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SHORT EGIPTIAN GRAMMAR
BY
y
l-iiOFiisson 1)E. GUNTHER ROEDER
DIRECTOH or THE PEI.IZAEUS-MUSEUM, HILDESHEIM,
FORMERLY READER IN EGYPTOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BRESLAU
TKANSLA1U-]D FROM TIIF GEKMAN
BY THE
Hi:v. SAMUEL A. B. MEECER Ph. D. (Munich), D. D.
PROl'KSSOB 01' HEllKEW AND OLD TESTAMRNT IN THB
WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY CHICAGO
NEW HAVEN : YALE UNIVEESITY PRESS
LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
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TO
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THIS ENGLISH EDITION
IS AEFEGTIONATELY DEDICATED
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TRANSLATOR’S PREFATORY NOTE.
The ever-growing interest taken in Egyptology has
encouraged the hope that an English edition of I)]-. Roeder’s
compact little handbook may prove useful to English-speak¬
ing students of the present time. Eor the beginner
in the ancient language of the Egyptians, there is
nothing in any language which compares in any way
with J)r. Kocder’s little book.
As translator, I have followed the original as closely
as the English idiom wonld pei'mit. I have, however,
inserted additional references in the hihliogiaphical
section, and have here and there tacitly corrected
mis-])riuts and other minor errors. Because of a dihei-
euce between the English and the German pronunciation
of the letter j, 1 have used y as the transliteration of
the Egyptian (j.
It is with great pleasure that I avail myself of the
oi)portuuity of expressing my personal thanks to my
wife and Miss Walther for assistance in translation, and
likewise to the Rev. J. A. IMaynard for a number of
corrections and helpful suggestions. I wish also to
thank the author for his kindness in reading the proof,
the printers for the satisfactory accomplishment of their
task, and the Yale University Press for their work of
publication.
Chicago, July 17*'’ - 1915.
Samuel A. B. Mercer.
PREFACE OF THE AUTHOR.
AVlien Ermaii wrote liis Egyptian Grvammar in 1894,
lie was confronted with tlie task of handling for the
first time in a scientific manner the hieroglyphics and
the Egyjitian language. He presented his subject in
such a manner, however, that even a heginner could
study it. In the later editions, with each of which there
is associated an advance in the knowledge and dissemi¬
nation of more correct conceptions of the Egyptian,
Erman’s work became broader and deeper, so that it
now contains not only the foundations but also prac¬
tically all the essential details of our grammatical
knowledge. Hence, it has naturally become harder for
the heginner to understand. Furthermore, since the
reading exercises have in part been omitted, the
beginner is obliged, even during the first year, to
jirocure in addition to the Glrammar a Chrestomathy
and a Glossary as well. Idiese cost all together
Mk. 43.80.
This state of affairs has induced me to com^iile this
little hook for all those who wish to occupy themselves
with Egyptian for a few semesters only; or who wish
to overcome the first difficulties quickly and begin as
soon as possible the reading of the easier texts. Such
introductions arc found in ahundance in other sciences,
and have ])rovcd of great benefit. It is meant not only
to convey the rudiments in a practical manner, in the
cheapest possible form, for the benefit of those inter-
PREFACE.
vn
csted, at tlio univovsity or in wider circles, but also to
])lacc at their disposal for the first year material of the
easiest kind, Avitli all the necessary apjiaratus for reading,
writing, and translating. It is hoped that my work
will be jndged in the light of these circnmstances, es¬
pecially 'in view of its inexpensiveness.
j\[y presentation of the grammar is based upon
Erman’s „Grammar“, Sethe’s „A"erbum^‘, and the articles
of various authors a])pearing in the technical jouimals.
In the composition of the individual sections, I have
been guided by my own experience in teaching. For
the arrangement of other parts of ray book, I have had
no suitable model. The pi’actical grammars in foreign
languages, published in England (Budge, IMurray) and
in Italy (Farina), have their own peculiarities, to which I
am indebted for occasional suggestions. In accordance
with the modern method of teaching, employed in all
languages, I have considered it my task to bring before
the })upil from the very first hieroglyphic examples of
the rules. He should thus be able, even after the first
lesson, to translate simple sentences independently.
I shall be thankful for any suggested improvements,
which are the result of practice; for even the smallest
suggestion arising from experience can become of value
to the future student. Only do not ask for scientific
perfection; that would be impossible under the existing
conditions. I am perfectly conscious of the fact that
occasionally I have where unavoidable somewhat sim¬
plified complicated points of grammar, the double forms
of the tense sdm.f for example, or entirely omitted
them. But this book is written for beginners. The
VIII
PBEFACE.
omission of references in the reading exercises is inten¬
tional, for tlie heginner does not need to see the com¬
plete texts from which the extracts were taken, and
the Egyptologist knows them anyway.
Breslau, Christmas 1912.
Gunther K o e d e r.
AUTHOR’S NOTE ON T HE ENGLISH EDITION
The state of affairs in connection witli English text-
hooks of the Egyptian language is not more satisfactory
than that of the German. Professor Breasted’s trans¬
lation of the first edition of Erman’s grammar is long
since exhausted and outgrown; and Budge’s and Murray’s
introductory hooks, however useful they may have heen,
cannot he considered a substitute. Therefore, I have
gladly accepted Professor ]\[ercer’s kind offer to trans¬
late my little Introduction; and students, as well as I,
will be thankful for his labour of love.
May Professor i\rercer he permitted to see his work
crowned with success! America and England have
many first rate Egyptian archaeologists, hut compara¬
tively few Egyptian philologists; and accordingly the
attention of wider circles has been directed more toward
excavations and antiquities than toward Egy]hian liter¬
ature. It would be a real delight for German Egy])tology,
if it could see its philological results made serviceable
to the same wider circles, and if therel)y the general
presentation of the intellectual life of Egypt could he
disseminated in a desirable manner.
Hildesheim, Christmas 1915.
‘ Glint her Boeder.
d'hc work of printing could not he linishcd before
Christmas 1919. iMiss Latona M'illiams has kindly helped
much in reading the proofs and in correcting errors.
CONTEN'rS.
I’age
Literature . VII
Chronological Table §§ 1—6 . . 1
Nature of the Language and of its Script §§7 — 9 .... 2
Script §§10-19 . 4
I’reliininarj' Survey §§20 — 28 . 9
I’honology §§29 — 34 . 12
Noun §§35 — 48 . 15
General §§35 — 41. Adjective §§42 — 45. Numerals §§46 — 48.
Pronoun §§49 — 59 . 21
Particles §§60—70 . 25
Preposition sand Conjunctions §§60 — 64. Adverbs and Par¬
ticles §§65—70.
Verb §§71—130 . 30
Stem §§71 — 79. Conditional forms §§80 — 82. Suffix con¬
jugation §§83 — 96. Predicate §§97—98. Imperative
§§99 — 103. Infinitive §§ 104 — 111. Participles §§112 — 117.
Kelative forms §§118 -120. Auxiliary Verb §§I2! — 130.
Syntax (The Sentence) §§131 — 141 . 48
Order of Words and Emphasis in Principal Sentences
§§131 — 133. Special Kinds of Sentences §§134 — 141.
hist of Hieroglyphs . 54
Vocabulary . 63
Notes on the Reading E.xercises . 80
Inde.x . 86
Reading Exercises . . . ■ . *1 — *56
Literature for Beginners.
Inlrodiictiuii. AD. ERMAN, Die Hieroglyplien, Gosclien
Series, 1912, 80 Rt'., containing a concise sketch of the decipher¬
ment and grammar as well as a few texts.
Texts. When the present Grammar and Reading Exercises
are finished, the student should attempt texts which are almost or
quite complete and which are printed in the form of sentences.
Such will be found in AD. ERMAN, Agyptische Chrestomathie,
Berlin, 1904, 12,50 M. ; E. A. WALLIS BUDGE, An Egyptian
Reading Book, London, 1896, 18 shillings (a series of historical,
funeral, moral, religious, and mythological texts printed in hiero¬
glyphic characters together with a transliteration and a complete
vocabulary); K. 8ETHE, Drkunden des Agyptischen Alter-
tums: IV. Ur k unden der 18. Dynastie, 16 Hefte, Leipzig,
1905 ff., each 5 M. The student should not allow the occurrence
of occasional words, forms , and constructions which are not clear
to liinder his progress, and difficulties will increase when he tackles
inscriptions in their original arrangement. For such, see : Staatliche
Museen zu Berhn, Agyptische Inschriften (since 1901, 7 Hefte,
Berlin, 1901 ft’., each 7,50 M.); Hieroglyphic Texts from
Egyptian Btelae, etc., in the British Museum (since 1910,
5 parts, London, 1910 ff. , each 7s. 6d.). Then he should copy
inscriptions in Museums, Institutes, or Libraries which have origi¬
nals, plaster casts, or photographs. Then and only then will he
learn to understand the peculiarity of the hieroglyphic scidpt and
the nature of ancient monuments.
Graiimiar. AD. ERMAN, Agyptische Grammatik, 3. Aufl.,
Berlin, 1911. 18 M. (scientific and complete: first edition translated
by James H. Breasted, New York, 1894). K. SETHE, Das agy pti sche
Verbum, I — II, Leipzig, 1899, 50 M. (fundamental). E. A. WAL¬
LIS BUDGE, Fir st Steps in Egyptian, London, 1895, 12shillings
(only a collection of examples for the purpose of learning the use of
words, without grammatical treatment). MARGARET A. MURRAY,
Elementary Egyptian Grammar, London, 1908, 4 shillings
(a brief synopsis of Egyptian grammar without a chrestomathy).
XII
LITERATURE.
Lexicons. AD. EKMAN, Agyptisches Glossar, Berlin,
1904, 13 M. (belongs to the Chrestomathie) ; Zur agyptischen
^Vortf orschung I — lU, Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akaile-
mie der Wissenschafteu, 1907, 1912, Berlin, 3,50 M.; K. SETHE,
Verbum III, Indices, Leipzig, 1902, 16 M. (nearly all verbs, but
with references to examples). HEINE,. BEUGSCH, Hierogly-
phisch- demotisches Worterbuchl — VII, Leipzig, 1867 — 1882,
820 M. (comprehensive but antiquated).
Coptic. Whoever wishes to understand Egyptian grammar
and syntax fully must study Coptic, which furnishes the vowel
sounds: G. STEINDOEFF, Koptische Grammatik, 2. Aufl.,
Berlin, 1904, 14 M. M. A. MUEEAY, Elementarj’ Coptic
(Sahidic) Grammar, London, 1911. Cf. §8d. below.
History. JAMES H. BEEASTED, A History of the
Ancient Egyptians, New York, 1908, $1.50 (with four maps
and three plans; there is a larger edition of the same work with
200 illustrations; $ 4.80). A. A. WALLIS BUDGE, A History' of the
Egyptian People, London, 1914 (with illustrations). EDUAED
MEYEE, Geschiclite des Altertums, 2. Aufl., 1, 2, Stuttgart-
Berhn, 1909, 15 M. (purely scientific with bibliography.)
History of Culture. AD. EEMAN, Life in Ancient
Egypt, translated by H. M. Tirard, London and New York,
1894 (with 411 illustrations, comprehensive an fundamental).
G. STEINDOEFF, Die Bliitezeit des Pharaonenreichs,
Bielefeld-Leipzig, 1900, 4 M. (with 143 pictures). GUNTHEE EOEDER,
Aus dem Leben vorne Inner Agypter, Leipzig, 1912,
1 M. (translations of autobiographies Avith 16 pictures). HEE-
MANN SCHNEIDEE, Kultur und Den ken der al ten Agypter,
2. Ausgabe, Leipzig, 1909 (with eight pictures and one map).
Religion. AD. EEMAN, A Handbook of Egy'ptian
Eeligion, translated from the German by A. S. Griffith, New York,
1907 (with 130 illustrations). GEOEG STEINDOEFF, The Eeligion
of the Ancient Egyptians, American Lectui'es on the History
of Eeligions, New York and London, 1905. JAMES H. BEEASTED,
Development of Eeligion and Thought inancient Egypt,
New Y'oi'k, 1912, $1.50 (Avith special reference to the pyramid
texts and the Old Testament). GUNTHEE EOEDEE, Urkunden
I-ri’EEATURE
XIII
zur Religion des alten Agypten, Jena 1915, 7,50 M. (Trans¬
lations of texts w ith introduction and explanations).
Literature. AD. ERMAN and FR. KREBS, Aus den
Papyrus der Museen zu Berlin, Berlin, 1899, 4 M. (a collection
of translations with 37 specimens of writing). G. MASPERO, Les
coutes populaires de I’Egypte ancienne, 4. ed. , Paris, 1911
(translations of Egyptian literature). E. A. WALLIS BUDGE, The
Literature of the Ancient Egyptians, London, 1914,
5 shillings. ALFRED WIEDEMANN, Popular Literature in
Ancient Egypt, translated by J. Hutschison, London, 1902.
EPIPHANIUS WILSON, Egyptian Literature , Revised Edition,
London, and New York, 1901 (compiising Egyptian Tales, Hymns,
Litanies, Invocations, the Book of the Dead, and Cuneiform writings).
Records of the Past, Egyptian Texts, Vols. IV — YI, London.
W. M. F. PI'iTRIE, Egyptian Tales, Vols. I II, London. 1899.
Art. WILII. SPIEGELBERG, Geschichte der agyptischen
Kunst, Leipzig, 1903, 2 M. (with 79 pictures). F. W. v. BISSING,
Einfiihrung in die Geschichte der agyptischen Kunst,
Berlin, 1908, 4 M. (with 32 plates); Denkmiiler iigyptischer
Skulptur, Miinchen, 1906 — 191 1, 240 M. (144 large plates with
text). G. MASPERO, Art in Egj'pt, London, 1912, $ 1.50 (with
many pictures). JE.4N CAPART, L’Art J'lgyptien, Serie 1 — 2,
Bruxelles, 1909 and 1911, each 10 Fr. (each 100 pictures with short
text). W. M. F. PETRIE, Egyptian Decorative Art, London,
1895; Arts and Crafts in Ancient Egypt, London, 1906,
5 slrillings.
Museums. Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Ausf iihrl iches
Verzeichnis der agyptischen Altertiimer und Gipsab-
giisse, 1899, 3 M. (with 83 pictures). G. MASPERO , Guide to
the Cairo Museum, 5. ed., Cairo, 1910. LUDWIG BORCHARDT,
Works of Art from the Egyptian Museum at Cairo, Cairo,
1908, 25 shillings (50 photographs with short text). E. A. WAL¬
LIS BUDGE, A Guide to the Egyptian Collections in the
British Museum, London, 1909 (with 53 plates and 180 illustrations
in the text). New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art;
A Handbook of the Egyptian Rooms, New York, 1911 (with
many illustrations). Various reports of accessions to different
XIV
LITEKATUEE
Egyptian collections: Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum
of Art, New York; Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, Boston;
Amtliche Berichte aus den Staatlichen Museen, Berlin.
Periodicals. Proceedings of the Society of Biblical
Archaeology, London; Zeitschriftfiir agyptische Sprache
und Altertumskunde, Leipzig; llecueil detravauxrelatifs
a la philologie et l’arch6ologie 6gj'ptiennes et assyrien-
nes, Paris (all three for the whole field of Egyptology, the last two
also for the language). Journal of Egyptian Archaeology,
London, Vol. I, 1914; Ancient Egypt, London, Vol. I, 1914 (both
especially for excavations). Annales du Service des Antiquitfes
de I’Egypte, Cairo; Orientalistische Literaturzeitung,
Leipzig (with bibliography of books and articles). Articles and
reports on Egyptologj' are also to be found in : American Journ al
of Archaeology, New York; Annals of Archaelogy and
Anthropology, Liverpool; Sphinx, Upsala; Jornal of the
Manchester Egj’ptian and Oriental Society’, Manchester.
Bibliography. J’. LI. GRIFFITH in Archaeological
Report, Egj’pt Exploration Fund, London, yearly since
1 892-- 1893, and continued in JournalofEgyptianArchaeolog3'.
L. SCHERMAN, Orientalische Bibliographic, Vols. I— XXV
for 1887 — 1911. See also the various lists in the periodicals, and
the j'earlj' reports in: Jahresberichte derGeschichtswissen-
schaft, Berlin; Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgen-
liindischen G esellschaft, Leipzig; Theologischer Jahres-
bericht, Leipzig; American Journal of Archaeologj’, New
York.
Chronological Table.
EARLY PERIOD: Predynastic period and Dyn. 1—2. § 1.
4000-2000 B. C.
Primitive culture; beginning of the script.
OLD KINGDOM: Dyn. 3-6 2900-2400 B. C. § 2.
Kings were buried in pyramids (in which are the “Pyramid texts”);
rich private persons in Mastabas.
MIDDLE KINGDOM: Dyn. 11-13 2200-1800 B. C. § 3.
Dynasty 12 is the period of classic literature and religion. Secular
and religious texts were written on pap3Tus in hieratic, or engraved
and painted in hieroglvphics on the walls of temples and private
tombs and coffins.
NEW KINGDOM; Dyn. 17-21 1600-1000 B. C. § 4.
The classic literature of the Middle Kingdom is further continued;
gradually more and more elements from the vernacular penetrate
into the classic language, and from the hieratic script pass into the
hieroglyphics.
LATE PERIOD; (Libyan, Nubian, and Persian su- § 6.
premacy): Dyn. 22—30 1000—332 B. C.
After the language and orthographj’ had completely degenei’ated,
there was a conscious return to antique words, forms, and writing;
the “renaissance” was carried out by the kings of Sais (“Saitic
Period”).
GRAECO-ROMAN PERIOD: since 332 B. C. § 6.
While in daily life a very slurred vernacular was used — written in
the “demotic” script — the priests, studying the religious literature
of all past epochs, placed their texts on the walls of the temples
in mysterious reinterpreted hieroglyphics which none of the common
people could read. The knowledge of the hieroglyphics died out
with the last priests of the Egyptian gods, who in I’emote places
served them until the fifth centuiw A. D. The Greek language,
which was spoken in Egypt since the last few centuries B. C.,
entirely replaced the native idiom in the first century A. D.
Eoedeb-Meeoeb, Short Egvpiian Grammar 1
Nature of the Language and Script.
§ 7. The Egyptian language is related to Semitic languages
as well as to the Berber and East African Hamitic
languages, and has connections, which are easily traceable,
with each individual language of both these groups. The
theory of the grafting of a Semitic on to an African
language has lately been given up again. If this intro¬
duction associates itself closely with the Semitic languages,
especially Hebrew, it does so only on superficial grounds:
on the one hand, because the history of Semitic languages
is better known to us than that of the African; and on
the other, because the greater number of those who will
use this book will be Semitic and theological students.
§ 8. The most important epochs in the development of the
Egyptian language — only one of which is really taken
into consideration by this introduction, namely, the
classical language — are the following:
« THE ANCIENT LANGUAGE: in the “.Pyramid
texts” (religious inscriptions of the Old Kingdom).
Preserved almost entirely in the hieroglyphics.
h THE CLASSICAL LANGUAGE: in the inscriptions
and papyri of the Middle Kingdom; imitated in the
official and religious inscriptions of all the following
epochs; but became more and more intermingled with
vernacular forms and words. They are written in
hieroglyphics and hieratic.
e THE VERNACULAR: in the earlier epochs only
faintly traceable; generally used in daily intercourse and
secular writings of the New Kingdom; written almost
§§ 8. 9. Nature of the Language and Script.
3
entirely in hieratic on papyrus. From this idiom the
language of the Late Period was developed, which was
written in demotic and used in official documents down
to the Roman period.
COPTIC: spoken in Christian times, and also used
for the translation of the Bible, etc. It is a development
of the vernacular of earlier times, and is written with
the Greek alphabet and native supplementary letters,
and hence is known to us in vocalization also.
The Egyptian language is written in three different § 9.
styles of script, which in this introduction are always
transposed into hieroglyphics, facing towards the left.
All scripts render only the consonants, without consider¬
ing the vowels.
HIEROGLYPHICS: used in temples and tombs a
carved in stone and wood or painted in colours; facing
usually towards the right, but sometimes, for decorative
reasons, towards the left. The knowledge of them was
confined to priests and scholars.
HIERATIC: written on papyrus with a dried rush h
stem and black or red ink. The individual signs are
written in more or less abbreviated form according to
the hand-writing. They stand for hieroglyphs, and are
always rendered in this introduction by hieroglyphs.
They are written from right to left; but as hieroglyphics
they are reversed in this introduction.
DEMOTIC: an abbreviated script (brachygraph) c
of the Graeco-Roman period developed from the Hiei'a-
tic; facing towards the right.
1*
The Script.
10. The hieroglyphic script originated in pictures of visible
objects; a picture was drawn and the name of the re¬
presented object, or the act indicated thereby, was
pronounced. For example @ was written for hor “face”,
or -<2>- for yar(t) “eye” and for words of “seeing”.
Later on, these pictures were also used for words which
happened to be composed of the same consonants as
those which made up their own name; thus was
written also for Mr “upon” and for May “the upper",
likewise was used for all forms of the verb “to
make”, yir, yer, yor, etc. In all these cases no account
was taken of the vowels, so that gradually the original
pictures of objects became signs for groups of consonants.
Some of these groups of consonants were very short,
and appeared in other words as syllables. Herein lies
an important step in the evolution of hieroglyphics to¬
wards a phonetic script. Finally, some of the characters
depreciated so much, that they represented only one
consonant. It thereby became possible to write any
desired word as well as to denote the grammatical
endings of words.
11. The hieroglyphic script of historical times contains
elements of every epoch of its development; it has, in
the first place, pictures for whole words (“word — signs’’),
or for small groups of consonants (wrongly called
“syllabic-signs”); and secondly, alphabetic phonetic signs
for individual consonants (§ 12). A very practical habit
of tlie Egyptians helps us to obtain quickly and almost
accurately the meaning of words written phonetically:
§§ n. 13. Tue Scrip r.
5
they placed at the end of almost every word a picture
(“determinative” or “explanatory-sign’’), by which they
indicated the group to which the word in question be¬
longed. The determinatives and word-signs are closely
connected in origin and use. Thus, after names and
designations of men is placed a
of women a
of gods a
of birds a , of snakes a Mil after
substantives and verbs which are associated with the
idea of running a _/^, with that of eating and speaking
a with that of seeing a -c2>-, with that of sun,
light, or time a O, ''vith that of a range of desert
mountains a , with that of fire a ; after abstracts
a iiarchment-roll . w after energetic activities a ^
or etc.
The number of determinatives is very large, and for in¬
dividual words they can be used and multiplied to almost
any extent; yet in general, there are certain definite
ways of writing the words; and, in fact, as time passed,
more and more determinatives were placed after a word
(§ 12 on page 6; cf. p. *1). § 12.
Some characters were taken later on into the alphabet, § 13.
and, occasionally in the Middle Kingdom, but often in the
New Kingdom, they occur instead of the older characters.
They are / - for m, ^ for AAAAAA ilj for (| y,
(g for Kurther, quite early they wrote (|(| instead
of (1 for y and
or
for ni.
* The designations are traditional and partly quite arbitrary; they may not at all mean
what the picture represents. 2 xhe Semitic equivalents are in reality more com¬
plicated than can be represented in this tabulated and preliminary list.
§ 12.
LIST OP PHONETIC SIGNS (ALPHABET)
M O
^ Ct>
cr
o
X
a S
CD
CD
&-
CD^
P
CD
P
aq
w m u
vj
cn
e
P
er*-
O
CO
cr^ ^
p 5.
'-p
o
p
e
0
CO p
c
pr
a>
p-
CfQ
CO
c-K
O
g-
CP
cr
cr
p
s
p-
D
rt)
P
P
D
CP
O' O CP
^ ^ So"
<rt- cr
J
D 0
O >=oo
?p
^ •>;< CC\ Co 1^
u a o !3 i-' u “a Q, q* " ri n n
n r-i n
n.
Co i
of the Sign* Signs Sound Semitic- Name of the Sign Signs Sound Semitic
§§ 14. 15. 'I’m: fcie'i;irr.
7
Tlie Egyptians laid more stress on the calligraphy § 14
than on the correct writing of a word. The characters
belonging together were always placed in a square; thus
a
and not
I • .w J ‘
In order
to get the desired square, consonants were occasionally
instead of
rmt
omitted, e. g.
“man”; or characters were placed one inside the other,
e. g. instead of \> ivt, instead of ^^7
some characters, also, were placed horizontally or verti¬
cally as desired.
In the use and writing of “word-signs” and “syllabic- § 16
signs” (for words of more than one consonant) they
proceeded quite differently, sometimes according to rule,
sometimes at will and variably. Namely:
ai All consonants of syllabic-signs were, in addition, a
written out singly; e. g. |ljj sW,: “crocodile”,
ym^h “respectable”, ^ m^c “just”.
b) Only the first consonant Avas written separately: b
wd “to command”.
c) Only the last consonant was Avritten separately: c
fAAAAAA » M 11.
Cnh “to live”; syllables:
^ Q - AA/wy\
my\
d) The Avord-sign, wdth or without a stroke under or d
after it, stands alone, without the addition of a consonant:
hrp “guide”, pr “house”, | mr “director”,
hry “chief”.
8
§§ 16—18. The Script.
16. As in Semitic grammar, and w are called “weak
consonants". They are often not written even when they
are spoken; perhaps because they had occasionally, as
is certainly the case in Coptic as well as in Semitic
languages, the value of a vowel (“half-vowel'’).
17. The determinatives are added or omitted, often at
will. The number of added determinatives, also, is not
the same in different kinds of orthography; in general,
papp'i oftener than inscriptions have a determinative,
and, indeed, since the New Kingdom, prefer several
determinatives after a word. Examples; | or |
“brother”.
Ci “great”, t _ )
“work”
wn “to open”,
ill
or
^ ^ tv^y?' “Osiris”,
wstn “to steji”.
18. Special script-play arose, due to the fact that signs
for holy or revered persons or things were placed before
a those signs which they should immediately have followed.
Examples; lim-ntr “servant of the god, prophet”,
y “house of the god, temple”, mryymn
“beloved of Amon” (Miauouv).
b Names of kings were enclosed in an oblong, (“king’s
ring, cartouche”) c — y (hieroglyph for rn “name”). Exam-
€
pies;
/WVWv
yinn-htp Amenhotep
. (^o W’u]
(Ur-k^-rC (hrst name of Amenhotep I).
c Stereotyped formulas and frequently recurring titles
were repeated only in recognized abbreviations. Examples;
n, stn byty “king of Upper Egypt, king of Lower
§ 19. The Script. § 20. J?rei,rminary Survey.
9
Egypt”; _ 0 /vi nJjt “the stroug ox” (king’s title),
Ijm-ntr tpi/ “first prophet, chief iiriest”;
W(U, mb, “may he live, be happy and well” after the
names of kings (*56, 1).
Our transcription in Latin letters is not meant to § 19.
render every hieroglyphic character, but only the con¬
sonantal value (without repetition) which is represented;
thus, we transcribe
not by sn-ti-man but by
s'n. Furthermore, the omitted weak consonants y and w
are also to be inserted in the transcription:
kbhw
„cool water”. Finally, the old consonantal values which
were altered because of the change of sound are to be
replaced (§ 33). In each word, the root is separated
by a point from the preceding and succeeding parts
(s.Cnlj “to give life”, m.sdm.t “rouge”, pr.f “his house”^;
compound words are connected by a hyphen (Im-ntr
“servant of the god”).
Preliminary Survey.
The Egyptian has two genders: masculine and feminine. § 20.
Masculine substantives and adjectives have no ending
which is invariably present; feminines add t to the stem:
si “son”, “daughter”; J si nfr
“a good son”, sd.t nfr.t “a good daughter”.
Substantives and adjectives can stand in:
Singular; ending: mas. — , fern. t.
a
10
§§ 21. 22. Pkeliminakv Buuvev.
b Plural; ending : mas. tv, fern, wt; always with the addition
of three strokes i i i or I . Examples : ^ ^ liCw
“the arms”, “the workshops”. (Continued
in § 36 a.)
The definite article is “the” (mascul.),
“the” (feinin.), cf. examples in § 41.
The nominative and accusative are not difterentiated
a
in hieroglypics; thus I stn “the king” (nom. and
T AAA<V\A xJ.
acc.); “lie" “him”.
b The addition of the preposition /WVSAA )l corres})onds to
the English dative with “to”; thus ANW\\ I Ji stn
I AAWVA
“to the king.” — Cf. § 61c.
c The genetive relation is rendered either by direct
proximity of the two words (“status constructus” or
“construct state”); or by means of the connecting word
0
fern. n.t, plural or ^ n.iv, which
agrees in gender and number with the preceding sub¬
stantive. Examples: mr msC “commander of the army”
(*2, 6); pr n ymn “house of Amon” (*2, 9); ^niCy.t n.t ynin
“dancing-girl of Amon” (*2, 10); hmw.t n.w h t-ntr
“workshops of the temple” (*2, llj. (The hieroglyphs
of these examples should always be copied from the
reading exercises.)
As in Semitic languages, the pronoun can be affixed
(“pronominal suffix”) to the substantive with which it is
intrinsically connected: ^ si.y “my son”,
§§ 23 26. I’kei.iminauy Survey.
11
“thy house”.
h.t.J “his l)ody”,
si.t.s “her
daughter”.
Tlie same pronominal suffixes are attached to the root § 2;j.
of the verb in order to indicate the subject. E. g. from
^ stjm.y
sdm ‘ to hear” we have the present: ^ '
“I hear”, 6V/>«.A' “thou hear est”,
m n AAWW.
“he hears”, ^ v\ 1 sdni.sn “they hear”. In like
n as a sign of
« AAAAAA
manner the perfect, which attaches
time to the stem of the verb: ^ sdm.n.y “I
a AAAAAA
have heard”, sdm.n.k “thou hast heard”,
kAAAAAA ^
sdm 71 f “he has heard”.
As a preliminary to the subject of prepositions, note § 24.
the following: m “in”, “with”; n “for”, r <c:^
“to”, hi' “upon”.
The order of words in the Egyptian sentence is § 25.
essentially the same as in the Semitic, this order being:
1) verb, 2) subject, 3j object, 4) further modifications.
Models of verbal sentences: § 20.
With a transitive verb: rdy hd.ty-C td n hhr “the a
count gives bread to the hungry” (*3,5): rdy.y n.k sfy.t.k
m yh.xv n.w rmt “I give (place) thee thy reputation in
the hearts of men” (*3,6).
AVith an intransitive verb: //fp ytm m ydh.t ymn.ty.t b
„Atum sets in the western horizon” (*3,7).
With the verb “to be”: yw ddh ymf “figs are in it” r,
("7,2).
12
§§ 27. 28. Preliminary Survey. § 29. Phonology.
§ 27. The vei’b “to be” can be omitted; in wbicb case the
sentence consists merely in a “noun” (substantive) and
adjective, and is called a “nominal sentence”, ci hij.t f,
Csi hBk.w.f “its honey (is) enormous, its olive-trees (are)
innumerable” (*7,4).
§ 2)s. With i-egard to the attaching ot subordinate sentences
the following is important:
a Relative sentences are either not introduced at all, or
b
AA/WV\
are introduced by the connective nty “which, fern.
nty.t, plu.
nty. IV. Examples: “the singer.
nty m ti (m.)chc.t who is in the grave” (*49,2).
The negative nn “not“ is used before negative
AWVNA
nominal and verbal sentences; e. g. nn drw “there is no
limit” (*7,7); “a bark, tin ]>m.s whose rudder was not
there” (*43,4); nn snC.w bi.y my soul was not guarded
(*23,7).
Phonology.
The following should be added to the table (§ 12) of
alphabetic signs and their meaning:
§ 29. To the “weak” consonants: i is so closely related
to the weak consonants that it is often not written;
e. g. d/i “food” . It sometimes changes to (| y, e. g.
in which case the word is
often written with , as in the old orthography, still
py-
another y being added to the
§§ 30. 31. Phonology.
13
[| y has a double nature ; it corresponds in Coptic, h
as well as in the Semitic languages, sometimes to y,
sometimes to i. As a weak consonant it is often not
wr
itten (§ 16). It changes with ^ w (cf. d).
_ D C is, in contradistinction to i, y, and w a strong c
and unchangeable consonant, which, until the fifth cen¬
tury B. C., was still spoken, and its influence appears
in the Coptic etymology.
^ w, as a weak consonant, is often not written (§ 16). d
In some words old tv becomes y, in others old y be¬
comes w.
As to 72, r, h the Egyptian script knows no Z; where § 30.
the Coptic has an I, or where the corresponding Semitic ®
indicates it, n /wvvw or ci:> r or the vulgar combination
AW^A^ AA/VWV
or I I I nr is found.
Final c=:> r sometimes appears in the script slurred h
to (| 2/ (i. e. i*?), and then in Coptic disappears. In reality
it disappeared in early times. Such an r is written
which can only be transcribed in an historical
way by r, or by y according to the effected vow'el-
change. Cf. kvr, *24,1; skr *13,5.
The aspirates. They were sharply distinguished from § 31.
each other in the older language. ITl h somewhat as in
our ‘‘have”.
k as in the energetic shout “ha!”, © k
as in the Scotch “loch”; ^-=> k somewhat similar to
the last, and was in part changed to © k.
14
§§ 32. 33. Phonologt.
§ 32. The s and t sounds:
a In the Middle Kingdom the s sounds, — s and
P s were interchangeable.
b Of the dentals, in the Middle Kingdom s=i t became
^ f and (1 became d. The Semitic equivalents
are here especially complicated, and our traditional
transcription certainly does not reproduce the spoken
sound.
§ 33. The most frequent cases of
(§ 29—32):
sound-change are
i and
r to
(] y-
y to ^
w and the reverse.
i to O li.
s to
and the reverse.
s=) t to t and d to d.
All these transitions, in the designation of which the
hieroglyphics are not consistent, had been made as early
as the Middle Kingdom; hence, from this time on, for
— can be given an old — s or ^ s, and for o an
old o t or s — > t etc. From the beginning a habit
should be formed of using the old signs h, s, s, t, and
d in transcription, to impress upon the mind the original
phonetic value, even when they are written with the
hieroglyphics for more recent sounds.
g g - s and are wrongly written where t and d respectively
(not at all derived from t and d) are meant; e. g. s.ndni.t instead
§ 34. Phonology. § 35. Nouns.
15
of *50,4; ^tn instead of ytn *23,5 *24,5. Likewise 1 (|
(which as a grammatical ending depreciated to I, § 81) for t.
Wliere in the course of centuries there arose trans- § 34.
positions in consonantal values, first of all there was
written the original phonetic value with its peculiar
w'ord or syllablesign— justas in the case of tlie reproduction
of a consonant, changed on account of a change in sound
(§ 29a, 30b) — and then the transposed consonants were
again added in their new position. Hence from the
old /i)»i '] “to create’’, arose the later k^m
“goodness”, arose the later i/^m
) .
Nouns.
The noun (substantive and adjective) has essentially § 36.
the following root forms:
With tw^o, three or more consonants: among which a
may be “weak” ones, which are not always written.
Formations with an ^ vi prefixed to the root (just b
o
as in Semitic). Examples; “paint”
from s(hH “to paint”.
Compounds with prefixed nt or j ^ hw (really, c
^ ■<S>“
“place“) express abstracts, or with suffixed yr.J
(“he does”) express the names of professions and of
attributes. Example: hxv-nfr “tlie good”.
16
§§ 36 — 38. Nouns.
§
d Some substantives, especially names of gods, have a
singular ending in w, which is often not written; e. g.
e Compounds often have a special determinative for the
whole group; e. g. ri-pr “temple”; nty.w-ym
“the dead” (*32,4).
36. The plural endings are: masc. w, fern. wt. They are
written:
d Either hy writing the word sign three times, according
to ancient custom: ntr.w '‘gods”.
h Or hy a word sign with the “plural-strokes” (§20h): ^i.
c Or by the “plural-strokes” after the determina-
d
§ 37.
a
h
§ 38.
In all these cases the w of the ending in both genders
is seldom written, e. g. (^^I'^cient).
The “plural-strokes” often do not denote a real plural,
but a singular word with a plural meaning. Examples:
collectives: (^7,3);
abstracts: “splendour” C*4,7).
Such words, even when they are written without the
plural-strokes, are often constructed like a plural, having
their verb in the plural; the same is true of compounds
with vh “each“. Example *6,7—8: “iny milk (streams),
Csk.n they enter thee”.
In compound words only the first part takes the
plural ending; e. g. — j” ^ h^.tyw-C “counts” from
§§ 39 — 41. Nouns.
17
h^.ty-C; -
I I
l/my.iv-hch “forefathers”
from ymij-hc]i, r$.iu-yr “temples” *31,10.
In addition to the plural, the old language had a § 39.
dual, which in some cases lasted into the time of the
Coptic. Ending: masc. ivy fern. |j(| or ^ ty. The
dual was written:
a) by means of a repetition of the word sign: - ° a
(■.ivy “both arms”; cf. thn.wy *16,6.
b) by means of a repetition of the determinative: h
^ “both feet”, cf. '^40,2. 43,5.
c) by means of the addition of the “dual-strokes” c
n AAAAAA
which are then taken as a sign for the ending y: ^ ^
sn.ty ‘‘both sisters”. In like manner, the suffix of a
dual noun can take the “dual-strokes”: ynlj.wy.f "*^46,9.
For extant Egyptian nouns with both genders (mas- §39A.
online and feminine) cf. § 20. Fames of foreign lands “
are feminine, e. g. lisy-t “the wretched Cush (Nubia)”
*30,8.
The neuter is represented: in antiquity by the feminine h
(cf. § 120), in more recent times by the masculine: cf.
<2=^ yry.w “that which is done (masc.)” *25,7.
For the connection of two substantives with or without § 40.
the connective n cf. § 21c. To indicate an attribute a
substantive is joined to an adjective; e. g. w^h stny.i
‘•fortunate in royalty” (*4,7).
The classical language has no article. In the verna- § 41.
cular, the definite article “the” Avas developed from the
demonstrative pronoun “this” jii, o
Eoeder- Merger, Short UorpTiAN Grammar 2
18
§§ 42. 43. Adjective.
ni (§57d), and lasted into the classical period (§8b).
Likewise, the indefinite article “a” was developed from
the numeral wC “one” (§46). Examples: pS U “the
land” (*50,8); ti (m.)ChC.t “the grave” (*49,2); wi hr.w
“the wretched ones” (*52,9); wC.t ssm.t “a mare” (*40,1 Ij.
—For declension cf. § 21.
Adjective
§ 42. In writing, adjectives are usually not distinguishable
a from substantives and participles. For adverbs cf. § 66.
b An especially frequent nominal formation in adjec¬
tives is the “gentilic”, which is formed by the addition
of [|(| or \\ y to a substantive; it is also derived from
prepositions: § 63. The ending y is often not written,
especially in the feminine. Gentilic forms derived from
feminine substantives end, in the singular: mas. ^ ty,
fern. l(]o or ty.t; in the plural: mas.
I tyw,
U I _a.li. I
O
fern. tyw.t. Examples Itmiy “artist” (*2,2) from hm.t
Cl
“art”; nw ty “municipal” from }iw.t “town”, plural niv.tyw
*21,11; mh.ty “northern” (*17,11) from mlji.t “north”,
t; i:i. The adjective follows the substantive which it qualifies,
and agrees with it in number and gender; the writing
of the endiug, however, is very irregular and careless.
The adjective ky “the other”, fern.
kty, is exceptional in that it precedes its substan-
§§ 44. 45. ADJECTn’E. § 46. NajIERALS.
19
tive; examples:
^ ky rmt “another man”;
kty phr.t “another remedy”.
Cl a
The adjective cjs “self’ with suffixes is used in a § 44.
special way. Examples; ^
“the king himself’;
VvAAAA
O □ “4^
1 Mn ds.f
7/p,s'.y d.ly
“my own crescent sword” (in a speech by the king).
Two compound expressions for “all”, “the whole”, are h
o<yx
used with suffixes: cco ^ r dr “up to the bor¬
der” and ♦”// kd “commensurable with the
circumference”. Examples: tdr dr.f “the whole land”
(*11,1); 'n|©
^ I I I 1 nil
o
I \ I
rd.w-pr my kd.sn
“the temple in its completeness”.
Egyptian apparently has no special forms of comparison. § 46.
The comparative is expressed by means of the pre¬
position <==> r “more than” (§61b). Examples: wr n.f
yrp r mw “great to him wine than water == he has
more wine than water” (*7,3); Csd st r SC n wdh “they
are more numerous than the sand of the sea-shore”
C"37,3).
Numerals
The numerals may be used as substantives or adjectives; § 4(5.
the feminine and plural endings, however, are very
seldom written.
The numeral signs are almost always used; only
with the lowest units occasionally the phonetic sign is
20
§§ 47. 48. Numerals.
also used. The phonetic values, which are partly con¬
jectured only by means of combination, are:
1 I wC
2 II sn.wy
3 III Innt
4 j j fdw
6
III
7 III
nil
siv
8 jjjj Ipnn
9 !j[ III i)sd
5 III dwd
1 1 1
50
g^nnn
nnn
sw(?)
100
(5 sd.t
70 nnn
nnnn
¥m
200
30 nnnn
nnnn
Jmnw
1000
9onnnnnn
2)sd.tw(?)
10000
1 Cbc
10 n
20 nn
30 nnn
40
nn
n n
nnn
100000
1000000
md
dwt(?)
inCbd
hmw
dwd(?)
^ l>fn
§ 47. The ordinal numerals are derived from the cardinals
by affixing nw. Example: hm-ntr hi.niv “the second
48-
a
prophet” (■^6,3). But
or tpy “the first” ^6,3) is
an exception. Fractions are indicated by prefixing
1 1
r-fdw “a quarter”; hut ys “a half” is an
exception.
Dates usually have the form: “year (hd.t-sj)) 1, month
(ybd?) 1, — season, day (skv) 1 during (hr) the sovereignty
of king N”. We are accustomed to number the months
or to give them the names which they bore among the
people, the names being derived from the feasts cele¬
brated in them. They are:
§ 49. Pronouns,
21
Q i^.i“Tnun-
dation”
1. ^ Thoth.
2. Paophi.
3. Hathyr.
4. Choiak.
Q2)r.P‘Spring”
(“sprouts”)
5. ^ Tybi.
6. Mechir.
j7. Phamenoth.
8 Pbarmuthi.
I V\ I
AA^^A^
AAAAAA
/WVVNA
9.
10.
11.
12.
smw
‘Summer”
Pachon.
TP" Payni.
TiT Epiphi.
Ill
Mesore.
After the twelve months the five intercalary days are h
inserted ( ^ Ijry.iv “those above [beyond]
the year”). The sign “mouth 1” is often replaced
by ^ tptj “first”; and the day-number | can be omitted
from the first day of the month.
Examples: "^5,1. *8,4. *17,1. *18,4.
Pronouns
The independent pronoun is found in two different § 49.
forms: an older one which is still in use in the classical
language, and a more recent one which appeared as
early as the Old Kingdom. The suffixed pronoun (§ 52)
has an unmistakable relationship with the older pronoun.
The more recent seems to be composed of the older
AAAAAA
pronoun and a stem nt. Both forms are known
to Semitic languages also, where, in the singular per¬
sons, now one and now the other form is used (§§ 60—51
also reflexive).
22
§§ 50 — 53. Pronouns.
51,52.
§ 53.
§50 Oldei’ forms §51 Younger forms §52 Suffixes
Sing.
I
thou
fern.
he
she
it
Plural
we
you
they
ivy
^ ^ AA^^AA
ynk
tw
AA^AA/*
ntk
tn
AAAAAA
ntt
sw
AAAAAA
,kf
p.
S'J
AAAAAA A
O 1
liU
j yVWWv
1 1 1
n
A jQ AAAAAA
1 AAAAAA
1 1
ynn
AA^AAA
1 1 1
in
AAAAAA a ' S
AAAAAA
O 1 1 1
nttn
n AA/WSA
1 1 1 1
lin
AAAAAA n AAAAAA
1 1 1 1
utsn
AA^VWv
I I I
AAAA-NA
I I I
I /wwvs
I I I
U my
k thy
t
f his
6’ hers
)i our
t)i your
sn their
The regular sound-change (§ 33) brought it about
that from the ISliddle Kingdom on c:, t in every case
could be written instead of : - > t; in like manner —
instead of p. The suffix /| y “my’’ was often not written;
it was also possible to substitute for it
or if a god, king, man, or woman was the speaker.
Likewise, wy “P’ was also written or only ^
(•■*' 3h,6). Examples: yuk hyk yih “1 am a useful servant'’
(■*9,11); si.y H h.t.y ‘-my son of my body” (*6,4).
§§ 54 — 56. Pronouns.
23
The above forms of the independent pronoun (pronomen § 54.
ahsoliitum) are used both for the nominative (“I”) and
for the accusative (“me”); the dative (“to me”) is
represented by the preposition n ('§ Glc) with suffixes.
The neuter “it” as suffix is usually expressed by means
of 1 .S' (cf. § .‘59A])'). Examples: tip “I bring tliee u])”
f*5,.5); hsi/ XL'U Jim.fhr.s “his majesty ])raises me on account
of it” (*54,11); ss^ij.n.ij xvy “I satiated myself (*45,11).
Contrary to the usual oi'der of words (§ 25), the § 55.
pronoun and also the preposition n with suffix stand
immediately after the verb, and hence before the subject and
object. Tf the sentence has two pronouns dependent upon
the verb, the dative precedes the accusative: (/•//».// n.k
rnp.wt “1 gave thee the years” (*5,9); hsj/.n wy nh.y
“my lord praised me " (*42,2); xush.n.y. n.J s.t “I answered
to him it (1 answered him concerning it)” (*47,8),
Eor the demonstrative pronoun there'are many difi'erent tj .5(5.
forms, which may be used as substantives or adjectives.
In general the initial consonant is characteristic: x> for
the masculine, t for the feminine, and n for the plural.
§ 57a-c contains the older forms. When used as adjectives
they are all placed after the substantive. On the other
hand, the more recent [)ronoun pS “this” (§ 67d), and
the later article “the” (§ 41), are placed before the
substantive.: in like manner also the more recent plural
forms - connected for the most part with n — i.e. nn
cr^i □
I AA/NAAA
h.t tn “this castle"’.
and nw (§ 57e). Examples:
p7' pn “this house”,
1
pi stn
n AAAAAA
“this king" nn n h^Ltyio “these barbarians” (*31,1. 37,7).
24
§§ 57 59. Pronui'ns.
§ 57.
a) this
b) the . . . here
c) that
Sing.
mas.
□
pn
AWSAA
□ ^ piv
feiii.
tn
AAAAAA
Plural
mas.
fern.
(1 ° um
1 AAAAAA
° yptn
1 AAAAAA
[]d^| ypw
ypUo
il) the
WWSA
U
e) More recent plurals (originally the neuter “this”):
I )in, ^ “these”.
§ 58. In short sentences, piu “this” is added for emphasis,
where we are unable to reproduce it as a demonstrative
pronoun. In verbal sentences it has hardly any significance,
in nominal sentences it is used as a predicate or an
nsertion (§131b). Examples: ^ ynivli piv “I am
it”, rn.y piv Ijnt ntrw “my name (is) at the head of the
gods” ('^'39,2), piv nfr “it is a beautiful land” (*7,1).
§ 59. The possessive pronouns of the Indo-Germanic
languages (“my” etc.) were represented originally in
classic Egyptian as in the older Semitic languages by
suffixes (§ 52). The Egyptian vernacular, like the later
Semitic dialects, devised later on a new form of possessive
article. This is composed of the article (§ 57d) and
suffixes (§ 62), and became more and more usual as
time Avent on. The irregular writing is explained in
§29a. Examples: prf or VU-f
(originated out of pJf) pr “his house”.
§§ 60. 61. Partici.es,
25
Particles
PREPOSITIONS AND CONJ (JNOTIONS
Prepositions are divided into simple and compound, § 60
according to their formation. Tliey are sometimes
combined with suffixes (§ 52), and used as conjunctions
(§ 64a). Before suffixes they have occasionally a fuller
wu’iting, due to change of vocalization.
Simple prepositions (others are in the vocabulary); § 61
m, with suffix ijmf “in him”: in or a
out of a place; with persons or things; as an attribute
(with “to be” § 131 b). "With infinitive “with” § 106.
r,
with suffix yr./Ho him”: towards some-
thing or somebody; hostile to anyone; free from,
hidden from something; more than something else
(comparative § 45). With infinitive; in order to (§106).
awaaa n, with suffixes n.f “to him”: for anyone c
(cf. dative §21 h); to anyone; on account of a matter.
With infinitive; on account of, because.
^ ljr\ upon an object; on account of a matter. With d
infinitive: with, during (contemporaneous; §§ 106, 124b
125b, 132b).
^ hr: under an object, i. e. carrying it. e
^ ^ hr: with a person; during the reign of (§ 48). f
yn: on the part of a person, through someone; g
used with the passive (§95—96) and to emphasize the
subject (§131a), also with the infinitive (§ 107).
-fM- AWWS
Imt before, at the head of.
h
26
§§ 62. 63. Particles.
§ 62. Compound prepositions (to be found in the vocabu¬
lary under their chief constituent parts) consist mostly
of a simple preposition and a substantive. The meaning
of these phrases has gradually worn away. For example,
compounds are made:
» With “in": J
(“on the phallus of”)“before'’ (*23,10. *29,9. *14,6);
m-h^.t (“at the head of’’) “before"; “since" *18,3;
m-C ••by’’ *54,5.
h With n “for”: ^ n-mrw.t (“out of love
for”) “on account of”: n mrw.t.k “on account of thee”
*12,7 (as conjunction: i;64a).
r-(js (“at the side of”) “near”;
I
c With r “to”: c
^ ^ ^ £^3 <r:r> hrw-r (“distant from”) “outside”; nyr//.^-r
“until”; “to” *18,4.
§ 63. Gentilic forms (cf. § 42b), the meaning of which often
^ developed independently, were derived from the simple
as well as the compound prepositions by using the suffix //.
Examples : —
from m;
W
ym.y “he who is in or on something”
yr.y “he who belongs to someone, the
companion” from r;c^ hr.y “he who is upon something,
the chief” from hr; ^ >0’ h^'y-yl) “dAvelling in” from
^ 'O’ “in the midst of’.
h Gentilics are treated like adjectives or .substantives,
and take suffixes. Examples: ym.y-yh n ntr nfr “darling
(he who is in the heart) of the king” (*7,10); hr.y-yb
§ 64. Particles.
27
Sbthv, lmt.li unm-ti/tv “inhabitant of Abydos and director
of the ■westerners’’ (*8,6-7); ymi/.t yh.k “slie dwells in
thy heart” ('*50,3); ymy.w yiv.w “inhabitant of the island”
(*13,8).
As conjunctions, use is made of either prepositions §
(a) and other particles, which stand at the beginning
of the sentence (b) ; or particles which are inserted as
the second word in a sentence, and called enclitic
conjunctions, because they were perhaps occasionally
unaccented (c). In some sentences (§ 135, 138), there is,
after the conjunctions, a verbal form corresponding to
our “conjunctive’’ (§ 93). Among conjunctions, the
following are especially frequent (others are in the
vocabulary):
“if”;
©
A
m-ht
n-mrw.t “so that”. Examples: n-mrw.t mn rn.y “that
my name may endure” (*10,5), n-C^.l-n mrr.y sw “be¬
cause I love him” (*10,4), m-ht .s(lm.f s.t “after he had
heard it” (*30,10), r-nty.t A'is iv.S.ty “so that Nubia was
inclined” (*30,8).
a
D
yst “since”, “when”; ^ h'*'
“since’’, “now”, “but”. Examj)les: st gm.n Imi.y “when
my majesty had found him’’ (*25,5), hr ptr yr.n.y .iilm
“but then I heard” (*51,9).
hvt “but”; (||1 ys “how”, “yes”, “surely”; c
yrt “but”, “however”, “further”; ® yr “also’’, “like¬
wise”, “but”. Example: yr rjr.t rh ri pn “but whoever
knows this charm” (*56,9).
2R
§§ 65—68. Particles.
ADVERB.R AND PARTICLES
§ 65. For adverbs, use is made either of invariable derivatives
of substantives and adjectives (§ 66); or of particles
which are connected with prepositions ("§ 67). The
particles usually stand at the besiuoing; in interrogative
sentences (§ 137) also at the end of the sentence. Some
are combined with suffixes f§ 69).
§ 66. The adverb derived from a noun is;
a apparently similar to it (the noun); occasionally with
the ending iv or t: d.t “eternally”, J ^ nfr.w
“well”, Q wr.t “very”, “quite”. Examples; dw i/h.k
mt/ Rc d.t “thy heart is glad as (that of) Re eternally”
(*'3,11), tvds.i/ ivr.t “quite decayed” (*25,6; cf. *16,8),
kCy.k nfr “thou shinest beautifully” (*55,1).
b is connected with a preposition, especially ?•; <cr>
©.A. . , , _ O'
1^^
r mnh “in excellent manner”;
a d
§ 67.
j/h.t nh.t “above all” (*54,11), r-mi/.ty.t “in like manner”
(*26,6).
To the adverbs, which are derived from prepositions,
belong;
a “there", “yonder”; “before”,
“earlier”. Example: hyk ym “the
servant here=r’.
h ^ m-hdh and ^ hr-ljd.t “before”, “for¬
merly”.
§ 68. Some adverliial particles stand in the second place
in a sentence, e. g. xvy “how”, “pray”. Examples:
§§ 69. 70. Particles.
29
ndm wy ymd.t.k “how beautiful is thy goodness” (*12,10),
yy ivy “come! welcome!” (*39,9).
Some particles which cau only be rendered by an § (j<),
adverb are combined with suffixes ; their adaptability to
different persons, however, has almost entirely disappeared,
so that the particles were soon used imchaugeably with
one detiuite suftix. Some noteworthy ones are:
m “behold”, later unchangeable
“behold (thou)”, at the begiuuing of the sentence, often
immediately before the subject.
a
yr “but”, “now”, “namely”, later unchan- h
geable
yr.f as second word in a sentence:
hd.n yr.f U wd “when the earth became bright in the
morning” (*18,8).— //r, yr.f are used for emphasis after
the imperative (§102), and in Interrogative sentences
(§ 137).
The most frequently used interjections are:
§ 70.
hd “0!”, “Ha!”. They often stand
before a proper noun, which is then preferably followed
a
by pn “this”: y Cnh.w “0 ye living!” (*21,5), fU
hd Fpy pn “0 thou king Pepi!”.
In the Nominative of address, substantives often have b
the article: pd y.t-ntr “O thou father of god” (*49,11),
pd ytn “0 thou Aton!” (*55,2 j.
Some interjections have suffixes, e.g. yud-hr.Jc “Hail, c
thou!” (*27,10. *31,8).
30
§§ 71 — 73. The Verb.
The Verb
THE ROOT OF THE VERB
71. Verbs may be divided into the following groups according
to the number and kind of the consonants of their
root:
a) Regular verbs. These have two, three, four, or
five “strong” consonants; the most frequent are those
of three consonants. Examples I /WWVA mn “to remain”,
“to hear”, invade”,
AAAAAA ra R ^
rO nlwilim “to roar”.
72. bj Weak verbs. These have three, four, or five con¬
sonants, of which the last is a weak one (g or tv
cf. § 16). Although the weak consonant was usually
not written, it nevertheless influenced the formation of
individual forms. It manifests itself especially in the
feminine infinitive (§ 104), as well as in the possibility
of doubling in the tense sdm.f (§ 91) and in the parti¬
ciples (§ 113). Examples: j|jP msy “to give birth to”,
Itntg “to sail up stream”.
73. c) Duplicating verbs. These have three, four, or five
consonants, of which the last two are alike. Often only
one of these two consonants is written, from which it
may be concluded that a double consonant was pronoun¬
ced. Both consonants were written (evidently because
a vowel was pronounced between them), not only as in
the case of weak verbs in the accented form of tense
sdm.f (§ 91), and in the participles (§ 113), but also
in other forms of the suffix conjugation, as well as in
§§ 74 — 76. The Verb,
31
the qualitative (§ 80), in the infinitive (§ 104), in the
imperative (§ 100), etc. The infinitive, contrary to the
weak verbs, is always masculine (§ 104). Examples:
— “to see", spdd “to prepare".
<s>-
d) Irregular verbs. Some verbs appear written irre¬
gularly and occasionally differ from the forms of other
verbs. Note:
1) Two verbs for “to give”:
A-
&
rdy and § 74.
_fl dy; both are weak verbs with feminine
infinitive. The old language preserves almost all forms
of both verbs; gradually rdy died out and was replaced
by dy. The duplicating forms (§91) of dy were written •
or _ and read dyy.
2) Two verbs for “to come”: yUHJ^y?)
both are weak verbs and have a
feminine infinitive. The older verb yu;(tj, which is used
especially in dependent clauses, was gradually replaced
by yy-
Among the numerous changes (“modifications, conju- § 76.
gations”) of the root in Semitic languages, the following
are frequent in Egyptian: the causative (§ 78) is formed
by prefixing 1 s (Semitic s or i). The PiCel formations
with doubled middle consonant, which in Coptic have
still to a certain extent an unusual vocalization, are not
to be discerned in hieroglyphics; but yet, on account of
the diversity of meaning in some verbs, they are to be
32
§§ 77—79. The Verbs.
\ ^ AVWSA
conjectured (e. g. hny “to sail” and “to convey
anyone ).
§ 77. Remains of other derivatives of a root are the forms
with prefixed n like the NiphCal (e. g.
ndddd “to endure” from p dd “to endure”; with
i_l
double final consonant like the PaClel (e. g.
spdd “to prepare”); with repetition of the last conso¬
nant like the “Falpel” and the “PaCalCel” (e. §• P ® P ^
sMh “to hasten” (*41,2);
O
A
sdidi “to
tremble”).
§ 78. The causatives (§ 76) are in general treated like verbs
with the same number of strong or weak consonants;
that is, causatives of three consonants like four-consonant
n AAAAAA O /VW^V\ (J
verbs (e. g. I © ^ s.nljn “to bring up” from © %
nljn “to be a child”). However, the causatives of twm
consonants have by way of exception a feminine infini-
tive. Example: Infinitive Iwa/w s.mn.t from 1 s.inn
1 12^ \ A/VWW
“to establish”, causative of mn “to remain”.
§ 79. Apart from the infinitive, imperative, and the parti¬
ciples, only the perfect of the tense-formations (of Semitic
languages) is preserved in the Egyptian conditional (§ 80).
The imi)erfect has been replaced by the suffix conjugation
(§ 83). The use of all Egyptian tenseforms was gradually
limited by means of difi’erent combinations with auxiliary
verbs (§ 121). Real moods are not traceable; forms
which are used like our subjunctive appear in the tense
sdm.f (§ 91) and in the predicate (§ 97).
§§ 80. 81. Conditional.
33
THE CONDITIONAL
(Called qualitative or pseudo-iiarticiple)
The endings (§ 81) are attached to the root; the y § 8®
and tv occurring in them are often not written. In
weak verbs (§ 72) the final weak root consonant y or tv
is usually not written. In duplicating verbs (§ 73) in
earlier times the last consonant was occasionally doubled;
later, however, this was hardly ever the case.
The endings of the conditional form (in parenthesis § 81
are the later ones — that is, the forms developed by
phonetic changes): the dual and the third plural died out
early; they were replaced by the third masculine singular.
Sing.
3 f.
3 m. y ov w (later
disappeared)
Plural
2 tywny (later t)
f. ty
Dual
3 m. wy
1 wyn (later n)
f. tyw
Roedbr-Mekchr, Short Egyptian Grammar
3
34
§ 82. Conditional. § 83. Suffix Con.iugation.
82. A transitive-active kind of conditional form, which
was already rare in the older language, is found later,
though only with
rh “to understand”, “to know”,
“to be able”; otherwise it always had an intransitive-
passive meaning and indicated a conditional (“quali-
tative”). If it stands independently, as it also did
(though rarely) in ancient times, it usually introduces
the fulfilled condition of a previously mentioned
action (apodosis). Usually it introduces a conditional
sentence, which is subordinate to another sentence.
Then it is often dependent on a verb which is in
the tense of the suffix conjugation (§ 83), and thus
resembles a participle (“pseudo-participle”). Cf. §§ 124a,
126a, 132a.
Examples: yy-tji n.y hcty “thou comest to me while
thou rejoicest” (*12,5), ywC.lcwy ni nb “I was rewarded
with the gold” (*26,4), w^Jj.f ivy wdi.kwy “he laid me
down when I was healed” (*47,5).
THK SUFFIX CONJUtiATION
S3. 'I’he most frequent tenses (tempora) are formed by
the addition of the suffixes (§ 52), either directly to
the stem (s^m.y' tense) or after the insertion of syllables
(n, yn, 7/r, lx), which are derived from particles (§ 84).
Ki’om all these forms a passive (§ 95) can be built
by the further insertion of the syllable tiv; another
form is the more comprehensive passive sdm.tvf (§ 96).
Eiirther, from the tenses sdm.f and khu.n f substan¬
tival forms introducing refill ive sentences (§ 118) are
built.
§§ 84—86. Suffix Conjugation.
35
The tenses of the regular verb ; The translations merely § 84.
detine in a practical way, and by no means exhaust the
meaning of individual forms.
Active
Mm./
hears
Passive
sdm.tw.f he
is heard
sdm.n.tw.f
he has been
heard
sdm.yn.f
then he
heard
been heard
sdmJjr.f
he shall
hear
sdmJjr.tw.f
he shall
be heard
sdni.liS.f
thus he
hears
sdm.kd.tw.f
thus he is
heard
Passive klm.w.f (of sdm.f and sdm.n.f):
“he is heard” and “ho has been heard” (§ 96).
The inflection of tenses: If the subject is a noun, § 86.
it comes immediately after the root of the verb; e.g.
mn rn.y “my name prospers” (*10,5), dw yh.lc “may thy
heart be glad” (*5,11). yr.n hm.y nii “my majesty did
these things” (^10,3).
If the subject is a pronoun, it is added in the form § 86.
of a suffix (§ 52) to the root of the verb; the tense
sdm.f “he hears” is perhaps built on the form of a noun
3*
§§ 87—91. Suffix Conjugation’.
3fi
(“his hearing”). According to the Coptic the pronoun-
ciation was something like sedmof.
§ 87. Almost all tenses can also be impersonally used in
the active and passive. Their appearance is then the
same as before the nominal subject: yy.tw “one came”
("*^30,7), yr.n.tu) “it shall be done” (*36,2), rdy.tw m-hr-n
tdty “it was imposed upon the vizier (*52,4).
§ 88. The tense sdm.f occurs in both independent and
dependent sentences, for the past as well as for the
present. It is used in assertions, questions, and direct
and indirect speech, as well as in requests, and
especially after verbs of causing, seeing, finding, etc.,
to express a condition, purpose, or result. Examples:
wn n.k p.t “the heaven is open for thee” (*6,1), nlni.y
r hw Ijr hm.f “I grew up at the residence of the king”
(*10,2), dy.y md.sn Ijm.k “I charge that they see thy
majesty” (*13,6), dy.m ])r.t-r-hrw “may they (the gods)
give a funerary offering” (*8,8; 22,4).
§ 89. The tense sdm.n.f indicates the past, and is used in
a manner similar to idm.f. It often appears indepen¬
dently in historical narrative, besides like a pluperfect
dependent upon m-ht “after (he had heard)”. Example:
siiis.n.y ntr nfr “I have sei’ved the king (*9,10).
5} !)0. In the same way the tense sdm.yn.f often appears
in the historical narrative; while sdm.kd.f usually
ap])ears in the conclusion of conditional sentences. Both
sdm.yn.f and .sdm.kd.f as well as sdm.ljr.f often express
also a command. Example: IjC.yn hm.f “his majesty
appeared” (*30,9).
91. The weak and dujilicating verbs (^ 72,73) show in
the tense sdm.f two different moods (manner of speech).
§§ 92—94. Suffix Conjugation.
.37
which in the strong verbs we cannot satisfactorily
ascertain, probably owing to our ignorance of voca¬
lization.
The two moods are
Usual Form
Emphatic Form § 92.
i'd»i./may he
hear
wnn.J may
he be
mrr.f may
he love
ms(Jd.f if he
hates
The emphatic form is often used independently, and § 93.
dependency (but not regularly) where special stress is
laid on the verb; thus in sentences of wish, condition,
question, precept, threat, consequence, etc., whether
they are introduced by a conjunction or not. It
is also used in sentences of temporal subordina¬
tion and in emphatic phrases. The emphatic is to
be translated sometimes like a conjunctive; but usual¬
ly, however, not differently from the simple form of
the verb.
The emphatic (doubled) form is frequent only in the 94.
active sdm.f. It is also found, however, in the passive,
sdm.tw.f. In the other tenses of the suffix conjugation
it is not found at all. Examples : n-Cd.t-n mrr.u sw
•‘because I certainly love him” (*10,4), virr.tn “if you
38
§§ 95. 96. Suffix Conjugation. § 97. Pkedicativf..
wish” (^21,9), “I hid myself for fear, wrSj/.t the
guard should see (me)” ("*^43,6), “he who desires hss hv
hnti/ ymn.tifw that the First of the Westerners praise
him” (''21,1).
95. In the passive of the suffix conjugation, the following
differences occur:
a) The passives, which according to the table in
§ 84 form almost every tense by means of -tw, are
closely related, even in meaning, to the active, from which
they are derived ; Cs.tw wr.xo m-bSh “the great ones were
called before (his majesty)" (51,5), drp.tw.f “may he he
presented with offerings” (23,8), (jm.n.tw Hr “Horus was
found” ("33,11).
§ 9(>. b) The passive sdm.iv.f (Table § 84 end) has the
ending w in the singular, and y in the plural; neither
of them are ordinarily written. The duplicating verbs
show the doubling; the weak verbs often do not have
the last weak consonant and the ending tv written.
Examples: n sp yry.tv mi/ty.t “never was the like done”
("16,lU), rdy.w nf yhv.t “the office was given to him”
("34,1 between Mm.n.J forms).
PREDIGATIVE
8 97. An old form, whose use is confined to a few definite
cases, is still seen iu the so-called predicative. It has
the ending xv which is often not written; before this
the duplicating verbs show the doubling, and the weak
verbs usually do not write the last weak consonant y.
The predicative is uncliangeable, without regard to the
gender, number, and person of its subject; and it does
§ 98. Predicative. §§ 99 — 101. Lmperative.
39
not take a suffix. It is, therefore, followed either by a
substantive or an independent pronoun.
The predicative is used only in negative sentences after § 98.
the verbs
tm and
ynvj “not to be”, and
usually has an active meaning: ri* n tm wnm N “charm
for the not-to-he-eaten of ]S=charm that N be not
eaten” (*.56,8), tni rdy hr ys “who does not bend (the
right) to the side” (*11,3). Cf. the prohibition §103.
IMJ’ERATIVE
The imperative has a singular and a plural; a difference § 99.
in gender is not distinguishable in hieroglyphics, but
according to the Coptic it is assumed in vocalization.
The singular shows the simple root of the verb; in the
duplicating verbs it has the doubling. The plural has
the ending // (later also tv), which is often not written
out, and which in the weak verbs merges in the last
weak consonant. Usually the plural-strokes are added
to the determinative.
Singular
Mm hear!
niii* see!
Examples: ts fjv “lift up thyself” (*29,4), yry hriv nfr
“make (celebrate) a beautiful day!” (*49,11. 50,9).
The following verbs have an irregular imperative: § 101.
Verbs of giving (§74): ^ ° //w/y “give!”, «
ymy kmy r pid.k “place ointment on thy nose!” (*50,1),
Plural § 100.
Mm.y hear!
cUy.y cross
over
Oil
40
§§ 102. 103. Imperative. § 104. Infinitive.
h Verbsof coming (§ 75):
.A
7^ myro “come!”,
my.y “come ye!”.
8 102. To strengthen the imperative, an independent pronoun
is often added: also the particle yr (§69b),
or the preposition n (§ 61b), both with suffixes: chc yr.k
n A^^AAA Cq ^ f i
“stand up, thou! (*38,4),
n.k htp-ntr “take to thyself the divine offering!”
§ 103. The negative of the imperative (the prohibition) is
expressed by the imperative IP^^U
a following predicate (§ 98): ymy snd “fear not!” (*48,7).
INFINITIt'E
§ 101. The infinitive is sometimes treated as a verb, sometimes
as a substantive. In strong verbs, its form is that of
the simple root; in the duplicating verbs, it doubles
the last consonant; tlie weak verbs and the causative
of two consonant verbs (§ 78) take the feminine ending
t as suffix. Table for the formation of the infinitive:
mn to remain
wi’i to see
s(hn to hear
iihsh to hasten
/wwvs
hnn.t to
establish
ms.t to give
« birth to
^ hnty.t to sail up
o the river
§§ 105 — 109. Infinitive.
41
The infiuitive stands like a substantive, and is often S 105.
not distinguishable from a real substantive (in ’^12,8 it
is even written as a plural);
a) [n independent sentences as subject, object, predicate,
in the genitive, etc. Examples: “0 ye living ones, mrr.niv
Cnh msdd.iv Jjp.t who love life and hate death” (*.36,4),
s/) n hdhd “the time (example) of attack” (*37,6), (Z//.//
ndc kny.t “I give to thee to be strong (strength)” (*13,1).
“thy heart will be glad n mid on account of the sight”
(*56,4).
b) In sentences dependent upon verbs (especially § 106.
commands, cause etc.) and prepositions such as r
“in order to”, m and hr “with”, “during” (simul¬
taneousness, cf. §61). Examples: Osiris djj.j “may he give”
— j/r.t — ilm — p7'.t “to do, to be powerful, to go out”
(*23,2 — 4). “I have brought thee up, r hkd pd.t psd to
rule the nine bow-people” (*16,2). “Darling of the king
m s.mnh njjiH’./ through the beautifying of his monuments”
(*27,2), h.wt hr shy.t “bodies pass away” (49,6).
The logical subject follows the infinitive either in the § 107.
genitive with w.aaa n (§ 21c) or is introduced by the pre¬
position (| /vwA^ yn “on the part of” (§ 61g). Example:
d^vd Wsjir yn N. “worship of Osiris by N.” (*27,1. *31,6).
If the object is a substantive it follows immediately tj 168.
after the infinitive, if it is a pronoun it is added to the
infinitive as a suffix. Examples: „thou rejoicest mdd
nfriv.y to see my beauty — the sight of my beauty (*1 2,5),
dwd.f “to adore him” (*32,3).
An infinitive, independent and without the statement § 100.
of a subject, often occurs in successive sentences, where
42
§§ 110. 111. Infinitive. § 112. Participles.
we should expect a verb. Example; yr.t n.f “and
he made a door for him” (*11,10. *12,3; likewise ^hc
*16,6).
§110. The infinitive can be added to a verb of the same
root as itself, as a complementary infinitive, for the
purpose of strengthening. In such a case it has in
general the usual form, although in three-consonant verbs
it is feminine. Examples: sdm sdm.t wC “who alone
may listen” (*11,2), hnn.sn Ijn.t “if they row zealously”
(*56,4).
§ 111. Closely related to the infinitive is a circumstantial
form sdm.t.f which looks like a feminine infinitive. In
it the root of the duplicating verbs shows no doubling,
and the weak consonants of the weak verbs are often
not written. To express the subject it is combined
either with a substantive which immediately follows the
circumstantial form like a genitive, or with the pronominal
suffix. The object, if it is a pronoun, follows the circum¬
stantial form in the independent forms; in this it differs
from the infinitive, which takes the suffix. At the be¬
ginning of a sentence or paragraph, the circumstantial
form occasionally stands independently like a verb; often
it comes after prepositions; often it indicates a temporal
subordination. Example : rdy.t.y wd.t n rdwy.y “I gave
my feet the way = ran on” (*43,5), dr Ipr.t mny “since
the death” (*39,10).
rARTIGIPLES
§ 112. Participles are divided on the one hand into active
and passive, on the other hand into complete (perfect)
and incomplete (imperfect) action. In all participles.
§§ 113. 114. Pauticiples.
43
the root of the duplicating verbs can show the doubling;
the root of the weak verbs shows it only in the imperfect
participles. Table :
a) Active
khn he who has
heard
wnn he who has
^WWSA ^ ^ ^
DGen
b) Passive § 118.
^ having
’ come out
Ijsy.y praised
(Id.w saying
m^SAv seeing
mrr.w loving
lo
sh^.w who is
remembered
m
dyy.iv who is
given
The endings of the participles, as shown in the table, § 114.
are, in the perfect; active—, passive y\ in the imperfect:
active iv, passive xv. In number and gender, the parti¬
ciples are like the noun; they take, therefore, in the
feminine singular the ending t, in the plural, the plural-
strokes and the ending w, feminine wt, although the tv
is not generally written.
Examples: mk km.t, wCf his.wt “who protects Egypt
and subdues the foreigners” C*14,l, cf. *6,5), mrr.iv “he
who desires, that — ” (*21,1), “his father rnn hv who
brought him up” (*25,9), mh-yb “he who fills the
heart == darling” (*10,1), hsy.y “the praised” (*14 9), dhv.w
“he who is honoured” (*32,1).
44 §§ 115—117. Participles, § 118. Eelative Forms.
§ 115. The logical subject of passive participles is introduced
either directly, or by n : mry RC, ms n jDliwtn “beloved
of He, created by Thot” (*15,7). In genealogies; yry n
“begotten by (chiefly of the father)” and msy n “born
of (mother)” (*21,4. *24,3).
§ 11(>. A rare participle with future meaning is found in
the so-called verbal adjective: sdm.tyfy “he who will
hear”; in such a case the root of a duplicating verb
shows the doubling, and the weak consonant of a weak
verb is seldom written. Endings:
Sing. m. ^ tyfy fern. iysy
Plur. m. |1 lywsn fern. ^ tywst
Examples; mh.tyfy “he who will be well” (as proper
noun: *15,3), “he Avho desires, (Jd.tyfy shall say” (*21,2),
“each living one, swd.tyfy who will pass by” (*21,8).
a 'VW'
§117. Another rare participle
sdm.n “audible”
indicates possibility. It occurs in only one form, which
can take both the feminine and the plural ending (as
§ 114).
THE RELATIVE FORMS
§118. From the tenses sdvif and sdm.n.f of the suffix con¬
jugation, sub.stantival relative forms are derived, which
take the masculine ending w (usually not written) or
the feminine ^, according as they refer to a masculine
or feminine substantive. The verb root has in the
form sdnuv.f tlie same apj)earance as in the accented
form of the sdm.f (§ 92) ; hence the weak and the dupli-
§§119. 120. REi.ATm; Forms. §§ 121. 122. Periphrastic tenses. 4.'>
eating verbs have the doubling of the last strong con^
sonants. Table of the relative forms;
Masculine:
he whom he
hears
Feminine:
sdm.t.fs\\e whom he
hears, (that which
he hears)
iVhw.tP.n./
he whom he
has heard
Mm.t.n.f ?\iQ whom
he has heard, (that
which he has heard)
The relative forms, which in use are with difficulty § 120.
differentiated from participles, are often used substan¬
tively. They can then be used with an adjective, espe¬
cially nb “all”. They usually introduce a relative
sentence, e. g. in the enumeration of epithets. Examples:
dyi/.t 2)-t, kmd.t ti, ynn.t hCpy “that which heaven gives,
the earth creates, and the Nile brings” (*22,6), nn
yry.w.ti.li n:y “this which thou hast done to me” (*24,10),
snn.t ytn “that around which the sun revolves” (*24,.5).
PERIPHRASTIC TENSES
The verb-forms are strengthened by many combinations § 121.
with auxiliary verbs; in the vernacular (vj 8c) these
combinations, mostly with “to be” and “to make”, gra¬
dually supplanted the simple verbforms of the older
classical language.
The auxiliary verb “to be”.
Some of the most frequent verb forms are strengthened § 122.
46
§§ 122, 124. Periphrastic tenses.
or paraphrased by prefixing the auxiliary (|^ yw
and WH “to he”. For the forms of the suffix
conjugation (§ 83) two possibilities present them¬
selves:
a When the subject occurs once:
wn sdm.f
he hears
he hears
sdm.n.f
AAAAAA
wn khn.n.f
A/VSAAA
he has heard
he has heard
^ wn.)/n
sdm.j then he heard
I When the subject occurs twice:
he hears
wn.f
sdm.f he hears
Mm.f then he heard
123. The verbs yw and wn “to be” can also be used before
a genuine nominal sentence (§ 27). yw ch.tvyJ m tUdi.k
“ber horns are on thy head” ('^38,8).
124. In like manner those sentences which are not genuine
nominal sentences (§ 132) can be introduced by yw
or wn:
a With the qualitative (§80): yw (i mdu; “the chicken
is speaking = chirps” (*65,7).
§§ 125 — 127. Periphrastic ten.ses.
47
With hr aiul the infinitive {§ 106); ijw hw-nb hr dwi b
njrw.j “everyone praised his beauty'’ (*35,2; ct'. *30,11-
*31,1).
If the subject of these unreal nominal sentences is a § 125.
pronoun, the following combinations present themselves,
which are used very often in the vernacular of the New
Kingdom (§ 8c) and which still continue in the Coptic:
With the qualitative: (| V^-f «
‘‘he is hearing”, ijiv.h wbn.ty “thou risest” (*55,3).
With hr and the infinitive: y^'f ^
sdm ‘‘lie is hearing”, tvn.yn.in hr bhd “tlien were they by
fieeing = tlien they fied headlong” (*37,9).
The future tense and the future command areren-§l26.
dered by the preposition r with the infinitive (§ 106); a
this occurs after the auxiliary verb (| ^ yiv “to be”:
yiv.tn r drp n.y “ye shall sacrifice to me” (*36,7), yiv
dpi r yyi “a ship will come” (*48,8).
In an unreal nominal sentence (§ 132): yb n hm.k r h
kbb “the heart of thy majesty will be glad” (*56,3).
The auxiliary verb cZ/C “to stand” is placed §127.
before a verb in order to reproduce the accentuation
in historical narration. It appears usually as the tense
sdm.n.f
chc.n, more seldom
With forms of the suffix conjugation; ChC.n thn.n hni.f a
hnCJn “then his majesty came into conflict with them”
C37,6).
48 §§ 128 — 130, Periphrastic tenses. § 131. Syntax.
With the qualitative (§ 80): Chc.n rdy.hwy r yw
“then was I thrown on the island” (*45,2).
§128. The auxiliary verb .<s>- yry “to do” is used, in
forms of the sutfix conjugation, to paraphrase the re¬
spective forms of other verbs:
a First of all with compound verbs: yry.s dy-Cnh “may
she be presented with life” (*12,4. *11,11).
l> Then also with others: yry.y Sm.t “I did the going =
1 went” (*43,8), yry.n.y Sdni “I learned” (*51,9); yr.k
Cnlj.ty “mayest thou live” (*39,4).
§ 121). For historical narrative, especially with verbs of going,
the combination of an infinitive with pw “this” and
yry. 'll./ “he did” is used: rjp
yry.nf “to go was that which he did = he went”.
pB “to have been”, “to
have had”, in different verb forms is constructed, espe¬
cially in negative sentences, with the infinitive of a verb,
in order to denote a condition or an action which
occurred in the past: n sp pS.tw yr.t myty.t “never was
the like done” (*54,7).
§130. The auxiliary verb
J\'
im.t piv
Syntax
ORDER OE WORDS AND EMPHASIS IN
PRINCIPAL SENTENCES
§ 131. The regular word-order in verbal and nominal sen-
a tences has already been discussed (§ 25-27). The word-
order becomes irregular by emphasizing a word. The
emphasized word is usually found at the beginning of a
sentence and is introduced by the preposition (I AA(VSAA y'il
§§ 132. 133. Syntax.
49
or ?/r (| I ^ • • • ?/» '^^y-f - -
‘‘his majesty it was who gave - ”, yr y^t rh ri* pii
“but whoever knows this charm” (*56,9).
lu nominal sentences, which as a rule begin with the b
subject, the verb “to be” is to be understood (§ 27 j
between the subject and tbe predicate. Often the pronoun
pw “this” (§ 57b, § 58) is inserted there. The predicate
may be introduced by m “as”: yh.y ni hnv.y “my
heart (was) my companion” (*45,5); nh m Mj.w “Every
land was bowed” (*19,2).
The word-order, subject — predicate, of the nominal §132.
sentence (§ 27) is also transferred to sentences with
verb-forms (unreal nominal sentences). In such the verb
stands :
In the qualitative, especially with transitive verbs, to a
indicate a condition: yh.w ndm “hearts were glad”
(*34,11), (U(U.t lir.ty “the council (of gods) was satisfied”
(*35,11), H CjjC.w lid MS “they are stationed behind
Kadesh” (52,3).
In the infinitive with hr, especially with transitive b
verbs, to indicate the beginning of a condition. Examples :
rhy.t hr hy hnw “mankind began to rejoice and shout”
(*31,2), 'pid.t hr dwi’./“the nine-fold (gods) praised him”,
(*32,3).
These sentences can be introduced by an auxiliary c
verb “to be” (§ 124).
The omission of words is frequent in all kinds of §133.
sentences, especially in comparisons. Often the subject
or object is omitted, especially when it is a pronoun;
and likewise when the discourse is about the king. Of.
R 0 kder-Merc ER , Short Egyptian Grammar ^
50
§§ 134. 135. Special kikds of sentences.
also the impersonal use of the verbal forms (§ 87) and
of the infinitive (§ 109). Examples; iw yb.k my Rc ‘-thy
heart be glad like (that of) Re’’ (*5,11), yry.n.f m mmvf
“he made (it) as his monument’’ (*6,8. *11,9. *12,2j,
yry n.j N “N makes (it) for him” (*6,11. *16,11). Cs.tw
ur.w m-b^h ‘-the princes were called into the presence
of (his majesty)” (*51,5); mnh.f Ijr yh “he was pleasant
to the heart (of the king)” (*27,7).
SPECIAL KINDS OF SENTENCES
Temporal sentences.
§ 134. The dependent temporal sentences are sometimes
placed before, sometimes after the principal sentence.
Usually they have no conjunction, so that the condition
of dependence is shown only by the context and verb-
forms. Occasionally they are introduced by
m-ht “afterwards” (*30,10), '
J\
O ^
tp-c “before" (*44,10),
^ dr “since” (39,10) &c.
Examples: yw wp.n.f — , yw.y hr h.ty “he opened — ,
(while) I was on my belly’’ (*46,10-11), dc pr, yw.n m
wSd-wr “a storm arose, (as) we were on the sea” (*44,9.
(*48,3), hd.n td, ph.n.y “when the earth had become light
I arrived” (*43.9), hft ipr hm.fr nhrn “when his majesty
came to Naharin (Mesopotamia)’’ (*40,4).
Conditional sentences.
§ 136. The conditional sentences can he introduced by
yr “if”; often, however, there is no conjunction. The
verb is usually found in a form of the suffix conjugation;
§§ 135—137. Spectai. kinds ok sentences.
51
with the tense khn.f often in the accented form (§ 91);
htp.h “when thou settest, the earth (is) in darkness’’
(*65,5—6), mrr.tn - , w// M.ta “if ye desire - ,
then read!“ (*21,9 — 22,1).
Final sentences &c.
Our conjunctions “that”, “in order to’’, “so that”, § 136.
“until’’ are for the most part not reproduced; the verb
usually stands in the khn.f tense. Occasionally <=> r
(also r-rjd *51,4; r-iitj/.t *30,8) introduces such sentences.
Indirect interrogative sentences are introduced without
a conjunction; the nuance of purpose and final sentences
is often not perceptible. Cf. r with the infinitive “in
order to’’ (§ 106); tense khn.f 88).
Ex aniples: ‘'Kemember joy, r iji/.t Jiriv pfS n myny
till that day of death cometh” (*50,6), dy.y mksn
“I cause that they see’’ (*13,6. 10), “he said, clk.f hnC.y
that he (would j fight (with me)” (*42,7), “he wished,
yw.y m yry rd.wy.f tliat 1 would be his guide (com¬
panion of his feet/’ (*40,2).
Interrogative sentences.
In interrogative sentences are found the forms of the § 137.
suffix conjugation; they are usually introduced by a
particle which the enclitic (j OM-f 1§ 69b)
often follows. Such interi ogative words, coming at the
beginning or end of the sentence, are: accented:
° yn-m, (to yn\ § 131) “who?”, “what?’’;
yh “what?”, (xeneral particles used to introduce
4*
52
§§ 138—141. Special kinds of sentences.
questions are: (aaaaw(|'^ yn yw as first word; ^
^nr, try as second word. Example
yn~m yn iw “Who brought thee?” (*47,2.7).
Negative sentences (§ 281)).
§ 138. Principal sentences are negatived by the older particle
_fu- n or the younger nn “not”, which always
stands first in the sentence. The verb is found in the
forms of the suffix conjugation; and with the tense sdm.f
after nn in the accented form (§ 91). n rlj lym.f “his
majesty knew not” (*51,4), nn sp n C “not one remained”
(*45,1). Likewise in the relative sentence (§ 141c).
§ 139. Dependent sentences are negatived by means of the
auxiliary verbs tm and (] ^ ymy
“not to be”, “not to have”, the verb of which follows
in the predicate (§ 98).
§140. Relative sentences (§ 141c) are negatived by the ad¬
jective ni/tc.ty “who is not”, “who has not”,
which agrees in gender and number with the substan¬
tive, which it follow's. It can also be used as a substan¬
tive. nyw.tij.t “that which does not exist” (*9, 5).
Relative sentences.
§ 141. Relative sentences (cf. § 28a) are usually introduced
" by the relative pronoun nty, nty.t “who”,
plural j nty.n\ which can also be used substan¬
tively. Examples: sd nty tp U “a man who is on earth”
§ 141. Special kind-s of sentences.
53
(■'56,11), nty Ijm.f i/ni ‘‘the place on which his majesty
is = the palace’’ (*52,8), 7iti/.w ijdi.'s “those who are in
it" (*44,11), utij.iv-ijtn “those who are there = the dead”
(*32,4), ntj/.t ‘‘that which is (exists)’’ (*9,5).
The introductory “who’’ is often omitted in relative b
sentences; in which case, if the subject is the same,
the verb takes the form of a participle; but if the
subject is different, it prefers the relative form (§ 118):
prr.t in-b^h tdr-C^ “that which comes out before the
great god (i.e. delivered as an offering)” ( '19,8), “the
prince, rd/j.iv.u itn whom the king has dispatched” (*27,3),
‘•( Isiris, nrr.w n.f ntr.w to whom the gods bow” (*28,9),
ikd.tv ym.i rh.w.n.k “rowers are in it (the boat) whom
thou knowest (known to thee)’’ (*48,9),
The relative sentence is negatived either by the ne- c
gative relative ni/w-ty (§ 140); or, in nominal sentences,
by the introductory negative n, iin “not” (§ 138); nn
drw “there is no boundary’’ (*7,7), ivih.t nn hni.i “a
ship which has no rudder” (*43,4), “a liero, nn itx.nw.J
who has not his like (his second)” (*42,6).
List of Hieroglyphs.
The following list of hierogl3’pliics is a selection from the com¬
plete Ust, which Lepsius arranged according to classes for the type-
foundry of Ferd. Theinhardt of Berlin. Todaj- we know the real
meaning of manj' signs which at that time were ■wTongly defined;
the meaning, however, of many others is yet unknown.
After each hieroglyph there is given (in italics) the Egj^itian
word with which it is connected; and also how the sign is to be
read, if its phonetic value is not written. Further, the classes are
given (in bold-face tj'pe) in which the hieroglyphs as determinatives
are placed. The list, as well as the data, is incomplete. In ad¬
dition to those necessary for the reading excercises, only the most
frequent hieroglyphs, phonetic values, and phrases are given.
Abbreviation: g. = god.
A. MEN
2 ^ to call, Cs
5
8
9
16
1
I
dw:^, yw^,
to worship
to turn
around, Cny
to dance, to
rejoice, ksy
27 I
to bow
death,
mummy, fi
gure, tivt
29
30
31
49
chief, offi¬
cer, wr,
smsw, ir
old man,
ySiv
to smite,
hw
hws, to
build
to build
71 ^ child, hrd
death,
enemy
82 ^ soldier,
84
jirisoner
86
89
91
enemy,
foreigner
man, suffix
§ 53
to speak,
to eat
92
98
sitting,
weariness
to drink,
swr
— ^to row
to hide,
ymn
Lisr OF lliEROGLvrHS ; A — D.
55
12
I ^ clean
105 ^ to carry, 15
to work
106
110
I/h (n 16
rnp.ivt)
the dead
17 ^
120
121
128
king,
suffix § 53
king,
Osiris i
king I
128
131 {
myntv,
siiv
foreigner ,
Bedouin
honoura-
bleperson,
SJJd
133^7/r, to fall
honoura¬
ble person,
suffix § 53
B. WOMEN
singer,
dancer
y ^ woman,
^ suffix § 53
139
10
11
19
25
31
32
33
36
54
yyy
to give
birth to
run
C. GODS
^ wsyr^
-i g. Osiris
I ytlj, g. Ptah
I g. tnn
h (Ptah)
^ yn-kr.t,
4 g. Onuris
»inif,g.Min
I
■ii g. Ainou
|| Siv, g Show
5 rc, g. Re
^ MS, JjCrw
-1 g. Set, Baal
H yn]piv,
-1 g. Anubis
j dhivty,
1 g. Thot
^ hnmw,
1 g. Khnum
D. PARTS OF MAN
1
©
(B(U, tp
3
Ijr
6
hair
10
to see
(cf. U’iyr)
12
to see
15
)Cyn
17
Iwdd.t
£)
cf. P 5
29
>r
33
j^to spit, to
' flow out
35
J
mdw
37
X
back
38
p
SC
39
u
to suckle
43
0
to em¬
brace, hpt
46
u
kd
47
n, nyw,
negative
51
hn
52Q^c:/0
56 cjsr
58 htv
59 _ _ flC, for 63
62,-,^ _ Dmh, rmn
56
List of HiERO';i,yi>Hs; D — G.
63 A _ a dy, grh
66 — Dmy
66 Q _ ji hnk, to
distribute
69 Z1 to smite,
etc., nljt
76 d
82 imwi
84 I dhC
87 <2^:=] dkr '
90 '=iD &i/<, man
90 c — u) int I
95 t;/ hm \
96 J\ to go, yw, ’
7Wlt, Ck I
98 ^ to go
back, pry i
99 leg, rd
101 (jrg \
102 j k \
103 J h
9 ^ bound
sacrilicial
animal
13 yh
14 yw
16
17 ^ goat,berd.
19
m^-ljd?
sCh.
22
28 baboon,
rage
36 5^^ mi
38 nt;
49
ivp-w^.wt
65 ^
ynpw
58 ^
66 ^ 1 bad wea-
ther, g. stS
8 IS.
15
16
30 ^i.^
33 V wp
35 //i?f.^
41 \ Cb
44 hiv,bh,hy^
46 ^ to bear,
sdm, ydn
48 ^ yh
49 cr^ bpS
51 I whm
58 mammals
69 I sSb
60
61 ^ tail'
63 ywC^ yiw
110 9, flesh, IjC
111 9 flesh
E. MAMMALS
2 P::^ horse, htr
3 ^ ox, /fi, yl.
F. PARTS OF
MAMMALS
3 ^ yb instead
of E 3
Q nose, to
breathe,
Jnd,br.t, rs
G. BIRDS
i, also for
G 5 .
5 ^
List oi- HiEROGLyrHs: G — M.
57
rK m.t
15 ^ god, king
16 ymn
28 chm \
30 mw.t ^
33 \Rnb.ty(?)
36 m
38 w § 13
46
48 (Jliivti/
53 hS
54 biw
75
tnw, hn
db
53
60 bnw
66 ^ dfi
67
birds
71
73
CJc
pi
78
79 wr
80 evil
81 '^rJjy.t
83
87
w
ti
10
11
16
23
26
30
■=5^^ lifn
snake,
goddess
see Gr 33
IMl snake
^z
90 ^sS
91 ^sncl
K. FISH
<Qo i/n
lish
92
bi, soul , 10 h
hi
H. PARTS OF BIRDS
1 ^ ipd
3 % nr
12 fnTTT^ to fly I
13 j] stv, mic j
21 ^ egg, '
goddess
I. AMPHIBIA
2
I ^bk
J g. Sobk
km
4
7
8
9 frog, toad,
hkt
1
3
1
9
13
15
17
22
L. INSECTS
bijt
^ //i?r
M. PLANTS
tree, ymi
^ht
r rnp,
I hi.t-sp
£ mry, try
^ rnp
?iw, nhb
58
24
26
30
33
33
35
36
37
List of Hieroglyphs: M — N.
1 SW, istny,
> (ny-swt?)
rii
ms
80 I
82 I bd.t
89 |\/I\/i snw.t
90
§ 13 ' ' bower
n //// (U^l/?)
^ § 75
^ sb-i
93 J bur
98 § }t(hn
Cdh.t
si
39 Q dJj.t
41 plants, //H,
ysy
42 # //i
43
47 I wd(l
63 lotos
67
68 J W
73 ^ (late) wd
74 J //(j
I (old) ivd
1
N. HEAVEN,
EARTH, WATER
=1 heaven,
11. t, hry
2 night,
kivl'W
5 ^|//n
7 Q sun, dates,
r<7, /irw,
shv
13
77
Q light, to
111 light,
hnmm.t
14 ^
23 Q /jC
26 0
28 moon,yC//,
yhd
30 ipr
35 -jl^^ sbd, divd
37 == td
40 fY^ desert,
foreign
country,
hds.t
42 dw
44 ydh.t
46 TOTF district,
sji.t, hsp
47 land,
earth,
td, ydb
(see X 20)
48 s earth,
land
49 £^3 way, bor¬
der, wd.t,
My)
50 r- — ym (later
m § 13)
-=ys
51 [m stone
53 o o o or o grains
54 (sand,
incense,
•paint)
5 6 ^A^w. fi
58
^a/vsaa
^HW
AA/WNA
?nr
Lisi' 01' Hieuogia'I’hs: N — (i-
59
59 pond
60 r -n— I 6'
61 Sni
66 ( 3 nw
I'l ^ hi/^
0. BUILDINGS AND
THEIR PARTS
1 © city,
iiouse;/;n'i
3 n house, 2>'>'
6 ^ pr.t-r-lji IV
9 ra /i
10 l_n mr, iiiit
m
12
17
19
29
36
h.t
nh.t-ht
(jSI eph-
thys)
H.t-hr,
goddess
Hathor
chc
53 f|
■hi obelisk
54 Q stela
61 ^ ]jkr
65 rXl least, hb
68 /]
throne
69 'uiiMi' door, to
open, Ci
70 — s, bolt
71 -jy- i/s, sh, Sivy
72 jx3=a ts
74 -aoe- mmVi
g. Min
76 H M
80 n //i, house
84 m srl,
: wall
43 ^ gate, sbi
45 [p linb
48 ^ h^p
51 A
=== pyi'amid
P. SHIPS AND
THEIR PARTS
2 ship,
7?d,tomoTe
down I
stream i
14 1 to
sail u])
stream
1 6 t^iv, iiju'
19 I CljC
21 rudder
22 I hr IV
23 ^
Q. HOUSE ARTICLES
1 rl (Cf.
■h iusyr)
5 jpi- like 1
7 to sleep
8 to die
9 p 6'
17 Ijtp
19
20 /l\ hr
25 coffin
28 ^ dbS
29 J ywu
31 ^ hn
34 ys
60
39
List of Hieroglyphs: Q — T.
mdr 28 -
42 1 1 di-ess,
mnh.t
42 1 ^ 1 +
(CrJ?)
51 ^ ivdc
54 ^ ts
58 / - 1 )iidC
59 stand for i
45 treasure,
(cUs.t?) ;
gentilic:
S. CLOTHING,
JEWELRY, INSIGNIA
7 Q Jjp-s
8 (] l"l
11 Y H, hijtij
1 ^xvdhw
images of
gods and, ^
district 1^^ V
! 14 (5 tv § 13
1 17 {p hvitj
I 31 ^ H
names
R. TEMPLE
ARTICLES
2 hdxv.t
13 god, ntr ;37 ^ |
16 hrij.t-ntr
18
20
22
dd
smd
in
32 clothing
tongue,
death,
mr, ns
tb.t
26 ySh
38
'39 Q Sn
41 dmd
43 Cnh
44 Q like 45
treasurer
50 ^ hrj), shill
^ !/»in
^ ti'd
I* Civ.t
64 I ivd's, dCin
65 'I ivds.t
48
66
4'
ivsr
75 A nhdhd
T. ARMS AND WAR
ARTICLES
j 'l foreign
I country,
cdtn, kind,
tn
/
rs
I
List of Hieroglyphs: T — V.
61
9 I hm
10 ^
15 to cut
20 shn
2 1 pd
31 I it! I
33 . — e arrow,
ihr^ iir
39
41 Ci
43 o— li
45
chariot
U. TOOLS AND
AGRICULTURAL
IMPLEMENTS
3 J} — . itp
5 r''^ — ^ mv
8 ^ vid
with Q, 68
miC
12 ■mr, hoe
13 plough fe'uC
14 tm
19 "I tij
20 ll inm
>y»
21
i
24
s
wr
V
{dh: U 31)
27
y
mnh
28
1
trhd
29
p irbd to
-i
open
30
hm
31
dh
1
()nr:l] 24)
33
1
¥f
36
1
ml
38
5- u-C
40
»r.pNeit)
42
\
[
ims
45
c
msn,(jnw.t
krs
48
49
A l>^ib It
50 P^) nb
V. WICKER-WORK
1 (9 cord, to
fasten, id.t
100
(cf. S 14)
2 std
5 dtr
6 9
6 5
(cf. Q 42)
8 sack, trf
10 'S,' Crk
15 0'=*^ m h
17 id
21 x:>c Cnd
26 -^"1 wd
27 rivd
28 ^ si
29 sJ
30 I h
34 ik
37 ^ U'dh
41 F=o phr
43 s=5f
44 yty
45 C3
embalm
(wt)
62
List op Hieroglyphs: W— Z.
W. VESSELS
1 W oil, mrli.t,
4 I hs or Ijts
|| water, khh
hm
hnt
^ Ijnm
5
6
8
11
34
35 O
37
13 5 fluids,
gifts Mt
14 ^ Wt-t,
milk
21 0 nw, yn
22 yn
23 tQ,
23 O mixvt
26
29 2
31 y7 xi'shjpxxv.t
33 0 bread, ti
39 ^
40 B
'40 ^
43 ^
46
49
63
59 ‘a
60 n
bi
yt
fire, cook¬
ing
hxtr
dr
fruit
nh
kd.t
hb, feast
corn, yt
copper,
arms
U
X. OFFERINGS
3 C3ED nljn
4 c°D bread,
oft’ering
10 Q pdro.t
14 ® sp
19 Q t5
20 cm (see
N 47)
22 ^ dy
Y. WRITING, MUSIC
AND
3AME ARTICLES
ss
, book,
abstract
harp
sJm
j «/'■
■v/i
11
12
Z. STROKES AND
DOUBTFUL SIGNS
6 W )/§l3.39c.
7 X hcd, xcpy
9 n >»d
1 0 -fl- Ijri/
12 m t
19 CZDI rn
: 22 . — d slsr
25 Q yp.t
i 30 ^ nm
VocabiiLary-
The vocabulary contains, besides the words necessary for the
reading-exercises, other words also which are frequent in easier texts.
The words are arranged according to the Egyptian alphabet (§ 12);
such, however, as are written with the same hieroglyphics are
placed in groups, in order that thej' may the more easily be found.
The hieroglj'phics placed before groups or single words by no
means represent the whole orthography of the word in question;
but are only a characteristic mark out of the orthography of the
word, which is to facilitate the recognition of the word b}' the
beginner. The numbers give the pages of the reading exercises,
where the complete writing of the word can be found.
Abbreviations; g. = God. c. = country, p. ■= place, t. ■= temple.
i.t moment.
iS.t-hr inspection *24,5. 32,2.
ih'.t roast meat *1,9.
iW^ distant, to be happy
itjp to load,
load.
*12,8.
iw length *20,10. 47, lu,
iiv.t-yb jo}- *24,7.
ihh(i?) to mix *18,7.
ihdw town Abydos *8,5.
ynvy to be old.
36,9. 45,10.
th imm to grasp *28,1.
ih.t field *26,7.
ipd duck, goose, birds *8,8.
yiw.t office *15,2. 21,10.
TTT ili.t inundation § 48.
isy to hurry, to accelerate *52,5.
.6. J/j/) f. oncf-.
yir.t beans(?) *7,2.
yirr.t wine *25,8.
ii.t-yb wish *19,10.
yih excellent *14,9. 33,5,
64
Vocabulary: yiht.—yh.f.
fOl yiht horizon *3,7. 20,4. 55,1.
yik.t bulblike *45,9.
n yy (yiy?) come § 75. *9,1.
J yy-wy welcome I *33,9.
yCy to wash *27,8.
yCh moon *15,8.
yiv to be § 122fif. § 26c. 131b.
J\ to come *12,8.42,5.51,1
§ 75.
( - ) yiv islsnd *13,8. 43,10. 45,2.
yivC to reward *26,14.
ywC heir, inheritance *9,7.
29,2. 33,10.
9 ywf meat *1,8.
yivmv town Heliopolis *11,5.
1
y^ to believe *46,2.
yby to thirst *43,11.
^ yb heart *3,6. 25,7. Of. hry-yb.
ybd month *5,1. § 48.
yp to count *34,4
yp.t-i§.ivt t. Karnak (Thebes) *4,9.
ym there *7,6. 45,8 thereof *22,8.
yrm.t goodness *12,10. 15,5.
yniih reputation *2,7.
ymiJiy worthy, respected
*2,3.4.
..-JW ymy not to be *48,7. § 139.
ymy give! *50,1. § 101.
_n_ ymy he avIio is in *10,1. 19,5.
iJ ymy-yh darling *7,10.
ymy-n (mr) director *2,6.7.
ynm to conceal (oneself).
ymn g. Amon of Thebes *2,9.
ymn.t the west *20,1. 28,2.
ymn.ty western, right 3,7. 55,5.
yyi on the part of *27,1. § 61g.
yn-m who? *47,2. § 137.
yny to bring *22,7.
ynic offering *19,3.
ynpw g. Anubis *19,4.
'^yyir stone *6,10. 54,6.
I egg-shell *55,7.
I yyih to enclose *52,9.
I ynh eyebrow *46,9.
! (y)nd-hr Haill *27,10. 31,8.
yr if § 135; emphasis § 131.
With suffixes: *18,8. § 69b.
I § 102. § 137.
I ■<s>- yry to make *20,3.
to create, to beget *18,7.
§ 115. 128.
to pass time *45,4.
auxiliary verb § 128.
yry-yh.t to sacrifice *11,4.
yyy he who belongs to *26,6.
40,2. § 36a.
ynv figure *31,10.
yyp wine *1,8.
yyyyt Orontes *53,8.
^ yytt milk *1,8.
ox *8,8. 36,9.
yhw.iy builder, farmer.
® 5^ yli.l affair *8,9.
A'oCABni.ARv; ^lnn,v'(--^k)—Cs.
65
yhmAv(-§k) see Im. I
ys grave *9,1. 36,5.
7T" ysy to haste.
ysw reward *24,8.
yst, yst behold, here (§ 64b) *18,1.
37,1. 51,1 fif.
it barley *7,6.
o (also ) yt (also if?)
father *3,2. 6,8. 10,7. 11,9.
12,2.
yt-ntr ^ 1 “father of the
god“ (title of a priest) *49,3.
■^n— rr ytni g. Atum *3,7.
yf/i disk of the sun *16,9. 55,2.
yfric stream *24,1.
ytjj to take *47,4.
ydh two border's (shore?) *25,8.
^ yilnw representative, assistant
Cw,t small cattle.
Cwiij to rob.
Cb horn *38,8,
tombstone *22,1 (cf. \rp)-
to be supplied with *13,6.
to fit out *56,2.
0
Cm to swallow.
Cny to turn around *53,10.
*27,8.
_Q C arm *12,9.
tp-C before *44,10. § 134.
tpy-C.wy ancestor *39,10.
m-C of *54,5.
=* Ci great, to be great (Ciy).
n-Ci.t-n because *10,4.
Cih.t offering, gift.
Cim Syrian, Asiatic *13,5. 40,3.
Cnh to live § 18c, the living
*21,5.
life *22.5.
Cnli ear *7,9.
>OC Cnd fat.
SrgpS Cry to ascend.
Crf bag (with paint?) *19,6.
36,9.
Crky last *18,4.
Chi to fight *37,4. 42,7.
Chi battle *13,7.
arrow *42,11.
M ChC to stand *51,3.
J auxiliai'y § 127.
ChC life-time *18,1. 55,11.
(m).ChC.t grave *49,2.
S ChC palace *10,1. 14,6. 56,2.
Chm holy sparrow-hawk,
idol.
Chnw.ty cabinet (of the
king) *2,6.
Cyn lime-stone.
R O ED E R-M E RCK R , SUORT EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR
Cs to call *51,5.
66
Yocabolarv: Cs} — irff.
<=5=^ Cs) to be many, many *7,4.
18,1. 37,3.
Csi rich *31,9.
Ck to go in *5,8. 23,6. 41,1.
W
£^3 Wi.t way *6,2. 43,5.
^uiy to bow to (r) *30,8.
wiw wave *45,3.
luih to lay *47,5.
ivih happy, lasting *4,7.
to be happy *21,9.
iviS hapinness *4,1.
^ wi&.t ^ town Thebes *4,6.
Wiiy to go to ruin *25,6.
J gi'cen, fresh, young *16,3.
iricl green paint *1,11.
goddess Uto of the Delta.
wid-wr the (Red) Sea *13,8.
44,9. 45,3.
wy how 1 *35,3. § 68, cf. yy-u'y.
t~c3>c, wyi ship.
one *37,10. 40,11.
alone *55,1 1.
tcC.ty the only one *4,10.
U'Cy to be alone *45,4. 53,5.
V'CCw lonesomeness (of the
king), palace *11,2.
n? wCb clean *8,9.
1 priest *2,1. 21,6.
U'Cf to fetter *6,5. 14,1.
i
^ wbi to penetrate *27,6.
W wbti to rise (sun) *12,7. 18,9.
in 55,3.
\y wp to adjust *11,3.
ivpy to open *46,1 0.|
wp-rvi.wt g. Upuat *8,6. 29,8.
w)i to open *6,1.
wniv.t hour *51,9.
ivnn to be, to exist *36,3.
wnn-nfr Osiris *23,8. 28,3.
\cnm food *55,11.
to eat *56,8.
great *11,1; the great
one *5 1 ,2 ; first-born 23. 8.
n-wr-n because *27,7.
U'rry.t war-chariot *13,9.
wrSy.t guard *43,6.
I whn to repeat *4,1. 27,8.
i irhy.t stem *44,7.
' Qni) whC to loosen,
i rj 1^'&yr g. Osiris *2,9. Title
! 11 of the dead *9,9.
u-sr to be mighty *22,9.
wsr strong *12,1. 14,5.
U'ir.w might *18,2.
XI7 ti''Sb far, to be Avide.
ivsh width *47,11.
U'Sh t transport ship *43,3.
u'itn to step out *6,4.
X ii'sb to answer *47,8.
Q wt to embalm.
n\t toAA'ii name? 19,5.
C — u) ivtl to beget *49,8.
VorAnui.AiiY: wdn—piwj
67
f U'(hi to sacrifice.
wdJiw altar.
1 ^ wd to command * *29,5.
1’ i wd command *39,9.
wdi whole, healed, to be happy
*30,7. 47,5.
wdi to go *56,1.
ivdi.t holy Uzat-eye.
wdC to judge.
^ wdb shore, beach *37,3.
J
bi to cut into pieces *54,10.
hi to be happy (?) *18,9.
bi soul *23,4.
biw boat *56,2.
biw might *13,2. 19,2. 37,8.
ram, soul.
ni-bih before *19,8. 46,11.
out *23,10.
^ bis.ti/.t goddess Bubastis (of the
town hiS.t).
bik olive-oil *7,4.
higy to be tired *33,6.
by.t honey *7,4.
byty king of Lower Egypt
*4,1. 41,7.
biji mine in Sinai *47,9.
byn bad.
byk falcon.
byk to work *16,8.
byk servant *9,11. 54,4.
bCr g. Baal *53,4.
bw place *10,2.
bw-nb each one *35,2.
bw-nfr the good § 35c.
bivt abhorrence.
bb.t whirlpool (?) *24,1.
bn.t harp *49,1.
bnw Phoenix (bird in Helio¬
polis).
bmo.t black granite(?) *11,10.
V bnr sweet *35,3.
/ bnr date.
bhi to flee *37,9,
b&y to introduce.
bU to revolt *30,8.
bd.t spelt (wheat) *7,6.
bd^ to become discouraged *52,6.
□ jl
p.t heaven *6,1.
to fly.
pi to have been *54,7. § 130.
pi this, the *41,1. § 41.
Q piw.t primitive times
*9,6. 16,10.
piw. ti primitive god *8,3.
piw.t sacriflcial bread.
5*
68
TocAnm.ARy: pC.i — mnw.
^ pC.t mankind * * * * §34,6.
pw, pwy these *28,2. § 58.
pwn.t c. Punt.
pfi that *37,1. § 57c.
pfs see fit/ to cook.
pn^ to turn over.
I _ I pr house *2,8.
pr-Jid treasury *3,10.
pr-Ci pharaoh *56,1.
pr.t winter *8,4. 18,4. § 48.
pry to ascend, to come out
*6,3. 23.6. 40,11.
to he delivered up *19,8.
pr.t-r-hrw saci'ifice for the
dead *8,8.
pry hero *42,6.
prsn baking *1,9.
p)h to get *43,9.
<h.t strength.
phr to draw through *33,7.
psd back *13,11. 19,3.
© pisd.t the ninefold gods (family
of) *32,3.8.
ptn desert between Egjpt and
Syria *43,9.
ptr behold! *59,1.
pd.t bow *16,2.
fiy to carry.
fnd nose *43,1. 49,10. 50,1.
fh to loose.
fsy (later pdy) to cook *44,6.
fki to reward.
Tip’-'-
m
m preposition § 61a.
m-m together with *23,8.
mi (niiy?) lion *30,9.
mi-hs lion *53,9.
mu to see *12,5. 23,5. 43,6.
I miC true *33,1 1. genuine
*46,9.
miC-hrw to justify *29,3.
blessed *2,1 — 5,
triumph *18,2.
miC.t right *11,3. 32,9.
o miivt red granite *12,3.
mih garland *50,2.
nii-hd Oryx-Antilope *4,4.
0 my how *4,3. then *22,1. § 135.
§ my.ty the like *16,10. 54,7.
r-my.ty.t in like manner *26,6.
mynw herdsman.
myny to land, to die; see mn.
~vwv\ mw water *1,10. 44,5.
miv.t mother *16,1.
goddess Mut of Thebes.
mu't to die *44,1.
mn to remain, to last *10,5,
mn-yh brave *33,9.
myny to land, to die *39,10.
50,7.
^ mnC.t wet-nurse *19,11.
mmo monument *6,8.
I mnw g. Min *29,11.
Vocabulary: mnw.t — nh.t.
69
mnw.t dove ’•'19,7.
mnfi/.t army, staff * *31,. 1.
nmnin to tremble *46,3.
mnmn.t herd *7,7. 42,9.
f\ mnh to be excellent *14, .3.
® mnh excellent *20,6.
1 1 mnh.t dress *1,11.
mntw g. Mont *43,2. *53,3.
n/r s. ynuj-ri director.
mr to be sick.
mr pyramid.
K mrij to love *10,4. 16,2.
\ mrw.t love *14,8.
or n-mrw.t (§ 62b) therewith
*10,5.
1 i out of love for *12,7.
mr.t subordinates, slaves
*14,10.
^ mvh.t oil *1,11.
mh to fill *5,6.
to be full *20,1 1.
mh-yh darling *3,11.
mh.t ^ the north (Delta)
*7,11.
mh.ty northera *17,11. 40,1.
mhy.t north-wind *23,11.
mh ^ _ fl ell *6,9. 20,9. 46,6.
J\ ms to bring.
I
msy to give birth to *15,
msw.t birth *4,1.
^ yn&n.ty stone-cutter *2,3.
m.srim.t black paint *1,11.
msdy to hate *36,4.
mSC army *2,6. 30, 1 1.
)nSw dagger *41,3.
mhy to protect *14,1.
mk.t protection *33,2.
mt see inwt to die.
('=0) mty director^?) *21,7.
mtn chief *44,3.
Amd.t speech *51,6.
mdw to speak *55,7.
mdr to press.
mdr-ivi.t to be true *41,10.
AAAAAA yi
11 preposition § 61c. genetive
§ 21c.
. not51,4. 54,7. § 138.
nyw.ty he who is (has) not
*33,6. § 140.
nyw.tyt'da.Td. which does not
exist *9,5.
nn not *26,9. 42,6. 43,4. 45,1.
§ 138.
1
nyh to call.
nw.t (nniv.t?) goddess of
heaven Nut *28,7.
© nw.t town, residence *2,7.
nw.ty municipal *21,11.
nwy flood *34,9.
V ^ nh each, every, all anyone
*4,9. 13,2. 19,2. 21,8. § 37b.
master *2,7. 9,11. 40,1.
nb.t mistress *2,8. 20,1.
70
Vocabulary: nb.ti/—ri-iiv.
nh.tjjC?) “the two goddesses
of the land,” title of a king
*4,7.
nb.t-h.t goddess Nephthys,
nh gold *3,10. 26,4.
^ib.t town Nubt.
nb.ttj g. Nubti (Set); cf. Hr.
nbs Sycomore(?) *1,10.
•) ^ •)' nfiu aspiration, breath *22,5.
T (cf. tiw).
I nfr beautiful, good *18,1.
0 nfrio beauty *16,1. 55,4.
nfr.t girl *56,2.
nfry.t-r until *18,4. § 62c.
A nmt to w'ander *40,1.
^ nn this *10,3. 44,1. § 57e.
nrw strength *6,6.
nr.t mankind *34,6.
tdK nr.t goddess Neit of Sais.
nrr to bow(?) *28,9.
nh.t Sycomore.
nhrn Naharina (Mesopotamia)
D'ini *17,11. 37,1. 40,4.
nhb.t nape of the neck *42,11.
nhm to take away.
nhh eternity *6,4; only
written *31,8.
nhsy negro, Nubian *38,11.
A ithibi whip.
nhb town £lkab.
7ihb.t goddess Nechbet.
CS3 nhn (cf. saw) town Nechen
*4,4. 54,1.
nhi to be a child *10,2.
' 6 -t] nht to be strong, strong *4,6.
; nht strength, victory *13,1.
14,2. 40,6.
ns tongue.
ns belonging to, according
to measure *46,6.
JJ\ ns.t throne 18,11.
nLt-ti.xvy t. Karnak *6,8.
I nty -which § 141a.
nty.t the existent *9,5.
nty.w-ym the dead *32,4.
r-nty.t that *30,8. § 136.
S ntr god *8,2.
I ntry to be divine *16,4.
ntry divinity (?) *31,5.
ntr-nfr good god: king *20,1.
Cf. h.t-ntr, hm-ntr, hry.t-ntr.
t nd(y) to deliver, to protect
*33,5.
nd(.ty) deliverer *12,6. 13,10.
1 7idm sweet, pleasant *12,10.22,5.
nds small *47,2.
r preposition § 61b; after impera¬
tive *38,4. § 102; with infinitive
§ 106.
conjunction: § 136; cf. yr.
I r} mouth *7,9. 36,8.
saying *56,9.
n goose *19,7.
n-pr temple *12,8.
n-iw p. Tura (quarry) *54,6.
Vocabolaiiy: n-hry — lny.t.
71
n-hry supreme director
*39,7.
n-sfi.iv p. Sakkara *23,0.
yniy-n (mr) director *2,6.
39,8.
O rC g. Ee *6,3. 4,3.
ril'd to thrive *10,6.
rwd feast *24,8.
rd leg *40,2. (dual rd.ivi).
rdy to give § 74.
rdy to give § 74.
4'
to appoint *54, .3.
Z1 rwd steps *9,4.
Q rpC.ty (yry-pC.t?) prince '
*3,7.
_ _ 0 yry.t-pC.t(?) princess *15,5.
r.f *18,8; cf. yr. j
rm fish *45,10.
rmny to carry.
rmt man *3,6. 26,2.
rn name *7,1. 10,5.
i rnpy fresh, to be young.
rnpy.t fiowers, fruit *15,2.
rnp (Calendar-(year)*5,10. 14,2.
^ rnn to bring up *16,2. 25,9.
Jm 38,5—7.
I'h to know, to be acquainted with
*26,3. 48,9. 51,4. § 82.
rhyJ mankind *31,2,
±rs south (Upper Egypt).
rsy southern *8,10. 17,10. 40,1,
^ rys to awake.
£l rSw.t joy *50,6.
rSrs to be glad *31,3.
O rk time *49,6.
r.k *38,4; cf. r.
rtnw Syria *13,5. 42,5.
mh
ra^ l„ o: § 70.
hiy to descend *30,2. 47,9.
hib to send *27,6.
hy to rejoice *31,3.
f — li) hy husband.
hp law *17,2.
hnihm.t roaring *13,9.
_ fl hny to bow.
hnw to shout with joy *31,2.
hry to be satisfied.
O hrw day *27,11. 43,7.
hdhd to attack *37,6.
4
J
Ipt house, fortress *43,6.
h.t-ntr temple *2,11. § 18a.
h.t-hr goddess Hathor *2,8.
<?) hi.ty heart *34,11.
hi.ty the first one § 47.
'hr-hi.t before *37,11. 52,7.
54,8.
j" hi .t-sp year of reign. § 48a.
^ hi.ty-C count *2,3.
- _ a § 38.
fhi behind *51,3.
hiy.t mourning *33,7.
72
VocABUi ARY : hiw-hih.
hiw naked * *30,5.
h(i)p to conceal.
h(i)pw.ty spy *51,7. 10.
hi-nh.w Greeks etc. *34.7.
hih to rob *42,9.
J\ huhy to seek *33,6.
9^9.0, limb, body *12,9. 18,7.
hCy to rejoice *12,5.
hCpy Nile *22,7.
hivy to smite *42,8.
hh feast *28,10.
hh-kl reign-jubilee *15,11.
'll ' fibs to clothe.
I Ijbs dress *30,5.
^ hpy Apis, bull in Memphis.
/jpt to embrace.
/jfiw snake, dragon *46,5.
hfn 100000. § 46.
O hm.t wife *3,2. 15,5. 17,9.
hr, no rudder *43,4.
hnisy to sit *38,3.
hm majesty *5,1.
hm servant, slave *26,6.
hm-vij- prophet *2,9. § 18a.
hm-ki priest of the dead *21,6.
hni.t female slave *26,6.
hmu'.t handicraft, art *2,11.
^ hmu'.ly workman *2,2. 20,3.8.
£) hint copper *41,3.
hnC together with *6,3. 37,2. 7,2.
y7 hnw.t mistress.
hnmm.t mankind *34,6.
Q _ j) hnk to present.
hnk.t offering *23,2.
hr g. Horus *19,1;
8?^ title of a king *4,1.
Hr Nh.ty(?) “Horus, (con-
queror of) Nubti [= Bet]”;
title of a king *4,7.
hr sight, face.
hr-nh each one *35,1.
hr preposition § 61d.
ni-hr-n before, on *52,4.
hft-hr in the presence of *26,5.
r-hff-hr in the presence of
*50,5.
hry the supreme *2,11.
14,10. 39,8.
hry.t desert *3,8.
hry-yb dwelling in *8,6.
hry-d}(Ji chief *4,4. 8,2.
29,11.
-Tl- hry to withdraw *51,3.
hry.t terror *13,3. 39.1.
hh cf. hyhy to seek, nhh eternity.
hh million.
hh n rivp.wt million j'ears
*15,11. 27,4.
S hsy to praise *19,10. 21,1.
k hsw.t favour, love *15,5. 20,1.
26,3.
hsy to sing *50,5.
hsy singer *49,1.
hsi see ms lion.
Q hsb to calculate *9,9. 15,1.
55,11.
73
V 0 c A P UL A p. V : hk.t — hr.
hk.t ^ beer *1,8. 8,8.
M‘. /goddess Uekt(toad) *29,8.
'? hki to rule *16,2.
I hki ruler *9,8. 15,7.
hkiA. rule *34,2.
hkr hungry *3,5. 30,4.
hknw praise *43,2.
, -n._ hfj) to sit down, to rest
*19,1. 55,5.
to set (sun) *3,7.
htp peace *9,1. 24,7. 54,9.
htp.t food *19.7.
him to go to ruin *26,9.
htr team (of horses) *37,2.
^ 52,2.
nt-htr charioteer *52,6.
h(l to become bright *18,8. 43,9.
h(], white, silver.
hcl.f crown of Upper Egypt
*34,3.
O h
O h.t see ylut atfair.
Ipt tree cf. ht.
? hi thousand *19,6.
S slaughter *40,8.
hiw night *43,8.
hiic.t altar *23,10.
hirto Syria *55,9.
his.t desert, foreign
country *14,1. 51,2.
his.ty foreigner. Bed¬
ouin *31,1.
Q hCy to appear, to shine *55,1.
glittering *4,6. 6,7.
hCio brightnes.s, crowns *4,7.
hC.io arms *13,7.
liCr to rage *53,2.
hit!// to protect.
hbsir.t beard *46,7.
lipty to die *36,4.
hpr to become, to happen
^ *18,9.
hpr form, appearance *11,7.
23,3.
hpS power *17,3.
hft until, on *20,3. according to
*36,2.
hft-hr, r-hft-hr cf. hr.
hffy enemy.
n_i, hm not to know *39,1.
yhm.w-ilc the star wdiich
does not set (cir¬
cumpolar) *31,2.
— hut three.
hmt to think *42,8.
hny to flutter, to lie down
^ *43,10.
hnt forehead *38,9.
hnt before *39,2.
Irniy the foi-emost, the first.
hniy imn.tyw god of the
dead of Abj’dos *8,7.
hnty to go up stream, to
journey southward *56,5.
hr with, preposition § 61 f; but
*51,9. § 64b.
74
Vocabdlary: hr — smy.t.
2^35^1 hr to fall *43,1.11.
lir hostile prince *37,1. 51,1.
hnu voice *46,1.
hriv enemy *33,3. army *52,9.
hrp to lead *27,4; to advance
*53,5.
hrp leader, director *3,9.
hrp stela, tomstone *22,1 (cf.
Cbi).
hsbd lapislasuli *46,9.
hsf to keep oflf.
hsf'i/w to draw near *32,5.
h.t tree *7,5. 46,3.
hf-n-Cnh tree of life *34,10.
ht in *32,9.
m-ht aftenvard.s *30,10.
future *50,11.
hff written instead of hft.
Q him seal, to seal.
Mi Hittite *51,1.
hdy to go down stream, to
journey northward *43,5.
52,8. 56,5.
/I\ hr under *39,9. § 61e.
hry he who carries, possessor
*55,11.
hry.t necessity of life *34,4.
^ hry.t-ntr graveyard,
\_1\ underworld *6,2. 56,8.
hry-hb reading priest.
hrd child *21,10.
l‘sy miserable *30,8. 37,1.
^ kkr jewelry, arms *13,6.
h.t body *28,7. belly *46,11.
hib.t ‘‘wire” of the
crown *38,9.
hny to row *56,4.
\ Imy.t sailor *26,1.
hnw the inside, palace *48,8.
Q
56,2.
m-hliw in *41,1. 55,8.
hum to unite with *12,9.
hnmw g. Chnum *29,8.
s(i?) man *40,3. 55,10.
Si son *2,7. Si.t daughter
*3,1.
Si protection *12,9. 3,4.
Si Phyle (priest’s staff) *21,7.
Siw watchman.
siir Xhu title of an official
*54,1.
Sib judge *54,3.
-JT swy(?) to go.
sby to pass away *49,6.
SK-r (later swy) to drink *24,1.
@ sp time *26,4. 47,2. property
♦31,5. misfortune *33,4.
e.xample *31,5. 37,6.
sp ever *16,10. 54,7.
spy to remain over *45,1.
tm+ spi.t district *30,2.
smiy to unite *38,4.
smy.t cemetery.
VocAnni.ARY: sn!/—^nd.
75
sni/ to pass by.
snw bread *23, 'J.
y xlm.t support of heaven *13,3.
ssm cf. ism horse,
ss writer *14,11.
to write *35,10.
ss swamp *56,6.
sin blossom of the lotus *50,2.
s/rr g. of the dead in Memphis.
(1.
Si back.
m-Si behind *41,2. 53,9.
iiy to become satisfied.
USih to present with *26,7.
to get *44,10.
si/i to perceive, to recognise
*44,3.
SJ/ih to glorify *28,6.
s.Ciy to enlarge *39,6.
s.Cnh to animate.
sCh nobility, dignity *5,5.
28,3.
knight *39,5.
M s.ChC to set up, to reach *6,9.
T 16,6.
X swiy to pass by *21,8. 36,5.
S.iViS to praise *31,5.
swh.t egg *55,7.
swt but § 64c.
I SJvd to order *21,10.
sbi star.
§bi door, gate *6,9. 16,6.
shh to cry 43,1.
sp.t lip, coast.
spr to get *40,4.
<pdd to make ready, to be § 77.
&
loosen,
smi to kill.
s»!i sacrificial bull *13,11.
/ 1 s.niiC to justify *35,9.
^.miC-hrio to justify *56,10.
s.mury to renew.
smy to announce.
s.mn to establish *15,10.
17,2.
s.mnh to embellish, to mend
*10,9. to do good *41,10.
smr friend (royal title) *2,1.
smsio the elder *9,6. 32,8.
sn brother *3,3. 32,7.
sn.t sister, wife *19,10. 50,2.
sn.nw the second, companion
*42,6. 45,5.
Q sn to smell, to kiss.
sn-ti to worship *32,4.
snb to be well *2,1. health *24,7.
y s.nfr to embellish *14,6.
s.nhn to bring up (child) *5,5.
snir inceuse *1,10. 22,4.
snd to be afraid *48,7.
snd fear *13,2. 43,6.
76
VocAB CLARY 1 s. ndm — sC.
I s.ndm to sit *47,4. 50,4.
sndr c. Sendar *40,7.
sr officer *21,8. prince *40,11.
ss}.f Seschat, goddess of \vrit-
irh throne *19,1.
ihw to assemble *37,1.
Ky s.hniiy to drive back *33,4.
^ to withdraw *18,6.
to drive away *33,3.
I — Q— I s.htp to rejoice *30,6.
^ Lhd to clear up *16,9. 56,4.
(] [] J] sh.t field.
? shi to think of *50,6.
ik ihiio remembrance *32,6. ^
,^h)H to have power over (»»)'
*23,3. 37,7. 38,5. j
shm mighty *9,7.
shm-t might *35,4. j
ihm.t double crown *38,7.
^ ihm Sistrum (women’s rattle).
shr kind *55,6. plan, advice.
IJn- to cast down *31,1.
ihiJj to run *41,1.
: shr to cover *46,8.
Lj-^ s.si// to satisfy *45,11.
O sstv day of the month *6,1.
§ 48a.
.^sm, ssm horse *26,11.
ss7n.t mare *40,11.
£) s.ihi to breathe *22,5.
■ism to lead *20,3.
_ ^ skr (later sk^) to smite
*13.5.
skr-Cyih prisoner *26,11.
^dyd rower *48,1.
^ sk to pass (away)cf.;//nn??..;«-s'fc.
s.gr to silence *50,8.
— d s.grh to appease *17,2.
Tstg to throw, to close *42,10.
sty Bedouin *44,2.
stir.t light raj'S *20,11.
stry (}}y-sw.t?) king of Upper
Egypt *3,8. 4,1.11. 5,10.
stiiy.f kingdom *4,7. 29,5.
st see, as *25,5. § 64b.
Hi winding.
sty.t Syria *13,4.
st.ty Syrian *17,3.
f' — ^ sip to choose.
sfj) chosen *14,3. 48,2.
sd tail *41,5.
S(l)di to tremble § 77.
^ sdm to hear *30,10. 46,1.
1
s pond *8,10. 56,1.
Si IV destiny *49,5.
kiC to begin.
SiC-tn begun from *18,3.
I SC sand *37,3. 52,2.
VocAmii.ARY : hry-tiC - l<iry.
77
hry-sC Bedwin *54,10.
iC.t cake *1,9.
sCd to cut *41,5.
P
Si« feather.
Sw g. Schow.
hv.ty double feather (as a
king’s crown) *38,10.
? spiy, Spss to be venerable,
j ipsy venerable *2,10. 12,11.
sps stela *21,8.
22. appearance, might *0,0.
10,7.
'J'j ' smy to go- *43,8. 44,7. 48,10.
Snivi summer *5,1.
■’H SmC to play, to dance *50,5.
smCy.t dancer *2,5.
hnC Upper Egypt *54,1.
3 hniy to follo-\v, to serve *9,10.
A 40,1. 50,10.
bniw servant *2,2. 52,10.
^ sny to surround *24,5.
hiy hold back from (m) *23,7.
s«C granary.
hiw.t shed *3,9.
inb.t skin, body *12,10. 50,2.
£) h'.t nose.
idy.t town Crocodilopolis
(in the Eaj'oum province)
4,3.
^ y
I
kiy to be high.
ki height *20,9.
^ kih to double.
kbh cool, to be glad *56,3.
khhw cool water *1,10.
.6,7.
'| lp»i to create, to do *16,1.
ktny anointing-oil *50,1.
^ _ 0 kny to be strong.
kny brave *15,7. 26,8.
kny.i strength *13,1. *18,2.
[j — ' knb.t officials.
knd to be angry.
kry thunder *46,1.
krhv coffin *54,6.
krs.t burial *20,1.
kd to build.
kd character.
kdSw town Cadesh *40,10. 51,3.
Ssp to receive, to take *13,7.
23,9. to conceive *49,9.
^ linen *8,8.
Js corn *15,1.
ssr arrow.
X Sti secret *31,10.
§dy to suckle *5,7. 20,2.
Sdy to read *22,1.
kiy to think *42,9.
I _ I ki Ka (guardian spirit, gen¬
ius, etc.).
ki bull *4,6. 28,1.
ki.t work *4,9. 20,3.
ki.t wife *49,9.
kiry Nubian country *17,10.
'S
78
Vocabulary: Jcsp—tj)h.t,
kip to smoke.
k{i)S (fem.l) c. Nubia tS>13 *27,6.
ky.ty the, the other § 43.
^k ickw darkness *35,6.
kfi to unveil *46,4.
I kni to complete *18,1.
h>l.f Egypt *14,1. 44,4.
kni-wr Isthmus of Suez
*43,10.
ksy to bow *19,2.
kS see kii.
S g
ghh g. Geb *28,6.
ykgl) to cast down *37,10. 53,7.
to find *25,5. 45,8. 46,5.
UXgnih to perceive *44,2.
53,1.
gmJi.t crown *38,10.
g»igtu to crack (?) *46,3.
gnw.t chronicles *15,10.
■ to be silent.
gr.t but *56,9. § 64c.
grh rest, night.
.-C grg to lay a trap *51,3.
g^ side *11,3. 50,4.
r-gs near *52,11.
O t
0 fi bread *1,9. 15,1.
J
■■■ ' ti earth, land.
fi-)?i)-y Egypt *34,7.
ti-sty Nubia *52,2.
ti-dsr cemetery *8,6. 19,5.
iis border *17,10.
iyty to tread under foot *13,4.
twt figure, form.
iwt to unite *50,1 (“altoge¬
ther”).
@ tp head. tp-C see C.
tp upper pai-t, terrace *20,5.
fp upon, on *23,5.
tpy he who is upon *19,5. 21,5.
tpy.t best oil *50,1.
ipy-C.wy forefather, ancestor
*39,10.
I tpy the first *5,3. 32,7. § 47.
£1 tpy to breathe *49,10.
tf see yt father.
tm not to be *1 1 ,3. 56,8. § 98.
§ 139.
£ try time *43,8.
tnn obelisk *16,6. 20,8.
H
t
til/ man *49,8.
chicken *55,7.
ti.ty vizier *2,7. 52,4.
tiw wind (cf. nfw).
tw thou, thee *5,5 ft’.
^ (b.t sandal, sole.
tph.t cave *22.7.
Vocabfi.ary; tny — (Jihc.
79
tny to lift.
iny town This, Thinis district
*9,2. 27,5.
tnii.t throne *38,3.
thwhw to rejoice *35,1.
thn to collide *37,5.
III] t'pi to shine.
r=®=ct ts knot, to tie.
tsy to lift *29,4.
d
A
d.t hand.
dih fig *1,9. 7,2. 45,8.
dy to give § 74.
to appoint *41,11.
dy-Cnli to give life § 128a.
m-dy together with, of *51,10.
■)!< dwi to adore *27,1. 32,1.
dwi to become morning *18,8.
dwiy.t morning *23,5.
dwn to stretch out, to move *45,6.
dbh to request *54,5.
dp.t ship *44,11.
dp.t taste *44,1.
dmd to unite.
(“united”) *32,5.
dr to drive away.
drp to sacrifice *23,8. 36,7.
dsr red.
dkr fruit *7,5.
ddmn Nubian g. *25.2.
d
d.t eternity, eternal *4,3. 6,11.
I diy to cross over *43,3.
iH, di»m generation *49,7.
didi.t college *21,7. 35,11.
® dsdi head *13,6.
hry-didi being upon.
chief *4,4. 8,2. 10,10.
dC storm *44,9. 48,3.
dCm elektron (silver-gold) *16,8.
20,5.10.
1^^ (Iw mountain *19,5.
cliv (hiv?) bad.
db.t brick *25,5.
dbi to replace.
2 dbC seal, to seal.
dfi food *19,7.
S’ driv border *7,7.
dr since *16,10. 39,10. § 134.
r-dr whole *26,5. (§ 44).
dhwty g. Thot *35,10.
d.i self § 44a.
dir splendid *4,7. 31,9.
dd to say *9,9. 21,2.
r-dd that *51,4.11.
§ dd to last, to exist,
li dd.t duration *24,7.
ddw town Busiris *8,5. 29,7.
Remarks on the Reading Exercises.
Tlie reading exercises are easier texts gathered in such a waj’
tiiat out of the simpler sentences of the texts a connected paragraph
was chosen or formulated. More difficult parts of the text
ai-e completel3- dispensed with. Nowhere is an3thing added; only
in a few cases an exceptional orthograph3- had to be replaced b3'
the customary one of the same word. The separation of words
and the placing of signs have been carried out in such a wa3" that
the beginner can easil3’ recognize the separate word-pictui'es; in
this respect the antique originals look diflferent, but this had to be
withheld from the beginner.
The reading exercises are to be taken in order, and, in fact, only
after the sections referred to in the margin have been studied.
The difficulty of the texts grows gradually, although the simple
language and the clear unity' of words of the classical age predo¬
minate. It is only at the end that e.xamples of the freer vernacular
of the New Kingdom and the antique of the Old Kingdom are
given. The contents are quite dissimilar. Single woi'ds and short
titles form the beginning. Besides the temple inscrijjtions of kings,
there are insci'iptions from the graves of men in private life; then
there are hy'inns to gods, and finally' some belles-lettres.
In the following remarks the numbers *1 — *56 with the number
of the line refer to the reading exercises. The section marks (§§)
refer to the grammar, and the designations 03, M74 to the hst of
hieroglyphs (page 54 ff.). Egyptian words in italics are found in the
vocabulary (page 63 ff.). With the assistance of the helps al¬
ready mentioned the hieroglyphics are to be transcribed into Latin
letters according to § 19, and a complete written translation should
be made. Then try to re-translate into hieroglyphics the tran¬
scription as well as the translation without helps.
Page *1, 2 — 7: Alphabet (§ 12), together with the latin tran¬
scription, should be copied often until complete ease is acquired.
In like manner all printed groups are shortened.
*1, 8 — 11: for reading, writing, and translating: single words out
Rkmarks on the eeatvino exercises: '2,1 *11,4.
81
of lists of offeving.s. *2, 1—3: names of men, preceded by a title
and followed by miC-hrw “blessed” in different forms. Proper names
with a meaning should ahvays be analysed into their component
parts and translated. *2, 4—5: names of women, as in 1 — 3.
*2, 6 — 11: names of men and women xvith titles and epithets.
*3, 1 — 2: names of family relations followed by proper names.
*3, 3—4: two men Avith statement of relationship or titles.
*3, 5 — 7: sentences xvith verbal forms; 8 — 11: titles of two officials.
9: § 39. 9: Inny. 10: pr-M 03 + M74; § 39. *4: titles, 1—3
and 6 — 8 of two kings (Amenemhet I. and Thutmose III.), 4 — 5
and 9 — 11 of three officials. 1: dy-Cnh presented with life. 4:
district of the Ory.x-Antilope (N 46, Q 59, E 17). *5, 1 — 2:
date from Abydos, during the time of king Amenhotep I. 2: niri/
beloved. *5, 3: title of a priest and of a temple-official.
*5,4-8: address of the goddess Hathor to king Thutmose III. The
suffix y “my” is not written, or is represented by the woman (§ 53).
7 : “milk” is plural § 37 b. *5, 9 — 1 1 : address of a god to the
king. 9: di/.n.y. 11 : § 133. *6, 1 — 4: hymn to the dead.
Order of words § 55. *6, 5 — 11: dedicatory inscription on a
lime-stone door in the Amon-temple of Amenhotep I. at Karnak.
6 — 7: title of a king. 8,11: § 133. *7, 1 — 7: description of a fertile
land in Syria; the verb “to be” is usuallj' not expressed (§27). 1:
§ 58. 2: § 61a. 3: §55. 7: § 138. *7, 8 — 11: high-priest of
Amon. 10: ntr-nfr the king. * 8, 1 — 3: Amon of Karnak and
Luxor. *8, 4 — 11: dated sacrificial formula (“day one”) for
Antef; htp dy sin “an offering xvhich the king gives”, is a shortened
formula for “offering”. 6 — 7: §63. 8: § 88. *9, 1 — 9: the
dead speaks from the grave. 2: yry.n.y “I have built (it)”; first the
district U-wr “Tliinis”, then the town ihd>v “Abj’dos” which is in
it. 4—8: epithets of Osiris. 5: §140, 141. 8: nty.iu “the existing”.
*9, 9 — 10; 2: ss relates personal experiences. 1: dweller in the
palace = king. *10, 3 — 8: Thutmose 1. relates why and for
Avhat purpose he restored the temple of Osiris in Abydos. 3: hn.y
“my majesty”. 4,5: § 64. 4: § 92. *10, 9 — 11: chief builder
and high-priest of Amtm. 9: § 106. *1 I, 1 — 3: address of a
vizier, chief-justice. 3: § 98. *11, 4 — 11: dedication on a
granite door in the Amon-temple of Thutmose III. at Heliopolis.
Roedeb-Mekcee, SnoBT Egyptian GitAJtMAR ®
82
Eemarks on the reading exercises: *12,1 — *21,5.
10: § 109. 11: § 128. §12, 1—4: dedication on a granite door
in the Amon-temple of queen Hatshepsut; the words and suffixes
relating to it have feminine forms only in part. 3: § 109; dh' mnw
ymn is the name of the door. 4: § 128b. *12, o — 13; 11:
“poetical stela”, Amon addresses Thutmose 111. 12,5: § 82, 105. 7:
§62. 8: § 105. 9: § 39a. 10: §68. *13, 1:§105. yij.n.y
is almost without meaning; tyty.lc: § 88; ymy.w: § 63. 5: skr § 30.
6: § 88; Cjjr: § 82. 1 1 : § 82. *14,1 — 7 : titles of Rameses II.
and Psamtik I.; the epithets begin with an adjective or participle.
1 ; vik according to § 13. *14, 8—11: royal official. 9: lord of
the palace = the king. *15, 1 — 3: recorder of bread and corn.
*15, 4: note .about a woman who sits beside her husband.
*15, 5 — 6: Hatshepsut, wife of the king. *15, 7—8: address
of a king. 7: read mry RC 7, 8: § 115. *15, 9 — 11: address
of Thoth to Thutmose III., whose title he establishes. 9; yry.y “I
make”. 10: imv.y. 11; yry participle. *16, 1 — 2: address of
Hathor to the king. 1: km^.t participle. 2: rni\.y “I brought up”;
my. § 64; mrr.ry. § 92; Txki \ § 106; the “nine-bow (people)” are the
arch-enemies of the Egyptians. *16, 3 — 11 : dedication for the
two obelisks of Hatshepsut in Karnak. 6: § 109. 7: name of door.
10: § 96. 11: § 133. *17, 1 — 11: scarab of Amenophis III. in
commemoration of his marriage with Tyy whose parents were of
simple birth. *18, 1 — 19, 3: death of Thutmose III. and accession
of Amenophis II. 1: § 64b. 3: siC-m “of”. 4: nfry.t-r “until”. 7:
hC.w ntr of the body of the king; yry. § 113. 8: § 69b.
*19, 2: later sign for m § 13. *19, 4 — 9: sacrificial formula
from the gi’ave of Nhty, Anubis is to give thousands of oft’erings
to the dead. 5: epithets of Anubis. 8; § 112. *19, 10 — 20.
2 : note on a woman, who was the wet-nui'se of the king. 1 0 : Sii.t.f
for “his wife”, namely of the lord of the grave; 7i-is.t-yb.f “his
darling”. 11: Hr the king. *20, 3 — 11: two verses from the
strophically arranged autobiography of a chief of builders. 3 :
hmw.tyw “hand artist”. 4; /i.t-7)tr “temple” with two further
poetical descriptions of the same. *21, 1 — 4: acclamation to
the visitor of a grave, who should pray for the buried person. 1 :
nvr: § 113; Ass: § 92. 2; § 116. 4: § 115. *21, 5—22, 11:
detailed appeal of the same kind. 5; § 70. 8: § 116. 9; § 135. 11:
KeMAUKS on the HEAUlNli EXEUCISES: *22,1 — *3a,5. 83
nw.tyw ‘‘the towii-gods” i. e. the gods of the luother city. *22, 1 :
my “so”. 4: §88. 5; § 104. 6: § 120. 9, 10: § 104. *23, 1--24,
:i ; otferiiig formula with wishes for the life of the dead iu the
future, oft".: infinitive, dependent on dy.f. 6: C/c “to go in and
out again". 7: § 96. 8: § 95; m-m “together with”. 10: § 113.
24, 1: swr § oO. *24, 4—8: Anion speaks to Hatshepsut.
5: § 120. 6: mrr.y, hi: § 50. 8: yry.iu.nJ n.y § 120. *24, 9 11:
address of .\nion to Thutmose Ill. 9: Si.y. 11: § 128. *25,
I -11: dedication of the Dedwen-temple of Thutmose III. at the
second cataract. 3: king Sesostris 111. made a god. 4: § 109;
Nubian sand-stone. 5: 64b; it fails him. 6: § 66 a. 7: “as some¬
thing which a son did” § 118. 8—9: epithets of “father” § 112.
10: order of words § 55: Thutmose speaks in the first person.
*26, 1 — 11 : Admiral Ahmose relates his deeds. 3: hpr.t § 114. 4:
§ 82. 5: (?/•./ § 44. 6: § 66b. yry.w “those who belong thereto”.
7: § 66a. 8 — 9: proverb. 8. ynyry.t.n.f % 120. *27, 1 — 29, 4:
Osiris hymn. *27, 1-8 : title of the suppHant, usually in¬
troduced bj' relative forms § 118. 1: § 61 g, 107, 2. hnnh § 106.
4: read n hh n rnp.tvt “of millions of years”. 5: U-wr “district of
Abydos”. 7: hr-yh of the king § 133. 10: § 70. *28, 1 — 29,
1 : epithets of Osiris. 1—4: pla3- on the words hi and nfr. 2: pivy
for 2)iu § 57 b. 6: syih “who glorifies him”. Off. active relative
form § 118, between which are passive participles § 112; both with
n.f “for him”, “to him”. 11 : is it yry.w.n § 118 “which was made
for him” or is mh.t.f omitted as *33, 2? *29, 2: Geb, father
of Osiris. 4: appeal to Osiris, § 99. *29, 5 — 6: address of the
god-king. 5: n-d.n.y Si.y n h.t.y. *29, 7—30, 6: ofifering for¬
mula for Autef, who finallj’ speaks himself. 11: district-prince of
the Min-district (Panopolis, Achmim). *30, 2—6: first person
singular. 3: § 120. 6: § 120. *30. 7—31, 5: Nubian war
of Thutmose U. 7 : § 87; “to rejoice the heart of his majesty” =
to announce to him. 9: § 90. 8,10: § 64a. 11 — 1: § 124b.
*31, 2 — 3: § 132. *31, 6 — 33, 7: Osiris hymn, consisting
only of epithets. *32, i: passive participle. 2: the circum¬
polar stars. 4: “those tarrj'ing there” = the dead. 5: hsf.w § 106.
II flp.: § 118. *33, 2: Isis; mk.t § 13. 3 — 7: epithets of Isis.
6: biyy. *33, 8 — 36, 2: the appointment of Horus as world-
6*
84: Eeiurks on the reading exercises: *33,8 — *49^1.
ruler; from a hymn to Osiris, who is addressed, in 35, 7.
*33, 8: rsrs. 9: § 68. 11. f repeats the subject, Horus. *34, 1ft’.:
epithets of Horus. l:§113b. 2: §89. 3: §81. 6: § 113b. 8: §118.
11: ndm.w § 80. *35, 2: § 124b. 5: mric.t.f “love to him”.
6: “father”: Osiris. 9: the office of the god-king. *36, 1:
“it” is omitted § 133. 2: § 87. *36, 3 — 11: appeal to the
visitors of the grave. 3: § 70; uti/.iv § 141. 4: § 105. 5: § 116. 6:
§ 135. 7 : § 126. *37, 1 — 11: victorj' of Thutmose III. over
Naharina (Mesopotamia). 1: § 64b:jj/'j §57c. 3: r “more than”.
4; §106. 5— 7: § 127. 7: ?(« § 57. 9: § 125b. *38,1-39,4:
a god-king speaks to Thutmose III.; the suffl.x “I”, “my” is usually
not written. 4: § 102. 11 tiw and 39, 1 h.wt: written as plural in
accordance with § 36a. *39, 1: (y)hmAv “those who know
(thee) not” with the antique inital y. 2: rn.y § 58. 4: § 128.
*39, 5-1 1: Senmut (*4, 9), favourite of queen Ilatshepsut (repre¬
sented as king), is proud of his exalted position. 10: § 111.
*40, 1-41, 6: Amenemheb relates his warlike deeds under Thut¬
mose 111.; the suffix of the first person singular is often not written.
*40, 2: “he wished that”; yry § 63. 4: hft\ conjunction “when”
with the tense sdm.f. 8: ym.sn: among the barbarians.
*40 41, 1: § 41. 3: § 59. *41, 7 — 42, 4: monument which
Thutmose 111. presented to the high -priest Kb-icC.wy as a proof of
favour. 7: dy.w “given”, namely the stone. *42, 2: § 55, 54.
*42, 5-43, 2 : Sinuhe relates his fight with a Syrian hero. 6 : a
hero without his like. 7: “he said that”. *43, 2; war-god Mont
(nintw). *43, 3 — 44, 8: Sinuhe relates bis llight as desei'ter
from the left bank of the Nile to Syria by way of the Egyptian
fortresses at the Bitter Lakes. 4: § 141c. 5: § 111; hd from the
way northward to land. 6: § 94, 133. 7: § 63. 8: § 128. 11: ti “on
account of”. *44, 3: §55. 4: §41. 8: § 120. *44,9 - 45,11:
a man relates his ship-wreck in the Bed Sea. *44, 9:pry.iv
§ 82; yic.n § 134. 10: § 64. 11: nty.w § 141. *45, 1: § 138. 2:
§ 82. 5; § 132a. 7: § 120. *46, 1 — 48, 11: a dragon-god appear.s
to the ship-wrecked man and prophecies his deliverance. *46, 2:
§ 58. 3: § 132b. 11: § 134. *47, 2: § 137 yn-m. 5: § 82.
8: § 55. 9: § 58. *48, 2: from (the number of) the select. 7:
§ 103. 8: § 126a. 9: rl.ir.ii.k § 120. *49, 1 50, 11: song of
Remarks on the reaiuno exercises: "*^49,2 — "^56. 85
the harper, in tlie tonil) of Neferhotep, who summons to eiijoymeiit
of life (in the vernacular § 8o with article § 41). *49, 2: § 41.
.V. hpr § 60. 8: irtl 11 : § 100. *50, 1: § 101a. 4: i.mhn.t § 33g.
7: § 136;^j/j § o7c. 8: mri/ § ll3a. 11: § 55. *51, 1 — 53, 11:
battle of Raineses II. against the Kheta (Hittites) on the Orontes.
Report in the vernacular. *51, 1: § 64. 3: § 80. 4: § 138; r-dd
“thats” 5: § 133. 7: § 141. 9: § 64h, § 128b. *53, 3: § 132b.
4: § 87. 8: 133. 50, 4: “hour” of rage. *54, 1 — 11: Una
elateiy his warlike deeds (ancient language; suffix first singular is
usiialla not written). 4: >■ “more than”. 5: § 81. 6: § 95; first the
matre“ lis given, then the object. 7: § 130. 8: hr-hi.t antique for
t at the head of” § 62a. 10: lujj.w.sC. 11: § 54, 66b.
*55, 1 — 11: hymn of Ainenophis IV. to the sun-god Aton. 1 : § 66a.
2: § 70. 5: § 134. 7: § 124 a. 8: conjecture “it” after LC^ih § 133,
9 ; the names of the countries are removed from the sentence and
are repJesented by s(i) nb. 11: hr// § 63; icn/// “(corn-)food”.
*56, 1 — 7: a sage gives the king advice how to enjoy himself. 1:
§ 102, 18c. 3: § 126b. 4: § 105, 110. *56,8—11: prologue and
epilogue of a chapter of the Book of the Dead. 8: § 139. 9
§ 135, 68. lO: § 96. 11 : § 118.
Index.
(ludex in completion of the table of contents.)
i ii3 consonant § 29a. Sound-change
§ 3c a.
Accusative §§ 21a. 54. 55. 108.
Adjective §§ 42 — 45.
Gender § 20.
With dependent substantives§4 2.
Used substantivelj’ 35. 41.
Verbal adjective g IIG.
Adverb §§ 65 — 70.
All r-dr § 44b.
Article § 41.
In address § 7 oh.
AUribute §§ 40. 42b. 35c.
Au.xiliary verbs:
ytv, u'li to be g§ 122 — 126.
to stand § 127.
yry to do §§ 128. 129.
pi to have been § 130.
Causative g§ 76. 78.
Circumstantial form idm.tf § 111.
Come 75. 101b.
Comparison g§ 45. 61b.
Complementary infinitive § 110.
Compounds :
Substantives §§ 35e. 38.
Prepositions § 62.
Conditional form §§ 80 — 82.
Conditional sentences §§ 82. 88.
135.
Conjugation (Semitic) § 76.
Conjugation with suffi.xes §§ 23.
83-96.
Conjunctions §§ 60. 64.
Not o.xpressed §§ 134 — 136.
Conjunctive.
Tense Mmf §§ 91 — 94.
After conjunctions g 64.
Construct state §§ 21c. 40.
Date § 48.
Dative §§ 21b. 61c. 54. 55.
Declension §§ '.1. 40.
Dental sound § 32b.
Determinative g§ 11. 17.
For compounds § 35e.
In the plural § 36c.
In the dual § 39b.
Doubled form see emphatic foim.
Dual see determinative.
Duplicating verbs § 73.
Emphasis bj’ means of yn §g 13 la.
eig.
Emphasis in the sentence § 131.
Emphatic form: tense idm.f
91 — 94.
Enclitic conjunctions §§ 64. 69b.
Future § 126.
Gender:
Nouns §§ 20. 43. 46. 50—52.
Conditional form § 81.
Suffix-conjugation § 86.
Imperative § 99.
, Infinitive § 104.
I Participles § 114.
! llelatives § 118.
I Genitive § 21c. Of the infinitive
§ 105.
Gentilics §§ 42b. 63.
Give §§ 74. 10 la.
/i-sound § 31. Sound-change g 33c.
I Hebrew g§ 7. 12.
Index.
87
hr preposition § fild.
With infinitive §5 106. lli-Ib.
125b. 132b.
Imperfect (Semit.) §§ 79. 112.
Impersonal use:
of the suffix-conjugation § 87.
of the infinitive § 109.
Infinitive with /(r, see hr.
Inrtection of the verb:
by means of piersonal suffix § 86.
by means of personal endings §81.
Interjection § 70.
Interrogative sentences § 137.
Indirect § 136.
k : suffix § 52.
ending of conditional form § 81.
I in hieroglyphs § 30a.
9H prefi.xed to substantives § 35b.
iMoods of the verb §§ 79. 91.
n ns consonant § 30.
Formation of perfect § 23.
With dative, see dative.
With subject of a partic. § 115. j
Names of countries fern. § 39Aa.
Names of gods § 18a., with end¬
ing u’ § 35 d.
Names of kings and titles of kings
§ 18b.
Negative:
of sentences §§ 28b. 138.
of verb-forms §§ 98. 139.
Neuter § 39Ab. “it” § 54.
Niph'al § 77.
Nominal sentences:
real § 27.
unreal § 132.
with yxo, un §§ 123 — 12^.
with pio §§ 58. 131b.
Nominal verb-forms :
infinitive §§ 104—110.
participles §§ r2 — 117.
relative-forms §§ 118 — 120.
Nominative §§ 2 la. 54.
Noun: §§ 35 — 41.
Gender § 20.
Adjecfively used § 42a.
Object §§ 25. 55. 108.
Omission :
of consonants § IJ.
of weak consonants § 16.
of endings §§ 36d. 43. 46. 80
97. 99. 114. 118.
of suffix of 1st. sing. § 53.
of words §§ 133. 134 — 136.
Optative:
tense sihn.f §§ 88. 93.
passive with tw § 95.
Passive:
formation with tw §§ 83. 84. 95.
duplicating form § 94.
formation with w §§ 83. 84. 96.
use with yn “since” § 61g.
Perfect (Semit.) §§ 79. 112.
l_Egypt.( §§ 23. 84. 89.
Pi‘er§ 76.
Plural:
of the noun §§ 20b. 36. 37. 38.
of the imperative § 99.
of the infinitive § 105.
of the participle § 114.
Plural-strokes §§ 20b. 36. 37.
Possessive pronoun §§ 22. 52. 59.
Predicate, see nominal sentence.
Predicative § 97.
Prepositions §§ 60 — 63.
As adverbs § 67.
Gentilic § 42b.
Present §§ 23. 88.
Prohibition § 103.
Pronouns :
personal (absolute) §§ 49. 54.
possessive, see possessive,
interrogative § 137.
demonstrative § 56.
relative, see relative sentence,
reflexive § 49.
suffixes §§ 22. 52. 53. 59.
Pseudo-participle §§ 80. 82.
pw in nominal sentences § 58.
Quality §§ 80. 82.
r: as consonant § 30.
sound- change § 33a.
88
ISDEX.
forms adverbs § 66b.
preposition, see vocabulary.
Eelative sentences §§ 28. 141.
rh “to know’’: conditional § 82.
5-sound § 32. Sound-change
33d. f. 53.
Sentence §§ 25. 28. 131 — ’41.
Semi-vowel § 16.
Semitic language §§ 7. 12.
Sound-change §§ 33. 19.
Substantive, see noun.
Suffix §§ 22. 4P. 52. 5P.
With prepositions § 60.
Suffix-conjugation §§ 83 — 96.
Syllable-signs §§ 10 — 11. 15.
f-ending of the feminine § 20.
Ending of the adverb § 66a.
f-sounds § 32b.
Sound-change §§ 33e. f. g. 53.
Temporal sentences §§ 134. 88. 89
64.
'J’enses:
conditional §§ 80 — 82.
suffix-conjugation §§ 83 — 96.
predicative 97—98.
circumstantial sdm.t.f. § 111.
That §§ 136. 88.
ty. ending of conditional §§81. 33g.
e.iding of the dual § 39.
ending of the gentilic § 4 2.
To be g§ 26c. 27.
Transposition :
of characters § 14.
of consonants § 34.
tic: ending of the passive §§ 84. 96.
Verb §§ 71 — 130.
Verbal-adjective § 116.
Verbal-sentence § 26.
Vowels §§ 9. 8 1. 10. 73. 91.
10 ; weak consonant §§ 16. 29d.
sound-change § 33b.
ending of masculine noun § 35d.
ending of plural §§ . Ob. 36.
ending of adverb § 66a.
in -weak verbs § 72.
ending of passive § 96.
wy. ending of dual § 39.
Weak consonants §§ 16. 19. 29.
In verb-stem § 72.
AVords (order of) §§ 25. 55. 131.
y. weak consonant §§ 16. 29b.
Sound-change § 33a— b.
in the gentilic § 42b.
in weak verbs § 7“’.
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