/^oy
The National Farm School,,
FARM SCHOOL, BUCKS CO., PA.
(^ (J?* t^
SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT,
October 2nd, 1904.
y
/'
Officers of National Farm School.
President, JOSEPH KRAUSKOPF, 4715 Pulaski Ave., Germantown.
Vice-President, MORRIS A. KAUFMANN.
Treasurer, FRANK H. BACHMAN.
Secretary, HARRY FELIX, 258 ZeraUla St., Germantown.
EXECUTIVE BOARD,
ARNOLD KOHN, Chairman Committee on Finances.
HART BLUMENTHAL, Chairman Committee on Library and Supplies.
HARRY TUTELMAN, Chairman Committee on Property.
ALFRED M. KLEIN, Chairman Committee on Faculty and Curriculum.
ADOLPH EICHHOLZ, Chairman Committee on Discipline.
ABRAHAM ISRAEL, Chairman Committee on Farm Products.
ISAAC HERZBERG, Chairman Committee on Schoenfeld Farms.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
Hart Blu.menthal, Isaac Herzberg, Howard A. Loeb,
Jacob Cartun, Abraham Israel, Esq., Jacob F. Loeb,
Adolph EicuHOLz, Esq., Morris A. Kaufman, Isaac H. Silverman,
S. Feldenheimer, Aknold Kohn, Jos. N. Snellenburg.
Simon Friedebrger, Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, Harry Tutelman,
LADIES' EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF NATIONAL
FARM SCHOOL.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs. Morris LiverighT, Chairman,
Mrs. Leon Schloss, Secretary, 1730
Raeh Blum,
Hart Blumenthal,
Sol. Blumenthal,
Jacob Cartun,
Adolph Eichholz,
Martha Fleishkr,
Simon Friedberger,
Morris A. Kaufman,
Alfred M. Klein,
4258 Parkside Avenue.
Memorial Avenue.
Mrs. Joseph Krauskopf,
Mrs. Howard A. Loeb,
Mrs. Jacob F. Loeb,
Mrs. Joseph Loeb,
Mrs. Isaac H. Silverman,
Mrs. Joseph N. Snellenburg,
Mrs. Nathan Snellenburg,
Mrs. Samuel Snellenburg,
Mrs. Harry Tutelman.
LADIES^ VISITING COMMITTEES.
October nth.
Mrs. S. C. Klopfer— Mrs. L- Lisberger.
October iSt/i.
Mrs. J. L. Marks— Mrs. C. Sessler.
October 2^th.
Mrs. A. J. Bamberger — Mrs Sol. Asher.
October 2^th .
Mrs. S. W Salus— Mrs Louis Wittenberg.
November ist.
Mrs. Jacob Labe — Mrs Giis Wolf.
November Sth.
Mrs. C Coons— Mrs. Sflniuel Straus.s, Jr.
November loth .
■ Mrs. S. Jacobs — Mrs Morris Wiernik.
November i^tk.
Mrs Leopold Loeb— Mrs. Gus Heyman.
November 22nd.
Mrs Joseph Kaufman — Mrs. Harry Nelke.
November 2gfli.
Mrs. Wm B. Landauer — Mrs. H. M. Rosenblatt
December 6lh.
Mrs. L S Elie! — Mrs. Joseph Louchheim.
December l^th
Mrs. M Krauss — Mrs. J. Herzberg.
December ijth
Miss Hennie Ullman — Miss Jennie Strauss.
December 20th.
Mrs. Max Greenebaum —
Miss Lillian Abrahamson.
Ja niiary loth .
Mrs. Henry Jonas— Miss Frie<ia Jonas.
January ijth.
Mrs. Joel Berg— Mrs. Leopold Simon.
Janua' y 24th.
Mrs. J P. Wieder — Mrs. Mannie Isaacs.
January 31st.
Mrs. Louis Elkish — Mrs. Henry Plonsky.
February ytli.
Mrs Bernard Selignian — Mrs. S W. Goodman
February 14th.
Mrs. Henry Rosenthal— Mrs. Simon Weil.
February 21st.
Mrs Charles Kors — Mrs. Beuj. F. Horn.
February 28th.
Mrs. M. Lang — Mrs. M. Bash.
March jth.
Mrs. T. Schweriner — Mrs. D. G. Levy.
March 14th.
Mrs Harry Bayersdorfer — Mrs A. Nachman.
March 21st.
Mrs. '^ Beckman— Mrs. Hiram Hirsch.
March 2Stk.
Mrs Jacob Schwartz — Mrs. Marc. Bacharach.
April 4th.
Mrs. G Greenewald — Mrs. Mone Isaacs.
April nth.
Mrs Gahe Bhim — Mrs. Julius Sondheim.
Apti! iSth.
Mrs. Benj. Lyon — Mrs. Henry Kemaler.
April 25th.
Mrs Isaac Rice— Miss Carrie Swope.
Mav. June, Jul^', August and September,
same Committees will visit in same rotation.
Faculty of 1904.
JOSEPH KRAUSKOPF, D. D., President.
JOHN HOSEA WASHBURN, Ph. D. (Gottingen),
Director and Professor of Agricultural Chemistry.
WIIvI^IAM H. BISHOP, B. Sc, (Mass. Agricultural College),
Professor of Agriculture, Superintendent of Farm.
CHARLES P. HALLIGAN, B. Sc, (Mass, Agricultural College),
Professor of Horticulture Superintendent of Grounds.
W. RAY GORHAM, B. Sc. (State College, Pa.,)
Professor of Agricultural Physics and Literature, and Mathematics
W. G. BENNER, V. S.,
Professor of Veterinary Science and Farm Hygiene.
MRS. E. G. STARR,
Household Principal.
GEORGE HOOPS,
Assistant in Agriculture.
JOHN R. HISTAND,
Stenographer, and Superintendent of Repairs.
Students of National Farm School^
1904-1905.
Name.
Age.
Years
Residence.
Place of Birth.
Occupation at Time of
Admission.
Anderson, Victor . . .
20
Philadelphia, Pa. .
Russia
Cigar Making.
Blumen, I,awrence . .
i6
Camden, N. J. . . .
Russia
Working in Store.
Brown, Benjamin . .
23
Cincinnati, O. . . .
Russia
Cigar Maker.
Chodos, Ben
iS
Milwaukee, Wis.
Russia
Working in Brewery.
Condor, Louis ....
17
Baltimore, Md. . .
United States . . .
Attending School.
Feinberg, Solomon . ,
16
New York, N. Y. .
Russia .......
Attending School.
Feldman, Nathan . .
16
Philadelphia, Pa. .
Russia
Attending School.
Fleischer, Maxmillian
i6
Philadelphia, Pa. .
United States . . .
Attending School.
Frank, Jr., Harry J. .
16
Natchez, Miss. . .
United States . . .
Wor'g in Dry Goods St.
Galbliim, Samuel . . .
16
Philadelphia, Pa. .
United States . . .
Attending School.
Goldphan, Samuel D.
20
Woodbine, N. J. . .
Russia
Attending School.
Green, Meyer ....
19
Elizabethport, N. J.
Russia
Attending School.
Hirsch, Harry ....
19
Chicago, 111
United States . . .
Clerk in Cloth'g House.
Horn, Charles ....
iS
Philadelphia, Pa. .
United States . . .
Attending School.
Izgur, I,ouis
20
Cincinnati, O. . . .
Russia
Working on Farm.
Krinzman, Philip . .
18
Elizabeth, N. J. . .
Russia
Attending School.
Kysela, Rudolph . . .
19
New York, N. Y. .
United States . . .
Attending School.
I,ehrer, Hyman . . .
19
New York, N. Y. .
Austria
Jewelry Factory.
JLeon, Marcus
16
Des Moines, la. . .
United States . . .
Attending School.
Miller, Abe
J9
Corsicana, Texas
Russia
Att'g Agricultural Sch'l
Morris, Max
19
Chicago, 111
Hungary
Attending School.
Neustadt, David M.
17
New York, N. Y. .
Russia
Millinery Business.
Noback, Chas. Y. . . .
16
New York, N . Y. .
United States . . .
Working in Store.
Norvick, Jacob ....
21
Baltimore, Md. . .
Russia
Cigar Making.
Norvick, Morris . . .
16
Doylestown, Pa. . .
Russia
Working on Farm.
Orcutt, Howard R. . .
17
Philadelphia, Pa. .
United States . . .
Attending School.
Ostrolenk, Bernard .
17
Gloversville, N. Y.
Poland
Attending School.
Ratner, Henry ....
20
Philadelphia, Pa. .
Russia .......
Cigar Making.
Ratner, Jacob ....
19
Philadelphia, Pa. .
Russia
Clerk in Cigar Store.
Ringold, Samuel . . .
17
Camden, N. J. . .
United States . . .
Elevator Operator.
Rock, IvOuis
17
Philadelphia, Pa. .
Russia
Attending School.
Rosenblatt, Saul . . .
20
Woodbine, N. J. . .
Germany
Electrician.
Rudley, Samuel . . .
16
Philadelphia, Pa. .
Russia
Attending School.
Schlesinger, Alphonse
15
New Orleans, X,a.. .
United States . . .
Attending School.
Schulmann, Harry . .
15
New Orleans, I,a. .
United States . . .
Attending School.
Serber, Dav-id ....
20
Philadelphia, Pa. .
Russia
Attending School.
Shaw, George A. . . .
20
Eliot, Me
United States . . .
Attending School.
Stabinsky, Julius . . .
15
New Orleans, I<a. .
United States . . .
Attending School.
Stern, Isaac
15
Baltimore, Md. . .
United States . . .
Attending School.
Weinberg, Isadore . .
iS
Philadelphia, Pa. .
Russia
Clerk in Chem. Mfg. Co.
Wind, Emanuel . . .
14
Peoria, 111
Roumauia
Working in Cigar Store
"Wiseman, Jos
iS
Pittsburg, Pa. . . .
Roumania
Attending School.
Calendar J 904— 1905.
FIRST QUARTER, Sept. J 0th, J 904, to January 1st, 1905.
Saturday, September lo Rosh Hashanah.
Monday, September 19 Yom Kippur.
Saturday, October ist Succoth.
Sunday, October 2d . Succoth Pilgrimage & Annual Meeting.
Thursday, November 24 Thanksgiving.
Saturday, December 3rd Chanukah.
Saturday, December 24 Winter Recess begins.
SECOND QUARTER, January Jst to April Ist, 1905.
Saturday, January 14 Winter Recess ends.
Friday, February 12 Lincoln's Birthday.
Monday, February 22 Washington's Birthday.
THIRD QUARTER, April Ist to July Ist, 1905.
Thursday, April 20 Pesach.
Frida}^, April 28 Arbor Day.
Friday, June 9th Shabuoth.
Tuesday, May 30 Memorial Day.
FOURTH QUARTER, July 1st to September 30th, 1905.
Tuesday, July 4 Independence Day.
Saturday, September 30 Rosh Hashanah Eve.
.Special recess for planting and harvesting when the season demands.
Two weeks camping some time in Sept. when the season admits.
FRESHMEN YEAR.
FAI,L TERM.
Hours per
week.
Algebra, Wells. From beginning
to involution 4
English, IV/iitney & Lockwood. Re-
view of technical grammar 4
Free Hand Drawing, Charcoal Work ... 2
Elementary Physics, 5"/^tr/i» Complete. Re-
view of mensuration, mechanics, hj'dro-
statics. pneumatics and sound 4
Demonstrations in Practical Agriculture . 2
Soils, Brooks. Composition and Classifi-
cation 2
Farm Work 31
Military Drill 3
SPRING TERM.
Hours per
week.
Algebra, Wells. From involution through
quadratic equations 4
English, Composition and letter writing . 3
Elementary Physics, Steele Complete.
Light, heat and electricity 4
Agriculture, Brooks. Soils, implements and
methods of cultivation 3
Botany, Bailey. Study of germination of
seeds and structure of root, stem, leaf
and flowers 3
Farm Work 31
Military Drill 3
SOPHOMORE YEAR.
FALL TERM.
Hours per
week.
Geometry, Wells. Rectilenear figures and
the circle 4
Chemistry, Avery. Elementary 4
Agriculture, Brooks. Soil improvement,
drainage and irrigation .."••.... 2
Animal Husbandry, breeds of live stock . 2
Bolanv', study of weeds 2
Elocution I
Meterology Waldo 2
Farm Work 31
Military Drill 3
SPRING TERM.
Hours per
week.
Geometry, Wells. Theory of proportion,
similar polygons and their areas .... 4
Dairying and Practical Work in Butter
making 4
Chemistry, Newell. Descriptive .... 4
Agriculture, Farm Crops 3
Horticulture, propagation, budding and
grafting 1
Farm Work 31
Military Drill 3
JUNIOR YEAR.
FALL TERM.
Hours per
week.
Surveying, alternating once in two years
with agricultural mechanics for both
seniors and juniors 3
Agricultural Mechanics, Alternating with
Surveying 3
Analytical Chemistry 3
Horticulture, vegetable gardening, Bailey. 3
Rhetoric. Hills 3
Elocution I
American Literature 2
19th Century History (American) ■ .... 2
Farm Work ....'.....• 31
Military Drill 3
SPRING TERM.
Hours per
week.
Leveling and Drainage, for both seniors
and juniors to alternate with agricultu-
ral economics 4
Economic Entomology, for both seniors
and juniors to alternate with veterinary
science 3
Agricultural Chemistry 2
Animal Industry, poultry management . . 3
Organic Chemistry and Mineralogy ... 3
Botany, grasses and grains 3
Farm Work 31
Military Drill 3
SENIOR YEAR.
FALL TERM.
Hours per
week.
Surveying or Agricultural Mechanics, as
per junior year 3
Agricultural Geology 3
Horticulture, pomology and bush fruits . 4
Agricultural Bacteriology 2
Agricultural Literature, experiment sta-
tion reports 2
Agriculture, fertilizers 2
Farm Work 31
Military Drill 3
SPRING TERM.
Hours per
week.
Agricultural Economics to alternate with
leveling and drainage as per junior year. 4
Veterinary Science, to alternate with eco-
nomic Entomology as per junior year . 3
Horticulture, floriculture and greenhouse
management and construction 3
Animal Husbandry, stock breeding and
feeding 4
Farm Management 1
Thesis • * 3
Farm Work 31
Military Drill 3
COURSE OF INSTRUCTION.
The following pages will explain the subjects taught and the
methods employed:
AGRICULTURE.
Demonstrations in Practical Agriculture.
In this exercise the class is taken to the field or stable and given instruc-
tion in performing the simplest fundamental operations in the daily work of
the farm. For example, the student is taught the proper method of currying
a horse, how to take apart and put together a harness, and harness and un-
harness a single horse or a pair, to drive and to handle a team under a variety
of conditions.
He is taught how to milk and how to handle the various farm tools.
Soils, Composition and Classification.
Preceding study of methods of cultivation, the student should know how
soils are formed, of what they are composed, the relation of different kinds of
soil to water, heat and air; the effect of varying proportions of humus, clay
or sand, and the reasons why soils of different compositions have different
characteristics;
The mechanical, physical and chemical effects of water, showing the results
from too much or too little moisture;
The capacity of soils to hold water and plant food;
The chemical and mechanical composition and their relations to crop
production.
Soils.
Alter study of the composition of soils follows a consideration of the
plow, harrow, cultivator and other implements used in the preparation of the
soil for planting and in the planting and cultivation of the crop. As the school
has a very good outfit of implements, the student is able to become familiar
with them by actual experience, first learning by classroom exercises the use
and adaptability of the tools, and later, by actual practice in the field, intensify-
ing and making practical his class work.
In the class room the student learns why and when he tills the soil, why
he plows and when, the reasons for using weeders, cultivators or harrows,
and then goes to the field and uses the implement, thus learning how to manip-
ulate it in practise, and being able to study its work and its effect upon the
soil or plant.
Soil Improvenuent.
Rational soil improvement is based upon a knowledge of soil composition
and its effect on plant growth, and upon the effect of the use of different
tools upon the soil.
Hence, after becoming familiar with these subjects in his first year, the
student is able in the second year to take up the study of the various means ot
IDA M. BLOCK MEMORIAL CHAPEL
THERESA LOEB GREENHOUSE (Inside)
improving the fertility of the farm, such as rotation of crop, addition of humus,
liming, inoculation, fertilization, cultivation, prevention of washing, drainage,
and, under some conditions, irrigation.
Farm Crops.
This consists of a study of the methods of growing, harvesting and utilizing
the various crops, their adaptability to different kinds of soil, and their uses
in different kinds of farming, the adaptability and choice of varieties of crops,
the selection of seed, the preparation and planting of same, the composition
of the crop, and the consideration of its place in the farming economy; also
its origin and history.
Agricultural Fertilizers.
The importance of commercial fertilizers in modern farming makes neces-
sary a special study of their composition and use, the origin and composition
of the various ingredients used in them, and their adaptability to the soils
and plants of the farm.
Special attention is given to the saving of all the fertilizing materials of
the farm and their economic use. Most important of these is the common
barnyard manure, and considerable time is spent in studying its composition
under varying conditions of preservation, feeding and origin, the best methods
of using it, and proper crop and land to which to apply it.
Agricultural Bacteriology.
Study of the relation of bacteria to cultivation and fertilization of the
soil; the relation of bacteria to certain agricultural plants, their relation to
milk and its products, together with their action in sanitation and disease.
Agricultural Literature.
A successful farmer in these days must be a reading as well as a thinking
man. The class in agricultural literature is intended to cultivate the reading
habit and to give students some familiarity with the best agricultural period-
icals, books and writers, and to keep them acquainted with the newer discov-
eries and practises.
Special attention will be given the bulletins of progress, in experimental
work, at the different agricultural colleges and experiment stations; as frorr.
these reports we get much of our most valuable and accurate information
concerning the relation of science to agriculture.
Farm Work.
Most of our boys come to us with no knowledge of farm work. There-
fore, the most necessary feature of their training is the performance of the
ordinary farm operations.
All of the work incident to the carrying on of the farm, in the field, in the
stable, poultry department, orchards, garden, greenhouses and dairy, is done
by the pupils; it follows that each pupil having the desire to do so may be-
come proficient in all of the farm work.
That this end may be accomplished, each pupil is detailed to a new duty
each month, with the idea of giving him a progressive course of instruction in
this work, in both the chores and the general work.
During the whole year some work is performed each day; for seven and
one-half months during the late fall, winter and early spring, the same amount
of time is devoted to the farm as to classroom instruction. From May i to
September 20, the period most important in the growth of crops, all of the
time of the pupils is devoted to practical agriculture, under the constant
direction of the instructors.
Agricultural Chemistry.
With the other courses on chemical subjects for a foundation, the pupil
is prepared to take up some of the applications of chemistry to agriculture.
The study of the analyses of milk, butter and cheese; the digestion of the ani-
mals, the changes produced in the soil by fertilizers and tillage. The action of
manures in producing plant food. The digestibility of the different foods with
different animals is studied. This course is given to the junior class during
the spring term for four periods per week.
Agricultural Geology.
The object of this instruction is to teach the pupils the different kinds of
rocks which go to make up our soil. Such portions of dynamic geology is
considered as will give the pupil a clear idea of weathering, erosion of wind and
water, lake and sea deposits, the part played by the action of glaciers and vol-
canoes in soil formation. The growth of mountains is discussed, and the use
of fossils in determining the age in which rocks and deposits were formed.
The effect of certain physical features of the country upon the different
branches of agriculture is discussed in lectures. This course is given to the
senior class throughout the fall term, senior year, three periods per week.
Agricultural Mechanics.
This subject is taught by lectures, and by the use of King's book on
"Agricultural Physics." It deals with the laws of mechanics as applied to the
plow, eveners, the different farm machines. To the construction and care of
boilers, portable engines and other farm powers. The construction of farm
buildings and the heating and plumbing of the same are also considered. This
is taught once in two years to both seniors and juniors for three periods per
week during the fall term.
Meteorology.
Two recitations each week during the first term of the sophomore year
are devoted to the study of meteorology. Some of the most important sub-
jects discussed are: The atmosphere, temperature, pressure, winds, moisture,
clouds, precipitation and the principle and construction of the most common
instruments used in meteorological observation and weather predictions, such
as thermometer, barometer, rain gauge, and psycrometer, for frost predictions.
The weather maps of the weather bureau of the United States Department of
Agriculture are received, and practise is given in the reading and construction
of weather maps, and in drawing isobars and isotherms. Some practise is
also given and required in making elementary meteorological observations and
in the crude methods of weather predictions.
Land Surveying.
This is taught to both seniors and juniors once in two years for three I
periods per week during the fall term. Enough of plane trigonometry is taught '
to enable the pupil to compute the functions of a triangle, together with the
computation of its area. Chain and compass surveying is taught; also the use
of the transit in land measurement. Each pupil surveys several fields, and
draws a plot of them to a proper scale, and learns to run out boundaries from
old deeds.
Leveling and Drainage.
Exercises in the running of lines for digging ditches for both open ditches
and for tile drains is given as a supplement to the course in surveying, four
hours per week, throughout the spring term, to both juniors and seniors, once
in two years.
Agricultural Economics.
Once in two years a course of four periods per week during the spring
term is given to the seniors and juniors in economics.
It is the aim of the instruction to deal with the economic conditions of
farming. At the same time to give an idea to the pupil of the town, county
and State organizations. The departments of the general Government, and
some of the elementary principles of contracts, agency, partnership, and com-
mercial paper.
HORTICULTURE.
This course aims to give every student a working knowledge of the vari-
ous divisions of horticulture. The equipment for the teaching of this course
consists^ among other things, of two large greenhouses, several acres of apples,
peaches, pears, grapes, and ten acres of land devoted entirely to market gar-
dening. Besides this, we are especially fortunate in possessing a beautiful
collection of ornamental trees, shrubs and perennials. The course offered at
present is as follows:
Sophomore year, spring term, two hours a week. This course naturally
starts with the fundamental principles of horticulture, teaching the various
methods of propagation, grafting, budding, and illustrating with practical
work m the greenhouses and orchards.
Junior year, fall term, three hours a week. Market gardening, including
the locations, soils, methods of cultivation and marketing of vegetables.
Bailey's "Principles of Vegetable Gardening" is used as a text book, with lec-
tures and field exercises.
Senior year, fall term, three hours a week, devoted to recitations and field
exercises. A study of the latest methods of the growing and marketing of
fruits. Bailey's "Principles of Fruit Growing" is used as a text book, accom-
panied by frequent visits to the orchard.
Spring term, three hours a week, devoted to recitations and greenhouse
work, in the study of the construction and management of greenhouses, and
followed by a course in floriculture.
SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS.
Botany.
The instruction in botany is given by means of lectures, recitations, lab-
oratory and field exercises. The object of this course is to teach those sub-
jects which have a direct bearing upon economic and scientific agriculture.
The courses are as follows:
Freshman year, spring term, three hours a week; laboratory work and
recitations. Study of the germination of seeds, and structure of the root, stem,
leaf and flower.
Sophomore year, fall term, two hours a week; laboratory and field exer-
cises on the study of weeds.
Junior year, spring term, three hours a week; laboratory lectures and field
exercises. A study of the grasses and grains.
Entomology.
The object of this course is to give the student a working knowledge of
the injurious insects which affect the farmer at the present day.
Juniors and seniors, spring term, three hours a week; lectures, laboratory
and field exercises. A study of the external and internal anatomy of insects,
together with a study of the life history of the most injurious insects, and
mehods of combating them.
Chemistry.
Instruction in chemistry begins with the sophomore year and consists of
recitations and laboratory exercises; four periods per week. It is an element-
ary course^ special attention being given to the writing of chemical equations,
and to the arithmetic of chemistry. This is to prepare the pupil to understand
the applications of chemistry as taught in their agriculture and horticulture.
The text book is Avery's "Complete Chemistry." During the spring term the
same amount of instruction as previous term, four periods per week, during
which more advanced instruction concerning the elements contained in the
bodies of plants and animals is given. For a text book, Newell's "Descriptive
Chemistry' is used. This course enables the pupil to compute the am.ount of
the different elements that can be found in pure and impure chemicals and to
understand the reactions which take place from the mixing of chemicals.
It is the foundation for the computation of all fertilizer and feeding formulas.
Organic Chemistry.
A short course in the further chemistry of the carbon compounds, so that
the constitution of alcohols, fats, organic acids, starch, sugar, and some of the
albuminoids may be understood, to enable the pupil to appreciate the work of
plants and the digestion of animals. This course is given by lectures and lab-
oratory demonstration, to the juniors during the spring term, for three periods
per week.
Analytical Chemistry.
A short course in laboratory work of three hours per week during the
fall term, junior year, is given in qualitative analysis. The pupils analyze
substances for such acids as hydrochloric, chloric, also the bromine and iodine
acids, carbonic, sulphuric and sulphurous, nitric and nitrous, phosphoric and
phosphorous, and some of the acids of arsenic, antimony, chromium, man-
ganese and molybdenum. Also to test for the bases found in agricultural ma-
terials; for example, silver, mercury, lead, arsenic, antimony, tin, copper, cad-
mium, bismuth, cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, chromium, zinc, aluminium,
barium, strontium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and ammonium.
Such a course as the above makes it possible for the pupil to read with
intelligence chemical books on industrial subjects.
Elementary Physics.
In this course a review of proportion, square and cube root and mensura-
tion precedes the instruction in physics proper. Much importance is attached
to the pupils performing many practical examples under the different subjects
ZADOK M. EISNER CHEMICAL LABORATORY
MAKING BUTTER
13
of mechanics. The applications of laws of heat and light to the growth of
plants and animals, and to the science of every-day life, is emphasized. The
application of electricity to modern life is of especial interest to the farmer.
This instruction is given four periods per week throughout the freshman year.
Mineralogy.
Lessons and laboratory work on minerals to teach their characteristics
and to determine about one hundred and fifty different specimens that are
considered during the instruction given in chemistry and agricultural geology,
are given twice per week during the spring term to the juniors. The instruc-
tion is much assisted by the use of a fine cabinet of minerals presented to the
National Farm School in memory of Harry E. Reinhard by his children.
Algebra.
It is the aim of the School to give its students a good foundation in ele-
mentary mathematics. As a fair knowledge of arithmetic is required to enter
the school, the first branch of mathematics taken up is algebra, to which four
recitations per week during the entire freshman year are devoted. Although
the amount of algebra given depends entirely upon the mathematical ability of
the pupil, it is our aim to give the student a good training in elementary alge-
bra, up to and including quadratic equations.
Geometry.
Four hours per week during the entire sophomore year are devoted to
recitations in geometry, covering the first five books. The text book used is
Wells's "Plane Geometry," and special stress is laid upon those problems or
theorems which are more often met with in practical life, such as surveying
and mechanical work.
ENGLISH AND HISTORY.
The successful farmer of to-day must have a good command of language.
He must not only be able to think clearly, but he must be able to express those
thoughts correctly and concisely, and it is to meet this demand that our course
in English is designed. During the freshman year the student learns how to
construct and analyze simple, common, complex and compound sentences.
Parts of speech and their properties and uses, the correct forms of letter writ-
ing and the elementary principles of composition, which fit him to take up the
more advanced work of the sophomore and junior year.
During the first term of the sophomore year he studies the art of more
advanced composition and the choice of words and expressions, and is required
to write each week a theme on some given subjects. This practise helps the
student in learning to express himself correctly and concisely and in a form fit
for publication.
The "Gleaner," a monthly periodical published by the students of the
School, affords an excellent opportunity for work of this kind to those who
are so inclined.
The Literary Society, also conducted by the students, meets every week
during the school year, affords a good opportunity for speaking, debating and
literary work, as well as much pleasure to the students.
Amierican Literature.
The work in American Literature comprises the study of the biographies
of our most celebrated American authors, and the review of one of the most
14
noted works of each, or as many as the time will permit. They are taken up
in chronological order. The time allotted to this study is two hours per week
during the first term of the junior year.
Elocution.
During the first term of both junior and sophomore years one hour per
week is devoted to practical elocution, to give the student practise in speaking
before the public and to teach him to express himself easily and forcibly.
Practise is given in either reciting some selection from our best-known writers
or by debates in which the pupil is taught to present his argument in a sys-
tematic, logical and forcible way.
Rhetoric.
During the first term of the junior year the pupils have three recitations
per week in rhetoric and composition, which includes punctuation, letter
writing, more advanced study of parts of speech, elements of expression, such
as paragraphs, words and phrases, sentences, and the qualities of expres-
sion, such as unity, clearness, force, ease. The author of the text book
used is A. S. Hill.
igth Century History. (American.)
This course is designed to give the student a fair knowledge of the most
important American affairs during the nineteenth century.
FREE HAND DRAWING.
For one term in the year instruction is given during one period per week
to the freshman class in drawing. Charcoal drawing from objects comprises
the major part of the instruction. The object of this instruction is to enable the
the young farmer to sketch his ideas concerning changes in buildings, or to
preserve forms that may be necessary for future reference.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.
Breeds of Live Stock.
In order to intelligently select the best live stock for a farm, one must be
acquainted with the characteristics of the various breeds of cattle, horses,
swine, sheep and poultry and their adaptability to different localities and styles
of farming. Most of the time devoted to this topic is spent upon the more
prominent and well-known breeds, studying their history, character and uses.
Poultry Management.
Classroom instruction and practical work in the feeding and care of fowls,
including chickens, ducks, geese and pigeons, incubation by natural and arti-
ficial methods, management of brooders and of hens with chickens.
15
The School has a complete outfit of poultry houses, brooder house, brood-
ers and incubators for practical instruction in this subject. Study of the various
breeds and classes of poultry and their adaptability to different conditions and
tastes.
Stock Feeding.
Most successful agriculture has its basis in intelligent stock feeding. To
have svxcess in the highest degree in this line one must understand both the
principles and the practise.
The principles may be learned in the classroom, the practise must be
learned in the stable. So the student studies the composition of foods and
their combination into proper rations for different animals doing different
work, then goes to the stable and feeds the cows, horses or sheep, and learns
how the food produced on the farm is saved and fed to the best advantage
when combined with that purchased to supplement it.
Stock Breeding,
Few men become successful breeders of live stock; but none can do so
without understanding the principles governing the production of superior
animals.
In the senior year, after studying earlier in the course the breeds of live
stock, the methods of caring for them, their adaptability to various uses, how
to feed them, and how to prevent disease, the student is prepared to take up
the stud}' of the science and art of breeding animals, including heredity, varia-
tion, fecundity, inbreeding, cross-breeding, and the principles necessary
in breeding up a profitable farm herd or flock.
Dairying.
Special stress is laid upon the making of fine butters, and a fully equipped
dairy buildiug, with boiler, separators, butter workers, is used in giving
practical instruction in this subject. The student follows the milk through the
various stages from the cow to the finished product, including testing the milk
and cream for amount of butter fat. Here, as everywhere else, classroom and
laboratory work precede the actual work of caring for the dairy and making
the butter. The student separates the milk, ripens the cream, churns, salts,
works and prints the butter, and cares for the dairy utensils, including sep-
arator and steam boiler.
Veterinary Science.
No attempt is made to produce skilled veterinarians, but the lectures are
devoted to giving instruction in the best methods of caring for animals that
they may be kept in health and so make it necessary to very rarely employ a
veterinarian.
The student will study the external and internal structure of the animal,
m order that he may understand principles of minor surgical operations and
administration of medicines. He will be given some knowledge of the symp-
toms and treatment of a few of the most common diseases of domesticated
animals.
i6
GENERAL EQUIPMENT.
The farm consists of 122 acres of fertile land, all of which is till-
able, making it possible to carry on diversified farming, so essential to the instruc-
tion given in the various subjects considered. The farm also contains several
acres of timber land aifording three fine groves. The farm is well stocked with
pure bred and grade stock. The buildings for stock are arranged according to
modern sanitary principles ; two silos adjoin the dairy barn. The outfit of farm
machinery is especially complete, including a grain drill, corn planter, walking
and sulky plows; Acme spring tooth, smoothing, cutaway and disk harrow ; two-
horse single cultivator, rollers, three mowing machines, self binder, corn har-
vester, hay rakes, tedder, lime spreader, weeders and five wagons, ice tools, silage
CHtter and shreader, thrasher and separator, steam turbine tubler and hand
separator, one three-horse power engine, two wind mills and a hot air engine
for pumping water. The dairy building is thoroughly equipped with modern
michinery for carrying on dairy operations. On the ground may be found
vegetable gardens, orchards and nursery, these together with the greenhouses
make practical industrial work in horticulture possible throughout the entire
year. In order that the students may become familiar with the handling of horses
we keep 15 horses.
The farm has a well equipped poultry plant, including house for 200 laying
hens, a brooder house to accommodate Soo chickens, a pigeon house and four in-
cubators and out-door brooders. The sheep fold has 40 sheep.
The Farm School lies adjacent to the W. Atlee Burpee celebrated seed farm,
a thoroughly equipped establishment conducted on the soundest business principles,
where a dollar is required of every dollar expended. The managers of these places
allow our students to study their methods of business. Such an object lesson ac-
companying the instruction given at the school, adds greatly to our educational
equipment.
Other neighboring farms are among the best in the State. All are willing to
be helpful in every way possible to assist the worthy young men in the study of
agriculture.
Our entire environment is that of an agricultural people who live on and ofif
their farms, and whose whole life and example show the profitable and enjoyable
aspect of agricultural pursuits.
The main building is fitted up with dormitory rooms, class rooms, library,
reception rooms, dining rooms and offices, and is lighted by gas and heated by
steam. The buildings are supplied with spring water. The library contains
2000 volumes, including reference books, Encyclopedia Britauica, Jewish Ency-,
clopedia, Allibone's Dictionary of Authors, Historical Works of Redpath, John
Fisk, McMasten, Woodrow Wilson; all of the American classics, many of the
English; many standard works of science, including Tyndal's, Huxley's, Darwin's,
Spencer's, &c., together with all the modern standard works on Agriculture, Hor-
ticulture and animal industry, with works on modern physical science and a
reading file of the leading daily papers and agricultural journals. Illustrative
material for class room and field work is being constantly added.
17
DISCIPLINE.
The maintenance of good behavior and order in the dormitories and about
the buildings is strictly adhered to. Detail and industrial work must be thoroughly
and carefully done. Students failing to conform to the rules and regulations of
the institution will be immediately dismissed.
All supplies furnished students are merely loaned. These must not be taken
away or disposed of in any way except by consent of the Director.
HOUSE RULES.
No meals served to visitors without special permission.
All visitors to be out of the buildings and oflf of the grounds at 6 o'clock P. M.
No visitors to be allowed above the first floor except on regular days of inspec-
tion, at regular appointed times, without special permission.
No lady to be taken in the dormitories except on above public days and by
special permission.
No gambling of any sort whatever allowed at National Farm School. ,
Dancing not allowed in the reception hall except between the hours of from
2 to 5 on recreation days.
Permission to leave the grounds, to use the piano or to practice singing must
be obtained from the governor.
All persons wrestling, shouting, whistling or singing in the school room or
reception room at any time will be reprimanded.
Students will be at the barn or at horticultural department or other places for
work on time, 7 A. M. and i P. M.
The bell will be rung ten minutes before the hour.
Any student leaving work without permission before 12 M. or 5 P. M. will be
reprimanded.
The object of the above rules is to impress students with the importance of
honesty and prq«nptness.
DAILY PROGRAM.
The following is the program for each day except Saturday and Sunday during
the school period:
5.45 A. M., Rising Bell. 4 to 5 P. M., Military Drill and Athletics.
6.05 A. M., Details. 5.00 P. M., Details.
7.00 A. M., Breakfast and Devotion. 6.00 P. M., Supper.
Industrials.
8.00 A. M. to 12 M., Study and Classes. 7.00 to 9.00 P. M., Study Period.
12.15 P- M-. Dinner. 9.45 P. M., Retiring.
Industrials.
I. GO to 4 00 P. M., Study and Classes.
Seniors and Juniors have industrial work every forenoon and classes in after-
noon. Sophomores and Freshmen have classes in forenoon and industrial work
in afternoon.
Meeting of Farm School Literary Society takes place every Saturday evening
at 7.30.
For further information address Executive Office of the National Farm School,
Philadelphia, Pa.
i8
Regulations Governing the Admission of Students.
1. An applicant for admission must be between i6 and 21 years of age. (His
mental and physical development must be such as ensures his being able to
pursue the advanced studies and to perform the industrial work. )
2. He must accompany his application with a certificate testifying to his
having successfully completed his Grammar School training, and his being ready
for High School work. In lieu of such a certificate, he must pass an examination
before some competent person, in branches taught in the highest grade of the
Grammar School, and the result of such examination must accompany the
application.
3. An applicant must be in good health. A physician's certificate, accord-
ing to the form prescribed by the Directors, must accompany the application.
Where practicable, a physician will be designated near the residence of the appli-
cant, from whom such certificate must be obtained.
The Board reserves for itself the right of re-examining an applicant, after his
arrival, as to his mental or physical fitness for admission.
4. An applicant must be of good moral character and able and willing to
perform hard out-door work. Satisfactory references must accompany the appli-
cation, and wherever practicable, the recommendations must be submitted by the
applicant to be endorsed by the member of the Auxiliary Board representing the
State in which such applicant resides.
5. No charge is made for tuition. For board, lodging and laundry a charge
is made of|2oo, (about ^4.00 a week) payable in semi-annual instalments of $100,
in advance.
6. A limited number of Free Scholarships will be granted to such who have
passed the Grammar School with high averages, and who receive the endorsement
of the member of the National Auxiliary Board representing the State, as well as
two or three other representative men of the State. A Free Scholarship
comprises free tuition, free board and laundry during the entire four years, and
wearing apparel for the last three years.
7. When an applicant shall have been notified that his application has been
favorably acted upon, he must come to Doylestown, Pennsylvania, at the time
specified, and must come provided with the following outfit : One heavj' overcoat,
one suit for Sabbath wear, one school suit, two pairs of working shoes, one pair
gum boots, one pair of slippers, three suits of heavy underwear, three suits of
light underwear, one dozen pairs of socks (^ dozen light, ^ dozen heavy),
one half dozen collars, two pairs cuffs, two bosom shirts, six working shirts (two
winter, four summer), three night shirts, one dozen handkerchiefs, two pairs of
overalls, two blouses, one hair brush and comb, one tooth brush, one umbrella,
three neckties, one hat for Sabbath wear and one working hat. Articles of
clothing should be duly marked.
8. Th& receptacle for a student's personal effects must not exceed in size,
that of an ordinary steam,er trunk.
9. Before any student shall be admitted, his parents or guardian must release
all control over him from the time of his entrance until his completion of the four
years' course, or until such prior time as he may, in the discretion of the Board, be
discharged therefrom. Such parents or guardian must also waive all claim for
compensation for services which he may render in or about the school or the farm
thereunto belonging.
This Regulation is made in order to enable the Board to encourage the
student in the pursuit of his studies and to protect him against any possible ill-
advised interference of relatives.
10. Students must come to the school prepared to furnish their own uni-
form. The measurements for the same are taken at the School. The price is fn.
11. Students are required to deposit with the Board of Trustees of the Farm
School, a sum sufficient to pay their traveling expenses homeward in case they
should not desire to remain at the school, or in event of the faculty finding it
necessary to dismiss them. Pupils completing their studies will have the money
thus deposited returned to them at their graduation.
12. Applications must be sent to the Chairman of the Committee on
Applications, MORRIS A. KAUFMANN,
Allegheny Avenue and Hancock Street, Philadelphia, Pa. .
19
Seventh Annual Meeting and Succoth Pilgrimage.
Grounds of the National Farm School,
DOYLESTOWN, Pa., Sunday, October 2d, 1904.
The Seventh Annual Meeting and Succoth Pilgrimage of the
National Farm School was participated in by several hundred
members and friends of the Institution.
The meeting was called to order at 11.30 A. M., by the Chair-
man, Mr. Adolph Eichholz.
On motion of Mr. Alfred M. Klein, the minutes of the last
annual meeting having been published, were ordered approved
without reading.
President, Rev. Dr. Krauskopf, presented his annual report,
copy of which is herewith appended.
Mr. Adolph Eichholz, Chairman of the Executive Committee,
followed with a statement of the finances of the School, showing
the receipts and disbursements for the year.
An address was made by the Director, Dr. John H. Washburn,
a copy of which appears in this report. Other addresses were made
by Judge Julius M. Mayer, Ralph Blum, Harry Rich a former
graduate, and which addresses are appended.
On motion the following gentlemen were unanimously elected
to serve as Managers for three years: Joseph N. Snellenburg,
Alfred M. Klein, Isaac H. Silverman, Abraham Israel, Esq., and
Morris A. KaufFmann.
On motion. Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf was unanimously re-
elected President and Mr. Morris A. Kaufman, Vice-President.
The President's Message.
To the Board of Directors, ]\Iembers and Friends of the National
Farm School :
A Year's Review.
Ladies and Gentlemen : — The magnificent Cathedral of St.
Paul, in London, holds in its keeping the body of its designer, Sir
Christopher Wrenn. Significant as it is simple is the epitaph in-
scribed on his tomb : "Si monumentum requiris, circumspice," —
'Tf you wish to see his monument, look around you."
Rich Harvests.
We are inspired to use these words, surrounded as we are by
the goodly properties of the National Farm School. If you wish
to see what we have accomplished during the past year, look about
you. See the fruitful fields that have been plowed and sown and
harvested. Turn to the well-filled barns and granaries containing
the reward of faithful toil. Let the crowded stables, the sheep-
folds, the poultry houses tell the same story of successful effort.
Let the two Schoenfeld Memorial farms testify to the efficiency of
those who receive their training at the National Farm School.
Dormitory Enlargement.
Proud as we are of these, we feel even happier in the improve-
ments made in our Main Building. As the number of our students
increased, the problem of good sanitary accommodations for them
became more and more pressing. Our dormitory became over-
crowded and we felt keenly the need of room. A glance at our
Main Building will show how much we have achieved. Its inter-
ior has been rearranged and renovated. The large second-story
room, that had hitherto served as a dormitory for the students,
has been partitioned into cosy little rooms, and thus that undesir-
able method of having all sleep in one room has been changed to the
convenience and privacy of the cubicles. In addition to his bed,
chair and table, the Louchheim Memorial Lockers in every cubicle
provide neat as well as secure receptacles for the student's pos-
sessions.
This excellent innovation gives satisfactory accommodations
to twenty-one students, but unfortunately it does not relieve U3
entirely of the "over-crowded" problem. We are obliged to house
nineteen boys in one room on the third floor; five of them must
find lodging in the Schoenfeld farms, and there is a long waiting-
list for whom we cannot provide accommodations at all.
Installation of Household Principal.
To continue our observation on the year's work, we must make
special mention not only of the instituting of a Household Princi-
pal but also of our good fortune in securing Mrs. Starr, of Louisville^
Ky., to fill it. A life-work and ideal is this with her, and the noble
influences and impulses exerted over and felt by the students will
mean much in their development. That our school has a just right
to feel proud of having secured the services of Mrs. Starr may be
seen best by the following letter of Mr. Samuel Grabfelder, Presi-
dent of the Jewish Hospital, of Denver. He writes:
'T desire to congratulate the National Farm School for hav-
ing been so fortunate in securing the services of Mrs. Starr as Lady
Principal. I have known this lady all my lifetime, and most in-
timately, having been connected with her for years in charity work
in my own city. I can most sincerel}^ say to you that women of
her quality are rare. She possesses good judgment and an ex-
tremely kind heart. We in Louisville regret exceedingly to lose
her. Her influence in your Farm School will make for its furthei
usefulness."
Graduation and Memorial Tree-Planting.
Our joy over this great gain led us to anticipate somewhat.
VVe can learn what influence the name "National Farm School'
carries when we recall the graduation and memorial-tree exercises
last June.. The gathering on that occasion was brilliant, and the
addresses were delivered by representative speakers. The enthus-
iasm evoked by the powerful eloquence of the Hon. Edward
Lauterbach proved conclusively that our cause was a fact and not
an experiment, and that the interest centered in our school is
active and genuine.
But the Opening Bars of the Prelude.
This brief survey of the year fully confirms our assertion that
it has been the best in our career. The changes it has brought, the
vista that it opens, brings to our view an infinitely larger field of op-
portunity ; and, unless we are greatly mistaken, our work up to the
present is but the opening bars of the prelude to the part the Farm
School is destined to play.
The Key That Shall Open the Ghettoes.
It has taken eight years for our school to establish itself firmly
and make its name and object familiar and understood. Our in-
fant years found little sympathetic attention. The kindly dis-
posed excused it as a dream ; others felt sure that, in common with
all hobbies, it would soon be ridden to death. Now, however, the
earnest attention that has been compelled sees in our efforts the
key to the dark corners of our large cities that shall open its Ghet-
toes, that shall encourage its inhabitants to leave and become
sturdy, free sons of toil, that shall vindicate their claim as descend-
ants of those who in ancient days kept the Promised Land "flowing
with milk and honey."
A Bridge From Steerage to Farm.
And hand in hand with the Ghetto problem is that of immigra-
f-tion. Our school is the bridge from the steerage of the ocean
vessel to the broad acres of this country that await the productive
hand of man. Ours is an institution whence shall come leaders
and teachers, under whose guidance Jewish colonies, that have here-
tofore been largely failures, shall become successes. It would not
be amiss to quote here from a letter we have received from Rev.
Farber, who, speaking of a Jewish colony about to be settled near
Tyler, Texas, writes: "My community is about to undertake to
settle several Jewish families in our vicinity as farmers. * * *
I suggested to communicate with you and find out whether you
could recommend us some graduate of the Farm School to act as
teacher to those families, and what the terms wolild be. He could
run a farm himself, and at the same time teach and act as a gen-
eral manager. If you have the right kind of a man, I think there
would be quite an opening for him."
In a similar strain wrote Mr. Henry Riegelman, of Des Moines,
upon entering a boy as a student at our school : "Upon farms in
Iowa immigrant settlers make $2 for one in comparison with usual
occupations, and not only this but they are far more independent.
They have small tracts in the vicinity of the city, of from five to
ten acres each, and make a living off of three or four cows, chick-
ens and truck farming.
"Early in the spring I took an option on the renting of 300 acres
of land, for five years, within the city limits, which I hoped to divide
into ten-acre tracts for Jewish immigrants whom the New York In-
dustrial Removal Society had sent here. But, alas, there were so
few farmers among them, that I gave up my option. For this reason
we desire to have this Leon boy educated for a farmer, and would
like to have him get through as soon as possible, so that we may
put him among the colony here, for the main excuse of these people
is that they know nothing about farming. If we have an Ameri-
can boy thoroughly versed in farming we can compel these im-
migrants either to work on the farms here or remain in Russia at
their old trades."
Why Is Farm School Prevented From Doing Larger Work?
We have said that our eight years are but the opening bars of
the prelude. We are too young, too feeble in resources to play as
yet the large part we feel to be our destiny. Our entire endeavor
is an innovation of the most daring kind, for we are striving to
straighten shoulders that have been bowed with eighteen hundred
years of Ghetto life, to strengthen backs that have been bent by
centuries of enclosure in the cramped, narrow street of the "'Gass."
And harder still, we are attempting to turn the Jew from the city
environment to that of the country ; from the exciting, seething life
of the busy streets to the quiet, steady paths of the plow. And
our call for recruits cannot be made very alluring, for we have no
tempting results to show, no glittering profits to quote. It is truly
23
marvelous that we should find ourselves complaining of being over-
crowded, and that we should have a goodly list of applicants beg-
ging for admission.
Having given a raison d'etre — that of solving the Ghetto and
immigration "problems, having proved our ability to turn out the
rightkind of practical and scientific agriculturists so that even our
own United States Government employs four of our graduates,
having shown by our prosperous surroundings that we know how
to husband our resources, and by the large number of applicants
that our work and methods are attractive, all these facts having
been clearly brought to view, we cannot but ask : Why do we find
ourselves unable to provide for more than forty-five students?
Why but two hundred acres, when the Ghettoes are fairly reeking
with immorality and filth, when "within the space of one square
mile of New York City, covering thirty-two streets, there are very
close unto sixty-five thousand families, four hundred thousand
souls, a population equal to that of Cleveland, Cincinnati, Buffalo,
Pittsburg? Why have we not larger means at our command, so
that we might open our arms wide and assist thousands where we
are now limited to tens?
If there are doubts and fears that there is no living to be made
out of agriculture, let our graduates silence such apprehension. If
there are those who are skeptical as to openings for our students,
let the letter from the Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agricul-
ture, which was read to you, show the folly of anxiety on this score,
for he writes :
"The calls upon the Department for men educated along these
lines are incessant, not only within our own borders but also from
foreign countries."
It Has No Endovnnent Fund.
The true reason for our inability to extend our work is our total
lack of endowment. With the exception of a very few fashionable
private schools, there is no school of merit, but that it is endowed ;
and this, irrespective of the fact that tuition is charged. Should
the year's close be marked by a deficit, the endowment comes to the
rescue. Public schools, universities, law schools and medical col-
leges bear witness to this truth. For twenty-five years the
Hebrew Union College struggled from hand to mouth, each year
emphasizing more strongly than the last the urgent need of an en-
dowment. Now it has in view the five hundred thousand dollars,
the Wise Memorial Fund, which will make it secure. The re-
cently re-organized Theological Seminary of New York v\rould not
begin until an endowment of five hundred thousand dollars was
raised, and an additional five hundred thousand dollars assured.
Our Farm School has no endowment at all, and our sinking fund
is less than five thousand dollars. Out of the forty-five students,
one pays annually $200, and a scholarship of $200 has been given
for another. We have no tuition fees to assist us. And we do what
few other schools do — we also board, lodge and clothe our pupils.
How can we possibly do the magnificent work we ought to do,
hampered as we are by such limited funds?
24
It Is Not Remembered in Large Benefactions.
And here we cannot but note how neglected we are when it
• comes to the large benefactions that are annually made. It may be
that we are not well enough known, and this, not merely because
of our youth, but, situated as we are thirty-live miles from the
city, our work is not constantly before the public eye. The eco-
nomic value of our undertaking is not appreciated, for few seem
to realize that each and every student in our school represents po-
tentially a lever that will lift the problem of the Jew of the Ghetto,
and of agriculture in general, many degrees nearer, a settlement.
Philanthropy Has Not Yet Reached Preventive Stage.
It does seem that philanthropy has not yet reached its highest
stage. It has indeed made progress. Wealth was once exclusively
a family heritage. From this stage of assuring the perpetuity and
strength of the family, it advanced to that of 'guarding the safety
of the soul in the hereafter; and so the church was richly endowed.
Soon the eleemosynary idea stepped in, and the stage of remedial
work was attained. Hospitals, orphanages and the like became
the order of the day. Now the supreme idea is beginning to dawn
on men's minds, and in the old adage of "An ounce of prevention
is worth a pound of cure," the world is perceiving the truest field
for deeds of benevolence.
Were preventive philanthropy to prevail, it would not be long
before the terrific strain of remedial work would be relieved. Were
preventive benevolence practiced, the Ghettoes would be emptied
of tenements crowded with vice, corroded with disease, groaning
with their sweat shops, and scatter its population in agricultural
colonies where they would be free to develop body, soul and mind,
and become bread-producers as well as bread-winners.
A Farm School like ours should be the special concern of pre-
ventive benevolence. In every section of our broad land such
schools should be founded and endowed, afifording to thousands of
boys and girls a training in the uplifting work of agriculture. The
physical fibre of the race would be re-invigorated and the moral
tone secured would mean the regeneration of the House of Israel.
And, following in the wake of this, we can see looming large the
return of that spiritual grandeur that characterized our fathers in
days of yore, when forth from Zion came law-givers, bards and in-
spired prophets to whom the whole civilized world to-day does
homage.
Yes, 'tis preventive benevolence that holds this glorious future
in its grasp, and the tremendous weight with which the social prob-
lems press themselves on the world's attention compels the philan-
thropist to use his means for this highest method of doing good.
Preventive Benevolence Obligatory.
Preventive benevolence is no longer optional, it is obligatory.
Open what paper we may, native or foreign, few are the times that
we do not read something on the Jewish question — something about
25
a persccuiion of Jews here or a threatened massacre there, an ac--
count of their Ghetto life in one place, an alarm at their excessive
immigration in another. The question has even ceased to be a
newspaper monopoly — it has entered the foremost periodicals, as
Avitnessed by recent numbers of the Century Magazine and the
North American Review, the one containing two articles, entitled
"Efforts to Restrict Undesirable Immigration" and "The Need of
Closer Inspection and Greater Restriction of Immigrants," con-
tributed respectively by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and United
States Commissioner of Immigration, Frank T. Sargent; the other
containing an article entitled "The Jewish Question : How to Solve
It," by Arnold White.
Senator Lodge Advocates Restriction of Immigration.
Senator Lodge tells us that there must be a stop to this con-
gesting of our seaport cities with constantly increasing arrivals
of undesirable aliens, consisting, to an overwhelming degree, of
illiterate Huns. Italians, and of tens of thousands of Russian and
Polish Jews, who are utterly alien to us, not only ethnically but
also in point of civilization, and with whom the American people
can never amalgamate. He tells us that the fight against unre-
stricted immigration will be renewed in Congress. He appeals for
the support of the public. He asks especially the aid of labor or-
ganizations. "We are admitting annually,"' says he, "an immi-
gration which equals in numbers the population of a great city,
wholly unsifted, in great measure ignorant, in part Asiatic, and
drawn largely from the lowest and most backward population of
Europe." It debases our quality of citizenship. It corrupts our
politics. "It fills our labor market with the cheapest and most
objectionable labor of Eastern Europe and Asia Minor." It im-
poses enormous burdens upon us in the support of public elee-
mosynary and penal institutions and private charities. And he
concludes by saying "there are many public questions which afifect
the welfare of the United States, but there is none which goes so
deep or in which the future is so much involved as it is in this
tide of unrestricted, unsifted foreign immigration."
As Does Also Commissioner Sargent.
Not any more comforting is the sound of warning given us by
Commissioner General Sargent. He speaks of "centres of popula-
tion so crowded as to require whole families to occupy one or two-
rooms in equally crowded tenements, where thousands are huddled-
together in narrow streets and alleys which teem with poorly clad
children, sickly and emaciated men and women whom philanthropic
citizens are trying to aid. Yet, under our present laws, thousands
gain admission, and within a very short time become public charges
and inmates of charitable institutions. In the farming regions of
the country, on the other hand, there is a demand for labor and a.
need for immigration. If, instead of croy^^ding into our large cities
of the East, aliens would go to those regions where there is op-
portunit}'- for their healthful occupation, there would be no cause
26
to fear for the future. What will be the consequence, however, if
our present prosperous conditions should change and an industrial
depression result? There is a growing sentiment that the time has
come \vhen the people should determine what classes of aliens shall
"be admitted, and that the United States should no longer be the
Mumping ground' for the diseased and pauperized peoples of Eu-
rope."
Their Alarm But an Echo of Our Own.
What is their alarm but an echo of our own. What else has
our cry been during the past dozen years and more, than that the
evil of uncontrolled immigration is growing beyond our power of
coping with it, that despite millions of dollars expended in charity,
despite hospitals, and orphanages and homes upon homes, and
shelters upon shelters, which have been built, there has been but
the cry for more and more and more, and there has been but a
greater and a greater crowding, and a greater and greater physical
and moral debasement among the congested. For every one re-
lieved, a dozen new arrivals knock at the door for help ; for every one
lifted to his feet, a score of others are knocked down by the pressure
•of the misery and congestion behind. By reason of this congestion
and misery, we have seen physical diseases spring up among these
Jewish immigrants from which our race, until recently, enjoyed
absolute immunity; and we have seen moral evils root themselves
among these unfortunates, which, up to these deplorable days,
^-ere not deemed possible among Jewish people.
Evils of Our Ghetto.
Physical and moral evils have been uncovered in our city
^vhose sickening stench has risen to our nostrils, and has appalled
us. We have found it necessary not only to double and treble our
"hospital capacity, but also to add a consumptive wing, and to make
provisions for the Jewish Hospital in Denver. A comittee of our
women has found it necessary to devote themselves exclusively to
■dealing with Jewish juvenile delinquents, composed almost en-
tirely of immigrant children of our Ghetto.
The Council of Jewish Women has found itself obliged to ac-
quire a special home, w^here young women of the Ghetto may be
saved from the dangers that beset them in the slums.
Yet Greater Evils of New^ York Ghetto,
The conditions in New York city are much worse than ours.
The Twenty-seventh Report (1901) of its United Hebrew Charities
tells us :
"The condition of chronic poverty is developing in the Jewish
■community of New York that is appalling in its immensity. Forty--
"iive per cent, of our applicants, representing between 20,000 and
25,000 human beings, have been in the United States over five
years ; have been given the opportunities for economic and indus-
trial improvement which this country afifords; yet, notwithstand-
ing all this, have not managed to reach a position of economic in-
•dependence The statement can safelv be made that
27
from 75,000 to 100,000 members of the New York Jewish com-
munity are unable to supply themselves with the immediate neces-
saries of life The horrible congestion in which so
many of our co-religionists live, the squalor and filth, the lack of
air and sunlight, the absence, frequently, of even the most com-
mon decencies, are too well known to require repetition at this
writing. Even more pronounced are the results accruing from
these conditions ; indulgence in the most degraded and perverted ap-
petites, are growing daily more pronounced and more offensive."
Support of Farm School Would Have Meant Saving of Money,
Health and Morals.
What if Farm Schools had been liberally supported! What
if provision had been made for the training in dairy, greenhouse,
vegetable garden, poultry yard, of those very girls, who, by rea-
son of the congestion and filth and want and misery of the slums,
have become moral defectives, or are in imminent danger of it, and
therefore require to-day a special home for their protection and
for the protection of the good name of Israel ! What if lands
had been purchased, and colonies organized and settled under the
leadership of trained farmers ! Would not the expense in-
curred have been ultimatel}- saved, twice and three times
over, in hospitals, orphanages, homes, relief societies? Would not
our slum congestions have been considerably relieved, and would
we not have largely obviated the appearance of such articles as
those of Senator Lodge and Commissioner Sargent and Arnold.
White !
Little or flo Money and Labor for Preventive Charity.
Last year our local Federation of Jewish Charities expended
$118,243 in relieving a fractional percentage of the misery that has
been largely created by the Ghetto.
Are we laboring to prevent the rise and spread of Ghetto blight
and Ghetto immorality? Are we laboring to prevent the necessity
of enormous sums being annually expended on palliative charity?
What monies are being expended, what efforts are being exerted,
to prevent the rise of conditions that often crowd families of six or
eight members, of both sexes, young and old, into one room, which
serves, at one and th'e same time, the needs of living-room, kitchen,
laundry, workshop and bed-room ? What efforts are being exerted
to prevent sweatshop husbands from becoming consumptives ; and
wives, invalids ; and sons and daughters from rebelling against the
thraldom of the slums, and from going forth to claim their rights
of youth — honorably if they can, dishonorably if no other way is
possible ?
Restriction of Jewish Immigration Advocated in Consequence.
Behind the magazine articles of Senator Lodge and Commis-
sioner Sargent stands the gaunt figure "Restriction of Immigra-
tion," and who can tell what stands behind that? It is we and not:
thev who are lettinsr down the bars to our unfortunate Russian:
28
brethren. A\'e undertook to deal with the Russian immigrants,
and our near-sighted policy suffered what might have been a bless-
ing to turn into a curse. As our beneficiary, ours was the right
and duty to settle them where there was rooom and work and health
and prosperity for them.
Either We Crush the Evil or the Evil Will Crush Us.
If our gates w^e would keep ajar, if the name of Israel we would
T<:eep untarnished, if we would have the East-European Jew looked
upon as a desirable immigrant, if we would lessen the burden im-
posed upon us by our congested Ghetto, if we would clean out the
physical and moral pest holes of the slums, then we must scatter
those for whom there is no work, nor living, nor health in the city
on Agricultural Colonies over our broad acres, under the leadership
of American-trained young men of their faith and speech. We
must build up the Farm School to its fullest capacity, and encour-
age similar institutions in every part of the United States. These
duties are imperative upon us, if the Jew is not to forfeit his good
name and good standing in our land. We suffer to-day from our
follies in the past. Let us beware, lest our follies take up arms
against us and lash us into a recognition of our duties when it is
too late.
Farm School Intended Also for Sons of Wealthy.
It is at this point that w'e would bring to your especial atten-
tion a matter concerning w^hich there appears to be considerable
confusion in the minds of the people. An impression seems to be
abroad that our Farm School is exclusively for immigrant boys.
This is a grievous error, and has acted injuriously against the
school. Wliile the urgent Ghetto problem forces us to lay most
stress upon training leaders for immigrant agricultural colonies,
Ave have also for our aim the creation of a new profession, afford-
ing an opening for young men of brain and brawn. The common
parental failing of having sons become professional men has
long since overcrowded the law and medicine. Incidentally, this
overstocking would be relieved, if the object of our school would
be consummated, but principally the pursuit of agriculture holds out
opportunities for w^ealth, for brilliant literary and political careers,
and we have ample data to prove this.
True Aristocracy Synonymous With Possession of Land.
The commercial spirit has made us forget that true aristocracy
is synonymous with the ownership of large agricultural estates.
In Europe we find this confirmed among the titled classes of all
countries. And in our own country, it was Emerson who said that
""All historic nobility rests on possession and use of land."
There is Wealth as Well as Health in Agriculture. .
When, to the ability to purchase large estates, there is added
the scientific knowledge of agriculture to manage them profitably,
■there will be found to accrue financial advantages in this calling
29
exceeded by no other career. And this is not the whole of it. For
see what a greater advantage this profession is to health, and how
much less time and labor are required. In the heated term the
owner is on his estate enjoying all the advantages the country has
over the city ; and in the winter he is free to partake of the city's
pleasure. The Government published recently a report showing
the financial possibility of agricultural pursuits even for those un-
trained in this work and not possessed of large means. It tells of
a clergyman in Eastern Pennsylvania who, without previous ex-
perience in agriculture, except such as he had gained from read-
ing books, came into possession of a thirteen acre farm, near a
large city, and a mortgage of seventy-two hundred dollars. The
first year he lacked forty-six dollars of paying expenses; in the fol-
lowing six years he paid off the mortgage. If this can be done
without skill and capital, it is easy to realize the advantages a
young man enjoys who begins an agricultural career with the
scientific and practical equipment afforded by a school like ours.
It would be a good thing if we took to heart the truth which
George Washington bequeathed to the nation : "Agriculture,"
said he, "is the most healthful, the most useful, the most noble em-
ployment of man." We might also pause to consider the truth
which Edward Everett taught that "more gold and more good has'
been gotten out of vegetal mines than ever was gotten out of min-
eral mines."
Isolation of Country Life Overcome.
There was a time when country life and labor with its isola-
tion may not have proven very attractive to well-to-do city people.
But the telephone, the trolley, rural free mail delivery and rail-
roads have brought to the very doors of the dwellers of the coun-
try most of the special advantages that characterize urban life.
AVith splendid means of communication and the best transporta-
tion facilities, the farmer can no longer complain ; and the long
winter rest gives him time for vacation and travel such as is
afforded to but few people tied down to commerce, industry or the
professions.
Pursuit of Agriculture a Profession Equal to the Best.
Then again, the attitude of looking down on the work of agri-
culture as low and debasing has become a thing of the past. Scien-
tific and practical agriculture is' a profession in the fullest sense
of the term. Every science enters into the work of the agricultur-
ist— chemistry, meteorology, physics, botany, geology, biology,
zoology, mechanics, in fact, what are commonly called college
acquirements, go into the make-up of the successful, practical and
scientific agriculturist.
We have dwelt at great length upon the advantages and op-
portunities an agricultural career afifords the sons of the w^ealthy.
We have done so, partly, in their interest, and partly, in the in-
terest of the Farm School. If we succeed in enlisting recruits for
our school from this class, the tuition secured will not only in-
crease our means for the betterment of our school, but the direct
3°
contact of men of affluence with the institution, and the direct
knowledge they will get of the good being done, cannot but result
in endowments for a cause that means not only the redemption of
Israel but of the world itself.
Our School Being National, Should Command National Support.
Our lack of endowment, however, should not make us forget-
ful of the generous support of those who, mindful of our need,,
have come to our aid.
To the Federation of Jewish Charities we are grateful for their
appropriation last year of $6,400. Our thanks are also due the
State ot Pennsylvania for giving us $5,000 during the past season.
While we express the thanks that are due all communities which
have in any way assisted us in this good work, we feel, however,
that we must urge such cities as New York, Chicago, Cincinnati
and many others, to become conscious of their obligations to the
National Farm School. The "National" part of our name and work
does not seem to be thoroughly enough realized. Philadelphia,
alone should not be held responsible for our institutions's support-
It is forgotten that we have seven boys from New York, four boys-
from Chicago, three boys from Baltimore, three from New Orleans,,
two from Cincinnati, that the principal States in the Union are
represented by one or more pupils. Notwithstanding the fact that
Chicago, for instance, has sent four students, contributions from
that city amounted, during the past year, to but $140, and contri-
butions from other large cities represented at our school are even
less.
Last Year's Repairs Create Deficit.
Ways and means must be found of increasing our income by
$10,000. We are in debt. Repairs and refurnishings have cost us
about $4,000. The increased number of pupils demands increased
household expenditures.
A Steam Laundry Needed.
The weekly wash of between fifty and sixty people engaged
in such work as ours demands a STEAM LAUNDRY. Should
we continue to employ hand labor for the purpose of doing this
large as well as hard wash, we would be required to keep a larger
number of laundresses than would be wise. Our difficulties are
such, that unless something is done, we may find ourselves in need
of a head for the laundry as well as for the household establishment.
Cold-Storage Plant Needed.
Another need of our Farm School is a COLD-STORAGE
PLANT. To run this institution economically, it is essential that
our summer products be stored for winter use and sale. Last
year ground was broken for this purpose, but, unfortunately, the
building planned did not materialize.
Recreation Hall Needed.
Then, it is rather unfortunate for our boys that we have na
RECREATION HALL. Its need during the summer months
31
might not be apparent, but during the long winter evenings it
would be a boon to our students. Dormitory, library and assem-
bly-room allow no disorder, however innocent. But youthful joy
and energy must find some vent. The boys are entitled to a
ro5m outside the Main Building, where they might spend the rec-
reation hours as boys of their age are inclined to. The architects
tell us that a hall of this description could be built, with the aid of
our students, for $i,ooo.
Swimming Pool Needed.
We need a SWIMMING POOL. A moment's thought on the
character of the work our boys must do, will not fail to impress
especially this need. The cultivation of the soil, work in the barns
and around the cattle will not leave the boys in that state of ab-
solute cleanliness so necessary for the process of milking and but-
ter-making. Only a swimming pool can afford sufficient means
for cleanliness to boys who must do the work demanded of our
students.
Fire-Escapes Needed.
And still another urgent need: FIRE-ESCAPES for our
School. While we now have a plentiful supply of fire buckets in
different parts of the building, and while the construction of our
Main Building will render escape comparatively easy, still we
are not satisfied with these primitive methods, and we trust that
efforts will be made to provide our building with this modern and
efficient means of escape from the dangers of fire.
Experimental Farms Needed.
No doubt many of you are aware of Mr. Schoenfeld's gifts
of two farms adjoining this property. We need more of this kind.
Or, if friends of the School would place desirable farms at the dis-
posal of our graduates at reasonable rentals, they would confer
quite a benefit upon the young men, enabling them to obtain valu-
able experience till called upon to manage large estates, or to super-
intend colonies.
But More Than All Dormitory Is Needed.
But badly as we feel the lack of all the above, it is nothing
in comparison to the pressing need of greater housing accommo-
dations. Our dormitories are too crowded. We have nineteen
boys sleeping in the third floor of our Main Building. Many others
have been refused admittance because of our lack of room. Our
class rooms could accommodate, our teachers could instruct, our
fields could employ, two or three times as many, if we had but the
means to house and maintain them. For centuries it has been our
complaint that the right to own and cultivate the soil was denied
us. The bitter charge of anti-Semites against the Jew has been
that he is by nature a middleman and not a producer. Now that
we have the right to follow the noble pursuit of agriculture, now
that Jewish lads knock at our doors and beg for an opportunity to
learn the cultivation of the soil, let us not stint in the support of
an agricultural school. We are showing conclusively that Jewish
32
brain and brawn are more than eager to contribute their share to-
wards the development of the productive sources of the country of
which they form a part.
Thanks to Helpers. ^
And now we would thank those who have aided so nobly in
this good work. To the Board, to the Faculty, to our Household
Principal, Mrs. Starr, our heartfelt thanks are offered in the hope
that still further co-operative effort in the future will lead to still
greater results. To the liberality of those who have presented
books, utensils and implements, to Messrs. Joseph Loucheim,.
Isaac Sailer, Jul. Sichel, A. W. Burpee, J. R. Bunting, H. L.
Dougherty, Wm. McMahon, Stanton Hackett, to Mrs. B. Seligman,
Dr. Lefifman, the Berg Co., Mr. L. Wittenberg, the Needlework
Guild, and to those friends who by the donation of books kindly
remembered our needs, our thanks are here publicly expressed.
Loss and Gain of Board Members.
Before concluding, it is our sad duty to mention the loss dur-
ing the past year of one of our Board members, Mr. B. F. Teller..
Though elected to our Board but a short time before illness greatly
enfeebled him, still he manifested a deep interest in the progress-
of the School, and had fate decreed otherwise, his splendid powers
would have proven of great help to our good cause.
It is with regret that we are obliged to announce the with-
drawal of Mr. Ad. Grant from our Board, owing to his leaving our
city. Mr. Grant was one of the founders of our School, and stood
true and staunch when friends were few. Our thanks and God-
speed accompany him to his new abode and labor.
Looking Forward to Prosperous Future.
Though deprived of these two valuable men, we have been for-
tunate enough to secure such good successors as Mr. Arnold Kohn
Abraham Israel, Esq., and Mr. Jacob Cartun. Under the guid-
ance of a Board augmented by such valuable men as these, and
with increased support and encouragement on the part of the pub-
lic at large, the National Farm School may look forward to a pros-
perous future. Respectfully submitted,
JOS. KRAUSKOPF, President.
Oct. 2, 1904.
Department of Agriculture.
Office of the Secretary,
Washington, D. C.
September 19, 1904.
Rev. Joseph Krauskopf, D.D., President of the National Farm
School, Philadelphia, Pa.
President Krauskopf: —
Your very interesting letter with regard to the National Farm
School at Doylestown, Pennsylvania, received. I have always had
33
unbounded confidence in the future of that institution. You are
doing good work that should be done. You are training young
men to do something that many people want and for which they
are willing to pay money. Agricultural education throughout the
United States is progressing rapidly. There are over 5,000 young
men under instruction in the several agricultural colleges of the
country. Some of them are being well instructed and others not
so well, but progress is being made all along the line.
The calls upon this institution for men educated along these
lines is incessant, not only within our own borders but from for-
eign countries. We continue an education here. We give facili-
ties for post-graduate instruction to a great many young men. We
give preference to those who come from institutions that instruct
in the science of agriculture and those sciences that are related to
agriculture. We have taken in over 500 young men since I came
here, for such instruction, and the demand still grows. Univer-
sities throughout the country are calling upon us for men com-
petent to teach meteorology, animal husbandry, soil-physics, for-
estry, applied entomology, scientific statistical work, road-build-
ing, farm mechanics and engineering, etc.
The American acre is becoming more potent through the edu-
cation of the man who cultivates the acre. All classes of society
are encouraging us in* our work. An interesting feature of it is
the preparation of the brown man in our new island possessions
to produce over $200,000,000 worth of products that cannot be
grown in the United States. We have corps of scientists in each of
these island groups, teaching the people how to produce what our
country is now buying from tropical countries. I might enum-
erate some of these things : We pay $70,000,000 a year for coffee,
$46,000,000 a year for fiber, $30,000,000 a year for rubber, $10,000,-
000 a year for medicinal plants, $11,000,000 a year for tea, in addi-
tion to large quantities of sugar, spices, silks, etc. So, you see, the
demand for young men educated in these sciences will not be con-
fined to our own States and Territories. The demand will come
from the islands of the sea where there is an awakening among the
peoples lately come under our flag.
Your people can do no better work than what they have under-
taken at the Farm School. It is of great manifest usefulness to the
students of the country. The large migration of Jews into the
United States must appeal to 3^our people, and I know it does.
Those newcomers should have help along the lines of putting them
in ways of helping themselves.
I admire your people not only for their ability, which is prom-
inent, but for their individuality, and for their independence. I
hope you will continue in your good work and be able to show
young people the great good that is coming from those beginning
at Doylestown. We will not lose interest here in you, and wish
3^ou all success. Sincerely,
JAMES WILSON, Secretary.
34
Account for the Year Ending October 1st, 1904.
Dues 14,307.29
Donations 1,329.43
5,636.72
Less cost of collection, stationery, etc 1,214.
Net Total 4,422.04
GENERAL ACCOUNT.
Receipts.
Cash in bank October ist, 1903 • • • $1, 337- 18
Farm Products 215.72
Interest on Lewissohn Fund 215.00
Federation of Jewish Charities 6,400.00
State Aid 5,000.00
Bertha Rayner Frank Scholarship 400.00
Receipts from advertisements 245.00
Received for clothing 37-oo
Tuition 200.00
Received for Sundry Accounts 188.19
Interest on Deposits 20.56
Cash in hands of Director 100.00
Cash from general donations as above 4,422.04
$18, 780. 69
Appropriated for repairs to building 1,720.40
Net Total 17,06029
EXPENDITURES.
Salaries of Faculty $4,426.66
Wages 1,968.50
Salary of Secretary 600.00
Railroad transportation 375-27
Telephone 175-23
Farm tools and implements "... 324.50
Farm Expense, supplies, etc 524-36
Students' wearing apparel 1,001.14
Furniture and fixtures 138.27
Light, heat and power 1,261.73
Printing, postage and stationery 601.52
School supplies 498.48
Provisions i,i53-50
Live stock 700.50
Cleaning supplies, etc 424-38
Machinery 221.62
Permanent improvements , 900.47
Expense 903-53
Machinery repairs 196.00
|i6,395 66
Leaving a balance of 664.63
Consisting of cash in bank 564-63
" " hands of Director 100.00
664.63
The above account simply shows the cash account of the past j-ear.
Outstanding debts on the books amount to $3,176.64, making a deficit of
^2,512.01.
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35
IvEWISSOHN MEMORIAL FUND.
Principal Account.
|2,ocx3 P. & R. Gen. Mtge. 4's at 100 $2,000.00
1st Mtge. on 305 South Sixth St., Phila 2,700.00
Cash 182.50
$4,882.50
Income Account.
I year's Int. on P. & R. Gen. Mtge. 4's $ 80.00
I year's Int. on 306 South Sixth St., Phila i35-00
$215.00
SCHOENFELD MEMORIAL FARMS.
Schoenfeld Memorial Farm No. i, purchase price $4,000.00
Tools, implements, live stock and advance for seed, etc. . . . 1,170.32
$5,170.32
Schoenfeld Memorial Farm No. 2, purchase price $1,800.00
Tools, implements, fertilizers, live stock, etc i, 175-53
2,975.53
8,145.85
Balance of cash unexpended 1,854.15
$10,000.00
Dr. Washburn's Report.
Dr. Jolin H. Washburn, Director of the School, read the following
report :
Ladies and Gentlemen: The report of the director this year will be one
of progress along the lines of work and the incorporation of the changes
suggested in my last report. There have been many changes in the faculty
during the past year. The resignation of Mr. Madison from the head of the
Horticultural Department to take charge of the Horticultural Department at
the Mt. Herman School in Massachusetts took place in March. This vacancy
has been filled by C. P. Halligan, a graduate of the M. A. C, and an assist-
ant in the Horticultural Department of Bussy Institute, when called to fill the
chair made vacant by Mr. Madison. In April, Mr. L. J. Shepard, our professor
of agriculture, resigned to accept a place as superintendent of a large farm in
New Jersey; his place was filled by Prof. W. H. Bishop, who for twelve years
was professor of agriculture at the State College, Delaware. In June last,
Mr. Gage, the governor and instructor in English, resigned to accept a posi-
tion as principal of a high school in Maine, his place being filled by W. R.
Gorham, a graduate of the Pennsylvania State College.
Mrs. E. G. Starr, Household Principal.
Under the most efficient management of our household principal, Mrs.
Starr, the household economy is now most admirably cared for by outside, in-
stead of student, labor, employed for the purpose, these persons having the
requisite fitness for their employment. Such arrangement enables us to have
our pupils employ all their time for school work and practical agriculture.
36
Good Condition of Schoenfield Farais.
During the past year one of the Schoenfield Farms has been occupied by a
pupil. The other farm is fast getting into a good state of tillage; good crops
of corn and peas were raised and a number of acres of clover are started.
The whole farm, with the exception of the pasture field, has been well limed;
a carload of 650 bushels of lime being cultivated into the soil during the sum-
mer. The house and barn have been put in excellent condition. Schoenfield
Farm No. i has also had a carload of lime cultivated into the newly sowed
land. These object lessons are of the utmost value to all of the thinking
pupils in our school.
Additions to Library.
During the year a very goodly number of books has been added to the
library, especially along the line of history. The works of Woodrow Wilson,
Ellis and John Fiske are among those that have been purchased. Along the
line of American literature we have added the complete Riverside edition of
Lowell, Longfellow, Hawthorne, Whittier and Holmes, and we are looking
forward hoping to purchase Emerson's works, the Commonwealth series of
State histories, and also the histories of the nations, together with Ford's
"Beacon Lights of History," Thomas B. Reed's "Modern Eloquence," and a
number of other standard works. A number of scientific books along the
line of agriculture, horticulture, veterinary medicine, physics and chemistry
have been also added to our library. This is a very valuable acquisition, a well-
chosen library; such as we are beginning to have is in fact the keystone of
modern instruction.
Excellent Harvest.
The crops during the past year have been very satisfactory. We have
harvested over 100 good two-horse loads of hay, over 35 loads of straw;
we have sold over 200 bushels of wheat, nearly 1,500 bushels of tomatoes.
We will have a few hundreds of bushels of apples for our own use, and about
800 bushels of potatoes. The general farm has supported 12 horses during the
year, 17 cows and nearly the same number of young calves, together with two
colts and from 35 to 40 sheep. We will have 140 tons of silage for the sup-
port of the cattle during the winter, together with more than an equal bulk of
corn fodder and about 1,000 bushels of corn. The garden material has prac-
tically kept the family of fifty through the summer and fall without the pur
chase of anything except flour, sugar and the meats.
Need for Laboratory Equipment.
The laboratory has been well equipped with chemical apparatus. 1 am
hoping the next winter we may be able to get for use with our classes in
physics some apparatus to give instruction in electricity. We have practically
nothing in that direction for leisure or laboratory experiments.
Lack of Dormitory Accommodation and Need for Recreation Hall.
There are two things for the comfort and discipline and the moral health
of our boys the need of which has been very keenly felt during the two years
that I have been connected with the institution: First, some kind of electrical
alarm that a bell at the barn, dairy, greenhouse, laboratory, dormitory and
school-room may.be sounded at the same instant. This signal insures uniform
37
time in all departments in the beginning. Second, a little building, no matter
how modest in appearance, very near the dormitory, in which the boys may
have recreation.
School Not Large Enough for Sleeping Accommodations.
Never before has the school been so crowded. If we are to entertain as
many pupils as we are having at the present time there should be an addition
to the dormitory; that all of the 24 or 25 sleeping in the third story at the
present time might have cubicals similar to those on our second floor; all that
space on the third floor should be used for storage of clothing and for sewing
rooms. We have at the present time for a family of 50 less store rooms than
the ordinary family of a half dozen in almost any city house requires. As a
result we constantly do work over and over again at an undue expense to the
institution. I trust this matter will be given your earnest consideration.
JUDGE MAYER'S ADDRESS.
At the conchision of the business session Justice Julius M. Mayer,
of the Court of Special Sessions in New York, and nominee of the
Republican party for Attorney-General, was introduced as the orator
of the day. He said in part:
"It is in no sense a sacrifice for me to be here, but a source of great in-
struction and information to me.
The Farm School a Solver of Problems.
"To me any enterprise that seeks to solve the problems of the day is
interesting. I have come abreast of some of the problems to whose solution
you are all contributing. In the course of my investigations of the conditions
imder which the working women and children are laboring in New York, I
saw at close range that the real problem connected with the newer immigration
was the congestion of that immigration in our great cities.
Time Essential for Solution.
"I am confident that time and experience, will work out the problem of the
newer immigration just as it had worked out the problem of the older immi-
gration. The immigrant comes to us in middle or later life, and cannot adapt
himself to new conditions.
Evil Influences in Congested Districts.
"He is as keen and intelligent as any other, but his diiftculty is one of
environment. The parents in most cases are industrious and fulfill their obli-
gations, but the child, the young fellow and young girl come under bad
influences and the parents lose control. In Russia and Roumania there was an
actual Ghetto and people lived in close association. The rabbi was looked up
to as a guide and spiritual advisor. The necessity of the case made people
live together.
Crime and Delinquency Among the Young.
"But here comes the immigrant. He comes in middle or later life and can-
not adapt himself to different conditions. The child comes in contact with
American conditions and influences. The difficulty is that the child is unable
to overcome the influence. He regards tho parents as old-fashioned. He
38
loses respect, the one sustaining thing in relation of child and parent. This
is the reason for the increase in crime and delinquency among the young of
the newer immigration.
The Farm. School an Opener of New Avenues to the Jew.
"What is the solution? There are many solutions, and the Farm School
is one of them. It is based upon a highly laudable principle. In the past a
Jew was forced to be a trader. Now he is, with every year, enjoying new lines
of effort. The gradual elimination of race distinction, while maintaining relig-
ious belief, is the greatest hope of the American people. Every method and
every means that opens up a new avenue deserves the help of every American
citizen, Jew or Gentile. I can see why this enterprise will grow. The agri-
cultural pursuits of this country are growing every year, because we are more
and more supplying the needs of other countries. With this increase has
come the desire to extend agricultural knowledge along scientific lines.
A Noble Work.
"To-day a farmer needs as much education to be successful as any other
man. So in the solution of this problem of taking young men away from their
surroundings, on one hand, and on the other, in the increase of agricultural
needs, the Farm School has a distinct and useful place. If I can be of service
in helping, I will do so. It is a work well begun, well carried on, whose pur-
poses are so noble and results so satisfactory that I am sure one day you will
all be proud to have been useful in its inception."
A GRADUATE SPEAKS.
Harry Rich, of South Carolina, who is in the government ser-
vice, one of the graduates of the Farm School, gave an outline of
what the school had enabled him to accomplish. He will instruct
farmers in Ohio, as during the past year he had done in South
Carolina. He considered his entrance into the school the best
thing he had done in his life.
RALPH BLUM'S ADDRESS.
Mr. Ralph Blum, who was present on the platform, was then
called upon by the chairman to speak a few words about the early
history, of the Farm School. Mr. Blum was greeted with applause,
and his address aroused considerable enthusiasm. He said :
"I came here to-day as a guest, not as a speaker. But after hearing the
wave's of golden language rolling from the tongue of your distinguished presi-
dent, I felt something creeping over me akin to inspiration.
Difficulties in Starting the Farm School.
"Before I was appointed a member of the Board of Charities of the State
of Pennsylvania, I was officially identified with the National Farm School, and
I know all about it. I recall with dearest memories the early struggles for
life and breath of this institution. Do you know that the founder traveled the
length and breadth of this country on a lecturing tour for the purpose of
raising the first $10,000 with which to buy and pay for these 122 acres? Then
I was enlisted. I was appointed ambassador of a begging committee. To-
gether with a few friends and the doctor we visited one business house after
39
another for the purpose of raising the second $10,000 with which to erect the
school house. Our experience was unique. We had mighty oppositions to
overcome. Those who gave us financial aid gave it with a glad hand and filled
our hearts with hope and encouragement. Those who did not give us financial
assistance gave us advice — nothing but advice — the very least thing we needed.
The Farm School to be Maker of Sturdy Men.
"To these philosophers we said that we were going to take young men
from the disease-breeding sweat-shop; from the ghetto where the germ of
tuberculosis was eating up young lives inch by inch; and from the streets of
our busy business markets, and bring them out into the country to tnake
sturdy, muscular and healthy men of them.
Many Decried the Project.
"We were told by these sages who gave us no assistance that we would
never succeed in building the school house. The answer is there. They told
us that if we built the school we would never succeed in getting students inside
its doors, and if we did we would never graduate them. .
The Answer.
"The answer is — here. Then in the way of making us completely happy,
they told us if we built the school, brought the students, graduated them, we
would never succeed in finding positions for them.
Thanks Due to James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture.
"That lie was strangled to death by the man acknowledged to be the
greatest authority in theoretical, practical and scientific agriculture in America.
He took the first graduate boy, then the second, third and fourth. All of them
received lucrative positions in the employment of the government. That man
came here in the heat of the summer upon two occasions and delivered the
baccalaureate address, and by his presence and outpouring of knowledge upon
the subject of agriculture and its various branches he uplifted and inspired
everybody, from the head of the faculty down to the smallest boy. That man
is to-day considered one of the most potent advisers in the Cabinet of the
President of the United States, and his name is James Wilson, Secretary of
Agriculture.
Farm School Not the Only Project Which Has Succeeded in Spite
of Dire Prophesies.
"There has been mighty opposition in every walk of life for those who
have fought and won success. If you please, I will refer to a few illustrious
names, in the way of moral demonstration, who have filled the pages of
American history and made them glorious.
Columbus.
"There was mighty opposition and difference of opinion, bordering on
mutiny, before Columbus landed on American shores. But he landed.
Lincoln.
"There was mighty opposition when Abraham Lincoln said he would take
the chains and fetters off two millions of slaves and make them free men — and
he did it.
40
Grant.
"There was mighty opposition when that brave little general, Ulysses S,
Grant, wrote to Lincoln the immortal words which will live as long as the
world stands, 'We will fight it out on this line if it takes all summer.' And
he did it.
Gettysburg.
"There was mighty opposition when tens of thousands of American citi-
zens, good and true, met and fought to their death in swamps of red, human
blood upon the battlefield of Gettysburg.
McKinley.
"There was mighty opposition when our martyr President, William
McKinley, said, in my hearing, upon the stage of the Academy of Music in
Philadelphia, 'We will raise the Stars and Stripes triumphantly in the Philip-
pines, and no man dare pull them down' — and no man dared.
Roosevelt. ,
"There was mighty opposition from shot and shell when that gallant sol-
dier became the hero of San Juan; opposition when he, the only man, after
holding the highest office withm the gift of the American people, dared and
did defy Wall Street and the billion dollar trusts. The man who had extended
the hand of good-fellowship to his fellow-men irrespective of creed, color or
race. The man who has proven his friendship to the Jew at home and to the
Jew abroad. The man who told Dr. Krauskopf and myself a few years ago
when calling upon him by appointment relative to the school: 'Gentlemen, you
are on the right track. You are doing a great and noble work. Keep it up.
Keep it up. I will help you all I can.'
"That man will be told on the eighth day of next November that he will
have to remain in the White House at Washington four years more. Those
who know him best call him 'Teddy' — those on the other side of the fence
'Roosevelt.'
Others Also,
"But there are other great men whom the world will remember and re-
ward. Men identified with finance and commerce, with medicine and law —
and men who have done heroic work from the pulpit. Referring to the pulpit
brings me back to the Farm School.
A Tribute to Dr. Jos. Krauskopf, President of the National Farm
School.
"I remember so well when as a director of that institution, special meet-
ings had to be called frequently, and often we were put to the task of grave
thinking of what to do with a treasury filled — with unpaid bills. Other times
the members would put their hands deep into their pockets. Sometimes, as the
boy would say, 'We were up a tree,' or 'Up against a stone wall/ and when
we thought we had reached the end of thinking, and clouds began to hang
heavy, you, sir, Mr. President, Rabbi Krauskopf, would hitch hope and deter-
mination to the chariot of encouragement, bundle us in and drive on over the
roadside, passing one obstacle after the other until we reached success.
"So you see, my friends, it has been uphill climbing all the time, and I
believe in giving every man credit in this world for his personal conquest, for
his brain and thought, and I want to say right here that there is no hour in
the night so late that I would not arise and pluck the sweetest flower from a
rose bush and lay it as a tribute at the threshold of Dr. Joseph Krauskopf."
41
Graduation of Students and Memorial Exercises
JUNE I2th, J904.
No more propitious conditions could have been desired by the
management of the National Farm School than were presented on
the above date when the ideal spring weather and the natural al-
lurements of the place induced about three hundred friends of the
institution to go by special train and automobiles to the beautiful
grounds occupied by the school buildings at Doylestown.
The occasion was the graduation of this year's class from the
institution, and a most attractive program had been arranged. The
exercises were held in a grove near the memorial chapel, where a-
platform had been erected and draped with American flags. At one
end were seated the Farm School students, and on the main plat-
form were the participants in the program. The exercises were
divided into three parts : First, the commencement service in the
chapel, where, after an invocation by Rev. Abram Simon, of Wash-
ington, D. C, the baccalaureate sermon was delivered by Rev. Dr.
William Rosenau, of Baltimore; the consecration of memorial trees,
participated in by Dr. David Reisman, Isaiah B. Langstadter, Rev.
Dr. Henry Berkowitz, of Philadelphia; Rev. Abram Simon, of
Washington, and Rev. William Armhold, and the graduation ex-
ercises in the afternoon, when the speakers were Rev. Henry M.
Fisher, of i^tlantic City ; Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, of Philadel-
phia, President of the Farm School ; Edward Lauterbach, of New
York; Dr. John H. Washburn, Director of the School; MaxSchcen-
feld, of Zurich, Switzerland, and Rev. Abram Simon, of Washington.
COMMENCEMENT SERVICE.
The exercises were opened with an invocation by Rabbi Simon.
Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, the founder and President of the Farm
School, in introducing Rev. Dr. William Rosenau, of Baltimore, said
that Dr. Rosenau would deliver the baccalaureate sermon in place
of Rev. Dr. Adolph Guttmacher, of the same city, who was prevented
from being present. Dr. Rosenau, addressing the graduates, spoke
as follows :
42
Rev. Dr. Rosenau's Baccalaureate Sermon:
This day is one wrouglit with holiness for you. You are standing at the
dividing line between two periods of your existence. The first is the period of
study, and the other the period of active life. As I ponder on
what may be for you a worthy lesson, I am led back in thought to that Book,
sacred to the entire world. You may be aware that the liturgists of the syna-
gogues have provided that every year the five books of Moses be read from be-
ginning to end. In the Scriptural lesson of yesterday this story is told: When
the children of Israel were at the borders of the promised land Moses sent
twelve messengers to examine the land, and report upon its desirability.
The messengers went upon their errand. They returned with strangely diverse
information. Ten declared it was impossible for the Jews to people the land,
because Israel was not a military people, and the land was inhabited by a
warlike race; but two — Joshua and Caleb — declared that there was no reason-
why Israel should not win the victory.
Young Men Must Have Confidence in God and Assurance
in Themselves.
Every young man bears this relation to the future. The future appears a
land rich with milk and honey, replete with rewards and emoluments for honest
efifort. The young man standing on its threshold sends out the messengers
of his soul. Many a messenger comes back, with fear and hesitation. Yet
within the soul of man two messengers come back — one is Confidence in God,
and the second, Self-Assurance. No man, no matter how numerous the obsta-
cles that beset his path, fails in what he sets forth to accomplish if he has confi-
dence in God and self-assurance. You, like the children of Israel of old, will
win the day, though the path be hard.
Farming Hard.
There is a second application. In all probability, many have told you that
there are easier roads to travel than those the farmer has to pursue; and many
more have told you how much greater emoluments would come to you in some
professions.
Victory Attends Honest Effort.
Farming demands perseverance and constant toil, and when all the
strength of arm and soul have been put forth, reward crowns the efforts with
success . You have sent out your graduates as messengers, and from them
comes this hopeful promise that yours will be the victory.
The Jew a Problem,
You are aware of the fact that the Jew has been a problem to the world
ever since he has been a member of society. From olden times to the present
day Israel has ever presented this problem. There are a thousand solutions
oflfered. Among these are nationalism (Zionism), or the purchase of Palestine
and assimilation.
Zionism no Solution.
Neither of these has solved the problem. The most healthy, the most
practical solution, however, is to bring the Jews back to the soil to which they
belong, and to endow them once more with the agricultural ability that be-
43
longed to their ancestt)rs. You will thus show that the solution lies in colon-
izing the Jews and taking them away from our overcrowded cities. Be Joshuas
and Calebs, and say as they did: "Though we appear as grasshoppers in the
eyes of the giants of the world, we will win the victory." Let confidence in
God and confidence in yourself encourage you in your work, proving that the
Jew can once more become a farmer and help to solve the problem of the
centuries.
CONSECRATION OF TREES.
Tlie commencement service was conclnded with a hymn by
the students and a benediction by Rev. Julius Frank, of Reading, Pa.
After a short intermission, during which the visitors inspected
the buildings and grounds, the special services for the consecration
ot memorial trees were held. These services were opened with a
beautiful prayer by Dr. Rosenau, after which Dr. David Riesman,
of Philadelphia, Pa., delivered the following address:
Dr. Riesman's Address.
The National Farm school, like many other enterprises of the Jewish
people, has for its object the betterment of the condition of the Jewish poor,
who arouse our sympathy because they are poor, and enlist our interest be-
cause they are of our race. There is one quality, one virtue, that even their
bitterest enemy has never denied to the Jews, and that is the racial feeling.
Among the Jews of all countries there is a bond that transcends national, polit-
ical and geographical differences. It is the one magnificent trait that, like a
silken thread, starting in the golden age of history, runs down the centuries
to the present age of gold. It is this traditional instinct that makes us realize
that we have a certain definite responsibility toward the Jews scattered
throughout the world. This racial tie, which even the commercialism and
selfishness of modern life cannot annihilate, has preserved our pride and our
self-respect, as it has challenged the admiration of mankind.
Farm School Strikes the Root of the Evil.
The National Farm School, as I have said, and all other enterprises to
uplift our people, spring from this worthy feeling of responsibility and kinship.
Few undertakings have gone nearer to the root of the evil that we wish to
correct — primarily, the crowding together of vast hordes of Jewish immigrants
in cities — or have more nearly fulfilled our obligation than the National Farm
School, designed, as it is, to bring back to the soil, their original heritage, the
descendants of the Palestinian agriculturists. Although throughout many cen-
turies the name of Jew has been associated with trade, not this, but farming,
constituted the original occupation of the Hebrew.
The Mishna and Statements on Trees.
Not only were the Israelites of old agriculturists, they also, it seems, real-
ized the value of forests. It is highly probable that they took pains to pre-
serve the woodlands, and there are in the Talmud interesting and suggestive
allusions to the subject bearing out this assumption. In the Mishna, for in-
stance, it is stated that if the roots of a tree spread to the estate of a neigh-
44
bor, the latter may replace them three spans deeper, so that they shall not in-
terfere with ploughing. If he has to dig a pit or cave, he may cut ofif the root!y
that prevent his doing so, and the fuel belongs to him. Ulla says that a tree
gTOVfing within sixteen ells of another man's estate is considered robbery, as it
derives its nourishment from another person's ground; and that its fruit must
not be used for the first-fruit offering. Rabbin, in the name of Rabbi Johanan,
however, upset this decision, holding that from a tree near the boundary, as
well as from one whose branches are inclined toward another's estate, the first-
fruit offering may be brought.
There are other sections, bristling with hair-splitting arguments, that ga
to show that the cutting down of a tree was a serious matter and something to
be avoided, if at all possible.
Reverence for Trees.
This reverence for trees has long since been lost in Palestine. The coun-
try, once flowing with milk and honey, has, through the devastation of the
forests, for which the Venetians and the Genoese were in a large measure re-
sponsible, become sterile, and its noble rivers are now almost dry.
Trees Should be Planted.
In municipal affairs, the question whether it is justifiable to make posterity
pay for public improvements frequently arises. Quite recently, an able poli-
tician of Philadelphia declared himself to be in favor of borrowing money on
bonds; so that our descendants, in paying off the bonded indebtedness, might
bear their share of the cost. On its surface, this appears to be correct reason-
ing; inasmuch as the improvements, although made primarily for our benefit^
also redound to the advantage of those that come after us. Public men read-
ily accept such an argument, although it clearly displays a selfish spirit. There
is, however, one improvement, the expense of which we bear, but from which
we that make it derive no direct benefit; I refer to the preservation of the
forests and the planting of forest trees.
Deforestation a Crime.
■ From necessity, from wantonness, from carelessness, man has brought
about the deforestation of the once extensive wooded districts, not knowing
the importance of forests in preserving national health, or their value as a per-
petual source of national wealth.
Importance of Forests.
Let us see, now, in what the great importance of forests consists: In the
first place, they exert an influence over the temperature of the air, and help to
bring about equability of climate. They break the force of wind storms. They
increase the moisture of the air; and, although they do not directly influence
the amount of rainfall, the water supply depends upon forests. As President
Roosevelt says, "Forests are the natural reservoirs, restraining the streams in
flood, and replenishing them in drought. They prevent the soil from washing
away, and the storage reservoirs from filling up with silt. Forest-conservation
is an essential part of water-conservation." The President also advocates that
certain forests be used as preserves for the wild creatures of the wood, which
otherwise might die out.
be ^
3 ^
I- o
^ OS
■5 ^
45
Ex-President Cleveland Pleads for Forest Preservation.
Ex-President Cleveland, the American Izaak Walton, also takes a deep
interest in forestry, and has just written an admirable plea for a wider interest
in forest-preservation. He, however, says nothing concerning forests as
game-preserves, probably because his fondness for the rod and for shooting
ducks and shore-birds is greater than his love of the chase.
Groves God's Temple,
Forests and trees have played an important part in the development of
religion. The groves were God's first temples. In their darkling shade and
primeval silence, man's mind was first turned toward the contemplation of a
higher power.
Deforestation a Breeder of Disease.
Italy and Spain plainly show the baneful effects of deforestation. The
former, once the "garden spot of Europe," has now become one vast marsh,
in which disease is rampant. This is the result of the fact that the mountains
have been denuded of the timber that once protected the plains from the rav-
ages of storms. The rain now collects in the valleys, where it lies stagnant
and breeds mosquitoes, the carriers of malaria. Within a few years the plant-
ing of eucalyptus trees in this region has had a wonderful effect in improving
these conditions and rendering the climate of Italy more salubrious.
Spain's Decline Due to Expulsion of Jews and Deforestation.
As for Spain, two causes have usually been given by historians for her
decline from the lofty place of a world-empire to that of one of the decaying
nations, to use Lord Salisbury's significant phrase — the expulsion of the Jews
and the destruction of the forests. The great crime of 1492 may be remedied
in a measure by admitting the Russian Jews, and it v/ould not take long to ob-
tain a population of the size of that which existed during the reign of Ferdi-
nand and Isabella; although it would not be possible to secure at once men
of the same quality as those that represented the Jewish race in Spain during
the fifteenth century. But the forests cannot be replaced by legislative enact-
ment. Ages will be required to cover the mountain-slopes with trees, and to
reconvert the arid wastes into fertile plains.
Commerce Has Been the Foe of Forests.
In the United States the original abundance of forest-land seemed so
inexhaustible that no thought for the future was taken. The commercial in-
stinct, also, silenced the voice of the national conscience; so long as lumber
could be sold at a profit, it had to be obtained. Forest-fires, likewise, in the
absence of protection against them, so much desired by President Roosevelt,
have done their share in devastating the hills and valleys of all parts of the
country. On several visits to the beautiful Pocono Mountains of this State
I have been saddened by noting the ravages produced by such conflagrations.
Large tracts are entirely devoid of trees and shrubs, only a charred trunk,
broken-limbed and lifeless, here and there marking the place where once a
forest stood.
Origin of Arbor Day.
The institution of Arbor Day has awakened in the youth of this country
a realization of the value of trees, and youth constitutes the best possible
medium for making propaganda. The beautiful custom of naming trees after
46
distinguished persons adds a sentimental interest to such occasions. This
custom originated in Cincinnati, in 1882, and one of the men most instrumental
in popularizing the observance of Arbor Day and the care of the forests was
one well known to some of my hearers, the late Dr. Max Lilienthal.
Care of Trees.
An interesting field for study that may well engage the attention of the
students of the National Farm School is the diseases of trees. Trees have their
•enemies, large and small, their baneful germs, just as have human beings. If
a tree sustains a wound, a fungus usually infects this wound, producing a mal-
ady quite analogous to blood-poisoning in man. Moreover, the disease is con-
tagious, and one infected tree may contaminate a large part of the forest.
Hence, the best way to prevent an epidemic is to remove the sick tree. The
report of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry for 1901-2 contains an in-
teresting account, by Byron D. Halsted, Sc.D., of the fungi injurious to trees.
Longlived Trees.
Trees are the oldest representatives of life upon the earth; and the mind
stands in awe before the kings of the forest, whose age is measured by cen-
turies. There is in Sullivan county, Pennsylvania, a hemlock that, although
beyond its prime, 'is still living at the age of five hundred years. Just think of
it! This tree was a century old when Columbus landed in America. One of
the famous redwoods of California (Sequoia gigantia) was estimated by Dr.
Bigelow, at the time that it was felled for timber, to be 1885 years of age.
According to Harlan Coultas, the boabab tree of Africa surpasses all others,
even the California Sequoia, in grandeur and antiquity. Adamson, from whom
the tree received its botanical name, found in the Cape Verde Islands one
whose age he calculated as 5,150 years. It had its birth almost at the begin-
ning of time, according to the Biblical reckoning. There is in Kent, England,
a yew tree that is known to be more than three thousand years old, and there
are still standing on Mount Lebanon a few of the cedars that composed the for-
est from which Solomon obtained the wood for the first Temple.
"Old as Jove,
Old as love.
Who of me
Tells the pedigree?
Only the mountains old,
Only the waters cold,
Only moon and star.
My coevals are.
Ere the first fowl sung,
My relenting boughs among.
Ere Adam wived.
Ere Adam lived,
Ere the duck dived,
Ere the bee hived,
Ere the lion roared,
Ere the eagle soared.
Light and heat, land and sea.
Spake unto the oldest tree."
If such trees could speak, what marvelous stories of the past they could
tell! Will the trees that we are dedicating to-day reach such a hoary age?
and, could they speak, what message will it be in their power to deliver to
those that a hundred or a thousand years hence will linger in the shade of
their foliage? May they carry down to succeeding generations the fame of the
National Farm School.
47
The addresses in connection with the special memorial trees to
be dedicated were then delivered as follows :
ISAIAH B. LANGSTADTER'S EULOGY.
Mr. Isaiah B. Langstadter, of Philadelphia, eulogized the late
Herman Jonas, who had been the vice-president of the Farm
School. He said :
It was my privilege to know Herman Jonas socially and commercially for
a period of over thirty years, and the ties of friendship formed continued
uninterruptedly until his death, endearing him not only to me, but to a group
of whom I stand here as the representative, and who have been honored by
this opportunity of placing upon this monarch of the forest a tablet inscribed
to his memory.
A Kind Hearted Man.
The predominant characteristic of Herman Jonas was kindness in its
broadest sense. He was endowed with this quality to a pre-eminent degree.
His happiness came from doing a good deed, and as he was always doing
something kind, he was always happy. The secret of this was that he never had
self as the basis of action. Many a heart he made glad and many a fellow-being
he uplifted from the depths by the influences of his kindly spirit and by his
charity and benevolence.
An Example for Youth.
Kindness, charity and benevolence were part of his daily life. The man
who exhibits such attributes sets himself in our memories upon a pedestal a
bright example for the emulation of youth.
A Man Among Men.
We need not search in books for the lives of heroes, soldiers or statesmen
as exemplars for good and noble deeds, for here was a man in the simpler
walks whose life stands forth as an exponent of most that makes the world
beautiful.
Those who knew Herman Jonas do not require monument or laudation to
remember him by, but to those who did not know him as we knew him, we
dedicate this tribute.
RABBI SIMON'S EULOGY OF LEO N. LEVI.
Rabbi Abram Simon, of Washington, D. C, who spoke in
place of Hon. Simon Wolf, who was unable to attend owing to the
illness of his father-in-law, delivered the following eulogy in mem-
ory of Leo N. Levi, late president of the Independent Order of
B'nai B'rith:
As I stand here in this magnificent grove, I cannot but feel that Sir John
Lubbock's words were supremely true: "If I were passing through a forest, 1
should not be surprised if some tree should suddenly call to me and speak to
me." With the thought inspired by these words of the poet, I stand where
48
every tree seems a poet. I listen to the spirit of the forest speaking to me.
The trees say: "Am I not like you, tall or short, blossoming or decaying!'
What would your poets be without me? Whence did they get the first songs
save from my glens or from my leaves? Your writers first wrote their mes-
sages on my book. Book, paper, papyrus, are from, the bark of my tree.
I exhale oxygen and you breathe it in; I keep the mountain fruitful for you.
I am your reservoirs as well as your lungs. So then think twice. I am you,
and yours, soul like you."
No Nobler Monument Could Be Raised to Man.
When one thinks of the service of the trees to humanity, how much like
it seems the service of the man whose name we would honor now. M'onuments
of brass corrode. Shafts of marble will crumble, but a tree is a living wonder.
A simple thing is a tree, and who more than Leo N. Levi would have preferred
a tree to his memory, the embodiment of a simple tree? Leo N. Levi was a
tree of life to all that held close to him, a tree such as the psalmist speaks
about. His roots sank deep in the soil of mother earth. They were watered by
streams of intense religiousness and patriotism. His trunk, solid, straight,
erect; his arms, wide-spreading, sheltering like the branches. How beautiful a
symbol this, in the root, in the body and in the upward branches, of the man
whom the B'nai B'rith loves to honor. His voice, strong and eloquent where
injustice was done. In all instances, a man and a Jew in the best sense of that
word. What place more appropriate to keep his memory than here where boys
shall grow up true to Israel? This tree, I consecrate to his soul.
DR. BERKOWITZ CONSECRATES TREES.
Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz was the next speaker, and in the
course of an address in memory of Rev. Dr. Marcus Jastrow, Herman
S. Friedman, Simon A. Stern and others for whom trees had been
planted, said :
It is a trying task assigned to me to speak to you after you have heard
the interesting and suggestive address of Dr. Riesmau and the eloquent ad-
dress of Rabbi Simon.
Comparison of Trees With Man,
There is no act that appeals more profoundly to the human soul than this
simple consecration of the trees. In the old Mosaic dispensation you will find
in Deuteronomy an injunction that has reference to the trees. At the time
of war the restraining hand of the legislator commands that the trees be not
touched by the despoilers. "Man is the tree of the forest." Guard well the
tree. Our commentators say that man is like the tree in mind, heart and
soul, and in all the divine attributes.
Rev. Dr. Jastrow.
Rev. Dr. Jastrow, whose taking away we mourn during the year, came- to
be known to men first as a patriot, and he remained a patriot to the end of his
days. He came to be known as a preacher, a man of eloquent lips, and he
made his message known to thousands as a staunch advocate of truth and
righteousness. He was more than anything else a scholar. To the Jewish
Publication Society he brought his powers to the Bible translation. He lived
long enough to complete his great Dictionary of the Talmud. He was like
the tree planted by rivers of waters.
49
Herman S. Friedman.
In Herman S. Friedman were exemplified some of the finest qualities of
the class of men who have made the name of the American Jew stand for all
that was noble and upright. He attained prominence as president of the
Clothiers' Exchange, and was one of the founders of the Young Men's He-
brew Association. He was identified with every good work. He believed in
the higher charity, which removed ignorance. He believed in education. He
was one of the founders and a vice-president of the Jewish Publication Society,
and was a vice-president of the Jewish Chautauqua Society. His opinions were
always valuable, because they were backed up by active service. He was one
of the most gentlemanly gentlemen it has been my good fortune to know.
By his fruits shall he be known henceforth.
Simon Adler Stern.
Simon Adler Stern, whose recent passing away has left deep marks of
grief on the Philadelphia community, whether as a business man, printer and
publisher, or as in control of great fiduciary trust. Simon Stern's life was dedi-
cated to things beyond mere money making. He was an idealist. He was a
poet. He was a musician. He was the greatest authority among the Jews
on music and literature. He gave translations of Auerbach, Heine and others.
He poured out his soul most of all through his violin. Thus in the universal
language of music did he speak. He was a cultured gentleman of the highest
type. He went through the world with a smile on his lips and a hand out-
stretched to help all. To his memory do we consecrate a tree.
Memorial Also to Others.
We remember at the same time the trees here planted in memory of
-others. We plant the tree as the emblem of immortality.
The consecration services were concluded with the reading of
the Kaddish and the pronouncing of the benediction by Rev.
William Armhold.
LUNCHEON SERVED IN TENT.
After the services a bounteous and attractive luncheon was
served to the visitors in the large tent.
The following committee of ladies assisted in serving the lunch at the
Farm School: Mrs. Joseph Krauskopf, Mrs. Morris Liveright, Mrs. Simon
Fleisher, Mrs. Morris A. Kaufman, Mrs. Hart Friedberger, Mrs. S. Blumen-
thal, Mrs. William A. Stern, Misses Hennie Ulman, Linda Strauss, Blanche
Rosenbluth, Alice Fleisher, Helen Langfeld, Hortense Snellenburg, Alice
iLiveright, Mrs. Joseph Schoeneman, Mrs. Simon Weil, Mrs. T. Greenwald,
Mrs. Albert Marks, Misses Eva Jacobs, Claire Kohn, Lillian Abrahamson, Ger-
tie Bauers, Selida Coran, Zellea Baersdorfer, Edna Franklin, Jennie Merz,
Mrs. A. Simon. Mrs. Adolph Eichholz, Mrs. Marcus Bacharach and Mrs.
Harrv ivelix.
GRADUATION EXERCISES.
At 2.30 o''lock the visitors, who had been roaming about the
grounds, reassembled in the grove for the graduating exercises.
These were opened with an invocation by Rev. Henry M. Fisher,,
50
of Atlantic City. The students intoned a hymn, and then Dr..
Krauskopf introduced the speakers with the following address :
Introductory Remarks by Dr. Krauskopf.
Ladies and Gentlemen: In the name of the Board of Trustees I extend
to you a hearty welcome to the Fourth Graduation of the National Farm.
School. Considering- the School's distance from the city, and the unpopularity
among city people of that pursuit that constitutes the foundation of our na-
tional prosperity, of our very life, this goodly assemblage of people is quite
assuring.
Back to the Soil.
To the student of social science and of history, more especially of Jewish
history, a gathering such as this is a sign of healthy progress and a prophecy
as well. It is a sign that the cry "back to the soil," that has been growing
louder and louder in late years, is being heard. It is a prophecy that the de-
serted farms are destined to become again populated with a healthy and happy
people, and that the debilitating and demoralizing congestion of city ghettos
arid slums is destined to be relieved by a return to mother earth of those
sorely in need of its invigorating and ennobling influences. It is a sign that
the thought of the true philanthropist is turning from merely remedial to pre-
ventive work and a prophecy that not forever shall people suffer poverty
and disease to intrench themselves in the overcrowded districts of cities and
breed physical and moral wreckage, when, by scattering the dependent classes
over God's broad acres where the fountains of food and health and morals
flow unceasingly, they might become independent and vigorous and prosperous
bread-winners and bread producers, and as such be welcomed everywhere as
desirable colonists or immigrants.
Hon. Edward Lauterbach.
But why do I dwell on these points, when you are impatient to hear one
who is far abler to speak on these subjects than I am, one who has given much
thought to the question of agriculture as a remedy of a hundred ills of modern
society, and who has given some of these problems practical solution? It gives
me great pleasure, therefore, ladies and gentlemen, to comply with your wish
in introducing to you the baccalaureate orator of to-day, the Hon. Edward
Lauterbach, of New York.
The Hon. Edward Lauterbach, of New York, who was greeted
with applause, delivered the baccalaureate address, in the course of
which he said :
The Jew a Supporter of His Poorer Brethren.
I have seen to-day where a solution to the vexed Jewish problem may be
found. It lies in such institutions as this, which, if properly developed and sus-
tained, will prove the solution of the most distressing problem that has been
presented to the Jews of the United States. A brief retrospect of the situation
that cries so loudly for relief may be appropriate.
It has always been a source of pride to the Jew that he has cared for his
own poor, no matter how desperate their condition. In the earlier days of the
past century those of Portuguese and English extraction who had come to
51
New York and Philadelphia, men like Haym Solomon, of Philadelphia, whose
support and benefaction to the American Congress during the Revolution was
exceeded by none, assisted with their sympathy and money such co-religionists
as came to these shores.
The German Immigration.
The Revolution of 1848 in Germany sent to America men by the hundreds
and thousands who were unacquainted with the language and customs of the
country. Those who were here might have said: "We are Americans; you
are Germans. You happen to be of the same religion. There is no reason
why we should support you." But no such argument was oflfered. Within a
few years the aid offered to these co-religionists wes perfected, and we con-
tinued, until 1881, congratulating ourselves that the poor Jew was cared for
and was no burden to the community.
The Russian Immigration.
Then the great change came about. It came like a thunderbolt from a
clear sky. The edict of the Russian Emperor drove thousands from their na-
tive land. I remember that on one day in July of that year 3,500 immigrants
were landed in New York without means of support. They had to be cared
for. Jewish immigration continued, and again those who had risen to affluence
might have said to these men from Russia: "Your religion is perhaps the
same as ours; but there is no bond between us," and thus have evaded respon-
sibility. But no. In New York, Philadelphia and other cities, organizations
were effected and these poor people were cared for. The immigration steadily
increased and as many as 50,000 Jews have reached New York every year, with
the result that this burden became almost unbearable.
Efforts for Remedying the Evils.
But it has been borne and will be borne. What has happened? The organ-
izations have increased in numbers and in potentiality. The Hebrew Orphan
Asylums now take care of 10,500 children. Every necessity of dependent chil-
dren and adults is cared for amply. But the demand increases. A hospital at a
cost of three million dollars was erected within the year by Jews in New
York.
No Religious Distinction in Jewish Institutions.
There is no distinction made in admission as to race or class or religion.
The great Montefiore institution was, within the last few years, extended into
a home for consumptives. Not only the physical welfare has been looked after,
but the educational feature has been made an important one; a notable factor
"being the Educational Alliance.
The Pledge Given to Peter Stuyvesant.
We endeavor to americanize those that come to our shores. A pledge was
made to Peter Stuyvesant in the early days of the century that no Jew should
■ever be a burden to the city of New York. We have still that which is tanta-
mount to the Ghetto among us. No one is banished or restricted to any spe-
cial place, but from the necessities of the situation there are gathered together
in a certain part of the city thousands of our co-religionists. From day to day
there are evidences that the immigrants emancipate themselves from these sur-
roundings.
52
Religious Instruction a Sacred Duty.
There are situations with which we cannot successfully cope. I refer to the
case of the dependent child. We may do, as adults, as we please in respect to
our religious beliefs, but I hold it to be our sacred duty to give to every child
the benefit of the religious education of its parents. Some years ago there was
a crusade against institutional sectarianism and State aid was withheld; but
when an investigation was made of the work of the Catholic and Jewish orphan
asylums the large benefit of this work was shown, and the State continued to
help. But the State said: "You shall not support the child beyond the age
of i6." Then what to do? At the age of i6 the child is to be sent forth into
the world, sent back to the malign influence of the Ghetto. What is to be
done?
Large Percentage of Jewish Graduates in New York Schools.
Of 200 boys who will graduate from the public schools within the coming
week 60 per cent, are Jews. The Hebrew Technical Institute has been founded
and is now teaching 250 children in the science of draughtsmanship and en-
gineering, etc. But the number is limited.
A Plea for Farm Schools the Solution of the Problems.
There should be a National Farm School in every section of the country,,
and this School at Doylestown should be enlarged and developed. This is
the solution of the Jewish problem to-day. Boys should be given a thorough
education in agriculture that they may become leaders in Israel and enable
others to become farmers and agriculturists. The graduates of this School
have been taught not only practical farming, but have been trained in every
other direction to know their duty as American citizens. I will go back to
New York and tell my friends there that it is their duty to encourage the
National Farm School, so that boys may be sent from their institutions not to
be bread-eaters, but bread-makers.
Thanks for the Founder, Dr. Krauskopf.
We cannot thank Dr. Krauskopf too much for the noble work he has done
here. There should also be a preparatory school for children of 13 years of
age — and girls, too, should receive an education similar in character. They
could learn dairying, horticulture, floriculture, etc.
Zionism no Solution.
Dr. Rosenau repudiated the idea of Zionism as a solution, and he did welL
Jews who come to these shores should come with the idea of becoming Ameri-
cans, just as the Irishman, who is a Catholic, comes here. The question of
religion and nationality ought to be separated.
Farm School More Important Than a Hospital.
The creation and maintaining of institutions like the Farm School far sur-
passes in importance and scope an asylum or a hospital or a technical institu-.
tion. Let us unite in making this institution as successful as it can be. It is
and is intended to be a national institution.
53
ADDRESS OF DR. WASHBURN.
Dr. John H. Washburn, of the National Farm School, was the
next speaker. He said :
My Young Friends of the Graduating Class: For nearly two years wc
have labored together to exemplify the principles for which the establishing of
the National Farm School stands. Our success during the past year has been
greater than ever before. The satisfactory growth in the manhood and busi-
ness integrity of the pupils of our school has been a great encouragement.
School's First Duty.
The first duty of our school is to make men, and the object of our in-
struction is to produce agriculturists. This institution, like every new enter-
prise, received during its earliest years criticism. It was said that we could
not make agriculturists. You who were pupils at the time appre-
ciated the utter folly of the criticism, knowing that it could come only from
persons so entirely unacquainted with the work of our school that they were
simply unable to read the most favorable and encouraging facts aright.
The Lie Given tO' Adverse Criticism.
You felt the error of the criticism because you knew that yourselves were
being made into agriculturists, you appreciated the fact that you were acquir-
ing a knowledge that would enable you to practice successfully some of the
lines of agriculture which are open to the election of our students. There is
nothing more comforting as a panacea to adverse criticism than an absolute
knowledge of facts disproving it.
Specializing thle Keynote of To-day^s Work.
You have been at the Farm School long enough to realize the utter futil-
ity of one's attempting to become proficient in the whole subject of agriculture;
one may as well endeavor to become proficient in the many departments of
science. Even the best agricultural colleges attempt to teach only a few of
the branches of agriculture, those best adapted to their part of the country. In
these days of specialization the school, the college or the individual often does
best to specialize.
Opportunities for Specializing at the National Farm School.
You have had opportunity to specialize either in greenhouse manage-
ment, market gardening, dairying, poultry or general farming. You have seen
others receive this instruction, and those possessing the elements of success
you have seen become truly proficient. There is no agricultural school or col-
lege in the United States possessing the unprecedented, opportunity to train
or prove its graduates like that which has been given to the National Farm
School by means of the Flora Schoenfeld Memorial Farms.
Flora Schoenfeld Memorial Farms.
It has been to me a special privilege and pleasure to have the opportunity
to assist those gentlemen having charge of the expenditure of the Flora
Schoenfeld Memorial Fund in selecting the farms, which I feel have been
wisely chosen, both from a business and an educational standpoint. It has
been an equal pleasure to encourage and confer with those young men selected
to have charge of these farms.
Success in Spite of Detractors.
Some of our friends a year ago expressed the opinion that it would be
■difficult to get any student willing to take charge of these farms, and it was
difficult to get the right young men possessed of the business push and capa-
city to act as pioneers and map out a course and illustrate a policy that would
be successful. Speaking for myself I am entirely satisfied with the choice, and
did we have a dozen such farms to conduct, I am confident we could find pupils
from the National Farm School not only who are fitted to take them, but who
would desire very much the opportunity to do so. You are to be congratu-
lated that you were a student at this important period of our school's develop-
ment. I feel that the possession of these farms chronicles a new era in the
success of the National Farm School.
Jewish Lads Successful Fanners.
The fact has always been demonstrated beyond a question that our Jewish
lads have been educated to become practical farmers; that they are fully capa-
ble of conducting for themselves a farm is no longer an opinion but a fact.
You are well aware that men fail in farming oftener from lack of business ca-
pacity rather than ignorance of the methods of farming. The natural business
capacity possessed by the majority of our boys gives them a decided advantage
in successful farming. Good soil and average weather will give produce, but
upon the disposal of that crop depends the whole financial success of the
farmer.
Each Graduate Has Position.
The fact that each one of you has already secured a good position along
agricultural lines which you will accept upon leaving this school is of itself
sufficient indorsement of your successful training as agriculturists. As you go
forth from these activities I can but say that the choice of action will now be
left entirely with you without the moral force of school authority to guide you.
The healthy instruction you have received here teaches you that there is no
blind fate, but that you work out your destiny in freedom in accordance with
your own strength or weakness to obey or disobey your best conception of
duty and the knowledge of laws you have studied. The success to which you
attain will be a criterion of the wisdom of your choice; let no ambition nor
hatred, the love of ease, nor the greed of gain, the desire of popularity, nor
the love of praise, so fill your hearts as to turn you from the wise and prudent
fulfillment of your duty.
MAX SCHOENFELD PRESENTS DIPLOMAS.
The certificates were. presented to the graduates by Mr. Max
Schoenfeld, of Zurich, Switzerland, with the following remarks:
Mr. President, Professor, and My Dear Young Friends: It is just two
years since I had the pleasure of being with you on a similar occasion, and
when our dear friend, Dr. Krauskopf, honored me with his visit, in Switzer-
land, last year, and told me of the progress the National Farm School was
making, I naturally had a great desire to come over to see and be with you
again; I therefore arranged my affairs, and you can see for yourself that where
there is a will there is a way, and I am here again with you.
55
Congratulations for Graduate.
First, permit me to congratulate you most heartily upon your success in
securing your diplomas of the National Farm School. I feel certain that you
have worked hard for four years to obtain them, and that you would not have
received them had you not fully deserved them.
Pioneers of a Grand Cause.
My young friends, you are now starting out into the world to make for
yourselves an honorable career, and in doing so be forever mindful that you
are the "Pioneers of the Grand Cause" for which this institution stands, and
was created by our dear friend, the President, Dr. Krauskopf.
Lives to be Incentive to Others.
Let me hope, therefore, that your lives, your work and your example may
prove an incentive to induce other young men of the Jewish race and faith to
follow in your footsteps, and let the escutcheon and the colors of this institu-
tion be ever before your eyes as the symbol of all that is noble and good for
the advancement of mankind.
Excelsior.
I would earnestly beg you to keep in touch with your professors and
teachers, who devoted so much of their life and energies to promote your
welfare, and to whom I am sure you feel your gratitude is due. In conclusion,
I wish you all possible success and hope that you will forever be faithful to
the cause, and let the watchword of each one of you be: "Excelsior."
Mr. Schoenfeld, who is the donor of the "Flora Schoenfeld
Memorial Farms," then presented diplomas to the following gradu-
ates : Elmore Lee, Jacob Taubenhaus , Alexander Monblatt and
Bernard A. Zalinger.
Dr. Krauskopf, in asking the visitors to look over the grounds,
referred to the fact that the area of the Farm School grounds was
one square mile, and said that in an area ofexactly similar extent on
the East Side of New York 65,000 families live, a total of 400,000
souls.
The exercises were concluded with a benediction by Rev.
Abram Simon.
All Have Positions.
All the graduates have secured positions. Bernard A. Zalinger will take a
position in a greenhouse near Chicago. Elmore E. Lee will take charge of a
nursery in Ohio. Alexander Monblatt will take a place in the Agricultural
Department at Washington, D. C. Jacob Taubenhaus will be employed on a
dairy farm at Morris Plains, N. J., and expects later to take a course in the
Pennsylvania State Agricultural College.
More Farms Promised.
The promise of four additional farms and two additional barns was given
to the Farm School, details of which will be published later.
56
Prizes Awarded at the National Farm School---i904.
For the best work in general agriculture for the year :
First prize awarded to Philip Kriuzniau, $15.00.
Second prize awarded to Victor Anderson, 10.00.
The above prize was a gift of Mr. Ralph Blum.
The prize in horticulture was awarded to Meyer Green, $10.00.
The above prize was a gift of Mr. Samuel L,it.
The prize for the best w-ork in dairying was awarded to Charles Horn, fio.oo.
This prize is the gift of Mr. I. L. Marks, in memory of Harold Marks.
The prizes of $25, by the Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf and $10.00 by Mr. Louis
Loeb of New York, to be awarded for the best individual gardens, are to be divided
among :
Seniors.
First prize, Jake Ratner, fj.oo.
Second prize, Max Morris, 4.66.
Juniors.
First prize, Henry Ratner, $7.00,
' Second prize, Philip Krinzman, 4.66.
Sophomores.
First prize, Abe Miller, I7.00.
o A ■ A- -A A \ Louis Rock, $2. "^2,.
Second prize divided among |^^^ SolomoA Feinberg, 2.33.
SOME LETTERS FROM GRADUATES.
The following are a few of many letters received from former graduates
of the School:
From George W. Ibaugh.
To the Class of 1904.
My Dear Friends: Three years ago the class of 1901 stood where you
stand to-day. We had finished the course of studies and were about to put
them to use in earning our daily bread. This problem may seem simple, and
yet, let me tell you the future was anything but bright.
Difficulties of First Graduates.
We did not know how far our Farm School education would go toward
aiding us in making a living. We had heard farmers say that there was noth-
ing in "book farming," that one had to be born a farmer, and wondered if it
would prove true. Has it proven true?
Fallacy of Detractor's Reasoning.
In my case, no! Decidedly no! As I look back over the past three years
I can see many places where my training has been useful to me. I could not
hold my present position without such an education. And to my knowledge
and experience, gardening, though hard work, is a pleasant and healthful occu-
57
pation. To sow and reap and to know that some one is depending on the
fruits of your labor for many a table delicacy is, indeed, the position of a
sovereign.
Farm Life the Most Healthful.
Do I regret having left the city and come to the country for an occupation?
Again my answer must be, no! There is no occupation that would have given
me better health, for aside from my one illness I have enjoyed perfect health.
Happiness and Good Living Come From the Farm.
Now, members of the class of 1904, you take with you to-day the best
wishes for success from one who so recently had to face the problem you are
facing to-day. If you want to get rich quick do not accept an agricultural po-
sition, for you will be wasting time. But if you want health, happiness and a
good living, stick to the soil. You may make mistakes and possibly failures at
first, but keep at it and in three years' time you will join me in praising the
Farm School.
Never Lack Confidence,
My greatest fault has been lack of confidence in myself. It has been the
purpose of this letter to give you confidence and to tell you that you may re-
turn to your books when in trouble. Do not be afraid to take the work of-
fered to you. It may seem beyond your power, but when once started you will'
see that you are master of the situation.
Wishes for Success.
Again let me wish you success, and by success I mean the making of a.
good home, together with as much of a fortune as possible. If we all accom-
plish this we will be doing our duty to both God and man.
Very truly yours,
GEO. W. IBAUGH, Class 1901.
Berwyn, Pa., June 11, 1904.
From Charles S. Heller.
Wiggins, Miss., June 10.
Dear Dr. Krauskopf: It is nearly two years since my graduation from
the National Farm School and my entrance into agricultural work on my own
hook. Since leaving the Farm School I have been fortunate enough to secure
steady employment, and have found through my experience and observation
that there is just as strong a demand in this line for competent and willing
men. as there is in any other pursuit that I know of.
Farm School Training Invaluable.
In my first position at Highmount, New York, I had charge for over a
year, and with the one I now hold I have likewise, and find that the training
secured at the National Farm School has been invaluable.
Large Responsibilities of Present Position.
The work I am now engaged in carries a large responsibility. In brief,,
it consists in demonstrating to the people that the Piney Woods regions of,
Mississippi, comprising nearly one-fourth of the State and now sparsely set--
58
tied, is valuable for profitable cultivation. Although here only three months
I feel much satisfied at the progress made, considering the pioneer conditions.
Hard Work for Graduates.
The graduates w^ill find hard work before them, both physically and men-
tally, for some time. In order to complete their equipment, I impress upon
them the fact that agriculture is too broad and interesting to thoroughly mas-
ter in four or six years, and is a life work.
The Farm School Influential.
The influence of the National Farm School is being felt throughout the
country, and even in this section, the far South, it has gained new well-wishers.
With congratulations and an ardent hope for continued success.
I am, very truly,
CHARLES S. HELLER.
From Meyer Goldman.
Vineland, June 8, 1904.
To the Class of 1904, National Farm School.
Greeting: It is with great pleasure that I greet you, members of the
graduating class. One year ago to-day you saw me where you are to-day, en-
tering upon the noble work for which I was trained at the National Farm
School. That you now experience my feelings of a year ago I do not doubt,
and let me hope that you will not fail to feel the duty you owe towards your
alma mater , and then only can you attain success.
Successful After One Year's Work.
After one year of hard work I am glad to say that a bright future is be-
fore me, if only I follow my chosen profession. My training that I possessed
when I graduated has been of great value to me. Of course, I have met with
many difficulties, but everything at present shows that my efiforts are not in
vain. I am not compelled to labor daily in the congested shop, where pale
faces and ruined health are the ultimate results. I am very glad that I am in
such work and will always continue in this line. Friends, again I ask you to
enter upon the work you have chosen with full hearts of hope and love for your
work, and then you will have no cause to regret it.
I am very sorry my duties will not permit me to be with you next Sunday,
but my fondest wishes for your success you have.
Yours, with best wishes,
MEYER GOLDMAN.
The following editorial appeared in Public Ledger of October
4t]i, 1904. In the hope that it may interest some of the well
wishers and subscribers to the National Farm School it is here
appended.
AN EXCELLENT INSTITUTION.
Justice Julius Mayer, of the Court of Special Sessions in New York, in an
address delivered at the eighth annual meeting of the association conducting
the National Farm School at Doylestown, referred to the beneficial work of the
institution as an important element in the solution of a very perplexing prob-
59
lem, the concentration of the newer immigration in the great cities. Judge
Mayer has studied the problem at close range in New York. While recogniz-
ing its seriousness, he is confident that time and experience will work out
the problem in the case of the newer immigration effectually, as they have
solved the problem of the older immigration.
The outlet for the congestion of the newer immigration in the cities is the
countryside and the agricultural colony. The National Farm School and all
other agencies that will promote the pursuit of agriculture among the poorly
housed, ill paid and otherwise unfortunately situated dwellers in the densely
crowded quarters of the great cities deserve every encouragement. It is a
discouraging fact that, while immigrants are swarming in the cities, thousands
of farmers are relinquishing the countryside and rushing to the populous cen-
tres.
The tendency to depopulate the farming districts has become so strong,
even in the rural counties of Pennsylvania, that many townships fail to show
the old-time progressive growth in population, and some of them reported a
noticeable loss at the last census. The difficulty of obtaining help is one of
the great drawbacks of the farming business. The original employment
of man in districts where it ought to be fruitful and reasonably remunerative
has suffered, fallen into neglect and into disrepute with the thoughtless, because
city pursuits and city life, even when accompanied by much discomfort, and,
perchance, by unhealthful and squalid environments, are more alluring. What-
ever may be said of the isolation and hard work of farm life, it is infinitely
preferable to the surroundings in which many city dwellers are doomed to live.
Large settlements of immigrants are succeeding in agriculture in South
Jersey and elsewhere in the vicinity of Philadelphia on farms on which native
Americans have failed to make a living. These foreigners are, as a rule, good
citizens, industrious and thrifty. Their situation is incomparably better than
that of their fellow-countrymen pursuing precarious and unhealthful occupa-
tions in the cities. It is highly probable that when the tide turns, the outflow
of the urban population to the farms, which may be expected in time by sheer
force of necessity, will be that of the foreign element. This movement will be
organized, aided, hastened and successfully directed by such institutions as
those represented by the National Farm School. Self-help is the best help.
The charity that encourages self-help must appeal strongly to every consider-
ate person.
6o
Life Members of National Farm School.
ALABAMA.
-Mobile.
Bernheimer, Mrs, L.
ENGLAND,
X,ondon.
Meyer, Arthur
ILLINOIS.
■Chicago.
Mandel, Leon
IOWA.
Waverly,
A. Slimmer
LOUISIANA.
JSlew Orleans.
District Grand Lodge,
No. 7, I. O. B. B.
MARYLAND.
Baltimore.
*Rayner, Wm. S.
MASSACHUSETTS.
Boston.
Hecht, Mrs. Lina
NEW YORK.
JNew York.
Abraham, A.
Budge, Henry
Guggenheimer, Wm.
Meyer, Wm.
Silberberg, G.
Sidenberg, G.
OHIO.
'Columbus.
Benai Israel Sisterhood.
Lazarus, Fred'k
•* Deceased.
Lazarus, Ralph
Miller, Leopold
Sanger, Alexander
Youngstown.
Theobald, Mrs. C.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Allegheny .
Rank, Mrs. Rosalie
Altoona.
Henry, S. Kline
Langhorne.
Branson, I. L.
Philadelphia.
Blum, Ralph
Blumenthal, Herman
Blumenthal, Sol.
Betz & Son.
Byers, Jos. J.
Grant, Adolph
Harrison, C. C.
Hagedorn, Mrs. Alice
Jonas, Herman
Kaas, Andrew
Kauflfman, Morris
Kayser, Samuel
Krauskopf, Harold
Levy, Sol.
Lit, S. D.
Langfeld, A. M.
Muhr, Jacob
Merz, Mrs. Regina
Merz, Daniel
*Pepper, Dr. Wm.
Pfaelzer, Simon
Reform Congregation
Keneseth Israel
*Rorke, Allen B.
Rosenberg, Walter J.
Rosenberg, Grace
Rosenberg, Walter I.
Schloss, Mrs. Herman
Silberman, Mrs. Ida
Silverman, I. H.
*Snellenburg, J. J.
Snellenburg, Nathan
Snellenburg, Sam'l
Sternberger, Samuel
Teller, Mrs. B. F.
Teller, Joseph R.
^Teller, Mrs. Joseph R.
*Teller, Benj. F.
Trautman, Dr. B.
W^anamaker, John
*Weiler, Herman
Wolf, I., Jr.
Pittsburg.
Browarsky, Max
Cohen, Aaron
Cohen, Josiah
Dreifus, C.
Hamburger, Philip
Hanauer, A. M.
Kaufman Bros.
Marcus, Aaron
Rauh, Mrs. Rosalie
Solomon & Rubin
Weil, A. Leo
Weil, J.
SWITZERLAND.
Zurich.
Schoenfeld, Max
TEXAS.
Dallas.
Sanger, Mrs. Philip
VIRGINIA.
Norfolk.
Ladies Hebrew Benevo-
lent Association.
Richmond.
Milheiser, Gustave
6i
Memorial Buildings.
I. Theresa Loeb Memorial Green House, in memory of Theresa Loeb, Ogontz,
Pa., by her family,
II. Ida M. Block Memorial Chapel, in memory of Ida M. Block, Kansas City,
Mo., by her husband and family.
Til. Zadok Eisner Memorial Laboratory, in memory of Zadok Eisner, Philadel-
phia, Pa., by his wife.
IV. Rose Krauskopf Memorial Green House, in memory of Rose Krauskopf,
Philadelphia, Pa., by her children.
Subscriptions from Oct. 1903 to Sept. 30th, 1904.
ALABAMA.
Alexander City.
Herzfeld, A 5.00
Birmingham.
Birmingham lyodge No. 168,
I. O. B. B I5.00
Caheen Bros S-OO
Congregation Emanu El . . 5.00
Denwpolis.
Marengo Lodge No. 283, I. O.
B. B 10.00
Z.ivingston.
Levy, M 5.00
Mobile.
Bernheimer, Mrs. L 105,00
Council of Jewish Women of
Mobile 5 00
Eichold, Emanuel 5.00
Hess, Henry 5.00
JVIontgomery.
Kahl Montgomery 10.00
Kahn, M 5.00
Loeb, Jacques 3.00
Uniontown.
Pake, L. J 5-oo
ARIZONA.
Tucson.
Jacobs, M.Lionel 5.00
ARKANSAS.
J^iitle Rock.
Bnai Israel Congregation . . 10. no
Cohen, Mark M 10.00
Pine Bluff.
Roth, Louis , . 5.00
CALIFORNIA.
Sacramento.
Bonnheim, A 10.00
Cohen, Isadore 5.00
JafFee, M. S 5-oo
Weinstock, Harris 25.00
San Francisco.
Cahn, Mrs. L. I
Hirschfelder, Dr. J. H. . .
Leffman, Mrs. L. D. . . .
Rosenbaum, Mrs. Chas. W.
Schwabacher, Louis A. . .
Schwabacher, Abe . . . .
Sloss, Mrs. M. C
COLORADO.
Deliver.
Kubitshek, Henry . .
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5-00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
CONNECTICUT.
New Haven.
Adler, Max
Horeb Lodge, No. 25,I.O.B.B.
Ulman, Jacob
Ullman, Isaac M
DELAWARE.
Seaford.
Van Leer, Chas
Wilmington.
Wilmington Lodge No. 470,
I. O. B. B
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Washington.
Behrend, Ammon 5.00
Blumenfeld, Mrs. M 2.00
Deborah Lodge 5.00
Elijah Lodge No. 50, 1.O.B.B. 5.00
Herman, A 5.00
Saks. Isidore 5.00
Sondheimer, J 5.00
Washington Sabbath School 5.00
Wolf, Hon. Simon 5.00
FLORIDA,
De Land.
Davis, M 5.00
GEORGIA.
Savannah.
Dryfus, M 5.00
Joseph Lodge No. 16, 1. 0.B.B. 2.00
62
Subscriptions from Oct. 1903 to Sept. 30th> 1904.
Atlanta.
Frounstine, L. 1 5.00
Hebrew Benevolent Congre-
gation |io.oo
Hebrew Ladies' Benevolent
Society lo.oo
Kaufman, D 10.00
IDAHO.
Boise City.
Ladies' Judith Montefiore
Lodge
5-00
ILLINOIS.
Blootnington.
Abraham Lincoln Lodge No.
90, I. O. B. B 5.00
Chicago.
Binswanger, A. 5.00
Despres, Samuel 5.00
Eisenstaedt, 1 10.00
Foreman, Oscar G 5.00
Frank, Henry L. . . . . . . 5.00
Gatz, John 5.00
Gatzert, August 5.00
Goldman, Albert 5.00
Greenebaum, Elias 5.00
Greenebaum Sons 5.00
Hartman, Joseph S. ..... 5.00
Isaiah Sabbath School . . . 5.00
Klee, Max • • 10.00
Kohn, Isaac 5.00
Maxwell, Geo. H 10.00
Mandel, Simon 5.00
Ramah LodgeNo. 33, 1.O.B.B. 10.00
Rosenwald, M. S 5.00
Schanfarber, Rev. Tobias . . 5 00
Solomon, Mrs. Hannah G. . 5 00
Stoltz, Rev. Dr. Jos 5.00
Steele, H. B 5 00
Springfield .
Ernes Lodge No. 67, I.O.B.B. 5.00
Peoria.
Greenhut, J. B 25.00
Levi, Rev. Chas. ... 5.00
Peoria Hebrew Relief Asso-
ciation 12.00
INDIANA.
Indianapolis.
Efroymson & Wolf 10.00
Kahn, Henry 10.00
Kahn, Mrs. Nathan 5.00
Kirschbaum, R 5.00
Newberger, Louis 10.00
Rauh, Henry 5.00
Rauh, Sam E : 25.00
Strauss, L. 2.00
Sommers, Chas. B . . . . 5.00
Weiler, Mr. and Mrs. Abe . . 25.00
Wineman, Jos 5-oo
Fort Wayne. -
Freiberger, Leopold .... 5.00
Petersberg.
Frank, Sol
Terra Haute.
Gan Eden Lodge No. no,
I. O. B. B
Herz, A
Ligonier.
Strauss, Ike
Strauss, Jacob
Angola.
Stiefel, Mrs. L. C. ■ . . .
Goshen.
Salinger, Nathan ....
Hartford City.
Weiler, Miss Amy . . .
Portland.
Weiler, Morris
Logansport.
Wise, S
Muncie.
Hme, I\I
IOWA
Oskaloosa.
Baldauf, Samuel . .
Davenport.
Rothchild, D. . .
Des Moines.
Frankel, Mrs. B. . .
Frankel, A
Frankel, M
Frankel, N
Rosenfeld, M. . .
Charles City.
Hecht, I
Sioux City.
Des Moines Lodge No. 330,
I. O. B. B
Mt. Sinai Congregation Sab-
bath School
J5.00
10.00
S5.00
5.00
10.00
3.00
500
5-00
5-00
5.00
5-00
10.00
5.00
10.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
10.00
5.00
s.oo
KANSAS.
Leavemuorth .
Flesher, B. . lo.oo-
Ka7isas City.
Holzmark Bros 10.00
KENTUCKY
Louisville.
Barkhouse, Louis
Bernheim, B. . .
Bernheim, J. W.
Bernheim, B. .
Kaufman, Henry
Kohn, Aaron . .
Sachs, Morris . .
Sachs, Edward .
Straus, Mrs. Sarah
Simon, Henry .
Solomon, Sam S.
Henderson.
Baldauf, Morris
Mann, Bros. . .
25.00
25.00
25 00
5.06
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5. CO
5.00
5.00
Jo.oo
10.00
Subscriptions from Oct. 1903 to Sept. 30th, 1904.
63
Maysville.
Mertz, Millard $5-00
Mertz, Eugene 5.00
Shelbyville.
Jewish Library Society . . . 5.00
Lexingtojt.
Lexington Lodge No. 289,
I. O. B. B 5.00
J'aducah.
Friedman, L. Joseph .... 10.00
Harmony Lodge No. 149,
I. O. B. B 5.00
Weil, Mrs. Jeanette 5.C0
LOUISIANA.
JRayville.
Tilche, Chas 5.00
JVew Orleans.
Aaron, Edward 5.00
Council of Jewish Women , 25.00
Kohn, Joseph 3.00
Lazare, Levy & Co 5.00
Newman, Isidore 10.00
Simmons, Nathan 5.00
Wolff, Solomon 5.00
Waldhorn, Morse 5.00
Weis, L 25.00
Walls.
Abramson, S 5.00
-Monroe.
Gross, Mrs. Florentine . . . 2.50
MARYLAND
^althnore.
Adler, Chas 5.00
Benedict, Benj 5.00
Bamberger, Elkin 5 00
Drey, Elkan 10.00
Epstein, Jacob 5.00
Frank, Dr. Sam'l L 10.00
Frank, Mrs. Bertha Rayner . 400.00
■Gottshalk, Joseph 10.00
■Goldenberg, Mrs. M 5.00
•Gottschalk, Levi 5.00
Guttman, Mrs. Joel 5.00
Gutmacher, Rev. A 5.00
Hamburger, Ph 5.00
Kraus, Henry 5.00
Levy, Wm 10.00
Lobe, H. J. ... ... 5-00
Raynor, Isidore 5 00
Raynor, Albert 5.00
Rosenan, Dr. Wm 5.00
Rothholz, J 5.00
Sinsheimer, L 5-oo
Sonneborn, Henry 5.00
Sonneborn, Henry 25.00
Sonneborn, Sig. B 5.00
Strouse, Isaac 5.00
■Strouse, Leopold ..:... 5.00
Strouse, Mrs. Hennie .... 5.00
LTlman, Nathan 5.00
Ulman, A. J 15.00
Frostburg.
Wineland, Max $25.00
MASSACHUSETTS.
Boston.
Green, Joseph 2.00
KaflFenburgh,J 5.00
Koshland, J 5.00
Mode, Joseph 5.00
Morse, Godfrey 5.00
Ratchesky, A. C 5.00
Shuman, Samuel 5.00
Schoener, Joseph Z 5.00
Ziegel, L 5.00
Brookliyie.
De Boer, David H 5.00
Arlington.
Wood, W. T. Donation of ice tools
MICHIGAN.
Detroit.
Goldman, A 5.00
Heineman, Sol E 5.00
Montefiore Lodge, I. O. F. S.
of 1 5-t)0
Schloss, Seligman 5.00
Weinman, Mrs. L 5-oo
Kalniazoo.
Mishan Lodge No. 247,
I. O. B B 5-00
Elk Rapids.
Alpen, H 5-0°
Wolverine.
Levis, J. Walter 5.00
Greenville.
Jacobson, David 5-00
MINNESOTA.
Minneapolis.
Minneapolis Lodge No. 271,
I. O. B. B 15-00
Minneapolis City Lodge
No. 63, O. B. A 5-00
St. Paul.
Guiterman, A 5-oo
MISSISSIPPI.
Natchez.
Frank, Henry 30-00
Natchez Council of Jewish
Women 5-00
Columbus.
Joachim Lodge No. 18 r,
I. O. B. B 2.00
Jackson.
Manassah Lodge No. 202,
I. O. B. B 3-00
3^yles.
Tausig, Joseph 3-00
64
Subscriptions from Oct. 1903 to Sept. 30th, 1904.
Greenville.
Jewish Women's League . . $5.00
Wilzen, L 5.00
Vicksburg.
Anshe Chesed Congregation 25.00
Brookhaven.
Cohn, David Z 5.00
Lortnan.
Cohn Bros 5.00
MISSOURI.
Kansas City.
Bloch, Edward 5.00
Bloch, Sol 25.00
Bernheinier, G., Bros. & Co. 5.00
Benjamin, Alfred 5.00
Benjamin, H. L 5.00
Griff, S. H 5.00
Heyman, A 5.00
King David Lodge No. 86,
0. B. A 5.00
Mayer, Rabbi Harry H. . . . 5.00
Rothenberg & Schloss . . , 10.00
Shane, M 5.00
St. Louis.
Eben Ezra Lodge No. 47,
1. O. B. B 10.00
Goldstein, William 5.00
Lippman, Joseph M 5.00
Stix, Wm 10.00
Weil, Julius 5.00
Werner Bros 5.00
Weil, Samuel 5.00
St. Joseph.
Joseph Lodge No. 73, 1.O.B.B. 10.00
Schloss, Moses A r.oo
Westheimer, Ferdinand . . . 25.00
Lotiisiana.
Michael Bros 3.00
L,exi7igtoii.
Linauer, Henry ....... 5.00
NEBRASKA.
Columbus.
Gluck, Israel 10.00
Lincoln.
Mayer Bros i5-00
Otnaha.
Fishel, Mr. and Mrs. E. . . . 5.00
Nebraska Lodge No. 354,
I. O. B. B 5.00
Rosenthal, B 5.00
NEW JERSEY.
Newark.
Fisch, Joseph 5.00
Goetz, Jos 5.00
Lehman, L 5.00
Michael, Oscar 5.00
Michael, Chas 5.00
Plant, Moses ....'.... 5.C0
Strauss, Moses . , I5.0C
Scheuer, Selig 5.00
Stein, Mrs. C. K 5.00
Steiner, Joseph 5.00
Pater son.
Fleisher, Nathan 5.00
Jersey City.
Hudson Lodge No. 295,
I. O. B. B 5.00
Montclair.
Hirsch, Mrs. Samson .... 5.00
Somerville.
Mack, Louis C 5.00
Mack, Alexander W 5.00
Mack, Adolph 500
Rindskopf, Alfred 5.00
Trenton.
Trenton Lodge No. 319,
I. O. B. B 5.00
Carnden.
Black, L Z 5.00
NEW MEXICO.
Santa Fe.
Seligman, Mrs. Bernard . . 5.00
Ro swell.
Jaffa, Mrs. Nathan 5.00
NEW YORK.
Albany.
Albany Congregation Beth
Emeth 25.00
Lesser, Mrs. Wm 5.00
Mann, Mrs. Jos 5.00
Waldman, Louis 1 10.00
Brooklyn.
Abraham, A 25.00
Bamberger, L. 1 5.00
Blum, Edw. C 10.00
Joachim, Chas. 1 5.00
May, Moses 10.00
Rothchild, S. F 10.00
Buffalo.
Fleishman, Simon 5.ck>
Kieser, L 5.00
Kieser, August 5.00
Wile, Herman 5-00'
Elniira.
Friendly, H 3.00
Ithaca.
Ithaca Lodge No. 165, LO.S.B. 2.00
Kingston.
Rice, A 5.00
Mt. Vernon.
Samuels, Julius 5.00
Samuels, Moritz 5.00
New York City.
Ash, Lewis 5.00
Auerbach, Louis 5.00
Bijur, Nathan 10.00
Benjam.in, M. W lo.oc
t/1
5 ra
8ra
Subscriptions from Oct. 1903 to Sept. 30th, 1904.
^5
Benj. Harrisou Lodge No. 9,
0. B. A. I3.00
Bloomingdale, Jos. B. ... 10.00
Brown, Emil 5.00
Browsk}', Louis 5.00
Bruecks, Wm 10.00
Clark, Louis, Jr 5.00
Cohen, A. . . 25.00
Estricher, Henry 5.00
Friedman, Sol. & Co 10.00
Funk & Wagnalls 5.00
Goldenberg, S. L 5.00
Gottheil, Paul 5.00
Goodhart, P. J 10.00
Grossman, Rev. Dr. Rudolph 5.00
Guinzburg, Victor . . 25.00
Hebron Lodge No. 5, I.O.B.B. 5.00
Heine, Arnold B 5.00
Heidelbach, Louis 5.00
Henry Jones Lodge No. 79,
1. O. B. B 2.00
Holzman, Ascher 10.00
Holzman, S. L 5.00
Herman, Uriah 5.00
Herman, Mrs. Esther .... 10.00
Herman, Nathan 5.00
Herzig, Leopold 5.00
Jonas, Wm 10.00
Joseph, Mrs. Julius 25.00
Kahn, Louis 5.00
Kleinert, LB 10.00
Kohn, Emil W 5.00
Kohnstamm, Leo, Edward &
Joseph 15.00
Krauskopf, Mrs. Henrietta . 5.00
Krauskopf, Nathan 5.00
Ladenberger, Theodore . . . 10.00
Lauterbach, Edw 25.00
Lehman, Isaac S-OO
Levy, Morris 10.00
Levi, E.mil 5.00
Loeb, Mrs Louis (Graduation) 10.00
Loeb, Maurice 5.00
Loeb, Louis 5.00
Loeb, Robert 5.00
Loeb, Emil 5.00
Loeb, Miss H. K 5.00
Loeb, Ferd. L 5.00
Mack, Marc H. 10.00
Mack, Fred. A 10.00
Mayer, Otto L 10.00
Meyer, Harrison D. . . . . . 20.00
Modey, 1 3.00
Moses, Rev. Isaac S 5.00
Pulaski, M. H 5.00
Rice, S. M 25.00
Rosenwald, Sigmund .... 10.00
Rosenbeg, Max Robert . . . 25.00
Rose, H. Samuel 5.00
Rothschild, Jacob 5.00
Sanger, S 10.00
Schiff, Jacob H. 200.00
Schaffner, Abe 5.00
SchoUe, Melville J 5.00
Schoenfeld, Mrs. David . . . 5-00
Schoenfeld, Max fioo.oo
Sidenberg, Henry 5.00
Solomon, Mrs. Bettie .... 10.00
Solomon, A. A., Jr 5.00
Sondheim, Max 5.00
Speyer, James 10.00
Stern, Benjamin 10.00
Strasburger, Louis 10.00
Strasburger, Louis, Son & Co. 5.00
Sutro, Lionel 5.00
Tannenbaum, Leon, Sr. , . . 25.00
Waterbury, John 1 50.00
Weinberg, A 10.00
Weinman, Miss Reta .... 5.00
Zickendorf, Louis 5.00
Zion Lodge No. 2, I. O. B. B. 10.00
Zucker Samuel 5.00
Niagara Falls.
Silberberg, Moses L 5.00
Rondout.
Lebanon Lodge No. 55, I. O.
F. S. of 1 5.00
Rochester.
Wile, Julius M 10.00
Syracuse.
Eisner, Henry 5.00
Jacobson, Dr. N 5.00
Jacobson D. N 5.00
Tattenville, S. I.
Levinson, Henry 3.00
NORTH CAROLINA.
Goldsboro.
Weil, M. Henry 5.00
NORTH DAKOTA.
Fargo.
Stern, Marc 5.00
OHIO.
Akron.
The Akron Schwesterbund . 5.00
Bellaire.
Blum, Mrs, Israel 5.00
Blum, Mrs. Henry 5.00
Cincinnati.
Ach, Samuel 5.00
Bettman, Levi 10.00
Bing, J. & S 5-00
Block, Abe ....'. 5-oo
Block, Leon 5.00
Fletcher, Victor 5.00
Fox, Sol 15.00
Freiberg, Julius 25.00
Freiberg, J. W 5.00
Freiberg, Maurice J 5.00
Fries, Gus. R 500
Grossman, Rev. Dr. Louis . 5.00
Harris, Geo. W 5-oo
Hirschhorn, L 5- 00
66
Subscriptions from Oct. 1903 to Sept. 30th, 1904.
J^onas, H $500
Levy, Harry M 5.00
Mack, Mrs. M. W 5.00
Mt. Carmel Lodge No. 20,
I. O. B. B 10.00
Mayer, Mrs. L 5.00
Offner, Alex 5.00
Pritz, Benj 10.00
Pritz, Sidney E 5.00
Pritz, Sol. W 5.00
Scheuer, Jacob 5.00
Shohl, Chas 5.00
Westheimer, Morris .... 5.00
Westheimer, Leo 5.00
Wyler, Isaac 5.00
'Cleveland.
Black, Morris 10.00
Eiseman, Chas 5.00
Feiss, Paul L 5.00
Greis, Rev. M. J 10.00
Hexter, Kaufman W 2 00
Hexter, Sol. M 5.00
Joseph, Isaac 10.00
Joseph, Sig 5.00
Marks, M. A 5.00
Mayer, Adolph 10.00
Schwab, Mrs. M. B 5.00
Scheuer, S. A i.oo
Schlesinger, Sig & Co., ... 5.00
Columbus.
Lazarus, Fred., Jr S-oo
Lazarus, Jeffrey L 2.00
Lazarus, Robert ...... 2.00
Lazarus, Simon 5.00
Chilli cothe.
Schachue, Moritz 5,00
Crestine.
Reder, Jake 5.00
Dayton.
Daneman, Mrs. Jacob .... i.oo
Greenstein, Isaac i.oo
Lefkowitz Rabbi, Bnai
Jeshurun 5.00
XfCssner & Bro 10.00
Ach, F. 1 10.00
Mt. Gilead.
Cohn, Salo 500
Piqua.
Anshe Emeth Congregation . 5.00
Plymouth.
Spear, Sol 500
Toledo.
Laudman, Otto 5.00
Schoenfield, Mrs. S 5.00
Youngstown.
Grossman, Dr. J. B 5.00
Hirschberg, B 5.00
Ritter, Miss Carrie B 5.00
Strouss, 1 5.00
Zanesville.
Star, A. E 5.00
OREGON.
Portland.
Selling, Ben ....
. . $10.00
PENNYLVANIA
Allegheny.
Cohen, Mrs. Josiah 5.00
Hanauer, Mrs. H 5.00
Jericho Lodge No. 44, I. O. B. B. 10.00
Sunstein, A. J 5.00
Sunstein, C 5.00
Wertheimer, Samuel .... 10.00
Allentown .
Berman, I 2.00
Feldman, Mrs. Anna .... 10.00
Hess, Max 10.00
Hess, Charles 10.00
Kline, Charles S-oo
Merkel, Joseph 10.00
Samuel A 10.00
Altoona.
Klein, Ignaz 5.00
Kline, Henry S 100.00
Bethlehem.
Dodson, T. M 5.00
Fitcher, A. B 5.00
Bradford.
Council of Jewish Women . . 5.00
Greenwald, David 5.00
Bloomsburg.
Cohen, Lewis 5.00
Carlisle.
Livingston, Jacob 5.00
Livingston, Jacob 10.00
Harrisburg .
Friedman, Samuel i.oo
Kuhn, Sam'l and Sol. . . . 5.00
Marks, Herman 5.00
Kittanning .
Einstein, Jacob 5.00
Lancaster.
Cohen, E. M 5.00
Levy, Morris 5.00
Moss, S. R 5-00
Rich, Israel A 5.00
Rosenstein, A 5.00
Rosenthal, Morris 5.00
McKeesport.
Bachman, Max 5 00
Corn, S. B 500
Sunstein, 1 5.00
New Castle.
Feuchtwanger, Marcus ... 5.00
Ph iladelpb ia .
Abbott, George 5.00
Acker, Finley 5 00
Baird, J. E. ......... 10.00
Blaylock & Blynn 5.00
For Special Donations refer to page 69.
Subscriptions from Oct. 1903 to Sept. 30th, 1904.
67
Butler, Benj. F $ 5.00
Clay, Henry 5.00
Davis, Edw. |T 10.00
Delaney & Co 5.00
Dodge, Jauies M 25.00
Feustman, N. Maurice . . . 5.00
Gans, Mrs. Jeanette .... 3.00
Gattman, M 5.00
Gelb, W. B 5.00
Grieb & Son, J, B 5.00
Graves, N. Z 5.00
Hensell, Colladay & Co. . . 5.00
Hiebner, Samuel 5.00
Hill, Robert C 5.00
Hoffman, Julius 5.00
Jaeger, A. H 5.00
Joshua Lodge No. 23, I.O.O.B. 10.00
Knight, C. C 5.00
Liberty Lodge, No. 6, O.B.A. 5.00
Lockwood & Co 5.00
Moss, Dr. W 5.00
Moore & White 5.00
Meyers, Yetta 5.00
McCreary, Geo. D 5.00
Nachod, J 5.00
Nixon, W. H. 10.00
Ostheimer, Wm. J 5.00
Paulus & Co., J 5.00
PaxonCo.,J. W 5.00
Perrine & Son 5.00
Poth & Sons, F. A 10.00
Ralph, Wm. S. . 5.00
Reinbeimer, Hebnd i.oo
Steinhardt, Mrs. Francis . . 3.00
Stern, Rose G 5.00
Soulas, Charles H 10.00
Soulas, G. A 5.00
Starr, Jesse W., Jr., 3d . . . lo.co
Search, Theo. C 10.00
Silberman & Son, M 5.00
Smythe, E. E 5.00
Warburton, Barclay H. . . . 3.00
Wilson & Rogers 10.00
Wilson & Richards 5.00
Young, Smyth, Field & Co. . 5.00
Pittsburg.
Adler, Louis J 5.00
Aaron, Mrs. Mina 5.00
Aaron, Chas. 1 5.00
Aaron, Marcus 5.00
Aaron, Louis I . 5.00
Aaron, Louis 1 5.00
DeRoy, Joseph 5.00
Dreyfus, C 5.00
Frank, Isaac 5.00
Floersheim, Berth old .... 5.00
Gross, Isaac 5.00
Guckenheimer, Mrs. A. . . . 10.00
Lippman, A 10.00
Kann, W. L 5.00
Oppenheimer, Alfred M. . . 10.00
Oppenheimer, Oscar W. , . 10.00
Raphael, Rudolph 5.00
Rauh, Marcus 5.00
Rauh, A. L % 5.00
Rothschild, M. N 5.00
Stadfield, M 5.0a
Sidenberg, Hugo 25.00
United Hebrew Relief Asso. 100.00
Weil, A. Leo 25.00
Wertheimer, E. M 10.00
Wolf, Fred 5.oo.
Wertheimer, Isaac 10.00
Easton.
Springer, E 5.00
Pottsville.
Greenwald, Gabe 5.00
Solomon, Mrs. Bettie .... 10.00.
Union Lodge, No. 124, 1.O.B.B. 5.00.
Reading.
Oheb Shalom Congregation . 28.00
Rosenbaum, Philip ..... 5.00
i Roslyn P. O.
Lieber, Mrs. Walter S. ... 5.00
Lieber, Walter S 5.00
Scranton.
Ackerman, J. O. ......
Amos Lodge, No. 136, 1.O.B.B.
Krotosk, Isidora
Oettinger, Louis .... • .
Roos, Dr. Elias G
Scranton City Lodge, No, 47,
O. B. A.,
Selin's Grove.
Weis, S
Wilkesbarre.
Levy, Leon . . .
Long, Mrs. Dora .
Marks, Abram . .
Roos, Dr. Elias G.
Strauss, S. J. . . .
Stern, Harry F. .
York.
Lehmayer, N. . .
Mayer, F. R. . . .
5-00
5.00
5-00
500
5 00
500
5.00
5.00
5-00
500
5.00
5.00
5.00
5-OQ>
RHODE ISLAND.
Providence.
Haggai Lodge, No. 132, I. O.
B. B S-oo
Sons, of Israel and David
Congregation 12.00
Westerly.
Frankenstein, Ignatz .
5-oa
TENNESSEE.
Knoxville.
Rosenthal, D. A 5.00
68
Subscriptions from Oct. 1903 to Sept. 30th, 1904.
Memphis.
Harpman, Sol 5.00
Lehman, Felix 2.00
Memphis Lodge No. 35,
I. O. B. B 10.00
Nashville.
Edelman, F 10.00
Louveman, Adolph 5.00
Maimonides Lodge No. 46,
I. O. B. B 5.00
TEXAS.
Beaumont.
Lowenstein, Jonas 5.00
Dallas.
Alexander Kohut Lodge No.
247, O. B. A 5.00
Burk & Co 5.00
Friend, Alex. M 5.00
Kahn, E. M 25.00
Kahn, J 5.00
Linz & Bro., J 5.00
Myers, Seymour 5.00
Ortlieb, Max 2.50
Sanger Bros 5.00
Titche, Ed 5.00
El Paso.
Aronstein, S 5.00
Kohlberg, C 5.00
E. Paris.
Frank, M 5.00
Ft. Worth.
Bath, Felix P 5.00
Levy, Samuel . . .... 5.00
Galveston.
Sonnentheil, 1 5.00
Greenville.
Popper, E 10.00
Mineola.
Bromberg, J. G 5.00
San Antonio.
Halflf, M 5.00
HalfF. S 5.00
Montefiore Benevolent Society 5.00
Oppenheimer, lasset .... 5.00
Victoria.
Levy & Co., A $10.00
VIRGINIA.
Norfolk.
Hecht, Jacob 5.00
Hirschler, E 5.00
Seldner, A. B 5.00
Richmond.
Binswanger, Harry S. . . . 5.00
Binswanger, Helen 5.00
Galeski, Dr. S 5.00
Hutzler, Henry S 5.00
Kaufman, 1 5.00
Millheiser, Emanuel .... 5.00
Wallerstein, Henry S. . . . 5.00
WEST VIRGINIA.
Charleston.
Frankenberger, Philip . . . 10.00
Parkersburg.
Riese, E. M 5.00
Wheeling.
Baer, Henry 5.00
Bloch, Samuel L 5.00
Emsheimer, Joseph 500
Hanauer, Philip 5.00
Horkheimer, Louis 5.00
Levi, Rev. Harry 5.00
Rice, S. M 5.00
Sonneborn, M 5.00
WISCONSIN.
La Crosse.
Strouse, B. L 5.00
Milwaukee.
Cohen, Mrs. Gertrude . . . 5.00
Isaac Lodge No. 87, LO.B.B. 5.00
Gilead Lodge No. 41, LO.B.B. 10.00
Milwaukee Federated Jewish
Charities 100.00
Schuster, Chas 2.00
Tabor, L. L 5-oC)
Wisconsin Lodge No. 80,
O. B. A 5.00
ENGLAND,
London.
Arthur Meyer ...... 100.00
69
Donations.
Arnold, Lizette and Julia, Phila. Library Fund, Memory of Edwin Arnold, 5.00
Bash, Mrs. Henrietta, Phila. For Library Fund, Memory of Sadie Bash . 40.00
Bloch, Byron and Sherman, Phila. Library Fund, Memory of Julia Bloch, 5.00
Blumenthal, Sol., Philadelphia. Dormitory Fund 25.00
De Young, Mrs. Chas., Phila. Dormitory Fund, Memory of Henry Schwartz, 15.00
Frank, Gustav, Philadelphia. Dormitory Fund 10.00
Herenroth, Rosa, Philadelphia. Dormitory Fund 5.00
Herzberg, Isaac, Philadelphia. Dormitory Fund 50.00
Hess, Adolph, Philadelphia. Dormitory Fund 5-Oo
Hirsch, Mrs. Gabriel, Philadelphia. Library Fund, Memory of Lina Stern 10.00
Hirschler, M., Philadelphia. Dormitory Fund 50.00
Hochstadter, Albert, Phila. Library Fund, Carrie Wolf Memorial Alcove . 5.00
Hope, Nathan, Philadelphia. Library Fund 5.00
Jonas, Miss Frieda, Phila. Library Fund, Memory of Herman Jonas . . . 10.00
Keneseth Israel Religious School, Philadelphia. Library Fund 5.00
Klein, Leon G., Philadelphia. Library Fund, ... • 5.00
Koch, Blanche Stern, Philadelphia. ]
Schloss, Mrs. Louis, " { Library Fund, Memory of Mrs.
Stern, Harry, " f Lina Stern 35.00
Stern, Miss Ida, " J
Krauskopf, Rev. Dr. Jos., Philadelphia. Dormitory Fund 1000.00
Krauss, M., Philadelphia. Library Fund, Memory of Albert Krauss . . . 5.00
Mahn, Godfrey, S., Philadelphia. Dormitory Fund . 50.00
Oppenheimer, Mr. & Mrs. Gerson, Philadelphia. Dormitory Fund, honor
of Twenty-fifth Wedding Anniversary 10.00
Rubin, Mrs. Joseph, Philadelphia. Dormitory Fund, Memory of Charles
and Mathilda KauflFman 20.00
Schwartz, Mrs. Henry, Phila. Dormitory Fund, Memory of Henry Schwartz, 25.00
Sichel, Mrs. Julius, Phila. Dormitory Fund, Memory of Mrs. Sophie Meyer, 10.00
Silberman, Mrs. Ida, Phila. Dormitory Fund, Memory of Francis R. Teller, 25.00
Silverman, Mrs. Isaac Philadelphia. Building Fund
Stern, Rose G., Phila. Library Fund, Memory of Abraham Goldsmith . , 5.00
Sycle, Mrs. Meyer, Phila. Library Fund, Memory of John J. Hagedorn . 10.00
Ulman, Miss Hennie, Philadelphia. Library Fund 5-oo
Weil, Abe, Philadelphia. Dormitory Fund 5-0O
70
Memorial Tree Donors.
DONOR. PLANTED IN MEMORY OF
Mrs. Aaron DeHaan Julius Cohen.
Mrs. M. A. KauflFman B. F. Greenewald.
I,. C. Bachenheimer Lazar Bachenheimer.
Mrs. M. Simon Max I. Wolf.
Mrs. Richard h. Fox Eliza and Simon Oppenheimer.
Carrie G. Friedman Herman S. Friedman.
M. W. Lipper Doris Minster.
The Misses Nunes Emanuel Nunes.
Caroline Weinstein Levi Weinstein and Sophie Stiebel.
F. Carrie Myers Solomon H. Myers.
Edgar A. Levy Caroline Kohn.
Mrs. Hanstein Grace A. Hanstein.
Mr. Charles Keller 1 ,, .,- w^ii^.
-, T- ■ -r^ t. r Mary Heller.
Mrs. Francis Kahn J -^
Mrs. Sol Blumenthal Emanuel Reis and Julia Reis.
Gustave Lipschuetz Bertha Lipschuetz.
Isaac Alkus Jennie Alkus.
Donations of Goods.
Berg Co., The, Philadelphia. Iron Pipes, Fertilizer, etc'
Burpee, W. Atlee, Philadelphia. Quantity of Seeds and Plants
Ford & Kendig, Philadelphia. Pipes and Pipe Fittings
Gatchel & Manning, Philadelphia. Half-tone Cuts inserted in this book .
Hennings & Co., Philadelphia. 300 feet of iron pipe
Leberman & Co., Philadelphia. One barrel of soap
Loeb, Howard A., Philadelphia. Iron Pipes and Fittings
IfOuchheim, Joseph, Philadelphia. Donation of twenty-two lockers for cubi-
cules, in memory of Henry Louchheim
Mayer, A. B., Philadelphia. "I Minerals for Educational use in Laboratory,
Reinhard, Clarence, " / Memory of Harry E. Reinhard . . .
Nixon, W. H., Philadelphia. Paper for the publication of this book . . .
Sheppard, I. A. & Co., Philadelphia. Stove
Trotman H., Philadelphia. Steam Pump
Tutelman, Nathan, Philadelphia. Shirts
Wilbur, H. O., Philadelphia. Cocoa , . . . .
Wittenberg, Louis, Philadelphia. Barrels, Cow, Sauer Krout Cutter . . .
Foster, Henrietta. G i.
Foster, May. G i.
Friedman, Emil. E iv,
Lang, Henrietta, h v.
Langfeld, Linda. G vn.
NAMES AND LOCATION OF MEMORIAL TREES.
To find your memorial tree: look on top of chart for letter correspondinK to
letter following name of the one for whom your memorial tree is planted. Follow
that letter down its column, until it crosses the section of the number indicated
after the letter.
Abendroth, Christian. F iii.
Abrahamson, Leopold. F ir.
Alkus, Leon, g ii.
Arnold, Edwin, g iv.
Asch, Hannah, a xi.
Asch, Mannes. a xi.
Asch, Michael. F i.
Asch, Pauline. F i.
Ash, Fannie. F i.
Bamberger, Dollye E. H il.
Bamberger, Rosa S.
Bash, Michael, c vii.
Bash, Sadie. B vii.
Bedichimer, Isaac, b viii,
Behal, Isaac. G viii.
Beildeck, Aaron, h hi.
Beitman, Emelie. H v.
Berkowitz, Joseph, c viii.
Berman, Bernard, c i.
Bemheimer, Lazarus, c i.
Bernheimer, Samuel, b x.
Bernstein, Edgar, b vii.
Binswanger, Clara, a ix.
Binswanger. Isidor. G ii.
Binswanger, Solomon, a ix.
Bloch, Ida. a ix.
Blum, Jacques, a vii.
Blumenthal, Emanuel. H I.
Blumenthal, Fannie. F i.
Blumenthal, Mrs. Louis, a iv.
Bonnheim, Joseph. B iii.
Branson, Mrs. James, c iii.
Buehler, John A. G i.
Buehler, Lena, h i.
Casper, Henry. G viii.
Cohen, Isaac. G v.
Cohen, Mrs. Isaac. G v.
Cortissoz, Miriam. B iv.
D
David, Bertha H. G vi.
Davidson, S. K. B vili.
De Costa, Rebecca. D iii.
Disston, Horace. A ix.
Dreifus, Jeanette. H ii.
E
Einstein, Benjamin. A xii.
Einstein, Evelina. A xii.
F
Feldman, A. M. B viii.
Fleisher, Simon, c vii.
Foster, Henrietta. G i.
Foster, May. G i.
Friedman, Emil. K iv.
I'Vohsin, Lena. H viii.
Fulda, Rosa. A xi.
Fukla, Samuel, a x.
Freides, vSamuel. b i.
Gimbel, Adam, n iv.
Gimbel, Fridolin. e i.
Gimbel, Selomon. E vii.
Glaser, Lillie. D ii.
Goldsmith, Abraham, h i.
Goodman, Caroline. G ill.
Goslar, Rosetta. E iii.
Grant, Marietta. ,\ v.
Greenbaum, Ethel, c iv.
Greenberg, Ferdinand, b xi.
Greenewald, B. F. D iv.
H
Haac, Hattie. A iv.
Hagedorn, Estelle. c vii.
Harrison, L. R. F i.
Hecht, Samuel. F iii.
Heller, Sidney. B vii.
Herman, Emelie. F vi.
Heyman, Benno. E i.
Hexter, Samuel. F iv.
Hilbronner, Mrs. J. h hi.
Hinline, Clara, b xii.
Hirsch, Baroness de. G iv.
Hirsch. Mason, b hi.
Hoffman, Lehman. F v.
HoflFman, Ernest. B ii.
Hoffman, Mrs. Ernest, b n.
Hope, Mrs. B. c vili.
Horn, Fanny, c viii.
Horn, Louis, c viii.
Hutzler, Louis. F i.
I
Isaacs, Isaac. E v.
K
Kahn, Albert. H iv.
Kahn, Benjamin. B x,
Kahn, Charles, b xii.
Kahn, Henrietta, c ll.
Kahn, Isaac, c ii.
Kaufman, Babbetta. F iii.
Kaufman, Fannie. H I.
Kaufman, Mathilda, d hi.
Kaufman, Solomon, h i.
Kind, Fannie. E iv.
Kirschbaum, Abraham, c VI.
Kohn, Henry. E VI.
Kohn, Mrs. Henry, d v.
Kohn, Simon. A x.
Kohn, Henry. G viii.
Lang, Henrietta.
Langfeld, Linda.
H V.
G VH.
72
Lazarus, Moritz. E IV.
lychbach, Jacob. E iii.
Lehman, Samuel, a xi.
Lesem, Isaac, c i.
Lesem, Mrs. Isaac. B i.
Leopold, Marks, d i.
Leopold, Arthur. E i.
Levi, Hettie. G ii.
Levi, S. M. C IV.
Levi, S. N. A IV.
Levy, Emanuel, b iv.
Levy, Moses, b iv.
Lewin, Philip, b vii.
Lewisohn, Leonard, b ix.
Lewisohn, Mrs. Leonard, b ix.
Lewisohn, Samuel, b ix.
Lichten, Aaron. E ii.
Lichten, Mathilda. E ii.
Lichten, Simon. E ii.
Linz, Francis. E ii.
Lieberman, Emanuel. G vii.
Lipschitz, S. E. b i.
Loeb, Cora, h iv.
Loeb, Fannie, a iv.
Loeb, Leonard. G iv.
Loeb, Lottie. E i.
Loeb, Moses. G iv.
Loeb, Theresa, c vii.
Lyon, Isaac. B xi.
Loeb, L. F I.
Lyon, Theresa, b hi.
M
MacElRey, Emma, h viii.
Mann, Isaac. G Hi.
Marschuetz, Joseph, d v.
Marks, Dora. F iv.
Marks, Jean. F v.
Marks Joseph. B ix.
Marks, Theresa. B IX.
Marquis, Mrs. A. A Hi.
Marquis, JNIrs. M. A IV.
Massman, A. E. c viii.
Massman, Henrietta. B viil.
Massman, S. E. b viii.
Mayers, Milton. A xi.
Mckinley, William. G V.
Meyers, Abraham. F vi.
Meyers, Elizabeth. H v.
Meyers, Moses. G i.
Meyers, Sophia, c i.
Meyerhoff, Julia. H IV.
Miller, Mrs. Julia. B XI.
Myers, Meyer. E VI.
Myers, Simon, b xi.
N
Nathan, Simon. F iii.
Naumberg, Rev. L. G i.
Navaratsky, Isidore. F iii.
Nelke, Ferdinand. A xii.
Netter, Simon. B xi. .
Newman, Morris. A iv.
Nirdlinger, Caroline. F iv.
Noar, Anna. D i.
Noar, Miriam. A V.
Oppenheimer, Mina. B viii.
P
Pfaelzer, Cassie Theobald. E v.
R
Rafif, Mrs. A. L. E vi.
Rayner, Mr. and Mrs.Wm. A vii
Reinstiue, Alex, a xii.
Reinstine, Elsie, a xi.
Rice, vSimon. G ii.
Ridgway, Sarah, b hi.
Rosenberg, Bella, b vii.
Rosenthal, Emma, a x.
Schloss, Aaron, a ix.
Schwarz, Albert. G Vlil.
Schwarz, Nannie. E vii.
Silverman, Barbara. E III.
Simon, Sansom. a iv.
Simson, Mary, a ix.
Simson, Henry, a x.
Smith, Caroline. B x.
Smith, Carrie. B x.
Smith, Isaac. B ix.
Snellenburg, Isaac, b iv.
Snellenburg, Joseph, b iv.
Starr, Hortense. F i.
Stern, Lena, h hi.
Stern, Leon, b viii.
Stern, Mrs. Jacob, a hi.
Sternberger, Lena, b viii.
T
Techner, Bertha. E vi.
Techner, Heyman. E vi.
Teller, Francis, b vii.
Teller, Joseph, b vii.
Teller, Rebecca. F I.
Thalheimer, Solomon, b xi.
Traugott, Rachel. B iv.
Tuch, Mr. and Mrs. c V.
Tutelman, Samuel. G l.
u
Ullman, David. B xii.
Ullman, Charlotte, b xii.
Ulman, Michael, h ii.
W
Weil, Mrs. Carrie. D ii.
Weil, Samuel, a v.
Weiler, Ellen. G hi.
Weiler, Rosa, a x.
Wertbeimer, Henrietta. B il.
Wieder, Herman. F ii.
Wise, Dr. Isaac M. E V.
Wittenberg, Philip. B il.
Wollenberger, Maier. H ii.
Wollenberger, Caroline. H ii.
Wolf, Carrie. G vil.
Wolf, Flora. C ii.
Wolf, Wm. G VII.
Wolf, A. S. G IV.
Wurtzman, C. F ii.
W^urtzman, E. E li.
73
NAMES AND LOCATION OF TREES
PLANTED IN MEMORIAL AVENUE
\
PLANTED 1903 and 1904.
l<eoii Stern, Sassafras.
M. Herzberg, Oak.
Daniel Merz, Maple.
E. Hagedoni, Maple.
M. H. Hageilorn, Oak.
S. Herzberger, Hickory.
John I. Hagetlorn, Oak.
Bella Rosenberg, Pyrus Mai.
h. Bamberger, Pyrus Com.
, Pyrus Mai.
D. Bamberger, Pyrus Mai.
H. S. Friedman, Hickory.
M. Millziner, Pyrus Mai.
C. Oppenheimer, Weep'g Willow.
Herman Jonas, Julip Poplar.
Carrie Weil, Pyrus Mai.
Paulina Ash, Pyrus Com.
Simon Stern, Pyrus Mai.
I. Lipbach, Oak.
Chas. Stern, Pyrus Com.
Leon Hoffheimer, Pyrus Mai.
Marcus Jastrow, Pyrus Com.
n.
H. Herzberger, Oak.
Meyer Herzberg, Hickory.
B. Seligman, Pyrus Mai.
Henry Meyers, Pyrus Mai.
L. Louchheim, Pyrus Com.
H. Louchheim, Pyrus Mai.
III.
Norman Koesler, Pyrus Com.
H. Lowenberg, Pyrus Mai.
, Pyrus Com.
Herman Jonas, Pyrus Mai.
F. Bacharach, Pyrus Com.
IV.
C. Bacharach, Pyrus Mai.
Henry Hyman, Pyrus Com.
Leopold Isaacs, Pyrus Mai.
Mrs. A. Levy, Pyrns Com.
Rosa S. Bamberger, Pyrus Mai.
Sam'l Weber, Pyrus Com.
I. Hilbronner, Pyrus Mai.
Raphael Teller, Pyrus Com.
Julius Beck, Pyrus Mai.
Ephraim Beck, Pyrus Com.
VI.
L. Oppenheimer, Pyrus Mai.
Edward Kahn, Pyrus Com.
Leon Wiernik, Pyrus ]\Ial.
Emanuel Schwerin, Pyrus Com.
Mark Fisher, Pyrus Mai.
Vll.
Bertha I'isher, Pyrus Com.
Manuel P'rank, Pyrus Mai.
Rachel Massman, Pyrus Com.
Rev. M. Mielziner, Pyrus Mai.
M. S. Lehman, Pyrus Com.
VIM.
Albert Schlachter, Pyrus Mai.
A. A. Solomon, Pyrus Com.
Jos. Myers, Pyrus Mai.
F'ranciska Wieder, Pyrus Com.
B. Lowenstein, Pyrus Mai.
IX.
Gustave Blum, Pyrus Com.
Clara Einstein, Pyrus Mai.
Henry Einstein, Pyrus Com.
N. Braunstein, Pyrus Mai.
Daniel Frank, Pyrus Com.
X.
J. J. Hagedorn, Pyrus Mai.
Pauline Hyman, Pyrus Com.
Sam'l Heller, Pyrus Mai.
Benedict Hope, Pyrus Com.
Hannah Hirschler, Pyrus Mai.
XI.
Simon Hirschler, Pyrus Com.
Louis Pulaski, Pyrus Mai.
Leon Pulaski, Pyrus Com.
Chas. Kaiser, Pyrus Mai.
Emanuel Nunes, Pyrus Com.
XII.
Michael Hyman, Pyrus Mai.
Mrs. Julia Hyman, Pyrus Com.
Mary Heller, Pyrus Com.
Millie Armhold, Pyrus Mai.
Julia Ries, Pyrus Mai.
XIII.
Emanuel Ries, Pyrus Mai.
Harold Marks, Pyrus Com.
S. Oppenheimer, Pyrus Com.
E. Oppenheimer, Pyrus Mai.
— , Pyrus Com.
XIV.
Henry M. Frank, Pyrus Mai.
Doris Minster, Pyrus Com.
L. Bachenheimer, Pyrus Mai.
E. S. Rosenberg, Pyrus Com.
Julius Cohen, Pyrus Mai.
XV.
Max Wolf, Pyrus MaL-
Grace A. Hanstein, Pyrus Mai.
A. Lipschuetz, Pyrus Com.
Louis Manstein, Pyrus Mai.
Sophie Stiebel, Pyrus Com.
Rabbi Joseph Kracskopf, D. D. F. H. Bachman, Treasurer, TTarry Felix, Secretar j ,
President, 119-121 South Fifth St. 25" -'"ralda Street,
4715 Pulaski Ave., Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Pl.ilauc.p"-'-.
MEMBERSHIP OF THE NATIONAL FARM SCHOOL.
/, the Undersigned^ being i7i sympathy with the object of the
National Farm School — the trai?ting of capable Boys into skilled,
agriculturists — do hereby agree to subscribe annually^ as one of the
supporters of the institution^ the dues of a
LIFE MEMBER {$100.00) PATRON . . . ($10.00)
FRIEND . . . '$23.00) MEMBER . . . (Ss-oo)
Nam
Address
Date Proposed by.
NOTE.— Underscore the class of membership you wish to join. Make Checks payable to
Life Membership calls for but one (the first; payment. The National Farm SchooK
Rabbi Joseph Krauskopf, D. D. F. H. Bachman, Treasurer, Harry Felix, Secretary
President, 119-121 South Fifth St. 258 Zeralda Street,
4715 Pulaski Ave., Philadelphia. Philadelphia. Philadelphia.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE NATIONAL FARM SCHOOL.
/, the Undersigned.^ being in sympathy with the object of the
National Farm School — the training of capable Boys into skilled
agriculturists — do hereby coiitribute the siini of. dollars
to the support of the institiction.
Name _ __
Address '. -
Make all Checks payable to the National Farm School.
FORM OF LEGACY
TO THE NATIONAL FARM SCHOOL, DOYLESTOWN, PA.
'''' I give and bequeath inito the National Far 77i School., Bucks
Co.^Pa..^ 7iear Doyle stoivu.^ the sum of. dollars^
free from all taxes., to be paid to the Treasjirer., for the time beings
for the use of the institution.''''
FORM OF DEVISE
OF REAL ESTATE OR GROUND RENT.
"^ I give and devise unto the National Farm School., Bucks
Co.., Pa.., near Doylestown.^ {here describe the property or ground
rent)., tcgeiicer with the appurtenances vi fee simple., and all policies
of insurances covering said premises., whether fire., title or other-
wise., free from all taxes^
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