
take place until the auspices were favorable.
14. auxilium . . . gentium : the Senate, meeting usually in
the Curia, determined the policy of the Roman government
toward foreign nations.
16. lectus : cf. Cat. I. 1. 129. haec sedes : the sella curulis,
or curule chair, a symbol of authority for a
consul, censor, praetor, curule aedile, dicta-
tor, or magister equitum. It was shaped
like a camp chair, without a back, resting
on ivory legs.
19. meo quodam dolore : with some pain
on my own part; abl. of attendant circum-
stance, in vestro timore : i.e. while you were Sella Curulis
afraid.
20. ut . . . eriperem . a noun clause explaining hunc exitum.
22. virgines Vestales : cf. note on Cat., Ill, 1. 113.
27. subeatur : let it 63 endured; 187, 6.^ fatale : cf. Cat., Ill, 69
1. 111.
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
»--768 439 275 263 659 60)
232 NOTES
PAGE
59 34. cur non laeter : why should I not rejoice t A deliberative
question; 201.^
Chapter 2
47. praesident : watch over, pro eo ac mereor : in such measure
as I deserve.
48. gratiam ; see Vocab. si quid obtigerit (fut. perf.) : if any-
thing happens, put mildly for if I shall he killed.
50. consulari : death could not be untimely for a man who had
held the highest office.
51. sapienti : Roman philosophy taught that one should en-
dure with calmness whatever fate might befall him.
52. fratris : Quintus TuUius Cicero, the praetor elect. In 54
B.C. he served as a legatus with Caesar's army in Gaul ; Caes,
B. G., Bk. V, 38-52. praesentis : now present.
60 53- horum : his friends among the senators.
54. Neque . . . revocat : and often my thoughts are recalled
homeward by, etc. neque non : = et.
55. uxor : Terentia. filia : TuUia. parvulus filfus : Marcus,
now only two years old. Cicero in his letters gives evidence of
his affection for his family.
57. obsidem : the thought of his son's name and welfare would
strengthen Cicero's purpose. If he failed while performing his
duty, the state would protect his heir.
58. gener : C. Calpurnius Piso, TuUia's husband. He was
not a senator, and therefore stood with the other spectators at
the entrance of the temple.
59. in eam partem uti : to the end (or purpose) that.
61. una peste : in one common destruction.
62. incumbite, circumspioite : lit,, bend to the oars, look out for.
These words with nautical meaning suggest the ship of state.
64. Non Ti. Gracchus . . . adducitur : (it is) not Tiberius
Gracchus . . . (who) is brought.
69. vestram omnium : = omnium vestrum.
72. servitia : = servi, abstract for the concrete.
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
— 771 444 277 265 642 503
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 233
Chapter 3
PAQ
76. indices : the witnesses, rei : from reus. 60
77. iudiciis : the official measures explained in the following
statement.
82. dandos : sc. esse.
83. qui hones : an honor which.
85. praemia : Sallust says that the Senate had offered to any 61
slave who should give information, freedom and 100,000 ses-
terces ; to a freeman, impunity and 200,000 sesterces.
87. nominatim : the names are given by Sallust, Cat., 47, 4.
90. tamquam integrum : as an open question.
91. praedicam : will say first, sunt consulis : belong to the
consul (to say) ; pred. gen. of possession.
92. nova . . . mala : that certain strange evils were brewing and
stirring.
94. haberi : was being made.
96. ante noctem : to be valid, a decree of the Senate must be
passed before sunset.
97. delatum sit : has been reported.
99. Latius opinione : more widely than is supposed.
100. transcendit Alpes : this refers to the Allobroges.
loi. provincias : Catiline expected aid from Spain, and from
Mauretania in northern Africa.
102. sustentando aut prolatando : by forbearance or delay.
Chapter 4
104. sententias : the motions offered, or opinions expressed by
the senators, when called upon by the presiding officer ; cf . Cat.
I. 1. 109. D. Silani : being consul elect he was entitled to speak
first ; see Introd. 30.
105. haec : these things, i.e. this city.
106. C. Caesaris : Gains Julius Caesar, leader of the popular
party. He had been quaestor and aedile and was now praetor
elect for 62 b.c.
108. amplectitur: (but) includes; asyndeton, pro: in accord-
ance with, rerum : the crisis.
109. versatur : is in favor of, advocates. Alter ; i.e. Silanus ;
subj. of putat.
III. punctum: ace. of duration.
234 NOTES
PAGE
61 112. vita: abl. w. frui; 147.^
115. Alter: i.e. Caesar, intellegit: recognizes the fact that.
62 116. necessitatem : a necessity, when resulting from natural
causes, laborum (obj. gen.) quietem (1. 117) : a rest from toils,
when self-inflicted. This was the teaching of the Epicurean phi-
losophers regarding death.
118. inviti: used Sidverhislly, unwillingly.
119. Vincula et ea sempiterna : imprisonment and that too for
life. In this argument it must be remembered that Cicero him-
self favored the death penalty. Life imprisonment, as he shows,
would be more severe than death, but it was not legal as a penalty,
and besides there were no prisons for the purpose.
121. iubet : i.e. he proposes to order them (sc. eos). Habere :
to involve, ista res : that proposition, iniquitatem : it would be
unfair to the towns to impose the burden of responsibility for the
prisoners, difficultatem (1. 122) : a refusal to take them would
embarrass the towns in their relations with Rome.
122. si velis : if you (i.e. any one) vrish; the indef. second
person sing, requires the subjv. in subordinate clauses.^ De-
cernatur : let it be decreed.
124. reperiam : sc. eos.
125. esse suae dignitatis : (it) is consistent with their honor;
pred. poss. gen. recusare : the obj. is id.
126. eorum : w, vincula. ruperit : subjv. in implied ind.
disc, representing a fut, perf.
128. eorum : of these men, limiting poenam.
134. ademisset : the idea that there was no life after death
was held by many of Cicero's hearers. But this declaration does
not agree with Cicero's own sentiment expressed at the close of
the First Oration; Cat. I. 11. 430-437. improbis (dat.) esset
posita : might he inspired in the wicked.
135. apud inferos : contrasted with in vita, eius modi : modi-
fying supplicia. illi antiqui voluerunt : the ancient (writers) held,
or maintained.
137. his remotis : abl. abs. expressing condition.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
« — 572
410
218
407
477
429
• — 912
518,o
302.2
595
388,3
504.2
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 235
Chapter 5 ^.^t-
PAGE
139, mea quid intersit : what is for my interest; i.e. to advo- 62
cate Cicero's plan. For the abl. mea see 107.^
141. banc viam : that course, politically. Caesar was leader of
the popular party at this time, popularis : popular, democratic.
This word, occurring six times in this chapter, passes into the
meanings devoted to the people's interest, and agreeable to the people.
142. hoc auctore : abl. abs.
143. populares : of the people, pertimescendi : w. erunt.
144. alteram : sc. eritis secuti. nescio an : possibly, or I am
inclined to think (lit., / do not know whether), contrahatur:
subjv. in an indir. question.
145. rationes : considerations.
146. vincat : outweigh; subjv. of command.
147. maiorum amplitudo : in the Aeneid the gens fo which
Caesar belonged is traced to lulus, grandson of Venus.
149. Intellectum est quid interesset : it was seen (when Caesar
spoke) what a difference there is. levitatem : " irresponsible utter-
ances."— Nicol.
152. de istis : eorum.
153. non neminem : one or more. Cicero may have had in
mind particularly the tribune elect, Q. Metellus Nepos, who
with his veto a few weeks later prevented Cicero from addressing
the people on the ground that the consul's execution of the con-
spirators was illegal, de capite : regarding the life, or civil rights.
The power to condemn a citizen to death did not belong to the
Senate, but to the people in the Comitia Centuriata.
154. sententiam ferat : cast a vote. Is : singular in form, re-
ferring to non neminem.
155. mihi : in my honor.
156. Order : lam . . . dubium est, quid, . . . iudicarit, qui. . .
decrerit (= decreverit).
157. quaesitori : the investigator, i.e. CiGero.
158. re et causa: the fad (of the conspiracy) and the case (i.e.
the legal question).
159. legem Semproniam : the law of C. Sempronius Gracchus
reaffirming the right of Roman citizens to appeal to the people
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
> — 434 355 210 381 449 345
236 NOTES
PAGF
63 before they could be punished with death. But enemies of their
country cannot be protected by this law (1. 161).
162 latorem : if Gracchus himself was not saved by his law,
how can these men be saved by it ?
163. rei publicae : dat. of ind. obj.
164. largitorem et prodigum: concessive, however lavish a
giver.
166. popularem : a friend of the people, homo mitissimus :
referring to Caesar.
169. se iactare : to make himself conspicuous, in pernicie :
while ruining.
Chapter 6
173. sive hoc statueritis : i.e. if you pass Caesar's motion.
174. comitem ad contionem : a companion for the assembly.
After the meeting of the Senate the consul would be expected
to call an informal assembly of the people (contio), and announce
the Senate's decision, as he did in delivering the third oration.
It was the custom for the man who proposed the bill to stand with
the consul, as he thus addressed the people, populo : w. carum
atque iucundum.
176. populo Romano : in the eyes of the Roman people; dat. of
reference.
178. quae: w. crudelitas. tanti sceleris immanitate : a crime
of such enormity (lit., the enormity of so great a crime).
179. de meo sensu : by my own feelings.
64 180. ita mihi liceat : so may I be permitted.
181. ut non moveor : as I am not actuated.
186. animo : abl. of means.
187. versatur, etc. : there rises before my eyes, mihi : dat. of
reference.
189. proposui : / have pictured.
190. ex fatis : in accordance with the fates; cf. Cat. Ill, 1. 111.
purpuratum huic (dat. of reference) : his prime minister (lit., clad
in purple), suggesting the court of an oriental king.
192. familias : an old form of the gen. sing.
199. de sumpserit : inflict upon (lit., take from), utrum . . •
videatur: depending on quaero (1. 196).
201. qui . . . lenierit: a descriptive causal clause.
aoi. nocentis : referring to the slave (1. 196). in : in the case of.
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 237
PAGE
206. id egerunt : have aimed at this, ut . . . conlocarent : 64
in appos. w, id.
210. fama : in the sense of infamia.
212. L. Caesar : consul 64 b.c, a distant relative of C. Caesar.
His sister Julia was the wife of Lentulus.
214. virum : husband, praesentem : who was present. 66
215. dixit: for mood see 195, b. avum : M. Fulvius Flaceus,
the grandfather of L. Caesar. He was a partisan of C. Gracchus,
and was killed with him ; see Cat. 1, 1. 36 and note.
216. filium : in the revolution led by Gracchus, the son of
Fulvius, eighteen years old, was sent to compromise with the
government. He was thrown into prison by ihe consul Opimius
and put to death.
218. Quorum . . . factum: what deed of theirs was like this
(crime of the conspiracy) ?
219. Largitionis voluntas: the spirit of lavish giving, referring
to the giving of grain and land at low rates to the people, par-
tium : of political parties.
223. hie : i.e. this our Lentulus, contrasted w. ille.
228. Vereamini: you should fear, s&id with, irony. The subjv.
here expresses obligation.
Chapter 7
233. exaudio : overhear; said of the sentiments expressed by
the senators in an undertone.
235. ut : what is the meaning after vereri? 205, 6.^
237. Omnia et provisa, etc. : hence there is no cause for fear.
238. cum . . . turn etiam : not only . . . but also.
239. multo maiore : w. voluntate.
241. generum : classes.
243. huius templi : i.e. the Temple of Concord.
244. inventa : known.
252. Quid commemorem : why should I mention ? A question 67
of deliberation ; 201.2
253. summam ordinis consilique : preeminence in rank and
counsel, ita ut : only to. de : in.
Bur.
A.
» — 838
564
• — 771
444
B. G. H. HB.
296 550,2 567 502,4
277 265 642 503
238
NOTES
PAGE
67
68
255. ex dissensione huius ordinis : after a quarrel with this
order. The quarrel between the Senate and the equites arose
over the question who should be the jurors in the courts of justicCc
This right originally held by the senators alone was transferred to
the equites by C. Gracchus. Sulla restored the right to the- sena-
tors. By the Aurelian law in 70 b.c, the jury was divided be-
tween the senators, the equites, and the tribunes of the treasury.
262. tribunes aerarios : their duties are not clearly defined,
but were first connected with raising and disbursing the war tax.
At this time they constituted an order in the state, scribas :
on Dec. 5, the date of this oration, the clerks were customarily
assigned by lot (sors) to the quaestors, to serve in the provinces.
Cicero says that they had come away from the treasury because
they were more interested in the fate of the conspirators than in
their own fortune.
263. quos : = cos, them, cum : conj. aerarium : the treasury
was in the Temple of Saturn, near the Temple of Concord.
265. ingenuorum : of free-born men, opposed to lib ertini, /reec?-
men.
266. non : w. cum (1. 268), not only.
Chapter 8
270. libertinorum hominum :
their freedom was gained either
by purchase with their own sav-
ings, or as a gift from the master
in recognition of their merit.
273. quidam : members of the
conspiracy, loco : abl. of source
or origin ; 134.^
278. nemo : adj., no. qui
mode sit : providing he he ; 199.^
281. quantum: w. voluntatis.
283. hoc quod auditum est:
thif< rumor, explained by lenoneni
. . imperitorum.
283. tabernas : the shops of
Plan of a Shop (Pompeii)
1.
2.
Entrance 3.
Counter 4.
5,5.
Place for a fire
Stairway to upper floor
Back rooms
Bur. A.
1 — 532 403
8 — 929 528
B.
215
310
G.
395
573
H.
467
587
HB.
413
529
FOURTH ORATIOl^ AGAINST CATILINE 239
A Baker's Shop
(This cut from a Pompeian wall painting shows the typical corner counter (see plafc
on p. 238) ; the loaves of bread on the counter ; the clerk, the customers, and the little
slave reaching up to take the purchase.)
tradesmen and artisans, especially those along the north and south
sides of the Forum, pretio : by money.
288. voluntate perditi : corrupt in purpose, qui non velint :
as not to wish; subjv. of description, sellae : i.e. the workmen's
bench.
291. salvum : preserved.
293. genus : class.
294. omne instrumentum : their whole stock in trade.
295. frequentia sustentatur, alitur otic: " chiastic " order;
238. quorum si : = et si eorum.
PAOI
68
240 NOTES
PAGE
68 296. futurum fuit : would have happened; a conclusion con-
trary to fact, the condition being implied in incensis (tabernis).
For the form see 198, note 2.^
Chapter 9
302. media : the midst of.
306. supplex : as a suppliant.
307. arcem et Capitolium : " the Capitoline Hill had two sum-
mits, the arx or ancient citadel, and the height crowned by the
Temple of Jupiter."
jo8. aras Penatium : sc. publicorum. The state had its
Penates as well as each family. The national Penates were wor-
shiped on the Palatine, and were fabled to have come from an-
cient Troy, ilium ignem : ever burning in the temple of Vesta.
69 314, vestri: the form regularly used for the objective gen. pi.
quae facultas : an advantage which.
318. quantis . . . imperium: with how great labor the govern-
ment (was) founded.
320. una . . . delerit : (and) how one night almost destroyed
(all). Literally, of course, imperium, libertatem, fortunas are obj.
of delerit. una nox : the night of the meeting at Laeca's house,
or perhaps of the arrest of the Allobroges at the Mulvian Bridge.
325. officio : 147.
326. functa : sc. esse.
Chapter 10
70 327. ad sententiam (sc. rogandam) : to asking your opinions^
as Cicero had begun to do ; cf. 1. 96.
328. quanta: as great as; correlative w. tantam.
334. Quodsi . . . concitata : a forecast of the exile into which
Cicero was driven a few years later.
339. me meorum factorum paenitebit : 106.^
343. quam illi minitantur: urith which they threaten (me).
345. vitae : during life (lit., of life).
347. honestastis : = honestavistis.
350. bene gesta : sc. re publica ; abl. abs. denoting cause.
Bur. A. B. G. H. EB.
» — 923 517, d 304, 3 597, R. 582 581, o
• — 444 354 200 377 457 352
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 241
PAGE
352. Sit, ornetur, etc. : 187, b.^ Scipio : the elder Scipio, who 70
was the victorious leader in the Second Punic War.
353. Italia : we should expect ex.
354. alter Africanus : P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus
Minor, sonof AemiliusPaulus, but adopted into the Scipio family ;
hence his name. He captured Carthage in 146 b.c. and Numan-
tia in 133, thus ending the wars with Carthage and Spain.
356. Paulus : father of the younger Scipio just mentioned.
The Macedonian king Perses was defeated by him at Pydna in
168 B.C.
358. bis liberavit : by his victory over the Teutons in 102 b.c,
and over the Cimbri in 101.
360. res gestae : exploits, deeds, soils cursus : sc. continetur. 71
363. quo : = ad quas.
364. quo: a country to which (lit., whither).
366. Quamquam : and yet. uno loco : in one respect.
368. oppress! serviunt : (when) conquered become our slaves.
371. cum reppuleris : when you have driven.
372. possis : you can (w. the force of potes). Both verbs are
in the subjv. because of the indef . second person, mihi : dat. of
agent.
377. a me : abl. of separation.
380. conspirationem : not conspiracy; see Vocab.
Chapter 11
382. pro imperio : in place of the military command. The rich
province of Macedonia had fallen by lot to Cicero for his procon-
sulship, but he had conceded it to his colleague Antonius, to secure
the latter' s neutrality.
385. clientelis : clientships. A province or provincial town
might appoint an ex-governor or other influential person to be
its representative (patronus) at Rome. The provincials were then
his clients (clientes). hospitiis : ties of friendship, formed by
two citizens of different states, by which they were bound to
protect and aid each other ; or a community might honor an
individual by making him their hospes.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
t
— 768
438
273
263
559
500
242 NOTES
PAGE
71 386. urbanis opibus : by my influence in the city.
387. pro (meis studiis) : in return for.
72 391. quae dum : for as long as this (memory).
396. suo solius periculo : with risk to himself alone. What
would solo mean ?
405. praestare : be responsible for (stand good for).
Read Introductory Note, p. 229.
THE MANILIAN LAW
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
1. Mithridates. — One of Rome's most formidable foes was
Mithridates the Great, king of Pontus, a country south of the
Black Sea. As early as 90 b.c. he had extended his power over
a large part of Asia Minor. Allying himself with Tigranes, king
of Armenia, he overran the Roman province of Asia, i.e. Phrygia,
Mysia, Caria, and Lydia. In 88 b.c, by his edict, 80,000
Italians on the Asiatic Coast were cruelly murdered. His next
step was to invade Greece. At this time Sulla, the Roman gen-
eral, was sent against him, who within four years reestablished
the Roman power, causing the king to give up his conquests,
surrender 80 war vessels, and pay a heavy fine. This was the
First Mithridatic War (88-84 b.c). The Second Mithridatic
War (83-82 b.c) was of little importance, though resulting in the
defeat of Murena, whom Sulla had left in command.
2. The Third Mithridatic War (74-63 B.C.). — For eight years
the king increased his forces and strengthened his cause. In 74
he renewed hostilities by invading Bithynia. The Romans were
led in succession by LucuUus, Glabrio, and Pompey. LucuUus,
who was an able general, conquered both Mithridates and Ti-
granes taking the greater part of Pontus and the Armenian capital.
But this conquest was left incomplete by the mutiny of his sol-
diers and his recall, secured by his enemies at Rome (74-67 b.c).
Taking advantage of this situation, the king succeeded in recov-
ering all his lost territory, while the incompetent Glabrio, who
succeeded LucuUus, remained inactive (67-66 b.c). It was
then that the Romans turned to Pompey.
3. Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius) was preeminently a soldier.
Born in 106 b.c, he was, at the age of 17, a subordinate to his
father in the Social War. He had distinguished himself in Italy
under Sulla, in Africa against the Marians who had fled there, in
Gaul, in Spain against Sertorius, and, on his return from Spain,
243
244 NOTES
against Spartacus and the slaves. In 70 he was made consul,
though under legal age, and not having been praetor or quaestor.
The bill of the tribune A. Gabinius, in 67 b.c, gave him supreme
command for three years over all the Mediterranean and its
coasts for ten miles inland. It was in the exercise of this com-
mand that Pompey won his greatest fame, by promptly clearing
the Mediterranean of the pirates who had been a menace to com-
merce for many years.
4. The Manilian Law. — With the popularity naturally result-
ing from this career, Pompey was logically the man for the war
with Mithridates. The tax-farming Equites and all classes ex-
cept the conservative Optimates demanded him. C. Manilius
the tribune nominated him early in 66 b.c, in the bill known as
the Manilian Law. The Optimates, represented by Catulus and
Hortensius, opposed the law on the ground that it bestowed too
much power on an individual. Cicero, who was serving as
praetor, was the chief advocate of the bill. The speech which he
then delivered was his first from the Rostra to the popular
assembly. It is noted as a model for " clearness of statement,
beauty of diction, and regularity of construction." But it has
been criticised because it treats the questions of public policy
but superficially, conjuring with facts rather than weighing argu-
ments.
6. End of the War. — The bill was passed by the Comitia,
and Pompey, who was still in Cilicia, hastened to encounter
Mithridates. Within three years (66-63 b.c), the king was
completely vanquished, and perished in the Crimea, to which he
had fled.
Consult Forsyth, W., " Cicero," Vol. I, p. 100; Sirachan-
Davidson, J. L., " Cicero," p. 86 ; Plutarch, " Lives of Sulla,
Lucullus, Pompey."
OUTLINE
I. Exordium — Reason for the speech, Ch. 1.
II. Narratio et Partitio — The statement of the case, Ch. 2.
III. Confirmatio —
1. The character of the war, Ch. 2 (par. 3)-7.
2. The greatness of the war, Ch. 8, 9.
3. The choice of a commander. Pompey*s qualifications :
o. Military knowledge, Ch. 10 ;
b. Ability (his soldierly and other virtues), Ch. 11-14 ;
THE MANILIAN LAW
245
c. Prestige, Ch. 15, 16 (par. 1) ;
d. Good fortune ; nearness to the scene of the war, Ch. 16
(par. 2)-17 (par. 1).
IV. Refutatio — The objections of Hortensius, Catulus, and
others, Ch. 17 (par. 2)-23.
V. Peroratio — Appeal to Manlius and to the citizens, Ch. 24.
Chapter 1
1. frequens conspectus vaster: the sight of your crowded as-,
semhly.
2. hie locus : i.e. the rostra in the Forum. The right of ad-
dressing the people on a question of legislation (ius agendi) be-
PAGE
76
Front Elevation of the Rostra (Restored)
(The small rectangles on the front indicate the positions of the beaks of ships with
which the rostra was ornamented and from which it took its name.)
longed only to a magistrate (hence amplissimus, most dignified) ^
though he might delegate the privilege to a private citizen (hence
ornatissimus, most honorable.
4. aditu laudis : pathway to fame, optimo cuique : to all the
best men.
6. vitae rationes : plan of life, in the practice of his legal pro-
fession, ineunte : early (lit., beginning).
7. per aetatem : a citizen under forty years could not be prae-
tor, and hence had not the ius agendi. See Introd. 32.
246
NOTES
tAGE
75
t6
8. perf ectum : refers to the thought in an address ; elaboratum
to its form; " nothing save the finished product of talent and
painstaking industry." — NicoL
ID. temporibus : the necessities, periculis (1. 12) legal dangers^
trials.
13 caste integreque : the Cineian law (204 b.c.) made it
illegal for advocates to receive fees. Cicero here implies his own
innocence.
14. dilationem : the election for the eight praetors, which was
held in the Comitia Centuriata, was declared void on two occasions
in 67 B.C. possibly because of some political disturbance. On
each occasion Cicero had been elected first and unanimously
before the postponement (dilationem) occurred.
19. honoribus mandandis : hy conferring honors (offices),
20. ex forensi usu : i.e. from practice in the courts.
24. ei rei : for this ability, i.e. in dicendo. quoque : as well
as for other qualifications.
26. laetandum esse : is a cause for rejoicing (lit., w. pass,
force, must be rejoiced over).
39. copia : abundance of material, modus : proper limit.
Chapter 2
43. ducitur : is derived, originates.
46. alter relictus : Mithridates, after being defeated by Lu-
cullus, had been allowed to escape, alter
lacessitus : Tigranes had been provoked to
warfare by the demand to surrender Mith-
ridates, his father-in-law, who had taken
refuge with him.
47. Asiam : the Roman province consist-
ing of Phrygia, Mysia, Caria, and Lydia.
48. Equitibus : the members of the
equestrian order, because of their wealth,
were the financiers of Rome.
49. magnae res aguntur : capital is at
stake.
51. necessitudine : Cicero himself came
from an equestrian family.
52. detulerunt : the obj. of this verb ex-
CoiN OF Mithridates tends to neminem (1. 60).
THE MANILIAN LAW 247
PAOB
53. vestra provincia : Bithynia had been bequeathed to the 76
Romans by Nicomedes III. in 74 b.c. quae . . . est: paren-
thetical, and not affected by the indir. disc.
54. regnum Ariobarzanis : Cappadocia, bordering on Pontus. 77
56. magnis rebus gestis : concessive.
57. qui successerit : the successor of LucuUus was Glabrio,
who was incompetent for the task, esse paratum : sc. eum as
subj.
58. unum : one man, Pompey. imperatorem : pred. ace.
64. quod ( = ut id) . . . debeat : a descriptive clause of
result.
65. persequendi : sc. belli : of ^prosecuting it, i.e. following it
up to the end.
71. pads ornamenta, subsidia belli : chiasmus; 238.^
73. a vobis : abl. instead of dat. of agent, to avoid confusion
w. quibus which is dat. of ind. obj.
Chapter 3
77. ilia macula: explained by quod (1. 79) . . . regnat (1. 84),
etc. bello superiore : the First Mithridatic War, 88-83 b.c.
78. insedit : from inside.
80. una significatione litterarum : hy one stroke of the pen, as
we should say. Mithridates commanded that all Italians in his
dominions be put to death. Eighty thousand are said to have
perished.
85, latebris : abl. of means, but trans, in the hiding places.
86. versari : to flaunt himself.
88. insignia victoriae : i.e. the triumphal procession in Rome, 7g
granted by the Senate on the return of the victorious army.
89. Sulla's triumph was celebrated in 83 b.c, Murena's in
81.
93. quod : sc. propter id : for what they did, etc.
94. res publica : the political situation, caused by the renewed
supremacy of the Marian faction, while Sulla was absent. To
meet this, Sulla returned to Rome, leaving his lieutenant Murena
in command.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
1067
598
350
682
666
628
248 NOTES
Chapter 4
PAGE
78 98. qui : subj. of misit ; trans, w. postea cum, afterward, when
he.
99. classes exercitusque : for an account of his new forces and
equipment, read Plutarch's Lucullus.
100. potuisset : subj v. by attraction.
102. ac litteras : we should say with despatches, eos duces:
i.e. Sertorius and his associates, who succeeded Marius in Spain,
Sertorius, who was a very able leader, agreed to send the king
Roman military instructors in exchange for a fleet.
103. disiunctissimis . . . diversis : Pontus and Spain, widely
separated and most remote (in opposite directions) from Rome.
104. binis : used for duobus.^
79 106. de imperio : for the supremacy.
107. alterius partis : from one quarter.
no. in altera parte : in the East, res: affairs.
III. initia . . . gestarum : his exploits at the beginning,
114. alio loco : in chapter 8.
115. vera : deserved, ei : dat. of separation.
Chapter 5
120. Maiores . . . gesserunt : the statement refers to cam-
paigns against the lUyrian pirates, in 229 b.c.
121. inluriosius : the force of the comp. is somewhat, rather:
so in superbius, 1. 124 ; see 160.^ tot milibus : see note, 1. 80.
124. appellati superbius : Sparta desired to withdraw from the
Achaean League and appealed to Rome for help. Commissioners
were sent to Greece to settle the difficulty (148 b.c), but they were
insulted in the assembly at Corinth, prevented from speaking,
and, as some say, imprisoned. Cicero states the offense mildly
for the sake of argument.
125. exstinctum: agreeing in gender w. lumen ; Corinthus i8
feminine.
126. legatum consularem : M. Aquillius, who had been con-
sul with Marius in 101 b.c. He was sent in 90 b.c. to restore the
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
1 — 218
137
81
97
164
247
« — 642
291
240
297
498
241
THE MANIIJAN LAW 249
PAQB
kings of Cappadocia and Bithynia to their thrones, from which 79
Mithridates had driven them. But, urging Nicomedes to invade
Pontus and leading an army himself against that country, he for-
feited his rights as an ambassador, and justly so in the eyes of
Mithridates.
128. libertatem imminutam : the infringement of the liberty.
Notice this use of the participle instead of a noun w. a limiting
gen. ; cf. ante urbem conditam.
131. relinquetis : leave unpunished.
135. Quod : the fact that, vocatur : is brought.
138. duo reges : see 1. 45. 80
143. alium : Glabrio.
146. omnia : all qualifications, propter : adv. quo : for which
reason, carent : sc. eo and see 149.^
148. maritimum bellum : i.e. the war w. the pirates, venerit :
subjv. due to indtr. disc.
151. quorum salutem commendetis : to have you intrust their
safety; 192, c. 2
152. hoc (abl.) etiam magis : and that too all the more.
154. cum imperio : with full authority, ut : denoting result.
Chapter 6
161. Antiocho : the Roman people fought with Antiochus, king
of Syria, on behalf of Pergamus and Rhodes, 192 b.c. Antiochus
was aided by the Aetolian League (cum Aetolis). The war with
Philip V, of Macedonia, was undertaken for the Athenians ; the
three Punic wars, for allies in Sicily, Spain, and Africa. But the
protection of allies in all these wars was merely a pretext for con-
quest.
165. de vectigalibus agatur : = vectigalia agantur.
166. tanta : (only) so great, scarcely enough to pay the troops.
166. eis contenti : see 150.' 81
171. belli utilitatem : the advantage gained by war, derived from
the resulting revenues.
173. in : in the case of.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
» — 528
401
214
405
462
425
» — 798
535
282
631
591
513
• — 676
431
219
401. 6
476
438
250 NOTES
PAQE
81 178. pecuaria . . . conquiescit : "The English prefers the
concrete, the ranches are deserted, the fields left untilled, the trading
vessels lie idle.'' — Nicol.
179. ex portu : duties on imports and exports, collected at the
harbors, decumis : tithes (" tenths "), the tax on farm products,
scriptura : a tax on cattle grazing in the public lands, according
to the number listed (scribere).
181. fructus : income.
184. exercent : men " farmed " the taxes, i.e., took the con-
tract for collecting them. The contract was awarded to the
highest bidder, who paid the stated amount annually into the
treasury, keeping as his profit any additional amount collected.
The revenue farmers, or publicans, were of the equestrian order,
the wealthy class. In the case of large provinces the revenues
were farmed by great stock companies, which kept their head-
quarters at Rome.
187. familias : hands of helpers, chiefly slaves.
189. custodiis : the watchtowers, where officials guarded against
smuggling.
190. fructui : a source of income ; 114.^
Chapter 7
193. ne illud quidem : that too must not, etc.
194. extremum : as the last topic; see 11. 62-74.
195. quod . . . pertinet : an appos. clause explaining illud,
the fact that, etc.
197. ratio : regard, consideration, et : omit. The correlative
is deinde, 1. 204.
82 198. rationes et copias : interests and resources.
199. ipsorum per se : on their own account.
201. eum ordinem : the equestrian order; see note, 1. 184.
205. partim, partim : some, others.
207. humanitatis, sapientiae : see III.2
210. a re publica : = a calamitate rei publicae.
211. parvi ref ert : it matters little ; see 107.^ publicanis omis*
sis : i.e. if we leave them to their fate.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
» — 483
382
191
356
433
360
• — 408
343
198
366
447
340
• — 434
355
210
381
449
345
THE MANILIAN LAW 251
VAOS
212. redimendi : of contracting for {them); sc. vectigalia. 82
2 1 6. belli Asiatic!: the First Mithridatic War. id: antece-
dent of quod, 1. 215.
2i8. res: fortunes, amiserant : see 195 6. ^
220. ut non trahant : without drawing (lit., so as not to draw).
223. ratio pecuniarum : financial system.
224. in foro : the center of the banks. Rome at this time was
the greatest commercial city, implicata est et cohaeret : is closely
involved.
226. ut non labefacta concidant : without causing to totter and
fall.
Chapter 8
232. belli genus : = bellum genere, the war in its nature. 88
234. maxime laborandum est (mihi) : / must take special care.
235. vobis contemnenda : unworthy of your attention.
239. Mithridati : an alternate form of the gen.
241. Cyzicenorum : an appos. Cyzicum would seem better
here. The city was important and prosperous, situated on an
island in the Propontis opposite Byzantium (Constantinople).
It is noted to-day for its extensive ruins.
244. periculis : abl. of separation.
245. ducibus Sertorianis : abl. abs., under Sertorian leaders.
The fleet of 50 ships with 10,000 men was sent to Italy by Mith-
ridates and Sertorius (recall their alliance, note, 1. 102). It was
destroyed by the ships of Lucullus near Lemnos 73 B.C.
246. raperetur : was being hurried.
249. legionibus : dat.
253. uno aditu : by his mere approach. This applies only to
permultas. It took Lucullus nearly two years to complete the
reduction of Pontus and its fortresses.
254. alios reges : especially to his son and son-in-law, the kings
of Bosporus and Armenia.
256. integris vectigalibus : Lucullus completed his work with-
out drawing upon their allies or their resources.
257. ita : sc. dicta, so expressed.
259. huic legi : i.e. legi Maniliae. hoc loco: the Rostra; cf.
1. 2.
Bur. A. B. 6. H. HB.
» — 857 545 288 580 601 550
PAGE
252 NOTES
Chapter 9
84 262. reliquum : what remains of; w. bellum.
265. Medea : daughter of the king of Colchis. According to
the story she helped Jason, leader of the Argonauts, to win the
Golden Fleece and then fled with him to Greece, taking her
brother Absyrtus with her. Colchis was north of Pontus and not
in fact part of it (eodem Ponto).
267. eorum collectio dispersa : the collecting of the scattered re-
mains.
269. vim auri, etc. : the Roman soldiers who pursued the flee-
ing Mithridates were attracted by some bags of gold that had
burst, and they let the king escape. For the jftory see Plutarch's
Lucullus, sec. 17.
270. pulcherrimarum rerum : works of art.
272, omnem : note the emphatic position.
274. ilium : the father of Medea.
277. diffidentem rebus suis : while despairing of his fortunes ;
for the dat. see 112, 6.^ adflictum . . . recreavit "raised him up
from his abasement and put new life into his ruined fortunes." —
Nicol.
283. gravis . . . opinio : a deep-seated and strong conviction,
which was quite natural.
288. urbem : Tigranocerta.
289. usus erat : had fought, secundis : successful.
290. suorum : of their friends, commovebatur : there was a
mutiny of the army.
86 291. illud extremum : the result.
294. eorum : modifies auxiliis, coordinate w. multorum regum.
296. fere : almost invariably, sic : omit.
2q8. multorum opes : many men of resources, who are moved
to pity.
301. incolumis : i.e. in the days of his power.
303. eo : explained by the ut-clause following.
307. poetae : probably Naevius, who wrote of the First Punic
War, and Ennius, who wrote the annals of Rome, both in verse.
308. nostram calamitatem : the Romans under a lieutenant
of Lucullus were almost annihilated at Zela, 67 b.c.
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
1 — 4*6 367 187 346 426 302
THE MANILIAN LAW 253
PAOB
310. ex sermone rumor : rumor in conversation, 86
312. aliqua ex parte: in some measure, incommodis : disad-
vantages, a euphemism for great disasters.
314. modum : a limit, vetere : i.e. of the ancestors,
318. factum: sc. esse ; has become.
319. coniungant: unite in waging.
Chapter 10
322. quare : to show why. esset : this tense is required by
sequence after fecisse ; trans, by the pres.
324. restat . . . videatur : in addition it seems necessary to
speak.
327. ut . . . esset : i.e. it would be difficult to decide.
331. antiquitatis memoriam: put illogically for the glory of
the men recorded in the past. Cicero's statement of course was
made for effect, and must be properly discounted.
334. res : qualities, virtutem : ability, capacity, auctorita-
tem : personal influence (due to reputation).
336. scientior: sc. rei militaris. debuit : deserved.
338. paths : Cn. Pompeius Strabo, who commanded the
army of the Senate in the Social War, 89 b.c. Pompey was then
seventeen years old (extrema pueritia).
339. extrema : 159.^
340. summi imperatoris : the father just mentioned.
341. ipse imperator: at the age of twenty-three Pompey
raised three legions to aid Sulla on his return from the East.
With these he won several victories over detachments of the
Marian army, and was saluted " imperator " by his commander.
342. hoste, inimico : what is the difference in meaning?
347. stipendiis : campaigns, years of service, triumphis : one
over Africa in 81 b.c, and another over Spain ten years later.
349. Civile, etc. : during the civil war between Marius and
Sulla, Pompey conducted a victorious campaign in Sicily; in
Africa he conquered the Marian forces and their ally, King
Hiarbas of Numidia; in Transalpine Gaul, he drove back the
mountain tribes, who attempted to prevent his march to Spain;
in Spain he fought against Sertorius, whose army was com-
posed (mixtum) of Romans, Spaniards, and Orientals.
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
1 — 646 293 341 291 497 244
87
PAGE
254 K0TE3,
351. servile: the war against Spartacus and the slaves,
navale : against the pirates, diversa : in different localities.
353. in usu . . . militari : within the range of military ex-
perience.
Chapter 11
355. virtuti : ability; the word is here used in a comprehen-
sive sense, including soldierly and personal virtues ; see 1. 335.
oratio : words.
359. labor in negotiis : activity in routine, labor . . . con-
silium : briefly, these five virtues are energy, courage, diligence
promptness, prudence. Pompey's special virtues are mentioned
in chapter 13.
361. tanta quanta non fuerunt: greater . . . than (lit., as
great as they were not).
364. Italia, Sulla : during the Civil War, Pompey was Sulla's
ablest general; see note, 1. 341. For his services in Sicily,
Africa, and Gaul, see note, 1. 349.
366. non terrore belli : on Pompey's arrival one of the demo-
cratic leaders in Sicily evacuated the island without resistance.
368. eorum ipsorum : of those very enemies.
369. testis, testis, testis: what figure is this? legionibus :
dat.
371. Hispania, saepissime : Pompey, however, accomplished
but little in Spain until the death of Sertorius in 72 B.C., and on
one occasion was saved from defeat only by the arrival of his
colleague Metellus.
373. servili belle : Crassus had practically ended this war,
before Pompey on his way back from Spain met and easily
destroyed a remnant of the army of Spartacus, who were trying
to escape into Gaul. But Pompey claimed the honors of the
bellum servile, taetro : disgraceful, because the enemy were
slaves and gladiators, periculoso : because the slaves had
defeated four Roman armies in succession.
374. absente : Pompey was in Spain.
375. quod: = etid. attenuatum . . . est: trans, by the part.,
having wasted and dwindled away.
378. cum universa : not only in their whole extent.
382. servitutis : the pirates often sold their captives into
slavery.
THE MANILIAN LAW
255
383. hieme : men might risk the storms of winter, in order
to escape the pirates who would then be inactive, referto :
governs either the gen, or abl. ; 104,^
385. vetus : piracy in the Mediterranean had begun many
years before Pompey was appointed commander (67 B.C.).
divisum : extended, quis . . . arbitraretur : who would ever
have thought? 201. ^
Chapter 12
395. proprium: characteristic, " the peculiar pride; " 119, h.^
a dome : the prep, is regularly used after longe.
396. propugnaculis : i.e. the army and navy.
398. dicam: am I to say; subjv. ; see 201,^ and cf. com-
memorem, 1. 405. Note the omission of an interrogative word.
399. Brundisio : a famous seaport, which still has some
commercial importance. It was the terminus of the Appian Way
and the starting point for Greece and the East. For the use of
the prep, see 133, b.^ hieme summa : in midwinter; cf. note
on 1. 383. transmiserint : intr., see Vocab.
401. legati : it is not known who these envoys were.
402. duodecim secures : by metonymy for " two praetors,"
who were attended outside the city by six lictors each. As a
symbol of authority each lictor carried an ax in a bundle of rods
(fasces). Plutarch mentions the incident in his Life of Pompey ^
sec. 24.
406. quibus . . . ducitis : owing to the decline of Italian
farming and the increase in the population of Rome, it was
necessary to obtain foreign supplies. The ports to which Cicero
refers were sources of grain.
408. inspectante praetore : under the eyes of a praetor. His
name is unknown.
410. liberos : a rhetorical exaggeration. According to Plu-
tarch, a daughter of Marcus Antonius was captured by the
PAGE
88
89
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
1 — 429
349
204
374
453
347
» — 771
444
277
265
642
519
» — 410
385, c
204, 2
359
435, 4
339, c
« — 771
444
277
265
642
503
» — 530
428
229.2
391
462.3
453
256 NOTES
PAGE
89 pirates and ransomed for a large sum. Antonius, who had
fought against them in 102 b.c, was the grandfather of the
triumvir.
412. Ostiense : Ostia was the port of Rome, sixteen miles
away, at the mouth of the Tiber. The pirates had burned the
Roman fleet in the harbor and plundered the town.
413. cum: at the time when; hence followed by the indie;
cf. transmiserint (1. 399), where the subjv. is due to the in-
volved idea of cause.
414. ea cui : = ea ut ei, a fleet such that a consul, etc. The
subjv. clause is descriptive.
416. unius hominis : Pompey.
91 419. ei: the same persons, emphasizing vos. Oceani ostium :
i.e. the Straits of Gibraltar.
422. a me : stronger than the usual dat. of agent.
425. celeriter : omit, tanti . . . navigavit : ''the storm of so
great a war swept the sea. The impetus was Pompey's fleet of
500 war galleys." ^ — D'Ooge.
426. nondum tempestivo : navigation on the Mediterranean
was suspended from November till March.
428. frumentaria subsidia : granaries.
430. duabus Hispaniis : two provinces, citerior and ulterior,
divided by the river Ebro.
433. omnemque Graeciam : and in fact all Greece. Achaia
was the southern part, the Peloponnesus, duo maria : the Adri-
atic and the Tuscan.
435. ut : from the time when.
436. Ciliciam : the stronghold of the pirates.
439. Cretensibus : dat. of separation w. ademit. The Cre-
tans had been almost subdued by Metellus, but sent envoys
to Pompey, hoping for more favorable terms from him. usque
in Pamphyliam : not far from Crete ; the great distance implied
would be from Rome.
Chapter 13
446. haec : i.e. bellandi virtus, as given in chapters 11 and 12.
447. Quid : transitional, but further. Ceterae : sc. virtutes,
distinguished from military ability.
92 450. artes : qualities.
451. innocentia : Pompey's integrity, scrupulous honesty in
money matters, is set forth in the rest of the chapter.
THE MANILIAN LAW 257
PAGB
454. Quae : these qualities. 92
455. Summa : of the highest order.
456. ex aliorum contentione : from a comparison with (the
qualities of) others, ipsa per sese : by themselves.
458. ullo in numero : of any standing, of any account.
459. centuriatus : centurions were selected from the ranks
by the commander-in-chief because of good service, veneant:
from veneo.
460. Quid magnum aut amplum : obj. of cogitare ; sc. possu-
mus putare : what great or nohle thoughts . . . can we suppose that
this man has?
462. provinciae : sc. retinendae. The governor bribed men
of influence (magistratibus) to secure for him a longer term of
office.
463. propter avaritiam : Caesar speaks of the avarice of
generals in B.G., I, chap. 40.
464. Romae : loc. facit . . . videamini : makes it evident that
you recognize; 205, c.^
467. ante : beforehand, voluerit : fut. perf.
469. ventum sit: they have come; impers,, see 172, 6;^
subjv. by attraction.
470. per hosce annos : during the time of the Social and the
Servile wars.
472. quid . . . existimetis : the question, being deliberative,
would also be in the subjv. in dir. disc. Utrum ... an : a
double question; 89.^
474. hibernis : the allies maintained the Roman army in
winter quarters unless they were released from the burden by a
money payment.
477. in iudicando : sc. alios. The governor of a province was
judge as well as general.
479. Hie : under these circumstances, ceteris : excellere gov-
erns the dat.
480. non mode manus : the second non is omitted ; trans.
not only no hand in so great an army.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
» — 842
568
297
553
566
521, 3
« — 346
208, d
138
208
302
201, c
• — 372
335
162,4
458
380
234
258 NOTES
PAGE
92 482. quern ad modum hibernent : i.e. how the soldiers con^
duct themselves.
93 484. ut . . . in militem : to incur expense for the soldiers (lit.,
for the soldiery), nemini vis adfertur: no one is compelled (lit.,
force is brought upon no one).
485. hiemis . . . perfugium : a shelter from winter {ohjeGtive) ,
not for avarice (subjective).
Pompey's integrity then is established because : (1) he is not
bribed in selecting centurions ; (2) he does not misappropriate
war funds ; (3) he does not allow the allies to be oppressed.
Chapter 14
488. Age : this imperative is used as an inter j. in transitions,
and hence is not pi. temperantia : self-control; abl. of descrip-
tion.
490. cursum inventum : so. esse ; progress was m,ade possible.
491. eximia vis : extraordinary force (crew) . War galleys were
propelled with great speed by trained bands of rowers.
494. institute cursu : i.e. the course set before him.
495. amoenitas : sc. locorum ; the charm of beautiful scenery
did not lure him to the enjoyment of it.
497. signa, tabulaSj ornamenta : statues, paintings, works of
art. Rome was full of art treasures of conquered peoples.
503. fuisse : really were.
504. quod : a fact that.
507. maiores sues (their) : subj. of maluisse. habebamus :
195, 6.1
510. privatorum: Pompey was ready to receive private
citizens who sought to interview him. liberae : freely allowed.
94 516. hoc loco: the Rostra, from which Pompey had spoken.
He was not a trained orator, however.
517. Fidem: good faith.
518. omnium generum : to be taken w. hostes. iudicarint:
subjv. in a causal clause.
519. humanitate : on Pompey's kindness see Mommsen, Vol.
IV, p. 114. dictu: see 229, 6.2
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HB.
1— 857
545
288
580
601
650
»— 1017
510
340
436
635
619
THE MANILIAN LAW 259
Chapter 15
PAGE
525. aactoritas : -personal influence, -prestige; cf. 1. 335. 94
Cicero has already spoken o^ knowledge (chapter 10), and ability
(chapters 11-14).
527. plurimum possit : is preeminent.
528. Vehementer . . . ad . . . quis ignorat : who does not know
that it has very much to do vnth, etc.
531. ut contemnant : to despise; construe w. commoveri,
532. opinione et fama : by common opinion and report.
533. ratione certa : well-founded reason, commoveri : are in-
fluenced.
536. iudicia fecistis : as shown in the conferring of offices
and commands. Pompey was consul in 70 b.c. An . . . puta-
tis : 89, h.
537. quo : = ut 60, that to it. illius diei : the day when
Pompey was put in charge of the war against the pirates, 67 b.c.
544. omnium . . . egregiarum : of all excellence, sumantur :
independent subjv. of command ; 187, b.^
545. qui quo die : on the day that he.
546. vilitas : prices feU because the pirates no longer inter-
fered w. commerce, ex : after; in 550 (ex eo), as the result of.
548. ex . . . agrorum : conditional, = si ubertas agrorum 96
summa fuisset.
550. proelio : the battle of Zela.
551. paulo ante : in chapter 9, 1, 308. invitus : adverbial.
553. provincia: Asia. The force of cum extends to haberet.
554. ad ipsum discrimen : at the critical mom-ent.
559, inflammatum: flushed (with).
572. ipso nomine ac rumore : by the mere mention of his name.
The people said, " The very name of Pompey has terminated the
war." — Plutarch.
Chapter 16
574. Agevero: well then; cf. note, 1. 488. ilia res : that fact, ^
explained by the quod-clauses.
584. Cretensium : cf . note 1. 439.
Bur.
A.
B.
U
H.
HB.
1 — 368
335 6
162, 4, a
457
380, 3
236
« — 768
439
275
*i3
560
501.3
260 NOTES
PAGE
97 585. cum: concessive, noster imperator: a commander of
ours, i.e. Quintus Metellus.
589. ultimas terras : Pamphylia.
598. eum : subj. of iudicari.
600. ei . . . missum : those to whom it was annoying (Pom-
pey's rivals) that he (the envoy) was sent to him (Pompey) rather
than to any one else. The incident is not fully understood. We
know that Mithridates was negotiating with Sertorius (1. 102),
against whom Pompey and Metellus were fighting. It has been
suggested that " Pompey caught a spy of the king in his camp
and was led by his vanity to believe that Mithridates was
making overtures to him." Pompey's rivals considered this a
slight to Metellus, who outranked him.
606. multis . . . gestis : by many later achievements, iudiciis ;
of. note, 1. 536.
609. praestare de : guarantee for.
610. meminisse : asyndeton, but which, etc.
611. aequum est: sc. dicere.
^^ 612. Maximo: Q. Fabius Maximus, who defended Rome
against Hannibal by his policy of delay.
613. Marcello : M. Claudius Marcellus, a brilliant general, the
conqueror of Syracuse, 212 b.c, Scipioni : either Scipio Africanus
the Elder, conqueror of Hannibal, or more probably Scipio
Aemilianus the Younger, who destroyed Carthage in 146 b.c.
616. Fuit : w. adiuncta, has been granted, quaedam : as it were.
ad : for.
618. f ortuna : emphatic by position.
621. videamur : it may he seen that we.
624. non sum praedicaturus : one of many instances of
praeteritio, the figure by which the orator emphasizes what he
pretends to omit.
625. militiae : loc, and in the field (of hsittle). ut : how.
626. voluntatibus : ind. obj. w. four following verbs.
632. Quod ut : = et ut id.
634. sicuti facitis : just as you do (wish).
639. dubitatis quin conf eratis : do you hesitate to devote f
dubito, hesitate, usually takes an infinitive to complete it, but
may take quin w. a subj v., when a negative is implied, as
here.
THE MANILIAN LAW 261
Chapter 17 p^qb
644. erat deligendus: would deserve to be chosen. Why indie? 99
See 198, note 2.^
646. ut . . . adsit, etc. : appositive clauses explaining oppor-
tunitas.
648. ab eis : i.e. Lucullus and Glabrio ; see chapter 9. acci-
pere : sc, exercitus.
649. quid exspectamus : why do we hesitate ?
652. cetera : sc. bella.
655. regium: against the kings Mithridates and Tigranes.
committamus : deliberative, should we commit.
657. At enim : but indeed, introducing an objection to the
argument just given.
659. beneficiis : referring to the offices of state.
660. adfectus : honored. Catulus : a man of fine character,
consul in 78 b.c, and leader of the aristocratic party.
664. Hortensius : a famous orator and rival of Cicero. He
was an ex-consul (hence honoris), and a man of great wealth
fortunae). ratione : view.
666. locis : occasions.
670. re ac ratione : hendiadys, by a consideration of the facts.
672. idem isti : they likewise, isti : referring to the opponents
of the bill, at necessarium, etc. : explaining ea omnia.
678. Hortensi : the regular voc. ending for nouns in -ius. 100
pro : in accordance with.
680. Gabinium: the tribune who proposed the law giving
Pompey command against the pirates, 67 b.c. graviter ornate-
que : with weight and eloquence, referring to the thought and the
expression of it.
681. promulgasset : a proposed law had to be announced at
least seventeen days before it was voted on.
685. vera causa : real interests.
689. commeatu: from intercourse; abl. of separation, ex
omnibus provinciis : with all the provinces, modifying commeatu
(lit., a going back and forth from all the provinces).
Btir. A. B. G. H. HB.
* — 921 517. c 304.3 597.3 583 582,3
262
NOTES
PAGE
100
101
Chapter 18
694. Atheniensium, etc. : the naval supremacy of Athens
over the Aegean began with the Persian wars in the fifth cen-
tury B.C. Carthage held the Mediterranean for years before the
First Punic War. Rhodes became a maritime power after the
death of Alexander, and had assisted Rome with her fleet.
696. rebus : resources.
regionis : of its territory; modified by maritimae.
ante legem Gabimam : see note 1. 680.
invictum : Cicero omits notable exceptions, however,
permanserit : subjv. in a relative clause of concession ;
6.1 ac : and indeed, parte : abl. w. caruit ; 149.^
700
702
703
704
192,
706. Antiochum :
189 B.C.) included
the war with Antiochus III, of Syria (192-
two naval battles disastrous to the king.
Persem : the last king of Macedonia. After
his defeat at Pydna in 168 B.C., he surren-
dered to the Roman admiral on the island
of Samothrace without a naval battle.
" The final supremacy of Rome upon the
sea was all the more remarkable because
the Romans were not naturally a nation
of sailors. The wars with Carthage com-
pelled them to build and equip fleets and
learn how to use them successfully against
the best seamen in the world." — D'Ooge.
709. ei : we, repeating nos, 1. 705. pares :
a match (for).
712. Deles : after the fall of Corinth the
Romans made this sacred island an impor-
tant commercial center.
715. idem: referring to nos.
717. Appia Via : the famous road from Rome to Brundisium,
built as far as Capua by Appius Claudius, 300 B.C. carebamus :
were losing control of, because of the pirates.
The Coin of Perseus
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
UB.
» — 807
535. «
283
634
593
523
» — 528
409
214
405
458
425
THE MANILIAN LAW
263
719. exuviis ornatum :
the Rostra took its name
from the " beaks " or
prows, of captured ves-
sels, with which it was
adorned.
Chapter 19
721. Bono animo : m^/i
good motives, modifying
dicere ; emphatic by
position.
723. ea quae sentie-
batis : i.e. your senti-
ments in regard to the
Gabinian law. in salute :
in (a matter affecting) the
safety.
724. dolori : feelings,
of indignation against the
pirates.
725. una lex : the law
of Gabinius ; cf. note, 1.
680. unus vir : Pompey.
unus annus : 67 b.c.
729. indignius obtrec-
tatum esse : objection has
been made the more un-
deservedly.
730. dicam : delibera-
tive, shall I say?
731. ne legaretur Ga-
binius : that Gabinius
might not be appointed
lieutenant. Lieutenants
in the provinces were
chosen by the Senate,
who might consult the
preference of the gover-
nor. Pompey desired to
have Gabinius as his
PAGE
101
A Rostral Column
(Showing the beaks ot ships, similar probably to
those on the Rostra)
264 NOTES
PAGE
101 lieutenant for this war. But legally no man nor any of his
relatives could be appointed to an office created under his own
statute. This applied to Gabinius, for the proposed law of
Manilius only added to the imperium that was conferred by the
Gabinian law.
732. Utrum idoneus . . . impetret : does he not deserve to
obtain? utrum, an (1. 735) introduce a double direct question;
see 89.1
733. quem velit: descriptive (a lieutenant) whom he wishes,
qui impetret: 192, c.^
734. cum : translate when, but the clause is concessive.
103 738. periculo : at his peril. The proposer of a law was treated
as if responsible for its results. Even at the time when the bill
was passed Gabinius narrowly escaped death at the hands of the
senators who opposed it.
740. An : here = nonne.
741. honoris causa : with respect. From the use of this phrase
it is inferred that the men were still living, cum : although.
742. plebi : a gen. used for plebis w. tribunus.
743. in : in the case of . diligentes: scrupulous. Cicero implies
that the opposition to Gabinius was due to his having been
tribune the preceding year ; but the true reason was his author-
ship of the law bearing his name ; cf. notes on 11. 680 and 731.
744. in (hoc imperatore) : under.
746. De : the question of.
748. inimicum edictum: Cicero as praetor might bring a
matter before the Senate for consideration, unless forbidden by
a higher magistrate, quo minus def endam : from defending ;
205, e.3
750. intercessionem : the tribunes had the right to veto the
action of any magistrate.
751. minantur : i.e. to exercise the power of veto.
752. quid liceat : the will of the people would have to be re-
spected.
" In fact Gabinius did serve with Pompey under the new
commission, and took advantage of the position to amass a
fortune." — Kelsey.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HK.
» — 372
335
162
458
380
234
t— 798
535
283
631
591
513
— 82ff
558
205
519
56S
502
THE MANILIAN LAW 265
Chapter 20 p^^j.
758. cum quaereret: at the time of his address before the 103
assembly (contio).
759. omnia : all your dependence, si quid factum esset : if any-
thing should happen to him (lit., should have been done with him).
760. in quo : interrogative.
762. in eo ipso : i.e. in Catulus.
766. quo minus, hoc magis : the less, the more; abl. of degree
of difference.
769. At enim : introducing the objection of Catulus. ne quid :
let nothing.
770. Non dicam : what figure ? hoc loco : at this point. 104
771. consuetudini, utilitati paruisse : followed custom, con-
sulted expediency.
772. novorum consiliorum rationes : new measures.
773. Punicum : the Third Punic War.
774. uno imperatore : Scipio Aemilianus the Younger. Prec-
edent was violated in his case, for he was chosen consul before
he had been praetor, and later was reelected consul when it
was illegal to hold that office twice.
777. nuper : over forty years before.
778. esse visum : it seemed best. Marius was elected consul
several times in succession, owing to the stress of the Cimbriaa
War, though the law then required a lapse of ten years.
781. no vi nihil : nothing new.
782. summa voluntate : with the full approval.
Chapter 21
784. adulescentulum : cf. 1. 341, and note.
785. conficere : shoidd raise.
786. ductu suo : under his own leadership; cf. suis imperils,
1. 346.
788. senatorio gradu : the age required for admission to the
Senate was thirty ; Pompey was twenty-four when he was sent
to Sicily by Sulla.
789. permitti : should be intrusted.
790. bellum administrandum : the management of the war (lit.,
the war to be managed).
794. equitem triumphare : only men of consular or praetorian
266 NOTES
PAGE
104 rank were entitled to triumph. This special privilege was con*
ferred on Pompey by the Senate ; cf . 1. 347 and note.
796. studio : with enthusiasm.
798. duo consules : Lepidus and Brutus declined their right
to take the command against Sertorius.
801. non nemo: = nonnuUi.
105 804. se mittere : i.e. that he voted to send.
807. legibus solutus : the legal age for the consulship was
forty-three ; Pompey was only thirty-six. Furthermore he had
not been quaestor or praetor, as was required of candidates for
the consulship. Hence the need of a decree in his favor.
808. ante, quam : = antequam.
810. iterum : cf. 1. 347 and note.
811. Quae nova: the innovation which, in: in the case of.
814. prof acta sunt in : have been conferred upon (lit., have
proceeded to).
Chapter 22
817. videant : i.e. Catulus, Hortensius, and other objectors,
non f erendum : intolerable.
818. illorum : i.e. the optimates, who had conferred honors
on Pompey, which were ratified by the people. Now, he claims,
the optimates in turn should support the will of the people.
819. vestrum : asyndeton, but that your judgment.
822. vel : even.
823. isdem istis : i.e. Catulus, etc.
826. parum consuluistis : had too little regard for. studia :
enthusiasm.
828. in . . . vidistis : showed deeper political insight.
830. sibi . . . parendum esse : that they and all the others
must bow. populi : w. auctoritati.
106 837. qui: indef. pudore . . . moderatiores : of greater self-
control because of their sense of honor and regard for moderation.
842. libidines et iniurias : acts of lust and injustice.
843. nostris magistratibus : dat. ; trans, in the eyes of, etc.
Cicero said in another address that Pompey, when he took
Jerusalem in 63 B.C., permitted nothing in the temple to be
touched.
846. quibus . . . inf eratur : a clause of purpose.
851. Pro sociis : in defense of allies.
THE MANILIAN LAW 267
PAQB
852. hostium simulatione : under the pretense of acting against 106
ihe enemy.
854. sed : hut even, animos ac spiritus capere : to satisfy
the arrogance and insolence.
Chapter 23
856. conlatis signis : i.e. when the battle has been joined.
857. nisi erit idem qui : unless he is also a man who. The
rel. clauses are descriptive.
861. idoneus qui mittatur : the man to he sent (lit., suitahle
who should he sent) ; a rel. clause of obligation or propriety ;
192, c. Cf. impetret, 1. 733.
862. pacatam, locuples : the state would not be considered
subdued as long as plunder was possible.
864. Ora maritima : of Asia Minor.
866. Videbat : the subj. is ora. 107
868. eos : refers to imperatores, not to paucos. classium
nomine : with their so-called fleets, existing only in name. The
money for the support of these fleets had been embezzled by
the commanders ; see 1. 468.
869. maiore : greater than if we had not fought, videremur :
we were seen.
870. cupiditate : desire for gain.
871. iacturis : expenditures, in purchasing their appointments.
873. Quasi videamus : a conditional clause of comparison
takes the subjv. non : w. videamus.
875. quin . . . credatis : we should expect the infinitive here,
since dubitare means hesitate. Cf. note on 1. 639.
879. est vobis auctor : you have as an authority.
880. Servilius had fought against the pirates and the Isauri ;
Curio (1. 883) against the Thracians and Dardanians.
881. exstiterunt : = fuerunt.
884. praeditus : honored (beneficiis), distinguished (rebus),
possessing (ingenio).
885. Lentulus : consul 72 b.c, lieutenant under Pompey in the
war with the pirates, pro : in keeping with.
888. auctoritatibus : abl. of means, orationi : argument.
889. responderene : whether, etc. We should expect the
enclitic -ne to be written w. horum instead of respondere.
268 NOTES
Chapter 24
PAGE
107 892. auctore : with the approval of.
893. neve : and not.
896. iterum : the first time was when the bill of Gabinius
was passed.
108 897. quid est quod : what reason is there to.
898. re : the proposal, perficiendi facultate : the power to
carry it through.
900. beneficio : in electing him praetor.
904. temple: not temple, but sacred spot; i.e. the Rostra.
The word is applied to any space marked off by the augurs.
905. ad . . . adeunt : enter the service of the state.
907. neque quo : nor because.
909. honoribus : what office was still to be sought by Cicero ?
910. ut . . . oportet : as one ought to do.
912. ab uno : from any individual, hoc loco : where political
addresses were made.
913. f eret : permits it.
917. tantum abest ut videar : so far am I from seeming, ut
videar is subj. of abest; ut intellegam is a clause of result.
920. hoc honore : the praetorship.
921. adfectum : the recipient of.
924. rationibus : interests, praef erre : me is the subj.
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
1. Archias. — The poet, A. Licinius Archias, was a Greek, bom
at Antioch in Syria about the year 119 b.c. In his youth he
acquired considerable fame among his fellow citizens for his
poetical ability, and, traveling in Asia Minor, Greece, and South-
ern Italy, was received with honor by men of rank. In 102 b.c,
he came to Rome, where the LucuUi in particular were his pa-
trons, for whom he took the gentile name of Licinius. Accom-
panying Marcus Lucullus, he visited Heraclea in Lucania, where
he was honored with citizenship. Later he accompanied Lucius
Lucullus upon his Asiatic campaign.
In 89 B.C. the lex Plautia-Papiria gave the Roman franchise
to aU residents in Italy who were enrolled as citizens in any aUied
town, provided that they should register before a Roman praetor
within sixty days. That same year Archias was registered by
Quintus MeteUus Pius at Rome, in accordance mth the law. It
was not until twenty-seven years later (62 b.c.) that a man named
Grattius called his citizenship into question. This he did under
the lex Papia, passed in 65 b.c, which required the removal of aU
foreigners from Rome. The charge was aimed not so much at
Archias as against his patron, Lucius Lucullus, who had many
political enemies, and whose victories had been celebrated in verse
by the poet.
2. The Oration. — Cicero undertook the defense of the poet,
partly, as he says, because of his personal indebtedness to him.
The case was tried before a jury, with Cicero's own brother as
presiding judge (62 b.c). The oration was irregular in the fact
that the orator argued the case but briefly, discoursing at greater
length on the benefits of literature. *' Strange words these to
faU from the pleader's lips in the dusty atmosphere of the praetor's
court ! non fori, neque iudiciali consuetudine, says Cicero himself,
In the few words of graceful apology with which the speech ends.
269
f
270 NOTES
But in truth, as he well knew, he was not speaking to the respect-
able gentlemen on the benches before him. He addressed a larger
audience : posterity and the civUized world." — MackaiVs " Latin
Literature."
The defense was undoubtedly successful, for Archias is men-
tioned later as a resident of Rome.
OUTLINE
L Exordium et propositio — The orator's reasons for defending
Archias, Ch. 1, 2.
II. Narratio — The early life of Archias in Greece and his re-
moval to Italy, Ch. 3, 4 (par. 1).
III. Confirmatio —
1. Proof that Archias is a Roman citizen, Ch. 4-5.
2. Proof that Archias ought in any case to be a Roman citi-
zen, Ch. 6-12 (par. 1).
rV. Peroratio — Archias should be protected in his rights, Ch.
12 (par. 2).
Chapter 1
PAGE
110 I. ingeni : natural ability, talent, iudices, judges, ^^gentle-
men of the jury,'' composing the court over which the praetor
presided; cf. note, Cat., IV, 1. 255. quod: = et id.
2. exiguum : the modesty here assumed by the orator was
intended to conciliate the jury, exercitatio dicendi : readiness
of speech, derived from practice.
3. versavum : best taken as an adj.
4. ratio : theoretical knowledge, of the art of public speaking.
This is the third requisite of an orator, the others being in-
genium and exercitatio. optimarum artium : of the liberal arts.
Cicero means that an orator must have broad general culture.
5. prof acta : derived (from), a qua: to which, confiteor:
*' Roman juries looked on the literary barrister as unpractical ;
hence the faltering way in which Cicero owns to a knowledge of
Greek literature." — Reid. tempus : lit., subj. ace. of abhorruisse,
but trans, as ace. of duration.
6. abhorruisse : (7) have been averse, earum rerum : i.e. the
three essential qualities, vel : strengthens in primis, especially.
7. A. Licinius : Cicero skillfully assumes the Roman citizen-
ship of his defendant by using only his Latin name.
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 271
PAGB
8. quoad longissime : as far back as. 110
10. repetens : looking back, mihi principem : my guide.
11. suscipiendam : referring to the resolution, ingrediendam
to the actual undertaking. rationem : pursuit. Ill
12. exstitisse : = fuisse.
13. nonnullis : to any. saluti : 114.^ After fuit trans, de-
bemus ferre . . ., quantum . . ., huic . . ., a quo . . ., quo
. . . possemus.
14. ceteris, alios : others^ some, quo . . . possemus : a
descriptive clause.
15. quantum . . . nobis : as far as in me lies.
17. hoc ita dici : i.e. that I am so indebted to the poet.
18. facultas ingeni : natural ability.
20. dediti : devoted, fuimus : used rather than sumus be-
cause dediti has the force of an adj.
21. humanitatem : culture.
Chapter 2
24. quaestione legitima : in a legal inquiry, conducted in a
regular court, iudicio publico : in a state trial, one in which
the state was a party, cum agatur : though the case is tried.
25. praetorem : Q. Cicero, brother of the orator, lieutenant
a few years later in Caesar's army.
26. tanto . . . frequentia : in so crowded an assembly; abl. of
attendant circumstance. Note the hendiadys.
29. abhorreat : differs. The. difference consisted in this, that
Cicero proposed to speak in praise of literature, as well as argue
the case.
30. vobis : (and) to you.
32. hoc concursu, hac . . . humanitate : in this assembly, with
such culture on your part; abl. of attendant circumstance.
33. hoc praetore : Q. Cicero wrote some poetry himself, but
only a few verses remain.
34. de studiis humanitatis ac litterarum : about the pursuit of
culture and the study of literature.
35. in . . . persona : in the case of a character.
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
» — 483 382 191 356 433 360
272 NOTES
PAGE
111 36. persona : lit. mask, a word borrowed from the stage, in
iudiciis periculisque : in courts and lawsuits.
39. perficiam ut putetis : / will cause you to think.
40. segregandum : sc. esse.
41. asciscendum fuisse : ought to have been; in dir. disc,
asciscendus fuit ; 198, note 2 ; 218.^
V Chapter 3
112 42. ut primum: as soon as. ex pueris excessit: grew out of
boyhood.
43. ab eis artibus : modifies contulit, which is coordinate w,
excessit. ad (humanitatem) : with a view to.
44. scribendi : of composition, primum : w. coepit.
46. loco nobili : of a noble family.
47, quondam : Antioch had lost much of its importance
because of the Mithridatic wars and the quarrels of the Seleucidae.
urbe : a noun in app. w. a loc, (Antiochiae) is in the abl.
59. celebrabantur : the tense implies customary action.
61. exspectatio : anticipation in regard to the man.
63. ipsius : of the man himself.
64. admiratio : the admiration he excited. Italia : i.e. southern
Italy, known as Magna Graecia.
68. disciplinarum : sciences, studia haec : i.e. the study of
poetry.
118 73- tranquillitatem : in the interval between the Gracchan
distiu-bances (121 b.c.) and the Social War (90-88 b.c).
74. vehementius : with greater zeal.
^6. aliquid iudicare : to form any opinion, de ingeniis :
about men of genius.
78. Hac tanta celebritate famae : because of this fame so
widely spread, absentibus : sc. nobis, to us who were far away.
79. Mario, Catulo : consuls in 102 b.c. consule is singular
because Marius was the more famous.
80. eos : such, quorum alter : Marius. res maximas : the
victory over the Cimbri and Teutones.
81. alter : Catulus, who was a soldier and shared with Marius
the glory of his victory. He was also a man of literary taste :
hence studium et aures : appreciation and attention.
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
1^921 517 c 304,3 697 582 581
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 273
FAQB
82. posset : subjv. in a descriptive clause. Luculli : a noble 113
Roman family distinguished by Lucius and Marcus, praetexta-
tus : a youth, properly applied to a Roman boy who wore the
toga praetexta until his seventeenth year ; not to be taken lit-
erally here, for the honors mentioned would scarcely have been
given to one so young.
84. hoc : explained by the noun clause ut . . . senectuti.
ingeni ac litterarum: an evidence of his literary ability; pred,
gen.
87. illi : the well known. Numidico : Metellus was so called
because of his victories over the Numidians.
88. Pio : a surname given to the younger Metellus because
he sought the recall of his father from exile. Aemilio : a great
sta esman and orator, vivebat : associated. Catulo et patre et
filio : the father was the colleague of Marius (1. 81) ; the son
was consul in 78 b.c, and was a prominent leader of the aris-
tocracy.
89. L. Crasso : a famous orator about 95 b.c.
90. Drusum : a political leader early in the first century b.c,
assassinated because of his efforts at reform. Catonem: prob-
ably the father of Cato Uticensis.
91. devinctam consuetudine : hound hy ties of friendship.
93. eum colebant : cultivated his acquaintance.
93. si qui : whoever.
Chapter 4
95. satis longo intervallo : after quite a long interval; the abl.
may be taken as absolute.
97. decederet : was returning. Rome was still his place of
residence, Heraclia : nothing remains to-day of this old Greek
city of southern Italy. Quae cum: = et cum (causal) ea.
98. esset aequissimo . . . foedere : enjoyed very favorable
treaty rights (with Rome) ; abl. of description.
99. cum: although, tum: yet especially.
loi. civitas : ritizenshi-p. lege: known as the lex Plautia-
Papiria from the gentile names of the tribunes who proposed it
in 89 B.C.
loi. si qui: i.e. (civitas data est) eis qui. Note that the
law is stated in the form of a quotation ; hence the subjv. verbs
which in dir. disc, would be fut. perf .
274 NOTES
PAGE
113 103. ferebatur : is parenthetical and not part of the wording
of the law.
104. praetorem : a praetor; see Introd. 34. essent professi :
i.e. declared their intention to become citizens.
114 109. causa dicta est : Archias has met the three conditions of
the law : he was a citizen of an allied town, Heraclea, had long
been a resident of Rome, and had made his declaration before a
praetor, Metellus.
* no. Gratti : voc. Grattius was the prosecutor who claimed
that Archias was not a citizen.
III. religione et fide : scrupulous honor and good faith, non :
not that.
113. interfuisse : was present (when it was done), egisse :
i.e. by his influence.
114. huiusiudici: of this trial.
117. Italico belle : in the Social War of 90 B.C.
118. ad ea : in reply to the proofs.
120. litterarum memoriam : documentary evidence.
121. et: sc. est ridiculum. amplissimi viri : Metellus.
122. religionem : conscientious testimony, municipi : before
the Social War, Heraclea was an allied town without Roman
citizenship (civitas foederata) ; afterwards, a town enjoying full
citizen rights (municipium) ; see Introd. 21.
124. quas idem : you yourself. An : introducing a rhetorical
question ; 89, h. ; B. 162, 4, a ; Bur. 368 ; HB. 236 ; cf. Cat., I,
1. 20.
125. tot annis : Archias came to Rome in 102, thirteen years
before citizenship was granted (ante civitatem datam).
128. collegio : board, consisting of eight praetors.
Chapter 5
130. Appi : Appius Claudius Pulcher, whose records were
kept too carelessly (neglegentius).
131. Gabini : = et Gabini. quamdiu . . . fuit : before he was
tried (lit., as long as he was safe). After his praetorship Gabinius
was convicted of extortion practiced while he was governor of
Achaia.
132. calamitas : he lost his civil rights, tabularum fidem:
confidence in his records.
133. Metellus : the third praetor mentioned.
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 275
PAGE
138. quid est quod dubitetis : what reason is therefor doubting? 116
The clause is descriptive. Archias, therefore, was a citizen not
only of Heraclea but of other towns.
140. mediocribus multis et praeditis : dat. arte (1. 143) : abl.
of means.
142. credo : / suppose, used w. irony. The four towns
referred to were in Magna Graecia, called here Graecia.
143. quod: the antecedent is id (1. 146). scaenicis artifici-
bus : the Romans of the Republic regarded acting on the stage
as unworthy of citizens.
146. legem Papiam : the alien act of the tribune Papius,
passed in 65 b.c, providing that all foreigners should be ex-
pelled from Rome. It was under this act that Archias was
brought to trial.
150. Scilicet . . . obscurum : of course, for I suppose {ironical)
it is not known.
151. proximis censoribus : during the time of the last censors,
70 B.C., and also those of 86 (superioribus) the poet was absent.
The first censors (primis) after he became a citizen in 89, resigned
without taking the census.
152. apud exercitum : with the army, as a guest of the com-
mander, cum eodem quaestore : with the same man (Lucullus)
when he was quaestor, under Sulla.
156. ita : thereby, pro : as. eis temporibus : beginning the
main clause ; construe w. fecit.
157. quern: he whom.
158. et (omit) testamentum fecit, etc. : only citizens could
perform these acts.
159. civium : i.e. bequeathed by Romans.
160. in beneficiis : among those to be rewarded. The proconsul
(pro consul e) on returning from his province would report the
names of his followers who were to be rewarded for their ser-
vices. The naming of Archias implied that Lucullus regarded
him as a citizen.
162. suo . . . iudicio : the poet and his friends have acted as
though he were really a citizen.
Chapter 6
165. ubi : = id quo, the means by which (lit., wherewith); t.9.
his poetry, ex: after. The clause is descriptive.
?AGE
116
UT
276
NOTES
1 66. convicio : the wrangling of the courts.
167. An: cf. 1. 126, and Cat., 1, 1. 20. suppetere . . . posse:
that we could have ideas.
168. quod dicamus : a purpose clause, nisi excolamus : the
subjv. may be due to the indir. disc, or may be a condition
less probable (should cultivate).
171. deditum : cf. dediti sumus, 1. 21. Ceteros pudeat : let
others be ashamed.
173. adferre, prof erre : either in speaking or writing some-
thing new.
174. quid pudeat: cf. Cat., I, 1. 314.
Two Children at Dice-play
(From a Pompeian wall painting)
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 277
PAGE
175. vivo: have lived, tempore: needs, in court; time of 116
peril.
178. quis reprehendat : a potential question, or a question of
" ideal certainty." (Hale.)
179. si: w. sumpsero, 1. 186. quantum temporum tantum:
as much time as. suas res obeundas : attending to their business.
182. tempestivis : protracted, beginning before the usual
hour, which was three or four in the afternoon.
183. alveole : gambling flourished notwithstanding many laws
condemning it. pilae : throwing and catching formed the basis
of the different games of baU, but the bat seems not to have
been used. See Johnston's The Private Life of the Romans.
185. eo : w. magis, the more.
186. crescit oratio et facultas : the power of public speaking is
improved.
187. periculis : a term referring to criminal trials.
188. Quae : this ability, quae summa sunt : the principles of
living, derived from philosophy.
190. multis litteris : by wide reading.
191. magno opere : = magnopere. laudem : true merit.
193. parvi : of little importance ; see 110.^
196. impetus : the attacks resulting from the suppression of
Catiline's conspiracy.
197. exemplorum : the examples of men who have practiced
these high principles.
199. accederet : were thrown upon them. Literature pre-
serves the examples of great men. imagines, expressas : words
used of the work of a sculptor or painter.
Chapter 7
208. est . . . respondeam: it is clear (to me) what answer I 117
shall give. The question is deliberative (dir. what shall I reply f),
209. animo ac virtute : attributive w. homines.
210. sine doctrina : pred. phrase w. fuisse. naturae ... di-
vine : by an almost divine quality of their very nature.
212. ad laudem valuisse : has availed to produce true merit.
214. idem ego : I further.
Bur. A. B. G. H. HB.
1 — 424 417 203 380 448 356
278. NOTES
PAGE
117 215. ratio . . . doctrinae : systematic training derived from,
instruction.
216. nescio quid : see Voeab.
218. Africanum : Scipio Africanus the Younger, conqueror of
Carthage, a scholar and statesman as well as soldier. Scipio,
Laelius, and Furius were patrons of Greek culture at Rome,
after the conquest of Greece in 146 b.c.
220. illis temporibus : abl. of time, but trans, for {i.e. con-
sidering) those times.
221. Catonem: Cato, the Censor, who lived 234-149 b.c,
was the father of Latin prose. " He was considered by men of
later times as the ideal of Roman character."
222. ad percipiendam : in appreciating.
223. adiuvarentur : were continually aided.
227. ceterae : sc. animi remissiones. This passage in Cicero's
tribute to letters is deservedly famous, temporum : gen. of pos-
session.
Chapter 8
118 234. deberemus : it would be our duty.
236. Rosci : Roscius, the comic actor, died a few months be-
fore this trial. He had been a slave, but lived to realize a large
fortune by his profession, and became the friend of Cicero and
other public men.
237. excellentem . . . venustatem : the excellence and charm
of his art.
240. animorum motus : mental activity, celeritatem ingeni-
orum : natural quickness.
243. novo genera dicendi : cf. 1. 27.
244. cum : concessive, litteram nullam : not a single word.
119 246. quae agerentur : which were then going on; i.e. current
events. The subjv. is due to attraction, revocatum : i.e. en-
cored.
247. eandem rem dicere : treat the same theme.
249. sciiptorum : the Greek writers, of the same country as
Archias.
120 250. diligam, etc. : deliberative subjv. ; cf. 1. 176.
253. ceterarum . . . constare : the study of other things (than
poetry) is based on theory, rules, and practice.
254. poetam : sc. sed. valere : derives his power (from)c
Poeta nascitur, non fit was a Latin proverb.
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS
279
256. ille : well-known, great. Ennius, " the father of Latin
poetry," was born in Calabria 239 b.c, and came to Rome in 204.
260. Saxa . . . bes-
tiae : when Amphi-
on, king of Thebes,
was building the
walls of his city, ac-
cording to the story,
he caused the stones
to take their places
by the music of his
lyre. Orpheus in the
same way drew after
him wild beasts and
even trees.
266. pugnant in-
ter se : there were
seven cities claiming
the honor of being
the birthplace of
Homer.
Chapter 9
270. repudiabi-
mus : in questions
of deliberation the
fut. ind. is some-
times used instead of
the pres. subjv. ;
Bur. 757; HB. 572.
271. omne studi-
um : his utmost zeal.
273. Cimbricas res
274. durior
PAGE
120
121
ORrHEUS WITH HIS LVKK
(From a Pompeian wall painting-)
the war w. the Cimbri.
too rude. Marius boasted that the camp and
battle field weie his only school.
275. aversus a : unfriendly to.
277. Themistoclem : Themistocles, the Athenian statesman
and commander, the victor in the battle of Salamis, 480 b.c.
ilium, ille (1. 280) ; cf . 1. 256.
278. quaereretur : impers. acroama : performer. This Greek
280 NOTES
PA.GE
121 word (lit., thing heard) comes to mean an entertainment, as a
play, dance, or recitation ; then the person who gives the enter-
tainment.
281. Plotium : the first Roman teacher of rhetoric, a friend of
Marius.
284. ab hoc : i.e. by Archias.
287. aperuit : especially to Roman merchants.
122 289. natura et regione : hy natural situation ; hendiadys.
populi Romani : note the repetition and emphatic position of
this phrase.
290. non maxima : no very great. Plutarch says that Lucullus
had 10,000 men against an army of 200,000. Armeniorum : the
allies of Mithridates.
292. urbem Cyzicenorum : Cyzicus was an important city on
the southern coast of the Propontis, friendly to Rome, eiusdem :
LucuUus.
293. ore ac faucibus : the open jaws (lit., mouth and jaws).
294. nostra feretur : as ours (the battle) will he spoken of.
296. apud Tenedum pugna : the battle off Tenedos, 73 b.c.
So it is named, though really fought near Lemnos.
298. Quae . . . efferuntur : hy whose genius these deeds are
proclaimed. In trans, begin w. the antecedent clause ab els, etc.
299. Africano superior! : the elder Scipio.
300. is : i.e. his statue. In Cicero's time, according to Livy,
there were three statues at the entrance of the tomb of the Scipios,
one of which was thought to be that of Ennius.
303. huius : of the present Cato (Uticensis). Cato : the Cen-
sor. His praises were sung by Ennius, who had served as a sol-
dier under him in Sardinia. It was in Cato's army that Ennius
first came to Rome in 204 b.c.
Chapter 10
123 307. haec : sc. carmina. fecerat : the word for " poet " in
Greek means maker. Rudinum hominem : Ennius, born at
Rudiae of Greek origin, became a Roman citizen late in life.
309. civitatibus : dat. of agent.
320. Graeca leguntur : Greek is (or Greek writings are) read.
Archias wrote in Greek, Ennius in Latin.
322. suis finibus : to its own boundaries (lit., by, etc.). sane:
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 281
we must admit. Latin was spoken in Latium and in the Roman 123
colonies, Greek in the whole civilized world.
327. quo : wherever. The antecedent is eodem.
329. pervenerint : subjv. in an indir. clause.
330. cum . . . turn : while . . . at the same time.
331. haec : i.e., these poems, ampla : honorable.
332. de : at the risk of.
337. qui . . . inveneris : a rel. causal clause ; 192, h^. 124
338. vere : sc. dixit,
340. Magnus : a surname given to Pompey by Sulla.
342. in contione , . , donavit : citizenship was of ten conferred
by generals in this way.
344. eiusdem laudis : the same as Pompey received from
Theophanes.
346. credo : ironical.
347. perficere non potuit : could not have managed; 198, note
2,2
349. petentem : = si petisset, quem : i.e. Sulla; subj. of
iubere (1, 352).
350. de populo : from the common people, untrained; cf.
Archias loco nobili (1. 46), ei subiecisset : had handed up to him,
sitting upon the tribunal at the auction of the goods of the con-
quered.
351. quod fecisset : causal, giving Sulla's reason, in eum:
about him.
352. longiusculis : the only merit of the writing was its verse-
form, consisting of alternate lines of five and six feet (elegiac
couplets),
355. huius : Archias,
358. qui . . . cuperet : especially since he (Metellus) so much
desired to have his own deeds ivritten about.
360. pingue . . . peregrinum : though uttering something dull
and provincial.
Chapter 11
363. prae nobis ferendum : 7nust be openly acknowledged.
364. optimus quisque : all the best men.
Bur.
A.
B.
G.
H.
HK.
1 — 807
535
283
634
592
523
» — 921
308. c
304,3
597
511
582,3
282 NOTES
PAGE
124 366. in eo ipso : in the very act.
367. despiciunt : express contempt for. praedicari . . . no-
minari : to be named and praised.
125 3^9- amicissimi sui : his own most intimate friend.
373. ille Fulvius : Fulvius Nobilior, who was criticised by
Cato the Censor for taking Ennius with him (comite), 180 b.c.
374, Musis : Fulvius built a temple in Rome to Hercules and
the Muses.
376. prope armati : i.e. before laying down their arms.
381. a abhorrere : to disregard.
384. me indicabo : / will betray (accuse) myself; said in a
jocular spirit. The phrase is generally used of criminals who
give themselves up to the authorities, quodam: here used to
soften the following phrase.
392. hie : Archias. The poem dealing with the suppression
of the conspiracy was probably never completed.
393. res : subject, theme.
397. quid est quod : cf . note, 1. 138.
401. nee tantis : the conclusion begins here.
126 403- Nune : as it is, opposed to si nihil (1. 399).
404. Optimo quoque : cf. 1. 364. virtus : a noble impulse.
408. eum adaequandam : must endure to; *' must be made cch-
existent with.'' — Reid.
Chapter 12
412. videamur: are we to seem? Deliberative subjv.
416. eum : concessive, spatium : sc. vitae : moment of our lives,
423. imagines: portraits, molded or carved; perhaps the
wax portrait masks of ancestors who had been curule magis-
trates, simulaera : as representations; pred. ace. in relation to
statuas et imagines.
427. effigiem : a delineation.
428. nonne debemus : and ought we not? expressam: accu^'
rately drawn.
429. omnia : obj. of spargere ae disseminare.
127 432. sapientissimi : especially the Greek philosophers Pythag-
oras, Socrates, and Plato, who taught immortality.
433- pertinebit : shall continue in relation.
435. pudore, ingenio (1. 437), causa (with a cause, 1. 439) : abl,
of description.
437. vetustate : by the duration (of his friendship).
1
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS
283
438. quod . . .
videatis : descrip-
tive, summorum
. . . ingeniis : hij
men of the highest
genius.
439. beneficio le-
gis : the lex Plau-
tia-Papiria.
443. ut eum : w.
accipiatis (1. 449),
depending on peti-
mus.
451. de causa:
i.e. on the question
itself, chapters 1-5.
452. omnibus:
dat. of agent.
453. a aliena : at
variance with.
454. de studio :
on the pursuit of lit-
erature, chapters 6-
12.
PAGE
127
Plato
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
PART I. INFLECTION
NOUNS
FIRST DECLENSION
1.
SINGULAR
N.
porta 1
G.
portae
D.
portae
Ac,
portam
Ab.
porta
PLURAL
portae
portarum
portis
portas
portis
SECOND DECLENSION
2.
SINGULAR
N.
amTcus
puer
ager
vir
bellum
G.
amTci
pueri
agri
viri
beUi
D. Ab.
amico
puero
agro
viro
bello
Ac.
amTcum
puerum
agrum
virum
bellum
PLURAL
N.
amici
pueri
agri
viri
beUa
G.
amicorum
puerorum
agrorum
virorum
belloru
D. Ab.
amicis
pueris
agris
viris
bellis
Ac.
amicos
puero s
agros
vir OS
beUa
1 The base of a noun is found, in any declension, by dropping the end-
ing of the genitive singular ; the stem, by dropping -rum of the genitive
plural in the first, second, and fifth declensions, -urn in the third and
fourth : base, port-, stem, porta.
284
NOUNS
285
THIRD DECLENSION
3.
SINGULAR
N.
c5nsiil
mercator
pater
legio
G.
consul is
mercatoris
patiis
legionis
D.
consul!
mercatori
patri
legion I
Ac.
consulem
mercatorem
patrem
legionem
Ab.
consule
mercatore
PLURAL
patre
legione
N. .
Ac. consules
mercatore s
patres
legiones
O.
c5nsulum
mereatorum
patrum
legionum
D. .
Ab. consulibus
mercatoribus
patribus
legionibus
4
•
SINGULAR
N.
lex
prmceps
miles
civitas
G.
legis
principis
militis
civitatis
D.
legl
principi
mTliti
civitati
Ac.
legem
principem
militem
civitatem
Ab.
lege
prlncipe
milite
civitate
(The plural is regular)
5.
SINGULAR
N.Ac.
flumen
opus
tempus
caput
G.
fluminis
operis ^
temporis ^
capitis
D.
fltimini
operi
tempori
capiti
Ab.
flumine
opera
PLURAL
tempore
capite
N.Ac.
fltimina
opera
tempora
capita
G.
fluminum
operum
temporum
eapitum
D. Ab.
fluminibus
operibus
temporibus
eapitibus
* Many words in -s, of all genders, change s to r between two vowela :
aeg, aeris ; mos, mdris ; ius, iuris.
286
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
6.
SINGULAR
N.
caedes
navis
hostis
mons
nox
G.
caedis
navis
hostis
montis
noctis
D.
caedi
navi
hosti
monti
nocti
Ac.
caedem
Tiavim(-i
em)i hostem
montem
noctem
Ab.
caede
navi(-e)
2 hoste
monte
nocte
PLURAL
N. caedes naves hostes montes noctes
G. caedium ^ navium ^ hostium ^ montium ^ noctium '
D.Ab. caedibus navibus hostibus montibus noctibus
Ac. caedis (-es)^ navis (-es)^ hostis (-es)^ montis (-es)^ noctis (-es)*
7.
PLUR. SING.
cubilia ^ vectigal
cubilium ^ vectigalis
cubilibus vectigali ^
SING.
N, Ac. cubile
G.
D.Ab.
cubilis
cubili ^
PLITR
vectigalia *
vectlgalium
vectigali bus
8.
N.
G.
D.
Ac.
Ab.
FOURTH DECLENSION
SINGULAR
inanus
manus
manui (-u)
manum
manu
lacus
lacus
lacui (-li)
lacum
lacu
domus
domus
domui
domum
domo (-u)
Locative sing, domi, at home.
cornu
cornus
cornii
cornii
cornii
* Ace. sing, in -im or -em is found in febris, navis (usually -em), puppis
(usually -im), securis, sementis, turris.
2 Abl. sing, -i or -e is found in avis, civis, classis, febris, finis, ignis,
imber, navis, orbis, puppis, sementis, turris.
3 Gen. plur. -ium and ace. plur. -is or -es are found in, —
a. Nouns in -es or -is (having the same number of syllables in nom.
and gen.).
h. Polysyllables in -ns or -rs, and sometimes -tas ; also proper names
in -as.
c. Monosyllables in -s or -x, following a consonant.
d. imber, linter, and nox.
* Gen. plur. -ium, nom. and ace. plur. -ia, are found in neuters with
nom. in -e, -al, -ar.
* Abl. sing, -i is found in neuters with nom. sing, in -e, -al, -ar.
NOUNS
287
PLURAL
N.
inanus
lacus
domus
cornua
G.
manuum
lacuum
domuum
cornuum
D. Ab.
manibus
lacubus (-ibus)
domibus
eornibus
Ac.
manus
lacus
domos (-us)
cornua
9.
FIFTH
DECLENSION
SING.
PLUR.
SING.
PLUR.
N.
dies
dies
res
r6s
G.
diei
dierum
rei
rerum
D.
diei
diebus
rei
rebus
Ac.
diem
dies
rem
les
Ab.
die
diebus
re
rebus
Note. Other nouns of the fifth declension lack the plural
forms, though the plural nominative and accusative are found in
acies, effigies, species, spes, and a few other words.
10.
SPECIAL NOUNS
SINGULAR
N.
deus
senex
vis
iter
G.
dei
senis
vis
itineris
D.
deo
seni
vi
itineri
Ac.
deum
senem
vim
iter
Ab.
deo
sene
PLURAL
vi
itinere
N.
dei, dii, di
senes
vires
itinera
G.
deorum, deum
senum
virium
itinerum
D. Ab.
deis, diis, dis
senibus
viribus
itineribus
Ac.
deos
senes
viris (-es)
itinera
11.
N.
Archias ^
Perse s ^
Deles 2
luppiter
G.
Archiae
Persae
Deli
lovis
D.
Archiae
Persae
Delo
lovi
Ac.
Archian (-am)
Persen
Delon
lovem
V.
Archia
Perse
Dele
luppiter
Ab.
Archia
Perse
Delo
love
1 A Greek noun of the first declension.
2 A Greek noun of the second declension.
288
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
12.
N.
G.
13.
ADJECTIVES
FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
SINGULAR
PLURAL
M,
F. N.
M.
F. N.
N.
bonus
bona bonum
boni
bonae bona
G.
boni
bonae boni
bonorum
bonarum bonorum
D.
bono
bonae bono
bonis
bonis bonis
Ac.
bonum
bonam bonum
bonds
bonas bona
Ab.
bono
bona bono
SINGULAR
bonis
bonis bonis
PLURAL
M.
F. N.
M.
F. N.
N.
liber
libera liberum liberi
liberae libera
G.
liberi
liberae liberi
liberorum liberarum liberorum
etc. 1
etc. 1
SINGULAR PLURAL
M. F. N. M. F. N.
noster ^ nostra nostrum nostri nostrae nostra
nostri nostrae nostri nostrorum nostrarum nostrorum
etc.
etc.
SINGULAR
M.
F.
N.
M.
F.
N.
N.
alius
alia
aliud
alter
altera
alterum
G.
alius
alius
alius
alterius
alterius
alterius
D.
alii
alii
alii
alteri
alteri
alteri
Ac.
alium
aliam
aliud
alterum
alteram
alterum
Ab.
alio
alia
alio
altera
altera
altero
M.
F.
N.
M.
F.
N,
N.
neuter ^
neutra
neutrum
iinus *
tina
unum
G.
neutrius
neutrius
neutrius
tinius
tinius
unius
D.
neutri
neutri
neutri
tini
uni
tini
Ac.
neutrum
neutram
neutrum
unum
linam
tinum
Ab.
neutro
neutra
neutro
lino
iina
tino
^ Other cases like bonus.
' So also uter.
2 Possessive pronoun, used as an adjectivei
* So also nuUus, sdlus, totus, uUus.
ADJECTIVES
289
THIRD DECLENSION
14.
Adjectives of Three Endings
SINGULAR
PLURAL
M.
F. N.
M.
F.
N.
N. acer
acris acre
acres
acres
acria
G. acris
acris acris
acrium
acrium
acrium
D. Ab. acri
acri acri
acribus
acribus
acribus
Ac. acrem
acrem acre
acris (-es'
) acris (-es^
) acria
15.
Adjectives of Two Endings
singular
plurai
1
M. & F.
N.
M. & F.
N.
N.
fortis
forte
fortes
fortia
G.
fortis
fortis
fortium
fortium
D. Ab
. forti
forti
fortibus
fortibus
Ac.
fortem
forte
fortis (-es)
fortia
singular
plural
M. & F.
N.
M, & F.
N.
N.
longior
longius
longiore s
longiora
G.
longioris
longioris
longiorum
longiorum
D.
longiori
longiori
longioribus
longioribus
Ac.
longiorem
longius
longiore s
longiora
Ab.
longiore
longiore
longioribus
longioribus
16.
Adjectives of One Ending
singular
PLURAL
M. & F. N.
M. & F.
N,
N.
potens potens
potentes
potentia
G.
potentis potentis
potentium
potentium
D.
potenti potent!
potentibus
potentibus
Ac.
potentem potens
potentis (-es)
potentia
Ab.
potenti (-e) potenti (-e)
potentibus
potentibus
290
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
SINGULAR
PLURAIi
M. & F. N.
M. & F.
N.
N.
vetus vetus
vetere s
Vetera
G.
veteris veteris
veterum
veterum
D.
veteri veteri
veteribus
veteribus
Ac.
veterem vetus
vetere s
Vetera
Ab.
vetere (-i) vetere (-i)
veteribus
veteribus
17.
SPECIAL ADJECTIVES
SINGULAR
PLURAL
M. & F.
N.
M.
&F. N.
N.
pliis
pltire s plura
G.
pltiris
plurium plurium
D.
pltiribus pliiribus
Ac.
plus
pltire s pliira
Ab.
pltire
pltiribus pluribus
M.
F.
N.
M. & F. N.
N.
duo
duae
duo
tres tria
G.
duorum
duarum
duorum
trium trium
D. Ab.
duobus
duabus
duobus
tribus tribus
Ac.
duos
duas
duo
tris, tres tria
18.
REGULAR COMPARISON
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
latus, -
■a, -um
latior, -
ius
latissimus, -a, -um
fortis,
-e
fortior.
-ius
fortissimus, -a, -um
potens
potenti
or, -ius
potentissimus, -a, -um
velox
velocior, -ius
velocissimus, -a, -um
acer, acris, acre
acrior, -
-ius
acerrimus, -a ,-um
liber, -
era, -erum
liberior
, -ius
liberrimus, -a, -um
facilis.
-e
facilior.
-ius
facillimus, -a, -um ^
19.
IRREGULAR COMPARISON
bonus,
-a, -um
TTielior,
melius
optimus, -a, -um
malus,
-a, -um
peior, peius
pessimus, -a. -um
magnus, -a, -um
maior, i
maius
maximus, -a, -um
1 So also difficilis, similis, dissimilis, gracilis, humilis.
PRONOUNS
291
multus, -a, -um
parvus, -a, -um
senex
iuvenis, -e
vetus
exterus
inferus
posterus
superus
[cis, citra]
[in, intra]
[prae, pro]
[prope]
[ultra]
20.
, plus
minor, minus
senior
itinior
vetustior, -ius
exterior
inferior
posterior
superior
citerior
interior
prior
propior
ulterior
plurimus, -a, -uni
minimus, -a, -um.
maximus natii
minimus natO.
veterrimus, -a, -um
extremus, extimus
infimus, imus
postremus, postumus
supremus, summus
citimus
intimus
primus
proximus
ultimus
COMPARISON* OF ADVERBS
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
late
latius
latissime
libere
liberius
llberrime
facile
facilius
faeillime
acriter
acrius
acerrime
fortiter
fortius
fortissime
bene
meUus
optime
male
peius
pessime
magnopere
magis
maxime
multum
plus
plurimum
parum
minus
minime
prope
propius
proxime
diu
diutius
dititissime
saepe
saepius
saepissime
21.
PRONOUNS
PERSONAL
REFLEXIVE
SING.
PLU.
SING
. PLTJ.
SING. PLU.
N. es'o
nos
tu
vos
G. mei nostrum, -tri
D. mihi nobis
Ac. me nos
Ab. me nobis
tul vestrum, -tri sui sui
tibi vobis sibi sibi
te vos se, sese se, .'ese
te vobis se, sese se, sese
292
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
22. POSSESSIVE
Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, are used and declined like
adjectives.
23.
DEMONSTRATIVE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
M,
F.
N.
M.
F.
N.
N.
hio
haec
hoc
hi
hae
haec
O.
huius
htiius
htiius
horum
harum
horum
D.
huic
huic
huic
hTs
his
his
Ac.
hunc
hanc
hoc
hos
has
haec
Ab.
hoc
hac
SINGULAR
hoc
his
his
PLURAL
his
M.
F.
N, '
M,
F.
N.
N.
illei
ilia
iUud
illi
illae
ilia
G.
illius
illius
illius
illorum
illarum
illorum
D.
ill!
illi
ilh
ilhs
illis
iUis
Ac.
ilium
illam
iUud
illos
illas
ilia
Ab.
iUo
ilia
SINGULAR
iUo
illis
ilHs
PLURAL
ilhs
M.
F.
N.
M.
F.
N.
N.
is
ea
id
ei, ii
eae
ea
G.
eius
eius
eius
eorum
earum
eorum
D.
ei
ei
ei
eis, iis
eis, iis
eis, iis
Ac.
eum
eam
id
eos
eas
ea
Ab.
eo
ea
SINGULAR
e5
eis, iis
eis, iis
PLURAL
eis, iis
M.
F.
A^.
M.
F.
N.
N.
idem
eadem
idem
eidem ^
eaedem
eadem
G.
eiusdem eiusdem
eiusdem
eorundem
earundem
eorundem
D.
eidem
eldem
eidem
elsdem ^
elsdem
eisdem
Ac.
eundem eandem
idem
eosdem
easdem
eadem
Ab.
eodem
eadem
eodem
eisdem ^
eisdem
elsdem
1
Iste, ista, istud, is declined like ille. ^ Qr idem.
' Or isdem.
PRONOUNS
29
24.
INTENSIVE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
M,
F.
JV.
M.
F.
N.
N, ipse
ipsa
ipsum
ipsi
ipsae
ipsa
G. ipsius
ipsius
ipsius
ipsorum
ipsarum
ipsorum
D. ipsi
ipsi
ipsi
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
Ac. ipsum
ipsam
ipsum
ipsos
ipsas
ipsa
Ab. ipso
ipsa
ipso
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
26.
RETiATIVE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
M,
F.
N,
M,
F,
N,
N. qui
quae
quod
qui
quae
quae
G. cuius
cuius
ciiius
quorum
quarum
quorum
D. cui
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
Ac. quern
quam
quod
quos
quas
quae
^b. quo
qua
quo
quibus
quibus
quibus
26.
INTERROGATIVE
SINGULAR
M. & F.
N.
N. quis
quid
G. cuius
5
cuius
D. cui
cui
Ac. quern
quid
Ab. quo
quo
The plural of the interrogative quis is like that of the relative
qui. When used as an adjective, the singular also is like that of
the relative.
27.
INDEFINITE PRONOXINS
The indefinite pronouns are : —
1. quis (qui), quae (qua), quid (quod), any (one), anything.
2. aliquis (-qui), aliqua, aliquid (-quod), some (one), some thing,
3. quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam (quod-), any (one) at all.
4. quisquam, quicquam, any (one) at all (169),
5. quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet (quod-), any (one) you please,
6. quivis, quaevis, quidvis (quod-), any (one) you wish.
7. quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quod-), a certain (one).
294
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
8. quisque, quaeque, quidque (quod-), each {one), every (one).
28. The indefinite quis is declined like the interrogative quis
(26), but has quae or qua in the neuter plural, and, when used as
an adjective, in the feminine singular. Aliquis has aliqua, not
aliquae, in the feminine singular and neuter plural.
a. The feminine singular forms of quis, aliquis, quispiam, and
quisque, are not used as pronouns, but as adjectives. In all
words the neuter singular form in quid is used as a pronoun, in
quod as an adjective.
h. Quidam has n instead of m before d in quendam, quandam,
quorundam, quarundam. Quisquam has c for d in the neuter
quicquam.
29.
VERBS
FIRST CONJUGATION
-^ _ [laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum, vraise.
Principal Parts , , , j.-i j-x r ■ j
[laudor, laudari, laudatus sum, he 'praised.
ACTIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
/ praise^ am praising
laudo laudamus
laudas laudatis
laudat laudant
Indicative
Present
PASSIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
/ am praised
laudor laudamur
laudaris (-re) laudamini
laudatur laudantur
Imperfect
I was praising (I praised) I was praised
laudabam laudabamus laudabar laudabamur
laudabas laudabatis laudabaris (-re) laudabamini
laudabat laudabant laudabatur laudabantur
7 shall praise
laudabo laudabimus
laudabis laudabitis
laudabit laudabunt
Future
/ shall be praised
laudabor laudabimur
laudaberis (-re) laudabimini
laudabitur laudabuntur
VERBS
295
Perfect
/ have praised, I praised I have been (or / was) praised
laudavi laudavimus laudatus sum laudati sumus
laudavisti laudavistis laudatus es laudati estis
laudavit laudaverunt (-ere) laudatus est laudati sunt
/ had praised
laudaveram laudaveramus
laudaveras laudaveratis
laudaverat laudaverant
Pluperfect
/ had been praised
laudatus eram laudati eramus
laudatus eras laudati eratis
laudatus erat laudati erant
Future Perfect
/ shall have praised I shall have been praised
laudavero laudaverimus laudatus ero laudati erimus
laudaveris laudaveritis laudatus eris laudati eritis
laudaverit laudaverint laudatus erit laudati erunt
30o
/ may praise ^
SINGULAR PLURAL
laudem laudemus
laudes laudetis
laudet laudent
/ might praise ^
laudarem laudaremus
laudares laudaretis
laudaret laudarent
I may have praised ^
laudaverim laudaverimus
laudaveris laudaveritis
laudaverit laudaverint
Subjunctive
Present
I may be praised
SINGULAR
lauder
lauderis (-re)
laudetur
PLURAL
laudemur
laudemini
laudentur
Imperfect
/ might be praised ^
laudarer laudaremur
laudareris (-le) laudaremini'
laudaretur laudarentur
Perfect
7 may have been praised ^
laudatus sim laudati simus
laudatus sis laudati sitis
laudatus sit laudati sint
* The translation of the subjunctive varies.
296
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
Pluperfect
/ should 1 have praised 2
laudavissem laudavissemus
laudavisses laudavissetis
laudavisset laudavissent
/ should 3 have been praised ^
laudatus essem laudati essemus
laudatus esses laudati essetis
laudatus esset laudati essent
31.
lauda, praise thou
laudate, praise ye
laudato, thou shall praise
laudato, he shall praise
laudatote, you shall praise
laudanto, they shall praise
32.
Imperative
Present
laudare, he thou praised
laudamini, be ye praised
Future
laudator, thou shall he praised
laudator, he shall be praised
laudantor, they shall he praised
Infinitive
Pres. laudare, to praise laudari, to he praised
Perf. laudavisse, to have laudatus esse, to have been
praised praised
FuT. laudaturus esse, to be laudatum iri, to he about to be
about to praise praised
33.
Pres. laudans, praising
FuT. laudaturus about
praise
34.
Gerund
G, laudandi, of praising
D. Iaudand5, for praising
Ac. laudandum, praising
Ab. laudando, by praising
Participles
Perf. laudatus, having been
praised
to FuT. laudandus (Gerundive), to
be praised
Supine
Ac. laudatum, to praise
Ab. laudatu, to praise
* You, he, they would have praised.
2 The translation of the subjunctive varies.
3 You, he, they would have been praised.
VERBS
297
36.
SECOND CONJUGATION
_, T^ moneo, monere, monui, momtum, advise
Principal Parts . . .' 77.7
[moneor, monen, monitus sum, be advised
ACTIVE 1
PASSIVE 1
Indicative
Subjtmctive
Indicative
Subjimctive
Pres.
moneo
moneam
moneor
monear
mones
moneas
moneris (-re)
monearis (-re)
monet
moneat
monetur
moneatur
monemus
moneamus
monemur
moneamux
monetis
moneatis
monemini
moneamini
monent
moneant
monentur
moneantur
Impf.
monebam
monerem
monebar
monerer
FuT. monebo
Perf. monui monuerim
Plup. monueram monuissem
F. P. monuero
monebor
monitus sum monitus sim
monitus eram monitus essem
monitus ero
Imperative
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR PLURAL
Pres.
mone ^
monete
monere 2 monemini
FuT.
moneto
monetote
monetor
moneto
monento
Infinitive
monetor monentor
Pres.
monere ^
moneri
Perf.
monuisse
monitus esse
FuT.
moniturus
esse
Participles
momtum iri
Pres.
monens
Perf.
monitus
FuT.
moniturus
FuT.
monendus (Gerundive)
Gerimd Supine
monendl, etc. monitum, -u
^ Omitted forms and meanings are like those of laado.
2 The meanings are as given in 31 and 32.
298
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
36.
THIRD CONJUGATION
Principal Parts I ""^^' '^^^!^ I'T' '''^'''^' '""^^
[regor, regi, rectus sum, be ruled
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Indicative
Subjunctive
Indicative
Subjunctive
PRES.
rego
regam
regor
regar
regis
regas
regeris (-re)
regaris (-re)
regit
regat
regitur
regatur
regimus
regamus
regimur
regamur
regitis
regatis
regimini
regamini
regunt
regant
reguntur
regantur
Impp.
regebam
regerem
regebar
regerer
FUT.
regam
reges
reget, etc.
regar
regeris (-re)
regetur, etc.
Perf.
rexi
rexerim
rectus sum
rectus sim
Plup.
rexeram
rexissem
rectus eram
rectus essem
P.P.
rexero
rectus ero
Imperative
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
pRES.
rege
regite
regere
regimini
FuT.
regito
regitote
regitor
regito
regunto
regitor
reguntor
Infinitive
Pres.
regere
regi
Perf.
rexisse
rectus esse
*
FuT.
recturus esse
rectum iri
Participles
Pres.
regens
Perf
. rectus
FuT.
recturus
FuT.
regendus (G
'erundive)
Gerund
Supine
regendi, etc. rectum, -u
VERBS
299
37.
THIRD CONJUGATION IN -10
^ _. fcapio, capere, cepi, cap turn, take
Principal Parts \ . . . i . i
[capior, capi, captus sum, be taken
The perfect and supine systems are regular; see rego.
ACTIVE
Indicative Subjunctive
PASSIVE
Indicative Subjunctive
Pres.
capi 6
capiam
capior capiar
capis
capias
caperis (-re) capiaris (-re)
capit
capiat
capitur capiatur
capimus
capiamus
capimur capiamur
capitis
capiatis
capimini capiamini
capiunt
capiant
capiuntur capiantur
Impf.
capiebam
caperem
capiebar caperer
FUT.
capiam
capiar
capies
capieris (-re)
capiat, etc.
capietur, etc.
Imperative
Pres.
cape
capite
capere capimini
FuT.
capito
capitate
capitor
capito
capiunto
capitor capiuntor
Infinitive
Pres.
capere
capi
Participl*
ss
Pres.
capiens
FuT. capiendus (Gerundive)
Gerund
capiendi, etc.
38.
Principal
FOURTH CONJUGATION
Par 5, f^udio, audire, audivi, auditum, hear
[audior, audiri, auditus sum, be hean
300
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Indicative
Subjunctive
Indicative
Subjunctive
PRES.
audio
audiam
audior
audiar
audis
audias
audiris (-re)
audiaris (-re)
audit
audiat
auditur
audiatur
audimus
audiamus
audimur
audiamur
auditis
audiatis
audimini
audiamini
audiunt
audiant
audiuntur
audiantur
Impf.
audiebam
audirem
audiebar
audirer
Put.
audiam
audies
audiet, etc.
audiar
audieris (-re)
audietur, etc.
Perf.
audivi
audiverim
auditus sum
auditus sim
Plup.
audiveram
audivissem
audltus eram
auditus essem
P.P.
audivero
auditus ero
Imperative
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Pres.
audi
audite
audire
audimini
Put.
audito
auditote
auditor
audito
audiunto
auditor
audiuntor
Infinitive
•
Pres.
audire
audiri
Perf.
audivisse
auditus esse
Put.
auditurus (
esse
auditum iri
Participles
Pres.
audiens
Perf. auditus
Put.
auditurus
Put. audiendus {Gerundive)
Gerund Supine
audiendi, etc. auditum, -u
VERBS
301
39. ACTIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION
Subjunctive
Pres. laudaturus sim
Impf. laudaturus essem
Perf. laudaturus fuerim
Plup. laudaturus fuissem
Infinitive
Pres. laudaturus esse
Perf. laudaturus fuisse
40. PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION
Indicative
Pres.
laudaturus sum, / am about
to praise
Impf.
laudaturus eram
FUT.
laudaturus ero
Perf.
laudaturus fui
Plup.
laudaturus fueram
P.P.
laudaturus fuero
Indicative
Pres. laudandus sum, I am to he
praised, I have to he praised
Impf. laudandus eram
FuT. laudandus ero
Perf. laudandus fui
Plup. laudandus fueram
P. P. laudandus fuero
Pres.
Subjunctive
laudandus sim
Impf. laudandus essem
Perf. laudandus fuerim
Plup. laudandus fuissem
Infinitive
Pres. laudandus esse
Perf. laudandus fuisse
41.
DEPONENT VERBS
CONJ. I.
CONJ. II.
CoNJ. III.
CoNJ. IV.
Examples
liortor, hortari, hortatus sum, exhort
vereor, vereri, veritus sum, fear
sequor, sequi, sectitus sum, follow ^
potior, potiri, potitus sum, become master of
* Pres. indie. : sequor, sequeris, sequitur, sequimur, sequimini,
■equuntur.
302
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
In the indicative, subjunctive, and imperative, these verbs
are conjugated Uke the passive of regular verbs. All the forms,
except the gerundive, are active in meaning.
Imperative
RES
•<. hortare
verere sequere
potire
UT.
hortator
veretor sequitor
potitor
Infinitive
Pres. hortari vereri sequi potiri
Perf. hortatus esse veritus esse sectitus esse potitus esse
FuT. hortaturus esse veriturus esse secuttirus esse potlturus esse
Participles
Pres. hortans
FuT. hortaturus
Perf. hortatus
Ger. hortandus
hortandi
verens
veriturus
veritus
verendus
sequens
secuttirus
secutus
sequendus
potiens
potitiirus
potitus
potiendus
Gerund
verendi sequendi potiendi
hortatum
Supine
veritum secutum
potitum
42. There are four semi-deponent verbs, having the active
form in the present system, but the passive in the perfect system,
with the active meaning throughout: audeo, audere, ausus sum,
dare; gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, rejoice; soleo, solere, soli-
tus sum, be accustomed; fido, fidere, fisus sum, trust.
43. IRREGULAR VERBS
Principal Parts: sum, esse, fui, futurus
Indicative Subjunctive
Present Present
/ am I may he ^
The translation of the subjunctive varies.
VERBS
303
SINGULAR PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
sum sumus
sim
simus
es estis
sis
sitis
est sunt
sit
sint
iMPERif'iJCT
Imperfect
I was
/ might
be^
eram " eramus
essem
essemus
eras eratis
esses
essetis
erat erant
esset
essent
Future
/ shall be
ero erimus
eris eritis
erit erunt
Perfect
I have been, I was
fui fuimus
Perfect
I may have been ^
fuerjm fuerimus
fuisti fuistis
fueris fueritis
fuit fuerunt (-ere)
fuerit fuerint
•
Pluperfeci"
Pluperfect
I had been
I should have been ^
fueram fueramus
fuissem fuissemus
fueras fueratis
fuisses fuissetis
fuerat fuerant
fuisset fuissent
Future Perfect
/ shall have been
fuero
fueris
fuerit
fuerimus
fueritis
fuerint
* The translation of the subjunctive varies.
304
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
Imperative
Infinitive
SINGULAR
Pees, es, he thou
FuT. esto, thou shalt
he
esto, he shall
be
PLURAL Pres. esse, to he
este, he ye Perf. fuisse, to have
heen
estote, ye shall Fut. futiirus esse, to
he he ahout to he
sunto, they shall
he
44.
Participle
futiirus, ahout to he
Principal Parts: possum, posse, potui, he able.
Indicative
Pres. possum, potes, potest
possumus, potestis,
possunt
Impf. poteram
Fut. potero
Perf. potui
Plup. potueram
F. P. potuero
Infinitive
Pres. posse
Perf. potuisse
Subjunctive
Pres. possim, possis, etc,
Impf. possem, posses, etc,
Perf. potuerim
Plup. potuissem
Participle
Pres. potens (adj.)
45. Principal Parts: fio, fieri, f actus sum, be made, be done.
Indicative
Pres. fio, fis, fit
fimus, fitis, fiunt
Impf. fiebam
Fut. fiam, fies, etc.
Perf, factus sum
Plup. factus eram
F. P. factus ero
Imperative
Pres. fi, fite
Subjunctive
Pres. fiam, fias, etc.
Impf. fierem
Perf. factus sim
Plup. factus essem
Participles
Perf. factus
Fut. faciendus (Gerundive)
VERBS
305
Infinitive
Pres. fieri Perf. factus esse Fut. factum in
46. Principal Parts : eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum, go.
Indicative
Pres. e5, is, it,
imus, itis, eunt
Impf. ibam
Fut. ibo
Perf. ii, isti, iit (it)
iimus, istis, ierunt (-re)
Plup. ieram
F. P. iero
Imperative
Pres. i, ite
Fut. ito, itote
ito, eunto
Infinitive
Pres. ire
Perf. isse
Fut. ittirus esse
Subjunctive
Pres. earn
Impf. irem
Perf. ierim
Plup. issem
Participles
Pres. lens {Gen. euntis)
Fut. itiirus
eundi, etc.
itum -u
Gerund
Supine
47. Principal Parts
f fero, ferre, tuli, latum, hear
Iferor, ferri, latus sum, he home
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Indicative
Subjunctive
Indicative
Subjunctive
Pres.
fero
feram
feror
ferar
fers
feras
ferris
feraris (-re)
fert
ferat
fertur
feratur
ferimus
feram us
f erimur
feramur
fertis
feratis
ferimini
feramini
ferunt
ferant
feruntur
ferantur
Impf.
ferebam
ferrem
ferebar
ferrer
Fut.
feram
ferar
Perf.
tuli
tulerim
latus sum
latus sim
Plup.
tuleram
tulissem
latus eram
latus essem
F. P.
tulero
latus ero
306
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
Imperative
PRES.
fer, ferte
ferre, ferimini
Put.
ferto, fer tote
fertor
fer to, ferunto
fertor, feruntor
Infinitive
pRES.
ferre
ferri
Perf.
tulisse
latus esse
Put.
laturus esse
latum iri
Pres. ferens
Put. laturus
Gerund
ferendi, etc.
Participles
Perf. latus
Put. ferendus {Gerundive)
Supine
latum, -u
48. Principal Parts
volo, velle, volui, he willing^ wish.
nolo, nolle, nolui, he unwilling.
malo, malle, malui, prefer.
Pres.
volo
Indicative
nolo
malo
VIS
non VIS
mavis
vult (volt)
non vult
mavult
volumus
nolumus
malumus
vultis (voltis)
non vultis
ma vultis
volunt
nolunt
malunt
Impf.
volebam
nolebam
malebam
Put.
volam, voles, etc.
nolam
malam
Perf.
volui
nolui
malui
Plup.
volueram
nolueram
malueram
P. P.
voluero
noluero
Subjunctive
maluero
Pres.
velim, veils, etc.
nolim
malim
Impf.
vellem, velles, etc.
nollem
mallem
Perf.
voluerim
noluerim
maluerim
Plup.
voluissem
noluissem
maluissem
VERBS
307
Imperative
Pres.
noli
1
nolite
FUT.
nollto
nolito
Infinitive
ndlitote
nolunto
Pres.
velle
nolle
malle
Perf.
voluisse
noluisse
Participle
maluisse
Pres.
volens
nolens
49. do, dare, dedi, datum, give, is conjugated like the verbs
of the first conjugation, but the stem vowel a is short in all
forms except the second person singular of the present active
indicative and imperative (das, da), and the nominative singular
of the present participle (dans).
60.
DEFECTIVE VERBS
Indicative
Perf. coepi, I began memini, / remem-
ber
Plup. coeperam memineram, I remem-
bered
F. P. coepero meminero, / shall re-
member
odi, I hate
oderam, / hated
odero, / shall hate
Subjunctive
Perf.
coeperim
meminerim
5derim
Plup.
coepissem
meminissem
Imperative
odissem
SINGULAR
PLURAL
memento
Infinitive
memento te
Perf.
coepisse
meminisse
odisse
FuT.
coep.turus esse
osiirus esse
308
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
Participles
Perf.
coeptus, begun
osus
FUT.
coepttirus
osurus
51. The defective verb inquam, say, is used with direct quota-
tions. It has the following forms, but only the first three are in
common use.
Indicative
Pres. inquam inquis inquit inquimus inquitis inquiunt
Imp. inquiebat
FuT. inquies inquiet
Perf. inquii inquisti inquit
Imperative
Pres. inque Fut. inquito
62.
IMPERSONAL VERBS
Principal Parts: licet, licere, licuit (licitum est) it is allowed.
Indicative Subjunctive
Pres. licet
Impf. licebat
Fut. licebit
Perf. licuit (licitum est)
Plup. licuerat (licitum erat)
F. P. licuerit (licitum erit)
liceat
liceret
licuerit (licitum sit)
licuisset (licitum esset)
Infinitive
licere, licuisse, hciturum esse
PART II. THE FORMATION OF WORDS
53. Root. — A root is a monosyllable which contains the funda-
mental meaning of a word. Thus due- implies the idea of lead-
ing in the noun dux and in the verb duco. A root may vary in
quantity or in spelling, as diic-, due- (in duco, dux) ; teg-, tog-
(in tego, toga).
54. Stem. — A stem is a fixed part of an inflected word. In
some words it is the same as the root, as in dux (duc-s), in which
NOUNS. PRIMARY DERIVATIVES 309
the stem and the root are both due-. In others the stem is the
root with one or more added letters, as in duc-e-, the stem of
duco, and in flu-min-, the stem of flumen.
55. Suffix. — A suffix is one or more letters added to a root
or to a stem, to modify the meaning. Thus -tor is the suffix
added to the root due-, to make duetor, a leader; but added to the
stem audi-, to make auditor, a hearer.
56. Prefix. — A prefix is one or more letters joined to the
beginning of a word to modify its meaning : ab-dueo, / lead away.
57. Word Formation. — Word formation treats of the deriva-
tion of words from roots or stems by the use of suffixes and pre-
fixes.
58. Derivative Words. — A word formed from a root or a verb-
stem is called a primary derivative : vie-tor, victor. A word de-
rived from a noun-stem or an adjective-stem is called a second"
ary derivative : vietor-ia, victory.
NOUNS: PRIMARY DERIVATIVES i
59. The suffixes -tor, -sor, form nouns denoting the agent or
doer: orator, one who speaks (oro) ; defen-sor, one who defends
(defendo).
(a) gladia-tor, one who uses the sword, is probably from the stem
of an obsolete verb.
(6) Other suffixes denoting agency are seen in serib-a, eol-onus
pa-ter (one who protects).
60. The suffixes -io, -sio, -tio, -sus, -tus (gen. us), -tura,
-ina, -ium form nouns denoting action or, concretely, the result
of action : leg-io, a levying, a legion (lego) ; ineen-sio, a setting
fire to (ineendo) ; ora-tio, a speaking (oro) ; vi-sus, a looking, act
of seeing (video) ; adven-tus, a coming to, approach (advenio) ;
iac-tura, a throwing (iacio) ; rap-ina, act of robbery (rapio) ;
gaud-ium, yo?/ (gaudeo).
Note. — In general, nouns denoting action are primarily ab-
stract, but often become concrete, that is, they lose the idea of
action and come to denote the result, the means, or the place of
action.
61. The suffixes -men, -mentum, -monia, -monium form
nouns denoting action, the means, or the result of action : ag-men,
that which is led (ago) ; flu-men, a flowing (fluo) ; orna-mentum,
^ Some of the less common suffixes are omitted.
310 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
that which adorns (orno) ; detri-mentum, that which is worn away^
loss (detero)' ; queri-monia, a complaining (queror) ; testi-
monium, evidence (tester).
62. The suffixes -brum, -crum, -trum, -ulum, -bulum, -culum,
-bra, -ula, -bula, etc., form nouns denoting the means, the instru-
ment, or the place : delu-brum, a place of cleansing, a temple
(deluo) ; simula-crum, a likeness (simulo) ; vinc-ulum, a bond
(vincio) ; pa-bulum, that which nourishes (pa-, nourish) ; guber-
na-culum, a helm (guberno) ; late-bra, a hiding-place (lateo).
63. The suffix -or forms masculine abstract nouns denoting a
mental state: am-or, love (amo) ; tim-or, /ear (timeo).
NOUNS; SECONDARY DERIVATIVES
64. The suffixes -lus, -la, -lum, -ulus, -cuius, etc., form nouns
called diminutives. These words follow the gender of the words
from which they are derived : libel-lus, little hook (liber) ; tabel-la,
small board, tablet (tabula) ; lect-ulus, little couch (lectus).
65. The suffixes -tas, -tus, -tudo, -ia, -tia, -ium, -tium form
abstract nouns denoting quality or condition : boni-tas, goodness
(bonus) ; vir-tus, manliness (vir) ; audac-ia, boldness (audax) ;
amici-tisi, friendship (amicus) ; servi-tium, slavery (servus).
66. The suffix -ium is much used in both primary (60) and
secondary (65) derivatives. The following secondary derivatives
denote action : auspic-ium, augury (auspex) ; remig-ium, rowing
(remex).
67. The suffix -arius added to a noun-stem denotes a dealer or
maker; -arium, the place where things are kept : falc-arius, scythe-
maker (falx) ; tabul-arium, record-office (tabula).
68. The suffixes -6, -lis, -nus (gen., -i) added to a noun-stem
may denote the person concerned, frequently an officer : cen-
turi-o, commander of a century (centuria) ; aedi-lis, commissioner
of buildings (aedes) ; tribu-nus, head of a tribe (tribus).
69. The suffixes -atus, -ura, added to the stem of a personal
name, denote office ; -Ina, an art : consul-atus, office of consul
(consul) ; praefect-ura, office of commander (praefectus) ;
medic-ina, the healing art (medicus).
ADJECTIVES: PRIMARY DERIVATIVES
70. The suffixes -ax, -icus, -idus, -ulus form adjectives, chiefly
with the meaning of the present participle; aud-ax, daring
DERIVATION OF VERBS 311
(audeo) ; am-Icus, loving, friendly (an^o) 5 tim-idus, fearfult
timid (timed) ; cred-ulus, quick to believe (credo).
71. The suffixes -ilis, -bilis, -tivus form adjectives, chiefly with
a passive meaning, sometimes denoting capability: fac-ilis, that
may be done, easy (facio) ; credi-bilis, that may be believed (credo) ;
cap-tivus, captured (capio).
ADJECTIVES: SECONDARY DERIVATIVES
72. Adjectives meaning belonging to, relating to, derived from^
are formed with the following suffixes : -cus, -icus, -ticus ; -ius,
-icius ; -nus, -anus, -enus, -inus ; -alis, -elis, -ilis, -ulis ; -aris,
-arius ; -ivus, -timus ; -ensis ; -cer, -cris, -ter, -tris, -ester,
-estris, -estis : bell-icus, of war (bellum) ; frater-nus, of a
brother (frater) ; reg-alis, of a king (rex) ; consul-aris, of a con-
sul (consul) ; mari-timus, of the sea (mare) ; agr-estis, of the
field (ager).
73. The suffixes -osus, -lentus, -tus form adjectives meaning
full of, provided with: pericul-osus, full of -danger, dangerous
(periculum) ; turbu-lentus, disorderly (turba) ; hones-tus,
honorable (honor) ; ius-tus, just (ius).
74. The suffix -eus forms adjectives denoting material;
idus, denoting state or condition : argent-eus, made of silver
(argentum) ; luc-idus, bright (lux).
75. The suffixes -anus, -enus, -inus, -icus, -ius, -ensis, form
adjectives denoting place of origin : Rom-anus, of Rome (Roma) ;
Ital-icus, Italian (Italia) ; Athen-i-ensis, of Athens (Athenae).
76. The suffixes -ernus, -urnus, -tinus form adjectives from
nouns or adverbs denoting time: hodi-ernus, of this day (hodie) ;
noct-urnus, at night (nox) ; cras-tinus, of to-morrow (eras).
DERIVATION OF VERBS
77. Primary Verbs. — Some verbs are derived from roots,
either directly or by the addition of a vowel. In this class are
most verbs of the third conjugation and irregular verbs : reg-e-re,
es-se, i-re, fer-re, vel-le, da-re. Others are formed from nouns,
adjectives, or other verbs.
78. Denominative Verbs. — Verbs derived from nouns or
adjectives are called denominative : liber-6, set free (liber) ;
nomin-o, name (nomen) ; flor-eo, bloom (flos, flower) ; met-ud
fear (metus) ; fin-io, put an end to (finis).
312 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
79. Verbs Derived from Verbs. — These include :
(a) Frequentative or intensive verbs, denoting repeated or
intense action. They are of the first conjugation, and end in
-to, -so, -ito, -tito, -sito : iac-to, toss (iacio) ; ag-ito, move vio'
lently (ago) ; cur-so, run about (curro).
(6) Inceptive or inchoative verbs, denoting the beginning of an
action. These end in -sco, and are added to present stems :
hebe-sco, grow dull (hebeo, be dull).
Note. — Some verbs of this class apparently come from nouns
or adjectives : advesperascit, evening approaches (vesper) ;
inveterasco, grow old (vetus).
(c) Causative verbs, signifying a causing to act : caedo, cause
to fall (cado, fall) ; fugo, put to flight (fugio, flee) ; sisto, cause to
stand (sto, stand).
DERIVATION OF ADVERBS
80. Adverbs are derived chiefly from adjectives, nouns, or
pronouns.
81. Adverbs in -e are formed from adjectives of the second
declension : late, widely (latus). In bene and male, -e is short.
82. Adverbs in -ter (-iter) are formed chiefly from adjectives
of the third declension : gravi-ter, heavily (gravis).
83. Adverbs in -am, -em, -im, -um, and some in -e are the
accusative singular of nouns or adjectives ; those in -a, -as are
the accusative plural : quam, vicem, partim, multum, facile, cet-
era, alias.
84. Adverbs in -a, -6, -6, and some in -e, -e, are the ablative
singular of adjectives, nouns, or pronouns : recta, primo, modo,
forte, hodie.
85. Adverbs in -tus (-itus) are formed from nouns or adjec-
tives and denote source or time : antiquitus, anciently (antiquus) ;
divinitus, by divine favor (divinus).
COMPOUND WORDS
86. Compound words are formed by the union of simple
words.
(a) Nouns: agri-cola., tiller of a field, farmer; arti-f ex, master of
an art (ars, facio) ; bene-volentia, good-will ; inter-regnum, in-
terval between two reigns; res-publica, commonwealth.
SYNTAX
313
(5) Adjectives: omni-potens, almighty; parti-ceps, partaking^
sharing (pars, capio) ; vene-ficus, poisoning (venenum, facio).
(c) Verbs: ab-eo, go away; anim-ad-verto, turn attention to,
observe; prae-dico, foretell; satis-facio, make amends (do enough
for) ; ven-eo, go to sale, he sold (venum, eo).
(d) Adverbs : ad-huc, hitherto; postri-die, the next day.
87. Prefixes. — The prefixes of compound words are the fol-
lowing :
a, ab, abs, away, off, without.
ad, to, toward, near.
ambi-, around.
ante, before.
circum, around, about.
com-, con-, co-, together,
de, away.
dis-, di-, apart.
e, ex, out, without.
in, in, into, against; not,
inter, between.
intro, within.
ob, before, against.
per, through, thoroughly,
post, after, behind.
prae, before.
praeter, beside.
pro, pro, -por, forth, before^ for,
re-, red-, hack.
se-, sed-, apart.
sub, under.
subter, beneath.
super, supra, over,
trans, across.
PART III. SYNTAX
88. Questions. — Questions, in Latin, may be introduced by
an interrogative pronoun, interrogative adjective, or interroga-
tive adverb, especially -ne, nonne, num. Nonne implies the
answer yes; num, the answer no: -ne is an enclitic, attached to
the first word of the question, and implies nothing about the
answer.
1. quis te salutavit ? who saluted you? Cat. I. 7.
2. quanta in voluptate bacchabere ? in what pleasure will you
revel? Cat. I. 10.
3. quid taces ? why are you silent? Cat. I. 4.
4. mosne maiorum (te impedit) ? does the custom of our an^
cestors hinder you? Cat. I. 11.
5. nonne hunc in vincula duci imperabis ? will you not order
him to be put into prison? Cat. I. 11.
6. num negare audes ? you dare not deny, do you ? Cat. 1. 4.
314 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
a. -ne is sometimes used for nonne or num, when the answer
is understood : potestne tibi haec lux esse iucunda ? can this
light of day he pleasant to you? Cat. I. 6 (answer " no ").
b. Tandem or the enclitic -nam are sometimes used to empha-
size a question: quo usque tandem? how far, pray? Cat. I. 1.
c. Questions are sometimes expressed without an interroga-
tive word : patere tua consilia non sentis ? do you not see that
your plots are exposed? Cat. I. 1.
d. For indicative questions see 184 ; for subjunctive questions
see 201 ; for questions in indirect discourse see 215, d.
89. Alternative or Double Questions. — These inquire which
of two or more suppositions is true. The first member begins
with utrum, -ne, whether, or without an introductory word ; the
second member begins with an, or, negative annon, or not:
utrum is clemens an inhumanissimus esse videatur, whether he
would appear to be mild or most inhuman; Cat. IV. 6.
a. Necne, or not, may be used instead of an non in the second
member of a double indirect question (202) : quaesivi in conventu
fuisset necne, / asked whether he had been at the meeting or not;
Cat. II. 6.
5. An may introduce a single question, being equivalent to -ne,
nonne, or num, with added surprise or emphasis upon a preceding
statement : an Scipio Gracchum interfecit ? did not Scipio kill
Gracchus? Cat. I. 1..
90. Rhetorical Question. — A rhetorical question is one whose
answer is self-evident, and is put by way of emphasis for a
declarative statement: quis dubitat ? who doubts? (= nobody
doubts).
91. Answers. — The answer " yes " is expressed by repeating
the verb or another emphatic word, or by vero, etiam, ita, certe,
etc. The answer " no " is expressed by repeating the verb with
non, or by non minime, etc., without a verb.
NOUNS
92. Agreement. — A noun used as an appositive or predicate of
another noun or pronoun agrees with it in case : Opimius, consul,
Opimius the consid ; Cat. I. 2 ; viro forti, coUegae meo, to a
brave many my colleague; Cat. III. 6.
NOUNS 315
Nominative Case
A noun in the nominative case may be used as follows : —
93. Subject of a finite verb : senatus haec intellegit, the Senate
knows these things; Cat. I. 1.
94. Subject of an " historical " infinitive (213) : Caesar
frumentum flagitare, Caesar kept demanding grain.
95. Predicate nominative, after
a. The intransitive verbs be, become, seem, etc. : patria, quae
est parens omnium, our country, which is the parent of all; Cat. I. 7.
6. The passive verbs be made, be called, be chosen, etc. : habea-
tur vir egregius Paulus, let Paulus be regarded as an extraordinary
man; Cat. IV. 10.
Vocative Case
96. The name of the person or thing addressed is put in the
vocative case. This is spelled like the nominative except in the
singular of -us nouns of the second declension, which have the
vocative in -e : quo usque abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra?
how long, Catiline, will you abuse our patience? Cat. I. 1.
a. Filius and proper names in -ius form the vocative singular
in -i : fili, son; Marce Tulli, quid agis? Marcus Tullius, what are
you doing? Cat. I. 11.
Genitive Case
The genitive case is used with nouns, adjectives, and verbs.
A. Genitive with Nouns
97. Possessive genitive, denoting the possessor: ex aedibus
Cethegi, from the house of Cethegus ; Cat. III. 3.
98. Subjective genitive, denoting the agent or subject of an
action or feeling implied by another noun : deorum erga vos
amore, with the love of the gods for you; Cat. III. 1.
99. Objective genitive, denoting the object of an action or feel-
ing implied by another noun : invidiae metus, the fear of unpopv^
larity ; Cat. I. 11.
100. Descriptive genitive, used to describe another noun. In
this use the genitive is modified by an adjective or pronoun :
huius modi consultum, a decree of this kind; Cat. I. 2.
101. Genitive of material, denoting the material of which some-
thing consists ; talentum auri, a talent of gold.
316 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
102. Appositional genitive, having the force of an appositive :
hoc poetae nomen, this name of poet ; Ar. 8.
103. Genitive of the whole, depending on a word denoting a
part. The word denoting the part may be a noun, a pronoun
(indefinite or interrogative), an adjective (numeral, comparative,
or superlative), or an adverb (denoting quantity or place) :
quid consili ? what plan f Cat. I. 1 ; ubinam gentium ? where
in the world? Cat. I. 4.
a. The ablative with de or ex may be used instead of the
genitive of the whole, especially after cardinal numerals : unus ex
istis, the only one of these; Cat. III. 7.
B. Genitive with Adjectives
104. The objective genitive is used with adjectives denoting
desire, knowledge, memory, fullness, participation, or their oppo-
site : plenissimum navium, very full of ships ; P. 12.
a. For the genitive with proprius, similis, see 119 a, 6.
C. Genitive with Verbs
105. With verbs of accusing, acquitting, condemning, a genitive
is used to denote the charge : me inertiae condemno, / fnd
myself guilty of inactivity ; Cat. I. 2.
106. The impersonal verbs of feeling, miseret, paenitet, piget,
pudet, and taedet, take an accusative of the person concerned,
and a genitive of that which causes the feeling : me meorum f ac-
torum paenitebit, / shall repent of my deeds (lit. it will repent
me of) ; Cat. IV. 10.
107. Interest and refert take the genitive of the person or
thing concerned, if expressed by a noun, but the ablative feminine
singular of the possessive, if expressed by a personal pronoun.
The degree of interest is expressed by a genitive of value, a neu-
ter accusative, or an adverb : parvi refert, it matters little; P. 7.
mea quid interest, what is for my interest; Cat. IV. 5.
108. Verbs of memory, memini, obliviscor, reminiscor, take
the genitive or accusative. If the object is a person, obliviscor
takes the genitive only, and reminiscor the accusative only :
obliviscere caedis, forget murder; Cat. I. 3.
109. The genitive is sometimes used with potior (147) ; rerum
potiri, to get control of affairs ; Cat. II. 9.
NOUNS 317
110. With est and verbs of value, the genitive adjectives
magni, parvi, tanti, quanti, pluris, plurimi, denote indefinite
value : est tanti, it is of such value, it is worth while; Cat. I. 9.
111. Predicate Genitive. — A possessive or descriptive geni-
tive may be used in the predicate : unum genus est eorum, one
class consists of those men; Cat. II. 8 ; est sapientiae, it is the
part of (belongs to) wisdom; P. 7.
Dative Case
The uses of the dative case are as follows : —
112. Dative of indirect object,
a. With transitive verbs : (tabellas) ostendimus Cethego, we
showed the tablets to Cethegus; Cat. III. 5.
b. With intransitive verbs meaning favor, help, please, trusty
and their opposites ; believe, persuade, command, obey, serve^
resist; envy, threaten, pardon, spare: huic urbi minitantem,
threatening this city; Cat. II. 1. mihi credite, believe me, Cat.
II. 7.
Note 1 . — Some verbs of these meanings are transitive and
govern the accusative, as delecto, iubeo, iuvo, laedo.
Note 2, — In the passive these verbs are used only imper-
sonally (172, b) : mihi nihil noceri potest, in no way can harm be
done to me; Cat. III. 12.
c. With some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, de, in,
inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super : cui adulescentulo facem
praetulisti, before what young man have you carried a torch?
Cat. I. 6.
d. With verbs accompanied by satis, bene, and male :
satis facere rei publicae, to satisfy (do enough for) the state;
Cat. I. 1.
113. Dative of separation, with verbs meaning take away,
used of words denoting persons : hunc mihi timorem eripe, take
away this fear from me; Cat. I. 7.
114. Dative of purpose or tendency, denoting the purpose for
which anything is done, or the object toward which anything
tends : eos qui fructui sunt, those who are (for) a source of income;
P. 6.
o. The dative of purpose is often used in connection with the
dative of reference (115) : eos qui vobis fructui sunt, those who
are (for) a source of income to you; P. 6.
318 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
115. Dative of reference, denoting the person or thing con-
cerned by the action : tibi uni vexatio sociorum impunita fuit
(for) in the case of you alone the harassing of our allies has been
unpunished; Cat. I. 7.
a. The dative of reference may be equivalent to a possessive
genitive or adjective : tibi de manibus, from your hands; Cat. I. 6.
b. The dative of personal pronouns, mihi, tibi, etc., may be
used with expressions of emotion, interest, surprise, or derision.
This is called the ethical dative or dative of feeling. It is in
reality a dative of reference : Tongilium mihi eduxit, bless me,
he did take along Tongilius; Cat. II. 2.
116. Dative of the agent, used with a passive periphrastic form,
or with a perfect participle : erit verendum mihi, / shall have to
fear; Cat. I. 2. tibi constituti fuerunt, they have been designated
by you; Cat. I. 7.
117. Dative of the possessor, used with forms of sum: est
vobis auctor, you have (as) an authority; P. 23.
118. Dative with personal nouns, instead of the genitive:
nuUus est portis custos, there is no guard for the gates; Cat. II. 12.
119. Dative with adjectives meaning near, like, fit, sujfficientj
acceptable, friendly: proximi Germanis, next to the Germans;
B.G. I. 1. i
a. Similis may take the genitive instead of the dative, espe-
cially of words denoting persons : tui similis, like you (the like of
you) ; Cat. I. 2.
b. Proprius may take a possessive genitive instead of the
dative : huius imperi proprium, characteristic of this authority; |
v/at. X. o.
Accusative Case
The uses of the accusative case are as follows : —
120. Direct object of a transitive verb : ducem hostium vide-
mus, we see the leader of the enemy; Cat. I. 2.
121. Secondary Object. — Some verbs meaning ask, demand^
teach, or conceal, may take two objects, one of the person (direct
object), the other of the thing (secondary object) : hos sententiam
rogo, / ask them their opinion; Cat. I. 4. id quod nos Mithri-
dates docuit, what Mithridates taught us; P. 7. In the passive
construction these verbs retain the secondary object in the
accusative.
Note. — The verbs so used are oro, posco, rogo, interrogo.
NOUNS 319
flagito, doceo, celo. Peto and postulo take ab with the abla-
tive of the person asked ; quaero takes ab, de, or ex; pcsco and
flagito may take ab. Interrogo and quaero may take de with
the ablative of the thing asked about, instead of a direct ac-
cusative.
122. Predicate Accusative. — The verbs make, call, choose^
regard, show, etc., may take two accusatives, one of the direct
object, the other a predicate accusative : quem Statorem nomi-
namus, whom we call protector; Cat. I. 13. In the passive these
verbs take a predicate nominative (95), instead of the predicate
accusative of the active construction.
a. Certain infinitives like esse, with a subject accusative, may
take a predicate accusative in agreement mth the subject :
quem esse hostem comperisti, whom you have learned to he an
enemy; Cat. I. 11.
123. Subject of an Infinitive. — The accusative is used as the
subject of any infinitive except an historical infinitive (213) :
si te interfici iussero, if I shall order you to be put to death; Cat. I. 5.
124. Object of Certain Prepositions. — For these prepositions
see 231.
125. An accusative may follow the adjectives propior, proxi-
mus, and the adverbs propius, proxime, pridie : pridie Kalendas,
the day before the Calends; Cat. I. 6.
126. Accusative of place to which, with ad, in, or sub : ut te ad
portas prosequantur, to follow you to the gates; Cat. I. 8.
a. A preposition is not used with the accusative of the names
of towns, small islands, domus, or rus, but names of towns may
take ad when it means towards, or near to : se Massiliam conf eret,
he will go to Massilia; Cat. II. 6.
127. Accusative denoting duration of time or extent of space :
domicilium Romae multos annos habuit, he had a residence at
Rome many years; (Ar.) 4.
a. The preposition per is sometimes used with the accusative
of duration : per decem dies ; Cat. III. 8.
128. Cognate Accusative. — A verb may take the accusative of
a noun having a meaning similar to its own. Such an accusative
is called cognate; cum trldui viam processisset, when he had gone
forward a three days' journey; B. G. I. 38.
129. Adverbial Accusative. — An accusative, chiefly of neuter
pronouns and adjectives, may be used as an adverb : quid
taces, why are you silent ? Cat. I. 4.
320 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
130. Accusative of Exclamation. — The accusative is used in
exclamations : O tempora ! 0 the times! Cat. I. 1.
Ablative Case
131. The with-case was originally the instrumental, thein-case
was the locative, and the /rom-case was the ablative. As the
instrumental and the locative passed out of use, the ablative
absorbed their functions.
The uses of the ablative are as follows : —
132. As the object of certain prepositions. For these preposi-
tions see 231.
133. Ablative of separation, with or without ab, de, or ex.
A preposition is generally used with words denoting persons. A
preposition is generally omitted with verbs of figurative separa-
tion,/ree, relieve, deprive:^ cura relevatus, relieved of care; Cat. I.
13 ; dum modo a vobis periculum depellatur, provided the danger
be removed from you; Cat. II. 7.
a. This includes the ablative of place from which, generally
used with ab, de, or ex : exire ex urbe, to go out of the city; Cat. I.
5.
b. With the ablative of the names of towns, small islands,
domus, and rus, the preposition is not used, except in the mean-
ing from the neighborhood of: Roma prof ectus est, he went away
from Rome; Cat. II. 7. a Brundisio, from (the port of) Brun-
disium; P. 12.
134. Ablative of source or parentage. Ex or ab is sometimes
used, especially with pronouns : summo nati loco, born of the
highest rank; Cat. IV. 8.
a. Ablative of material, with ex or de : exercitum coUectum
ex senibus, an army composed of old men, Cat. II. 3.
135. Ablative of agent, with ab, denoting the person hy whom
the action of a passive verb is done : dictae sunt a principibus
sententiae, opinions were expressed by the chief men; Cat. III. 6.
136. Ablative of accordance, denoting that in accordance with
which something is done. The preposition, if used, is de or ex :
iudicio senatus, according to the decision of the senate, Cat. III. 6.
137. Ablative of comparison, following a comparative adjec-
tive or adverb when quam, than, is not used : patria mihi vita
mea carior, my country, dearer to me than my life; Cat. I. 11.
* abdico, exuo, levo, libero, privo, solvo, spclio.
NOUNS 321
a. Quam is used when the first of the words compared is in the
genitive, dative, or ablative, and may be used when the first is in
the nominative or accusative. If quam is used, the two words
compared are in the same case.
b. Amplius, longius, plus, or minus, may be used without
affecting: the case of the following noun : amplius pedum mille
sexcentorum, of more than 1600 feet; B.G. I. 38.
138. Ablative of accompaniment, with cum : occlsus est cum
liberis Fulvius, Fulvius was killed together with his children; Cat.
1.2.
a. Cum may be omitted in military phrases, when the noun is
modified by any adjective except a numeral : pedestribus
copiis, with the infantry; B. G. III. 11.
139. Ablative of manner, with or without cum : magno cum
strepitu egressi, having gone out with great uproar; B. G. II. 11 ;
aequo animo moriar, / shall die with a calm mind; Cat. IV. 2.
140. Ablative of attendant circumstance, expressing the situa-
tion or circumstance of an action. The preposition, if used, is
cum : hisce ominibus, with these omens; cum summa salute, to
(with) the highest welfare; Cat. I. 13.
141. Ablative of means or instrument, without a preposition:
nox tenebris obscurare non potest, 7iight with its darkness cannot
conceal; Cat. I. 3.
142. Ablative of cause or reason, generally without a preposition :
confessionibus suis, because of his own confessions ; Cat. III. 6.
143. Ablative of description, denoting quality or characteristic.
This ablative is always modified by an adjective or genitive:
litterae eadem ratione, letters of the same character. Cat. III. 5.
144. Ablative of specification, denoting that in respect to
which anything is or is done : impudentia, qua superabat omnes,
his impudence, in which he surpassed all men; Cat. III. 5.
145. Ablative of degree of difference, used {a) with compara-
tives and words implying comparison ; (&) vnth. absum, con-
sido, etc., to denote the interval of space : multo carior, much
dearer; Cat. I. 11.
146. Ablative of the route taken, denoting the way or route
by which, without a preposition : Aurelia via profectus est, he
has gone by the Aurelian road; Cat. II. 4.
147. The ablative is used with utor, fruor, fungor, potior,
vescor, and their compounds : quo usque abutere patientia
nostra? how far will you abuse our patience? Cat. I. 1.
322 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
a. Potior may take the genitive (109).
148. The ablative is used with opus est and usus est, there is
need : si opus facto esset, if there should be need of action; B.G. I. 42.
149. The ablative of plenty or want, used with some adjectives
and verbs : ^ carere aspectu, to be without the sight; Cat. I. 7.
150. The ablative is used with dignus, indignus, contentus,
and fretus : dignum custodia, deserving of custody; Cat. I. 8.
mea prudentia fretus, relying on my own wisdom; Cat. II. 13.
151. Ablative absolute. — An ablative absolute is a phrase
consisting of a noun or pronoun in the ablative, and a participle,
an adjective, or another noun in agreement with it.
a. An ablative absolute may express time, cause, condition,
concession, manner, means, situation. It may be best rendered
by a clause beginning with when, because, if, although, etc.
vivis nobis, while we are alive; Cat. II. 7. hoc interfecto, if
this man were put to death; Cat. I. 12. recitatis litteris, by the
reading of the letters ; Cat. III. 5.
6. The phrase is often to be translated by an active participle
with the noun as object, when the agent is the same as the subject
of the main verb : eo opera perfect© praesidia disponit, having
completed this work, he stationed guards; B.G. I. 8.
152. Ablative denoting time when or within which, without a
preposition : quid proxima nocte egeris, what you did last night;
Cat. I. 1.
153. Ablative of place where (" locative ablative "), with in or
sub : in Italia, iii Italy; Cat. I. 2.
a. The preposition may be omitted with such words as loco,
parte, parietibus, and with any noun modified by totus, medius,
ciinctus, and the like : tota Italia, in all Italy; Cat. II. 4.
b. Plural names of towns express place where by the ablative
without a preposition: Athenis, at Athens.
Locative Case
154. The locative case, denoting place where, is used instead
of the ablative in the singular of names of towns and small
islands of the first, second, and sometimes the third declension ;
also in domi, at home; militiae, in military service; ruri, in the
country. The ending of the locative is -ae in the first declension,
-i in the second and third : qui Romae remanent, who stay in
Rome; Cat. II. 8.
1 conf ertus, inanis, opimus, ref ertus ; abundo, careo, compleo, egeo.
ADJECTIVES, PRONOUNS 323
ADJECTIVES
155. An adjective is attributive when it describes a noun di-
rectly ; predicate, when it forms part of the predicate with sum,
or with a passive verb like be named, be called, be chosen (95).
156. Agreement. — An adjective or participle (220), whether
attributive or predicate, agrees with its noun in gender, number,
and case : fortes viri, brave men; res publica (commonwealth),
the state.
a. With two or more nouns connected by et, -que, or atque,
the adjective or participle is usually plural, but it may be singu-
lar if the nearest noun is singular : signum et manum suam, his
seal and hand; Cat. III. 5.
b. With two or more nouns of different genders an attributive
adjective takes the gender of the nearest ; a predicate adjective
or participle is generally masculine if one or more of the nouns
denote living things, neuter if they denote things without life :
vitam, bona, fortunas, coniuges, liberosque vestros, your lives,
property, etc. ; Cat. III. 1.
Uses of Adjectives
157. An adjective may be used as a noun, chiefly in the plural :
boni, good citizens; omnia, all things.
158. An adjective may be used with the force of an adverb :
inviti, unwillingly; frequens, in great numbers.
159. Some adjectives may denote a part of an object, as extre-
mus, the end of, infimus, the bottom of, summus the top of: extrema
pueritia, at the end (close) of his boyhood; P. 10.
160. A superlative adjective or adverb may be best translated
by very; a comparative, by too, rather, unusually : serius, too late;
superbius, somewhat arrogantly.
a. A superlative with quam or quam possum is translated as
, . . as possible : quam maximis potest itineribus, by as long
marches as possible.
PRONOUNS
161. When pronouns are used as nouns, the rules for the cases
of nouns apply ; when used as adjectives, they follow the rules
for the agreement of adjectives (156).
162. Personal Pronouns. — There is no special pronoun of the
third person, but a demonstrative pronoun may be so used :
SI eos placare non posses, if you could not pacify them; Cat. I. 7.
324 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
a. Tke nominatives ego, tu, nos, vos, are used for emphasis:
pestem, quam tu machinaris, the ruin which you plot; Cat. I. 1 ;
nos consules desumus, we, the consuls, are at fault; Cat. I. 1.
6. The genitives nostri, vestri, are objective (99) ; nostrum
and vestrum, as a rule, are genitives of the whole (103) : quern
nostrum, ivhat man of us? Cat. I. 1. ducem memorem vestri, a
leader mindful of you; Cat. IV. 9.
c. The plural of the pronoun of the first person is sometimes
used for the singular : vides nos multa conari, you see that I (we)
attempt majiy things; Orator, 30.
163. Reflexive Pronouns. — The reflexive se and the posses-
sive suus may refer to the subject of the clause in which they
stand (direct reflexive) : se suaque dediderunt, they surrendered
themselves and their property; B. G. II. 15.
a. Se or suus in a subordinate clause may refer to the sub-
ject of the verb upon which the clause depends, if the clause
expresses the thought of that subject (indirect reflexive) : his
mandavit ut ad se referrent, he ordered them to report to him;
B. G. I. 47.
6. Se or suus may refer to a person mentioned in the sentence,
not the subject : desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, let them
cease to plot against the consul in his own house; Cat. I. 13.
c. The personal pronouns of the first and second persons may be
used in a refiexive sense, that is, they may denote the same person
as the subject : me condemn©, I find myself guilty ; Cat. I. 2.
164. Possessive Pronouns. — Possessive pronouns agree in
gender, number, and case, with the word with which they are
used, not with the word denoting the possessor : quis te ex tot tuis
amicis salutavit? who of so many friends of yours saluted youf
Cat. I. 7.
a. The possessive pronoun suus is used reflexively, that is, it
refers to the subject of the sentence (163). When some other
person or thing is meant, his, her, its, or their is expressed by
the genitive of a demonstrative, eius, eorum, etc. : eius socios,
his allies; Cat. II. 2. illorum responsis, according to their
answers; Cat. III. 8.
b. A possessive pronoun may be used in place of the genitive
of a personal pronoun : nostra (= nostri) caede, with the slaughter
of us; Cat. I. 3.
165. Demonstrative Pronouns. — Demonstrative pronouns,
when not used as adjectives, take the gender and number of the
PRONOUNS 325
noun to which they refer: quis eum senator appellavit? what
senator called him by name? Cat. II, 6.
a. Hie, this, refers to what is near the speaker in place, time, or
thought ; iste, that (of yours), to something near the person
spoken to ; ille {that) to what is remote : hie tamen vivit, yet this
man lives; Cat. I. 1. ista subsellia, the benches near you; Cat. I.
7 ; aquilam illam argenteam, that silver eagle; Cat. I. 9.
b. Hie . . . ille may mean the latter . . . the former: hie cum
auxilium ferret, ilium eripuit, when the latter brought help, he
rescued him (the former) ; B. G. IV. 12.
c. Iste may be used to express contempt, especially when
addressing opponents : istius furorem, the frenzy of that scoundrel;
Cat. I. 1.
d. Ille may mean that famous: M. Catonem, ilium senem,
Marcus Cato, that (famous) old man; Ar. 7.
e. Is, this, that, is frequently used as the antecedent of qui, or in
agreement with the antecedent : is qui banc urbem servavit, he
who saved this city; Cat. III. 1.
166. Intensive Pronoun. — The pronoun ipse emphasizes the
word to which it refers : Catilina ipse profugit, Catiline himself
has fled; Cat. II. 3 ; erat seriptum ipsius manu, it had been written
in his own hand; Cat. III. 5.
a. Ipse may mean very, exactly, of one''s own accord; Catilinam
ipsum egredientem, Catiline departing of his own accord; Cat. II. 1.
b. Ipse may be used as a reflexive pronoun : si quid ipsi
(= sibi) opus esset : if he needed anything (lit. if any need was to
himself) ; B.G.I. 34.
167. RelaJve Pronoun. — The relative pronoun agrees with
its antecedent in gender, number, and person ; its case depends
upon the structure of the clause in which it stands : me quid
pudeat, qui vivo ? why should I be ashamed who live ? Ar. 6.
a. With two or more antecedents a relative pronoun may
agree with the nearest or follow the rule for a predicate adjective
(156) : otium atque divitiae, quae prima mortales putant,
leisure and wealth which men consider of the first importance;
Sail. Cat. 36.
6. The relative may not agree "^dth its antecedent, but with
an appositive or predicate noun in its own clause : gladiatores,
quam maniun certissimam fore putavit, the gladiators, a band which
he thought would be most faithful ; Cat. II. 12.
c. The antecedent may stand in the relative clause : ut, quam
326 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
urbem pulcherrimam esse voluerunt, banc defendant, that the^
may defend this city, which they wished to be the fairest; Cat. II. 13.
d. The antecedent may be repeated, standing in both clauses :
quae religio . . . ea religione ; Cat. III. 6.
e. The antecedent may be omitted, especially if it is indefinite :
sunt qui dicant, there are those who say; Cat. II. 6.
/. The relative pronoun at the beginning of a sentence or
clause may be equivalent to a demonstrative or a personal pro-
noun, with or without a preceding conjunction (et, nam, sed) :
qui cum respondissent, and when they had replied; Cat. III. 5.
168. Interrogative Pronouns. — The masculine singular of the
interrogative pronoun, as a rule, is quis, who, and of the corre-
sponding adjective is qui, what? of what sort? But qui may be
used as a pronoun and quis as an adjective: quis te salutavit?
who greeted you? Cat. I. 7; quis eum senator appellavit? what
senator addressed himf- Cat. II. 6.
169. Indefinite Pronouns. — There are eight indefinite pro-
nouns, as given with their meanings in 27. Quis, any one, is
used chiefly after si, nisi, ne, num ; quisquam, any one at all, is
used chiefly in negative sentences, and in questions implying a
negative : si quid his accidat, if anything should happen to them;
B. G. III. 22. neque quisquam est tarn aversus a Musis, nor is
any one so hostile to the Muses; Ar. 9.
a. Nescio quis (lit. I don't know who) is used with the force of
aliquis, some {one) or other, and in this sense does not require the
subjunctive : nescio quo pacto, in some way or other; Cat. I. 13.
h. With superlatives quisque denotes a class : optimus quisque,
all the best men (lit. each best man).
170. Alius and alter. Alius and alter may be adjectives or
pronouns.
a. Alter . . . alter mean the one . . . the other, alius . . .
alius, one . . . another, alii . . . alii, some . . . others: harum
altera occisa, altera capta est, one of these was killed, the other
taken prisoner; B. G. I. 53.
b. Two different cases of alius may be used in the same clauses
with the meaning one (some) . . . one, another (others) . . .
another: aliud alii natura iter ostendit, nature points out one road
to one man J another to another; Sail. Cat. 2.
VERBS 327
VERBS
171. Agreement. — A finite verb agrees with its subject in
number and person : haec consul videt, the consul sees these things;
Cat. I. 1.
a. If there are two or more subjects, connected by et, -que, or
atque, the verb may agree with the nearest or be plural : Asia
atque Mithridates nos docuit, Asia and Mithridates taught us;
P. 7,
h. If singular subjects are connected by words meaning either^
neither, the verb is usually singular : neque agri cultura nee ratio
atque usus belli intermittitur, neither the cultivation of the land
nor the theory and practice of war is interrupted; B. G. IV. 1.
c. If two singular subjects form one idea, the verb is singular :
Matrona et Sequana dividit, the Marne and Seine separate;
B. G. I. 1.
d. A collective noun generally takes a singular verb, but may
take a plural : cum tanta multitud5 tela conicerent, when so great a
crowd threw spears; B. G. II. 6.
e. If two or more subjects are of different persons, the first
person is preferred to the other two, and the second to the third :
SI tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus, if you and Tullia
are well, Cicero and I are well; Cic. Epist.
172. Impersonal Verbs. — Some verbs are used only in the
indicative and subjunctive, third person singular, and in the
infinitive, without a personal subject. To this class belong ; —
a. Verbs meaning it happens, it is permitted, it is necessary, etc.
Such verbs take a phrase or a clause as the subject : quae licet
recognoscas, and these things you may recall (lit. it is permitted
that you recall) ; Cat. I. 3.
h. The passive of some intransitive verbs, including verbs
which in the active are construed with the dative (112, Note 2) ;
quocumque ventum sit, wherever they came (lit. it was come) ; P. 13.
c. Verbs of feeling : me paenitebit, / shall repent Qit. it will *e-
pent me) ; Cat. IV. 10.
d. A neuter gerundive may be used impersonally in the pas-
sive periphrastic conjugation : erit verendum mihi, / shall have to
fear; Cat. I. 2.
Tenses of the Indicative
173. Present Indicative. — The present indicative represents
action as taking place at the time of speaking or writing : uxbis
328 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
tecta defendunt, they are defending the houses of the city; Cat. II.
13.
a. The present is often used instead of a past tense to de-
scribe an action more vividly. It is then called the historical
present : litteras proferri iubet, he orders the letter to be produced;
Cat. III. 5.
6. The historical present may be used with dum, while (195, d).
c. With diu, iam, iam diu, iam dudum, the present is used of au
action beginning in the past and continuing in the present : ni-
mium diu te castra desiderant, the camp has too long been missing
you; Cat. I. 5.
174. Imperfect Indicative. — The imperfect indicative repre-
sents action as going on in past time : putabam, / was thinking;
Cat. III. 2.
a. The imperfect may be used in descriptions, erant duo
itinera, there were two ways; B. G. I. 6.
b. The imperfect may represent an action as customary or
attempted : classem hostium videbatis, you used to see the enemy's
fleet ; P. 12. quod faciebas, which you were preparing to do;
Cat. I. 5.
c. The imperfect with iam, iam diu, iam dudum, iam pridem, is
used instead of a progressive perfect or pluperfect : iam pridem
rapiebat, has long been hurrying; Cat. I. 10.
175. Future Indicative. — The future indicative represents
action as taking place in time to come : me metu liberabis, you
will free me from fear; Cat. I. 5.
176. Perfect Indicative. — The perfect indicative has two uses :
a. The present perfect (translated by have), representing an ac-
tion as completed in the present time : audivi, I have heard.
b. The historical perfect (English past), representing the action
as an historical fact. This is the tense of narration, as the
imperfect is the tense of description : ad praetorem venisti, you
went to the praetor; Cat. I. 8.
177. Pluperfect Indicative. — The pluperfect indicative repre-
sents action as completed before some other past action : qui
convenerant, ivho had assembled; Cat. III. 3^
178. Future Perfect. — The future perfect represents action
which is to be completed before some other future action : si
te interfici iussero, residebit coniuratorum manus, if I order
(shall have ordered) you to be killed, there will remain a band of
conspirators; Cat. I. 5.
VERBS 329
179. In some verbs a perfect, pluperfect, or future perfect
have the force of a present, past, or future : memini, / remember;
memineram, / remembered.
180. Epistolary Tenses. — In letters a writer often takes the
position of the receiver and uses the imperfect or historical perfect
for a present, and a pluperfect for a present perfect : haec ego
scribebam, / am writing this (lit. was writing).
181. Primary and Secondary Tenses. — The present, future,
and future perfect indicative, and the present and perfect sub-
junctive are primary tenses. The imperfect, perfect, and plu-
perfect indicative, and the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive
are secondary tenses.
Tenses of the Subjunctive
182. The four tenses of the subjunctive may denote the same
time as the corresponding tenses of the indicative, or each tense
may have a future force.
a. In subordinate clauses future time may be expressed by the
present subjunctive after a primary tense ; by the imperfect after
a secondary tense : venit ut videat, he comes that he may see;
venit ut videret, he came that he might see.
b. In subordinate clauses future perfect time may be expressed
by the perfect subjunctive after a primary tense ; by the plu-
perfect after a secondary tense : he says that if he goes (shall have
gone, dicit si ierit ; he said that if he should go (should have gone)j
dixit si isset.
c. In both clauses of conditional sentences the present sub-
junctive may denote future time, and the imperfect may denote
present time (198).
183. Sequence of Tenses. — In subordinate clauses the tense
of the subjunctive depends on the foUomng general rule : The
present (or perfect) subjunctive is used after a primary tense ;
the imperfect (or pluperfect) subjunctive is used after a second-
ary : venit ut videat, he comes to see; rogabo quid feceris, / shall
ask what you did; venit ut videret, he came to see.
a. The historical present may be regarded as either primary or
secondary, and hence may take either sequence.
6. The present perfect, though properly a primary tense, often
takes the secondary sequence : mihi ut satis esset praesidi
provisum est, / have arranged that there should be ample protection;
Cat. II. 12.
330 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
Uses of the Indicative
184. In principal clauses the indicative is used to express direct
statements of fact and questions of fact. The negative is non :
decrevit quondam senatus, the Senate once decreed; Cat. I. 2.
meministine me dicere, do you remember that I said? Cat. I. 3.
185. The indicative is used in the following subordinate clauses :
a. Noun clauses with quod, that: quid quod te in custodiam
dedisti? what of the fact that you gave yourself into custody? Cat.
I. 8.
6. Parenthetical clauses with ut, as: ut saepe dixi, as I have
often said; Cat. I. 9.
c. Clauses of comparison with ut . . . sic, as . . . so: ut
saepe homines ... sic hie morbus . . . ; Cat. I. 13.
d. Certain types of relative (191), temporal (195), causal (196),
concessive (197), conditional (198) clauses.
The Subjunctive in Principal Clauses
186. The subjunctive expresses action as willed, desired, or
possible. Accordingly we distinguish : —
a. The subjunctive of will, or volitive subjunctive.
h. The subjunctive of desire, or optative subjunctive.
c. The subjunctive of possibility, or potential subjunctive.
187. In principal clauses the volitive subjunctive may express :
a. An exhortation, in the first person plural of the present tense
(negative, ne) : optemus, let us wish; Cat. II. 7.
b. A command, in the third person of the present tense (nega-
tive, ne) : secedant improbi, let the ill-disposed begone; Cat. I. 13.
ne patiantur, let them 7iot allow; Cat. II. 4.
188. In principal clauses the subjunctive of wish or desire
(optative subjunctive) takes the present tense to imply that the
desire may be realized ; the imperfect to imply that the desire is
not now realized ; the pluperfect to imply that the desire was not
realized. Utinam may be used with the present, and generally is
used with the other tenses. The negative regularly is ne : utinam
di immortales duint, O that the gods may give; Cat. I. 9 ; utinam
suas copias eduxisset, 0 that he had taken his forces ; Cat. II. 2.
189. In principal clauses the subjunctive may express action
as possible or conditional (potential subjunctive), and is trans-
lated by may, might, can, could, should, would. The negative is
non : dicat aliquis, some one may say.
VERBS 331
The Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses
190. The subjunctive is used in the following subordinate
clauses : —
a. Purpose clauses (193).
b. Result clauses (194).
c. Clauses of proviso (199).
d. Indirect questions (202).
e. Certain types of: relative clauses (192), temporal clauses
(195), causal clauses (196), concessive clauses (197), conditional
clauses (198), noun clauses (203), direct questions (201).
Relative Clauses
191. The indicative is used in the following relative clauses : —
n. Clauses that state what person or thing the antecedent is
(determinative clauses) : hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, those
men who have deserted the army; Cat. II. 3.
Note. — Determinative clauses are used as pronouns, and must
be distinguished from descriptive clauses which are used as
adjectives (192).
6. Clauses that state a fact parenthetically, or that add a fact
not necessary to the main statement (parenthetical clauses) :
Santonum fines, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, the
country of the Santones, which is not far from the country of the
Tolosates; B. G. I. 10.
192. Relative clauses that state what kind of person or thing
the antecedent is, are called descriptive or characteristic clauses.
The subjunctive is used in descriptive clauses, if they are essen-
tial to the completeness of the sentence ; otherwise, the indicative
is used (191, 6). The preceding independent clause often con-
tains a statement of existence like est qui, sunt qui: sunt qui
dicant, there are some who say; Cat. II. 6 ; quam diu quisquam
erit, qui te defendere audeat, as long as there will he a man who
dares to defend you; Cat. I. 2.
a. The subjunctive is used in relative clauses to denote pur-
pose or result (193, 194) : ut praesto esset ille, qui fugientes
exciperet, that he might be on hand to cut off the fugitives ; Cat. III.
4 ; nemo tam improbus, qui non fateatur, no one so depraved as
not to admit; Cat. I. 2.
6. The subjunctive is used in relative clauses to denote cause,
concession, or condition: qui (= cum ego) magno in periculo
332 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
essem, since I was in great peril; Cat. I. 8 ; Cethegus, qui (= cum
is) respondisset, Cethegus who (although he) had replied; Cat.
III. 5 ; mihi ferreus, qui (= si is) non suum dolorem lenierit, to
me (he would seem) hard-hearted, who {if he) did not soothe his
grief; Cat. IV. 6.
c. The subjunctive is used in relative clauses to denote ohli-
gation, after dignus, indignus, idoneus: dignos, quorum salutem
commendetis, worthy to have you entrust their safety (lit. whose
safety you should entrust) ; P. 5.
Purpose Clauses
193. The subjunctive with ut, ne, or a relative may express
purpose: ut timere desinam, that I may cease to fear; Cat. I. 7 ;
ac ne longum sit, and not to be tedious; Cat. III. 5 ; praetorem
misi, qui efiferret, / sent a praetor to bring; Cat. III. 3.
a. In clauses containing a comparative, quo ( = ut eo) is used
instead of ut to express purpose : quo facilius prohibere possit,
that he may be able to prevent more easily; B. G. I. 8.
6. Purpose may be expressed also by a gerund (227), a gerun-
dive (226), or by a supine (229).
Result Clauses
194. The subjunctive with ut, ut non, or a relative may express
result: mons impendebat, ut prohibere possent, a mountain was
overhanging, so that they could prevent; B. G. I. 6.
a. There is often in the principal clause a correlative word
meaning so, such, so great, as ita, sic, tam, talis, tantus, is, iste :
tam improbus, qui non fateatur, so depraved that he does not admit;
Cat. I. 2.
Temporal Clauses
195. In temporal clauses : —
a. Ubi, ut (when), postquam, posteaquam, cum primum,
simul atque, take the indicative, usually the perfect, sometimes
the historical present : ubi se paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida
sua incendunt, when they thought they were ready, they burned
their towns; B. G. I. 5.
b. Cum (when) takes the indicative to define the time of the
action of the main verb ; the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive
to describe the circumstances of the main action : tum, cum ex
urbe eiciebam, at the time when I drove him from the city; Cat.
VERBS 333
III. 2 ; cum haesitaret, quaeslvi, when he hesitated, I asked;
Cat. II. 6.
Note. — Cum may denote cause or concession in connection
with time.
c. Cum, whenever, introducing repeated action, generally takes
the indicative, but may take the subjunctive : cum aliquid
mandarat, whenever he had given a commission ; Cat. III. 7.
d. Dum, meaning while, generally takes the indicative histori-
cal present (173, b) : dum moratur, while he delayed (lit. delays) ;
B. G. I. 39.
e. Dum, quoad, or quam diu, meaning as long as, take the
indicative : quam diu quisquam erit, as long as there shall he any
one; Cat. I. 2.
/. Dum, donee, or quoad, meaning until, take the indicative
of an actual event, but the subjunctive of an expected event :
quoad potuit, restitit, he resisted as long as he could; B. G. IV. 12 ;
dum naves eo convenirent exspectavit, he waited until the ships
should arrive; B. G. IV. 23.
g. Antequam and priusquam take the indicative to denote an
actual event, but the subjunctive to denote an expected event :
priusquam pervenerunt, before they arrived; B. G. I. 53. prius-
quam quicquam conaretur, before he should attempt anything;
B. G. I. 19.
Causal Clauses
196. In causal clauses : —
a. Quod, quia, quoniam, and quando take the indicative when the
speaker or writer gives his own reason, but the subjunctive when
he gives another's reason, or a reason not surely known by him-
self : quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto ilium maerore esse
adflictum putatis, because he left the city standing, with what
sorrow do you think he has been filled? Cat. II. 1 ; urbs mihi
laetari videtur, quod tantam pestem proiecerit, the city seems to
me to rejoice, because {as she says) she has cast out so great an evil;
Cat. II. 1.
6. Cum, meaning since or because, and qui (= cum is) take the
subjunctive : quae cum ita sint, since these things are so; Cat. I. 5.
Concessive Clauses
197. Concessive clauses grant or concede something. They
%re formed as f oUows : —
334 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
a. Quamquam, although, takes the indicative : quamquam
sunt hostes, although they are enemies; Cat. II. 12.
h. Etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, even if, although, generally take the
indicative, but may take the subjunctive like conditional si
(198) : etsi prope exacta aestas erat, although summer was almost
over; B. G. III. 28.
c. Cum, quamvis, and qui (= cum is), although, take the sub-
junctive : cum id posset infitiari, although he could have denied it;
Cat. III. 11 ; Cethegus, qui respondisset, Cethegus, who (aZ-
though he) had replied; Cat. III. 10.
Conditional Sentences
198. Conditional sentences are complex sentences, one clause
of which expresses a condition, the other a conclusion. The con-
nective may be si, sin, nisi, or a relative. The negative is non.
The condition may be of the following kinds : —
a. Present condition : —
1. Stated as a fact ; present indicative : si vincit, bene est, if
he is conquering, it is well.
2. Contrary to fact ; imperfect subjunctive : si vinceret, bene
esset, if he were conquering, it would be well.
h. Past condition : —
1. Stated as a fact ; a past indicative : si vicit, bene fuit, if he
conquered, it was well.
2. Contrary to fact ; pluperfect subjunctive : si vicisset, bene
fuisset, if he had conquered, it would have been well.
c. Future condition : —
1. More probable (shall, will) ; future or future perfect : si
vincet, bene erit, if he conquers (shall conquer), it will be well.
2. Less probable (should, would) ; present or perfect subjunc-
tive : si vincat, bene sit, if he should conquer, it would be well.
Note 1. — The verb in the conclusion may differ in form from
the verb of the condition, as, for example, when command, wish,
or exhortation is to be expressed.
Note 2. — In the conclusion of a condition contrary to fact, the
verb may be in the indicative (the past tenses) : —
a. In expressions of ability, duty, or necessity.
b. With either of the periphrastic conjugations : (si tabernae
incensae essent), quid futiirum fuit? what would have happened?
VERBS 335
Cat. rV. 8 ; si privatus esset, erat deligendus, if he were a private
citizen, he would deserve to he chosen; P. 17.
Note 3. — For conditional sentences in indirect discourse, see
218.
Clauses of Proviso
199. The subjunctive is used with modo, dum, dummodo, i)
only, provided, so long as, to express a proviso. The negative is
ne : dum modo periculum depellatur, if only the danger he re-
moved; Cat. II. 7.
Subjunctive by Attraction
200. In clauses depending on a subjunctive or on an infinitive,
the verb may be put in the subjunctive ** by attraction," as
potuisset in the following : cum exercitus, quibuscumque ex gen-
tibus potuisset, comparasset ; P. 4.
Subjunctive in Questions
201. The subjunctive is used in direct questions expressing
deliberation or perplexity, surprise or indignation, possibility,
obligation, propriety. The negative is non : quid te invitem?
why should I invite you? Cat. I. 9 ; quis possit? who would he
able? Cat. II. 5 ; tu agris ornatus sis? can you be rich in lands?
Cat. II. 8.
202. The subjunctive is used in indirect questions : video quis
habeat Etruriam, / see who holds Etruria, Cat. II. 3.
Noun Clauses
203. A clause may be used as the subject or object of a verb^
or in some other case relation. It is then called a noun clause
or substantive clause. Noun clauses may have the verb in the
indicative, subjunctive, or infinitive.
204. Indicative Noun Clauses. — A noun clause beginning mth
the conjunction quod, that, takes the indicative : res quod omnes
se dediderunt, the fact that all surrendered; P. 16.
205. Subjunctive Noun Clauses. — Noun clauses beginning
with ut, ne, quin, quominus, or an interrogative word take the
subjunctive, as follows :
a. Noun clauses with ut or ne are used after verbs meaning-
336 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
advise, command,^ determine, decree; induce, permit,^ persuade^
request, urge, desire, wish : ^ decrevit senatus ut consul videret ne
quid res publica detrimenti caperet, the Senate decreed that the
consul should see to it that the republic suffered no harm; Cat. I. 2.
Note. — After verbs meaning advise, command, etc., the sub-
junctive may be used without ut. The subjunctive may then be
a quoted imperative (215, c).
b. Noun clauses with ut or ne are used after verbs meaning /ear.
Here ne means lest or that , ut means that . . . not : vereri ut
habeam satis praesidi, to fear, that I may not have enough protec"
Hon; Cat. IV. 7.
c. Noun clauses with ut are used after verbs meaning accom-
plish, cause, and the like ; also after verbs meaning expect, wait
for: vestra admurmuratio facit ut agnoscere videamini, your
murmuring makes it clear that you recognize; P. 13.
d. Noun clauses with ut are used with verb phrases and imper-
sonal verbs meaning it happens, it remains, it is permitted, it is
necessary, customary, advantageous: accidit ut esset luna plena, it
happened that there was full moon; B. G. IV. 29.
Note. — Sometimes without ut : licet recognoscas, you may
recall (lit. it is permitted that you recall) ; Cat. I. 3.
e. Noun clauses with ne, quin, or quominus are used after verbs
meaning hinder, prevent, refuse; and with quin, if a negative is
expressed or implied, after words meaning doubt, be ignorant,^
and sometimes hesitate: neque me impediet quominus defendam,
nor will it prevent me from defending; P. 19. nemini dubium
est quin plurimum imperator possit, it is doubtful to no one that
the general is preeminent; P. 15.
/. Noun clauses beginning with an interrogative word are in-
direct questions (202).
206. Infinitive Noun Clauses. — An infinitive with subject
accusative may be used in a noun clause after verbs meaning
say, think, etc. (212).
Use of the Imperative
207. The imperative is used to express command, in the
second person of the present tense, and in the second and third
' Except iube5, which takes the infinitive (212).
* With verbs meaning permit or wish the infinitive may be used (212).
• Used affirmatively, these verbs take the infinitive (213).
VERBS 337
persons of the future : proficlscere ; educ omnes tuos, depart;
take out all your companions ; Cat. I. 5.
208. Negative command (prohibition) in the second person
may be expressed by noli (nolite) + a present infinitive: nolite
dubitare, do not hesitate; P. 23.
Tenses of the Infinitive
209. The present infinitive denotes the same time as that of the
principal verb ; the perfect, time before; the future, time after
that of the principal verb ; that is, the time denoted is relative :
dicit se audire, he says that he hears, dicit se auditurum esse, he
says that he will hear, dixit se audire, he said he was hearing;
dixit se audivisse, he said that he had heard.
a. Periphrastic Future Infinitive. — As a substitute for a
future infinitive, fore or f uturum esse with ut and the subjunctive
of the given verb may be used. This construction is necessary
when the verb has no future participle : videbamus fore ut nemd
eis resisteret, we saw that no one would resist them.
b. A past tense of debeo, oportet, or possum is often used with
a present infinitive to express ought to have, might (could) have:
te duci oportebat, you ought to have been led; Cat. I. 1.
Uses of the Infinitive
210. The infinitive with or without a subject may be used as
the subject of a verb, as a predicate nominative, or in apposition :
est mihi tanti subire, it is worth while for me to undergo; Cat. II. 7.
211. The infinitive T\athout a subject may be used as the object
of transitive verbs, or the complement of verbs meaning can, dare^
begin, ought, seem, hesitate, etc. : qui defendere audeat, who dares
to defsnd; Cat. I. 2 ; vastare cupientem, desiring to devastate;
Cat. I. 1.
* 212. The infinitive with subject accusative may be used after
verbs meaning say, think, know, perceive, etc. ; also with iubeo ; ^
veto, decerno, prohibeo, sino, cogo (compel), cupio, patior, volo :
tabellas proferri iussimus, we ordered the tablets to be produced;
Cat. III. 5.
213. Historical Infinitive. — The infinitive may be used with a
subject nominative in lively narration. It is then called the
^ For the subjunctive with impero see 205, a.
338 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
historical infinitive, and is equivalent to an imperfect or perfect
indicative : Caesar Haeduos frumentum flagitare, Caesar was
demanding grain of the H aeduans ; B. G. I. 16.
Indirect Discourse
214. When a sentence is quoted in dependence upon a verb of
saying, knowing, or the like, the quotation is said to be an indirect
statement or indirect discourse : direct, ibimus, we shall go;
indirect, (dixerunt se) ituros esse, they said they would go; B. G.
I. 13.
215. Moods in Indirect Discourse. — In indirect discourse, a
principal verb is generally in the infinitive, standing for a direct
indicative ; a subordinate verb is in the subjunctive, standing for
a direct indicative or subjunctive. In other words, when direct
discourse is made indirect : —
a. A principal declarative verb in the indicative becomes
infinitive : direct, meriti sumus, we have deserved; indirect, dixe-
runt se meritos esse, they said they had deserved; B. G. I. 11.
h. A subordinate verb, if indicative, becomes subjunctive ; if
subjunctive, remains so : direct, id si fiet, if this happens {shall
happen) ; indirect, intellegebat id si fieret, he knew that if this
should happen; B. G. I. 10.
c. An imperative verb becomes subjunctive : direct, rever-
timini (imperative), return; indirect, (dixit) reverterentur, he
said they should return; B. G. I. 7.
d. Most interrogative verbs become subjunctive, but those in
rhetorical questions (90) become infinitive with subject accusa-
tive : direct, quid venitis, why do you come ? indirect, quid
venirent, why did they come? B. G. I, 47 ; direct, num memoriam
deponere possum? can I forget (lit. blot out memory)? indirect,
num . . . posse? coidd he forget ? B. G. I. 14.
216. Tenses in Indirect Discourse. — The tenses of the infini-
tive are used according to 209 ; those of the subjunctive, accord-
ing to the rule for sequence (183).
a. A future tense in a direct subordinate clause becomes present
subjunctive in indirect discourse, if it depends on a verb in the
present ; imperfect, if it depends on a verb in a past tense :
direct, si conabimini, if you (shall) attempt; indirect, si conentur,
if they attempt, B. G. I. 8 ; direct, si pacem populus faciet, if the
people (shall) make peace; indirect, si . . . faceret, if the peovle
should make peace, B. G. I. 13.
VERBS 339
b. A future perfect tense in a direct subordinate clause becomes
perfect subjunctive, if it depends on a verb in the present ;
pluperfect, if it depends on a verb in a past tense : intellego si
iste pervenerit, / know that if he goes (shall have gone, in dir.
disc.) ; Cat. I. 12 ; eos, qui restitissent, infirmos fore putabam, /
was thinking that those who should remain (restiterint in dir. disc),
would be powerless; Cat. III. 2.
217. Pronouns in Indirect Discourse. — In changing from the
first to the third, ego becomes se ; meus or noster becomes suus.
In changing from the second person to the third, tu becomes ille
or is ; tuus or vester becomes suus or the genitive of is : mihi
minus dubitationis datur, / feel less hesitation, becomes sibi
minus dubitationis dari ; B. G. I. 14.
218. Conditions in Indirect Discourse. — The verb of the con-
ditional clause in indirect discourse is always in the subjunctive
(215, 6), the tense depending on the rule for sequence (183).
The verb of the conclusion, being a principal verb, is generally
in the infinitive (215) ; in the conclusion of a less probable condi-
tion (198, c) the future infinitive is used.
In conditions contrary to fact (198) note the following : —
a. The verb of the conditional clause remains unchanged.
6. The conclusion, if active, is expressed by an infinitive con-
sisting of the participle in -urus + fuisse : direct, venissem, /
would have gone; indirect, sese venturum fuisse, he would have
gone; B. G. I. 34.
c. The conclusion, if passive, is expressed by futurum fuisse ut
with an imperfect subjunctive : direct, si pugnavissent, victi
essent ; indirect, si pugnavissent, futurum fuisse ut vincerentur,
if they had fought, they would have conquered.
d. Theconclusion, if indicative (198, note 2), is expressed in indir.
disc, by the perfect infinitive : direct, si non esset (civis), asciscen-
dus fuit ; indirect . . . asciscendum fuisse, if he were not {a citizen),
he ought to have been received (as one) ; Ar. 2.
219. Informal Indirect Discourse. — When a quotation de-
pends on a verb of saying not expressed but implied in the sen-
tence, the indirect discourse is said to be informal : si dicere vellet,
feci potestatem, if he wished to speak, I gave him permission;
Cat. III. 5.
340 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
Participles
220. Participles are verbal adjectives, and agree with nouns in
gender, number, and case (156). The active participles are the
present and the future ; the passive are the perfect and the
future (or gerundive). The negative is non.
a. Deponent and semi-deponent verbs have four participles,
all active in meaning, except the gerundive, which is always
passive.
221. The present participle denotes the same time as the main
verb of the clause or sentence in which it stands : videor videre
hanc urbem concidentem, / seem to see this city falling.
222. The perfect participle denotes time before that of the main
verb. It may be used to modify a noun directly, as an adjective,
or to form the compound tenses of the passive voice : his rebus
cognitis discessit, having learned of these things, he departed.
a. The perfect participle of deponent verbs is sometimes used
as if present : isdem ducibus usus, employing the same men as
guides; B. G. II. 7.
223. The present and the perfect participle are sometimes to be
translated by a relative clause, or by a clause expressing time,
cause, condition, concession : Pompeio postulanti, to Pompey who
demands; P. 19. te non sentientem, though you do not notice
(them) ; Cat. I. 2.
224. The future active participle is used with the verb sum
to form the active periphrastic conjugation, and denotes future
or intended action: cum sit habiturus, since he is going to have;
Cat. II. 11.
225. The future passive participle is used with sum to form
the passive periphrastic conjugation, and denotes necessity or
obligation: magna gratia habenda est, great gratitude {must be
felt) is due ; Cat. I. 5.
a. The passive periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are
often used impersonally : mihi vivendum esse, that I must live;
Cat. II. 12.
226. The Gerundive. — The future passive participle (220)
when used in direct (attributive) agreement with a noun, is called
the gerundive. It is so used in the following cases, singular and
plural : —
a. Genitive : condicionem conservandae rei publicae, the task
of saving the republic; Cat. II. 7.
VERBS 341
b. Dative : rare in Cicero.
c. Accusative : ad deponendam audaciam, to lay aside your
boldness; Cat. I. 2.
d. Ablative : supplicio levando, by alleviating the penalty;
Cat. IV. 5.
Note. — A gerundive in the accusative with ad, or in the geni-
tive with causa, may express purpose : vitandae suspicionis
causa, for the purpose of avoiding suspicion; Cat. I. 8.
The Gerund
227. The gerund is a verbal noun, found in the genitive, dative,
accusative, and ablative singular. The present infinitive is used
for the nominative.
a. Genitive : dicendi exercitatio, skill in (of) speaking; Cat.
III. 5.
b. Dative : rare in classical Latin.
c. Accusative : tempestivo ad navigandum marl, the sea being
at for sailing; P. 12.
d. Ablative : non credendo, by not believing; Cat. I. 12.
Note. — A gerund in the accusative with ad, or in the genitive
with causa, may express purpose : praedandi causa, for the pur-
pose of plundering ; B. G. II. 17.
228. In the genitive or ablativo a traiLsiti^^e gerund may take
an object, but the gerundive is more common. If the object is
a neuter adjective or a neuter pronoun, only the gerund is used :
artem vera ac falsa diiudicandi, the art of distinguishing the true
from the false. After prepositions the gerundive is regularly used
(226, c).
The Supine
229. The supine is a verbal noun found in the accusative
and ablative cases.
a. The supine in -um is used with verbs of motion to express
purpose : quos tu ad me salutatum miseras, whom you had sent
to greet me; Cat. I. 4.
b. The supine in -u is used to denote specification, especially
with adjectives meaning easy, good, strange, or the opposite:
optimum factu, the best thing to do; Cat. I. 12.
\
342 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
ADVERBS
230. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
They may express time, manner, degree, place, etc.
a. Ne is the negative adverb for commands and expressions of
will or desire ; non is used in statements and questions of fact,
and with infinitives, participles, and gerunds.
h. Two negatives generally make an affirmative : non neminem,
some one, more than one; Cat. IV. 5.
PREPOSITIONS
231. A preposition shows a relation between a word in the
accusative or ablative case and some other word.
a. The prepositions used with the accusative are ad, adversus,
ante, apud, circa, circum, circiter, cis, citra, contra, erga, extra,
in, infra, inter, intra, iuxta, ob, penes, per, post, praeter, prope,
propter, secundum, sub, supra, trans, ultra, versus.
h. The prepositions used with the ablative are a, ab, abs, cum,
de, e, ex, in, prae, pro, sine, sub,
c. With the accusative, in and sub denote motion to a place,
with the ablative, rest in a place.
CONJUNCTIONS
232. Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal
rank, or principal with subordinate clauses.
a. Coordinate conjunctions (connecting expressions of equal
rank) : et, -que, ac, atque, etiam, quoque ; aut, sive, vel ; nee,
neque ; at, autem, enim, nam, sed, tamen.
h. Subordinate conjunctions (connecting subordinate with
principal constructions) : (1) Temporal, denoting time : cum,
ubi ; dum, donee, quoad ; antequam, priusquam ; postquam,
posteaquam, simul. (2) Causal, denoting cause : cum ; quod,
quia, quoniam, quando. (3) Conditional, denoting condition:
si, sin, nisi, (4) Concessive, granting something : cum, etsi,
tametsi, quamquam, quamvis. (5) Comparative, denoting com-
parison : ac, atque, quam, ut. (6) Final, denoting purpose : ut
(uti), quo, ne. (7) Consecutive, denoting result : ut.
WORD ORDER 343
WORD ORDER
233. There is no fixed rule for the order of words in a Latin
sentence. A eonunon order is (1) the subject with its modifiers,
(2) the modifiers of the verb, (3) the verb.
a. To produce emphasis, a word may stand out of its normal
position : patere tua consilia non sentis ? do you not see the
exposure of your plots f Cat. I. 1.
h. Nouns in the genitive usually follow the words they modify,
but precede causa, for the sake, gratia, on account of: ex faucibus
fati ; pads causa.
c. A vocative generally stands after one or more words of the
sentence : quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit ; Cat. T. 7.
d. Demonstrative and intensive pronouns and adjectives of
quantity usually precede their nouns ; other adjectives precede
or follow, according to the emphasis intended : in hac urbe.
The adjective Romauus regularly follows its noun ; populus
Romanus.
e. An adjective modifier may be separated from its noun by a
preposition : summa cum laude, vdth the highest praise.
f. Relative pronouns and interrogative words generally stand
first in their clauses, unless governed by prepositions.
g. A preposition generally stands before its object, but cum
is an enclitic with personal, reflexive, and relative pronouns :
tecum, quibuscum, secum.
h. The conjunctions autem, enim, and vero do not stand first
in a sentence, but second or third, igitur usually second. With
ne . . . quidem the emphatic word comes between.
i. Inquam and inquit stand after one or more words of a direct
quotation: " refer," inquis, " ad senatum."
j. Adverbs regularly stand before the words they modify.
But fere, paene, prope, usually follow.
234. Period. — A period is a sentence in which the subordinate
phrases or clauses all stand before the main verb, the thought
thus being suspended till the end of the sentence. The periodic
style is common in Latin ; see Cat. Ill- lines 1-7.
344 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX
FIGURES OF SPEECH
235. Anaphora is the repetition of a word at the beginning of
successive clauses or sentences : intus insidiae sunt, intus peri-
culum est, intus est hostis, within are snares; within, the danger ;
within, the enemy; Cat. II. 5.
236. Antithesis is the placing of words in contrast or opposi-
tion : non alienis praeceptis, sed suis imperils, not by the precepts
of others, but by his own command; P. 10.
237. Asyndeton is the omission of a connective : frigus,
sitim, famem ferre poterat, he could bear cold, thirst, hunger;
Cat. III. 7.
238. Chiasmus. — When two similar phrases have the order
of words reversed, the figure is called chiasmus : pacis ornamenta,
subsidia belli ; P. 2.
239. Climax (" ladder " ) is a series of phrases or clauses arranged
with increasing force : nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, you
do nothing, plan nothing, think of nothing; Cat. I. 3.
240. Hendiadys (" one through two ") is a figure in which two
nouns of the same case are connected by a conjunction, when
we should expect one noun to modify the other : declinatione et
corpora, by a turning aside of the body; Cat. I. 6.
241. Irony is saying the opposite of what is meant, when the
falsity is evident : credo, erit verendum mihi, / suppose I shall
have to fear; Cat. I. 2.
242. Litotes is a negative statement used instead of the equiva-
lent affirmative : non multa, few ; Cat. I. 6.
243. Metaphor is an implied resemblance : sentina rei publi-
cae, the dregs of the state; Cat. I. 5.
244. Metonymy is the use of one name for another suggested by
it : duodecim secures, for duo praetores ; see note P. 1. 402.
245. Polysyndeton is the repetition of a connective, as et, with
several words or clauses : turpem et infirmam et abiectam, base
and weak and downcast; Cat. IV. 10.
246. Preterition is a figure by which one pretends to omit what
he really inserts and emphasizes : non dicam duo bella esse
co^fecta, I will not say that two wars were ended; P. 20.
247. Zeugma is a connection of two words with a verb which
strictly applies to only one of them : hie locus acervis corporum
et sanguine redundavit, this place was filled with heaps of bodies,
and flowed with blood; Cat. III. 10.
ROMAN CALENDAR, ROMAN NAMES 345
ROMAN CALENDAR
248. The Roman year was designated by the names of the
two consuls holding office for that year, as if we should say,
" during the presidency of Washington." The names were in
the ablative case wdth consulibus, forming an ablative absolute :
Lepido et Tullo consulibus Cat. I. 6.
a. The Romans did not number the days of the month, as we
do, but called the first day the Calends (Kalendae), the fifth
(seventh of March, May, July, and Oct.) the Nones (Nonae),
and the thirteenth (fifteenth of March, May, July, and October)
the Ides (Idus).
The days between the Calends and the Nones were reckoned
as so many days each before the Nones ; the days between the
Nones and the Ides as so many days each before the Ides ; the
days after the Ides as so many days each before the Calends of
the next month. But they counted both the day from which
and the day to which they reckoned. Therefore, to determine a
date falling before the Calends, add two to the number of days
in the current month before subtracting the given ordinal.
Thus, the phrase ante diem duodecimum Kalendas Novembris
means Oct. 21, for 31+ 2 - 12 = 21.
6. A phrase like ante diem quintum Kal. Apr. is idiomatic, for
which we should expect dies quintus (or die quinto) ante Kal. Apr.
ROMAN NAMES OF PERSONS
249. It was customary for Romans to have three names : a
praenomen (individual name), a nomen (name of the gens or
tribe), and a cognomen (family name) : Marcus Tullius Cicero.
a. There were less than twenty praenomina, such as Gains,
Gnaeus, Marcus, Publius, etc. The nomen ended in -ius. The
cognomen often originated as a nickname : Cicero, chickpea.
h. Women had no personal names, but were given the feminine
form of the tribe name : TuUia, a daughter of Cicero.
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
BASED ON CICERO
Introductory Note. — The following thirty lessons in
prose composition are intended to furnish a general review
of the principles of syntax, as found in the orations read.
Questions, commands, conditions, and the independent
uses of the subjunctive, are treated in the first seven les-
sons, because of their importance and early use in Cicero.
Other topics are presented in the usual order of the gram-
mars. The vocabulary, with few exceptions, is confined
to the orations read. In the connected passages at the
end of each lesson, the pupil should consult the text upon
which it is based, rather than the general vocabulary.
The references to grammars are explained on p. 181.
LESSON I
Indicative Questions
1. Direct questions: 88 ;i Bur. 363; A. 330; B. 162;
G. 450;H. 378;HB. 231.
2. Alternative or double questions : 89 ; Bur. 372 ;
A. 334; B. 162, 4; G. 458; H. 380, 1 ; HB. 234.
3. Answers: 91; Bur. 370; A. 336; B. 162, 5; G. 471 ;
H. 379 ; HB. 232.
4. Word order: 233; Bur. 1055; A. 600; B. 351; G.
684; H. 685; HB. 630.
^See Grammatical Appendix.
346
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 347
Note 1. — The connectives in double questions may be: —
I. utrum. ... an
II. -ne ... an
III. — ... an
Note 2. — In the second member or not is expressed by annon,
or necne. The latter is used rarely in direct questions, but often
in indirect.
Exercise 1 (Cat. I. Chapters 1, 2)
1. Who delivered the orations against Catiline? 2.
Where was the first oration delivered? 3. How-many
orations were delivered against the same conspirators ? 4.
Into what strongly-fortified place were the senators called
together? 5. Why were all good citizens afraid? 6.
Have you not heard the decree of the Senate and the plan
of the consul? 7. Will the number of the enemy increase?
8. Does not the consul condemn himself for (of) ^ inactiv-
ity? He does (he condemns). 9. Patriots will not plot
the ruin of the republic, will they? 10. Do we seem to be
doing enough for the republic, or not? 11. By whom was
Gains Gracchus killed? 12. Gains Gracchus was the son
of Cornelia, was he not? 13. Were the Gracchi patriots,
or did they desire to devastate Italy with fire and sword
(slaughter) ? 14. Will Catiline see the eyes of many who
are watching him? No (he will not see). 15. To whom
shall we intrust [the welfare of] ^ the republic ?
Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 1, 2)
Catiline has too long abused the patience of the people.
His boldness has been unbridled. But he will not carry
out (perficio) his designs, if the consul does (fut. tense)
his duty by (enough for) the republic. For the Senate has
intrusted to Cicero [the welfare of] the republic. Once
1 Words in parentheses ( ) are explanatory or to be used in transla-
tion ; words in brackets [ ] are not to be translated.
348 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
citizens were put to death because of a suspicion of insur-
rection. And so the consul has ordered (iubeo) CatiUne
to be arrested, and will do what ought (oportet) to be done.
LESSON II
Commands
1. The imperative: 207; Bur. 931; A. 448; B. 281;
G. 266 ; H. 560 ; HB. 495.
2. The subjunctive of command: 187, h; Bur. 768;
A. 439; B. 275; G. 263; H. 559; HB. 501.
3. Negative command (prohibition) : 208 ; Bur. 934 ;
A. 450 ; B. 276 ; G. 271 ; H. 561 ; HB. 501.
4. The vocative: 96; Bur. 398; A. 340; B. 171; G.
201; H. 402; HB. 400.
Note 1. — Die, due, and fac are used for dice, duee, faee.
Note 2. — In commands of the third person, the negative is ne.
Compare the following : —
"•Positive Negative
2 pers. scribe, seribite, write. noli (nolite) scribere, do not write,
3 pers. scribat, let him write. ne scribat, let him not write.
scribant, let them write, ne seribant, let them not write.
Note 3. — Distinguish between let used in translating the sub-
junctive of command and let meaning allow, which requires a
separate Latin word : sine {let, allow) eos scribere.
Exercise 1 (Cat. I. 3, 4)
1. Send two Roman^ knights to the consul before day-
break (light). 2. Call all patriots together and encourage
them. 3. Fortify and strengthen your homes, citizens, with
stronger (greater) guards. 4. Let them not condemn the
consul tor (of) inactivity. 5. Let Catiline be arrested and
put to death. 6. Let all good men say [that] it was done
too late. 7. Marcus Tullius, will you allow (patior) the ene-
mies of the republic to live ? 8. Don't change your mind.
1 The adjective Romanus regularly follows its noun.
LATEST PROSE COMPOSITION 349
9. Be not lax in [the midst of] these dangers. 10. Lead
out all the forces of the state and free us from danger.
11. Fear the guards of the city, Catiline, and lay no plots
(plot nothing) in your camp in Etruria. 12. Who will
defend you, Catiline? 13. Were you not hemmed-in
on-all-sides? 14. Were your plans not clearer to me than
day (light) ? 15. Was your conspiracy confined within
(by) the walls of a private house or the walls of the city ?
Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 3, 4)
Were you not at the house (domi) of Laeca, Catiline?
The walls of that private house have not contained the
voices of your conspirators. My guards have surrounded
you, and you will not be able to lift-a-finger (move your-
self). You^ have planned for (de) the destruction of the
city, but I ^ for her safety. Listen-to (hear) the opinions
of these senators. Those men whom you have chosen
will not set-fire-to the city, but will be patriotic citizens.
LESSON III
Subjunctive in Independent Sentences
1. Hortatory, expressing exhortation: 187, a; Bur.
768; A. 439; B. 273; G. 263; H. 559; HB. 500.
2. Optative, expressing a ^vish ; 188; Bur. 773; A. 441;
B. 279; G. 260; H. 558; HB. 510.
3. Potential, expressing possibility: 189; Bur. 777;
A. 446; B. 280; G. 257; H. 552; HB. 516.
Note 1. — For the independent subjunctive in commands, see
Lesson II ; in dehberative questions, see Lesson VIL
Note 2. — The negative for hortatory and optative seutencea
is regularly ne ; for potential sentences, non.
1 Use a pronoun.
350 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
Exercise 1 (Cat. I. 5, 6)
1. Let us defend the city with all our forces. 2. May
the consul defend the city. 3. 0 that (would that, utinam)
the consul were defending the city. 4. Would that the
consul had defended us against (ab) this band of conspira-
tors. 5. Let us not say [that] the consul was too cruel.
6. O that you had gone to the camp of the enemy. 7.
Some one (aliquis) may think [that] Jupiter is not the most
ancient guardian of the city. 8. You may [possibly] say
[that] the gates are open and [that] many leading men have
fled. 9. May all good citizens be grateful (have gratitude)
to the immortal gods, who have checked these wicked
attempts. 10. Let us do what (that which) is most expe-
dient (useful) for the common safety. 11. Did you not
stand in the Comitium, ready to kill the consuls and the
chief men of the state? 12. Offer to this young man a
better gift than a sword and a torch. 13. 0 that he were
offering a better gift. 14. Let them not stand in the
Comitium (Lesson II, Note 2). 15. Did they stand in the
Comitium or in the Forum?
Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 5, 6)
Let Catiline depart with all his friends and go to the
camp of Manlius. He has often attacked (peto) the con-
sul-elect and his rivals. By this time (iam) all know his
life and hate him. They are unwilling [to have] him live
(him to live) in the city which he dooms (calls) to destruc-
tion. They fear the dagger which has been consecrated
by sacred [rites]. May the good fortune of the Roman
people stand-in-the-way-of his madness (dat.).
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 351
LESSON IV
The Infinitive
1. Tenses of the infinitive: 209; Bur. 939; A. 486;
B. 270; G. 281; H. 617; HB. 472.
2. The infinitive without subject: 211; Bur. 951; A.
456; B. 328; G. 423 ; H. 607 ; HB. 586.
3. The infinitive with subject-accusative : 212 ; Bur.
954; A. 459; B. 331 ; G. 527 ; H. 613; HB. 589.
4. The infinitive with possum, licet, oportet, debeo
209,6; Bur. 944; A. 486, a; B. 270; G. 254, R; H. 618;
HB. 582, 3.
Note 1. — Can and could are expressed by the forms of possum :
/ can do this, hoc facere possum ; / could (was able to) do this,
hoc facere poteram.
Note 2. — May and might, denoting permission (not possibil-
ity) are expressed by licet : I may do this, licet mihi (or me)
hoc facere (lit. it is permitted me to do this).
Note 3. — Must may be expressed by oportet or necesse est ;
ought, by debeo or oportet: (1) / tnu^t do this, me hoc facere
necesse est (or oportet) ; (2) I ought to do this, hoc facere debeo,
or me hoc facere oportet.
Note 4. — To say could have done, might have done, ought to
have done, Latin uses a present (not perfect) complementary
infinitive.
1. / could have done this, hoc facere potui.
2. / might have done this, mihi (or me) hoc facere licuit (per-
mission) ; hoc facere potui (possibility).
3. / ought to have done this, hoc facere debui, or me hoc
facere oportuit.
Noted. — Debeo denotes obligation based on duty to one's
self ; oportet denotes obligation based on duty to others.
Note 6. — With oportet the person affected is expressed by the
accusative ; with licet, necesse est, by the dative or the accusa-
tive.
Exercise 1 (Cat. I. 7, 8)
1. CatUine was ordered (iubeo) to go into exile. 2. He
said he would go into exile. 3. He is said to have gone
352 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
into exile. 4. Catiline ought to have gone into exile.
5. You know, Catiline, that you ought to have gone into
exile. 6. Ought the consul to have been moved by hatred
or by pity? 7. Why did you attempt to come into the
Senate? 8. Did not the senators hesitate to salute him?
9. Cicero desired to do his duty by (do enough for) the
republic. 10. Cicero said that he desired to do his duty
by the republic. 11. Who was not able (impf.) to hear
the voices of those who stood around the Senate? 12. All
could have heard them a little while ago. 13. My slaves
must (oportet) not fear me. 14. A slave may not (i.e. is
not permitted to ; Note 2) come into the Senate. 15. Let
us compel all the friends of Catiline to go out with him.
Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 7, 8)
No one of (from) that great throng dared (to) salute
Catiline in the Senate. For good citizens feared him, and
thought he was the common enemy of them all. Did he
not discern (perspicio) their will? Would that he had
heard the voice of his country, which silently (silent)
spoke to (with) him.
Catiline desired to give himself into custody, but no one
received him. Even his friend Metellus rejected him.
And so Cicero said that he ought to leave (go out of) the
city.
LESSON V
Conditional Sentences
1. Conditions stated as a fact: 198, a, h; Bur. 911;
A. 515 ; B. 302 ; G. 595 ; H. 574 ; HB. 579.
2. Conditions more probable (shall, will) : 198, c; Bur,
911 ; A. 516 ; B. 302 ; G. 595 ; H. 574 ; HB. 579, a.
3. Conditions less probable (should, would) : 198, c;
Bur. 915; A. 516; B.303; G.596; H. 576; HB. 580.
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 353
Note 1. — Latin often requires a future or future perfect where
English uses a present tense : if he does (Latin shall do) this, it
will be well.
Note 2. — Conditions less probable are sometimes called possv-
hie or less vivid conditions.
Note 3. — A negative condition is generally introduced by
nisi, unless; if the negative is applied to a single word by si non.
Exercise 1
1. If he was in the Forum, he heard Cicero's speech. 2.
If he is in the Forum now, he is listening-to (hears) Cicero's
speech. 3. If he goes (Note 1) to the Forum, he will hear
Cicero's speech. 4. If he should go to the Forum, he
would hear Cicero's speech. 5. If Catihne should go,
who would salute him? 6. If you are patriotic citizens, do
not let (patior) the enemy (to) collect their troops. 7. If
we have a decree of the Senate against (in) the conspirators,
let them fear its authority. 8. If Catiline did not send
ahead his silver eagle, he did not wish to go to his army.
9. If I say this to Marcellus, men will lay violent (violence
and) hands on me (dat.) . 10. The consul will not order
you to leave (go out of) the city, unless you hesitate
(Note 1). 11. The consul would not order you to leave
the city, unless you should hesitate. 12. If Catiline was
rejected by Lepidus, he ought to have gone (Lesson IV,
Note 4) to Metellus. 13. Ought we not call all good men
together? 14. We ought to call all good men together.
15. How long, Catiline, do you think you can abuse our
patience ?
Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 9, 10)
All [men] know, Catiline, that you will never reform
(correct yourself). And so a storm of unpopularity over-
hangs you (dat.). If you wish to declare (indie o) war upon
your country (dat.), your army in Etruria is ready. Go
straight to that army, and let hatred be kindled (conflo)
354 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
against me (dat.)- Go to that band of scoundrels, with
whom you may revel (subjv.) in pleasure. O that the
gods had given you a better purpose (mens). But do not
think that you will ever distress the republic [as] a consul.
LESSON VI
Conditional Sentences {Continued)
1. Conditions contrary to fact: 198, a, h; Bur. 919;
A. 517; B. 304; G. 597 ; H. 579; HB. 581.
2. Conditions with debeo, oportet, possum : 198,
Note 2; Bur. 921 ; A. 517; B. 304; G. 597; H. 582; HB.
581.
3. Proviso: 199; Bur. 929; A. 528; B. 310; G. 573;
H. 587; HB. 529.
Note. — Debeo, oportet, possum, necesse est often stand in the
indicative instead of the subjunctive, in the conclusion of a condi-
tion contrary to fact. The imperfect represents present time, the
perfect or pluperfect, past time : deleri exercitus potuit, si per-
secuti victores essent, the army might {could) have been destroyed,
if the victors- had pursued.
Exercise 1
1. They will conquer, if they fight bravely. 2. They
would have conquered, if they had fought more bravely.
3. If they had heard the speech, they would have praised
the orator. 4. If they were listening-to (hearing) the speech
now, they would praise the orator. 5. If they should hear
the speech, they would praise the orator. 6. If the con-
sul had not ordered Catiline to leave (go from) the city,
he would not have gone. 7. If Cicero had feared unpopu-
larity, he could not have saved the state. 8. We shall
reach (pervenio ad) the camp before evening, provided we
go by the shortest road. 9. If the friends of the con-
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 355
spirators had gone into the temple, who would have sa-
luted them? 10. If you had spoken with (cum) them,
they ought to have feared your authority. 11. If I were
in Italy, I should see the cities which the Romans built
(aedifico). 12. Would you encourage the soldiers, if you
were the commander-in-chief? 13. Let us separate these
conspirators from patriotic men. 14. Many thought that
Cicero was embarrassed by the customs of the ancestors.
15. Do not fear unpopularity, but show (refero) gratitude
to the Roman people, by whom you have been raised to
the highest office.
Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 11-13)
I ought not to neglect the safety of my [fellow] citizens.
If only Jupiter will aid us, I promise (to) you that I shall
bring all things to light. Let all know that I will not give
one hour to this gladiator. If I punish him, many will
say that I have acted cruelly. But I shall keep him and his
allies from the houses of the city and the temples of the gods.
LESSON VII
Subjunctive Questions
1. Indirect questions : 202; Bur. 846; A. 330; B. 300;
G. 460; H. 649; HB. 537.
2. Double questions : 89, and a; Bur. 372 ; A. 334 ; B.
162, 4 ; G. 458 ; H. 380 ; HB. 234.
3. Questions of deliberation, possibility, propriety:
201; Bur. 771; A. 444; B. 277; G. 465; H. 559,4; HB.
503.
4. Sequence of tenses : 183; Bur. 781 ; A. 482; B. 266;
G. 509; H. 543; HB. 476.
Note 1. — Whether, in single questions, is expressed by -ne or
num (without difference of meaning) ; in double questions, by
356 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
utrum or -ne : quaesivit salvusne esset filius, he asked whether his
son was safe; quaerit utrum verum an falsum sit, he asks whether
it is true or false.
Note 2. — The future tense in indirect questions is expressed
by the subjunctive of the active periphrastic conjugation:
rogo quid facturus sis, / ask what you will do (are about to do) ;
rogavi quid facturus esses, / asked what you would do (were about
to do) ; rogo quid facias means / ask what you are doing.
Note 3. — The person asked is expressed by the accusative
with rogo ; by ab, de, or ex + the ablative with quaero ; by
ab + the ablative with peto and postuio.
Exercise 1
1. Why, 0 Catiline, are you an enemy of your country?
2. I ask you, Catiline, why you are an enemy. 3. I ask
you, Catiline, whether you are an enemy or not. 4. The
consul asked Catiline why he was an enemy. 5. The con-
sul asked him how long he had been an enemy. 6. I ask
you, whether you were an enemy of your country yester-
day. 7. I ask you, Catiline, whether you will be an
enemy. 8. He asked Catiline whether he would be an
enemy. 9. I shall ask Catiline whether he is an enemy
or a good citizen. 10. I-am-in-doubt ; what shall I say
about the punishment of this man? 11. Why should you
go (pres. tense) [as] an ambassador to the camp of the
enemy? 12. What was I to do ? (not inf. ; cf. what am I to
do ? i.e. what shall I do ?) 13. I didn't know (nescio) what
I was to do. 14. Let all men declare what they have
heard about the perils of the republic. 15. If you know
in what peril the republic is, tell the consul (dat.). 16.
He ought to have told the consul what he knew about the
perils of the republic.
Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 1, 2)
At last, fellow-citizens, we know that Catiline has gone.
Those weapons, with which he threatened us (dat.), we
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 357
shall no longer need (it will be necessary [for] us) to fear.
Let us rejoice because there is no foe within the city- walls.
Who will blame me, if I do not think that Catiline ought
to be put to death now? If I had put him to death, how
many would have accused me severely? Even many
senators did not believe all (neut. ace. pi.) that I said.
LESSON VIII
Agreement
1. Agreement of nouns : 92; Bur. 381-389; A. 281; B.
169; G. 321; H.393; HB. 319.
2. Agreement of adjectives : 156, a, h; Bur. 629; A. 285;
B. 234; G. 211; H. 394; HB. 320.
3. Agreement of relative pronouns : 167, a, h; Bur. 703;
A. 305; B. 250; G. 614; H. 396; HB. 281.
4. Agreement of verbs: 171, a-e; Bur. 735; A. 316; B.
254; G. 211; H. 388; HB. 328.
Note. — In a compound infinitive, depending on a personal verb
like dicuntur, the participle is in the nominative form : —
1. dicuntur secuti esse, they are said to have followed.
2. Miles dicitur seciitus esse, the soldier is said to have fol-
lowed.
3. dicitur (impersonal) militem secutum esse, it is said that
the soldier followed.
Exercise 1
1. Cicero [when] consul delivered the orations against
Catiline, the senator. 2. These men said they had come
[as] ambassadors. 3. All good soldiers desire to be and to
seem brave. 4. Cicero said that his son and daughter were
safe. 5. Many men and women, who saw the brave sol-
dier, saluted him. 6. Gabinius was the first to be called
(was called first) to the consul. 7. You and Metellus
came unwillingly (unwilling). 8. Did they not assemble
(come together) in-great-numbers? 9. Labor and pleas-
358 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
ure are unlike (dissimilar things). 10. Were the swords
and daggers, which were in the camp, handed over to the
consul? 11. Neither the lieutenant nor the praetor could
overtake the men who went out of the city. 12. At last
we have warded-off the sword and flame that threatened
the city (dat.). 13. There came together a great number
Ci citizens, who had heard that Cicero would deliver an
oration. 14. Let all patriots thank the gods (dat.), as
(that which) I have often said, 15. The temple of Jupiter
was on the top of the hill.
Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 3, 4)
Do you ask from what countries the enemy have gath-
ered their forces? They have come from Italy and Gaul.
In the army of Catiline are desperate men of all classes,
who would rather (prefer to) fight for (pro) their leader
than for their country. If they do not know that this leader
has gone out, I will tell (to) them that he has gone by the
Aurelian Way. O that these young men had never lived
on intimate terms with him !
LESSON IX
Pronouns
1. Personal: 162, a, h; Bur. 661; A. 295; B. 242; G,
304; H. 500; HB. 254.
2. Reflexive: 163, a-c; Bur. 666; A. 299; B. 244
G. 309 ; H. 502 ; HB. 260.
3. Possessive: 164, a, b; Bur. 618; A. 302; B. 243
G. 312 ; H. 501 ; HB. 254.
4. Relative: 167, a-c; Bur. 693; A. 304; B. 250
G. 610; H. 510; HB. 281.
5. Intensive: 166, a, b; Bur. 671; A. 298; B. 249
G. 311; H. 509; HB. 267.
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 359
Note. — Distinguish between the reflexive and the intensive
pronoun. Se is not intensive or emphatic, but gets its meaning
from the fact that it refers to the subject ; ipse is generally used
for emphasis, though it may be reflexive : Romani se def endunt,
the Romans defend themselves; Romani ipsi oppidum def endunt,
the Romans themselves defend the town.
Exercise 1
1. Manlius has pitched his camp against us in the pass of
Etruria. 2. ManHus said he would pitch his camp in
Etmria. 3. ManUus is said to have attempted to seize
the pass. 4. Who will not fight for (pro) his country,
which is the parent of us all? 5. Who of us will say that
this is not the fairest of all lands ? 6. If the praetors over-
take the Allobroges, will they arrest them and seize their
letters? 7. I (emphatic) gave myself into custody; why
did you not receive me? 8. Fellow-citizens, you must
(Lesson IV, Note 3) defend yourselves and your property
against (ab) the attacks which these men are making.
9. Our ancestors themselves have left (to) us many
examples of their virtues. 10. Lentulus and Cethegus,
the friends of Catiline, acknowledged their seals and hand-
writing (hands). 11. Do you know their seals and hand-
writing, Marcus Tullius? 12. These men say they will
escort you to the very gates of the city. 13. Catiline
easily endured hunger and cold, which weaken most men.
14. He asked Catiline whether he easily endured hunger
and cold. 15. The letter had been written by his own hand
to (ad) his son and daughter, who were in Gaul.
Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 5, 6)
If I had known that Catiline was the companion of
gladiators and desperate men, I should have compelled
him to leave the city, which he wishes to destroy. You
all know what slaughter and burning they have planned.
360 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
Do you think we need (it is necessary [for] us) to dread
foreign nations and kings? Greater dangers are within.
Let the Senate be called together, and let the whole mat-
ter be laid before the conscript fathers. Then I will ask
Catiline whether Manlius, his centurion, has pitched a
camp and is now waiting-for him.
LESSON X
Pronouns (Continued)
1. Demonstrative: 165, a-e; Bur. 711 ; A. 296 ; B. 246;
G. 305; H. 505; HB. 271.
2. Interrogative: 168; Bur. 679; A. 333; B. 90;
G. 106; H. 511; HB. 275.
3. Indefinite: 169, a, h; Bur. 682; A. 309; B.252; G. 313;
H. 512; HB. 276.
4. Alius, alter: 170, a, h; Bur. 729; A. 315; B. 253;
G. 319; H. 516; HB. 279.
Note 1. — Hie, iste, and ille are demonstratives of the first,
second, and third persons, respectively.
Note 2. — UUus, any, is the adjective in negative expressions,
corresponding to the pronoun quisquam : sine ullo periculo,
without any danger.
Note 3. — The same as is regularly expressed by idem qui (eadem
quae, idem quod) : ego idem sentio quod tu, I think the same as
you.
Exercise 1
1. One of the consuls was Catiline's enemy, the other was
said to be his friend. 2. Some of the conspirators went
out by the Aurelian Way, others remained in the city.
3. Some witnesses said one thing, some another (170, b).
4. Every one of us knows where your friends met last
night. 5. If any one should ask why the Allobroges were
in the city, Lentulus could (would be able to) tell him.
6. If any one had asked why they were in the city, Lentulus
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 361
could have told (Lesson VI, Note) him. 7. Who does not
know that certain of (ex) the chief men have fled? 8. These
soldiers fought most valiantly ; those guarded the camp
which had been pitched in the middle of the hill. 9.
Don't think, Catiline, that those companions of yours
will accomplish their undertakings without punishment.
10. That letter was written by the same hand as (by which)
this. 11. How can we escape the weapons of that [scoun-
drel]? 12. Some men may say that the Gauls will not
form a conspiracy against the republic. 13. The consul
ought to summon to himself all (169, h) the best and
noblest. 14. If the consuls do their duty by (to) the state,
we shall not need to fear the attacks of any one. 15. Those
who heard the oration learned that the republic was in
great peril.
Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 7, 8)
If Catiline should change his mind and go out of the city,
some would say that Cicero had driven him into exile.
And yet if he had put him to death, the same men would
have said that he was a tyrant. But Cicero was willing
to undergo unpopularity, provided the state was not in
peril. He knew there were six classes of men in Catiline's
army. The first of these were deeply in (in great) debt, but
expected that by the aid of Catiline their property would
be saved.
LESSON XI
The Genitive with Nouns
1. Possessive Genitive: 97; Bur. 401 ; A. 343 ; B. 198;
G. 362; H. 440; HB. 339.
2. Subjective Genitive : 98; Bur. 402; A. 343; B. 199;
G. 363; H. 440; HB. 344.
3. Objective Genitive : 99; Bur. 425; A. 348; B. 200-
G. 363 ; H. 440 ; HB. 354.
362 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
4. Descriptive Genitive : 100 ; Bur. 421 ; A. 345 ; B,
203; G. 365; H. 440; HB. 355.
5. Appositional Genitive: 102; Bur. 411; A. 343; B.
202 ; G. 361 ; H. 440 ; HB. 341.
6. Genitive of the whole: 103; Bur. 412; A. 346; B.
201 ; G. 367 ; H. 441 ; HB. 346.
Note 1. — The subjective and objective genitives are dis-
tinguished by converting the phrase into a sentence : the love
of a father (amor patris) may mean the father loves (pater amat),
and hence the genitive is subjective ; or it may mean one loves
his father (amat patrem), in which case the genitive is objective.
Note 2. — Numerals and quidem are generally followed by ex
or de and the ablative rather than by the genitive of the whole :
unus ex militibus, one of the soldiers.
Note 3. — The adjective omnis is not followed by the genitive
of the whole : all of us, nos omnes (not nostrum).
Exercise 1
1. Were Tiberius and Gains Gracchus the sons of Cor-
nelia? 2. Whose letter is this? 3. Cicero said that Cati-
line was a man of great boldness. 4. This soldier's
knowledge of war is extraordinary. 5. The name of king
was always hateful to the Roman people. 6. How much
authority was given to the consul? 7. Do you know how
much authority was given to the consul? 8. If all the
soldiers should fight bravely, we should conquer. 9. Cer-
tain of (Note 2) the knights were unfriendly to Cicero.
10. Love of country did not stand-in-the-way-of Catiline's
purposes (dat.). 11. Cicero said that the customs of the
ancestors and the safety of the republic demanded the
severest punishment. 12. Is not this the fairest of all
lands? 13. Let the conspirators be disturbed (moved)
by the fear of the people. 14. We all know what (of)
plan you formed (took). 15. We heard that the Senate
decreed a thanksgiving of twenty days.
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 363
Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 9-10)
Cicero said that the second class of the conspirators'
army were burdened with debt but did not despair of
honors (ace.)- But they could not become consuls or
kings in the ashes of the city. In (in) the third class
were Sulla's soldiers, who were impelled by the hope of
plunder. They would not have fallen into such debt, if
Sulla had been alive. With this army of criminals of all
classes, what did the leader expect he could do?
LESSON XII
The Genitive with Adjectives and Verbs
1. Genitive with adjectives: 104; Bur. 425; A. 349
B. 204; G. 374; H. 450; HB. 354.
2. Genitive with verbs of accusing: 105; Bur. 431
A. 352; B. 208; G. 378; H. 456; HB. 342.
3. Genitive with verbs of feeling and interest : 106, 107
Bur. 434; A. 354; B. 209; G. 377; H. 457; HB. 352.
4. Genitive w^ith verbs of memory : 108 ; Bur. 438
A. 350; B. 206; G. 376; H. 454; HB. 350.
5. Genitive of indefinite value (with est): 110; Bur.
424; A. 417; B. 203; G. 380; H. 448; HB. 356.
6. Predicate Genitive: 111; Bur. 408, 421; A. 343;
B. 203; G. 366; H. 447; HB. 340.
Exercise 1
1. The Romans were always desirous of victory and
mindful of their allies. 2. Are your friends mindful of
you (pL, 162, 6)? 3. It will be worth-while (tanti) for us
(dat.) to do this, provided our friends are willing. 4. It
is [the duty] of the consul to defend the city and the
temples of the gods. 5. He says that the sixth class con-
sists (is) of the friends of Catiline. 6. The consul will not
364 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
repent of his acts. 7. He says that he does not repent
(it does not repent him) of his acts. 8. Do not forget me,
and that I am your consul. 9. It concerned the consul
greatly (110) that his colleague should be (inf. clause) a
friend. 10. It concerns you (107) also that your colleague
be a friend. 11. The orator accused Catiline of many
things which the senators had not heard before. 12. Re-
member your former victories, soldiers, if you fear the
enemy. 13. The lieutenant was a man most-experienced
in (of) war. 14. It will concern us (107) little whether the
enemy are in our camp or not. 15. He thinks that four
thousand men are in camp.
Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 11-13)
If these are Catiline's forces, citizens, do you dread
war? Can that wounded gladiator conquer in a contest
of this kind? I have been informed that all the colonists
will easily defend their towns. Metellus, who is experi-
enced in warfare, will check all attempts outside of the
city. If any friends of Catiline remain in the city, they
will see that I am a watchful consul. If the gods will be
our leaders, I promise that every loyal man will be safe.
LESSON XIII
The Dative Case
1. Indirect object with transitive verbs: 112, a; Bur.
450; A. 362; B. 187; G. 345; H. 424; HB. 365.
2. Indirect object with intransitive verbs : 112,6; Bur.
456; A. 367; B. 187.; G. 346; H. 426; HB. 362.
3. Indirect object with compound verbs : 112, c, d;
Bur. 464; A. 370; B. 187; G. 347; H. 429; HB. 376.
Note 1. — Some intransitive verbs are used in the passive voice
impersonally : persuadetur mihi, / am 'persuaded (it is persuaded
to me) ; persuadetur tibi, you are persuaded.
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 365
Note 2. — Mitto and scribo take either the dative of indirect
object, or the accusative with ad. The accusative is used if the
idea of motion predominates : tibi, or ad te, scribam, / shall
write to you.
Exercise 1
1. Who will envy his friend's glory ? 2. It is [the duty]
of every man to resist the leaders of that conspiracy.
3. To you, Cicero, our country has intrusted the lives (life)
and property (goods) of her citizens. 4. He ought to
obey the decree of the Senate and go into exile. 5. He is
persuaded. I have been persuaded. 6. Can you not per-
suade him? 7. Can he not be persuaded? 8. Let not
these desperate men threaten us with sword and flame.
9. Cicero said that foreign nations preferred to serve the
Roman people [rather] than rule over others. 10. The
A'llobroges said that Lentulus had written a letter to
Catiline (Note 2). 11. Did the Senate give most liberal
rewards to the ambassadors of the Allobroges? 12. Cicero
promised (to) the citizens that every loyal man would be
safe. 13. We ought, conscript fathers, to consult for [the
interest of] these men and women who are in peril. 14. If
we lay hands on Catiline and his friends, we shall do bur
duty by (enough for) the republic. 15. When was Man-
lius placed-in-command-of the army ?
Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 1-3)
By Cicero's plans and labors the state was saved.
Fire had almost been placed under the temples, but it
had been extinguished. Then in the Forum, the consul
told (to) the people how great their peril had been. He
had heard that certain Gauls would cross the Mulvian
Bridge and that they had letters for (ad) Catiline. He
arrested them and some of the conspirators, and then laid
the whole matter before the Senate, which he had quickly
assembled.
366 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
LESSON XIV
The Dative {Continued)
1. Dative of purpose: 114; Bur. 483; A. 382; B. 191
G. 356; H. 433; HB. 365.
2. Dative of reference : 115; Bur. 470; A. 376; B. 188
G. 356; H. 433; HB. 366.
3. Dative with adjectives: 119; Bur. 487; A. 384
B. 192; G. 359; H. 434; HB. 362.
4. Dative of the possessor: 117; Bur. 479; A. 373
B. 190; G. 349; H. 430; HB. 374.
5. Dative of the agent : 116; Bur. 480; A. 374; B. 189
G. 354; H. 431; HB. 373.
6. The passive periphrastic conjugation : 225 ; Bur.
1000; A. 500; B. 337; G. 251; H. 621; HB. 600.
Note 1. — In expressions of possession the genitive emphasizes
the possessor ; the dative, the fact of possession : bonus servus
est consulis, the good slave is the consul's; bonus servus est
consul!, the consul has a good slave.
Note 2. — To avoid confusion with another dative connected
with the passive periphrastic, the agent may be expressed by the
ablative with a, ab : hostibus a nobis parcendum est, we must spare
our enemies.
Exercise 1
1. Can this day be pleasant to wicked men? 2. Your
safety will be (for) the greatest concern (care) to all your
friends. 3. The men who saved the state are (for) an
honor to themselves. 4. We must defend our wives and
children. 5. They say that they must defend their wives
and children. 6. You have many brave generals and
thousands of soldiers. 7. Cicero said that he would pro-
vide for the safety of the Roman people. 8. Our country
ought (Lesson IV, Note 3) to be very dear to us. 9. Is
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 367
this boy like his father or his grandfather ? ) 0. We must
praise the consul and give thanks to the immortal gods.
11. I learned that the ambassadors had a letter, and that
it was Catiline's (see Note 1). 12. Give a signal to those
guards who are nearest to the gates. 13. Catiline asked
whether those gladiators would be faithful to him. 14. I
ought to be pardoned (it is fitting to be pardoned to me,
112, Note 2). 15. If your voice has been [a means of] (for)
safety to any one, you ought to be pardoned.
Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 4-6)
Volturcius and the Gauls said that some of the con-
spirators were ready to burn the city and that Cethegus
wished to do this before the Saturnalia. We know that
the house of Cethegus was full of good weapons. In the
Senate the tablets of the conspirators were read. I
asked them whether they recognized the seals of the
tablets. All confessed. Then the Senate thanked me
and the praetors who had commanded the troops of the
state.
LESSON XV
The Accusative
1. Directobject: 120; Bur. 493 ; A. 387; B. 172; G. 330
H. 404; HB. 390.
2. Secondary object: 121; Bur. 507; A. 396; B. 178
G. 339; H. 411; HB. 393.
3. Predicate accusative : 122; Bur. 506; A. 393; B. 177
G. 340; H. 410; HB. 392.
4. Subject of infinitive: 123; Bur. 526; A. 397; B. 184
G. 343; H. 415; HB. 398.
5. Prepositions with the accusative : 231 ; Bur. 1019
A. 220; B. 141; G. 416; H. 420; HB. 455.
368 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
Note. — Moneo, advise, warn, may be followed by two accusa-
tives, one of the person, and the other a neuter pronoun or ad-
jective, expressing the thing : eos hoc moneo, / give them this
warning (warn them this).
Exercise 1
1. Have you read the letter that Cicero wrote to (ad)
his son? 2. Many citizens asked Caesar his opinion
about the conspiracy. 3. Caesar, having been asked his
opinion, spoke as follows (said words of this kind). 4. The
Roman people did not elect Catiline consul. 5. He says
that the Roman people could have elected (Lesson IV,
Note 4) Catiline consul. 6. Let us inform the consul
that (inf. clause) the gates are open. 7. It is said that
the leaders sought (peto) aid even of (121, a) the slaves.
8. Jupiter was rightly called the stay of the city. 9. Didn't
the Haedui call their magistrate " vergobretus " ? 10. The
consul has given the enemy this warning (Note) . 11. Every
senator called Catiline a dangerous citizen. 12. Caesar
wrote that he had led his army into the farthest part
of the province. 13. Tell me who was-in-command-
of the tenth legion. 14. Let the boys remember their
friend and his words (108). 15. The leaders think that
they will not lack infantry (infantry will not be lacking
to them).
Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 7-9)
Now, fellow-citizens, you need (oportet) not fear the
forces of Catiline. The leader himself was very shrewd
and watchful, a man of great endurance. If we had not
driven him from the city, we should have had to watch
(plup. ind. ; 198, Note 2) day and night (ace. pL). It
was not [in the power] of the consuls, but of the gods to
withstand his attempts. They have surely aided (brought
aid to) us, all these days, and especially Jupiter, whose
new statue has been set up in the temple.
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 360
LESSON XVI
The Accusative (Continued)
1. Place to which: 126, a; Bur. 513; A. 426; B. 182;
G. 337; H. 418; HB. 365.
2. Duration and extent : 127; Bur. 518; A. 423; B. 181;
G. 335; H. 417; HB. 387.
3. Cognate accusative : 128; Bur. 502; A. 390; B. 176;
G. 333; H. 409; HB. 396.
4. Adverbial accusative : 129 ; Bur. 524 ; A. 397; B. 185;
G. 333; H. 416; HB. 387.
5. The accusative in exclamations : 130 ; Bur. 501 ;
A. 397; B. 183; G. 343; H. 421; HB. 399.
Note. — Years of age may be expressed by annos natus with a
numeral : triginta annos natus, thirty years old, at the age of thirty.
Exercise 1
1. A certain Gaul came to Rome to the Senate. 2. An
attack was made on (in) the Allobroges (ace), who had
come to Italy. 3. Cicero and Antonius were consuls one
year. 4. Rome, the most famous of all cities, was fifteen
miles away from (a) the sea. 5. Why do these citizens
stand-about the Senate in-great-numbers? 6. We know
that this army has marched many miles to-day. 7. Cicero
delivered these orations [when he was] forty-three years
old (Note). 8. Did you see the Roman knights who
went to Cicero's house? 9. Let us ask (quaero, Lesson
VII, Note 3) the lieutenant whether he went home or to
Geneva. 10. Cicero allowed (patior) the friends of Cati-
line to return to their homes. 11. Cicero made this
reply (replied these things) to the ambassadors. 12. What
reply would he make (what things would he reply) to the
ambassadors if they should consult him? 13. If he had
consulted us, we should have made the same reply as (should
370 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
have replied the same which) he. 14. Do you remember
that the Helvetians were very powerful (were able most) ?
15. 0 fortunate city, if all its citizens are patriotic!
Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 10-12)
If a thanksgiving has been appointed (decreed), let us
celebrate these days of safety. You have been saved
without bloodshed (blood), which has not happened since
(post) the memory of man (men). Let no reward be given
to me, provided you remember that in my consulship the
state was saved. But it will be your [duty] to defend me
against (ab) the attacks of these most daring men, and to
worship Jupiter, the divine guardian of this city and of
us all.
LESSON XVII
The Ablative
1. Prepositions with the ablative: 231; Bur. 1020;
A. 220; B. 142; G. 417; H. 490; HB. 456.
2. Ablative of Separation: 133; Bur. 528; A. 400;
B. 214; G. 390; H. 461; HB. 408.
3. Ablative of Source: 134; Bur. 532; A. 403; B. 215;
G. 395; H. 467; HB. 413.
4. Ablative of Agent: 135; Bur. 535; A. 405; B. 216;
G. 401; H. 468; HB. 406.
5. Ablative of Comparison: 137; Bur. 541; A. 406;
B. 217; G. 296; H. 471; HB. 416.
6. Ablative of degree of difference : 145 ; Bur. 582 ;
A. 414; B. 223; G. 403; H. 479; HB. 424.
Note 1. — To resign an office is expressed by se abdicare a:
se a praetura abdicavit, he resigned the praetorship.
Note 2. — When an agent is looked upon rather as a means
through which something is done, per with the accusative is used
instead of ab with the ablative.
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 371
Exercise 1
1. We must wrest that dagger from (de) his hands.
2. Could any other [man] have freed (Lesson IV, Note 4)
Rome from her perils? 3. Which conspirator was com-
pelled to resign his office? 4. If Cicero had resigned the
consulship, Catiline would not have gone out of the city.
5. For many years our country has been without (careo,
149) provinces and harbors. 6. Let the enemy fear the
assembly of patriotic men more than the swords of the
soldiers. 7. Cicero asked the Senate who was milder than
himself (166, 5). 8. Do you think that Cicero was a
much greater consul than Caesar? 9. He asked whether
Catiline had more (amplius) than two thousand soldiers.
10. All the colonists have been informed by the consul
wdth-regard-to (de) the attempts of the enemy. 11. Caesar
was said to have descended (orior) from (ab) Trojan blood.
12. Cicero was born of an equestrian family (134). 13. It
was learned through (Note 2) scouts that the enemy had
marched in (into) another direction. 14. In-comparison-
with the forces of the enemy, we ought not to despise our
legions. 15. In-return-for all his labors, Cicero demanded
nothing except (nisi) the memory of his consulship.
Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 1-3)
The eyes of all Romans were turned toward the consul
who had rescued them and their children from all perils,
forgetful of his own safety. They thought not only
about themselves, but about the family of the consul.
They knew that he was deeply moved by the grief of his
wife and daughter. They saw the accused who had con-
fessed, and Lentulus who had resigned his praetorship.
So they hoped that the Senate would punish the criminals
without delay.
372 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
LESSON XVIII
The Ablative (Continued)
1. Ablative of means: 141; Bur. 570; A. 409; B. 218
G. 401; H. 476; HB. 423.
2. Ablative of cause: 142; Bur. 546; A. 404; B. 219
G. 408; H. 475; HB. 444.
3. Ablative of manner : 139; Bur. 554; A. 412; B. 220
G. 399; H. 473; HB. 445.
4. Ablative of accompaniment: 138; Bur. 550; A. 413
B. 222; G. 392; H. 473; HB. 418.
5. Ablative of description: 143; Bur. 557; A. 415
B. 224; G. 400; H. 473; HB. 443.
6. Ablative of specification: 144; Bur. 586; A. 418
B. 226; G. 397; H. 480; HB. 441.
7. Ablative with deponent verbs : 147; Bur. 572; A. 410
B. 218; G. 407; H. 477; HB. 429.
8. Ablative with certain adjectives: 150; Bur. 587
A. 418; B. 226; G. 397; H. 481; HB. 442.
Note. — Cause is sometimes expressed by the accusative with
ob or propter : ob eam rem, for this reason, propter timorem, on
account of fear.
Exercise 1
1. The soldiers will not be content with such (of thitj
kind) booty. 2. How is the city defended? Is it not
(defended) by garrison and watches? 3. You will never
repent (it will never repent you) of having fought (to
have fought) with so great bravery. 4. They will not be
satisfied with the punishment of you (not gen. ; see 164, h)
who have remained in the city. 5. You have heard that
Gatiline was a man of great endurance of hunger and
thirst. 6. This general is worthy of the highest praise
because he has conquered without bloodshed (blood).
7. Cicero wrote that nothing could be better than friend-
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 373
ship. 8. Caesar went to a town of the Allobroges, Geneva
by name. 9. Sulla's soldiers hoped (themselves) to be
able to secure greater booty on this account (because of
this). 10. Cicero says that he did this relying on the aid
of the gods. 11. The men whom Catiline left in the city
are much more powerful than those whom he took with
him. 12. If you wish to enjoy (utor) peace to-day^ sur-
render yourselves and all your [property] to the Roman
people. 13. Catiline, a man of the greatest boldness,
came into the temple with the other senators. 14. Why
did Catiline use that silver eagle, of (de) which we have
heard so much (many things) ? 15. Don't flee from the
city because of fear; these soldiers will bravely defend
you from (ab) the enemy.
Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 4-6)
Silanus, the consul-elect, who was asked his opinion (121)
in the Senate, thought the conspirators w^ere deserving of
death. Caesar said that imprisonment for life (chains ever-
lasting) was a more (magis) suitable punishment for them.
Cicero saw what was for his interest (what concerned
him, 107) ; for he knew that Caesar was a friend of the
people. But he preferred to follow the opinion of Silanus,
and did not fear the charge of cruelty in (the case of)
these most bitter enemies.
LESSON XIX
The Ablative (Concluded)
1. Ablative absolute: 151; Bur. 558. A. 419; B. 227;
G. 409; H. 489;. HB. 421.
2. Ablative of time: 152; Bur. 599. A. 423; B. 230:
G. 393; H. 486; HB. 439.
374 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
3. Ablative of place where and whence : 153 ; 133, a, h;
Bur. 588, 530; A. 426; B. 228, 229; G. 385, 390; H. 483,
491; HB. 433, 409.
4. Locative Case: 154; Bur. 606; A. 427; B. 232;
G. 411; H. 483; HB. 449.
5. Dates: 248; Bur. 603; A. 631; B. 371; G. App.;
H. 754; HB. 660.
Note. — A possessive pronoun or adjective limiting domi has
the form of the genitive : suae domi, at his house.
Exercise 1
(Use the ablative absolute when possible)
1. Cicero said that in Catiline's camp there was not
any (169) good man. 2. If these men alone are punished,
the danger will not be removed. 3. At my command (me
commanding) the gates will be open. 4. Tell us where
you were last summer and what you saw. 5. These ora-
tions which we are reading were delivered in the consul-
ship of Cicero and Antonius. 6. My friends were at
Brundisium two years ; they will go to Geneva within ten
days. 7. I-wish-that (utinam) you had been at my house
last night. 8. Having delivered this speech, the senator
returned to his house. 9. I know that this letter was
written on the first (248) of October. 10. It ought to
have been written (Lesson IV, Note 4) on the thirteenth
of September. 11. I shall write you (Lesson XIII, Note 2)
another letter on the fifth of November. 12. Do you
know whether the ambassador has come from Rome or
not? 13. Do you prefer to live in the city or in the coun-
try? 14. Because these scoundrels have been driven out,
do not think we have been freed from all peril. 15. The
third oration against Catiline was delivered on the third
of December ; the fourth, on the fifth of December.
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 375
Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 7-8)
Do you think, senators, that I do not have enough
protection? The whole city is full of loyal citizens of all
classes. Why should I fear (deliberative subjv.) the
attacks of others? Even the freedmen and slaves con-
tribute as" much as they can to (ad) the common safety.
The shopkeepers (those who are in shops) also know that
their profits are maintained by peace. And so if this
harmony is pleasing to all men, we shall preserve our
common country and the temples of the gods.
LESSON XX
Review of the Indicative
1. Uses of the indicative: 184, 185; Bur. 743; A. 437;
B. 271; G. 254; H. 523; HB. 545.
2. Tenses of the indicative : 173-179; Bur. 745; A. 465;
B. 259; G. 227; H. 532; HB. 468.
3. Tenses with iam, iam diu, iam dudum, iam pridem :
173 c; 174c; Bur. 749; A. 466; B.259,4; G.230; H. 533;
HB. 485.
4. Order of words: 233; Bur. 1055; A. 600; B. 351;
G. 684; H. 685; HB. 630.
Note 1. — With expressions of duration, like iam diu, iam
dudum, the present tense is translated by have and the imperfect
by had: te iam dudum hortor (hortabar), for a long time I have
(had) been urging you.
Note 2. — Remember that iam with a negative means longer.
Exercise 1
1. The Senate used-to-consult (174, h) for the safety of
the allies. 2. The Gauls kept-making sallies from the
town and attacks on (in) the Romans (ace). 3. My
brother has been living now a long time in that city.
376 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
4. Catiline has long been plotting the destruction of the
city and the slaughter of the citizens. 5. The general had
not known for a long time in what direction the enemy
were marching. 6. The AUobroges had now for a long
time been complaining of (de) the unjust rule of the Roman
people. 7. If Catiline goes to Marseilles, certain of
(Lesson XI, Note 2) his friends will follow him. 8. Did
you remember that I said he would go to Geneva ? 9. Why
did all good citizens hate you, Lentulus? 10. They will
hate all these desperate men, the enemies of their country.
11. Do you think that Cicero will refer this question
(thing) to the Senate to-day? 12. If Catiline goes into
exile, we shall no longer need (oportet) to fear. 13. Such
men will never repent (106) of their purposes, as I have
often said. 14. They may (Lesson IV, Note 2) go to
Marseilles, provided they do not levy an army on the
Gauls (112, b). 15. It concerns us (107) greatly that
the temples of the gods be defended (inf.) by guards
as strong as possible.
Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 9-11)
You see, conscript fathers, that all ranks of citizens are-
of-one-opinion (think one and the same). They know
that our country is beset by the weapons of impious con-
spirators. Therefore it is for-us (ours) to decide to-day
whether (Lesson VII, Note 1) these temples and shrines
shall remain or be destroyed.
Many illustrious generals have opened new provinces
for us, but no one must be praised more than that consul
who has saved the state. In-return-for this service (thing)
I know that the Roman people will remember (memoria
teneo) my consulship, and will provide for the safety (dat.)
of my son.
I
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 377
LESSON XXI
Relative Clauses
1. Relative clauses with the indicative : 191, a, h; Bur.
797; A. 535; B. 311; G. 610; H. 589; HB. 499.
2. Relative clauses with the subjunctive : 192, a-c;
Bur. 798; A. 535; B. 283; G. 631; H. 591; HB. 521.
Note 1. — In the sentence, " the soldier, who reported the vic-
tory, is named Galba," the clause merely designates (points out)
the particular soldier and is called determinative, having its verb
in the indicative : miles, qui victoriam nuntiat, appellatur Galba.
If we say "Galba is a soldier who fights bravely," the clause
describes the soldier and requires a subjunctive verb : Galba est
miles qui fortiter piignet.
Note 2. — Descriptive clauses often follow such expressions as
sunt qui, there are those (some) who; nemo est qui, there is no one
who; solus (unus) est qui, he is the only one who; quis est qui,
who is there who?
NoteS. — Descriptive clauses also follow dignus, indignus,
idoneus : non erit idoneus qui mittatur, he will not be a suitable
man to send {to be sent) ; hie liber dignus est qui legatur, this book
is worth reading (worthy to be read; worthy that it should be read).
Note 4. — Relative clauses expressing purpose, result, cause,
and concession are treated in later lessons.
Exercise 1
1. This is the oration which Cicero delivered in the
temple of Jupiter. 2. Catiline was not worthy to be elected
consul. 3. The Gauls are the only nation that can make
war on us (dat.). 4. There are gladiators who are better
disposed (of better spirit) than certain of the senators.
5. These brave soldiers are worthy to be praised by the
lieutenant. 6. There is no one who does not know how
many dangers' we have escaped. 7. There were some
who did not hear the things he said. 8. There were two
consuls in Rome, one of whom was said to be a friend of
378 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
Caesar. 9. Who is there in all this empire who does not
think that Pompey ought to be chosen commander-in-
chief? 10. There are no other legions which we can send
to (ad) this war if these are defeated (abl. abs.). 11. Let
us choose a commander, fellow-citizens, who is able to
protect our allies from these powerful kings. 12. Don't
you think that he is a suitable [man] to be chosen as
commander-in-chief? 13. Those whom Catiline has left
at Rome must be informed [that] the consuls are watchful.
14. He is the only man whom we must fear. 15. Fortune
favors the brave : if our commanders rely on them-
selves, their soldiers will rely on them.
Exercise 2 (Pomp. 1-3)
During the praetorship of Cicero, two powerful kings
of Asia were making war on the allies of the Roman
people. It was necessary to put a general in-command-of
the army. The praetor who had not delivered an ora-
tion to the people before, spoke concerning the virtues of
Gnaeus Pompey. He said that the tributaries of the
republic were in danger and that the commander was
about to return to Rome. Pompey, a man of remark-
able wisdom, had carried on many wars on land and sea.
No one else could (impf .) wipe out the disgrace incurred in
the former war.
LESSON XXII
Purpose Clauses. Noun Clauses
1. Purpose clauses with ut, ne, or a relative : 193 ; Bur.
812; A. 531; B. 282; G. 545; H. 568; HB. 502.
2. Noun clauses after verbs of fearing : 205, h; Bur.
838; A. 564; B. 296, 2; G. 550; H. 567; HB. 502, 4.
3. Sequence of tenses: 183; Bur. 781; A. 482; B. 266;
G. 509; H. 543; HB. 476.
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 379
Note 1. — A relative pronoun, relative adjective, or relative
adverb introduces a purpose clause when there is a close con-
nection with the antecedent.
Note 2. — In the earlier form of expression, ne accidat, timed,
as two sentences, meant let it not happen, I am afraid, i.e. / am
afraid that it may happen. This came to be the meaning of the
complex sentence timeo ne accidat, in which ne means that. Sim-
ilarly accidat, timeo meant let it happen, I am afraid, i.e. I am
afraid that it may not happen. Accidat becoming subordinate
to timeo, ut came to be the connective as the opposite of ne.
Note 3. — Only the present and imperfect subjunctive are used
in purpose clauses, except in the case of defective verbs like
memini, or verbs like cognosco, whose meaning differs in the
present and perfect systems.
Exercise 1
1. Let the consuls be vigilant that the enemy may not
be able to move (himself) against the republic. 2. Send
soldiers to the camp to bring the rest of the weapons.
3. I am not afraid that men will say that I did this too
cruelly. 4. Are you not afraid that you will not have
enough (of) protection? 5. It is greatly to be feared that
we may be too mild toward (in) these most bitter enemies.
6. Caesar will go to Geneva to find out what tribes are
conspiring against the Roman people. 7. Refer the
matter to the senate, so that no danger (not any of danger)
may threaten the city. 8. Caesar used-to-send-ahead his
cavalry to terrify the enemy. 9. If Catiline's forces are
like these, we need not fear that our army will not be
able to -vH.hstand them. 10. The lieutenant's friends ^dll
come by the Aurelian Way, that they may more easily
(193, a) arrive at (ad) the camp. 11. If they had gone
by another way, they would have found a place suitable
for a camp. 12. What was there which could please a
man like Catiline (104, a)? 13. May that weapon be
wrested from (de) his hands. 14. There is no one who
380 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
does not know that they have attempted to kill the con-
sul. 15. I inquired of the boy (Lesson VII, Note 3)
whether he lived at Brundisium or at his home.
Exercise 2 (Pomp. 4-6)
Mithridates is now making-ready his fleets and armies
to bring war upon us by land and sea. Even in Spain
we are compelled to fight with his allies. Our ancestors
punished those who had arrogantly addressed our am-
bassadors. Ought we to disregard the loss of revenues
and the massacre of Roman citizens? Unless you defend
your tributaries in Asia from even the fear of calamity,
you will lose the income of a whole year.
LESSON XXIII
Result Clauses. Noun Clauses
1. Result clauses with ut, ut non, or a relative: 194,
194, a; Bur. 818; A. 537; B. 284; G. 552; H. 570; HB.
521, 2.
2. Noun clauses with verbs meaning to accomplish:
205, c; Bur. 842; A. 568; B. 297; G. 553; H. 566; HB.
521, 3.
3. Noun clauses with verbs meaning it happens : 205, d;
Bur. 843; A. 569, 2; B. 297, 2; G. 553, 3; H. 571; HB
521, 3.
4. Sequence of tenses: 183, Bur. 781; A. 482; B. 266;
G. 509; H. 543; HB. 476.
Note 1. — A relative clause of result is also a clause of descrip-
tion (192, a), as in si quis est talis qui me accuset, if any one is of
such a mind as to blame me.
Note 2. — With tantum abest two ut-clauses are used, one the
subject of abest, the other a clause of result : tantum abest ut
laudetur, ut etiam accusetur, so far is it from the truth that he ia
praised, that he is even blamed.
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 381>
Exercise 1
1. The city was so fortified that the people did not
fear. 2. Cicero speaks in-such-a-maiiner that he seems to
be moved by pity. 3. You are such [a man], Lentulus,
that the memory of your grandfather has not recalled
you from crime. 4. Who can be so hard-hearted as-not-
to-be (who is not) moved by the grief of his friends?
5. Such a storm suddenly arose that it (rel.) drove (defero)
our ships, some in one direction, and some in another (170).
6. The orator will let (make) the people know what the
Senate has decreed. 7 It happened that the envoys of
the Allobroges were at Rome that day. 8. It remains
for-us-to (that we) consider what we must do. 9. We
shall not make them hear. 10. We fear that we shall
not make them hear. 11. I am so far from denying that
this is true, that I now confess [it]. 12. Do not despair;
we shall defeat them easily, if only (199) you are
brave. 13. We have written letters to the Roman
knights to inform them about their property. 14. The
result was that the Roman knights were informed about
their property. 15. The general was informed that his
cavalry could not overtake the enemy.
Exercise 2 (Pomp. 7-9)
I shall speak of your tax-collectors whose fortunes are-
at-stake. These men are the support of the state, and
their welfare ought to receive your careful attention (be
for a care to you). LucuUus has conquered and sunk the
king's fleet, and on this account (qua de causa) he must
be praised. But the king has fled as a suppliant to other
\ kings. If Lucullus had captured him, the war would no
longer be dangerous (periculosus).
382 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
LESSON xxrv
Noun Clauses (Continued)
1. Clauses with ut or ne after verbs of commanding,
persuading, requesting, etc. : 205 a; Bur. 826; A. 563;
B. 295; G. 546; H. 565; HB. 502, 3.
2. Clauses with ne, quin, or quominus, after verbs of
hindering, preventing, refusing: 205 e; Bur. 829; A. 558;
B. 284; G. 549; H. 594; HB. 302.
3. Clauses with quin after verbs or phrases of doubting :
205 e; Bur. 833; A. 558; B. 298; G. 555,2; H. 595; HB.
519, 4, 6.
Note 1. — Ne is used after a positive verb of hindering or refus-
ing ; quin ( = qui + ne, hy which not), after a negative ; quominus
(by which less), after either a positive or a negative: eum im-
pedient ne (or quominus) hoc faciat, they will hinder him from
doing this; eum non impedient quin (or quominus) hoc faciat,
they will not hinder him from doing this.
Note 2, — Prohibeo, prevent, is of tener followed by the infinitive
than by the subjunctive (212).
Exercise 1
1. Cicero often advised Catiline to go into exile. 2. Let
us urge all good citizens to hear the consul's speech.
3. The Senate will decree that our allies shall not suffer
(capio) any (of) injury. 4. It is much better to persuade
than to command men to do this. 5. Do you think you
can persuade your friends (112, 6) to go with you ? 6. Who
can doubt that the immortal gods will defend this city? ^
7. There is no doubt that even the Gauls knew the plans
of the conspirators. 8. The consul said that he was not
yet induced to do this. 9. Let no one prevent the am-
bassadors from speaking with the general. 10. These
soldiers will not refuse to fight bravely, if you encourage
them. 11. The general urged his soldiers to hinder the
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 383
enemy from crossing the river. 12. There are many who
did not doubt that Pompey would quickly bring this war
to an end. 13. The ambassador could not be persuaded
(112, Note 2) to remain in Rome many days. 14. We
ought to have prevented (Lesson IV, Note 4) the con-
spirators from meeting at (coming-together-to) the house
(126) of Laeca. 15. If they had asked that they might
(Lesson IV, Note 2) do this, they would have obtained-
their-request.
Exercise 2 (Pomp. 10-12)
It seems to me to be necessary to put in command of
this war a man in whom the four qualities (things) of a
great commander exist. That Pompey is [a man] of great
knowledge of military matters, many tribes and nations
declare. There is no kind of warfare in which he has not
been trained. The sea was so full of pirates that no
Roman fleet could sail in safety. But has not Pompey
driven them all from the sea within three months?
LESSON XXV
Noun Clauses (Concluded)
1. Clauses with quod and the indicative : 204 ; Bur.
822; A. 572; B. 299; G. 524; H. 588; HB. 552.
2. Review of constructions mth licet, oportet, necesse
est: 205, d; 209, b; 212; Bur. 828, 948; A. 565; B.
295, 6; G. 535; H. 564, 618; HB. 513, 585.
3. Constructions with volo, patior, cogo : 205, a, and
212; Bur. 837; A. 563 h; B. 331, 296; G. 553, 2; H.
565, 2; HB. 502, 3, 586.
Note 1. — After accedit, it is added, or accidit, it happens^
either an indicative quod-clause or a subjunctive ut-clause may
be used, though accidit usually takes an ut-clause (Lesson XXIII)
384 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
accedebat hue quod Dumnorix dixerat, furthermore (it was added
to this that) Dumnorix had said.
Note 2. — With licet, oportet, necesse est a subjunctive clause
may be used (usually without ut) though the infinitive is more
common, as explained in Lesson IV, Notes 2, 3 : licet hoc facias,
you may do this; oportet h5c facias, you ought to do this; necesse
est hoc facias, you must do this.
Note 3. — After volo, patior, cogo, the infinitive is generally
used instead of the subjunctive : verum audire non vult, he dees
not wish to hear the truth; mihi credas volo, I wish you to believe
me.
Exercise 1
1. What [shall I say of the fact] that all our alhes are
demanding Pompey as commander for this war ? 2 . Further-
more (it is added that) there is no one else who is able to
prevent the enemy from conspiring against us. 3. You
may do this if it seems [best] to you. 4. We must ward-off
the danger not only in Asia, but also in Spain. 5. Our
ambassadors ought not to have been unjustly treated at
Corinth. 6. The Gauls will compel the traders to tell
what they have learned about the country. 7. We are
allowing the enemy to treat our commanders unjustly.
8. There is no doubt that he might (Lesson IV, Note 4)
have done this. 9. Who doubts that he could have done
this? 10. He knows that he ought to have informed the
consul about the plans of these men. 11. Cicero wished
his friends to know that he would employ (use) their
assistance in the protection of the republic. 12. The
traders, who were crossing the sea, were afraid that their
fortunes would not be safe. 13. There was the additional
circumstance (it was added) that our armies crossed the
sea in the dead-of winter to escape the pirates. 14. O
that we had troops worthy of such a leader! 15. Do not
prevent him from telling us what must be done.
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 385
Exercise 2 (Pomp. 13-15)
If we compare Pompey with other generals, we shall see
how many and how great are his virtues. Not only does
he restrain himself, but he prevents his legions from
harming conquered nations. And so he has caused (made)
these nations to believe that he is like the old Romans,
a man of great self-restraint. And indeed it greatly con-
cerns the state what our allies think of a general to whom
we have intrusted (Lesson XXI, Note 1) their welfare.
LESSON XXVI
Temporal Clauses
1. With postquam, ubi, etc. : 195, a; Bur. 870; A. 543;
B. 287; G. 561; H. 602; HB. 550.
2. With cum: 195, b; Bur. 856; A. 545; B. 288; G.
578; H. 600; HB. 524.
3. With dum, etc. : 195, d, e, f; Bur. 876 ; A. 553 ;
B. 293; G. 571; H. 603; HB. 507.
4. With antequam and priusquam : 195, g; Bur. 863;
A. 551; B. 291; G. 574; H. 605; HB. 507.
Note 1. — In direct discourse, as a rule, the indicative is used in
all temporal clauses with these chief exceptions : (a) cum iisually
takes the subjunctive (imperfect or pluperfect) to describe the
circumstances of the main action ; (6) dum, antequam, and prius-
quam, before, take the subjunctive to express an act as anticipated
or expected, from a past point of view ; from a present point of
view, the present subjunctive or the present or future perfect
indicative.
Note 2. When a subordinate clause merely defines or dates
the time of the main action, cum or ubi is used with the indica-
tive ; cum, with any past tense ; ubi, generally with the perfect
or historical present.
386 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
Exercise 1
1. After the consul had reported the question to the
senate, Caesar and Silanus expressed their opinions.
2. When I saw the letter/ I recognized the hand of my
friend. 3. At the time when I was reading my friend's
letter, I had already been informed of his safety. 4. TVTaile
these things were going on at Rome, we were many miles
away from the city. 5. Before you consider what must
be done, listen to the witnesses who have been called to-
gether. 6. As soon as the Roman ^ knights learned what
was going on in Asia, they reported the situation to Cicero.
7. Our armies will be victorious as long as we have com-
manders of such ability. 8. It was the plan of the general
to fortify the camp before the enemy should know where
his army was. 9. When this oration was delivered, the
Forum was full of patriotic citizens who had come to
hear the new praetor. 10. When this oration had been
delivered,^ all felt that Pompey was worthy to be chosen
(Lesson XXI, Note 3) commander. 11. Lucullus was not
recalled until ^ he had been defeated by Mithridates with
the loss of many men (many having been killed). 12. Do
not give up (cease from) the battle, soldiers, until you
put the king's forces to flight. 13. Catiline was driven
from the city before he should be killed. 14. Catiline
was driven from the city before his army was defeated.
15. Unless you send a large army to Asia to defend your
allies, you will be unable to hold them in allegiance.
Exercise 2 (Pomp. 16-18)
Finally Pompey seems to excel all our great soldiers in
good-fortune, which is a gift of the godS themselves.
1 Write in two ways : (1) with a clause ; (2) with an ablative absolute.
' Order : knights Roman. ^ priusquam.
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 387
And so I ask you, citizens, whether I have shown that he
is the only man who should be sent to Asia as commander.
Hortensius thinks that everything ought not to be put in
the hands of one man. But if you had followed his
opinion heretofore, the pirates would still hold the sea.
LESSON XXVII
Causal and Concessive Clauses
1. Causal clauses with quod, quia, quoniam : 196, a;
Bur. 886; A. 540; B. 285; G. 539; H. 588; HB. 555.
2. Causal clauses with cum or qui : 196, b; Bur. 892 ;
A. 540; B. 286; G. 586; H. 594; HB. 523.
3. Concessive clauses with quamquam, etsi : 197, a, h;
Bur. 894; A. 527 ; B. 309; G. 603; H. 585; HB. 556.
4. Concessive clauses with cum or qui : 197, c; Bur.
807; A. 549; B. 309; G. 580, 634; H. 597, 593; HB.
525, 523.
Note 1. — Quod and quia, because, give a reason based on fact,
taking the indicative, if the reason is known, the subjunctive if it
is quoted. Quoniam, since, introduces a self-evident or admitted
fact, and hence takes the indicative : quoniam iam nox est, since
it is already night. Cum, since, is used to express the circum-
stances that cause an action : Haedui cum se defendere non
possent, since (and when) the Haedui could not defend themselves.
Note 2. — In concessive clauses, quamquam means this is sOy
hut; licet, let this he so, yet: etsi, even if this is so, yet. Cum
states the circumstances in spite of which the action occurs :
nam cum id posset infitiari, for although (in spite of the fact that)
he could have denied it.
NoteS. — Quamquam often introduces an independent sen-
tence, meaning and yet.
Exercise 1
1. Let us rejoice because we have escaped this peril.
2. Since this is so, senators, do you hesitate to do-your-
duty-by the state? 3. Return, O citizens, to your homes,
388 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
since there is no longer anything to fear (which must be
feared). 4. Since they are not permitted (licet) to do
this, they ask that you do not refuse to send them aid.
5. Although there are men who say that Catiline ought
not to have been cast into exile, yet I do not fear them.
6. Although Cicero had heard many orations from the
Rostra, yet he had never spoken from that place. 7. How-
ever-much this war is to be feared, our forces will conquer
under the leadership of Pompey (abl. abs.). 8. Even if
the river is very wide and deep, we must try to cross it.
9. And yet it is not so wide that we cannot cross it. 10. A
nation is fortunate indeed to have (which has) commanders
of such ability and virtue. 11. These praetors, who
(because they) were most patriotic, undertook (took upon
themselves) the task. 12. The lieutenant, who (although
he) had kept the soldiers in camp many days, on the
seventh day sent cohorts to get grain. 13. The town
€Ould not have been captured, though there were few
defenders.^ 14. We ought to thank the consul, because
he has freed us from fear. 15. Who is there who does not
think that we ought to thank the consul?
Exercise 2 (Pomp. 19-21)
Pompey wishes to take Gabinius with him as lieutenant,
but objection is made because Gabinius was tribune last
year. Nothing will prevent me from laying this matter
before the Senate.
But Catulus says that we must do nothing contrary to
the customs of our ancestors. He is a man of great in-
fluence. And yet he seems to have forgotten the new
and important (great) precedents that have already been
established in [the case of] this man.
1 Express in two ways (151) .
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 389
LESSON XXVIII
Participles
1. Present and perfect participles: 221; Bur. 986
A. 490; B. 336; G. 282; H. 640; HB. 600.
2. Participles used for clauses : 223 ; Bur. 991 ; A. 496
B. 337; G. 664; H. 637; HB. 604.
3. The active periphrastic conjugation: 224; Bur. 327
A. 498; B. 337; G. 247; H. 531; HB. 600.
4. The periphrastic future infinitive : 209, a; Bur. 946
A. 569, a; B. 270, 3; G. 248; H. 571; HB. 472, c.
Note 1. — With polliceor and spero, the future infinitive or
posse, ^dth subject-accusative, is commonly used : se obsides
daturos polliciti sunt, they -promised to give hostages.
Note 2. — Notice the difference between audio eum loqui
and audio eum loquentem.
Exercise 1
1. And so he [though] conquered, was able to accom-
plish much. 2. We have read that the magistrates put
to death men [who were] eager for a revolution. 3. Do
you not see all orders of citizens holding the same opinion
(thinking the same) ? 4. Cicero learned all the plans of
the conspirators almost before their meeting was broken
up (the meeting having been scarcely yet dismissed).
5. Following the Allobroges by the same road, the praetors
arrested them near the Mulvian bridge. 6. I am about
to speak of the great virtues of a man who has often con-
quered our enemies. 7. I do not doubt that he is about
to go to Marseilles. 8. Having made all things ready,
the consul was able to carry out the measures (those
things) which the Senate decided [upon]. 9. Never since
the founding of the city (after the city founded) has such
gratitude been due (to) the immortal gods. 10. He
390 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
promised to remain at his brother's house to-day. 11. Two
Roman knights are said to have promised to go to Cicero's
house. 12. This young man hopes to hve (that he will
live) a-long-time. 13. The Gauls saw that it would
happen (be, fore) that no one would be able (impf. subj.)
to resist Caesar's army. 14. Cicero tried to persuade the
Senate to pardon Brutus and his friends. 15. No one
can be found so desperate as-not-to-believe (Lesson XXIII,
Note 1) that Catiline is an enemy of the state.
Exercise 2 (Pomp. 22-24)
Even if these eminent men object, yet they see that
the Roman people have never acted unwisely in [the
case of] Pompey. They ought, therefore, to approve your
judgment at this time. No other commander could live
in Asia with such self-control. His very coming into their
cities brings joy to our allies. I urge you, citizens, for
(de) these reasons, to approve this bill of Manilius and to
appoint a man who will bring honor to our common
country.
LESSON XXIX
Gerund. Gerundive. Supine
1. Uses of the Gerund: 227; Bur. 1003; A. 501; B.
338; G. 425; H. 624; HB. 611.
2. Uses of the Gerundive : 226 ; Bur. 1003 ; A. 503 ;
B. 339; G. 425; H. 621; HB. 609.
3. Uses of the Supine: 229; Bur. 1015; A. 509; B.
340; G. 434; H. 632; HB. 618.
4. Expressions of purpose : 193, h; Bur. 1007 ; A. 533 ;
B. 282; G. 544, Rem. 2; H. 622, 626; HB. 612.
Note 1.' — With the genitives mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, the
gerundive ends in -i, without regard to gender or number.
Note 2. — The expression of purpose may be illustrated as fol«
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 391
lows: envoys came to seek peace, legati venerunt, (1) ut pacem
peterent; (2) qui pacem peterent ; (3) ad pacem petendam;
(4) pacis petendae causa ; (5) pacem petitum.
Exercise 1
1. Let us take time for reflection (reflecting) before we
decide upon this matter (thing). 2. The envoys came from
the Allobroges to complain ^ of (de) their injuries. 3. Mith-
ridates had (came into) great hope of seizing the neighbor-
ing kingdom. 4. Even the freedmen have been aroused
to defend ^ the republic. 5. I urged you to do this for
the purpose ^ of freeing yourselves. 6. My friend was not
less prompt in (in) doing things, than in planning [them].
7. Cicero said that Catiline was living to strengthen ^ his
audacity. 8. Caesar selected certain men to-be-sent
(gerundive) to Gaul as centurions. 9. Citizens, we must
not only feel grateful, but express our gratitude to the
immortal gods, because we have conquered the enemy.
10. It is not easy to say whether this is the best thing to
do. 11. It is not easy to say whether he is a suitable
man to carry (Lesson XXI, Note 3) on the war with the
Germans. 12. Many citizens went to the Forum to hear ^
the orator. 13. There were some who rejoiced that an
opportunity of fighting was afforded (given) them. 14. Who
would aid (pres. subj.) the conspiracy (ace.) by keeping
silent? 15. Who will prevent us from attempting to aid
the consul?
Exercise 2 (Archias, 1-2)
Cicero thought that he ought to use his ability in
behalf of the poet Archias because he had derived much
from him, even [as] a boy. He feared that it might
seem strange to the judges that he should speak of the
study of literature before them, but he urged them to
1 Express in different ways.
392 . LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
remember that all arts are bound together by a-kind-of
(a certain) relationship.
LESSON XXX
Indirect Discourse
1. Moods in indirect discourse: 215; Bur. 965; A.
580; B. 314; G. 650; H. 642; HB. 644.
2. Tenses in indirect discourse : 216 ; Bur. 966 ; A.
584; B. 317; G. 653 ; H. 644; HB. 593.
3. Conditional sentences in indirect discourse: 218;
Bur. 979; A. 589; B. 319; G. 656; H. 646; HB. 536.
Examples of Conditional Sentences
1. Direct: si vincit, bene est, if he is conquering, it is
well.
2. Indirect : (a) dico si vincat, bene esse, I say that if
he is conquering, it is well, (b) dixi si vinceret, bene esse,
/ said that if he was conquering, it was well.
' 3. Direct : si vincet, bene erit, if he conquers (i.e. shall
conquer) it will he well.
4. Indirect : (a) dic5 si vincat, bene futurum esse, I
say that if he conquers, it will be well. (6) dixi si vinceret,
bene futurum esse, I said that if he should conquer, it
would be well.
5. Direct: si vicerit, bene erit, if he shall have con-
quered, it will be well.
6. Indirect: (a) dico si vicerit (perf. subjv.) bene fu-
turum esse, / say that if he shall have conquered, it will be
well, (b) dixi si vicisset, bene futurum esse, / said that
if he should have conquered, it would be well.
7. Direct : si vincat, bene sit, if he should conquer, it
would be well.
8. Indirect: (a) dico si vincat, bene futurum esse, /
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 393
say that if he should conquer , it would he well, (b) dixi si
vinceret, bene futurum esse, / said that if he should con-
quer, it would he well.
9. Direct : si vinceret, bene esset, if he were conquer-
ing, it would he well.
10. Indirect : (a) dico (dixi) si vinceret, bene futurum
fuisse (rarely esse), I say (said) that, if he were conquering,
it would be well.
11. Direct : si vicisset, bene fuisset, if he had conquered,
it would have been well.
12. Indirect : dico (dixi) si vicisset, bene futurum
fuisse, I say (said) that if he had conquered, it would have
been well.
13. Direct : si contendissent, victi essent, if they had
fought they loould have been conquered.
14. Indirect : dico (dixi) si contendissent, futiirum
fuisse ut vincerentur, / say {said) that if they had fought,
they would have been conquered.
Exercise 1
1. The consul said that the citizens would defend their
homes. 2. The consul had told (to) the citizens to defend
their homes (dir., defend your homes). 3. He writes to
his lieutenant to come with his legion (dir., come with
your legion) to the territory of the Allobroges. 4. He
knew that the grain, which the Haedui promised, had
not been given. 5. Let us honor the poet Archias. What
did he say? He said that we should honor the poet
Archias. 6. Shall (201) we read these books of the old
writers? 7. He asks whether we shall read these books
of the old writers. 8. The Senate thanked Cicero because
he had freed the citizens from fear (the Senate's reason).
9. The knights reported to Cicero that their property
(things) in Asia would be in great peril, unless aid should
394 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION
be sent by the Romans. 10. Do you know in what (how
great) peril their property will be (Lesson VII, Note 2),
if we do (shall) not send aid to them? 11. He said he
would have assaulted the town, if he had thought there
were so few soldiers within. 12. Do you think their
property would have been lost if we had sent aid?
13. Cicero said that the plans of the conspirators could
(218, d) never have been brought to Hght, if he had not
been guided by the gods. 14. If you had (were having)
a residence at Rome, would you desire to be enrolled as
a Roman citizen? 15. It ought to concern us (107)
greatly, what the poets and philosophers have written.
Exercise 2 (Archias, 3-5)
Archias [when] a boy lived in Antioch, where (in which
city) his fame was so great that he wr.s thought worthy
of hospitality by many men in Greece and Italy. When
he came to Rome, he was received by the Luculli. After-
wards by the law of Silvanus and Carbo he obtained the
right of a Roman citizen. Since he was enrolled by
Metellus, who was a most careful and conscientious man,
no one ought to doubt that he was a citizen.
Exercise 3 (Archias, 6-8)
Do you ask why Cicero was so delighted with Archias?
He said that by his studies of the poet his mind was
refreshed when it was wearied with daily strife, and his
power of speaking was increased (act. inf.). He believed
that the greatest men have added training to natural
ability. A poet is a gift of the gods to us, and is worthy
of special honor.
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 395
Exercise 4 (Archias, 9-12)
Certainly we must receive as a citizen a man who by
his verses has celebrated not only our generals, but the
whole Roman people. Soldiers know that if there are no
heralds of their valor, body and fame will be buried (fore
ut) in the same tomb. Indeed, all of us (we all) are eager
for glory, even the philosophers who pretend to despise it.
For the hope of immortal fame makes us undergo all
perils and labors of life.
ENGLISH-LATIN AND LATIN-ENGLISH
VOCABULARIES
VOCABULARY
ENGLISH-LATIN
j^OTE. — After verbs, 1 indicates that the parts are formed like
those of laudo ; 2, like those of moneo ; 4, like those of audio.
ability, ingenium, -i, N.
able, am able, possum, posse,
potul.
about, around, circum w. ace. ;
about, concerning, de, w. abl.
abuse, abutor, -l, -usus sum.
accomplish, conficio, -ere, -feci,
-fectus.
accuse, accuso, 1.
accused, the, reus, -i, M.
acknowledge, confiteor, -eri, -fes-
sus sum; cognosco.
act, factum, -i, N. ; to act,
facio.
add, adiungo, -ere, -iunxi,
-iunctum.
added, it is, accedit, -ere, -cessit.
address, appello, 1.
advise, moneo, 2.
afraid, be afraid, timed, -ere, -ui.
after, post, prep. ; postquam,
conj.
afterwards, posted.
against, contra, in, w. ace.
ago, ante, adv.
aid, auxilium, -I, N. ; to aid,
iuvo, -are, iuvi, iutum; adiuvd.
alive, vivus, -a, -um.
all, omnis, -e, every, the whole,
all ; totus, -a, -um, all, en-
tire ; universus, -a, -um, aU
(taken together).
allegiance, offi,cium, -i, N.
allow, potior, -i, passus sum;
licet, -ere, licuit.
ally, socius, -i, M.
alone, solus, -a, -um; unus, -a,
-um.
already, iam.
also, et, etiam.
although, quamquam, quamms,
cum.
always, semper.
am, sum, esse, ful, futurus.
ambassador, legdtus, -I, M.
ancestors, m^diores, -um.
ancient, antlquus, -a, -um.
and, et, -que, ac or atque; and
so, itaque; and yet, tamen.
another, alius, -a, -ud.
any, anybody, any one, any-
thing, aliquis; in a negative
sentence, quisquam, ullus;
after si, nisi, ne and num,
-quis; interrogative, ecquis.
appoint, deligo, -ere, -legl, -lec-
tum.
399
400
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
approve, comproho, 1.
arise, coorior, -iri, -ortus sum.
army, exercitus, -us, M.
around, circum, w. ace.
arouse, excito, 1.
arrest, comprehendo, -ere, -hendi,
-hensum.
arrive, pervenio, -Ire, -veni, -ven-
tum.
arrogantly, superbe.
art, ars, artis, F.
as, ut, parenthetical,
as long as, quamdiu.
as much as, quantum.
as soon as, simul ac (atque) ;
cum prlmum.
ashes, cinis, -eris, M.
ask, rogo, 1 ; quaero, -ere, -slvi,
-sltum.
assault, oppugno, 1.
assemble, intr., convenio; tr.,
cogo.
assembly, conventus, -us, M.
assistance, opera, -ae, F.
at last, tandem.
at the house of, apud, w. ace.
at the time when, tum cum.
attack, hnpetus, -us, M. ; to at-
tack, peto, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum.
attempt, condtus, -us, M. ; to
attempt, conor, 1.
audacity, auddcia, -ae, F.
Aurelian, Aurelius, -a, -um.
authority, auctoritds, -tdtis, F.
avoid, vito, 1.
away, be, absum, -esse, dfui.
B
band, company, manus, -us, F.
be, sum; be not, neg. command,
see Lesson II.
be without, be deprived of,
cared, 2.
because, quod, quia, quoniam.
become, be made, Jld, fieri^
factus sum.
before, ante, apud, w. ace. ;
adv. previously, ante, anted;
conj. antequam, priusquam.
behalf, in behalf of, pro.
believe, credo, -ere, credidi,
creditum.
beset, obsided, -ere, -sedi, -ses-
sum.
better, melior, -ius.
bill, law, lex, legis, F.
bind together, contined.
bitter, acerbus, -a, -um.
blame, accusd, 1.
blood, sanguis, sanguinis, M.
body, corpus, -oris, N.
boldness, auddcia, -ae, F.
book, liber, libri, M.
booty, praeda, -ae, F.
born, be born, ndscor, -i, ndtus
sum.
boy, puer, -i, M.
brave, fortis, -e; auddx, -dcis.
bravely, fortiter, auddcter.
bravery, virtUs, -utis, F.
bridge, pons, pontis, M.
bring, bring out, efferd, -ferre^
extull, eldtum; bring to, ad-
ferd; bring to an end, cdn-
ficid, -ere, -feci, -fectum; bring
to light, inlUstrd, 1 ; bring
upon, inferd.
brother, frdter, frdtris, M.
Brundisium, Brundisium, -i, N.
build, aedificd, 1.
burden, premd, -ere, pressl^
pressum.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
401
burn, incendo, -ere, -cendi, -cen-
sum.
burning, a, incendium, -i, N.
but, sed, auteni; but if, sin.
by, a, ab.
call, appello, 1, address, call by
name; nomind, 1, name;
voco, 1, smnmon ; convoco, 1,
call together,
camp, castra, -drum, N. pi.
can, possum, posse, potui.
capture, expugno, 1, compre-
hendo, -ere, -hendi, -hensum.
care, ciira, -ae, F.
care for, provided, -ere, -vldl,
-visum, w. dat.
careful, diligens.
carry on (war), gero, -ere, gessi,
gestum.
carry out, transigo, -ere, -egi,
-actum; perficio.
cast (out), eicio, -ere, -ieci,
-iectum.
cavalry, equitdtus, -us, M. ;
equites, -um, M.
cease, desino, -ere, -sii(-sivi),
-situm; desisto, -ere, -stiti,
-stitum.
centurion, centurio, -onis, M.
certain, a certain, quidam.
certainly, certe.
chain, vinculum, -i, N.
change, muto, 1.
check, comprimo, -ere, -pressi,
-pressum.
chief men, prlncipes, -um.
children, liheri, -drum, M.
choose, deligo, -ere, -legi, -Iec-
tum.
citizen, civis, -is, M.
citizenship, civitds, -tdtis, F.
city, urbs, urbis, F.
class, genus, -eris, N.
clear, cldrus, -a, -um.
cohort, cohors, -rtis, F.
cold, frigus, -oris, N.
colleague, collega, -ae, M.
collect, colligo, -ligere, -legl,
-tectum; cogo.
colonist, colonus, -i, M.
come, venio, -ire, venl, ventum;
come together, convenio.
command, impero, 1 ; iubedy
-ere, iussi, iussum; be in com-
mand of, praesum, -esse, -Jul,
commander-in-chief, imperdtor,
-oris, M.
common, communis, -e.
companion, ally, socius, -i, M. ;
comes, -itis, M.
compare, comparo, 1.
comparison, in . . . with, pro.
compel, cogo, -ere, coegi, codctum.
complain, complain of, queror, -i,
questus sum.
concern, it concerns, interest^
-esse, -fui.
concerning, de.
condemn, condemno, 1.
confess, confiteor, -eri, -fessus
sum.
confine, contineo, -ere, -ui, -ten-
turn.
conquer, vinco, -ere, vicl, vie-
tum; supero, 1.
conscientious, sdnctus, -a, -um.
conscript, conscriptus, -a, -um.
consecrate, initio, 1.
consider, delibero, 1 ; considero^
1.
402
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
conspiracy, coniurdtio, -onis, F.
conspirator, coniurdtus, -i, M.
conspire, coniuro, 1.
consul, consul, -ulis, M. ; elect,
designdtus, -i.
consulship, consuldtus, -us, M.
consult, consulo, -ere, -ui, -sul-
tum, w, ace. ; w. dat., con-
sult for.
contain, see hold.
content, contentus, -a, -um.
contest, certdmen, -inis, N.
contrary to, contrd, w. ace.
contribute, confero.
Corinth, Corinthus, -i, F.
Cornelia, Cornelia, -ae, F.
could, see can.
country, terra, -ae, F., land,
earth; patria, -ae, F., na-
tive country ; rus, ruris, N.,
country as opposed to city.
crime, scelus, -eris, N.
CTimmal, facinorosus, -T, M.
cross trdnsed, -Ire, -ivl {-it),
-itum.
cruel, crudelis, -e.
cruelly, crudeliter.
custody, custodia, -ae, F.
custom, mos, moris, M.
dagger, sica, -ae, F.
daily, cotididnus, -a, -um.
danger, periculum, -I, N.
dangerous, importiinus, -a, -um.
dare, audeo, -ere, ausus sum,.
daring, auddx, -dais.
daughter, /iZm, -ae, F.
day, dies, -ei, M. and F. ;
to-day, hodie; yesterday, hes-
terno die.
dead of, the, summus, -a, -um.
dear, cdrus, -a, -um.
death, mors, mortis, F. ; put to
death, need, 1.
debt, aes alienum, N.
December, December, -hris, -hre.
decide, decide upon, statud, -ere,
-ui, -utum.
declare, decldro, 1 ; confirmo, 1.
decree, decerno, -ere, -crevi,
-cretum; decree of the Senate,
sendtus consultum, -i, N.
deep, altus, -a, -um.
deeply, vehementer.
defeat, supero, 1 ; vincd, -ere,
vici, victum.
defend, defendo, -ere, -fendl^
-fensum.
defendor, defensor, -oris, M.
delay, mora, -ae, F.
delight, delectd, 1.
deliver (an address), hahed, 2.
demand, posed, -ere, poposci,
postuld, 1 ; deposed.
deny, say not, negd, 1.
depart, proficiscor, -i, -fectus
sum.
derive, accipio, -ere, -cepi, -cep-
tum.
descend, be descended, orior^
Iri, -ortus sum.
deserving, be . . . of, mereor, 2.
design, consilium, -i, N.
desire, vild, velle, volul; cupio^
cupere, cuplin, cupitum.
desirous, cupidus, -a, -um.
despair, desperd, 1.
desperate, perditus, -a, -um.
despise, contemnd, -ere, -tempsl,
-temptum.
destroy, deled, -ere, -evl, -etum.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
403
destruction, pestis, -is, F. ; exi-
tium, -X, N.
devastate, vdsto, 1.
direction, pars, partis, F.
disgrace, macula, -ae, F.
dismiss, dimitto.
disregard, neglect, neglego, -ere,
-lexi, -lectum.
divine, divinus, -a, -um.
do, facio, -ere, feci, factum.
do not, negative command, see
Lesson II.
doubt, be in doubt, duhito, 1 ;
there is no doubt that, non est
duhium quln.
dread, pertimesco, -ere, -ui.
drive, defero; drive away, de-
pello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum;
drive out, expello; eicio, -ere,
eieci, eiectum.
due, debitus, -a, -uin.
duty, do one's duty, satis facer e.
E
eager, be, studeo, 2 ; eager for,
adj., cupidus, -a, -um.
eagle, aquila, -ae, F.
easily, facile.
easy, facilis, -e.
elect, creo, 1.
else, alius, -a, -ud.
embarrass, impedio, 4.
eminent, cldrissimus, -a, -um.
empire, imperium, -i, N.
encourage, cohortor, 1.
end, bring to an, conficid.
endurance, patientia, -ae, F.
endure, patior, pati, passus sum.
enemy, hostis, -is, M., of one's
country; inim,icus, -I, M., a
personal enemy.
enough, satis.
enroll, ascrlbo, -ere, -scflpsif
-scrlptum.
envoy, legdtus, -i, M.
envy, invideo.
equestrian, equester, -iris, -tre.
escape, vito, 1 ; effugio, -ere,
-fugl, -fugitum.
escort, prosequor, -i, -secUtus
sum.
especially, praesertim.
establish, constitud, -ere, -wT,
-utum.
even, etiam.
evening, vesper, -eri, M.
everlasting, sempiternus, -a, -um,
every, each, quisque; every one,
quisque, quaeque, quodque
(quidque).
everything = all things,
example, exemplum, -i, N.
excel, antecello, -ere, w. dat.
except, praeter, w. ace. ; nisi,
after negatives.
exile, exsilium, -i, N.
exist, sum, -esse, -fui.
expect, spero, 1.
experienced, peritus, -a, -um.
express, died; express grati-
tude, grdtids ago.
extinguish, restinguo, -ere,
-stlnxi, -stinctum.
extraordinary, singuldris, -e.
eye, oculus, -l, M.
fair, pulcher, -chra, -chrum.
faithful, fidelis, -e; certus, -a,
-um,.
fall into, incido, -ere, -cidz.
fame, fdma, -ae, F.
404
etn'glish-latin vocabulary
family (i.e. stock), genus, -eris,
N., gens, gentis, F.
famous, cldrus, -a, -um.
far, longe; be so far from, tan-
tum abest ut.
farthest, extremus, -a, -um,
father, pater, patris, M.
fear, timor, -oris, M. ; metus,
-Us, M. ; to fear, vereor, 2 ;
timed, 2 ; metuo, -ere, -ul,
metutum.
feel, sentio, -ire, -sensi, sensum.
feel grateful, grdtiam habeo.
fellow-citizen, clvis, -is, M. ;
pi., elves, Quirites.
few, paucl, -ae, -a.
fifteen, qulndecim.
fight, pugno, 1 ; contendo, -ere,
-tendl, -tentum.
find, invenio, -Ire, -veni, -ven-
tum, discover ; reperio, -Ire,
repperi, repertum, meet with ;
cognosco, -ere, -novi, -nitum,
find out.
fire, Ignis, -is, M. ; incendium,
-I, N.
first, primus, -a, -um,.
fitting, it is, oportet, 2.
five, quinque.
flame, flamma, -ae, F.
flee, fugio, -ere, fUgi, fugitum;
profugio.
fleet, classis, -is, F.
foe, see enemy,
follow, sequor, -i, secutus sum.
for, pro, ad, w. ace, ; nam,
conj. ; for a long time, now
for a long time, iam diU, iam
dudum.
force, ms, ms, F. ; forces,
troops, copiae, -drum, F.
foreign, exterus, -a, -um.
forget, obllviscor, -i, oblitus sum.
forgetful of, oblitus, -a, -um.
form, make, facio, -ere, feci^
factum.
former, pristinus, -a, -um; SU'
perior, -ius.
fortify, 7nunio, 4.
fortunate, fortundtus, -a, -um.
fortune, good fortune, fortUna,
-ae, F. ; fortunes, fortUnae,
res.
forty, quadrdgintd.
found, build (a city), condo, -ere,
-didi, -ditum.
four, quattuor.
fourth, qudrtus, -a, -um.
free, set free, llbero, 1.
freedman, libertinus, -i, M.
friend, amicus, -i, M. ; of the
people, populdris.
friendship, amicitia, -ae, F.
from, out of, e, ex; from, away
from, a, ab; de, down from,
full, plenus, -a, -um.
G
garrison, praesidium, -i, N.
gate, porta, -ae, F.
gather, collect, colligo, -ere,
-legi, -ledum.
general, imperdtor, -oris, M.
Geneva, Gendva, -ae, F.
get grain, frUmentor, 1.
gift, donum, -i, N.
give, do, dare, dedi, datum.
gladiator, gladidtor, -oris, M.
glory, gloria, -ae, F.
go, eo, ire, il, itum; per go, -ere,
perrexi, perrectum; go out,
exed; is going on, geritur.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
405
god, deus, del, M.
good, bonus, -a, -um.
good citizens, honl, -drum.
grain, frumentum, -i, N.
grandfather, avus, -i, M.
grateful, be, grdtiam habeo.
gratitude, gratia, -ae, F.
great, mdgnus, -a, -um; how
great, summus, -a, -um, quan-
tus, -a, -um.
greatly, mdgnopere, mdgnl.
grief, maeror, -oris, M.
guard, custos, -odis (a sentinel) ;
praesidium, -i (a garrison) ;
to guard, custodio, 4.
guardian, custos, -odis, M.
guide, dUco, -ere, duxl, ductum.
hand, handwriting, manus, -us,
F.
hand over, trddo, -ere, -didi,
-ditum.
happens, it happens, the result
is, accidit, -ere, accidit; fit,
fieri, factum est.
harbor, partus, -us, M.
hard-hearted, ferreu^, -a, -um.
harm, noceo, 2.
harmony, concordia, -ae, F.
hate, odi, odisse, with present
meaning,
hateful, odiosus, -a, -um.
hatred, odium, -i, N. ; invidia,
-ae, F.
have, habeo, 2.
he, is, ille, hic.
hear, audio, 4.
hem in, teneo, -ere, -ul, -tentum.
herald, praecd, -dnis, M.
heretofore, adhuc.
hesitate, dubito, 1.
highest, summus, -a, -um.
hill, collis, -is, M.
him, eum, se.
himself, ipse, sui.
hinder, impedio, 4.
his, her, its, suus, -a, -um; eius,
hitherto, adhuc.
hold, teneo, -ere, -ul, -tentum;
contineo.
home, domus; homeward, do-
mum; at home, domi.
honor, honor, -oris, M. ; to
honor, cold, -ere, -ul, cultum.
hope, spes, spel, F. ; to hope,
sperd, 1.
hospitality, hospitium, -l, N.
hour, hdra, -ae, F.
house, domus, -us, F. ; at the
house of, apud, or ad, w. ace.
how, quam; in what manner,
qud modo.
how great, quantus, -a, -um.
how long, quam diU.
how many, quot, indecl. adj. ;
quam multl, -ae, -a.
how much, quantum.
however much, quamms.
hunger, fames, -is, F.
1, ego.
if, SI, conj. ; if only, modo, dum,
dum modo, conjs.
illustrious, cldrus, -a, -um.
immortal, immortdlis, -e.
impel, impelld, -ere, -pull, 'puU
sum.
impious, impius, -a, -um.
in, in, w. abl.
inactivity, inertia, -ae, F.
406
KNGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
income, fructus, -its, M.
increase, cresco, -ere, crem, cre-
tum.
incur, concipio, -ere, -cepi, -cep-
tum.
indeed, at least, quidem; surely,
profecto.
induce, adduco.
infantry, pedites, -um, M., pi. ;
peditdtus, -us, M.
influence, auctoritds, -dtis, F,
inform any one, aliquem cer-
tidrem facio; be informed,
certior fid.
injury, iniuria, -ae, F. ; detri-
mentum, -i, N.
inquire, quaero, -ere, quaeslvi,
quaesUum.
insurrection, seditio, -onis, F.
interest, interest, -esse, -fuit.
intimate, on . . . terms, fa-
milidriter.
into, in, w. ace.
intrust, permitto; commendo, 1.
involved, be, versor, 1.
it, is, ea, id; sul.
joy, gaudium, -i, N.
judge, index, iudicis, M.
judgment, iudicium, -I, M.
Jupiter, luppiter, lovis, M.
K
keep, restrain, contineo, -ere, -ui,
-tentum; keep off, arced, 2 ;
keep silent, taceo, 2.
kill, interjicio, -ficere, -fen, -fec-
tum; occldo, -ere, -cidi, -cisum.
kind, genus, -eris, N. ; of this
kind, huius modi.
kindle, confio, 1.
king, rex, regis, M.
knight, eques, -itis, M.
know, scid, 4 ; nosed, -ere, ndtH^
ndtum; intellegd, -ere, -lexl^
-lectum; not know, nescidf
-Ire, -im.
knowledge, scientia, -ae, F.
labor, labor, -dris, M.
lack, desum, -esse, -ful.
land, terra, -ae, F.
large, mdgnus, -a, -um.
last, proximus, -a, -um.
late, serd, adv.
law, lex, legis, F.
lax, dissolutus, -a, -um.
lay before, report, deferd, -ferre,
-tuli, -latum; lay on, Inferd.
lead, dUcd, -ere, dUxi, ductum;
lead out, educd.
leader, dux, ducis, M. ; prtn-
ceps, -ipis, M.
leading men, principes, -um, M.
learn, cogndscd, -ere, cogndvi,
cognitum.
leave behind, leave, relinqud,
-ere, -llqui, -lictum; exed, -Ire,
-it, -itum.
legion, legid, -dnis, F.
let, see Lesson II ; allow, patior,
patl, passus sum.
letter, litterae, -drum, F. ; epis'
tula, -ae, F.
levy (upon), imperd, 1.
liberal, amplus, -a, -um; libera^
lis, -e.
lieutenant, legdtus, -i, M.
life, vita, -ae, F.
light, daylight, liix, lUcis, F.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
407
Kke, similis, -e. like, wish, volo,
velle, volui.
listen, audio, 4.
literature, litterae, -drum, F.
little, parous, -a, -um.
live, hahito, 1; vivo, 3.
lone;, a long time, longer,
longest, diu, diutius, diutis-
sime; no longer, non iam.
long since, iam pridem.
lose, dmitto, -ere, -misi, -missum.
loss, deminutio, -onis, F.
loyal, bonus, -a, -um.
M
madness, furor, -oris, M.
magistrate, magistrdtus, -Us, M.
maintain, aid, -ere, -ul, altum.
make, facio, -ere, feci, factum;
make upon, infero; make
ready, jparo, 1. ,
man, vir, virl, M., distinguished
from women ; homo, -inis, M.
and F., human being,
many, multi, -ae, -a.
march, iter, itineris, N. ; to
march, iter facio.
Marseilles, Massilia, -ae, F.
massacre, caedes, -is, F.
matter = thing,
may, see Lesson III.
me, see I.
meet together, convenio.
meeting, coetus, -us, M.
memory, memoria, -ae, F.
middle, middle of, medius, -a,
-um.
might, expressing permission,
licet.
mild, clemens, -entis; lenis; -e.
mile, mille passuum.
military affairs, res mllitdris.
mind, mens, mentis, F., under-
standing ; animus, -i, M.,
will.
mindful, memor, -oris.
month, mensis, -is, M.
most, adj., plurimus; adv. plu-
rimum; superlative ending of
adj. or adv.
move, moved, -ere, movi, motum;
permoveo.
much, multus, -a, -um; adv.,
multum, multo.
Mulvian, Mulvius, -a, -um.
must, see Lesson IV.
my, meus, -a, -um.
myself, ego.
N
name, nomen, nominis, N.
nation, ndtio, -onis, F.
natural ability, ndtura, -ae, F.
near, prope, fere; ad, w. ace.
nearest, proximus, -a, -um.
need, be necessary, necesse est;
oportet, 2.
neglect, neglego, -ere, -lexi, -lee-
turn.
neighboring, finitimus, -a, -um.
neither . . . nor, neque . . .
neque, nee . . . nee.
never, numquam.
nevertheless, yet, still, tamen.
new, novus, -a, -um.
night, nox, noctis, F. ; night
before, nox superior.
no, nullus, -a, -um.
noble, nohilis, -e.
nobody, no one, nemo; gen. and
abl. supplied from nullus.
no longer, non iam.
408
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
not, non, ne; not even, ne . . .
quidem,
not only . . . but also, non
solum . . . sed etiam.
not yet, nondum.
nothing, nihil.
November, November^ -bris,
-hre.
now, nunc, iam.
number, numerus, -i, M. ; in
great numbers, frequens, -en-
tis.
O
O that, utinam.
obey, pdreo, 2.
object, recldmo, 1.
objection, make . . . to, ob-
trecto, 1.
obtain, obtain a request, im-
petro, 1.
October, October, -bris, -bre.
of, concerning, de.
offer, praefero; obfero.
office, imperium, -i, N. ; magis-
tratus, -us, M.
often, saepe.
old, senex, senis; vetus, -eris.
on, in, w. ace. after verbs of
mc tion ; w. abl. after verbs
of rest.
on all sides, undique.
once, quondam.
one, unus, -a, -um.
one . . . another, alius . . .
alius.
one . . . the other, alter . . .
alter.
only, solus, -a, -um; Unus, -a,
-um.
open, patefacio; be open, pated,
-ere. -ui.
opinion, sententia, -ae, F.
opportunity, facultds, -talis, F.
or, aut; in double questions,
an non; in indirect double
questions, necne.
oration, ordtio, -onis, F.
orator, orator, -oris, M.
order, in order that, ut, conj.
order, command, iubeo, -ere,
iussl, iussum; impero, 1.
order, rank, ordo, -inis, M.
other, alius, -a, -ud; some . . .
others, alii . • alii; the other,
alter, ceterus.
ought, debed, 2 ; oportet, 2 ; see
Lesson IV.
our, noster, nostra, nostrum.
out of, e, ex.
outside of, extra, w. ace.
overhang, impended, -ere.
overtake, consequor, -i, -secUtus
own, his, suus, ipsius.
pardon, ignosco, -ere, -ignovif
ignotum.
parent, parens, -entis, M. or F.
part, pars, partis, F.
pass, fauces, -ium, F.
patience, patientia, -ae, F.
patriot, bonus, -i, M.
patriotic, bonus, -a, -um; amdns
rei pUblicae.
peace, pdx, pads, F.
people, populus, -i, M.
peril, perlculum, -i, N.
permit, allow, potior, paH,
passus sum; licet, 2.
persuade, persuaded, -ere, -swast,
-sudsum.
philosopher, philosophus, -I, M
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
409
pirate, praedo, -onis, M.
pitch, pond, -ere, posui, posi-
tum.
pity, misericordia, -ae, F.
place, locus, -i, M. ; pi. loci and
loca.
place in command of, praeficio,
w. dat.
plan, consilium, -i, N. ; to plan,
cogito, 1 ; excogito, 1.
pleasant, iucundus, -a, -um.
please, delecto, 1, w. ace. ;
placed, 2, w. dat.
pleasing, grdtus, -a, -um.
pleasure, voluptds, -talis, P.
plot, mdchinor, 1 ; molior, 4.
plunder, praeda, -ae, F.
poet, poeta, -ae, M.
possible, as ... as possible,
quam + sup. of adj.
power, facultds, -talis, F.
powerful, potens, -entis; be very
powerful, plurimum posse or
valere.
praetor, praetor, -oris, M.
praise, laus, laudis, F. ; to
praise, laudo, 1.
precedent, exemplum, -i, N.
prefer, 7ndld, mdlle, malm.
preserve, conservo, 1.
pretend, simulo, 1.
prevent, deterred, 2 ; prohihed, 2.
private, privdtus, -a, -um.
profit, fructus, -Us, M.
promise, polliceor, 2.
prompt, promptus, -a, -um.
property, res, rerum, F. ; bona,
-drum, N.
protect, defendo, -ere, -fendi,
-fensum.
protection, praesidium, -I, N.
provide, provided; cdnsuld, -ere,
-ul, -sultum.
provided that, modo, dum, dum
modo.
province, prdvincia, -ae, F.
punish, punid, 4 : ulciscor, -i,
ultus sum.
punishment, poena, -ae, F. ;
supplicium, -I, N.
purpose, mens, mentis, F. ; cdn-
silium, -I, N. ; for the pur-
pose of, causa.
put in command of, praeficid,
-ere, -feci, -fectum.
put to death, need, 1 ; interficid,
-ere, -feci, -fectum.
put to flight, in fug am dd, darCy
dedi, datu7n; fugd, 1.
question, res, ret, F.
quickly, celeriter.
R
raise, efferd, -ferre, extuli, eld'
tum.
rank, drdd, -inis, M.
reach, pervenid.
read, legd, -ere, legi, ledum.
ready, pardtus, -a, -um; make
ready, compard, 1.
reason, cause, causa, -ae, F.
recall, revocd, 1.
receive, recipid, -ere, -cepi,
-ceptum.
recognize, cogndscd, -ere, -ndvi,
-nitum.
refer, referd.
reflect, cdgitd, 1.
refresh, reficid.
refuse, recUsd, 1.
410
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
regard, with — to, de.
reject, repudio, 1.
rejoice, laetor, 1.
rely, (upon), confido, -ere, fisus.
relying, fretus, -a, -um.
remain, stay, maneo, -ere, mdnst,
mdnsum; remaned; it re-
mains, relinquitur.
remaining, reliquus, -a, -um.
remarkable, eximius, -a, -um.
remember, memini, meTninisse;
reminiscor, -l.
remove, depello, -ere, -pull, -pul-
sum.
repent, paenitet, -ere, -uit.
report, defero.
reply, responded, -ere, -spondl,
-sponsum.
republic, res publica, F.
rescue, eripio, -ere, -ui, -reptum.
residence, domicilium, -l, N.
resign, ahdico (1) ah.
resist, resisto, -ere, -stitl, -stitum.
rest of, the, see remaining.
restrain, contineo, -ere, -ul,
-tentum.
result, the was, factum est.
return, reverto, -ere, -vertl, -ver-
sum; deponent in pres. sys-
tem ; reded, -ire, -il, -itum;
in return for, pro.
revel, hacchor, 1.
revenue, vectlgal, -dlis, N.
revolution, res novae.
reward, praemium, -I, N.
right, ius, iuris, N
rightly, vere.
rival, competitor, -oris, M.
river, fiumen, fluminis, N.
road, via, -ae, F. ; iter, itineris,
N.
Roman, Romanus, -a, -um;
Romans, Romdni, -drum, M.
'R.ora.e, Roma, -ae, F.
Rostra, rdstra, -drum, N.
ruin, pestis, -is, F.
rule, imperium, -l, N. ; to rule,
regd, -ere, rexl, rectum; rule
over, imperd, 1, w. dat.
sacred rites, sacra, -drum, N.
safe, tutus, -a, -um, well-
guarded, secure ; salvus, -a,
-um, incolumis, -e, unharmed.
safety, salus, -utis, F. ; in safety,
tuto.
sail, ndvigd, 1.
sally, excursus, -us, M.
salute, salutd, 1.
same, the same, idem, eade^n,
idem.
satisfied, con^enf MS, -a, -um.
save, servo, 1 ; cdnservd, 1.
say, dlco, -ere, dixi, dictum.
scarcely yet, vixdum.
scoundrel, implied in iste;
scelerdtus, -i, M.
scout, expldrdtor, -dris, M.
sea, mare, maris, N.
seal, signum, -i, N.
secure, potior, 4.
see, vided, -ere, vidi, visum.
seek, petd, -ere, -ivl, -itum.
seem, videor, -erl, msus sum.
seize, occupd, 1 ; capid, -ere,
cepi, captum; comprehendd,
-ere, -hendi, -hensum.
select, see choose.
self, ipse, -a, -um; of himself,
sui.
self-control, temperantia, -ae, F.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
411
self-restraint, continentia, -ae,
F.
Senate, sendtus, -us, M.
senator, senator, -oris, M.
send, mitto, -ere, mlsi, missum;
send ahead, praemitto.
separate, secerno, -ere, -crem,
-cretum.
September, September, -hris, -hre.
serve, servio, 4.
set fire to, incendo, -ere, -cendi,
-censum.
set up, conloco, 1.
seventh, septimus, -a, -um.
severely, vehementer.
severest, summus, -a, -um.
shop, taberna, -ae, F.
short, brevis, -e.
show, refero; ostendo, -ere, -i,
-tentum.
shrewd, callidus, -a, -um.
shrine, fdnum, -i, N.
signal, slgnum, -i, N.
silent, tacitus, -a, -um ; keep
silent, taceo, 2.
silver, adj., argenteus, -a, -um.
since, cum, quoniam.
sink, deprimo, -ere, -pressl,
-pressum.
situation, res, rei, F. ; causa, -ae,
F.
six, sex.
sixth, sextus, -a, -um.
slaughter, caedes, -is, F.
slave, servus, -i, M.
so, tarn, ita, sic; so great, tantus,
-a, -um; so that, ut.
soldier, miles, militis, M.
some one, something, some,
aliquis, quldam, nescio quis.
some . . . others^ alii . . . ali\
son, filius, -I, M.
soon, as as possible, quam
primum.
Spain, Hispania, -ae, F.
speak, loquor, -i, locUtus sum;
died, -ere, dixi, dictum.
special, eximius, -a, -um,.
speech, ordtio, -onis, F.
spirit, animus, -i, M.
stake, be at, ago, -ere, egi^
dctum.
stand, sto, -dre, steti, stdtum;
stand about, circumsto; stand
in . the way of, ohsto, -dre,
-stiti.
state, res publica, F. ; civitdSy
-tdtis, F.
statue, slgnum, -I, N.
stay, stator, -oris; to stay,
remaned, -ere, -mdnsi, -mdn*
sum.
still, eiiam, nunc, tamen.
storm, tempestds, -talis, F.
straight, adv., rectd.
strange, mirus, -a, -um.
strengthen, /irwo, 1.
strife, convicium, -i, N.
strong, flrmus, -a, -um.
strongly-fortified, mUnitissimus,
study, studium, -i, N.
such, of such a kind, tdlis, -e;
is, ea, id; so great, tantus, -a,
-um; in such a manner, sic.
suddenly, subito, repenie.
suffer, potior, pati, passus sum;
suffer injury, detrimentum
capid.
suitable, iddneus, -a, -um.
summer, aestds, -tdtis, F.
summon, vocd, 1.
suppliant, supplex, -ids, M.
412
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
support, firmamentum, -i, N.
surely, profecto, adv.
surrender, dedo, -ere, dedidl,
deditum.
surround, circumcludo, -ere,
-clusi, -clusum.
suspicion, suspicio, -onis, F.
sword, gladius, -i, M. ; ferrum,
-1, N.
T
tablet, tahella, -ae, F.
take, capio, -ere, cepi, captum;
take upon, undertake, sus-
cipio; take (time), sumo, -ere,
sumpsl, sumptum; take with,
educo.
task, negotium, -i, N.
tax-collector, publicdnus, -i, N.
tell, died, -ere, dixi, dictum;
ndrro, 1.
temple, templum, -i, N.
tenth, decimus, -a, -um.
terrify, perterreo, 2.
territory, fines, -ium, M.
than, quam.
thank (give thanks), grdtids ago.
thankful, feel thankful, grdtiam
habeo.
thanksgiving, supplicdtio, -onis,
F.
that, ille, is, iste; that of yours,
iste; that, in order that, ut,
quo; that not, ne, ut non;
the fact that, quod; (doubt)
that, quin.
their, suus, -a, -um; eorum.
themselves, se.
there, in that place, ihi; to
that place, eo; as an exple-
tive, omitted.
therefore, itaque, igitur.
they, generally omitted ; pi. of
is, ille, hic.
thing, res, rei, F. ; neut. pi. of
adj.
think, reckon, puto, 1 ; believe,
arbitror, 1 ; value, existimo, 1 ;
think of, cogito, 1, w. ace. ;
think with (some one), sentio,
-ire, sensi, sensum.
third, tertius, -a, -um.
thirst, sitis, -is, F.
this, hic, is.
though, although, cum.
thousand, inllle, indecl. adj. in
sing. ; pi., milia, -ium, noun,
N.
threaten, minitor, 1 ; impended^
-ere.
three, tres, tria.
throng, frequentia, -ae, F.
through, throughout, per, w.
ace.
till, until, dum, quoad.
time, tempus, -oris, N. ; now
for a long time, iam diH, iam
dUdum; by this time, iam.
to, ad, w. ace.
to-day, hodie, adv.
together, prefix com-; adv.,
una.
too, comparative ending,
top, the top of, summus, -a, -um,
torch, fax, fads, F.
towards, ad, in, w. ace.
town, oppidum, -i, N.
trader, mercdtor, -oris, M.
training, disciplina, -ae, F.
treat, trdcio, 1.
tribe, civitds, -talis, F.
tribune, tribunus, -i, M.
tributary, vectigdlis, -is, M.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
413
Trojan, Troidnus, -a, -um.
troops, copiae, -drum, F.
true, verus, -a, -um.
trusting to, fretus, -a, -um, w.
abl.
try, Conor, 1.
turn, converto, -ere, -verti, -ver-
sum.
twenty, vlgintl.
two, duo, duae, duo.
U
undergo, suheo, -ire, -ivi, -Hum.
undertaking, condtus, -us, M.
unfriendly, inimicus, -a, -um.
unjust, inlquus, -a, -um.
unjustly, iniuriose.
unless, nisi, conj.
unlike, dissimilis, -e.
unpopularity, invidia, -ae, F.
until, till, dum, quoad.
unwilling, invltus, -a, -um; be
unwilling, nolo, nolle, nolui.
unwisely, imprUdenter.
urge, cohortor, 1.
use, ilsus, -Us, M. ; to use, Utor,
uti, usus sum.
useful, utilis, -e.
valiantly, fortiter.
valor, virtus, -atis, F.
vergobretus, vergobretus, -i, M.
verse, versus, -Us, M.
very, ipse, when a noun is to be
emphasized ; otherwise, su-
perlative ending of adj. or
adv.
victorious, victor, -oris.
victory, victoria, -ae, F.
vigilant, vigilans, -antis.
violence, vis, vis, F.
virtue, virtUs, -utis, F.
voice, vox, vocis, F.
W
wait for, expecto, 1.
wall, mUrus, -i, M., the general
term ; moenia, -ium, N., city
walls; paries, -etis, M., the
wall of a house.
war, helium, -I, N.
ward off, propulso, 1 ; depelloj
-ere, -pull, -pulsum.
warfare, res mllitdris.
watch, specular, 1 ; vigilo, 1 ;
watchful, vigildns, -antis.
way, via, -ae, F.
weaken, conficio.
weapon, telum, -i, N.
weary, defessus, -a, -um.
welfare, salUs, -Utis, F.
what, pron., quis, quid; adj.,
qui, quae, quod.
when, cum, ubi; interrog.,
quando.
where, in what place, ubi;
to what place, quo.
whether, utrum, num; -ne.
which, see who.
while, dum; a little while ago,
paulo ante.
who, which, what, qui, quae,
quod, rel. pron. ; quis, quid,
and qui, quae, quod, interrog.
pron. and adj.
whole, see all.
why, cur, quid.
wicked, nefdrius, -a, -um; im^
probus, -a, -um,.
wide, Idtus, -a, -um.
wife, uxor, -oris, F.
414
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
will, voluntas, -talis, F.
willing, be willing, void, velle,
volul.
winter, hiems, hiemis, F. ; pass
the winter, hiemo, 1 ; winter-
quarters, hiberna, -drum, N.
wipe out, deled, -ere, -evl, -etum.
wisdom, sapientia, -ae, F. ; con-
silium, -I, N.
wish, desire, be willing, void,
velle, volul.
with, in company with, cum.
within, of time, expressed by
abl. ; of place, intus, adv. ;
intra, prep. w. ace.
without, sine, w. abl. ; be with-
out, cared, 2.
withstand, ohsistd, -ere, -stitl,
-stitum; resistd.
witness, testis, -is, M.
woman, mulier, -eris, F.
word, verhum, -i, N.
worship, veneror, 1.
worthy, dignus, -a, -um; It is
worth while, tant% est.
wrest, extorqued, -torguere, -torsu
-tortum.
write, scribd, -ere, scrlpsi, scrip-
turn.
writer, scriptor, -dris, M.
would that, utinayn, adv.
wounded, saucius, -a, -um.
year, annus, -i, M.
yesterday, hesternd die.
yet, tamen; not yet, ndndum.
you, tu, vds.
your, tuus, -a, -um; vester, ves-
tra, vestrum.
yourself, tui.
youth, a young man, iuvenis,
-is, M. ; adulescens, -entis, M,
zeal, studium, -i, N.
VOCABULARY
LATIN-ENGLISH
The figures 1, 2, and 4 after verbs indicate that the principal
parts are like those of laudo, moneo, and audio, respectively.
A., see Aulus.
a (before cons.), ab (before vow-
els or cons.), abs (before te) ;
prep. w. abl. (away from),
jrom, by; as prefix, away, off,
un-.
abdico, -are, -avi, -atum [dico],
tr., disown; se abdicare, re-
sign, abdicate, w. abl. of the
ofii^ce.
abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditum [do],
tr., 'put away, hide, conceal,
bury.
abeo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr.,
go away.
abhorreo, -ere, -ui, — [horreo],
tr. and intr., shrink from, be
remote from, be foreign to, be
averse; differ.
abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum
[iacio], tr., throw away, give
up, abandon.
abiectus, -a, -um [abicio], cast
down, downcast, prostrate,
overwhelmed.
abs, see a.
absconditus, -a, -um [abscondo],
hidden, concealed, secret.
41
absens, absentis, adj. [absum],
absent, distant.
absolutio, -onis, F. [absolvo],
acquittal.
abstraho, rtrahere, -traxl, -trac-
tum [abs + traho], tr., draw
away from.
absum, abesse, afui [sum],
be away, be distant, be ab-
sent.
abundantia, -ae, F. [abundo],
abundance.
abutor, -uti, -usus sum [utor],
dep., use up, exhaust; abuse,
outrage, try.
ac, see atque.
accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum
[ad + cedo], intr., go to, come
to, approach, be applied, Ar.
6.
accelero, -are, -avi, -atum [ad -j-
celero], intr., make haste,
hasten.
accido, -cidere, -cidi, — [ad +
cado], intr., fall, happen.
accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum
[ad + capio], tr., take to, re-
ceive; hear; incur, sustain.
P. 6; learn, P. 9.
5
416
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Accius, -i, M., Accius (ak'sh(y)-
us), a Roman poet, born 170
B.C.
accommodatus, -a, -um [accom-
modo], suitable, fit, adapted,
appropriate.
accommodo, -are, -avi, -atum
[commodo], tr., adapt, suit,
accommodate.
accubo, -are, — , — [ad -\- cubo],
intr., lie at, recline.
accurate, adv. [accuratus], with
care, accurately.
accuso, -are, -avi, atum [ad -|-
causa], tr., blame, find fault
with.
acer, acris, acre, sharp, keen,
eager, active, severe, vigorous.
acerbe, adv. [acerbus], bitterly,
harshly.
acerbitas, -tatis, F. [acerbus],
bitterness, severity.
acerbus, -a, -um [acer], bitter,
harsh, violent, severe.
acervus, -i, M., heap, pile.
Achaia, -ae, F., Achaia (a-ka'ya) ,
southern Greece.
Achilles, -is, M., Achilles, Greek
warrior and hero of Homer's
Iliad.
acies, -ei, F., edge, line, battle-
line, array, army (in battle
array).
acriter, adv. [acer], sharply,
keenly, energetically, zealously.
acroama, -atis, N, (Greek),
sound, entertainment; per-
former, Ar. 9.
actus, -us, M. [ago], act (of a
play).
ad, prep. w. aec, to, towards.
near, at, at the house of, among,
till, for, for the purpose of,
in point of, as regards; as pre-
fix, to, at.
adaequo, -are, -avi -atum
[aequo], tr., make equal to.
addo, -dere, -didi, -ditum [ad -j-
do], tr., put to, add.
addiico, -diicere, -duxi, -ductum
[ad + diico], tr., lead to, bring
to; induce, influence.
1. adeo, -ire, -ii, -itum [1. eo], tr.,
go to, visit; enter upon, Ar. 5.
2. adeo, adv. [2. eo], (to this
limit), so far, even, Cat., I, 2;
actually.
adeps, adipis, M. and F., fat,
corpulence. Cat., Ill, 7.
adfero, adferre, attuli, adlatum
[fero], tr., bring to, bring, apply;
produce, cause, occasion, add.
adficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum
[facio], tr., do to, treat, affect,
impair; visit, honor (with) ;
in pass., suffer, receive; sup-
plicio adficere, punish.
adfingo, -fingere, -finxi, -fictum
[fingo], tr., ad(i, bestow, give.
adfinis, -e [finis], adjoining,
connected with, implicated in.
adflicto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq.
of adfligo], tr., shatter, trouble,
distress. Cat., I, 13-.
adfligo, -fligere, -flixi, -flictum
[fligo], tr., strike at, smite,
afflict, distress, ruin.
adfio, -are, -avi, -atum [flo], tr.,
blow, waft (towards).
adfluens, -entis [adfluo], abound-
ing, rich (in), full.
adgrego,-are, -avi,-atum [gregoj..
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
417
tr., bring together (in a
flock).
adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [habeo],
tr., (hold toward), apply, use,
employ; lend, furnish, supply.
adhortor, avi, -atus sum [hortor]
dep., encourage, urge on.
adhuc, adv. [hue], hitherto, as
yet, up to this time.
adimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum
[emo], tr., take away, deny.
adipiscor, -i, adeptus sum, dep,
[apiscor], (come up with),
attain, obtain, secure.
aditus, -us, M. [1. adeo],
access, approach, avenue, path.
adiumentum, -i, N. [adiuvo],
help, aid.
adiungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iunc-
tum [iungo], tr., join to, add;
impose, confer upon.
adiuvo, -iuvare, -iuvl, -iutum
[iuvo], tr., help, assist.
adlicio, -licere, -lexi, -lectum
[lacio], tr., allure; attract,
influence.
administer, -tri, M. [minister,
servant], assistant.
administra, -ae, F., handmaiden,
assistant.
administro, -are, -avi, -atum
[ministro], tr., care for, man-
age, govern, conduct, arrange,
execute.
admiratio, -onis, F. [admirer],
admiration.
admirer, -ari, -atus sum [miror],
dep., wonder at, marvel at, ad-
mire.
admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum [mo-
neo], tr., remind, warn; advise.
admonitus, -us, M. [admoneo],
advice, suggestion.
admurmuratio, -onis, F., a
murmuring.
adnuo, -nuere, -nui, — [nuo],
intr., nod to, nod assent.
adorno, -are, -avi, -atum [orno],
tr., adorn, equip, provide.
adprobo, -are, avi, -atimi [ad +
probo], tr., give assent to, ap"
prove of.
adpropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum
[propinquo], intr., draw mo.r
(to), approach.
adquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -qui-
situm [quaero], tr., add (to),
acquire, gain.
adscribo, -scribere, -scripsi,
-scriptum [scribo], tr., enroll
(as a citizen),
adsentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sen-
sum [sentio], intr., assent to,
agree with.
adsequor, -sequi, -secutus sum
[sequor], dep., follow up, over-
take, reach; accomplish, effect f
obtain, attain.
adservo, -are, -avi, -atum [servo],
tr., watch over, keep, guard.
adsido, -sidere, -sedi, — [sido],
intr., take a seat, sit down.
adsidue, adv. [adsiduus], con-
stantly.
adsto, -stare, -stiti, — [sto],
intr., stand near, stand by.
adsuefactus, -a, -um [adsue-
facio], trained, accustomed.
adsum, -esse, -fui [sum], be
near, be present; aid, assist.
adulescens, -entis, M. [ado-
lesco], young man, youth.
418
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
adulescentia, -ae, F. [adules-
cens], youth.
adulescentulus, -i, M. [adules-
cens], very young man.
adulter, -teri, M., adulterer.
adultus, -a, -um [adolesco],
mature, full-grown.
adventicius, -a, -um [advenio],
foreign.
adventus, -us, M. [advenio],
arrival, approach, corning.
adversus, -a, -um [adverto],
(turned towards), facing, un-
favorable; adversae res, ad-
versity.
advezperascit, -ere, — , impers.,
evening approaches, it grows
dark.
aedificium, -i, N. [aedifico],
building, house, edifice.
aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum [aedes,
facio], tr., build.
aedes -is, F., (a dwelling of the
gods), temple; pi., (a dwell-
ing for men), house.
Aegaeus, -a, -um, Aege'an.
aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick,
suffering.
aegre, adv. [aeger], with diffi-
culty, reluctantly, bitterly.
Aemilius, -i, M., Aemilius, a
gentile name ; M. Aemilius
Scaurus, consul 115 and 107
B.C.
Aeneas, -ae, M., Aene'as.
aeque, adv. [aequus], equally;
aeque ac, just as.
aequitas, -tatis, F. [aequus],
justice, equity.
aequus, -a, -um, even, equal;
fair, just, right; favorable,
calm; aequo animo, with a
calm mind, with resignation,
aerarium, -i, N. [aerarius],
treasury.
aerarius, -a, -um [aes], of the
treasury.
aes, aeris, N., copper, bronze,
money; aes alienum, (an-
other's money), debt; pi.,
bronze tablets.
aestas, -tatis, F., summer.
aestimo, -are, avi, atum [aes],
tr., judge, estimate.
aestus, -us, M., heat.
aetas, -tatis, F., age, old age;
life.
aeternus, -a, -um, everlasting^
eternal, endless.
Aetoli, -orum, M., the Aetolians^
inhabitants of Aetolia.
Africa, -ae, F., Africa, especially
the Roman province in the
northern part of the con-
tinent.
Africanus, -a, -um [Africa],
African; Africanus, a sur-
name of two of the Scipios.
ager, agri, M., field, landy
country.
agito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of
ago], tr., disturb, agitate,
rouse.
agnosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitum
[ad + (g)nosco], tr. recog-
nize, understand.
ago, -ere, -egi, actum, tr., (put
in motion), drive, do, act,
act on; aim at; speak, plead;
spend (aetatem) ; pass., be at
stake, P. 2, 6 ; age vero,
come now, well then.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
419
agrarius, -a, -um [ager], 'per-
taining to land; agrarii, M.
pi,, the agrarian party (sup-
porting agrarian laws).
agrestis, -e [ager], of the coun-
try, country (adj.) ; rude,
boorish, ignorant; as noun,
countrymen.
agricola, -ae, M., farmer.
Ahala, -ae, M., Ahala, a family
name ; Gaius Servilius Ahala
a Roman officer, 439 b.c.
aio, ais, ait ; pi., aiunt, def. vb.,
say, assert.
alea, -ae, F., a game with dice,
gambling.
aleator, -oris, M. [alea], gambler.
Alexander, -dri, M., Alexander,
the Great, king of Mace-
donia, born 356 b.c.
alienigena, -ae, M. [alienus,
gigno], one of foreign birth;
as adj., foreign.
alienus, -a, -um [alius], belong-
ing to another, of others,
foreign; as noun, stranger,
foreigner, alien.
aliquando, adv. [ali-+ quando],
at some time, at any time, at
length, finally, at last.
i?liquanto, adv. [aliquantus], (by
some little), a little.
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron. (App-
27, 28), some one, something;
any-one, anything; as adj.,
aliqui, -qua, -quod, some, any.
aliquo, adv. [aliquis], to some
place, somewhere.
aliquot [alius, quot], indecl. adj.,
some, several, a number of.
aliter, adv. [alius], otherwise.
alius, -a, -ud, adj. or pron.
(App. 13), another, other (of
more than two) ; pi. some,
others; alius . . . alius, one
. . . another; alii . . . alii,
some . . . others
AUobroges, -um, M. pi., the
Allo'broges, a tribe south-
west of Lake Geneva,
alo, -ere, alul, altum, tr., feed,
nourish; sustain, cherish^
strengthen, Ar. 7.
Alpes, -ium, F., the Alps.
altaria, -ium, N. pi. [altus], an
altar.
alter, -era, -erum, adj. or pron.
(App. 13), the other (of two),
second (in a series), another;
alter . . . alter, the one . . ,
the other.
alternus, -a, -um [alter], alter'
nate.
altus, -a, -um [alto], high, deep.
alveolus, -i, M. [alveus, a
hollow], dice board, gambling.
amans, -antis, adj. [part, of
amo], loving, affectionate, fond
(of), loyal (to) ; w. rei pub-
licae, patriotic.
ambi-, prefix, round, roundabout.
ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr.,
ivalk.
amens, -entis [a + mens], sense"
less, foolish.
amentia, -ae, F. [amens], folly,
madness, insanity.
amicio, -icire, — , -ictum [ambi-
+ iacio], tr., throw around,
clothe.
amicitia, -ae,F. [amicus], friend'
ship.
420
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
1. amicus, -i, M., friend.
2. amicus, -a, -um, friendly,
dear.
Amisus, -i, F. Ami'sus, a city
of Pontus.
amitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum
[mitto], tr., (send away), lose.
amo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., love.
amoenitas, -tatis, F. [amoenus],
charm, beauty.
amor, -oris, M. [amo], love.
amplector, -plecti, -plexus sum
[ambi + plecto], dep., twine
about, embrace, include. Cat.,
IV, 4.
amplified, -are, -avi, -atum
[amplus, facio], tr., enlarge,
extend, increase.
amplitude, -inis, F. [amplus],
breadth, greatness, eminence,
honor.
amplius, adv. [comp. of ample],
more, further.
amplus, -a, -um, great, ample;
generous; illustrious, dis-
tinguished, honorable.
an, conj., usually introducing
the second member of a
double question, or; intro-
ducing single direct questions
it may be equivalent to -ne
or nonne with added empha-
sis or surprise; see 103, b;
Bur. 368; HB. 236; intro-
ducing an indirect question,
whether.
Anceps, -cipitis, adj., [ambi-,
caput], double, twofold, in two
places.
ango, -ere, anxi, — , tr., distress,
trouble, torment.
angulus, -i, M., corner, angle.
anhelo, -are, -avi, -atum [an-
helus, panting], tr. and intr.,
breathe forth; pant.
anima, -ae, F., air, breath,
spirit; life, soul.
animadversio, -onis, F. [anim-
advert©], attention, investiga-
tion; punishment.
animadvert©, -vertere, -verti,
-versum [animum + ad +
verto], tr., (turn the mind
to), perceive, notice, attend to;
punish.
animus, -i, IVI. mind, soul, feel-
ing, feelings, spirit, disposition,
heart. Cat., 1, 11.
anne, = an.
Annius, -i, M., Annius, a
nomen or gentile name ; see
Chilo.
annona, -ae, F. [annus], yearly
harvest, provisions, P. 15.
annus, -i, M., year.
annuus, -a, -um [annus], annual.
ante, prep. w. ace, before; adv.,
before, beforehand; ago;
paulo ante, a little while ago;
just now; as prefix, before, in
advance.
antea, adv. [ante], before,
hitherto, formerly.
antecello, -ere, — , — [cello],
intr., surpass, be superior to.
antelucanus, -a, -um [ante, lux],
lasting till daylight, all-night.
antepono, -ponere, -posui, -posi-
tum [pono], tr., place before,
prefer.
antequam, conj. [ante + quam],
before.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
421
Antiochia, -ae, F., Antioch, a
city of Syria.
Antiochus, -i, M., Anti'ochus,
the Great, king of Syria, 223-
187 B.C.
antiquitas, -tatis, F. [anti-
quus], antiquity.
antiquus, -a, -um [ante],
Jormer, ancient, old: M. pi.,
the men of old.
aperio, -perire, -perui, -pertum
[ab + pario], tr., open.
aperte, adv. [apertus], openly,
without reserve, plainly.
apertus, -a, -um, open, undis-
guised.
apparatus, -a, -um [apparo],
prepared; elaborate, sump-
tuous.
appareo, -ere, -ui, intr., appear.
apparo, -are, -avi, -atum [paro],
tr., make ready, prepare, pre-
pare for.
appello, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
call (by name), name, address.
Appenninus, -i, M., the Apen-
nines.
appetens, -entis [appeto], covet-
ous of.
Appius, -i, M., Appius, a prae-
nomen or first name ; see
Claudius.
Appius, -a, -um, Appian; Via
Appia, the Appian Road, ex-
tending from Rome to Brun-
disium.
approbo, see adprobo.
aptus, -a, -um, suited, fit.
apud, prep. w. ace., among,
with, at the house of, before,
off.
Apulia, -ae, F., Apulia, a dis-
trict in southern Italy.
aqua, -ae, F., water.
aquila, -ae, F., eagle; especially
the eagle of a Roman stand-
ard.
ara, -ae, F., altar.
arbitror, -ari, -atus sum [arbiter,
judge], dep., think, judge, con-
sider.
arbor, -oris, F., tree,
arceo, -ere, -ui, — , tr., keep
away, ward off.
arcesso, -cessere, -cessivi, ces-
situm [ad + caus. of cieo], tr.,
cause to come, summon, send
for, invite.
Archias, -ae, M. (App. 11),
Archias; A. Licinius Archias,
see p. 269
ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, intr.,
be on fire, be in flames^
burn.
ardor, -oris, M. [ardeo], (a
burning), flame, fire, heat,
brightness; passion.
argenteus, -a, -um [argentum],
silver, of silver.
argentum, -i, N., silver.
argumentum, -i, N. [argud]^
proof, argument.
Ariobarzanes, -is, M., Ariobar-
za'nes, a king of Cappadocia.
arma, -orum, N. pL, arms,
equipment.
Armenii, -orum, M., the Ar-
menians.
Armenius, -a, -um, of Armenia,
Armenian.
armo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
arm, equip.
422
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
ars, artis, F., skill, art, accom-
plishment, quality, practice.
artifex, -ficis, M. [ars, facio],
artist, scaenicus artifex, actor.
arx, arcis, F., citadel, fortress,
stronghold.
ascendo, -scendere, -scendi,
-scensum [ad + scando], tr,
and intr., climb, rise, ascend.
asclsco, -sciscere, -scivi, -sci-
tum [ad + scisco], tr., admit
(to), enlist (in).
ascribo, -ere, ascripsi, ascrip-
tum [scribo], tr., enroll, as-
sign, appoint.
Asia, -ae, F., Asia, Asia Minor.
Asiaticus,-a, -um [Asia], Asiatic.
aspectus, -us, M. [aspicio],
sight, view; appearance.
aspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec-
tum [ad + spicio], tr., look
at, look upon.
assiduitas, (adsid-) -tatis, F.
[assiduus], perseverance, per-
sistent effort.
at, conj., but, expressing con-
. trast or objection ; yet, yet
at least.
Athenae, -arum, F., Athens.
Atheniensis, -e, of Athens; pi.
as noun, the Athenians.
atque (before vowels or cons.),
ac (before cons.), and, and
also, and especially; after
words of comparison, as.
atqui, conj., and yet, why!
atrocitas, -tatis, F. [atrox],
cruelty, fierceness, harshness.
atrox, -ocis [ater, black], fierce,
cruel, horrible, inhuman, mon-
strous.
attendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten«
turn [ad + tendo], tr., (stretch
toward), w. or without ani-
mum, observe, notice, mark,
listen.
attenuo, -are, -avi, -atum
[tenuo, make thin], tr., make
thin, reduce.
Atticus, -i, M., Atticus; T.
Pomponius Atticus, a corre-
spondent of Cicero; Intro. 11.
attingo, -ere, attigi, attactum
[ad + tango], tr., touch, reach,
attain to; approach; attempt,
touch upon, Ar. 9 ; set foot on,
P. 9.
attribuo, -uere, -ui, -utum [ad
+ tribuo], tr., assign, allot,
distribute.
attuli, from adfero.
auctionarius, -a, -um [auctio],
of an auction, of the auction-
eer.
auctor, -oris, M. [augeo], origi-
nator, author, promoter, ap-
prover.
auctoritas, -tatis, F. [auctor],
influence, authority, power,
prestige; opinion.
audacia, -ae, F. [audax], daring,
boldness, courage; audacity,
presumption, effrontery.
audax, -acis [audeo] bold, daring,
audacious.
audeo, -ere, ausus sum, semi-
dep., dare.
audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., hear,
hear of, listen to.
aufero, -ferre, abstuli, ablatum
[ab + fero], tr., bear away^
carry off.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
423
aufugio, -fugere, -fugl, — [ab +
fugio], intr., run away, es-
cape.
augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum, tr.,
increase, enrich.
Aulus, -i, M., Aulus, a prae-
nomen or personal name.
Aurelius, -a, -um, Aurelian;
see Forum Aurelium.
auris, -is, F., ear; attention.
aurum, -i, N., gold.
auspicium, -i, N. [auspex],
(divination by the flight of
birds), augury; pi. auspices.
aut, conj., or; aut . . . aut,
either . . . or.
autem, conj., on the other hand,
hut; furthermore, moreover,
besides, while.
auxilium, -i, N. [augeo], aid,
help, assistance; pi., auxiliary
forces.
avaritia, -ae, F. [avarus], greed,
avarice.
aversus, -a, -um [averto], turned
away, averse, obstinate, hostile.
avide, adv. [avidus], eagerly.
avidus, -a, -um [aveo, crave],
craving, eager for.
avitus, -a, -um [avus], of one's
grandfather.
avoco, -are, -avi, -atum [voco],
tr., call away.
avus, -i, M., grandfather.
B
bacchor, -ari, -atus sum, dep.
[Bacchus, god of wine], (cele-
brate the festival of Bacchus),
revel, rage.
barbaria, -ae, F. [barbarus].
barbarism; foreign country,
uncivilized people.
barbarus, -a, -um, foreign,
strange; as noun, foreigner.
barbatus, -a, -um [barba],
bearded.
beatus, -a, -um [beo, make
happy], happy, blessed, pros-
perous. Cat., II, 9.
bellicosus, -a, -um [bellum],
warlike.
bello, -are, -avi, -atum, intr.,
ivage war, carry on war, fight.
bellum, -i, N., war.
bene, adv. (App. 20), well, suc-
cessfully.
beneficium, -i, N. [bene + fa-
cio], (a well-doing), kindness,
favor.
benevolentia, -ae, F. [benevo-
lus], good will, benevolence, loy-
alty.
benignitas, -tatis, F. [benignus],
favor, courtesy, kindness.
bestia, -ae, F., beast, animal.
bibo, -ere, -bibi, — , tr., drink.
bini, -ae, -a, two each, two.
bipertito, adv. [bis + partitus],
in two divisions.
bis, num. adv., twice.
Bithynia, -ae, F., Bithynia, a
district of Asia Minor, south
of the Black Sea.
bonus, -a, -um, good, worthy, ex-
cellent; as noun, bonum, ad-
vantage; pi. boni, good men,
loyal citizens, patriots; bona,
-orum, goods, property, posses-
sions.
Bosporani, -orum, M., dwellers
on the Bosporus.
424
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
brevis, -e, short, brief.
breviter, adv. [brevis], briefly.
Brundisium, -i, N., Brundisium,
a town in southern Italy ;
modern Brindisi.
Brutus, -i, M., Brutus, a family
name ; D, Junius Brutus, con-
sul, 138 B.C.
C. for G., abbreviation of Gaius.
caedes, caedis, F. [caedo], kill-
ing, slaughter, murder, massa-
cre.
Caelius, -i, M., Caelius, a gen-
tile name ; Q. Caelius, a
tribune.
caelum, -i, N., sky, heaven, the
heavens.
Caesar, -is, M., Caesar, a cog-
nomen or family name ; 1. C.
Julius Caesar, the conqueror
of Gaul, praetor 62 b.c, consul
59 B.C. ; 2. L. Julius Caesar,
consul 64 B.C.
Caieta, -ae, F., Caieta (ka-ye'ta),
a coast town of Latium, with
a harbor ; now Gaeta (ga-a'ta).
calamitas, -tatis, F., disaster,
ruin, downfall, calamity, loss,
injury, misfortune, distress.
callidus, -a, -um, shrewd, crafty.
campus, -1, M., a plain, field;
especially the Campus Mar-
tius, a plain in Rome, dedi-
cated to Mars, used for as-
semblies of the people.
cano, -ere, cecini, cantum, tr.
and intr., sing, predict.
canto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq.
of cano], intr., sing.
cantus, -us, M. [cano], song^
music.
capillus, -i, M. [caput], hair (of
the head).
capio, capere, cepi, captum, tr.,
take, receive, hold, contain^
capture, take prisoner; w.
consiliniD., form, adopt; w. de-
trimentum, suffer.
capitalis, -e [caput], deadly, mor-
tal.
Capitolium, -i, N. [caput], the
Capitoline Hill; the Capitol,
a temple of Jupiter situated
on the Capitoline.
Cappadocia, -ae, F., Cappa-
docia, a country of Asia
Minor.
caput, capitis, N., head, lifcy
civil rights.
Carbo, -onis, M., Carbo, a fam-
ily name ; C. Papirius Carbo,
tribune of the people 89
B.C.
career, carceris, M., prison.
careo, -ere, -ui, — , fut. part,
cariturus, intr., be without^
want, be free from, be deprived
of, withdraw from. Cat., I, 7.
caritas, -tatis, F. [carus], dear-
ness, high price.
carmen, -inis, N., song, poem^
verse.
Carthaginiensis, -e, of Carthage;
pi. as noun, the Carthaginians.
Carthago, -inis, F., Carthage, a
city in northern Africa.
carus, -a, -um, dear, precious,
valued.
Cassius, -i, M., Cassius, a gen-
tile name ; 1. Lucius Cassius,
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
425
a confederate of Catiline ;
2. C. Cassius, consul 73 b.c. ;
3. C. Cassius Longinus, prae-
tor 44 B.C.
caste, adv. [castus], purely, hon-
estly.
castra, -orum, N. pi., a camp.
castrensis, -e, of the camp.
casus, -us, M. [cado], (a falling),
accident, chance, fate, calamity ;
emergency, P. 20.
Catilina,-ae,M., Ca'tiline (kat'i-
lln), a family name; L. Ser-
gius Catilina, the conspirator ;
see p. 181.
Cato, -onis, M., Cato, a family
name; 1. Porcius Cato, a
friend of Archias ; 2. Marcus
Cato, the censor (234-149
B.C.).
Catulus, -i, M., Ca'tulus, a fam-
ily name; 1. Q. Lutatius
Catulus, consul 102 b.c ; 2.
Q. Lutatius Catulus, son of
1, consul 78 B.C.
causa, -ae, F., cause, reason,
case, interest, question; causa
(following a gen.), on account
(of), for the sake (of), for the
purpose (of).
•ce, enclitic emphasizing cer-
tain pronouns.
Cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum, intr.,
go from, withdraw; pass by
(of time) ; ijield, submit.
celeber, -bris, -bre, populous,
frequented, busy.
celebritas, -tatis, F. [celeber],
renown, celebrity.
celebro, -are, -avi, -atum [cele-
ber], tr., frequent, throng;
celebrate, solemnize, keep,
honor, extol.
celeritas, -tatis, F. [celer], quick-
ness, swiftness, celerity, rapid-
ity, promptness.
celeriter, adv. [celer], quickly.
cena, -ae, F., dinner, banquet.
ceno, -are, -avi, -atum [cena],
intr., dine, eat dinner.
censed, -ere, -ui, censum, tr.,
tax, estimate, assess, enroll
(as a citizen), resolve, decree,
vote; think.
censor, -oris, M., censor; see
Introd. 38.
census, -us, M. [censeo], cen-
sus, a censor's list, census roll.
centuria, -ae, F. [centum], cen-
tury, a division of the people,
originally numbering one hun-
dred.
centuriatus, -us, M. [centurio],
the office of a centurion, cen-
turionship.
centurio, -onis, M. [centuria],
centurion.
Ceparius, -i, M., Ceparius, a
gentile name ; Marcus Cepa-
rius, a confederate of Catiline.
cerno, -ere, crevi, cretum, tr.,
separate, distinguish; see,
perceive; decide, decree.
certamen, -inis, N. [certo], con-
test, rivalry.
certe, adv. [certus], certainly,
surely, at least.
1. certo, adv. [certus], with cer-
tainty, certainly.
2. certo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr.,
contend, struggle, fight, vie.
certus, -a, -um [cerno], decided
426
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
certain, sure; 'particular, defin-
ite; faithful; certiorem facio,
inform; certior fio, he in-
formed.
cervix, -ids, F., neck.
ceterus, -a, -um, the rest, the
other, other; pi. as noun,
others, the others, the rest.
Cethegus, -i, M., Cethegus, a
family name ; C. Cornelius
Cethegus, a confederate of
Catiline.
Chii, -orum, M., the Chians,
people of the island Chios in
the Aegean.
Chilo, -onis, M., Chilo, a family
name ; Q. Annius Chilo, a con-
federate of Catiline.
cibus, -i, M., food.
Cicero, -onis, M., a cognomen
or family name; 1. Marcus
TuUius Cicero, the orator;
see Introd. ; 2. Q. Tullius
Cicero, praetor 62 b.c. ; 3. M.
Tullius Cicero, son of the
orator, born 65 b.c.
Cilicia, -ae, F., Cilicia, a Ro-
man province in southern
Asia Minor.
Cimber, -bri, M., Cimher, a cog-
nomen ; see Gabinius.
Cimbri, -orum, M., the Cimbri, a
people of northern Ger-
many.
Cimbricus, -a, -um [Cimbri], of
the Cimbri, Cimbrian.
cingo, -ere, cinxi, cinctum, tr.,
surround.
cinis, cineris, M., ashes.
Cinna, -ae, M., Cinna, a family
name ; L. Cornelius Cinna,
consul 86-84 b.c, leader o!
the popular party.
circum, prep. w. ace, aroundy
about; as prefix, around.
circumcludo, -cludere, -clusi,
-clusum [claudo], tr., hetn in.
circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum
[do], tr., place around, sur-
round with.
circumscribo, -scribere, -scrips!,
-scriptum [scribo], tr., bound.
circumscriptor, -oris, M. [cir-
cumscribo], cheat.
circumsedeo, -sedere, -sedi,
-sessum [sedeo], tr., sit
around, surround.
circumspicio, -spicere, -spexi,
-spectum [specio], tr. and
intr., look about, look out for;
observe, consider.
circumsto, -stare, -steti, [sto],
tr., stand around, surround.
cito, adv., quickly, promptly.
civilis, -e [civis], of citizens, civil.
civis, civis, M., citizen, fellow-
citizen.
civitas, -tatis, F. [civis], citizen^
ship, state, tribe, nation.
clam, adv., secretly.
clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.
and intr., cry out, shout.
clamor, -oris, M. [clamo], out-
cry, shout.
clarus, -a, -um, clear, bright;
brilliant, renowned, famous,
illustrious, honorable, eminent^
conspicuous.
classis, -is, F., division; fleet.
Claudius, -i, M., Claudius, a
gentile name ; Appius Clau-
dius Pulcher, praetor 89 b.c.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
427
claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum,
tr., close.
Clemens, -entis, adj., mild, for-
bearing, merciful, lenient.
clientela, -ae, F. [cliens], client-
ship, clients.
Cn., abbreviation for Gnaeus.
Cnidus, -i, F., Cnidus (ni'dus),
a city of Caria in Asia Mi-
nor.
coepi, def. vb. (App. 50), began;
w. a pass, complementary
inf. coeptus sum, etc., is
used.
coeptus, -us, M. [coepi], begin-
ning, undertaking.
coerceo, -ere, -ul, -itum [con +
arceo, confine], tr., restrain,
check, correct, repress.
coetus, -us, M. [co + eo], meeting,
gathering, assembly, company.
cogitate, adv. [cogito], thought-
fully, with thought.
cogitatio, -onis, F. [cogito],
thought, purpose, plan, design.
cogito, -are, -avi, -atum [con +
agito], tr., consider (thor-
oughly), ponder, think, think
of, plan, plot,
cognatio, -onis, F., relationship,
kinship.
cognitio, -onis, F. [cognosce],
a becoming acquainted with,
acquaintance.
cognitor, -oris, M. [cognosce],
advocate, supporter.
cognomen, -inis, N. [nomen],
surname, family name.
cognosce, -gnoscere, -gnovi,
-gnitum [con + gnosco], tr.,
learn, ascertain; recognize;
note, notice, observe; perf.,
have learned, hence know;
plup., knew.
cogo, -ere, coegl, coactum [con
+ ago], tr., drive together ^
collect, assemble; compel, force.
cohaereo, -haerere, -haesi,
haesum [haereo], intr., cling
together, be connected (with).
cohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [habeo],
tr., hold together, keep.
cohors, cohortis, F., cohort
(tenth of a legion).
cohortor, -avi, -atus sum [hor-
tor], dep., encourage, urge.
collectio, -onis, F. [colligo], a
collecting, gathering.
collega, -ae, M., partner in
office, colleague.
collegium, -i, N. [colligo], asso-
ciation, board, college.
colligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum
[con + lego], tr., gather, col-
lect; se colligere, assemble.
colo, -ere, -ui, cultum, tr., cul-
tivate, cherish, pay respect to;
dwell in.
colonia, -ae, F. [colo], colony.
colonus, -i, M. [colo], colonist.
Colophon, -onis, M., Colophon,
a city of Asia Minor, north
of Ephesus.
Colophonii, -drum, M., the in-
habitants of Colophon.
color, -oris, M., color.
comes, comitis, M. or F., com-
panion, associate, comrade.
comissatio, -onis, F. [comissor,
revel], revelry.
comitatus, -us, M. [comito], es-
cort, retinue, company.
428
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
comitia, -drum, N. [con + eo],
assembly, comitia; election.
comitium, -i, N. [con, eo], the
Comitium, a place of assem-
bly adjoining the Forum.
comitor, -ari, -atus sum [comes]
dep., accompany, attend.
commeatus, -us, M. [commeo],
intercourse; supplies, pro-
visions.
commemoratio, -onis, F., re-
membrance, Jiiention.
commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum
[memoro], tr., call to mind;
relate, mention, speak of.
commendatio, -onis, F. [com-
mend©], a commending, recom-
mendation.
commendo, -are, -avi, -atum
[mando], tr., commit for protec-
tion, intrust, commend, recom-
mend.
commeo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr.,
go and come, visit, resort.
committo, -mittere, -misi, -mis-
sum [mitto], tr., send together;
intrust, commit, permit, allow;
begin.
commode, adv. [commodus],
conveniently.
commodum, -i, N. [commodus],
advantage, interest.
commoratio. -onis, F. [com-
moror], a tarrying, lingering.
commoror, -ari, -atus sum [mo-
ror], dep., remain.
^ommoveo, -movere, -movi,
-motum [moveo], tr., put in
violent motion, move, stir, dis-
turb, affect, influence, concern,
grieve; commovere, te, se,
make a noise, lift a finger^
stir.
communis, -e [munus], commony
in common, general, public.
communiter, adv. [communis],
in common, in general, Ar. 12.
commute, -are, -avi, -atum
[muto], tr., change entirely,
change.
comparatio, -onis, F. [compare],
preparation.
compare, -are, -avi, -atum 1.
[paro], tr., prepare, make ready y
provide; make up, composCy
procure, acquire. 2. [compar,
like], compare.
compello, -pellere, -puli, -pul-
sum [pello], tr., drive together,
drive, force.
comperio, -perire, -peri, -pertum
[pario], tr., learn, discover, as-
certain, detect.
competitor, -oris, M. [competo],
rival opposing candidate, com-
petitor.
complector, -plecti, -plexus sum
[com + plector], dep., em-
brace, receive; comprehend.
compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum
[pleo], tr., fill completely.
complexus, -iis, M. [complector]
an embracing, embrace.
complures, -a(-ia) [com + plures
several, many, many of.
comprehend©, -hendere, -hendi,
-hensum [prehendo], tr., seize,
capture, arrest, grasp, detect.
comprimo, -primere, -pressi,
-pressum [premo], tr., press
together; repress, check, curb;
suppress.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
429
comprobo, -are, -avi, -atum
[probo], tr., approve, endorse,
attest.
con-, com-, co-, prefix, with, to-
gether, completely, thoroughly,
strongly.
conatus, -us, M. [conor], at-
tempt, effort, undertaking.
concede, -cedere, -cessi, -ces-
sum [cedo], tr., and intr., go
away, withdraw; grant, con-
cede, give up, yield.
concelebro, -are, -avi, -atum
[celebro], tr., attend in throngs,
celebrate.
concerto, -are, -avi, -atum
[certo], intr., dispute, v)rangle,
contend.
concido, -cidere, -cidi, —
[cado], intr., fall (together),
Jail to pieces, collapse; fail,
P. 7.
concilio, -are, -avi, -atum [con-
cilium], tr., bring together, win
over, win, gain.
concipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum
[capio], tr., take up, take, re-
ceive, incur, conceive.
concito, -are, -avi, -atum [cito],
tr., rouse, stir up, urge on,
excite, agitate.
Concordia, -ae, F. [concors],
union, harmony, concord; the
goddess Concord, in whose
temple the Senate often met.
concupisco, -cupiscere, -cupivi,
-cupitum [inceptive of cupio],
desire, long for, covet.
concurs©, -are, -avi, -atum
[cur so], intr., run to and fro,
run about.
concursus, -us, M. [concurro],
running together, throng, rally,
assembly.
condemn©, -are, -avi, -atum
[domno], tr., condemn, blame,
convict, find guilty.
condicio, -onis, F. [condicd],
agreement, condition, task, lot;
circumstances. Cat., IV, 10.
condo, -ere, condidi, conditum
[con + do], tr., (put together),
found, build; store, treasure.
Cat., Ill, 11; post urbem
conditam, since the founding
of the city.
confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum
[fero], tr., bring together, bring
(upon), take, transfer; com-
pare; appoint, fix, set; post-
pone, put off; bestow, apply,
devote, Ar. 9 ; conferre se, te,
etc., betake oneself, turn, go.
confertus, -a, -um [confercio],
(crowded), filled, full, gorged.
Cat., II, 5.
confessio, -onis, F. [confiteor],
confession.
confestim, adv., immediately,
loithout delay, at once.
conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum
[facio], tr., do (thoroughly),
accomplish, execute, end, fin~
ish; raise (an army) ; exhaust,
overcome, subdue, weaken, wear
out, P. 9.
confido, -ere, -fisus sum [fido,
trust], semi-dep., trust (fully),
have confidence, be confident,
believe.
confirm©, -are, -avi, -atum
[firmo], tr., make firm, estah-
430
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
lish, secure, confirm, strength-
en; prove, assert, promise,
assure, reassure, P. 9.
confiteor, -fiteri, -fessus sum
[fateor], dep., confess, admit;
de se confiteri, admit one's
guilt.
conflagro, -are, -avi, -atum
[flagro], intr., burn up, be con-
sumed.
confligo, fligere, -flixi, -flic-
tum [fligo], intr., strih: to-
gether, be in conflict, co ',end,
engage.
conflo, -are, -avi, -at' a [flo,
blow], tr., blow up, kindle,
cause; bring together, make up,
compose.
conformatio, -onis, F. [con-
formo], shaping, training.
conformo, -are, -avi, -atum
[formo], tr,, form, mold,
train.
confringo, -fringere, -fregi, -frac-
tum [frango], tr., break to
pieces, shatter.
congero, -gerere, -gessi, -gestum
[gero], tr., bring together, col-
lect.
congrego, -are, -avi, -atum
[grex], tr., collect; pass. w.
reflex. meaning, assemble
(themselves) , Cat., 1, 13.
conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum
[iacio], tr., hurl, aim; drive.
coniectura, -ae, F. [conicio],
conjecture, inference; reflec-
tion, P. 9.
coniunctio, -onis, F. [coniungo],
union, connection.
coniungo, -iungere, -iunxi, iunc-
tum [iungo], tr,, join together^
connect, unite.
coniunx, -iugis, M. or F. [con-
iungo], (married person), hus-
band, wife; spouse.
coniuratio, -onis, F. [coniuro],
conspiracy.
coniurator, -oris, M. [coniuro],
conspirator.
coniuratus, -a, -um [coniiiro],
(bound together by an oath),
allied; pi. as noun, conspira-
tors.
coniuro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr.,
take oath together, plot, con-
spire.
coniveo, -nivere, -nivi, [con +
niveo], intr., shut the eyes;
wink at, overlook, connive.
conloco, -are, -avi, -atum [loco],
tr., place, put, pitch (a camp),
set up (a statue), establish, iri-
vest (money).
Conor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., at-
tempt, try.
conquiesco, -ere, conquievi, con-
quietum [quiesco], intr,, fl7id
rest, cease.
consceleratus, -a, -um [con-
scelero], wicked, depraved.
conscientia -ae F. [consciens],
consciousness, knowledge; con-
science.
conscriptus, -i, M. [conscribo],
one enrolled; patres (et) con-
script!, conscript fathers, i.e.,
senators ; see note on Cat., L,
1. 47.
consecro, -are, -avi, -atum
[sacro], tr., dedicate, conse'
crate, devote.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
• 431
consensio, -onis, F. [co^'s^ntio],
agreement, unanimity, har-
mony.
consentio, -^entire, -sensi, -sen-
sum [sentio], intr., (I think
alike), agree, unite.
eonsequor, -sequi, -secutus sum
[sequor], dep., follow up, over-
take, attain; obtain, secure,
gain, accomplish; result, en-
sue.
conservo, -are, avi, -atum
[servo], tr, save, protect, keep
safe, preserve, maintain.
considero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
look at closely, consider.
consido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum
[sido], intr., sit down.
consilium, -i, N. [consulo], plan,
purpose, design, plot, delib-
eration, wisdom, advice, coun-
sel; shrewdness. Cat., Ill, 7 ;
a council, deliberative body.
consisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum
[sisto], intr., stand still.
consoler, -ari, -atus sum [solor],
dep., cheer, comfort, console.
conspectus, -us, M. [conspicio],
sight.
conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec-
tum Ispecio], tr., see, look at,
gaze upon, face.
consplratio, -onis, F. [conspiro],
harmony.
constanter, adv. [constans], with
firmness, consistently, without
faltering.
constantia, -ae, F. [constans],
steadfastness, firmness, con-
sistency; courage.
constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -sti-
tutum [statuo], tr. and intr.,
place, station, set up; draw
up, arrange, establish; decide,
decide upon, resolve, fix; des-
ignate, select, appoint, mark;
make, prepare.
consto, -stare, -stiti, -statum
[sto], intr., (stand together),
consist of, depend upon; im-
pers., it is agreed, it is evident,
it is proved.
constringo, -stringere, -strinxi,
-strictum [stringo], tr., bind,
bind fast, fetter, hold in check.
consuetude, -inis, F. [consue-
sco], custom, usage; intimacy.
consul, -is, M., consul; see
Introd. 33.
consularis, -e [consul], of a con-
sul, consular; as noun, ex-
consul, a man of consular rank.
consulatus, -us, M. [consul],
consulship.
consulo, -sulere, -sului, -sultum,
tr. and intr., deliberate, con-
sider; w. ace, consult, ask
advice of, refer to; w. dat.
take counsel (for), consult for
the welfare (of), take thought
(for).
1. consult©, adv. [consultum],
deliberately, purposely.
2. consult©, -are, -avi, -atum
[consulo], intr., take counsel,
deliberate.
consultum, -i, N. [consulo], (de-
liberation), decree, decision;
resolution ; see Introd. 30.
consumo, -sumere, -sfimpsi,
-sumptum [slimo], tr., co?i'
sume, waste, use up, spend.
432
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
contamino, -are, -avi, -atum,
tr., stain, defile, dishonor, con-
taminate.
contego, -tegere, -texi, -tectum,
[tego], tr., cover, conceal.
contemno, -temnere, -tempsi,
-temptum [temno], tr., think
lightly of, ignore, despise,
scorn.
contendo, -tendere, -tendi, ten-
turn [tendo], tr. and intr.,.
(stretch), strive, fight, con-
tend, contrast, maintain, Ar. 7.
contentio, -onis, F. [contendo],
a straining, strain, struggle,
contest, rivalry. Cat., IV, 6 ;
comparison.
contentus, -a, -um [contineo],
content, satisfied, contented.
conticesco, -ere, conticui, — ,
[taceo], intr., become silent,
he silent.
continens, -entis, adj. [contineo],
self-restrained, moderate.
continentia, -ae, F. [continens],
restraint, self-control, mod-
eration.
contineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum
[teneo], tr., hold together, con-
nect; hold back, restrain,
check, keep off; confine, in-
close, bound, contain, hold.
contingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum
[tango], tr. and intr., touch,
border on; happen.
continuus, -a, -um [contineo],
continuous.
contio, -onis, F. [conventio], as-
sembly, mass-meeting ; speech,
address, delivered before an
assembly.
contionator, -oris, M. [con-
tionor], agitator, demagogue.
contra, prep. w. ace, opposite,
facing; against, in hostility
to, Cat., I, 2.
contraho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac-
tum [traho], tr., contract, in-
cur, bring upon.
contrarius, -a, -um [contra],
opposite, contrary, opposed,
confiicting.
controversia, -ae, F. [contro-
versus], controversy, dispute,
question.
contumelia, -ae, F., insult, re-
proach, abuse.
convenio, -venire, -veni, -ven-
tum [venio], tr. and intr.,
come together, assemble, unite;
impers., it is fitting, it is
proper.
conventus, -us, M. [convenio],
(a coming together), meeting,
assembly.
convert©, -vertere, -verti, -ver-
sum [verto], tr. and intr.,
turn, change, divert.
convicium, -i, N., wrangling,
strife, disputation.
convince, -vincere, -vici, -vic-
tum [vinco], tr., overcome;
convict, refute; show clearly,
prove.
convivium, -I, N. [convivo],
feast, banquet.
convoco, -are, -avi, -atum [voco],
tr., call together, summon.
copia, -ae, F., supply, plenty,
abundance; fluency (of
speech) ; pi., resources, wealth,
supplies; forces, troops.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
433
copiosus, -a, -um [copia], well-
supplied, rich, wealthy; co-
piose, adv., fully.
coram, adv. [co + 6s], face to
face.
Corduba, -ae, F., Corduba, a
city in Spain, now Cordova,
Corinthus, -i, F., Corinth, a
famous city of Greece.
Cornelius, -i, M., Cornelius, a
nomen or gentile name; see
Scipio, Lentulus, Cinna, Sulla.
corpus, -oris, N., body.
corrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum
[con + rego], tr., make straight,
set right; improve, correct, re-
form.
corroboro, -are, -avi, -atum [con,
robur], tr., strengthen; en-
courage.
corrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -rup-
tum [con + rumpo], tr., de-
stroy, corrupt, falsify, tamper
with.
corruo, -ruere, -rui, — , intr.
[con + ruo], fall together, fall.
corruptela, -ae, F. [corruptus],
a corrupting, temptation; pi.,
corrupting arts.
corruptor, -oris, M. [corrumpo],
corrupter, seducer.
corruptus, -a, -um [corrumpo],
depraved, corrupt, profligate.
cotidianus, -a, -um [cotidie],
daily.
cotidie, adv. [quot + dies],
every day, daily.
Cotta, -ae, M., Cotta, a family
name ; L. Aurelius Cotta,
consul 65 B.C.
eras, adv., to-morrow.
Crassus, -I, JVI., Crassus, a fam-
ily name ; 1. L. Licinius Cras-
sus, consul 95 B.C. , 2. P.
Licinius Crassus, censor 89
B.C.
credo, -ere, credidi, creditum,
tr. and intr., believe, suppose
(often w. irony) ; trust, have
confidence in; intrust.
cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum, intr.,
grow-, increase, improve, rise.
Cretensis, -e [Creta], Cretan;
pi. as noun, Cretans.
criminor, -ari, -atus sum
[crimen], dep. charge, aC"
cuse.
cruciatus, -us, M. [crucio], tor»
ture, torment, punishment.
crudelis, -e [crudus, bloody],
unfeeling, unmerciful, cruel.
crudelitas, -tatis, F. [crudelis],
cruelty.
crudeliter, adv. [crudelis], cru-
elly, severely.
cruentus, -a, -um [cruor], blood'
stained, bloody.
cubile, -is, N., bed, couch.
culpa, -ae, F., fault.
cultura, -ae, F. [cold], cultiva-
tion.
1. cum, prep. w. abl., with,
against; written as an en-
clitic after a personal, re-
flexive, or rel. pron.
2. cum, conj., when, while, since,
although ; whenever ; cum . . .
tum (etiam), not only . .
but also.
cumulo, -are, -avi, -atum [cumu-
lus, heap], tr., heap up, add to,
crown.
434
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
cunctus, -a, -um [coniunctus],
all together, all, the whole.
cupiditas, -tatis, F. [cupidus],
desire, passion, ambition.
cupidus, -a, -um [cupio], eager
(for), desirous (of) ; avari-
cious.
cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum,
tr. and intr., desire, long (for),
wish (for).
cur, adv., why.
cura, -ae, F., care, anxiety, con-
cern, trouble, duty.
curia, -ae, F., senate house, i.e.
the Curia Hostilia in the
Forum.
Curio, -onis, M., Curio, a family
name ; C. Curio, consul 76
B.C.
euro, -are, -avi, -atum [cura],
tr., care for, take care; main-
tain; w. gerundive, cause,
have (something done).
curriculum, -i, N. [currus],
course.
currus, -us, M. [curro], chariot.
curso, -are, — , — [freq. of
curio], run about.
cursus, -us, M. [curro], a run-
ning, course, career; journey,
P. 12 ; progress, P. 14.
curulis, e [currus], curule; sella
curulis, the curule chair.
custodia, -ae, F. [custos], a
guarding; guard, watch, sen-
tinel; custody, protection;
watch station, P. 6.
custodio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [custos]
tr., guard.
custos, custodis, M., guard,
guardian^
Cyziceni, -drum, M., the people
of Cyzicus (siz'i-kus), the
Cyzicene-i.
D
D., see Decimus.
damnatio, -onis, F. [damno],
condemnition.
damno, are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
[damnum, loss], (inflict loss
upon), condemn, convict.
de, prep. w. abl., down from,
from, concerning, about, of,
for, over; as prefix, down,
off, away, completely, not.
debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [de +
habeo], tr., withhold, hence
owe; ought {w.ini.) ; pass., 6e
due.
debilis, -e, feeble, helpless, power'
less.
debilito, -are, -avi, -atum [de-
bilis], tr., disable, weaken,
wear out. Cat., II, 5 : over-
come, overwhelm.
debitus, -a, -um [debeo], de-
served; due.
decedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces-
sum [cedo], intr., go away,
depart, withdraw.
decem, indecl. adj., ten.
decerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cre-
tum [cerno], tr., decide, deter-
mine; decree, vote, vote for.
decet, -ere, -uit, impers., it
becomes, is proper.
decimus, -a, -um [decem],
tenth.
Decimus, -i, M., Decimus, a
praenomen.
declare, -are, -avi, -atum [claro],
m,ake clear, make evident, prove.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
435
declinatio, -onis, F. [declino], a
turning aside.
decoctor, -oris, M. [decoquo,
hoil away], spendthrift, bank-
rupt.
decoro, -are, -avi, -atum [decus],
tr., adorn, honor, distin-
guish.
decretum, -i, N. [decerno], de-
cree, decision.
decuma, -ae, F. [decima, sc.
pars], a tenth part, tithe, land
tax.
dedecus, -oris, N. [de + decus,
honor], disgrace.
dedico, -are, -avi, -atum [dico],
tr., dedicate.
deditio, -onis. F. [dedo], sur-
render.
dedo, -ere, dedidi, deditum
[do], tr., give up, surrender;
devote.
dediico, -ducere, -duxi, -duc-
tum [duco], tr., lead away,
draw away, bring, dissuade;
drive.
defatigo, -are, -avi, -atum
[fatigo], tr., weary, wear out.
defend©, -fendere, -fendi, -fen-
sum [fendo, strike], tr., de-
fend, protect.
def ero, -f erre, -tuli, -latum [f ero],
tr., carry down; lay before, re-
fer; report, relate; confer, upon,
bestow, intrust, proffer, P. 24.
defessus, -a, -um [defetiscor],
wearied, exhausted.
deficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum
[facio], tr. and intr., with-
draw, revolt; fail, be wanting,
desert.
defigo, -figere, -fixi, -fixum
[figo], tr., fix, fasten, plunge.
definio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [finio],
tr., limit, bound.
defiagro, -are, -avi, -atum
[fiagro], tr., burn up, destroy
by fire.
deicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum
[iacio], tr., throw down, thrust
aside.
deinde, adv., denoting order,
then, afterward, secondly^
furthermore.
delabor, -labi, -lapsus sum
[labor], dep., slip down, de-
scend.
delectatio, -onis, F. [delecto],
enjoyment, pleasure, delight.
delecto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq.
of delicio, entice], tr., delight^
charm, please, give pleasure to.
1. delectus, -a, -um [deligo],
chosen, picked, select.
2. delectus, -us, M., see dilectus.
delego, -are, -avi, -atum [lego],
tr., send away; intrust.
deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, tr.,
blot out, destroy, eradicate.
deliberatio, -onis, F. [delibero],
deliberation; question, P. 10.
delibero, -are, -avi, -atum
[libero], tr. and intr., think
about, consider, deliberate.
delicatus, -a, -um [deliciae],
alluring, delightfid; effemi-
nate. Cat., II., 10.
deligo, -ligere, -legi, -Iectum
[lego, gather], tr., choose, select.
Delos, -i, F. (App. 11), De'los,
an island in the Aegean Sea.
delubrum, -i, N. [luo], (place
436
LATIN-ENGLISH t^OCABULARY
of purification), shrine, sanc-
tuary, temple.
demens, -entis, adj. [mens], (out
of one's senses), mad, raving,
maddened.
dementer, adv. [demens], madly,
foolishly.
dementia, -ae, F. [demens],
folly, madness.
demigro, -are, -avi, -atum
[migro], intr., move away; go
away, depart.
deminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum
[minuo], tr., lessen, diminish,
take away, detract.
deminutio, -onis, F. [deminuo],
diminution, loss.
demonstro, -are, -avI, -atum
[monstro], tr., point out, show.
demum, adv., at length, at last.
denique, adv., at last, lastly,
finally; in short.
denoto, -are, -avi, -atum [noto],
tr., mark out, mark, desig-
nate.
denuntio, -are, -avi. -atum
[nuntio], tr., announce.
depello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum
[pello], tr., drive out, drive;
ward off, avert, remove; over-
throw.
dependo, -ere, dependi, —
[pendo, weigh], pay.
deploro, -are, -avi, -atum [ploro],
tr. and intr., weep bitterly,
lament; mourn, bewail.
depono, -ponere, -posui, -posi-
tum [pond], tr., lay aside, give
up, abandon.
deporto, -are, -avi, -atum [porto],
tr., bring back, bring home.
deposco, -poscere, -poposci, —
[posco], tr., demand, beg.
depravo, -are, -avi, -atum [pra-
vus, crooked], tr., pervert,
corrupt, deprave, tamper with.
deprecator, -oris, M. [deprecor],
intercessor.
deprecor, -ari, -atus sum [pre-
cor], dep., avert by prayer^
deprecate, avert.
deprehendo, -hendere, -hendi,
hensum [prehendo], tr., seize
upon; grasp, detect, discover.
deprimo, -primere, -pressi,
-pressum [premo], tr., pres?
down, sink.
depromo, -promere, -prompsi,
-promptum [promo], tr., draw,
take from.
derelictus, -a, -um [part, of
derelinquo], deserted, for-
saken, abandoned.
describe, -scribere, -scripsi,
-scriptum [scribo], tr., write
down, lay down, arrange, assign.
desero, -serere, -semi, -ser-
tum [sero], tr., leave, desert,
give up; fail, forfeit. Cat., II., 3
desiderium, -i, N. [desidero],
a longing (for), want, desire;
love.
desidero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
long for, demand, call for,
desire.
designatus, -a, -um [designo],
. elect, elected, chosen; consul
designatus, consul elect.
designo, -are, -avi, -atum
[signo], tr., (mark out), point
out, mark, designate.
desino, -sinere, -sii, -situm
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
437
[sino], tr. and intr., cease,
desist.
desisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum
[sisto], intr., (stand away
from), desist, cease.
desperatio, -onis, F. [despero],
despair.
desperatus, -a, -um [despero],
despaired of, desperate.
despero, -are, -avi, -atum
[spero], tr. and intr., be hope-
less, despair, despair of.
despicio, -spicere, -spexl, -spec-
turn [specie], tr., look down
upon, despise.
despoliatus, -a, -um, impov-
erished.
destringo, -stringere, -strinxi,
-strictum [stringd], tr., un-
sheathe, draw.
desum, deesse, defui [sum],
intr., he lacking, be wanting,
be at fault, fail.
detestor, -ari, -atus sum [testor],
dep., (curse), avert by protest,
remove.
detraho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac-
tum [traho], tr., take away,
withdraw, deny, withhold.
detrimentum, -i, N. [detero,
rub away], loss, injury, harm,
damage; defeat, overthrow.
deus, -i, M. (App. 10), god.
devincio, -vincire, -vinxi, -vinc-
tum [vincio], tr., bind fast,
closely attach.
devinco, -vincere, -vici, -vic-
tum [vinco], tr., conquer.
devoco, -are, -avi, -atum [voco],
tr., call away, turn aside.
devoveo, -vovere, -vovi, -votum
[voveo], tr., vow, devote, offer ^
dedicate.
dextera, or dextra, -ae, F.
[dexter, right; sc. manus]
right hand.
di, pi. of deus.
dico, -ere, dixi, dictum, tr.^
say, express, speak, declarCj
call.
dictator, -oris, M. [dicto], dic-
tator; see Introd. 39.
dictatura, -ae, F. [dictator],
dictatorship.
dictito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq.
of dicto], tr., say repeatedly ^
keep saying.
dido, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of
dico], tr., repeat; dictate.
dies, diei, sing. M. or F., pi.
M., day, time, season. See
singuli.
diflfero, differre, distuli, dila-
tum [fero], tr. and intr., bear
apart, differ.
difficilis, -e [dis + facilis], not
easy, difficult.
difficultas, -tatis, F. [difficilis],
difficulty, trouble.
diffido, -fidere, -fisus sum [fido],
semidep., distrust, despair
of.
dignitas, -tatis, F. [dignus],
dignity, merit, worth, authority.
Cat., Ill, 12.
dignus, -a, -um, worthy (of),
deserving, befitting; w. abl.
diiudico, -are, -avi, -atum [iu-
dico], tr., distinguish; decide^
settle.
dilatio, -onis, F. [dififero], post-
ponement, adjournment.
438
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
dilectus, -us, M. fdiligo], a
choosing, choice, levy, enroll-
ment.
diligens, -entis, adj. [diligo],
industrious, attentive, diligent,
faithful, careful, scrupulous,
P. 19.
diligenter, adv. [diligens], care-
fully, diligently, attentively,
Ar. 8 ; faithfully.
diligentia, -ae, F. [diligens],
carefulness, industry, atten-
tion, diligence, care.
diligo, -ligere, -lexi, -lectum
[lego], tr. (choose out), esteem,
love.
diliicesco, -ere, diluxi, —
[lucesco], intr., grow light.
dimetior, -metiri, -mensus sum
[metior], dep., measure, meas-
ure out.
dimicatio, -onis, F. [dimico],
contest, struggle.
dimico, -are, -avi, -atum [mico,
brandish], intr., fight, contend,
struggle.
dimitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis-
sum [mitto], tr., send away,
discharge; dismiss, adjourn,
break up; discontinue, Ar.
11.
direptio, -onis, F. [diripio], a
plundering, pillaging.
direptor, -oris, M. [diripio],
plunderer.
diripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum
[rapio], tr., tear asunder;
plunder, pillage.
dis-, di-, prefix, apart, away, not.
dis, see deus.
disced©, -cedere, -cessi, -ces-
sum [cedo], intr., go away,
depart, withdraw.
discemo, -ere, -crevi, -cretum
[cemo], tr., separate, distin-
guish.
discessus, -lis, M. [discedo],
departure, withdrawal.
disciplina, -ae, F. [disco], train-
ing, teaching, discipline, in-
struction.
disco, -ere, didici, — , tr., learn.
discordia, -ae, F. [discors],
discord; sedition (w. civilis).
discribo, -scribere, -scrips!,
-scriptum [scribo], tr., mark
out, divide, assign, distribute.
discrimen, -inis, N. [discerno],
(that which parts), decision,
crisis, peril, danger.
disiunctus, -a, -um [disiungo],
separated.
dispar, -paris [par], adj., dif-
ferent.
dispersus, -a, -um [dispergo],
scattered, dispersed.
dispertio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [partio],
tr., distribute.
dispute, -are, -avi, -atum [puto],
tr., discuss, argue.
dissemino, -are, -avi, -atum [se-
min5, sow], tr., scatter widely,
spread abroad, disseminate.
dissensio, -onis, F. [dissentio]
(difference of opinion), dis-
sension, strife, quarrel.
dissentio, -sentire, -sensi, sen-
sum [sentio], intr., disagree,
dissent, differ.
dissero, -serere, -serui, -ser-
tum, tr. and intr., ar^ue, diS'
cuss, explain, talk.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
439
dissimilis, -e [similis], unlike,
different.
dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum
[simulo], tr. and intr., (make
unlike), dissemble, pretend not
to; conceal.
dissipo, -are, -avi, -atum [supo,
throw], tr., spread abroad,
scatter, disperse.
dissolutus, -a, -um [part, of
dissolve], lax, remiss, neg-
lectful of duty.
dissolve, -solvere, -solvi, -solu-
tum [solvo], tr., separate, free
(from debt), dissolve.
distribuo, -tribuere, -tribui, -tri-
butum [tribuo], tr., assign,
distribute.
distringo, -stringere, -strinxl,
-strictum [stringo], tr.,
(stretch apart), distract, oc-
cupy.
diu, adv. (App. 20), long (in
time), for a long time; quam
diu etiam? how much longer?
Cat., 1, 1 ; iam diu, long
since.
diutius, comp. of diu.
diuturnitas, -tatis, F. [diutur-
nus], length of time, long
duration.
diuturnus, -a, -um [diu], long-
continued, long, lasting.
divello, -vellere, -velli, -vul-
sum [vello], tr., tear apart,
tear away, separate.
diversus, -a, -um [diverts],
separated, different, diverse,
remote, P. 4.
divido, -videre, -visi, -vi-
sum, tr., divide^ separate;
extend, P. 11 ; distribute ^
P. 13.
divinitus, adv. [divinus], di-
vinely, by the gods, provi-
dentially.
divinus. -a, -um [divus], divine^
godlike, marvelous, providen-
tial.
divitiae, -arum, F- [dives],
riches, wealth.
do, dare, dedi, datum (App.
49), tr., give; put, place; allot.
doceo, -ere, -ui, doctum, tr.,
teach.
doctrina, -ae, F. [doceo], teach-
ing, learning, knowledge, in-
struction.
doctus, -a, -um [doceo], taught,
learned.
documentum, -i, N. [doceo],
proof, evidence.
doleo, -ere, -ui, — , tr. and
intr., grieve, deplore.
dolor, -oris, M. [doled], pain,
grief, distress, sorrow, horror,
torture.
domesticus, -a, -um [domus],
of the house, of the family,
domestic, internal; w. bellum,
civil.
domicilium, -i, N. [domus],
habitation, dwelling, home,
seat, abode, residence.
dominatio, -onis, F. [dominus],
mastery, supreme power,
tyranny.
dominor, -ari, -atus sum [domi-
nus], dep., rule.
domo, -are, -ui, -itum, tr.,
overcome, subdue.
domus, -us, F. (decl., App. 8),
440
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
house, home; domi, loc, at
home.
dono, -are, -avi, -atum [donum],
tr., present' (as a gift).
donum, -i, N. [do], gift.
dormio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, intr.,
sleep.
Drusus, -1, M., Drusus, a
family name ; M. Livius
Drusus, tribune 91 b.c.
dubitatio, -onis, F. [dubito],
doubt, hesitation.
dubito, -are, -avi, -atum [du-
bius], intr., doubt (usually-
followed by quin) ; delay,
hesitate (usually w. comple-
mentary inf.).
dubius, -a, -um, doubtful; neut.
as noun, sine dubio, beyond
doubt.
duco, -ere, duxi, ductum, tr.,
lead, draw, attract, take; think,
consider.
ductus, -us, M. [duco], leader-
ship, command.
dudum, adv. [diu + dum], a
while ago; iam dudum, this
long time, now for a long time.
duint, an old pres. subjv. of do,
= dent.
dulcedo, -inis, F. [dulcis], sweet-
ness, charm.
dulcis, -e, sweet, delightful.
dum, conj., while, as long as,
until; dum modo, if only,
provided that.
duo, duae, duo, adj. (App. 17),
two.
duodecim [duo + decem], twelve.
durus, -a, -um, hard, harsh,
rude, insensible.
dux, ducis, M. [duco], leader^
general.
E
e (before cons.), ex (before
vowels or cons.), prep. w.
abl., out of, from, of; accord-
ing to, on, after; as prefix,
out, forth, completely, up,
off.
ebriosus, -a, -um [ebrius], given
to drink, drunk.
ecquid, adv. interrog. [ecquis],
at all? indir., whether, if at
all.
ecquis, -quid, interrog. pron.,
any one, anything; whether
any one, whether anything;
as adj., any.
edictum, -i, N. [edico], edict,
proclamation.
edo, edere, edidi, editum [do],
tr., give out, publish, record.
edoceo, -docere, -docui, -doc-
tum [doceo], tr., teach
(thoroughly) ; show.
educo, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum
[duco], tr., lead out, take out;
(of swords) draw.
efifero, efiferre, extuli, elatum
[ex + fero], tr., bear out,
carry out, bring; bring forth;
raise up, exalt. Cat., I, 11;
praise, extol, Ar. 7, 9.
efRcio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum
[ex + facio], tr., accomplish,
produce, cause, do.
effigies, -ei, F. [effingo], copy,
image, portrait, effigy.
effrenatus, -a, -um [ex + frena-
tus], unbridled, ungoverned.
unrestrained.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
441
eflfugio, -fugere, -fugi, -fugitum
[fugio], tr., escape.
egens, -entis, adj., needy, desti-
tute, poor.
egeo, -ere, ui, — , intr., need,
lack, not to have.
egestas, -tatis, F. [egens],
poverty, destitution, want.
ego,meI, pers. pron. (App. 21),
/; egomet, emphatic nom.
form, / myself.
egredior, -gredi, -gressus sum
[gradior], dep., go out, depart.
egregius, -a, -um [grex], excel-
lent, extraordinary, superior,
distinguished, eminent.
eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectum
[iacio], tr., throw out, cast out,
drive out, banish. Cat., 1, 12 ;
reject, Ar. 10.
elabor, -labi, -lapsus sum
[labor], dep., slip away.
§laboro, -are, -avi. -atum
[laboro], tr., work out, elabo-
rate.
eludo, -ludere, -lusi, -lusum
[ludo, play], tr., elude, avoid,
baffle; mock, make sport of.
emerge, -mergere, -mersi, -mer-
sum [mergo], tr. and intr.,
raise up; rise, emerge, come
forth, escape, free oneself.
emitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis-
sum [mitto], tr., send out,
drive out; let go.
emorior, -mori, -mortuus sum
[morior], dep., (die off), die.
enim, conj., postpositive (App.
233, h), for; indeed, now (in
transitions).
Ennius, -i, M. Ennius, the
father of Roman poetry,
born 239 b.c.
1. eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum (App.
46), go.
2. eo, adv. [is], to that place.
eodem, adv. [idem], to the
same place, in the same place.
epigramma, -atis, N. (Greek),
an epigram.
epistula, -ae, F., letter.
eques, equitis, M. [equus],
horseman; knight, one of the
equestrian order.
equidem, adv., indeed, verily.
equitatus, -lis, M. [eques],
cavalry.
erga, prep. w. ace, towards, for,
ergo, adv., therefore, conse-
quently, then; now (in argu-
ment).
erigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum,
[rego], tr., raise up; animate,
encourage.
eripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum
[rapio], tr., snatch away, take
away, wrest; rescue, free,
deliver.
erro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr.,
err, be mistaken.
eructo, -are, — , — [ructo], tr.,
belch forth.
erudio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [rudio],
tr., educate, train.
eruditus, -a, -um [erudio], edu-
cated, cultivated, learned, ac-'
complished.
erumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -rup-
tum [rumpo], tr. and intr.,
break out, burst forth, be diS"
closed; rush out. Cat., II, 1.
escendo, -ere, escendi, escen-
442
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
sum [scando, climb], tr. and
intr., climb up, m,ount, ascend.
et, conj., and; et . . . et, both
. . . and.
ctenim, conj. [et + enim], for
indeed, for; and indeed;
stronger than enim.
etiam [et + iam], adv. and conj.,
also, and also, even, further-
more, now too, still; etiam
atque etiam, again and again;
see diu.
etiamsi, conj. [etiam + si], even
if, although.
Etruria, -ae, F., Etruria, a
division of Italy, north of
Latium.
etai, conj. [et + si], although,
and yet.
evado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum
[vado], intr., escape.
everto, -vertere, -verti, -ver-
sum [verto], tr., overturn,
overthrow, subvert, destroy.
evocator, -oris, M. [evoco],
summoner, instigator.
evomo, -vomere, -vomui, -vomi-
tum [vomo], tr., vomit forth,
cast out, expel.
ex, see e.
exaggero, -are, -avi, -atum
[agger], tr., heap up.
exanimatus, -a, -um [exanimo],
(out of breath), fainting, ex-
hausted.
cxaudio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [audio],
tr., overhear, hear (from a
distance).
cxcedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum
[cedo], intr., go out, depart,
withdraw.
excellens, -entis, adj. [excello],
eminent, distinguished, su-
perior, excellent.
excello, -cellere, -celsi, -eel-
sum [cello], intr., be eminent,
be superior, surpass.
excelsus, -a, -um [excello], ele-
vated, high; neut. as noun,
a high position.
excido, -cidere, -cidi, — [cado],
intr., fall, drop.
excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum
[capio], tr., take out, except;
take up, undertake, catchy
intercept.
excito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq.
of excio], tr., c,all out, raise.
Cat., II, 9; excite, rouse,
stimulate, Ar. 8.
exclude, -cludere, -cliisi, -clu-
sum [claudo], tr., shut out,
exclude, refuse to admit.
excolo, -ere, -ui, excultum [colo],
tr., cultivate, refine, im-
prove.
excrucio, -are, -avi, -atum [cru-
cio], tr., torment, torture.
excursio, -onis, F. [excurro], (a
running out), expedition, ex-
cursion, sally, raid, inroad.
exemplum, -i, N. [eximo],
sample, example, precedent,
Ar. 6 ; instance.
exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr.,
go out, go forth, withdraw.
exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum [arced],
tr., train, exercise, employ,
keep busy; trouble, distress;
conduct, preside over, Ar. 2;
collect, farm (vectigalia).
exercitatio, -onis, F. [exerceo],
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
443
■practice, exercise, training,
skill.
exercitatus, -a, -um [exercito],
practiced, trained.
exercitus, -us, M, [exerceo], (a
trained body of men), army.
exhaurio, -haurire, -hausi,
-haustum [haurio], tr., draw
out, drain, take away, remove,
exhaust.
exigo, -igere, -egl, -actum [ago],
tr., drive out; collect, P. 6 ;
of time, spend, pass, end.
exiguus, -a, -um [exigo], (driven
out), limited, narrow, little,
slight.
eximie, adv. [eximius], exceed-
ingly, greatly.
eximius, -a, -um [eximo], (taken
out), exceptional, conspicuous,
extraordinary, excellent.
existimo, -are, -avi, -atum
[aestimo, value], tr., estimate,
judge, consider, deem, sup-
pose, think.
exitiosus, -a, -um [exitium],
destructive, dangerous.
exitium, -i, N. [exeo], destruc-
tion, ruin.
exitus, -us, M. [exeo], (a going
out), outcome, result, end,
termination.
exorno, -are, -avi, -atum [orno],
tr., adorn.
exorsus, -us, M. [exordior],
beginning.
expello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsum
[pello], tr., drive out, expel.
expers, -pertis, adj. [pars], with-
out part in, without.
expeto, -petere, -petivi, -peti-
tum [peto], tr., seek after,
seek, claim, request.
expilo, -are, -avi, -atum [pilo,
roh], tr., pillage.
explano, -are, avi, atum [planus],
tr., make plain, clear.
explico, -are, -avi, -atum [plied,
fold], tr., extricate.
explore, -are, -avi, -atum [ploro],
tr., explore.
expono, -ponere, -posui, -posi-
tum [pono], tr., set forth;
declare, tell, relate; explain.
exporto, -are, -avi, -atum [porto],
tr., carry out, carry away^
export.
exprimo, -primere, -press!, -pres-
sum [premo], press out, set
forth, relate; draw, portray^
Ar. 6.
expromo, -promere, -prompsi,
-promptum [promo], tr., ex-
hibit, display.
expiignatio, -onis, F. [expugno],
a taking by storm, capture.
exquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -qui-
situm [quaero], tr., search
out, arrive at (w. Veritas).
exsilium, -i, N. [exsul], banish-
ment, exile.
exsisto, -sistere, -stiti, — [sisto],
intr., (stand forth), arisen
appear; be done, be com-
mitted; exist, be.
exsolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solutum
[solvo] tr., set free, deliver.
exspectatio, -onis, F. [exspecto],
a waiting, anticipation, ex-
pectation.
exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum
[specto], tr. and intr., wait
444
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
/or, await, expect, look for;
wait.
exstinguo, -ere, exstinxi, ex-
stinctum [stinguo, quench],
tr., destroy, extinguish.
exstiti, from exsisto.
exsul, -is, M. or F., exile.
exsulto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq.
of exsilio, spring forth], intr.,
exult, revel, indulge.
exsupero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
exceed, transcend.
extermino, -are, -avi, -atum [ter-
minus], tr., drive out, banish.
fcxternus, -a, -um [extra], ex-
ternal, foreign.
exterus, -a, -um [ex], on the
outside, foreign.
extoUo, -tollere, — , — , tr.,
lift up, exalt, praise.
extorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, -tor-
tum [torqueo, twist], wrest
away, obtain by force, extort.
extra, prep. w. ace, outside of,
beyond, apart from, without.
extremus, -a, -um [sup. of
exterus], outermost, extreme,
last, the end (close) of; ad
extremum, at last.
exiiro, -urere, -ussi, -ustum
[uro], tr., burn up, burn.
exuviae, -arum, F. [exuo], (that
which is stripped off), spoils,
booty.
F
facile, adv. [facilis], easily.
facilis, -e [facio], (App. 18),
easy.
/acilitas, -tatis, F. [facilis], affa-
bility, accessibility.
facinorosus, -a, -um [facinus].
criminal; as noun, a crimi-
nal.
facinus, -oris, N. [facio], deed;
misdeed, reckless act, crime,
villainy.
facio, facere, feci, factum, tr.,
do, make; cause, bring about;
offer; pass., fio, fieri, f actus
sum, irr. (App. 45), be made,
be done, become, happen.
factiosus, -a, -um [factio], partis
san, factious.
factum, -i, N, [facio], action, act,
deed, fact.
facultas, tatis, F. [facilis], ability;
opportunity, means, power,
advantage; facility.
Faesulae, -arum, F., Faesulae
(fes'u-le), a city of Etruria,
now Fiesole.
Faesulanus, -a, -um [Faesulae],
of Faesidae, Faesulan.
falcarius, -i, M. [falx, scythe],
scythe-maker.
Falcidius, -i, Is/L., Folcidius, a
gentile name ; C. Falcidius, a
tribune,
fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsum, tr.,
deceive, disappoint-' pass., be
deceived, be mistaken.
falso, adv. [falsus], falsely.
falsus, -a, -um [fallo], deceptive,
false, unfounded, undeserved.
fama, -ae, F. [for, speak], report,
fame, reputation, renown.
fames, famis, F., hunger, famine.
familia, -ae, F. [famulus, slave],
slaves of a household, servants,
retinue: household, family;
familias, old gen. sing,
familiaris, -e [familia], of the
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
445
household; familiar, intimate,
friendly; as noun, friend,
comrade; sup., intimate friend.
familiariter, adv. [familiaris],
intimately.
fanum, -i, N. [for, speak], shrine,
teriiple.
fascis, -is, M., bundle; pi,, the
fasces, a bundle of rods con-
taining an ax as a symbol of
authority.
fatalis, -e [fatum], of fate, or-
dained or decreed by fate, des-
tined, connected by destiny.
fateor, -eri, -fassus sum [for,
speak], dep., admit, own, con-
fess, acknowledge.
fatum, -i, M. [for, speak], (utter-
ance), fate, destiny; oracle,
prophecy.
fauces, -ium, F. pi., throat, jaws;
pass, defile, entrance.
faveo, -ere, -favl, fautum, intr.,
favor.
fax, facis, F., torch, firebrand;
meteor, shooting star.
febris, -is (abl. -i), F., fever.
fefelli, see fallo.
felicitas, -tatis, F. [felix], good
fortune, felicity.
femina, -ae, F., woman.
fere, adv., almost, about,
nearly.
fero. ferre, tuli, latum, tr., bear,
carry; endure, suffer, tolerate;
say, report, talk about. Cat., I,
10; w. responsum, receive;
w. lex, propose.
ferox, -ocis, adj., wild, violent.
ferocitas, -tatis, F. [ferox], fierce-
ness^ cruelty.
ferramentum, -i, N. [ferrum],
(implement of iron), tool,
weapon.
ferreus, -a, -um [ferrum], made
of iron; unfeeling, hard'
hearted.
ferrum, -i, N., iron; (iron im-
plement), sword, weapon.
fertilis, -e [fero], fertile, produc-
tive.
festino, -are, -avi, -atum, intr.,
make haste.
festus, -a, -um, festal, festive.
fictus, -a, -lun [fingo] false, imag-
inary, fictitious.
fidelis, -e [fides], faithful, loyaL
fides, ei, F. [fido], trust, pledge,
faith, good faith, confidence^
protection; honesty; cre-
dence; credit, Cat., II, 8.
Fidius, -i, M. [fides], the god of
faith, a surname of Jupiter.
figo, -ere, fixi, fixum, tr., fix,
fasten, establish.
filia, -ae, F., daughter.
filius, fill, M., son.
fingo, -ere, finxi, fictum, tr.,
form; imagine, devise.
finis, -is, M.,end, limit; pi., bor-
ders, territory; quem ad finem
to what limit f to what lengths f
finitimus, -a, -um [finis], border-
ing on, adjoining, neighboring;
as noun, neighbor.
fio, fieri, factus sum, irr., see
facio.
firmamentum, -i, N. [firmo],
strengthening, support, main-
stay.
firmo, -are, -avi, -atum [firmus],
strengthen, secure.
446
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
firmus, -a, -um, strong, firm,
powerful; trusty, trustworthy.
Flaccus, -i, M., Flaccus, a fam-
ily name; 1. M. Fulvius
Flaccus, consul 125 b.c. ;
2. L. Valerius Flaccus, con-
sul 100 B.C. ; 3. L. Valerius
Flaccus, praetor, 63 b.c.
flagitiose, adv. [flagitiosus],
basely, infamously, shame-
fully.
flagiti5sus, -a, -um [flagitium],
shameful, disgraceful, infa-
mous.
flagitium, -i, N. [flagito], shame-
ful act, outrage, disgraceful
thing.
flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
demand (urgently), clamor
for.
flamma, -ae, F. [flagro], flame,
fire.
flecto, -ere, flexi, flexum, tr.,
turn, move, appease.
fletus, -us, M. [fleo], weeping.
florens, -entis, adj. [floreo],
blooming, fiourishing.
floreo, -ere, -ui, — [flos], intr.,
fiourish; be eminent.
flos, floris, M., flower.
flumen, -inis, N. [fluo], river,
stream.
fluo, -ere, fluxl, fluxum, intr.,
flow.
focus, -1, M., fire-place, hearth;
home.
foederatus, -a, -um [2. foedus],
allied, confederate.
1. foedus, -a, -um., foul; shame-
ful, disgraceful, impious, Cat.,
IV. 1.
2. foedus, -eris, N., league,
treaty, compact, association.
fons, fontis, M., fountain^
source.
foras, adv. [ace. of fora], out of
doors, forth.
fore, = futurus esse.
forensis, -e [forum], of (in) the
Forum, public, forensic.
foris, adv. [abl. of fora, door],
out of doors, outside, abroad.
formido, -inis, F., dread, fear,
terror.
formidolosus, -a, -um [formido],
formidable.
fortasse, adv., perhaps, pos-
sibly.
forte, adv. [abl. or fors], by
chance, perchance.
fortis, -e, strong, brave, coura-
geous, gallant, fearless, stal-
wart, Ar. 7 ; pi. as noun,
brave men.
fortiter, adv. [fortis], bravely.
fortitudo, -inis. F. [fortis], brav-
ery, courage, fortitude.
fortuna, -ae, F. [fors], fortune,
chance, good fortune, mis-
fortune; lot, fate, destiny; pi.,
fortunes, property, possessions.
fortunatus, -a, -um [fortune],
happy, fortunate.
forum, -i, N., open space, court,
market place, forum; espe-
cially the Forum (the open
space between the Capitoline
and Palatine hills).
Forum Aurelium, -i, N., Forum
Aurelium, a small town in
Etruria on the Via Aurelia.
frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, tr..
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
447
break, subdue, crush, weaken,
bend, wear out, Ar. 11.
f rater, fratris, M., brother.
fraudatio, -onis, F. [fraudo,
cheat], fraud.
frequens, -entis, adj., repeated,
frequent, crowded, full; pL,
in crowds, in great numbers.
frequentia, -ae, F. [frequens],
assembly, crowd, throng, mul-
titude.
frequento, -are, -avi, -atum
[frequens], tr., visit frequently,
bring in crowds.
fretus, -a, -um, relying, depend-
ing, trusting.
frigus, -oris, N., cold.
frons, frontis, F., forehead,
brow.
fructus, -us, M. [fruor], enjoy-
ment, fruit, benefit, advantage,
gain, reward, profit. Cat., II,
8. income, products.
frumentarius, -a, -um [frumen-
tum], of grain; res frumen-
taria, grain supply, grain.
fruor, frui, fructus sum, dep.,
enjoy.
fuga, -ae, F., flight.
fugio, fugere, fugl, fugitum, tr.
and intr., flee, escape, elude.
fugitivus, -a, -um [fugio], fleeing,
fugitive; as noun, runaway
slave.
fulgeo, -ere, fulsi, — , intr.,
glitter, gleam.
fulmen, -inis, N. [fulgeo], thun-
derbolt, lightning.
Fulvius, -i, M., Fulvius, a gen-
tile name; 1. M. Fulvius
Flaccus, consul 125 b.c, parti-
san of C. Gracchus ; 2. M.
Fulvius Nobilior, consul 189
B.C., a patron of Ennius, the
poet,
fundamentum, -i, N. [fundo],
foundation.
1. fundo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
found, establish.
2. fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum,
pour, scatter, rout.
funestus,-a, -um [funns], deadly ^
fatal, destructive.
fungor, fungi, functus sum, dep.
perform, fulfill.
furiosus, -a, -um [furia], (full of
madness), raging, frenzied,
furious.
Furius, -i, M., Furius, a nomen
or gentile name ; 1. P. Furius,
a confederate of Catiline ; 2
L. Furius Philus, consul 136
B.C.
furo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., rage,
rave, be mad.
furor, furoris, M., madness, rage,
frenzy.
fiirtim, adv. [furtum], by stealth,
stealthily.
furtum, -i, N. [fur], theft, rob-
bery.
Gabinius, -i, M., Gabinius (ga-
bin'i-us), a gentile name ; 1.
P. Gabinius, praetor 89 B.C. ;
2. P. Gabinius Cimber, a con-
federate of Catiline ; 3. A.
Gabinius, tribune 67 b.c.
Gabinius, -a, -um, of Gabinius^
Gabinian.
Gains, Gai, Gaio, etc., ]M.,
448
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Gains (ga'yus), a praenomen
or personal name ; abbr. C.
Gallia, -ae, F., Gaul.
Gallicanus, -a, -um, Gallic.
Gallicus, -a, -um [Gallia], Gallic,
of Gaul.
Gallus, -a, -um, of Gaul, Gallic:
masc. as noun, a Gaul; pL,
the Gauls.
ganeo, -onis, M. [ganea], glutton,
debauchee.
gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum,
semidep., rejoice, be glad.
gaudium, -i, N. [gaudeo], joy,
gladness.
gaza, -ae, F., treasure, wealth.
gelidus, -a, -um [gelu, ice],
very cold.
gener, -eri, M., son-in-law.
gens, gentis, F., tribe, race,
nation.
genus, generis, N,, birth, race;
nation; kind, class, character,
style, nature.
gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, tr.,
do, manage, carry on, wage;
se gerere, conduct oneself,
act; res gestae, deeds, ex-
ploits.
Glabrio, -onis, M., Glabrio, a
family name; M'. Acilius
Glabrio, a Roman commander
in the Third Mithridatic War.
gladiator, -oris, M. [gladius],
gladiator, ruffian.
gladiatorius, -a, -um [gladiator],
of gladiators.
gladius, -i, M., sword.
Glaucia, -ae, M., Glau'cia, a
family name ; C. Servilius
Glaucia, praetor 100 b.c.
gloria, -ae, F., glory, fame,
honor, renown.
Gnaeus, -i, yL.,Gnaeus (ne'us), a
praenomen or personal name.
gnavus, -a, -um [cf. (g)n6sc6],
busy, diligent, active.
Gracchus, -i, M., Gracchus;
pi., the Gracchi; a family
name; 1. Tiberius Sem-
pronius Gracchus, tribune,
133 B.C. ; 2. Gains Sem-
pronius Gracchus, brother of
Tiberius, tribune 123 and 122
B.C.
gradus, -us, IVE., step, grade,
degree, rank.
Graecia, -ae, F., Greece.
Graecus, -a, -um, Greek, Gre-
dan.
gratia, -ae, F. [gratus], favor,
good will, influence; thanks,
gratitude; gratias agere,
thank, give (express) thanks;
gratiam referre, show grati-
tude, reward.
Grattius, -i, Grattius, the prose-
cutor of Archias ; see note,
Ar., 1, 112.
gratuito, adv., without pay, for
nothing, for no particular
reason.
gratulatio, -onis, F. [gratulor],
manifestation of joy, public
thanksgiving. Cat., IV, 5.
gratus, -a, -um, acceptable, wel-
come; thankful, grateful;
pleasing.
gravis, -e, heavy, weighty, bur-
densome; severe, authorita-
tive; august^ dignified; im-
portant, grave, serious. P., 2, 9.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
449
gravitas, -tatis, F. [gravis],
weight; authority, dignity.
graviter, adv. [gravis], heavily,
seriously, severely, deeply,
gravely.
gravo, -are, -avi, -atum [gravis],
tr,, weigh down, load; pass.,
object, he unwilling.
grex, gregis, M., flock, herd;
hand, throng.
gubernatio, -onis, F. [guberno],
(a pHoting) , direction, manage-
ment.
guberno, -are, -avi, -atum, intr.,
steer, pilot, manage.
gusto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
taste, appreciate.
H
habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr.,
have, hold; feel, entertain,
consider; w. oratio, deliver,
make; w. honor, pay.
liabita, -are, -avi, -atum [freq.
of habito], intr,, dwell, re-
side, live.
habitus, -us, M. [habeo], con-
dition, quality, Ar., 7.
haereo, -ere, haesi, haesum,
intr., stick, cling, adhere, he
fixed, remain.
haesito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq.
of haereo], intr., (stick fast),
hesitate.
Hannibal, -is, M., Hannihal,
the Carthaginian general.
haruspex, -ids, M., soothsayer;
see Classical Dictionary.
haud, adv., not, not at all.
haurio, -ire, hausi, haustum,
tr., draw, derive.
hebesco, -ere, — , — , incep-
tive vb. [hebeo, he dull],
grow dull, 83, h.
Heraclia (-ea), -ae, F., Heraclea
(her-a-kle a) , a Greek city of
southern Italy.
Heracliensis, -e [Heraclia],
Heracle'an; as noun, Hera-
cle'an, inhabitant of Heraclea.
hercule, adv., or interj. [voc.
of Hercules], by Hercules^
verily.
hereditas, -tatis, F. [heres], in-
heritance.
hesternus, -a, -um, of yesterday;
hesterno die, yesterday.
hiberno, -are, -avi, -atum [M-
bernus], winter, pass the win-
ter.
hibernus, -a, -um, pertaining to
winter; hiberna (sc. castra),
winter quarters.
1. hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron.,
this, this man, this thing, he,
she, it; pi., these, these men,
these things.
2. hie, adv., here; at this point
(of time), hereupon; on this
point (subject).
hiems, hiemis, F., winter.
hine, adv., /row this place, hence;
from this fact; on this side.
hisce = his, w. emphasis.
Hispania, -ae, F., Spain.
Hispaniensis, -e, [Hispania],
Spanish, of Spain.
Hispanus, -a, -um, Spanish;
masc. as noun, a Spaniard.
hodie, adv. [hie, dies], to-day,
this day.
hodiernus, -a, -um [hodie], of
450
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
this day; hodiernus dies,
to-day, this day.
Homerus, -i, M., Homer.
homo, hominis, M. or F.,
(human being), man.
honestas, -tatis, F. [honor],
honor.
honeste, adv. [honestus], with
honor, honorably.
honesto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.
[honestus], honor, distinguish,
grace.
honestus, -a, -um [honSs],
honored, respected, honorable,
distinguished, respectable, Cat.,
II, 8.
honor (or honos), honoris, M.,
honor, respect; an honor.
honoratus, -a, -um [honoro],
honored, respected.
hora, -ae, F., hour.
horribilis, -e [horreo + bilis],
terrible, dreadful, horrible.
hortatus, -us, M. [hortor], en-
couragement.
Hortensius, -i, M., Hortensius,
a gentile name ; Q. Horten-
sius, the orator, consul 69
B.C.
hortor, -ari, -atus sum, dep.,
urge, encourage, exhort.
hosce, emphatic form of hos.
hospes, -itis, M., guest-friend,
guest, friend.
hospitium, -i, N. [hospes], (the
relation of host and guest),
hospitality, tie of friendship.
Cat., IV, 11.
hostilis, -e [hostis], of an
enemy, hostile.
hostis, hostis, M., (stranger),
an enemy (of the state) ; pl^
the enemy.
hue, adv., hither, to this place;
to this point.
huiusce, more emphatic than
huius, this very, this.
humanitas, -tatis, F. [humanus],
human nature, humanity;
kindness; refinement, culture,
civilization.
humanus, -a, -um [homo], hu-
man, cultured, refined; reason-
able, Ar. 7.
humilis, -e [humus], low, ob-
scure, humble, inferior.
humus, -i, F., earth, ground,
soil; humi, loc, on the
ground.
iaceo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., lie^
lie prostrate, be powerless.
iacio, iacere, iecl, iactum, tr.,
throw; w. voces, utter.
iacto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of
iacio], tr., throw, toss, toss
about; w. se, vaunt, display;
make a display.
iactura, -ae, F. [iacio], (a throw-
ing away), loss.
iactus, -us, M. [iacio], a throw-
ing, hurling, falling. Cat., Ill,
8.
iam, adv., w. pres. tense, by this
time, now; w. past tense, al-
ready, at length, now, hitherto;
w. fut. tense, presently, at
once, now; w. negatives and
interrogatives implying a neg-
ative, longer; see diu, pridem,
tum, vero.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
451
lanuarius, -a, -itm [ianua], of
January.
ibi, adv., there, in that place;
then, thereupon.
idcirco, adv. [id + abl. of cir-
cus], on that account, for that
reason.
idem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.,
[is], (App. 23), the same, the
same man; also.
ideo, adv., on that account, there-
fore.
idoneus, -a, -um, suitable, fit,
deserving.
Idus, -uum, F., the Ides, the
fifteenth day of March, May,
July, and October, the thir-
teenth of other months.
igitur, conj., then, therefore, ac-
cordingly.
ignavia, -ae, F. [ignavus], inac-
tivity, laziness, cowardice.
ignis, -is, M.., fire.
ignominia, -ae, F. [in + nomen],
disgrace, dishonor, ignominy.
ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
not to know, be ignorant of,
be unaware.
ignosco, -ere, ignovi, ignotum,
intr., (not to linow), par-
don.
ignotus, -a, -um [ignosco], un-
known; as noun, stranger.
Ilias, -adis, F., the Iliad, the
epic poem by Homer.
ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that
(yonder), that man, he, she, it;
the famous, the great; pi., those,
they, those men, those things.
illinc, adv. [ille], from that place,
thence; on that side.
Illyricus, -a, -um, of Illyricum,
Illyrian.
im-, see in-, as prefix.
imago, -inis, F. [cf. imitor], (an
imitation), likeness, image^
portrait, model.
imberbis, -e [barba], without a
beard, beardless.
imitor, -ari, -atus sum, dep.,
copy, imitate.
immanis, -e, monstrous, enor-
mous, frightful, savage, Ar. 8.
immanitas, -tatis, F. [immanis],
monstrous size, vastness, enor-
mity.
immatiirus, -a, -um [maturus],
unripe, premature, untimely.
immineo, -ere, — , — [mined],
intr., impend, threaten.
imminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum
[minuo], tr., lessen, diminish,
encroach upon.
immitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis-
sum [mitto], tr., send intOy
let in.
immo, adv., on the contrary;
immo vero, nay more, aye,
indeed, or rather, Why! Cat.^
1,1.
immortalis, -e [mortalis], im-
mortal.
immutatus, -a, -um [immuto],
changed, altered, transformed.
impedio, -ire, -ivi, -Itum [in,
pes], tr., entangle, hinder, en-
cumber, prevent; suspend, P.
7.
impello, -pellere, -pulT, -pulsum
[pello], tr., strike against; in-
cite, instigate, rouse.
impended, -ere, — , — [pendeo,
452
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
hang], intr. , overhang ; threaten ;
he near, he at hand, impend.
imperator, -oris, M. [impero],
commander-in-chief, general.
imperatorius, -a, -um [impera-
tor], oj a commander, worthy
of a commander.
imperitus, -a, -um [peritus], in-
experienced, ignorant.
imperium, -i, N. [impero], com-
mand, control, power, supreme
power, authority, dominions-
government, office, empire.
impero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and
intr., command, demand, levy
(upon).
impertio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [par-
tio], tr., share with; give, he-
stoiD (upon), impart.
impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
ohtain one's request, gain one^s
end; secure, ohtain.
impetus, -us, M., attack; vio-
lence, fury.
impius, -a, -um [plus], irreverent,
ungodly, treasonable, wicked,
impious.
implico, -are, -avi, -atum [plico],
tr., fold into; involve.
imploro, -are, -avi, -atum [ploro],
tr., heg earnestly, implore.
importunus, -a, -um, unfit,
rude, cruel, unnatural, un-
feeling, relentless.
improbitas, -tatis, F. [impro-
bus], wickedness, iniquity, de-
pravity, recklessness.
improbo, -are, -avi, -atum [im-
probus,] tr., reject, disapprove.
improbus, -a, -um [probus],
wicked, depraved^ shameless,
worthless; pi. as noun, profli-
gates, scoundrels, the ill-dis-
posed.
impiibes, -eris, adj. [piibes],
youthful, heardlcss.
impudens, -entis, adj. [pudens],
shameless, impudent, pre^
sumptuous, P. 16.
impudenter, adv. [impudens],
shamelessly, impudently.
impudentia, -ae, F. [impudens],
shamelessness, impudence.
impudicus, -a, -um [pudicus],
shameless, without modesty.
impiinitus, -a, -um [punitus],
unpunished, unrestrained.
impiirus, -a, -um [purus], un-
clean, impure.
in, prep. w. ace., (of motion)
into, to, on, upon, toward,
against, for, concerning ; w.
abl., (of rest) in, on, at, in
the case of, in regard to; as
prefix, in, into, over, on, at,
against; neg. prefix, not.
inanis, -e, empty, deserted; use-
less, idle, vain.
inauditus, -a, -um [audio], un-
heard of, unknown.
inauratus, -a, -um [inauro],
gilded.
incedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum
[cedo], intr., advance; per-
vade.
incendium, -i, N. [incendo], a
burning, fire, flame, confla-
gration.
incendo, -cendere, -cendi, -cen-
sum, tr., set fire to, burn.
incensid, -onis, F. [incendo],
burning.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
453
inceptum, -i, N. [incipio], be-
ginning, undertaking.
incertus, -a, -um [certus], un-
certain; unsettled.
incido, -cidere, -cidi, — [cado],
intr., fall in, fall into, incur.
incido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum
[caedo], tr., cut into, cut.
incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum
[capio], tr. and intr., under-
take; begin.
incitamentum, -i, N. [incite],
incentive, inducement.
incite, -are, -avi, -atum [cito],
rouse, urge on.
inclino, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.
and intr., turn, incline, lean.
include, -cludere, -clusi, -clu-
sum [claudo], tr., shut up, con-
fine, inclose.
incoho, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
begin, begin to treat, Ar. 11.
mcolumis, -e, safe, unharmed.
incommodum, -i, N. [incom-
modus], inconvenience, dis-
advantage; loss, disaster.
incredibilis, -e [credibilis], in-
credible, marvelous, extraor-
dinary.
increpo, -are, -ui, -itum [crepo,
P rattle], intr., make a noise,
sound.
incumbo, -cumbere, -cubui,
cubitum, intr., bend to, devote
oneself, apply oneself.
inde, adv., thence (of time or
space), from that place, from
that point, P. 2.
Iindemnatus, -a, -um [damna-
tus], uncondemned, without
a trial.
index, -dicis, M. or F. [indico],
(one who points out), in-
former, witness, accuser.
indicium, -i, N. [indico], in-
formation, proof, evidence^
testimony, indication.
indico, -are, -avi, -atum [index],
tr., point out, indicate, de-
clare, reveal, tell, prove; be-
tray, accuse.
indico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum
[dic5], tr., proclaim, declare
(upon).
indigne, adv. [indignus], un-
worthily, undeservedly.
indignus, -a, -um [dignus], un-
worthy.
induce, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum
[duco], tr., lead into, lead on^
bring to, induce.
industria, -ae, F. [industrius],
diligence, industry.
industrius, -a, -um, industrious,
enterprising .
indutiae, -arum, F., truce.
ineo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], tr.,
enter, enter upon, form, engage
in, begin; pres. part, as adj.,
early, the beginning of.
iners, -ertis, adj., unskillful^
inactive, indolent. Cat., II, 5.
inertia, -ae, F. [iners], inactivity,
idleness, indolence.
infamia, -ae [infamis], ill report,
disgrace, infamy.
infamis, -e [fama], notorious, in^
famous.
inf ero, -f erre, -tuli, -latum [fere],
tr., bring upon, lay upon, ap-
ply: wage, make upon.
inferus, -a, -um, below, lower:
454
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
m. pi. as noun, the dead;
apud inferos, in the lower
world.
infestus, -a, -um, unsafe, hostile,
dangerous, troublesome; in-
dignant (at).
infidus, -a, -um, faithless.
infimus, -a, -um [sup. of in-
ferus], lowest, meanest, basest.
infinitus, -a, -um [finitus], end-
less, countless.
infirmo, -are, -avi, -atum [in-
firmus], tr., weaken, refute,
disprove.
infirmus, -a, -um [firmus], weak,
powerless, delicate, infirm.
infitiator, -oris, M. [infitior],
denier ; debtor.
infitior, -ari, -atus sum [infitiae],
dep., deny.
inflammo, -are, -avi, -atum
[flammo], tr., kindle, set fire
to, burn; inflame, arouse.
inflo, -are, -avi, -atum [flo,
blow], tr., (blow into), inspire.
informo, -are, -avi, -atum
[formo], tr., mold, train.
ingenium, -i, N. [cf. gigno],
native talent, ability, genius.
ingens, -gentis, adj., vast, great.
ingenuus, -a, -um, native, free-
born.
ingratus, -a, -um, ungrateful.
ingravesco, -ere, — , — [in-
ceptive of ingravo, weigh
down], intr., increase, grow
worse.
ingredior, -gredi, -gressus sum
[gradior], dep., go into, enter,
enter upon, come upon.
inhio, -are, -avi, -atum [hio],
intr., open the mouth (for),
gape.
inhumanus, -a, -um [humanus],
inhuman.
inicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum
[iacio], tr., throw in, cast on;
cause; inspire.
inimicitia, -ae, F. [inimicus],
unfriendliness, enmity.
inimicus, -a, -um [amicus], un-
friendly, hostile; as noun
(personal), enemy, foe.
iniquitas, -tatis, F. [iniquus],
unfairness, injustice.
iniquus, -a, -um [aequus], un-
even, unfair, unjust.
initio, -are, -avi, -atum [initium],
tr., initiate, consecrate.
initium, -i, N. [ineo], a begin-
ning.
iniiiria, -ae, F. [ius], wrong, in-
justice, injury; iniiiria, un-
justly.
iniuriose, adv. [iniiiridsus], un-
justly, unfairly.
iniussu, abl. sing. M., without
the command.
inlecebra, -ae, F. [inlicid], en-
ticement, allurement, charm.
inliistris, -e [lux], bright, brilliant^
illustrious; famous, glori-
ous.
inliistro, -are, -avi, -atum [lus-
tro], tr., light up, illuminate^
make illustrious, bring to lights
make clear, explain.
innocens, -entis, adj. [nocens],
harmless, blameless, innocent^
honest, P. 10.
innocentia, -ae, F. [innocens],
innocence, integrity, P. 13.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
455
innumerabilis, -e [numerus],
countless, innumerable.
inopia, -ae, F. [inops], want,
lack, scarcity.
inquam (inquis, inquit), def.
vb. (App. 51), / say.
inrepo, -repere, -repsi, —
[repo, creep], intr., creep in,
he stealthily inserted.
inretio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [rete,
net], tr., catch in a net, en-
snare, entrap.
inscribo, -scribere, -scripsi,
-scriptum [scribo], tr., write
upon, inscribe, entitle.
insepultus, -a, -um [sepelid],
unburied.
insideo, -sidere, -sedi, —
[sedeo], tr, and intr., sit upon,
he seated, dwell, exist.
insidiae, -arum, F. [insideo],
snare, ambush, plot, treachery.
insidiator, -oris, M. [insidior],
(one who lies in wait), high-
wayman
insidior, -ari, -atus sum [in-
sidiae], dep., lie in wait (for),
plot against.
insidiosus, -a, -um [insidiae],
treacherous.
insido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum
[sido, sit], tr. and intr., sit in,
settle on, he fixed, sink in, P.
3.
insigne, -is, N. [insignis], mark,
badge, sign, token.
insignis, e [signimi], marked, dis-
tinguished, notable.
insimulo, -are, -avi, -atum
[simulo], tr., charge, accuse,
allege.
insipiens, -entis, adj. [sapiens],
unwise, foolish.
insolens, -entis, adj. [soleo],
(unusual), insolent.
insolenter, adv. [insolens], un^
usually, insolently.
insolitus, -a, -um [insoleo], un*
usual, strange.
inspect©, -are, -avi, -atum [in-
spicio], tr. and intr., look at^
look on, observe.
insperatus, -a, -um [spero], un-
expected.
instituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitfl-
tum [statuo], tr. and intr.,
put in place, establish, train^
Ar. 8 ; begin; determine, de-
cide, intend.
institutum, -i, N. [instituo], cus-
tom, institution.
insto, -stare, -stiti, -statum
[sto], intr., be at hand, draw
nigh.
instrumentum, -i, N. [instruo],
instrument, tool, means, stock
in trade. Cat., IV, 8.
instruo, -struere, -struxi, -struc-
tum [struo], tr,, build; array,
marshal, draw up; equip, P. 8.
insula, -ae, F., island.
insum, inesse, infui [sum], be
in, exist in, be present.
integer, -gra, -grum [ef. tango],
untouched, whole, unbroken,
sound, entire, unhurt; fresh;
irreproachable, of integrity.
integre, adv. [integer], wholly^
without reproach.
integritas, -tatis, F. [integer],
(soundness), integrity.
intellego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum
456
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
[inter + lego, gather], tr., learn,
perceive, know, understand,
be sure, recognize, see clearly.
intendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten-
turn [tendo], tr. and intr.,
stretch out; aim, purpose, in-
tend.
inter, prep. w. ace, between,
among; as prefix, between.
intercede, -cedere, -cessi, -ces-
sum [cedo], intr., go between,
intervene, elapse.
intercessio, -onis, F. [intercede],
intervention, veto, protest.
interea, adv. [inter + ea], in
the meantime, meanwhile.
intereo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr.,
perish, be lost.
interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum
[facio], tr., kill, put to death,
murder.
interim, adv., meanwhile, in
the meantime.
interimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum
[emo], tr,, (take from the
midst), kill, murder.
interior, -ius, eomp. adj. [intra],
interior, inland, P. 22.
interitus, -lis, M. [intereo], ruin,
destruction, death, overthrow.
internecio, -onis, F. [nex], mas-
sacre.
interrogo, -are, -avi, -atum
[rogo], tr., ask, inquire of,
question.
intersum, -esse, -fui [sum],
be between; be different, differ;
be present; impers., it con-
cerns, it interests.
intervallum, -i, N., interval (of
space or time).
interventus,-us,M. [intervenio],
(a coming between), inter-
vention.
intestinus, -a, -um [intus], in-
ternal; civil.
intimus, -a, -um [sup. of in-
terior], inmost; as noun.
most intimate friend, bosom
friend.
intra, prep. w. aec, within.
introduce, -diicere, -duxi, -duc-
tum [intro + duco], tr., lead
in, bring in, introduce.
intueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum
[tueor], dep., look upon, gaze
at.
intus, adv. [in], within, on the
inside.
inultus, -a, -um [ulciscor], un-
punished.
inuro, -urere, -ussi, -ustum
[uro], tr., burn in, brand upon,
impress (upon). Cat., II, 9.
inusitatus, -a, -um [usitor], un-
usual.
inutilis, -e [utilis], useless, un-
profitable.
invado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum
[vado], tr., enter; possess.
invenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum
[venio], tr., (come upon), find,
discover, detect, invent.
investig5, -are, -avi, -atum
[vestigium], tr., track, hunt
out, investigate.
inveterasco, -ere, inveteravi,
— [inceptive of invetero],
intr., grow old, become estab-
lished, become fixed.
invictus, -a, -um [victus], un-
conquered, invincible.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
457
invidia, -ae, F. [invidus], envy,
hatred, unpopularity, odium.
invidiosus, -a, -um [invidia],
causing unpopularity, hate-
ful.
invidus, -a, -um, envious; as
noun, envious person.
invisus, -a, -um [invideo], dis-
pleasing, detested.
invitatus, -us, M. [invito], in-
vitation.
invito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr,, in-
vite, summon.
invitus, -a, -um, against the will,
unwillingly.
lovis, see luppiter.
ipse, -a, -um, intensive pron.
(App. 24), self; (I) myself,
(you) yourself, (he) himself,
etc. ; very.
ira, -ae, F., anger.
iracundia, -ae, F. [ira], excessive
anger, wrath.
irascor, -i, iratus sum [ira], dep.,
he angry.
irruptio, -onis, F. [irrumpo],
(a breaking in), invasion,
incursion, attack.
is, ea, id, dem. pron. (App. 23),
that, this, he, she, it; such;
pi., these, those, they.
isdem = eisdem.
isse = ivisse [1. eo].
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron.
(App. 23), that (of yours),
yonder; that man (in irony or
scorn), that scoundrel; such,
he.
ita, adv., so, thus, in such a man-
ner; ita ut, just as.
Italia, -ae, F., Italy.
italicus -a, -um, Italian.
itaque, conj. [ita + que], and
so, therefore, accordingly.
item, adv., likewise, also, be-
sides.
iter, itineris, N. [1. eo], way^
course, road; journey, march.
iterum, adv., again, a second
time; iterum et saepius,
again and again.
iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum, tr.,
order, direct.
iiicundus, -a, -um [iuvo], pleas-
ing, pleasant, agreeable.
iudex, iudicis, M. [ius + dico],
judge, juror.
iiidicialis, -e [iiidex], of a court,
judicial.
iudicium, -i, N. [iiidex], judg-
ment, decision, verdict, opin-
ion; trial, court of justice.
iudico, -are, -avi, -atum [iiidex],
tr., judge, decide, determine,
think, consider.
iugulo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
kill.
iugulum, -i, N. [iugum], (coUar
bone), throat.
lugurtha, -ae, M., Jugurtha,
a king of Numidia.
lulius, -i, M., Julius, a gentile
name ; see Caesar.
iungo, -ere, iiinxi, iiinctum, tr.,
join.
luppiter, lovis (App. 11), M.,
Jupiter, the chief god of the
Romans.
ius, iiiris, N., right, justice; the
principle of right apon which
law (lex) is based: iure.
rightly.
458
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
iusiurandum, iurisiurandi, N.,
oath.
hissu, abl. of obsolete iussus
[iubeo], by order.
iuste [iustus], adv., rightly, justly.
iustus, -a, -um [ius], just, right,
proper, fair, regular. Cat., II,
1.
iuvenis, -is, adj., young; as
noun, youth, young person.
iuventus, -tutis, F, [iuvenis],
youth, young person.
iuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iutum, tr., help,
aid, assist.
K
Kalendae, -arum, F. pi. (abbr.
Kal.), the Calends, the first
day of a month.
Karthago, -inis, F., Carthage.
L., see Lucius.
labefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac-
tum [labo + facio], tr., shake,
disturb, overthrow.
labefacto, -are, -avi, -atum
[labefacio], tr., freq., cause
to totter, weaken, destroy.
labes, -is, F., spot, stain.
labor, -oris, M., exertion, labor,
work, hardship, activity; in-
dustry.
laboriosus, -a, -um [labor],
laborious.
laboro, -are, -avi, -atum [labor],
intr., labor, toil, strive, be
careful; suffer.
lacesso, -ere, -ivi, -itum [lacio,
entire], tr., challenge, provoke,
rouse.
lacrima, -ae, F., tear.
lactans, -antis, pres. part.
[lacto], (taking milk), suck'
ling.
Laeca, -ae, M., Laeca, a family
name ; M. Porcius Laeca, a
Roman senator, at whose
house the conspirators met.
laedo, -ere, laesi, laesum, tr.,
wound, injure.
Laelius, -i, M., Laelius, a gentile
name ; C. Laelius, consul 140
B.C.
laetitia, -ae, F. [laetus], glad-
ness, joy, delight, happiness.
laetor, -ari, -atus sum [laetus],
dep., rejoice, be glad; rejoice
over.
lamentatio, -onis, F. [lamentor],
wailing, lamentation.
lamentor, —ari, -atus sum [la-
mentum], dep., bewail, lament.
languidus, -a, -um, stupid, lan-
guid.
largior, -iri, -itus sum [largus],
dep., give bountifully, bestow^
confer.
largitio, -onis, F. [largior], lavish
giving, bribery, corruption.
largitor, -oris, M. [largior], (one
who gives lavishly), a liberal
man.
late, adv. [latus], widely.
latebra, -ae, F. [lateo], hiding
place, recess.
lateo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., lie
concealed, lie hid, escape notice.
Latiniensis, -e [Latium], of
Latium; as noun, a surname.
Latinus, -a, -um [Latium], Latin.
Latium, -i, N., Latium (la'-
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
459
sh(y)um), a district in central
Italy.
lator, -oris, M. [fero], bearer,
proposer.
latro, -onis, M., robber, brigand.
latrocinium, -i, N. [Iatr5], brig-
andage, robbery; concretely,
band of brigands.
latrocinor, -ari, -atus sum [latro],
dep., be a brigand, live as a
bandit.
latus, lateris, N., side, body.
latus, -a, -um, broad, wide.
laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
praise.
laus, laudis, F., praise, merit,
fame, renown, glory.
lectulus, -i, M. [lectus], small
couch, bed.
lectus, -i, M., couch, bed.
lectus, -a, -um [lego], chosen,
choice. Cat., II, 9 ; excellent,
eminent.
legatio, -onis, F. [lego], em-
bassy.
legatus, -i, M. [lego], ambassa-
dor, envoy; lieutenant.
legio, -onis, F. [lego, collect],
legion.
legitimus, -a, -um [lex], estab-
lished by law, legal.
lego, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
appoint (or commission) as
lieutenant.
lego, -ere, legi, lectum, tr.,
gather, collect; choose, select;
read, read of, P. 10.
lenio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [lenis],
tr. , soften, soothe, alleviate.
lenis, -e, soft, smooth; mild,
moderate, merciful, lenient.
lenitas, -tatis, F. [lenis], mild-
ness, gentleness, lenity.
lend, -onis, M., seducer, agents
tool.
Lentulus, -i, M., Lentulus, a
family name; 1. L. Corne-
lius Lentulus, praetor 89 b.c. ;
2. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus,
tribune of the people ; 3. Cn.
Cornelius Lentulus Clodia-
nus, consul 72 b.c. ; 4. P.
Cornelius Lentulus Sura, a
confederate of Catiline, consul
71 B.C. ; see Cethegus, Cinna,
Sulla.
lentus, -a, -um [lenis], slow;
shirking.
lepidus, -a, -um, charming.
Lepidus, -i, M., Lepidus, a
family name ; 1. M. Aemilius
Lepidus, consul 78 b.c. ; 2. M'.
Aemilius Lepidus, consul 66
B.C.
levis, -e, light; trifling, fickle^
trivial.
levitas, -tatis, F. [levis], light-
ness, shallowness, fickleness,
trifling conduct, Ar. 5.
leviter, adv. [levis], lightly;
slightly.
levo, -are, -avi, -atum [levis],
tr., lighten; relieve, modify ^
alleviate.
lex, legis, F., law.
libellus, -i, M. [liber], little
book, book, manuscript.
libenter, adv. [libens], gladly,
with delight, cheerfully, will-
ingly.
liber, libri,M., (inner bark), 6oo/c.
liber, libera, liberum, free; M.
460
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
pi. as noun, (free persons),
children.
liberalis, -e [liber], liberal.
libere, adv. [liber], freely.
libero, -are, -avi, -atum [liber],
tr., free, release, deliver.
libertas, -tatis, F. [liber], liberty,
freedom.
libertinus, -a, -um [libertus],
of a freedman; libertinus
homo, freedman.
libet, -ere, libuit or libitum est,
impers., it pleases, it is pleas-
ing.
libido, -inis, F. [libet], pleasure,
desire, lust, passion.
licentia, -ae, F. [licens], free-
dom, license; want of control.
licet, licere, licuit, impers. (App.
52), it is permitted, it is
allowed.
Licinius, -i, M., Licinius, a
gentile name ; see Archias.
lingua, -ae, F., tongue, language.
linum, -i, N., (flax), thread,
string.
liquefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac-
tum; pass., -fio, -fieri, -fac-
tus sum [liqueo + facio],
(make liquid), melt.
littera, -ae, F., letter (of the
alphabet) ; pi., letter {epistle)
or letters; literature.
litteratus, -a, -um [littera],
(lettered), learned, cultured.
litiira, -ae, F. [lino, smear],
(smearing of the wax tablet),
erasure.
loco, -are, -avi, -atum [locus],
tr., place, put, set; let a con-
tract, order.
Locrenses, -ium, M., Locrians^
inhabitants of Loeri, in
southern Italy.
locuples, -pletis, adj. [locus,
pleo], rich in lands, wealthy,
rich.
locupleto, -are, -avi, -atum
[locuples], tr., make rich, en-
rich.
locus, -i, M. ; pi. loca, -orum,
N., place, locality, region,
position, site, room, station,
rank, point, instance.
longe, adv. [Longus], far, by
far; long, for a long period.
longinquitas, -tatis, F. [longin-
quus], distance, remoteness.
longinquus, -a, -um [longe],
distant, far off.
longiusculus, -a, -um [longior],
rather long, a little longer.
longus, -a, -um, long; far, dis"
tant, remote; tedious.
loquax, -acis, adj. [loquor],
talkative, garrulous.
loquor, loqui, lociitus sum, dep.,
speak, say.
Lucius, -i, M., Lucius, a prae-
nomen or personal name,
luctus, -lis, M. [lugeo], mourn-
ing, grief.
Lucullus, -i, M., Lucullus, a
family name; 1. L. Licinius
Lucullus, Roman commander
in the Third Mithridatic War ;
2. M. Licinius Lucullus,
brother of 1.
liidus, -i, M., play, game;
school.
lugeo, -ere, liixi, luctum, tr.
and intr.. mourn over, lament.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
461
lilmen, -inis, N. [luceo, shine],
light.
lupinus, -a, -um [lupus], of a
wolf.
lux, lucis, F., light, daylight;
help, relief, hope of safety,
P. 12.
luxuria, -ae, F. fluxus], luxury,
excess.
M
M., see Marcus.
M'., see Manius.
machinator, -tons, M. [machi-
nor], contriver, inventor.
machinor, -ari, -atus sum [ma-
china], dep., devise, invent;
contrive, plot.
macto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
glorify, sacrifice; put to death,
afflict (witli punisliment), Cat.
I, 11.
macula, -ae, F., stain, disgrace.
Maelius, -i, M., Maelius, a gen-
tile name ; Spurius Maelius,
a rich plebeian, slain 439
B.C.
maereo, -ere, — , — , tr. and
intr., grieve, lament, mourn.
maeror, -oris [maereo], M.,
sorrow, grief.
magis, comp. adv. (App. 20),
more, rather.
magistratus, -us, M. [magister],
civil office, m,agistracy ; magis-
trate.
magnifice, adv., grandly, glori-
ously.
magnificus, -a, -um [magnus,
facio], great, magnificent, fond
of display, powerful.
magnitudo, -inis, F. [magnus],
greatness, enormity, magni-
tude, extent.
magnopere, adv. [magno opere},
greatly.
Magnus, -i, M., Magnus, the
Great, a surname, especially
of Pompey.
magnus, -a, -um, great, large.
maior, maius, adj. [comp. of
magnus], larger, greater; pi.
as noun, ancestors, elders.
male, adv. [malus], badly,
wrongly, scarcely.
maleficium, -i, N. [male, facio],
evil deed, crime.
malleolus, -i, M. [dim. of
malleus, hammer], firebrand.
malo, malle, malui (App. 48),
[magis + volo],irr. wish rather^
prefer.
malus, -a, -um, bad, evil; neut.
as noun, evil, misfortune,
calamity.
mandatum, -i, N. [mando],
commission, order, instruc-
tion, message.
mando, -are, -avi, -atum [manus
+ do], tr., (put in hand),
commit, intrust, consign, order,
confer, P. 1.
mane, adv., in the morning,
early in the morning.
maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum,
intr., remain, persevere.
manicatus, -a, -um [manicae,
long sleeves], long-sleeved.
manifesto, adv. [manifestus],
openly, manifestly, clearly.
manifestus, -a, -um, clear, open,
manifest; apparent, evident,
exposed.
462
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Manilius, -i, M., Manilius, a
gentile name; C. Manilius,
tribune 66 b.c.
Manius, -i, M., Manius, a
gentile name.
Manlianus, -a, -um, of Manlius.
Manlius, -i, M., Manlius, a
nomen or gentile name ;
Gaius Manlius, the officer
in charge of Catiline's forces.
mano, -are, -avi, -atum, intr.,
trickle; extend, spread.
mansuetudo, -inis, F. [man-
suetus], gentleness, mildness.
manubiae, -arum, F. [manus],
spoils.
manus, -us, F., hand; hand-
writing; hand, company.
Marcellus, -i, M. [dim. of Mar-
cus], Marcellus, a family-
name; 1. M. Claudius Mar-
cellus, the conqueror of Syra-
cuse; 2. M. Claudius Mar-
cellus, consul 51 B.C.
Marcus, -i, M., Marcus, a
praenomen.
mare, maris, N., sea; terra
marique, on land and sea.
maritimus, -a, -um [mare], of
the sea, on the sea, maritime;
ora maritima, seacoast.
maritus, -i, M., married man,
husband.
Marius, -i, M., Ma,rius, a gentile
name ; Gaius Marius, the
celebrated general and con-
sul, died 86 b.c.
marmor, -oris, N., marble.
Mars, Martis, M., Mars, god of
war ; liguratively, war.
Massilia, -ae, F., Massilia, a
Greek city in Gaul, now
Marseilles.
Massilienses, -ium, M. pi.
[Massilia], the people of Mas-
silia.
mater, matris. P., mother;
mater familias (old gen. sing,
of familia], matron, mistress
of a household.
mature, adv. [maturus], early,
soon.
maturitas, -tatis, F. [maturus],
ripeness, maturity.
mature, -are, -avi, -atum [ma-
turus], tr. and intr., make
ripe, bring to maturity; hasten.
maturus, -a, -um, ripe, mature;
early, speedy.
maxime, adv [sup. of magis],
7nost, very greatly, especially,
entirely, ever so much, Cat., I,
12.
maximus, -a, -um, sup. of
magnus (App. 19), greatest,
largest; very great; see ponti-
fex.
Maximus, -i, M.., Maximus, a
family name ; Q. Fabius
Maximus, dictator 217 b.c.
Medea, -ae, F., Medea, daugh-
ter of Aeetes, king of Colchis.
medeor, -eri, — , dep., heal,
cure, remedy.
medicina, -ae, F. [medicus],
remedy, medicine.
mediocris, -ere [medius], moder-
ate, ordinary, of moderate
attainments, Ar. 5.
mediocriter, adv. [mediocris],
7noderately, slightly.
meditor, -ari, -atus sum, dep..
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
463
think over, consider, meditate,
plan, prepare; design, Cat.,1,
10.
medius, -a, -um, the middle of.
mehercule, adv. [= me Her-
cules iuvet, may Hercules
help me], hy Hercules, as-
suredly, verily.
mel, mellis, N., honey.
melior, comp. of bonus.
membrum, -i, N., limh.
mementote, imperative pi. of
memini, remember (ye).
memini, -isse, def. vb. (App.
50), remember; perf. system
used w. meanings of the pres.
system,
Memmlus, -i, M., Memmius, a
gentile name.
memor, -oris, adj., mindful (of),
remembering, w. gen.
memorabilis, -e [memor], deserv-
ing of record, memorable.
memoria, -ae, F. [memor],
memory, recollection; post
memoriam, within the memory.
memoro, -are, -avi, -atum
[memor], tr., recall, recount,
relate.
mendicitas, -tatis, F. [mendl-
cus], beggary, extreme pov-
erty.
mens, mentis, F., mind, intel-
lect; spirit, feeling; dispo-
sition; thought, purpose, plan,
intention, design.
mensis, -is, M., month.
mercator, -oris, M. [mercor],
trader, merchant.
merces, -edis, F. [merx], pay,
reward.
mereor, -eri, -itus sum, dep.,
deserve, merit.
merito, adv. [meritum], de-
servedly, justly.
meritum, -i, N. [mereor], merits
service, kindness, favor, bene^
fit.
merx, mercis, F., merchandise.
Metellus, -i, M., Metellus, a
family name; 1. Q. Caecilius
Metellus Numidicus, consul
109 B.C. ; 2. Q. Caecilius
Metellus Pius, praetor 89,
consul 80 B.C. ; 3. Q. Cae-
cilius Metellus Creticus, tri-
bune 75 B.C. ; 4. Q. Caecilius
Metellus Celer, praetor in
63 B.C. ; 5. M. Metellus,
an associate of Catiline.
metuo, metuere, metui, —
[metus], tr., fear, dread.
metus, -us, M., fear.
meus, -a, -um, poss. pron.,
my.
miles, -itis, M., soldier.
militaris, -e [miles], of a soldier,
military; res militaris, the
art of war, warfare.
militia, -ae, F. [miles], military
service, military skill; militiae,
loc. in the field, in war.
mille, indecl. adj., thousand;
milia, milium, N. pi. as noun.
minae, -arum, F., threats.
minime, adv. [sup. of parum],
least, very little, by no means.
minimus, -a, -um [sup. of par-
vus], least,
minitor, -ari, -atus sum [freq.
of minor], dep., threaten, mer^
ace.
464
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
1. minor, -ari, -atus sum
[minae], dep., threaten.
2. minor, minus, adj. [comp. of
parvus], less.
Minucius, -i, M., Minucius, a
gentile name.
minuo, -ere, minui, minutum,
tr., make less, lessen, dimin-
ish.
minus, adv. [comp. of parum]
(App. 20), less, not.
miror, -ari, -atus sum [mi-
rus], dep., wonder at, mar-
vel at, admire, wonder; see
modus.
mirus, -a, -um, wonderful, mar-
velous.
misceo, -ere, -ui, mixtum, tr.,
mix; devise. Cat., IV, 3.
Misenum, -i, N., Misenuyn
(mi-se'num), a town and
promontory near Naples.
miser, -era, -erum, wretched,
unhappy, miserable, unfortu-
nate; grievous.
miserandus, -a, -um [miseror],
pitiable, to be pitied.
miseria, -ae, F. [miser], wretched-
ness, misery, trouble.
misericordia, -ae, F. [mise-
ricors], pity, compassion,
mercy.
misericors, -cordis, adj.
[misereo, pity, cor, heart],
(tender-hearted), merciful.
miseror, -ari, -atus sum, dep.,
deplore.
Mithridates, -is, or -i, M.,
Mithridates, king of Pontus,
who fought w. the Romans
88-63 B.C.
Mithridaticus, -a, -um, of Mith-
ridates, Mithridatic.
mitis, -e, mild, gentle, merciful.
mitto, -ere, misi, missum, tr.,
send.
mixtus, -a, -um [misceo], mixed j
promiscuous ; mixtum ex, in-
volving.
moderatio, -onis, F. [modera-
tus], moderation.
moderatus, -a, -um [moderor],
moderate, restrained, self-con-
trolled, wise, Ar. 7.
moderor, -ari, -atus sum, dep.,
guide, restrain, moderate.
modestus, -a, -um [modus],
(within due measure), dis-
creet, honorable, scrupulous.
modo, adv. [modus], only, just;
lately, a little while ago.
modus, -i, M., measure, limit,
extent, amount; way, m,an-
ner, kind, sort; m,oderation;
eius modi, of such a nature,
such; mirandum in modum,
wonderfully.
moenia, -ium, N. pi., defensive
walls, city walls, city (inclosed
by walls).
m5les, -is, F., mass, weight, load,
burden, Cat., I, 8.
moleste, adv. [molestus], with
trouble, with vexation; moleste
fero, be vexed, be annoyed, be
troubled.
molestus, -a, -um [moles],
troublesome, disagreeable, an-
noying.
molior, -iri, -itus sum [moles],
dep., endeavor, attempt; con-
trive, plan, plot.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
465
mollis, -e, mild, gentle; timid.
moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr.,
warn, advise.
monstrum, -i, N. [moneo], di-
vine omen; monster. Cat., II, 1.
monumentum, -i, N. [moneo],
(reminder), memorial, monu-
ment; record.
mora, -ae, F., delay, hesita-
tion.
morbus, -I, M., disease, sickness.
morior, mori, mortuus sum,
flit, part., moriturus [mors],
dep., die.
mors, mortis, F., death.
mortalis, -e [mors], mortal.
mortuus, -a, -um [morior], dead.
mos, moris, M., custom, man-
ner; pi., customs, character,
the ways of men, Cat., I, 1 ;
principles.
motus, -us, M. [moveo], move-
ment, motion, action; coin-
motion, disturbance, shock.
moveo, -ere, movl, motum, tr.,
move, disturb, affect, influence.
mucro, -onis, point or edge of a
sword; sword.
mulier, -is, F., woman.
muliercula, -ae, F. [dim. of
mulier], mistress.
multitude, -inis, F. [multus],
great number, multitude.
1. multo, adv. [multus], by
much, much, far.
2. mult5, -are, -avi, -atum
[multa, a fine], tr., fine, punish.
multiun, adv. [multus], much.
multus, -a, -um, much; pi.,
many.
Mulvius, -a, -um, Mulvian.
municeps, -cipis, M. or F.
[munia, official duties, capio],
citizen of a free town.
municipium, -i, N. [municeps],
free town, free district, one
whose people were Roman
citizens, but governed by
their own laws and magis-
trates.
munio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr.,
fortify, protect.
munitus, -a, -um [munio], for-
tified, defended; safe, secure.
munus, -eris, N., task, duty;
present, favor, Ar. 8.
Murena, -ae, M., Murena, a
family name ; L. Licinius
Murena, commander in the
Second Mithi-idatic War (83-
81 B.C.).
mums, -i, M., wall.
Musa, -ae, F., Muse, one of the
nine goddesses of music,
poetry, and other arts.
muto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
change.
mutus, -a, -um, mute, speechless^
silent, voiceless.
Mytilenaeus, a, -um, of Mytilene
(mit-i-le'ne), a city on the
island of Lesbos.
N
nam, conj., for; now (introduc-
ing an explanation).
nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum,
dep., obtain, find.
narrd, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and
intr., tell, narrate, recount.
nascor, -i, natus sum, dep., be
born; rise, grow; natus, born.
466
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Nasica, -ae, M., Nasica, a fam-
ily name ; see Scipio.
natio, -onis, F., (birth), race,
tribe, nation.
natura, -ae, F. [nascor], hirth;
nature.
naufragus, -a, -um [navis,
frango], shipwrecked; ruined;
pi. as noun, men of wrecked
fortunes, bankrupts.
nauticus, -a, -um [nauta], of
sailors, nautical, naval.
navalis, -e [navis], pertaining to
ships, naval.
navicularius, -i, M. [navicula],
shipowner, shipmaster.
navigatio, -onis, F. [navigo], sail-
ing, navigation.
navigo, -are, -avi, -atum [navis],
intr., sail, put to sea.
navis, -is, F., ship.
-ne, enclitic particle, introduc-
ing questions ; w. direct
questions, not to be trans-
lated ; w. indirect questions,
whether.
1. ne, adv., not; ne . . . qui-
dem, not even.
2. ne, conj., that . . . not, lest;
after word of fearing, that.
3. ne, inter j., truly, verily.
Neapolitan!, -orum, M., the in-
habitants of Neapolis, or
Naples.
nee, see neque.
necessario, adv. [necessarius],
of necessity.
necessarius, -a, -um [necesse],
necessary, inevitable, unavoid-
able; as noun, connection,
kinsman, relative.
necesse, indecl. adj., necessary,
necessitas, -tatis, F. [necesse],
necessity.
necessitudo, -inis, F. [necesse],
close relationship, connection.
necne, conj., or not, used at tlie
end of a double question.
need, -are, -avi, -atum [nex],
tr., put to death, kill.
nefandus, -a, -um [ne + for,
speak], unspeakable, abom-
inable.
nefarie, adv. [nefarius], im-
piously.
nefarius, -a, -um [nefas], im-
pious, abominable, nefarious,
wicked, infamous. Cat., I, 10.
neglegenter, adv., carelessly.
neglego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum
[nee + lego], tr., disregard,
neglect, ignore, treat lightly.
nego, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and
intr., say no, deny; refuse;
say . . . not. ,
negotior, -ari, -atus sum [nego-
tium], dep., do business, trade.
negdtium, -i, N. [nee + otium],
business, affairs; task, trouble;
matter.
nemo, dat. nemini, ace. nemi-
nem, gen. and abl. from
nuUus, M. [ne + homo], no
one, nobody.
nepos, -Otis, M., grandson;
spendthrift. Cat., II, 4.
nequam, indecl. adj., worthless,
vile.
neque (before vowels or cons.),
nee (before cons.), conj., and
not, nor; neque (nee) . . .
neque (nee), neither . . . nor.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
467
nequior, comp. of nequam.
nequitia, -ae, F. [nequam],
worthlessness ; neglect, negli-
gence, remissness, indecision.
nervus, -i, M., nerve, sinew;
force, strength.
nescio, -ire, -ivi (ii), — [ne +
scio], tr., not know, he ignorant.
nescio quis, nescio quid, (I
know not who), some one, (I
know not what), something.
neve, or neu, conj. [ne + -ve],
and that not, and not.
nex, necis, F., violent death,
murder.
nihil, indecl. noun, or nihilum,
-i, N., nothing; ace. as adv.,
not at all; nihil-dum, nothing
as yet.
nimis, adv., too, too much.
nimium, adv., too.
nimius, -a, -um [nimis], exces-
sive, too much, too great; as a
noun, too much, Cat., Ill, 9.
nisi, conj., if not, unless, except,
hut.
niteo, -ere, -ui, — , shine, glisten.
nitidus, -a, -um [niteo], shining;
sleek.
nix, nivis, F., snow.
nobilis, -e [nosco], well-known,
famous, nohle, of high rank.
nobilitas, -tatis, F. [nobilis],
fame, renown; high hirth,
nobility.
nocens, -entis, adj. [noceo],
guilty; as noun, guilty man,
criminal.
noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr.,
harm, injure.
nocturnus, -a, -um [nox], hy
night, at night, nightly, noc-
turnal.
nolo, nolle, nolui, — [non +
volo] (App. 48), irr., he un-
willing, not wish.
nomen, -inis, N., name.
nominatim, adv. [nomino], hy
name, expressly.
nomino, -are, -avi, -atum [no-
men], tr,, name, call (by
name).
n5n, adv., not.
Nonae, arum, F., the Nones.
nondum, adv. [non + dum],
not yet.
nonne, interrog. adv., expecting
affirmative answer, not.
nonnuUus, -a, -um [non-h
nullus], (not none), some;
pi. as noun, some.
nonnumquam, «dv. [non +
numquam], sometimes.
nos, gen. nostrum or nostrl,
pers. pron., we; see ego.
nosco, -ere, novi, notum, tr.,
learn; perf., know.
noster, -tra, -trum, poss. pron.,
our, of us; sometimes =
mens, rny.
nota, -ae, F., mark, sign, brand.
noto, -are, -avi, -atum [nota],
tr., mark, hrand, single out.
notus, -a, -um [nosco], knowriy
well-known.
novem, adj., indecl., nine.
November, -bris, -bre [novem],
of November.
novus, -a, -um, new, unusual;
novae res, pi., change of gov-
ernment, revolution.
nox, noctis, F., night.
468
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
nudius tertius [nunc dies tertius
est], day before yesterday.
nudus, -a, -um, naked, hare,
vacant.
nuUus, -a, -um [neg. of ullus],
(App. 13), not any, no, none,
no one.
num, interrog. particle ; in a
dir. question implies a neg.
answer, but has no equiva-
lent English word ; in an
indlr. question, whether.
Numantia, -ae, F., Numantia, a
city of Spain.
numen, -inis, N. [nuo, nod],
command, will, divine will,
authority.
numerus, -i, M., number.
numquam, adv. [ne + um-
quam], never.
nunc, adv., now.
nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
report, announce.
nuntius, -i, M., messenger; mes-
sage, order.
nuper, adv., recently.
nuptiae, -arum, F. [nubo, marry],
marriage, wedding.
nusquam, adv., nowhere.
nutus, -us, M. [nuo, nod], nod,
command, order, will.
O
O, inter j., 0! oh! alas!
ob, prep. w. ace, on account of,
for; as prefix, towards, against,
in front of.
obeo, -ire, -IT, -itum [eo], tr.,
and intr., go to meet, attend to;
reach. Cat., Ill, 10 ; accomplish,
commit, transact, P 12. 17.
obicio, -icere, -ieci, -lectum
[iacio], tr., throw before, ex-
pose.
oblecto, -are, -avi, -atum [lacto,
allure], tr., delight, entertain.
oblige, -are, -avi, -atum [ligo,
bind], tr., bind up; pledge^
mortgage, place under obliga-
tion.
oblino, -linere, -levi, -litum
[lin5], smear over, cover.
oblitus, -a, -um, part, of oblinS.
oblitus, -a, -um, part, of oblivis-
cor, forgetting, forgetful.
oblivio, -onis, F. [obliviscor], a
forgetting, oblivion.
obliviscor, -i, oblitus sum, dep.,
forget.
oboedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [ob -f-
audio], intr., listen to, give
heed to, obey.
obrepo, -repere, -repsi, -rep-
tum [repo], creep up, steal on,
come on.
obruo, -ruere, -rui, -rutum [ruo],
tr., overwhelm, bury.
obscure, adv. [obscurus], darkly,
obscurely, stealthily.
obscuro, -are, -avi, -atum [ob-
scurus], tr., hide, conceal, ob'
scure, veil, keep secret, Ar.
11.
obscurus, -a, -um, dark, ob-
scure, concealed, unknown,
secret; neut. as noun, ob-
scurity.
obsecro, -are, -avi, -atum [sacro,
tr., entreat, implore.
obsecundo, -are, -avi, -atum
[secundo], intr., yield to, favor,
comply with.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
469
obses, -sidis, M. or F., hostage;
'pledge.
obsideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum
[sedeo],tr., (sit down against),
besiege, hem in, surround,
Cat., I, 2 ; waich for, Cat., I,
10.
obsidio, -onis, F. [obsideo],
siege, invasion. Cat., IV, 10.
obsisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum
[sisto], intr., stand in the way,
oppose, resist, withstand.
obsolesco, -ere, obsolevi, ob-
soletum [olesco], intr., be out
of date, become obsolete, lose
force, P. 17.
obsto, -stare, -stiti, — [sto],
intr., stand before, thwart,
hinder, check.
obstupefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac-
tum, pass, fio, -fieri, -factus
sum, tr., astound, daze, over-
power.
obstupesco, -ere, obstupui, —
[stupesco], intr., be stunned,
be amazed, be astounded.
obsum, -esse, -fui, — [sum],
intr., be against, injure, harm.
obtempero, -are, -avi, -atum
[tempero], submit, obey; com-
ply with, P. 16 ; consult, P.
19.
obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum
[teneo], tr., hold, possess;
maintain, retain, prove. Cat.,
IV, 6.
obtingo, -tingere, -tigi, —
[tango], intr., fall to the lot of,
befall, happen.
obtrecto, -are, -avi, -atum
[tracto], tr. and intr., make
objection to, be opposed to,
decry.
occasio, -onis, F. [occido], oppor^
tunity.
occasus, -us, M. [occido], a fall-
ing, downfall; setting.
occidens, -entis, M. [occido]
(sc. sol), the sunset, the west.
occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum
[ob + caedo], tr., kill, slay,
occludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clu-
sum [ob + claud5], tr., shut
up, close.
occulte, adv. [occultus], secretly.
occulto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
conceal, hide.
occultus, -a, -um [occulo, cover],
secret.
occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
seize, take possession of, oc-
cupy; invest, P. 2.
occurro, -currere, -curri, -cur-
sum [ob + curro], intr., run
to meet, meet; encounter, op-
pose.
Oceanus, -i, M., the ocean.
Octavius, -i, M., Octavius, a
gentile name; 1. Cn. Octa-
vius, consul 87 B.C. ; 2. L.
Octavius, consul 75 B.C.
octingentesimus, -a, -um, eight
hundredth.
oculus, -i, M., eye.
odi, odisse, def. vb. (App. 50),
hate; perf. system w. mean-
ings of pres. system.
odiosus, -a, -um [odium], hate-
ful, odious.
odium, -i, N. [odi], hatred.
odor, -oris, M., smell, odor, per-
fume.
470
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
offensio, -onis, F. [ofifendo], (a
striking against), disaster,
reverse, loss.
ofiEensus, -a, -um [ofifendo],
odious, detested, offensive, an
object of offense.
ofifero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum
[ob + fero], tr., present, offer;
expose, give.
officium, -i, N. [opus, facio], ser-
vice, kindness, duty.
olim, adv., formerly, long ago,
Ar. 9.
omen, -inis, N., omen.
omitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum
[ob + mitto], tr., let go; pass
over, disregard, say nothing
of, omit, abandon, P. 7 ; set
aside, P. 17.
omnino, adv. [omnis], altogether,
entirely; w. neg., at all.
omnis, -e, all, every, the whole,
the whole of.
onus, -eris, N., load, burden;
cargo.
opera, -ae, F. [opus], service,
work, assistance, effort; occu-
pation; see pretium ; operam
dare, take pains, use influence.
Opimius, -i, M., Opimus, a
gentile name ; L. Opimius,
consul 121 B.C.
opimus, -a, -um, fat; rich.
opinio, -onis, F. [opinor], opin-
ion, notion, idea, impression;
expectation.
opinor, -ari, -atus sum, dep.,
think, suppose, imagine.
opitulor, -ari, -atus sum [ops,
fero], dep., bear aid, help.
oportet, oportere, oportuit, im-
pers. (App. 52), it is neces-
sary, it ought.
oppeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitum
[ob + peto], tr., meet, en-
counter.
oppidum, -i, N., town.
oppono, -ponere, -posui, -pos-
itum [ob + pono], tr., set
before, oppose, place in com-
parison.
opportiinitas, -tatis, F. [oppor-
tunus], opportunity,, fortunate
circumstance, P. 17.
opportunus, -a, -um [ob, portus],
suitable, advantageous.
opprimo, -primere, -pressi,
-pressum [ob + premo], tr.,
(press against), crush, over-
whelm, oppress, burden, weigh
down, check. Cat., I, 13 ; de-
stroy, P. 12.
oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum [ob
+ pugno], tr., fight against,
attack, assault.
ops, opis, F. (nom. and dat.
sing, not used), help; pi.,
resources, power, influence.
optimas, -atis, adj. [optimus],
of the best, pi. optimates,
-ium, M., the optimates (op-
ti-ma'tez), the nobles, the aris-
tocracy.
optime, adv., sup. of bene.
optimus, see bonus.
opto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
choose, wish, desire, hope for.
opulentia, -ae [opulens], riches,
opulence, prosperity.
opus, -eris, N., work; nom. and
ace. in phrases w. sum, need;
opus est, there is need, it is
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
471
necessary; magno opere,
greatly, thoroughly.
ora, -ae, F., coast, shore; dis-
trict.
oratio, -onis, F. [oro], speech,
address, oration, words, lan-
guage; argument.
orbis, orbis, M., circle; orbis
terrae (or terrarum), (circle
of land, i.e. around the Medi-
terranean), the earth, the
whole world.
ordo, -inis, M., line, row; rank,
class, order, body (referring es-
pecially to the Senate or the
equites).
orior, -iri, ortus sum, dep.,
rise, spring; oriens, -entis,
as noun, the rising (sun), the
east.
ornamentum, -i, N. [orno],
equipment; -decoration, orna-
ment, distinction; grace, glory,
P. 17.
ornate, adv. [ornatus], grace-
fully, elegantly.
ornatus, -a, -um [orno], fur-
nished, equipped, adorned,
honored, possessed of, pro-
vided with; honorable, P. 1 ;
substantial, P. 6.
orno, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.. Jit
out, furnish, equip; honor,
adorn, embellish, add lustre to.
oro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., speak,
beseech, implore, beg.
ortus, -us, M. [orior], a rising;
solis ortus, the east.
OS, oris, N., mouth, face, coun-
tenance.
ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten-
tum [ob + tendo], tr., stretch
out, show, make evident, Ar. 7.
display.
ostento, -are, -avi, -atum [freq.
of ostendo], tr., show, dis"
play.
Ostiensis, -e, of Ostia, the port
of Rome, at the mouth of the
Tiber,
ostium, -i, N. [6s], mouth, er\r-
trance.
otiosus, -a, -um [otium], at
leisure, at peace, peaceful^
peaceable, unconcerned, tran^
quit, quiet.
otium, -i, N., leisure, ease, idle^
ness; quiet, peace.
P., see Publius.
pacatus, -a, -um [paco], sm6-
dued, peaceful.
paciscor, -i, pactus sum, dep.,
agree, agree upon, stipulate,
paco, -are, -avi, -atum [pax],
tr., make peaceful, subdue.
pacify.
pactum, -i, N. [paciscor], (agree-
ment), manner, way.
paene, adv., almost.
paenitet, -ere, -uit, impers., it
repents.
palam, adv., openly, plainly.
Palatium, -i, N., the Palatine
Hill.
Pamphylia, -ae, F., Pamphylia,
a country in southern Asia
Minor.
Papius, -a, -um, of Papius,
Papian.
par, paris (abl. pari, gen. pi.
472
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
parium), adj., equal, like;
adequate; a match (for).
paratus, -a, -um [paro], ready,
prepared, equipped.
parco, -ere, peperci (parsi)
parsum, intr., spare, he con-
siderate of.
parens, -entis, M. or F. [pario],
parent; father, mother.
pareo, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr.,
obey, submit (to), follow, bow
(to), P. 22.
paries, parietis, M., wall (of a
house), house wall.
pario, parere, peperi, partum
(fut. part, pariturus), tr.,
bring forth, produce, create,
form; procure, win, gain;
incur. Cat., I, 12.
paro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
make ready, prepare, provide,
procure.
parricida, -ae, M. [pater, caedo],
(one who slays his father),
parricide, murderer, assassin.
parricidium, -i, N. [parricida],
parricide, murder.
pars, partis, F., part, side,
direction; party, faction;
measure, P. 9.
particeps, participis, adj. [pars,
capio], sharing, as noun,
sharer, partaker, participant,
accomplice.
partim, adv., partly; partim
. . . partim, partly . . .
partly; some . . . others;
either . . . or.
partus, -a, -um, see pario.
parum, adv. (App. 20), but
little^ too little.
parvulus, -a, -um [dim. of par-
vus], very small, little.
parvus, -a, -um, small, slight^
little, narrow.
pastio, -onis, F. [pasco], pas-^
turing, grazing, pasturage.
pastor, -oris, M. [pasco],
shepherd, herdsman.
patefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum
[pateo + facio], tr., lay open^
open, reveal, disclose, relate,
make known.
pateo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., he
open, be exposed, be manifest.
pater, patris, M., father; pater
familias, head of a household.
patientia, -ae, F. [patiens],
patience, forbearance, endur-
ance, ability to bear, Cat., I,
10.
patior, pati, passus sum, dep.,
suffer, endure; allow, permit.
patria, -ae, F., fatherland, native
land, country.
patricius, -a, -um [pater], pa-
trician; pi. as noun, the
patricians.
patrimonium, -i, N. [pater],
inheritance (from a father),
patrimony.
patrius, -a, -um [pater], of
one's father, ancestral.
pauci, -ae, -a, few; pauca,
-drum, a few things, a few
words, briefly.
paulatim, adv., little by little j
gradually.
paulisper, adv. [paulum], for a
short time.
paulo, adv. [paulus, little], by a
little, a little; see ante.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
473
paulum, adv. [paulus], a little,
somewhat.
Paulus, -i, M., Paulus, a family
name ; L. Aemilius Paulus,
consul 168 B.C.
pax, pads, F., peace, harmony,
concord.
pecto, -ere, pexi, pexum, tr.,
comb.
pecuaria, -ae, F. [pecu], cattle-
raising.
pecunia, -ae, F. [pecu, cattle],
property/, wealth, riches, for-
tune, capital, money.
pecus, -udis, F., a head of
cattle, beast; pL, cattle.
pedester, -tris, -tre [pes], on
foot, of foot soldiers.
pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, tr.,
beat, drive, rout; defeat; expel,
banish.
Penates, -ium, M., the Penates
(pe-na'tez), gods of the house-
hold.
penetro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.
and intr., enter, penetrate.
penitus, adv., inwardly, deeply,
wholly.
pensito, -are, -avi, -atum
[pendo], tr., weigh out; pay.
per, prep. w. aec, through, by;
for; owing to, P. 1 ; during;
as prefix, through, thoroughly,
very.
peradulescens, -entis, adj., very
young.
perbrevis, -e [brevis], very short.
percello, -ere, -culi, -culsimi,
strike, down, cast down, dis-
hearten.
percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum
[capio], tr., (take fully), rg-
ceive, reap; perceive, hear^
learn, appreciate, Ar. 7.
percutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cus-
sum [quatio], tr., strike.
perditus, -a, -um [perdo], lost^
ruined, desperate; corrupt,
criminal, depraved, wortnless,
profligate; as noun, scoundrel.
perdo, -ere, perdidi, perditum
[do], tr., ruin.
perduco, -ducere, -diixi, -duc-
tum [duco], tr., lead through,
bring.
peregrinor, -ari, -atus sum
[peregrinus], dep., go abroad,
travel.
peregrinus, -a, -um [per, ager],
foreign, strange, provincial.
pereo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr.,
perish, die.
perfectus, -a, -um [perficio],
finished; perfect, ideal.
perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum
[fero], tr., (bear through),
carry, bring; report; suffer,
endure, tolerate.
perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum
[facio], tr., do thoroughly, ac-
complish, complete, bring about,
cause.
perfringo, -fringere, -fregi,
-fractum [frango], tr., break
through, break down; violate.
perfruor, -frui, -friictus sum
[fruor], dep., enjoy fidly.
perfugium, -i, N. [perfugio],
place of refuge, refuge, shelter.
pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectum
[per + rego], intr., proceed,
go on; continue.
474
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
perhorresco, -ere, perhorrui, —
[horresco], tr., shudder at,
tremble at the thought of,
Cat., IV, 6.
periclitor, -ari, -atus sum [peri-
culum], dep., try, test; imperil,
endanger, risk.
periculosus, -a, -um ^pericu-
lum], dangerous, perilous.
periculum, -i, N., trial; danger,
peril, risk; lawsuit.
periniquus, -a, -um [per + in
+ aequus], very (or most)
unjust.
peritus, -a, -um, skillful, skilled,
experienced (in).
permagnus, -a, -um, very great,
very large.
permaneo, -manere, -mansi,
-mansum [maneo], intr., re-
main.
permitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis-
sum [mitto], tr., let go, give
up, surrender, intrust; permit.
permodestus, -a, -um [modes-
tus], very modest.
permove5, -movere, -movi, -mo-
tum [moveo], tr., mo^^e deeply;
influence, impel, actvate.
permulti, -ae, -a, very many, in
great numbers.
permultum, adv. [permultus],
very much.
pernicies, -ei, F., destruction^
ruin, disaster, calamity.
perniciosus, -a, -um [pernicies],
destructive, ruinoui' danger-
ous, traitorous.
pernocto, -are, -avi, -atum [nox],
intr., spend the night.
perpetuus, -a, -um [peto], con-
tinuous, perpetual, permanent^
lasting; in perpetuum, /orever.
persaepe, adv. [saepe], very
often, many times.
perscribo, -scribere, -scrips!,
-scriptum [scribo], tr., write
•^ut, write in full.
persequor, -sequi, -secutus sum
[sequor], dep., follow up, pur-
sue, prosecute, revenge, avenge^
P. 5.
Perses, -ae, M. (App. 11),
Perses, king of Macedonia.
perseverantia, -ae, F. [perse^
vero], perseverance.
persona, -ae, F. [per, sono],
(mask), character, person.
perspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec-
tum [specie J, tr., see through^
perceive, observe, see clearly.
persuadeo, -suadere, -suad,
suasum., intr., persuade, con-
vince.
perterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum
[terreo], tr., frighten thor-
oughly, terrify.
pertimesco, -timescere, -timui,
— [timesco], tr. and intr., be
thoroughly frightened, become
alar7ned; dread, fear.
pertineo, -ere, -ui, — [teneo],
intr., extend, reach, tend; con-
cern, pertain, belong, relate.
perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.
[turbo], throw into confusion^
disturb, aqitafe. alarm.
pervado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum
[vado], tr., go through, spread
through, penetrate, reach, per-
vade, fill.
pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ver»-
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
475
turn [venio], intr., arrive, come,
reach, attain.
pes, pedis, M.., foot.
pestis, pestis, F., plague; ruin,
destruction; pest, curse, bane.
petitio, -onis, F. [peto], thrust,
blow, attack.
peto, -ere, petivi, petitum, tr.,
seek, ask, beg; aim at, attack.
petulantia, -ae, F. [petulans],
impudence, wantonness.
Philippus, -i, M., Philippus,
Philip; especially Philip V.,
king of Macedonia ; L. Philip-
pus, consul 91 B.C.
philosophus, -i, M., philoso-
pher.
Picenus, -a, -um, of Pice'num,
a district northeast of Rome,
pietas, -tatis, F. [plus], devotion,
piety, righteousness; filial
affection.
pila, -ae, F. ball, ball-playing,
game of ball.
pinguis, -e, fat, dull, stupid.
Pius, -i, M., Pius, a surname,
placeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr.,
please; impers., it pleases, it
is agreed, it seems right, it is
thought best.
placo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
appease, satisfy, reconcile,
pacify.
plane, adv. [planus, level],
plainly, clearly.
plebs, plebis or plebi (or plebes,
-ei), F., the common people,
the people.
plenus, -a, -um, full.
plerique, -aeque, -aque, pi.
adj., very many, most.
Plotius, -1, M. Plotius, a gentile
name ; L. Plotius Gallus, a
rhetorician.
plurimus, -a, um, sup. of mul-
tus, most; plurimum, adv.
(multum), most, plurimum
posse, be most (or very)
powerful.
plus, comp. adj. and adv.
[multus], (App. 17), more;
pi., more, many.
poena, -ae, F., punishment^
penalty.
Poenus, -i, M., a Phoenician, a
Carthaginian.
poeta, -ae, M., poet.
poUo, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr.,
polish, finish.
polliceor, -eri, pollicitus sum
[pro + liceor], dep., promise,
pledge.
Pompeius (Pompei, Pompeio,
Pompeium), Pompey, a
nomen or gentile name ; Cn.
Pompeius Magnus, the fa-
mous general.
Pomptinus, -I, M., Pompti'nus,
a family name ; C. Pompti-
nus, praetor 63 b.c.
pono, ponere, posui, positum,
tr., place, put, set; w. castra,
pitch.
pons, pontis, ISI., bridge.
pontifex, -ficis, M. [p5ns, facio],
priest, pontiff; pontifex maxi-
mus, high priest.
Pontus, -i, M., Pontus, a
country of Asia Minor, south
of the Pontus Euxinus (Black
Sea) , from which the name is
derived.
476
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
popina, -ae, F., cookshop, eat-
ing house, tavern.
popularis, -e [populus], popular,
of the people, devoted to the
people, acceptable to the peo-
ple.
populus, -i, M., people, nation ;
the citizens (opp. milites).
porta, -ae, F., gate.
portus, -us, M., harbor, port.
posco, -ere, poposci, , tr.,
demand.
positus, -a, -um [pono], placed,
situated, lying.
possessio, -onis, F. [possideo],
possessio7i, property.
possum, posse, potui [potis,
able + sum], (App. 44), irr.,
be able, can; usually w. a
complementary inf.
post, prep. w. ace, after, be-
hind; within; as adv., after-
wards.
postea, adv. [post + ea], after-
wards.
posteaquam, conj., after.
posteritas, -tatis [posterus], the
future; posterity.
posterus, -a, -um [post] (App.
19), following; pi. as noun,
posterity, descendants; in
posterum (tempus), for the
future.
posthac, adv. [hac], after this,
hereafter.
postquam, conj. [post + quam],
after.
postremo, adv. [postremus],
finally, lastly.
postremus, -a, -um [posterus],
last.
postulatum, -i, N. [postulo], a
demand.
postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
ask, demand, claim (with
reasons of right) ; request.
potens, potentis, adj., power-
ful.
potestas, -tatis, F. [potis],
power, opportunity, permis-
sion.
potior, -iri, -itus sum, dep., get
possession of, secure, become
master of.
potissimum [sup. of potius],
especially, above all, in prefer-
ence to all others, P. 10.
potius, adv. comp., rather^
more.
prae, prep. w. abl., before, in
front of; in comparison withy
Cat, II, 3; as prefix, before^
over.
praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [prae
+ habeo], tr., hold forth, offer y
render, show. Cat, IV, 6;
afford, furnish, Ar. 7.
praeceps, -cipitis, adj. [prae +
caput], (headforemost), rash,
inconsiderate.
praeceptum, -i, N. [praecipio],
precept, ride.
praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep-
tum [capio], take beforehand^
advise, warn, direct.
praecipue, adv. [praecipuus],
especially.
praecipuus, -a, -um [capio],
(taken first), special, par-
ticular.
praeclarus, -a, -um [clarus],
very bright, illustrious, re-
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
477
markdhle, extraordinary; fine,
Cat.,1, 11; noble, honorable.
praeco, -onis, M. [prae, voco],
herald, eulogizer.
praeconium, -i, N. [praeco],
proclaiming, 'publishing.
pjfaecurro, -currere, -cucurri, —
[curro], intr., run before, excel.
praeda, -ae, F., -plunder, booty.
praedator, -oris, M. [praedor],
robber.
praedicatio, -onis, F. [praedico],
proclamation, praise.
praedico, -are, -avi, -atum [dico],
tr. and intr., declare, assert;
proclaim, say, call, inention.
praedico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum
[dico], iv., foretell, predict, say
first, Cat, IV, 3.
praeditus, -a, -um [prae +datus],
gifted, endowed, possessing, en-
joying.
praedium, -i, N., a farm, estate.
praedo, -onis, M., robber, pi-
rate.
praefectura, -ae, F. [praefectus],
prefecture, either the office of
governor in a province, or a
city governed by a prefect.
praefero, -ferre, -tuli, latum
[fero], tr., bear before, carry
before; offer, present; prefer.
praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum
[facio], tr., set over, put in
charge (of).
praemitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis-
sum [mitto], tr., send ahead,
send in advance.
praemium, -i, N. [prae 4- emo],
reward, gift.
Praeneste, -is, N., Praeneste
(pre-nes'te), a town in Latium
now Palestrina.
praepono, -ponere, -posui, -posi-
tum [pono], tr., set over, put
in charge {command) of.
praescribo, -scribere, -scripsi,
-scriptum [scribo], tr., direct^
enjoin upon, prescribe.
praesens, -entis, adj. [praesum],
at hand, present in one^s
midst, in person, evident^
opportune.
praesentia, -ae, F. [praesens],
presence; the present time;
in praesentia, at the present
time.
praesentio, -sentire, -sensi, sen-
sum [sentio], tr., see in ad-
vance, anticipate, look forward,
praesertim, adv., especially.
praesideo, -sidere, -sedi, —
[sedeo], intr., guard, protect^
watch over, preside over.
praesidium, -i, N. [praesideo],
defense, protection; guards
garrison ; force.
1. praesto, adv., at hand, ready.
2. praesto, -stare, -stiti, -sti-
tum [sto], stand before, excel;
guarantee, do, accomplish ,
keep.
praestolor, -ari, -atus sum, dep.,
await, wait for, expect.
praesum, -esse, -fui, intr., be
at the head of, be in command
of.
praeter, prep. w. ace, except^
besides, contrary to, beyond;
as prefix, by.
praeterea, adv. [ea], besides,
moreover.
478
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
praetereo, -Ire, -ii, -itum [eo],
tr., go by, pass over, omit.
praeteritus, -a, -um [praetereo],
gone hy, past; neut. pi., the
past.
praetermitto, -mittere, -misi,
-missum [mitto], tr., let go hy,
omit, pass over, overlook.
praeterquam, adv., except, be-
yond.
praetextatus, -a, -um [praetexo],
wearing the toga praetexta, in
childhood.
praetextus, -a, -um [praetexo],
bordered; praetexta (sc. toga),
the purple-bordered toga
worn by Roman boys and
magistrates ; in praetexta, in
boyhood.
praetor, -oris, M. [prae + eo],
(one who goes ahead, com-
mander), praetor, a Roman
judge; see Introd. 34.
praetorius, -a, -um [praetor],
of a praetor, of a general;
cohors praetoria, body guard.
praetura, -ae, F. [praetor],
praetorship.
precor, -ari, -atus sum [prex,
prayer], dep., intreat, pray
to, invoke.
prem5, -ere, pressi, pressum,
tr., press, burden, oppress,
distress, overwhelm.
pretium, -i, N., worth, value,
price; bribery; operae pre-
tium, worth while.
pridem, adv., long ago; iam
pridem, long ago, for a long
time.
pridie, adv., ihe day before.
primo, adv. [primus], ai firsts
first.
primum, adv. [primus], firsts
in the first place; for the first
time; quam primum, as soon
as possible.
primus, -a, -um, first; in primis,
especially.
princeps, principis, adj., first in
order, chief; as noun, chiefy
chief man, prince; leader ^
guide.
principio, adv. [abl. of princi-
pium], in the first place, first
of all.
principium, -i, N. [princeps],
beginning.
prior, prius (App. 19), former,
preceding, first; prius, ace. as
adv., before, first.
pristinus, -a, -um, former, early,
priusquam, conj. [prius +
quam], before; often written
prius . . . quam.
privatus, -a, -um [privo], (apart
from the state), personal^
private, individual; as a noun,
private citizen (opp. magis-
tratus).
privo, -are, -avi, -atum [privus],
tr., deprive.
1. pro, prep. w. abl., before, in
front of, instead of, as, accord-
ing to, in accordance with, in
behalf of, for, in defense of,
on account of.
2. pro, inter j., 0!
proavus, -i, M. [avus], great'
grandfather, ancestor.
probo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
prove, approve, esteem^ admire.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
479
procedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces-
sum [cedo], intr., advance,
proceed.
procella, -ae, F,, violent wind,
storm, tempest.
processio, -onis, F. [procedo],
advance.
procul,.adv., afar off, at a dis-
tance, far.
procuratio, -onis, F. [procure],
(a caring for), charge, manage-
ment, task.
prodigium, -i, N., (prophetic
sign), prodigy (of wicked-
ness). Cat., II, 1.
prodigus, -a, -um, wasteful;
lavish, prodigal; as noun,
spendthrift.
prodo, -ere, prodidi, proditum
[do], tr., give forth; hand
down, transmit.
proelium, -i, N., battle.
profectio, -onis, F. [proficiscor],
departure.
profecto, adv. [pro + facto], (for
a fact), really, actually, cer-
tainly, surely, truly.
profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum
[fero], tr., bring forth, pro-
duce, bring forward.
professio, -onis, F. [profiteer],
declnnition, registration, Ar. 4.
proficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum
[facio], tr. and intr., make
progress, succeed; accomplish,
gain.
proficiscor, -i, profectus sum
[proficio], dep., set out, depart,
go forth, go ; begin, proceed,
P. 2.
profiteer, -fiteri, -fessus sum
[fateor], dep., declare publicly^
profess, make declaration,
register; offer, promise.
profligatus, -a, -um [profiigo],
abandoned, unprincipled, pro-
fligate.
profiigo, -are, -avi, -atum
[pro + fligo], tr,, strike down^
overthrow, overwhelm.
profugio, -fugere, -fugi, — ,
intr., flee.
profundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fii-
sum [fundo], tr., pour out,
squander, dissipate.
progredior, -gredi, -gressus sum
[gradior], dep., go forward,
advance, proceed.
prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [pro -{-
habeo], tr., hold back, check,
restrain, cut off, prevent, pro-
tect, preserve.
proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum
[iaci5], tr., cast forth, cast out,
throw away.
proinde, adv., therefore.
prolato, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
extend, put off, delay.
promitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis-
sum, tr., send forth, promise.
promulgo, -are, -avi, -atum
[mulgo], tr., bring forward,
propose (a law).
propago, -are, -avi, -atum
[pango], tr., extend, prolong;
add. Cat., II, 5 ; grant, Cat.,
Ill, 11.
prope, prep. w. ace., near;
adv., near, nearly, almost.
propello, -pellere, -puli, -pul-
sum [pello], tr., drive forward,
drive away.
480
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
propero, -are, -avi, -atum [pro-
perus], intr., hasten.
propono, -ponere, -posui, -posi-
tum [pono], tr., put forth, set
before, keep before, propose.
proprius, -a, -um, one's own,
special, peculiar, characteris-
tic; in accordance with.
propter, prep. w. ace, on
account of; adv., near^ near at
hand.
propterea, adv., [ea], for this
reason; propterea quod, for
the reason that.
propugnaculum, -i, N. [pro-
pugno], defense, fortification,
bulwark.
propulso, -are, -avi, -atum [freq.
of propello], tr., drive back,
ward off.
proscriptio, -onis, F. [proscribo],
(public notice of sale) ; pro-
scription; confiscation, seiz-
ure.
prosequor, -sequi, -secutus sum
[sequor], dep., follow, accom-
pany, escort, attend.
prosperus, -a, -um [pro, spes],
prosperous, flourishing.
prospicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec-
turn [specio], tr. and intr.,
look forward; look out for,
provide for, foresee.
prosterno, -sternere, -stravi,
-stratum [sterno], tr., spread
out, prostrate; subdue.
prostratus, -a, -um [prosternus],
prostrate; subdued.
prosum, prodesse, profui, — ,
[sum], intr., be useful^ bene-
fit.
proverbium, -i, N. [verbum],
old saying, proverb.
providentia, -ae, F. [providens],
foresight, prudence.
provide©, -videre, -vidi, -visum
[video], tr. and intr., foresee;
provide (for). Cat., II, 9;
take care, arrange; guard
against.
provincia, -ae, F., province.
provincialis, -e [provincia], pro-
vincial, in a province.
provoco, -are, -avi, -atum [voco],
tr., call forth; provoke, incite.
proximus,-a, -um [prope,] (App.
19), nearest, next, last, before.
prudens, -entis, adj., foreseeing ^
wise, prudent.
prudentia, -ae, F. [prudens],
a foreseeing; prudence, wis-
dom.
pruina, -ae, F., frost.
publicanus, -i, M. [publicus],
publican, farmer or collector
of revenue.
publicatio, -onis, F. [publico],
confiscation (seizure of private
property for the state).
publice, adv. [publicus], pub-
licly, by the people.
Publicius, -i, M., Publicius, a
gentile name.
publico, -are, -avi, -atum [pub-
licus], tr., (make public),
confiscate.
publicus, -a, -um [populus], of
the people, of the state, public;
res publica, state, republic,
commonwealth, affairs of state^
interests of the country, public
welfare.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
481
Publius, -i, M., Puhlius, a
praenomen or personal name.
pudet, -ere, -uit, impers. [pudor]
it shames, it causes shame in.
pudicitia, -ae, F. [pudicusj,
'purity, chastity.
pudor, -oris, M., shame, a sense
of right, honor, modesty, modest
worth, Ar. 12.
puer, -eri, M., hoy.
puerilis, -e [puer], of a hoy, of
hoyhood.
pueritia, -ae, F. [puer], hoy-
hood.
pugna, -ae, F., fight, battle.
pugno, -are, -avi, -atum [pugna],
intr., fight, contend.
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beauti-
ful, fair; noble, honorable.
pulvinar, -aris, N. [pulvinus, a
cushion], (cushioned seat
spread at a feast of the gods),
altar, shrine; for decl. see
App. 7.
punctum, -1, N. [pungo], punc-
ture, point; punctum tem-
poris, moment, point of time.
Punicus, -a, -um [Poenus],
Punic, Carthaginian.
punio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [poena],
tr., punish.
puppis, -is, F., stern.
purgo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
make clean, cleanse^ purify;
free, acquit.
purpura, -ae, F., purple, purple
robe.
purpuratus, -a, -um [purpura],
clad in purple; as noun,
courtier, prime minister.
piirus, -a, -um, clean, pure.
puto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
reckon, think, suppose.
Q., see Quintus.
qua, adv. [qui], by which way^
where.
quaero, -ere, -quaesivi, -quaesi-
tum, tr., ask, ask for, seek, in-
quire; aim at.
quaesitor, -oris, M. [quaero],
investigator, investigating offi-
cer.
quaeso, -ere, — , — , tr. and
intr., beg, entreat, beseech;
generally parenthetical, as in
Cat., I, n.
quaestio, -onis, F. [quaero], in-
quiry, investigation ; trial, lav>
court.
quaestor, -oris, M. [quaero],
quaestor ; see Introd. 36.
quaestus, -us, M. [quaero], gaiUf
profit, business; in quaestu,
at interest, P. 13.
qualis, -e, adj., interrog., of
what sort, what; rel., such as,
as.
quam, adv. and conj., how, as;
w. comparatives, than, rather
than; w. superlatives, as . . ,
as.
quamdiu, conj. adv. [quam +
diu], as long as.
quam ob rem, interrog. phrase,
for what reason f why ? rel.,
wherefore, why, for this reason.
quamquam, conj., although; in
transitions, and yet.
quamvis, adv., however.
quando, adv., at any time, ever.
482
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
some day; conj., when, since,
because.
quantum, adv., how much; as
far as.
quantus, -a, -um, how great,
how much, what; as great as,
as much as; correl. w. tantus,
as.
quantuscumque, -tacumque,
-tumcumque, rel. adj., however
(,reat, such as.
quapropter, adv. [qua + prop-
ter], wherefore.
quare, adv. [qua + re], where-
fore, why, for which; there-
fore, and therefore.
quartus, -a, -um, fourth.
quasi, adv., as if, as it were.
quattuor, indecl. adj., /owr.
-que, enclitic conj., and.
quem ad modum, interrog.
phrase [modus], in what man-
ner, how, as.
querela, -ae, F. [queror], com-
plaint.
querimonia, -ae, F. [queror],
complaint, accusation, re-
proach.
queror, queri, questus sum, dep.,
complain.
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who,
which, that; as.
quia, conj., because.
quicquam, see quisquam.
quicquid, see qi'^isquis.
quicumque, quuecumque, quod-
cumque, indef. rel. pron. and
adj., whoever, whatever.
quidam, quaedam, quoddam
(quiddam), indef. pron. and
adj., a certain, a kind of, some;
as it were; pi., certain^
some,
quidem, adv., indeed, to be sure;
ne . . . quidem, not even.
quies, quietis, F., rest, quiet.
quiesco, -ere, quievi, quietum
[quies], intr., rest; keep quiet,
be still.
quietus, -a, -um [quiesco], un-
disturbed, quiet, peaceful.
quin, conj. [qui + ne, how not],
why not f but indeed; so that
. . . not, that, but that, but;
after words of hindering, /rom,
w. verbal in -ing; quin etiam,
why even, moreover.
quintus, -a, -um [quinque], fifth.
Quintus, -i, M., Quintus, a
praenomen or personal name.
Quirites, -ium, M. pi., Quirites
(kwi-ri'tez), fellow citizens.
1. quis, quid, interrog. pron.
(App. 26), who? which?
what f as adj., qui, quae, quod,
which? what? as adv., quid,
why? quid is often used in
exclamation and transition,
what of this, ivhat of the fact,
again, but mark this.
2. quis, quid, indef. pron. (App.
27), any one, anything , some,
any; as adj., qui, quae, quod,
any; used chiefly after si, nisi,
ne.
quisnam (quinam), quaenam,
quidnam (quodnam), inter-
rog. pron. and adj., who,
pray? who? more emphatic
than quis.
quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam
or quodpiam, indef, pron. and
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
483
adj., any one^ any; some
one.
quisquam, quicquam, indef-
pron. (App. 27), any one (at
all), anything, any; used
chiefly in neg. sentences or
in questions involving a neg.
answer.
quisque, quidque, indef. pron.
(App. 27), each, each one,
every one.
quisquis, quidquid, or quicquid,
compound rel. pron., who-
ever, whatever; only forms in
common use are quisquis,
quicquid, quoquo.
1. quo [qui], adv., rel. and in-
terrog., to what place, whither,
where, to which; for which
reason, wherefore; before com-
paratives, hy how much, the;
quo usque, how far f
2. quo, conj. [= ut eo], (that
thereby), that, in order that;
because; quo minus or quo-
minus, (by which the less),
that not, from (doing any-
thing).
quoad, conj. [quo + ad], as
long as, until.
quocirca, conj., wherefore.
quocumque, adv., to whatever
place, wherever, whichever way.
Cat, IV, 3.
quod, conj., because; that, the
fact that, as to the fact that;
quod si, but if, and if, now if.
quominus, see 2. quo.
quondam, adv., once, once upon
a time, formerly.
quoniam, conj. [quom(=cum)
+ iam], since, because, seeing
that.
quoque, adv., also, too, even.
quot, adj., indecl., how many, as
many as, as.
quotannis, adv. [annus], ever-y
year, yearly.
quotiens, adv. [quot], how often^
as often as.
quotienscumque, adv. [quotiens
+ cumque], just as often as,
every time that.
rapina, -ae, F. [rapio], robbery,
plunder.
rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum, tr.,
carry off, seize; impel, drive
hurry along, hurry off.
ratio, -onis, F. [reor, think],
reckoning, consideration, ac-
count; reason, plan; course,
system., way, method, means;
theoretical knowledge ; interest.
re-, red-, prefix, back, again;
sometimes not, un-.
Reatinus, -a, -um, of Reate, an
ancient town in central Italy.
recens, -entis, adj., fresh, new,
recent.
recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum
[capio], tr., take back, receive,
admit, take upon (sibi), under^
take; se recipere, return.
recito, -are, -avi, -atum [cito],
tr., read aloud, read.
reclamo, -are, -avi, -atum
[clamo], tr., cry out against,
protest.
recognosco, -cognoscere, -cog-
novi, -cognitum [cognosco]
484
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
tr., know again , recognize,
recall; review.
recolo, -ere, -ui, -cultum -[colo|,
tr., cultivate again, review.
reconciliatio, -onis, F. [recon-
cilio], restoration, renewal.
recondd, -condere, -condidi,
-conditum [condo], tr., put
away, hide, conceal.
recorder, -ari, -atus sum [cor,
heart], dep., call to mind, re-
call, remember, recollect.
recreo, -are, -avi, -atum [creo,
make], tr., renew, refresh, re-
store, give strength to; se
recreare, recover.
recta, adv., [sc. via], straight-
way, straight forward, right
on, directly.
recte, adv. [rectus], rightly,
properly, wisely.
recupero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
recover, regain.
recurro, -currere, -curri, —
[curro], intr., run hack, re-
turn.
reciisatio, -onis, F. [recuse], a
declining, refusal.
recuse, -are, -avi, -atum [re,
causa], tr. and intr., object,
refuse, decline.
redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr.,
go back, return.
redimio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr.,
crown, wreathe.
redimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum
[emo], tr., buy back, redeem;
buy up, contract for, P. 7;
ransom, P. 12.
reditus, -us, M. [redeo], a re-
turn.
reduce, -ducere, -diixi, -ductum,
tr., bring back, bring home.
redundo, -are, -avi, -atum
[undo, surge], intr., overflow,
redound, accrue; be filled.
refercio, -fercire, -f ersi, -fertum
[farcio], tr., stuff, fill.
refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatum
[fero], tr., bring hack, return,
report, refer; ad senatum re-
ferre, lay before, refer to, the
Senate; gratiam ref erre, s/iow?
gratitude.
refert, -ferre, -tulit [res + fere],
impers., it is of advantage, it
concerns, it matters, P. 7.
refertus, -a, -um [refercio],
filled, crowded, swarming
(witli), abounding (in).
reficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum
[facio], tr., make over, refresh.
refiit5, -are, -avi, -atum, tr,,
refute, disprove.
regalis, -e [rex], of a king, regal,
royal.
regie, adv. [regius], tyranni-
cally.
Regini, -orum, IVT., the inhab-
itants of Regium, in southern
Italy.
regio, -onis, F. [rego], direction,
line; boundary, region, dis-
trict, country, territory, P. 18,
regius, -a, -um [rex], of a king,
royal.
regno -are, -avi, -atum [regnum],
tr., reign, rule.
regnum, -i, N. [rego], royal
power, kingdom.
rego, -ere, rexi, rectum, tr.,
rule, direct, govern, manage.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
485
reicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum
[iacio], tr., throw hack, reject.
relaxo, -are, -avi, -atum [laxo],
tr., ease, relax, release.
relevo, -are, -avi, -atum [levo],
tr., lift up, lighten; relieve,
ease.
religio, -onis, F., (reverence for
the gods), piety, religion; re-
ligious scruple, scrupulous
honor.
religiosus, -a, -um [religio],
sacred, revered, holy.
relinquo, -linquere, -liqui, -Uc-
tum [linquo], tr., leave behind,
leave, abandon; desert, for-
sake; pass over. Cat., Ill, 8;
disregard.
reliquiae, -arum, F., leavings,
what is left over.
reliquus, -a, -um [relinquo], re-
maining, the rest of, the rest,
other; the future; reliquum
est, it remains.
remaned, -manere, -mansi, —
[maneo], intr., remain, stay
behind; last.
remex, remigis, M. [remus,
ago], a rower.
remissio, -onis, F. [remitto],
mitigation, mildness: relaxa-
tion, recreation.
remissus, -a, -um [remitto], re-
laxed, lax, indulgent.
remitto, -ere, -misi, -missum
[mitto], tr., send back.
remoror, -ari, -atus sum [moror],
dep., hold back, delay, keep
waiting.
removed, -movere, -movi, -mo-
tum fmoveo], tr.- move hack,
remove, take away; reject,
Cat.,lV,^.
renovo, -are, -avi, -atum [novo]
tr., renew.
renuntio, -are, -avi, -atum [nun-
tio], tr., report, return (of an
election), declare elected.
repello, repellere, reppuli, re-
pulsum [pello], tr., drive back,
repel, keep from.
repente, adv. [repens], sud-
denly.
repentinus, -a, -um [repens],
sudden.
reperio, -ire, repperi, repertum
[pario, secure], tr., find out,
find (by seeking or inquiring).
repeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitum
[peto], tr., demand, claim;
recall (to mind), look back,
claim in turn, Ar. 8,
reporto, -are, -avi, -atum [porto],
tr., bring back, carry off.
reprehend©, -ere, -hendi, hen-
sum [prehendo], tr., lay hold
of, blame, censure.
reprimo,-primere, -pressi, -pres-
sum [premo], tr., press back,
repress, check.
repudio, -are, -avi, -atum [re-
pudium], tr., cast off, reject,
refuse, scorn, repudiate.
repugno, -are, -avi, -atum
[pugno], intr., fight against,
oppose.
requies, -etis, F., rest, repose.
require, -quirere, -quisivi, -qui-
situm [quaero], tr., seek again,
seek out, demand, ask; be at
a loss for, miss, P. 2 ; beg for,
P. 23.
486
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
res, rei, F., thing, fact; circum-
stance, situation, considera-
tion, argument, plan, under-
taking, event, incident, matter,
affair, question, property ; qual-
ity; see gero, militaris, novus,
publicus, secundus.
reseco, -secare, -secui, -sectum
[seco], tr., cut away, cut
off.
reservo, -are, -avi, -atum [servo],
tr., keep back, reserve; keep,
preserve.
resided, -sidere, -sedi [sedeo],
(sit back), remain behind, be
left, remain.
resigno, -are, -avi, -atum [signo],
tr., unseal; destroy, Ar. 5.
resists, sistere, -stiti, —
[sisto], intr., stand back, re-
main; resist, withstand; sur-
vive. Cat., Ill, 10.
respicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec-
turn [specio], tr. and intr.,
look back, look back upon.
responded, -spondere, -spondi,
-sponsum [spondeo, promise],
tr. and intr., answer, reply;
be a match for. Cat, II, 11.
lesponsum, -i, N. [responded],
reply, answer.
res publica, see publicus.
restinguo, -stinguere, -stinxl,
-stinctum [stinguo], tr.,
quench, extinguish.
restituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu-
tum [statud], tr., (set up
again), restore, renew.
restd, -stare, -stiti, — [std],
intr., withstand, oppose; im-
pers., it remains.
retardd, -are, -avi, -atum [tard6\
tr., delay, hinder, retard.
reticed, -ere, -ui, — [taced],
tr. and intr., be silent, keep
silence ; keep secret.
retined, -ere, -ui, -tentum
[tened], tr., hold back, pre-
serve, maintain, uphold, keep.
retorqued, -torquere, -torsi,
-tortum [torqued], tr., (twist
back), turn back.
retundd, -ere, rettudi, retusum
[tundd], tr., beat back, thrust
back.
reus, -i, M. [res], (one con-
cerned in a thing), the defen-
dant, accused, prisoner.
revertd, -vertere, -verti, -ver-
sum [vertd], usually dep. in
pres. system, return.
revincd, -vincere, -vici, -victum
[vincd], tr., convict.
revocd, -are, -avi, -atum [vocd],
tr., call back, recall; turn,
restore.
rex, regis, M., king.
Rhodius, -a, -um, of Rhodes;
pi. as noun, the Rhodians.
ridiculus, -a, -um [rided], ridicu-
lous, absurd.
rdbur, rdboris, N., oak; strength.
rdbustus, -a, -um [rdbur], (of
oak), firm, solid, strong, vig-
orous, robust.
rogatus, -us, M. [rogd], request.
rogd, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., ask,
beg, request, implore; propose f
enact, pass (laws).
Rdma, -ae, F., Rome.
Rdmanus, -a, -um [Rdma],
Roman.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
487
RSmulus, -1, M., Romulus, the
founder and first king of
Rome.
Roscius, -i, M., Roscius, a fam-
ily name ; Quintus Roscius
Gallus, a celebrated actor.
Rudinus, -a, -um [Rudiae], of
Rudiae, in southern Italy,
the birthplace of Ennius.
niina, -ae, F. [ruo], a rushing
down, fall, downfall, ruin.
rumor, -oris, M., rumor, report.
rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum, tr.,
break.
ruo, -ere, rui, rutum, intr.,
rush down, fall, go to ruin.
rusticor, -ari, -atus sum [rusti-
cus], dep., go to the country.
rusticus, -a, -um [rus], rural, of
the country, rustic; without
culture, Ar. 10.
sacer, sacra, sacrum, sacred;
sacra, -orum, pi. neut. as
noun, sacred rites, ceremonies.
sacrarium, -i, N. [sacrum]^
shrine, sanctuary.
sacrosanctus, -a, -um [sacer +
sanctus], sacred, inviolable.
saeculum, -i, N., race, genera-
tion; age; pi., ages, Cat., II,
5.
saepe, saepius, saepissime, adv*
often.
saepi5, -ire, saepsi, saeptum
[saepes], tr., hem in, inclose.
saevus, -a, -um, severe, cruel.
sagax, -acis, adj., sagacious,
keen, shrewd.
Salaminii, -orum, M., the people
of Salamis, a town of Cy-
prus.
salto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of
salio, leap], intr., dance.
saltus, -us, M., woodland paS'
ture, pasture lands.
salus, salutis, F. [salvus], sound'
ness, good health; safety, wel-
fare.
saluto, -are, -avi, -atum Isalus],
tr., greet, salute, call upon^
pay respects to.
salvus, -a, -imi, sounds safe, saved,
solvent (financially) .
Samos, -i, F., Samos (sa'mos),
a city on the island Samos,
in the Aegean.
sancio, -ire, sanxi, sanctum, tr.,
make sacred, ordain, enact.
sanctus, -a, -um [sancio], sacred,
holy; venerable; conscientious
Ar. 5; inviolable, P. 14.
sane, adv. [sanus], (soundly),
by all means, if you wish;
certainly, indeed, wholly, ut-
terly.
sanguis, sanguinis, M., blood,
bloodshed.
sano, -are, -avi, -atum [sanus],
tr., make sound, cure, rem-
edy.
sanus, -a, -um, sound, whole*
healthy; of the mind, rational,
sane, sensible.
sapiens, -entis, adj. [sapid],
wise; as noun, wise man,
philosopher.
sapientia, -ae, F. [sapiens]*
wisdom.
Sardinia, -ae, F., Sardinia.
satelles, -itis, M. or F., atten-
488
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
dant; assistant, tool, accom-
plice.
satis, indecl. adj., often used as
a noun, enough, sufficient;
satis facio, do one's duty (to) ;
adv., sufficiently, quite, very.
Saturnalia, -iorum, N. [Satur-
nus], the Saturnalia, feast of
Saturn, beginning Dec. 17.
Saturninus, -i, M., Saturninus,
a family name ; L. Apuleius
Saturninus, tribune 100 b.c.
saucius, -a, -um, wounded.
saxum, -i, N., rock.
scaena, -ae, F., stage (of a
theater).
scaenicus, -a, -um [scaena], of
the stage, dramatic.
scelerate, adv. [sceleratus],
wickedly, impiously.
sceleratus, -a, -um [scelero],
wicked, infamous, vicious; as
noun, scoundrel.
scelus, sceleris, N., crime,
wickedness.
sciens, -entis, adj. [scio], know-
ing, acquainted (with), skilled.
scientia, -ae, F. [scio], knowledge.
scilicet, adv. [scire + licet], you
may know, in fact, of course
(ironical).
scio, scire, scivi, scitum, tr.,
know.
Scipio, -onis, M., Scipio, a fam-
ily name; 1. P. Cornelius
Scipio Nasica, consul 138 b.c. ;
2. P. Cornelius Scipio Africa-
nus Maior, "the elder Scipio,"
conqueror of Hannibal 202
B.C. ; 3. P. Cornelius Scipio
Aemilianus Africanus Minor,
destroyer of Carthage, 146
B.C.
scortum, -i, N., harlot, mis-
tress.
scriba, -ae, M. [scribo], clerk,
secretary.
scribo, -ere, scrips!, scriptum,
tr., write, enroll, Ar. 5.
scriptor, -oris, M. [scribo],
writer, author.
scriptiira, -ae, F. [scribo], (writ-
ing), pasture tax.
se-, sed-, prefix, apart, aside.
secedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum
[cedo], intr., go apart, go away,
withdraw.
secerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cre-
tum [cerno], tr., separate, set
apart.
secundus, -a, -um [sequor], fol-
lowing, second, favorable; se-
cundae res, prosperity.
securis, -is, F. [seco, cut], ax;
see fasces.
sed, conj., hut.
sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, intr.,
sit, remain.
sedes, -is, F. [sedeo], seat, dwell-
ing place, home, abode.
sediti5,-onis, F. [se, e5], (agoing
apart), dissension, insurrec-
tion, sedition; trans, pi. as
sing.. Cat., I, 2.
sedo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr..^
(bring to rest), bring to an end,
settle, check, stop.
sedulitas, -tatis, F. [sedulus],
industry, attention.
segrego, -are, -avi, -atum
[grego], tr., separate, exclude.
seiungo, -iungere, -iiinm, iiinc-
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
489
turn [iungo], tr., disunite,
separate, disconnect.
selectus, -a, -um [seligo], singled
out, selected.
sella, -ae, F., seat, work stool,
chair.
semel, adv., once.
semen, seminis, N. [sero, sow],
seed.
seminarium, -i, N. [semen],
nursery, school.
semper, adv., always.
sempiternus, -a, -um [semper],
everlasting, perpetual, eter-
nal.
Sempronius, -i, M., Sempronius,
a gentile name ; see Grac-
chus ; Sempronius, -a, -um,
Sempronian.
senator, -oris [senex], M.,
senator.
senatorius, -a, -um [senator],
senatorial.
senatus, -us, M. [senex], Senate,
see Introd. 28.
senectus, -tutis, F. [senex], old
age.
senex, senis, adj., old, aged; as
noun (App. 10), an old man.
sensus, -us, M. [sentio], feeling,
senses, Ar. 7.
sententia, -ae, F. [sentio], (way
of thinking) , opinion, decision,
sentiment, idea, purpose; pur-
port, tenor, vote.
sentina, -ae, F., bilge water,
dregs, refuse, rabble.
sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, tr.,
feel; perceive, see, notice;
think, understand^ know;
agree.
sepelio, -ire, sepelivi, sepultus,
tr., bury, ruin.
sepulcrum,-!, N. [sepelio], (place
of burial), tomb.
sequor, sequi, secutus sum,
dep., follow, comply withy
accede to, adopt, obey.
Sergius, -i, M., Sergius, a gen-
tile name ; see Catilina.
sermo, -onis, M. [sero, join]^
speech, discourse, talk, re-
mark, conversation, rumor.
sero, adv. [serus], late; comp.
serius, too late.
serpo, -ere, serpsi, serptum,
intr., creep.
serta, -orum, N. [sero, entwine]^
garlands, chaplets.
Sertorianus, -a, -um, of Ser-
torius, Sertorian.
servilis, -e [servus], of a slavey
of slaves, servile.
Servilius, -i, M., Servilius, a
gentile name; 1. Gains Ser-
vilius Ahala, master of horse
439 B.C. ; 2. Gains Servilius
Glaucia, praetor 100 b.c. ;
3. P. Servilius Vatia, consul
79 B.C.
servio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [servus],
intr., be a slave, serve, labor
for, minister to, be subject to,
P. 14.
servitium, -i, N. [servus], ser-
vice, slavery; pi., slaves, Cat.f
IV, 2.
servitus, -tutis, F. [servus], slaV'
ery, servitude.
servo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
make safe, save, preserve;
guard, keepy protect.
490
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
servus, -i, M., slave, servant.
sese, see sui.
Sestius, -i, M., Sestius, a gen-
tile name ; P. Sestius, quaes-
tor in 63 B.C.
severe, adv. [severus], severely.
severitas, -tatis, F. [severus],
strictness, severity, sternness,
rigor.
severus, -a, -um, serious, strict,
stern, severe, impartial, Ar. 2.
sex, indecl. adj., six.
sexaginta, num. adj., sixty.
si, con j., if.
Sibyllinus, -a, -um [Sibylla, a
prophetess]. Sibylline.
sic, adv., so, thus, in such a
manner.
sica, -ae, F. [seco, cut], dag-
ger.
sicarius, -i, M. [sica], assassin.
Sicilia, -ae, F., Sicily.
sicut or sicuti, conj. adv. [sic +
ut], just as.
Sigeum, -i, N., Sige'um, a prom-
ontory near Troy.
significatio, -onis, F. [significo],
(a pointing out), expression,
sign, token.
significo, -are, -avi, -atum [sig-
num, facio], indicate, repre-
sent.
signum, i, N., sign, standard,
signal; seal; statue.
Silanus, -i, M., Sila'nus, a fam-
ily name ; D. lunius Silanus,
consul elect in 63 b.c.
silentium, -i, N. [silens, still],
silence, stillness.
sileo, -ere, -ui, — , tr. and
intr., he silent^ seek silence;
keep silent about, pass over in
silence.
Silvanus, -i, M., Silva'nus, a
family name; M. Plautius
Silvanus, tribune of the peo-
ple 89 B.C.
silvestris, -e [silva], overgrown
with woods, wooded.
similis, -e, similar, like.
similiter, adv. [similis], in the
same way, similarly.
simpliciter, adv. [simplex], sim-
ply, plainly.
simul, adv., at the same time, at
once; together, Ar. 11; as
soon as (w. or without atque,
ac).
simulacrum, -i, N. [simulo], a
likeness, image, statue, repre-
sentation.
simulatio, -onis, F. [simulo],
pretense.
simulo, -are, -avi, -atum [simi-
lis], tr., make like, pretend.
simultas, -tatis, F. [simul], en-
mity, rivalry.
sin, conj. [si + ne], but if.
sine, prep. w. abl., without.
singularis, -e [singuli], one only;
unique, singular, matchless^
unparalleled, extraordinary,
special.
singuli, -ae, -a, dist. adj., one at
a time, single, each; in dies
singulos, day by day.
sino, -ere, sivi, situm, tr., setj
place; allow, let, permit.
Sinope, -es, (dat. -ae, ace. -en,
abl. -e), F., Sinope (sin- o'pe),
a city on the northern coast
of Asia Minor.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
491
sinus, -us, M., fold, fold of a
toga; bosom; hay, inlet, P. 11.
sitis, sitis, F., thirst.
sive, or seu [si + ve], conj., or
*/> '^fj sive . . . sive, whether
. . . or, either . . . or.
Smyrnaei, -orum, M., the peo-
ple of Smyrna, in Asia Mi-
nor.
sobrius, -a, -um [se + ebrius],
not drunk, sober.
societas, -tatis, F. [socius], fel-
lowship, association, alliance.
Cat,, 1, 13.
socius, -i, M., partner, associate,
companion; ally, accomplice,
confederate.
sodalis, -is, M., F., associate,
comrade, boon companion,
table companion, crony.
sol, solis, M., the sun.
solacium, -i, N., comfort.
soleo, -ere, solitus sum, semi-
dep., be accustomed, use.
solitude, -inis, F. [solus], soli-
tude, loneliness ; desert, Ar. 8.
soUicitatio, -onis, F. [soUicito],
inciting, tampering with.
sollicito, -are, -avi, -atum [solli-
citus], tr., disturb, incite, in-
stigate; tamper with, solicit,
corrupt.
soUicitus, -a, -um, worried, anx-
ious, alarmed.
solum, -i, N., soil.
solum [solus], adv., only, merely;
non solum, not only.
solus, -a, -um, gen. solius, dat.
soli, alone, only.
solutio, -onis, F. [solvo], (loos-
ing), payment.
solutus, -a, -um [solvo], released^
lax, remiss.
solvo, -ere, solvi, solutiun, tr,,
loose, release.
somnus, -a, M., sleep, drowsi-
ness. Cat, III, 7.
sono, -are, -ui, -itum [sonua],
tr., sound, utter.
sonus, -i, M., noise, sound.
soror, -oris, F., sister.
sors, sortis, F., lot, allotment.
Sp., see Spurius.
spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsum,
tr., scatter, sprinkle, mix.
spatium, -i, N., apace (of place
or time).
species, -ei, F. [specie], appear-
ance.
specto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq.
of specie], tr. and intr., look
at, face, see, attend; consider.
speculator, -oiis, M. [:ipeculor],
spy.
speculor, -ari, -atus sum [spec-
ula, watchtower], dep., watchy
spy out.
spero, -are, -avi, -atum [spes],
tr. and intr., hope, hope for,
expect, trust.
spes, spei, F., hope, expectation.
spiritus, -us, M. [spiro, breathe],
breath, air, spirit.
splendor, -oris, M. [splendeo,
shine], brilliancy, splendor.
spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., de-
prive, plunder.
spolium, -i, N., of an animal
skin, hide; pi., spoils, booty,
prey.
sponte, F. (abl. of obsolete
spons), of one's own accord.
492
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Spurius, -i, M., Spurius, a prae-
nomen or personal name,
stabilio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [stabilis] ,
tr., make firm, establish.
Statilius, -i, M., Statilius, a
gentile name ; L. Statilius,
one of Catiline's conspirators.
statim, adv. [sto], (on the spot),
straightway, immediately, at
once.
Stator, -oris, M. [sto], the Stayer,
Defender, Protector; epithet
of Jupiter.
statua, -ae, F. [sto], statue.
statuo, statuere, statui, stat-
utum, tr., set, set up, place,
put, establish; determine, de-
cide, resolve, conclude.
status, -us, M. [sto], state, con-
dition, foundation. Cat., I, 1.
stimulus, -i, M., spur, stimulus,
incentive.
stipendium, -i, N. [stips, coin +
pendo, pay], tax, pay; service
(military), campaigning, P.
9; campaign.
stirps, stirpis, F., stock, root;
source, origin.
sto, stare, steti, statum, intr.,
stand.
strenuus, -a, -um, vigorous,
strenuous.
strepitus, -us, M. [strepo], noise.
studeo, -ere, -ui, — , intr.,
strive, be eager, aim at, desire.
studiose, adv., eagerly, carefully.
studiosus, -a, -um [studium],
fond (of).
studium, -i, N. [studeo], eager-
ness, zeal., desire, attachment;
devotion, enthusiasm, good will.
sympathy; (party) spirit;
pursuit, study.
stultitia, -ae, F. [stultus], folly.
stultus, -a, -um, foolish, stupid.
stuprum, -i, N., defilement, im*
purity, debauchery; intrigue.
Cat, I, 10.
suadeo, -ere, -suasi, suasum,
tr. and intr., advise, recom-
mend; persuade.
suavitas, -tatis, F. [suavis],
sweetness.
sub, prep. w. ace. and abl.,
under.
subeo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], tr.,
undergo, endure.
subicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum
[iacio], tr., throw under, place
under, hand up to, Ar. 10.
subiector, -oris, JM. [subicio],
forger.
subigo, -igere, -egi, -actum
[ago], tr., put down, subdue;.
induce.
subito, adv. [subitus], suddenly.
sublatus, from toUo.
subsellium, -i, N. [sella], (low
bench), bench, seat.
subsidium, -i, N., support, aid,
means; pi., sinews, P. 2.
succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces-
sum [sub + cedo], tr. and
intr., follow, succeed.
suffero, sufiferre, sustuli, sub-
latum [sub +fero], tr., unaer-
go, suffer.
sufifragium, -i, N. [sub, frango],
(fragment), ballot, vote.
sui, sibi, se, reflex, pron. (App.
21), himself, herself, itself,
themselves.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
493
Sulla, -ae, M., Sulla y a family
name; L. Cornelius Sulla,
the famous general and dic-
tator.
Sulpicius, -i, M., a gentile
name; 1. C. Sulpicius Galba,
praetor 63 b.c. ; 2. P. Sul-
picius Rufus, tribune 88 b.c.
sum, esse, fui, fut. part, futu-
rus, irr., be.
summa, -ae, F. [summus], su-
premacy, preeminence.
summus, -a, -um, sup. of supe-
rus, uppermost, highest; the
top of; greatest, most impor-
tant, most distinguished, ex-
cellent, eminent, supreme, ex-
treme
sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum
[sub + emo], tr., take, take
to oneself, assume; w. sup-
plicium, inflict.
sumptuose, adv. [sumptuosus],
expensively, extravagantly.
sumptuosus, -a, -um [sumptus],
sumptuous ; expensive.
sumptus, -us, M. [sumo], ex-
pense, cost; e'xtravagance.
superbe, adv. [superbus],
proudly, insolently, arrogantly.
superbia, -ae, F. [superbus],
pride, haughtiness.
superbus, -a, -um, proud.
superior, -ius, comp. adj. [su-
perus, App. 19], higher, upper;
former, preceding, elder; su-
perior nox, night before last.
supero, -are, -avi, -atum [su-
perus], tr., overcome, conquer,
defeat, surpass, exceed^ get
the upper hand.
supersum, -esse, -fui, -futurus
[super + sum], intr., be over^
be left, remain.
superus, -a, -um [super], upper ^
higher.
suppedito, -are, -avi, -atum
[sub, pes], tr., supply, fur^
nish.
suppeto, -ere, -ivi, -itum [sub
+ peto], intr., be at hand, be
in store.
supplex, -icis, adj. [sub, plico],
bending under, beseeching ; as
noun, a suppliant.
supplicatio, -onis, F. [supplied],
(a public prayer), solemn
thanksgiving, supplication.
supplicium, -i, N. [supplex],
punishment, penalty.
supra, adv. and prep. w. ace,
above, beyond; more.
surg5, -ere, surrexi, surrectum
[sub + rego], intr., arise.
suscenseo, -ere, -ui, — [sub
+ censeo], intr., be angry
(with).
suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum
[sub + capio], tr., undertake,
incur, bring upon, adopt;
suffer, P. 3 ; entertain, P. 4.
suspectus, -a, -um [part, of sus-
piciS], distrusted, suspected;
an object of suspicion.
suspicio, -onis, F. [sub + specie,
spy], suspicion.
suspicor, -ari, -atus sum [sus-
picio], dep., mistrust, suspect;
surmise.
sustento, -are, -avi, -atum [freq.
of sustineo], tr., uphold, sup-
port; defer, put off.
494
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
sustineo, -tinere, -tinui, -ten-
turn [sub + teneoj, tr., hold
up, sustain, bear, endure, re-
lieve.
sustuli, see toUo.
suus, -a, -um, poss. pron., his
(own), her, its, their.
Syria, -ae, F., Syria, a country
of Asia, on the coast of the
Mediterranean.
T., see Titus.
tabella, -ae, F. [dim. of tabula],
(little board), waxed tablet,
letter^ document.
taberna, -ae, F., hut, booth,
shop; tavern.
tabesco, -ere, tabui, — [tabeo],
intr., pine away, languish.
tabula, -ae, F., tablet, record,
account, list; painting.
tabularium, -i, N. [tabula],
record office.
taceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr. and
intr., be silent, keep silence;
pass over in silence, be silent
about.
tacite, adv., silently.
taciturnitas, -tatis, F. [tacitur-
nus], silence.
tacitus, -a, -um [taceo], silent,
mute, in silence.
tactus, see tango,
taeter, taetra, taetrum, offen-
sive:, foul; shameful, disgrace-
fulf abominable.
talaris, -e [talus, ankle], of the
ankles, reaching the ankles.
t&lis, -e, adj., such, of such a
nature.
tam, adv., so, so much.
tamen, conj. adv., yet, never*
theless, however.
tametsi, conj. [tamen + etsi],
although; and yet.
tamquam, conj., just as, as if,
as it were; as a sort of. Cat.,
IV, 2.
tandem [tam], adv., at length,
finally, now; in questions
and commands, pray, I
ask.
tango, -ere, tetigi, tactum, tr.,
touch; strike. Cat., Ill, 8.
tanto, adv. [tantus], so much;
tanto opere, so greatly, so
much.
tantum, adv. [tantus], so much,
so far; tantum mode, only,
merely.
tantus, -a, -um, such, so great,
so much; tanti, gen. of value,
of such value; est tanti, it is
worth while.
tarde, adv. [tardus], slowly,
tardily, late.
tarditas, -tatis, F. [tardus],
slowness, delay.
tardo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
delay, retard.
Tarentini, -orum, M., the in-
habitants of Tarentum, in
southern Italy,
tectum, -i, N. [tego], roof,
shelter, house, home.
tego, -ere, texi, tectum, tr.,
cover, protect.
telum, -i, N., missile, weapon,
javelin.
temere, adv., rashly, without
cause, heedlessly.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
495
temeritas, -tatis, F. [temere],
rashness.
temperantia, -ae, F. [tem-
perans], tetnperance, modera-
tion, self-control, P- 13.
tempestas, -tatis, F., season,
weather, storm.
tempestivus, -a, -um [tempes-
tas], timely, seasonable, suit-
able; early, protracted, Ar. 6.
templum, -i, N. (in augury a
place marked off by the
augur's staff), a consecrated
place, temple.
tempto, -are, -avi, -atum [in-
tens., of tendo], tr., make trial
of, attempt; attack, assail.
Cat., I, 10; tempt, disturb.
tempus, -oris, N., time, season;
tirhe of need; pi., the times;
the needs. Cat., I, 9; ex tem-
pore, offhand, without prepa-
ration, extempore.
tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentum,
tr., stretch, stretch out.
tenebrae, -arum, F., darkness,
shades.
Tenedos (us), -i F., Tenedos,
an island in the Aegean Sea.
teneo, -ere, tenui, tentum, tr.,
hold, holdfast, hold as prisoner ;
preserve; memoria tenere, re-
member.
tenuis, -e, slender, thin; poor,
humble^ insignificant.
ter, adv., three times^ thrice.
Terentia, -ae, F., Terentia, wife
of Cicero.
termino, -are, -avi, -atum [ter-
minus], tr., limit, confine, ter-
minate.
terminus, -i, M., boundary line,
limit.
terra, -ae, F., land, country,
earth, ground.
terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr.,
frighten, terrify.
terror, -oris, M. [terreo], alarm^
terror, scare.
tertius, -a, -um, third.
testamentum, -i, N. [tester], a
will.
testimonium, -i, N., [testis],
proof, testimony, evidence.
testis, -is, M. or F., witness.
testor, -ari, -atus sum [testis],
dep., call to witness, invoke.
TeutonI, -orum, M., the Teu-
tones, a nation of Germany.
Themistocles, -is (-i), M., The-
mis'tocles, the celebrated
Athenian.
Theophanes, -is, M., Theo'-
phanes, a Greek writer of
Mytilene, who accompanied
Pompey in the East.
Ti., see Tiberius.
Tiberis, -is, M., the Tiber.
Tiberinus-a-imi, of the Tiber.
Tiberius, -i, M., Tiberius, a
praenomen or personal name.
Tigranes, -is, M., Tigra'nes,
king of Armenia, son-in-law
of Mithridates.
timed, -ere, -ui, — , tr. and
intr., fear, be afraid.
timide, adv. [timidus], timidly;
reverently, P. 16.
timidus, -a, -um [timeo],
timid.
timor, -oris, M. [timeo], fear,
dread, alarm.
496
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Titus, -i, M., Titus, a personal
name.
toga, -ae, F. [tego], toga (the
citizen's cloak or flowing
robe).
togatus, -a, -um [toga], wearing
the toga, in the garb of peace.
tolerabilis, -e [tolerol, endurable,
tolerable.
tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
endure, bear.
toUo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum,
tr., lift up, exalt; take away,
carry off, remove; destroy,
P. 11.
Tongilius, -i, M., Tongilius, a
gentile name.
Torquatus, -i, M., Torqua'tus,
a family name ; L. Manlius
Torquatus, consul 65 B.C.
tot, indecl. adj., so many.
totiens, adv. [tot], so often, so
many times, as often.
totus, -a, -um (App. 13), the
whole, the whole of, all, entire;
adverbially, altogether, wholly.
tracto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq.
of traho], tr., draw, manage,
conduct, Ca^., Ill, 12; present,
Ar. 2, treat.
trado, -ere, -didi, -ditum [trans
+ do], tr., give up, give over,
surrender, deliver; hand down,
transmit, leave.
traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, tr.,
draw; influence.
tranquillitas, -tatis, F. [tran-
quillus], stillness, tranquil
state.
tranquillus, -a, -um, calm, tran-
quil.
Transalpinus, -a, -um, beyond
the Alps, Transalpine.
transcend©, -ere, transcend!,
transcensum [scando], tr.,
climb over, cross.
transfer©, -ferre, -tuli, -latum
[fero], tr., bear over, carry
over; transfer, remove.
transigo, -igere, -egi, -actum
[ag6],tr. (drive through), carry
through, accomplish, execute^
perform.
transmarinus, -a, -um [mari-
nus], beyond the sea.
transmitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis-
sum [mitto], tr., send across,
transmit; devote, intrust; intr.,
cross over, P. 12.
tres, tria, three.
tribunal, -alls, N. [tribunus],
judgment seat, tribunal.
tribunus, -i, M. [tribus, tribe],
tribune; see Introd. 37.
tribuo, -uere, -ui, -utum [tribus,
tribe], tr., assign, bestow, grant,
give, devote; ascribe, attribute.
tridumn, -i, N. [tres + dies],
three days.
triumph© , -are, -avi, -atum
[triumphus], intr., triumph;
rejoice.
triumphus, -i, M., triumph,
triumphal procession.
Troiani, -orum, 'M.,the Trojans.
tropaeum, -i, N. (Greek), tro-
phy.
trucido, -are, -avi, -atum [trux,
fierce + caedo], tr., cut to
pieces, butcher, murder.
tu, tui, pers. pron. (App. 21),
thou, you, yourself.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
497
tuba, -ae, F., trumpet.
tueor, -eri, tutus (tuitus), sum,
dep., look at, care for, protect,
defend, uphold, preserve.
Tullia, -ae, F., Tullia, the
daughter of Cicero.
TuUius, -i, M., Tullius, a gentile
name; voc. Tulli.
TuUus, -i, M., Tullus, a family
name; L. Volcatius Tullus,
consul 66 B.C.
tum, adv., then, at that time;
tum cum, at the time when;
iam tum, at that very time,
even then ; tum . . . timi, at
one time . . . at another.
tumultus, -us, M. [tumeo, swell],
uprising, insurrection; up-
roar, confusion, excitement,
tumult, disturbance.
tumulus, -i, M. [tumeo, swell],
mound, hillock, tomb.
tunica, -ae, F., tunic, the
garment worn under the toga.
turbulentus, -a, -um [turba],
confused, miscellaneous.
turpis, -e, disgraceful, base, in-
famous, shamefid.
turpiter, adv. [turpis], disgrace-
fully, shamefidly.
turpitude, -inis, F. [turpis], dis-
grace, dishonor, infamy.
tiito, adv. [tutus], safely, in
safety, in security.
tutor, -ari, -atus sum [tueor],
dep., protect, defend.
tutus, -a, -um [tueor], guarded,
safe, secure, in safety.
tuus, -a, -um, poss. pron., your;
iste tuus, that of yours.
tyrannus, -i, M., tyrant.
U
uber, -eris, N., teat, breast.
ubertas, -tatis, F. [uber], fer-
tility, productiveness.
ubi, conjunctive adv., where,
when.
ubinam, adv. [ubi + nam],
where ?
ubique, adv., anywhere.
ulciscor, -i, ultus sum, dep.,
take vengeance on, punish,
avenge.
uUus, -a, -um (App. 13), any.
ultimus, -a, -um, sup. adj.
[ultra, App. 19], farthest,
most distant; earliest, last.
ultra, adv., and prep. w. ace,
beyond.
ultro, adv., of one's own accord
voluntarily.
Umbrenus, -i, INI., Umbre'nus,
a family name ; P. Umbrenus,
one of Catiline's followers,
umquam, adv., ever, at any
time.
una, adv. [unus], along (with),
together; at the same time, at
the same place.
unde, adv., whence, from which;
how, P. 14; from whom.
undequinq agesimus, -a, -um,
forty-ninth.
undique, adv. [unde + que],
froiu all sides, on all sides,
everywhere.
unguentum, -i, N. [unguo],
ointment.
unice, adv. [unicus], singularly,
greatly, especially.
universus, -a, -um [unus +
498
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
versus], all together, whole,
entire.
unus, -a, -um (App. 13), one,
alone, only.
urbanus, -a, -um [urbs], of the
city, in the city.
urbs, urbis, F., city, the city
{i.e. Rome),
usquam, adv., anywhere.
usque, adv., all the way, all the
time, even, constantly; see
1. quo.
usura, -ae, F. [utor], use, enjoy-
ment; interest, usury.
usurpo, -are, -avi, -atum [usus,.
rapio], tr., seize for use,
employ, use, practice.
•usus, -us, M. [utor], use, prac-
tice, experience.
ut or uti, conj. w. subjv., that,
in order that, so that; after
a verb of fearing, that not;
w. indie, as, when, ever
since; in comparisons, as;
ut primum, as soon as.
uterque, utraque, utrumque
[gen. utriusque ; dat., utri-
que], adj. and pron., both,
each, either.
utilis, -e [utor], useful, advan-
tageous, expedient.
utilitas, -tatis, F. [utilis], use-
fulness, expediency, advantage.
utinam, adv. [uti + nam], oh
that! I wish that! if only!
would that.
utor, uti, usus sum, dep., use,
employ, enjoy.
utrum, interrog. conj. [uter],
1. introducing a double dir.
question it has no English
equivalent ; correlative of
an; 2. in indir. questions,
whether.
uxor, -oris, F., wife.
vacillo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr.,
(sway to and fro), stagger^
totter.
vacuefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac-
tum [vacuus, + facio], tr.,
make empty, clear ^ free, vacate.
vacuus, -a, -um [cf. vaco],
empty, vacant, unoccupied,
free, without.
vadimonium, -I, N. [vas, bail],
bail bond, bail, security.
vagina, -ae, F., scabbard, sheath.
vagor, -ari, -atus sum, dep.,
wander about.
valde, adv. [validus], com-
pletely, thoroughly, severely.
valens, -entis [valeo], strong,
powerful.
valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr., be
strong, have power, have in-
fluence; have weight, prevail,
succeed, be strong enough, be
able, be eminent. Cat, III, 5;
vale, farewell.
Valerius, -i, M., Valerius, a
gentile name; L. Valerius
Flaccus, consul w. Marius
100 B.C.
valetudo, -inis, F. [valeo],
health.
validus, -a, -um [valeo], strong,
vigorous.
vallo, -are, -avi, -atum [vallum],
tr., intrench, fortify, defend.
varietas, -tatis, F. [varius],
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
499
variety, difference, dissent, di-
versity, Ar. 9.
varius, -a, -um, varied, various,
versatile.
vas, vasis, N., vessel; plate.
vastitas, -tatis, F. [vastus],
waste, desolation, devastation.
vastatio, -onis, F. [vasto], de-
vastation, destruction.
vasto, -are, -avi, -atum [vastus],
tr., (make empty), lay waste,
ravage, destroy, devastate.
vates, -is, M. and F., soothsayer,
prophet, seer.
-ve, conj., enclitic, or.
vectigal, -alis, N. [veho], tax
(on goods carried) , revenue.
vectigalis, -e [vestigal], tribu-
tary; as noun, a tributary,
tax payer.
vehemens, -entis, adj., violent,
forcible, emphatic, severe,
earnest, strong, Cat., IV, 6.
vehementer, adv. [vehemens],
violently, earnestly, strongly,
greatly, exceedingly, vigorously.
vel, conj. [volo], or; vel . . .
ve\, either . . . or; adv., even.
velum, -i, N., sail.
vena, -ae, F., vein.
vendo, -dere, -didi, -ditum
[venum, sale, + do], tr., sell.
veneficus, -a, -um [venenum,
facio], poisonous; as noun,
poisoner.
venenum, -i, N., poison.
veneo, -ire, -ii, -itum [venum,
sale + eo], intr., (go to sale),
be sold.
yeneror, -ari, -atus sum, dep.,
worship, adore, venerate.
venia, -ae, F., indulgence, for-
bearance, pardon.
venio, -ire, veni, ventum, intr.,
come.
ventus, -i, JVI., urind.
venustas, -tatis, F., [venus],
beauty, charm.
ver, veris, N., the spring. .
verber, verberis,N., lash, whip;
scourging.
verbero, -are, -avi, -atum [ver-
ber], tr., scourge.
verbum, -i, N., word,.
vere, adv. [verus], truly, rightly,
really.
vereor en, -itus sum, dep.,
fear, ar^- id.
Veritas, -tatis, F. [verus], truth.
vero [verus], conjunctive adv.,
(in truth), in fact, indeed,
really; but, however, on the
other hand; iam ver5, further-
more, but now; see immo.
verso, -are, -avi, -atum [freq.
of vertol, tr., turn often, carry
on (bellum) ; pass, as dep.,
move about, be employed, be
engaged, be rife; be, exist,
dwell, live, associate; be in-
volved; be experienced,
skilled, practiced ; enjoy, Ar.
5.
versus, -iis, M. [verto], line,
verse.
verum, conj. [versus], but, but
in truth; verum etiam, but
also, but even.
verus, -a, -um, true, real,
genuine, well-founded ; proper,
fitting, reasonable.
vespera, -ae, F., evening.
500
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Vesta, -ae, F., Vesta, goddess
of the hearth and household.
Vestalis, -e [Vesta], of Vesta,
Vestal.
vester, -tra, -trum, poss. pron.,
your.
vestigium, -i, N. [vestigo], foot-
step, track, trace, vestige; pi.,
Cat, IV, 6, ruins.
vestimentum, -i, N., clothing,
apparel.
vestrum, (1) neuter of vester,
(2) gen. pi. of tu.
veto, -are, -ui, -itum, tr., for-
bid.
vetus, veteris, adj. (App. 16),
old, long-standing, old-time,
ancient.
vetustas, -tatis, F. [vetus], old
age, antiquity, Ar. 6; dura-
tion, Ar. 12.
vexatio, -onis, F. [vexo], harass-
ing, troubling, distress, out-
rage.
vexo, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of
veho], tr., toss violently;
attack. Cat., 1, 11; influence,
disturb, annoy, injure, harass,
distress. Cat., I, 10.
via. -ae, F., road, way, course.
vibro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
brandish.
vicesimus, -a, -um, ordinal adj.,
twentieth.
vicinus, -a, -um [vicus], neigh-
boring; as noun, neighbor.
victor, -oris, M. [vinco], victor,
conqueror; as adj., victorious,
P. 9.
victoria, -ae, F. [victor], victory.
vicus, -i, M., village.
videlicet, adv. [videre, licet],
(one may see), clearly, evi-
dently, in truth; (w. irony), of
course, forsooth. Cat., I, 8.
video, -ere, vidi, visum, tr.,
see; pass., be seen, seem, seem
good, seem best.
vigilans, -antis, adj. [vigilo],
watchful, vigilant, of active
mind.
vigilia, -ae, F. [vigil, awake], a
watching, watch (a fourth part
of the night) ; wakeful night,
Ar. 11 ; want of sleep; pi.,
the watch, watchmen, sentinels.
vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum [vigil,
watchful], tr, and intr., watch,
keep awake ; watch for.
vilis, -e, of little value, cheap.
vilitas, -tatis, F. [vilis], cheap-
ness.
villa, -ae, F. country-seat, villas
farm.
vinco, -ere, vici, victum, tr.,
conquer.
vinculum, -i, N. [vincio], bond,
chain, tie; pi., imprisonment;
in vincula ducere, cast into
prison.
vindex, -icis, M. and F., aven-
ger, punisher.
vindico, -are, -avi, -atum [vin-
dex], tr., lay claim to, demand,
claim; punish; defend.
vinum, -i, N., wine.
violo, -are, -avi, -atum [vis],
tr., treat with violence, injure,
attack, dishonor.
vir, viri, M., man (opp. mulier).
virgo, -inis, F., maid, maiden^
virgin.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
501
virtus, -tutis, F. [vir], (manli-
ness), bravery, courage, valor;
virtue, character, spirit, ex-
cellence, merit, ability.
vis, vis, F. (App. 10), force,
strength, power, violence;
amount; pi., vires, strength,
vigor, force.
viscera, -um, N., pi., vitals,
vital organs.
viso, -ere, visi, visum [freq. of
video], tr., look at, witness;
go to see, visit.
vita, -ae, F., life.
vitium, -i, N., fault, vice, of-
fense.
vito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.,
avoid, escape, evade.
vituperatio, -onis, F. [vitupero],
charge, reproach.
vivo, -ere, vixi, victum, intr.,
live.
vivus, -a, -um [vivo], alive,
living.
vix, adv., with difficulty, scarcely,
hardly.
vixdum, adv., scarcely yet,
scarcely.
voco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., calif
■ summon, bring.
volito, -are, -avi, -atum [void,
fly], hover about, flit about.
volo, velle, volui (App. 48),
tr. and intr., be willing, wishy
desire, intend, mean, determine.
Volturcius, -i, M., Volturcius^
one of Catiline's confederates,
voluntas, -tatis, F. [volo], will-
i:.gness, consent, will, good
will, wish, desire, purpose,
inclination.
voluptas, -tatis, F. [volo], pleaS'
ure, delight.
vosmet, emphatic form of vos.
votum, -i, N. [voveo], vow.
vox, vocis, F., voice, speech,
utterance, word, saying.
vulgo, adv. [vulgus], commonly,
generally.
vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum [vul-
nus], tr., wound, injure.
vulnus, vulneris, N., wound;
distress.
vultus, -lis, M., the expression
of the countenance, looks; the
face.
INDEX
To the Grammatical Appendix aud the Latin Prose Composition
(2%e numbers refer to pages.")
ft, ab, denoting separation, 320 ;
place from which, 320 ;
source, 320 ; agency, 320.
Ablative case, uses of, 320-322.
absolute, 322.
of accompaniment, 321.
of accordance, 322.
of agent, 320.
of attendant circumstance,
321.
of cause, 321.
of comparison, 320.
of degree of difference, 321.
of description, 321.
of manner, 321.
of material, 320.
of means, 321.
of place from which, 320; in
which, 322.
of plenty or want, 322.
of route, 321.
of separation, 320.
of source, 320.
of specification, 321.
of time when or within which,
322.
with dignus, etc., 322.
with opus, usus, 322.
with prepositions, 342.
with utor, etc., 321.
Accusative case, uses of, 318-
320.
adverbial, 319.
Accusative case, as direct object,
318.
as predicate accusative, 319.
as secondary object, 318.
as subject of infinitive, 319.
cognate, 319.
of duration of time, 319.
of exclamation, 320.
of extent of space, 319.
of place to which, 319.
with ask, demand, teach, 318.
with prepositions, 319.
with propior, proximus, 319.
Adjectives, agreement of, 323.
attributive, 323.
compared, 290.
of 1st and 2d declension, 288.
of 3d declension, 289.
predicate, 323.
uses of, 323.
Adverbs, comparison, 291 ; for-
mation, 312 ; uses, 342.
Agreement, of nouns, 314 ; of
adjectives, 323 ; of pronouns,
323; of verbs, 327.
alius, alter, 288, 326.
amplius, in comparisons, 321.
Anaphora, 344.
Answers, 314.
Antecedent, of relative pronoun,
325.
antequam, wdth temporal clauses,
333.
Antithesis, 344.
Apposition, 314.
503
504
INDEX
Asyndeton, 344.
Attraction, subjunctive by, 335.
B
Base, of noun, 284.
C
Calendar, Roman, 345.
causa, with genitive, 343.
Causal clauses, 331, 333, 387.
Characteristic, clauses of, 331.
Chiasmus, 344.
Climax, 344.
Cognate accusative, 319.
Command, 330, 336, 338, 348.
Comparison, clauses of, 330.
Comparison of adjectives, 290.
of adverbs, 291.
Concessive clauses, 331, 333, 387.
Conditional sentences, 331, 334,
352, 354 ; in indirect dis-
course, 339.
Conjugations, 294-308.
Conjunctions classified, 342.
cum (conj.), causal, 333; conces-
sive, 334 ; temporal, 332.
cum (prep.), denoting accom-
paniment, 321 ; manner, 321 ;
sometimes omitted, 321.
cum primum, with indicative, 332.
D
Dative case, uses of, 317, 318.
of agent, 318.
of indirect object, 317.
of possessor, 318.
of purpose or tendency, 317.
of reference, 318.
of separation, 317.
with adjectives, 318.
with compound verbs, 317.
with verbs of special meaning,
317.
de, denoting place from which,
separation, 320.
debeo, oportet, etc., with pres.
inf., 337, 351.
Declension, 284-290.
Defective verbs, 307.
Deliberative question, 335.
Demonstrative pronouns, 292,
324.
Deponent verbs, 301.
Determinative clauses, 377.
Direct object, 318.
Direct reflexive, 324.
domi, 322 ; domo, 320 ; domum,
319.
dum, uses of, 328, 333, 335.
E
e, ex, denoting place from which,
separation, 320.
Emphasis, 343.
enim, position, 343.
eo, conjugated, 305.
Epistolary tenses, 329.
Ethical dative, 318.
etsi, with concessive clauses,
334.
Exhortations, 330.
F
Fearing, verbs of, with ut, ne, 336,
379.
fero, conjugated, 305.
Fifth declension, 287.
Figures of speech, 344.
fio, conjugated, 304.
First conjugation, 294 ; declen-
sion, 284.
Formation of words, 308 -313.
Fourth conjugation, 299 ; declen-
sion, 286.
Future perfect, 328.
Future tense, 328.
INDEX
506
G
Genitive case, uses of, 315.
objective, 315, 362.
of description, 315.
of indefinite value, 317.
of material, 315.
of the whole, 316.
possessive, 315.
subjective, 315, 362.
with adjectives, 316.
with verbs of accusing, feeling,
interest, memory, 316.
with potior, 316.
Gerund, gerundive, uses of, 340,
341.
Greek nouns, 287.
H
Hendiadys, 344.
Historical infinitive, 337.
Historical tenses, 329.
iam diu, iam dudum, 375.
Imperative, uses of, 336.
Imperfect tense, 328.
impero, with subjunctive, 336.
Impersonal verbs, 308, 327.
Indefinite pronouns, 293, 326.
Indicative, uses of, 330.
Indicative noun clauses, 335.
Indirect discourse, 338.
Indirect questions, 335.
Indirect reflexive, 324.
Infinitive, uses of, 337.
Infinitive noun clauses, 336.
Informal indirect discourse, 339.
Intensive pronoun, 293, 325.
Interrogative pronouns, 293, 326.
Irony, 344.
Irregular verbs, 302-307.
iubeo, with infinitive, 337.
licet, conjugated, 308 ; how used,
351.
Litotes, 344.
Locative case, 322.
longius, in comparisons, 321.
M
malo, conjugated, 306.
memini, conjugated, 307,
Metaphor, 344.
Metonymy, 344.
Moods, syntax of, 330-339; in
indirect discourse, 338.
N
Names of persons, 345.
ne, with purpose clauses, 332;
with noun clauses, 336, 382.
Negative adverbs, 342, 349.
Negative command, 337.
nescio quis, 326.
nolo, conjugated, 306.
Nominative case, uses of, 315.
Noun clauses, 330, 335.
Nouns, declension of, 284-287.
0
Obligation, subjunctive of, 332.
odi, conjugated, 307.
oportet, use of, 351.
opus, with, ablative, 322.
Order of words, 343.
Participles, defined, 340 ; uses oi^
340.
Perfect tense, 328.
Periodic style, 343.
606
INDEX
Periphrastic conjugations, 301.
Personal pronouns, 291, 323.
Place, expressions of, 319, 320,
322.
Pluperfect tense, 328.
plus, in comparisons, 321.
Polysyndeton, 344.
Possession, 366.
Possessive pronouns, 292, 324.
possum, conjugated, 304; how
used, 351.
postquam, with temporal clauses,
332.
Potential use of the subjunctive,
330.
potior, with genitive, 316; with
ablative, 322.
Predicate, accusative, 319 ; gen-
itive, 317 ; noun, 315.
Prefixes, 313.
Prepositions, with accusative,
342 ; with ablative, 342.
Present tense, 327.
Preterition, 344.
Primary tenses, 329.
priusquam, with temporal clauses,
333.
Prohibitions, 337.
Pronouns, declined, 291-294 ;
uses of, 323-326 ; in indirect
discourse, 339.
propior, proximus, etc., with accu-
sative, 319.
proprius with genitive, 318.
Proviso, clauses of, 335.
Purpose clauses, 331, 332; ex-
pressions of purpose, 332.
Q
quam, with comparatives, 321.
quamquam, with concessive
clauses, 334.
Questions, direct, 313, 346; de-
liberative, 335 ; double, 314 ;
indirect, 335, 355.
qui, with indicative, 331 ; with
subjunctive, 331, 332.
quin, quominus, with noun
clauses, 336, 382.
quo, with purpose clauses, 332.
quod, with causal clauses, 333;
with noun clauses, 335.
Reflexive pronouns, 291, 324.
Relative clauses, 331, 377.
Relative pronoun, 293, 325.
Result clauses, 332.
Rhetorical questions, 314.
Root, 308.
S
Second conjugation, 297 ; declen-
sion, 284.
Secondary object, 318; tenses,
329.
Semi-deponent verbs, 302.
Sequence of tenses, 329.
Stem, 284, 308.
Subject, of finite verb, 315; of
infinitive, 319; of historical
infinitive, 315.
Subjunctive, uses of, 330, 331,
349; by attraction, 335;
in noun clauses, 335.
Substantive clauses, see Noun
clauses.
Suffixes, 309-311.
sum, conjugated, 302.
Supine, uses of, 341.
Syntax, 313-343.
T
Temporal clauses, 332, 385.
Tenses, of indicative, 327; of
infinitive, 337; of subjunc*
INDEX
607
tive, 329; in indirect dis-
course, 338.
Third conjugation, 298, 299 ; de-
clension, 285.
Time, when, within which, 322 ;
during which, 319.
U
ubi, with temporal clauses, 332.
ut, with noun clauses, 336 ; with
purpose clauses, 332 ; with
result clauses, 332 ; with
temporal clauses, 332.
utor, with ablative, 321.
Verbs, conjugated, 294-308; uses
of, 327-341 ; agreement, 327 ;
derivation, 311.
Vocative case, 315.
volo, conjugated, 306.
W
Wish, subjunctive of, 330.
Word, order, 343.
Zeugma, 344.
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