UC-NRLF
SB ES3 173
1! GARDNER
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
'-•*.'" ' .
Deceived. DEC 14 1892 • lS9
Accessions No. UQ.TM S , C/^ss No. 7 tf V?
A SHORT AND EASY
MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR
A SHORT AND EASY
MODEKN GREEK GRAMMAR
WITH
GRAMMATICAL AND CONVERSATIONAL EXERCISES,
IDIOMATIC, PROVERBIAL PHRASES, AND
FULL VOCABULARY.
AFTER THE GERMAN OF CARL WIED
MARY GARDNER
WITH A PREFACE BY
ERNEST GARDNER, M.A.
FELLOW OF GONVILLE AND CAITJS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE,
AND DIRECTOR OF THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ATHENS
Of TOF,
DAVID NUTT 270 AND 271 STRAND
1892
RICHARD CLAY AND Sox^, LIMITED,
LONDON AND BUKGAY.
ights reserved.)
^373
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
MY very hearty thanks are due to all who have so kindly helped
me in my slight task. First I must thank Mr. Wied, and take
the opportunity to ask his pardon for the amount of alteration
and rearrangement of his text which I have found it impossible
to avoid. Mr. Legrand has also my gratitude and thanks for
his invaluable dictionaries — French-Greek, and Greek-French ;
their ample information and clear arrangement were a great
help.
To Mr. Noel of Euboea I am indebted for his kindness in
putting an extensive knowledge of the vernacular idioms to use
in looking over and correcting those cited, and to Mr. William
Loring for similar help with the vocabulary ; while Dr. Walter
Leaf lias completed the tale of my indebtedness by looking over
the proofs. Others who have helped me I need not mention by
name ; but it is not out of place to acknowledge here my thanks
to my husband, Mr. Ernest Gardner, to whose constant help
alone the book owes its existence.
I hope that the book will be useful to all who visit Greece ;
I should have been glad of something of the sort myself some
years ago.
MARY GARDNER.
ATHENS, Nor. 1891.
TJITIVEESITT
PREFACE.
IT is hoped that this translation of a Grammar of the Modern
Greek or Romaic language, as it is spoken in the Levant, will
supply a need in England. The condition of the language
presents innumerable difficulties even to Greeks themselves,
much more therefore to foreigners who would learn to speak and
read Modern Greek. And the absence of any fixed and recog-
nised standard of grammatical accuracy, of accidence, of syntax,
of vocabulary, or of style, has led many to make the assertion
that there is no such thing as a Modern Greek language at all.
Strange to say, it is among the Greeks themselves that this
assertion has found the strongest supporters. Their method is
to ignore the Modern Greek or Romaic tongue as dialectical and
hybrid, and to fix on some arbitrary standard of past times, say
the Greek of the New Testament or even of Xenophon ; they
admit indeed that the future, the infinitive, and perhaps the
dative, have fallen out of use ; but even these they are anxious
to restore, and, with these exceptions, they would make a pro-
fessedly Modern Greek Grammar identical, to all intents and
purposes, with a grammar of the Ancient Greek KOLVTJ. And it
must be admitted that many newspapers and books are published
in Greece which are intelligible to any scholar who is familiar
with Ancient Greek, and has learnt some few idioms and peri-
phrases which even the strictest imitators of Classical Greek
viii PREFACE.
find indispensable in modern usage. For the student who wishes
to learn this artificial language the present Grammar is not
intended. But he must not imagine that he will find his
knowledge of much use to him in travelling in Greece, or in any
other part of the Levant. He may be able to converse with an
educated Athenian who has learnt this same artificial tongue —
and who is sure also to be able to speak French, Italian, or
English. But with shopkeepers and servants, muleteers, boat-
men, and peasants — all indeed with whom he will wish to speak
in his travels outside the pale of European languages and
civilisation, he will find himself quite unable to communicate.
This Grammar, on the other hand, endeavours to teach Modern
Greek as it is spoken by the common people. The attempt is a
difficult one ; there is, as has been said, no fixed standard of
correctness, and the dialectical variation from place to place is
considerable. But a peasant of the Morea would not really
have a difficulty in making himself understood if he found
himself in Smyrna or Cyprus, though his speech and pronun-
ciation might seem peculiar ; and if this book can give some
notion of the common and living basis which underlies the whole
spoken tongue of Greece, it will not be useless. Doubtless the
student will notice small variations from the forms or rules here
laid down in almost any place where he may find himself ; but these
will seldom prevent him from being understood when he speaks, or
from recognising the meaning of what he hears. Thus, if he re-
quires the simplest necessaries of life, say bread and wine, the ,
words if/topi and /cpacrt will find them for him wherever there are
Greeks to hear; but the ancient words apros and oTvos, which he will
find in some books and newspapers, will certainly not be under-
stood, even though he may ask in an Athenian shop with apro-
•jroietov or oivoTTioXtiov written in ' archaic letters ' over the door.
This Grammar, in its English form, is intended to be useful
especially to classical scholars who possess already some famili-
PREFACE. ix
arity with Ancient Greek, and are anxious to learn the modern
language either for the sake of facility in travelling, or from
interest in the historical development of the language and its
modern literature. At the same time no knowledge of
Ancient Greek is assumed except in dealing with forms, usages, or
idioms which properly belong to the classical language. Thus
the Grammar may be used also by those who, without a previous
knowledge of Ancient Greek, wish to acquire a practical acquain-
tance with the modern tongue.
A few words may be added as to the relation of the study of
Ancient and Modern Greek. It has sometimes been asserted
that a conversational acquaintance with Modern Greek would be
useful as a basis for the acquisition of Classical Greek, or at
least as a help to its study. But it must in the first place be
remembered that by Modern Greek those who adopt this view
do not mean the language as spoken by the common people,
but that artificial semi-classical dialect written by some, and
spoken by a few. Still, even this dialect might be taught. But
the fact is that the whole tendency of Modern Greek is so
different from that of Ancient that it is much to be doubted
whether a knowledge of one would greatly facilitate the
acquisition of the other. Modern Greek, with its compound
tenses and resolved cases, is an analytical language just as
English is. And even those who are most careful in the selec-
tion of a purely classical vocabulary cannot escape the influence
of French and German idioms, which destroy the character of
the language, and are most difficult to avoid if once become
familiar. Thus there is .little left of that exquisitely perfect
inflexional instrument of expression, the Ancient Greek lan-
guage ; and the intellectual training offered by its accurate and
scientific acquisition completely disappears, if it be taught
merely as an analytical language in a transitional stage : to the
student of the history of language such a stage is most inter-
x PREFACE.
esting and instructive ; but not so to a beginner whose mind is
to be trained in a new and accurate method of expression.
The future of the Greek language will be watched with the
utmost interest ; it is exposed to most serious danger ; for there
is some doubt whether it is strong enough to survive the attempt
at a classical and artificial renovation that is now being made —
an attempt not only to reject all words of foreign origin, but to
return to the accidence and the idiom of classical times. Such
a rude amputation of the growth of 2000 years cannot safely
be performed. Should the advocates of classical revival attain
their object in Greece, then Greeks will cease to be mutually
intelligible throughout the Levant, except in an artificially
constructed dialect ; and no people has ever yet consciously
invented a language, or restored a dead one to the life of popular
speech, after it had followed the ordinary course of decay and ana-
lytical regeneration which has produced nearly all the languages
spoken in Europe at the present day. Many of the best edu-
cated Greeks are fully aware that any reform and purification of
the Romaic tongue must start from the language now learnt by
the people at their mother's knee, and enrich its vocabulary
without altering its essential nature ; and it is to be hoped that
the more moderate counsels of this body may prevail over the
rash experiment of the extreme purists.
The analogy of another language that has passed through the
same stage is instructive. In the days of Dante there were
many purists who despised the vulgar tongue of Italy, and
thought that ancient Latin was the only language fit for an
educated man to speak or write. Had not the monumental
work of the great Florentine at once raised the vernacular to a
literary language, it is even possible that a frigid pseudo-classical
Latin might have first strangled the popular tongue and then
died a natural death. In Greece there are many songs and
ballads, and even some prose works written in the true language
PREFACE. xi
of the people ; and the influence of all is needed to strengthen
that language in the dangers it is now passing through. There
are already many indications that the popular tongue is begin-
ning to prevail in the struggle. If its development, which has
been retarded during the last fifty years by the classical mania,
be once again allowed its free course, there is little doubt that
it will be very rapid ; Modern Greek only requires a little
organisation and academic acknowledgment on the part of
educated Greeks to take its due place among the analytical
modern languages of Europe : and then its position will be
unique, bearing as it does almost the same relation to Ancient
Greek which the Romance languages bear to Latin.
The difficult question of pronunciation cannot here foe entirely
passed over, especially as those who advocate learning Ancient
Greek by means of Modern often assert the identity of pronun-
ciation between the two. In the pronunciation of consonants
the divergence in principle is not so great, though the weakening
and assimilation that has taken place in Modern Greek involves
considerable changes, and is very confusing to a learner, when
e.g. he finds he must pronounce Bc/Mrep as the German name Weber
or that Byron's name is represented by Mw-atptov, or when he
recognises in the modern 8eWpo (tree) a familiar word, of which
the first 8 is a soft th, while the second has only saved its sound
by changing its written symbol. But it is two points chiefly that
are matters of controversy ; the pronunciation of vowels and
the pronunciation according to accent.
That any should seriously assert that the Modern Greek
pronunciation of vowels, in which 77, i, v, ei, ot, VL, are all abso-
lutely identical in sound, is the same as the Ancient Greek
pronunciation, may seem incredible to any English scholar • yet
this system, for Ancient Greek, is actually upheld as correct by
many Greeks and some Englishmen, so that it may not be super-
fluous to note one or two arguments on the other side. First, as
xii PREFACE.
to euphony — let any one pronounce after the Modern Greek
fashion ' ot viol e^Giei/ TT)V vyietav (which may be transliterated ee
ee-ec ehee-en teen eeyei'-ee-an), and then assert, if he can, that
Greek in this form is a language likely to be tolerated by a
people with a keen appreciation for beauty ; then, as to ambiguity,
is it probable that there was no distinction in pronunciation
between the first and second person plural of the pronoun, that
' we ' and * you ' were identical ? Yet according to the modern
pronunciation ry/xets and V/ACIS are both eemeess. But the
unanswerable argument is this : if there were no distinctions in
pronunciation, how did distinctions in spelling arise, and how were
they preserved 1 Any student of early inscriptions knows that
the Greeks, by a gradual and tentative process, adopted the
Phoenician symbols to express their speech, not according to-
philological rules of derivation, but according to the sound ; and
each dialect adapted the characters to express the sound it used ;
e.fl. some dialects denoted ov by O, others by O Y, according to the
breadth of their pronunciation. Yet there is not a shadow of
epigraphical evidence for any general confusion, during the
classical period, between the different symbols used to denote
the sounds which in Modern Greek have become identical. So
soon as the confusion began in speech, it penetrated also into-
writing, as was inevitable; thus KCU is often written KE after
the third century A.D., and locally a little earlier. That
this confusion did take place at this period, and not before, in
writing may be taken as an unanswerable proof that it did not
exist before in speech. Yet, strange to say, this very fact is
quoted by some to prove that in classical times the pronunciation
was confused. Which is the true inference may fairly be left to
the decision of any unprejudiced reader. On the other hand ei
and i, which must always have been similar sounds, are confused
in writing in Boeotia and sometimes even in Attica as early as
the fourth century B.C. That a similar confusion does not occur
PREFACE. xiii
in other sounds that have since become identical, except in a few
late or dialectical inscriptions in which the beginning of this
tendency can be seen, is a sufficient proof that in the common
Greek of the best period no such confusion existed.
We English are at a disadvantage in discussing this matter,
because the system now used in our schools and universities
is obviously incorrect, in substituting our thin English
vowel scale of a e i for the broader sounds almost universal
among other languages (it would be a simple change
to pronounce a always as in father, and so on). But
even in spite of this drawback, we do at least preserve the
distinction between the different vowels, and keep their relative
values approximately correct ; and therefore our pronunciation,
even without reform, is superior to one which sinks all the vowels
to e; while a slight reform would bring our system very near to
correctness by restoring the true Erasmian pronunciation.
When we approach the question of pronunciation by accent,
we are on more delicate ground ; for here the practice of many
foreign scholars is with the modern Greeks against us. And we
must at once acknowledge that it is our English practice to
ignore the accents altogether in speech, so that they become purely
conventional signs, and a vexation of spirit to the learner and
even sometimes to the advanced student of Ancient Greek.
That a familiarity with Modern Greek pronunciation would be a
great help in this respect cannot be denied ; but whether this
pronunciation affords a true indication of classical usage is
quite another question. Whether the accent in Ancient Greek
was a pitch accent, or of some other nature not easy for modern
ears to detect and follow, is a difficult and complicated question
which cannot here be discussed. But there are very clear indi-
cations that it was not in classical times a stress accent, such as
that now used in Modern Greek and Modern English. Where
there is a fixed system of stress accents, the long and short
xiv PREFACE.
quantity of vowels must at once disappear, as in Modern Greek,
where o and to for instance are indistinguishable in pronunciation.
The evidence of poetry seems conclusive on this matter. If
pronounced by stress accent, any Ancient Greek verse is indistin-
guishable from prose ; and in reading Ancient Greek poetry the
order of the words may be and is often inverted by a Modern
Greek without any discomfort either to reader or to hearer.
The fact is, that as soon as a stress accent becomes predominant
in pronunciation, all scansion of verse must be by that and that
alone, as it is in English and in Modern Greek; and as it came
to be in Greek when this change had taken place. And there-
fore, in Byzantine writers, as in Modern Greek, accent alone
rules the verse ; pronounced by accent, Sophocles'
TL Kea-rjKOva-as r/ ere
is pure prose, and only such a line as Tzetzes'
'Ayopa/cpiTa>
can be scanned as verse. That all classical poetry was scanned
by an arbitrary system, which had no relation to the actual
pronunciation of the language, is surely a paradox which is not
worth discussing. And this certainly would have been the case,
if the pronunciation of the accented syllable in Ancient Greek
was similar to that heard in Modern Greek speech.
Thus much has been said upon some points of controversy,
because they are usually raised by the advocates of the advantage
of learning Modern Greek ; and by putting this study upon a
false footing, they either attract students for mistaken reasons,
or repel them by assertions which a classical scholar will resent.
Now apart from these erroneous considerations, Modern Greek is
of the greatest utility and interest ; and in its present developed
stage it may well attract many to study the living language.
On the other hand, to have remained 2000 years without change
PREFACE. xv
or development in grammar or pronunciation, as some imagine
to be the case with Modern Greek, would be a proof of death
rather than of vitality in a language.
Nothing could be more arbitrary than the distinction made by
some of the purists in Greece, who apparently define development
or improvement as ' a change which took place in the classical
age or in the present century,' and corruption as 'a change
which took place during mediaeval times.'
It may not be superfluous to add a few words, from a practical
point of view, as to the utility of a knowledge of Ancient Greek
in learning the Modern language. It is obvious that such
knowledge must be a very great help, and is indeed indispensable
for a thorough and scientific study of the Romaic tongue. Yet,
paradoxical as it may seem, I have known several instances in
which those who started without any knowledge of Ancient
Greek made even more rapid progress at first than others who
enjoyed the same facilities for learning, and a knowledge of
the Ancient language as well. Nor do I believe this result to
have been due entirely to accident. Often, while the classical
student is ransacking his memory for the ancient word or idiom
which seems to him most simple or most likely to survive, or
while he is trying to fit the sounds he ¥ears into the spelling of
some ancient form, his apparently less well-equipped companion
will have learnt or recognised the word commonly used by the
people he is among. To make quick progress in first beginning
Modern Greek two things are necessary — first, to learn it by ear
and not by eye ; otherwise the confusing spelling and the variety
of symbols that may denote one sound will make it almost
impossible to recognise at first any spoken word ; and secondly,
to forget, until the most familiar words and idioms are mastered,
that any such language as classical Greek exists. In a short
time, of course, those who are familiar with classical Greek will
find their knowledge invaluable for enlarging their vocabulary
xvi PREFACE.
and for explaining usages — not to speak of reading books and
newspapers. But it must be borne in mind that all dialects now
in use for any purpose vary between the two extremes of classical
Greek and the Romaic of popular speech ; and that anybody who
knows both will find he can by the help of his knowledge under-
stand any compromise or mixture that he may come across ;
while if he learns only what is itself a compromise, he is always
liable to meet some new dialect constructed on different lines or
compounded in different proportions.
It is impossible to find any Modern Greek which can be set up
as a universally recognised standard ; but the classical scholar
who has learnt the true spoken tongue need never be unable to
explain any of the phenomena he may meet, or to understand
and make himself understood in any written or spoken dialect
which he may have occasion to use.
ERNEST GARDNER.
ATHENS, JYwi?. 1891.
REMARKS.
THE following rules must be borne in mind by any foreigner
trying to pronounce Modern Greek, especially if he be already
familiar with ancient Greek.
(1) All words are pronounced entirely by accent, quantity
being completely ignored ; the accent is a stress accent in
Modern Greek, and practically to a foreign ear lengthens the
vowel on which it falls.
(2) There is consequently apart from accent no distinction
between short and long vowels, whether so by nature or position ;
thus of the two forms o, <o, one is superfluous ; c and 77, as will
be seen, differ in kind, not merely in length.
(3) In pronunciation, there is absolutely no distinction between
at and e, nor between «, 77, t, ot, v, vi : the diphthongs proper have
all sunk to simple vowels. Thus the only vowel sounds in the
language are the five simple vowels a, e, t, o, and ot; ; all others
being merely different manners of writing the same sounds.
(4) There is no distinction in pronunciation between the rough
breathing ( ' ) and the smooth ( ' ).
CONTENTS.
PACK
THE ALPHABET . . 1
VOWELS : — ........... 2
DIPHTHONGS • — : .......... 2
CONSONANTS T .......... 3
THE ARTICLE AND THE NOUN ........ 9
THE ADJECTIVE ........... 19
PRONOUNS 23
THE VERB 31
EXERCISES IN CONJUGATION ... ..... 44
PREPOSITIONS 7S
ADVERBS ............ 83
CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS . . . . . . .87
IDIOMS .......... .91
VOCABULARY 111
I J5h
tmti&r
A SHORT AND EASY
MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
THE ALPHABET.
Capitals.
Small letters.
Names.
Pronunciation.
A
a
vAX<^a
alpha.
B
/3
Brjra
veeta.
r
7
Fa/x/xa
ghamma.
A
S
AeXra
dhelta.
E
€
"Ei/^tXov
aipsilon.
Z
t
Z^ra
zeeta.
H
77
THTa
eeta.
©
<9
©^ra
theeta.
I
i
'Icora
ee<5ta.
K
K
KctTTTTa
kappa.
A
X
Aa/x^Sa
lamvdha.
M
/*
Mv
mee.
N
V
N€
nee.
a
£
HZ
xee.
0
0
"O/XIKpOV
oinicron.
n
7T
nr
pee.
- p
P
'Pw
rho.
2
0% £
2ty/xa
sigma.
T
T
Tav
taf.
Y
V
"Yi/^tXoi/
eepsilon.
<l>
0
<j>r
fee.
X
X
xr
khee.
^
\j/
^L
psee.
n
w
vO/>teya
omeghn.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR,
VOWELS.
N.B. — The following table is put in a definite way for the
sake of clearness ; though the vowel-sounds vary irregularly
between the two extreme sounds given in each case.
The vowels are seven in number.
They are pronounced as follows, each vowel varying in sound
according to accent and circumstances : —
f accented, like a in father, e.g. yaAa, milk ; pron. ghala.
\ unaccented, ,, a „ Fr. malle, „ KoAos, good ; „ kaloss.
f accented, like a in name, e.g-x^ph hand ; pron. hai'ri.
\ unaccented. ,, e „ met, „ 8wSeKa, twelve ; ,, dhodheka.
77] f accented, like ee in meet, r^pw?, hero ; pron. eeros.
?, nose ; ,, meeti.
) yt'Sa, goat ; „ yeedha.
'*'' eye ; ,, mati.
(3pvo-i, fountain ; pron. vreessi.
unaccented, like i in hit, ' yXvKvs, sweet ; ,, ghlikeess.
\ ( accented, like au in autumn ^ fva. t8w, let me see,
>b thJ > J pron. na idhaii.
C ] unaccented, like o in on ( '&' i 0X05, all, pron,
( aiilos.
DIPHTHONGS.
The simple vowel-sounds are often represented in writing by
two vowels.
at is pronounced like ai in aim, and ] e.g. ^a^alpi, knife, pron.
is therefore equivalent to e J makhairi.
ct \ ( e/ceu/0, that ; pron. ekeeno.
01 > =ee or i, e.g. -' /xotpa, fate ; ,, meera.
VLI ) [ fj.vla, fly ; ,, meea.
€i, or, VL are therefore equivalent to r/, t, v.
1 vi is not common.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
:',
In these the first vowel has its
usual sound, the second sounds
like v before vowels and the
consonants /3, y, 8, £, /«., v, p, and
like f before the other conso-
nants.
e.g.
av / \ avya,
pron. avgha.
aura, these j
pron. afta.
€uayyeA.ioy, gospel j
pron. evanghelion.
euAoyta, small-pox ;
pron. evloghia.
euKoAos, easy ;
pron. efkolos.
rjvpa, I found ;
pron. eevra.
6v is pronounced like 00 in moon, e.g. KOVVW, I shake, pron. koonau.
When the second of two vowels has a diaeresis over it, each
vowel is pronounced as it would be if alone, e.g. /cav/xeVos, poor
fellow, pron. kaemainos.1
Any i-sound followed by an accented vowel is pronounced as
the semi-vowel y, and is written i, ei, <fec.
CONSONANTS.
The consonants are pronounced as follows : —
Letters. Pronunciation.
S = v.
gh or rather half-way }
\ between g and y.
~ \ y before t or e sounds.
^ ng before £, x> y-
8 = tli in though, flat tli.
0 = tli in think, sharp tli.
k.
kh before e and t
sounds.
g after v and y.
Examples.
/?aAA.o>, I throw.
\ yara, cat.
f yv'vaT/ca, woman.
Pronunciation,
vallo.
ghata.
yinaikn.
ayyeA.05, angel.
8eKa, ten.
yairos.
anghelos.
dheka.
£/7ra>, I desire.
zitau.
Ovyarepa, daughter.
KaA.o5, good.
thighataira.
kaloss.
I Kupta, lady. <
J
khireea.
f rov Kvpiov, master
\ (ace.).
Xtovoj, I melt.
ton girion.
liauno.
1 This is a true diphthong. Another example may be seen in such words
as &po\6yio, when the g, which is not heard in pronunciation, still serves to
keep the vowels o, i from coalescing into ot.
B 2
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
malama.
nay.
/xaAa/x/xa, gold,
vcu, yes.
be- 1
n'n- V TO
fn.
j m in the article be-
| fore a word begin- J- rov TroAc/uo, the war. torn baulemo.
\ nine: with
(> :
nmg
[ b after //, and v.
trilled r.
o£(o, get out !
TTaTTas, priest.
e/x7ropos, merchant.
ptt^TT^?, tailor.
f o-apavra, forty.
( w?, as.
, Smyrna.
ss (hard s).
z (soft s), before /?, ]
8, A, /x, v, p. J
t. rwpa, now.
d after v. TTCVTC, five.
d at the beginning \
of a word preceded ( 8ev rcupia£ci,
by the v of the f doesn't fit.
article or by SeV. /
ch in ^oc/i, or kh.
oxo.
papahss.
emboros.
rahftis.
saranda.
auss.
Zmi'rnee.
tora.
pende.
it dhen deriabzi.
) softer, like a gut- ]
— '', 1 7 i p
</> =
= ps.
>, I lose.
khano.
hand.
hairi.
j, I bring,
i, bread.
fero.
psomee
tural h before
and i sounds.
.
Though double consonants are written in modern Greek, e.g.
/3aAAw, this doubling has no effect on the pronunciation, except
in the case of yy.
IOTA SUBSCMIIPT.
77 (and a) in literary forms) is sometimes written with an iota
subscript, which is not pronounced, va ypa^s, that you may
write, pron. na grafis.
ROUGH AND SMOOTH BREATHINGS.
In Modern Greek the ancient marks continue to exist in writing,
according to the ancient usage, but are ignored in speaking.
E.g. aytos, holy, pron. ah-yos.
etSere, you saw, pron. eedhete.
, tailor, pron. rahftis.
ia, thoughtlessness, pron. anoisseea.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 5
ELISION AND CBASIS : APOSTROPHE.
When two vowels come together in different words, it is cus-
tomary in speech and also sometimes in writing that either
elision or crasis should take place ; in either case an apostrophe
(or breathing) is inserted in writing.
E.g. rov '/Veye for TOV eAeye
(TOV TOVTTO. for (TOV TO flTTO.
for TO eVa.
ACCENTUATION.
The accent of a Modern Greek word cannot be placed further
from the end of the word than the antepenultimate syllable, or
the penultimate when the last vowel is originally long by
nature.
An apparent exception to this rule is found in such forms as
e/3paSaao-e, evening came on. But in such words cia is pronounced
as one syllable, e.g. evradhyassay. To indicate this the mark ^ is
often placed under the letters :
There are three accents : the acute ('), the grave (v ), the cii-
cumflex (").
The acute may stand on any of the three last syllables.
E.g. av#pto7ros, man, pi^vw, I throw, KaXos, good.
The grave may only be placed on the last syllable.
It is used instead of the acute when a word with an acute
accent is followed by other words in the same sentence.
E.g. TO fjiLKpo TTLO.TO, the little plate, — instead of TO fjuKpo Tridro.
*
The circumflex may only be placed on the last and penultimate
syllables ; on the last only when it is long, and on the penulti-
mate only when it is long and the last short.1
E.g. arvyx<*>pu, I forgive. x<Va> earth.
1 All rules as to the circumflex accent are purely literary, since it cannot be
distinguished from the acute in pronunciation.
(5 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR,
For the purposes of accentuation 77, co, and the diphthongs count
as long syllables ; e and o short ; while a, t, and v may be either-
long or short.
N.B. This distinction of long and short syllables is a survival
from ancient Greek, in which it was made in pronunciation. In
Modern Greek it exists only in writing, and its use in deciding
the accentuation is therefore arbitrary . The rules of accentuation
are, as might be expected under the circumstances, frequently
violated in popular spoken Greek, especially when a word changes
its accent from rule in declension.
PROCLITICS AND ENCLITICS.
The few words without accent falling into the class of pro-
clitics are, for the purposes of accentuation, considered as part of
the word following them.
They are the article 6, 17, ot, 77 (at), and the preposition eis.
The enclitics throw their accents back on the preceding word,
unless they begin a sentence.
The genitive and accusative cases of the personal pronoun are
examples of enclitics.
RULES. — 1. If the preceding word has a circumflex accent on
the last syllable, or an acute accent on either of the last two
syllables, the enclitic loses its accent.
TO Kpao-i fjiov instead of TO Kpacri pov, my wine.
TOV TraiStoi) TOV ,, ,, TOV TratStoi) TO£>, of his child.
TO (TTTLTL O~aS ,, ,, TO (TTrtTL <TttS, yOUT
2. If the preceding word has a circumflex on the penultimate
syllable, or an acute accent on the antepenultimate, the enclitic
transfers its accent to the last syllable of the preceding word, and
that accent becomes acute.
E.g. TO •ypouj/ijj.ov TOV instead of TO ypa^i/xov TOV, his hand-
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 7
PUNCTUATION.
The semicolon ( ; ) is used as the mark of interrogation ; and
for the semicolon a dot placed above the line is used ( • ).
The other marks of punctuation are used as in English.
EXERCISE IN READING.
N.B. — The following transliteration must be regarded as
merely approximate, as the sounds in English and Modern Greek
differ so widel : —
rat? Trpo aAAais cts rfjs AiaKOV/xxs rot's
Xaplomamos taiss pro alless eess teess Lyakoorass tooss
laiifooss
may teem blaiiska mooss to hairi,
€<j>a.VTa.(r6r]KaL TTWS ^/xow /xe rovs yepovs pov
efandasthika pauss eemoon may tooss yairooss moo
sindraiifouss
Trpomx 's TO \r)fj,€pi.
kathaiiss praiita sto limairi ;
€\a(j>pa TOV vovv jaov cT^e TO yXvKO Kpacri
elafra ton noon moo eehay to gliko krassee sikaussi
Ttt TraXyd /xas K' €i//aAXa 's ryv KaOc Soo-t
enthimoomoon ta palyd mas kaipsala steen kathe dhaussi
5) TL cyetvav TTOV etvat
au tee ai-yinan poo eenay
at ry^tepat /w.as e/cetvat.
ay eemairay mass ekeenay.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
MV TO BaA.T€T(Tt /X6 TCUS 8a<£miS TOV
embrosta moo to Valtetsi may taiss dhafness too efahni,
Kat 6 MapKOS oYav firrjpe TCOI/ /xapTvpcoi/ TO crre^ave,
kay o Marcos aiitan epeeray taun marteeron to stefahni,
kay teess Amblaneess ay mavress apo Toorkooss paidhiadhess,
Kat T^? KXeiVo^as at 8eKa TWV 'Apa/?wi/ ^t\ia8ats,
kay teess Kleessovass ay dheka taun Aravaun hilyadhess,
/cat 6 Kapafo-Kos oTav 's rrjv 'Apa^ojSav VIKOVO-C,
kay o Karai'skos autan steen Arakhovan nikoossay,
KCU TOV Ktt/tTTOV epOJTOVCTa, Kttt 6 Ktt/XTTOS />t' Cpa>TOVO"€
kay taun gambon airotoossa, kay o cambos m' airotoossay
u> Tt eyewav TTOV ctvat
au tee ai-yinan poo eenay
ai rjfJiepaL /xa? f/cetvat.
ay eemairay mass ekeenay.
12
Au seemaya teess Elladhos ! palaya kay dhoxazmainee
'9 rrjv Ka\vj3a /x,ov o>s TTOTC ^e i/a
steeng galeeva moo auss pautay thay ua staikeess skonizrnainee 1
fjiavpe fjiov aV8p€i<joyu,ej/e, cts TOV o*Ta{5Ao /xov yepvc^s
mavray moo andhreeaumainay, eess ton stavlo moo yerniihss
K^ ap^icres TOV rovfaiaov JJLOV rrjv fipovrrjv va, Xrjorfjiovas,
kyarkheessess too toofekyoo moo teen vronteen na leesmonahss,
ets rrjv P<*-XL °"ou A66
xaikhassess pauss kavallareen eess teen rakhee soo may eekhes
ycat o-av ai/e/xos TreToo-cs /xe yp
kay sahn ahnemauss petoossess may aghreeaumainess
treekhess.
A SHOUT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
<£ ri eyetrav TTOV etrat
au tee ai-yinan poo eenay
at ?7//,epat //,as e/cetrat.
ay eemairay mass ekeenay.
THE " ARTICLE " AND THE " NOUN."
Gender. — There are three genders, masculine, feminine, neuter.
Number. — There are two numbers, singular and plural.
Case. — There are four cases, nominative, accusative, vocative,
genitive.
The dative is wanting, and is replaced by the genitive or
accusative, or the accusative with a preposition.
THE "ARTICLE."
There is a definite and an indefinite article.
The definite article is declined as follows : —
/Singular.
Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nom. 6 rj TO
ACC. TO(V) Tr)(y) TO
Gen. TOV TTJ<S TOV
Plural.
Masc. Fern. Neut.
ot at, 77 Ta
TOVS Tats,
Tto(v) T(o(v)
N.B. — The final v of the article is only retained before vowels,
and the consonants K, £, TT, T, ^, but even then it is often
dropped.
The indefinite article is declined as follows : —
Masc. Fern* Neut.
Nom. eras fjitd cva
Ace. €va(v) /xia(i/) era
Gen. ei/oCs, evos, era /xtas evovs, evds, cva
10
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
to
j$
I
<D
_a
H
t<r
S
sT
«
S
o
\,
VJ
•S
{25
g
t-
CO
CO
-a
*5
1
cs
O3
g"
S3
'<£•
S
S
CO
i g-
~i
If
o
gj.
ii
&
o
e-i "" ;
J
to
g
On
£*
• £
0
efi
*^
.2
o
^ ^ 0
3
M
CO
6-2
o
a
-*
O
1
II 3
0
o
*
' 1 x
o
'rt ^
co
"S
o
fl
0)
o
^
fe;
<J
o
PH
<5 B
e
C5
„ ""
S3
^
r-i
f-i
• S
3 ^
CO
era
c3
•
CO
2
c
O
Sto-d
o
0
S
02^
f
rt
B
w
-H ^ s
'"T; 7^
o
S 0) o
o
§
d
cu
1^5
<3
<1
o
^
i
*""
(f
,_;
rH
aT^j
CN
co
I
. nouns i
o
1
CO
0
£
CO
0 1
3!
CO
S3
o
q
^ S
ctf
1
•S
O
c*r
o
^
(?t
0
C3
ft ^
.
(8
-uT
o
O M
3
.S
.3
^3 T3
to
^
CO
nouns
CO
is
Si
a>
O
O ••>
CO *
rj
Q-S
j
1
c5 *
S
^ M
03
O
S
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 11
FIRST DECLENSION.
The first declension contains masculine nouns ending in as, •>)?
€s, ovs, and feminine nouns in e and ov.
Skeleton Declension of a Noun of First Declension.
Sing. Plur.
Masc. Nouns. Fern. Nouns. Buth
Nom. — $ — Sats
Ace. — (v) — (v) — Scus
Yoc. — Sais
Gen. — 9 — Swv
The dash stands for the stem of the word. The final v follows
the same rule as in the article.
It is thus visible that the masc. nouns form the Genitive singular by
dropping 3- from Nora., the feminine by adding s to the Nom.; both masc.
and fern, add v to the stem for the Ace. ; the Vocative in both masc. and fern.
is simply the stem of the word. The plural is formed in both in the same
way ; by adding Sou to the stem for the Nom. Voe. and Ace. cases ; and
Sccv for the Genitive.
Examples*
tra-iras, the priest.
Sing.
Nom. o TraTras, the priest.
Ace. TOV TraTra(v), the priest.
Voc. TraTra, priest.
Gen. rov TraTTtt, of the priest.
Plur.
01 TraTraSats, the priests.
TraTraSais, the priests.
priests.
TraTraSwv, of the priests.
•fi dXcTroi), the fox.
Nom. rj dXeTroS, the fox.
Ace. r-^(v) a\€7rov(v), the fox.
Yoc. dAeTrm), fox.
Gen, T>}s- aXcTjrovs,, of the fo-x.
at a.\C7rovoat<s
rat?
12 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR,
Compound words like 1/01*0*7^779, ' master of the house,' are
similarly declined ; the only difference being in the accent, which
is not on the last syllable.
SECOND DECLENSION.
The second declension contains masculine nouns ending in 77?,
and feminine words ending in a, 77.
Skeleton Declension.
Singular. Plural.
Masc. Fern. Both.
Nom. — 9 — at9
Acc. — (v) — (v) — at9
Voc. — — at?
Gen. — — ? — wv accented.
From this it is visible that for the Genitive the masculine nouns drop their
Nom. final s, while the feminine nouns add a final s to the Nom. ; both masc.
and fern, add v to the stem for the Accusative, and have simply the stem for
the Vocative ; to form the plural both masc. and fein. nouns take ais for
Nom., Voc., Acc., and u>v always accented for the Gen.
Examples.
6 K\€^>T779, the thief. 77 $aAao-o-a, the sea.
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
Nom. KXec^TTfs KA.e<^>Tai9 Nom. $aA.ao~o~a $aA.ao~o~ai9
Acc. KA.€(£TT?V ,, Acc. @a.\.a.crcra(v) ,,
Voc. 0aA.ao-crtt „
v Gen. 0aAao-o~a9
77 KapSia, the heart. 77 (JLVTYJ, the nose.
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
Nom. KapSia KapSiai? Nom.
Acc. Kap8ta(i/) „ Acc.
Voc. Ka/oSia „ Voc.
Gen. KapStas /capSiwi/ Gen. jjLVTrjs JJLVTWV
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 13
Words ending in i are declined similarly ; they differ only in spelling, not
in pronunciation. They have no genitive plural.
NOTE. — Feminine words ending in t are often written is by educated Greeks,
c.rf. Kv0epi>7)<ris, government, and declined according to classical usage.
17 ppvvi, the spring (fountain).
Sing. Plur.
Nom. j3pv(Tt
ACC. (3pV(TL(v)
Voc. ftpvo-i
Gen. j3pv<ris
THIRD DECLENSION.
The third declension contains masculine words in as and femi-
nine words in a.
The words belonging to this declension differ from those in the
second by having no v in the Ace. Sing., and having the wv of
the Gen. Plur. accented in only a few instances.
Skeleton Declension.
Sing. Plur.
Masc. Fern. Both.
Nom. — s — at?
Ace.
Yoc. —
Gen. s an/ mostly unaccented.
From this it is seen that the masc. words form the sing. Ace. , Yoc. , Gen. ,
by cutting off the s ; the fern, take 5 in the gen.; while the plural endings are
ais for Nom., Aco., Yoc., and cav (unaccented mostly) for the Gen.
-f Au l*ci )(i.,t..tiw ;.u., ..£. i;
•M;t!-.--.H 3->^ k .
14 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Examples,
rj eATTi'Sa, hope. rj
Sing. Plur.
Nom. eA-TTi'Sa eATrt'Scus Nom. vv
Acc. ,, ,, Acc. ,,
Voc. „ „ Voc. „
Gen. eATri'Sa? eATriSwv Gen. vv
Acc. Trarepa
Voc. „
Gen. ,,
6 Trare'pas, the father.
/^m^r. P/wr.
TraTepas 7rarepai9 Nom.
,, Acc. /x^i/a
6 ^va?, the month.
Sing. Plur.
ira/repiov
Voc.
Gen.
FOURTH DECLENSION.
The fourth declension contains masc. words in o?, and neuter
words in o and t.
This declension contains the greatest number of words.
/Skeleton Declensions.
Masc. words in 05.
Sing. Plur.
Nom. — os — 01
Acc. — o(v) — ovs
VOC. € Ot
Gen. — - ov • — oov, tor
Neuter words in o.
Sing. Plur.
Nom. — o(v) — a
Acc. — o(v) — a
Voc. — o(v) — a
Gen. — ov — u>v
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 15
Neuter words in i. Neuter words in i.
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
Nom. — i — to Nom. — i — id
Ace. — i — La Ace. — t — ia
Yoc. — t — ta Yoc. — t — ta
Gen. — LOV — twv Gen. — lov — toiv
Examples.
6 aV#p(07ros (a#pco7ros), the man. TO @t/3\io(v).
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
Nom. aV$pw7ros avOpwTroi Nom.
Ace. aV$pa)7ro(v) avOpiaTTOvs Ace.
Yoc. avBpwTTf. avOpiDTTOi Yoc.
Gen. avOpwTTOv dv^pooTrwv Gen.
TO x^P1' ^ne nan(^- TO TrovXt, the bird (fowl).
Nom. x^P1 X^Pta Nom.
Ace, ,. ,, Ace.
Yoc. „ „ Yoc.
Gen. \epiov V€OLWV Gen.
FIFTH DECLENSION.
The fifth declension includes neuter nouns in a, os,
Skeleton Declensions.
Words in a. Words in o?.
Sing. Plur. Sing.
Nom. — a — ara Norn. — os
Ace. — a — <rra Ace. — os
Yoc. — a — aTa Yoc. — o?
Gen. — a/ros — aTw(v) Gen. — ovs
16 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Words in L/J.OV.
Sing. Plur.
Nom. — t/xov — tfta.ro.
Ace. — t/xov — ifj^ara
Voc. — L/JLOV — t/xa.Ta
Gen. — i/xaTos, i/xaTou
Examples.
TO Trpay/Jia (Trpaya/xa). TO CTOS, the year.
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
Nom. Trpay/xa Trpay^iaTa Nom. £TOS CTT;
Ace. „ „ Ace. „ ,,
Vnp VHP
V UC. ,, „ r UU. ,j ,,
r^ f TTpay/XttTO? , / \ Gen. tTOUS CTO)V
Gen. -j r ^ir 7rpay/xaTw(v)
TO ypdif/ifjiov, the writing.
Nom. Voc. Ace. ypai/a/xov
Gen. v/>a^
WORDS FOR EXERCISE IN THE DECLENSIONS.
1st.
i//a)/xas, the baker. 6 Koo-Ktva?, the sievemaker.
;/}?, the shoemaker. o TeveKe?, the tin.
es, the coffee. 97 /xat/xov, the ape.
2nd.
17 o-eipa, the row. 17 o-KaXa, the stair.
•17 yLteXto"O"a, the bee. 17 o~Ttyyu.T^, the moment.
17 yXwo-o-a, the tongue. 17 TrdAt (770X19). the town.
3rd.
7) ywcuKa (gen. wv), the woman, o depa?, the air, wind.
17 Aa/xTraSa, the torch. 17 <£povTi'Sa, the care.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. ]7
4th.
o ttSeA.<£os, the brother. TO £v\ov, the wood.
o <jf>t'Aos, the friend. TO /cAeiS/, the key.
o 7roTa/xo?, the river. TO //.cm, the eye.
TO <f>v\Xo(v), the leaf. TO \ov\ovoi, the flower.
5th.
TO 8co/xa, the terrace. TO Macros, the thicket,
TO Kpeas, the meat.1 TO /3yciA.o-t/xov, the dislocation.
ro avOos, the flower. TO <£epo-i/xov, the freight, behaviour.
NOTES ON THE DECLENSIONS.
Several words are of different genders in the singular and
plural, eg.
o 7rA.oirros, wealth ; TO, TrXovrr), riches.
6 ^POT/OS the year • TO. xpoVia, the years.
Other words have two plural forms, e.g. rj vv<£>r), the bride : at
yv<^ats and at vv^aSais. Others again have two forms in some of the
cases : TO£> /OIT/VO? and TOV fjuqva, two Genitive forms of 6
Plural Nom. ot jjifjvoi and ot
,, Ace. TOV? Arvovs and
o yepos (occasionally 6 ye'poi'Tas), the old man.
Gen. TOV yepov, TOV yepovTa, TOV j€povTov.
o ^tao~Topa?, the craftsman.
Gen. TOV yw,tto~Topa, and /jLa.o~Topov.
DIMINUTIVES.
Modern Greek has several endings like our English kin in
lambkin, ling in darling &c., but they are more commonly used,
and may in fact be added to almost any words. Diminutives
are often used as terms of endearment.
1 Genitive /ce'cn-os.
IS A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
The most important are :
(1) to form masc. words — a* 779, ovXrjs, e.g. IleVpos, Iler-
Krjs, Peter, Peterkin ; aWpas, avr/aov/V^s, man, mannikiu.
(2) to form fern, words — ouAa, tr£a, e.g.
sister, little sister ; ire'rpa, 7reTpiV£a, stone, pebble.
(3) to form neuter words — a/a, dpi (this is the most common),
e.g. TTIO.TO, TrtaTUKt, plate, little plate ; TratSt, TrouSapt, child,
little child.
AMPLIATIVES.
There are also several endings for amplifying words :
(1) to form masc. words, o 9, or a p o 5, added to words of fern,
or neuter gender, e.g. /xu'ro?, or /xuVapos, big nose, from pvry], nose.
(2) a, a pa, o u K X a to form feminine words, e.g. x*Pa>
from ^ipLj hand.
PATRONYMICS.
Patronymics commonly end in 6 TT o v X. o 5, a B r/ 9, e i 8 •»/ s, t 8 T; 5.
e.</. ' ApyvpotrovXos, 'AvacrracrtttS^?, '
FORMATION OF THE FEMININE.
The common endings for the formation of corresponding femi-
nine words are tor era and pa.
e.g. Safr/caAo?, teacher ; fern. Sa<7KaAicrcra.
, washerman ; fern. irAvtrrpa.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
19
THE ADJECTIVE.
The adjective has different endings for each of the three
genders : we divide adjectives into three declensions.
FIRST DECLENSION.
The adjectives of this declension end in 09, 77 (a), o(v).
The feminine form ends in a when the termination is preceded
by a vowel or liquid, but sometimes even in this case the ending
is 77.
Examples.
KaAos, good.
Singular.
Plural.
Masc.
Fein. Neut.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Norn.
KaAos
KaXr) KaAd(v)
KttAot
KaAat's
KaAa
Ace.
Voc.
Gen.
KttAoV
KttAe
KttAoi)
K.aXr}(v} KaAo(v)
KaAr^ KaAo(v)
KaArls KaAov
KaAov?
KttAot
KaAaiv
KaAat?
KaAats
KaAa
KttAtt
KttA(?JI^
Singular.
ayto?, holy.
Plural.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
aytos
ay 10.
aytov
aytot
aytat?
ayta
Ace.
aytov
* / \
ayta^vj
aytov
aytovs
aytats
ayta
Voc.
ayie
ayta
aytov
aytot
aytats
ayta
Gen.
aytov
aytas
aytou
aytwv
aytaji/
ayioi.j>
The following are similarly declined
?, little.
bad.
/xarJpo?, black.
jaeyaAo?, great.
yvo)0"T05, known.
KOKKIVO?, red.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
SECOND DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES.
The second declension contains adjectives ending in 779, a, IKO(V)
and in 775, uro-a (tSicrcra), IKO(V).
Ex. £?iXia/>775, jealous.
Singular. Plural.
Fein. Neut. Masc. Fern. Nc.ut.
A. ^Xtap77(
V. £r)\idprj „ „ „
CT. tflhidptr) %fl\iapas t^XiaipiKov QjXiapGw fyXiap
avOdSrjs, headstrong, avOdSia-cra, auOdSiKov, is similarly declined.
THIRD DECLENSION.
The third declension contains adjectives ending in vs, eta, v.
us, sweet.
Singular. Plural.
Masc. Fern. Ne,ut. Masc. Fern. Neut.
yXt;Ki;s yXvKeta yXvKv yXvKetg yXvKetou? yA,vKa
Acc. yXvKv(v) „ „ „ ,,
Voc. yXvKv yAv/ceta 57 „ ,, ,,
Gen. yXvxv yXvKetds „ yXvKeuov yXi»Ke«ov
The following are similarly declined : —
s, heavy. ^>opSu5r broad.
;s, fat. ^ta/cpi;?, long.
The adjectives in vs have also a collateral form in o
Ty, yXv/co,
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
The adjective TroAvs has TroXX^ for the fem. It is declined as
follows : —
Singular. Plural.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
J/asc.
Fem.
Neut.
Norn.
TToAvS
TroAAry
7TO\V
TToAAot
TToAAttl's
TToAAd •
Ace.
TToAu(v)
TToAA^v)
,,
TToAAoTJS
,,
,,
Voc.
TToAv
TroAAry
55
TroAAot
.,
,,
Gen.
TToAAoV
TToAA???
TToAAoD
7ToAA(JL)l/
TToAAcol/
TTC'AAc I*
Exercise 1. — A.
Ta AovAouSta eu/e, w/xop^)a. To O-TT^TI rov TraTrovr^ eTve vraAryo.
Aotre TOV Kopir^iov • eva KaAo /SifiXto. 'O <^>tAos roS Trarepa clve
appcocrros. Ta wpata TreptySoAta ro9 e/JLTropov. "Hrave TroAAot av^pwTro/.
€K€t. Ilocra ^povta eKa^tcre? 's TT/V AtyvTrro ; <E>epe 8vo Ka<f>€&aLs
yAvKets. At ^vyarepat? ro£) votKOKvprj e^ow aKpt/Sa ^>ope/x,ara. Avrat
at yuvatKats et
T& AouAoGSz, the flower. e/ce?, there.
eli/e, is, are. Trotra, how much.
&/ji.op<f>os, pretty. eVa^to-es, thou hast dwelt.
ri <rirri>n, the house. 7? AI^UTTTOS, Egypt.
TruATjds, old. <^eV6j brii)g.
Socre, give. Swo, two.
rb Kopir^i, the girl. T/ dvyarepa, the daughter.
rb y8i/3\to, the book. « XOL|I/J have.
6 (f)i\os, the friend. a.Kpi&6s, dear.
&ppuffTos, ill. (pope/bta, dirss.
wpaTos, beautiful. aural ai, these.
T-5 Trepi^oAt, the garden. r) <p(A7j^a5a, the friend (f.).
6 €fj.iropos, the merchant. 'EAeVr/, Helen.
tfrav€, were.
NOTE. — Proper names often have the definite article placed
before them.
Exercise 1. — B.
The merchants have beautiful houses. Give the little girl a
pretty flower. Are you not afraid of thieves 1 (use the sing.
pron. and verb). Have you lived long in Constantinople £
22 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Ladies' clothes are dear. Ink is black. His handwriting is not
good. She is not ill. The weather is very bad to-day. On the
first day of the year.
are you not afraid of, Sey <£o3a<rcu a-n-6 black,
with Ace. she is not, Sev five.
long— say, much time (time = *at/>os). the weather, & Kcup6s.
in Constantinople, trans, hy els with to-day, 0"rj/xepa.
Ace. The Greeks usually call on, trans, simply by Ace.
Constantinople, TJ iro\is. first, TTP&TOS.
ihe ink, rb /j.f\avi. flay, TJ r;,uepa (r/ fjifpa).
DIMINUTIVES.
The most common diminutive endings for adjectives are OVT£IKO<S,
o 'T-^LKYJ, OUT£IKO, and ovA.7^5, ovAa, oC'Ai.
], KaAoirr£iKo, rather good.
dcr7rpot'A.>7S, dcnrporXa, dcnrpovXi, whitish.
COMPARISON.
The ancient comparative suffix repos, rtp-n, repo(v), still exists,
and is occasionally used ; but lias for the most part given way to
the word TT/VIO (TTIO), more, placed before the adjective.
e.g. TTIO oj/xopc^o, prettier. /xt/cporepos, smaller.
The suffix form is preferred by literary dialect ; w or o is then written
before the suffix according to the ancient rule.
The following adjectives form their comparatives irregularly :
pveyaXos, great ; jueyoAryrepog, greater (/xeyoAetWpos).
KoAos, good ; KaX^repos (
KOXOS, bad ; ^eiporepog [/c
vsj much j 7T€pto~(ro'Tepo?.
The English than after the comparative is usually translated
by a.™ with the Ace. or sometimes by irapd with the Nom. : —
elvf yueyoActrepos diro rov KapoXo, he is bigger than Charles.
The superlative is expressed by placing the definite article
before the comparative : 6 KoAAiYepos, or 6 TTIO KoAo?, the best.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
PRONOUNS.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
1st.
Singular. Plural.
Emphatic. Unemphatic. Emphatic. Unemphatic.
ey<o c/xets
Eva(vc) /xe e/xa? /xas
jtxou e/xas /xa?
2nd.
Ace.
Gen. e/xou, €/xevov
Nom. rru, eoru
Ace.
Gen.
ere
(TOV
Masc.
Nom. avrds
Ace. avrov(e)
(4en. avrov, a{
(aur^voT;)
3rd. Emphatic Form.
Singular.
Fern.
avrrj
OLVTOV, avrovvor
Masc.
Nom. avroL (avT-qvoi)
Ace. CLVTOVS, O.VTOVVOVS
(avr^vovs)
Gen. avTwvft
Fern.
avrcu?
aurai'g (arr^vat?)
aurwv,
Neut.
ai;ra, avrara
curra avrra
24 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
3rd. (Jnemphatic Form.
Singular. Plural.
Masc. Fein. Neut. Masc. Fein. Neut.
Norn.
Ace. ToV(e) r-tjv(e) TO rovs rat? (TTJS) rd
Gen. TOU Tr/<? rov TOJV (TOVS) TOOV (TOVS) TOL>V (rov?)
1 If the subject of the verb is a personal pronoun, it is
usually not expressed; as it is made clear by the verbal termi-
nation which person is meant.
e.g. Ae'yoo, I say ; /Veyeis, thou sayest ; Ae'yet, he says.
The pronoun must be inserted if the subject is to be empha-
sized.
e.g. eyw Ae'yw, I say ; ecru Ae'yeis, thou sayest.
2. In order to further emphasize the pronoun, the emphatic
and the enclitic forms are often used together in the oblique
e.y. e/^eVtt fie £e/jets ; do vou know me ?
3. When the pronoun to be emphasized is the indirect object
of the verb, it is often used with the preposition eis.
e.<j. et? eVras rwTra (TO elTra), I said it to you (it was to you I
said it).
4. The oblique cases of the enclitic pronoun stand immed-
iately before the governing verb, except when the verb is in the
imperative mood, in which case they follow it.
e.g. rove £e'pw, I know him ; TOT;? etSa, I saw them ; SeV TO
/3A.e7ro), I do not see it ; Trap TO, take it ; as TOVC, let him be.
5. In the compound tenses of a verb the oblique cases of the
pronoun stand either between the auxiliary and the participle, or
before the auxiliary.
e.g. rov ^xa e"r€'- or €*Xa TOJ/ e"r€^ I nac* told him.
6. When a verb has both a direct and an indirect object, the
indirect always comes first.
e.g. rov r&ira (rov TO elira), I told it to him.
TOV? TO e'oWa, I gave it to them.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
TOUTOS, rovrrj, rouro, this.
curros, aurr/, avro, this.
e/<eu/os, eKeLvrj, IKGLVO, that.
TOVTOS is declined regularly. e/<etvos is declined like the em-
phatic pronoun avro?.
The demonstrative pronouns have the definite article after
them.
e.g. OUTOS 6 Ka9pe(j>Tr)<;, this looking-glass ; eKtivrj ry
that woman.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
Singular. Plural.
o, r), TO ...... IJLOV, my. ot, at (17), TO, ...... /xov, my.
» „ „ ...... orov, thy. ,, „ „ ,, ...... orov, thy.
(„ „ ,> ...... TOV, his. „ ,, ,, „ ...... TOV, his. \
-\ „ „ n ...... T-^S, her. „ „ ,, „ ...... T^s, her
I,, ,, ,, ...... TOU, its. ,, ,, ,, ,, ...... rov, its. '
„ „ „ ...... ftas, our. „ „ „ „ ...... /xas, our.
» »> » ...... o-a?, your. „ ,, „ „ ...... o-as, your.
,, ,, ,, ...... TWV, their. ,, ,, ,, „ ...... TWV, their.
(1) The possessive adjectives are thus expressed by the geni-
tive of the personal pronoun.
e.g. 6 Trarepas /xov, my father ; r; fjiryrepa TWV, their mother ; TO
oyt o-ov, thy watch.
(2) "When the possessive adjective is emphatic, the adjective
SIKOS (eSuco's, etSiKos, i8t/<o?, own) is used together with the
genitive of the pers. pron.
This form is always used when in English the possessive pro-
noun stands alone.
e.g. TO SLKO fj.ov TO KcnreXo elve TTIO wfjiopcfro O-TTO TO OLKO crov.
My hat is prettier than yours.
NOTE. — The repetition of the article, as above, is not absolutely necessary.
26 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
TTOV, who, which (indeclinable).
o OTTOIOS, fj oTrota, TO 677-010, which (in written language only).
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
7TOIOS, TTOtO, TTOtO ; wllO 1 which 1
TI"; what]
TTOIOS is declined regularly. The genitive has the collateral forms
TTOIOLVOV, TToiav^?, Troiavwv. TL is indeclinable ; when it occurs
alone it means ivJiat ? e.g. TL Kai/et?; what are you doing ] In con-
junction with another word, it means also ivhat kind of, e.g. TI'
u'o cTve avTo ; what kind of book is that, or what book is that (
is used both alone and with a substantive.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.
1. The reflexive pronoun eavroi/ is used in the compound ex-
pression TOV favTo(v) fj,ov, myself; TOV ecurrov <rou, thyself; rov
iavrov TOV. himself, itself, TOV ecurroV T//9, herself. This form may
b£ intensified by adding t8ios.
e.g. ei/T/acVov/xat aTro TOV 1810 TOV ectvTo fjiov. I am ashamed of
myself.
2. The reflexive pronoun is only expressed when it is to be
emphasized, otherwise it is understood in the verb.
e.g. TrXwo/xcu, I wash myself.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.
1 . oTrotos, oVota, OTTOIO ; he or she who, whoever, whatever.
e.g. o?ro(.o? o-e Loy Oa yeAao-^, whoever sees you will laugh.
OTTOIOS sometimes has KOU av used together with it.
e.g. O7roio5 KOL av t\6r), whoever may come.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
2. KdOe, every (indeclinable), is always used as an adjective,
e.g. KaOt TTpayua, everything ; Ka#e '//,epa, every day ; KO.OC n,
everything : KaOe TL rov epeOt&i, everything annoys him.
Ka$eVas, every one, (compound of KaOc and evas, one).
e.g. /cameras TO £epet, every one knows it.
KaOf is also used with other numbers to denote recurrence.
e.g. KaOc TreVre '/xepats every five days.
oAos, oXy, oAo, all, has the article following as in English.
oAa ra Trpay/xara, all the things.
oAoi ot /u,a#/7TaSaig, all the students.
KaTrctos, KaTroia, Ka7roio, some one, a certain.
Ka/A7roo-os, Ka/xTToo-^, Ka/x7roo-o, a certain number, a good
many.
e.#. "Hravc Ka/xTroo-o? KOO-/XO? cts TO Oearpov. There were a
good many people in the theatre. (KOO"/XO? = French 'monde.')
TeToios, TtTota, TcVoto, such a.
;oo-os, 00-77, oo-o, how much, how many, how great.
TOO-OS, TO'O-T/, TOO-O, so much, so many, so great.
KOLTL, some, is used in the singular with neuter words only.
in the plural with words of all three genders.
e.g. KOLTL cnrovSauov Trpiirti va cu/e, it must be something im-
portant.
KOLTI o-TpaTto)Tat5, some soldiers. KO.TL TL, something.
Od a-ov etTTw KOLTL Ti, I will tell you something.
o 8^a(s), y Secva, TO Sctva ) gQ and §uch an Qne
o TaO€(s), >) Taoe, TO Ta6c J
6 8etva Kat 6 TaSe, such an one and such another.
some.
4. /cai/ems or Kavet?, Ka/x/xta, Kaveva, any one (no-one) is used in
negative and interrogative sentences like the French aucun.
e.g. Tjvpes Kaveva ct? TO O-TT^TI ; did you find any one in the
house (at home) 1
Sev rjvpa Kaveva or xavsVa 8ev T^upa, I found no-one, or (by
ellipsis) KaveVa; no-one.
28 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
TiVore (riWra, TtVores), anything, nothing, used like
e.<7. etTres rtTrore; did you say anything ? Sev etTra TLTTOTC, I said
nothing, or TtVore, nothing.
5. 6 iStos, 17 tSia, TO 1810, the same.
avTos 6 iStos TO elTre, he said it himself.
/jiovrj, fjiovo, or /xova^o?, /xova^yy, /xoi/a^o, alone, is used
with the genitive of the personal pronoun ; it means by myself,
yourself, (fee.
e.(j. fj,6vos TOV TO e/<a/xe, he did it by himself.
aAAos, aAAr/, aAAo, other.
MODE OF ADDHESS.
The second person singular is usually used in addressing a per-
son. In consequence of foreign influence those who wish to be
very polite frequently use the 2nd. pers. plur. The true Modern
Greek form of polite address is to use TOV A.oyou o-ot> to define the
person spoken to, e.y. TTOV yevi^$ryK€s, TOU Aoyov o-ov ; where
were you born 1
The forms TOU Aoyou TOV, &c. are also used.
e.(j. TOV Xoyov TOV eTve taTpos, he is a doctor (this gentleman is
a doctor).
TOV Aoyov T>7§ etW yetToVio"0"d /xas, she (or this lady) is our
neighbour.
After the prepositions ets (o-e) into, 8id,for, and a7r6,fro?n, the
article is omitted in the form mentioned above, e.g. SLO. Aoyov TOV
ypa^xo, I am writing for him.
TOV Aoyov /xov is also used as a reflexive form.
alcrOdvop.a.L TOV Aoyov /xov xaAAiVepa, I feel better.
Exercise 2. — A.
Mov AeVe Trtus avre^ave. AeV fte ^epet. 'Eo-ets Oa Tra/re, e/x,€ts Sey
^a Tra^te. ©a TOVS aTetAw ei? T^V 2/u-i'pv^v. ©a Traw /xa^v <ra9. ©a
TOV TO et7Ttij7 He? TO / rpai^eTe TO / 'A? T^VS. i/a 4>vyr]. 'Eo"eVa 7ra>9
t
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
(Tov (fraiverai ; Tov Xoyov arov Sev rove. £epeis. Avros ypa<£ct
£ei. Tt crovVe ( = o~ov etTre). 'HA.$e Kai/ei's ; "O^t, Ka
TO ypa/mfJia TTOV 'rrr]pa Trpo^res ; Nat, TO e8ia/3ao~a, ©a
TOVS SwTTys Ta f3i/3X.ia j MaA,io~Taj $a TOVS Ta 8wo"w. AVTOS 6 /cvpios
€tj/e yi/u>o~TO9 ytxov.
AeVe, (they) say. leVe£S? Y011 know.
TTOJS, that, how. ypd<p€i, (he, she) writes,
airedavf, (he, she) is dead. 5m/3a£ei, (he, she) reads.
5eV, not. flTre, (he, she) said.
|«V6t> (^ie' s^ie) knows. ?i\6e, (lie, she) came.
0a Trare, (you) will go. u^i, no.
0a Tra^c, we shall go. iSidfiatres, (you) read.
0a o-re/Aw, (I) shall send, (the interrogative is indicated by the
tis, into, to. tone.)
?7 2,uupj/T7, Smyrna. TO ypd/j.fj.a, the letter.
fla ?raa>, I shall go. 'nil pa, 1 received.
,ua^i> and junCi; ^e, with. Trpo^rfs, the day before yesterday.
0a e^Traj, I shall say. i/ai, yes.
ire'y, say. iSid&affa, T have read.
7pai//eTe, write. 0a SWO-T/S, you will give,
YAs, let. yuaAio-Ta, certainly.
^o (^77;, that she may go away. 6d Suxrw, I shall give.
TTOJS ; how ? K^jpios, gentleman (sir).
cpaivfTtti, it appears, seems. yvuxrrds /uou, an acquaintance of mine,
Exercise 3. — A.
To Kp(WL fjias eTi/e KaXXcrepov O.TTO TO SIKO <ras. AvTo? eTl/e
repos (XTTO T^V dSep^r; TOV. EepeTe KO.TTOLOV 'AvTwvto
Trof' /xevei ets T^V ^/JLVpvrjv ; "AXAa fiijBXia Sev e^eTe ; Tov Aoyou rrov
8ev eio"ai Fep/xavd? ; "O^t, eT/xat "AyyXos. "Hrave TroXv? Koo*yao? '? To
Kovrtfpro. Tt wpa eti/e / ITotos o~a? TO etTre ; Iloiot' eu/e e/tetvot ot
veot ; Tov eSojcres TtVoTe; "Op(i, TtVoTe, Aev /xov eTTre TITTOTC Sia eo-ag.
T^v yvw/x^v rov. Hotavov To clrre ; AeV TO etrre
TO7TO? €€t TO. WlJid TOV,
the wine. Spa, hanr.
(<5:5eA</>yj), the sister. TI wpa e^e; what o'clock is it ?
e, you know. elTre, (he, she, it) said.
i, (he, she) remains. o i/eos, the 3Tovmg man.
e, you have. etiuaes., you gave.
, you are. Sta, for.
no. exet, (he, she, it) has.
, 1 am. ^/ 71/^77, the opinion.
6 "A77Aos, the Englishman. 6 TOTTOS, the place.
tyrai/e, (he, she, it) was. rb ZQipov, the custom.
TO Kovr^epro, the concert.
30 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Exercise 2. — B.
Tell it to me. To whom have you given the wine 1 Are you
Hot from Constantinople ? Do you know this gentleman 1 Who
read the letter to you ] He himself. I shall give you nothing.
I have no other books. Did you find any one at home 1 No one.
These pens are worse than mine. We will go with you. I will
tell you something. Ask him what o'clock it is.
from, atr6 with Ace. at home, 's rb <nrf?Tt.
read, 8ta$a<re. the pen, TJ irevva.
%XU, (J) have. ask, p"wT7j<re, (£o>T7j£e).
you found, Tjupere.
Exercise 3. — u.
He who has money is not always happy. We will give botli
the letters to you. No one has seen us. I love only you. We
know it, but you do not know it. We go to Mytilene every three
weeks. Have you any acquaintances there? The lady there is
my cousin. He does not feel well. He is as stupid as he is
rich.
/
money, irapdSais. (we) go, in]ya.ivop.e(v).
always, irdvTOTe. there, ^«e?.
happy, eurux^s. the lady, y fcvpia.
we shall give, 0a $6crop.i(v). the cousin, 7; e|a5ep<pr;.
both, KO.\ TCL 5vo. she is my cousin, elre f|aSep^>7j /JLOV.
(he &c.) saw, e/8e. (the article is riot used in cases like
1 love, ayairw. this.)
only, fj.6vov. (he, she) does not feel, 5ei/ alaOavfTat.
(we) know, ^pone(v). (say, in Greek, ' feel himself well.')
three, Tpe?s. well, Ka\d.
week, ej85o,uaSa. stupid, KOVTOS.
to, tis with Ace, rich, ir\ov(rios.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 31
THE VERB.
Voices. — The verb has two voices :
The active, e.g. ypa<£w, I write.
The passive, „ ypa^erai, it is written.
Moods. — There are three moods :
Indicative, e.g. yptt</>«, I write.
Subjunctive, ,, va ypd<f>r], that he may write.
Imperative, ,, ypa</>e, write.
There is no infinitive proper. It is expressed by means of the
particle vd. with the subjunctive : e.g. Sev '/xTropw va ypai//w, I cannot
write. Two abbreviated infinitives are in use as participles ;
these will be discussed under the formation of the compound
tenses.
Tenses. — There are three simple tenses :
Present, e.g. ypac^w, I write.
Imperfect, „ 2ypa<£a, I was writing.
Aorist, „ cypai/ra, I wrote.
There are four compound tenses :
Perfect, e.g. e^w -ypdif/ei, I have written.
Pluperfect, „ et^a ypai^ei, I had written.
Future, T ,, Oa ypai//w, I shall write.
Future Perfect, „ Oa e^w ypctyei, I shall have written,
There are two participles :
Present Active, e.g. ypa</>oi/ras, writing.
Perfect Passive, ,, ypa/x,/xeVos, written.
32 A SHOUT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Classification. — There are two kinds of verbs: (1) simple, and
(2) contracted.
In contracted verbs the a or e preceding the termination
coalesces with the vowel of the termination, e.g. 6/x.tXw for 6/xtXaw,
I speak.
The letter immediately preceding the termination is called the
characteristic letter.
Personal Endings of the Verb.
Present Indicative. Present Subjunctive.
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
— U) — OjlAe (oi>/Xe) — OJ (Otte
— ets — ere — 779 — ere
— ow (owe) — y — ow (owe)
( i
N.B.— There is no difference in pronunciation between Indie. Fres. and
Subj. Pres.
Imperfect Indicative. Future Indicative.
Sing. Plur.
— a • — a/xe Oa is placed before the Subjunctive
— es - ere (are) to express the Future.
- e — av(e)
Conditional,
rjOeXa with infinitive ending in ei.
I NOTE. — The English conditional may also be translated by the particle Qd
• with Imperfect or Pluperfect: e.g. da elxa, I should have.
6d comes from 0e- (a shortened form of fle'Aei) and vd. It is also used in
this form : e.g. 0e vd fiXtirto, I shall see.
Imperative, 2nd pers. sing. — c, plur. — ere. Instead of these
forms, and for the other persons, vd or as with the subjunctive is
used.
Present Participle.
• — ovras (indeclin.).
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
THE AUXILIARIES e^ou AND eT/u,<u.
Before proceeding to the conjugation of the regular verb, it is
necessary to give the irregular auxiliaries. These possess only
the present, imperfect and future tenses.
Present Indicative.
Sing. Plur.
'xw, I have.
"EX<O, I have.
Present Subjunctive.
Sing. Plur.
(va) ex<*>, that I may have, (va)
Imperfect Indicative.
Sing. Plur.
had.
„ exow(c)
Future Indicative.
Sing. Plur.
6a ew, I shall have.
Conditional.
I should have.
Imperative.
va. or as with Subjunctive.
Present Participle.
?, having.
NOTE. — The perfect of £xw ig sometimes rendered by another verb t\a0a, I
have got. The third pers. of ?xw ig used impersonally to mean there is; it
takes the Ace. e.g. #xei Kavcva larpbv ^SoS ; is there no doctor here ?
Note also rl ex€ts > what is the matter with you ?
34 A SHORT AND EASV MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Exercise 4. — A.
'Ex<D TO /2i/3A.to. "E^ets rrarcpa KOLL /zr/repa; "Ex^t TroAAovs
<£tA.ous. vE^oyu.ev oA.tyous 7rapu8ats. Aef e^ere eva wpauo o~KvAaKt.
Tt e^owe ot <£t'A.oi (ras ; Aef £*Xa XaPTt/* Elx^? T^V aSeta rou.
El^e ei/a Trtaro KCU eva Trrjpovvi. Mia <f>opa et^a/xe eva ya.ra.Ki KO.L eva
(rKv\.a.Ki. Aei/ ei^are Kaipov va Trare ; Tt' et^ave ot d8eA<^oi o-as ;
Katpo, aXA.' avpio 60. l^a>. ©a c^w/xe ypdfjLfJiara ; Na
Et^e ?roA.w KOCT/AOV e/<et ; Aev t^et /caXAtrepo ^>ayt
O.TT' auro. *Ar €*Xa XP77/jtaTa ^"^ €*Xa Ka^ ^>l/^-oi;?- *Av tT^es Odppos Oct.
€t^e? TrapaSatg. ToG Aoyoi; aou 8e^ «Xets ^va ^e*-°
To €;(€T€ ; Aei' TO e^o/zei'. "E^oi;ve TO. ^3t/5A.t'a ; Aei/
> &t0\io, the book. <T7Jfcepa, to-day.
/j.T)Tfpa, the mother. afyuo, to-raorrovv.
<j)i\os, the friend. T& ypd/j.fj.a, the letter.
beautiful. inro/j-ovf], patience.
ffKvX&Ki, the little dog. Sev, not.
xaPTt/> the paper. TroXi/s /coVyuos, many people.
fiSeta, the permission. eVe?, there.
TTiaTo, the plate. T^> ipcryi', the food.
-nripovvt, the fork. T& XP^/XOTO, the money.
a <f>op&, once (one time). T& Odppos, the courage.
70Ta/cf, the little cat. *ai, and.
Kaip6s, the time. 6 0eios, the uncle.
TraTe, to go. T> Bifvvr), Vienna.
a5eA<pJs, the brother.
Exercise 4.— B.
Who has the best knife? He has no patience. Had they
much to do ? Will you have time to-morrow ] When shall we
have the letter 1 If I had more time, I should have more money.
Have you courage ? Were there many people in the theatre ?
She will have paper and ink to-morrow. Have you not time
now 1 This evening I shall not have much to do. If they had
friends, they would have greater hopes. Good luck to him
(trans, may he have good luck). Had you (TOV Xoyov o-ov) not a
house 1 Yes, I have it still. Have you the ticket "? Yes, I
have it in my pocket. Had he it? No, he had not. There is
not a better book than yours.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
the knife. rJ> fj.axaipi. this evening, airotyf.
much to do, say much work. hope, T\ t\iriSa.
work, T] SovAeta. good luck, f) ri/xr}.
time, & Kaip6s. yet, O/C^/ITJ.
the theatre, rb Ofa.Tpo(v). the ticket, rb
the ink, rb /j-eXdvi. yes, va.1 or juaAi
I am.
j
Present Indicative, Present Subjunctive.
Plur. Sing. Plur.
, I am. et/zao-re (va) ^/xat, I may be. (va) yf
elfrat
etv€ five „ Tjve ,, yve
Imperfect Indicative. Future Indicative.
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
6a Tjuat, ^a
I was. I shall be.
Conditional.
$a r^u-owa, I should be.
Imperative.
Singular. Plural.
va ypacrTe, let us be.
va ^(rat, be. va yarre, be ye.
va yvfj let him be. va yv€, let them be.
or as yo-ai, <fec.
Participle.
ovras, being.
D2
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
The missing tenses of el//.ai are sometimes supplied from the
Aorist of irrcKOfJuu, to stand. (See under the irregular verbs.)
ccrTa.@r)Ka, I was.
€x<o a-raOy, I have been.
et^a <rra$7, I had been.
Oa e^o) a-raOrj, I shall have been.
Exercise 5. — A.
's TO cTTnJTi ; Iloia 6iW O,UTT/ 17 Kvpia ; E?ve </Si A.?; /xov. Ilota
elve avra TO, TratSta ; Iloijo-ai, TraiBi ; HOT) rjo-ovva 'i^es Cx^€S) '
]£c Tp€i? /x^vats TTOV ^a eTo-at ; ATUTOS ^rave /xeyaAeirepos aTro crevave.
(^)a eTve 's TO cnrYJTi avpto ; "Av tl^a Tas yva)O"€t? Tro^et CLVTOS Oil
T/?. 2av -^Tave vea, Ta /xaXXia T>;S ^Tave /zavpa' Twpa
Tov Xoyov o*ov 8ev i^o-owa /xta <^opa \ rov Mt^aAr; TO
H/xowa ypa/i,/xaTtK05 ets Iva /?t/?AiO7rtoA.eto. "OAot
Aupiov 's Tats e^t wpais ^a ^/xat eSto. Na ^o~at
As -^v€ eAeu^epos. "A/XTTOTC va r//Aowa yepos ! ITavTOTe va
's T^ (rirrjTt, at home,
ia, the lady.
, my friend, a friend of mine.
rt> iraiSi, the child, young fellow,
waiter, &c.
irov<rai = Trov elffai, usual way to call a
waiter.
'ij/e's, ye.sterday.
o"€, in (here
rpets, three.
/j.€ya\firepos, bigger, older.
7; yvwa-i, the acquaintance.
fvrvx^s, fortunate, lucky.
ffav, when.
vta, young girl.
ra /j.a\\id, the hair.
pavpos, hlack.
airirpos, white.
6 ypafj./j.ariK6s, the secretary, clerk.
rb &i&\ioTru\e'ioi>, the bookshop.
&pp(i)ffTOS, ill.
's rals e^t &pais, at six o'clock,
quiet,
free.
&/j.iroT€, if only.
yepos, strong.
TravroTf, always.
Ka\d, well.
Exercise 5. — B.
He was not at home yesterday. Why is she not here now ?
Where do you come from ? I come from Germany. I was very
ill. At such a time they will not be at their shop. Was he not
a relative of Mr. Argyropoulos 1 No, he was the son of Michael,
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 37
the baker. Athens was a village sixty -five years ago, now it is
a large and beautiful city. May you always be well and happy !
If he were not so uneducated he would now have a place. Where
is the gentleman who was in your house yesterday ? He is from
London. I shall be at the shop at five o'clock. We were at the
theatre with them.
why ? Start ; yiari ; Athens, ai ' Adyvat (y 'Arqi/a).
from where ? airb TTOV ; sixty-five years ago, OTT' e'5<i Ka.1 t
Germany, 7? rep/xcwa. TreWe frr?.
very, TTO\V. the village, rb
at such a time, rfrota &pa. the city, y v6\i.
the shop, rb /uayatf. uneducated, aypd/jLfj.aros.
the relative, 6 ffvyyev^s. now, riapa.
the gentleman, 6 Kvptos. the place, y 0e<n.
no, ox>- at five o'clock, 's ras TreVre Si^ais.
the son, 6 vl6s (yios). the baker, 6 i//o>/uis.
* Note the following idioms : "E^ere TroAw Kanpov e8w ; (Have you
much time here 1) Have you been here long ? IIo'o-ov Kaipov ^x€Te
cSw ; How long have you been here ? THA.^e 's TO O-TT^TL fj,ov, (H.e
came into my house) He has been in my house. Acv yXOe Kaveis,
No one has been here. 'E?r^ya cis TO cnrrjri TOV, I have been in his
house. 'ETrrjyaTe 's TT/V Pw/x,^v ; Have you been in Rome ?
THE REGULAR VERB.
ypa(£co, I write.
Active Voice.
Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
Sing. Plur.
ypou^o), I write. ypa0o/>t€(v), y/otit^ov/xc
y/oa^ets
Imperfect Tense.
!ypa<£a, I was writing.
33 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Aorist.
cypcu/'a, I wrote. (e)y/3a^a/Ae(v)
typci^e? (c)ypa^crc, (e)ypctyaTe
2ypai//e lypa^av
Perfect. Pluperfect.
*X(t> 7/xtyet, I have written. el^a ypd\f/ei, I had written.
Future.
$a ypddxii. or 1 r , ,, ., /i\ / ,
rr -r \ ± shall write. 6a ypa<f>o)[jt,f, ypa
Oa. ypauf/w, j
0a ypa<^>^9, ypa^?
^a ypa^>7/, ypai/aj ^
F'uture Perfect.
0a l^w ypai//ct, T shall have written.
Conditional.
6*a eypa<£a, I should write. ^a eypa^o/xe (ypa
or
ypdcfxi
Past Conditional.
ypai^ei, I should have written. i7$eA.a/xe ypd
or ^a ti^a ypai^ei, I should have written.
Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
(va) ypa</>a>, that I may write (j/a) ypa^xo/ze (ypa^ov^te)
„ ypa</>ere
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 39
Aorist.
(va) ypai//w, that I may write. (va) ypai//oty/,e, ypa^otyxc
„ ypai/oys „ ypai//£Te
„ ypoaprf^ ,, ypa^ow(e)
Imperative.
Present.
ypa<£e, write. ypa^ere, write (ye).
a? ypa</>T/, let him write. as ypa<£owe, let them write.
Aorist.
ypai^e, write. ypai^ere, ypai^rc.
as ypouf/y, let him write. as ypd\povv(e).
Infinitive (used only in the compound tenses).
Present. ypa<£ei. Aorist.
Present Participle, ypa^ovras, writing.
Passive Voice.
Present.
/S^wgr.
ypa<£o/«u, ypa^ODftat, I am written, <fcc. ypa<f>ovfJia<rT€
Imperfect.
(€.)ypd<f>o(jiovv(a), I was written.
, (f)ypa<f)6crovva
Aorist.
(e)ypa<£0r7/ca (ypd<f>Tr)Ka), I was written. (t)ypa<f>6r)Kafj,f
Perfect. l^w ypa<f>0fj, I have been written.
Pluperfect, el^a ypa<£#»}, I had been written.
40 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Future.
Oa ypa^w/xat, or ypa<£$co, Oa ypa^wo/^ao-re,
I shall be written.
a.<frtcra.i, ypa<f>0rj<s
i, ypa.<f>0fj ,
Future Perfect, ^a e^w ypa<f>6vj, I shall have been written.
Conditional.
Sing.
Oa eypa^o/AOvv, I should be written.
or ^eAa ypa^>^, I should be written.
Past Conditional. 0ot el^o. ypafflr), I should have been written.
Subjunctive.
Present.
( va) ypa$a>/xai, that I may be written . (va) ypa<£ayxacrT€, ypa<£ov/za<rTe
i ,, ypd<j>ovvTat
Amorist.
(va) ypa^^oi, that I may be written. (va)
„
Imperative.
ypd<f>ov, be written. ypd^ecrre
as ypa^>€rat, let him be written. as ypa^owrat (ypa<£wvrai)
Aorist Infinitive. Perfect Participle.
ypa.<f>0r) ypaya/xevos, written
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
CONTRACTED VERBS.
Most contracted verbs end in dw , there are also some in
but the people usually conjugate them like verbs in dw.
d TT a r d w, to deceive.
Active Voice.
Present Indicative.
aTrardw, aTraTco, I deceive.
aTrardei?, aTrara?
<X7TttT<X€lj (ZTTClTCt
Imperfect.
aTraroOcra, I was deceiving.
aTrarao/xe,
ttTraraere, aTTa/rare
Aorist.
, I deceived.
aTraroucraj/
a7raTr;cra/xe
Perfect.
I'^w aTrarrJoret, I have deceived.
Future.
> I shall deceive.
aTrdrrjcrav
Pluperfect.
aTrarTJoret, I had deceived.
Future Perfect.
Jcret |
shall have
deceived.
Conditional.
?a aTrarovo-a or riOcXa
Present,
(va) aTraToi
Subjunctive.
Past Conditional.
Aorist.
(va) a.
42 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Imperative.
Present. Aorist.
uTTCLTtte, aTTara ctTrarare a/TraT^cre aTTor^o'ere, a
us aTrarar;, as aTrara a? a/7raTow(€) a? aTrarr/oT/ as a.7ra,Tr/(row(e)
Aorist Infinitive. aTrarryoet Pres. Participle. a
Passive Voice.
Present Indicative.
aTrarov/xat, I am deceived. aTrarou/xacrre
aTraracrat
ttTrararat
Imperfect.
(a), I was being deceived.
cLTrarovvrav aTrarovvrar
Some verbs have the following endings for the Pres. Indie. : —
— tou/xat, — /€/"/,/. — iovfjLa.(TT€, — tojuacrre
— iccrat — iov<TTe, — tecrre
— loiWai
e.^. y8aptoJ}/xai, to be weary.
Present Indicative.
, ^3apt€/xat, I am weary. y8apiovyu,acrT€,
/Japtecrat ftapiovcrTe, ySaptecrre
Imperfect.
(e)/3apiov/JLOw(a), I was weary.
( t)/3apto wrav(e) (c)^aptowrav(c)
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 43
Aorist. Perfect. Pluperfect.
Future. Future Perfect.
Oa d
Conditional. Past Conditional.
or fjOeXa aTrarrjOrj 6a cl^a, a.7raTr)6jj
Subjunctive.
Present, va aTraroi'/xat Aorist. va a.7raTY]Oio.
Imperative.
Present. Aorist.
d-jrardov aTraracrrf. aTrar^crov
a? (XTraTttTat as aTraTOWTa as aTraTrjOrj as
Aorist Infinitive, aira.^^ Perfect Participle.
YEKBS IN ew.
^appw, I believe.
Active Voice.
Oa.ppa.Tf.
Oa.ppf.1 Oappovv
Passive Voice.
This usually has the forms in ie/x,at, &c., cited above. Occasion-
ally the following endings occur : —
— ctrat — ovvrat
The remaining forms follow the aw conjugation.
44 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
EXERCISES IN CONJUGATION.
ON THE PRESENT TENSE (ACTIVE).
Endings for uncontracted forms : —
The Active Present of the following verbs is conjugated as
above (like ypa<£o>) : —
Sux/3a£w, I read. Tpe'^w, I run.
pi'xvo), I throw. o-epvu), I pull.
Endings for contracted forms : —
for the forms in e'o> we have
for aw we have w to
,, acts ,, as ets
,, aov/xe ,, oiyAe(j/) oiyAe(v)
,, acre ,, are ciVe
,, aowf ., oui'(e) ow(e)
Both the forms in aa> and w are often used indifferently in the
singular ; verbs in €<o are only used in the contracted forms.
Conjugate the following verbs like aTraraw : —
(e)pa)Taw, I ask ; yeXaw, I laugh ; dyaTraoj, ^atpcracu, I salute ;
(6)/AtAaa>, I speak ; <£<Aaw, I kiss. (The two last are more often
conjugated like $appw.)
£aa>, I live, is conjugated as follows : £u>, £r/s, ^, ^ov/xe, ^re,
^ow(e).
The Subjunctive is the same as the Indicative, except that
for ei, whenever it occurs in the termination, rj is written.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 45
Exerc ise 6 . — A .
Iloto fii{3\io €ive avTo TTOv Siafldfas ; Ftart
cTvf dpya axd/xiy. To £epet avro? ; Ftart SeV TO pt^veis Karto ; 2as 7retpa£ei
avro ; "O^t, SeV //,e 7reipa£ei Ka$oXov. Fpa^o/ze Ka$e '/x,epa '9 TOV
TraTepa /xa.9. 'M<Aa<? pw/xatKa ; Sepco oX/'ya. AeV ra 6/>uXa> KaXa. Fiart
8eV TOV epooras ; 'AyaTrare aurous rot's veovs ; MttAio~ra, rovs ayairovfjie
TroXv. 'H jjirjTepa fMov ore ^atperaet. Tt' Ka/xvet ; etve KaXa ; KaXa
etvc, o~e ev^apto-Ta). To. Koptr^ta ycXowc. HOT) rpe^ere; Ata^a^ovi/
eva, ypa/x,yu,a. Ti o"a? ypa^et o Trarepa? 0*0.9 ; Tt' /?ao"ra979 TO ^epi ; Ti"
Ka//,vet9 ; ela'at /caXa ; KaXa, ev^aptorra). Tc' Ka/xi/eT€ ; eto'Tf /caXa ;
KaXa, 0*019
8eV a/co^r/, not yet. «aAa, well.
ap-ya, late. (f)pwTw, I ask.
£e'pcu. I know. 5 feos, the young man.
frixw, -I throw. jLtcxAto-To, certainly ; yes, indeed.
/CCITCO, below, down. Ka/j-vw, I do. T: Koifj.vei<{, TL Koiveis ; how
-7!-etpa(fet (impersonal), it matters. do yon do ?
Sei/ Ka.Q6\ov, not at all. evxapurru, thank you.
/cafle >e'po, every day. T£> Kopirfr, the girl.
iicd, modern Greek. jSoo-raJ, I hold, carry.
, little.
fixer cise 6. — B.
Who is that young man who is laughing ? He is my cousin.
Do you like music? How do you know that1? Never mind
(It does not matter). How is your brother ? Is he well ? There
he is just passing. To whom are you writing 1 I am writing a
letter to Malvina. What do you want, madam1? We pass his
shop every day. Do you speak Modern Greek ? Yes, but I
cannot speak the fine language they have in the newspapers in
Athens. I speak very little. Do you like wine? Who is knock-
ing at the door ? Beer spoils my appetite. Will you change
me a Turkish pound 1 What do they ask you for ? He loves you.
What are you whispering? When do you shut your shop 7
The girl kisses her mother.
the cousin, o e|a5eA0os. there he is just passing, va. irov
the music, ^ /ULOWIKT). rrepvdei (vd = there he is).
how ? TTWS. the lady, ?f Kvpia.
to pass, Trepvao). very, TTO\V.
46 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
the language, T) yXwa-tra. the appetite, rj ope|t.
fine, cbpatos. to change, x0^"^-
the newspaper, 7; f(prjfj.fpiSa. a Turkish pound, pia \lpa TOV(>KIKT}>
the wine, rb Kpaai. to whisper, Kpv<poiJ.i\d<a.
the door, r> Tc6pra. to shut, <r<pa\v(o.
to spoil, xa^v<*>- to kiss, <pi\co.
the beer, 7) /j.irtpa.
ON THE IMPERFECT.
To form the imperfect, the augment e is usually placed before
the verb ; and the proper terminations, given below, are affixed.
eg. ypd<f>o>, e
Exceptions : —
1. Contracted verbs usually neglect the augment. /3acrrov(ra,
1 kept ; for €f3ao-Toixra.
2. Of the uncontracted verbs, those of more than two
syllables usually do not take the augment. KaraXaySatVo), I un-
derstand ; KaraXa.fta.Lva.
3. Verbs beginning with vowels commonly neglect the aug-
ment ; but the rule, when observed, is that the initial vowel
lengthens from a and e to rj, and from o to co ; while at always
remains unchanged. Examples :—
Pres. Imp.
O.KOVIO, I hear. aKova or yKova.
e'yyi'£u>, I touch. eyyt£a or -^yyt^a.
o/xiXo>, I speak. o/uA.or5cra or a>/uA.ot>(ra.
evptV/cw, I find. fvpuTKa or
From this list of exceptions, it is obvious that the only verbs
which usually take the augment are those which are dissyllabic,
and also begin with a consonant ; but most of the verbs in or-
dinary use belong to this class. A.eyw, eAeya.
The augment -q is used in the verb fle'Aoo (originally €0e'Ato), and
also in many other cases from false analogy, e.g. ?}A.eya, rjypa</>a.
NOTE. — In the case of verbs compounded with prepositions,
the augment, if used, is affixed before the preposition ; not after,
as in ancient Greek.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 47
ENDINGS OF THE IMPERFECT.
For uncontracted verbs. For contracted verbs.
Pers. Sing. Plur. Pers. Sing. Plur.
— afjif. 1 — ovara — over ape,
— are or ere 2 — oixres ovcrere
— av 3 — ovcre — ovcrav
Examples.
Imperfect like ypu<£u>. Imperfect like
vo/u'£a>, I think. yeAw, I laugh.
I drink. TrpoTt/xw, I prefer.
8ta/3a£o>, I read. TrepTrarcu, I walk.
yi>pi£to, I turn. /V^oyxovo), I forget.
>, I wear.
oij I hold.
The Imperfect is used like the French Imperfect to denote an
action or state in past time which is repeated or lasts a certain
time.
/ I used to walk.
J I often walked.
e-ff'Trepm a<\ I Was walking for some time. [happened.
( I was walking at the time when something else
lypa</>a, I used to write &c.
Exercise 7. — A.
To Trpwt VeptTrarovcrav Bvo copcus, TO /*,eo-?7/xept €ypa,</>av
*Ow,tXovo"aT€ /cat 'yeXovo*aTe. 'Avro KCIVO^ rov Kaipo fjiavpa
<f>opovcr€. Ka^e Trpau e7repvoi5o"e CXTTO TO /Jiaya^i p:a?. TT)V wpa TTOV
Tr/v
rb Trpwf, in the morning. pavpos, black.
T] &pa, the hour. <p<$pe,ua, dress.
Svo, two. irepvco airb, I call (in) at.
T& ftecTTj^tept, at mid-day. T)\V 8>pa irov, while.
curb, since.
43 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Exercise 7. — B .
Every morning we used to read the newspaper, then we drank
coffee. At eight o'clock we went for a walk in the garden and
spoke of various things. Was he not wearing a white hat '{ We
called at their house every day. While you were laughing and
talking I was reading and writing. When I was returning from
the village, I used to smoke a cigar.
then, &TCITO. white, &<rirpo.
the coffee, 6 /cage's. the hat, rb KaireXo.
at eight o'clock, 's rats OXTW Spots. when 1 was returning, the pres. part, of
the garden, rb ir€pif3o\i. yvpifa.
different, Stdtyopos, I smoke, <f>ov/j.dp<t>.
the thing, rb irpnyfj.a. the cigar, rb irovpo.
I speak of, 6pi\u> yid.
ON THE AORIST.
The rules for the augment are the same as in the Imperfect.
Aorist endings.
Pers. Sing. Plur.
1 — (To.
2 — cres
The characteristic letter of the verb undergoes a change when
brought into conjunction with the cr of the Aorist ending : —
1. ft, TT, <f> combine with the o- to form \j/ :
ejj. Kpvf3iO) I hide ;
ft<i<f>o), I dye ; €pa.\f/a.
NOTE. — The verbs in cvw having v (in pronunciation = <£ before
<r) as characteristic letter also form their aorist in \j/ :
e.g. TTujTe^w, I believe ; en-a
yvpevw, I seek ; eyvpei/^a.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 49
2. y, K, x combine with the a- to form £ :
e.g. (f>vXdy<i), I guard j e<£vXa£a.
TrXe/cw, I plait, knit ; €7rXe£a.
3. £ occasionally changes to £ :
e.<7. <£covct£w, I call ; e<£(oi/a£a.
vvcrra&jo, I am sleepy j
Traced), I play ;
4. Verbs in £<o, 0w, and those that have a vowel as character-
istic letter, have the Aorist endings added directly after the
vowel :
e.g. <rxt£a>, I tear ; co^icra.
yve$w, I spin ; cyvecra.
d/covco, I hear ; aKovcra.
NOTE. — (a) The ending era changes the characteristic a and e of
contracted verbs into 77 :
e.g. a.7ra.Tona
Exceptions to the above rule : —
7T€ivaa>, I am hungry ; eTretVacra.
8ti^aa), I am thirsty \ eSt^acra.
<^>opea), <£opa), I wear (clothes, &C.) ; e^opecra.
yeXaw, I laugh ; eyeXacra.
(e)/x7ro/Dco, 1 can j
Trpocr/caAw, I invite ;
(^8) A few contracted verbs have £ in their Aorist (as if formed
from a Present in £) :
e.g. <£waco, I blow ; €<j>vcrr]£a.
Tpa/?aa>, I pull ; e
5. (a) Verbs whose characteristic letter in the Present is v
preceded by c, a, or o, lose the v before the Aorist termination era,
and o is written o> in the Aorist :
e.g. 8ev(i>, I bind ;
I scold j e/i,aXX<ocra.
o, I bite j eSayKacra.
50 A SHOET AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
(5) Verbs whose characteristic letter in the Present is r pre-
ceded by <£, or v preceded by ^, lose the r or v, and the <£ or ^
combines with the a- of the Aorist termination to form \\i or £ :
e.<7- Kocf>T(D, I cut ; eKoi^a.
I show ; eSei£a.
6. Verbs in AAw, /xw, pw, and some in i/w, have no cr in the
Aorist ; the characteristic letter remains the same as in the
Present, but if e is the letter preceding it is generally changed
to et :
e.g. (rre'AAw, I send ; lo-raAa.
<£e'pa>, I bring ; cc^epa.
//,eva>, I remain ; l/xctva.
NOTE. — Verbs in Aw and pw have a popular form for the
Present in vw :
e.g. o-reAvco for
„
,, o-u'pw, I drag ; Aorist Ivvpa.
7. Verbs in atVw have ava in the Aorist :
£eo"TcuVo), I warm 5 e^e
8. Many verbs in t^w, and some others, have a collateral form
for the Present in vao> ; but the Aorist always comes from the
first form :
e.g. yup££w, yupvaw, I turn ; (e)yt>pt<Ta.
aw, I shut ; (e)o-^>aAicra
Some other verbs, again, having only the form i/aw in the
Present, form their Aorist as from a Present in atVw or avw :
£.(7. Ktpvaw, I serve wine ; e/cepao-a.
, I hang up ; e/cpe//,a<Ta.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 51
USE OF THE AORIST.
The Aorist indicates indefinite past action : e.g. eoretAa, I sent.
It is distinguished on the one hand from the Imperfect, which
denotes repetition or continuance, and on the other from the
Perfect, which denotes action completed at the present time. It
occupies therefore the same position as the French passe indefini,
and is often used where the English idiom prefers the Perfect :
e.g. eo-T€iAa TO ypa/^a, I have sent the letter.
In verbs whose Present expresses a state or condition, the
Aorist expresses the beginning of that state as past :
, I am hungry ; eireivao-a, I have got hungry, I am hungry.
£<D, I am sleepy ; eWo-Ta£a.
In particularly vivid speech the Aorist is used to express
future action ; the action is represented as so near and certain as
to be practically past :
e.g. <f>vy€ 77 ere cr/coTeofra, go away, or I'll kill you (or you're a
dead man).
NOTE. — It will be observed that the above rules are merely
practical ; and the philologist may take exception to the lack of
explanation of the forms given ; but such explanations would
necessitate a knowledge of ancient Greek only possessed by those
to whom the explanations would be superfluous. In many cases
the ancient Greek rule, based on philological reasons, is violated
from the influence of analogy :
e.g.
Exercise 8. — A.
TO j3i/3\LO. "Avaij/av TO, Krjpid. Ttarl Se
avails) TT) Aa/X7ra ; "E/coi^es TO X*PL (rov > 'Eppai//a/ze T
o~as TroAAcus </>opat? : yiaTt Ta o-^t^eTe ; Etcrat
av Ta /3apaa <£ayta. Tov eyupei^a Trai/Tov. Me yvpei//e
rr) vv^ra. Ilocrats '/xepais e
E ^
52 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
ffKiKpro), I bend, stoop. #Aa<f>Tco, I injure.
fff]K6v(a, I lift. lippcao'Tos, ill.
avd<t>T<0, I light. jSapus, heavy.
rb Krjpi, the candle. yvpfvw, I look for, ask for.
T] \d/j.ira, the lamp. iravToO, everywhere.
K<$</>TO>, 1 cut. Xop6^* I dance.
rb x6'?'* the hand. T\ vvxra, the night.
pd<prcti, I sew. <i(Aos, all.
<j>6pefj.a, the dress. Aefrrco, I am absent.
tear.
Exercise 8. — B.
She lighted the lamp. Why have yon not written the letter ?
I have cut my finger. Have you sewn the dress 1 The heavy
wine has done you harm. I bent down and lifted up the ticket.
Some one asked for you. How long did you dance ? Have you
heard the story 2 He did not believe it. They were a year
away.
the finger, 6 SaxTuAos. the year, 6 xp^vos.
the story, •}) Icrropia.
Exercise 9. — A.
17 SovAa ra Tndra ; Mov ISci^e TO o-TnJri TOV.
^apria; Ma? tK\€\j/av eva wpoXoyt. "Eppt^e TO p,7racrTovvi
o^w a7ro TO ira.pa.Qvpi. Aei/ e<f>vX.d£aT€ TO ^(TTLKO. ITotos /xe ^cova^e ;
Aev eo-ta^e? TT)V Ka/xapa aKOfir] • Tprjyopa evvo-Ta^e?- Sev elvc O^TW
aKOfJiT). "Eo-<£i£e TO ^ept /xov. "AXXa^e 7roA.ii 17 01/^1 o-ov. "Avot^av
TO fjL7Taov\i ; Aev avot^e TO, juaTta TOV. IIo9 erpe^av TO, TratSia ;
AtaTt €o-7rpa)^€9 TO OTKuAt ; Aev /x' e/cvTTa^e K<x$oA.ov. Tov
KaAa KaAa. FiaTt
, I clean, make clean. OXT^, eight.
T? SoGAo, the maidservant. o-^^w, I press, squeeze.
xaPr/i) the card, the paper. oAAa^cw, to change.
(0, I steal. T/ ity') the appearance.
ri» wpoA^t, the watch, clock. avofyw, I open.
rb jUTroaroOfi, the stick. T^ ^TroouAi, the box.
rb Tra.pa.8vpi (y irapddvpa), the window. TO /xarf, the eye.
y|a> atr6, out of. ffvpuxvw, I push.
<t>v\dyw, to keep, to guard. r<5 o-wuAi, the dog.
rb /J.V0TIK6, the secret. /curTa^, I gesv &*&'•* "i
o-iaCw, to put to rights, to tidy up. KaAa waAa, very well, thoroughly.
the room. rpofidfa, I am afraid.
, quickly, soon.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 53
Exercise 9. — B.
We opened all the doors and windows. They called him. I
shall change my clothes. Have we not kept the secret ? I am
sleepy (use the Aorist). She threw the hook on the ground.
The children ran home. The smoke suffocated her. She sighed
and squeezed my hand. "We have not seen her at all. The maid-
servant heard the noise and was afraid.
on the ground, x»/"ou. I suffocate, irviyca.
home, els TO GIT'ITI rSiv. 1 sigh, crrevoifa. Aor. ea"TeVa|a.
the smoke, 6 Ka-nvos. the noise, 6 Kp6ros.
Exercise 10. — A.
'ESia/?a<re TO ypa/x/xa /cat TO V^tcre (TO eo-^io-e). "A/<ovo-es rrj
tf'povT-rj • 'ASeiao-a/xe TO Trorfjpi. "ESeo-e TO aXoyo o~e /xta e£cu7ro/OTa.
Hoios eoWe avra TO. /3ifi\ia ; Tiarl <f>wvd£ei TO TratoY ; To 8ayKao-e
era cTKiAt'. *E7rtao"e TO o~KV\l arro TO O.VTL. Ti ojpa iyvpLcrz '$ TO
Tt yvpeijets; e^ao-a TO 7ropTO^>oXt JJLOV. ' Kpyicrav TO.
TT/V Tropra /cat c^acre TO KAeiSi'. IIoTe €<f>6a<T€.
7} Ppovrr), the thunder. rd avri, the ear.
aSeicx^w, I empty. TI wpa, what o'clock.
TO Trorrjpi, the glass. TO iropTO(f>6\i, the portfolio.
SeVco, I bind. apX''<>, I begin.
TO ^Aoyo, the horse. T<) /j.ddr]ij.a, the lesson.
o-e (ets, Js), to. TO /cA.et8i, the key.
7) e^TropTo, the door, the gate. TOX 0air6pi, the steamboat.
•7naj/a>, 1 seize. (pQavw, I arrive.
CITT^, (here) on.
Exercise 10. — B.
He turned the leaf. Did you ever hear or read anything like
that1? We emptied the glasses and filled them agaiu. He came
back from the market at eleven o'clock. The glass is broken.
We have lost the ring. They have forgotten it. The play has
not begun yet. When did you shut the shop ] Where did you
buy these cigars 1 His father arrived yesterday. Have you put
out the light ? Have you forgotten the name 1 He has left his
handkerchief here.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
I turn, yvpifa.
the leaf, TO <£uAAo.
I fill, 7€/ti£a>.
I refill, £avay€fj.i£&.
at eleven o'clock, 's Tals eV8e/ca (Spots).
the market, T\ ayopd.
I break, <nra.v<a (is broken, fo-nao-e).
the ring, TO SaxrvXiSt.
the play (say the representation),
r) TrapdiTTacri.
I buy, ay o pa fa.
cigar, TO Trovpo.
the light, TO (poos.
I put OUt, (T/3lW.
the name, TU ovo/aa.
the handkerchief, TO
I leave, o.$T\v<a.
heie, eSoJ.
Exercise 11. — A.
"Hpy^o-es TroAv
p(OTr;o-av av r^uowa aTro
'H
AeV a-ov '/u'A^crc Kaveis.
TO 7rai6Y TT^S. Me
TOI/ veov. Tov £^V7ri/r)cra/xe 's Tttis recro-epai?.
TO ^e/xa ; BoGAooora ei/a Soi/Tt. Aev lo-apuaa.^ TT/V Koi/jLepa.
t, fKpv<o<ra Sward. Hoto? iKovvrja-f. TO TpaTre^t ; Iloora V
8ia TO yu,7riAieVo ; "Eo-TttAeS TO, ypa//,/x,aTa Trov-ypauf/a. ; "Eo-vpe TO
(TCLKKO Vio-w TOV. Ot o-TpaTtwTats (o-oASaVais) eSeipave TOV
O TTttTTOVT^S €^)£pe TCt TTaTTOUT^ia /XOH.
apyeu, apyw, to be late.
ff-hpepa, to-day.
ayairu), I love. Aorist, I have got
fond of.
6 j/e'os, the young man.
£virvc»> (£vTrvd(a), I waken.
SiopOovw, I correct,
ri) 0eVa, the exercise.
&ou\6i>(i), I seal, stop ; £&ov\<affa, I
have had (a tooth) stopped,
rb 5<^VTt, the tooth.
o~apovci), I sweep.
T& <ruvaxi, the cold in the head.
Kpv6v<a, I catch cold.
i, badly (lit. strongly).
1 move.
the table.
TT \rip6fw, I pay.
Sict, 7m, for.
<TT(Xv<a, I send.
6 ffditKos, the sack.
07n<ro>, 'TTIO-CO, behind.
6 crrpaTtwTTjs (<roA5aTos), the soldier.
Se'pycu, I strike, beat.
6 \r)<rT"f]s, the robber,
rb TraTToDrCt, the boot, shoe.
6 TTOTTOUT^S, the shoe-maker.
Exercise 11. — B.
We asked the gentleman if he was a German. When did you
wake this morning 1 They stayed out late yesterday. He had
a tooth stopped. He caught cold. He pulled my hair. We
have kept this book for him. We paid twenty-five drachmas.
Mr. Stilianopoulos has sold his house. I have not sent the
letters yet. Have they brought the newspaper 1 They quarrelled.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 55
if, &v. I keep, /cpareo).
the German, 6 Tep/j.av6s. twenty-five, ei
when ? ir6r€ • the drachma, y
at what o'clock ? ri &pa; I sell, trovXa.
this morning, rb Trpcof. I quarrel, fj.aXX6v<a.
the hair, TO.
SUBJUNCTIVE, IMPERATIVE, CONDITIONAL.
On the compound tenses, and the conjunctions which introduce
tliem.
Both the present and the Aorist Subjunctive have the same
endings as the Present Indicative, but it is usual to write 77, co in
the Subjunctive instead of the «, o, of the Indicative. The
Aorist Subjunctive has the same characteristic letter as the In-
dicative.
The particle va is usually followed by the Subjunctive, and
may be translated into English in the following various ways.
1. By the Infinitive, with or without to preceding it.
Sev '£epo> vo. Sia/3a£o> TovpKiKa. I cannot read Turkish.
0e'A.<o i/a <j>vyw. I wish to go away.
2. By the Imperative.
va rove Kvrrct^s KaXa /coAa ! Watch him well.
vet TO ypd(f>r) avros ! Let him write it.
NOTE. — In this case and the following va seems to be used after
some verb understood like TrpeTra (il faut).
3. By some equivalent of the verb ought.
va TO y/oa<£a> ; am I to write it ?
va ToVe TTpoo-KaAeVw ; Ought I to invite him ]
va crov $Lafidcrr) TO ypd^a ; Is he to read the letter to you ?
4. By some equivalent of the verb to wish.
6 AVKOS ! The deuce take him (6 A.VKOS = wolf).
56 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
A wish may also be expressed with va omitted.
6 #eos <j>v\d£rj. God forbid,
va occurs in oaths.
va xaP*** T^ pdria fj.ov I Bless my eyes.
The particle Od with the Subjunctive is used for the Future.
8ev Od TOV £«;(ao-u) TTOT* /xov. I shall never forget him.
The Subjunctive is also used after a large number of particles :
e.g. yia. vd in order that, so that,
-yia va /x^, lest,
'crav, if.
and after the indefinite pronoun and adverb,
OTTOIOS, who-ever.
OTTOV, wherever.
and after to-cos, perhaps, instead of the future.
e.g. (TOV TO Aeyo) yta va /XT) vo/xi'^s TTWS elve Ka/cos av^pWTro?.
I tell you, lest you should think that he is a bad man.
lo-ws fXOri OTTO'I/^ he will perhaps come this evening.
OTTOIOV <%s Tre? TOV TTois — , whoever you see, tell him that — .
The compound tenses (perfect, pluperfect, future perfect) are
formed from the tenses of e^w and the Aorist Infinitive. The
ending for the present and Aorist infinitive is ct.
The Conditional is expressed by the particle Od or (Pres. Cond.
only) by the imperfect of the verb fle'Aw, I wish (Imperfect rjtfeAa,
Aorist rjOcX-rjcra) and the Imperfect or Pluperfect of the verb.
Occasionally the third person of the Imperfect of 0e'A.u> is used
instead of the particle 6?a.
e.g. Od r/xao-Te c*rux«s ) e h
^J
The Imperfect Conditional of a dependent clause in English is
translated by the Greek Imperfect Indicative.
If I were, av r//xow.
A SHOET AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 57
In dependent clauses containing either a perf . cond. or pluperf.
conditional verb, the verb is always translated into Greek by the
Imperf. Conditional.
e.g. av TO r/£epa Od TO eAeyov may mean either if I knew it I
should say it or — if I had known it, I should have said it.
The Imperative 2nd person (Pres. and Aorist endings €, ere)
may only be used in affirmative sentences, in negative sentences
/ATJ (fJLrjv) with the Subjunctive is used.
e.g. ypdd>€. vpdil/e. write ! < ^? P^rV* • jo no^ write !
I M
The particle as with the Subjunctive is the usual rendering of
the Imperative for the first and third persons ; but it is not used
for the second.
as elcreXOr), let him come in.
as ypdi//a>/x,e, let us write.
as ypdif/rj, let him write.
Must is translated by TrpeVei with va following ; like the French
il faut que.
e.g. TrpeTrei i/a Tove TrA^pwcr^s, you must pay him.
Exercise 12. — A.
liov eTve 6 KdpoAos ; Tov yvpevei 6 tarpos* ®eXe6 va. o/uAiyo-?? Sia
rr^v 7rovX.rj(TL TOV o~7rr)Tiov. TL va ypai^w TOV aSeA.<£o{) fjtov ; Tpdipc TOV
OTL e<j)@ao~€ o Trarepas /xou KOL ^aiperr^cre TOV O.TTO /xepos /JLOV. 2e vrapa-
KaXw va /x,r) TO ^€^do-y<;. Tt ^eAcTe va dyopa'^Te / Hepet yep^tavt/ca ;
IIoTe ^a (f)0do-y TO /3a7ropi ; ©eXeTe va TrovA^cr^Te TO, aAoya o~as ;
Ata/3ao-e TOVTO TO ypajLtjaa. MT)V d/co-ucr^s OT6 Aeyow avTOL. "AKOvae
OTL Sia/3a£o//,ev, dAAa /XT) '/xtAas. ^-^/xepa /xas €O"TeiAav eva wpaio
Kpaorl OLTTO Trjv ^dfjiov. ©eAeis vd TO Soia^ao-T/s ; ^Av '/x,7ropeo-co $d o-ov
o-T€iAo) vrapaSes' JEAei;^epos ^eAw va ^w. Aev 'fjiiropovv va ^e^do-ow
avTrjv Trjv larropia. MT)V Tpe^Tjs* e^o/xe Kaipov. Tpe^e ! Tpe£e ! dAAws
^a apytjo-ys. 'NAs aKOVcrto/xe eva aTro TO, TpayouSta TTOU ^epets. IIpeTret
vd TOV yvpei^to/xe.
58 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
6 Iarp6s, the doctor. yep/j.aviKoi, German.
T] irovXTjo-i, the sale. SoKifj-dfa, 1 try, taste.
a-jrb fiepos /J.QU, for me. e'Aeuflepos, free.
TrapoKaAe'o)^ I beg, request, rb rpayovSt, the song.
Trapa/caAw / (form for please}. SAAws, otherwise.
Exercise 12. — B.
May I bring you a glass of wine (trans, by i/a and Subj.) ?
Do you wish (Od and Subj.) to read the book that I have bought1?
When will he send you the money 1 Do not forget (va) to invite
him. Take care ; the dog will bite you. If he does not pay me
I shall have no money to-morrow. As soon as you have read it
you will believe it. (As soon as = d^ou, use Aor. Subj.). Can he
swim ? Have you not cut your hand ? Run quickly, so as not
to come too late. We will not sell the horse so cheap. He has
forgotten to fix the hour. Ask him whether he is a Persian or a
Turk. We cannot believe such a thing. He must take the
letters to the post. May she open the window ? Shut the
window. Go (TrepiTrara)) quickly. Don't cut the paper. Don't
laugh. He will be angry if (6'rav and Subj.) he hears it. When
will the lectures begin1? I shall speak to him (Gen.) about (yta)
them. Call your brother. Do not conceal it. When am I to
expect them to-morrow ? You must take care not to take cold.
Let us go quicker. What can I offer you ?
I take care, 7rpo(re'xa>. I cut, K<£<£TO>.
I swim, KoAu/iTraa). I am angry, 6u/j.6v<t).
to come too late, dpyecu. I conceal, Kpv&w.
cheap, <prit]va.. I expect, irpotr/j-fvca. Aor. fTrp6o-/j.eva.
the Persian, 6 Ilepcnjs. ,, Kaprepw. Aor. (e)KapT(p'ricra.
such a thing, reVoto -n-pay/jia, I offer, Trpocrcpfpca.
the post, T? 7T(Wa.
PASSIVE FORM.
The Passive proper seldom has its original meaning. Many
verbs occur only in this form, and then have mostly an active
meaning, e.g. ep^o/xat, I come.
Some verbs occur in both active and passive form. Some of
these have the ordinary active and passive signification of the
verb ; but the majority have —
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 59
1. A reflexive force : ^revt^w, I comb; ^revt'^ov/xat, I comb my
hair.
2. A reciprocal force : dvra/Ao/xecrTa, we met each other.
Present.
Endings :
Pers. Sing.
1 — o/xat (oiyxat) — o/ACorra
2 — ecrat
3 — era 6 — ovrai ( — ODvrat)
Endings for contracted verbs in aw :
Pers. Sing. Plur.
1 — OV/JLCLL — ovyLtatrre
2 — acrai • — acrre
3 — arat — ovvrai
For contracted verbs in e'w and many in aco :
Pers. Sing. Plur.
1 • — tou/xat ( — te/xat)
2 — ucrai — teo-re (tovcTTe)
3 — leVat • — towrat
Imperfect.
7Jer5. /Si'n^. P^r.
1 OfJLOVV — OVfJiCLCTTG ( (OjU-aCTTe)
2 — ovcrovv ( — oo-oi>v[a]) — ovcracrTe ( — oo-ao-re)
3 — owrav ( — • oTav[e]) — OVVTCLV ( — ovTOVcrav)
For contracted verbs in cxw :
Pers. Sing. Plur.
1 — ovjjiovv — ov/otao-re
2 — oi!croi;v(a)
3 —
For some contracted verbs in eo> and aw the same as above
with i prefixed, e.g. — LOV^OVV, LOVO-OW, &c.
60
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Conjugate the Present and Imperfect Passive of the following
verbs : —
, I wash myself (TrXevw, I wash).
, I am lost, I perish (^avw, I lose).
I sleep.
, I sit down.
I am straitened, compel).
Aorist.
Plur.
Endings (Indicative) :
Pers. Sing.
1 — OrjKa
2 - 0H)K€S
3 — OifjK€
The Aorist Passive is formed from the stem of the Aorist
Active, the above Passive terminations being substituted for the
era, o-as, &c., of the Active, and affecting the preceding consonant
differently from the Active Aorist cr. The following table shows
these differences : —
Present.
e.g.
e.g. ypa^xo
£, 6
e.g. cr^t^a)
vowel or v*
e.g. ^avoi
Aorist Act.
*
€7reipa£a
Aorist Pass.
xe
(e)Tretpa^^Ka, to annoy.
<f>6
eypa^^ry/ca, to write.
o-O
(e)crp(t'cr^K€, to tear.
0
(e)^a^7y/<a, to lose.
a.ya.TnjO'tjKa, to love.
dO
(e)^€o-Ta^/ca, to warm.
XO and p^
f(f>£p6r)Ka, to carry.
* NOTE. — Exceptions occur, such as d/cotxo, OLKOVO-CL, a
to listen.
O.LV
e.g. ^ecrratva)
X and p
<r
ecr^tfra
cr
e^acra
ayoLTrrjcra
av
X and p
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 61
SUBJUNCTIVE.
The Present has the same endings as the Indicative in pro-
nunciation ; but in writing it is customary to substitute to for o
in the first person singular, according to the ancient rule.
The Aorist has the following : —
Sing. Plur.
- CO - OV/X6
— fjs - tJTfi
— 77 — owe
These endings are affixed to the verb, after the Indicative
ending rjKa has been taken away, e.g. Indicative, aKovo-OrjKa, I was
heard ; Subj. i/a
The Passive Subjunctive is used and the Future formed in the
same way as in the Active, e.g. Oa aKovo-Ou, I shall be heard.
IMPERATIVE.
Present endings : — ov
atrre
Aorist : The second person singular of the Passive Aorist
Imperative has the same characteristic letter as the Active, when
that letter is or, i/r, or £.
Present. Act. Aorist. Imperat. Aor. Pass.
e.g. ypd<j)<j) eypai/^a ypdif/ov
Verbs which have no active take s, if/, or £ in the Pass. Aor.
Pass, in the same way, if the Aorist Active would have taken one
of these letters.
Pres. Act. Aor. (not used). Imperat. Aor. Pass.
e.g. /cot/Aou/mi tKoi/jLacra KOL/JLOLO-OV
Verbs in X, p take cr :
Pres. Act. Aorist. Imperat. Aor. Pass.
e.g.
62 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
The second person plural is the same as the Passive Aorist
Subjunctive.
N.B. — It will be observed that this Imperative is derived from
the ancient Middle Aorist, and not from the Passive.
INFINITIVE.
The Aorist is used in the formation of compound tenses, and
is the same as the third person of Aorist Subjunctive in pro-
nunciation, the 77 of the Subjunctive becoming 77 in the Infinitive.
Pres. Pass. Aorist. Aorist Infinitive.
e.g. 8avei£o/Aai (e)Savei(r$?7Ka Sav€«r#>7, to borrow.
COMPOUND TENSES.
The formation of these and the Conditional is obvious, and
may be seen in the table.
PERFECT PARTICIPLE.
The ending is /xeVos (fj^vrj, yu,cVo). The Perfect Participle is
formed from the Passive Aorist in the following manner : —
1. v6 in the Passive Aorist becomes o-/xevos in the Perfect
Participle :
Pres. Act. Aor. Pass. Aor. Perf. Pass. Part.
e.g. (r^t^w, I tear.
2. \9 becomes
e.g. 7mpa£u>, I annoy. e7rei'pa£a (e)7reipa^^Ka 7retpay//,eVos
3. <J>6 becomes ^,/Aevos :
e.g. ypa<£a>, I write, eypai/^a €jpd(f>0r]Ka.
4. 0 usually becomes /xeVos :
e.g. TVTTOVW, I press. ervTrwcra
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 63
Some verbs in a<o have
co, I thirst.
a), I huDger.
The Perfect Passive Participle is often used instead of the
Aorist Infinitive in active or passive compound tenses. Instead
of €i\a ypd{f/€i, we have et^o, ypa/x/x-ei/o, I had written ; and instead
of et^e ypa(j>6r], we more commonly have r/rave ypa/x/xeVov, it had
been written.
Intransitive verbs may have a Perfect Passive Participle
(cf. 8n//ao> and Tretvaw above). Trepvaco, I pass, has TrepaoyxeVos.
Examples of some verbs in the Passive Yoice (where the
Active is not given there is none) : —
Pres. Aorist. Aor. Imp. Perf. Part. Active.
^aarov ^a/xevo? X&vw,
I lose.
I draw.
(cruAAoyiov/Acu), I consider. (thoughtful, pensive).
(I am afraid) (I make afraid)
KOL/JLOV/JLCLl,
I sleep.
I throw.
Kovpacr/xevo? /covpa£w,
I tire.
* The ending OrjKa is often pronounced rrjKat especially
after v, d>, a-.
64
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
(I dislike)
Xepvo/xat
(loathsome)
Xepwo-ov Xepo/xevos Xepovco,
(dirty) I soil.
I shave.
Ovfj-rjcrov —
(I remember)
(I need)
(I go to bed)
I stretch.
Exercise 13. — A.
Tove <£o/?acrai ; o^t, Scv rove ^>o/?oi)/xat Ka^oXov. Tov /caipo OTTOV
rjfjLovva 's T^ Svpo 8ev TOV e^>o^ovyu,ovv, dXXa eSw rov €<j>o(3r]@r)Ka. MT;
TOV (f)o(3acraL ! e7ve KaXos av^pooTros' Sev ^a o-e Tretpa^. "OT6 /cat av
t8w 8ev ^a </>o/3oiyxai. Koi/xaTat 6
aKOfJLf], A<f>ov eTo-at /<ovpao-/xevos va
/xr/ Xepo)^?' eTvc Xao-Trcus '9 Tov8po//,o. To /xavSvXt o-ov elve Xepto/xevo.
To o~KvXt /xa? }-^dOr)K€. Na Xa^Ws' ^a-Kapa ! M^v d^)^cr^s TO.
ypotjU/xaTa 's TO TpaTre^t, ytaTt ^a ^a^ovv. 'Tpa/3rJx^Ke '? TV Ka/x,apa
/xov. Tt o-uXXoyteo-at ; SuXXoyt'^o/xat TOV <£i'Xo /xov Aev TTIVO) TrXio
Kpacri' TO 'cri^dOrjKa. 6 K\€<fm]S pl^Or]K€ Vava) TOV Kat TOV eo-KOTwo-e.
Tc wpa ^a KOtjJirjO'fjs ; ®vfJiacraL TOV veov CKetvov TTOV '/xtXo^orc TO.
'Ap/xevt/ca ; IIov Koi/x,ao~Te ; 'E/cctvo TOV Kcupov e^8picrKOTave 's TT)
, no.
Katpbv ttirov, when.
, Syros.
a, but.
#TJ /col Sv, whenever.
KVTrdfa, I look.
7/ Xoa-TTTj, the mud.
6 Sp6p.os, the way, road.
i, the handkerchief.
> a curse (may you be lost).
6 pacrKapas, masker — fool, zany.
Sey — TrAtd, no more.
6 /cAe^TTjs, the thief, robber.
(TKO'r6vu>) I kill.
TO 'Ap/jL€viKa, Armenian.
'0pt(TKo/j.ai, (evpiaKOfjLai) I am (Je
BieVi/r?, Vienna.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 65
Exercise 13. — B.
I am afraid of him (A.cc.) (use Aorist of verb). Now I am
thinking of your friend (use Aor. of crt>AAoyt£o/>iai or Ov/jLovfjiai).
You ought to consider that. The letters are all lost. I have
been reading and writing the whole day ; now I am tired. I
was in Nauplia last week (say the past week). He was dressed
in black. Dress yourself. He is not dressed yet. I could not
go to sleep. He will get shaved. He stretched himself on the
ground (^a/xov) and fell asleep. Do you want (crov xpeia^erai) the
knife still ? Lie down on the sofa. They met one another.
Nauplia, ra Navir\ta. the sofa, &
I dress, VriW (eVSiW). to meet one another, Tnavo/mat (from
I dress myself, 'vrvvop.a.i. Aorist, Tridvca, I take). Aorist, Vi
'vrvQriKa. Imperat. Aor. 'VTVCTOV. Perf. Pass. Part., tnaa^vos.
Participle Perf. Pass. '*
VERBS WITH CONTRACTED PRESENT (INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE)
AND AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE.
In speaking some verbs are contracted in the tenses above
referred to. The contractions are as follows : —
Present Contracted Present Contracted
Indie. form. Indie. form.
Aeyw, I say. Aew Trayco, I go.
Aeyeis A,es Trayei?
A eye i Ae'ei Trayet
Aeyoyue Ae/x,e 7rayo/x,£
Aeyere Acre Trayere
Aeyowe AeVe Trayow(e)
NOTE. — The shortened forms are also used for the Aorist
Subjunctive, e.g. TTOV va Trato ; where shall I go ?
F
G6
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Present
Tndic.
Tpwyw, I eat.
Contracted
form.
Aorist
Subj.
(Vtt
Tpwet
TptOTC
Tpwycts
Tpwyet
Tpu>yo/A€
TpwyeTe
Tpwyow(c)
Present Contracted
Indie. form.
0e'Xo>, I wish.
tfe'Xcts 0es
6e\ci Bt
(fidyovve
Contracted
form.
<jf>a<o, used as Aor. Subj.
of Tpcoyoo.
Aorist Contracted
Subj. form.
(/cXatyo)) I weep.
K\CU<S
/cXou'ere
K\OLT€
<^Taiw, I am wrong, is contracted like KXatco.
Exercise 14. — A.
Hov 6a Trots (XTToi/'e ; ®a Traco 's TO Oearpo ; 2e TTOIO Ozarpo ;
TO Oearpo T^S 'AXa/x/?pas. 'ETretVao-a* Tra/xe va <^a/te. Tt
<^>av€ o-rj/x,epa ; At^Tot 8ev Tpwve TTOTC <f)povra. AiaTi
) TOVS j3\auf;r). Tt ^es ; ^eXw va 7rXvo-o> TO, X*PLa fjiov'
; Me e8ay/cao-e TO <TKvXi. ^v <^>Tats, Sev
Ilotos Xeet OTt c</>^ao-c 6 virovpyos ; 'E/xets TO Xe/xc.
TO (^poCro, the fruit.
ir\vv<i> (wAeVa), 1 wash.
, I bite.
ffirp(t>xv(a, I push.
6 virovpy6s, the (cabinet) minister.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 67
Exercise 14.— B.
Let us go and dine (say eat). Where is he going 1 He is
going to get shaved. What are you eating 1 I am eating fruit.
What would you like (rL $es) to eat? Shall I go home nowl
What are you crying for 1 We have lost our money. You dine
very late. What do you say ? I say that you are wrong. No,
your brothers are wrong.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Present A • . Aorist Aorfet Perf. Pass.
Indie. Subj. Imperative. Part.
Sing, Phir.
, f
aBaivQ}) K
yfalvw) }
(avaBalvoa) [-1 go up
(aviiBab
airoOaivw 1 T j- f airtQava, ~\
VI di<~
ttpfffto) I please fxpeffa, apf<ria
vt I leave &<pi)o'(t atpi^ffo)
(j8aA.\&?) [-1 put, lay
(favu) } ]
&s
lay
(0dvaa) } Pass. (i)0d\$i)ica
/I pull out
Pass.
fiyaivw, I go out
•^^870 /3yo!)
jSAeTroj, I see e!8a iSu
5ta>
Bpfjfoa, I wet €^pe|a )8pe|
Pass.
( T)Spo fipoa
I find -I fipriKa
(fvpiffKw) } \ (fvpr)Ka) fvpw evpc cvpTJre
Pass. Bpee-rjica
— '/3yaAAa> is derived by metathesis from e'K/?aAAoD, and
similarly '/3-yaivta from 1/c/fcuW.
F 2
68 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Exercise 15. — A.
IIoios eu/e Karoo ; Eu/e o Kvp Mt^aX^g. "vAs dvefifj //(A
Aev ' yu,7Topa> va a.vai/3ci>, ytart ?rovet TO 7ro8apt p:ou. 2ou apeo~e 6
TrepiVaros ; Ma/Vio-Ta, /xo9 apecre TroAi;. To KaTreAo /xoi> '^dOrjKe' 8ev
TO /^AeVa) TrovOfvd. MryTreos TO a^r/o-e? 's Tr)v Ka/xapa /AOV ; Tvpei^e
TO va TO/3pr)S (TO /^pr/s). AeV TO 7;upa /cat 8ev 7r«rTeva> OTI ^a TO/3pa>.
Na TO' 17 8o£'Xa TO et^e /3aA.ei 's TO ap/x,api. ©a Tras 's TO
Tcopa ; /Sapiov/jLai va 7rao>' eive /xa/cpeia. Bape^^/ca T^ ^o>^.
va /3yaX.r)S avro TO Kap^i'; Byatvet /ca^e (3pa8v '<s Tai9 O
CITT' e/cet va o~e t8a>. ElSe? TOV dScA.<£ov /x,ov. "O^i, 8ev TOV cT8a
o"^/u,€pa. To /xavSvAt /xou clve ^pe/x/xevo' o-Teyvwo-e TO.
e8w ; (How is it you are here ?) 'O TraTepas o-ov ^
aTTo^ave aTr' eSoi Kai 8uo ^povta.
Kara), downstairs. T^> ap/u.dpt, the cupboard.
/cup, abbreviation of /cupios. fiaKpfid, far.
Ti (TTi^/iT), the moment. 77 C"''^? the life.
7ro»/<i, I liurt. r5 «ap4>i, the nail.
Tb TnoSapt, the foot. rb ^pa5u, the evening.
6 Trepiiraros, the walk. 0^671/01/0), I diy.
Scv — irovBfvd, nowhere. OTT' e'ScD /cal Suo xp6via, two years ago.
p.T]irus, perhaps.
Exercise 15. — B.
Have you found my ring I What ring ? I never saw you
with (a) ring. Yes, I forgot that I had not shown it to you ; I
bought it yesterday evening. I have left it (lying) about some-
where (7rou0eva), but I don't remember where. Did he find the
way alone 1 The flowers pleased me very much. I shall have a
tooth pulled out (use Active). We saw him yesterday with his
father. That is impossible, his father is not here ; it must have
been his brother (#a T/TO, &c.). When will you go out to-morrow
evening 1 I shall not go out ; I have too much to do (translate
much work). Do you see this scarf -pin1? is it not pretty ? I am
thoroughly tired of that sort of thing.
never, $ei> — TTOTC. the tooth, .
yesterday evening, tj/e's T£> &pd$v. the work, TJ Sov\€id.
the flower, rb \ov\ovSi. scarf-pin,
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
69
Present
Indie.
IRREGULAR VERBS — (continued}.
Aorist Aorist
Aorist.
I happen, \
become J
epxo/icu, I come
sit, live
I burn
( fScaffa
1 €5a>/ca
IICO ^
tuw J
Pass.
Kdl
, make
KaTa\a&aivQ)\I under- \
/caraAaySaj / stand /
KaTa/3aivo>, I go down, like ava&aivca
K\a((a, I weep
ivca j
Xfju, 1 say
HaOaivca ( I learn, \
/j.av9dvca \ experience J
I collect
j, 1 get drunk
e/Tra
vrpeTTO/uat
(eWpe'Troyuai)
I feel shy,
I am
ashamed
Subj. Imperative.
Sing. Plur.
yeivov
86s 86(rere
Ka\l/e
epdw
Pass.
Kaca
Perf. Pass.
Part.
8o(r/j.4vos
ires
f tires
7T7)T6
t7T6T€
JSxercise 16. — A.
Udre eyive avro ; Ta 7roproyaXA.ta 8ei/ cTi/e d/co/x?; yivco/xeva (ripe).
©a <re Sctpw av TO TTTJS ere Kaveva aXXov. Aocre /xov eva (XTT' avra ra
wpata rpiai'Ta<£vAAa. ©a crov 8wo-co oXa. Se cv^aptcrrio. 2« Trapa/caXaJ
va.fj.ov owa-rjs TO /u,7rtA ICTTO. 'Avro TTOT) ep^ecrat ; "Ep^o/xat aTro TO
CTTT^TI /cat TTCXW'S TO cr^oAeio. A€^ r}\.6av OLKcfJirj ol ^>tAot o-as*; Oxi>
Sei/ yXOav. IloVe Oapflys va /x€ tS^s ; 'EXaTe 'Sw, ^a ere TTW KOLTI TI.
llov KaOecraL rwpa. ; Ka^o/xat 's TOV ^payKOyaa^aXXa. KctT^e (ojXiyo
va O"OT; SiaySacrw eVa TrotTy/xa. IIoo"ov Ka«pcv
70 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
avTO TO ypati/xa yia va fArj TO fipfj Kavels KCLL TO oia/3do~r). To
(i}Ka.rjKf.. Tt Oa Ka/x-rys a,7roi//€ ; ©a />tetVw 's TO O-TT^TC. Acv £epw
va Traw. KaraXa/3es TI o-ovVa ( = 0-ov flira) ; MaXio-ra, KaraXa-
, dAAa 8ei/ /x,7ropa> va o"€ aTravrryo-w. ®a TO '-77779 TOV oao-KaX.ov ;
MaAio~Ta, $a TOV TO 'TTCO. Urn) l/xa^es TO, pw/jiatKa ; Tajtxa^a (TO.
e/jta$a) '5 T^V -TToAt /cat '5 Ta? 'A^r^vas. ETve appa)o"Tos avTos 6
^O^t, €iW /xovov /x€^vo-/xeVos* Ka^e €J3oofJidoa Svo
E/J.TTCL f*,€(ra ! "O^t, rrpeTro/xat VOL/XTTW. FiaTi
b Troproyd\\i, the orange. 6 *pa7/co,uaxa\A.as, the Frankish
J> Tpiai/rd(pv\\o, the rose. quarter.
uxap'^Tw, I thank. rj> 7roir;/io, the poem.
5 0-xoA.e^, the school. airaj/raj, I answer.
the week. |
Exercise 16. — p.
You have come (too) late ; I have no time now to speak to
(with /xe) you. Come to me (say to my house) at ten o'clock to-
morrow, but do not forget the hour. Can you tell me where
Mr. Zamacopoulos lives? Come with me and I will show you
the house. Tell him not to come to-morrow (use subj.) Pick
up all the letters that are (lying) on the ground and burn
them. Give me the key. Haven't I given it to you ?
Shall I say anything else (aAAo TITTOTC) to your brother 1
Yes, give him this bottle of wine, and ask him to try it. We
did not understand what he said. He speaks so quickly that
(oVou) no one can understand him (/caveis — Sev). I learnt to-day,
that the church was burnt (down). Do not go in : the dog will
bite you. Tell me, are the ladies of Smyrna beautiful ? Indeed
(eli/e a\rj6ua OTL) I have never seen prettier women anywhere.
About a hundred people were gathered together on the spot
where the murder took place. We have lived four years in this
house. Sit down for a little ! Thank you, I won't sit down, I
I haven't time. Come down out of that tree (say from), you
young rascal, or I will give you the stick. Please give (va and
subj.) rne ink and paper; I want to write to my brother. Do
not leave the wine on the table ; I know quite well (o-tyovpa) that
he will get drunk if he finds it.
at ten o'clock, 's Tals Se'/co £>pats. the murder, 6 <p6vos.
the hour, ri &pa. four, reWctpa.
I try, 5o/ci/..a£"- the tree, rb 5eV5po (Sevrpo).
about a hundred, Ka^ia tKaToarapia. 1 give the stick, O-OTTI^W d-n-b £v\ov.
the spot, rb fj.epos.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
71
IRREGULAR YERBS — (continued).
Pres.
Indie.
iraQalva), I suffer
iraipvw, I take
Aorist
Indie.
tiraOa
, I go
TTII/OJ, I drink
TreQTw, I fall
7rA.eco, I sail
ew, I breathe
I s well
Aorist Aorist
Subj. Imperative.
Sing. Plur.
irddca irdOe ird6fTt
irdpvo irdpe irdpre
Passive Passive
Pres. Subj.
Trdca
CTTIO,
ijtria
j, I lift up
Passive.
<rriK6vojj.ai, I stand up
I erect, \
set up /
/I stand,
irvevow
(TT7KOU
(TTJ/COJ
p€<t>a), I nourish
, I run
, I eat
Pass.
, I happen
I promise
, I appear (e'^ai/rj/ca
, I go awuy $<pvya
(TT007JT6
Pres. Imper.
6p€\l/ere
Tpe^e Tpe|6T€
Pres. Imperative.
(pdyca
<pvyco
<pavov
(pvye
Pres. Imperative.
Perf. Pass.
Part.
drunken
72 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR,
Exercise 17. — A.
*E:reo-a Kara) KOL e^ruTr^o-a TO K€<j>d\L (JLOV. Tie7ra$es; (What has
happened to you '£) IIo<o? V>}pe TO. o-iyapa /JLOV ; Aev ra V^pe /caret's.
Mr) Trapes TO i/faAi'St, ytaTt TO xpeta£o/xat. Iloo-a /covSuAta /xov ex€ts
Trap/xeVa a>s Toupa ; TrpeVet va elve Ka/x/xta Se/capta. Ilr/yatve ypr;yopa !
Aev e;(0/xe /catpov va ^ao-a>/>te (to lose). Me '/cevT^o-e /xta yaeAtcro-a Kai
Vp^o-TT^Ke TO ^ept yaoti. To /3eXovt e7reo-e KCITW cr^/ccoore TO.
crrjKov ! oeKa wpats (e^KOi/x.ry^Ke?. 2av TOV eTSa a,7ro /xa/cpeia Z
Tpe^a yp-^yopa ! <£epc yu-ov TO ^>ay t ! "ETU^e /xta /xe'pa va
ToG V7ro(T^Or)Ka vd TOV TrA^pojo-w avpiov. Mot) e^)avr;Ke KCCTTOOS
Trapa^evos. 'E^dpr^Ka TTO\V TTOV (when) a/co^o-a TTWS 6 TraTe'pas o~ov
eyive KaAa. 2^/xepa €</)aya TroAv Kat /x' oAo TOVTO 8ev
XTI/TTW, I strike. rb ftf\6vi, the needle.
rj) «€0({At, the head. tr^v, when.
rb fftydpo, the cigarette. Kpv&ca, I hide.
T& »^oA/5t, the scissors. MaC^> together.
T^ «ov5uA», the pen. «<i7r&>s, somewhat.
Kafj.fj.ia SeKapid, about ten. irapalej/os, wonderful.
Kfvrdw, I sting. ^' clAo TOI)TO, in spite of that.
77 /xe \iffffa, the bee.
JSxercise 17. — B.
Take the knife ; I do not want it any longer. Take care that
you don't fall. There is no lamp on the stairs. Your hand is
swollen. What has happened to you ? A bee stung me. Why
is he not up yet ? It is past seven o'clock (elve at e<^Ta Trepao--
He must get up every morning at six o'clock. Stop !
Where are you going ? No one is allowed to go
in there. Do not run so quickly, or you will fall. You promised
me to come. Why did you not keep your word 1 Make no
promises (promise nothing) that you cannot keep. I beg of you
not to go away. He appears to be an Englishman. How (TI)
do you do ? I am very well, thank you. I am glad, (to hear it).
That seems wonderful to me.
the stairs, ^ (T/caAa. I keep, wpara), Kpareca.
seven o'clock, IC/JTO wpats. the Englishman, 6 "Ayy\os, 'O '
no one is permitted, Sev e'TnTpe'Trerat £os.
ffe Kavtva. well, /caAa.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 73
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
Pres. Indie. Aorist. Aorist Subj.
ao-Tpd(f)T€i, it lightens. acrrpa^e
/3pa8eia£a, it grows late.
it rains. tfipt£e A>e/£?7
i, night comes on.
/3povra, it thunders.
, it snows.
£ei, it drizzles.
Imperfect.
it is necessary. (IVpeTrc, no Aorist).
it concerns. 1/xeXe ,, „
L, it concerns (ri crt VOLOL^L ; What does it matter to you ?)
Aorist.
it displeases.
Exercise 18. — A.
Aiart oev /JycuVeis; MoC ^xxcWrat 77009 OOL
oev yiovLj^ti (Tv^ya. 'EySpaSetacre, TrpeTret va
oiKO/Air) oXtyo* to~a /xe (till) rats eVSeKa c'x€Te Kaipov. No. TTOI) 7re<^)T€i
fipoxTJ (There is rain falling already). Bpovra Kal acrrpa</)T€t.
Aev /xov /xeAet 8t' avrd (That does not matter to me).
MX™, often.
Exercise 18. — B.
I am sorry (it displeases me) that I cannot give you an
umbrella; it is raining hard. It has been thundering and
lightening. You must get off, before night comes on, so that you
may not lose your way. It does not matter so much to me for
(<5ta) the money, as for the friend 1 have lost.
tlie umbrella, T/ ofiTrp/AAa. hard, rpo/j.€pd.
74 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
NUMERALS.
Cardinals. Ordinals.
1. eVas, {JLLOL, era Trporros,
7rpurro(v), first
2. 8vo (8vd) Scvrepos, ?y, o(v)
3. rpet?, rpta rptros, 77, o(v)
4. T€<r(T€poL (recrcrepts), recra-apais, Tecro-epa Terapros, >;, o(v)
5. 7T£VT€ 7Te<^>TO§, ^, o(v)
6. €^t €KTOS
8. d^ro) oySoos
9. evvta evvaros
10.
11.
12.
1 3. SeKaTpets, SeKarpi'a ScKaro? rptros
14. SfKarecrcrepoi (StKarecrfrcptsy, 8fKa- „ rerapros
recro-epes, SeKarecrcrapa
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. cucocri evas, €tKoo*t yu,ta, euco<Ti ei/a CIKOCTTOS Trpwro?
22. eiKocrt 8vd ,, Sevrepos
23. eiKocrt Tpet9, et/cocrt rpia
24. €tKoo"t T£cr(rapot (recrcrapts, recrcrapais,
TtVo-apa)
25. €IKO(T6 TTtVre
26. „ e£t
27. „ £(/>ra
28. „ dxrw
29. „ eVvta
30. rptavra rptaKocrTos
40. crapdvTa
50.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Cardinals. Ordinals.
80. oySuWa
90. ivf.vr)vra.
100. iKa.ro
101. „ fjiid
102. „ 8v'o
110. „ 8e/ca
i on v
1ZU. ,, eiKO(Tl
200. OLaKocnoL, SiaKooriais, SiaKocrta
300. rpaKOCTLOl, &C.
400. rerpa/cdcrtot
500.
600.
700. €<^)TaKoVt06
800. OXTttKOO-tOt
900. evi/ea/cd(Tiot evca/cocrtoo-rds
1,000.
2,000.
3,000. rpets
4,000.
10,000. 8eVa
100,000. kKaro
1,000,000. eVa fJiiXiowi
€va
The Cardinals 1 — 4 are declined, and also from 200 upwards,
has already been declined as the indefinite article.
has a genitive ovovwv. rpets, recro-apes are declined as
follows : —
Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nom. and Ace. rpets rpets rpia
Gen. rpttov rpicov
Masc. Fern. Neut.
recrcrapoL ^ecro-apis; Tecrcrapais recrcrapa
Acc. rccrcrapovs (Teo"crapts) ,, i»
Gen. reorcrapwv rccrcrdpwv T€crcra.p<av
The numbers above 200 are declined regularly.
76 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
The ordinals above 30 are most commonly expressed by
means of the cardinals.
Numeral nouns may be formed by adding one of the suffixes
-apia, -apa, -apt, -aprjs.
ScoSe/capia, a dozen.
o-apavrapta, number of forty — two score.
Trevrapa or Trcvrapi (a piece of money of five lepta), a halfpenny.
8e/<api (ten lepta), a penny.
a person thirty years old.
, a, person fifty years old.
DISTRIBUTIVE AND FRACTIONAL NUMERALS.
Distributives are expressed by means of the cardinals with the
preposition airo prefixed, e.g. a-rro Svo, two apiece, aaro et/cocri,
twenty apiece.
Fractions are expressed as follows : —
, half (adj.), TO /Micro, the half (noun) ; TO TptVo, the third ;
TO TeVapTo, the quarter (also TO /capTo) ; TO TT€</»TO(V) the fifth ; &c.
The Days of the Week. The Months.
7] Kvpia/oy, Sunday. 6 'lavovapios, January.
fj AeuTepa, Monday. 6 ^e/^povaptos, February.
•Y] TptVr/, Tuesday. 6 MapTtos, March.
f) TerdpTY] (TeTpdSr)), Wednesday. 6 'ATrptAto?, April.
rj He<f>Tr) (Ile/Aimy), Thursday. 6 Mcuos, May.
fj HapacrKevr/, Friday. 6 'lowto?, June.
TO ^d/Sparo, Saturday. 6 'loijA-ios ('AAwvapT/s), July.
6 AvyoucTTos, August.
6 ^€7TT€fjif3pLo^, 2e^>Te/x/8pto5, Sep-
tember.
6 'O/cTco^ptos, October.
6 No€/x/3ptos, November.
6 Ae/c€/x,/?pio5, December.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 77
Idiomatic and other expressions concerning time: —
The first of March, 's rr)v Trporn? Maprton ; the second of
March, 's rat? Suo Mapriou ; on the fifteenth of March, 's rats
SeKctTrevre Maprtdv. What day of the month is to-day 1 TroVais e^et
6 /x?Ji/as o~>7/xepa ; or 7roo~ats rov /XTyvos e^o/xe o~?7/xepa ; a fortnight,
8e/ca7reVre /xepat? ; a week to-day, o^uepa o^ra> /xepats.
It is one o'clock. eu/e /xta wpa.
It is ten minutes past one. elve /xta Kat SeKa.
It is a quarter past one. etW /jti'a Kat rerapro (Ka'pro).
It is half past one. eu/e /ju.d/JLicrr) (wpa).
It is a quarter to two. et^e 8^0 Trapa rerapro (Kapro).
It is five minutes to two. elW Sv'o Trapa TreVre.
It is two o'clock. eti/e 8i»o wpat?.
At three o'clock. 's rats rpets.
Exercise 19. —A.
Ai TrpooraAS /xepai?. Avo e^8So^taSai5. Tpet? Avails. At reVcrapais
wpat? rov erovs etve TO KaXoKa^pt, TO ^^ivoTTtopo, 6 ^eijuawas, 17 avot^t.
Ae/ca ^tXtaSat? KOLTOLKOI- Mta 8pa^/x7y f'xet €KttTO AeTTTa. Ot To/cot
(Iva^atVow et? 7revTa/<oo~iai5 o"apavTa Tpels Spa^/xats Kat Tpidvra Tpta
A.€7TTa. 'E^a ypdo~t e^ei crapdvra Trapaoat?. O SeTJTepo
rpirov €TOV<;. Ttwpaetve; 'E^rvTnyo-av at TrevTe/xto-r/. ©a
Tat? Tpiavra Avyovcrrov.
ri &pa rov €TOVS, the season of the rb AeTrrJy, the centime.
year. ot T^KOJ, the interest.
rb Ka\oKcupi, summer. avafBaivovv ets, amounts to.
rb (pOivoTToopo, the autumn. TO yp6(ri, the piastre (Turkish).
6 xetM»I/as) the winter. d Trapas, the para (Turkish).
r/ ^voi|t, the spring. XTU7r"j I strike.
d /coTot/coy, the inhabitant.
Exercise 19. — B.
The fourth day of the eighth week. "We live in the year
1889 ('s TO, . .). Three eighths are the half of three quarters.
This is my fifth glass. What o'clock is it ? It is a quarter past
eleven. How many times have you been there (eV?jyaTe Vet) 1
At what o'clock (TI wpa) do you go to bed 1, How old is he 1
78 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
xpovwv €^€ >) He is forty years old (eTve a-apavra
He will arrive on the eighteenth of February. The year has
twelve months, the month thirty days, the day twenty-four hours,
the hour sixty minutes, and the minute sixty seconds. How
much (TTOO-OV) did you give for it? I gave six pounds for it
(say — for how much did you buy it 1 I bought it for six pounds).
the glass, TO irorripi. the second, TO
to go to bed, Tr\ayidfa. the pound (money), 7)
the minute, ri> \eirr6.
PREPOSITIONS.
All usually take the Accusative Case after them.
'AVTI (dvTi's), instead of. yu,e, with.
dTro', of, from. Trapa, than.
S«x, on account of, during. Trpo, before.
tis, at, to, in, for, by. Trpos, towards.
Kara, by. ^copts, 8t^w?, without.
ptTd, with.
a vr L <s, instead of, used with Ace. and occasionally Gen. With
the Accusative the form dvrts occurs oftenest.
E.g. dvrts avrov rj\6' 6 d8eA<£os rov : his brother came instead of
him.
dm'? is also used in conjunction with the preposition Sia (yta).
E.g. e/xaAAwo-e e/xeva dvrts yta e/cetvov : he scolded me instead of
him.
is or dvrts ytd is often used with i/a and the subjunctive ;
e.g. dvrts yta va Sia^a^T/, 7rai£ei : instead of reading he plays.
O.TT 6 has several distinct meanings : it is used to indicate :
(1) of place, from, e.g. ep^o/xat aTro rr; AoVrpa, I come from
London.
(2) of time, from, after, since, 's rats Svo aTro TO yc^/xa, two
hours after dinner.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 79
(3) in a partitive sense, some of, e.g. lino, SLTTO OLVTO TO /c
drank some of this wine.
(4) in a distributive sense, e.g. Ka$eyas eTnype a7r6 Svo
they received two dollars apiece.
(5) of material, made of, e.g. Kov-n-a O.TTO /x,aAAa/m, a cup made
of gold.
(6) of cause or origin, of, from, e.g. TO ZXafia GLTTO TOV Trarepa
fjiov, I received it from my father ; d7re'0ai/€ airo TYJ xoAepa, he
died of cholera.
(7) of comparison, than, e.g. TOVTO eti/e KaXXiTepo OLTTO /cetvo, this
is better than that.
Idioms : —
L, I call at a shop.
(XTTO TO Mdva^ov, I passed through Munich.
O-TTO '8w ! let us go this way.
aTTo rrov TO 'Trapes ; where did you buy it 1
O.TT eSoi /cat /xia aipa, an hour ago.
A t a (yta) takes the acccusative and means :
(1) on account of, e.g. yta TO, xprj//,ara eytvai/ 6'Xa aira, all that
happened on account of money.
(2) during, e.g. evoi'/oacra TO O-TT^TI yta Svo ^povta, I hired the
house for two years.
Idioms : —
Sia Tt (yta Tt), why ?
8ta va, SO that.
Sta va fjirj, lest, so that not.
TO '7rovXr)o-a yta rpio. TaAX^pa, I sold it for three dollars.
(o))/x,tX(o yta VeVa, I am speaking of you.
0<x <j)vy<D yta T^V TroAi, I shall go away to Constantinople.
SeV IJLOV /ute'Aet yt' a^To, It does not concern me.
Sta, Trotov TO AeycTe, whom do you mean 1 (of whom do you say
that Q
80 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GKEEK GRAMMAR.
€ i s ('s, (et)°"e/> o-e) takes the Ace. and means : —
(1) motion to a place, e.g. Tr^yaiVw '5 ryv Mayv^criav, I am going
to Magnesia.
(2) rest in a place, e.g. KaOerat '? TO O-TT^TI TOU (f>i\ov JJLOV, he
lives in my friend's house.
(3) time, '? rai? Se/caTreWe 'lovXtov, on the fifteenth of July.
(4) purpose, (e)Ka0io-a/xe 's TO </>ayi, we sat down to table
(food).
(5) in oaths, \ TO 0eo, by God.
Idioms : —
iSe's TO 's TO <^>co9, look at it in the light.
€Ka/xa era yupo '9 TO <£eyyapi, I took a walk by moonlight.
KdOerai 's TOV Few/ay tov, he lives at George's house (TO O-TT^TI is
understood).
's TT/V apci'Sa, in turn.
's TO Tt'Ao?, in the end.
Kara takes the Ace. and means : —
(1) direction, e.g. cTr^ycuve KOTO, TT/V TrpoKu/Acuav, he went along
the jetty.
(2) manner, e.g. Kara Ttr^v, by chance.
(3) definition and distinction, e.g. Kara TOVS TOTTOUS, according
to the respective places ; Kara TOV KeupoV, according to the
weather.
NOTE. — KaTcit when used in the literary and polite dialect oc-
casionally takes the Gen. and means against, e.g. w/xt'A^cre Kara
a-ov, he spoke against you.
, is not common in the spoken tongue.
It takes the Genitive in the expression /xeTa xaP<*-s> joyfully
(with joy).
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 81
When used with the Ace. it means : —
(1) with, e.g. /xera '/xeva, with me j /XCTO, V«va, with you; /XCTO.
'/cetvove, with that one.
(2) after, e.g. /xera Se'/ca '/xepais, after ten days. — The usual
expression for this is however vcrrepa d^ro Se'/ca '/xepcus.
/x e is the shortened form of /xera and means : —
(1) with, in the sense of accompanying, e.g. eVepTraroro-e /xe
TOV dSeA<£oV TOV, he went for a walk with his brother.
(2) with, of manner, /xe /3id, with violence, haste.
(3) with, of instrument, /xe exTuV/yo-e tte TO /xTraorrowi, he struck
me with the stick.
(4) in spite of, /x' 6'A.o TOVTO, in spite of all that.
TT a p d is used in comparisons to indicate than, e.g. KaAAiVepo
Trapa TO aAAo, better than the other.
NOTE. — It is often considered a conjunction in this use. It is
also used as an adverb with the accent on the first syllable to
mean too, e.g. Trdpa TroXv, too much.
Trpo, before (takes the genitive in the literary dialect).
TT p o s, towards, for :
e.g. TTpos TTOV ; in what direction 1 8e£ia, Trpos TO TaSe ^wpLov, on
the right, on the way to such a village ; TO TrwXw Trpo? rpia
<f>pdyi<a, I am selling it for three francs ; eVa Trpos eVa, one by one.
X w p i <;, 8 i x w s, without (take Ace.), ^w/ais avTov Sev ^a Traw, I
shall not go without him.
Exercise 20. — A.
ir eSw ; "O^i, Kvpte, eT/xat aTro TO, Meyapa. 'ATTO TTOV
Ep^o/xat a,7ro TO <Tirr)Ti. 'E/xto-ei^av diro aAAov 8po/xov '5
TOI/ TOTTOV TOI;?. 'AvTo^ave O.TTO TO (fro/So TOV. ©eAtTe va -jrapeTe TO
ypa/x/xa /xa^v o~as ; Ox1' a^/°l° TO Trpcot ^a Trepacrw va TO Trdpa). AiJ
82 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
avrov TOV Xoyov Sev r/X0a. "AXX^/v wpav Oa. o/jaXrjvov/J,* 8i O.VTO TO
Trpaytia. <J>uXa£e TO KaXa yia va yu,r) Xa^H' ^ TroXXa ptpr) rfjs
'AvaToX?}? e^owe o-Ta<£vXia TTOU eive KaXXiVepa O.TTO rovra. 2e TTOCTO
'/XTropw va 7rao> eKet ; Tov eyvtopto-a '9 TO Ta£eiSi. Ot e^^pot
Kara TO (frpovpiov. A.VTO 8ev €^€t va Ka.fj.rj jae eKelva TTOV elTre
Ta8a (TO, eTSa) /xe Ta fj.oi.TLa fj.ov. Aev '/XTropai va SiafSdord) /x,e
TO ^>a>5. Me TOI/ /AT/VO, ^ /xe Tr)v e/38o/i-a8a ZvoiKiacres Trjv Kayaapa ;
ITov Tret? /xe Terota {f/v^pa ; Me TOV Kaipov Oa. ^e^ao-ry *ai avTo.
fj.iffeva>, I travel. rb ftepos, the part, region.
o <j)6&os, the fear. 6 ^x^p^s, the enemy.
a(/pto T^ irpau, early to-morrow ri» <(>povptov, the fort.
morning. T« </>wy, the light.
6 A-^yos, the reason. ij tyvxpa, tiie cold.
Exercise 20. — B.
We asked him where he was (trans, is). I worked from eight
o'clock in the morning till seven in the evening, He wept for
joy (say, for his joy). I recognized him by his voice. In every
house there were ten soldiers. I knew that better than you.
Which of the two is your brother ? Let us go this way. He
went by Vienna. Tell him that he may speak with me at
eight o'clock. He does not do it for the sake of money. He
went away (elve <£evyctTos) an hour ago. For how long (yia
TTO'O-OV KaipoV) have you hired the room 1 He is going to Smyrna
next month (TOV aXXo fj.r}va). He will be here in ten minutes.
They will never go with you. He does it with his own hands
(say hand). You will do well to hire the room by the month.
In spite of his industry (/xe 0X77 TT/V eVi/xeXeia TOV) he did not
succeed. Will you lend me a thousand drachmas at four per
cent, (say, for the hundred) 1
until, is. I recognize, yvwpifa.
in the morning, rb irpwf. the voice, ^
in the evening, TO PpdSu. Vienna, TJ
the joy, T\ xapd' to succeed,
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 83
ADVERBS.
Many adverbs of time and place are used as prepositions ; e.g,
u, together ; /*.a£u /xov, with me. Only monosyllabic pronouns,
however, are thrown into the Genitive ; in other cases the adverb
is used together with another preposition ; e.g. paty /xe rovs
, with the others.
ADVERBS OF PLACE.
Vavw, above, up, (e)7rava) (aTroTrdVto). IA.a Vavw, come up. eTve
he is upstairs.
K a T to, below, down. iiTroKarw (d-n-OKarw), used with caro
following as a preposition, below, beneath. eAa KCXTW, come down.
TO ypafjifia r/rave aTroKarw aTro TO /2i/?Aio, the letter was under the
book.
"E £ o> (o£w), out, a7ro£a> aTro, outside of, e.g. etve o£<o, he is
out. a,7ro£u) d,7ro TO cnrfJTL, outside of the house.
Idiomatic usage ; fjaOatvw otTr' e^w, I learn by heart.
Meo-a, in, inside, a-Tro /xeo-a, /AtVa's, 6.</. «A.a /xeo-a, come in.
Tt elve /xeo-a 's TO Trorrjpi ; what is in the glass ? elve Kpaarl /xeo-a,
there is wine in it. KoTricurre /xecra ! please (come) in ; this way,
please.
'E /u, 7T p 6 5, forward, before, opposite (6^u,7rpos, 5/x7rpoo-Ta et?), e.^.
'/jLTTpoard o-ov, or ^Trpoorra '? eo-eva, before you, in your presence.
' /JLTrpocrra 's TO O-TT^TI, before the house. '/X7rpoo-Ta 's avrov eya> 8eV
f t/xat TtVoTe, in comparison with him I am nothing. 'E/x,7r/3os !
forward ! come in ! go on !
, behind, back, after, obr' oTriVw a7ro, behind,
e.^. d.7r' oTTtVa) a.7ro TO <nrfJTi rjrave eVa TrepiySoXi, behind the house
there was a garden, yvptfa oTrto-co, I return, turn back.
M a K p c t a, far, distant. aTro /x.a/cpeia, from afar. IIoVo
a etve ; how far is it 1 7ro\X.a /iaKpeta, very far.
K. o v T a, crijua, d.7ro KOVTCI, near, KOVTO, 's, close to j also as an
adverb of time, rwpa KOVTO., just now. TrX.-rjywOrJKave
G2
84 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
nearly fifty were wounded. (KOVTCVOU, I am near ; Kovrevw va
rcAetwcrw, I have nearly finished ; ei<6vTt\f/a va TTCO-W, I nearly
fell.)
Ae£ia, to the right.
'Apto-Tepa (£ep/?a), to the left.
w, here, hither.
et, there, thither.
u, between, among, e.g. ava/jLtra^v TOVS Sev c^ovv
a, they have no secrets between them.
AVTOV, there.
'AAA.OV, elsewhere, elsewhither. O.TT dAAoi), from elsewhere ;
KCITTOV dXXov, anywhere else.
K a TT o v, anywhere, any whither, somewhere, &c.
II o v 0 c v a (ITovTrera) anywhere, somewhere (in interrogative
sentences), nowhere (in negative sentences).
II o v, where.
"O TT o v, where (relative), e.g. oirov KO! av yve, wherever he
may be.
'Os, as far as, commonly used together with ets, e.g. ws 's TO
cnrjJTLj as far as the house, ws also means about, e.g. r/rave CKCI
ws et/coa-i av^pcoTToi, there were about twenty people there.
He pa, over, beyond, is used with eSto and e/cct, over here, over
there ; TO iripa /xe/aog, the further side.
ADVERBS OF TIME.
, to-day.
Avpto(v), to-morrow.
Me0av/Ho(v), the day after to-morrow, some time.
£/5)> (*Ye/<?> ^e/5)j yesterday.
es), the day before yesterday, lately.
ts), early.
'Apya, late.
(e^wpas), late.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 85
Twpa, now.
'AKO'/XT?, yet.
Tore, Tores, CTOTCS, then ; O.TTO Tore, since then.
^s'(€^s) I immediately.
AfJL€(T(t)<S )
ILavTore, always.
Here, when.
Here — TTOTC, now — now.
IIoTc, in interrogative sentences ever, in negative sentences
never. Zlore is often used with the genitive of the personal pro-
noun placed after it :
e.g. TOV eiSare Trore crag ; have you ever seen him 1 Aev rov etSa
/xov. I have never seen him.
sooner.
a af terwards later on>
tt j
'<I>ero9 (e^cVos), this year.
last year.
t, the year before last.
IIaA.i, again.
Tov xpoVov, next year.
ADVERBS OF MANNER.
Most of the adverbs of manner have the termination a and
are formed from adjectives in ©s, e.g. pupd'cKa, in modern Greek.
vEr£i, so, thus.
Tprjyopa (yX^yopa), quickly.
KaAa, well.
1 badly.
a J
a, secretly.
MoXts, scarcely.
ws, how ?
as (with Ace.).
86 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
ADVERBS OF DEGREE.
IloXXa (TroXv), much, very.
('O)Xt'ya, little.
('O)XiyaKi, very little, rather.
'Ap/cera, enough, tolerably.
MovaX" 1 ,
MoVo j 7
Ka0dXov, at all (in interrogative sentences), not at all (in nega-
tive sentences).
ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION.
Nat'
NatO-K€ ^
MaXto-Ta, certainly.
vo^1 . > no, not (in negativing a single word), e.g. o^t TOVTO,
not this.
AeV, not (only to negative verbs).
OVTC, nor.
Ovre — OVTC, neither — nor.
Exercise 21. — A.
To <nrr)Ti rov Kvpcov TpiavTa<£vAAi'8r; elvf fJM.Kpc.LCL O.TT tSw ; "
five KOVTO.. 'E^wSe^c KOVTO. cra.pa.vra. Xtpats. Ila/xc ctTro TO, Sc
noo"ov Kaipov €XeT€ *^ * AUTO TTOV o~as elT
IIov etve TO fiavSvAt ; 'E/cet TO a<^>r;o-e9. Acv j3pL<ri«j) TO,
fjiov. Aev Ta 'Trfjpt Kavet's- ^a eti/e KOLTTOV 's TO <nrrJTi. '}2yvpe\f/€<s
; MaXto-Ta, lyvpttya. 's oAats Tats /ca/zcpats, ctAAa SeV Ta eTSa
d. Me Vpoo*KaAeo-e va SeiTri/ryo-to /xa^v TOV avpiov. ©eXeTe va
Ttopa ; Ka^o~T€ d/co/xry oXryo, Scv cTvc TroXXa ^wpa?. ToO
Trpo O^TO!) fjpepwv O.TTO Tore 8ev TOV cTSa. Ilepvo-t
TroXXa <f>povra. Kpu<£a e8tay8acrc TO
uw, I spend, uej/w, I remain. T& irairoCT^t, the shoe, boot.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 87
Exercise 21. — B.
I saw her from far off. Is he cleverer than his brother? Far
away from here. We have lost nearly eighty dollars. I had
almost forgotten the affair. He turned to the left. Is Mr.
Manos downstairs ? What is under the plate ? Is my brother
in the office ? No, he has gone away somewhere else. I shall
find him, wherever he may be. To-day I have nothing to
do, to-morrow my work begins. The wedding took place
yesterday. I go to bed early, and get up early. Finish your
work first (Trpwra), then I shall speak to you. Tell him that he
must bring me the book at once. Have you ever heard anything
like that? Will you go to Germany this year? Don't go
(TrepTrarw) so quickly. What do they call (TTWS AeVe) this in
modern Greek ? How will you bring that to pass ?
clever, irpo/co/^ieVos. the wedding, 6 yd.fj.os.
the affair, T\ v-nodftri. I take place, yivw.
I turn, yvpifa. 1 finish,
the office, TO ypcupslov.
CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS.
K a t, and. It is a common Greek idiom to coordinate two
clauses with Kat, instead of subordinating one of them with
* when ' or ' while.' /AT) /fyovras Kat Oa Kot/M?0<o, make no noise
and I will sleep. CUCO/M; Sev et^a eftyr) Kat ire'^ret TO
scarcely had I gone out, when the house fell. TOV aVovcra
roXeye, I heard him say so.
Kat is used to give emphasis, e.g. rt '^e/jw Kat 'y<6 ; how do /
know ? It is also used after cra'v, e.g. Sci/ efytat TrAovVtos oW Kat
au-roV, I am not as rich as he.
r;, or.
7; — rj, either — or.
ovrt — ovr€, neither — nor,
but.
that : e.g. JJLOV etTrav, TTWS (on) c<£uye. They told me that
he had gone away.
88 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
on also means 'as soon as.' on fie e$oW£es ^A.0a, as soon as
you called me I came.
Sometimes on stands instead of fioAis, just, scarcely. TTOV
elv€ 6 d8eA<£o9 aov ; on ffiyfjKt. Where is your brother ? He has
just gone out.
M'oAov on (/xoAovoTi), although, is followed by the Indicative.
ft' oAov on ocv <ras yi/a>pi£to, Oa. (ras Sojtrw TO, ^p^ftara.
Although I do not know you, I will give you the money.
AotTroV, (well) then.
o TT o v, where, since, rwpa OTTOV fias aTrar^cre e/ce/Vos TI $a Ka/xw/xev ;
what shall we do now that he has betrayed us ?
It sometimes stands for oxrrc, (so) that. roVov eSovAei^e OTTOV
, he worked so much that he was ill.
W .
w. 'Xa w as soon as.
A/xa oTrovJ
'A<£ov, when, as soon as, since, (tvOvs a.(f>ov).
c^aya Vry/cw^Ka Kat l^vya, when I had eaten, I got up
and went away. 'A<£OT) TOV t&Jre Od TO -mo-reif/cre, as soon as you
see it, you will believe it. 'A<f>ov TO tfe'Acre, since you wish it.
K a 0 to s, as, as soon as, e.g. KaBw ftov eiTrav, as they told me.
Ka$a>5 aKovcra avTo, as soon as I
heard that.
2av (o~a) (1), as. TO. dyaTToi «rai/ TO, TratSta ftov, I love them as
my own children, o-dv occasionally has a prepositional force and
governs the Accusative. £ow crav TOV<S dypt'ous, they live like
savages.
(2) if (the verb following takes the Subjunctive).
o-av Z\6y, if he should come, if he comes.
(3) when, crav f^owa ve'os, when I was young.
(jav va as if, o-av va /XT;, as if not. crai/ va fji-fj TO ^epe, as if he
did not know.
"A v, if. av ZX6ri, if he comes ; av TO r?£e/m, if I knew it (or had
known it).
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 89
o r a v, when, if. 6Vav TO fJidOrj, if he will learn ; orav rov e78a,
when I saw him.
NOTE. — The English when is often translated by rov Katpov oVov
(the time when) or rrjv wpav OTTOV (the hour when).
TOV Katpov OTTOV r/Tave 6 HdXfjifpcrTov vTrovpyos, when Lord
Palmerston was minister. Tryv wpa OTTOV rjX.@a eya>, a^ros ^rave
</>euyaros, when I came, he had gone away.
Up iv, before, commonly used with vo. and the Subjunctive.
Trplv i/a o-retAw TT)V aTravr^cn, before I send the answer.
TTpo TOV va in another form instead of TrpiV va.
'O TT o r a v, as often as, whenever. oTrorav ex€T€ Sta^ecri, when-
ever you feel disposed.
'12 5 o TT o v, until, till. $a /camera) eSw a>s OTTOV reXetajfrw, I shall
stay here till I finish.
'Ay/caXa (av KaAa), although.
I\a va, SO that.
I\a va ^T;, SO that not, lest.
AlO
1
p , because.
Tl 1
, ^
"Ocrre, so that.
A^AaS^, namely, viz.
INTEEJECTIONS.
A ! & \ ah ! oh !
A^ore (vi) 1 WQuld th
Ma/capi (va) J
AAAot/x-ovov ! Woe !
Hilloa !
\ Ugh !
?o ! Bravo !
NOTE. — The word fj.7rpd(3o is very often used and sometimes
means Right ! Good 1
90 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Exercise 22. — A.
3ex'po> ort fJi€ eyeAao-av. 'A<£ov e7repao-€ 17 Tcraprr; (rcrpaS^) Scv
TrAeov eATrt'Sa va eTrto-Tpei^Ty. 'O/xtXct crav va ^TO 6 SouA/ravo?.
A.0-J7 6 'AA.e£avSpos TTCTC TOV va /xeiVr/ w? OTTOU eTrio-rpei^co. Ka0u)s
crr)K(!)0r}Ka Kal t<£uya. IIpo roO va o-TeiA^s TO, ypa/xyu,ara
Sds yutov ra va ra 8ta/3ao"a>. ©a Kpar^cro) TO wpoXdyt TOU d)5 OTTOV /xc
7r\r)p(i)<rr). 'AyKaXa cti/e veo? ^cpet T^/V SovXeia TOV KaXa. "EKa^e TO
yta va /x^ Treo-Ty 's TO, X*PLa TOV
, the day breaks. 6 /nda-ropTjs, the master.
, I take possession of.
Exercise 22. — B.
They say that the king will arrive to-morrow. Where is your
father ? He has just gone out. It is many years (ago) since
(<l<£ov) the theatre was burnt. He looks like an Indian. They
live like slaves. If you hear anything of it (yt' avTo), tell it to
me. As soon as I saw him I drew my pistol from my pocket.
Before he came to Vienna, he did not know a word of German.
As soon as he had learnt (Aorist), he wrote to his father. Put
the buttons away, so that they may not be lost.
the king, 6 0affi\evs. the pistol, ri irtar6\i.
I burn, Kaio/j.ai. the pocket, T\ Ttr
the Indian, 6 'IvSos. I learn, /j.aOaivu).
the slave, 6 SoDAoy, 6 ffK\dfios. the button,
I draw out, &yd\\co air6.
REPETITION OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.
Adjectives and adverbs are often repeated for the sake of
emphasis.
r}\@c Trpon Trpojt. He came very early.
eTve KttTw KOLTW. It is away down below.
TO i/fw/x,! etve <£pe'ovco ^peWo. The bread is quite fresh.
POSITION OF WORDS.
The position of words in modern Greek is much the same as in
English. Words fall into their places naturally without the aid
of rules. A few rules have been given under the pronouns, but
one learns most from observation and practice.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
IDIOMS.
01
dyaTTw, I love.
Tt dyaTrare ;
av dyaTras.
de'pa, air, wind.
avra eli/e Aoyta 's roi/ depa.
what do you require ?
if you like.
(these are words to the wind)
that is mere talk.
I hear.
TO €^OJ O.KOt>O~Ta,.
Sev r oLKOvo) avrd.
dXXa£a>, I alter.
O.VTO dXXa^et.
dXXo?, other.
@a eX$<o ^wpis aXXo.
dvajSaiVw, I go up.
6 Xoyaptao-//.os avafiaiveL ere the bill amounts to £3,000.
I have it on hearsay.
I won't hear a word of it.
that is a different thing.
I shall come in any case.
averjKav TO. otKia.
6 dve/xos, the wind.
a? TTCI^ 's TOV a^e/xo.
0X17 17 TTtpiovcria. vr^ye
dve/xov.
dvotyw, I open.
auro TO ^pw^ta dvotyci.
^voi^e 17 ope^i's /AOV.
ry a.7r6<pa(TL, the decision.
TO
dpao dpaoa, turn*
/x-e T^V dpdSa.
a(f>avL£<D, I destroy.
eT/xat d^>avto-/xeVos aTro
/xe d^>avto-€ 17
a<j>iv<a (d^vw), I leave.
7roo~ov
rent has gone up.
he may go to the deuce (wind).
the whole property is squandered
(scattered to the wind).
this colour fades.
I am hungry.
I know the worst (I take it as
final).
in turn, successively, one after
the other.
I am tired to death.
the heat is killing me.
I place myself in your hands.
ho w much will you take off for me ?
Only used in this expression.
92
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
yeveca JJLOV.
a.ff>r)(T€ on five. dypay
fj a^vr}, smoke, foam.
AAw, I place, put.
.KoJir 8e
aw rais avats.
8eV TO /?a£ei 6 vo£>s /zov.
/8aA.Aw ra
y3aA.' TO KaAa et? TOV
0"OV.
, deep.
s, heavy.
eTve ap/3wo~TOS
j3apiovfjia.i va. Trout).
8tf fiapucrai !
(3acrTa), I carry, hold.
/?aorco T^V dvaTrvor/
TO ^pco/xa 8ev
va TO KOL/JUD.
TTOCTOV Katpo f3a.(TTq. TO
/xe oAryv TOU T^V i^
nirai KaXd.
I will let my beard grow,
not to mention that he is un-
educated.
he did not say a word.
have you not yet got sense ?
I will do all I can.
I give in (I throw down my
arms).
I call out.
that beats me (my mind can't
take it in),
he has fallen out with you, he
has a crow to pluck with you.
I put my boots on.
take good heed of it.
he was fast asleep.
he is very ill.
I dont care to go.
nonsense (lit. you don't trouble
yourself),
strong wine,
severe illness,
the flower has a strong scent.
I hold my breath.
I cannot bear the cold.
opaScus. I have no money on me.
this colour is not fast.
ov I cannot find it in my heart to
do it.
5i; how long does the journey take?
a-- in spite of his great age he is
still active (wears well),
(also), he has ample means.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
93
TO /?eAovi, needle.
/?eAoVl &€V €7T£(J3T€ KOTO).
/2Aa7TTw, I hurt.
Sev /?Aa</>Ta.
/SAeTrw, I see.
8ev /3Ae7ru) TT/V ajpa va
eo) ovapo.
o~e eTSa 's TOV VTTVO.
6 tarpo? rove /3Ae7rei.
i/a tow.
TO TrapaOvpi /3A€?m '?
TO crirrTL KOVTevet vet
uT(o, I dip.
/xeo-' s TOV T8
eti/e ySovTry/xevos ct? TO,
£<i>, I boil.
TO Kpaat y8pa£ei 's TO /3apeAi.
d^tl (XTTO TOV ^U/XO TOU.
e^et, it rains.
OTI f3pe£r) a? Ka.Ta.L/3d(rr).
[fall,
there was not room for a pin to
never mind !
I am impatient to get away
(I can't see the time to go).
I dream.
I dreamt of you.
the doctor is visiting him.
I'll see, I shall think it over.
TO the window looks on the street.
see there now !
I overturn.
the house is nearly falling down.
bathed in sweat,
he is deep in debt.
the wine is fermenting in the
cask,
he is boiling with rage.
let come what may.
€Lve fipvKoXa- this house is haunted.
yeAai, I laugh.
/xe eyeAao-es.
TOV eyeAoi)o-e /xe TO
Kat /xe TO avpio.
yi'vo/xai, I become.
TTWS ytvcTat va ......
eytve KaAa.
Tt ytveTat 6 dSeA^os o
Tt eytve 6 ^>iAos o-as ;
ytvo/>tat avw KO.TW.
TL Oa yivco ;
a>5 eyiva
WS cytve 17 KapSia
you have cheated me.
he put him off: from day to day.
how comes it that ?
he has recovered,
how is your brother getting on ?
what has become of your friend 1
I am upset (beside myself),
what will become of me?
imagine what my feelings were !
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
is grown in
TO KaAAiVepo Kpacri ywerai eis the best wine
rrjv KvTrpo. Cyprus.
TTOV 6a ytvr] 6 ya/xos ; where will the wedding come
off?
he has turned merchant,
the grapes are not ripe yet.
ripe, born.
I escape, get off, rescue.
yXvTwo-a/xe. we got off cheap.
:. scarcely had he arrived in
Athens.
eyirai/ /co/XTy TO,
.i9 eyXvrwcre cis ra? '
yi'<opi£o>, I know, recognise.
yvu>pi£eis d,7ro ota/xavTia.
TTOV yv(jL>pia6r]KaTf. ;
£ovpt<T€ TO. yeveia TOV yia va
/xr/ yvwpt'^cTat.
TO yovSt, mortar.
TO yovSo^ept, pestle.
TO yov8t TO
I write.
ypa<^>
oXtyoc.
I show, teach, seem.
eyw a TOV oW£w.
TO Kpacrl Sef^y^i crav va
e aAXo.
(ayptov) Trpoo-cozrov.
7TpOO-(07TOV.
I bind.
KaXa TOI/ ycuSapoV TOV
I8co~
a /xe
are you a judge of diamonds ?
where did you get acquainted
with one another 1
he has shaved his beard, so as
not to Ipe recognized.
always the same old story.
he is illiterate (cannot read and
write).
it was my fate.
how do you write your name ?
a few were entered.
I will give him a lesson.
the wine seems as if it were
mixed with another.
I sulk (show temper).
I give a good reception to.
you look like a corpse.
I bind a book.
I set a ring (with jewels).
he has feathered his nest (he has
tied up his donkey well so that
it won't run away).
I have bound him by oath.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
8e£ia, to the right.
TO. Trpdy/JLara rov rjXOav 8e£ia.
8ia/?a£a>, I read.
8ia/?a£a> eis era.
orav e8ia7?a£a ets ras 'A^
8i'8w, I give.
86'8(D T07T01/.
8i'8a> Tpa7re£t.
6 $€os va /A?? TO 8000-17.
TO 8oi/Ti, tooth.
TO TreuSt /?ya£ei Sovrta.
avTo Sa> eu/e 8ta TO, 8ovTia o
w, I work.
TO epyao-Trypi TOV 8ev SovXevct.
TO a)poA.oyt TOV Sev SouXevet.
•j^ Tr\r)yr) TOV SovXcvci,
rj SouXeia, business, work.
e^co 8ovXeta.
avTo etve 8tK^ JJLOV SovXeta.
Tr^yatve et<? T^V 8ovXetai/ o~ov.
TO 8pa/x,i, drachm (measure).
8ev e^et 8pa/xt /xvaXo.
€/3ya£a), I take out.
€/3yaXe TO TroSapt TOV.
TO
TOV 8oOXov.
a ySyaXo) eva SOVTI.
cv TO j3yd£a).
^oo Ta TTOLTTOVT^LCL.
everything went well with him.
I teach children.
I am taking lessons from so-and-
so,
when I was studying in Athens.
I make way.
I give a dinner-party.
God forbid.
the child is cutting his teeth,
that is not for you (meat for your
master).
I keep the wound open, irritate
a wound.
his shop is doing no business,
his watch has stopped,
his sore runs.
I have work to do.
that is my own affair,
go about your business.
he has not a grain of sense.
he has dislocated his foot.
I earn my bread.
he gains nothing (by it).
he dismissed his servant.
they set him free.
I'll show you are a liar, I will
prove you to be mistaken.
he put fruit on the table, pro-
duced fruit.
I will have a tooth out.
I cannot understand it.
I am taking off my boots.
96
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
e'/fyaiVu), I go out.
O.TT avTrj TT] BovXeia Sev jByaivci nothing will come of that
TiVore. business.
TL epyrJKc ; what came of that ?
TO pov^o 8ev /SyatVet Sta Svo the stuff wont run to two dresses
</>op€o~ieus. (be enough for two dresses).
eSai, here.
6 Kupto? O-TT' eSco.
tt/covo-' eSw !
, I am.
(TV £IO~(U ;
rj
ra TratSta <rov eive ;
cTi/€ Sta va fayy,
va /xa^a> TTOJ
i/a CTKacrry
eras
c/A/?cuV(u, jjLTTaivia, I go in.
6 av^/3(07ros
TOl /JL7rJK€ CIS TO
avros €/j.f3rJKfv ei? rr/v
s TOV
•// ci/vota, care.
u>, out.
TO $€VpW V.TT f.^0i.
€^(0 07TOV.
6 C^WTIKOS.
, above.
€7rav(o Kara).
ep^o/xat, I come.
SeV /xov ep^crai KaAa.
this gentleman.
look here ! (listen here ! lit.)
it is cold or hot.
is it you 1
who is it ?
are these your children ?
he is on the point of setting off.
I sent to ask how he was.
it is enough to send one crazy
(lit. make one burst).
a year ago.
how are you ?
that man interferes everywhere.
he has taken it into his head.
I become surety.
he set to work.
you are exposing yourself to
danger.
he set up as tailor.
mind your own business !
I know it by heart.
besides that.
the ghost.
about (thereabout).
it does not commend itself to
me, it is not convenient to me.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
r>7
Sev fJiov ep^erat et? TOV vovv.
«:Xa cis TOV vovv o-ov.
eyw Sev ep^o/xat ets airrd.
TO ITOS, year,
ets IVr; TroXXa !
ftS TToXXa £Try) '
, I have.
oev ra e^o> KaAo. /xa^v TOV.
€T6 TO
Sev €a> va Ka
7roo"o
TO, €^
8ev e
€^e uytciav
/me TTOIOV TO,
Sev e^et jutaTta va /xe tSy.
€^(U KtttpOV VCt TOV tStO.
^OUTTW, I press.
TOV e£ov7rir)<r€ TrapaSats.
avTos TO, e^ov7r7yo-€ oAa.
^w, I live.
va £g« !
^ T7/xepo8ovXt rjfjiepo^ayt
va ^ovv Ta /xaTia /Jtov !
ffjLTTOput, I can.
8ev
TO 0appos, courage, confidence.
/AC oXov TO 0cfy
be good enough to leave me in
peace.
it does not occur to me.
calm yourself (come to your
senses). -
they came to blows.
I don't meddle with that.
long life to you ! (many years to
you) answered by —
the same to you.
how do you do ?
I am not on good terms with
him.
what does that matter1? what
has that to do with it 1
it is a custom of ours.
I have nothing to do with you.
how much does this cost ?
he is crazy.
I am ashamed to (lit. I have not
the face to).
good health to you ! farewell,
who are you angry with 1
he hates the sight of me.
I have not seen him for a long
time.
he got money out of him.
he consumed everything.
may you live ! please.
he lives from hand to mouth.
bless my soul ! (bless my eyes !)
I am ill.
possibly.
without ceremony.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
$e'Aa>, I wish.
$eAet TO KaAoV JJLOV.
Sev o-ou @€\(jt) TrAeov TITTOTG.
iStatVepos, special.
TOV cTrrjpe tSiatTepa>9.
iSpoVw, I sweat.
d-Tr' auTa TO aurt yuov Sty tSpoVei. I don't trouble myself about that
to-ta, just, exactly.
et)u,e0a t<rta ets TO. ^poVta.
to-ta ets TTyv topav.
Lena to~ta avro Aeyw.
eifAcOa i(ria to-ia.
Ka/3aAa, on horseback.
TO rjyopa&c Aca/3aA.a.
/ca#e, every, each,
KaOc n or KoiOt Trpuy/xa.
Ka.f.
KOL@€ TOO~O /cat AtyaKi.
a.7ro
/ca$e
KaAa, well.
KaAa /cat Tj/Jtovv e/cet.
/caAa o-e rovAeya eyu>.
KaAos, good.
KaAo 's TOV !
yat'a /cat /caA^.
€t9 TO KttAoV !
eya) ytVo/>tat KaAo?.
/caAe, Tt /xe Aes ;
, I make.
Tt
€/ca/xe Tpets yuepat?
Ka/mvu) KOLI
TO tSto
he wishes me well.
I owe you nothing more.
he took him aside.
we are the same age.
just in time.
that is just what I am saying.
we are quits.
he bought it without looking at
it (he bought a pig in a poke),
everything,
every other day.
every now and then,
of every kind,
every year, yearly.
luckily I was there.
I told you so.
welcome,
once for all.
farewell, au revoir.
I stand surety (go bail),
good heavens, what are
me !
TTOO-OV /ca/xvet? atiTo TO </>ope/xa ;
you
how do you do ?
he was three days on the way.
I cannot get on without him.
it is all the same.
that does not suit me.
it is no good. [that dress?
how much do you charge for
be quick ! make haste !
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 99
it occurred to him to go away.
, I smoke.
TOV e/caTTVure va (f>vyrj.
, somewhere.
K0.7TOV K0.7TOV.
KOLTTOV Se/ca <f>opats.
KaTa/?a£w, I bring down.
Sev @a Ka.Tai/3d(rr) riVore.
OOL TOV KaTai/3ao~a) yutav.*
KaToViv, alter.
eTrecre KCLTOTTW TOV.
/x,e Traipvei atcovKos Karovriv
Karco, below.
ava>
near.
KOVTCI va /^ao-tXevcr^ 6 77X101?.
TOV TTType aTTO Kovra.
Kovra s TOV vow.
K07na£a>, I exert myself.
^)T(0, I CUt.
curny 17 8oi;Xeia ^a.
now and then,
about ten times.
he will not lower the price.
I will give him a box on the ear.
he dogged his steps.
he is always following me about.
you have turned everything
topsy-turvy.
shortly before sunset.
he ran after him.
of course '} obviously.
come in, please.
eV TOV KO^)T€t
W, I shake.
a^To TO 8ovTt
KVTTCt^W, I look.
TO XdOos, mistake.
6/<aTov this affair will cost a hundred
francs,
that is all the same to him.
the tooth is loose.
mind your business.
look out ! be on your guard !
•^ Xa/c/ca, hole, pit.
TOV a^ryo-av ets Tryi/ XciK/ca.
7} Xao~7r?y, dirt.
e'^a TroXXats XacrTrats e^oj.
TO €KOl^6
X.a.(T7nrj rj
* If Spaxwv is understood with
take a drachma off.'
you are mistaken.
they left him in the lurch.
it is very muddy out of doors,
he has cut and run.
it is a poor business, it is a
failure.
av' the phrase means ' I will make him
H 2
100
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
Aeyw, I say.
TL Bo. '7777 avro ;
cupa TO, Ae//,€.
AoiTroV, ra
Ae's;
7TWS TOV AeV€ ;
as 'Trov^te on elve €T£I.
TO ypajU/xa €T£I eAeye.
TO ACTTTOV, centime (tenth part
(of time).
&€V f.\(.l ACTTTOV.
/zov 0eAet KOITI AeTTTct.
Aoy^s (r^s). Nom. not used :
TI AoyJJs Kpatrl lx€t? *
Aoy^s.
6 Aoyos, the word.
Scv e^et Aoyov.
Aoyos.
a.7ro Aoyoi'.
avTO elvc cvas Aoyos-
(3d£,<j) Ao'yov.
aAAa Aoyia.
Aoyov \a-pW'
fit Aoyov.
6 AovTpos, the bath.
fjC a(f>r)crev tts TO, Kpva TOV
Xovrpov*
TO Awpt, strap, thong, harness.
eSo> Trat'^ei Awpi'.
/txa^dvw, I collect.
vw TO, Trpay/xaTa /xov.
, far, distant.
what does that mean ?
we'll talk about that another
time.
well, that is settled,
do you think so ?
what is he called ?
let us suppose that it is so.
so the letter said,
of a Greek penny), also a minute
he hasn't a penny,
he owes me a small sum.
kind (of), sort (of),
what kind of wine have you ?
all kinds,
one kind.
it is certain (there is no need to
talk about it).
the rumour has spread,
he won't listen to reason,
that is easily said.
I make a speech,
let us change the subject,
for example,
reasonably.
he left me in the lurch.
TO fjja.XXi, hair.
a,7ro TO, /xaAAta.
he is playing false.
I am packing up.
you are wide of the mark.
they took hold of each other's
hair (they fought like two
cats).
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
101
TO /xart, eye
Sev e
va TOV ta>.
KttKO fJiOLTL.
yaarta TTOV Sev <£aivovTat
yopa XrjcrfJLovovvTai.
/nan yu,e /JLO.TL.
/xarta /xou.
T<5oa (TO etoa) /xe ra jotarta
va ^apw ra /xarta /xov.
, I stay, remain.
s /xeVet rojpa /xovov va
TO ypaya/xa.
Va, inside.
TOV e/?aXav
TOV.
et? rpiavTa
} pecrr), the middle.
? T fJL€(T7]
o5, little.
elve /xi/cpoT€/3O5 ctTro
aTTO fJLLKpOS.
), I divide.
ev e^o/xe TiVoTe va
7TOIOS (JiOLpd^fL ;
TO /xovo-Ke/x/xa, the wetting.
et/xat fjLova-KCfjLjjLa.
r/ /avta (//vtya), the fly.
TOV eVtao-e 17 /xvtya.
fa, I smell, emit an odour
TTOIOS /jLTTopovcre va TO /jLvpL(rOrj
Sev fj.ov fjivpt^ti TITTOTC.
I cannot endure him.
he cast the evil eye on you, he
took an ill-will to you.
out of sight out of mind.
face to face.
my darling.
I saw it with my own eyes.
as I value my eyes (an oath).
all we have to do now is to send
oft the letter.
they imprisoned him ; also, they
have taken him in, i.e. cheated
him.
he is possessed of a devil (like
one possessed).
he said to himself,
within thirty days,
the means (i.e. the wherewithal ) ;
also, the influence.
I interfere.
he left me in the lurch.
he is younger than I.
from childhood.
[another.
we have nothing to dp with one
whose deal is it 1
I am wet.
he has a bee in his bonnet,
he does nothing (ct.gobe-mouches}.
(in passive I perceive an odour),
who could have found that out 1
I smell nothing.
TO
y] fJivrrj, the nose.
rr) /xirny TOV.
aet TTOLVTOV TYJ
*fJLL\a jLie TY] fJLVTYJ.
TO vepo, the water.
TO £tvpa) o~av vepo
rj 8ovA.eia
vepo.
102 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR,
a, the smell.
vpooSia. he has got wind of it.
he turns up his nose (he has got
on the high horse).
he interferes in everything,
he speaks through his nose.
I have it at my fingers' ends,
this business pays, has poten-
tialities (raises water).
you are always thinking of it.
I said it to myself,
where were your thoughts (wits)1?
he is not very sharp.
from head to foot. [tip-toe),
he gives himself airs (walks on
leave me alone.
he is upset a little.
the weather became unfavourable.
a sour face.
- that pleasure has cost me dear.
6 vo9s crov eTi/e TravTOTe
eA.eya 's TO vov pov.
7TOV €1^69 TO VOV (TOV j
8eV KO<^>TCt 6 VOVS TOU.
TO v^t, the nail.
ttTTO T^ KOpV(f>7J CO? TO.
7T€p7raT€L '? TO, VU^ltt.
, I unload.
i/t^o), I turn sour.
TO. '^vvio-e oAtyo.
6 KCU/30? TO, '
, sour.
all.
/xe TOL oAa
oA.a 6'Aa.
oAo
/xe oAov TOVTO.
/Lt€ 6'A.OV 07TOV.
/a' oAov oTt elrai o-o0os.
77 6/x-iXtia, speech.
dvotyw o/JuXiav.
w, I confess, affirm.
'/xoAoyas
in earnest.
on the whole, in the main.
he keeps on crying.
in a mass, in a lump.
however, nevertheless.
although.
wise as he is.
I begin a speech.
[are talking nonsense,
you are proving nothing, you
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
103
TO oi/oaa, the name.
TO oi/o/xa TOV.
KttT OVOfJia.
Teo"o~apa ov
>} ope£i, the appetite.
opi£w, I define, command, fix.
p lOTC.
OTI scarcely, just.
OTI e<£vye.
I suffer.
TT/V
7rat£u>, I play.
/caAa p-ov TT^V eTr
I take.
OL^V fJLOV.
Tratpvco oTTiVw TOV Xoyo /xov.
TO Tratpvo) cTravo) jitoi;.
TO Tratpvet eTravco TOV.
Tratpvio ets TO X^Pl<
/xe '7r>}pe 6 VTTVOS.
0,77' auTa eyw 8ev Tratpva).
Trape TOV eva x7"^77"0- T°^ «A.Xo.
TO 'Tryjpa a,7ro^)ao~i.
TTOIOS eTr^pe (TO TratyvtSi) ;
V^pe TO ypa//,//,a, /x,ou.
TO 'vnypa TroXv t^TTpa.
7roo~a ^a /xov Traprys oY
Tratpvw ai/x,a.
Tratpvco Savet/ca.
avTOS Tryv
to-day is his name day (^.e. the
festival of the saint after
whom he is named).
by name.
four persons.
as if I had nothing else to do (as
if I had no other taste).
I take away the appetite.
welcome !
what is your pleasure? come in, &c.
he has just gone out.
what is the matter with you ?
he has come ,to grief.
he played me a nice trick.
I take with me.
I take back.
I take back my word.
I take it upon me.
he takes too much upon himself.
I cheat.
I fell asleep.
I won't have that.
the one is as good as the other
(take one and strike the other).
I resolved.
who won (the game) 1
he received my letter.
I got it very cheap,
how much will you take for that ?
I have myself bled.
I borrow money,
he took the responsibility (lit.
shame).
104
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
j, lower.
Sev TO Si'Sei 7rapa.Ko.Td).
6 TraTepas, the father.
etg TOV TraTepa o-as.
7reipa£«, I provoke, annoy.
Sev
elve ..
:o5, transitory.
Trepao-Tt/ca.
, I pass.
he will not give it for less.
go to the deuce.
it does not matter,
he is angry.
I hope you will soon be well
again.
Trepvto TTJ>
/SeXoVi.
TOV KCUpO p^OV.
va. Trepao"^ 6 /coupo?
oXovs a?™ TO he put them all to the sword.
UTTO TO I thread a needle.
va Trcpcrr] /xe rpia.vra.
<^>pay/ca cos TO. Meyapa.
Vepao-e 6 Katpos.
8ei/ tTrepao-e eva?
r/ /xoveSa 8e
Trepacre 6
ey8Soyota8a.
TreTpta, the stone -throw.
€^€1 T^V TTCTpia OTt . . .
KaOevas l^et TI)V TreTpca TOV
e^et p;ta TreTpta.
, I fly, throw.
TTCTtt (XTTO T^ XaP®' TOV<
TttTe Ttt TOV^CKta O"tt
TO. OTTra^ia o-a9.
I pass my time.
to pass the time (to kill time).
I read a book through.
he is over (past) fifty (years old).
how are you getting on 1 how
d'ye do 1
he hoped to get as far as Megara
for thirty francs,
the time (season) is past,
not a year ago.
this money is no longer current,
my headache is gone,
last week.
I have trouble enough to get
along (I am in straitened
circumstances) .
it is his crotchet that . . .
every one has his hobby,
he has a bee in his bonnet.
he jumps for joy.
throw down your
your swords,
he drew his dagger.
guns,
draw
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
10;
TTC^TO), I fall.
errecre eTrava) TOV.
/cat TOVS
eecre TO
Kwcre
€Treo~e ? TTyv TrayiSa.
dvdo-/ceXa.
(re TTQIOV eVeo-c 6
eis TO fiepiSiov TOV.
Vco, I go.
TTirvatva va TTW.
\ » /i /
va aTroc/avc.
va \o.cry TOV vow TOV.
Sev o-ov Tract aTo TO
TT^yatve ei? TO
eTO-t Tract.
xvw, I take, seize,
TOV €7TiaO-e (XTTO TO
Troo"a if/apLa eTTtaof
TTtavw SofXet'a.
yit' €7rtao"e Ke^>aA OTTOVOS.
o-e Trtavet 17 @d\.a<T(ra ;
6'Xat T^ ^€
Trtavto va TO
6 Trvty/xevos aTro Tfx /xaXXta
TOU TriaveTat.
TO, 8ev8pa.
€7TtaO"€V 6 ^V/XOS.
a^w, I go to bed.
6V cos
he fell upon him.
a thunderbolt fell.
the house fell and buried them
all.
he fell into the snare,
he fell on his back,
he fell on his head,
on whom has the lot fallen ?
it fell to his share.
I turn lazy (cf. Eng. fall ill).
I was (just) going to say.
he was near dying.
he was near losing his senses.
it is near mid-day.
that hat does not suit you.
farewell.
that is the way of it.
he took his hand.
how many fish have you caught ?
I set to work, take in hand.
I have a headache.
are you ever sea-sick 1 (does the
sea affect you ?)
I shall hire another room,
it takes up a lot of room.
I have you there (now I've
caught you).
all the places were taken.
I am going to do it.
they fell out with one another,
the drowning man clutches at a
straw.
the trees have taken root.
I lost my temper.
as you make your bed you must
lie on it.
106
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
, 1 suffocate, strangle.
etvc TTViy/xevos fjifcr s TO
cTTViy^Ke TO Ka.pa.fiL.
TO TToSdpl (7To8t) the foot.
/xe TO, TToSdpia.
O-l/KOVtO €19 TO TToSt.
TO Trora/xt the river.
TOV V?7pe TO TTOTtt/Xl.
TO. /xaTia TOD e7n;ycumi'
vrX^povo), I pay.
6 $eos vd crou TO TrXrjpwa-rj I may God requite you.
TOV TO VXrypwo-e. he paid him back (for it).
7rX>7o-id£a>, I approach, draw near.
he is near sixty.
he got drowned,
he is deep in debt,
the ship has sunk.
on foot.
I set on foot, set the world agog.
he is in a sad pickle,
he shed floods of tears,
a torrent of tears.
what is that ?
they gave him a drubbing,
we have made a nice business of
it (i.e. a mess).
he is a clever fellow.
[see him.
I did not come early enough to
I cannot have them all finished.
we have not time to finish this
evening.
tell that to the horse-marines
(sell that elsewhere).
you are going in search of a
beating (your skin itches).
he puts his tail between his
legs (he lets his ears drop in
terror).
TO 7rpayyu,a, the thing.
TI Trpay/aa €ti/' avTO ;
7} 7rpo/?eia, the sheepskin.
TOV £T€iVa£av TT/V 7rpo/?€
Trpo/co'TTTw, I make progress.
TO
ve 7rpoKO/A/A€vos
)^aiV<o, I arrive, join.
v £7rpo^)^ao-a va TOV i8
i/ '/XTTOpai vd
oXa.
ai, I sell.
dXXov vd Ta
, the back.
Tptuyet 17
, I throw.
T' avTid
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 107
rov eppi£e TO aAoyo. the horse threw him.
ptXV€L T0 cr</>aA/x,a ets e/x,eVa. he throws the blame on me.
eppt£e KCLTW TO. fjiOLTia TT/S. she lowered her eyes.
TO. eppi£e e£u>. he throws it up, gives it up.
crepvto, I draw.
'? Trj SovXeid vov. go about your business.
I lift.
Travta. I hoist sail.
TT/V 7ro\LopKLav. I raise the siege.
TOV eo-^/coxrav. they took him up, deposed him.
otv cn/Kovti xopaTa. he can't take a joke.
avTo. eyeo 8eV Ta CT^KOVOO. I won't stand that.
cr^KoVco TO TpaTre^t. I clear the table.
crrjKova) TroXe/xoi/. I declare war.
(rrjKw@r)Kav TO. yaaXXia. my hair stood on end.
cr^KoVeo TO rov(f)€Ki. I take up the gun.
TO TrXotov crrjKovei 8e/«x TroSapta the vessel draws ten feet of
vepo. water.
Ttopa la-rjKuOrjKa. I have just got up.
o-T/KoVofiai aTTo /xtW dppwo-TtW. I recover from a sickness.
CLTTO TOV VTTVOV. I awake.
t, to-day.
>. eight days hence, this day
week,
still.
a.7ro o-tyavo TroTa/xt /xa/cpeia Ta still waters run deep (keep your
povya crov. clothes out of a silent river).
I burst.
O-KO.VW O.TTO ra yeAia. I burst with laughing,
cr/cavco avro TO KOLKO [AOV. I burst with anger.
o-Kao-e. get out ! go to the deuce ! (burst
yourself).
rj o-Ka^, trough.
Aeyw T^V o-/ca<£?7 o-Ka^. I call a spade a spade.
6 O-KOTTOS, the motive.
fjie KaXoV O-/COTTOV. well-intentioned.
Sev TO etTre /xe /oxKoV O-KOTTOV. he said it without any ill mean-
ing.
I break.
a-Trdvw TO Ke^aXt /x.oi>. 1 rack my brains.
108
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
(TT€KW, I stand (also cr
o-TCKerat /caAa '? TO a\oyo.
TO WpoAdyi TOV OTa&fKe.
o~Te'A.vw, I send.
60. o~T€t/A.(o Sia TOV torpor.
(D, I bend.
TO cnrvpi, the grain.
Sev l^et cnrvpl jjuaXo. he has not a grain of sense.
a trifle.
he has a good seat on horseback,
his watch has stopped.
I shall send for the doctor,
the thing goes wrong.
I make the bed.
I set the table.
he lay down on the grass.
I pave the street.
I fix my eyes upon.
I make my toilette, dress.
i, the liver.
TO O-UKO>TI fjiov Si' I don't fret myself to fiddle-
strings over that.
7} avjjiTrdOfia, forgiveness, sympathy (o-tyA7ra#eiov).
/xe o~u/XTra$eia. pardon me.
09, correct, exact.
TO, O"OOO~Ta O"Ol>.
o~Tpa>vco, I spread.
TO
TO
»
Ke 5 TO
TOI/
I prop up.
TO. /xaTta
I order.
Sev
I finish.
TO T€pL (raipi) the equal.
Sev e^ei Te'pi.
(Tacptd^et), I fit.
Sev
TL
6 TOTTO?, the place.
Kpa.cn TOV TOTTOV.
w I draw.
rpd/3a
rpa/3S) KOLTTVOV.
in earnest.
ready.
he is beyond compare.
it does not fit.
what fits 1
wine of the country.
I give up, I withdraw,
go on !
I smoke.
and Tpa/3iov/zai. I withdraw.
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
109
I make (a person) mad.
TpeAAaiVeTcu. he is madly in love with her.
I run.
TOV. his eyes stream (with tears).
6 Aoyos [MOV rpe'^a eis TO I have the word on the tip of my
tongue,
what is up ? what is going on ?
(TTO/Xtt.
6 TpoVos, the way, manner.
TI TpoVos Civ OLVTOS ;
, I eat.
rpcoyet TO, Aoyia TOV.
avTO TO i/foo/xi 8ev
yaov e<£ay€ Ta
avTO TrAeov 8ev
Tpcoy€Tac yae TO. pov^ai TOV.
^>Aos, blind.
, I seem.
appwo-Tos, aAAa
TO <jxj.pjjLa.KL, the poison.
7roo~a
TO (fracrovXi, the bean.
<f>a(rovA.i
I go away.
OTTOV <j6vy^ <f>vyrj.
yy ^aAao-Tpa, the breach.
/AOV cKayu-e ^aAao"Tpa.
^aAvai, I spoil.
^aAva) eva <f>pdyKO.
TO.
what sort of behaviour is that 1
he eats his words.
he got a beating.
this bread is not fit to eat.
he talked my head off.
that wont do any longer ; that
is too much,
there is no pleasing him.
blind alley.
How does it seem to you ? what
is your opinion ?
TOV he was ill, but he does not appear
so.
what an idea !
how many a bitter pill I have
had to swallow ! what I have
had to put up with !
, TO many a little makes a mickle,
(bean upon bean fills the bag).
every one for himself (let him
flee who can.)
he has upset my plans.
I change a franc.
our friendship is broken off.
110 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
6 Kaipos e^dXao-e. the weather has broken.
E TO o-To/xd^t IJLOV. my stomach is out of order.
rj KapSt'o. fjiov. my heart is breaking.
TOV ex$pov. they have put the enemy to
flight.
iroXv e^dXao-es d-Tro eKetvo OTTOV you have changed much from
T/O-OW. what you (once) were.
e^dXaora TT/V v^o-Teiav. I have broken my fast.
TO Kpacri apxtcrf. vd ^aXdcr^. the wine is beginning to turn.
), I lose.
TO. xdva>. I lose my head.
Si' avro xdvo/iai. I am dying for it, I must have it.
TO x*PL> "kh® hand.
Ttova ^epi VITTTCI TaXXo. one must give and take (one
hand washes the other).
eive 's TO ^epi TOU. the affair lies in his hands.
Sev e^w 's TO xe'pl> ^ have no money in hand, I am
out of money.
TrevTe xe'/°la' fiye times.
6 Yodvo9, tjie year.
povo vd^i7 ! bad luck to him.
Xpo'vwv etve ; how old is he 1
TOV xpovov. next year.
separate.
Sev TOV x^ptfa d?ro doeX^>ov. I treat him as a brother.
eo), xMP^' hold, have room for.
TOVTO Sev TO xwP€^ ° vo^5 /MOV. my mind can't take that in.
TO i/fw/ju, the bread. .
j3yd£w TO if/w/jii fji-ov. I earn my bread,
ee^dya/xe i//w/xi Kai dXaVi (JLOL^V. we have eaten bread and salt
together (i.e. we are old
friends).
17 wpa, the hour.
Tt wpa etve ; what o'clock is it 1
KO.TO. Trjv ojpav. for the present,
oopav TT)V wpav. from minute to minute,
wpais wpais. from time to time.
Trdcrav wpav. at any time.
KOLKrj ojpa vd TOV ev'pfl. plague take him !
wpa KaX^. good-bye.
VOCABULARY.
VOCABULARY.
A.
able, to be, (e)/j.iropu>
about, nearly, (e)irdv<a Kara
about, concerning, Trepj, yid
about four o'clock, Trepl
above, e-jravw
absent, be, AetTrw
accept, 5e'xo,ucu
accident, Sva-rvx^^a
accompany, (TwoSevoo
account, bill, o \oyapia(r/j.6s
accustom,
accustomed,
acid, 6£vs
acknowledge, bfj.o\oyG>
acorn, TO 0a\avi8i
acquaintance, knowledge, r\
add, 7rpoo"0eTo>
address, 7) SievQwais
adjoining, next, SnrAa
admire, Oav^dfa
advantage, ux/xFAm
advantageous, beneficial, w<f)e
advice, r\ a-v/j.^ovX-t]
advise, (riiyUjSouAeuw
advocate, (n.)> 6 8LK-riy6pos
affair, rb Trpa/na
afraid, be, ^o^oG^tai, a-Kid^o/nai
after, vvrepa (ctTrb)
afternoon, T^aTroyev/j-a, /j.£Ta/j.eo"f}/m.@pia
afterwards, uo-repa, f-jreira, KKTOTTIV
again, TraAt. a/co^uTj /J.ia (popd
agent, cTrirpoTros, TrpaKTwpas
agree, make an agreement,
agreement, r\
ague, 6 TtvpfTos, 77 C*Grrrl
(go) ahead, forward, efj.irp6s
aim (n. ), 6 CTKOTTOS
aim at, ffKoirfvco
air, 6 aepas
aliglit, KaTaftaivoi)
all, oAos
Almighty, o
almond, TO a/nv
almond-tree, -^ a,{j.vy§a.\t}d
almost, Kovrd, Trap' o\iyo
I almost fell, e'/coVTeiJ/o va TreVco
alms (beggar's cry), eAe^o^ore /x«
alone, /J.OVQS, ^tovax^s(/uou, (rou, &c. )
along, Trapd
also, eTria"r)s
alter, aAAa(o>
although, ayKa\d, kv KO.L
always, Travrore
ambassador, 7rpeo-/3us
among, /aera^v
amount, TO TTOO-OI'
amuse, entertain,
amusement, -^ 8tao"/ceSao"i
anchor, &yttvpa, o"t5epo
ancient, TraAatos, apxato
angel, 6 ^77eAo.9
anger, 6 0v/j.6s
angry, get. Qvfj.6v(a
114 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
animal, rb £S>ov
answer (n. ), y a.Trdvrir]<n
answer (v.), curavrdw, -c
antiquity, 77 avrlKa, rb a
anxious,
anxiety, 77
(ppovriSa
any (with neg.), itavfvas
any, have you ? %xeLS ^ a^TO/ •'
appear, $aiVoyucu
appetite, 77 ope£'
apple, rb /j.rj\o
apple-tree, 77 /j.Tj\Tjd
approach. Trhfiffidfa
apricot, rb &GPVKOKKOV
April, 6 'ATrpiAtos
apron, 77 iroSid
Arab (n.), 6 'APOTTTJS
Arabian (a.), 'A.pa&uc6s
arm (n.), rb x*Pl
army, 6 <rrparvs
arrange, <ridvca
,, (set in order), fid\\a> els
Tdb
arrest (v. ), &d\\w s
arrival, ^ a^i^ts
arrive, <t>9dvu)
art, ^ Te'xvr?
artichoke, y ayyivdpa
artist, 6 rexvirys
as, ffdv, us
as (since), atynv, O'TTCDS,
as far as, e'ws
as soon as, oyuo, d</>oC
(be) ashamed, '
ashes, T] ffrdx^f)
ask, (e)po)Taco, -w
ask for, fordoa, -co,
askew, Ao|Js
asleep, be, Koi/j.ov/uiai
ass, rb ya'ftovpi
assure, &€&aiovoo
at, ets
at all, Kad6\ov, SioAou, /U.TTITI
attend,
attentive,
August, 6
aunt, ij Qeia (ij 6eid)
Autumn, oircbpa
avaricious, <f>i\dpyvpos
await, /caprepeo), -GO, Tre
awake (v. ), '|u7ri/aw, -co
awake (a.), Qvirvos
axe, o /unra\ras
B.
baity, <5 ^Tre^uTres, TO yucopw
back (backbone), rf pctx^
back, behind. OTT'HTW
bad, /cawos
bag, rj ffaKKOvka, rj fiaXirara
(go) bail for, fyyvdopcu, -co/
bake, ^TJI/W
bakehouse, 6 <povpi>os
baker, \i/co/j.as
balcony, rb /jira\Kovi
ball, TJ /iTraAAo, rb roiri
ball (dance), 6 x°pds
bandit, o K\f<t>ri)s
banish, Qopifa
bank, 77 /j.irdyKa, 77 r pd-rre £a
banker, 6 /j.irayKi€prjs, rpair
baptise, fta<pri£co
barber, 6 /x.7ropu7rep7js, o Kovpfvs, Kovpeas
bargain, 77 ffvfjUpwvia
barley, rb KpiQa.pi
barrel, 0ape\t
basket, rb Ka\d8i, rb KCHpivi, rb
iravepi, r
bath, TO [Airdvyio, rb \ovrpd
bath, take a, KU/U.VCO ^irdvyio^
battle, 77 ^taxTj
bay-tree, 77 §d(pvr)
beam, flash, 77 dxTtVa (attrlva, d/cTt
bean, rb <pa<rov\i
bear, carry, fiaffrdoj, -co, (pepca
beard, TO yeveia
beast, rb £coov
beat, %Ti»7rao), -a>
beautiful, copatos, o[j.op(pos
beauty, 77 /coAAofTj
because, yiari, Oion
become, yivca, yivofj,at
bed, TO Kpe@&dri.
(go to) bed, Tr\ayidCco
bedclothes, rb ffrptoffiSi, ra povx<x-
bee, 77 fieAiffffa
beef-tea, broth, rb Cov^i
VOCABULARY.
115
beer, r] /airipa
before, irplv v6.
before, TrpoVepof, TrpoT-fjTe
before (place), efj-irpos,
beg, ^rjreco, -w,
beggar, 6 frriavos
begin, apX'C"'
behave oneself,
behaviour, TO <pepo"tjuo
behind, (o)7rio-a>
believe, 7no*Teuo>, 6app<2,
bell, TO Kovfiovvi
bellows, TO (pvffepo
belly, f) KoiXid
beloved, aya.Trr)/j.evos
belt, y CCOJ/TJ
bench, TO aKa.fji.vi
bend, arpabovw
beneath, Karw (OTTO), ctTr
benefit (n.), r/ w
besides, e/cT
bet, wager (n.), TO
bet, wager (v.),
beti'othal, of appa0£vais
betrothe, appa@Govi£o/*ai
better, Ka\\irepos
all the better, ToVo TO Ka\\irepo
between, /ueTalu
beyond, Trepa a?ro (adv.) Trapairepa
Bible, r\ ayia ypatpT]
big, fj.€yd\os
bill of fare, r\ \i<rra, u Kard\oyos rcov
billiards, TO ^.TriAAmpSo
bil'd, TO TTOUAl, TO TTOl/AaKt
Birthday, Ta ycvvurovpia
biscuit, rusk, TO 7ra£i/ua5i, TO 111*10-
KOTO
bishop, o 5eo"7roT7]s, o (f}iri<TKOTros
(little) bit, Ko/j./j.drL
bite, 8a7/cai'w, rpooyoo
bitter, iriKpos
black, /xaDpos
black (of boots, v.), Xovffrpdpw, Xova-
rpovw
blacking, TJ /Airoyid
bless, evAoyifa, -co
blind, rv<p\6s,
blonde, £avdcs
blood, TO
blotting-paper, Tt>
blow (v.), (pvcrdu, -<£
blow up, TreTcw (-w) 's TO^ depa
blow with a fist, ^ ypodtd
blue, /jia^s
blunder (v.), (praica, cpraiyw
blush, redden, KOKKIV'I^U
boat, T\ fidpita, TO Ka'tKL
boatman, o )3ap/caprjs
body, TO Kop/j.i, TO <r£
bold, yevvaios
bone, TO
book, TO &i@\
bookbinder, o'
bCOt, TO TTttTToCT^, TO &Tl{3d\
born, y€vvri/j.evos
borrow, Savei^o/nai, iraipvoo
both, teal of 5i»o
bottle, ^ ^TTouTiAia
boundary, TO o'pm
bourse,
box, TO Kovri
boy, TO TratSi, TO aydpi
brain, TO jj.va.x6v
brandy, TO ttovidit
bread, TO •^/ca/j.i
break, <rirdvia
breast, TO 0v£i
brick, TOV&XOV
bricklayer, o -^riarris
bride, rj vv<pt]
bridegroom, 6 ya/j.irpos
Itridge, TO yf(pvpt
bridle, TO Kairiffrpi
brigand, 6 KX^T^S
bring, ^>epw
broad, (papSvs, TrXarvs
bronze, 6 /jLirpovvrfas, rb
brook, TO pv&Ki, TO pev
broom, TJ
broth, TO
brother, 6
brother-in-law, 6
dvSpaSeAcpos, 6
brown,
brush (n. ), 7)
brush (v.),
bud, juaTt
bug, /copto's
i 2
116 A SHORT AXD EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
build, xT'Ca'
(who) built this house .' iroibs e«:a(ue
dUTO TO (TTTTJTi ;
burial. TO Qd^iuo
luiri), Kaioa
bury, 0a7TTo>
bush, o /3dros
(be) busy, fX^ SouAeia
butcher, o /cao"ci7r7js, o /cpeoTrwATjs
butter, TO fiovrvpo
butterfly, 77
buy, ayopd{w
buy food, (o)^/
by, 5ia. oTTo7, yt
cab, carriage, ?/ Kap6r<ra, ?;
cabbage, TO Aa
cabman, 6 a
cafe, TO Ka.<p
calculate,
calf, TO /j.o(rxdpi
call (name), A €70?
call out, 0wi/a£"a>
(what is this) called ? TTWS ovo/j-d^rai
avTO ; TTWS TO A eve ;
calm (n. ), -^ ^<rux'aj T/ yo.xi]vt] (at
sea)
calm (v. ), r;o-i/xaCc«'
calm (a.), TJOTUXOS? 7oA7jj/o's (at sea)
can, (f)/nTTopu>
can (n.), 6 revcites
candle, TO /c?7pi
c.ape, headland, TO a/cpcoTrjpi
captain, 6 Aox«7os : of a ship, o
card, TO xaPT'L
(play) cards, Tr
care, r> irpocrox'
care, take,
careful, Trpoo-e/cTi/co's
careless,
caress, cajole,
carnival,
carpenter, 6 fjia.pa.yK6s
carpet, T^ x°A'
carriage, -^ a/j.a^a, 77 Kaporcra
carry, (^e'pco
case, in any, x^P's aAAo
cask, TO 0ape\i
castle, TO TraAaTi, TO Kaffrpo, 6 irvp-yos
cat, o 7aTos, 7; 7<xTa
catch, Tridvdi
catholic, 6 SVTIKOS (6 (ppdytcos)
cauliflower, TO KowovTriSt
cedar. 77 icevTpos
cemetery, TO vsKpoTafyttov, f) fidvSpa
centime, TO AeTrroV
certain, /3e&aios
certainty, 77 a<r(pd\eia
chain, r) Ka&eva, 77 aAuo-i'Sa
chair, ^/ /cope/fAa
chalk, T/ KLjjicaXia, TO Teju7rfo"ip£
change (n.) (small money), \iavd,
\}/i\a
change (money) (v.), xaAa£o>, a\\d£<a
charcoal, TO Kap&ovvo
charity, T^ eXerjfj.offvi'T)
cheap, €v6vvos, (prr]v6s
cheat (v.), 7eAao>, -w
cheek, TO /j.dyov\o
cheese, TO Tupt
chemist's shop, TO '
cherry, TO Kepdcn
cherry-tree, rj ttepaffid
chest (of the body), TO
chicken, TO /COTT^TTOUAO^
child, TO TTGUS/, TO TTOtStt/Ci
chill, TO Kpvo
('hin, TO yeveiov
choke, Trviyia (pass. Trviyo/j.ai)
cholera, 7^ x°^ea
Christian, 6
Christinas, TCC
church, 7^ eKK\T)(ria (77 €KK\rjaid)
cigar, TO Trovpo
cigarette, TO viydpo : (ready made) TO
cistern, T) Se^a/uey-fi, tj ffrepva
citizen, 6 TTOAITTJS
city, rj TTo'Ats
clean (a.), tracrrpiKos, Ka.Qa.p6s
clean (v.), iraarpsvui,
clear, Aa^uTrpos
clerk, 7paya/uaTeus
climate, TO K\i/u.a
climb, avafiaivw
cloak. TO Travocpopt
VOCABULARY.
117
clock, TO wpo\6yi.
cloth, T] Tffoxa, TO Travrj
clothes, 77 (popeo-ta
cloud, •}] Ka.Ta.xvid>, ">? ffvvve<pia,, TO.
cloudy, ffvvvf<p-f)s
coal, TO tcdpfiovvo, 6 ya.idvQpv.Kas
coarse, xovSpos
coast, TO TTccpaAi
coat, TO povxo
COCk, 6 TT€T€lv6s
coffee, 6 /caepes
coffee-house, TO nafyevtlov
coin, 5 irapas, TO vop.iafj.a, r) fJLOVeSa
coins (ancient), ra /napT(re\ia
cold, catarrh, TO o-iWx<
cold, to be, Kpv6vco, Kpvaivw
cold, Kpvos
(it is) cold, KdfMvei Kpvo, Kap.vfL ^^XP0-
(it is) colder to-day than yesterday,
collar, TO Ko\api
collect,
collection,
colour,
column, 6 <TTV\OS, rj KoXovva
comb (n.), TO %TeV:
comb (v. ),
come,
come in,
(please) come in, KOTrida-are ue'o-a
comedy, TJ Kca/j.(p8ia
command (v.), ^ 8ia.Ta.yri
command (n.), Siardira-oo
commercial, e/^TropiKos
common (ordinary), irpoffrvxos
companion, 6 <rvvTpo<pos
company, rj <rwrpo<pid : (military), TO
compass, -rj
compel, oblige, v
compensate, indemnify,
complain, ira.paTTovoi>jj.a.L, Kafj.vw irapd-
irova
condition,
congratulate,
conc|uer, viicd(a, -Ha
console, comfort, Trapyyopew, -
consul, 6 Trpo^evos
consulate, TO -Kpo^v^iov
consult, '<rvfj.fiov\evo/j.ai
consumption, phthisis, ??
content, ei)xapio"T77jueVos
conversation, ^ 6/j.i\ia, rj
cook (n.), 6 pdyeipos,
cook (v. ), /jiayeipevw
copper (n.), 6 xa^K^, TO xd^Kwaa.
copy, a.VTiypd(p(a
cord, ox°LV'L
COrk, plug, TO (TTOVTrw/AO.
corn (wheat), criTdpi.
corn (011 the foot), o /caAos
corner, y ywvia
corpse, TO Xetyavov, TO 7TTo;,ua
correct, O"&;O"TOS
COSt (V.), KOffTlfa
cottage, hut, TO /caAu^i
cotton, cotton wool, TO /Ba^jSa/ci
(of) cotton, /8af6/3aKepo's fjSaftjSa/ce/jvos)
cough (n.), 6 j87?xas
cough (v.), MX®
count, jueTpaw, -a> (fjierpew, -w)
country, land, r/ x^Pa
I am going into the country, da.
Tract) 3s T^IV e|ox^
courage, TO Odppos
court, T] ai>\T]
cousin, o e|aSeA^os, ?j
cover, ffKeirdfa
coverlet, TO <TKeTra(r/uia
row, rj a7€Aa5o
crab, o Kafiovpas
credit, fj Triffroaffi
crew, TO TrA^pw/xa
criminal, 6 Katcovpyos
crops, TO y€vvri/j.ara
cross, 6 ffTavpos
crown-prince, 6
cruel, rude, coarse, tiro's
crumb, y $ixa
cry out, (puvdfa
cry (weep), K\aiw
cudgel, yd6pvo/j.a.L
Cliff, /J,a.VtK€Tl
cup, T] <p\iVT^dvi, (pi\T{dvi
cupboard, TO ap^apt, TO 8ov\dirt
cure, taTpeuaj, Kd/j.voo ita\d
curiosity, rj Treptep-yem
(be) current (of coin). Trepvdw. -&
curse,
118
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
cursed, execrable, Kara
curtain, Koprtva.
cushion, /j.a£iA\dpi
custom, 77 ffvvi]Qeia
customer, 6 (j.ov(TTepris,
CUt, K6(pTO), KO^CO
IX
damage, /3Aa<£To>
damp, vyp6s,
dance (n.), 6
dance (v.),
danger, 6 KivSwo
daring, bold, TOA
dark, ffKortivts
it is dark, eZve
date (day of the month), 77
daughter, 77 dvyarepa
day, 77 (ri)p.spa.
day before yesterday,
dead, (a)ireda/j.fii.fvos
deaf, Kov<p6s
dealer, 6 Trpay/j.arfvr'ns
dear, anpi&os
death, 6 ddi-aros
debt (n.), XP*OS
decanter, rb U.TTOVKO.\I
December, o Ae/ce^ujSptos
decide, Kpivw
decision, judgment, 77
Kp'lffL(s)
deed, 77' irpa£is
deep, &a6vs
delay (v.), apyiw, -u
departure, dfoxwpws
depth, TO fidOos
,
describe, 7rfpiypd<pw
desert (n.), 77 eprjuia, TO.
despise, TrtpKppovfw, -u>
devil, 5 5idfto\os
diarrhoea, 77' Stdppoia
die (v.), (a.}irbOa.(vca : (of an animal),
differ,
difference,
difficult,
dig, (TKd(j)TW
digest,
digestion, T] xw
dine, yfv/j.aTifa, rpwyca
dining-room, 77 rpaire^apia, ri ad\a
dinner, yevfj.a
dinner-napkin, 77
direction, 77
director, 6 St
dirt, mud, 77
dirty, 0pu>/j.iyos
discover,
disgrace, shame, 7^
disguise, ctAAa^w
disgust, 7^ a-nSia,
dish, rb TTiaro
dismiss, 5iu>xv<*>
disorder, ara^ia
disposition, 77 Smflea-i
ditch, TO av\aKi, 6 oxer^s
<livide, x«P^Cw
do, K&[iV(6
(how do you) do, TTCOS elcrde ; ri KO-J
vfTf ;
(what am I to) do ? ri va
doctor, 6 larpos (yiarpos)
dog, TO ffKV\i, 6 (TKvXos, (f. ) 77
TO (TKvXaKl
• loll, 77 KOVK\O,
dollar, TO rd\\i]pov
donkey, o ^ai'Sapos, TO 7ai'8oGpi, rb yo-
pdpi
door, 77 Tropra
doubt (n.), 77 a/ji.<t>i&o\ia
doubt (v.), a/j.<ptftd\\w
dove, pigeon, TO Trepicrrepi
down, Kara
dozen, 77 vrov^iva, 77 SwSfKas
drag, draw, arepvw
drawer, TO avprdpt
drawers, TO o-c6j8poKo
dream (n.), TO uveipo
dream (v.), jSAeVw 's rbv virvov
dress, TO <popf/ji.a
drink, TTIVOJ
drive, take a, Trrjyaivu ^ue T?y
drop, 7£7 ffra\irara
drown, aTTOTWY^
druggist, apothecary, o
druggist's shop, 7; (nrffrpid, TO <pa.p-
VOCABULARY.
119
drunk, ^Qvcr^vos
enough (adv. ), /uLTrdara, apiterd
drunkard, 6 /iTreprjs
(it is) enough, (prdvei
drunkenness, -rj /j.40r) r»x
entertain (as a guest), rparrdpu, Treoi-
dry (a.), o"Te7i'os, £rjpo's
TTOioG/xat
dry (n. ), o~T67i'dVco
entrance, 77 efo-oSos
duck, I) Trdiria
envelope, 6 (pa/ceAAos
dumb, /3ou#os
environs, TO Treptx^pa
dust, powder, T\ o-/coVrj
envy, 6 <p0oVos
duty, TO xp*os> T° KaBfiKov
equal, Ifcros
dye (v.), ftd<pd>
estate, KTTHJ.O.
dye (n.), f) piroyid
Europe, -^ EupwTrrj
dysentery, fj SvcrevTepia
evening, -^ eo-7repo, TO ySpaSi;
dwarf, 6 vdwos
(good) evening, «aArj(T7repa (croii, a as)
^this) evening, aTro'^/e
(in the) evening, TO 4o"7re'pas
E.
every, /ca0€, 6 itaOevas
exact, accurate, o- COO-TO s
each, 6 KaBevas, KaBe
(six o'clock) exactly, o-oxTTa 's TCUS e|t
ear, TO avri
examine, e'|eTa£co
early, (i)vupis, irpwi
excavation, r) avaffKa<p'h
earn, gain, >cep8i£oo, iraipvu)
except, Tropa, e/cTos
earth, r) yrj
exception, r^ e|oip6<rt
earthquake, 6 o-eioyios
excuse (v. ), <rvyx<0p<*>
east, T) cWroArj
exert oneself, /coTTiaC'*'
Easter, -rj AayUTrpr/
exit, r^ ?|o5os
easy, eu/coAos
expend, e|o5euco
eat, rpwyoo
expense, Ta <|o5a
edge, rim, T& xetAcs
explain, elrjye'co, -co
education, -rj avarpotp-h
express, e/c<ppa^co
eel, TO x^4> T0 e7Xf At
extinguish, o-£iW
egg, TO ai»7o
either... or, ^...?;
extravagant, o-TraToAos
election, ^ fK\oyf]
eye, TO ^aTi
electric, r/Ae/cTpi/cos
eyebrow, TO <ppu5t
else, ciAAcos
embassy, 77 irpeo-^eia
embroidery, TO wej/TTj^a
F.
emperor, 6 avroKpdropas
empress, 7? cti»TO/cpaTopto"o"a
lace, TO TTpocrutrov, TOC fj.ovTpa
empty, SSetos
factory, r^ (pd/jurpiKa
empty one's glass, dSeta^w T^ irorripi
fade, dvoi7co
end (n.), TO TeAos
faint, A lyoQv^J. e co, -co, Ai7ro0u/ieco, -co
end (v.), TeAeioVco
fainting-tit, T) XiyoQvfj.id, rj \nro6v/j.ia
endure, ySao'Taco, -w, viro<p€p<a
faith, r/ TT'KTTL
enemy, 6 e'x^pos
faithful, irurTos
energetic, irpo/co^ueVos
fall, TrecpTco
England, 7/ 3A77Aio
fall ill, dppcoo-Teco, -co
English, 'A77At/cos, 'I>7A.e£i/co$
false, lying, vJ/euTi/cos
Englishman, 6''A77Aos, 6 'l77Ae^os
falsehood, lie (n. )> T^ ^eV^a (4'€''Ato)
enough (adj.), ap/ceTo's
(speak) falsely, lie, Ae^co ^^aTa
120 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR,
family,
famous, Trepicprj/j.os
fan (n.), 77 )3ei/TctAm, TO pnriSt,
far, fj.a.Kpdi>, p.a.Kpvd, d\dpya
fare, TO dywyioi/, (by sea) 6 i/aCAos
fashion, mode, 77 fj.6Sa, 6 avp/aos
fast (adv.), ypriyopa, oy\-f]yopa
fast (v.), vrjffTfvw
fasting (a.), vrjffrtKos
fat, stout, TTO.XVS, xoySpo's
fate, T/ Ti/xf), TO ypafpro
father, 6 -rrarepas
fault, sin, Kpl^a.
feather, TO <prep6
February, 6 Qefipovdpios
feel, aicr6dvo/j.ai
female, 6r)\vs
fetch, Trriyaivw vd
fever, 6 irvper6s
fickle, ^O-TOTOS
fiddle, rb 0io\i
field, TO
fig, TO ffVKO
fight (v.), TroAe^ueo), -co
fight (11.), TJ (TV/J.TT \OK~f)
figure, T) (piyovpa
fill, 76/Xl^
find, Ppia-Kw
fine (a.), ACTTTOS, ^os
finger, 6 SctxTuAos
finish, TeAeioi/w, crwvw
fir, 7| TT€VKT]
fire (n.), r/ (puna
(the) fire has gone out. eo-^utre ?/ <pu,rid
fire (conflagration), ^ irup/coia
fire-brigade, ot Trvpocrfffffrai
(at) first, TrpoJTa, TO irpwrov
fish, TO v//api
fisher, 6
fist, 6
fix,
flag, banner, r/
flame, T^ tp\6ya
flank (of a person),
flatter, Ko\aK€vco
flax, TO \ivov
flea, d i//wAAos
flee, (pevyca
fleet (n.), 6 O-TO'AOS
floor, TO
florin, TO <piopivi
flour, TO aAeDpi
flower, TO AouAof'S
flute, TO (p\dovTo
fly (n.), ?'; /J.v7ya, f
fly (v.), TTCTW
fog, o^i'xAT?
fold, SlTTAdVco
follow, a/coAov^eo.',
folly, ?) avo7)ffia
food, T^) <payi, TJ
fool, o AoupSos
foot, TO 7T(JSi, TO TToSdpl
forbid, €fj.Tro$i(w, airayoptv
force, power, 77 Svya/mi
force (v.), di/a7/ca(1'a;
forehead, TO KovraXo
foreign, |eVos, efareptKos
forest, TO Sao~os
forgive, ffvyxtop*<*>, ~&
fork, TO TTT]pOVVl
former,
forsake, cKpy
fortress, TO
fortune, r/ ri>x"n
fortune (wealth), ?c; ireptovaia
fowl, f) KOTTO, T^ /COTT^TTOfAo
fox, 77 aAeTToG
free, e'Aey^epos
freedom, r/ fXevOepia ((\evdepid)
freight, fare, TO ayu
French, TaAAi/cds
Frenchman, 6 FaAAos
fresh, (ppeo-Kos
Friday, TJ Trapaa-Kcvfi
friend, 6 <{>i\os, ri (pi\7)vd8a
(he is a) friend of mine,
friendship, 77 <pi\ia
fright, o <j)6(3os
(to) frighten, rpo/ndfa
frog, 6 fidrpaxos
from , aTTo
(in) front, f/unrp6(rde(i>), ^
fruit, 6 /caoTros, rd (ppovra
full, yto/udros, ye/jidros
functionary, 6
fur, T/ 7oOz/a
furniture, Ta iTtiTrAa
further on, Trapairepa
VOCABULARY.
121
gain (n.), TO /cepSos
gain (v. ), /cep5i£o>
game (play), TO iratyviSi
game (food), TO Kvvriyi
garden, TO Trepi/So'Ai, o KTJTTOS
garlic, TO o"Ko'p5o
garter, 6 /caATo-oSeV^s
gate, 77 -jropra
gem, TO TrcTpaSi, T/ TreTptTo-a
gently, slowly, criyd 0-170, ct7aAia
dyd A la
German (n.), rep/j.av6s (f. Tep^aj/tSa)
German (a.), repeat -ucos
Germany, r) rep/mafia
get up, o"r)Koi>ofj.ai
girl, TO Kopircri
give, SiScc
give back, eTucrTpffpw
glad, €vxap<-(n~r)/ji,€vos
glance, 77' fj.ci.Tid
glass, TO yva\i
glass (for drinking), TO rrorr}pL
glass (of window), r^d^i
glove, TO ydvri
go, 7T777aiVco
go on ! €/j.np6s !
go away, <pevyu
going on, what is ' ri
go out, fiyaivw
god, 6 8eos
godfather, 6 vowos. 6 KOU/
gold, /j.d\afj./ji.a, xPv(r^
golden, fj.aXa/j.fj.a.Tfi'io
good, kind, /caAos
goodbye, O.VTLO, wpa /caATJ
goodbye (say), leave (take one's),
Good Friday, tj
goodness, kindness, rj
goose, rj X^lva
governmeiit, TJ Kv/Sepv-rj
grammar, rj ypa/uL/j.arLKri
grandchild, o tyyovos
grandfather, o rramrovs
grandmother, ?/
grape, TO <rra<pv\
grass, TO
grateful, evxdpiaros
grave, o rd<f>os
grease (n.), TO rrdxos
Greece, r) 'EAAaSa ('EAAas)
Greek (n. ), 6"EAArji'(as)
Greek (a.), 'EAATjvi/co's
green, Trpdvivos
greet (v. ), xaiPer'Lfa> -du, -co
greeting, 6 xalP€TL(rlJI-°s (r^- XaiP€T'L(T~
fj.ara)
grief, rj AUTTTJ
grocer, 6 ^Tro/caATjs
(on the) ground, %auou. Kardx^P-0-
grow, {jLtyaXovca
guard, be on one's, beware, $uAa-
guardian, o
guide, 6 oSrj7o's, 6 d
guitar, cithern, 77 ittddpa
glim, TO yKO/jL/uLl
gun, TO rov(p€Ki
gunpowder, rj cntovri, rj rrvpiri^a
gunshot, rj rovQeicid
gutter, channel, TO av\di<i, 6 o%6To's
II.
habit, custom, TO
hail (n.), TO x"^"
(it) hails, 7re^)T€t xaAo^i
hair, rd /xaAAia, 77 Tpi%a
half (n.), TO ^io-o'
half (a.), jj.L<r6s
hall, saloon, 77 <rd\a
hall door, 77' fj.€ya\orropra
ham, TO xotpo/xe'pi
hammer, TO o-tyvpi
hand (n. ), TO x6'p'
handkerchief, TO
. r] <rvvr]6€ia.
hard, o-/cA77pos
hare, 6 Aa7o's-
harm (v.),
harvest, TO aAcciu
hasten, &id£o/j.ai
hat, TO /caTre'Ao
hats off, /caTO) T« /cKTreAa
hat oif, to take the,
122 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
hate (n.), TO
hate (v.), fjLicr
hay, TO
head, TO
health, 77 (tyyeta
hear, O.KOVW, aKovyu
heart, 77 KapStd
heat, 77 CfffT-t)
heaven, 6 ovpavos
heavy, &apvs
heel, 77 (pTepva
heel (of stocking), TO TO.KOVVL
height, TO ttyos
hell, 77 KoAa<ri
help, floydta
hen, 77 KOTTO
here, eSw
here ! here I am ! (answer by a
waiter), fy6a(ra (from
arrive)
herring, 77 apiyya
hide, skin, 77 TreVo'o, TO
hide (v.), Kpv0w
high, (v^A^y
high-way, /3a<Ti\iitbs SPO/.IOS
hinder, prevent,
hire (v.),
history, 77* I
hold, Kpareto), -o>
hole, 77 Tpvira, Tpovira
holiday, 77' fopT-fj, 77 (peffTa, % apyia
holy, 07405
Holy Thursday, 77' /j.fyd\r)
home, inland, fffcaTepiitds
home, at, 's TO (nrriTi
(is he at) home ''. e?j/e
honey, TO
honour, 77
hope (v.),
hope (n.), 77 e\iriSa
horn, TO /ce'pos
horse, TO 6X070, 6 Ka@d\\r)s
(on) horseback, /ca^aAAa
horse-boy, 6 070)71^775
hospital, TO vorroK.oiJ.tiov
liot, ^eo-Tos
hotel, TO £€vo8ox*?ov
hotel-keeper, host, 6
hour, 77' &pa
house,
householder, 6 voiKO
how ? TTWS ;
how much ? TTOO-OS •
humble,
hung up,
hunger, 77
hunter, o
hurry, be in a,
hurt (v.a. ), j8Aa<£>T«,
hurt (be in pain), irovea), -w
husband, 6 crv£vyos, o &vTpas
hush ! 0-170
hut TO /coAu^t
1.
ice, b irdyos
ice-cream, TO 71-070^0, r\ y\cuTd5a
idea, 77 t'Seo
if, &v, o/zo
if he should (tome, TVXOV va
ill, &ppw(TTos, dffBfvris
ill, I feel, fj.ov $px*Tai TO KO.KO
ill-use, abuse (v. ),
illegal, Trapdvo/j-os
illegitimate, ^/euT
illness, 77 dpptao-Ttd
immediatelv, d^eVcos
(he will come) immediately,
impatient, d
important, a .
impossible, dS^oTos
improvement, 77 /coAAiT^pei/o-
impudent, avOdSris
in, /u.f<ra (fls), els
incessant, a.Ka.TdTra.vo~Tos
inconvenience (v.), ireipdfa
indeed, certainly, jSe'jSota. jita,
indifferent, dS:ci</)opos
indisposed, KO.KO
indisposition, 77
infant, TO /ncapo
infect, to (with a disease), «-oAAa<
woAAco
infectious, /COAATJTI/CO'S
inform, flooiroiew, -a)
information, 77 ir\i]po<popia.
(be) informed, Tr\r)po<popovfj.ai
VOCABULARY.
123
7} raftepva, t]
ingratitude, TJ
inhabit, /coToi/ce'co, -co
inhabitant, 6 KO.TOLKOS
inherit, K\r)povo/j.eu, -co
injury, 77 @\d&ii, 77 £77/410
ink, rb /j.e\dvi
inn, T& £ei/o8ox
AO/COPTO
(wayside) inn, TO
innocent, aQQos
insane, rpe\\os
inscription, TJ
instead of, avris
instrument, 77 ^77x01/7?
insult (v. ), 7rpoo"$oAAco, Trei
insurance, a<r<pd\fia
international, 5te0frjs
interrupt, 5io/coc/>Tco
interruption, 77 SJO/COTTTJ
intolerable, dfpopijros
introduce, Trapowtdfa
invent, find out, ecpet/picr/cco
invention, 77 ecptvpfa-i, rb
investigate, e'£eTa£o>
invite, TrpocrKa\fu>, -w
iron (n.)} 6
iron (a.),
iron (v.),
island, rb vf\a(
Italian (n.), 6 '
Italian (a.), '
Italy, 'IroAia
ivory,
J.
jam, TO y\i>Kicr/j.a
January, 6 'loi/ouaptos
jealous, fjjAiopTjs
Jew, 6 'EQpaios, 77' 'EQpaia
jewel, rb
join, kvov(a
joke (n.), 6
joke(v.), „ ,
journey, TO To|i'8t
(have you done this) journey ? fKa/j.es
avrbv rbv Spo/xo ;
joy> •»?
judge,
jug, pitcher, TO
July, 6 'louAtos
jump, spring, TTTj
June, 6 'loui'tos
just, 5t/cotos
just (exactly), 2<r
justice. TO Si/cato
iVt
K.
keep (hold),
keep (guard), <f>v\dy
keep (one's word), PCHTTW (rbv
kettle, 6 TeW£epes, 77 T^aiapa
key, rb /cAetSt
kick, /cAoTO*co
kidneys, TO vetypid
kill, irKorofCD
kind (a.), /caAos
kind (description), TO
king, 6 ^acrtAeos
kiss (n.), T^» (pi\i]/j(.a
kiss (v.), (pi\eu, -co
kitchen, TC> /jLaysipfio
knee, T^ 7oj/aTo
knife, TO /j.axcupi : (pen -knife),
(Tovyid
knife-thrust, t] /j.axaipid
knit, TrAe'/cco
knock, XT^Traco, -co
knot (n.), 6 KO/ATTOS
know, 5|epco, e|eupco
know, recognize, 7J/copt^co
known, familiar, 7i/co<rros
labour, 7? 5ov\eid
ladder, 77 <r/caAa
lady, 77 Kvpia, 77
lake, 77' AiyUi/77
lamb, T^ dpft, TO
lame, itovrcros
lamp, 77 \d/nTra
land, 77 77^
language, 77'
lantern, T^ Qavdpt
large, /j.eyd\os
124
A SHORT AXD EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
last (v.), /3ao-T«, <pddvu
last (a.), T£\6VTCUOS
lastly, at last, 's TO reAos
late, apyd
late (dead), /j.aKapirris
laugh, yc\dw, -i-
law, 6 VO/J.QS
lawyer, 6 8ucr)y6pos
lay, put, $aC&>
lay the table, vpuxre TO Tpair^L
lazy, Te^TreArjs
lead (v. ), 68r)y4ca, -a>, (pepvw
lead, TO /j.o\v@t, T~O fio\v/u.i
lead pencil, T£> /uo\vf35oKovdv\oi', TO
fj.o\v/3i.
leaf, TO <puAAo
learn, /j.adaivw, p.avQdvw
learn by heart, naOalvw air' *£o>
leather, TO TTfTfri, r/ TreVora
leave, cuprivw
left, opt<TTepo's, £ep@6s
leg, TO TToSi, TO TToSct/Ji
lemon, TO Ae/xort
lemonade, ^ \i/u.oi'd8a
lend, Sayei'^o)
length, TO xfKos
Lent,
less, o
lesson, TO fj.ddrj/j.a
let (of a house) (v.;, eVoj/fia^a-
let, to be, evotKidfeTai
letter, TO ypd/j./uia, r/ eTri<TTO\ri
letter of the alphabet, T& ypd/j.fj.a,
(TTOL^eloV
letterciise, TO TropTO(f>o\io
liar, o i|/euTrjs
liberty, ^ e\ev6fpid
library, TJ
lie, (n. ) TO
lie down, 7r
life, ?; C^T?
lift up,
light, TO (pus
light (weight;, e\a(ppos
lightens, it, a<TTpd(pT£i.
lightning, r? aa-Tpatrr)
like (a.), o^uotos, Tr
like (v.), 070^0)
(do you) like it. o-' apeVei ai/To' ;
likely,
lime, 6 a
line, -^
linen, canvas, TO \wdpi
linen from the wash, Ta
linen (soiled), T«
lion, TO XfovTo.pl
lip, TO xetAos
listen, o/couo)
little, /j.iftp6s, o\iyos
live, (,"w, C«w
live (at), Ka.Qojj.ai
lively, fatipos
liver, TO crvKWTi
living,
load (v.), yef
load (n.), TO
lobster, T^> O.O-TO.KL
lock (n.), T/ K\ei$apid
lock (v.), (T(pa\ifa
London, r/ A^Tpa, TO
long, /j.ai(pvs
(a) long time, iro\vv
long for, 7upeuo;, ^VjTecB, -&
look (V.), Kl/TTa^O)
look out ! /SdpSa, epirpos
looking-glass, o /ca0pe7TT7js
lose, -)(a.vu>
lottery, T^> Aaxelov
love (n.), 17 aydirri
love (v.), aya-nto
low, -)^ap,f]\6s
luck, ^ TUX''?
luggage, Ta TrpdjJ.fj.aTa
luggage- porter, o xa/J-a^r)s
luggage-ticket, a7rd8ej|t9 aT
lunch, mid-day meal, TO irpoyevjua
M.
machine, T/
mad, TpeAAo's
Madonna, -^ Il
maiden, TO
maid-servant, ^/ SoCAa, r/ utrrjpsTpta,
make, KO.^.VW
male, dptrej/t/co's
man, o avTpas, 6 avOpuoiros
manner, way,
many, TroAAot
VOCABULARY.
125
map, 6
marble, Tb jjia.ffj.apo
March, 6 Mdprios
mare, ?? (popdSa
)iiark (11.), o"nfjLaiov, cr7]/xa8i
market, 7) ayopd, Tb (^u)-7ra£apt
marketing, go, tyowifa
marriage, r\ (v^TravTpeid
married, TravTpefj.fj.zvos (vTravSpev/uevos)
marry, (v)TravTp€vofj.ai
mask, 7] TTpocrwrriSa, 7] fj-owrarovva
mason, o %Tio"T?7s
mass, multitude, Tb Tr\r}0os
mass, service, T) \ciTovpyia
master, (builder, carpenter, &c. ), 6
/j.d<TTop7]s
mat, T] \]/d6a
match, Tb (TTripTO
matter, it does not, 5tv Treipa^et
mattress, Tb crrpS)fj.a
May, 6 Mai'os
mayor, o Srjyuapxos
meadow, rb Ai/SaSt
meal, Tb a\€i>pi
mean (v. ), ffrifj.aivu
meaning, TJ twoia
means, medium, T& ^teVo
measles, T/ KOKKivdfia, r\
measure, rb ueVpo
measure, ^uerpew, -w
meat, rb /cpeas
medicine, Tb yiaTpmo, Tb
mediterranean, /j.e<r6yeios
meet, avTa/j.6v&, aTravTaa}, -w
meeting, o <rv\\oyos
melt, Xvovw
mend, 8iop06vu, fyTeidfa'. (of clothes),
mention (v. ),
merchandise, Tb efj.-n6piov
merchant, 6 e^tiropos
merry, Ka\oKapSos
metal, Tb ^eraAAo
methylated spirit, inripTo Ka/j,iveTo
mid-day. TC> fj,*(rr]/j,€pi
midnight, Tb /UCCTOVVKTI.
middle, centre, rb /j.4(ro
mile (league), Tb fj.i\i
milk (n. ) Tb yd\a
milk (v.), afj.fpyca
mill, 6 fj.v\os
miller, 6 juuAwi/ds
mind, 6 vovs
mine, TO /ieraAAetoi/
minister (of state), o v-rrovpyos — (diplo-
matic) 6 irpeo-fivs
minute (n. ), Tb ACTTTO
miracle, rb Qav^a
mirror 6
misery, misfortune, r) Sv
miss (unmarried woman), -
rj Sfcnroivis
mistake, Tb \ddos
misunderstand, Trapavoeu, -w
mix, shuffle, avaKaTovu
model, Tb TrapdSeiyfj,a
moderate, ^eVptos
modern, vzos, vewTepos, (rrj/nepivos
moment, 77 aTiy/j.ri
Monday, 77 Aeurepa
money, o irapas, o! Trapddes, TO. %
fJ-ttTtt, TO. AeTTTa
monk, 6 Ka\6yepos
month, 6 fj.r]vas
moon, Tb (peyydpi, rj <re\-r}vr]
moral, 7)9iKos
more, TrepiaaoTepos
morning, r\ Trpcoia, Tb irpwi
morning, in the, rb trpw'i, <rvvTaxa
mosquito, midge, rb KOVVOVTTI
mosquito net, TJ Kowovirtepa
mother, ri ^yjre'pa, r\ fj.dvva
mother-in-law, ri TrevOepd (ireOepd)
mother tongue, y ^TPLKT] y\Sxr(Ta
mount, ava&aivw
mountain, TO fiowo
mouse, 6 TTOVTIKOS, TO TTOVTIKKKL
moustache, Tb ^uoudTa/a
mouth, Tb (TTo/jia
move, Kovvfw, -a), o"a
much, TroAus
mud, T) Aao-TTT?
mule, Tb (UouAapi
murder, 6 <povos
music, T] f.<.ov<riK7)
musician, 6 [AOVVIKOS
muslin, ?? fj.ovffe\iva
must (n. ), /uLovffTo
must (v. impers. ),
mustard, Tb cnvd^L, 7;
126 A SHORT AXD EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
nail, TO icapcpi
nail (of the finger), TO vi>xi
naked, yv/j.v6s
name, TO uvo/uLa
name, what is your ? irdjy o-e AeVe
narrow, ffrevos
nation, rb
national,
native,
native country, T) irarpiSa
natural, (pvffiicos
nature, r> <f>v<ri
near, Kovrd, fftfid
necessary (it is), eZi/e avdyK-r)
necessitate, avaytcdfa
necessity, r) avdyicri
neck, 6 Aoi/nJs
need, require, xpeta<Vat
needle, TO &c\6vi
negro, 6 apd-vys
neighbour, 6 yeirovas
neither... nor, of/re ... o&re
nephew, 6 avetyios
nest, T/ <f><i)\td
net, ri> irAc/ifiari, rb Si'xTi
never, Sty... wore
new, Kcuvovpios
new year's day, -^ irpuToxpovia.
news, 7f etSrjo-i
newspapers, T?
nice,
niece,
night,
night, at,
no, ox*
noble, fv
noise, shout, r;
noon, TO fjLe<ri)/j.€pi
north (n.),
north (a.),
nose,
not, ScV
not yet,
note, rb ypa/j-fj-ardKi, y
nothing, rivora
notice, TJ cr-nneiuffis
novel, romance, TO uoOt<TT6piiiJ.a
November, 6
now, Tcfya
number, 6 apidfj.6s
nurse, ^ Trapajaava, ^ vravrd
nut (walnut), TO KapvSi : (hazel nut),
TO (f)OVl'TOVKl
O.
oak, -^ SpCs, TO SeVTpoz/, -^
(evergreen), TO irovpvdpi
oath, 6 opKos
oats, TO )8poVi
oblige, Ko.iJ.vto x<*-PLV- See also ' com
pel'
oblique, Ao£os
observation, ri irapa.T'fipria'i
observe, Traparijpeot), -e?, <rKOTrev(a
occupied (of a place), Tna.crp.4vos
October, 6 'OitTw&pios
offer, Trpocr<p(p(i>
office, counting-house, TO ypcupelov
often, <rvxvd
oil, TO Aa5i
old, iroXajos
old man, o 76^05
old woman, f/ yppd, r\ y€p6vTur(ra
older than I, /j.€ya\e'iT€pos airb /ueva
olive (n.), y eA?;ct
olive-tree, ^ eA?;a
omnibus, TO Xecafyopsiov
onion, TO Kpo/u.fjLv8i
only, /ULOVOV
open (a. ), ai/oixT<^s
open (v. ), avoiyca
opera, T; oirepa [TO ^teA^Spa^a]
op>inion, ^ yvca/LLfj
opium, TO a(f>i6vi
opportunity, ^ evicaipia
opposite, airevavri, icap(ri
opposite, Sin-Ao
opposite the house, SiTrAa's TO o-Trf/Tt
he lives hard by, KaOerat CCTTO SnrAa
oppressive, 0apvs
orange, TO TropTo-yaAAt: (mandarin), T»
/j.avrapivt : (bitter), vepdvr^i.
orange-tree, ^ iropraya\\id
order, badge, TO irapdffriij.ov
order, regulation,
VOCABULARY.
127
(give) order for, irapayyf\\a) (aor
Trapdyyei\a,
ornament, rb
orphan, rb op<pai>6
outside (also, get out), e|o>, o|a?
out, he has gone out, eByyice «|
over, irdv<»
over a hundred pounds, irap
aTrb eicarbv \ipais
overcoat, rb iravoxpopL
owl, 77 KovKKOvfidyta
own (a.) [fjSi/cos (/j.ov, aov, &c.)
ox, rb #<£5i
oyster, TO
P.
pack,
packet, TO TrcuctTo, rb Sf/j.a
pain (n. ), 6 ?roVos
pain (be in), irovew, -w
paint (n. ), TO xpw/ia, 77
paint (v. ),
painter, 6
pair, TO ^e
palace, T^ iraXdri
pale, u>xpos : (of colours), &VOIKTOS
paper, rb xaPr/i
Paradise, 6 ITapaSeto-os
parasol, TJ o/jurpeXXa
pardon, I beg your pardon, pe ffv
irddeia ! vd
parents, of
Paris, rb Uapio-i
parrot, 6 TraTTTr
part, TO /j.€pos
parting (of the hair), 77 xcap'ia'TPa
partridge, y TrepSt/ca
pass (of time), irepvaco, -w
passport, TO Siafiar'hpi.ov, o
past (a.),
patch (v.),
patience, 77 v-
pattern, model, TO Sf7
pay (n.), 6 pia-dos. ra
pay (v.), irX~rip6vw
payment, T]
pea, rb Tri£e
peace, rj
peach, TO poSattivov
pear, T& diriSi : (wild) TO
dypairiSi
pear-tree, TJ O7n5m, (wild) TJ
pear], TO ju.apyaptrdpi
peasant, o \iapiKos, 6 x
, rb
fern.
peculiar, odd, trfpiepyos, Trapd^evos
|ien, rb KovSv\i, 7} irtvva.
penknife. 77 cruvyid
people, oi avdpcairoi, 6 KOCT/J-OS
pepper, TO -rrnrtpi
perfume. 77 /j.vpwSid
permission, 77 aSem
permit, eTrirpeTra)
permitted, it is not, Sey eTTiTpeTrerar
persevere, fiaffru
person, man, o avdpoairos, rb irp6<rci}-
irov
pet, d7a7T7jTos, xpua'o
photograph (n.), rj <pwroypa<l>ia.
photograph (v.), <pwroypa<pifa
photographer, 6 (p(aroypd<pos
photography, 77 (pcaroypcKpia
pianoforte, T^» indvo
pick (n.), 6 Kov£/j.as, 6 /capias
picture, 77 elKwva, 77 faypcupta
piece, TO Ko/j./j.dn
pig, TO yovpovvi
pigeon, rb irepiffTepi
pilgrim, 6 XO.T&IS
pill (n.), rb Ka.ra.Tr6r i
pilloAV, T^ fj.a^i\dpL
pilot, 6 vavyyos
pin, T] KapQiraa
pine, 77 Treu/cTj
pink, gilly-flower, TO yap6(pa\\o
pipe (to smoke), T^ To-t^iroD/ct : nar
ghileh, 6 vapyi\es, 6 dpyi\es
pipe (water), 6
pistol, TO TTtO-ToAi
pitch, TO Karpdvi (
pity (v. ). \VTTOV fj.at
pity, what a, ri Kp
place, 6 TOTTOS, T^ /
plague, 77 TravovK\a, 6 AOI/J.OS
plain, 6 /ca/iiros
plan, rb ax^iov
plank, TO craviSi
plant (n.), T£> <pvrov
128 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
patC, r TTLOLTO
play, iraifa
pleasant, fv
please, ctpeW : do you like that
o"'cipeo~ei O.VTO ;
if you please, tre 7rapa«:aA<i.
pleasure, 77 X"P'> 7'? ei'XaP'0'T770"l(s)
pleasure, what is your '. opiWe
plough, TO dAeVpi
pltllll, TO Sa.fj.dffitrivoi'
pocket, 77 T(T€Trr]
point, peak, 77 /u-vrri
poison (n.), TO (pap/u.dKi
poison (v. ), (papi^dKovui
police, ?; a.(TTuvofj.ia
policeman, 6 K\r)rripas
polite, fv
pomade, 7)
poor, (prwxoi : (wretched), Kav/^fvos
pope, 6 ira-jrus
poplar, 77 Xfvftr)
pork, rb x°lpiv°
port, 6 \i/j.fvas, rb iropro, TJ (TKa.\a
porter, 6 %a,uaA7jy
position, situation, TJ 6ecn.
possible, SUVOTOS
(it is) possible, (el^Tropel
post, 77 -rroffra, rb Ta.x^pojj.f'iov
postage-stamp, TO 7po/iyuaT^<r77(aoj/
postman, 6 Smro^ueus
postpone, ava@a.\\u
pot, vessel, TO ayyflov
pOtatO, 7J TTCTttTa
])ound (Urrc), TJ xirpa, of weight ; 7)
,\<pa (a77At/c7j), of money
pour out, x^w
powder, 77 GKOVT]
power, 77' Svva/j.is, 77 ^7ropeo"js
praise,
pray, T
prefer, TrpoTt/adu>, -<
prepare, eTOi^aCco
prescription, r/ o-vv
present (n.), TO
present (v.), x«P'
pretty, &/u.op<pos
prevent, f/jLiroSifa
price, 77 Tijurj
prick, pierce, Kevrd
pride, vTrepr]<pdvfta
priest, 6
prince. 6
princess, 77
print (v. ), TuTroVa
prison, i] <puAa/c7)
probable, iriQavos
profit, rb KepSos
progress, 77 irpoKoi
promise (n.), 77'
promise (v. ), £1
pronounce,
pronunciation, 17 Trpotpopd
proper, regular, TCIKTIKOS
property, 7) irepiovait
proprietor, 6 U
pl'Olld, i>Tt€pT](pavos
proverb, adage, 77 Trapoi/j-ia
provide,
province, 77
Prussia, 77
Prussian, o Upuc
public, Sij/moTios
publish, STjyUoo-iet
pull, TpajSaoi, -a>, _ _r_ „
pulse (pulsation), 6 (rtpvy/j-os
pump, 77 r\ov/j.Tra
punctually, crwcrrd 's rr)v &pa.v
punish, Ti^uwpe'co, -a), TratSeuw
punishment, 77 Ti/uwpia
pure, Kadapos
purgative, rb KaOdpaiov, TO
purse, TO 7TOU771
push (v. ), (rirp&xvu>
put on (a coat, shoes), /3aAAw, v-rvvo-
quail, TO opr
quarrel (v.),
quart (litre), 77 AtTpo
quarter, eVa rtrapro (Kovdpro)
quay, 77 TrpOKv/uiaia
queen, ?J fiacrihiffaa
queer, irepiepyos
question, 77 epoJTTjo-i
quickly, yp'nyopa, oyX^yopa
quiet, r)<rvxos
VOCABULARY.
129
R.
rabbit, TO KouveAt
rabies, hydrophobia, T? \vo-<ra
race, TO ysvos
radish, TO paSiiti
railway, 6 o-tSr/p^SpOjUos
railway carriage, TO payovi
rain, rj jSpoxr?
rains, it, y8pe%ft
raise, enj/coVo>
raisin, ?? o-ra^(Sa
rare, criravios
rash, ouflaSr/s
rat, 6 [j.€yd\os TTOJ/TI/CO'S
raven, o tfSpaitas
raW, CtVe'lJ/rjTOS, (TK\T]p6s
razor, TO £ovpd(pi, rb £vpd(pi
reach, <p0dvw, (prdvoD
read, 8ta/3a£w
ready, erotics
ready money, /xerpajra
real, actua], irpay/j-artKos
reap, Oepifa
reason, o \6yos
receipt, 17 per^eVa
recommend, (rvaralvc*
red, K^KKIVOS
reed, rush, 6 /caAa^os, T
reflect, ffv\Xoyi^o^ai
regiment, T^ cvvrayfj-a
registered, (rua-TT^ueVos
regret (v. ), \virov/ji.ai
rejoice, ;^aipa>, Xa'P°Mat
relative (kinsman),
religion, 77 6pr](rKeia
remain, fieVco
remain here,
remembrance,
renew, avavedovu), ' £avapx<-C<>>
renown, ^ ^^^ti?
rent, hire, TO (S)VO'IKI, ra ivo'iicta
repair, 8iop0oVo>, <pTfid£ca
repent, fj-eravoeu, -(a
repentance, 77 /^erdvota
reply (n.), air6Kpuris
reprove, scold, /naA\6vw
republic, Sr/yuo/cpcma
reputation, good, rip-fi
request (v.), Tropo/coAew, -u>
require, ask for, C7JTe/e«)> •">
rescue, (rct>£a>
resemble, opotdfa (takes /*6 after)
reservoir, ^ Selo^ej/^
resin, y percriva
resined wine, rb pertnvdro, TO freT
rest, ^o-uxaC®
restaurant, ^t/oSox^ov
return, 6irurrp€(p<a, yupifa
revenge, 77 e/cSi/cTjo-i
(au) revoir, KU\T]V avrd^.taffiv
reward (for thing lost), TO.
rheumatism, 6 pev/j.aTicr/j.6s
ribbon, ^ /copSeAAo
rice, TO pw(t
rich, •TrAouo'ios
riches, 6 TT\OVTOS (ra TTAOUTTJ)
ride, /cajSaAAt/ceuw
ride, go for a, fiyaivca pe &\oyo
ridiculous, yf\d<riij.os
right, <r<a<n6s : (of an account, rightly
added up), 8i/catos
right hand, 5e|^s
right hand, on the, 8e|ta
ring (v.), xrvirdw, -a> (TO /cou5oOi/i),
ring (n.), TO 5oxTt/Ai8t
ripe, /co^coyueVos, yevvoi^vos
rise, (TTj/coVoyuat
rising, the sun is, 6 rjAios fryaivti
risk, /ai/Sui/os
river, TO TrordfjLi, 6
road, 6 Sp6/j.os
roast (v.), ij/rji/cw
roast (a.), ^TjytieVos,
roast beef, T^| ^TJTO /3&>5ivo/
roast meat, Tb \|/TJTJ, TO p<io-To
rob, K\f(pTOD
robber, 6 /cAe'<pT7jy,
rock, 77 n-cVpo
roof, r; (TTeyri,
room, TI Kdpapa., TO
room, space, T^TTOS
root, ?) pt^a
rope, TO a"x.oivi
rose, TO rpiavrd(pvX\o, TO p^So, 7)
rot (v.), (rairifa
rotten, adirios
rough, Tpa%ws
round, (rrpoyyv\6s
130
A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
round about, rpiyvpw fls
row, paddle, Aa^i/co
row (n.), T/ creipd
royal, &a(ri\iK6s
rub (v.), rpiftco
rubbish, rnrordvto Trpdypa
ruin, Kara(TTpf(p<D
ruins, TO. tpfiiria, TO, \a\a.ffra,
ruler (for lines), r\ pyya
run, rpe'xw
Russian (n.), 6 'Paxrvos
Russian (a.), 'Pcotr<TiK6s
rustic,
sacrifice,
sack, 6
sad, \virri[j.fvos
saddle, 77 treAAa : (pack-saddle), rb
(TOV/JLOLpl
safe, awards
sail, rb iravi
sailor, 6 vavr-rfs
saint, &yios
salad, TI <ra\dra
salt (n.), rb a\drt
salt (v.), aAoTi'Cw
salted, aA.oTt(r/ieVos
same, fSios
sample, rb Sely/jLO.
sand, T) &fjLfj.os
sap, juice, rb COV/J.L
sardine, TJ <rap8e'AAa
sate, xoprdfa
sated, x°Praa'lJL*J/os
satisfied, ei)xaP£0"Tr?Aie'I/os'
Saturday, rb Sa^^oro
sauce, ^ (rd\T(ra
saucer, rb iriardKi, rj TrtareAAa
savage, ^yptos
save, ff(t>£(»>
sare, economize, ol/covoytteco, -<£, Ka.fj.v<a
scarcely,
scarf, ri» @€\o
scent, ft juupcoSia
scholar, student, 6 padrjTris, r/
school, rb (rxoAetW (rb <TKo\fi6)
science, r) eiriffT-hp.fi
scissors, rb v|/aAt5<
screw, 7) ;8iSa
sculptor, 6 7At50T?7s
sea, -^ $d\a<T(ra
(are you) seasick? eras Triavei -^ Qd\a<r-
ffa;
seal, signet, r/ &ov\a
season, ^ Spa
seat oneself, Kadopai
second (of time), rb 8evTep6\€TiTov, •>)
Saviour, 6
saw, rb irpt^i't
scales, weighing instrument, r/ (vyapid
scamp, 6 KaTepydpys, 6
scarce, ffirdvios
secret (n.),
secretary, 6 ypa/uL/jLarevs
see, )8A€7ra) (y\€irw}
I have not seen him for two days
e%a} Svo fj.£pais vd TOV t5o>
seed, 6 o"ir6pos, rb (nrepp.a
seek, yvpeva)
seem, (paivopai
seethe, fipdC<0
seize, triavw -
seldom, airavta
sell, TrovActw, -u (irovAew, -w)
send, (TTf\va)
sense, 6 vovs
sentry, 6 o-KOir6s
separate, x^P'C'"
sermon, K-fipuy/j.a, SiSaxrj
serpent, rb tyidi
servant, 6 SoGAos, T) $ov\a, d virrjpfrrjs,
T) vireperpia
service, 7; vTrypsaia
set, fid\\(a
set on fire, avatyrca
severe, austere, avarripos
sew, pd(pr(a
shadow, T] ffKid
shake, Kowe<a, -S>
shame,
share, divide,
sharp, Kotyrepos, a.KOVi<r/J.4vos
sharpen, axovifa
shave, |oupt^ct),
shawl, rb ffd\i
VOCABULARY.
131
sheep, rb
sheet, rb (rivdovi
shelter, rb cntfiracrfjLa
shepherd, 6 rffoirdf-ns. 6 fi\dxos
shine, vaXtfa
ship, rb TrXolov, rb tcapot-fti
shirt, rb (v)iroKa./j.i.(ro
shoe, rb irairovr^i
shoemaker, 6
shoot (v.), rpa/3(ij T
shop, rb /naya^i, rb
shore, rb irapdXi
short, Kovr6s
shoulder, 6 &/J.QS
shout, (pcavdfa
shovel, rb (prudpt
show, Seix^ca, aTroSe
shut (v. ), /cAeia), a(pa\vdca, -£,
shut (a.), K\ei(rr6s
shy, feel, be ashamed,
sick, appoccrros, a(rdevf]s,
(be) sick (vomit), ^epvS>
side, rb fjLepos, 7? TrAeupa
(on this) side, airb TOVTQ rb p.*pos, UTT
auTTj rr; [tepid
sigh, avacrrevd^ca
sight, T& @\e\l/ifj.o
silence, GUTTO. !
(be.) silent, oruairat
silk (n.), rb /uLfrd^i
silken, silk (a.), ^eTa£o>T(ta
silly, \ovp86s
silver (n.), rb aa"hfj.t, 6 Hpyvpos
silver (a. ), do-yj^ueVios, apyvpovs
simple, airX^s
sin, ri a/jLapria
since (conj.), a(pov
since (adv.), atrb rore
sincere, ei\iKpLvr)s
sing, rpayovSeca, -G>
singer, 6 rpayovfiiar-fis, r\ rpayovfiicr-
rpia
sink, fivQifa
sir, Mr., master, gentleman, 6 Kvpios
sister, ^ dSeA</)^, T^> dSeA0t
sister-in-law, 77 yvvaiKa$f\<pir), TJ avSp-
sit, Ka9o/j.ai
site, situation, r; 0e'(rt
size, /j.eyedos
skill, r) /j.a(rropid
skilled workman, 6 TexfiTrjs
skin (n.), rb TTfrai, 17 irtraa, rb 8€p,ua
skin, flay, ydepvw
skull, cranium, rb Kpaviov
sky, 6 ovpav6s
sleep (n.i, 6 VTTVGS
sleep, fall asleep (v.). Koi/j.ovpai
sleeve, TO /navixL
slip, '^ey^HTrpca
slipper, rj TravrovfyXa
slow, dp7^s
sly, Travovpyos
small, /juicpos
smallpox, j) evXoyia.
smart (v. ), Trovdw, -£>
smell, /uii/plfa
smell (n.), T\ /j.vpco8id, bad smell, 7^
aircxpopd
smile, xaAt°'ye'^'*'
smith, o (rifiripovpyos, 6 yixpros
smoke (n.), 6 Kairvos
smoke (v. ), <pov/ndpu>y Kairvi^to
sneeze, (prepvi^o/j-ai
snow, rb xi<^VL
(it) snows, xtov'LCel> Tffyrei xio^t-
snuff, 6 ra/^jSa/cos
so, Hr£i
so much, roa-os
SO that, OTTOV vd, &(TT€
soap, T£> rrairovvi
society, •}] eraipia
sock, 77 /caArcra
soda, r) Trord(T(Ta
soft, fj.a,Xa.K6s
softly (of sound), x«M^^«
soiled, X€pa}/j.ti>os
soldier, 6 ffo\Saros, 6 rrrpariu>rr)<;
sole (of a shoe), r/ aoXa
son, 6 vios
son-in-law, 6 ya/jLTrp6s
song, rb rpayovSo
soon, /tier' oXiyo
sorrow, r) AUTTTJ
(be) sorry, Xvirov^ai
sorry, I am, fj.ov
sorry,
soul, 7)
SOUp, T] (TOVTTO.
sour,
132 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
south (n.), 6 v6ros
southerly, southern, v6rtos
sovereign (pound), f] \ipa ('A.yy\tKri)
spade, shovel, rb (prvdpi
Spain, rj 'lairavia
Spanish, 'Icnraviicos
speak, (fytiAaco, -w
specimen, rb §€lyfj.a
spectacles, TO, /j.aroyvd\:a
speech, y fyuAio, 6 \6yos
spider, T) apaxvrl
spirit, Trvev/ua
spirit for lamp, rb anripro tcafjuvero
splendid, \a{j.irp6s, e^aiperos
splinter, a.ir6crxiffljt-a
spoil, xaAi/a&>, - u>
sponge, rb fffyoyydpi
spoon, rb Kovrd\i, rb KOVTO.\O.KI
sport, hunting (n.), rb Ku^yi
sprain, rb arp^^a.
spread, '|a7rAji/a>
spring (of water), T\ 0pv<ri
spring (season), T\ avoi£i
squander, (nroTaA.e'w, -<a
square,
squeeze,
squint,
squinting, a\\oidwpos
stable, f> <rra.v\os
stag, rb \d<f>i
stage (of theatre), 7?
stagger, <TKovrov(j>\d<t>, -ca
staircase, 77 o-/caAo
stand, (TrfKo/jLat, <TTeKo>
stand still (v. ), o-Ta^arao;, -w
star, 6 acrrepas, rb avrpo
start, (pevyu
starving, irtivaa^vos
state, T] TToAtreio
station, 6 crraQ/jLos
steady, (rra6ep6s
statue, &ya\/u.a
steal, /cAe'4>To>
steam, 6 arfj.6s
Steamboat, rb ftairopi, rb
stench, ij airotyopd, 7) &p(H>/j.a
step, pace, rb firi/j.a
stick, rb /j.Tra<rrovvt
still, aic6/nr)
stink, fipca[j,d<a, -u>
stinking, ftpda/
stirrup, T\ tr/caAo
stocking, i) /caAr^a
stomach, rb ffro/j.dxi
stone, T] Trerpa, precious stone, r)
irerpirffa
stop, stand, ffra/nardw, -a>, erreKo/j.ai,
stop (imperative), <rrd(rov
stopper, cork, rb crrovTrcafji
store-room, cellar, ^ a
storm, 77 (poprovva, -rj
story (of a house), rb Trdrca/j.a
(on the upper) story, 's rb tvo.v<a
irdrco/u.a
stove, T] 6epfj.d<rrpa
straight on, tcria, laa
stranger, |eVo$
strap, thong, rb \ovpi
straw, chaff, rb &xvP°(v)
strawberry, rb cppdovAo
stream, rb pevpa
street, 6 Spopos, ?; 686s
strength, power, y 8vi>a/j.t
strike, KrvTrdw, -ut
string, T^ (rivaya.ro, 6 (nrdyyos
string of an instrument, chord, TJ
C
strong, vyi-f]s, yepos, 8vvar6s
strong-box, chest, y Kaaaa
student, 6 ^O^TJTTJS
study, (nrovSdfa
stuff, material, cloth, y rv6xa
stumble, ffKovrov(p\d(i), -Ha
stupid, Kovr6s
suburbs, ra Trfpix^pa
succeed, eTrtruxaij/cu
such, roiovros, reroios
sudden, e^a^os
suffer, vTTcxpepct)
suffice, (pQdvta ((prdvca)
sugar, 77 (dxapi
suits (it), epx6TC"
sulphur, rb n&<pi
sum, amount, rb Tro(r6v
summer, rb /caAo/catpi
sun, 6 r^Atos
sunset, the sun is setting, 6 r,\ios
rov T]\iov
sunrise, 7)
VOCABULARY.
Sunday, r\ KvpiaK-fi
Support (n.), ^ U7TOO-T7Jpi£iS
Support (V.), U7rO(TT77pl£a>
surgeon, 6 x€lPovpy^s
suspend, hang, /cpe^uao?, -£>
swallow (v. ), Karairivca
swallow (n.), xe^to"dVi
swear, 6pKi(o/m.ai (take an oath)
sweat, 6 t'Spos
sweat (v. ), lSp6vw
sweep (v.), o-apoVw
sweet, y\vKvs
sweetheart, 77 epco/xeVT), 77
swell, (pov(TK6vo/j.ai
swim, Ko\vju.Trda>
(can you) swim 1 £epets KoA
Swiss, o 'EAjSero's
Switzerland, 77 'EAySeria
sword, TO cnradi
sympathy, 77 <rv/j.Trddeia.
symptom, TO o-yjUTrrw/ia, rb
T.
table, rb rpairf^i.
tail, •}) ovpd
tailor, o pacpTTjs
tailoress, 77 pdcprpia
take, Traipvco, Aa/Afidvoa
take, I shall take you there, 6d aas
Tract) 6/m
take off (clothes), take out (tooth),
/3-yaAAco
talk, discourse, 6 \6yos
tall, fj.eyd\os
tame, fj/xepos
tar, TO Karpdvi
taste, TO 7/coCo"To
tax, tribute, 6 (p6pos
tea, TO Tffai
teach, learn, /j-aQaivca, SiSacr/coj
teacher, 6 Sacr/caAos
tear (n.), rb SaKpv
tear (v.), ffxiC<»
tease, vex, Tretpci^co
telegram, (TO rri\€ypa/j./j.a} rb TTjAe-
telegraph (v. ), r^Ae-ypa^ew, -co
telegraph-clerk, 6 rrj\fypd(pos
tell, A tyo)
terrible, rpofj.fpos,
test, trjr, SoKi/ndfa
testament, TJ
thank (v.), e
thank you,
theatre, rb 6ea.rpo(v)
then, T<$T€
there, e/ce?, e/ce? ire pa
there is, there are, *x*1 (with ace. )
there he is, vd TOV
there they are, vd rovs
thermometer, T& dep/jL6/j.fTpov
thick, xoj/?>p6s
thief, 6 K
thimble,
thin, \eirr6s
thing, rb Trpay/j.a (rb trpa/na)
think (meditate), av
thirst, 77 Stya
(I am) thirsty, Siv^oj
thought, T) (r/ce'i|/t, 6
thread, r)
through, c
throw, pix^w (pl/XTft>)
throw away, Treraa;, -w
thunder, 7? ftpovr-f]
(it) thunders, Ppovrq
Thursday, 77
ticket, rb /j,TnA\i£ro
ticket of admission, TO eltrirfiptov
tie (v.), SeVw
tie it fast, Ses rb Kct\d
tied, Se/^e^os
tiger, 77 riypis
tile, TO Kfpa/j.i8t
time. 6 /coupes
time (so many times), T; ^>optx, 77 £oAci
time-table, TO $po/Lio\6yiot>
tin can, 6
tire,
tired, /co
tobacco, 6 /COTTJ/O'S
to-day, enrjjuepa, ff^^iepoi', (rr)/j.epis
toe, SaxTuAos TOV TroSaptoC
together, /ua^v
toil, labour, 6 /coVcs
tolerate, vircxptpoa
tomato, 77 vro/mdra
tomb, <5 rd<pos
134 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
to-morrow, avpio(v)
(day after) to-morrow, pedavpiov (used
of any indefinite near future time)
to-morrow morning, atipio rb irpu'i
tongue, T) y\S)tjffa
too, too much, trapairo\v, more com-
monly omitted, e.y. it is too little,
flvai 6\iyo
tootl), rb Sovri
torment,
tortoise,
tortuiv, suffering, rb ftdvavo
torture (v.), fiairavifa
touch,
tOWel, T]
tower, 6 vvpyos
town, 77 ir6\i(s)
train, rb rpaivo
tramway, rb rpd/j.i, rb rpa/j.j3a'i
transcribe, dvnypdcpoi)
translate, /j.fra(ppd£<i>
travel, ra£idevw
treat (v.), (entertain), rparrdpu
tree, rb 8eV5po (SeVrpo), rb K\api
tremble, rpf/jLta
trench, 6 \O.KKOS, rb XO.VTO.KI
trial (in court), ^ SI'KTJ
trip, rb To|i'5i
ti'ousers, rb iravra.\6vi
trut1, a\T)8iv6s, fiedatos
trumpet, 77 ffahiriyya
trunk, rt> jUTTuoDAo
truth, T) a.\T}Qfia.
try (test), So/a^aC.'w, (do one's best)
tumbler, rb
tune (v.),
Turk, 6 TovpKos
Turkey, ri Toup/fia
turkey, 6 yd\\os, rb ya\\6irov\o
Turkish, Tovp/tiitos (TovpKiK6s)
turn, yupifa
turn, drive (of a mill), rpa&ca
turn upside down, revolutionize,
yupi^w a.vu> icdrca,
twilight, rb \vKavyes
uncle, 6 fj.irdpij.ir as, 6 Qelos
unclean, a/caflapros
uncleanness, 77 aKadapaia
under, KCITCO (dir6)
understand, /caAajSatvw, Kara\a/j./3dvw,
undo, xa^v<*>
undress oneself, 'y8uvofj.ai
unhappy, Svarvx^s
uniform (n.), ?) crro\-^
unknown, aywaros
unluckily, Svarux^s
unpleasant, 5v<rdp€(rros
until, ecus, us
unusual, crirdvios
unwell, Ka.Ko8>d6fros
up, (€)irdvia
uphill, avri<pnpos
Upon, (f)Trdvw (ets), els
upon the table, 's rb rpair
use, make use of,
useful,
ugly,
umbrella, ^ o/j.irpe\\a
vacation, rj iravffis, al TtiaKn
vaccination, inoculation, o
/j.6s, rb e/x^oAtaa/io
valley, T) Koi\d8a
varied, iroini\os
vase, rb ayye'iov
veal, rb /3t5e'Ao, rb povcrxdpi
veil, rb /3e'Ao
vein, r; <p\eya, T) (p\ffia
velvet, 6 Karicpes
venture, ToAyuaco, -<i
vermicelli, 6 <pi5ts
vermicelli soup, ri aovira. (piSe
vernacular, ^ KaQofj.i\ov^vri
very, very much, TroAu, TroAAct
vest, T& ye\4xi
victorv, T/ z/t«:7j
Vienna, 7;
village, r
vine, rb d/j.-rre\i : (trellised), rb
vinegar, rb |et5i
vineyard, ra a^iTre'Ata
virtue, r/ apery
visit (n.), ^ eirtff/ce^t
VOCABULARY.
135
visit (v.),
voice, T] (pwvT)
volume, 6 TO/J.OS
vomit, |epi/aa7, -<3
vote (v.), \J/rKpitw
voyage, rb ra£iSi
W.
wages, 6 /niaOos, rb /j.r)Vicuov, TO, \frrrd
wait for, await, Trpocryuevo), /mpr^peo)
wait till I mount, (TTaerou v'ava&ca
wait upon (a sick person), TrepiTrotoD-
fJLOLl, KVrrd^W
waiter, T& iraiSi
waken, '£virv<i(a, -<5
walk (n. ), 6 TrepnraTos
walk (v.), Trepan-area;, -a;. ffipyiavifa
walking-stick, rb /u.Traffrovvi, T) Kavva.
wall, rb re.'xos, rb vrovfiapi
walnut, rb KapvSi
want, xpet°LC°fJ-ai
war, 6 Tr6\e/u.os
warm (a.), fecrros
warm (v.), &(naiv<a, oneself {effraivo-
wash,
washerwoman, 7? TrXixrrpa
waste, xaAi/aw, -w
watch, clock, rb wpo\6yi
watch, keep awake, aypvirvzw, -£>
watchman, guard, sentinel, 6 CTKOTTOS
water, T^> vep6
water-pipe, d ffcaX-^vas
water-closet, rb avayKOiov, 6
wax, rb Krjpi
wax-candle, r) (nrep/j,a.rffera
way, 6 Spo/xos
weak, afivvaros
weakness, ^ a8vva/j.ia
weapon, rb o-nKov
weather, 6 Kaip6s
wedding, 6 yd^.os
Wednesday, T/ TerpaSr?, TerapTTj
weep, KActiCD, /cAai'yco
weight, rb &dpos
welcome, /caAcos oSpttres (wptcrare) !
well (a.), /caAa
(get) well soon ! Trepa<rriKd eras
well (n.)«
west, 5vTiit6s
wet, )8pf/^yueVoj, fipey/uevos
what diiFerence does that make to
me ? Tt /ie voidfr. i; rt /xe fj.f\fi
wheat, rb artrdpi
wheel, o
wlien ?
where ? TTOU ;
whistle, pipe (v. ), ff<pvpi£<a
white, aairpos
whitsuntide, T] irevr
why ? 7ioTi (Stari) ;
widow,
wife, 77 tru ^1/
wild, aypios
will, purpose, 7; fleArjcr:
wind, o ave^uos-, 6 aepos
window, T& Trapadvpt, -f] TrapdOvpa
window-pane, rb r£d/j.i
wine, T^> /cpatri
wing, (prepo
wink (v.),
winter, 6
wish, will (v.), 6f\ca,
wish (n.), 7; ^inQvp-ia.
(to) wit, 5r?Aa57J
wither, ^.apaiv 0^.0.1
without, %&jpis, Si'xws, a^ey
wolf, 6 \VKOS
woman, rj ywcuKo.
wonder, Oav/Aiifa
wood, rb |uAo
wooden, £v\evios
wool, rb juaAAt
word, rj Ae|t(s)
work (v.), SouAeuw, epyd£o/j.ai
work (n.), 7; SouAeta, r) epyaai
workman, 6 epydrris
workwoman, TJ epyurpia
world, 6 K6ff/j.os
worm, rb CTKOV^KI
worry oneself (v.), voidfrpai
worth, rj a|ia
(be) worth, a^ifa
(it is not) worth while, Stv a^t
wound (v. ), 7rA7?7oW
wrangle, fj.a\\6vca
wreath, T& trrecpaj/t
write, ypdcpca
136 A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR.
writing, rb ypd\]/i/j.ov
writing-paper, TO
U.O.TOS
wrong, &SIKOS
yard (25 inches — cubit), fj TT
(irrixvs) '- (39gj inches, metre),
fj.erpov
yarn, 77 K\(acrr-fi
year, 6 XP^"OS (plur. ra xP^'a)
fTOS
year, this, tyeros
(last) year, irepv
(next) year, TOV
yellow, Kirpivos
yes, vai
yes, indeed ! yuaAttrra, fie/3ata
yesterday, (e)x0e?, (<=) " '
yesterday evening, V<
yolk (of an egg), 6
young (a.), veos
younger
zeal, T] ffiro
zealous, itp6Qvu.os
Z.
^
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