This Booklet form one of the chapter*
in * Stx and the Toung,' First Pub-
lished 1926, Popular Edition 1928
First Published in this form December, 1929
Sex and Religion
IT is my hope that this booklet may be
of use to all parents and teachers what-
ever their religion or lack of it may be,
whatever their country or social tradition.
There are those who maintain that
instruction in sex matters should be
entirely divorced from religion. Religions,
however, date from ancient days. Nearly
every religion concerns itself with sex, and
religious views cannot summarily be dis-
entangled from the social consciousness
on sex matters, even if it were ultimately
possible to do so. But is it possible or
right entirely to dissociate religion and
sex ? I think not. My reason for this view
I give on p. 8.
Religion, as most of us know it, is
presented to us with outward trappings,
which though non-essential appear essen-
tial to the uncritical mind. These outward
trappings vary widely even among different
sects of the same religion.
The customs and peculiarities of some
of the sects, even those which maintain
themselves in a modern civilised country
like England, appear to many to be
revoltingly barbaric or disingenuously
6 SEX AND RELIGION
illogical. It is such irrelevant and local
manifestations on the part of the human
representatives and institutions of various
sects which encourage the hasty to con-
clude that all religion is best kept away
from sex matters, because sex of all sub-
jects at present requires consideration in
the clear light of unbiased truth. The
practices of some exponents of religion
make it clear that truth and logical thought
are remote from them. When one knows
for instance that a priesthood sterilises
some of its young boys, castrating them
to preserve their soprano voices, but af
the same time condemns the "wickedness"
of scientifically controlling the conception
of diseased and unwholesome children,
one is tempted to doubt whether priests
have any right to claim serious attention
in sex ethics. When one also learns that
a sect considers it worse than murder to
permit a young girl to menstruate before
she marries, and thus incites to child
marriages, one feels as though the only
hope for a rational sex life would be for
such religions to be swept off the face of
the earth. One cannot but feel there is
some excuse for those agnostics who
SEX AND RELIGION 7
denounce religions as the root of our sex
problems, difficulties and diseases.
I feel, however, that the profundities
of religion are not essentially involved in
these and other deplorable individual
manifestations. Not only does the human
race need religion, but it needs a religious
realisation immensely more profound and
more interwoven into the consciousness
and daily life of the people than any
save the exceptional mind has hitherto
possessed. I would not cut religion away
from the consideration of sex, but I
would, on the contrary, reform the exist-
ing religions and build them more deeply
into the essential life of mankind.
As the tenets of the numerous sects
upon the earth vary so widely, what can
one possibly say on the theme of religion
and sex which will be equally true of them
all, and may be equally helpful to the
believers of all creeds ? Their diversity is
so great, the hasty may say, that there is
nothing that can possibly be said which
will be true and helpful to the believers in
all religions. But I say not only is there
one thing to be said, but that it is a most
profoundly helpful and racially important
8 SEX AND RELIGION
thing, and it can be accepted by all the
exponents of all religions. It is as follows :
God Himself creates human
beings by the use of the sex organs
of human beings at present exist-
ing in this world. In this way
humanity collaborates in the divine
work of creation.
Hence all knowledge and all facts
about the sex organs and their most
intimate structure, and the physiological
laws which govern their material expres-
sion, are not only of supreme interest and
importance to the human race but should
be a highly honoured branch of social
wisdom.
The consciousness that God requires
human collaboration through the very same
material means which the vulgar have
debased in idea, must, if fully realised,
safeguard youth, protect purity and
strengthen the race. It must elevate and
intensify the feeling of spiritual unity
with the Divine which it is the object of
almost all religions to inculcate among a
humanity prone to backslide. The separa-
tion of religion from daily life, the fre-
quency of sex crimes even on the part
SEX AND RELIGION 9
of those trying 'to lead a religious life,*
all arise from a lack of realisation of the
soul's marvellous potency and the Divine
power within the racial organs.
In acceptance of the above profound
truth all religions worshipping God under
any of His numerous names could unite.
That agreement and that realisation will
be a great step forward for humanity.
Alas! the different sects, with their
various and differing traditions, and
changing and diverse customs, will inter-
pret this great truth differently. One of
the obstacles in the way of its realisation
will be the traditions already maintained
and established within the sects. Most
of these date back for many centuries and
many are based on false ideas and ideals
initiated during times of primitive physio-
logical ignorance.' These encourage the
'religious' person to look upon sex life
as 'self-indulgence,' to glorify the ascetic
rather than the married who carry on the
race, and in many respects to place on a
low level, if not actually to degrade, the
manifestations of a normal sex life.
Each adherent of each sect will find for
himself the warping of the Truth his own
tO SEX AND RELIGION
sect suffers from, and must fight out this
battle individually for himself or her-
self. The truths enunciated on page 8
are warped, hindered, or even positively
denied, in many quarters. I do not wish
here to enter on a consideration of the
various and widely diverse teachings of
different sects on sex matters. In recent
years there has been much change and
modification, even on the part of such
sects as the Roman Catholics. Parents
and teachers who attempt to discuss in
detail the sex teachings of the various
religions with a young, enquiring and
penetrating mind will find themselves
confronted by some very difficult tasks.
Turning from the absolutely universal
to the particular aspects of one of the
great world religions, Christianity, we are
faced at once by an immense difficulty in
dealing with the young. Parts of both the
Bible and the Prayer Book are unfit for
a child's perusal. When the Holy Books
of a State religion are unfit reading for
that nation's young, what can one say
about the officials, priesthoods and religi-
ous leaders who blunder along burking
recognition of this fact? Some parts of
SEX AND RELIGION II
the Bible are not read aloud in congre-
gation, but the printed Book complete is
to be found in very nearly every school
and home. While it is true that 'to the
pure all things are pure,' the kind of
answers a child in its purity will receive,
when it asks the meaning of some of the
Bible texts, will be (if it has not already
had the misfortune to receive it) its first
lesson in lying and prevarication by its
elders.
To one who takes religion seriously the
present state of affairs appears appalling.
Why do the leaders of the Churches not
do their obvious duty, and boldly recog-
nise the difficulties surrounding parents
and young people of the present day, and
put an end to the shams and pretences
that are rampant? We have expurgated
Shakespeare and somewhat modernised
his diction, and to read the sixteenth-
century Shakespeare one has to be a
student with a student's ticket for the
British Museum. The Bible, which was
translated about the same epoch, could
also be expurgated without being tam-
pered with otherwise. Until this is done
and the current editions of the Bible
12 SEX AND RELIGION
cleaned up, parents and teachers who are
in the frank confidence of young people
are liable to have extremely awkward
discussions raised by some of the texts.
The parents themselves should be
responsible for the religious instruction
of their children. Yet even were this
universally so, and no religious instruction
given in any school, the class teacher
could not eliminate all consideration of
the various ideas and traditions of differing
sects current among the pupils.
Without taking into account the minor
influences of many different religions and
moralities which impinge on our more
or less accepted code, it is necessary, if
intelligible discussion is to be conducted
with an unbiased and enquiring young
mind, to realise the different, and some-
times conflicting, threads woven into the
strands of our current ideas.
Much of the confused thinking and the
conflict current when sex matters art
considered, are due to the fact that we
do not possess one settled and accepted
code or belief as to what our race and
nation should aim at, nor even what we
consider moral. In the Bible itself very
SEX AND RELIGION 13
different and conflicting precepts are co-
existent and may be even read out in our
national church on the same day. Each
receives some acceptance, and parts of
each code may be more or less fervently
advocated by estimable people.
First, in our Christian religion, lingers
the ancient Jewish morality, which bids
us 'increase and multiply and replenish
the earth. 1 Fecundity is its aim, and where
it has undisputed sway, polygamy and
even the 'raising of seed* by a deceased
husband's brother were virtuous. The
morality of fecundity is still often ardently
preached by those who adopt parts of this
old code to suit their arguments.
Secondly, we have in our current codes
the influences of the Pauline and Augus-
tine morality (which was possibly a reaction
from some of the more obviously crude
results of the previous one) which advo-
cates the elimination of sex influence so far
as possible. In line with this we have the
celibacy of the clergy, of monks, and nuns
and the exaltation of virginity above mother-
hood.
Priests still obey the echo of the early
Christian Fathers, who, believing the end
14 SEX AND RELIGION
of the world was approaching and desir-
able, urged the cessation of all child-
bearing and condemned all sex life. Thus
in present-day Christianity there still is
the conflict of diametrically opposite teach-
ings about our most important function,
and quite young people detect the conflict
and are disturbed by it.
Thirdly, permeating our code are influ-
ences from the religions of the ancient
pagan world through Rome, in which the
family and its inheritance of property led
to relations between the husband and wife
often in conflict with that which is best
for each of them as individuals.
Fourthly, there is the more modern
tenet, referred to by Mr. Aylmer Maude
in his Life of Tolstoy, where it is said that
in the morality of sex 'what makes for
the health, happiness, and efficiency of
the present and future generations is good,
and what makes in the contrary direction
is evil/
The absence of any clear-cut, nationally
accepted basis of sex morality causes not
only confusion of thought but lies at the
root of much wrong-doing.
It is very important that those in charge
SEX AND RELIGION 15
of the young should realise this, and by
recognising the separate and sometimes
conflicting strands in our complex current
codes, should warn the young against
being carried off their feet when any one
of the component parts are pressed on
them by ardent but narrow-minded people.
At no period of human life on this
earth, even actually before birth, does sex
lack significance.
Its manifest workings upon our daily
lives, however, are wielded through the
invisible supremacy of nerve and gland
over our tissues. Though we experience
the results of the balanced sex control of
our bodies, humanity has not until recently
even been aware of the existence of these
interactions. Hence no vocabulary for
these sex ideas exists other than the
scientific language of those who have
made the discoveries. And hence the usual
national sex-inhibitions do not apply to
this aspect of sex life. Strange and illogical
as , it seems to one to whom all natural
aspects of sex are pure, this particular
phase alone has been accepted as a quite
legitimate subject for public discussion*
In my opinion this desirable openness
1 6 SEX AND RELIGION
about some of the inherent mysteries of
sex, which is so strikingly in contrast to
the reticence and vulgarity of our treat-
ment of other scientific truths about sex,
is very largely due to the fact that from
the first the ideas had a suitable vocabulary.
Hence newspapers do not hesitate to
publish reports about the action of hor-
mones, the secretions of the ductless
glands, of the pineal or pituitary, nor
to accept advertisements about cognate
matters of the most intricate and intimate
nature in our sex lives quite calmly,
reasonably and, in my opinion, properly,
although this frankness is in marked
contrast to their attitude toward other
and equally important aspects of sex
physiology. When we turn to consider
other facts of sex life, and especially those
experienced for centuries, we find a
shame-faced dirtiness of mind upon the
subject, and that the Press hinders seriou?
efforts to enlighten the public. Here 3
see that the absence of an acceptable vocabu-
lary is revealed as having a great influence
on the trend of thought. For some of the
basic facts or sex life, known since the
mists of antiquity, were in those days
SEX AND RELIGION 17
considered too sacred or too shameful to
be spoken of. Hence each generation of
fresh young people spontaneously frank
with their simple enquiries about these
facts (as about all others in this world)
are hushed by their elders.
If those who look on sex as sacred will
not reveal its mysteries, and in all the
centuries which have passed have failed
to create a sacred vocabulary in which to
initiate youth, we can scarcely be surprised
that youth turns to other sources for infor-
mation. Those to whom sex is a lewd
enjoyment naturally snigger with congenial
companions, and the result is that young
people hear the wanton tattle or its echoes.
The children of each generation receive
in turn a strong bias, inclining them to
think of the well-known facts of sex as
shameful and not as sacred.
Nothing will rectify this profound racial
rror, nothing will put an end to this
hocking irreverence, but a vocabulary.
We must have words to use which
enable those who consider sex a sacred,
or at any rate serious, beautiful and
dignified thing, to express their meaning.
The old question, 'What's in a name? A
1 8 SEX AND RELIGION
rose by any other name would smell as
sweet/ is in this respect to be answered
most emphatically 'Everything is in a
name/
The word sex and most of its deriva-
tives have become contaminated in the
minds of a large proportion of people.
The result of this is that whenever one
who has something to say uses the word
(as of necessity it must be used in dealing
with the subject) deep inhibitions, re-
actions, obsessions and antagonisms are
roused in some or many of those who hear
the word, and the result is a condition of
mental conflict in which the new and
sweet ideas suffer as do small boats tossed
in a tempest.
I am convinced that the majority of
decent people to-day are not inherently
opposed to the ideas which those who
would reform sex matters in our midst
are desirous of placing before the public*
Yet as the ancient word 'sex' has not thfe
conveyance of a single or simple concept
but is an omnibus packed with ill-assorted,
conflicting ideas, some of them foul and
obscene, the whole 'bus load seems to be
indited by their presence.
SEX AND RELIGION 19
Let us think what the word sex denotes
to the average mind a swift, hazy,
kaleidoscopic series of half-blurred pictures
of the worse than bestiality in dens and
haunts of degraded mankind; of the bar-
barities of the male savage towards his
female; of the refined horror of modern
prostitution; of the purely physical relation
of the mating animals. Try as he will the
modern man cannot free his own mental
concept of sex from some fringe, some
hazy aura of all these things because the
word sex is applied to them all and they,
therefore, fantastically appear to be aspects
of the same thing which he and his noble
and beautiful beloved are living together.
The life that he and his beloved are living
together is, however, not comparable nor
is it soiled by the attributes of these other
phenomena. It is, in my opinion, a freshly
evolved, nobler, subtler, immensely richer
and more beautiful thing than the primitive
dr the aberrant forms which it has passed
and outwinged on its way upwards.
For the modern relation between man
and woman mated or living in the in-
numerable interdependencies, the mutual
obeisances, the mutual respects which are
2O SEX AND RELIGION
not paralleled at all in the sex relation of
the primitive peoples or in the debased
lives of the violently depraved, a clean,
fresh, subtle word is wanted, and instead
of the soiled and degraded word 'sexual'
life, for this new and elevated interplay
between man and woman I propose the
word 'erogamic' life.
Erogamic is a new word coined here
and to-day for the purpose of crystallising
a vital idea that is in our midst though barely
recognised. It is derived from the Greek:
eros love, zndgamos marriage or mating.
I mint it with the intention that it shall
designate that noble flower of the duality
of human life, the mating and relation
together of man and woman in all three
planes physical, mental and spiritual.
Erogamic life, and not sexual life, is
that which we who would reform the
relation between man and woman hold
up as a standard. I desire to set this idea
free in all its potential power and beauty
to do good in the world. The physio-
logical aspects of normal sex we all have
as a physical basis in our lives; for the
evolved interplay of man and woman we
can speak of erogamic life and leave the
SEX AND RELIGION 21
word 'sexual' to those who still roll in the
filth and who delight in the unclean
echoes of the centuries.
For dictionary purposes the new
word erogamic may be defined
as: All that relation, in cultivated
communities, between man and
woman as mated pair which in-
volves their mutual interplay and
interdependencies in physical,
mental and spiritual life.
I trust that the fresh word for the fresh
and beautiful concept (essentially charac-
teristic of this century) of nobly and
completely mated man and woman may
replace the soiled and bedraggled collec-
tion of ideas and themes at present
lumped together under the words 'sex'
and 'sexual/ Indeed I feel acutely that
the world has rightly sickened of 'talk of
things sexual/ The word is itself sicken-
ing, but that nobler thing which has
grown in our midst is a great and beautiful
Fact which we can sense better when it is
defined and described in a word giving
a clear, fresh picture.
All human beings with but few tragic
exceptions (and these are pathetic, abnor-
22 SEX AND RELIGION
mal and misformed individuals) are clearly
and completely of one type or the other
of the human duity. I revive the use of
'duity> which is an ancient word but little
known, for the human duality God in
His unity, mankind in our duity is the
contrast contained in the word, and I use
it because I think here too is the sugges-
tion of a fresh atmosphere for man and
woman dwelling in complete harmony
with the interplay of all their own indi-
vidual qualities, creating the perfect human
duity. All the cruelties, abominations,
contaminations, terrors and indecencies
which have resulted from the misuse of
the purely physical aspects of sex will be
ultimately swept away by the higher form
of -dual life. For not only in our material
bodies but in an overwhelming degree
throughout our social life and all our
institutions does the. richness and the
vitality of life depend on the bifurcation
of the human species and its mutual
elevation and evolution. There is no
escaping the reality of the erogamic life
unless one envelops one's intellect in a
cloudy fog of mental confusion. Those
who live in such confusion may maintain
SEX AND RELIGION 23
that this duity is non-essential. But why
should those who see the light follow those
who have merely dulled the intelligence?
Given a realization of all the beauty and
the potential power that the dual harmony
in the erogamic life can contain, none
would desire to escape into mono-sexual
asceticism, but with a bold and joyous
front would face the facts, recognising the
marvellous richness that the play and
interplay of man and woman has made
with all their ultimate ramifications of
beauty and art, social conventions and
decoration. Those who claim that the
higher intellectual and spiritual achieve-
ments of the erogamic life can be surpassed
in any other way are merely deluding
themselves.
The new and still nascent higher sex
morality which I am trying to crystallise
(as in Married Love, the New Gospel, and
parts of my other books) encourages
complete health and happiness in indi-
viduals welded into life-long devotion on
the part of the married pair and presents
the idea of the erogamic life of the
human duity as the highest mun-
dane expression of life. The new code
24 SEX AND RELIGION
imposes the duty that this human duity
shall reproduce its kind consciously and
deliberately in the interests of the Race
and as the flower of the noblest erogamic
life of the adults. This new morality
restores Christ's gospel of Love and
shields it with knowledge, exalts mother-
hood above virginity but only when it is
responsible motherhood, and eliminating
the evils of polygamy and prostitution
yet restores due respect to the vitalising
gift of sex experience.
I desire to close with the main thought
contained in it, that our sex life is our most
direct link with the Divine life, and there-
fore a reverent enquiry into and a deep
knowledge of all the relevant facts about
sex are not only legitimate but essential
to one who desires to help youth to lead
a noble life.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. SOCIOLOGICAL WORKS
FOR GENERAL READERS
MARRIED LOVE. First published by Fifield,
1918, now in i8/A Edition, published by G. P.
Putnam's Sons. Pp. xxi, 1-169. Price 6s. net.
Translated into French, German, Spanish,
Danish, Swedish, Dutch, Polish, Hungarian,
Czech, Rumanian.
WISE PARENTHOOD. First published by Fifield,
1918, now in i8M Edition, published by
G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1918. Pp. xx, 1-86.
Price 35. 6d. net. Translated into Danish,
Swedish, German, Dutch, Czech, Spanish,
Hungarian.
A LETTER TO WORKING MOTHERS. Published
by the Author, 1919, now by the Clinic.
Pp. i -i 6. Price 3d. net.
RADIANT MOTHERHOOD. Published by G. P.
Putnam's Sons, 1920, now in 4th Edition.
Pp. ix, 1-236. Price 6s. net.
ENDURING PASSION. First published by G. P.
Putnam's Sons, 1928, now in its 5/A Impression.
Pp. xvi, 1-224. Price 6s. net.
CONTRACEPTION ITS THEORY, HISTORY, AND
PRACTICE. Published by Bale, Sons &
Danielsson, 1923. Pp. xxiii, 1-418. Price
1 28. 6d. net. 2nd Edition, Enlarged, 1 5$. net.
26 SEX AND RELIGION
TRUTH ABOUT VENEREAL DISEASE, Published
by G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1921. Pp. vii, 1-52.
Price 35. 6d. net.
A NEW GOSPEL. Published by A. L. Hum-
phreys, 1922, now by Hatchards. Pp. 1-27.
Price 2s. 6d. net.
EARLY DAYS OF BIRTH CONTROL. Published by
G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1922. Pp. 1-32. Price
gd. net. (Out of print.)
MOTHER, How WAS I BORN ? Published
by G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1923. Pp. 1-25.
Price 6d. net.
THE CONTROL OF PARENTHOOD. By Bishop
Russell- Wakefield and others. Edited by Rev.
Sir James Marchant. Sth Impression. (One
chapter in this.) Published by G. P. Putnam's
Sons, 1920.
QUEEN'S HALL MEETING ON C.B.C. Published
by G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1921. Pp. 1-48.
(Contains verbatim report of Dr. Stopes's
speech.) Price is. net.
VERBATIM REPORT OF THE TOWN HALL
MEETING. Published by the Voluntary
Parenthood League, New York City, 1921.
Pp. 1-23. (Contains verbatim report of Dr.
Stopes's speech.)
THE FIRST FIVE THOUSAND. Being the First
Report of the First British Birth Control
Clinic. Published by Bale, Sons & Danielsson,
1925. Pp. 1-67. Price 2s. 6d. net.
SEX AND RELIGION 27
THE HUMAN BODY AND ITS FUNCTIONS.
First Published by Gill, 1926. Price 6s. 6d.
net. Republished in Popular Edition by G. P.
Putnam's Sons, 1928. Pp. 221, 53 text figs.
Pis. i-vii. Price 35. 6d. net.
SEX AND THE YOUNG. First published by Gill,
1926. Price 6s. 6d. net. Republished in Popular
Edition by G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1928
Pp. 190. Price 35. 6d. net.
B. ELEMENTARY SCIENCE
ANCIENT PLANTS. Published by Blackie & Son,
1910. Pp. viii, 1-199. P" ce 4 s - 6d. net.
THE STUDY OF PLANT LIFE. Published by
Blackie & Son, 1906. Pp. xii, 1-202. Price
3s. 6d. net.
EXPLOITATION OF PLANTS. Edited by Professor
Oliver. Published by Dent. (One chapter in
this.)
SPORTOPHYTE, THE BOTANICAL PUNCH. Founded
and Edited for the years 191 1-1914.
C. PLAYS
PLAYS OF OLD JAPAN, THE N5. (With Prof.
J. Sakurai.) Published by Heinemann, 1913.
Pp. i -1 02, illustrated. Price 59, net. (Out
of print.) Reprint facsimile, Eclipse Press,
2s. 6d. net
2$ SEX AND RELIGION
A JAPANESE MEDIJEVAL DRAMA. Transactions
of the Royal Society of Literature, vol. 29
(separate), pp. 1-26. (Out of print.)
CONQUEST. A Three Act Play. Published by
French. Pp. 1-94. Price is. net.
GOLD IN THE WOOD AND THE RACE. Two Plays
published by Fi field, 1918. Pp. i-ioi. Price
2s. net.
OUR OSTRICHES. Produced at the Court Theatre.
Published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1923.
Pp. 1-105. Price 2s. net
A BANNED PLAY AND A PREFACE ON THE
CENSORSHIP. Published by Bale, Sons &
Danielsson, 1926. Pp. 1-144. Price 55. net.
D. L1TER4RT 4ND TRAVEL
MAN, OTHER POEMS AND A PREFACE. Published
by Heinemann, 1914. Pp. 1-76. Price 35. 6d
net.
A JOURNAL FROM JAPAN. Published by Blackie,
1910. Pp. 1-250. Price 75. 6d. net. (Out of
print.)
Also fairy stories in the Fortnightly Review,
English Review ; articles in The Times, Man-
chester Guardian, Science Progress; Reviews in
etc.
SEX AND RELIGION 29
FICTION
By "MARIE CARMICHABL"
LOVE'S CREATION. Published by Bale, Sons &
Danielsson, 1928. Pp.iv, 416. Price 75. 6d. net.
SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS, Etc., EMBODY-
ING HER NEW DISCOVERIES
FOR SCIENTIFIC EXPERTS
CONTRIBUTION PAL^OBOTANIQUE A LA CON-
NAISSANCE DU CH ARSON. R6sum6 of Com-
munication to the Congress in Paris. Published
in Chaleur et Industrie^ Paris, 1923.
THE SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION OF COAL.
(With Prof. R. V. Wheeler.) Bulletin No. i
of 'Fuel.' Published Colliery Guardian,
London, 1923. Pp. 1-125, 2 plates and text
figs.
THE CONSTITUTION OF COAL. (With Dr. R. V.
Wheeler.) Monograph, published by H.M.
Stationery Office for the Department of
Scientific and Industrial Research, 1918.
Pp. 1-58, plates 5-iii.
3O SEX AND RELIGION
THE CRETACEOUS FLORA IN THE BRITISH
MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), PART II :
LOWER GREENSAND (APTIAN) PLANTS OF
BRITAIN. Published by the Trustees of the
British Museum, 1915. Pp. i-xxxvi, 1-360,
plates i-xxxii, 112 text figs.
THE * FERNLEDGES ' CARBONIFEROUS FLORA OF
ST. JOHN, NEW BRUNSWICK. Published by the
Geological Survey of Canada: Memoir 41,
Ottawa 1914. Pp. i-vi, 1-142, plates i-xxv,
21 text figs.
Also a large number of Memoirs published by
learned societies, the Phil. Transactions of th*
Royal Society^ Scientific Annals^ etc.
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN
BV UNWIN BROTHERS LIMITED,
LONDON AND WQKINO
