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SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 


SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH 


BT 


LADY    LOGIN 


WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION 

BY 

COLONEL   G.  B.  MALLESON,  C.S.I. 


London 
W.  H.  ALLEN  &  Co.,  13,  Waterloo  Place,  S.W. 

1890. 


M  1  N  E  RV  A 

book  SH  Of 

9JORBA«H  lAWIT 
NEW   DELHI-3. 


O  -// 


SIMLA.      ^  ^  y 


<3^ 


4p 


4^ 


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rt% 


TO     JHE     MEMORY 

OF  THAT  ILLUSTRIOUS  ENGLISHMAN,   THX 

HONOEABLE  JOHN  BRIGHT,  M.P., 

WHOSE   LOVE  OF  JUSTICE 
AND  WHOSE  CLOSE  PERSONAL  FRIENDSHIP 

WITH 

SIR  JOHN  LOGIN 

CAUSED  HIM  TO  TAKE  A  SINCERE  INTEREST 
IN  THE  OBJECT  OF  THIS  WORK, 
Aja>  WHO  WAJB  09LT  PRBnSNTXD  BT  HIS  OWlf  MORTAL  ILLVB88 
YBOM  ADDIirO  TO  IT  (AS  HB  HAD  IITTBVDBD) 

HiB  Tbibute 
To  THE  Memory  of  his  Friend,— 

I    DEDICATE    THIS    BOOK. 


C  PREFACE. 


It  is  probable  I  should  never  have  ^"^  "^f  <f^  *^ 
take  up  the  Bubject  of  this  volume  but  for  the  fa^t^a* 
the  inW  taken  by  my  late  husband  -^.s  W 
invested  it  with  an  interest  which  has  assumed  greater 
proportions  in  consequence  of  the  recent  action  ofjbe 
Mahaxajah.     For  many  years  *l^«Mahaxaj^  lived  n 
our  house ;    he   spontaneously   adopted  Christianity 
under  our  roof;  and  he  developed  many  instmcte  alike 
generous  and  calculated  to  inspire  regard.      I  have 
always  taJcen  the  deepest  interest  in  him.  and  no  one 
has  been  more  grieved  than  I  have  been  at  the  line  of 
conduct  he  has  lately  so  heedlessly  adopted.     Still, 
condemning  that  conduct  as  thoroughly  as  anyone, 
feeling  that  the  world  regards  it  as  a  base  return  for 
great  kindness,  I  am  anxious  that  that  world  should 
know  that  there  is  not  only  something,  but  a  great 
deal   to  be  said  on  the  other  side.      What  that  is  I 
have  told  in  lihese  pages.     They  contain  the  story  of 
the  first  connection  of  the  Maharajah  with  the  Bntish 
to  the  present  day.     It  is  only  just  that,  however  the 
public  may  condemn  the  recent  foolish  utterances  of 


YIU  PREFACE. 

the  Maharajah,  they  should  know  that  his  outbursts 
are  not  the  ofi&pring  of  a  mere  freak,  that'  he  has  real 
wrongs,  and  that  his  nature,  always  quick  and  sensi- 
tive, has  been  goaded  into  action,  which,  in  his  cahner 
moments,  he  would  be  glad  to  disavow.  The  carrying 
out  of  this  task  has  been  rendered  the  more  genial  to 
me,  in  that  it  has  enabled  me  to  show  the  world  what 
manner  of  man  he  was  to  whom  the  Government  of 
India  entrusted  the  earlier  training  of  the  young 
Prince.  There  have  been  men  in  India  whose  services 
have  come  more  before  the  public,  but  I  am  confident 
I  shall  be  borne  out  by  those  who  knew  my  husband 
when  I  state  that  a  truer  man,  one  more  imbued  with 
sense  of  duty,  and  more  fearless  in  the  performance  of 
it,  never  served  the  East  India  Company  than  John 
Spencer  Login. 

Lena  Login. 

OrAOEBIEU,    WATERINeBUBT,   KSNT, 

JvXy  4tA,  1889. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

...    vii 


IXTBODUCnOM  BT  COLONEL  G.   B.    MaLLBBON,   C.S.I.  ...      XT 


Ghaptbb  I. 

r^ kltT.lt    J^AT8.'^i.OUV*i5t/    ...  ...  ...  «..  •.. 

Orkney — Edinlmrgh  UiuTeraity — Surgeon's  diploma  at  the  age  of 
I — Degree  of  M.D. — Private  Physician  to  Lord  Chief-Comnus- 
Adam — Offered  a  oommiBsion  as  Assistant  Surgeon  in  H.E.I.C. 
•Farewell  to  the  old  Orkney  home — Blindman's  buff ! — Arrival 
at  Oaleattan-Posted  to  the  ''Puffs"— Dinapore- Transferred  to  First 
Brigade  H.A.,  Dum  Dum — ^Major  Powney — Selected  for  post  of  medical 
oAoer  with  mission  to  Persia — Made  over  to  service  of  Nizam  of  Hyder- 
abad— Farewell  dinner  given  in  his  honour  by  the  Corps — Presentation 
— Bluejacket  for  ever  ! — ^Attached  to  sixth  regiment  Nizam's  Infantry — 
Hengolee — Ellichporc — On  active  service  in  Bheel  Country — Appointed 
Gvil  Surgeon  at  Howrah — Garrison-Surgeon  at  Fort  William — Sir 
Baoaid  Martin— On  Lord  Metcalfe's  personal  staff— Two  years  at  Agra 
— Famine  Belief  and  Dispensary — Orphan  Asylum  at  Secundra*- 
Dr{«rtare  of  Lord  Metcalfe — Applied  for  by  Sir  Theophilns  Metcalfe — 
Appointed  Civil  Sui^geon  and  Postmaster  at  Hooghley — Acting  Resi- 
dency-Surgeon at  Lucknow — Established  the  GhaHb-khana,  Hospitals, 
Dispensary,  and  Belief  Works — On  active  service  with  the  Army  of  the 
Indiu,  in  medical  charge  of  the  H.A. — Complimentary  letter  from  the 
Bcddent — Joins  the  Army  at  Kumaul,  November,  1838 — Honoured  by 
an  taabfnee  from  the  King  of  Oude  !— Ferozepore — Henry  Lawrence — 
Caadahar — Applie<l  for  by  Major  D'Arcy  Todd  to  accompany  mission  to 
Herit. 


CONTENTS. 


Ghaptbb  II. 

PAOK 

HebIt. — 1839-40 22 

Hertft — Shah  Eamrdn  and  Yar  Mahomed — The  poor  of  the  city 
Login's  special  charge — Re-establishes  manufacture  of  carpets — Charge 
of  Commissariat  and  Post-office  arrangements — Afghan  treachery — 
Ofifered  appointment  of  Surgeon  to  Commander-in-Chief— Mitford's 
description  of  the  life  of  the  mission  ^A  frequent  visitor  at  the  Shah's 
palace  in  the  citadel — An  unseen  audience — Login's  "sister" — The 
first  book  in  Pushtoo— Intercourse  with  the  Merv  Turcomaun — 
Inquiries  for  **Luggan"  from  Dr.  Wolff— Khalipha  Ali  Bux— Hinghan 
Khan — Public  breakfasts — Drunkenness  of  the  Herdti  Afghans —  *  'There's 
no  houz  here  ! " — Difference  between  Indian  and  Afghan  Mussuhnauu — 
*'  You  are  a  spoon  ! " — Letters  from  Colonel  James  Abbott  and  General 
C.  F.  North— How  the  latter  settled  disputes  among  the  servants— The 
Persian  style  of  living  adopted — A  dinner  of  ceremony  under  difficulties 
— ^Treachery  and  duplicity  of  Yar  l^ahomed — ^The  Envoy  determines  to 
depart  from  Herdt. 


Ghaptbr  III. 
Gandahab  and  Cabul. — 1840-41        52 

'  Beached  Ghirishk  in  safety — A  false  alarm — Candahar — How  to  deal 
with  men  of  the  stamp  of  Yar  Mahomed — How  the  Govemment  dealt 
with  him — Ferrier's  opinion — Login  proceeds  to  Cabul — ^Militaxy 
operations  against  Ghilzies — ^Accompanies  Major  Pottingcr  to  Eohistan 
— Boat-sailing  matches  on  the  lake  at  Cabul,  Orkney  v.  Caithness — 
Private  secretary  to  Sir  W.  Macnaghteu,  j)ro  iem. — Leaves  Cabul  with 
Todd,  proceeding  vid  Ehyber  Pass  to  Jellalabad — Letter  from  Major 
D'Arcy  Todd— Letters  from  Sir  Henry  Havelock  and  Bishop  Wilson. 


Ghapteb  IV. 
LucKNOw. — 1842-48        67 

Residency-Surgeon  at  Lucknow — Marriage — Life  in  the  zenanas  of 
Mohamedans  of  high  rank — Unique  opportunities  of  insight — ^The  little 
Begum  Wuzeeroolniza — Login's  "daughter" — ^The  Wuzeer's  gratitude 
— Embarrassing  presents  from  grateful  patients  ! — A  wolf-child — James 
Dryburgh  Login — ^Tom  Login — Wajid  Ali  Shah,  Eing  of  Oude — Ali 
Buz  and  Hinghan  Ehan  again — ^The  mad  elephant — The  Martiniere 
College 'Friendship  with  Henry  Lawrence— Letters  from  H.  Lawrence 
at  Ehatmandoo — Login's  promotion  to  grade  of  full  surgeon— Once 
more  joins  the  Horse  Artillery  on  active  service  in  the  Punjab. 


CONTENTS,  XI 

Ghapteb  V. 

PAOE 

The  Sikh  religion— N&niik--^oymd— The  EhlOsa— Mials— Bunjeet 
Singh — Khnmick  Singh— Death  of  Nao  Nehal  Singh — Murder  of  Shere 
Singh — ^Aooeasion  of  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh — Ponchayets — l^e 
Jnmmoo  Brothers— First  Sikh  war— Treaty  of  Bhyrowal — Resident 
invested  with  supreme  powers — Henry  Lawrence — Revolt  of  Moolraj — 
Sir  F.  Currie — Second  Sikh  war — Annexation— Terms  granted — Mr, 
Elliot's  report — ^Login's  remarks. 

Chapter  VI. 
Lahore. — 1848-49  148 

Letters  from  Login  to  his  wife,  during  and  after  the  campaign- 
Helping  Lawrence  at  Lahore — Appointed  Governor  of  the  Citadel  and 
its  contents,  including  charge  of  the  Maharajah — Description  of  the 
Toshkhana — ^The  State  prisoners — Trial  of  Moolraj — Turning  "swords 
into  pnming-hooks.** 

Chapter  VII. 
Lahore  (continued).— 1849      172 

Letters  from  Login  to  his  ¥rife — ^The  Maharajah^s  birthday — More 
State  prisoners — Conversations  with  Shere  Singh  and  Chuttur  Singh — 
Letter  from  Robert  Adams,  describing  Login's  work — The  contents  of 
the  Toshkhana  under  his  charge — ^The  Koh-i-noor —Arrival  of  the 
Govemor-Gennal — Death  of  Dr.  J.  Dryburgh  Login — Robbery  at  the 
Toshkhana — Statement  of  Misr  Makraj  with  regard  to  the  Koh-i-noor, 
on  making  it  over  to  Doctor  Login,  May  6th,  1849. 

Chapter  VIII. 
Fi:tcehghc7R. — 1849-50 200 

Removal  of  the  young  Maharajah  to  Futtehghur— Precautious  on 
road — Lord  Dalhousie's  receipt  for  the  Koh-i-noor — Life  at  Futtehghur 
Piuk— The  Shahzadah— The  Ranee  Duknoo— The  gentlemen  of  the 
suite — ^The  Maharajah's  education — Correspondence  with  Lord  Dalhousie 
— Matchmaking — ^Lucknow  revisited. 

Chapter  IX. 
The  Nsopbttb. — 1851 241 

Dnleep  Singh  announces  his  intention  of  becoming  a  Christian — 
OflSdal  correspondence  on  the  subject — Testimony  of  his  native  atten- 
dsBts  Bhajnn  Lai — How  Duleep  Singh  broke  caste — Matter  referred 
to  the  Court  of  Directors— Their  acquiescence — Visit  of  Lord  and  Lady 
Dslhoniie  to  Futtehghur — Pretentions  of  the  Shahzadah — The  Ranee's 
tittle  plot ! 


XU  CONTENTS, 


Ghapteb  X. 

PAGI 

7hb  Baptism. — 1852-54 .:;•       280 

*'  Marching  "  to  Mnssoorie — Adyentnresin  camp — ^Wolyes — ^Bobbery 
— ^Agra — Delhi — ^Ganges  Canal — Hnrdwar — Life  at  Mnssoorie — ^The 
Maharajah's  companions — ^The  Shahzadah  goes  to  school — ^Letters  from 
Lord  Dalhousie — ^Retum  to  Fnttehghur — ^The  Maharajah  studies  mnsie 
— His  baptism — Second  season  at  Mussoorie — Letter  from  Sir  F. 
Onrrie — Correspondence  ^th  Lord  Dalhousie — Visit  to  England  per- 
mitted— Bhajun  Lai — Death  of  Colonel  Mountain — The  Maharajah's 
desire  to  enter  a  public  school  in  England — En  route  for  England — 
Lucknow — Sir  W.  Sleeman — His  letter  on  the  origin  of  the  Jats — 
Benares — Pundit  Nehemiah  Goreh — Government  House,  Barrack- 
pore — ^The  Banee  opposes  the  Shahzadah's  visit  to  England— Leaves 
Calcntt*— Lord  Dalhousie's  farewell. 

Ghaptbb  XI. 
Englakd.— 1854-56        331 

The  homeward  voyage— Egypt— Visit  to  the  Pyramids— Royal  salutes 
— ^The  Maharajah's  usual  dress— Reception  by  the  Queen  and  the  Prince 
Consort^Duleep  Singh's  truthfulness — His  reception  by  society  in 
London — Lord  Shaftesbury — Knighthood  conferred  on  Login — The 
Maharajah's  rank  and  precedence  fixed — Once  more  holds  the  Koh-i- 
noor  in  his  hand  I— The  sittings  for  his  portrait  at  Buckingham  Palace 
— Correspondence  with  Lord  Dalhousie — Visit  to  Osborne — Kindness 
of  Her  Majesty  and  the  Royal  Family— Intercourse  with  the  young 
Princes— Visit  to  Lord  Hardinge— Edinburgh— Dalmahoy—Hickleton 
Hall— Wentworth— Cannizara  House,  Wimbledon,  taken  for  the 
Maharajah — His  education  and  tutors — Commissions  obtained  for  tho 
Boileaus — Granard  Lodge  and  Ashburton  Court,  Roehampton — Rents 
Castle  Menzies,  Perthshire — Crimean  |iensioners — Life  at  Castle 
Menzies — Anecdotes  —Letters. 

Chapter  XII. 
Italy.— 1856-57 367 

Journal  of  visit  to  Italy— ** Mr.  Login  "— Cannes— The  "bhicka- 
moor  !  "—The  Empress  of  Russia— Lord  Dufferin— Genoa— John  Bright 
—Florence— Rome— Story  of  Lord  Macaulay— The  studios— Cardinal 
Manning— The  Carnival— John  Bright  at  the  Carnival— ^Ash-Wednesday 
— Ceremony  at  theSixtine  Chapel— Baron  vonOrlich — Art-lecture  in  the 
Vatican,  Mr.  Gibson  and  Mr.  Macdonald— Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe — 
Naples— Venice— Illness  of  Mr.  R.  Leslie  Melville— Reach  Padua- 
Mr.  Cawood's  troubles  with  Austrian  custom-house  ofiicers — Brescia — 
Milan— Turin— Geneva— M.  Merle  d'Aubigu^. 


CONTENTS.  ZIU 


Chapteb  XIII. 

PAOS 

The  Mutiny. — 1867      ...  390 

Annexation  of  Oude — Letter  to  Chainnan  of  Court  of  Directors 
regarding  the  Maharajah's  affairs — Restriction  as  to  residence  removed 
— Oatbreak  of  the  Mutiny — The  Queen  of  Oude  in  England— Visits  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales  and  Prince  Alfred  to  Ashbnrton  Court — Note  from 
the  Prince  of  Wales— Lord  Canning — Letter  from  Sir  John  Kaye  about 
supposed  correspondence  of  the  Maharajah  with  his  mother — Letters  to 
the  Pundit  Nehemiah  Goreh — The  Mahangah's  property  at  Futtehghur 
sacked  and  destroyed  by  the  mutineers — His  servants  massacred,  to- 
gether with  Sergeant  Elliot  and  Mr.  Walter  Guise — Sir  John  Login's 
correspondence  with  Sir  Charles  Phipps  with  regard  to  the  Maharajah's 
disposition  and  indifference  to  the  events  passing  in  India — The  brave 
Donald!— Letter  from  John  Bright  on  the  Mutiny — Sir  J.  Login  in- 
vestigates the  cases  of  ''mutilation" — The  correspondence  with  Sir 
Charles  Phipps  on  the  future  government  of  India  and  reorganization 
of  the  Indian  army — Ditto  with  Sir  J.  Melvill — Quotation  from  **/-(/<$ 
of  <A«  Prince  Contort " — Last  letter  from  Lord  Dalhousie — Letter  to 
Mr.  Delane,  Editor  of  the  Tkne*. 


Chapteb  XIV. 

GUABDIANSHIP  ENDED. — 1858-63  423 

The  Maharajah  of  age — Shooting  trip  to  Sardinia— Lease  of  Auch- 
lyne— Letters  from  Lord  Hatherton  and  Sir  Charles  Phipps — Letters 
from  Duleep  Singh  to  Lady  Login— Princess  Victoria  Gouramma  of 
Coorg— Accompanies  Sir  John  and  Lady  Login  to  Rome — The  Prince 
of  Wales  there — Sir  John  Login  and  the  Court  of  Directors — He  resigns 
the  H.E.I.C.S. — The  baronetcy  for  Sir  H.  Lawrence's  son — Letters 
from  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Bernard  and  from  Sir  John  Lawrence — Letters  from 
Sir  C.  Phipps  and  Lord  Shaftesbury  on  the  Oude  Proclamation  —Letter 
from  the  Duke  of  Marlborough — The  Maharajah  goes  on  a  shooting  ex- 
pedition down  the  Danube  with  Sir  S.  Baker — Turns  up  at  Rome — 
Appoints  Colonel  Oliphant  as  equerry — The  allowance  gi-anted  to  the 
Shahzadah— Mulgrave  Castle— Nearly  bags  an  Archbishop  ! — Death  of 
the  Rajah  of  Coorg — Marriage  of  the  Princess  Gouramma — The  Maha- 
rajah goes  out  to  India — The  Maharanee  Jinda — Correspondence  with 
Mr.  Bowring — The  power  of  attorney — The  Maharajah's  letters  from 
Calcutta — Letter  from  Colonel  Ramsay— The  Maharajah  returns  to 
England  with  his  mother— Jinda  Koiir— Negotiations  with  the  India 
Office — They  refuse  to  recognize  the  power  of  attorney — Death  of  Mr. 
Cawood — The  Maharajah  announces  his  determination  of  at  once  re- 
turning to  India  to  devote  his  life  to  the  evangelization  of  the  heathen 
— His  religious  opinious  in  an  unsettled  state — Death  of  the  Prince 


XIV.  XX)NTENTS. 

FAOS 

Consort — Correspondence  with  Sir  C.  Phipps — A  house  taken  in 
London  for  the  Maharanee — Letter  from  Sir  John  Login  to  the  Maha- 
rajah on  his  legal  rights  and  duties  as  a  Christian — Hatherop  Castle 
purchased— Purchase  of  Elveden — Sir  John  Login's  last  visit  to  India — 
His  first  severe  illness — Death  and  funeral  of  the  Maharanee  Jinda — 
Death  of  Sir  John  Login — The  monument  in  Felixstowe  churchyard — 
Letters  from  Sir  C.  Phipjjs  and  John  Bright — Later  history  of  the 
Maharajah — His  marriage,  &c. — Death* of  the  Princess  Gouramma  of  ' 
Coorg — The  Maharajah's  willingness  to  suhmlt  his  case  to  the  arbi« 
tration  of  any  three  English  statesmen — After  thirty  years'  negociation, 
with  no  result,  he  embarks  for  India — Death  of  the  Maharanee  Bamba 
— The  future  of  Duleep  Singh's  children — Remarks. 


Ghapteb  XV. 
Duleep  Singh  and  the  Government. — 1856-86 501 

The  afifairs  of  the  Maharajah— Letters  and  memorandum  of  Sir  John 
Login  on  the  matter — Correspondence  with  the  India  Office — After  the 
death  of  Sir  John  Log^n  matters  remain. in  statu  quo — ^The  Maharajah's 
letter  to  the  J^mes—The  reply — Second  letter — Extracts  from  "  The 
Maharajah  Duleep  Singh  and  the  Government " — Payments  actually 
made  to  the  Maharajah — Private  estates  in  the  Punjab  claimed  by  the 
Maharajah— Property  at  Futtehghur  destroyed  by  the  mutineers — 
Conclusion. 

Appendix. 

I.  Extracts  from  a  letter  to  John  Bright,  on  the  policy  of 
our  rule  in  India  ... 

II.  Extracts  from  correspondence  between  Sir  John  Login 
and  Sir  Charles  Phipps,  in  August,  1857,  on  the  future 
government  of  India 


in.  The  Treaty  of  Bhyrowal    . 


INTKODUCTION. 

BY  COLONEL  MALLESON,   C.8.L 

A  FEW  lines  which  I  wrote  on  the  subject  of  Duleep 
Singh  in  the  Asiatic  Quarterly  about  a  year  ago 
procured  for  me  the  pleasure  of  an  acquaintance  with 
Lady  Login,  whom  I  found  to  be  even  more  interested 
than  myself  in  the  conduct  and  treatment  of  one  who 
had  been  her  husband's  ward  in  the  tenderest  and  most 
impressionable  years  of  his  life.  I  soon  foimd  that 
whilst  Lady  Login  regretted  equally  with  myself  the 
wayward  conduct  of  the  Maharajah  since  he  quitted 
England,  we  both  agreed  that  there  were  many 
circumstances  in  his  history,  a  knowledge  of  which 
would  induce  a  public  which  judged  only  from  facts 
within  its  ken  to  take  a  more  lepient,  or,  at  all  events,  a 
less  prejudiced  view  of  conduct  which,  without  such  ex- 
planation, would  appear  whollyunjustifiable.  No  living 
being  was  so  thoroughly  acquainted  with  all  the  circum- 
stances attending  the  Maharajah's  youth,  early  training, 
development  into  manhood,  and  subsequent  career  as 
Lady  Login ;  nor  could  any  one  tell  as  accurately  the 
history  of  those  monetary  relations  towards  the  Govern- 
ment which  have  influenced  so  unfortunately  the  later 
actions  of  the  Maharajah.  I  respectfiiUy  urged,  then, 
upon  Lady  Login  the  advisability,  in  the  interests  of  the 
Maharajah,  in  the  interests  of  truth  and  justice,  of  writing 
from  the  stores  of  documents  in  her  possession  a  connec- 
ted history  of  the  Maharajah's  life,  from  the  date  of  the 


XVI  INTRODUCTION. 

connection  with  him  of  the  late  Sir  John  Login  to  the 
time  of  the  cessation  of  that  connection.  The  story 
might,  I  ventured  to  suggest,  form  one  of  the  main 
features  of  the  life  of  one  of  the  noblest  servants  of  the 
late  East  India  Company — Sir  John  Login  himself. 

The  idea  commended  itself  to  Lady  Login,  and  she 
at  once  acted  upon  it.     The  result  is  contained  in  this 
volume.     How  admirably  Lady  Login  has  performed 
the  self-allotted  task  the  public,  I  am  confident,  will 
unhesitatingly  admit.     The  great  merit  of  the  narrative 
is  that  it  tells  "  the  truth,  the  whole  truth,  and  nothing 
but  the  truth."     Lady  Login  has  kept  back  nothing 
that  she  was  able  to  tell.     The  result  is  a  valuable 
contribution  to   contemporary   history,  and,  what   is 
of  not  less  importance,  a  complete  revelation   of  the 
causes  which  have  influenced   Duleep   Singh  in  his 
hostility  towards  the  British  Government. 

I  have  myself  always  held  that  the  treatment  dealt 
out  to  Duleep  Singh  after  the  close  of  the  second  Sikh 
war  was  alike  impolitic  and  unjust.     When  that  Avar 
broke  out  Duleep  Singh  was  the  ward  of  the  British 
Government.     He  was  a  child  of  nine  years  old,  and 
took  no  part  whatever  in  the  administration  of   the 
country  of  which  the  British  Government  had  recog- 
nized  him   to  be   the    Sovereign,  but  of  which    the 
English  Resident  and  a  council  of  native  nobles  were 
the  actual  rulers.     The  revolt  of  Moolraj,  and  the  out- 
break of  Sikh  chieftains  in  the  Hazarah  which  followed 
that  revolt,  were  directed  against  the  actual  Govern- 
ment of  Lahore,  which,  as  I  have  said,  was  presided 
over  by  an  English  Resident,  and  which  ruled  in  the 


XNTRODUCTION.  XVU 

name  of  Duleep  Singh.  Yet,  when  those  risings  were 
suppressed  on  the  field  of  Gujerat,  the  British  Govern- 
ment, then  absolute  master  of  the  situation,  visited  the 
sins  of  Moolraj  and  the  Hazarah  chiefs  on  their  innocent 
ward,  deprived  him  of  his  kingdom,  and,  he  has  always 
asserted — ^though  this  would  seem  to  be  denied^-of  the 
estates  which  his  father  had  accumulated,  and  consigned 
him  to  the  care  of  Doctor — ^afterwards  Sir  John — Login. 

To  a  truer-hearted,  more  conscientious,  or  better 
man  it  would  have  been  impossible  to  consign  him. 
How  thoroughly  and  how  well  Sir  John,  aided  in  every 
particular  by  Lady  Login,  performed  his  duty  towards 
the  young  Prince  is  admirably  told  in  these  pages. 
The  reader  who  may  take  up  the  book  for  information 
on  this  point  will,  I  am  confident,  not  lightly  lay  it 
down.  Upon  this  part  of  the  history  I  do  not  propose 
to  dwell  in  this  Introduction.  There  can  be  no  doubt 
— indeed,  I  had  it  firom  the  Maharajah's  own  lips  in 
187 1 — that  throughout  this  period,  and  at  the  date  also 
of  his  speaking  to  me  on  the  subject,  he  was  thoroughly 
happy.  I  propose,  rather,  to  ask  the  attention  of  the 
reader  to  the  circumstances  related  in  the  fifteenth 
chapter— circumstances  which  explain  the  sudden 
migration  from  happiness  to  discontent,  fi:om  discontent 
to  despair,  from  despair  to  acts  bordering  on  insanity. 

It  would  seem  that  the  Maharajah  was  a  man  of  a 
trustful,  generous,  and  open  disposition.  Further, 
that  he  did  not  care  to  bother  himself  with  details, 
and  that  he  hated  business  matters.  So  long  as  Sir 
John  Login  lived  he  was  happy.  Though  often  urged 
to  effect  a  settlement,  or  rather  to  insist  that  the  India 


XVIU  INTRODUCTION. 

OflSce  should  make  a  definite  settlement  with  him,  he 
always  put  it  off.     He  was  content  to  have  Sir  John 
between  him  and  the  India  OflSce.     After  Sir  John's 
death,  Colonel  Oliphant,  whom  he  appointed  equerry 
and    controller    of   his    household,    soon    gained    an 
ascendancy  which  produced  similar  feelings  of  trust. 
He  was  then  living  at  Elveden,  where  he  had  the  best 
shooting  in  England ;   and  when  I  stayed  with  him 
there  in  1871,  he  told  me  he  was  the  happiest  man  in 
the  world.     When  I  next  saw  him,  about  ten  years 
ago,  he  told   me  he  was   the  most  miserable.      His 
words  were  to  the  effect  that  subsequently  to  Colonel 
Oliphant's  death  he  had  discovered  that  he  had  been 
cheated  out  of  his  kingdom,  and  out  of  the  private 
estates  which  his  father  had  possessed,  and  that  he 
could  get  no  settlement  from  the  India  OflSce ;  that  he 
had  still  hopes  that  he  might  ultimately  succeed,  but 
that   the   treatment   he  had   received   had  well-nigh 
broken  his  heart.      He  complained  bitterly  that   no 
provision   had  been  made  for  his  family.     When   at 
Elveden,  he  said,  he  was  in  constant  hopes  that    he 
might  receive  an  English  title,  and  with   that    title 
such  a  simi  attached  to  it  inalienably  as  might  make 
him  forget  that  he  had  ever  sat  on  the  footsteps  of  a 
throne  ;    which  hope,  he  added,  was  growing  dimmer 
and  dimmer,  till  it  was  weU-nigh  extmguished.      He 
told  me  this  one  evening,  the  only  evening  that    1 
dined  with  him,  at  the  Garrick  Club,  of  which  he  was 
a  member.     The  time,  to  the  best  of  my  recollection 
was  1879-80. 

The  whole  story  is  told,  fairly  and  impartially  told 


• 


INTRODUCTION^  XIX 

in  the  fifteenth  chapter.  The  evil,  as  Lady  Login  tells 
us,  dates  from  the  time  of  the  annexation  oi  the 
Pimjab.  No  settlement,  properly  so  called,  was  then 
made.  But,  when  Duleep  Singh  attained  his  majority, 
Sir  John  Login  pressed  upon  Sir  Charles  Wood  the 
necessity  of  coming  to  a  settlement  on  the  terms  of 
the  Treaty,  and  suggested  Sir  John  Lawrence  as  the 
most  suitable  person  to  draw  up  the  agreement.  Sir 
Charles  Wood,  after  some  delay,  assented ;  and  Sir 
John  Lawrence  agreed  to  act  in  the  matter  on  condition 
that  Sir  Frederick  Currie  should  be  associated  with 
him.  This  was  conceded.  The  two  men  met  and 
drew  up  a  report.  This  report,  however,  was  objected 
to  in  Council,  and  was  never  acted  upon,  The  outcome 
was  that  somewhat  later  Sir  Charles  Wood  offered 
"  improved"  terms  to  Duleep  Singh.  The  Maharajah 
accepted  these  terms,  with  the  reservation  of  his  rights, 
as  the  head  of  the  family,  of  being  allowed  to  have  a 
voice  in  the  apportioning  of  the  fund  known  as  the 
**  Five  Lakh  Fund,"  and  to  inspect  the  accounts.  He 
fiirther  claimed  the  repayment  of  his  losses  in  the 
Mutiny.  This  was  the  last  transaction.  It  occurred 
just  before  Sir  John  Login's  death. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  Indian  Council 
set  aside  the  settlement  proposed  by  Sir  John 
Lawrence  and  Sir  Frederick  Currie.  These  men 
had  been  on  the  spot;  they  knew  all  the  circum- 
stances of  his  case;  and  if  their  recommendations 
had  been  attended  to,  Duleep  Singh  would  still  be  a 
loyal  subject  of  the  Queen,  and  the  "perfect  happiness" 
of  1871  would  never  have  been  impaired.      But  not 


XX  INTKODUCTION. 

only  was  the  recommendation  not  acted  upon,  but  no 
permanent  settlement  was  ever  arrived  at.  The  rela- 
tions between  the  Maharajah  and  the  India  Office  can 
be  best  described  as  having  been  from  first  to  last 
hand-to-mouth  relations.  j 

As  a  specimen  of  what  these  have  occasionally  been,  \ 
I  quote  firom  the  last  page  of  this  book: — "The  Grovem-  i 
ment,"  writes  Lady  Login,  "has  never  accounted  to 
the  Maharajah  for  the  money  received  for  the  sale  of 
the  house,  nor  has  he  received  anything  in  respect  of 
the  value  of  the  land,  though  the  papers  show  that  the 
whole  was  purchased  out  of  his  money  ;  nor  any  com- 
pensation in  respect  of  the  contents  of  the  house  which 
were  destroyed  at  the  Mutiny."  Lady  Login  proceeds 
to  show  that  during  thirty  years  diflferences  arose 
which  would  have  instantly  disappeared  if  the  recom- 
mendations to  which  I  have  referred  had  been  adopted. 
Since  then  officials  have  arisen  who  had  had  no  part  in 
the  original  treaty— who  knew  nothing  of  Duleep 
Singh  as  the  recognized  ruler  of  a  powerful  state— who 
know  him  only  as  a  deposed  prince,  asking,  as  they 
consider  it,  tor  alms« 

The  Maharajah,  doubtless,  has  many  faults,  and  his 
more  recent  conduct  requires  the  exercise  of  a  large 
amount  of  charity.  But  there  are  few  who  will  rise 
from  the  perusal  of  Lady  Login's  book  without 
admitting  that  he  has  suffered  great  wrongs,  and 
without  asking  whether  it  is  yet  too  late,  by  a 
generous  concession,  to  bring  back  the  lost  sheep  to 
the  fold  he  quitted  in  despair. 

G.  B.  Malleson. 

July  12th,  1889. 


SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 


CHAPTER   I. 


EABLY  DATS. 


How  often  in  the  history  of  the  British  Empire  in  Chapter 
India,  has  the   unexpected  offer  of   a  cadetship   or,^* 
commission  in  the  H.E.LC.  Service   been  the  means,  ^'^^' 
under  Divine  Providence,  of  opening  a  career  to  some 
young  and  eager  spirit   whose   lot  might   otherwise 
have  been  cast  in  a  less  eventful  path  of  life  ! 

In  no  case  has  this  been  more  singularly  exempUfied 
than  in  that  of  the  young  Orkneyman  who,  in  the 
sxmimer  of  1831,  had  just  taken  his  degree  of  M.D.  in 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  whose  early  associa- 
tions and  ideas  were  all  so  connected  with  the  sea 
and  its  interests,  that  his  highest  ambition  then  was 
to  be  able  to  combine  his  present  profession  with  his 

B 


SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 


Chapter  desire  for  a  life  of  adventure,  by  entering  the  Royal 

It  is  just  this  innate  yearning  for  a  wider  field  of 
action  than  the  narrower  life  at  home  can  give,  that 
has  impelled  the  sons  of  Scotland  forth  into  all 
quarters  of  the  globe  as  the  pioneers  of  civilization, 
and  engendered  in  them  that  adventurous  spirit  which 
creates  the  successful  colonist,  or  the  brilliant  soldier 
of  fortune. 

Such  names  as  Livingstone,  Clyde,  and  Gordon,  are 
enough  to  testify  that  in  these  later  times  the  race  has 
not  lost  that  chivalry  and  love  of  adventure  which  have 
ever  been  its  characteristics  ;  and  if  this  be  true  of  the 
descendants  of  the  Celts  and  Anglo-Saxon-Danes  who 
people  the  mainland  of  Scotland,  is  it  wonderftd  that 
the  dwellers  in  those  isolated  groups — ^known  to  the 
Romans    as    "Ultima    Thule,"    that    mythical    land 
"  bordering  the  unknown,"  and  to  us  as  the  Orkney 
and  Shetland  Archipelago — should  feel  inspired  with 
the  spirit  of  their  Norse  ancestors,  and  bum  to    see 
and  conquer  other  lands  ? 

Though  these  islands  form  now  an  integral  part  of 
the  United  Elingdom,  and  are  politically  considered 
one  of  the  shires  of  Scotland,  their  incorporation  is, 
comparatively  speaking,  only  of  recent  date,  and  their 
inhabitants  are  totally  distinct  in  customs  and  origin 
from  the  rest  of  their  fellow-subjects. 

In  the  commencement  of  the  eighth  century,  sea- 
rovers,  or  Northmen,  from  Scandinavia  descended  on 


EARLY  DATS.  3 

the  Orkney  and  Shetland  Isles,  and  extirpating  what-  Chapter 
ever  race  they  found  already  in  possession,  colonized  ^ 
the  archipelago.  From  this  central  point  of  vantagOi 
sheltered  in  its  voes  and  fiords,  their  fleets  of  war-ships 
harried  the  coasts  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland, 
and  pushed  their  enterprise  down  and  around  the 
shores  of  the  continent  of  Europe  into  the  Mediterra* 
nean  Sea,  even  up  to  the  walls  of  Constantinople. 

The  Orkneys,  therefore,  were  under  the  sway  of  the 
Kings  of  Norway,  and  for  centuries  continued  to  be  so. 
Indeed,  it  was  not  until  the  year  1468  that  King 
Christian  I.  of  Denmark  mortgaged  his  rights  in  these 
islands  to  James  III.  of  Scotland,  as  part-payment  of  his 
daughter's  dowry — the  right  to  redeem  them  being 
retained  to  this  very  day  by  the  Danish  Crown ;  and 
down  to  modem  times  their  laws  and  internal  regular 
tions  have  remained  peculiar  to  themselves,  and  based 
on  the  old  Norse  customs  and  charters,  the  Norse 
language  itself,  still  preserved  in  local  names  and 
expressions,  becoming  extinct  only  within  the  last 
century. 

Thus,  lineally  descended  from  the  old  Vikings,  the 
Orcadians  are  essentially  men  of  the  sea ;  for,  roads 
being  few,  the  shortest  distances  must  be  done  by 
water;  and  he  is  of  little  count  among  them  who 
can  neither  handle  an  oar,  nor  sail  a  boat  skilfully, 
amid  the  currents,  whirlpools,  and  skerries  which 
render  these  regions  so  dangerous  to  mariners.  Lying, 
as  these  islands  do,  where  the  opposing  forces  of  two 

B  2 


4  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINQH. 

Cbaptor  oceans  meet — their  shores  washed  by  the  failing  waters 
ifl/i  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  along  whose  borders  storm  and  fog 
continually  hover,  while  the  Atlantic  billows  im- 
ceasingly  thunder  against  the  giant  cliflfe  of  Hoy — 
their  natives  must  indeed  be  a  hardy  race  to  battle 
successfully  with  the  terrors  of  such  a  coast ;  and,  in 
fact,  as  seamen  they  are  unsurpassed  for  boldness  and 
enterprise. 

Here,  then,  was  the  birthplace  of  John  Spencer 
Login.  He  was  born  in  Stromness,  on  the  mainland 
of  Orkney,  on  November  9th,  1809. 

The  name  of  Login  is  peculiar  to  this  one  family  in 
Orkney,  and  is  believed  to  be  of  Norse  orififin.* 

Th/foUowing  particular  of  John  Logi  Ja  early  days 
are  furnished  by  his  brother,  the  Rev.  William 
S.  Login : — 

On  both  father's  and  mother's  side  he  sprang  from  a  class  of 
small  proprietors  peculiar  to  Orkney.      Small  though  their  hold- 
ings be,  they  tenaciously  cling  to  them,  and  pride  themselves  on 
keeping  them  intact  and  handing  them  on  to  their  sons.      Many, 
of  them,  therefore,  can  trace  their  connection  with  their  lands  fori 
hundreds  of  years.  > 

Our  grandfather  was  in  the  service  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company^' 
and  his  son  (our  father,  John  Login)  was,  when  a  young  man,  izf 
the  merchant  navy,  but  left  the  sea  and  settled  on  his  patrimonyJ 
or  holding,  in  his  native  place,  Stromness.    Here  he  became  J 


*  There  are  many  "Logies"  throughout  the  islands  whose  ancestors  csm 
over  originally  from  Bnchan,  in  Aberdeenshire,  as  retainers  of  Earl  Patriij 
Stewart,  towards  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century. 


EARLY  BATS.  S 

Bhip-owner  and  agent,  and  married  Margaret  Spence,  who  came  Chapter 
of  an  old  Orkney  family  on  the  west  mainland,  the  head  of  the       I. 
house  being  Spence,  of  Eirbuster,  in  the  parish  of  Birsay.  1809-89* 

Oar  maternal  grandfather  commanded  a  merchantman  trading 
to  the  West  Indies  from  London.  He  married  an  "  Orkney 
lass"  named  Groundwater — ^by  the  way,  a  great  beauty  I — a 
daughter  of  Edward  Groundwater,  of  Groundwater,  in  the  parish 
of  Orphir.  They  had  a  large  family,  all  of  whom  were  bom  in 
London,  our  mother  being  one  of  the  youngest.  When  he  left 
the  sea,  he  retired  to  Orkney,  and  there  ended  his  days. 

Soon  after  our  father's  death  a  great  change  came  over  our 
circumstances.    Several  vessels,  of  which  he  had  been  part  owner, 
were  wrecked,  and  as  none  of  them  had  been  insured  (insurance 
was  not  so  common  in  those  days)  our  means  were  consequently 
greatly  reduced ;  but  our  mother,  who  was  a  woman  of  remark- 
able energy   and    courage,  struggled   bravely  on  under   great 
difficulties,  winning  the  respect  and  admiration  of  all  who  came 
in  contact  with  her.      Wherever  her  name  was  known  (and  that 
was  widely)  it  seemed  to  make  way  for  us,  her  children.    She 
had  business  correspondents  in  all  the  principal  towns  on  the 
east  coast  of  Scotland,  and  as  far  as  Newcastle ;  and  in  all  of 
them  we  found  friends  to  welcome  us  for  her  sake.      Though  she 
has  been  in  her  grave  for  nearly  fifty  years,  her  memory  is  still 
green  in  Stromness.      Her  trust  in  her  eldest  son  John  was  cer* 
tainly  not  misplaced.    Never  did  son  or  brother  take  upon  him 
in   early  youth  such  heavy  responsibilities  with   greater  con- 
scientiousness. 

We  have  all  great  reason  to  thank  God  for  such  a  mother ;  it 
is  only  in  after  life  that  we  can  realize  and  appreciate  all  the 
efforts  and  sacrifices  she  made  on  our  behalf. 

Stromness  was  at  that  time  a  place  largely  resorted  to  by 
merchant  ships  trading  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  Hudson  Bay 
Company's  ships  and  the  whale-fishing  fleet  called  there  regularly, 
both  coming  and  going ;  and  ships  on  long  voyages  to  Australia, 


C  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DXTLEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  the  West  Indies,  or  America,  called  there  also  for  some  of  their 
L        supplies.    It  was  a  very  usual  refuge  for  vessels  disabled  by  the 

J809-39.  storms  pf  the  North  Sea,  and  it  was  a  common  practice  for 
Eussian  and  Swedish  ships  that  found  themselves  too  late  to 
enter  the  Baltic,  to  winter  in  the  harbour  of  Stromness. 

Our  house  became  the  resort,  consequently,  of  ship  captains 
and  passengers  going  to  and  fro  ;  and,  young  though  I  was,  I  still 
retain  a  very  pleasing  recollection  of  the  friendships  we  then 
formed.  On  Jo^n,  who  was  ten  years  liiy  senior,  the  effect  of 
seeing  mep  of  that  class  and  hearing  their  stories  of  the  sea,  was 
very  great.  His  youthful  enthusiasm  was  kindled,  and  he  was 
seized  with  an  intense  desire  to  become  a  sailor. 

Both  our  father  and  our  mother  were  decidedly  opposed  to 
this  idea,  and  did  all  they  could  to  dissuade  him  from  his  purpose. 
They,  in  the  first  instance,  sent  him  from  home  to  school  at 
Kirkwall,  to  keep  him,  as  they  believed,  away  from  ships  and 
boats ;  but  even  there  he  was  more  frequently  found  about  the 
harbour  and  pier  than  any  other  part  of  the .  town,  and  he  was 
such  a  favourite  with  the  seamen  in  the  harbour  that  he  found 
it  easy  to  indulge  his  passion,  spending  hours  at  sea  alone  in  the 
roughest  weather,  handling  a  sailing  boat  with  the  greatest 
dexterity,  or  spending  his  nights  at  sea  with  the  fishermen. 

As  a  compromise  he  was  sent  to  Edinburgh,  though  yet  a  mere 
boy— certainly  not  more  than  fifteen — to  study  medicine  at  the 
University,  with  a  view  to  become  a  surgeon  in  the  Boyal  Navy. 
He  was  too  young  to  take  full  advantage  of  the  classes  he  had  to 
attend  in  matriculating,  and  I  beheve  his  first  year  of  attendance 
was  spent  more  in  the  study  of  naval  history  than  of  any  other 
branch  of  learning  I 

He  awoke  at  length  to  the  importance  of  his  medical  studies, 
end  his  undoubted  talents  attracted  the  notice  of  the  Professors. 
After  studying  for  three  summer  and  three  winter  sessions  under 
Professor  Syme,  who  showed  him  much  kindness,  and  at  the 
^yal    Infirmary    as    Surgeon-Dresser    under    Doctors    Adam 


EARLY  DAYS.  7 

Hunter  and  John  Campbell,  he  received  his  Diploma  as  Licentiate  Chapter 
of  the  Boyal  College  of  Sargeons  in  Edinburgh,  June,  1828,  when       L 
only  nineteen  years  of  age.  Io09-3A 

In  March,  1829  he  was  appointed  House-Surgeon  in  the  Boyal 
Infirmary,  the  Visiting  Surgeons  being  Listen  and  Lizars,  with 
whom  he  was  brought  much  in  contact.  In  the  winter  of  1829-80 
he  was  appointed  permanent  Physician-Clerk  to  the  Boyal 
Infiimary,  with  charge  of  the  medical  wards  under  Doctors  . 
James  Gregory  and  Shortt  and  Professor  Chris tison.  The 
degree  of  M.D.  he  obtained  in  1831,  having  to  wait  till  he  reached 
the  prescribed  age  of  twenty-one  years. 

While  pursuing  his  studies,  he  was  only  at  home  for  eight  or 
ten  weeks  in  the  autumn.  It  was  during  these  brief  intervals  • 
alone  that  I  had  an  opportunity  of  seeing  him.  I  remember  how 
he  busied  himself  in  improving  the  streets  of  our  town;  there 
were  no  rates  available  for  the  purpose,  so  he  went  about 
collecting  subscriptions,  and  spent  the  money  according  to  his 
own  judgment  in  making  alterations  and  improvements  where 
they  were  most  needed.  He  hired  labourers  to  carry  out  his  ideas ; 
and  not  content  with  merely  directing,  when  the  pinch  came, 
often  lent  a  hand  himself. 

A  few  weeks  before  he  left  home  for  the  last  time  a  terrific 
storm  broke  over  the  North  of  Scotland,  and  was  felt  in  its 
greatest  violence  in  Orkney.  Our  harbour  was  full  of  ships,  a 
number  of  them  were  driven  from  their  moorings,  and  the  havoc 
among  the  boats  and  jetties  was  terrible.  There  were  no  lives 
lost ;  but  the  destruction  of  property  was  considerable,  and  but 
for  the  skill  and  energy  displayed  by  John  on  this  occasion,  the 
losses  would  have  been  much  greater.  He  roused  all  the  pilots 
and  boatmen,  and  compelled  them  to  follow  his  leadership  in 
defending  the  piers  and  jetties  against  the  ships  that  were  driven 
against  them;  he  had  such  a  masterful  way  with  him  that  he 
carried  all  before  him  ! 

It  was  inamediately  after  obtaining  his  degree  of 


8  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH* 

Chapter  M.D.  that  a  career  in  India  was  suddenly  opened  up 
^       to  John  Login,  altering  all  his  previous  plans  of  life. 

Dr.  Shortt  was  asked  to  recommend  a  young  surgeon 
to  take  charge  of  the  case  of  Lord  Chief  Commissioner 
Adam,  who  was  then  suffering  from  dangerous  compli- 
cations, necessitating  close  and  skilful  supervision. 
He  at  once  advised  that  young  Login  should  be  asked 
to  undertake  the  case,  and  for  this  purpose  take  up  his 
residence  at  Blair- Adam. 

The  proposal  was  accepted,  and  the  results  of  his 
care  and  skill  proved  so  eminently  successfiil,  that  in  a 
short  time  the  Lord  Chief  Commissioner  was  most 
effectually  relieved  of  his  complaint. 

To  show  in  some  gratifying  form  his  appreciation  of 
the  valuable  professional  services  rendered  to  him,  the 
Lord  Chief  asked  and  obtained  from  Mr.  Loch  (his 
son-in-law,  one  of  the  directors  of  the  H.E.LC.)  a  com- 
mission as  assistant-surgeon  for  young  Login,  advising 
him  to  select  the  Presidency  of  Bengal,  as  he  could 
supply  him  with  good  introductions  to  influential 
friends  there. 

In  those  days  India  was  a  sealed  book  to  all  who 
could  not  command  personal  interest  at  the  India 
House,  therefore  this  unexpected  prospect  was  most 
welcome,  as  it  opened  the  way  to  splendid  possibilities 
in  the  way  of  travel  and  adventure,  and  of  usefulness 
to  his  fellow-men,  which  amply  compensated  him  for 
having,  in  deference  to  his  parents'  wishes,  renounced 
his  personal  leaning  to  the  sea. 


SABLT  DATS.  9 

One  more  visit  Login  paid  to  the  old  Orkney  home,  Qwptar 
to  take  leave  of  all  his  fiiends  before  setting:  sail  for      ^ 

18Qd-d9 

the  other  side  of  the  world,  and  (though  he  knew  it 
not)  to  look  for  the  last  time  in  this  world  on  the  &ce 
of  that  mother  to  whom  he  owed  so  much,  and  from 
whom  he  inherited  those  qualities  of  indomitable 
energy,  perseverance,  and  sound  judgment,  which  were 
destined  to  stand  him  in  such  good  stead  in  after  life. 
Even  in  those  early  days  he  was  remarkable  for  a 
certain  persuasive  power  of  "getting  his  own  way," 
and  this  was  amusingly  illustrated  on  the  occasion  of 
his  last  visit  home. 

His  mother  had  invited  a  large  number  of  friends  to 
a  sort  of  farewell  entertainment.  All  the  bigwigs  of 
their  little  community  were  there — doctors,  lawyers, 
baillies,  ship  captains,  the  old  parish  minister  and  his 
assistant,  all  much  impiessed  with  the  dignity  incum- 
bent on  their  positions,  and  the  sedate  gravity  which 
it  behoved  them,  as  elders,  to  maintain  on  an  occasion 
so  appropriate  for  parting  words  of  counsel  and 
admonition  to  a  young  friend  about  to  be  launched 
in  life. 

Scenting  some  intention  of  the  sort  in  the  air.  Login 
electrified  the  assembly  by  proposing  that  all,  young 
and  old,  should  join  in  a  game  of  "  blind-man's  buff! " 
Spite  of  all  protests,  he  carried  his  point ;  and  the 
"guid  folk  "of  Stromness  had  presented  to  their 
astonished  view  the  unusual  spectacle  of  all  those 
"  grave  and  potent  seigniors  "  tearing  about  in  a  state 


10  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  of  the  wildest  excitement,   like   school-boys   broken 
^       loose ! 

In  another  letter  his  brother  William*  writes  : — 


I  was  only  twelve  years  old  when  he  left  home  on  the  4th  of 
Decemher,  1831,  and  I  never  saw  him  again.  Still,  the  unceasing 
flow  of  his  affection  towards  us  all,  which  time  and  distance 
seemed  not  in  the  least  to  abate,  kept  him  as  fresh  in  our  thoughts 
and  affections  as  if  we  had  never  been  separated.  Few  families 
have  been  so  closely  knitted  together  as  we  have  been,  and  this 
was  largely  owing  to  the  strong  hold  he  had  on  us,  and  the  self- 
denying  generosity  which  he  exerted  on  our  behalf.  Though 
abundantly  prosperous,  and  flattered  with  friendly  recognition  by 
the  highest,  he  never  forgot  the  "  auld  hoose  at  hame  "  and  its 
inmates.  He  left  on  my  youthful  mind  an  impression  of  one  bom 
to  command.     There  was  no  resisting  him  ! 

On  arrival  at  Calcutta,  in  July,  1832,  Login  found 
himself  posted  to  H.  M.  Buffs,  and  in  October  accom- 
panied the  regiment  to  Dinapore.  Here  he  learnt 
that  the  Commander-in-Chief  had  ordered  him  to  be 
transferred  to  the  Ist  Brigade  of  Horse  Artillery,  and 
he  was  appointed  to  take  medical  charge  of  the  3rd 
Troop  at  Dum  Dum.  At  this  place  he  was  stationed 
until  December,  1833,  and  here,  too,  like  many  young 
officers  in  the  Bengal  Artillery,  had  cause  to  bless  the 
ea.rnest  religious  influences  and  true  Christian  piety 
which  pervaded  the  great  headquarter  station,  and  of 


♦  The  Rev.  William  S.  Login,  for  thirty  years  Presbyterian  minister  of  Sale, 
Gipp*«  Laud,  Australia. 


EARLY  DAYS.  1 1 

which   Major — ^afterwards  General — ^Powney,   of  the  Chapter 
Bengal  Artillery,  was  the  chief  centre.*  ^ 

John  Spencer  Login  was  naturally  of  a  serious  and 
earnest  disposition  ;  but  it  was  at  this  period  of  his  life 
that  were  chiefly  laid  the  seeds  of  that  deeply-rooted 
piety  and  strong  faith,  which  were  the  ruling  features 
of  his  character  in  after-life,  and  which  so  plainly 
governed  his  every  word  and  action,  though  he  was 
not  one  to  make  a  parade  of  his  religious  convictions : 
indeed,  it  wm  this  very  dignity  of  reserve  with  regard 
to  his  inmost  feelings  that  impressed  those  brought  in 
contact  with  him. 

While  at  Dum  Dtun  he  was  selected  by  Government 
to  proceed  to  Persia  as  medical  oflBicer  to  the  detach- 
ment under  Colonel  Pasmore,  sent  to  organize  the  anny 
of  Futteh  Ali  Shah,  but  was  induced  to  withdraw  his 
name  in  favour  of  another  medical  officer  who  was  most 
anxious  for  the  post. 

The  appointment  of  Dr.  Login  to  the  Horse  Artillery 
at  Dum  Dum  had  been  in  the  first  instance  rather  a 
sore  point  with  the  Brigadier  commanding  there  (Sir 
C  Brown,  K.C.B.),  he  having  applied  for  the  post  for  a 
friend  of  his  own.  Login  had  therefore  some  natural 
prejudice  to  overcome  on  the  part  of  his  commanding 
officer ;  but  in  the  end  his  zealous  attention  to  his 
public  duties  so  won  the  heart  of  the  Brigadier,  that 
when  in  December,  1833,  he  was  made  over  by  Lord 


Se«  Kjiye's  "  Lives  of  Indian  Officers  "^'IMajor  D'Arcy  Todd: 


12  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  William  Bentinck  to  the  service  of  the  Nizam  of 
QAo  Q  Hyderabad,  the  Commandant  was  among  the  foremost 
'  in  expressing  the  regrets  of  the  community  at  losing 
him.  A  silver  breakfast  service  was  presented  to  him, 
and  a  farewell  dinner  given  in  his  honour  by  the 
corps — rather  an  unusual  compliment  to  a  young 
assistant-surgeon. 

The  whole  is  described  by  him  in  a  letter  to  his 
mother : — 

What  do  you  think  of  your  son  being  honoured  with  a  fare* 
well  dinner  given  by  the  station,  and  invitations  sent  to  all  my 
friends  to  meet  me,  in  the  name  of  the  Brigadier  commanding 
and  the  officers  of  artillery — upwards  of  forty  at  dinner,  the  old 
Brigadier  in  the  chair,  with  your  humble  servant  on  his  right  ? 
After  the  cloth  was  removed,  the  Commandant  proposed  my 
health  in  the  most  flattering  terms,  toast  drunk  with  honours 
(aye,  more  than  honour,  for  there  was  kindness  in  the  maimer 
they  did  it),  the  regimental  band  playing  '*  Logic  o'  Buchan  " 
(for  which  I  am  indebted  to  some  Scotch  friends  who  were  pre- 
sent) ;  and  when  I  attempted  to  return  thanks,  I  fairly  broke 
down — it  was  too  much  for  me  I  When  I  tell  you  that 
my  breakfast  table  is  now  adorned  with  a  handsome  silver 
service,  and  that  my  old  Captain  (generally  looked  upon  as  a 
miser)  sent  me  before  leaving,  a  cheque  for  500  rupees  (£50)  to  help 
my  new  outfit  and  uniform,  need  I  tell  you  that  I  am  sorry  to 
part  with  all  my  friends  here  ?  I  am  sure  you  will  not  think 
that  I  tell  you  this  in  any  boastful  spirit,  but  I  cannot  withhold 
expressing  my  feelings  to  you,  besides,  I  know  what  pleasure  it 
will  give  you. 

I  am  quite  an  artilleryman  now.  Bluejacket  for  ever  I  I  have 
been  trying  my  hand  at  the  great  guns  too,  and  have  made  one  of 
the  best  shots,  I  assure  you !    Indeed  on  the  strength  of  it,  I 


SARLT  DAYS.  13 

think  I  shall  apply  for  a  lieutenant's  commission  in  the  Nizam's  Chapter 

artillery  I  !• 

1809-39. 

On  arrival  at  Bolarum,  Login  found  himself 
appointed  to  the  medical  charge  of  the  6th  Regiment 
Nizam's  Infantry,  which  he  continued  to  hold  at 
Hengolee,  EUichpore,  and  on  active  service  with  a 
brigade  of  troops  in  the  Bheel  Country,  until 
December,  1835,  when  he  saw  his  name  in  orders  as 
Civil-Surgeon  at  Howrah,  near  Calcutta,  Proceeding 
at  once  to  join,  he  marched  from  the  Deccan,  vid 
Nagpore  and  the  Nerbuddah,  to  Mirzapore,  and  found 
on  his  arrival  there,  in  January,  1836,  that  he  had 
been  transferred  to  Fort  WiUiam  as  Garrison-Surgeon. 

For  these  appointments  he  was  indebted  to  Mr. 
James  Eanald  Martin — afterwards  Sir  Kanald  Martin^* 
Presidency-Surgeon,  who,  before  Login  left  Calcutta, 
had  expressed  his  intention  of  securing  his  services  at 
the  Presidency  whenever  opportunity  offered.  He 
had  not  held  this  post  long,  when  Mr.  Martin 
recommended  him  to  Sir  Charles — afterwards  Lord — 
Metcalfe,  as  surgeon  on  his  personal  staff,  when 
proceeding  to  assume  the  Government  of  the  North- 
West  Provinces.  Dr.  Login  remained  with  Sir 
Charles  in  this  capacity  at  Agra  for  two  years, 
occupied  to  his  heart's  content  in  such  work  as  he 
delighted  in;  for  Sir  Charles  enabled  him  to  set  on 
foot  a  hospital  or  dispensary  for  the  poor,  and  he  was 
further  engaged    as    superintendent  of   the   Famine 


14  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Relief  Society,  the  work  of  which  at  that  period  was 

r-       extremely    onerous,    owing    to    the    terrible  distress 
1809-39.  ,     :  '  "6 

prevalent. 

At  this  time  he  organized  the  Orphan  Asylum  at 
Secundra,  which  has  expanded  since  into  its  present 
proportions,  and  proved  such  a  boon.  He  here  formed 
the  lasting  friendship  of  James  Thomason,  afterwards 
Lieut. -Governor  N.W.P.,  which  continued  throughout 
his  career.  Here,  also,  he  learnt  to  know  Henry 
Havelock,  Broadfoot,  and  Edward  Sanders,  of  the 
Bengal  Engineers,  ever  after  highly  valued  friends  of 
his. 

This  was  a  happy,  busy  time,  under  a  Chief  whom  he 
so  much  loved  and  respected,  and  it  was  a  great  sorrow 
to  him  when  at  length,  in  December,  1837,  Sir  Charles 
Metcalfe  left  Agra  to  return  to  England,  where  he  was 
appointed  to  the  post  of  Governor  of  Jamaica.  Login 
accompanied  him  to  Calcutta,  and,  loth  to  say  farewell, 
went  out  with  him  to  sea,  returning  only  with  the 
pilot  vessel. 

Sir  Theophilus  Metcalfe  (brother  of  Lord  Metcalfe) 
at  this  period  applied  for  him  to  be  sent  to  Delhi ; 
but  as  Dr.  Banken  elected  to  return  to  his  duties  there. 
Login  was  appointed  to  Hooghley  as  Civil-Surgeon 
and  Postmaster,  being  posted  at  the  same  time  to  his 
old  corps — the  Horse  Artillery,  at  Dum  Dum.  He 
was,  however,  soon  to  quit  this  for  a  locality  with 
which  he  was  afterwards  much  associated,  and  where 
his  name  was  destined  to  be  widely  known  amon^r 


EARLY  DAYS.  15 

Europeans  and  natives  alike^  as  the  originator  of  many  Chapter 
benevolent  and  charitable  institutions.  ^ 

Dr.  Stevenson,  the  Residency- Surgeon,  being  com- 
pelled to  leave  Lucknow  and  proceed  to  England  on 
sick-leave,  the  acting  vacancy  was,  in  April,  1838, 
offered  to  Login  by  Lord  Auckland,  whose  interest 
had  been  specially  requested  by  Sir  Charles  Metcalfe 
on  his  behalf  Accordingly,  in  May,  he  became  Acting 
Residency-Surgeon  at  Lucknow,  and  was  soon  after 
appointed  Postmaster-General  in  Oude,  in  addition  to 
his  other  duties.  It  might  have  been  thought  that 
the  work  of  those  two  appointments  would  be  sufficient 
to  occupy  the  whole  of  any  one  man's  time,  but  such 
was  by  no  means  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Login,  who  was 
filled  with  an  eager  desire  to  do  his  part  towards 
alleviating  the  distress  he  saw  around  him  among  the 
suffering  native  population. 

The  famine  which  had  so  terribly  prevailed  through- 
out  the  N.W.  Provinces,  had  extended  into  Oude,  and 
driven  thousands  of  poor  starving  wretches  to  seek 
relief  in  the  city  of  Lucknow.  A  large  public  sub- 
scription had  been  raised  a  little  time  before  he  arrived, 
at  the  instance  of  Colonel  Low,  the  Resident,  and 
Captain  Paton ;  and  as  Login  had  had  much  experience 
in  this  work,  both  at  Agra  and  as  a  member  of  the 
Relief  Committee  in  Calcutta,  he  was  asked  to  super- 
intend the  application  of  the  ftmd  at  Lucknow.  With 
characteristic  energy  he  threw  his  whole  so\il  into  the 
work,  and  drew  up  certain  proposals  on  the  subject  which 


16  SIR  JOHN  LOam  and  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  were  unanimously  adopted  by  the  Conunittee.  An 
^'  institution  called  the  "  Poor's  House/'  or  "  Gharlb- 
*  khana/'  was  thereupon  established,  where  the  most 
destitute  were  received,  lodged,  and  fed.  Here  they 
were  classified  according  to  their  needs  :  the  sick,  the 
blind,  the  maimed,  and  the  lame,  being  placed  in 
different  wards,  while  special  arrangements  were  made 
for  the  comfort  of  children  and  families ;  and  the 
public  report  says,  "  Order,  cleanliness,  and  excellent 
arrangements  were  everywhere  manifest,  exhibiting  a 
well-conducted  and  most  useful  institution,"  The 
whole  was  under  his  personal  and  daily  supervision. 

At  the  same  time  he  was  enabled,  by  the  liberality 
of  the  King  of  Oude — Mahomed  Ali  Shah — also  to 
provide  food,  shelter,  and  clothing  for  upwards  of  500 
infirm  persons  daily,  whUe  of  those  able  to  work, 
several  thousands  were  employed  on  the  buildings 
then  in  progress  at  Hoosainabad,  imder  Azimoolah 
Khan,  Derogah.  There  was,  moreover,  in  the  city  of 
Lucknow  an  old  native  hospital  and  dispensary, 
founded  by  Nusseeroodeen  Hyder,  the  preceding  Sove- 
reign of  Oude,  which  had  fallen  into  neglect,  and  this 
also  was  reorganized  by  Dr.  Login,  and  rendered 
capable  of  treating  140  cases  daily. 

These  varioxis  institutions  were  in  full  swing,  and 
Login  had  settled  down  to  a  life  of  hard  work,  "  such 
as  his  soul  loved,"  with  every  moment  occupied,  when 
the  Gazette  announced  that  Dr.  Stevenson  (who  was 
still  drawing  his  official  salary  as  Residency-Surgeon 


EAKLY  DAYS.  17 

and  also  as  A.D.C.  to  the  King  of  Oude)  had  been  pro-  Chapter 
moted  to  the  grade  of  surgeon,  which  disqualified  him      ^• 

1809-39 
from  holding  the  appointment  any  longer. 

On  this,  knowing  how  fully  satisfied  both  the  Resi- 
dent and  the  Governor-General  were,  with  the  maimer 
in  which  he  had  performed  the  duties  of  his  position, 
Login  abstained  on  principle  from  making  any  appli- 
cation for  the  vacancy,  having  a  conscientious  convic- 
tion that  the  Government  ought  to  be  the  best  judge 
of  the  man  most  qualified  for  any  particular  post.  The 
Resident,  as  well  as  the  community  at  large,  felt 
certain  that  he  would  be  confirmed  in  the  appoint- 
ment, and  in  consequence  of  this  general  beUef  no  other 
medical  officer  applied  for  it.  Dr.  Stevenson,  however, 
exerted  all  his  private  interest  to  retain  his  appoint- 
ment in  spite  of  his  disqualification.  Owing  to  Login's 
scruples,  he  was  enabled  to  do  so  with  success,  and  it 
was  arranged  that  he  should  be  allowed  to  return  to 
his  duties  in  January,  1839. 

In  the  meantime,  Lord  Auckland,  in  August,  1838, 
oflTered  Login  the  choice  of  a  civil  appointment,  or 
to  go  on  active  service  with  the  army  of  the  Indus, 
then  assembling  for  the  invasion  of  Afghanistan. 
Login,  in  reply,  expressed  his  willingness  to  be  em- 
ployed in  any  way  in  which  he  might  be  thought  most 
useful,  adding  that  "  if  appointed  to  the  army,  he 
hoped  to  be  allowed  to  join  the  artillery  again." 

This  answer  so  pleased  the  Governor-General  that 
he  himself  requested  Sir  Henry  Fane  to  post  Dr.  Login 

c 


18  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  to  one  of  the  troops  of  Horse  Artillery  ordered  on  active 

^    ^'       service,  and  he  was  directed  to  loin  the  army  on  the 
1809-39.  . 

'  frontier,  as  soon  as  the  return  of  Dr.  Stevenson  set  him 

free  from  his  duties  at  Lucknow.  Such  was  his  eager- 
ness, however,  for  service  in  the  field,  that  when  he 
learnt,  in  October,  that  the  troop  of  Horse  Artillery  to 
which  he  was  posted  was  ordered  to  the  frontier,  and 
would  have  to  be  placed  temporarily  in  medical  charge 
of  the  doctor  of  H.M.  16th  Lancers,  he  wrote  to  head- 
quarters offering  to  throw  up  his  present  well-paid 
appointment  and  proceed  forthwith  to  join  his  troop. 
Gratified  with  such  zeal,  the  Commander-in-Chief 
ordered  that  his  travelling  expenses  should  be  paid  to 
Kumaul,  where  he  arrived  in  November,  1838,  and 
found  himself  placed  in  medical  charge  of  dll  the  Horse 
Artillery,  with  an  assistant-sui^eon  under  him. 

Though  his  residence  at  Lucknow  had  been  so  short, 
barely  six  months  in  all,  many  were  the  expressions  of 
regret  and  goodwill  from  all  classes  of  the  community 
on  his  departure ;  the  subscribers  to  the  Gharib-khana 
especially  recording  their  "  unanimous  admiration  of 
his  benevolent  zeal  and  laboured  assiduity  in  personally 
superintending  every  department  of  this  Institution, 
the  numerous  sick  among  them  having  also  received 
daily  from  Dr.  Login  the  great  benefit  of  his  own  per- 
sonal medical  attendance." 

Colonel  Low,  the  Resident,  at  the  same  time 
addressed  a  most  complimentary  letter  to  him,  in  tl\c 
name  of  the  whole  European  community,  expressive   oj 


EARLY  DAYS.  19 

their  admiration  for  his  untiring  efforts  for  their  wel-  Chapter 

fare,  and  adding: —  ^• 

^  1809-89, 

I  have  good  evidence  of  the  fact  that  great  numbers  of  natives 
of  this  city  have  expressed,  in  their  own  circles  of  society,  their 
admiration  of  the  zeal  and  kind  feeling  displayed  by  you  at  the 
Hospital,  and  of  the  unwearied  personal  labours  which  you 
voluntarily  took  upon  yourself  during  the  late  sickly  season,  in 
attending  upon  your  numerous  patients;  while  many  of  the 
Christian  inhabitants  have  often  spoken  to  myself  in  the  warmest 
terms  of  the  kindness  which  they  and  their  families  have  received 
from  you,  in  your  medical  capacity,  at  their  own  houses. 

I  sincerely  hope  that  wherever  Providence  may  cast  your 
future  lot  in  life,  you  may  enjoy  health  and  opportunities  to 
continue  the  practice  of  similar  acts  of  benevolence  and  useful- 
ness to  those  which  you  have  so  conspicuously  performed  at 
liucknow,  and  which  will  ever  produce  a  pleasing  reward,  in  the 
consciousness  of  possessing  talents  and  energies  actively  exercised 
for  the  benefit  of  your  fellow-creatures. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be, 

The  Residency.  J-  ^w, 

Lucknow,  Besident. 

Oct.  22nd,  1838. 


It  was  also  gratifying  to  Dr.  Login  to  find  that  the 
improvements  he  had  inaugurated  in  the  Post  OflSce 
during  his  short  tenure  of  office  were  highly  appre- 
ciated, both  by  the  European  community  and  by  the 
PcMstmaster- General  in  Calcutta. 

The  following  letter  to  his  mother  was  written  from 

c  2 


20  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Umballa,  November,   1838,  just  after  leaving  Luck- 

^*      now  : — ■ 
1809-39. 

The  Commander-in-Chief  was  bo  kind  as  to  order  my  ddk  to  be 
paid,  and  I  was  directed  to  make  all  possible  speed  to  reach 
Eumaol  on  the  1st  instant. 

The  King  of  Oude  sent  for  me  a  second  time  to  the  Palace 
before  I  left ;  he  received  me  most  kindly,  and  honoured  me  by 
an  embrace !  (which  I  assure  you  is  considered  by  no  means  a 
small  compliment)  and  in  other  respects  treated  me  most 
liberally,  presenting  me  with  a  dress  of  honour,  or  Khillut, 

He  has  thus  put  it  into  my  power  to  send  a  small  token  of  my 
gratitude  to  the  kind  Lord  Chief,  Miss  and  Mrs.  Adam,  and 
Dr.  Shortt,  in  the  form  of  some  handsome  shawls  which  he 
himself  put  on  me ;  I  hope  to  be  able  shortly  to  send  yon  a 
sketch  of  my  "  dress  of  State,''  which  was,  I  understand,  much 
more  valuable  than  such  as  is  usually  given. 

We  are  on  the  march  to  Ferozepore,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Sutlej,  where  the  whole  army  is  to  meet  to  make  a  grand 
display  before  the  Commander-in-Chief,  Lord  Auckland,  and 
Bunjeet  Singh,  preparatory  to  proceeding  on  more  active  service. 
....  I  had  to  walk  through  at  least  three  miles  of  tents  at 
Kurnaul  before  finding  Tom  Drevor,  who  was  encamped  at  the 
other  end  of  the  lines  from  me.  This  will  give  you  some  idea  of 
the  force  which  is  to  assemble  at  Ferozepore,  for  this  is  only 
two-thirds  of  it  I  The  number  of  fighting  men,  it  is  true,  does 
not  exceed  15,000,  but  of  followers  there  are  no  less  than  150,000 ! ! 

I  must  now  conclude,  earnestly  entreating  that  God's  abundant 
grace  may  be  vouchsafed  to  us  both.  .  .  . 

Believe  me,  your  most  affectionate  son, 

J.  B.  LooiK. 

The  bonds  of  friendship  with  Henry  Lawrence  (\rhu 


EARLY  BATS.  21 

was  there  on  duty  with  his  troop  of  Horse  Artillery)  Chapter 
were  drawn  very  close  during  that  march  ;  they  shared   ^ 
the  same  tent  and  were  constantly  together,  being  of  *^"^- 
one  mind  on  every  matter  which  they  discussed. 

Henry  Lawrence  had  not  long  been  manied,  and 
had  to  leave  his  young  wife  behind,  but  she  joined  him 
at  Ferozepore,  and  Login  was  much  with  them  until 
the  army  marched  for  Candahar. 

On  leaving  Ferozepore,  the  army  of  the  Indus,  under 
Sir  Willoughby  Cotton,  advanced  through  Scinde  and 
Beloochistan  to  Candahar,  where  it  formed  a  junction 
with  the  main  body  imder  Sir  John  Keane.  Login 
accompanied  the  force,  and  shortly  after  he  arrived  at 
Candahar,  in  May,  1839,  he  was  asked  by  Major 
D'Arcy  Todd  to  accompany  his  mission  to  Herdt,  with 
the  option  of  remaining  there,  or  returning  through 
Turkestan  to  Cabul  with  Major  Eldred  Pottinger. 

The  military  authorities,  however,  were  very  un- 
willing to  lose  his  services,  and  it  was  only  on  his 
personal  application  at  Lord  Keane's  headquarters, 
stating  his  dasire  to  join  the  mission,  that  leave 
was  at  last  granted. 

On  his  departure,  he  received  from  the  Commander- 
in-Chief  a  most  gratifying  official  letter,  testifying  to 
his  valuable  services. 


CHAPTER  II. 


hebIt. 


Chapter  **  FoR  three  or  four  hundred    years/'  says   ColoDel 

^^'      Malleson,*  "the  valley  and  city  of  Herd^t  were  the 
1839-40  J  J 

'  granary  and  garden  of  Central  Asia.     In  that  valley 

and  within  the  walls  of  that  city  the  desolating 
presence  of  the  A%han  was,  in  those  days,  never  felt. 
The  inhabitants,  of  mixed  Persian  and  Turk!  blood, 
were  industrious,  inventive,  energetic,  and  pains- 
taking. The  fertile  valley  of  the  Herirdd  producecl 
supplies  far  more  than  sufl&cient  for  their  simple  wants. 
Their  city  lay  on  the  intersecting  point  of  the  roads 
which  communicated  with  the  markets  of  Europe, 
of  India,  of  Bokhdra,  and  of  Persia. 

"  Under  these  circmnstances  Herdt  soon  became  the 
most  important  commercial  city  in  Central  Asia.  .... 
Her  streets  were  adorned  with  palaces,  with  markets, 
with  aqueducts,  the  remains  of  which  even  now 
excite  wonder  and  admiration.  The  courts  of  her 
ruling  princes  became  centres  to  which  the  intellectual 


•  i( 


Herdtt*'  by  Colonel  Malleson,  C.S.I.,  pp.  9-11. 


herIt.  23 

aristocracy  of  Central  Asia  resorted — ^all  who  were  Chapter 
famous  in  poesy,  in  science,  in  astronomy,  in  architec-  ^^' 
tural  acquirements.  Her  fame  was  sung  by  poets, 
and  recorded  by  historians.  Nor  was  the  pros- 
perity confined  to  the  city  alone.  It  spread  into 
the  valleys,  to  the  north,  and  to  the  west.  To  this 
day  the  valley  of  the  Murghab,  even  as  far  as  Merv,  is 
strewn  with  ruins  of  castles  and  villas  which  attested 
the  prosperity  of  the  parent  city.  Nor  was  that  pro- 
sperity  transient.  Conquerors  indeed  came. and  besieged, 
occasionally  they  even  stormed,  the  city.  But  those 
conquerors  were  not  Afghans.  They  did  not  carry  in 
their  hands  a  withering  and  perpetual  desolation. 
After  coming  to  conquer  they  remained  to  repair. 
And  so  inherent  were  the  advantages  possessed  by  the 
city,  that  after  each  new  conquest  she  rose  again 
almost  inmiediately  from  her  ashes,  and  recovered  her 
former  prosperity.  ....  Herdt  stiU  remained  the 
commercial  queen  of  Central  Asia  ....  until  the  year 
1717  " — ^when  the  Afghans  first  captured  the  city. 

In  such  glowing  and  eloquent  language  does  the 
able  pen  of  MaUeson  describe  the  famous  city.  Some 
idea  of  its  size  in  former  times  may  be  gathered  from 
the  fact,  that  when  in  1219  it  was  taken  by  Chingiz 
Khan,  it  was  found  to  contain  12,000  retail  shops, 
6,000  public  baths,  caravanserai,  and  water-mills,  350 
schools  and  monastic  institutions,  and  144,000  occupied 
houses.  One  million  and  a  half  of  men  perished  in  the 
siege.     Again,  in  the  time  of  Tamerlane  (1381),  the  pro- 


24  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINOH. 

Chapter  Verb  was  universal,  "Which  is  the  most  splendid  city  in 
1MQ  in  *^®  world  ?  If  you  answer  truly  you  must  say  Herdt !  "* 
But  it  is  not  only  on  account  of  its  wealth  and 
commerce  that  Herat  has  such  a  paramount  position 
in  Central  Asia,  and  it  was  chiefly  its  strategical 
importance,  as  dominating  the  road  to  India,  which 
induced  Lord  Auckland  to  despatch  thither  the  mission 
under  Major  D'Arcy  Todd.  His  aim  was  not  only  to 
further  the  commercial  interests  of  the  East  India 
Company  by  opening  its  markets  to  British  trade,  but 
also  to  cultivate  amicable  relations  with  the  ruler  of 
Herd-t,  Shah  Kamrdn ;  and  by  aiding  him  with  grants 
of  money  and  the  support  of  the  English  name,  enable 
him  to  maintain  his  independence,  and  withstand  the 
attacks  of  Persia,  instigated  by  Russian  agents. 

The  distress  among  the  starving  population  was 
great,  and  the  want  of  confidence  in  their  ruler 
crushed  all  heart  out  of  the  people  and  prevented 
their  making  any  effort  to  better  their  condition. 
Shah  Kamrd,n  was  at  this  time  a  perfect  cipher  in  the 
hands  of  his  Wuzeer,  Yar  Mahomed,  but  his  own 
character  for  brutality,  cruelty,  and  deceit,  was  such 
that  there  was  no  hope  of  matters  being  better  con- 
ducted in  his  own  hands. 

He  was  the  son  of  Mahmoud,  the  last  of  the 
Sadoksye  Kings  of  Cabul,  and  had,  in  his  father  s 
lifetime,  been  made  by  him  Governor  of  Herdt.  When 
—  -  •  -  -  -        ~ 

•See  Malleson^s  "licnUy 


herIt.  25 

Mahtnoud  was  driven  from  Cabul  and  deprived  of  his  Chapter 
kingdom,   he  retreated   to  Herdt,  which   place  still      ^^' 
remained  faithful  to  him,  and  caUing  himself  "  King 
of  Herdt,"  under  the  suzerainty  of  Persia,  remained 
there  until  he  died  by  the  hand  of  his  son  Eamrdn, 
who  thereupon  proclauned  himself  King, 

Shah  Kamrdn  soon  proved  himself  a  very  trouble- 
some vassal,  frequently  making  raids  on  the  neighbour- 
ing tribes  and  villages  wherever  he  could  obtain  spoil ; 
and  having  constantly  to  be  called  to  account  for  his 
filibustering  behaviour,  he  was  seldom  in  favour  with 
his  suzerain,  who  was  at  last  provoked  into  attacking 
him  in  his  stronghold. 

The  renowned  siege  of  Herdt  by  Mahmoud  Shah, 
King  of  Persia,  had  taken  place  only  two  years  before 
the  mission  arrived  there,  when  the  brave  Eldred 
Pottinger  was  the  instigator  and  leader  of  the 
successful  defence  made  by  the  Herdtis  against  the 
Persian  army. 

The  following  extract  from  a  letter  written  by 
Login  to  his  mother  gives  his  fiiast  impressions  of 
Herdt  :— 

July  29th,  1839. 

....  You  will  be  glad  to  hear  that  we  have  reached  this 
famed  fortress  in  safety.  Oiir  political  negotiations  are,  I  think, 
going  on  well,  and  I  hope  ere  long  that  British  influence  may  be 
fully  established  here.  The  city  and  its  environs  have  suffered 
severely  from  the  siege,  not  one-fourth  of  its  former  population 
remains.     Under  a  good  Government  it  might  in  a  short  time 


26  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  regain  its  former  prosperity,  but  such  Is  not  Shah  Kamrdn's  1   We 
U.      expect  to  be  allowed  to  spend  part  of  the  money,  we  have  brought 

1839-40.  in  repairing  the  fortifications,  giving  advances  to  the  cultivators, 
and  supporting  the  poor,  of  which  there  are  an  immense  number ; 
but  these  Asiatics  are  so  jealous  of  our  interference  and  so  sus- 
picious of  our  motives  that  there  is  no  certainty  as  to  what  we 
may  be  permitted  to  do.  The  people  of  the  surrounding  country 
are  wild  and  lawless,  but  they  have  a  very  high  opinion  of 
individual  British  skill  and  prowess,  and  consequently  respect  ns 
greatly.  I  have  no  doubt  that,  with  God's  blessing,  much  good 
may  be  done  amongst  them.  I  believe  it  is  almost  decided  that 
I  am  to  remain  here  for  some  time.  I  cannot  say  that  I  at  all 
dislike  the  idea  of  doing  so :  the  country  is  very  fine,  climate  to  an 
European  delightful,  snow  for  four  months  in  the  year,  fruit  of 
all  kinds  in  great  abundance,  **  only  man  is  vile  1 " 

I  think  I  ought  to  remain  here — a  wide  field  of  usefulness  is 
open  to  me,  and  I  may,  through  Divine  blessing,  be  preparing  a 
way  for  a  Christian  mission  in  this  centre  of  Asia  ere  long. 
Colonel  Stoddart,  who  was  here  lately  with  Pottinger,  is  now  at 
Bokhdra,  sent  as  an  agent  from  the  British  Government.  The 
Usbegs  affected  to  treat  him  as  a  Hussian  spy,  and  put  him  in 
prison ;  but  he  has  found  favour  with  his  jailor,  and  is  by  no 
means  uncomfortable.  I  believe  him  to  be  a  sincere  Christian ^ 
and  who  knows  but  what  the  city,  **  Holy  Bokhara,"  as  it  is 
called,  may  yet  feel  his  influence. 

There  are  several  families  of  Jews  here.  I  had  yesterday  a 
long  conversation  with  two  of  them  ;  they  were  much  delighted 
with  part  of  the  Epistle  of  St.  Paul  to  the  Bomans  which  I  reiul 
to  them  in  Persian.*    While  here  my  allowance  may  be  about 


*  Jews  are  settled  in  great  numbers  over  Eastern  Persia  and  Turkestan,  though 
only  a  few  families  wore  then  to  be  found  at  Her^t,  who,  however,  were  well 
affected  to  the  mission. 

Among  themselves  they  use  the  Persian  language,  written  in  the  Hebx«w 
cliarteter,  and  as  they  appeared  much  delighted  with  the  small  tract  wfaicli 


700  nipees  per  month,  but  expenses  are  very  great.    The  poor  of  Chapter 
the  city  are  to  be  my  special  charge.  U. 

There   is  something  unique  in  the  idea  of  our  Government  1^39-40. 
strengthening  itself  by  acts  of  benevolence  in  the  interior  of  the 
city,  while  its  walls  are  being  repaired  without. 

The  courier  starts  inunediately.     Grod  bless  you  all. 

Your  affectionate  son, 

JOHK. 

The  Her^t  Mission  was  compofied  of  the  foUowiug 
officers  : — 

Major D'Abct Todd,  Envoy; 
Gapt*  Edwabd  Sandebs,  Bengal  Engineers ; 
Lieut.  Edwabd  Conollt,  Bengal  Engineers ; 
lieut.  James  Abbott,  Bengal  Engineers ; 
Lieut.  Bichmond  Shakespeab,  Bengal  ArtLQery ; 
Lieut.  GhabiiES  F.  Nobth,  Bombay  Engineers; 
Dr.  BrrcHiE,  Bombay  Army ; 
Dr.  Loom,  Bengal  Army: 

joining  Major  Eldred  Pottinger  at  Herit  in  August , 
1839. 


Login  had  got  one  of  their  Bahbis  to  transcribe  for  them,  he  was  induced  to 
employ  the  same  man  on  a  simihir  transcription  of  Martyn's  Persian  Testament. 

This  was  not  finishod  when  the  mission  left  Her^t,  so  Login  took  the  mana- 
script  witii  him  to  Cabul,  where  he  met  a  son  of  the  old  Babbi,  just  arrired  with 
lettera  from  Stoddart  at  Bokhara.  Him,  Login  engaged  to  complete  the  work, 
lesTing  him  in  the  charge  of  Major  Dawes,  B.H.A.,  who  took  the  Jew  with  him 
to  Jellallabad,  where  the  transcription  was  finished  during  the  siege  and  sent 
down  to  Peshawar  by  the  first  kaJUa,  which  traversed  the  Khyber  after  Pollock's 
advance.  Thirieen  years  aJUr  Login  had  the  happiness  of  hearing  that  this 
last-named  Jew  had  through  this  work  been  led  to  enquire  into  the  truth  of  the 
Gospel,  and  died  a  Christian  at  Bombay. — Ferrier's  *^  Caravan  Journey ,** 
p.  123. 


2d  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       Login  undertook  the  charge  of  the  poor,  amounting 

^  ^'      to  2,000,  who  had  for  some  time  before  the  arrival  of 
1839-40.  '        ' 

'  mission  been  supported  by  Eldred  Pottinger,  at  the 

expense  of  the  British  Government. 

As  soon  as  arrangements  could  be  made  by  the 
Engineer  officers,  a  portion  of  the  destitute  people  were 
employed  in  the  fortifications  of  the  city,  but  a  large 
number  of  females  and  infirm  persons  remained  to  be 
provided  for,  and  continued  under  charge  of  Dr.  Login 
during  the  stay  of  the  mission.  For  those  of  this 
class,  who  were  unable  to  earn  a  livelihood,  an  asylum 
was  established  by  him,  in  which  employment  was 
given  to  the  blind  and  infirm  according  to  their  various 
circumstances,  and  with  a  success  that  was  truly 
gratifying.  To  those  able  to  work  at  their  own  homes 
(the  custom  of  the  country  preventing  out-door  work 
for  females)  he  endeavoured,  with  great  success,  to  re- 
establish the  manufacture  of  carpets,  for  which  Herdt 
had  always  been  famed — ^the  women  being  employed 
in  spinning  the  cotton  and  wool  required  for  the 
purpose,  and  receiving  a  supply  of  food  (attah,  flour) 
for  their  labour. 

On  the  success  of  these  arrangements  being  reported 
to  the  Court  of  Directors,  a  sum  of  700  rupees  per 
mensem  was  ordered  to  be  placed  at  Dr.  Login's 
disposal  to  carry  on  this  work,  and  also  that  of  a 
dispensary  and  hospital  which  he  had  established,  and 
which  was  daily  attended  by  crowds  of  the  sick  poor 
of  the  city  and  surrounding  country. 


herIt.  29 

In  addition  to  these  duties  above  mentioned,  the  Chi^er 
Commissariat  and  Post  Office  were  placed  under  Dr.  H- 
Login's  charge ;  the  former  being  of  great  importance, 
owing  to  the  famine  at  Herdt  after  the  siege,  and  the 
necessity  of  obtaining  supplies  from  a  great  distance. 
I.e.,  Seistan  and  Merv — ^not  only  for  the  mission,  but 
also  for  the  numerous  poor  dependent  on  it ;  and  the 
latter  including  the  establishment  of  horsemen  for  the 
protection  of  travellers  between  Herdt  and  Candahar, 
a  distance  of  400  mUes.  Dr.  Login  personally  inspected 
all  the  intermediate  stations,  conciliating  the  Dourani 
tribes  in  the  neighbourhood  (by  which  the  safe  passage 
of  the  mission  was  afterwards  much  &cilitated).  The 
arrangements  on  this  line  were  so  successful,  that  the 
members  of  the  mission  were  able  to  communicate  with 
Candahar  in  less  time  than  letters  took  to  go  from 
Candahar  to  Cabul,  though  the  distance  in  the  former 
case  is  greater  by  100  miles;  while  so  efficient  was 
the  protection  of  the  road  under  the  system  employed 
— ^viz.,  that  of  keeping  at  each  station  two  or  more 
A^han  foot-soldiers  belonging  to  the  Sir-i-Khail 
(chief  of  the  tribe)  of  most  influence  in  the  neighbom*- 
hood — that  during  the  whole  eighteen  months  only 
two  or  three  trifling  robberies  took  place  throughout 
the  whole  distance. 

During  1840,  Login  was  despatched  on  a  special 
mission  to  Candahar.  His  chief  object  was  to  convey 
despatches  and  presents  for  transmission  to  England, 
and  to  bring  back  the  treasure  (sovereigns)  for  use  of 


30  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  the  mission  at    Herdt.      He  made  a  most  successfiil 
^^'      loumey,  meeting  with  the  utmost  courtesy  and  kind* 

'^'-^-  ness  at  every  Kh<.U  he  passed  through ;  probably 
owing  as  much  to  his  control  over  the  guards  on  the 
road,  and  his  well-armed  party  of  twelve,  as  to  his 
reputation  as  a  Feringhi  Hakim. 

At  one  of  his  halting-places,  however,  he  was  near 
falling  a  victim  to  Afghan  treachery.  He  had  been 
received  by  an  Afghan  chief  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Washeer  in  a  most  courteous  and  hospitable  manner, 
and  honoured  with  an  istighal  in  A%han  style — 
the  eldest  son  of  the  chief  having  been  sent  out  to 
meet  him  with  display  of  feats  of  horsemanship.  The 
principal  men  of  the  tribe  were  also  invited  to  a  feast 
in  his  honour. 

It  was  arranged  before  parting  for  the  night  that 
the  Khan,  with  an  escort,  should  accompany  Login 
next  morning  for  a  short  way  towards  Ghirishk.  It 
happened,  however,  that  the  latter  awoke  very  early, 
and  could  not  again  fall  asleep  (the  Afghan  pilau  may 
have  been  indigestible !),  so  finding  the  moon  bright  and 
the  weather  favourable,  he  left  his  little  tent  which 
was  pitched  in  the  courtyard  of  the  caravanserai,  and 
walked  to  the  gate,  where  he  found  a  Pharsevdn 
holding  the  horse  of  the  sleeping  Afghan  who  was 
supposed  to  be  sentinel.  After  a  little  conversation 
with  this  man,  during  which  he  was  considerably 
enHghtened  as  to  the  character  of  his  host,  Login 
determined  to  wake  up  his  men  and  proceed  on  his 


hebIt.  31 

journey  to  Ghirishk  as  soon  as  possible.     This  was  done,  Chapter 
and  a  message  sent  to  the  Khan  of  apology  and  thanks,     '^' 
am,mpanied  by  a  smaU  present.     The  Khan  speedily  '^'■''^- 
appeared,    and    endeavoured   to   dissuade   him ;    but 
failing  in  this,  ordered  out  his  party  to  escort  him. 
This  was  civilly  declined  by  Login,  who  after  a  trying 
march  of  nearly  fifty  miles  reached  Girishk  in  safety, 

and  was   cordially  welcomed   by   Captain  E in 

charge  of  the  district. 

On   the    following    day,  Captain    E 's    agents 

brought  information  that  the  Khan  of  Washeer  had, 
while  entertaining  his  guest,  despatched  messages  to 
Aktar  Khan,  a  Dourani  chieftain  then  encamped  not 
far  from  Sadaat,  urging  him  to  intercept  Login,  who 
would  pass  at  a  certain  time,  and  who  would  prove  a 
valuable  prize  ! 

Had  it  not  providentially  happened  that  the  afore- 
said ** prize"  had  been  induced  to  start  two  hours 
earlier  than  was  expected,  he  might  not  have  reached 
Ghirishk  so  safely,  and  a  valuable  copy  of  the 
"  Shahnameh "  presented  by  Shah  Kamrdn  to  Her 
Majesty,  of  which  he  was  the  bearer,  and  which  he 
afterwards  had  the  pleasure  of  recognizing  in  the 
Royal  Library  at  Windsor,  might  have  failed  to  reach 
its  destination. 

Being  deeply  interested  in  carrying  out  his  various 
duties,  Login,  at  the  earnest  desire  of  the  Envoy, 
declined  to  avail  himself  of  the  option  given  him  to 
return  to  Cabul  with  Major  Pottinger. 


32  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       In  the  following  March,  1 840,  he  received  a  letter 

^•^'      from    the    Commander-in-Chief,    Sir    Jasper    NicolV\ 
1839-40  -r  ^^ 

*  intimating  that  he  had,  on  the  recommendation  of 
several  medical  authorities  in  Calcutta,  appointed  him 
as  surgeon  on  his  personal  staff,  hoping  he  could  make 
arrangements  to  join.  On  hearing  this,  the  Envoy  at 
Cabul  represented  so  strongly  to  the  Govemor-Greneral, 
at  the  instance  of  D'Arcy  Todd,  the  great  importance 
of  Dr.  Login's  work  at  Herdt,  and  the  difficulty  there 
would  be  to  replace  him,  that  Lord  Auckland 
requested  Sir  Jasper  Nicolls  to  appoint  another 
surgeon  to  officiate  for  him  till  he  could  be  spared 
from  his  present  post,  intimating  to  Sir  Jasper  at  the 
same  time  that  he  (Lord  Auckland)  intended  giving 
Dr.  Login  a  permanent  appointment  as  soon  as  he 
could. 

After  Eldred  Pottinger  had  left,  taking  with  him 
Dr.  Ritchie,  the  number  of  the  mission  was  still  fiirther 
reduced  by  Conolly  s  departure  to  Seistan,  and  at 
Christmas,  Abbott,  and  later  on  Shakespear,  were  sent 
by  Todd  on  a  mission  to  Khiva  on  behalf  of  the 
Russian  captives. 

The  small  remnant  became  entirely  dependent  for 
news  of  the  outer  world  on  the  cossids,  or  runners,  whom 
Login  had  established  on  the  roads  to  carry  the  posts ; 
and  their  appearance  at  stated  periods  was  anxiously 
looked  for,  Mitford's  arrival  was,  therefore,  an  event 
eagerly  welcomed,  and  as  his  description  of  the  position 
of  affairs  at  the  time,  and  the  life  led  by  the  mission 


herIt.  33 

at  Herdt,  is  the  most  detailed  and  interesting  on  the  Chapter 
subiect,  some  extracts  from  his  work  are  inserted,  in      ^^• 
spit«  of  its  being  akeady  so  well  known. 

•  Oct,  27th,  1840. 

Beaching  Herdt  at  sunset,  I  entered  the  gate,  and  made  my 
way  through  a  long  street  crowded  with  people  and  strings  of 
camels,  and  proceeded  immediately  to  the  Besidence  of  the 
British  Envoy,  Major  D'Arcy  Todd,  by  whom  I  was  most  kindly 
and  cordially  welcomed.  Major  Todd's  party  at  this  time  con- 
sisted of  Lieut.  North,  Bombay  Engineers,  and  Dr.  Login,  of  the 
Bengal  Army.  I  experienced  the  most  assiduous  kindness  from 
those  gentlemen,  and  once  more  felt  myself  at  home  with  country- 
men and  friends,  most  thankful  that  I  had  not  been  marched  as  a 
slave  to  Khiva  by  the  Tm*comans.  My  wardrobe,  as  may  be 
imagined,  was  in  a  very  precarious  condition — my  frock-coat  was 
dilapidated  at  the  elbows,  the  buttons  had  made  their  escape 
from  their  cases,  and  altogether  I  was  scarcely  fit  to  appear  in 
civilized  society,  but  by  the  kindness  of  these  friends  I  was  soon 
furnished  with  a  fresh  outfit. 

The  British  Envoy  arrived  at  Herdt  in  August,  1839,  since 
which  time  a  great  change  has  been  effected  in  the  condition  of 
the  place;  the  town  reviving  from  its  ruins,  the  population 
returning,  the  peasantry  are  restoring  their  villages,  resuming  the 
cultivation  of  their  fields,  and  caravans  of  Her^tis  are  daily 
arriving  from  Meshed  and  other  places  where  they  had  taken 
refuge,  to  re-occupy  their  deserted  homes  under  the  protection  of 
the  English  name.  These  people  had  fled,  not  as  might  have 
been  supposed,  from  the  Persians,  but  to  escape  the  tyranny  of 
the  Wuzeer,  and  actual  ruler,  Yar  Mahomed,  the  greatest  oppressor 
of  his  own  people.    He  carried  on  a  trade  with  the  Tmrcomans  in 


♦  Mitford'8  "Land  March.*' 


34  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  slaves,  receiving  in  return  horses  and  cash ;  he  is  said  to  have 
II.       disposed  of  over  30,000  of  his  own  people  in  this  nefarious  way ! 
1839-40.  g^u^  nothing  but  our  protection  induces  the  people  to  return  within 
reach  of  this  miscreant 

Dr.  Login  informed  me  that  when  the  Envoy  first  arrived  the 
place  was  full  of  beggars,  the  remains  of  the  ruined  population 
scarcely  amounting  to  a  thousand,  but  now  there  is  a  well-stocked 
bazaar  crowded  with  people,  and  a  beggar  is  rarely  seen.  Dr. 
Login  has  contributed  much  by  his  praiseworthy  exertions  to  the 
rising  prosperity  of  the  place :  he  employs  the  people  in  various 
works  and  branches  of  industry,  and  has  re-estabUshed  the  carpet 
manufacture  for  which  Herdt  was  always  celebrated.*  These 
carpets  are  very  handsome,  and  the  colours  bright.  I  visited 
some  of  the  looms,  and  was  struck  with  the  rapidity  with  which 
they  worked ;  they  had  no  pattern  to  guide  them,  but  worked 
from  memory,  yet  never  made  a  mistake  by  inserting  the  wrong- 
coloured  worsteds. 

When  the  Envoy  arrived  he  found  no  house  that  he  could 
occupy,  but  was  assigned  a  large  garden  surrounded  by  the 
ruins  of  the  Shah's  palace  in  this  place,  called  the  Ghar-Bagh  ; 
there  was  not  a  room  entire,  and  he  was  forced  to  pitch  his  tent 
until  a  house  could  be  built.  There  is  now  abundant  accommo- 
dation, the  Besidency  being  large  and  commodious.  Dr.  Login 
has  also  built  a  pretty  house  on  a  more  European  plan  at  the 
opposite  side  of  the  garden — ^which  gives  the  place  a  most 
uniform  appearance;  in  the  centre  of  the  garden  is  a  large 
square  tank,  where  several  broad  pathways  intersecting  the 
garden  meet,  the  different  partitions  being  full  of  trees  aud 
shrubs. 

The  people  of  Herdt  seem  well-disposed  towards  the  English. 


*  The  Hcriiti  carpet  is  famed  above  all  others  for  the  brilliancy  and  per> 
maueucy  of  its  colours.  They  are  made  in  aU  sizes  aud  prices  from  £1  to  ^lOO. 
Gonolly  pronounced  the  best  pieces  he  saw  to  equal  the  Turkey  carpet,  and  their 
price  to  be  moderate. — Malleaon's  **Htrdt"  p.  92. 


herIt.  35 

and  well  they  may,  considering  the  benefits  they  reap  from  them.  Chapter 
They  are  protected  from  tyranny,  they  are  profitably  employed,       11. 
as  well  as  assisted  by  us ;  the  villagers  are  advanced  money  and  1^^9-40. 
grain  to  plant  their  fields ;  but  what  reliance  can  be  placed  on  a 
fickle  populace  if  their  chiefs  are  inimical  ?  ♦ 

When  the  Envoy  first  arrived  he  had  with  him  a  detachment 
of  Sepoys.  These  were  sent  back  to  Candahar,  as  he  considered 
himself  safer  without  them.  He  has  a  pretty  little  castellated 
walled  village  on  the  Herirud,  three  miles  from  the  town,t 
where  in  case  of  danger  he  might  take  refuge  and   maintain 

himself  until  events  turned  in  his  favour At  the 

Residency  they  have  adopted  the  precaution  of  giving  appropriate 
conventional  names  to  all  the  people  of  importance,  to  prevent 
servants  who  may  know  a  little  English  from  understanding  the 


*  Writing  so  late  as  1863,  Vamb^ry  says,  "  I  find  no  exaggeration  in  the 
opinion  that  the  Herdtees  long  most  for  the  intervention  of  the  English,  whose 
feelings  of  humanity  and  justice  have  led  the  inhabitants  to  forget  the  great 
differences  iu  religion  and  nationality.  They  saw  during  the  government  of 
Major  Todd  more  earnestness  and  self-sacrifice  with  respect  to  the  ransoming  of 
slaves  than  they  had  ever  even  heard  of  before  on  the  part  of  a  ruler." 

t  A  beautiful  garden  at  Her^t  is  mentioned  in  Ferrier's  **  Caravan  Journey t" 
described  as  a  new  one  laid  out  by  Yar  Mohamed  ;  this,  acconling  to  Login's 
notes  must  be  **  one  which  originally  belonged  to  Hajee  Ferozeoodeen  (grand- 
father of  the  present  ruler).  It  is  situated  on  the  Candahar  road,  within  a  short 
distance  of  the  Herirtid.  Like  all  the  other  gardens  in  the  neighbourhood,  it 
had  been  destroyed  by  the  Persians  during  the  siege,  but  after  the  retreat  of 
Mahomed's  army  it  was  made  over  to  £ldrc<l  Pottinger,  who  expended  a  small 
5;um  in  restoring  it  and  repairing  the  ganlen -house.  Major  D'Arcy  Todd 
continued  to  keep  it  up  and  embellish  it,  and  all  our  party,  especially  Major 
James  Abbott,  while  he  remained  at  Herdt,  took  more  or  less  interest  in  putting 
it  into  order.  Seeds  and  plants  of  various  kinds  were  procured  for  it  by  Todd 
from  India  and  England,  with  a  view  to  make  it  useful  as  a  nursery  for  the 
improvement  and  restoration  of  other  gardens.  Besides  this  garden,  which  was 
made  over  to  the  mission,  a  farm,  at  some  distance  up  the  valley,  of  about  200 
acres,  was  presented  to  me  by  Shah  Kamr^n,  but  at  my  request  assigned  for  the 
support  of  a  dispensary  and  poor-house  that  had  been  established  in  the  city 
during  our  stay  there.  The  farm  was  remarkable  for  its  fertility,  especially  for 
the  quality  of  the  melons  which  it  produewl." — .1.  S.  L, 

D   2 


36  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Ghapter  conversation.  Shah  KamrAn,  for  instance,  living  in  the  "  Ark/'* 
II.       was  given  the  appropriate  name  of  Noah The 

1839-40.  prosperity  of  the  country  is  now  fast  reviving,  t  ....  If 
Herdt  were  occupied  hy  us,  and  agriculture  encouraged,  any 
moderate-sized  military  force  could  be  maintained  here  on  the 
supplies  of  the  country,  and  hold  its  own  against  all-comers. 


The  grapes  of  the  Herdt  valley  are  particularly 
luscious.  "  The  cultivators  of  this  happy  valley,"  says 
ConoUy,  in  1831,  *'  enumerate,  if  I  remember  rightly, 
seventeen  diflPerent  sorts  of  grapes  which  they  grew." 

During  his  residence  in  Herdt,  Dr.  Login  often 
came  in  contact  with  the  members  of  Shah  Kamriln's 
household,  and  was  in  great  favour,  being  constantly 
called  upon  for  professional  advice,  which  he  afforded 
willingly  to  all.  This  was  frequently  used  merely  as  a 
pretext  to  get  him  to  give  the  news  of  the  outer 
world  to  those  who  were  kept  in  seclusion,  Shah 
Kamrdn  himself  often  requesting  him  to  come,  osten- 
sibly to  prescribe  for  some  passing  ailment,  but  more  for 
the  purpose  of  getting  him  to  talk  of  England,  its 
power  and  greatness  in  contrast  with  Persia  and 
Russia,  the  Queen,  and  that  very  mysterious  power 
known  as  "  J4n  Kumpany  Bahadoor,"  whose  existence 
he   marvelled    at    being     permitted     by    the    great 


*  Persian  for  *  *  citadel.  ** 


t  The  town  of  Herit,  destroyed  by  the  siege  of  1838,  rose  by  degrees  from  its 
ruins,  thanks  to  the  gold  that  the  English  had  so  profusely  scattered  arouml 
them. — Ferrier's  **  Caravan  Journey,** 


HER^T.  37 

Queen,  in   case  they  should  rebel  against  her  some  Ghaptor 
day !  II- 

On  many  of  these  occasions,  there  would  be  an  un- 
seen, though  not  unheard,  audience,  listening  in  wrapt 
attention  to  his  descriptions,  and  many  were  the 
audible  "  ivah  !  wall's! "  Kamrdn  s  favourite  wife  was 
very  intelligent,  and  full  of  anxiety  to  hear  all  about 
Englishwomen,  and  especially  everything  that  could 
be  told  her  about  her  sutei*  the  Queen  !  She  always 
called  the  Hakim  Sahib  "  bhai"  or  brother,  and  this 
originated  his  soubriquet  among  his  colleagues,  the 
Begum,  at  the  same  time,  being  known  as  **  Login's 
sister."  The  needlework  done  by  the  ladies  in  the 
harem  was  beautiful,  and  they  were  always  sending  him 
specimens  of  their  skill — embroidered  vests,  and  quilted 
chogas  and  resais.  Covers  were  made  for  Login's 
Bible  and  Prayer  Book,  and  this  opportunity  was  made 
use  of  by  him  to  send  a  Persian  Testament  to  have  a 
cover  made  for  it ;  and  when  he  found  it  bore  marks  of 
having  been  read  (by  whom  he  never  discovered),  he 
offered  to  exchange  it  for  a  volume  of  Hafiz  s  poems, 
which  offer  was  eagerly  accepted. 

Though  the  common  speech  of  the  people  of  Herdt 
is  Pushtoo,  they  have  no  literature  in  that  language, 
it  being  merely  a  colloquial  dialect  or  corrupt  form  of 
the  Persian.     Consequently,  as  Login  says  : — 

The  first  book  in  Pushtoo  ever  seen  by  Shah  Kamrdn  and  his 
family,  or  by  any  other  person,  I  believe,  at  Herdt,  was  a  New 


38  SIB  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Testament  which  I  had  brought  from  India,   and  which   had 
11-       been  published  by  the  missionaries  at  Serampore  in  the  Persian 

1839-40.  character.  It  excited  great  interest  among  them,  and  was  read 
by  some  of  their  learned  men.  It  was,  if  my  memory  serves  me 
right,  in  possession  of  Shahzadah  Mohamed  Yussuf,  the  present 
ruler  of  Herdt  (1856),  at  the  time  of  the  departure  of  the  mission. 
At  all  events,  he  had  got  it  from  me  a  short  time  before.  May  I 
hope  that  it  has  been  equally  as  useful  as  the  Hebrew  transcript  ! 
After  the  siege,  Eldred  Pottinger  commenced  a  translation  into 
Pushtoo  of  a  part  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  but  discontinued  it  on 
finding  I  had  brought  a  copy. 

In  connection  with  this,  I  may  mention,  that  I  gave  away 
several  copies  of  Martyn's  New  Testament  in  Persian  to  people 
of  influence  at  Herdt,  and  a  Testament  in  Turki  to  the  Khalifa 
of  Merv,  a  man  of  considerable  sanctity  among  the  Turcomans. 
With  this  latter  I  had,  perhaps,  more  intercourse  than  any  other 
member  of  the  mission,  from  the  circumstance  of  almost  everv 
one  who  came  in  with  kafilas  from  Khiva  and  Bokhdra  being 
anxious  to  consult  the  ''Feringhi  Hakim"  at  the  dispensary*, 
either  for  their  own  maladies,  or  for  those  of  their  relations ;  and 
few  of  them  went  away  without  asking  to  see  the  hikmut  by 
which  the  blind  were  taught  to  work  in  the  poor-house. 

I  must  confess,  it  was  not  a  little  gratifying  to  me  to  learn 
from  Wolffs  **  Journal "  that  kind  inquiries  were  long  afterwanis 
made  at  Merv  for  a  gentleman  of  the  name  of  **  Luggan,"  with 
whom  Dr.  Wolff  said  he  had  not  the  pleasure  of  being  acquainted.* 

The  Hindostani  servants  who  had  accompanied 
the  mission  to  Herd.t,  not  caring  to  remain  there  for 
an  indefinite  period,  became  clamorous  to  return,  and 
they  were  allowed  to  depart  to  Candahar  with  the  first 


♦J.  S.  L.  Notes  to  Ferricr's  **  Caravan  Journey ,*  p.  18.^i. 


herIt  39 

safe  escort,  leaving  their  masters  to  supply  their  places  Chapter 
as  best  they  could  with  Hei-dtis.  Login  was  the  only  ^* 
one  unaffected  by  this  move,  as  his  faithful  Khalipha, 
Ali  Bux,  would  not  desert  him ;  he  said  that  he  had 
been  with  him  from  the  first,  and  meant  to  die  in  his 
service.  He  also  declared  his  intention  to  make  him- 
self comfortable  in  Herdt,  and  take  a  Heriti  wife,  as 
it  might  be  years  before  he  again  visited  Lucknow, 
where  he  had  left  his  wife.  He  found  no  diflSculty  in 
making  his  selection;  and  with  the  consent  of  her 
family,  Fatimah,  whom  he  declared  "  fair  like  a  Belati 
Bibi"  •  cast  in  her  lot  with  the  mission,  and  when  its 
departure  was  decided  on,  refiised  to  leave  her 
husband,  and  with  her  child,  accompanied  him  through 
many  dangers  and  forced  marches,  proving  hei-self  a 
fearless  rider,  t 

Poor  Khalipha  was  not  always  able  to  preserve  the 
peace  between  his  rival  wives  when  in  after  life  he 
settled  down  in  Lucknow,  as  Derogah  of  the  Gharib- 


*  I.e.,  European  liuly. 

t  On  one  occasion  Khaliplia,  who  was  in  charge  of  the  baggage  animals,  saved 
the  papers  and  valuables  from  loot  by  maraudere.  Solemnly  opening  one  Ik>x  he 
displayed  a  number  of  terrible-looking  surgical  instruments  (of  whicli  they 
stand  in  great  awe),  and  declared  that  these  and  some  marvellous  dawaU  (medi- 
cine) formed  the  sole  contents  of  the  boxes,  whicb  were  the  property  of  the 
world-famed  Hakim  and  Wizard  who  had  worked  such  wonders  at  Herit,  empha- 
sizing his  assertion  by  pointing  at  the  same  time  to  his  enchanter's  staff  which  he 
carried  in  his  hand,  and  to  which  the  wild  tribesmen  instinctively  salaamed  witli 
deep  rmrerence.  The  staff  was  Login's  favourite  walking-stick,  a  very  formid- 
able bludgeon,  a  gift  from  D'Aicy  Todd,  having  a  coiled  snake  around  it,  and 
being  covered  with  hieroglyphics  all  carved  by  him  ;  it  bore  also  the  inscription, 
*'  Bhuggut  Ram  (Todd*s  soubriquet),  his  work." 


40  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  khana,  surroiinded  by  his  various  belongings ;  but  to 
^^'      the  last  he  was  devoted  to  the  "  fair  Fatimah." 

1  QQQ  A(\ 

Hinghan  Khan,  an  orphan  boy  of  good  family,  one 
of  the  captives  rescued  by  Eldred  Pottinger  from  the 
Turcomans,  used  to  follow  Login  about  like  his  shadow, 
sleeping  at  his  door  all  night,  until  at  last  the  Hakim 
Sahib  took  him  into  his  service.  He  proved  himself 
invaluable,  adapting  himself  to  all  circumstances  and 
places.  He  was,  like  all  his  countrymen,  a  splendid 
rider,  and  was  of  great  service  on  several  occasions 
Avhen  there  were  difficulties  with  the  tribesmen  on  the 
march. 

With  these  two  servants  Login  was  very  independent 
at  Herdt,  though,  of  course,  the  style  of  living  was  de- 
cidedly primitive,  and  the  Persian  mode  was  perforce 
adopted.  Still,  life,  with  all  its  attendant  roughnesses, 
was  thoroughly  enjoyed  by  men  who  led  such  a  busy, 
well-occupied  existence,  doing  good  to  their  fellow - 
creatures,  and  by  their  blameless  lives,  in  the  midst  of 
debauchery  and  excess,  shedding  lustre  on  the  name  of 
Englishmen  ;  and  during  the  whole  stay  of  the  mission 
the  fanatic  Mahomedans  had  before  them  a  living 
example  of  Christianity  in  that  band  of  devoted,  self- 
sacrificing  soldiers. 


The  Envoy  kept  an  excellent  Persian  cook,  to  whose  abilities 
Englishmen  and  Afghans,  at  our  morning  meals,  says  Login 
(to  quote  again  from  the  notes  previously  mentioned),  did  ample 
justice,  with  such  knives  and  forks  as  may  have  been  used  by 


herIt.  4 1 

Abraham ;  but  we  generally  ditied  alone  in  the  English  style,  and  Chapter 
I  think  the  prudence  of  this  arrangement  cannot  be  doubted.       U. 
The  Her4ti  Afghans  are  a  very  drunken  lot,  and  cannot  under- 1^39-40. 
stand  the  self-denial  of  Christians  in  declining  to  drink,  when 
wine  is  not  prohibited  to  them  by  their  religion. 

Shortly  after  our  arrival  at  Herdt,  in  walking  across  the 
garden  one  dark  night  after  dinner,  without  waiting  for  the 
lantern,  on  my  return  from  the  Envoy's  to  my  own  residence,  I 
struck  my  foot  against  the  ledge  of  the  hoiiz  (cistern  surrounding 
the  fountain),  which  happened  that  day  to  have  been  nearly 
emptied  for  the  purpose  of  cleaning  it  out,  and  fell  to  a  depth  of 
about  eight  feet,  receiving  a  severe  concussion.  It  was  at  once 
supposed  by  the  people  of  Herat  that  I  had  been  drunk  on  this 
occasion,  although  by  habit  almost  a  ''teetotaler! "  and  all  the 
kind  condolences  with  which  I  was  honoured  by  Shah  Kamrdn  and 
his  family,  and  Yar  Mohamed  and  his  chiefs,  were  evidently 
offered  under  this  impression.  Nujoo  Khan,  the  "  topshee  bashee,*' 
himself  a  noted  toper,  wished  me  quietly,  in  confidence,  to 
acknowledge  that  I  had  taken  **  hidrezeadah  / "  *  and  it  was  not 
till  my  habits  were  better  known  that  I  was  exonerated  from  the 
suspicion. 

About  a  year  afterwards,  happening  to  go  up  to  the  citadel  to 
the  King,  I  found  him  drinking  some  Shiraz  wine,  which  he  also 
desired  the  **  athar  hashee,'*  after  I  had  been  seated,  to  offer  to 
me ;  and  on  observing  that  I  merely  tasted  it,  the  Shah  said,  with 
a  knowing  look,  **  Don't  be  afraid,  there  is  no  hoiiz  here  I  '* 

During  the  Bamazan,  the  public  Afghan  breakfast  gave  place 
to  private  English  ones ;  but  we  were  then  honoured  with  the 
presence  of  Sirdar  Sheer  Mohamed  Khan,  brother  to  the  Wuzeer, 
who,  to  entitle  him  to  the  privileges  of  a  traveller ^  had,  while  the 
fast  lasted,  pitched  his  tent  outside  the  gate  of  the  city,  and 
came  to  learn  the  European  mode  of  eating  with  knife,  fork,  and 


*  Anglice,  "  a  drop  too  much." 


42  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  spoon.     (Travellers,  in  Mussulmaun  countries,  being  exempted 
II.       from  the  necessity  of  observing  fasts.) 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  Afghans  are  not  altogether  rigid 
Mahomedans,  as  regards  the  abstention  from  wine  and  the  due 
observance  of  fasts,  but  their  hatred  to  heathen  Kafirs^  is  verj- 
marked,  and  they  carefully  avoid  all  intercourse  with  them. 
Consequently,  in  Afghanistan,  the  Hindoo  servants  who  had 
followed  the  mission,  found  their  position  towards  their  Christian 
masters,  with  respect  to  caste  and  purity,  exactly  reversed  to 
what  it  would  be  in  Hindostan.  At  Herdt  and  beyond  the  Indus 
generally,  Christians — as  people  of  the  Book — were  freely  admitted 
to  eat  with  Mahomedans,  so  long  as  they  abstained  from  the 
forbidden  food ;  and  we  were  often  asked,  '*  Why  we  allowed 
unclean  Kafirs,  like  Hindoos,  to  be  freely  admitted  into  our 
houses  ?  " 

When  travelling  between  Candahar  and  Cabul  we  were  met  by 
a  few  horsemen  of  one  of  our  irregular  cavalry  regiments — Maho- 
medans from  India.  Our  servants,  Afghans  and  Pharsevans,  to 
show  their  hospitality,  offered  them  a  **  kalian*'  which  had  just 
been  smoked  by  Major  Todd. 

The  Indian  Mahomedans  asked  if  they  intended  to  insult  them 
by  **  offering  a  pipe  smoked  by  a  Kafir '^  "  whereupon  our  people 
retorted,  that  the  Indian  Mussulmaun  were  Kafirs  in  following 
the  customs  of  Hindoos,  and  a  battle  royal  would  have  ensued, 
had  we  not  interfered. 

For  eighteen  months  previous  to  the  arrival  of  the  English 
mission,  Shah  Kamrdn  had  never  stirred  out  of  the  citadel,  and 
was  only  induced  to  ride,  for  the  benefit  of  his  health,  at  uiy 
suggestion.  One  reason  he  gave  for  not  showing  himself  in 
public  was,  that  the  Wuzeer  did  not  allow  him  a  proper  retinue. 
He  never  rode  out  during  our  stay,  without  asking  me  to  accoin* 


Infidelti. 


heiuLt.  43 

pany  him  ;*  though  whether  this  partiality  for  my  society  arose  Chapter 
from  any  mistaken  idea  as  to  my  official  importance,  I  cannot      ^H. 
say !  1839-40. 

The  influence  which  the  "  Hakim  Sahib  *'  has  generally  exer- 
cised in  the  British  Embassy  at  Teheran,  and  the  employment  of 
such  men  as  Campbell,  Jukes,  McNeill,  Eiach,  Bell,  Lord,  and 
others,  in  various  important  duties  in  those  countries,  has 
naturally  led  the  chiefs  of  Her^t  to  suppose  that  **  physicians '' 
occupy  a  higher  place  in  the  councils  of  the  English  than  is 
accorded  them,  and  they  attribute  much  of  the  prosperity  of  the 
English  nation  to  their  "  hikmut" 

There  was  much  personal  and  social  intercourse  between  the 
members  of  the  mission,  and  some  of  the  Afghan  Sirdars ;  and 
amongst  those  who  were  fond  of  being  seen  in  their  company 
was  Syud  Mohamed,  the  Wuzeer's  eldest  son.  This  youth, 
who  by  no  means  inherited  his  father's  great  abilities,  was 
frequently  an  unconscious  source  of  amusement  to  the  English 
officers. 

During  one  of  his  visits  to  the  Ghar-Bagh,  he  expressed  a  wish 
to  learn  English,  upon  which  a  wag  of  the  party  offered  to 
teach  him  a  sentence ;  and  under  the  impression  that  it  was 
merely  an  ordinary  English  salutation  like  *'  Khoosh  amedeed,^' 
taught  him  to  say  **  You  are  a  spoon ! " 

Full  of  importance  of  the  acquisition — though  somewhat  doubt- 
ful of  the  exact  meaning— on  meeting  his  father  on  his  return 
home,  he  accosted  him  by  saying,  **  Agir-be-adebi  **  (If  it  be  not 
disrespectful !)  '*  you  are  a  spoon  !  " 

There  is  a  certain  grim  humour  in  the  intense  inappropriate- 
ness  of   such  a  mild  epithet  as  applied  to  the  ferocious   Yar 


*  On  one  of  these  occasions,  Shah  Kamnin  proposed  to  exchange  horses  with 
Login  as  a  seal  of  friendship.  Login  named  the  Turcoman  '*  Kamrdn,*'  and  found 
him  invaluable  on  a  march — ^Turcoman  horses  are  noted  for  their  power  of  endu- 
rance. 


44  SIR  JOHN   IX)GIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Mahomed,  whose  atrocious  cruelties — ^practised  not  only  on 
IL       criminals,  but  on  his  "  political  opponents  " — are  past  beliel     Ho 

1839-40.  ig  sai^  to  have  flayed  a  chief  of  the  Bardooranis  alive,  and  after- 
wards stewed  him  in  a  large  cauldron  !  not  long  before  Pottin- 
ger  reached  Herdt. 

Colonel  James  Abbott  and  General  C.  F.  North  are 
the  only  two  living  members  of  the  Herit  Mission  at 
this  date.     The  former  writes  as  follows  : — 

Login's  fine  temper  and  cheerfulness  under  difficultieB  on  the 
march  won  all  our  hearts,  and  he  was  voted  a  most  important 
acquisition.  Though  we  were  beset  with  constant  rumours  of 
intended  treachery,  nothing  of  the  kind  actually  occurred  on  that 
usually  desert  tract,  which  we  traversed  by  marches,  averaging 
twenty  miles  each. 

On  arrival  at  Herdt,  Login  obtained  permission  to  set  up  a 
hospital  for  native  patients,  the  scanty  remnants  of  the  once  dense 
population  being  in  the  utmost  misery  from  long  starvation  during 
a  siege  ot  ten  months.  To  his  care  also  were  made  over  the 
children  whom  Eldred  Pottinger  had  rescued  from  the  Turco- 
mans. He  also  took  charge  of  oiu:  post-office  arrangements.  He 
was  a  first-rate  man  of  business,  and  invaluable  to  the  mission, 
his  benevolence  equalling  his  zeal  and  his  capacity.  Whatever 
could  be  done  to  alleviate  the  terrible  distress  and  misery  in  which 
we  found  the  remnants  of  that  once  thronged  population,  the 
Envoy  (with  Login's  loving  aid)  carried  out.  The  people  max- 
veiled  that  a  nation,  strangers  to  them  in  faith,  should  thus  lavish 
lakhs  of  rupees  and  all  their  energies  to  alleviate  the  sufferings  of 
wretched  beings  who  could  never  hope  to  be  even  useful  citizens. 
They  marvelled,  but  one  man  execrated  what  excited  wonder  in 
the  rest.  He  believed  the  whole  work  of  benevolence  to  be  part  of 
a  plot  or  scheme  on  our  part  to  render  his  own  detestable  conduct 
more  abhorrent  to  the  people  he  ruled  I 


herAt.  45 

About  Christmas,  1839,  the  Envoy  despatched  me  on  a  mission  Chapter 
to  Ehiva,  and  I  parted  from  Login,  whom  I  met  bat  once  again,       ^* 
and  that  casually.    He,  however,  remained  with  the  Envoy  to  1®3^-^- 
the  last,  rendering  excellent  service  and  retiring  with  him.    The 
Envoy's  value  for  him  was  very  great. 

General  North  writes  : — 

Soon  after  we  got  settled  in  Herdt,  Login  set  himself  to  work 
to  assist  the  poor,  who  were  in  a  starving  condition.  Herdt, 
when  in  its  prosperity,  had  been  famed  for  the  manufacture  of 
Persian  carpets  or  large  rugs,  but  at  the  time  of  our  arrival,  there 
were  only  two  or  three  men  who  knew  anything  about  it ;  but 
this  was  enough  for  Lc^in,  who  at  once  started  a  carpet  manu- 
factory, giving  employment  to  many  people ;  and  although  their 
first  productions  were  coarse  they  sold  well,  and  he  was 
encouraged  to  persevere,  until  before  we  left,  the  Her^t  looms 
turned  out  articles  that  vied  with  the  best  made  in  Persia. 
Login  also  established  a  dispensary,  and  was  continually 
employed  in  one  way  or  another  in  exercising  his  truly  bene- 
volent disposition  for  the  benefit  of  those  among  whom  he  found 
himself. 

Our  Indian  servants  soon  left,  and  we  had  to  replace  them 
with  natives  of  the  country.  We  had  a  train  of  baggage  mules 
and  camels,  which  required  a  good  many  men  to  look  after  it. 
About  sixty  horses  were  at  different  times  presented  to  the  Envoy, 
and  we  put  men  on  them  and  made  them  into  an  irregular 
cavalry  escort.  Besides  these  there  were  numerous  Pesh- 
kidmuts,  or  personal  servants,  and  Farrashes,  house  servants, 
natives  of  the  place.  All  these  were  placed  under  the  control  of 
the  assistant  to  the  Envoy,  which  office  I  held  after  Abbott's 
departure  to  Khiva,  and  a  very  troublesome  lot  I  found  them  1 
for  as  they  were  half  Soonees  and  half  Shiahs,  they  were  always 
quarrelling  among  themselves — these  two  sects  among  Mahome- 


46  SIR   JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  dans  being  as  inimical  to  each  other  a^  Protestants  and  Roman 
II*       Catholics  in  Ireland. 

1QQQ    Ajr\ 

■*^"  One  day  the  Envoy  asked  me,  *'  North,  how  .do  you  manage 
those  fellows?  Abbott  was  always  asking  me  to  settle  some 
dispute,  but  you  never  do  ?  "  I  replied,  "  When  they  come  to 
complain  against  each  other,  as  they  lie  so  abominably  that  truth 
cannot  be  arrived  at,  nor  justice  done,  I  just  order  the  Farrash- 
Bashee  to  put  one  foot  of  the  complainant  and  one  of  the 
defendant  in  the  fullukh  (the  pole  to  which  feet  are  tied  for 
bastinadoing)  and  to  bastinado  them  both,  and  so  the  right  man 
gets  punished,  and  complaints  diminish,  whatever  quarrels  do !  *' 
Altogether  they  are  not  bad  fellows,  and  we  get  along  very  well 
with  them. 

When  our  Indian  servants  left,  we  adopted  the  Persian  style  of 
living :  all  meals  taken  on  the  floor,  no  chairs  or  tables,  no  knives 
or  forks,  all  food  put  into  the  mouth  with  the  fingers  and  thumb 
of  the  right  hand ;  we  soon  became  expert  at  it,  but  our  first 
attempts  at  this  mode  of  feeding  were  rather  ludicrous.  On 
the  occasion  of  our  making  our  entry  into  Herdt  we  were  all  in 
full-dress  uniform,  and  went  to  the  Palace  to  pay  our  respects  to 
the  King.  After  our  reception  Shah  Eamrdn  sent  us  a  dinner  which 
was  of  course  served  on  the  floor.  In  addition  to  the  officers 
attached  to  the  mission,  there  were  present  the  Wuzeer,  Yar 
Mahomed  Khan,  and  eight  or  ten  of  the  Sixdars  of  Her^t.  It  is 
not  etiquette  to  sit  cross-legged  like  a  tailor,  but  on  one's  heels  in 
a  kneeling  posture ;  the  spurs  on  the  heels  of  our  bo^ts  prevented 
our  doing  this  with  any  degree  of  comfort.  The  sight  of  some 
half-dozen  tightly  buttonod  up  men,  encumbered  with  swords  and 
cocked  hats,  kneeling  around  more  than  fifty  dishes  spread  on 
the  floor,  and  awkwardly  endeavouring  to  get  their  food  into 
their  mouths  with  their  fingers,  kept  us  in  perpetual  stifled  bunsts 
of  laughter,  while  the  Afghan  chiefs  stared  at  us  in  wonderment, 
keeping  grave  faces  all  the  time.  When  the  dinner  was  over  it 
was  quite  a  relief  to  us  to  be  allowed  to  cross  our  legs,  for  which 


herIt.  47 

we  begged  permission  of  our  host.     When  Todd  explained  the  Chapter 
cause  of  our  merriment,  the  Wuzeer  said,  **  That  to  see  us  stooping       H* 
over  the  dishes  with  our  cocked  hats  and  feathers  reminded  him  lo39-40. 
of  a  lot  of  fowls  picking  up  gi*ain  I  " 

The  chief  dish  at  a  Persian  dinner  is  pillaou — ^rice  cooked  with 
butter — ^in  which  is  the  mutton  or  fowls,  and  there  are  numerous 
small  dishes  to  be  eaten  with  it.  At  a  large  entertainment  there 
would  be  a  whole  sheep  stuffed  with  fowls,  and  these  each  stuffed 
with  raisins,  pistachios,  and  spices.  To  cook  this,  a  hole  is  dug 
in  the  ground  and  lined  with  smooth  round  stones,  a  fire  of 
wood  is  made  in  the  hole,  and  when  the  stones  are  very  hot 
vine  leaves  arc  laid  over  them,  and  the  sheep  put  in,  and  the 
hole  covered  over ;  the  sheep  comes  out  perfectly  cooked  by  the 
steam,  and  the  meat  is  very  tender. 

Owing  to  the  sudden  withdrawal  of  the  mission,  much  valuable 
property,  as  well  as  paper,  diaries,  &c.,  were  sacrificed,  as  we  left 
in  light  marching  order. 

The  following  was  written  by  Login  from  Herdt  to  his 
brother-in-law,  John  Beatton  : — 

HebIt,  Nov.  16th,  1840. 

....  We  have  already  had  letters  by  this  route  (vi^Erzeroum), 
c/oH.M.  Charge  d' Affaires,  in  seventy-three  days  from  Paris,  though 
for  upwards  of  700  miles  the  letters  are  carried  by  a  single  runner 
or  "  cossid"  on  foot.  As  soon  as  I  hear  of  the  return  of  our  mission 
to  Teheran,  I  shall  endeavour  to  get  a  regular  mail  established 
between  that  place  and  Herdt,  and  have  no  doubt  that  it  will 
prove  most  useful.  Within  the  last  few  days  we  have  had  good 
news  from  several  quarters.  From  Khiva,  of  the  delivery  over  to 
the  Bussian  authorities  of  all  the  Russian  captives  by  Captain 
Shakespear,  and  of  the  probable  settlement  of  the  differences  in 
tbat  quBfter;    from  Bokhara,  of  Col.  Stoddart  being  released 


48  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  from  jail,  and  being  entrusted  with  the  command  of  the  Ameer's 
ir.  Artillery ;  of  the  surrender  of  Dost  Mahomed  to  the  Envoy 
1839-40.  aii^  Minister,  at  Cabul ;  of  the  defeat  of  the  Belooch  Army  at 
Dddar ;  of  the  occupation  of  Kelat,  by  our  troops  under  General 
Nott ;  of  the  submissive  answer  of  the  Sikh  Durbar  to  our  demand 
for  passage  of  our  troops  through  the  Punjab,  and  an  explanation 
of  their  treacherous  conduct  in  assisting  the  rebels  in  Afghanistan 
— all  these  providential  occurrences  have  assisted  us  to  strengthen 
our  position. 

Within  the  last  month  we  have  lost  many  promising  officers, 
among  them  Broadfoot  of  the  Engineers,  an  Orkneyman.  Dr. 
Lord,  who  was  in  political  charge  of  the  northern  frontier,  a 
distinguished  officer,  has  also  been  killed  in  one  of  our  engage- 
ments with  the  Dost. 

Here  we  have  been  very  quiet,  but  had  matters  not  turned  out 
as  they  have  done  I  doubt  whether  such  would  have  long  been 
the  case. 

If  ever  nation  has  had  cause  to  say  *'  the  Lord  has  been 
gracious  unto  us,"  assuredly  we  have ;  it  has  not  been  by  the 
power  of  man  that  all  these  things  have  been  brought  to  pass. 
....  I  see  little  prospect  of  being  allowed  to  join  my  appoint- 
ment on  the  Commander-in-Chief's  staff,  but  I  am  contented 
here 


Those  of  our  readers  who  may  be  interested  in  the 
general  aspect  of  affairs  in  Central  Asia  at  the  period  of 
the  First  Afghan  War,  will  find  an  account  of  the 
causes  which  led  to  the  despatch  of  the  mission  to 
Herdt,  and  of  the  political  history  of  that  mission  in 
notes  and  appendix  to  General  Ferriers  '*  Caratxtu 
Journey y'  which  Sir  John  Login  compiled  many  years 
after  at  the  request  of  the  author — a  portion  of  which 


herXt.  49 

is  also  quoted  in  Kaye's  "  Lives  of  Indian  Officers"  Chapter 
Sir  John  Login's  views  are  there  fifiven  on  this  ^' 
question,  and  also  a  description  of  the  duplicity, 
arrogance,  and  avarice  of  Yar  Mahomed  and  his  nominal 
master.  Shah  Kamran,  which  will  serve  to  explain 
Todd's  reasons  for  the  sudden  withdrawal  of  the 
mission.  Though  upwards  of  nineteen  lakhs  of  rupees 
had  been  advanced  to  the  Herdt  Government*  and 
people  to  assist  them  against  the  Persians,  Yar 
Mahomed  not  only  demanded  more,  but  continued  to 
insult  the  British  Envoy,  while  he  kept  up  a  secret 
correspondence  with  the  Persian  Minister,  in  which  he 
declared  himself  the  faithful  sei^vant  of  the  Shah-in- 
Shah,  that  he  merely  tolerated  the  presence  of  the 
English  Envoy  from  expediency,  but  that  his  hopes 
rested  in  the  *^ Asylum  of  Islam ! " 

When  this  glaring  breach  of  treaty  became  known 
to  Major  Todd,  he  determined  to  mark  his  opinion 
of  such  duplicity  by  stopping  the  monthly  payment 
of  25,000  rupees  until  the  pleasure   of  Government 


*  A  short  abstract  or  memorandum  of  ezpenditore  found  amongst  Sir  John 
Login's  papers  may  give  some  idea  of  the  amounts  expended  on  the  Herdtis.  It 
runs  as  follows  : — 

Abstract  of  expenditure  on  charitable  establishments  by  the  Heritt  Mission,  for 
six  months,  Ist  Kay  to  31st  October,  1840,  inclusive. 

Total  received  by  J.  S.  Login      ...  Rs.  6,878,  8,  4i 

Disbuised  on  account  of  hospital,  dispensary,  pauper  establish- 
ment, orphans,  carpet-weavers,  cultivators,  &c Rs.  6,878,  8,  4^ 

E 


1889-40. 


50  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINQH. 

should  be  known,  and  notified   his  intention  to  the 
Wuzeer. 

Finding  himself,  in  consequence  of  the  Envoy's 
resolution,  in  great  straits  for  money,  Yar  Mahomed 
ventured  on  the  bold  step  of  declaring  that  unless  money 
was  forthcoming  the  British  Mission  must  depart  from 
Herdt. 

Shah  Kamrdn,*  says  Login  in  the  "  Notes  "  before  mentioned, 
for  a  long  time  back  had  felt  that  the  lives  of  the  EngUshmen 
were  in  imminent  danger,  and  he  told  me  in  August,  1840,  that 
such  was  the  case,  but  that  the  Sahibdn  LigUs  need  be  under 
no  apprehension,  as  he  was  our  friend ;  but  that  had  he  not  pro- 
tected us,  not  a  Feringhi  would  have  been  left  alive.  His 
Majesty  was  pleased  to  conclude  by  asking  if  he  did  not  *'  deserve 
credit  for  behaving  so  differently  to  us  from  what  the  Ameer  of 
Bokhara  had  done  to  Stoddart  Sahib  ?  " 

In  reply  I  thanked  His  Majesty  for  his  kindness,  but  said  that 
"  we  were  under  no  apprehension ;  that  we  were  conscious  of 
having  done  only  good  to  Herat,  and  we  feared  no  ill  that  could 
befall  us ;  especially  as  we  knew  that  to  pluck  even  a  few  hairs 
from  a  lion's  tail  was  somewhat  dangerous." 

At  this  time  it  was  no  secret  in  Herdt  that  the  Wuzeer  was 
only  waiting  his  opportxmity  to  seize  the  officers  of  the  British 
Mission.  He  lived  utterly  in  a  state  of  intoxication ;  and  the 
prospect  of  seizing  and  plundering  their  property,  was  seriously 
discussed  by  himself  and  his  drunken  associates,  as  the  easiest 
way  of  replenishing  his  coffers. 

The  Envoy,  seeing  that  nothing  could  be  gained  by  remaining 
at  Herdt,  and  that  a  catastrophe  would  involve  the  Grovemxnent 


•  See  Kaye's  '* Ltfe  qfiyArcy  Todd.""  Login's  Notes. 


herIt.  51 

in  serions    complications,   decided    to  retire,  and    accordingly  Chapter 
the  mission  left,  and  they  had  scarcely  gone  when  the  Residency       11. 
was    sacked    and    pillaged  by  a  howUng  mob,  headed  by  the  1839-40. 
Wiueer'e  own  soldiers. 

A  good  deal  of  private  property  had  been  sacrificed ;  as  a  large 
baggage  guard  could  not  be  provided,  many  valuable  papers  and 
diaries  were  left  behind. 


£  2 


CHAPTER  HI. 

CANDAHAR  AND   CABUL. 

Chapter  The  departure   of   the  mission   from   Herdt  is  thus 
18^41,  ^^scribed  by  Login  :— 

Oar  party,  under  Major  D'Arcy  Todd,  consisting  (with  the 
escort  commanded  by  Sirdar  Futteh  Ehaji)  of  about  300  persons, 
passed  unmolested  through  the  Her&t  territories,  by  ordinary 
marches,  receiving  marks  of  good  will  and  respect  from  the  in- 
habitants, but  on  reachmg  the  Candahar  frontier  we  found  that 
Aktar  Ehan,  a  Dourani  chief,  was  on  the  watch  to  intercept  us 
with  a  considerable  force ;  we  therefore  determined  to  conceal 
our  route. 

With  this  view,  we  turned  out  quietly  during  the  night  from  our 
encampment  at  Dilaram,  and  pursued  our  march. 

Accompanied  by  Sirdar  Futteh  Khan,  wbo  was  in  the  secret  of 
our  councils,  and  whose  conduct  always  gave  us  cause  to  trust 
him,  I  pushed  on  with  an  advance  party  of  horsemen,  a  little  in 
front  of  the  main  body  under  charge  of  Major  Todd,  until  eax ly 
dawn,  when  we  made  a  rapid  advance  to  take  possession  of  the 
first  set  of  wells,  which  we  were  apprehensive  might  be  held  by  a 
party  of  Aktar  Khan's  men. 

Finding  these,  however,  unoccupied,  the  advanced  party 
halted  there  until  the  main  body  came  up  within  a  sufficient 
distance  to  secure   them,  when  it  again    pushed  on  to  occupy 


CANDAHAR  AND   CABUL.  5^ 

another  small   pool  in  the  same  way,  and  thence  reached  the  Chapter 
appointed  halting-place,  a  distance  of  fifty  miles  from  Dilaram,     DI. 
where  it  waited  the  arrival  of  the  main  body.  1840-41. 

Halting  only  a  sufficient  time  for  a  slight  refreshment  to  men 
and  animals,  the  order  of  march  was  again  formed  as  on  the 
preyious  evening;  but  as  it  was  considered  dangerous  to  show  any 
lights  for  fear  of  attracting  the  notice  of  the  Afghans,  much 
difficulty  was  experienced  in  finding  the  proper  pathway,  and 
heavy  clouds  having  for  a  time  obscured  the  stars  by  which  he 
gnided  us,  our  one-handed  cossid — a  man  well  known  in  these 
parts  for  his  wonderful  intelligence  as  a  guide — actually  had  to 
feel  for  the  trodden  path  on  the  surface  of  the  desert,  and  so 
found  it.  By  occasionally  sending  back  a  horseman  from  the 
advanced  party  communication  was  kept  up  with  the  main  body 
during  the  night,  but  as  soon  as  day  dawned  our  advance  was 
pushed  on  more  rapidly. 

On  approaching  some  broken  ground  near  the  ''  Houz,"  said  to 
be  a  favourite  rendezvous  of  Beloochi  marauders,  and  likely  to  be 
occupied  by  Aktar  Khan's  men,  our  advance  was  made  witii  great 
precaution,  covered  by  files  of  horsemen  in  front  and  on  our 
fianks.  A  signal  being  made  from  our  right  flank,  and  a  horse- 
man riding  in  to  report  that  a  large  number  of  saddled  horses 
were  to  be  seen  in  a  ravine  near  the  Houz,  we  immediately  pre- 
pared for  action  in  the  Afghan  style.  Chogas  (cloaks)  were 
put  in  saddle-bags,  kummerhunds  (waist-belts)  were  tightened, 
turbans  firmly  bound,  loose  sleeves  turned  up,  arms  bared  to  the 
elbow,  and  matchlocks  and  bucklers  unslung !  The  signal  of  the 
horseman  had  been  observed  by  the  main  body,  about  a  mile 
distant,  and  we  were  shortly  joined  by  a  party  detached  in  sup- 
port. They  came  up  at  full  gallop  similarly  prepared,  each  man 
wishing  to  appear  a,  very  Roostum.* 

Thinking  it  strange  none  of  our  horsemen  from  the  front  had 


•  Famous  Persian  hero. 


54  SIR  JO^N   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  fallen  back,  the  broken  ground  preventing  our  seeing  them,  I 
III.      proposed  to  the  Sirdar  to  ride  on  with  hiTn  to  ascertain  the 

1840-41.  cause ;  and  on  descending  a  ravine  we  came  suddenly  in  view  of 
a  hafila  of  o^se^,  laden  with  com  and  butter  from  the  Helmund, 
on  its  way  to  Bukwa,  escorted  by  many  Afghans  on  foot  I  They 
had  just  been  laden  when  seen  by  our  vedette,  and  in  the  haze  of 
the  morning  mistaken  for  horses. 

After  passing  through  the  ravines,  and  again  emerging  on  the 
level  desert,  our  main  body  closed  up,  and  we  proceeded  together 
to  Ghirishk,  having  safely  accomplished  a  distance  of  upwards  of 
100  miles  with  only  a  few  hours'  halt,  though  hampered  with 
camels  and  other  slow-travelling  animals. 

It  was  afterwards  reported  that  we  had  got  over  our  difficulties 
only  just  in  time,  a  detachment  from  Aktar  Khan  having  been 
sent  to  intercept  us,  but  arriving  too  late. 


Lord  Auckland  blamed  Todd  for  not  being  concilia- 
tory enough,  and  thus  precipitating  a  ruptiu'e ;  but  men 
accustomed  to  deal  with  Orientals  in  a  semi-barbarous 
state  know  that  they  only  respect  those  they  fear,  and 
Yar  Mahomed  naturally  thought  that  want  of  po^wer 
to  punish,  was  the  cause  of  his  insults  and  treachery 
being  rewarded  with  money. 

From  Candahar,  Login  writes  to  his  sister,  Mrs. 
Beatton,  as  follows  : — 

Candahab,  April  25^A,  1841. 

....  You  will  probably  see  mention  of  the  departure  of 
the  mission  from  Her^t  in  the  papers.  It  has  already  caused 
much  discussion  in  India,  and  Lord  Auckland  is  highly  displeased 
with  Todd  for  having  adopted  this  measure.     It  must  no  doubt 


CANDAHAB  AND  GABUL.  55 

seem  very  extraordinary  to  His  Excellency  that  a  man  should  be  Chapter 
so  blind  to  his  own  interests  as  to  act  towards  us  as    Yar     IIL 
Mahomed  has  done ;    and  I    can   even   understand  his  being  1840-41. 
doubtful   whether    Todd,  under  the    circumstances,  has  been 
sufficiently  conciliatory. 

Lord  Auckland  will,  however,  find  ere  long  that  Yar  Mahomed 
knot  to  be  won  by  conciliation^  that  to  have  influence  over  him 
we  mmt  command.  Everything  which  conciliatory  manners 
could  do  towards  retaining  our  position  with  honour  was  done. 

To  have  yielded  one  single  iota  more  to  the  demands  of  such  a 
man  would  have  been  imworthy  of  the  British  name  and 
character,  and  would  have  lowered  us  in  the  estimation  of  Central 
Asia. 

Lord  Auckland  may  be  laudably  anxious  to  avoid  the  necessity 
of  marching  troops  to  such  a  distance ;  but  our  hesitation  to  do 
BO  after  what  has  occurred  will  be  construed  into  weakness  by 
these  people,  and  make  them  even  more  arrogant. 

I  have  not  the  least  doubt  that  were  4,000  men  and  a  few 
guns  sent  at  once  against  Yar  Mahomed,  he  would  immediately 
submit,  and  we  should  have  no  more  trouble  with  him.  It  tries 
one's  patience  to  think  of  it,  when  one  might  so  easily  put  them 
down.  I  have  been  waiting  here  in  hopes  of  a  force  being  ordered 
towards  Herdt ;  but  as  there  seems  now  little  prospect  of  it,  I 
shall  start  to-morrow  for  Cabul  on  my  way  to  India. 

I  have  heard  from  the  Besidency  at  Lucknow  that  I  am  to  be 
appointed  there  permanently ;  I  shall,  therefore,  endeavour  to 
make  my  way  there  as  quickly  as  possible. 

....  Let  me  see  1  Any  more  news  ?  Yes  1  You  have  heard 
&om  me  of  Stoddart's  captivity  in  Bokhara,  where  he  has  been 
most  cruelly  treated  by  the  Ameer. 

He  might  have  made  his  escape  if  he  wished ;  but  being  a 
chivalrous  man  and  anxious  only  for  his  country's  honour,  he 
would  not  avail  himself  of  the  opportunities  purposely  offered 
him,  and  determined,  it  is  said,  not  to  leave  the  place  until  ample 


5.6  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  apologies  were  made  for  the  insult  shown  to  a  British  repre- 

in.  sentative. 
1840-41.  rp]^ig  IjqI^  tone  on  Stoddart's  part,  the  influence  which  Shake- 
spear  has  established  over  the  Khan  of  Khiva,  and  the  friendly 
manner  in  which  ConoUy  has  been  received  by  the  other  Turkoman 
(Usbeg)  state  Eokdn,  has  brought  the  Ameer  to  his  bearings,  and 
induced  him  to  pay  the  utmost  attention  to  Stoddart,  whom  he 
now  consults  on  everything. 

Stoddart,  instead  of  being  anxious  about  his  ovm  liberty,  is 
arranging  the  release  of  all  the  Khan's  prisoners  (Russian)  at 
Bokhdra. 

Nothing  you  see  like  working  on  the  fears  of  these  rascals! 
Thrash  them  first  to  their  heart's  content  is  our  only  policy,  then 
they  will  be  in  a  fit  condition  to  appreciate  conciliation  and 
forbearance ! 

If  Lord  Auckland  should,  after  all,  determine  on  moving  a 
force  on  Herat,  I  think  I  shall  almost  be  tempted  to  return  from 
India  to  join  it.  We  have  done  our  utmost  to  do  these  people 
good,  and  spent  money  in  great  abundance  for  that  purpose ;  but 
the  greatest  boon  we  could  confer  on  Central  Asia  would  be  to 
show  our  2)ower  by  removing  Yar  Mahomed  and  his  myrmidons 
from  authority. 

We  should  then  find  our  efforts  at  conciliation  boiUly  appreciated, 
and,  without  doubt,  most  successful.  However,  I  doubt  Govern- 
ment being  prepared  for  such  a  bold  measure. 

Your  most  affectionat'C 

JOHK. 


As  all  further  attempts  at  conciliation  seemed  only 
to  have  a  bad  effect  on  Yar  Mahomed,  there  is  no 
doubt  that  Major  Todd  adopted  a  wise  course  in  with- 
drawing the  mission  before  any  overt  insult  had  been 


CANDAHAR  AND  CABUL.  57 

offered,  thus  leaving  Lord  Auckland  free  to  adopt  any  Chapter 
line  of  policy  he  might  think  expedient.  For  this  step,  J^* 
however,  he  was  not  held  excused  by  the  Govemor- 
Greneral,  who,  before  he  even  received  Todd's  explana- 
tion of  his  reasons,  declared  him  unfit  for  political 
employment,  and  remanded  him  with  disgrace  to  his 
regiment. 

When  the  mission  left,  Yar  Mahomed  became 
greatly  alarmed  ;  he  had  never  believed  that  he  would 
be  taken  at  his  word,  and  he  now  trembled  at  the 
probable  consequences ;  but  in  this  extremity  his  pro- 
verbial good  fortune  did  not  forsake  him.  When  he 
expected  nothing  less  than  the  advance  of  a  brigade  of 
British  troops  across  his  fi'ontier,  he  was  delighted  by 
the  receipt  of  two  friendly  letters,  assuring  him  of  the 
high  consideration  of  the  British  Government,  and  of 
their  deep  regret  that  anything  unpleasant  should 
have  for  a  time  estranged  their  very  faithful  friend  I 
To  give  him  a  better  opportunity  to  explain  his  con- 
duct, the  Government  disavowed  all  the  late  proceed- 
ings of  Major  Todd,  and  begged  that  the  Wuzeer 
would  favour  them  with  his  own  statement  of  the  case  ! 
And  greater  effect  was  at  the  same  time  given  to  these 
conciliatory  letters,  by  our  small  force  being  withdrawn 
from  the  Helmund  to  Candahar,  leaving  the  Dourani 
again  at  full  liberty  to  renew  his  rebellious  proceedings 
in  Zemindawar. 

Satisfied  by  these  conciliatory  overtures  that  he  had 
no  immediate  cause  to  apprehend  an  attack,  and  that 


58  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULBEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  the  British  Government  were  as  anxious  as  ever  to 

^      retain  his  friendship,  Yar  Mahomed  put  the  letters 
1840-41.  .  .  .       . 

*  from  the  British  Government  in  his  pocket,  and  replied 

that  he  could  give  no  answer  to  them  until — ^through 

his  brother,  whom  he  had  sent  to  Teheran — ^he  received 

the  commands  of  the  "  Impei^atur-i-Rus  !  " 

During  his   stay  at   Candahar,    Login    wrote  the 

following  letter  to  Todd  : — 


Candahab,  April,  1841. 

Although  aware  that  any  expression  of  my  opinion,  as  to  your 
conduct  towards  the  Wuzeer  and  chiefs  of  Herdt,  can  be  but  of 
little  service  ;  I  consider  it  a  duty,  which  under  present  circum- 
stances I  owe  to  the  cause  of  justice  and  to  you,  to  ofiEer  it  at 
your  request. 

Having  had  very  favourable  opportunities  during  the  last 
eighteen  months  of  observing  your  conduct  towards  the  Her^t 
authorities,  I  can  have  no  hesitation  in  stating,  that  it  has  been 
marked  throughout  by  the  utmost  desire  to  secure  their  friend- 
ship ;  and  that  your  anxiety  to  gain  their  good  will,  has  on  many 
occasions  led  you  to  carry  your  efforts  far  beyond  the  limits 
which,  in  my  opinion,  ought  to  have  been  assigned  them.  Judg- 
ing, indeed,  from  the  character  of  the  Wuzeer  and  his  chiefs,  it  is 
my  firm  belief  that  your  evident  anxiety  to  conciliate  them,  and 
the  necessity  imposed  on  you  of  overlooking  many  just  causes  of 
offence,  have  led  them  to  attach  too  high  a  value  to  their  friend- 
ship ;  and  that  had  a  less  conciliatory  tone  and  more  command- 
ing line  from  the  first  been  adopted,  your  efforts  to  secure  British 
influence  at  Herdt  might  have  been  more  successful.  With 
regard  to  your  personal  intercourse  with  the  Wuzeer,  it  has 
always  been  of  the  most  friendly  nature,  and  I  have  frequently 
heard  him  and  his  principal  advisers  express  their  obligations  to 


r 


GAKDAHAJEt   AND  CABUL.  59 

you  for  the  lenient  consideration  with  which  you  treated  him  Chapter 
and  your  readiness  to  exculpate  any  part  of  his  conduct  which     III. 
appeared  dubious.     So  convinced  was  he  of  these  obligations,  1840-41. 
that  he  studiously  avoided  meeting  you  for  some  time  before  our 
departure   from    Herdt,  lest  personal  friendship,  cls  he  stated, 
ahoiild  induce  him  to  forego  all  the  schemes  which  false  ideas  of 
his  power  bad  led  him  to  entertain,  or  make  him  acknowledge 
the  justice  of  your  advice. 

I  cannot  conclude  without  acknowledging  my  sincere  regret  for 
having  on  several  occasions  expressed  myself  to  you  very  freely 
on  your  great  leniency  to  the  Wuzeer.  The  evidences  of  his 
tyranny,  of  which  my  duties  made  me  a  daily  witness,  and  the 
knowledge  thus  acquired  of  the  people's  sentiments  towards  him, 
had  led  me  at  an  early  period  to  the  opinion  that  the  uncontrolled 
power  and  influence  of  Tar  Mahomed  Khan  were  incompatible 
with  the  happiness  and  welfare  of  his  subjects,  and  had  induced 
me  to  believe  that  his  removal  from  power  would  be  esteemed 
the  greatest  benefit  which  British  benevolence  could  bestow  on 
the  people  of  Her&t.  In  this  opinion,  I  need  not  say,  I  am  more 
than  ever  confident. 

J.  S.  Login. 


In  his  "  Caravan  Journey  "  M.  Ferrier  gives  a  very 
amusing  account  of  an  interview  with  Yar  Mahomed, 
who  was  then  virtual  King  after  Kamrdn's  death.  He 
evidently  believed  M.  Ferrier  to  be  an  Englishman, 
sent  to  open  up  negotiations  with  him,  and  he  urged 
him  to  declare  his  mission  as  he  was  quite  ready  to 
treat.  He  said  that  during  Todd's  mission  he  had 
lived  in  fear  of  his  life  from  the  old  drunkard,  Shah 
Kamrin,  (!)  whom  Todd  was  instigating  against  him  ; 
but  that  now  all  authority  centred  in  himself,  and 


60  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  that  his  view  of  the  matter  was  *'  pay  me  well,  and 

.^TT*  .  I  will  be  your  humble  and  devoted  servant." 
1840-41.  -^ 

What  I  heard  and  saw  in  Afghanistan  (says  General  Ferrier) 
gave  me  the  most  profound  conviction  that  the  moment  the  British 
flag  is  seen  in  an  Asiatic  State  the  shameless  government  in  force 
under  a  native  ruler  is  replaced,  if  not  by  abundance,  certainly  by 
security  and  justice.  However  burdensome  the  taxation  of  the 
English  may  be,  it  is  always  far  less  so  than  that  extorted  by 

native  princes,    who  add  persecution    to  rapacity The 

Sirdars,  Mollahs,  Syuds,  and  soldier  classes,  who  live  by  plunder- 
ing the  industrious  inhabitants,  were  always  declaiming  against 
the  English,  because  under  them  they  could  not  practise  their 
iniquities.  The  people  were  irritated,  it  is  true,  because  their 
prejudices  had  been  shocked,  and  rose  to  shake  off  their  yoke ; 

but  now  they  regret  them They  remember  with  graii- 

tude,  their  justice,  their  gratuitous  care  of  the  sick  in  hospitals ; 
the  presents  of  money  and  clothes  when  they  left  them  cured ; 
the  repairs  of  their  public  works,  and  the  extension  of  commerce 
and  agriculture  ....  and  after  exhausting  their  praises,  they 
would  finish  up  by — **  What  a  pity  they  were  not  Mussulmaun  like 
us  !  we  would  never  have  had  any  other  masters  ! "  After  hearing; 
such  expressions,  is  it  not  allowable  to  regret,  in  the  name  of 
humanity  and  civilization,  that  the  British  power  was  not  con- 
solidated in  Afghanistan,  whatever  means  might  have  been  em- 
ployed to  attain  that  end  ? 


Leaving  Candahar  in  April,  still  in  company  with 
D'Arcy  Todd,  Login  proceeded  towards  Cabul,  being 
present  at  some  military  operations  against  the 
Ghilzies  on  the  way,  and  he  had  the  satisfaction  of 
affording  professional   aid  to   the   wounded,   amongst 


CANDAHAK   AND   CABUL.  61 

them  his  dear  friend  and  comrade^  Edward  Sanders,  Chapter 
of  the    BenOT-1    Engineers,   who  had  been   with   the     ^^• 
mission  during  the  first  year  in  Heiit.     After  a  short  '^  *'• 
stay  at  Cabul,  being  prevented  crossing  the  Punjab  by 
orders  from  Government,  in  consequence  of  the  disturb- 
ances   after    the  death  of    Nao-Nehal   Singh,   Login 
accompanied  Major  Pottinger  to  Kohistan,  and  whilst 
there  wrote  the  following  letter  to  his  sister  : — 


Chabikab-Eobistan,  June  2lst,  1841, 

1  have  been  detained  at  Cabal  by  the  Envoy,  Government 
having  notified  to  him  that  passage  through  Punjab  is  not  safe 
at  present ;  so  I  have  come  out  here  with  Eldred  Pottinger, 
being  tired  of  being  idle  at  Cabul.  I  shall  remain  some  time  with 
Maule,  an  old  Artillery  friend,  who  commands  a  regiment  here. 
1  am  sitting  writing  this  in  an  arbour  in  his  beautiful  garden  ;  a 
lovely  murmuring  stream -flowing  round  it,  and,  excepting  the  flies 
being  very  troublesome — a  big  fellow  has  just  settled  on  my  nose — 
exceedingly  pleasant.  At  this  moment  Purwan  Darrah,  the  site 
of  the  disgraceful  afiair  with  our  cavalry  last  year,  and  the  places 
rendered  most  classical  by  recent  events,  are  tmder  my  eyes. 
Nor  do  recent  events  only  contribute  to  render  this  place 
historical.  Within  eight  miles  are  the  ruins  of  a  Bactrian  city, 
Alexandria,  whence  coins  innumerable  are  to  this  day  dug  up.  I 
have  been  collecting  some,  but  so  many  have  already  been  sent 
to  England  that  I  fancy  they  are  no  longer  rare.  Here,  also,  are 
places  celebrated  in  the  history  of  Baber,  Emperor  of  Hindostan. 
Altogether,  it  is  a  beautiful  country.  As  Alexander  Bums  said 
to  me  when  describing  it  one  day — **  Above,  the  Alps,  Hindoo 
Koosh!  below  me,  Lombardyl"  and  certainly  it  realizes  the 
description. 

I  must  confess  that  were  it  not  for  other  great  advantages 


62  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN   AND  DULEEF  SINGH. 

Chapter  Attending  an  Indian  appointment,  I  should  much  prefer  remaining, 
in.      as  I  might  do,  at  Gabul.    Within  three  miles  of  the  Besidency 

1840-41.  and  cantonment  is  a  fine  large  lake,  on  which  there  are  now  ttiro 
boats  built  by  Lieut.  Sinclair  of  H.M.  13th  Light  Infantry, 
a  Caithness  man  from  near  Thurso,  and  considering  that  no  Gabul 
carpenter  (mistree)  had  ever  before  seen  a  boat,  they  are  certainly 
most  creditable  to  Lieut.  Sinclair  as  a  boat-builder.  Sinclair  him- 
self  was,  howeyer,  the  only  man  that  could  manage  them  until  I 
arrived,  and,  as  you  may  imagine,  was  not  a  little  delighted  to  have 
an  Orkneyman  to  cope  with.  We  have  had  many  pleasant 
cruises  on  this  same  lake  of  Gabul ;  rather  odd  that  an  Orkney 
and  Caithness  man  should  be  having  races  and  matches  in  boat- 
sailing  in  such  a  place  !  Sinclair  was  bom  within  sight  of  Hoy 
Head,  has  been  in  Long  Hope,  St.  Margaret's  Hope,  and  Scapa 
Floe,  but  never  in  Stromness.  He,  however,  knows  the  merits  of 
the  Stromness  boats  built  by  the  Wards,  the  Moores,  and 
Louttets.    He  is  a  great  favourite  with  his  regiment 


Login  was  recalled  by  the  Envoy  and  Minister  to 
Cabul  from  Kohistan,  to  take  the  place  of  John  ConoUy 
as  private  secretary,  p7*o  tern.  ConoUy  was  sent  to 
Candahar,  and  Login  was  fully  occupied  by  Sir  W. 
Macnaghteu  till  he  started  with  Todd  for  Lidia, 
proceeding  by  raft  down  the  Cabul  river  from  Jellalabad 
to  Attock,  and  marching  across  the  Punjab  in 
September,  1841,  very  shortly  before  the  insurrection 
at  Cabul  broke  out. 

Before  parting  from  Todd,  the  following  official 
letter  was  addressed  to  him  by  his  late  chief: — 


CANDAHAB  AND   CABUL.  63 


Majob  D'Abcy  Todd,  Political  Envoy  at  Herat, 

to  J.  S.  Loom,  M.D. 

Camp,  keab  Attock,  Augtist,  1841. 

.Sm, 

....  I  take  this  opportunity  of  thanking  you  for  the  very  Chapter 
zealous  and  able  manner  in  which  you  not  only  performed  your  III. 
duties  at  Her^t,  but  exerted  yourself  in  carrying  into  effect  the  1840-41. 
benevolent  intentions  of  Government  towards  the  inhabitants  of 
that  place.  Indeed,  I  may  truly  say  that  had  it  not  been  for 
your  kind  assistance  I  should  have  found  it  impossible  to  give 
full  effect  in  this  respect  to  the  views  of  Government.  I  have,  as 
you  are  aware,  already  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  Envoy  and 
Minister  at  Cabul  the  numerous  duties  which  you  took  upon 
yourself  at  Herdt,  the  main  object  of  which  was  to  apply 
judiciously  the  means  placed  at  our  disposal  by  Government  in 
relieving  the  wants  and  alleviating  the  miseries  of  the  distressed 
inhabitants  of  Herdt.  I  need  only  say  there  is  scarcely  an 
individual  in  that  city  who  has  not  reason  to  be  grateful  for  your 
unwearied  assiduity ^  kindness ,  and  patience;  and  the  effect  of 
your  zealous  and  philanthropic  exertions  has  been  to  estabUsh  in 
Herit,  and  to'  diffuse  throughout  the  neighbouring  states,  the 
fame  of  British  humanity  and  liberality.  It  was  from  the  high 
sense  which  I  entertained  of  the  value  of  your  services,  and  from 
the  difficulty  which  I  felt  certain  would  be  experienced  in 
supplying  your  place,  that  I  requested  you  might  be  detained  at 
Herdt,  when  in  February,  1840,  you  were  appointed  to  the  staff 
of  His  Excellency  the  Commander-in-Chief. 

I  was  aware  that  your  detention  at  Herdt  would  entail  upon 
you  some  pecuniary  sacrifices,  I  hoped  that  this  would  be  made 
up  to  you  by  an  increase  to  your  salary.    I  have  been  disappointed 


64  sm  JO]aN  login  and  duleesp  singh. 

Chapter  in  this  hope,  and  I  have  also  to  regret  the  losses  which  yon  have 

III.      sustained  on  the  sudden  departure  of  the  mission  from  Her^t. 

1840-41. 

I  have,  &c., 

E.  D'Abcy  Todd, 

Late  Political  Agent,  Herat. 
J.  S.  Login,  Esq. 


Soon  after  joining  his  appointment  at  Lucknow  ajs 
Kesidency -Surgeon,  the  storm  burst  in  Afghanistan, 
and  the  insurrection  at  Cabul  thrilled  the  hearts  of  all 
the  English  in  India. 

The  following  letter  from  Havelock  at  Jellalabad, 
urging  the  need  of  chaplains  with  the  army,  is  inter- 
esting  :— 

Sm  Henbt  Havelock  to  Db.  Login. 

Jellalabad,  Dec,  lAth,  1841. 
My  deab  Login, 

I  have  just  seen  it  announced  in  the  paper  that  you  had 
arrived  at  Agra  and  were  to  proceed  to  Lucknow.  You  will  have 
heard  that  we  have  had  a  grand  crisis  here  in  Afghanistan,  which 
can  hardly  be  pronounced  to  be  over,  though  the  symptoms  have 
become  decidedly  more  hopeful. 

I  should  define  the  affair  to  be  a  struggle  of  the  Chiefs  to 
maintain  their  power  to  misrule,  of  which  they  dreaded  the 
annihilation ;  of  certain  tribes,  especially  the  Eastern  Ohilzies, 
to  revenge  the  wrong  of  the  reduction  of  their  stipends;  and, 
finally,  of  the  whole  people  to  get  rid  of  the  Feringhees. 

The  facts    are,  that  Sir   Bobert    Sale's   Brigade,    with    its 


CANDAHAR    AND   CABUL.  65 

auxiliaries,  having    been    moved    down    towards    Tazeen    and  Chapter 
Gtmdamnk,  with  the  doable  purpose  of  freeing  the  passes  and      I^I* 
retiring  to  the  provinces,  that  opportunity  was  seized  to  spring  ^^^^^» 
the  mine  of  a  Cataline  plot.     Sir  A.  Bumes  was  assassinated 
with  all  our  adherents  in  Cabul,  and  our  troops  driven  by  the 
force  of  a  general  insurrection  to  confine  their  efforts  to  main- 
taining themselves  on  the  two  points  of  the  Bala  Hissar  and  the 
intrenched  cantonment.     This  they  are  yet  successfully  doing, 
and  I  trust,  by  God's  blessing,  will  continue  to  do  until  reinforce- 
ments arrive. 

Sir  B.  Sale's  force,  to  which  I  was  temporarily  attached  with 
General  England's  sanction,  fought  its  way  inch  by  inch  to 
Gtmdumuk,  and  on  the  news  of  the  general  outbreak,  retired  on 
this  place,  which  it  has  made  too  strong  for  any  Asiatic  force 
without  artillery  to  get  at  any  price.  It  has  twice  saUied,  and 
utterly  defeated  its  assailants  in  open  field. 

This  is  an  epitome  of  things  here.  Dawes  is  within  these 
walls,  and  well ;  and  we  have  contrived  to  re-establish  ordinances 
amidst  the  din  of  arms.  And  having  said  this  much,  I  come  to  a 
subject  I  have  much  at  heart.  Peruse  the  enclosed  letter,  and  if 
you  do  not  think  this  voice  from  Afghanistan  will  decidedly  do 
harm,  kindly  send  it  on  to  his  Lordship,  whose  address  or  where- 
abouts nobody  here  can  tell  us. 

There  may  yet  be  time  to  send  a  chaplain  up  with  the  second 
reinforcement.  If  he  can  be  spared,  let  him  come  at  any  time 
with  troops,  and  the  sooner  the  better.  I  trust  that  Todd  has  got 
safely  through  his  journey,  and  that  his  affairs  are  prospering. 

Believe  me,  dear  Login,  ever  truly  yours, 

H.  Havelock. 


Login  forwarded  Havelock's  letter  to  the  Governor- 
General,  and  also  wrote  to  the  good  Bishop  (Daniel 


66  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Wilson),  from  whom  he  received  the  following  charac- 

}^^      teristic  reply  : — 
1840-41.  ^  ^ 

Bishop's  Palace,  Jan,  Sth,  1842. 
My  deabest  Friend, 

I  read  every  word  of  your  interesting  letter  to  the 
Governor-General.  The  very  first  opportunity  that  presents 
itself  we  must  and  will  send  a  chaplain.  We  had  one  in 
view,  a  kinsman  of  the  Envoy,  but  he  is  uncertain  in  his  move- 
ments, and  I  am  afraid  odd  in  his  habit  of  mind.  The  Governor- 
General  tells  me  he  has  given  you  Lucknow ;  there  you  will  have 
a  charming  station,  and  when  you  are  settled  there,  I  shall  send 
you  my  subscription  paper  for  200  rupees  per  annum  for  five  years, 
which  I  know  you  will  not  grudge  as  a  contributor  to  my  new 
cathedral — but  of  this  hereafter.  I  have  not  yet  seen  your  paper 
about  Yar  Mahomed.  You  may  rely  on  my  doing  all  I  can  for 
your  friend  Todd  with  the  Governor-General.  How  you  could 
imagine,  my  dear  Login,  that  I  could  forget  you  1  No,  no  I  I 
remember  you,  and  love  you  as  when  we  first  met  at  Agra.  You 
have  never  been  long  out  of  my  mind,  and  I  shall  always  be 

Your  affectionate, 
D.  Calcutta. 


CHAPTER   IV. 


LUCKNOW. 


It  was  a    great    delight   to   Login    to    resume    the  Chapter 

IV. 

1842-48. 


old  work  he  had  set  on  foot  at  Lucknow  during  hiff 


previous   tenure  of  the    appointment  of  Residency- 
Surgeon.      He  found  that  Captain  Paton,  the  first 
Assistant  to  the  Resident,  had  carried  on  the  work  at 
the  Gharib-khana  on  the  old  lines  on  which  he  had 
established  it,  and  he  had  only  to  resume  the  reins. 
Having   so   lately  left  Afghanistan,    he  was  deeply 
interested  in  all  that  was  occurring  there,  and  his  friend. 
Sir  Robert  Hamilton,  Resident  at  Indore,  kept  him 
accurately  informed  of  the  progress  of  events,  forward- 
ing  to  him  all  the  intelligence  that  could  be  ascertained 
of  the  fate  of  the  prisoners,  many  of  whom  were  Login's 
personal  friends. 

Before  the  hot  weather  had  fully  set  in,  the  56th 
Native  Infantry  arrived  in  Lucknow  Cantonment,  and 
the  commanding  officer.  Major  Hope  Dick,  was  joined 
by  his  wife  and  her  sister  (Miss  Campbell),  from 
England.  The  yoimg  lady  had  accompanied  her  sister, 
on  the  death  of  her  parents,  at  her  eldest  brother's 

F  2 


68  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  8INQH. 

Chapter  request,  Captain  Charles  Campbell,  of  the  42nd  Bengal 
^'  Native  Infantry,  Buxee^  or  Paymaster,  at  Cawnpore  ; 
'  and  she  intended  to  join  her  brother  as  soon  as  her 
sister  was  settled  at  Lucknow.  But  it  was  otherwise 
ordained,  for  on  July  28th,  1842,  John  Spencer  Login 
and  Lena  Campbell*  were  married  at  Lucknow,  her 
brother  coming  over  to  give  her  away.  The  newly 
married  couple  settled  down  at  the  Residency — in  the 
house  afterwards  famous  as  the  scene  of  Sir  Henry 
Lawrence's  death  during  the  memorable  siege  in  1857 
— ^after  having  spent  their  honeymoon  at  Beebeepore 
Palace,  kindly  placed  at  Login's  disposal  by  the  King. 

The  post  which  Login  held  at  Lucknow  was  generally 
considered  as  one  of  the  "plums"  in  the  medical  service 
of  the  Company,  and  as  being  an  extremely  lucrative 
one. 

It  was  customary  for  the  Residency-Surgeon  to 
increase  his  pay  by  accepting  other  employment  at  the 
native  Court,  and  by  taking  large  fees  from  natives 
of  rank  and  wealth  in  return  for  medical  attendance. 
But  Login  had  such  a  high  sense  of  the  dignity  and 
honour  of  the  British  name,  and  of  the  duty  which 
devolved  upon  every  officer  who  held  a  position  under 


*  Lena  Campbell  was  the  youngest  daughter  of  John  Campbell,  of  Kinloch, 
Perthshire,  male  representative  of  the  Loudon  Campbells  ;  the  title  going  in  the 
female  line  to  Flora  Mure  Campbell,  only  child  of  James,  fifth  Earl  of  London. 
Lady  Flora  married  the  first  Marquess  of  Hastings,  Goyemor-General  of  India^^* 
See  "  HUtory  of  the  OampbHls  of  Me^oH  and  Kinhch,"  published  by  Simmoas 
k  Botten,  1882,  p.  64, 


LUCKNOW.  69 

the    British    Government    (especially   near    a  native  Chapter 

Court),  to  show  himself  entirely  free  from  all  desire     ^• 

.  1842-48 

of  gain    or   hankering  after  "filthy  lucre,"   that  he, 

perhaps,  went  rather  to  the  opposite  extreme,  and  was 

considered  Quixotic  in  his  ideas. 

To  his  mind,  Englishmen  in  the  service  of  the  King 
of  Oude,  especially  if  they  were  at  the  same  time 
officers  of  the  East  India  Company,  were  already  in  a 
false  position,  and  it  behoved  them  to  avoid  anything 
which  could  endanger  their  independence,  self-respect, 
or  influence  for  good  in  the  eyes  of  any  native.  Hence, 
though  he  at  all  times  willingly  gave  gratuitous 
professional  advice  to  natives  of  all  ranks,  privately 
as  well  as  at  the  dispensary  and  hospitals,  he  had, 
perhaps,  an  over-scrupulous  dislike  to  ask  fees  from 
them,  but  he  often  instead  took  the  opportunity  to  urge 
and  encourage  his  wealthy  native  patients  to  assist  in 
promoting  useful  works  in  their  native  city  and  its 
neighbourhood.  One  native  friend,  Azimoolah  Khan, 
Derogah  to  the  King,  who  was  greatly  indebted  to  him, 
spent  a  large  sum  at  his  suggestion  in  opening  up  a 
street  from  the  heart  of  the  crowded  bazaar  to  the  old 
bridge  of  boats  over  the  Goomtee,  greatly  adding  to 
the  healthiness  of  the  city. 

Thus,  though  his  professional  services  were  more 
sought  after  by  the  nobles  than  those  of  any  of  his 
predecessors,  he  derived  little  personal  advantage ;  still 
he  had  the  honest  satisfaction  of  knowing  that,  in  the 
opinion  of  those  best  qualified  to  judge,  he  did  more 


70  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  for  the  public  good  and  for  the  poor  of  the  city  than 
J[^-     any  who  had  held  the  appointment  before  him. 

After  his  marriage,  the  eagerness  of  his  native  friends 
that  Mrs.  Login  should  visit  their  zenanas  was  great, 
and  her  opportunities  of  insight  into  the  manner  of  life 
of  ladies  of  the  highest  rank  were  unique. 

When  she  became  intimate  with  the  wives  of  the 
King  (Malika  Geytee,  in  particular)  a  special  request 
was  always  made  when  they  were  ill  that  she  should 
accompany  her  husband,  on  the  ground  that  she  would 
be  able  to  describe  symptoms  and  appearances  more 
fully  to  him  from  her  observations,  as  of  course  he  was 
not  permitted  behind  the  purdah  !* 

The  scene  sometimes  was  very  comical.  The  patient 
was  brought  close  to  the  curtain  to  answer  the 
doctor  s  questions,  a  large  hole  being  made  for  the 
purpose  of  feeling  the  pulse ;  but  when  it  came  to  the 
operation  of  getting  the  lady's  tongue  through  the 
hole,  in  such  a  way  as  not  to  exhibit  her  face,  it  was 
often  too  much  for  the  gravity  of  the  visitor,  in  spite 
of  the  air  of  solemnity  and  dignity  with  which  the 
eunuchs   supported   their   mistress,    and    opened    her 


*  Login  had  a  great  difllike  to  any  underhand  way  of  teaching  Christianity  in 
the  harems,  and  thought  that,  unless  witli  the  full  consent  and  approval  of  thr 
husbands,  there  should  be  no  tampering  ^-ith  the  religion  of  their  wiveji.  Ht 
placed  more  faith  in  the  effect  of  a  good  Ufe,  and  a  character  for  strict  inteigrity 
and  truthfulness,  in  those  who  bear  the  name  of  Christians,  and  believed  that  no 
blessing  could  rest  on  work,  which  gained  the  women  of  India  at  the  expense  of 
the  res|)ect  of  the  men. 


LUOKNOW,  7 1 

mouth  for  the  piirpose,  though  even   their  features  Chapter 

sometimes  relaxed  into  a  broad  firin  !  .r.}J\^ 
o                                           1842-48* 

The  Wuzeer  Ameenoodowlah^s  only  child  (a 
daughter)  was  supposed  to  be  dying  of  consumption, 
and  her  death  was  daily  looked  for,  all  the  wise  women 
and  native  hakims  having  given  her  over,  after  trying 
all  their  cures  and  spells  to  no  effect.  .  The  Wuzeer 
was  in  great  distress  and  grief,  for  although  only  a  girl, 
she  was  his  only  child.  Dr.  Login  asked  to  see  the 
little  girl,  and  on  closely  examining  her,  he  found  that 
her  whole  skin  was  encrusted  with  a  coat  of  armour, 
formed  by  the  unguents  and  ointments  that  had 
been  successively  rubbed  on  by  each  new  adviser 
called  in,  without  removing  by  washing  the  previous 
application  (washing  during  illness  being  looked  upon 
as  fatal) ;  thus  the  pores  of  the  skin  could  not  act,  and 
unless  this  could  be  secured  it  was  no  use  ordering 
remedies. 

He  suggested  a  warm  bath  first,  which  terrified 
them  all,  and  a  great  wailing  of  women  and  eunuchs 
ensued!  After  a  time,  the  Begum,  listening  to  his 
persuasions  through  the  purdah,  consented,  if  only  the 
Mem-Sahib  would  come  and  see  it  properly  carried 
out  in  the  zenana. 

She  came  therefore,  taking  her  Mussulmauni  ayah 
with  her,  and  a  supply  of  soft  towels,  scented  soap,  and 
sponges.  The  poor  child  was  very  weak,  and  great 
care  and  tenderness  was  exercised  before  the  hard  shell 
could  be  softened  enough  to  come  away,  and  show  what 


72  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  the    little   Begum,    Wuzeeroolniza,   was    really  like, 

^^'     without  the  husk  or  shell  she  had  been  encased  in. 
1842-48. 

Poor  little  mite  !  She  was  a  perfect  skeleton  of  thin- 
ness, and  so  weak  there  seemed  little  hope  for  her  life. 

Dr.  Login  said  he  could  only  undertake  the  case,  if 
the  child  was  made  over  to  his  care  in  the  cantonments, 
where  he  was  then  residing,  with  a  few  trustworthy 
servants  to  carry  out  his  orders.  Be  knew  that  in  the 
zenana,  with  such  a  number  of  excited  slave-girls  and 
jealous  wise-women  to  counteract  his  directions,  there 
would  be  small  chance  of  a  cure.  The  parents  eagerly 
grasped  at  this  chance  of  getting  their  child  restored 
to  health ;  and  a  bungalow  was  taken  for  her,  with  a 
retinue  of  women  and  eunuchs,  as  near  as  possible  to 
the  house  in  cantonments  where  Dr.  Login  was  then 
residing  with  his  family. 

It  was  rather  ludicrous  to  see  the  astonishment  of 
the  Begums  and  their  attendants  in  the  zenana,  at  the 
large  sponge  used  in  the  bath  operations.  They  were 
at  first  alarmed,  and  shrieked  with  fright  when  it  filled 
with  water,  thinking  it  was  an  animal  that  would  bite 
the  child  !  but  they  were  delighted  with  the  gift  of  it, 
and  amused  themselves  for  hours  filling  and  squeezing  it 
out  again,  and  throwing  it  at  each  other  amid  peals  of 
laughter !  The  scented  soap  was  also  a  great  delight  to 
them. 

The  recovery  of  the  child,  though  tedious,  owing  to 
her  weakened  state,  was  wonderfully  rapid  when  she 
was  once  removed  out  of  the  hot  city  to  the  purer  air 


LUCKNOW.  73 

in  cantonment,  and  under  the  doctor's  eye  as  to  food,  Chapter 
air,  exercise,  and  amusement.  ^^• 

It  was  an  amusement  to  her  to  learn  to  read  and 
write  with  the  Mem-Sahib,  whom  she  always  afterwards 
called  her  "  mother/'* 

The  Chota  Begum  was  an  object  of  great  curiosity 
and  interest,  to  all  the  English  children  in  cantonments, 
as  she  took  her  daily  drives  morning  and  evening  in  a 
gorgeous  chariot,  in  the  form  of  a  peacock,  painted  to 
represent  the  bird  with  tail  outspread,  under  which  she 
sat,  attended  by  her  zenana  guards. 

This  most  enviable  carriage  was  presented  to  the 
Login  children  when  the  little  lady  became  con- 
valescent. 

One  morning  there  was  a  great  uproar  !  A  messenger 
airived  at  the  Residency  to  say  that  the  Prime 
Minister,  Nawab  Ameenoodowlah,  who  had  been  out 
in  the  district  enquiring  into  a  case  of  a  refractoiy 
Zemindar,  had  been  waylaid  by  dacoits,  attacked,  and 
murdered,  and  that  his  coi'pse  was  being  brought  in. 
Login  spoke  to  the  excited  messenger,  who  was  one  of 
the  Nawab's  horsemen,  told  him  to  dismount,  go  to 
the  Nawab's  house,  and  prepare  everything  to  receive 
him.  He  then  put  some  surgical  necessaries  in  his 
pocket,  mounted  and  galloped  off  to  where  the 
Wuzeer's  camp  was.     Had   he   delayed,  the   Wuzeer 


•  Many  years  afterwards,  when  he  was  in  England,  Login  received  a  letter  from 
the  little  Be^m  in  question  (then  the  wife  of  a  Nawab),  commencing,  "  My  dear 
Pappa  and  Mamma^^^  and  ending,  "your  affectionate  daughter." 


74  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  must  have  bled  to  death  from  his  wounds ;  bs  it  was, 
^'  Lofifin  met  a  mournful  procession  of  the  Nawab's 
'  people,  carrying  home,  as  they  believed,  their  master 
dead.  He  recovered,  however,  after  long  and  anxious 
nursing  and  attendance,  and  was  ever  after  truly 
grateful  for  his  life  at  Login's  hands.  His  right  arm 
had  been  nearly  hacked  off,  and  he  was  otherwise 
fearfully  wounded ;  but  his  arm  was  saved  in  the  end, 
and,  to  his  delight,  he  could  again  use  his  sword  and 
gun. 

Many  were  the  odd  expedients  resorted  to  by  some 
of  the  nobles,  to  express  their  gratitude  and  apprecia- 
tion of  Dr.  Login's  professional  services.  One  morning, 
during  her  husband  s  absence,  Mrs.  Login  was  informed 
that  a  messenger  from  the  Palace  requested  an 
interview.  A  stately  chohedar  in  the  royal  liver), 
scarlet  and  gold,  carrying  his  golden  mace  {chohe\ 
made  his  salaam,  and  pointing  to  the  entrance  gates, 
where  stood  a  splendid  barouche  and  pair,  informed  her. 
with  all  the  graces  of  Oriental  language,  that  this  was 
presented  to  her  by  the  Wuzeer,  by  the  King's  special 
desire,  as  he  thought  it  was  most  suitable  from  its 
style,  to  carry  the  wife  of  so  distinguished  a  gentleman 
as  the  Doctor  Sahib,  who  was  so  considerate  to  all, 
and  "  the  protector  of  the  poor." 

The  lady's  astonishment  and  consternation  was 
great  I  Well  did  she  know  the  equipage  in  question — a 
distinofuished  and  much  admired  feature  in  all  the 
Royal  processions,  which  it  invariably  headed  ! 


LUCKNOW.  75 

No  doubt,  it  was  London  built,  and  gorgeously  lined  Chapter 

with  satin    and  gold ;  but  it  was  scarcely  such   an     ^* 

.  1842-48. 

equipage  as  the  doctor's  wife  would  choose   for  her 

evening  drive.  The  horses  were  large  milk-white 
creatures  with  pink  noses  ;  and  their  tails,  which 
literally  swept  the  ground,  were  dyed  a  brilliant 
scarlet.  Their  pace  was  a  sort  of  slow  canter,  lifting 
their  feet  very  high,  as  if  pawing  the  air,  or  rather,  as 
if  moving  along  majestically  on  their  hind  legs !  This 
remarkable  action  of  theirs  was  particularly  admired 
in  the  processions — there  was  something  so  distingxU 
about  it !  The  harness,  also,  was  all  bound  with  red 
morocco,  and  had  solid  silver  mountings. 

It  required  great  diplomacy  to  avoid  offending  the 
King  and  the  Prime  Minister  by  declining  this  present, 
but  it  \va>s  accomplished  after  making  a  few  ceremonious 
vUite  of  thanks  in  this  ma^ificent  turn-out.  by  sug- 
gesting  to  the  King  that  the  Royal  processions  would 
suffer,  and  be  shorn  of  much  splendour,  by  the  absence 
of  this  admired  carriage,  and  assuring  both  King  and 
Minister,    that  Dr.  Login  could   actually  forego  the 
pleasure  and  delight  of  seeing  his  wife  driving  about  in 
this  truly  regal  conveyance,  if  he  could  thereby  attain 
the  object  he  had  long  desired  of  adding  to  the  healthi- 
ness of  the  city,  by  the  opening  up  of  a  new  street,  and 
by  getting  the  King  and  Prime  Minister  to  push  for- 
ward the  scheme  for  the  new  road  between  Lucknow 
and   Cawnpore,   with   its   splendid    bridge    over    the 
Goomtee,  which  had  lain  in  abeyance  since  1839, 


76  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULBEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       This  was  now  urged  on  the  King  by  the  Resident, 

^^'     Mr.  Davidson,   at  Dr.  Logins   suggestion,   and   was 

agreed  to  by  the  Oude  Government,  Captain   Hugh 

Fraser,  Bengal  Engineers,  being  appointed  to  cany 

out  the  work. 

Other  strange  offerings  wore  presented  in  lieu  of 
fees — for  instance,  two  baby  elephants,  each  attended 
and  led  by  a  young  negro  slave  (with  nothing  but  a 
necklace  of  large  bright  beads  and  a  waist-cloth  as 
clothing),  were  sent  by  the  King's  brother-in-law  after 
recovery  from  an  illness.  It  was  represented  to  the 
Nawab  that  Englishmen  kept  no  slaves ;  but  he 
begged  that  these  boys,  who  had  been  bom  in  his 
own  harem,  should  be  bred  up  in  close  attendanre 
on  the  Mem-Sahib  and  her  children,  for  whom  thev 
would  be  ready  to  die  if  necessary  I 

Although  the  little  elephants,  who  wei'e  gaily 
painted  and  adorned,  were  as  black  as  their  grinninj^ 
negro  attendants,  they  would  have  proved  veritable 
white  elephants  to  Dr.  Login,  as  in  virtue  of  his  office 
as  A.D.C.  to  the  King  and  Superintendent  of  the 
Royal  Hospitals,  an  elephant  establishment  wais 
already  kept  up  for  him  at  the  King's  expense. 

On  another  occasion,  two  huge  Persian  cats,  male 
and  female,  more  like  small  cheetahs,  or  huntiui: 
leopards,  each  chained  to  a  separate  miniature  chari^n/^ 
carried  on  the  head  of  an  attendant  keeper,  were  sent 
by  a  grateful  patient,  a  cousin  of  the  King's,  as  plat/- 
maters  for  the  children :     As,  however,  their  food  w:i<i 


LUCKNOW.  77 

raw  flesh,  and  they  were  allowed  to  kill  and  eat,  they  Chapter 
would  not  have  been  safe  companions;  indeed,  they  did      ^^' 
not  seem  much  more  amiable  than  tigers  ! 

It  was  surprising  how  the  Ghaiib-khana  cleared 
the  streets  of  beggars,  who  had  been  a  great  pest. 
Children  were  made  to  see  that  it  was  better  to 
learn  to  work  for  a  livehood  than  to  beg.  Many 
boys  from  the  Gharib-khana  were  placed  out  in 
situations,  and  made  some  of  the  best  servants  in 
Lucknow  and  throughout  Oude. 

The  hospital  drew  so  many  patients  that  Dr.  Login 
was  obliged  to  apply  for  a  qualified  sub-assistant 
surgeon  (native)  from  Calcutta,  to  help  in  the  work. 

Cases  of  snake-bite  and  of  cholera  were  of  constant 
occurrence.  The  patients  were  brought  in  from  the 
surrounding  districts  in  numbers,  and  as  they  invariably 
preferred  to  be  carried  to  the  Doctor  Sahib  s  house 
first,  there  was  frequently  of  a  morning  to  be  seen 
at  the  entrance  gates,  a  ghastly  assemblage  of  poor 
wretches  writhing  in  agony  in  the  doolies  or  on  the 
charpoys,  on  which  they  had  been  conveyed  from 
distant  villages ;  sometimes,  alas !  expiring  before 
they  reached  their  harbour  of  refuge. 

In  Login's  time  there  occurred  only  one  of  those 
extraordinary  cases  of  so-called  "  wolf  children  " — i.e., 
children  carried  off  by  wolves  when  infants  and  suckled 
with  their  cubs— of  which  there  have  been  several 
known  in  Oude. 

In  this  instance,  the  child,  who  was  found  in  tlie 


78  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINOH. 

Chapter  district  near  the  Tend,*  appeared  to  be  about  four  or 
^*  five  years  old.  The  body  was  covered  with  soft  hair, 
'  and  though  undoubtedly  human,  it  was  very  animal  in 
its  instincts  and  ways.  It  walked  and  ran  on  hands 
and  feet,  and  could  only  utter  a  sound  or  cry  like  an 
animal.  Tt  was  looked  after  carefully,  but  still 
managed  several  times  to  escape  to  the  woods.  In 
spite  of  all  efforts  to  coax  it,  it  refused  food,  and  soon 
pined  and  died  in  captivity. 

Colonel  Low,  the  Resident,  Login's  kind  friend, 
knowing  how  anxious  he  was  to  get  his  next  brother 
an  appointment,  exerted  his  influence  to  this  effect, 
and  an  assistant-surgeoncy  was  offered  him  and  eagerly 
accepted. 

James  Dryburgh  Login,  after  taking  his  degree 
of  M.D.  in  Edinburgh,  had  walked  the  hospitals 
of  Paris  and  Vienna,  and  was  looked  upon  as  a  surgeon 
of  great  promise.  He  was  appointed  to  an  European 
regiment  on  his  arrival  in  India,  and  was  only  able  to 
pay  a  flying  visit  to  his  brother  en  route  to  the 
frontier,    where   his  regiment   was   stationed. 

John  Login  being  now  able  to  offer  a  home  to  his 
sisters,  after  their  mother'sdeath,  which  took  place  while 
he  was  at  Herdt,  two  of  them  came  out  to  him,  and 
married  respectively  Colonel — ^afterwards  General — 
Joseph    Graham,    Superintendent    of    the    Thuggee 


*  Largo  district  of  jungle  and  swamps  on  the  confines  of  Oude  and  Xo)>al. 
the  resort  of  tigers  and  all  sorts  of  game. 


LUCKNOW.  79 

Department,  and  Captain — afterwards  General — Alfred  Chapter 
Wiatle,  Bengal  Horse  Artillery.  His  youngest  brother  ^" 
Tom,  after  practical  training  at  home  as  a  civil 
engineer,  he  brought  out,  and  through  Mr.  Thomason's 
interest  got  him  appointed  under  Colonel — afterwards 
Sir  Proby — Cautly,  who  was  then  commencing  the 
Ganges  CanaL  He  proved  himself  to  have  talents 
of  no  mean  order  in  his  profession ;  he  rose  to  great 
distinction  as  an  engineer,  and  died  some  years  ago 
Superintending  Engineer  of  the  Pimjab  (Second 
Circle). 

Patrick  Vans  Agnew  was  one  of  the  assistants  to  the 
Resident  at  Lucknow,  and  a  great  friendship  grew  up 
between  him  and  Login;  after  he  left  they  corre- 
sponded frequently,  until  Agnew's  melancholy  death  by 
assassination  at  Mooltan. 

The  King  of  Oude  had  several  English  officers  and 
gentlemen  in  his  service,  besides  those  in  his  military 
employ.  Colonel  WUcox  (Trigonometrical  Survey) 
was  Astronomer  to  the  King,  and  Mr.  George  Beechey 
(son  of  Sir  William  Beechey,  E.)yal  Academician)  waa 
his  painter,  and  had  to  take  portraits  of  the  Governors- 
General  and  Commanders-in-Chief  for  the  King's 
gallery. 

These  gentlemen  had  always  been  treated  with  great 
distinction  by  Mahomed  Ali  Shah ;  but  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  his  son,  Wajid  Ali  Shah — ^who  was  after- 
wards deposed  by  Lord  Dalhousie — a  marked  difference 
began  to  display  itself.     The  young  King  was  anxious 


8Q  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  to   show  his   courtiers  that  these  Englishmen  were 
rv.      merely    his    servants,    who    could    be    treated   with 

1  ft4.9-.4.ft 

'  arrogance  and  contempt.  This  was  felt  very  galling 
by  the  Englishmen,  who  were  unable  to  t^ke  notice  of 
it,  as  they  knew  it  would  be  seized  on  by  the  King  s 
favourites  as  a  means  of  getting  rid  of  them.  Mattera 
came  to  a  climax  when,  instead  of  the  customary 
courteous  invitation  from  His  Majesty  to  attend  some 
grand  public  function  at  Court,  a  circular  invitation 
was  brought,  with  only  the  names  of  the  gentlemen 
invited  on  the  outside  of  the  envelope  in  a  column, 
with  space  opposite  each  for  their  signature  in  token  of 
acceptance. 

Login's  name  headed  the  list,  in  virtue  of  receiving 
pay  from  the  King  as  Superintendent  of  Hospitals. 
Instead  of  signing  his  name,  he  confiscated  the  paper, 
and  took  it  straight  to  the  Resident,  Sir  Greorge 
Pollock,  who  made  a  special  representation  to  the  King 
on  the  subject.  His  Majesty  was  quite  alarmed  at  this 
unexpected  turn  of  affairs,  and  ordered  an  ample 
apology  to  be  made,  decreeing  that  the  title  of 
"Bahadoor"  was  henceforth  conferred  on  "Login 
Sahib,"  and  a  huge  silver  seal,  set  with  stones,  was 
ordered  to  be  engraved  with  his  name  and  title,  to  be 
used  as  his  seal,  and  always  to  be  attached  by  him  to 
any  paper  he  might  send  to  the  King.  A  day  was 
appointed  for  his  reception  at  the  Palace,  to  have  his 
title  and  seal  presented,  with  a  khillut,  or  dress  of 
honour. 


LUCKNOW.  8 1 

Instead   of   losing  influence  bj  this    independent  Chapter 
course,  he  was  more  highly  appreciated  than  ever.  ^^' 

The  King's  public  dinners,  followed  by  entertain- 
ments of  nautches  and  fireworks,  were  always  a  great 
amusennent  to  strangers.  These  dinners  were  more 
breakfasts  or  tiflBn,  being  given  during  the  day. 
Every  sort  of  delicacy  was  provided,  and  the  King 
himself  had  some  special  dish  served  up  for  him.  It 
was  considered  a  great  mark  of  Eoyal  favour  to  have  a 
portion  from  this  dish  sent  round  to  some  favoured 
guest. 

On  one  occasion,  after  a  khillut  had  been  presented 
to  Dr.  Login,  before  the  dinner,  for  some  special  reason, 
the  King  took  it  into  his  head  to  show  a  public  mark 
of  his  approval,  and  taking  up  a  handful  (!)  of 
kabohs^  and  rice,  which  he  was  eating,  placed  it  on  a 
plate  and  sent  it  round  with  his  salaam  to  Mrs.  Login, 
who,  it  is  to  be  feared,  did  not  fully  appreciate  this 
delicate  attention ! 

The  eyes  of  all  the  assembly  were  fixed  on  her,  for 
of  course  she  was  expected  to  eat  the  dainty  thus 
honoured  by  the  royal  hand ! 

A  crowd  of  servants  stood  behind  the  royal  chair, 
each  having  his  separate  office.  One  waved  the  regal 
choivree  over  his  master's  head  to  keep  off  the  flies  ;  a 
second,  the  royal  punkah,  or  fan ;  another  bore  his 
hookah ;  a  fourth,  the  golden  chillumchee  and  lota ;  t  a 

*  Small  pieces  of  meat  roasted  on  tiny  wooden  skewers.         f  £wer  and  basin. 

G 


82  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  fifth  stood  by  the  King's  side  to  wipe  his  mouth  with 

^^'     a  napkin  after  every  morsel ;  a  sixth  lifted  his  glass  of 

'  sherbet  to   his    mouth  ;    whilst   the  seventh  held  in 

readiness   the   royal  pocket-handkerchief  and    wiped 

"  his  royal  nose  !  " 

It  was  etiquette  that  he  should  not  appear  able 
even  to  walk  about  without  support,  and  he  was  lifted 
into  his  carriage  like  a  bale  of  goods !  This  did  not 
appear  so  extraordinary  in  the  case  of  the  old  King, 
Mahomed  Ali  Shah,  who  was  both  aged  and  infirm, 
but  it  did  strike  the  European  community  as  absurd 
when  the  young  Wajid  Ali  Sbah,  who  had  prided 
himself  on  his  great  activity,  suddenly  seemed  by  his 
accession  to  the  throne  to  have  been  deprived  of  the 
use  of  his  limbs.  On  one  occasion  alone  did  he  dare 
to  set  etiquette  at  defiance.  This  was  on  his  first  visit 
of  ceremony  to  the  Resident.  He  submitted  to  be 
hoisted  up  the  steps  and  into  the  Residency,  but  on 
taking  his  leave,  to  his  attendants'  dismay,  he  actually 
ran  up  the  ladder  to  the  howdah  of  his  elephant,  amid 
the  applause  of  the  Europeans  present.  Is  it  surpris- 
ing that  this  Ufe  of  inaction  so  rapidly  produces  in  their 
sovereigns  the  amount  of  corpulence  which  in  Oriental 
ideas  is  essential  to  the  kingly  dignity  ? 


That  Login  had  the  faculty  of  gaining  the  hearts  of 
his  subordinates,  is  proved  by  the  devotion  shown  by 
his  servants  to  himself  and  his  family,  and  the  length 


LUCKNOW.  83 

of  years  they  remained   in  his  service,  following  his  Chapter 
fortunes  often  into  stmnge  and  distant  lands.  ^' 

^D  1842-48. 

The  &ith^  Khalipha  Ali  Bux,  who  had  been  with 

him  at   Herdt  and  Cabul,  was   now  made   Derogah 

of  the  Ghaiib-khana.     He  took  up   his  abode  there 

with  his   ttvo   wives,   and   wajs   indefatigable    in    his 

duties.         Fatimah,   the    fair    Herdti,   was    a    great 

favourite  with  everybody.     Khalipha  used  to  compare 

himself  to   Jacob,  with  whose  history  he  was  quite 

familiar,  and  would  say,  with  a  twinkle  in  his  eye,  that 

whenever  he  saw  signs  of  a  little  domestic  "  breeze  '* 

getting  up,  he  threatened    to    send  for  the    Doctor 

Sahib,  and  that  was  enough  I 

Hinghan  Khan,  the  Herdti  boy,  had  accompanied 
his  master  to  India.  He  was  a  light  weight,  and 
being  like  most  of  his  countrymen  a  splendid  rider, 
often  rode  postillion  with  Mrs.  Login's  pretty  phaeton, 
drawn  by  a  pair  of  Cabulis.  These  animals  had  a 
most  inveterate  love  of  fighting,  in  which  they 
frequently  indulged,  even  when  in  harness.  To  cure 
them  of  this  habit,  an  extra  rein  was  fastened  to  the 
"off"  pony,  tying  his  head  away  from  his  fellow  ;  but 
this  did  not  prevent  the  '*  near  "  horse,  when  his  rider 
was  off  his  guard,  making  a  snatch  at  his  companion 
across  the  pole — ^and  then  the  fight  began.  At  it  they 
went,  "tooth  and  hoof,"  to  the  terror  of  the 
Vjystanders,  whether  at  the  bandstand  of  an  evening, 
or  on  the  road ! 

Mrs.  Login  became  so  used  to  it,  that  she  would  sit 

G   2 


I 


84  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  patiently  till  the  combatants  were  either  separated  or 
1842-48  ^^^^  ^^^>  helping  Hinghan  by  pulling  the  rein  that 
held  back  the  "off"  pony,  in  order  to  stop  the 
fight,  and  save  his  leg  from  being  crushed  against  the 
pole.  When  herself  driving  these  animals,  she  was 
obliged  to  have  both  of  them  kept  apart  by  reins. 
Strange  that  this  quarrelsome  disposition  only  showed 
itself  after  they  came  to  India ;  at  Herdt  and  Cabul 
they  lived  together  in  one  stall,  and  were  most 
affectionate . 

Poor  Hinghan  was  devotedly  attached  to  his  master  s 
children,  and  his  gallantry  and  presence  of  mind  helped 
on  one  occasion  to  save  them  from  an  awful  peril 

The  Kings  of  Oude  used  to  delight  in  elephant  fights 
at  theii"  entertainments,  and  for  this  purpose  a  certain 
number  of  male  elephants  were  kept  in  a  place  apart 
from  others,  where  they  were  trained  and  made  mxist 
(mad  or  ferocious)  to  prepare  them  for  these  fights. 

One  morning,  very  early,  the  boy  Hinghan  Khan 
was  out  exercising  his  master's  horse.  Kamrdn.  On 
passing  this  place  he  found  a  terrific  battle  going  on, 
between  the  mahout*  and  a  large  elephant  who  was  to 
fight  next  day  at  the  Palace  entertainment. 

Hinghan  only  remained  long  enough  to  see  the  poor 
mahout  thrown  down  and  trampled  to  death,  while  the 
elephant  rushed  out,  quite  mad,  straight  through  the 
city.     Suddenly  it  flashed  on  him,  that  the  two  babies 


Klephant-diiver. 


LUCKNOW.  85 


of  the    Doctor    Salib    had    started    for  their  early  Chapter 

IV. 

1842-48. 


morning  airing  with  the  ayah  on  their  elephant,  and 


would  be  now  on  their  way  home,  right  in  the  track 
of  this  infuriated  beast,  whose  trurapetting  was  rousing 
the  whole  city  !  Instead  of  turning  home,  therefore, 
the  boy  gave  the  rein  to  the  Turcoman  he  was  riding, 
and  flew  like  the  wind  to  give  the  alarm  to  the 
children's  attendants.  He  met  them  retiu-ning  about 
a  mile  and  a  half  away,  their  elephant  already  excited 
by  the  distant  roaring  of  the  mad  one,  and  refusing  to 
proceed.  Instead  of  obeying  the  mahout's  goad,  it 
stood  still,  quivering  with  rage,  and  trumpetting  loudly, 
eager  for  the  fmy-for  it  was  a  large  and  powerful 
animal,  noted  in  the  shikar  after  tigers  for  its  courage 
and  speed,*  and  could  hardly  be  induced  to  turn  its 
back  on  the  prospect  of  a  fight.  When,  therefore, 
Hinghan  appeared  shouting  '*  Hatliee !  hathee !  must ! 
must ! "  (Elephant  1  mad  elephant !),  and  waved  to  the 
mahout  to  leave  the  road  and  strike  into  a  by-way,  it 
was  with  the  greatest  difficulty  that  the  man  endea- 
voured to  follow  his  directions.  When  at  length  he 
succeeded,  the  must  elephant  was  almost  upon  them, 
and  then  ensued  a  terrible  race  for  life  ! ! 

It  requires  practice  to  accommodate  oneself  to  the 
pace  of  an  elephant,  even  when  the  animal  is  only 
walking,  and  what  the  motion  is  like  when  at  a  gallop. 


*  It  was  afterwards  nearly  blinded  by  a  tiger  in  the  Terai,  when  out  on 
shikar. 


86  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  or  in  a  race^  is  past  description  !  Suffice  it  to  say, 
ifUQ^Q  ^^^^  *^®  mahout  managed  to  outstrip  the  mad  brute» 
'  whose » terrific  roaring  seemed  to  strike  terror  into  all 
other  animals.  Hinghan  Khan  created  a  diversion  in 
every  way  he  could,  to  distract  the  must  elephant  s 
attention,  and  would  liave  succeeded  better  had  not 
his  poor  Turcoman  been  wild  with  terror  and  un- 
manageable. 

Throughout  this  mad  gallop  the  ayaJiy  though*  dis- 
tracted with  flight,  yet  bravely  seated  herself  in  the 
bottom  of  the  howdah^  clasping  the  two  children  with 
one  hand,  while  she  held  on  with  the  other.  The 
children,  fortunately,  were  too  young  to  imderstand 
their  danger,  and  were  only  indignant  at  the  rude 
treatment  and  knocking  about  their  "  dear  ayah  "  had 
sustained  in  trying  to  save  them. 

That  Login's  coolness  and  determination  approached 
stoicism  when  his  own  sufferings  were  in  question,  was 
sometimes  rather  curiously  illustrated. 

He  had  been  badly  bitten  by  a  horse  in  the  hand : 
the  brute  having  seized  the  whole  thumb  in  his  teeth, 
had  regularly  crunched  the  bone.  Nothing  would  make 
him  let  go ;  and  he  kept  throwing  up  his  head  out  of 
reach,  so  that  Login  was  unable  to  free  himself.  For- 
tunately, Mrs.  Login,  who  was  with  him,  had  the 
presence  of  mind  to  pass  her  hand  into  the  horst^V 
mouth,  behind  the  teeth,  and  seizing  the  animalV 
tongue,  to  give  it  a  violent   twist,  at  the  same  time 


LUCKKOW.  87 

startKng  him  with  a  blow  on  the  nose.  This  manoeuvre  Chapter 
was  successful  in  making  him  leave  go  of  his  victim ;  ^* 
but  the  injury  was  already  so  severe,  and  in  such  a 
dangerous  position,  that  it  was  feared  tetanvs  must 
supervene.  In  view  of  this,  Dr.  Login  himself  made 
all  the  preparations  for  the  amputation  of  his  thumb ; 
as  it  was  his  right  hand  that  was  wounded  he  could 
not  perform  the  operation  himself,  and  there  was  no 
other  surgeon  to  be  had.  He  therefore  sent  for  his 
European  apothecary,  and  gave  him  the  most  minute 
instructions  how  to  proceed,  and  arranged  that  he 
himself  would  do  all  to  assist  him,  short  of  using  the 
actual  knife.  Mercifiilly  the  amputation  was  not 
found  to  be  necessary. 

Greneral  Claude  Martinets*  noble  legacy  to  the  City 
of  Lucknow,  the  Martiniere  College,  was  inaugurated 
at  this  time,  and  Login  was  the  most  active  member 
of  the  Board  of  Management. 

As  Honoraiy  Secretary  he  drew  up  all  the  rules  of 


*'  CUtido  Martine,  the  Founder,  was  a  Frenchman,  a  true  soldier  of  fortune  ; 
he  amassed  great  wealth  while  in  the  service  of  successive  Kings  of  Oude,  and  at 
his  death  he  left  it  in  equal  portions  between  the  cities  of  his  birth  and  adoption, 
Lyons  and  Lucknow.  His  splendid  house,  or  rather  palace,  named  Constautia, 
which  he  had  built  near  Lucknow,  he  specially  endowed  to  be  a  college  called  by 
his  name  La  Martiniere.  Kno^ning  that  there  was  a  risk  that  his  roaster,  the 
King,  might  choose  Constantia  as  a  royal  residence  when  he  died,  he  took  the 
precaution  to  direct  in  his  will  that  his  body  should  be  placed  in  a  mausoleum 
underneath  the  house,  vrith  access  through  it,  so  as  to  be  actually  in  the 
building,  thus  defiling  it  for  Mabomedans.  His  tomb  was  one  of  the  sights 
of  Lucknow,  being  quite  French  or  Napoleonic,  figures  largo  as  life  dressed  in  full 
uniform  guarding  the  coffin,  and  a  light  always  burning. 


88  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chsapter  the  College,  and  had  the  satisfiiction  of  setting  it 
J^'  afloat  under  its  first  Principal,  Mr.  Clint — a  very 
*  learned  man  sent  out  from  England.  He  was  succeeded, 
on  his  retirement  after  a  short  period,  by  Dr.  Sprenger, 
a  much  more  practical  man  for  a  new  college  on  ita 
trial.  After  Dr.  Sprenger  s  appointment,  Login  had 
the  opportunity  he  had  longed  for  of  securing  another 
dispensary  for  the  poor  of  Lucknow. 

To  effect  this  purpose  he  generously  offered  to  give 
up  his  allowance  of  100  rupees  per  mensem  for  medical 
duties  at  the  College,  in  order  that  a  well-qualified 
sub-assistant  surgeon  (native)  might  be  entertained, 
who  could  perform  the  duties  of  a  dispensary  as  well. 
At  the  same  time  he  offered  gratuitously  his  own 
assistance  and  advice  to  the  person  appointed.  In 
proposing  this  he  had  in  view  the  suggestion  which  he 
had  submitted  to  the  Secretary  to  Government  two 
years  before,  and  which  was  approved  of,  to  endeavour 
to  attach  a  medical  class  to  the  College  as  soon  as  it 
was  fairly  established,  as  it  would  be  a  great  benefit  if 
some  of  the  students  could  have  the  opportunity  of 
being  trained  in  the  medical  profession. 

On  Henry  Lawrence  being  appointed  to  the  post  of 
Resident  at  Nepal,  he  came  with  his  wife  and  little 
boy  Alick  (Tim)  to  pay  the  Logins  a  visit  on  his  way 
to  Khatmandoo.  Lawrence's  energetic  character  found 
a  ready  response  in  Login,  and  the  two  friends  were 
perfectly   happy   during  this  visit  in  conceiving  and 


LUCKNOW.  89 

carrjrmg  out  all  sorts  of  schemes  for  improving  the  Chapter 
condition  of  the  natives,  and  for  stirring  up  the  indolent  .^^J' 
nobles  and  opulent  merchants  to  a  sense  of  their  re- 
sponsibility to  their  poorer  brethren.* 

Lawrence  at  that  time  was  writing  articles  for  the 
Calcutta  RevieWy  of  which  Kaye  was  editor,  and  he 
urged  Login  to  do  the  same.  Observing  that  the  idea 
of  improving  the  means  of  carriage  for  our  wounded 
soldiers  m  the  field  was  exercising  his  mind,  he  got  him 
to  write  several  articles  on  that  subject.t 

All  Lawrences  staff  of  servants  were  hired  in 
Lucknow  for  the  new  appointment  at  Khatmandoo, 
and  when  he  took  up  his  abode  there  the  intercourse 
between  the  two  friends  did  not  slacken. 

Henry  Lawrence's  faith  in  Login  s  powers  as  a  Post- 
master was  very  great,  and  they  were  indefatigable  in 
stirring  up  their  respective  native  Courts,  of  Oude  and 
Khatmandoo,  to  facilitate  traffic  by  post  and  dak. 


*  Could  those  two  friends  hare  foreseen,  as  they  sat  together  over  tlieir  chota 
futzeret  in  the  verandah,  in  the  delicious  cold  weather  mornings,  after  their  early 
ride,  ^t  on  a  day  not  far  distant  Henry  Lawrence  would  be  carried,  amid  a  very 
hail  of  bullets,  wounded  unto  death,  from  the  Residency  hard  by,  to  die  on  tliis 
very  spot ! 

t  Login  had  seen,  when  on  active  service,  so  much  of  the  suffering  expericncetl, 
and  borne  so  patiently,  by  the  sick  and  wounded,  in  the  wretched  doolies  in  use, 
that  he  employed  his  inventive  powers  (which  were  great)  in  perfecting  a  litter 
which  would  be  comfortable  in  itself  and  easily  carried  by  bearers,  or  on  the  backs 
of  elephants,  camels,  bullocks,  or  ponies.  It  was  named  "  Blcssiere/' and  was 
foond  so  {feasant  as  a  conveyance  that  it  was  often  used  by  invalid  travellers 
going  ddk^  in  preference  to  palanquin  or  doolie,  as  it  allowed  of  change  of 
posturei 


90  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  The  Lucknow  post-oflSce  became  famous  for  its  speed 
ftiQift  and  punctuality,  and  Login  received  a  special  letter  of 
*  thanks  from  Government,  to  whom  he  was  recom- 
mended by  Thomason,  Lieut. -Grovernor  of  the  North- 
Western  Provinces,  for  a  special  gratuity  on  this 
account;  but  there  was  some  rule  which  prevented 
this  being  granted,  though  the  recommendation  was 
recorded. 

Some    letters    of    Henry    Lawrence/s    may    prove 
interesting  : — 


Nepal,  Jan.  Wth,  1844. 
Mt  deab  Login, 

I  have  just  written  to  Thomason  about  post-office 
matters.  I  have  asked  him  if  the  report  is  true  that  I  hear,  that 
he  is  to  appoint  a  young  civilian  to  the  Postmaster-Generalship  ? 

I  said  he  ought  in  justice  to  the  country  to  give  the  post  to  the 
best  man  in  the  department,  one  able  to  do  the  duty  and  willing 
to  do  it,  and  who  would  stick  to  the  berth.  I  have  told  him  there 
should  be  three  grades — 500,  300,  and  200  rupees,  and  raiae  men 
of  acknowledged  zeal  and  ability,  that  the  natives  would  then 
trust  their  valuable  letters  to  us,  which  they  don't  do  at  present, 
and  the  post-office  funds  would  soon  pay  the  increased  salaries. 

Thomason  is  a  queer  fellow,  and  dislikes  interference.  If, 
therefore,  he  values  my  opinion  at  all  he  will  take  it  best  in  the 
shape  I  have  given  it,  and  I  heartily  hope  soon  to  see  you  in  office 
as  Postmaster-General  of  the  North- West  Provinces,  for  I 
earnestly  believe  you  would  do  it  full  justice,  and  would  expedite 
the  ddk8  in  a  manner  the  slow  coaches  little  think  of.  You  would 
also  make  the  ddk  as  valuable  to  the  natives  as  it  is  to  our- 
selves. 


LUCKKOW.  91 

I  have  given  Thomason  nnmeroas  instances  of  how  native  Chapter 
letteiB  are  neglected Our  love  to  you  both.  iy« 

Yours, 

H.  M.  L. 


1842-48. 


Nepal,  Dec.  Idth,  1844. 
My  deab  Looin, 

I  hear  from  many  quarters  that  there  is  every  prospect 
of  your  being  our  new  Postmaster-General. 

I  thought  Thomason  could  not  be  so  foolish  as  to  put  in  a  young 
civilian,  for  then  it  would  only  be  temporary. 

Tou  will  make  a  first-rate  head  of  the  department,  and  work 
up  the  men  under  you  into  something  like  your  own  energy  and 
capability. 

Alick  has  been  very  ill  again.  Oh  (  I  wish  we  had  your  brother 
the  medico  here ;  I  would  have  every  confidence  in  him.  The 
little  fellow  is  so  pulled  down,  and  my  wife  is  so  sadly  weak,  that  I 
feel  very  anxious.  The  Lucknow  ayah  is  a  great  comfort.  I 
hope  you  are  busy  with  your  *'  Beggar  "  article.  Follow  your 
own  bent,  and  I  doubt  not  that  it  will  take  immensely,  and  be 
very  acceptable  to  the  Review.  Please  have  it  ready  by  the  end 
of  February  at  latest,  and  any  information  you  can  give  as  to 
relief  societies,  and  the  effects  of  the  great  famine,  will  be 
very  interesting. 

Our  Prince  here  has  put  down  his  papa,  and  has  been  giving 
me  a  lot  of  trouble.  Last  week  they  murdered  {killed,  they  call 
it)  sixteen  of  the  opposition  party,  and  all  hands  have  now  called 
the  boy  to  the  throne.  Do  give  me  a  slight  biographical  sketch 
of  Hakim  Mhendi  and  Agameer,  and  the  Treasurer,  or  Dewan — I 
forget  his  name — stating  who. and  what  each  of  them  were. 

Yours  sincerely, 

H.  M.  L. 


92  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Nepal,  Feb.  llth,  1845. 
Chapter      My  deab  Login, 

IV. 

1842  48  ^y  ^^^®  ^^®  \>^&^  very  ill,  so  ill  that  for  a  week  I  feared 

for  her  life.  To-day  she  is  better,  and  I  hope  out  of  danger,  but 
terribly  reduced. 

I  am  sorry  to  hear  that  your  dear  wife  has  been  so  ill.  I  regvet 
much  that  you  did  not  make  up  your  minds  earlier  to  spend  your 
hot  season  with  us  here ;  it  is  now,  of  course,  too  late  for  a  deli- 
cate lady  to  travel  through  the  Terai,  but  your  brother  Tom  might 
still  come  if  you  and  he  like  the  idea,  and  you  think  it  is  for  his 
good  to  do  so.  I  shall  be  right  pleased  to  have  him.  Write  by 
return,  and  start  him  off  without  delay,  so  as  to  reach  Segowlee 
by  the  7th  or  8th  of  March. 

He  must  travel  ddk^  of  course,  and  the  less  he  brings  with  him 
the  better,  beyond  his  clothes.  It  is  not  safe  to  pass  through  the 
Terai  after  the  15th  March.  I  repeat  my  offer  to  give  him  100 
rupees  per  mensem,  and  a  moonshee  to  teach  him  the  languages,  on 
condition  that  he  gives  me  (in  my  own  room)  his  time  for  two 
hours  a  day  to  write  letters  for  me.  I  have  books  of  every  kind, 
and  will  be  glad  to  assist  his  studies  in  any  way.  My  invitation 
is  for  the  whole  year  for  certain*  After  that  we'll  launch  him,  and 
if  he  is  your  brother  he'll  find  his  own  legs  ! 

If  he  agrees,  give  him  a  copy  of  what  I  have  written,  that  there 
may  be  no  mistake  between  us.  I  limit  the  time  to  a  year, 
because  I  never  feel  sure  that  I  will  care  to  remain  here  longer 
than  this  year. 

I  have  heard  from  Thomason ;  he  does  not  like  my  saying  (hat 
his  post-office  arrangements  are  not  so  good  as  they  might  be. 
Good  as  he  is,  he  has  crotchets,  and  not  a  few. 

He  says  he  finds  it  very  difficult  to  do  always  as  he  would 
like. 

My  dear  wife  will  gladly  undertake  the  office  of  godmother  to 
the  last  arrival  (remember  our  compact,  that  the  next  boy  is  to  be 
my  godson). 


LUCKNOW.  93 

When  your  wife's  letter  reached  Honoria,  she  was  so  iU  that  I  Chapter 

feared  much  you  would  have  need  to  apply  elsewhere.  Her  illness      rv. 

seems  very  strange ;  certainly  Dr.  C does  not  understand  it.  1842-48. 

I  called  in  Prince  Waldemar's  *  doctor,  and  he  was  so  far  useful 

in  supporting  C . 

Yours, 

H.  M.  L. 


Nepal,  Aug.  9th,  1845. 
Mt  deab  Login, 

I  am  glad  to  hear  you  are  all  flourishing I  was 

pleased  that  you  approved  of  the  Oude  article  in  the  Calcutta 
Revmo,  If  I  had  known  I  would  have  been  kept  so  long 
before  printing,  I  would  have  sent  the  manuscript  to  you  for 
revision,  to  be  sure  that  I  had  grasped  your  meaning  always ;  as 
it  is,  there  are  some  absurd  misprints.  You  are  mysterious  in 
what  you  say  about  Shakespear's  movements.  I  have  no  wish  to 
get  Lucknow  unless  I  were  allowed  full  swing  to  carry  out  my 
schemes  for  the  amelioration  of  the  people ;  in  that  case  I  would 
undoubtedly  accept,  and  as  a  matter  of  conscience  consent  to 
sacrifice  my  own  comfort  for  the  good  of  the  country ;  but  if  I 
were  employed  in  Oude  I  should  certainly  stipulate  to  have  the 
benefit  of  your  services.  Don't  you  think  we  could  make  some- 
thing of  that  fine  country  between  us  ?  I  certainly  would  not 
have  men  with  me  who  are  idle  lie-a-beds  like . 

I  hope  your  young  brother  likes  his  work.  I  hear  from  Thoma- 
son  that  he  finds  him  well  "  worth  his  salt "  on  the  Ganges 
Canal.  I  am  very  glad,  although  you  would  not  accept  my  offer 
to  help  him. 

How  I  wish  we  had  your  brother  James  here  as  doctor,  and 
also  for  companionship,  for  my  rides  are  very  lonely — only  fancy 

*  ProBsiaii  Prinoe  then  trayeUing  in  India. 


94  8IR  JOHN   Loom  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  never  once  has  ridden  with  me  since  he  came,  though  often 

I^*      asked!    I  fancy  he  and  his  wife  dislike  us,  at  least  it  looks  like  it. 

1842-48.  They  are  respectable  people  according  to  the  fashion  of  the 
world's  respectability,  but  their  hearts  are  "  gizzards."  He  has 
only  three  ideas  in  his  head — there  is  no  such  thing  as  poverty 
in  England — ^the  English  Church  is  purity  and  propriety  personi- 
fied, and — **  Antigua."  We  have  never  any  disagreement,  simply 
we  don't  milao  (assimilate) ;  but,  my  dear  old  Login,  I  know 
you  hate  scandal,  and  I  never  meant  to  write  any  when  I  began. 
We  don't  like  to  see  Tim  grow  so  weedy  and  nervous ;  I  don't 
want  him  to  be  girlish,  but  he  has  lost  all  courage  of  late.  My 
wife  begs  I  will  give  you  the  enclosed  description  of  his  state. 
Will  you  think  it  all  over,  and  give  us  directions  or  prescriptions 
as  you  think  best  ?  My  wife  has  such  faith  in  you  that  if  you 
take  him  in  hand  she  will  be  at  rest. 

Yours, 

H.  M.  L. 


When  Lawrence  was  sent  from  Nepal  tx)  Lahore  to 
be  Resident,  he  still  kept  up  a  friendly  correspondence. 
Here  is  a  letter  written  when  preparing  to  go  home  on 
leave  to  recruit  his  health,  sadly  broken  down,  leaving 
the  Punjab,  as  he  and  Lord  Hardinge  believed, 
tranquil,  if  not  quite  settled  down  : — 


Lahobb,  Nov,  6th,  1847. 
Mt  deab  Login, 

Many  thanks  for  your  kind  chit  just  received.  I  answer 
in  a  way  at  once,  lest  it  get  laid  aside  in  the  bustle.  I  want  you 
to  tell  Tom  to  qualify  as  a  surveyor,  for  there  will  be  work  for 
him  hereafter  in  the  Ftmjab. 


LUCKNOW.  95 

Idon't  think  it  would  do  for  Lord  Hardinge  to  do  anything  just  Chapter 
a3  he  is  leaving ;    bat  I  think  that  his  successor  should  do  much      I^* 
what  you  propose,  and  I  agree  with  you  that  John  is  the  best  1842-48. 
man  they  could  get  to  carry  out  the  arrangement,  and  I  shall  tell 
the  Court  of  Directors  so  when  I  get  home. 

I  leave  I^ihore  on  the  1st  December,  and  go  down  to  Calcutta. 
I  am  better,  but  very  seedy  and  rickety,  and  want  a  thorough 
setting-up.  I'll  keep  your  secret,  and  advise  you  to  write  a  great 
deal  more  of  same  sort  for  the  Delhi  Gazette.  I  thought  the 
article  very  good  and  very  like  ^ou— certainly  not  written  by 
Delhi  folks.  The  paper  wants  a  little  help ;  a  little  would  enable 
it  to  floor  that  scoundrel  at  Meerut.  I  trust  that  Mrs.  Login's 
health  holds  out.     My  kindest  regards  to  her  and  you. 

Yours, 

H.  Lawbence. 


Previous  to  this  Lawrence  had  succeeded  in  getting 
Login's  brother,  James  Dryburgh,  appointed  to  be  Resi- 
dency-Surgeon at  Nepal,  where  he  remained  after 
Lawrence  was  appointed  to  the  Punjab  frontier  on 
the  breaking  out  of  the  war.  The  young  surgeon's  in- 
fluence over  the  Minister,  Jung  Bahadoor,  was  remark- 
able. He  inspired  him  with  a  great  desire  to  go  to 
England  to  judge  for  hunself  what  sort  of  people  they 
were  who  ruled  India. 

Jung  Bahadoor  applied  for  permission  to  Govern- 
ment, that  Dr.  James  D.  Login  should  be  permitted  to 
accompany  him  to  England  and  to  visit  the  Continent 
of  Europe. 

The  permission  was  granted ;  but  before  the  informa- 


96  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  tioix  reached  James  Login  he  was  dead,  having  been 

^^'     attacked  by  cholera  at  Dinapore,  and  carried  off  after  a 
1842-48.  . 

'  few  hours'  iUness.     It  was  brought  on  by  exposure  to  a 

fierce  sun  on  the  river,  working  and  superintending  the 

fitting-up  of  a  boat  to  carry  a   patient,  the   wife  of 

a  friend,  to  Calcutta  on  her  way  to  England. 

It  is  satisfactory  to  know  that  although  he  was  not 
permitted  himself  to  carry  out  his  desire  to  open  Jung 
Bahadoor's  eyes  to  the  power  and  greatness  of  England, 
yet  that  the  visit  was  productive  of  great  results,  and 
that  it  was  the  cause  of  making  a  friend  of  that  astute 
and  wily  native,  whose  friendship  proved  so  useftil  in 
the  Mutiny. 

It  was  expected  that  when  Dr.  Login's  promotion  to 
the  grade  of  full  surgeon  took  place  that  he  also  (like 
Dr.  Stevenson,  his  predecessor)  would  be  permitted  to 
remain  in  the  appointment  of  Residency- Surgeon  until 
there  was  a  vacancy  for  him  as  Postmaster-Greneral. 
No  doubt  this  would  have  been  the  case  had  either  of 
his  former  chiefs.  Low,  Nott,  Pollock,  or  Davidson. 
been  the  Resident,  for  they  would  have  applied  for 
him.  Login  himself,  on  principle,  always  acting  on  the 
belief  that  the  Government  knew  best  who  was  the 
fittest  man  for  a  particular  office,  had  made  it  a  rule 
never  to  ask  for  anything.  It  happened  however, 
that  the  Resident  and  his  first  Assistant  had  taken 
offence  at  Dr.  Login,  because  on  public  grounds  he  (as 
a  member  of  the  Council  of  Management  and  Secre- 
tary) opposed  their  wish  to  appoint  a  very  unfit  man 


LUCKNOW.  97 

as  the  Sub- Assistant  Surgeon  in  charge  of  the  Marti-  Chapter 

IV. 

1842.48. 


nifere  Dispensary.      Colonel  Richmond  took  the  extra-         ' 


ordinary  step,  as  soon  as  he  saw  Login's  promotion  in 
the  GazettCy  of  appointing  another  Assistant- Surgeon 
till  his  successor  was  gazetted,  and  ordered  the  native 
Sub- Assistant  Surgeon  to  take  charge  at  once  of  the 
King's  hospitals,  thus  virtually  ousting  Dr.  Login. 

This  appointment,  when  sent  up  to  the  authorities 
for  confirmation,  brought  down  a  severe  rebuke  on  the 
Resident,  who  was  told  by  the  Governor-General  that 
the  appointment  was  a  most  improper  one ;  he  had, 
therefore,  himself  to  pay  to  his  nominees  the  allowances 
he  tried  to  deduct  from  Dr.  Login. 

Login  had  arranged  to  send  home  his  wife  and 
children  when  he  became  full  smrgeon.  And  had  it  not 
been  for  the  disturbed  state  of  the  Pimjab  at  the  time, 
he  would  have  taken  furlough  and  gone  home  with 
them  ;  as  it  was,  he  applied  to  be  sent  on  active  service 
with  the  army  then  assembling. 

He  was  again  appointed  to  the  charge  of  the  Horse 
Artillery,  and  joined  the  6th  Battalion  at  Deena- 
nuggur,  under  Brigadier  Wheeler,  in  the  autumn  of 
1848. 


CHAPTER  V. 


THE   SIKHS. 


Chapter  The  Punjab,  or  Land  of  the  *'  Five  Rivers,"*  was  first 
^'  known  to  Western  nations  as  the  kingdom  of  Poms. 
The  Greeks  under  Alexander,  who  defeated  that 
monarch,  gave  to  the  country  he  ruled  over  the  name 
of  "  India."  This  name  later  ages  extended  to  those 
vast  territories  which  lie  betwixt  the  Indus  and  the 
Irrawaddy,  and  stretch  from  Cape  Comorin  to  the 
farthest  Himalayas. 

The  Punjab  itself  is  about  the  size  of  the  present 
kingdom  of  Prussia  (including  Hanover  and  Schleswig- 
Holstein),  though  its  population  is  not  quite  so  dense 
as  that  of  northern  Germany,  t  It  enjoys  every 
variety  of  climate,  from  the  drifting  snows  of  Ladakb 
to  the  dust-storms  of  Mooltan.  J     The  products  of  the 


*  From  panch,  **  five  ; "  d6,  "  water." 

t  The  total  population  of  the  Punjab,  including  the  Native  States,  was,  in 
1881,  22,712,120.  Exclusive  of  the  Native  Stotes,  it  is  18,850,437.  The  popula- 
tion of  Prussia  is  about  27,000,000. 

X  Cunningham's  **  Histwy  of  the  Sikhs;*  p.  2. 


THB  BIKH8.  99 

soil    are  equally  varied^   and    though    it  is    not   so  Chapter 

marvellously  fertile  as  parts  of  Bengal  and  the  basin  of     ^* 

the  Ganges,  even  in  the  days  of  Runjeet  Singh  the 

revenues  were  estimated  at  two  and  a  half  millions 

sterling,  while  under  British  rule  they   have  nearly 

doubled!*     The  wealth   of  the  country,   however,   is 

largely  owing  to  its  trade  in  shawls,  carpets,  and  silk 

goods  (the  shawls  of  Cashmere  and  carpets  of  Mooltan 

being  almost  equally  famous),  and  to  its  export  of  salt 

— ^the   salt-mines   of   the   Jhelum   district   forming  a 

valuable  source  of  revenue  to  the  British  Government. 

The  inhabitants  are  of  many  races,  the  most  numerous 

in  the  central  plain,  about  the  cities  of  Lahore  and 

Amritsur,  being  the  Jats — ^a  tribe  of  Central  Asian 

origin — ^and  it  was  amongst  these  people  that  the  Sikh 

theism  had  its  birth. 

It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  Sikhs  in  origin 

were  a  religious  hodyy  and   not  a  race.     They  were 

banded    together,    not    by   the  ties   of    kindred    or 

common  ancestry,    but  by   the  ardour  and  religious 

zeal  of  one  earnest  soul  searching  for  Divine  truth, 

who  formed  them  into  a  brotherhood  of  enthusiastic 

disciples,  sworn  to  carry  on  his  mission  to  succeeding 

generations,  and   bring  all  who   would   accept  their 

teaching,  of  whatever  tribe,  language,  or  religion,  from 

the    darkness   of    idolatry  and  debased   superstition, 


«  Gro68  receipts  for  the  year  ending  March  3l8t,  1884— £4,810,825. 

H   2 


100  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   PULEEP  SINQEL 

♦ 

Chapter  which  disgraced  all  the  creeds  of  India,  to  the  simple 
•      worship    of   the   one    Supreme    Deity.      Unlike    the 
followers  of  Mahomed,  the  Sikhs  made  no  converts  by 
the  sword. 

1469.        N^uk,  the  fomider  of  the  Sikh  religion,  was  bom 
in  the  year  1469.     The  Adi  Grunt'h,  or  sacred  book 
of  the  Sikhs,  which  contains  his  writings,  shows  that 
the  doctrines  he   taught   breathe  a  high   spirituaUty 
and  truly  exalted  moral  character.     Here  and  there, 
indeed,  they  bear  a  strange  and  shadowy  resemblance 
to  some  of  the  precepts  of  the  Christian  faith.     NAnuk 
taught  that  God  was  One,  Eternal,  Incomprehensible, 
the  Creator  of  all;  that  all  creeds  were  to  be  tolerated, 
and  all  founders  of  religious  systems  honoured    as 
teachers  sent  to  reveal  some  portion  of  Divine  truth  ; 
but  they  were  on  no  account  to  be  regarded  as  deities 
themselves.       The     Hindoo     religion    and    that     of 
Mahomed  is  thus  placed  on  equal  terms. 

1695.  Nfijxuk  was  succeeded  by  nine  GfirQs  or  teachers, 
whereof  Govind*  was  the  tenth  and  last.  Govind 
proclaimed  the  foimdation  of  the  KhILlsat  or  sacred 
commonwealth  of  the  Sikhs.  Caste  was  to  be  done 
away,  and  all  Sikh»  were  equally  to  receive  the  pcJiul^ 


*  Govind  aasumed  the  OArCbihip  in  1695. 

t  Tbe  word  KkdUa  signifiea  "  pure,  special,  free."  Aooording  to  the  tfrnching 
of  GoTind,  eTery  Sikh,  as  ench,  was  equally  a  member  of  the  Khilea,  which  w« 
regiided  as  the  depository  of  Divine  authority  upon  earth,  and  in  whose  cxkUecti^v 
body  God  Himself  was  held  to  be  mystically  present 


THE  SIKHS.  101 

or  initiatory  rite  ;*  the  locks  of  the  faithful  were  to  Chapter 
remain  unshorn,  and  they  were  told  to   assume  the      ^' 
surname  of  "  Singh  "  (lion). 

Grovind  also  formed  the  Sikhs  into  a  military   and    1708. 
p<^)litical  organization,  and  when  he  died,  in  1708,  told 
his  followers  that  the  mission  of  the  appointed  '*  Ten  " 
was  fiilfiUed ;  and  henceforth  the  GAr&ship  was  absorbed 
in  the  general  body  of  the  Kh^lsa. 

Politically  the  Sikhs  were  divided  into  a  number  of 
s**parate  "  Misls "  or  confederacies,  each  headed  by  a 
Sirdar  or  chief.  These  associations  are  peculiarly 
Sikh  institutions,  and  the  name  being  derived  from  an 
-rVrabic  word  signifying  "  alike  or  equal,"  implies  that 
they  were  associations  of  equals,  under  chiefs  of  their 
own  selection.     The  Sirdar's  portion  being  first  divided 

•  »tf,  the  remainder  of  the  lands  and  property  acquired 
1  iv  these  bands  of  freebooters  was  parcelled  out  among 
}-is   followers — whether  relatives,  friends,  volunteers, 

•  >r  hired  retainers — ^who  had  followed  his  banner  in  the 
ti*-ld,  and  who   each  took  his  part  as  co-sharer,    and 

»»-H  it  in  absolute  independence.f 


itials  for  this  were :  Ist.  The  presence  of  five  Sikhs  (disciples). 

'i^briprr  five  Sikhs  are  assembled,"  says  Govind,  *'  there  is  the  Eh41sa."    2nd. 

'-.-    •Qj^ar  and  water  stirred  together  in  a  vessel  with  a  two-edged  dagger  or 

•  <^r  inm  weapon.     The  candidate  repeats  the  articles  of  his  faith,  a  portion  of 

-wmter  is  sprinkled  over  him,  and  he  drinks  the  remainder  with  the  exclama- 

-  .    "  HaO  Gttr^  !  "    See  Cunningham,  NbU,  p.  76. 

^  PMisep's  **nuiofy  of  the  Sikhs,'*  p.  28.     The  principal  Misls  were  twelre  in 

•ab^«   riz: — 1.   Bhungee.       2.  Euneia  or  Ghunneya.       3.   Sooker-Chukea. 

4       KAjBgorhea.       5.   Phoolkea.      6.    Nnkeia.       7.    Aloowalea.      8.    Duleeala. 

10.  Krorea  Singhe».     11.  Shmleed  and  Nihung.     12.  Fyzool 
Siii^poorea. 


102  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  It  is  in  the  year  1762  that  the  name  of  Churnit 
^'  Singh,  Chief  of  the  Sooker-Chukea  Misl,  first  rises  into 
notice,  he  having  then  established  a  stronghold  in  his 
wife's  village  of  Goojranwallah,  famous  in  after  years  as 
the  birth-place  of  his  grandson,  the  renowned  Runjeet 
Singh. 

1774.  When,  in  1774,  Churrut  Singh  was  killed  by  the 
bursting  of  his  own  matchlock,  and  was  succeeded  in 
his  chieftainship  by  his  son,  Maha  Singh,  the  revenues 
of  his  Misl  were  estimated  at  three  lakhs  of  rupees 
(£30,000).* 

Maha  Singh  overthrew  and  slew  Jai  Singh,  the  chief 
of  the  Kuneia  Misl,  who  had  become  the  most  powerful 
amongst  the  Sikh  Sirdars,  and  married  the  infant 
grand-daughter  of  Jai  Singh  to  his  only  son  Runjeet 
Singh.     That  youth,  therefore,  on  his  father  s  death,  hi 

1792.  1792,  found  himself,  at  the  early  age  of  twelve  yeai>;, 
paramount  chief  of  the  Sikh  nation. 

1799.  In  the  year  1799,  in  return  for  services  rendered  to 
the  Afghan  Shah  Zuman,  Runjeet  Singh  received  a 
royal  investiture  of  the  city  of  Lahore.  Thus  was  the 
first  step  gained  towards  the  establishing  of  kinjjly 
power  in  the  Punjab,  though  it  was  not  until  ten  years 
later,  that  his  predominance  over  the  other  Sirdars  wa.s 
firmly  fixed,  and  a  formal  treaty  entered  into  with  tht- 
British  (April  25th,  1809),  in  which  he  was  acknow> 
ledged  as  ruler  of  all  the  Sikhs  (except  those  of  Mahva 


•  PrinBop,  p.  39. 


THE  SIKHS.  103 

and  Sirhind,  south  of  the  Sutlej,  which  were  under  Chapter 
British  protection),  and  whereby  perpetual  friendship      ^' 
was  secured  between  the  British  Government  and  the 
State    of     Lahore — an    engagement    fiuthfuUy    kept 
throughout  his  life  by  the  Maharajah. 

Runjeet  Singh  left  at  his  death  (June  27th,  1839)  1839. 
six  sons,  of  whom  four  were  legitimate,  or  "  acknow- 
ledged," viz.,  (1)  Khurruck  Singh,  bom  1802  ;  (2) 
Shere  Singh,  bom  1807  ;  (3)  Tara  Singh,  said  to  be 
twin-brother  of  Shere  Singh  ;  (4)  Duleep  Singh,  bom 
September  4th,  1831.       hsiS  J)  ^«^  /  •  '^ 

There  were  also  two  illegitimate, or  "adopted,"  sons, 
viz.,  Cashmera  Singh,  bom  1819  ;  and  Peshawura 
Singh,  bom  1823. 

Of  the  "  legitimate  "  sons,  bom  of  his  wives,  only 
two,  however,  Khurruck  Singh  and  Duleep  Singh, 
were  fully  acknowledged  as  such  by  the  Maharajah  ; 
Shere  Singh  and  Tara  Singh  having  always  been  sup- 
posed by  him,  and  generally  believed,  to  have  been 
substituted  for  a  daughter  by  his  first,  or  principal, 
wife,  Mehtab  Kour,  daughter  of  Goorbuksh  Singh,  and 
heiress  of  the  Kuneia  chieftainship.  To  neither  of 
them  did  the  Maharajah  ever  show  any  parental 
affection.*  Shere  Singh  was  commonly  reported  to  be 
the  son  of  a  carpenter,  and  Tara  Singh  that  of  a 
weaver. 


*  Memorandum  drawn  up  for  Her  Majuty  by  Sir  John  Login.      See  alao 
CnnningliAxn,  p.  186» 


104  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Runjeet  Singh  was  succeeded  by  hia  eldest  son, 
^*  Khumick  Singh,  whose  reign  lasted  barely  five  and  a 
half  months.  Khumick  Singh  was  of  weak  intellect, 
and  the  government  rested  entirely  in  the  hands  of 
his  son,  Nao-Nehal  Singh.  This  Prince  conspired  with 
the  famous  three  "  Jummoo  Brothers  "  *  to  murder  one 
Cheit  Singh,  the  favourite  of  the  Maharajah,  his 
father.  The  crime  was  perpetrated  at  daybreak  on  the 
8th  October,  1839,  within  a  few  paces  of  the  terrified 
monarch,  who  himself  died  soon  after  (November  5th), 
prematurely  old  and  careworn. 

That  same  day  retribution  overtook  Nao-Nehal 
Singh,  for,  as  he  was  returning  from  the  perform- 
ance of  the  last  rites  at  the  fimeral  pyre  of  his  father, 
the  masonry  of  a  gateway  under  which  he  was  passing 
gave  way,  and  he,  together  with  the  eldest  son  of 
GoUb  Singh,  who  was  at  his  side,  was  crushed  under 
the  ruins.  The  Jummoo  Rajahs  were,  of  course, 
suspected  of  causing  his  death,  and  it  is  possible  that 
self-preservation  may  have  been  their  motive,  as  they 
well  knew  that  Nao-Nehal  Singh  had  determined  on 
their  destruction. 

For  some  time  the   government  was   assumed    by 
Chund  Koiir,  the  widow  of  Khurruck  Singh ;  but  on 


*  Rajahs  QoUb  Singh  (made  afterwards  Maharajah  of  Cashmere  by  the  English), 
Dhyan  Singh,  and  Sachet  Singh,  three  brothers,  who  were  powerfnl  faTouxites  of 
Runjeet  Singh. 

t  See  Cunningham,  p.  244;  also  Smyth's  "Heignmg  FamUy  of  Lahort' 
Steinbach.     Henry  Lawrence's  "  Adventurer  in  the  Pitr^abt**  ^c. 


i^"*^— 


^^^ 


THE  SIKHB.  105 

the  18th  January,  1841,  through  the  influence  of  the  Chapter 
Jummoo  Rajahs   and  the    army,   Shere    Singh,   the      J" 
reputed  son  of  Runjeet  Singh,  was  proclaimed  Mahar- 
ajah. 

In  1843,  Rajah  Dhyan  Singh,  who  was  Wuzeer,  1®^- 
finding  that  his  influence  with  the  Maharajah  was  on 
the  wane,  conspired  with  two  Sirdars  of  the  Sind- 
hanwallah  family,*  named  Ajeet  Singh  and  Lena 
Singh,  to  murder  both  Shere  Singh  and  his 
eldest  son,  Pertslb  Singh,  a  boy  of  thirteen  or 
fourteen  years.  Dhyan  Singh,  however,  gained  little 
by  his  treachery,  for  he  was  murdered  by  his 
accomplices  within  an  hour  or  two  of  his  master.  His 
death  was  avenged  by  his  son,  the  youthful  Heera 
Singh,  who  made  an  appeal  to  the  army  ;  and  Ajeet 
Singh  and  Lena  Singh  were  slain  in  their  tum.t 

Duleep  Singh  was  then  proclaimed  Maharajah 
(September  18th,  1843),  and  Heera  Singh  raised  to  the 
"  high  and  fatal  office  "  of  Wuzeer.  I 

Duleep  Singh  was  born  in  the  palace  at  Lahore  on 
the  4th  September,  1838,  about  three  months  before  ^-^  c  ' 
the  interview  at  Ferozepore  between  Lord  Auckland 
and  the  ruler  of  the  Sikhs,  which  preceded  the  advance 
of  the  army  of  the  Indus  to  Afghanistan.     He  was  at 


*  Descendants  of  Nodha,  an  ancestor  of  Runjeet  Singh. 

f  Smyths  "  Reigning  FamUy  of  Lahore,**  p.  78. 

t  Canningham,  p.  271.    Shere  Singh  had  left  a  son  (Sheo  Deo  Singh),  then  an 
infant  of  four  months,  and  also  three  adopted  sons. — Memo,  hy  Sir  J.  Login, 


106  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  once  acknowledged  by  the  Maharajah  Runjeet  Singh 

^-       as  his  son,  and  much  attention  and  kindness  was  shown 
1843. 

to  his  mother,  the  Ranee  Jinda,  or  Chunda.     After  the 

death  of  the  **  Great  Maharajah,"  which  occurred  when 

the  child  was  about  ten  months  old,  and  during  the 

reigns  of  Khurruck  Singh  and  Shore  Singh,  the  young 

prince  continued  to  reside  in  the  palace   under  his 

mother's  care,  receiving  but  little  notice  from  either  of 

his  elder   brothers,    the    reigning    princes,   or    their 

ministers. 

Since  the  death  of  Runjeet  Singh  and  the  dissolution 
of  the  Misls,  the  anny  had  been  the  real  power  in  the 
State.     Claiming  to  represent  the   Kh^lsa   itself,   it 
took  upon  it  to  discuss  all  national   and  important 
matters,  and  to  have  the  selection  of  the  occupant  of 
the  guddee  (throne).       It  maintained  a  rigid  internal 
discipline  in  itself,  as  far  as  drill  and  military  duties 
were  concerned ;    but  its   relation  to   the   Executive 
Government  was  determined  by  a  council  or  assemblage 
of    committees,    composed    of    delegates    from    each 
battahon  or  regiment.     These  committees  were  termed 
"  Punchayets,"  from  the  word  pcmch  (five),  the  mj-stic 
number  of  the  Kh^lsa,  and  the  system  is  a  conunon 
one  throughout  Hindostan,  where  every  section  of  a 
tribe  or  district  has  its  punchayet,  or  village  parliament. 

The  Maharanee  Jinda  was  made  Regent  for  her  son. 
She  was  a  woman  of  great  capacity  and  strong  will, 
who  had  considerable  influence  with  the  Punchavets. 
being  a  skilful  intriguer  and  endowed  with  undoubted 


THE  SIKHS.  107 

courage,  though  her  moral  character  left  much  to  be  Chftpter 
desired.  ^* 

Dissensions  soon  broke  out  among  the  Jummoo 
family.  Suchet  Singh,  the  youngest  of  the  three 
"  Jummoo  Brothers,"  was  mortified  at  the  ascendancy 
of  his  nephew,  Heera  Singh,  and  determined  to  sup- 
plant him.  He  broke  at  length  into  open  rebellion, 
but  was  overthrown,  and  died,  fighting  to  the  last. 
Suchet  Singh  left  no  heirs,  and  his  immense  estates 
and  wealth  were  the  cause  of  much  dispute  later  on. 
He  had  buried  about  one  and  a  half  million  rupees' 
worth  of  treasure  at  Ferozepore  on  British  territory, 
and  this  the  Lahore  Government  claimed,  both  as 
escheated  property  of  a  feudatory  without  male  heirs, 
and  as  the  confiscated  property  of  a  rebel  in  arms, 
while  the  British  Government  contended  that  the 
claim  must  be  pleaded  and  proved  in  a  British  court  of 
justice.* 

Bajah  GolAb  Singh  had  supported  his  nephew  Heera 
Singh.  He  was  the  eldest  and  most  crafty  of  the 
"  Jummoo  Brothers  "  ;  his  wealth  and  territories  were 
enormous,  and  this  overgrown  vassal  was  a  source  of 
serious  embarrassment  to  the  central  power.  He  was, 
however,  reduced  to  submission  by  the  army,  and 
obliged  to  pay  a  fine  of  three  and  a  half  million 
rupees  (£350,000),  which  was  afterwards  increased  to 
six  and  three-quarter  millions  (£675,000). 


*  CmminghaiD,  p.  278. 


108  BIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  BT7LEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Jowahir  Singh,  the  brother  of  the  Maharanee,  was 
^'  now  ambitious  of  power.  He  conspired  against  Heera 
Singh,  caused  him  to  be  put  to  death,  and  himself 
became  Wuzeer  in  his  place ;  but  &lling  under  the 
displeasure  of  the  Punchayets,  was  himself  publicly 
shot  by  their  order,  in  the  presence  of  his  sister  and  his 
nephew,  the  little  Maharajah. 

In  the  December  of  the  same  year  (1845),  the  Sikh 
army  crossed  the  Sutlej,  and  there  followed  what  is 
known  as  the  First  Sikh  War. 

On  the  news  reaching  the  capital,  of  the  annihilation 
of  his  army  at  Sobraon,  the  young  Maharajah  set  out 
for  Kussoor,  to  oflfer  his  submission  to  the  Governor- 
General,  Sir  Henry  Hardinge*  Some  days  later,  at 
another  durbar  held  at  Lahore,  Sir  Henry  asked  to  be 
allowed  to  see  the  famed  Koh-i-noor.  It  was  pro- 
duced for  his  inspection,  and  afterwards  passed  round 
to  the  other  Europeans  present.  Colonel  BaJcarres 
Ramsay  thus  describes  the  incident : — 

I  arrived  at  the  camp  at  Lahore,  just  as  the  Governor-General 
was  going  out  with  his  cortege  to  meet  the  young  Maharajah  and 
receive  his  submission.  There  was  a  grand  durbar  afterwards, 
and  when  the  Koh-i-noor  was  handed  round  for  our  inspection, 
Mr.  Edwards,  the  Under-Secretary  to  Government  in  the  Foreign 
Department,  was  put  in  charge  of  it.  He  was  evidently  extremelv 
nervous,  and  carried  it  round  himself  from  one  staff  officer  to 
another.    Just  as  he  placed  it  in  my  hands,  Sir  Henry  Hardinge 


*  Afterwards  created  yxaooimt  Hardinge, 


THE  8IKHS.  109 

aaat  for  him ;  I  naturally  passed  it  on  to  the  next  officer,  but  Chapter 
when  Edwards  hurried  back  and  demanded  the  precious  jewel,  I       V. 
never  shall  forget  the  agony  depicted  on  his  face,  as  he  rushed     1845. 
down  the  ranks  of  staff  officers,  frantically  demanding  it !  * 

Sir  Henry  then,  with  a  pleasant  smile,  fastened  it 
liimself  on  the  arm  of  the  little  King,  afterwards 
patting  him  on  the  back  in  a  kindly  manner,  t 

On  the  20th  February,  1846,  the  British  troops  1846. 
entered  Lahore,  and  the  whole  Punjab  lay  at  their 
feet.+  It  was  theirs  by  force  of  arms  and  the  for- 
tune of  war,  yet  Sir  Henry  Hardinge  had  no  thought 
of  annexation.  He  contented  himself  with  annexing 
the  Jullundur  Doab,  or  country  between  the  Sutlej 
and  the  Beas,  and  demanding  an  indemnity  from  the 
Lahore  State  of  a  crore  and  a  half  of  rupees  (one  and 
a  half  noillion  sterling).  This  sum  the  Lahore  Trea- 
sury was  miable  to  produce,  and  the  Governor- 
General  took  Cashmere  and  the  Hill  States,  from  the 
Beas  to  the  Indus,  in  lieu  of  two-thirds  of  the  in- 
demnity, and  transferred  this  territory  to  Rajah  GoUb 
Singh,  as  a  separate  sovereign,  for  a  sum  of  one  million 
sterling.    As,  however,  it  was  found  advisable  to  retain 

•  ••  Ltfe  of  Lord  Lavsrence,*  ToL  i.,  p.  191. 

t  "  Mciharajah  DtiUep  Singh  and  the  OovemmerU,**  p.  71.  See  also  "  Life  of 
Sir  Herbert  Edwanies,**  toI.  L,  p.  44. 

X  The  wftr  had  cost  the  victors  dearly  in  men  and  officers.  Among  fi/ty^six  of 
the  laUoTt  who  fell  in  the  hloodj  fight  of  Ferozepore,  was  the  nohle-hearted 
D'Arcy  Todd,  Login's  late  chief  at  Her&t,  to  whom  he  was  attached  by  the 
clooest  bonds  of  intimacy  and  affection. 


llO  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  a  portion  of  this  territory  in  the  hands  of  the  East- 
'  India  Company,  this  latter  sum  was  reduced  by  one- 
fourth,  and  the  liquidation  was  rendered  still  more 
easy  to  the  Jummoo  Prince,  by  considering  him  as  heir 
to  the  money  buried  by  his  brother,  Suchet  Singh,  at 
Ferozepore,  and  which  was  already  in  the  possession  of 
the  East  India  Company. 

When  it  is  considered,  says  Cunningham,*  that  Gol&b  Singh 
had  agreed  to  pay  sixty-eight  lakhs  of  rupees,  as  fine  to  his  para* 
mount  (and  had  never  done  so)  .  ,  .  .  it  appears  that  he  ought  to 
have  paid  the  deficient  million  of  money  into  the  Lahore  Treasury, 
as  a  Lahore  subject,  instead  of  being  put  in  possession  of  Lahore 

provinces  as  an  independent  prince His  rise  to  sovereign 

power  excited  the  ambition  of  others,  and  Tej  Singh  .... 
offered  twenty-five  lakhs  of  rupees,  for  a  princely  crown  and 
another  dismembered  province.! 

Later  on  (March  11th),  an  additional  clause  was 
added  to  the  Treaty,  to  the  effect  that  a  British  force 
should  remain  at  Lahore  till  the  close  of  the  year,  to 
protect  the  Maharajah  and  his  Government  while  the 
reorganization  of  the  Kh^lsa  army  was  in  progress,  but 
as  the  time  approached  when  this  force  would  be  with- 
drawn, the  uneasiness  of  the  durbar,  or  council  of 
ministers,  prompted  them  to  ask  the  Govemor-Grenoral 
to  continue  to  assist  them  in  the  administration  of 

*  "  Hirtory  qf  tKe  Sikhs,'*  pp.  831-88.    See  abo  ante,  p.  107. 
t  His  offer,  however,  wis  rejected. 


m* 


THE  SIKHS.  Ill 

affidrs,  during  the  minority  of  the  Maharajah,  and  the  Chapter 
Treaty  of  Bhyrowal  (December  16th,   1846)  was  the      ^^• 
outcome  of  this  request.* 


By  this  new  Treaty,  the  Punjab  was  placed  ''under  the 
dictatorship  of  a  British  Besident,  who  was  to  have  full  control 
over  every  department  of  the  State.  It  provided  for  the  con- 
tinuance of  a  British  force  at  Lahore  until  the  Maharajah  Duleep 
Singh  should  attain  the  full  age  of  sixteen,  which  would  happen 
on  the  4th  September,  1854.  The  sum  of  twenty-two  lakhs 
annually  was  to  be  paid  by  the  Lahore  State  for  the  expenses  of 
the  occupation.  The  administration  of  the  affairs  of  the  country 
was  to  be  continued,  under  the  direction  of  the  Besident,  by  a 

Council  of  Begency The  Banee  was  to  be  provided  with  a 

fitting  maintenance,  but  was  by  this  new  arrangement  to  be 
virtually  excluded  from  any  share  in  the  govemment."t 

By  the  selection  of  Henry  Lawrence  to  fill  the 
arduous  and  delicate  position  of  Resident  at  Lahore, 
and  virtual  ruler  of  the  Punjab,  Lord  Hardinge 
showed  at  once  his  foresight  and  desire  to  conciliate 
the  Sikhs. 

By  the  terms  of  the  Treaty,  the  Resident  was  vested 
with  supreme  and  despotic  powers,  subject  only  to  the 
instructions  of  the  Governor-General, J  Li  a  letter 
dated  3rd  July,  1847,  Lord  Hardinge  reminds  the 
Resident  that  the  articles  of  government  **  give  to  the 


•  See  ••  Trealy  of  Bhyrowal.**    Appendix. 

t  Quoted  from  **  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh  and  the  OovemmefU,"  p.  SO. 

t  "  I^ab  Papers,"  1849,  pp.  86,  48,  63. 


112  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Government  of  India,  represented  at  Lahore  by  Ha 
^*  Resident,  full  power  to  direct  and  control  all  matters 
in  every  department  of  the  State.  It  is  poUtic/'  he 
says,  *'that  the  Resident  should  carry  the  native 
Council  with  him,  the  members  of  which  are,  however, 
entirely  mider  his  control  and  guidance ;  he  can 
change  them  and  appoint  others;  and  in  military 
a&irs  his  powers  are  as  unlimited  as  in  the  civil 
administration ;  he  can  withdraw  Sikh  garrisons, 
replacing  them  by  British  troops,  in  any  and  every  part 
of  the  Punjab."  *  In  a  subsequent  letter  Lord  Hardinge 
again  urged  on  Hemy  Lawrence  the  advisability 
of  keeping  a  tight  hand  on  all  native  officials,  and 
making  his  own  personality  felt  in  every  department 
of  the  government,  t  The  following  extract  finom 
another  letter  of  his  will  show  what  the  real  scope  of 
the  Treaty  was,  and  that  the  Resident  was  to  be 
entirely  responsible  for  the  administration  of  the 
country  : — 

October  23rd,  1847. 

1847.  In  all  our  measures  taken  during  the  minority,  we  must  bear  in 
mind  that  by  the  Treaty  of  Lahore,  March,  1846,  the  Punjab 
never  was  intended  to  be  an  independent  State.  By  the  cl^ofie^ 
I  added,  the  Chief  of  the  State  can  neither  make  war  nor  pemoe, 
nor  exchange  nor  sell  an  acre  of  territory,  nor  admit  an  European 
officer,  nor  refuse  us  a  thoroughfare  through  his  territories,  nor. 
in  fact,  perform  any  act  (except  its  own  internal  administration') 


•  «<  Punjab  Papers,'*  1849,  p.  18.         f  Dated  0otob«r  88i^,  1847. 


TH£   SIELHS.  113 

without  our  permissioiL  In  fact,  the  native  prince  is  in  fetters,  Chapter 
and  under  our  protection,  and  must  do  our  bidding.  I  advert  ^* 
hastily  to  this  point  because,  if  I  have  any  difference  of  opinion 
with  you,  it  consists  in  your  liberality  in  attempting  at  too  early 
a  period  to  train  the  Sikh  authorities  to  walk  alone ;  I  wish  them 
to  feel  and  to  like  our  direct  interference  by  the  benefits  con- 
ferred* 

The  Resident  thus  describes  the  practical  working 
of  the  Council  of  Regency  (August  1847)  : — 

On  the  whole,  the  durbar  gives  me  as  much  support  as  I  can 
reasonably  expect ;  there  has  been  a  quiet  struggle  for  mastery, 
but  as,  though  I  am  polite  to  all,  I  allow  nothing  that  appears  to 
me  wrong  to  pass  unnoticed,  the  members  of  the  Goimcil  are 
gradually  falling  into  the  proper  train,  and  refer  most  questions 
to  me,  and,  in  words  at  least,  allow,  more  fully  even  than  I  wish, 
that  they  are  only  executive  officers — to  do  as  they  are  bid.t 

Although  the  Maharajah  was  too  young  to  share  the 
councils  of  those  who  ruled  in  his  name,  he  was  always 
present  in  state  at  the  durbars,  and  all  dignities  and 
honours  were  conferred  by  his  hand. 

It  chanced  that  at  a  grand  durbar  held  on  the  7th 
August,  1847,  it  was  arranged  that  distinctions  should 
be  given  to  various  Sirdars  who  had  rendered  important 
services.  Amongst otherdignities, the  title  of  "  Rajah  " 
was  to  be  conferred  on  Tej  Singh,  Commander-in-Chief 


*  ''Life  of  Sir  Henry  Lawrence,  K.C.B.,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  100. 
t  "  Punjab  Papers,"  1849,  p.  82. 


114  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  of  the  Lahore  army,  betwixt  whom  and  the  Maharanee 
J'  Jinda  there  reigned  a  bitter  enmity.  The  latter,  there- 
fore, delayed  her  son  s  arrival  at  the  durbar  for  upwards 
of  an  hour,  though  all  the  Sikh  Sirdars  and  English 
officers  were  assembled  and  waiting.  When  at  length 
he  did  appear,  the  Maharajah  refused  to  put  out  his 
hand  to  mark  the  forehead  of  the  new  Hajah  on  his  in- 
vestiture, and  by  Colonel  Lawrence's  orders  the  cere- 
mony had  to  be  performed  by  a  Sikh  priest. 

The  «cene  is  thus  described  in  a  private  letter  from 
Lord  Hardinge  to  Sir  Frederick  Currie*  : — 

He  resolutely  played  his  part,  tucked  his  little  hands  behiml 
him,  threw  himself  back  in  his  chair,  and  one  of  the  pries^ts 
performed  the  ceremony.  In  the  evening  she  (the  Maharauet) 
would  not  allow  the  Prince  to  be  dressed  to  see  the  fireworks. 
In  short  she  is  breeding  him  up  systematically  to  thwart  the 
Govt.,  and  the  English  connection.  I  am  now  in  confident »ai 
correspondence  with  L.,  and  I  see  no  remedy  but  to  remove  her 
from  Lahore  ....  Sooner  or  later  it  must  come  to  this,  a- 
he  grows  older  it  is  our  duty  as  his  Guardians  to  remove  liiiu 
from  her  evil  example. 

For  this  open  insult  to  the  Resident  and  durlxir, 
for  which  she  was  known  to  be  responsible,  tlw 
Maharanee  was  consequently  separated  from  her  sol, 
and  removed  to  Sheikopoora,  about  twenty-five  milt-^ 
from  Lahore  (August  1 9th,  1847). 


♦  Dated  August  19th,  1847.    Private  Papers  qfthelaU  Sir  F.  Currk  (by  ki:. . 
penuissioii  of  Lady  dime. ) 


THE   SIKHS.  115 

The  constant  strain  of  work  at  the  Lahore  Residency  Chapter 
was  too  much  for  Henry  Lawrence's  health,  and  he  ^' 
was  obliged  to  return  to  England  on  sick  leave,  in 
company  with  his  friend  Lord  Hardinge,  whose  period 
of  office  had  just  expired,  and  who  was  succeeded  as 
Governor-General,  by  the  Earl  of  Dalhousie,  on  the 
21st  of  January,  1848. 

Owing  to  Henry  Lawrence  s  absence,  the  post  of  Re- 
sident at  Lahore  was  temporarily  filled  by  Sir  Frederick 
Cume,  but  as  he  was  not  able  to  assume  his  duties  till 
March,  1848,  the  affairs  of  the  Punjab  remained,  in  the 
interim,  in  the  able  hands  of  Henry  Lawrence's  younger 
brother,  John. 

Sir  Heniy  Lawrence  had  left  the  Punjab,  as  he 
>elieved,  in  a  condition  of  internal  peace  ;  and  so  little 
mticipation  was  generally  felt  of  any  serious  outbreak 
ii  that  quaxter,  that  Lord  Hardinge  had  assured  his 
accessor,  on  handing  over  the  reins  of  government, 
liat,  so  far  as  he  could  see,  "  it  would  not  be  necessary 
)  fire  a  gun  in  India  for  seven  years  to  come  I "  * 
ow  speedily  ^vas  this  fair  prediction  to  be  falsified, 
id  these  bright  hopes  dashed  to  the  ground  ! 
''  The  thunder-bolt  fell,  as  it  were,  out  of  the  blue 
v."t  Towards  the  end  of  April,  the  Punjab  was 
rnncr  from  end  to  end  with  the  intelligence  of  the 
irder  of  Vans  Agnew  and  Andersonat  Mooltan,  and 


"  Li/e  of  Lord  Lfawreneej*  by  Bosworth  Smith,  vol.  L,  p.  245. 
♦*  liuUa  under  Victoria,''  by  Captain  Trotter,  vol.  i.,  p.  171. 

I  2 


116  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  the  revolt  of  Moolraj ,  the  Dewan  and  Governor  of  the 
^'      province,  who  had  raised  once  more  the  standard  of 
the  Kh^lsa,  calling  on  all  true  Sikhs  to  join  him  in 
freeing  their  country  from  the  rule  of  the  foreigner. 

There  is  no  need  to  tell  over  again  the  story  of  tliat 
revolt.     Had  the  military  authorities,  either  at  Lahore 
or  Simla,  shown  only  one  tithe  of  the  energy  displayed 
by  Lieutenant  Herbert  Edwardes,  who,  with  a  single 
native    infantry    regiment,   300    horse,  and    a  couple 
of  horse-artillery  guns  as  a  nucleus,  set  about  collecting:: 
and  raising  troops,  defeated  the  Dewan  in  two  pitched 
battles,  and  finally  confined  him  within  the  walls  of 
his   own   city   and    fortress   of  Mooltan,    the    whole 
rebellion  might  have  been  suppressed   as   rapidly    as 
it  rose,  and  the  necessity  for  the  Second  Sikh  War  have 
never  existed.* 

Although  by  the  terms  of  the  Treaty  of  Bhyrowal  (s>ee 
Articles  vii.,  viii.,  Lx.),  a  British  force  was  speciaUy  pr»^ 
vided  "for  the  preservation  of  the  peace  of  the  country/' 
for  whose  services  the  Lahore  Government  vrere 
annually  to  pay  the  sum  of  twenty -two  lakhs  of  rupees,^ 
and  although  Lord  Hardinge  had  specially  arrano\Mi 


♦  Alone,  unsupported,  he  (Edwanles)  achieved  a  result  of  which  a  r>n»'  i 
army  might  have  been  proud.  And  it  is  not  too  much  to  affirm,  that  ha«l  hf  ^»  i 
then  and  there  supported  by  a  few  British  troo])s  and  guns,  placotl  under  lii.s  .  I 
orders,  he  might  have  taken  the  fortress,  and  possibly  have  uipjMHl  the  ri^ii..: :  I 
the  bud.— Malleson's  "  Decisive  BatUes,**  pp.  861,  352. 

t  If  this  sum  was  not  jwd  annually  into  the  Calcutta  Treasury,  thr  ti.  -f  i 
was  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  British  Resident,  who  had  supreme  conti*  "  .  1 
the  revenues  and  finances  of  the  Punjab.  See  Articles  ii.  and  vi.  of  the  T-  '1 
of  niiyrowal. — Appendix. 


THE  SIKHS*  117 

for  such  an  emergency,  by  providing  a  British  movable  Chaptei 
brigade  to  be  kept  always  in  readiness  at  Lahore,  Sir  ^' 
Frederick  Currie  hesitated  on  his  own  responsibility  to 
order  the  march  of  that  brigade.  Sending  instead  for 
the  Sikh  Sirdars,  he  told  them  that  they  must  put 
down  the  rebellion  and  bring  the  offenders  to  justice, 
by  their  own  means,  as  their  only  hope  of  saving  their 
Government.  The  astonished  Sirdars,  "  after  much 
discussion,  declared  themselves  unable,  without  British 
aid,  to  coerce  Dewan  Moolraj  in  Mooltan,  and  bring 
the  perpetrators  of  the  outrage  to  justice."* 

Some  little  light  is  thrown  on  this  seemingly  un- 
accountable action  of  Sir  Frederick  Cmrie,  when  we 
recollect  that,  as  Foreign  Secretary  to  the  Govern- 
ment of  India  and  as  Member  of  Council,  he  was 
doubtless  cognizant  of  many  considerations  then  influ- 
encing the  new  Cabinet  at  home,  but  which  were  un- 
known to  the  general  public ;  and  we  find  from  a 
perusal  of  certain  private  letters  which  passed  between 
hun  and  Lord  Hardinge,t  that,  as  far  back  as  April, 
1 847,  Currie  was  aware  that  matters  at  home  pointed 
more  and  more  "  decidedly  to  eventual  annexation  of 
the  Punjab." 

Believing,  therefore,  that  any  serious  revolt  among 
the  Sikhs,  which  should  necessitate  the  employment  of 
British  arms  to  suppress  it,  would  only  hasten  this 


*  ••  Pttnjdb  Paperi,"*  1849,  p.  140. 

t  UnpuUisked  Correspondence  of  Sir  Frederick  Currie. 


118  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  measure,  Currie,  in  thus  sending  for  the  Sirdars,  had 
V«      apparently  in  his  mind,  the  desire  to  oflfer  them  another 
chance  for  the  continuance  of  the  native  Government, 
so  far  as  it  then  existed. 

The  Sikh  Durbar  having  acknowledged  their  in- 
capability of  coping  unaided  with  the  rebellion,  Sir 
Frederick  Currie  strongly  urged  on  the  Governor- 
General  and  Conamander-in-Chief  the  advisability  of 
the  interposition  of  the  British  Government,  and  the 
immediate  despatch  of  a  sufficient  force  of  troops  and 
siege-guns  from  Ferozepore ;  but  to  this  Lord  Gough 
would  not  agree,  and  the  only  support  given  to 
Edwardes  was  a  force  of  5,000  Sikh  troops,  under 
Eajah  Shore  Singh  Atareewalah. 

Meanwhile,  on  the  8th  May,  a  plot  against  the 
Resident  and  British  officials  was  discovered  at  Lahore, 
in  which  the  Queen-Mother  was  implicated.  Her 
vaked,*  Ganga  Ram,  was  one  of  the  chief  conspiratoi^^. 
and,  together  with  one  Kanh  Singh,  late  a  Colonel  <-»f 
Sikh  Artillery,  was  convicted  and  hanged,  t  On  the 
15th  of  May  the  Maharanee  was  removed  from  the 
fort  of  Sheikopoora  by  the  Resident's  orders,  and  cdii- 
veyed  under  escort  to  Ferozepore  on  her  way  t^ 
Benares.  Here  she  remained  a  State  prisoner  ii»r 
nearly  a  year,  until  removed  for  greater  security  t« 
the  fortress  of  Chunar.  Not  long  after  her  arrival  m 
this  last  place,  however,  she,  on  the  18th  of  April. 

*  Ambassador,  or  accredited  agent.  f  Trotter. 


THE  SIKHS,  119 

1849,  managed  to  effect  her  escape  in  the  disguise  of  a  Chapter 
fakeemeey  and  took  refiige  in  Nepal,  where  she  came      ^• 
under  the  charge  of  Dr.  James  Drybiu-gh  Login,  who 
was  then  Acting- Assistant  Kesident  at  Khatmandoo. 

The  order  for  the  removal  of  the  Maharanee  Jinda 
was  signed  by  three  members  of  the  Council  of  Regency, 
and  by  GoUb  Singh,  on  behalf  of  his  absent  brother, 
Rajah  Shere  Singh  Atareewalah.  "  The  venerable 
Fakeer  Noor-ood-deen,  personal  friend  and  adviser  of 
the  late  Maharajah  Runjeet  Singh,  and  a  person  greatly 
respected  by  the  Sikhs  generally,"  ♦  personally  saw  to 
the  order  being  carried  out. 

So  urgent  was  Major  Edwardes  in  appealing  to 
Lahore  for  a  few  regular  regiments,  heavy  guns,  &c., 
offering  with  the  help  of  these  "to  close  Moolrajs 
accounts  in  a  fortnight,  and  obviate  the  necessity  of 
assembling  50,000  men  in  October,"  f  that  Cume, 
on  the  1st  July,  on  his  own  responsibility,  and  against 
the  advice  of  the  Commander-in-Chief,  ordered  the 
march  of  the  movable  brigade  under  his  orders  ;   yet 


•  "PiOT/oftPapej**,"  1849,  p.  169,  On  her  removal  to  Sheikopoora  the  Ranee's 
stipend  had  been  reduced  to  48,000  rupees  (£4,800) ;  on  her  banishment  to 
BeiMLr^  it  was  made  12,000  rupees  (£1,200). 

t  ^'Punjab  Papers'"  p.  223.  I  am  one  of  those  who  believe  to  this  day,  and  per- 
haps erer  shall,  that  had  thai  brigade,  under  a  fine  soldier  like  Brigadier  Campbell, 
marched  AT  once  upon  Mooltan  (say  on  April  25th)  the  rebellion  would  have  been 
nipped  in  tlie  bud  by  the  escape  and  surrender  of  Moolraj.  .  .  .  Moolraj  did  not 
rebel  because  the  Sikhs  were  ready  to  back  him  up.  The  Sikhs  backed  up  Mooing 
because  the  British  Government  did  not  put  him  down.  .  .  .  The  Sikh  insurrec- 
tion was  created  out  of  the  materials  collected  to  put  down  the  Mooltan  rebellion. 
-^Remarks  of  Sir  Herbert  Edwardes  (see  his  "  Life,*'  by  Lady  Edwardes,  1886. 
vol.  L,  p.  145,  147). 


120  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  SO  many  delays  ensued,  owing  to  want  of  carriage,  and 

^'       references   back    and   forwards    between    Simla    and 
1848. 

Lahore,  that  it  was  not  until  the  24th  of  the  month 

that  the  brigade  left  Lahore  under  General  Whifih, 

and  it  did  not  reach  Mooltan  till  the  18th  August— 

the  siege-guns  only  coming  into  camp  on  the  4th  of  the 

following  month. 

On  the  14th  September  the  siege  was  raised,  owing 
to  the  defection  of  the  Durbar  troops  under  Bajab 
Shere  Singh,*  and  was  not  resumed  until  the  26th 
December,  after  more  than  three  months  and  a  half 
of  inaction.  On  the  2nd  January  1849  (seven  days 
after  the  siege  was  undertaken  in  earnest),  the  city 
was  taken  by  assault ;  while  on  the  22nd  the  citadel 
was  breached,  and  Moolraj  had  surrendered  uncon- 
ditionaUy. 

But  by  this  time  the  Punjab  was  in  a  blaze,  and 
Shere  Singh  defiant  at  the  head  of  30,000  men  ! 

This  is  not  the  place  to  tell  over  again  the  history  of 
the  Second  Sikh  War,  with  its  surprising  blunderings 
and  bloody  victories — victories  won  at  the  point  of 
the  sword,  from  an  heroic  foe  driven  to  desperation, 
the  Sikh  Khdlsa  at  bay,  and  battling  for  its  very 
existence  !  Suffice  it  to  say,  that  on  the  1 8  th  December 
Lord  Gough  crossed  the  Chenab  with  his  army ;  that 
on   the    13th   January,    1849,   with    15,000   men,   he 


*  When  Currie  consulted  the  Sirdars,  they  wameil  him  then  that  those  troop* 
were  disaffected,  and  not  to  h$  depended  on. — "  Punjab  Papers,**  p  140. 


THE  SIKHS.  121 

fought  the  battle  of  Chillianwallah,  late  in  the  after-  Chapter 
noon,  with  darkness  creeping  up,  and  with  troops  who  ^• 
had  been  under  arms  since  early  day-break.*  On  the 
21st  February,  having  on  the  previous  day  been  joined 
bj  Greneral  Whish  s  force,  set  free  by  the  fall  of 
Mooltan,  Lord  Gough  retrieved  all  the  previous  errors 
of  the  campaign,  by  gaining  the  crowning  victory 
of  Goojerat,  driving  the  Sikh  army  of  34,000  men, 
totally  routed  and  in  confusion,  across  the  Jheliun. 
On  the  14th  March,  Shere  Singh,  Chuttur  Singh,  and 
the  rest  of  the  Sirdars,  gave  up  their  swords,  and  the 
last  remains  of  the  KhAlsa  army — to  the  number  of 
16,000  men — flung  down  their  arms  at  the  summons 
of  General  Gilbert,  on  the  upland  plains  of  Rawul 
Pindee.t 

Thus  ended  the  Second  Sikh  War,  whose  origin  and 
motive  we  must  look  for  in  the  ranks  of  that  residue 
of  the  Khalsa  army  which,  contrary  to  the  advice  of 
the  Sikh  Commander-in-Chief,  we  retained  as  the 
standing  army  of  the  Punjab,?  while  at  the  same  time 
we  took  from  them  the  authority  and  influence  they 
had  arrogated  to  themselves  in  the  government  of  the 


•  Trotter. 

t  ^lAUeson.  Trotter,  p  221.  See  also  the  description  of  this  scene  in  Mr. 
Boaworth  Smith's  ^^  Lift  of  Lord  Lawrence"  vol  i.,  p.  276. 

X  "  Rajah  Tej  Singh  said,  two  years  a^o,  and  has  always  adhered  to  the  opinion, 
that  it  w&s  less  dangerous,  and  would  prove  less  embarrassing,  to  disband  them  all 
and  raise  a  new  army,  than  to  continue  a  man  of  them  in  service," — Sir  F. 
Currle  to  Oovemment,  Septvnber,  1848. 


122  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DUIJ3EP  SINGH. 

Chapter  country,  and  reduced  the  pay  and  privileges  they  had 
QAA  ^^^  accustomed  to  fix  for  themselves  at  their  "  own 
sweet  will."  Discontented,  sullen,  and  revengeful, 
they  formed  a  tempting  instrument,  ready  to  hand 
for  any  turbulent  and  intriguing  spirit,  desirous  of 
upsetting  the  present  state  of  affairs,  and  involving 
the  Punjab  in  general  confusion  for  their  own 
advantage.* 

On  this  subject  Major  Edwardes  thus  wrote  to  the 
Residentt : — 

The  people  of  the  Punjab  repose  contentedly  under  the  pro- 
tection our  courts  of  justice  afford  them  against  the  great ;  and 
our  only  enemies  are  the  Sikh  army  whom  we  spared  in  1846. 

A  proof  that  the  discontent  was  not  universal  is 
seen  in  the  fact  that  the  rebellion  spread  very  slowly. 
Up  to  October  4th,  no  Sirdar  had  joined  Chuttur  Singh, 
*'  who  was  in  despair  at  the  refiisals  he  had  receive*  I 
from  the  Sikh  officers  at  Peshawur."  It  was  not  until 
October,  when  Moolraj  had  been  six  months  in 
rebellion,  that  the  troops  at  Bunnoo  and  Peshawur 
broke  into  mutiny.  The  disaffection  was  throughout 
mainly  confined  to  the  Sikhs,  who  were  dreading  the 
extinction  of  the  Khdlsa  ;  and  "  a  large  proportion  uf 
the  inhabitants,  especially  the  Mahomedans,"  as  Lord 


*  June  22nd  the  Resident  wrote : — ^The  Sirdars  are  true,  I  believe ;  the  soldi*  r< 
are  all  false,  I  know. — **  Punjab  Papers,**  p.  220. 

+  August  27th,  1848.     Unpublished  Correspondence  qf  Sir  F.  Currie, 


THE  SIKHS.  123 

Dalhousie  says  in  one  of  his  despatches,   **  took   no  Chapter 

V. 
1848. 


part  in  the  hostilities,  and  had  no  sympathy  with  the         • 


KhMsa  army."       Even  among  the  Sikhs,  who  form  hut 
one-sixth   of  the  populcUion,   there   were   thirty-four 
Sirdars,  who  with  their  relatives  and  dependants  took 
no  part  in  the  rebellion.     Six  out  of  eight  members  of 
the  Council  of  Regency  remained   loyal,  and  one  of 
these  was  Bhaie  Nidhan  Singh,  called  in  the  official 
despatches  "  head  of  the  Sikh  religion."     Sirdar  Khan 
Singh   (whom  Vans  Agnew  was  to  instal  as  Dewan 
in   Moolraj's    place),   and   Guldeep    Singh,   the   com- 
mandant of  the  escort,  openly  defied  Moolraj,  and  were 
put  in  irons  and  most  cruelly  treated ;  both  died  in 
confinement.      Several    Sirdars    and    officers   of   the 
Durbar  did  good  service  throughout  the  war,  on  the 
British  side,  notably  Sheikh  Imam-ood-deen  and  Misr 
Sahib  Dyal,  who  co-operated  with  Lord  Gough's  army, 
the  latter  being  attached  to  the  Commander-in-Chief's 
headquarters   as   "chief  officer    on    the   part   of  the 
Durbar  ;  *'  *  and  the  Kesident,  writing  to  the  Governor- 
General  on  the  16th  August,  assured  him  that  "the 
conduct  of  the  Dui-bar,  collectively  and  individually," 
had    been  "entirely   satisfactory  in    everything  con- 
nected with  this  outbreak,   and  indeed  in  all  other 
respects  for  the  last  two  months." 


*  **  Pw^ab  Papers,"  p.  444.     These  Sikh  forces  are  said  to  have  numbered 
20y0O0.— "  MaJiarajah  DuUep  Singh  and  the  Oovemment" 


124  SIR  JOHN  LOGHN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH, 

Chapter  Whilst  the  Second  Sikh  War  was  in  progress, 
^'  matters  remained  in  statu  quo  at  Lahore,  the  city  being 
perfectly  quiet  and  unaffected  by  the  disturbances  in 
the  northern  and  western  provinces.  The  Resident 
continued  to  exercise  supreme  authority,  assisted  by 
the  Durbar  (except  that  one  member  who  had  gone 
into  open  rebellion),  and  the  little  Maharajah  remained 
in  profound  ignorance  that  any  unusual  events  which 
could  affect  him  or  his  sovereignty  were  passing  in  the 
country  without. 

He  knew  only  that  Golab  Singh,  the  son  of  Chuttur 
Singh,  and  his  own  personal  companion,  was  suddenly 
removed  from  his  attendance  and  placed  in  confine- 
ment, and  that  later  on,  the  palace  itself  was  guarded 
by  a  British  regiment.* 

The  insurgents  were  proclaimed  as  rebels  "  against 
the  Government  of  the  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh,"  and 
the  Resident,  on  the  18  th  November,  issued  a  procla- 
mation (approved  by  the  Governor-General),  telling  "all 
loyal  subjects  to  the  Maharajah"  that  the  British 
army  "  has  entered  the  Lahore  territories,  not  as  an 
enemy  to  the  constituted  Government,  but  to  restore 
order  and  obedience.''    It  is  addressed  "  to  the  subjects. 


*  This  was  in  cousetiuence  of  information  received  from  Mooltan.  "  L<»k 
well,"  says  Major  Rlwanlea,  writing  on  the  29th  August  to  the  Resident,  "  to  tkf 
person  of  the  Maharajahf  for  Shum  Shere  Singh  says,  Chuttur  Singh  will  try  !•» 
get  him  carried  off  while  out  riding,  or  at  the  Shalamar  Gardens,  and  then  n\k 
U8  to  account  for  fighting  against  Duleep  Singh^  with  whom  %0€  made  n 
Treaty  !  "—Unpublished  Correspondence  qf  the  UUe  Sir  F,  Cwrrk. 


THE  SIKHS.  125 

servants,  and  dependents  of  the  Lahore  State,"  and  Chpater 
all  "  who  have  remained  faithful  in  their  obedience  to     ^  J' 

lo4o. 

the  Government  of  the  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh  .... 
who  are  not  concerned,  directly  or  indirectly,  in  the 
present  disturbances,  are  assured  that  they  have 
nothing  to  fear  from  the  coming  of  the  British 
army."  * 

It  will  serve  to  give  some  notion  of  the  contradictory 
opinions,  and  confusion  of  theories,  then  prevailing  in 
the  official  world,  if  we  compare  this  proclamation  with 
a  sentence  from  a  despatch  of  the  Secretary  to  the 
Government  of  India,  written  to  the  Resident  on 
October  3rd  of  the  same  year,  i.e.,  six  weeks  previously.! 

I  am  desired  to  intimate  to  you  that  the  Governor-General  in 
Council  considers  the  State  of  Lahore  to  be,  to  all  intents  and 
purposes,  directly  at  war  with  the  British  Government,  and 
he  expects  that  those  who  maybe,  directly  or  indirectly,  concerned 
in  these  proceedings  will  be  treated  accordingly  by  yourself  and 
your  officers. 

At  length,  on  the  30th  of  March,  1849,  from  the  1849, 
camp  at  Ferozepore,  the  Governor-General  issued 
the  famous  manifesto,  which  announced  that  the 
Government  of  India  was  now  resolved  "  on  the  entire 
subjection  of  a  people  whom  their  own  Government 
has  long  been  unable  to  control,  and  whom  no  punish- 
ment can  deter  from  violence,  no  acts  of  friendship 


« f< 


Pw^ah  Papers,"  pp.  260,  438,  449,  662.        t  Ibid,  p.  374. 


126  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  conciliate  to  peace ;  "  and  it  then  became  known  that 
^'  Mr.  Henry  Elliot,  the  Secretary  to  the  Government 
of  India,  had  been  despatched  to  Lahore,  where  he 
arrived  on  the  28th  of  the  month,  commissioned 
by  Lord  Dalhousie  to  oflfer  terms  to  the  Council 
of  Regency,  on  the  annexation  of  the  country  to  the 
British  dominions. 


LAST  TREATY  OF  LAHORE. 

Lahore,  March  29/fc,  1849. 

Terms  granted  to  the  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh  Bahadoor,  on 
the  part  of  the  Honourahle  East  India  Company,  by  Henry 
Miers  Elliot,  Esq.,  Foreign  Secretary  to  the  Government  of 
India,  and  Lieut. -Colonel  Sir  Henry  Montgomery  Lawrence, 
K.C.B.,  Resident,  in  virtue  of  the  power  vested  in  them,  by  the 
Right  Honourable  James,  Earl  of  Dalhousie,  Knight  of  the 
Most  Ancient  Order  of  the  Thistle,  one  of  Her  Majesty's  Most 
Honourable  Privy  Coimcil,  Governor-General,  appointed  by  the 
Honourable  East  India  Company,  to  direct  and  control  all 
their  affairs  in  the  East  Indies;  and  accepted,  on  the  part  of 
His  Highness  the  Maiiarajah,  by  Rajah  Tej  Singh,  Rajah  Deena 
Nath,  Bhaee  Nidhan  Singh,  Fakeer  Nooroodeen,  Gundur  Singh, 
agent  of  Sirdar  Shere  Singh  Sindunwallah,  and  Sirdar  Lai 
Singh,  agent  and  son  of  Sirdar  Uttur  Singh  Kaleewallah, 
members  of  the  Council  of  Regency,  invested  with  full  powers 
and  authority  on  the  part  of  His  Highness. 

I.  His  Highness  the  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh  shall  resign  for 
himself,  his  heirs,  and  his  successors  all  right,  title,  and  claim  to 
the  sovereignty  of  the  Punjab,  or  to  any  sovereign  power 
whatever. 


THE  SIKHS.  127 

n.  All  the  property  of  the  State,  of  whatever  description  and  Chapter 
wheresoever  fonnd,  shall  he  confiscated  to  the  Honourable  East       V. 
India  Company,  in  part  payment  of  the  debt  due  by  the  State  of     1849. 
Lahore  to  the  British  Government  and  of  the  expenses  of  the 

war. 

in.  The  gem  called  the  Koh-i-noor,  which  was  taken  from 
Shah  Sooja-ool-moolk  by  Maharajah  Bunjeet  Singh,  shall  be 
surrendered  by  the   Maharajah  of   Lahore    to   the   Queen    of 

England. 

IV.  His  Highness  Duleep  Singh  shall  receive  from  the  Honour- 
able East  India  Company,  for  the  support  of  himself,  his  relatives, 
and  the  servants  of  the  State,  a  pension  of  not  less  than  four, 
and  not  exceeding  five,  lakhs  of  Company's  rupees  per  annum. 

V.  His  Highness  shall  be  treated  with  respect  and  honour.  He 
shall  retain  the  title  of  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh  Bahadoor,  and 
he  shall  continue  to  receive  during  his  life  such  portion  of  the 
above-named  pension  as  may  be  allotted  to  himself  personally, 
provided  he  shall  remain  obedient  to  the  British  Government,  and 
shall  reside  at  such  place  as  the  Governor-General  of  India  may 
select. 

Granted  and  accepted  at  Lahore  on  the  29th  of  March,  1849, 

and  ratified  by  the  Right  Honourable  the  Governor-General  on 

the  5th  of  April,  1849. 

(Signed) 

Dalhousie — Maharajah  Duleep  Singh. 

H.  M.  Elliot — Rajah  Tej  Singh. 

H.  M.  Lawrence — Rajah  Deena  Nath. 

Bhaee  Nidhan  Singh.* 

Fakeer  Nooroodeen. 

GuNDUR  Singh 
(Agent  to  Sirdar  Shere  Singh,  Sindun wallah). 

Sirdar  Lal  Singh 
(Agent  and  son  of  Sirdar  Uttur  Singh,  Kaleewallah). 


Head  of  thp  Sikh  religioii. 


128  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEKP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Sir  Hemy  Lawrence  had  by  this  time  returned  to 
^  his  post  at  Lahore,  having  hurried  out  from  England 
in  hot  haste  on  receipt  of  the  news  of  the  outbreak  at 
Mooltan.  Landing  at  Bombay  in  December,  he  lost 
no  time  in  joining  the  camp  of  the  besiegere— was 
present  at  the  capture  of  the  city  of  Mooltan,  and  on 
the  9th  of  January  took  the  news  of  that  event  to 
the  Governor-General.  He  then  joined  Lord  Gough's 
headquarters,  witnessed  the  battle  of  Chillian wallah, 
and  proceeded  on  the  1 8th  to  take  up  his  duties  at 
the  Residency. 

It  would  be  affectation  to  conceal  the  fact,  that 
Lord  Dalhousie's  views  and  Sir  Henry  Lawrence's  did 
not  coincide  as  regards  the  policy  of  annexation,  and 
indeed,  the  Governor-Generars  decision  was  a  sore 
grief  to  the  generous-hearted  Resident,  and  a  reversal 
of  many  cherished  hopes  and  projects.  Speaking  in 
vindication  of  this  dearly-loved  friend  of  his,  in  after 
years.  Login  says  : — 

Lawrence  acted  in  the  best  faith  for  the  interests  of  both 
Govemments;  and  so  far  from  desiring  the  annexation  of  the 
country,  on  finding  that  it  could  not  be  avoided,  and  that  all  hi^ 
efforts  to  uphold  the  native  Government  were  unavailing,  he  wa> 
only  prevented  from  resigning  his  high  position,  and  returning  to 
his  regiment  as  a  Captain  of  Artillery,  by  the  earnest  entreaty  of 
his  friends.  He  remained  at  Lahore  with  the  sole  object  ct 
exerting  his  influence  to  conciliate  the  chiefs  and  people  of  the 
Punjab  to  our  rule.* 

*  Ferrier'a  ** Caravan  Journej/," — Note  by  J.  S.  L.,  p.  859, 


THE  SIKHB.  129 

When  John  Lawrence  s  counsel  was  sought  as  to  Chapter 
whether  the  annexation  determined  on  should  be  7* 
carried  out  now,  when  the  people  were  depi'essed  by 
recent  defeat,  or  later,  when  th^  had  been  more  per- 
fectly subdued,  he  gave  it  without  hesitation — "  No 
delay !  The  Kh41sa  must  not  be  allowed  again  to  raise 
it  head." 

His  advice  was  taken,  and  Mr,  Henry  Elliot  was 
sent  to  announce  the  decision  of  the  Governor-General 
to  the  Maharajah  and  his  people. 

We  will  leave  Mr.  EUiot  to  tell,  in  his  own  words, 
the  manner  and  purport  of  his  mission*  : — 

Immediately  on  my  arrival,  he  says,  I  communicated  to  Sir  H. 

M.  Lawrence  and  Mr.  J.  Lawrence  the  instructions  with  which 

I  was  charged,  and  regretted  to  find  that  both  those  officers  were 

fuJly  persuaded  that  the  Council  of  Eegency  would  on  no  account 

be  induced  to  accede  to  the  terms  which  were  offered  for  their 

acceptance,  inasmuch  as  they  had  already  incurred  great  odium 

amongst  their  countrymen  for  what  were  considered  to  be  their 

former  concessions.     I,  however,  requested  that  the   two   most 

influential  members  of  the  Council  might  be  at  once  summoned  to 

a  private  conference  at  the  Residency  ;  and  Rajah  Tej  Singh  and 

Dewan  Deena  Nath  were  accordingly  sent  for.    The  Rajah,  at  first, 

excused  himself  on  the  ground  of  sickness ;  and  I  should  have, 

consequently,  gone  to  his  house,  had  I  not  been  apprehensive  that 

any  exhibition  of  undue  eagerness  might  have  been  interpreted 

into  too  great  a  desire  to  obtain  his  concurrence.     It  was  then 

intimated  to  him  that,  as  my  mission  was  urgent,  and  could  not 


Note  and  Report  by  Mr.  H.  Elliot. 

K 


130  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  be  accomplished  without  him,  he  should  come  to  the  Besidency, 
V.       unless  he  really  was  seriously  ill.     Upon  this,  he  came,  his  looks 
1849.     giving  no  warrant  for  his  excuses,  and  was  accompanied  by  Dewan 
Deena  Nath. 

After  the  £rst  compliments  had  been  exchanged,  I  explained  to 
them  the  purpose  for  which  I  had  come,  that  the  Punjab  would 
be  annexed  to  the  British  dominions  at  all  events,  but  that  it  was 
for  them  to  decide  whether  this  should  be  done  in  an  unqualified 
manner,  or  whether  they  would  subscribe  to  the  conditions  which 
I  was  about  to  lay  before  them. 

The  Eajah,  who  was  more  than  usually  nervous  and  garrulous, 
opened  out  in  a  strain  of  invective  against  Bajah  Shere  Singh  and 
all  the  rebellious  Sirdars,  who  had  brought  the  CJouncil  to  this 
pass,  acknowledged  that  the  British  Government  had  acquired  a 
perfect  right  to  dispose  of  the  country  as  it  saw  fit,  and  recom- 
mended that  it  should  declare  its  will,  without  calling  upon  the 
Council  to  sign  any  conditions.  I  replied  that,  if  they  refused  to 
accept  the  terms  which  the  Governor-General  offered,  the  ^laha- 
rajah  and  themselves  would  be  entirely  at  his  mercy,  and  I  had 
no  authority  to  say  that  they  would  be  entitled  to  receive  any 
allowance  whatever. 

The  Dewan,  who  was  much  more  deliberate  and  reserved  than 
his  colleague,  commented  on  the  severity  of  the  conditions,  and 
particularly  on  the  expatriation  of  the  Maharajah ;   and  when  I 

told  him  it  was  intended  to  exclude  also  the  female  relatives  of 

> 

the  Maharajah  from  the  palace,  in  order  that  the  citadel  might  be 
exclusively  in  British  occupation,  he  remarked  that,  immediately 
they  were  relieved  from  the  restraints  which  their  present 
residence  subjected  them  to,  they  would  begin  leading  licentious 
lives,  and  bring  scandal  upon  the  memory  of  Eunjeet  Singh  and 
his  descendants. 

After  many  inquiries  from  them  about  the  distance  to  T^hieh 
the  Maharajah  was  to  be  removed,  I  observed  that  his  destination 
would    not    improbably  be    the   Deccan,  but,  after    they    had 


THE  SIKHS.  131 

requested  reconsideration,  on  account  of  the  remoteness  of  that  Chapter 
country,  "where,"  said  they,  "God  knows  whether  the  people       ^• 
are  Hindoos  or  Mahomedans,"  I  promised  that  the  Maharajah    1^^* 
should  not  be  sent  anywhere  to  the  east  of  the  Ganges,  pointing 
out  Hnrdwar,  Gurhmnktesir,  Bithoor,  and  Allahabad   as  being 
all  of  them  places  of  high  sanctity  in  their  religion.    They  seemed 
to  be  thankful  for  this  as  a  concession.    But  they  had  no  definite 
notion  of    the  exact  position  of    any  of    these  places    except 
Hurdwar.    The  Eajah,  indeed,  was  astonished  to  discover  that 
Lahore  was  not  so  far  from  Allahabad  as  from  Benares. 

They  seemed  fully  satisfied  with  the  personal  allowance 
assigned  to  the  Maharajah,  which  I  told  them  would  be  about 
10,000  rupees  per  mensem. 

Other  subjects  were  then  discussed,  and  they  enquired  anxiously 

about  their  own  future  position.     I  told  them  that  it  was  not 

intended  to  deprive  them  of  their  jagheers  or  salaries,  and  that, 

for  this  indulgence  they  would  be  expected  to  yield  the  British 

Goyemment  the  benefit  of  their  advice  and  assistance  whenever 

they  were  called  upon  to  do  so  ;  that,  if  they  did  not  subscribe  to 

the  conditions,  I  could  not  promise  that  any  consideration  would 

be  shown  to  them.     The  Dewan  enquired  whether  the  jagheers 

would  be  continued  to  future  generations.    I  replied,  certainly 

not,  unless  the  grants  conveyed  a  perpetual  title ;  and  that  would 

be  left  to  the  decision  of  the  officers,  who  would  shortly  be 

appointed  to  investigate  the  validity  of  all  rent-free  tenures. 

After  much  more  parley,  during  which,  while  I  told  them  that 
they  were  at  perfect  liberty  to  decline,  or  to  accede  to,  the 
conditions  I  had  been  instructed  to  lay  before  them — at  the  same 
time  I  convinced  them  of  my  resolute  determination  to  yield  no 
point,  they  expressed  their  willingness  to  sign  the  paper,  and 
signed  it  accordingly,  not  without  evident  sorrow  and  repugnance 
on  the  part  of  the  Dewan. 

Upon  this  I  requested  that  Fakeer  Nooroodeen  and  Bhaee 
Nidban  Singh,  the  only  other  members  of  the  Begency  resident 

K  2 


132  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  at  Lahore,  might  be  sent  for ;    and  upon  informing  them  of  what 
V.       had  passed,   they  said   they  would    abide  by  whatever  their 
1^*9'     colleagues  were  prepared  to  do. 

They  then  affixed  their  seals  and  signatures  to  the  paper  in 
duplicate,  and  Sir  H.  M.  Lawrence  and  myself  then  added  our 
counter-signatures.  It  was  agreed  that  next  morning  a  Durbar 
should  be  held  at  seven  o'clock,  a.m.,  in  order  to  promulgate 
the  Articles  subscribed  to,  and  to  obtain  the  Maharajah's 
ratification. 

The  members  then  took  their  leave,  after  the  conference  had 
lasted  about  two  hours. 

Sir  J.  Login,  commenting  on  the  above  report  in 
1860,  remarks : — 

"  It  indicates  feelings  more  creditable  to  the  members 
of  the  Lahore  Durbar  (whose  personal  interests  were 
separately  worked  upon)  than  to  the  British  official, 
who  describes  the  scene  with  so  much  undignified 
exultation." 

To  continue  Mr.  Elliot's  report : — 

Next  day  at  the  appointed  hour,*  after  the  troops  had  been  pre- 
pared against  possible  tumult,  I  proceeded  to  the  Durbar,  accom- 
panied by  Sir  H.  M.  Lawrence,  K.C.B.,  and  the  gentlemen  of  the 
Residency,  and  escorted  by  a  squadron  of  the  body-gaard. 
which  Major  Mayne  had  brought  over  by  forced  marches 
from  Ferozepore.  We  were  met  by  the  Maharajah  Dulecp 
Singh    outside    the    gate    of    the    citadel.        After   the    usual 


*  Report  by  Mr.  Elliot,  March  29th,  1849. 


THE   SIKHS.  133 

salutations,   and  giving  and  taking  of   presents,   we  conducted  Chapter 
the  Maharajah  to  a  seat  at  the  end  of  the  Hall  of  Audience,       ^* 
and  took  our  places  on  either  side  of  him.     The  Maharajah,  who     1^^- 
is  endued  with  an  intelligence  beyond  his  years,  and  cannot  be 
supposed  to  have  been  ignorant  of  the  purpose  for  which  the 
Durbar  was  now  convened  for  the  last  time,  conducted  himself 
throughout  with  cheerfulness  and  self -composure. 

The  hall  was  filled  with  spectators,  who  ranged  themselves  on 
each  side  of  the  centre  seats — the  Europeans  on  the  right,  the 
natives  on  the  left.  The  latter  were  in  such  numbers  as  almost 
to  give  cause  that,  with  a  view  of  courting  popularity,  the  Council 
of  Regency  might  refuse  to  abide  by  the  terms  which  they  had 
signed  the  evening  before. 

After  we  were  seated,  the  following  note,  declaratory  of  the 
intentions  of  the  Government  to  assume  the  sovereignty  of  the 
Punjab,  was  read  out  in  Persian,  and  afterwards  translated  into 
Hindostani,  for  the  comprehension  of  every  one  present : — 


MANIFESTO  TO  THE  LAHOBE  DURBAB. 

Fob  many  years,  while  the  wisdom  of  Maharajah  Bunjeet  Singh 
ruled  the  people  of  the  Punjab,  friendships  and  unbroken  peace 
prevailed  between  the  British  nation  and  the  Sikhs. 

The  British  Government  desired  to  maintain  with  the  heirs  of 
Bunjeet  Singh  the  same  friendly  relations  which  they  had  held 
with  him.  But  the  Sirdars  and  Sikh  army,  forgetful  of  the  policy 
which  the  Maharajah's  prudence  had  enjoined,  and  departing 
from  the  friendly  example  he  had  set,  suddenly  crossed  the 
frontier,  and,  without  any  provocation,  made  war  upon  the 
British  power. 

They  were  met  by  the  British  army — four  times  they  were 
defeated — they  were  driven  back  with  ignominy  across  the 
Sutlej,  and  pursued  to  the  walls  of  Lahore. 


134  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter      The  Maharajah  Doleep  Singh  tendered  there,  to  the  Governor- 
y*       General  of  India,  the  Bubmission  of  himself  and  his  chiefs,  and 
lo49.    implored  the  clemency  of  the  British  Government. 

The  Government  of  India  had  acquired,  by  its  conquest,  an 
absolute  right  to  subvert  the  Government  of  the  Sikhs,  by 
which  it  had  been  so  grossly  injured.  But,  in  that  time  of 
victory,  it  showed  the  sincerity  of  its  declarations,  and  gave 
signal  proof  of  the  moderation  and  forbearance  by  which  its 
policy  was  directed. 

The  kingdom  of  the  Punjab  was  spared ;  the  Maharajah  was 
replaced  on  the  throne  of  Bunjeet  Singh ;  and  treaties  of  friend- 
ship were  formed  between  the  States. 

How  have  the  obligations  of  these  treaties  been  fulfilled  ? 

The  British  Government  has,  with  scrupulous  fidelity,  observed 
every  promise  which  was  made,  and  has  discharged  every  obliga- 
tion which  the  treaties  imposed  upon  it. 

It  gave  to  the  Maharajah  the  service  of  its  troops.  It  afforded 
him  the  aid  of  its  treasures  in  his  difficulties.  It  meddled  with 
none  of  the  institutions  or  customs  of  the  people.  By  its  advice 
to  the  Council  it  improved  the  condition  of  the  army;  and  it 
laboured  to  lessen  the  burdens  and  to  promote  the  prosperity  of 
every  class  of  the  Maharajah's  people.  It  left  nothing  tmdone 
which  it  had  promised  to  perform ;  it  engaged  in  nothing  from 
which  it  had  promised  to  abstain.  But  there  is  not  one  of  the 
main  provisions  of  those  treaties  which  the  Sikh  Government  and 
Sikh  people  have  not,  on  their  part,  faithlessly  and  flagrantly 
violated.  They  bound  themselves  to  pay  an  annual  subsidy  of 
twenty-two  lakhs  of  rupees.  No  portion  whatever  has  at  any 
time  been  paid. 

The  whole  debt  due  by  the  State  of  Lahore  has  increased  to 
more  than  fifty  lakhs  of  rupees ;  and  crores  have  been  added  by 
the  charges  of  the  present  war.  The  control  of  the  British 
Government,  which  the  Sirdars  themselves  invited,  and  to  which 
they  bound  themselves  to  submit,  has  been  rejected  and  resisted 
by  force. 


THE  SIKHS.  135 

The  peace  and  friendship  which  were  promised  by  the  treaties  Chapter 
have  been  thrown  aside.    British  officers  in  the  discharge  of  their       V. 
duty  have  treacherously  been  thrown  into  captivity,  with  women     1849. 
and  children. 

Other  British  officers,  when  acting  for  the  Maharajah's  interests, 
were  murdered  by  the  Maharajah's  servants,  after  having  been 
deserted  by  the  Maharajah's  troops. 

Yet,  for  these  things,  the  Government  of  Lahore  neither 
inflicted  punishment  on  the  offender,  nor  made  reparation  for  the 
offence.  It  confessed  itself  unable  to  control  its  subjects.  It 
formally  declared  to  the  British  Resident  that  its  troops  would 
not  obey  its  command,  and  wotdd  not  act  against  the  chief  who 
had  committed  this  outrage  against  the  Government  of  India. 

Not  only  did  the  army  of  the  State  refuse  thus  to  act,  but 
il  everywhere  openly  rose  in  arms  against  the  British.  The 
whole  people  of  the  Sikhs  joined  in  its  hostility.  The  high 
Sirdars  of  the  State  have  been  its  leaders ;  those  of  them  who 
signed  the  treaties  of  peace  were  the  most  conspicuous  in 
its  ranks ;  and  the  chief  by  whom  it  was  commanded  was 
a  member  of  the  Council  of  Begency  itself.  They  proclaimed 
their  purpose  to  be  the  extirpation  of  the  British  power,  and 
the  destruction  of  the  British  people ;  and  they  have  struggled 
fiercely  to  effect  it. 

But  the  Government  of  India  has  put  forth  the  vast  resources 
of  its  power.  The  Army  of  the  Sikhs  has  been  utterly  discom- 
fited ;  their  artillery  has  been  captured,  the  allies  they  invited 
have  been  driven  from  the  Punjab  with  shame;  the  Sikh 
Sirdars,  with  then:  troops,  have  surrendered,  and  been  disarmed, 
and  the  Punjab  is  occupied  by  the  British  troops. 

The  Government  of  India  repeatedly  declared  that  it  desired 
no  further  conquest ;  and  it  gave  to  the  Maharajah,  by  its  acts, 
a  proof  of  the  sincerity  of  its  declarations. 

The  Government  of  India  has  sought  and  desires  no  conquest 
now. 


136  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       But  when  unprovoked  and  costly  war  has  again  been  wantonly 
V-        renewed,  the  Government  of  India  is  bound  by  its  duty  to  provide 
lo49.     Iqp  i^g  Q^jj  security  for  the  future,  and  to  guard  effectually  the 
the  interests  and  tranquillity  of  its  own  people. 

Punishment  and  benefit  alike  have  failed  to  remove  the 
inveterate  hostility  of  the  Sikhs.  Wherefore,  the  Governor- 
General,  as  the  only  effectual  mode  which  now  remains  of 
preventing  the  recurrence  of  national' outrage,  and  the  renewal 
of  perpetual  wars,  has  resolved  upon  declaring  the  British 
Sovereignty  in  the  Punjab,  and  upon  the  entire  subjection  of 
the  Sikh  nation,  whom  their  own  rulers  have  long  been  unable  to 
control,  who  are  equally  insensible  to  punishment  or  forbearance, 
and  who,  as  past  events  have  now  shown,  will  never  desist  from 
war  so  long  as  they  possess  the  power  of  an  independent 
kingdom. 

The  Governor-General  of  India  unfeignedly  regrets  that  he 
should  feel  himself  compelled  to  depose  from  his  throne  a 
descendant  of  Maharajah  Bunjeet  Singh,  while  he  is  yet  in  his 
early  youth. 

But  the  Sovereign  of  every  State  is  responsible  for,  and  must 
be  affected  by,  the  acts  of  his  people  over  whom  he  reigns. 

As  in  the  former  war,  the  Maharajah,  because  of  the  lawless 
violence  of  his  subjects,  whom  his  Government  was  unable  to 
control,  was  made  to  pay  the  penalty  of  their  offence  in  the  loss 
of  his  richest  provinces  ;  so  must  he  now  be  involved  in  all  the 
consequences  of  their  further  violence,  and  of  the  deep  national 
injury  they  have  again  committed. 

When  a  renewal  of  formidable  war  by  the  army  and  the  great 
body  of  Sikhs  has  forced  upon  the  Government  of  India  the  con- 
viction that  a  continuance  of  Sikh  domination  in  the  Punjab  is 
incompatible  with  the  security  of  the  British  territories,  the 
Governor-General  cannot  permit  that  mere  compassion  for  the 
Prince  should  deter  him  from  the  adoption  of  such  measures 
against  the  nation  as  alone  can  be   effectual  for    the  future 


THE  SIKHS.  137 

maintenance  of  pesice,  and  for  protecting  the  interests  of  the  Chaptor 

British  people.  V. 

1849. 
Upon  the  conclusion  of  this  Manifesto,  silence  was  observed 

for  a  few  minutes,  when  Dewan  Deena  Nath  observed,  that  the 

decision  of  the  British  Government  was  just,  and  should  be 

obeyed ;  but  he  trusted  that  the  Maharajah  and  servants  of  the 

State  would  receive  consideration  at  the  hands  of  the  British 

Government,   and  that  some  allowance  would  be  granted    to 

maintain  them  in  comfort  and  respectability. 

"If  France,"  he  observed,  "after  the  defeat  and  captivity  of 

Buonaparte,  had  been  restored  to  its  legitimate  ruler,  though  the 

country  yielded  thirty  crores  of  revenue,  it  would  be  no  very 

extraordinary  act  of  British  clemency  if  the  Punjab,  which  yielded 

less  than  three   crores,  should  be  restored  to  the  Maharajah. 

However,  let  the  Govemor-Generars  \^all  be  done." 

I  replied,  that  the  ^time  of  concession  and  clemency  was  gone ; 

that  I  was  ready,  on  the  part  of  the  Governor-General,  to  confirm 

the  conditions  to  which  the  Council  had  subscribed  yesterday,  and 

which  should  be  read  out  in  Persian  and  Hindostani,  for  general 

information. 

This  was  listened  to  with  the  deepest  attention,  but  it  called 

forth  no  observation.     To  the  former  signatures  were  then  added 

those  of  Gundur  Singh,  the  accredited  Agent  of  Sirdar  Shere  Singh, 

Si ndun wallah,  and  Sirdar  Lai  Singh,  Agent  and  son  of  Sirdar  Uttur 

Singh,  Kaleewallah,  thus  completing  the  entire  nimiber  of  the 

luenibers  of  the  Council  of  Regency,  who  have  remained  nominally 

faithful  to  their  engagements.      The  paper  was  then  handed  in 

duplicate  by  Bajah  Tej  Singh  to  the  Maharajah,  who  immediately 

affixed   his   signature,  by  tracing  the  initials  of  his  name  in 

English  letters.     The  alacrity  with  which  he  took  the  papers 

when  offered  to  him,  was  a  matter  of  remaxk  to  all,  and  suggested 

the  idea  that,  possibly,  he  had  been  instructed  by  his  advisers 

that  any  show  of  hesitation  might  lead  to  the  substitution  of 

terms  less  favourable  than  those  which  had  been  offered. 


138  SIB  JOHN  LOaiN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       When  the  document  had  thus  been  fully  ratified,  I  directed  the 

^-       proclamation  to  be  read  aloud  in  the  native  languages. 
1849.        J  f}^Qj^  handed  one  copy  of  the  terms  to  the  Maharajah ;  and 
having  thus  fulfilled  the  object  of  my  mission,  I  took  my  leave 
with  the  usual  etiquette,  and  dissolved  the  Durbar. 

The  whole  ceremony  was  conducted  with  grave  decorum.  No 
Sirdar  was  armed.  The  costly  jewels  and  gaudy  robes,  so 
conspicuous  in  the  Sikh  Court  on  other  public  occasions,  were 
now  thrown  aside.  I  did  not  observe  the  slightest  sign  of 
wonder,  sorrow,  anger,  or  even  dissatisfaction,  upon  the 
countenance  of  any  one  present,  except  that  of  Dewan  Deena 
Nath;  and  from  the  nice  inquiries  he  had  made  during  the 
private  conference,  respecting  his  own  interests,  it  would  not  be 
tmcharitable  to  suppose,  that  his  sadness  arose  more  from  the  loss 
of  the  immense  influence  he  possesses  in  every  department  of  the 
State,  than  from  regret  at  the  subversion  of  his  master's  dynasty. 
But  neither  did  I  observe  any  signs  of  gladness.  The  whole 
announcement  appeared  to  be  received  with  a  degree  of  indifference 
bordering  on  apathy,  and  not  a  word  or  whisper  escaped,  to 
betray  the  real  feelings  pervading  the  hearts  of  that  solemn 
assembly,  which  had  met  to  witness  the  ratified  dissolution  of 
the  great  empire  established  by  the  fraud  and  violence  of 
Bunjeet  Singh. 

As  I  left  the  palace,  I  had  the  proud  satisfaction  of  seeing  the 
British  colours  hoisted  on  the  citadel  under  a  royal  salute  from 
our  own  artillery,  at  once  proclaiming  the  ascendancy  of  British 
rule,  and  sounding  the  knell  of  the  £lh&lsa  Baj ! 

"  That  the  annexation  of  the  Punjab  was  a  politic 
measure,"  says  Sir  John  Login,*  "  few  were  inclined  to 
question,  but,  inasmuch  as  it  involved  the  depositivh 


*  Memorandum  published  (for  private  oirculatioxi)  in  1660. 


THE  SIKHS.  139 

of  a  young  Prince  whom  the  British  Government  had  Chaptei 

1849. 


sclemrdy  engaged  to  protect  in  his  position  during  his 


minority ^  and  who  had  throughout  evinced  the  utmost 
confidence  in  us^  it  was,  to  say  the  least,  a  harsh  pro- 
ceeding, and  one  which  demanded  from  our  Government 
towards  the  person  whom  our  policy  had  despoiled,  the 
most  liberal  and  generous  consideration. 

"  Unfortunately,  however,  in  the  Maharajah's  case, 
there  were  circumstances  which  had  the  effect  of  placing 
the  position  of  His  Highness  in  unfavourable  contrast 
to  that  of  his  ministers  and  chiefs,  and  which,  unless 
ohiiated  in  a  liberal  spirit^  necessarily  led  to  the  con- 
clusion, that,  in  accepting  the  terms  offered  by  the 
British  Grovemment,  his  ministers  had  consented  to 
sacrifice  his  interests  to  their  own. 

"  Having,  so  far  as  respects  their  claims  upon  him, 
been  considered  by  the  British  Government,  notwith- 
standing the  full  control  exercised  by  their  ofl&cials 
over  his  person,  power,  and  resources,  to  be  in  the 
position  of  a  Sovereign  and  despotic  Prince,  every 
article  of  property  in  the  possession  of  the  Maharajah 
was  declared  to  be  State  property,  and  appropriated 
by  the  British  Government,  under  the  terms  which 
liad  been  granted  to  him  ;  his  Highness  being  merely 
permitted  to  retain,  by  the  courtesy  of  the  Govemor- 
Keneral  and  the  local  authorities,  such  articles  as  were 
X)nsidered  necessary  for  his  personal  use. 

"He  was  thus  made  entirely  dependent  upon  the 
dlowance  assigned  to  him,  under  Article  v.,  by  the 


140  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  British  Government,  amounting  during  his  minority  to 
1849. 


£12,000   per  annum;   another  portion   of  the   State 


pension  being  granted  to  his  relatives  and  dependents, 
at  the  discretion  of  the  British  Government,  and  a 
balance  retained  by  them  for  future  appropriation. 

"No  stipulation  was  made  for  the  benefit  of  his 
heirs  and  descendants,  the  pension  granted  to  him 
being  apparently  terminable  with  his  life.  He  was 
required  to  remove  from  the  Punjab,  and  from  all  his 
early  associations,  and  to  reside  wherever  the  Govern- 
ment of  India  might  appoint. 

"  To  His  Highness's  ministers.  Sirdars,  and  chiefs, 
the  annexation  of  the  Punjab  was  attended  with 
more  favourable  circumstances. 

"They  were  relieved  from  the  claims  of  a  Native 
Government,  as  feudatories  of  a  despotic  Prince,  liable 
to  contributions  for  State  purposes — secured  in  all 
their  private  property,  real  and  personal,  under  British 
laws — confirmed  in  possession  of  their  several  jagheers, 
some  in  perpetuity,  others  rent-firee  for  their  own  lives^ 
and  with  deductions  of  one-half  and  one-quarter  in 
two  succeeding  generations ;  and  they  were  exempted 
fi'om  much  personal  service  to  their  Prince. 

"  Having  seen  that,  in  1 846,  Gol&b  Singh,  one  of  their 
number,  was  not  only  made  independent  of  Lahore, 
but  was  allowed  to  pTu-chase  the  Province  of  Cashmere/ 
the  chiefs  who  remained  faithful  were  naturaUy  n«-»t 

*  See  ante  pp,  109-10. 


I 


j 


THE  SIKHB.  141 

indisposed  to  enter  into  terms  with  a  Government  which  Chapter 
could  act  so  liberally,  and  relieve  them  from  demands      ^• 
frequently  made  by  their  natives  princes. 

"To  Rajah  Tej  Singh  in  particular  the  arrangement 
must  have  been  very  satisfactory,  as  it  secured  to  him 
and  his  heirs  all  his  accumulations  (amounting  in  1846, 
as  shown  by  his  offer  for  an  independent  territory  like 
Gol4b  Singh,  to  not  less  than  twenty-five  lakhs  of 
rupees),  besides  confirming  him  and  his  family  /or  three 
generatians  in  large  estates,  very  lightly  assessed, 
it  is  believed,  at  two  and  three  lakhs  of  rupees,  and 
yearly  increasing  in  value. 

"  In  the  same  manner,  the  other  chiefs  had  more  or 
less  cause  to  be  satisfied.  Even  those  who  had  been 
in  arms  against  us,  though  deprived  of  such  property 
cw  could  not  be  concealed,  were  doubtless  able  to 
secure  very  large  sums  among  their  friends.  In  the 
case  of  Bajah  Shore  Singh,  the  writer  of  this  was 
told,  by  himself,  that  such  was  the  case,  when  he 
wished  to  obtain  permission  to  go  to  England,  instead 
of  being  sent  to  Calcutta. 

"  It  was  not  considered  expedient  at  the  time  to  be 
too  particular,  and  I  think  it  will  be  found,  on 
reference  to  Treasury  receipts  fi'om  forfeited  estates, 
that  very  little  was  obtained,  compared  with  the 
jieealth  of  which,  a  short  time  before,  the  chiefs  were 
{known  to  have  been  in  possession. 

"This  leniency  has  not  been  without  its  good  effects, 
.nd  the  security  with  which  Sikh  chiefs   have  been 


I 


142  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  allowed  to  enjoy  their  wealth,  without  exaction  from 
-   *Q     Government,  has  no  doubt  contributed  very  greatly 
to  reconcile  them  to  our  rule. 

"But  it  must  not  be  overlooked,  that  all  this 
liberality  was  shown  at  the  expense  of  the  claims 
of  their  Sovereign  Prince,  on  both  feudatories  and 
rebels." 

"•Although  the  young  Maharajah  could  not  but 
feel  that  the  terms  which  had  been  imposed  on  him 
were  hard  and  severe,  especially  when  the  loss  of 
his  throne  was  occasioned  by  no  fault  on  his  part, 
but  entirely  from  the  treachery  of  those  whom  we 
had  placed  in  power  around  him,  the  di£Sculties  with 
which  he  had  been  surrounded  in  his  precarious 
position,  before  he  was  received  under  the  protection 
of  the  British  Government,  were  too  strongly  impressed 
on  his  mind  to  cause  any  hesitation  on  his  part  to 
retire  into  private  life,  and  he  accordingly  submitted 
to  the  force  of  circumstances  with  very  becoming 
dignity." 


*  Memorandum  prepared  for  Her  Majeity  by  Sir  John  Login. 


CHAPTER  VL 

LAHOBE. 
Letters  from  Dr.  Login  to  his  Wife. 

Camp  before  KaleewaiiLAH,  Nov.  22nd,  1848. 

....  With  only  the-loss  of  one  man  killed  on  our  side,  we  Chapter 
have  been  able  to  cnt  off  and  disperse  a  large  body  of  Sikhs  who      VI. 
had  collected  at  this  place,  and  were  making  great  depredations.     1849. 
A  party  of  them  still  hold  the  fort,  and,  while  I  write,  are  still 
keeping  up  a  fire  upon  us,  but  it  is  expected,  as  in  other  instances, 
that  they  will  endeavour  to  escape  during  the  night,  and  that  in 
the  morning  we  shall  find  it  evacuated.      Our  guns  were  ordered 
<iown  at  half -past  three  in  the  afternoon,  and  opened  fire  within  500 
yards    with  good  effect  for  a  couple  of   hours,*   but    as    the 
Brigadier  did  not  wish  to  expose  his  men  to  the  danger  of  an 
assault,  or  to  throw  away  ammunition  uselessly,  we  were  called 
back  to  camp  about  seven  p.m.,  intending  to  resume  proceedings 
to-morrow. 

Many  of  our  young  oflScers  had  hand-to-hand  encounters,  and 
some    narrow    escapes  were    made — ^Westcott  Davidson,   Sam 


*  It  -WBB  a  cnrrent  joke  among  Login's  brother  officers,  that  he  equally  dis- 
tingnislied  himself  in  laying  the  guns  dnnng  a  fight,  as  in  carrying  off  the 
woanded  afterwards. 


144  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Fisher,  Swinton,  Jackson,  Christie,  and  others  of  the  Cavaln-, 
VL  and  a  young  lad,  Mackell,  of  the  Artillery,  have  been  among  the 
1849.  most  successful.  I  cannot  say  that  I  heard  with  much  pleasure 
the  various  accounts  of  how  their  opponents  were  "  skewered  " 
(the  favourite  slang  expression) ;  by  all  accounts,  about  200  Sikhs 
were  cut  up,  and  a  very  few  made  prisoners.  To-morrow  I  trust 
I  may  be  successful  in  getting  hold  of  some  at  least  of  the  poor 
wounded  wretches,  if  any  have  been  left  aUve,  as  soon  as  we  get 
possession  of  the  fort,  so  as  to  make  it  possible  to  prosecute  a 
search  for  them.    We  came  on  the  Sikhs  so  as  to  take  them  by 

m 

surprise.  This  could  not  have  happened  had  the  country  people 
generally  been  friendly  to  them,  so  as  to  have  given  them  informa- 
tion. You  will  be  amused  at  the  share  of  loot  that  has  fallen  to 
my  lot — a  little  boy  about  four,  deserted  by  his  parents,  found  in 
a  small  hut  behind  the  battery  where  I  was  stationed!  My 
doolie  bearers  brought  him  to  me,  and  I  have  told  them  to  take 
good  care  of  him  for  me. 

November  2Srd.  Well ;  it  is  as  we  expected,  a  shell  of  ours 
set  the  place  on  fij:e ;  the  men  in  the  fort  made  off  in  all  direc- 
tions, the  darkness  favouring  their  escape;  still  many  were  cut  up, 
or  else  severely  wounded.  At  daylight  I  sent  to  the  Brigadier  to 
ask  permission  to  go  and  pick  up  all  the  wounded  I  could,  taking 
all  the  litters  I  could  collect  with  me.  ''  Certainly,  certainly,  a^n 
excellent  proposition  I  "  So  off  I  started,  with  a  train  of  litter» 
behind  me,  a  supply  of  water,  and  some  brandy.  We  soon  found 
all  that  were  alive  in  the  fort  or  village.  Some  desperately  cut- 
up,  poor  fellows,  had  been  brought  into  hospital,  where  Beatsou  of 
the  Horse  Artillery  and  1  have  been  working  all  day,  doing  all  we 
can  for  them.  We  shall  take  care  of  them  while  we  remain  here, 
and  leave  them  in  charge  of  some  villagers  when  we  march.  The 
first  man  I  picked  up  was  an  Akali  in  the  ditch  of  the  fort 
He  had  almost  bled  to  death,  and  when  he  saw  us  evidently  onl\ 
expected  his  coup  de  grdce.  He  was  greatly,  and  no  doubt 
agreeably,  surprised  when  I  gave  him  a  little  brandy  and  after- 


LAHORE.  145 

wards  water,  and,  raising  him  carefally,  placed  him  on  a  litter  and  Chapter 
dressed  his  wounds  before  he  was  carried  off  to  our  hospital  tent.       YI 
Some  of  our  people  doubt  the  wisdom  or  propriety  of  treating    1849. 
them  in  this  way,  but  I  tell  them  that  we  can  only  teach  the 
poor  ignorant  creatures  the  difference  between  Christians  and 
Hindoos  by  showing  mercy  and  kindness  to  our  enemies.     I  feel 
sure  they  will  not  fight  against  us  with  such  bitter  determination 
again.    I  am  glad  that,  from  having  so  few  wounded  of  our  own, 
I  am  able  to  look  after  these  poor  fellows  properly.    I  must  stop, 
as  I  must  go  to  amputate  the  arm  of  one  of   the  Sikhs  we 
bronght  in. 

I  hear  that  James  has  passed  a  good  examination,  and  is 
retoming  to  Nepal.  We  have  captured  a  great  quantity  of 
grain  in  the  fort,  and  commissariat  supplies  of  all  sorts.  The 
owner  of  the  fort  of  Kaleewallah  is  Goordas  Singh,  a  wealthy 
man ;  he  has  evidently  a  large  family  of  small  children,  for  it  was 
touching  to  see  yesterday,  when  walking  through  the  place,  lots 
of  children's  toys,  swings,  horses  and  carts,  all  lying  as  they  had 
thrown  them  down ;  it  seems  he  sent  them  off  at  once  when  he 
made  up  his  mind  to  hold  the  place  against  us. 

A  good  copy  of  the  Grunt'h  was  found  here,  and  as  no  one  else 
attaches  value  to  it,  I  shall  take  it.  I  have  also,  as  a  relic  of  the 
%ht,  my  friend  the  Akali's  "  quoits,"  as  sharp  as  a  razor ;  he  had 
them  in  his  turban  when  I  picked  him  up  in  the  ditch,  also  a 
jingall  ball,  which  passed  close  by  me  and  lodged  in  the  doolie, 
I  believe  that  I  and  my  bearers  were  as  much  exposed  as  any,  the 
fellows  in  the  fort  fired  so  high  that  the  shots  fell  among  us,  but 
happily  no  one  was  hit. 

With  Wheblbb's  Force  at  Mookbbzan,  Jullundub  Doab. 

December  2nd,  1848. 

It  is  past  four  p.m.,  and  I  have  only  just  reached  my  tent  after  a 
long  inarch  from  Deena-nuggur ;  yesterday  we  crossed  the  Bavee 


146  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  and  made  a  long  march,  Delaspoor  to  Deena-nuggur,  and  to-day 
VL      we  have  had  an  equally  long  and  tedious  one  to  this  place. 
1849.        The  Brigadier  is  anxious  to  get  to  Hoshearpoor,  where  part  of 
the  force  will  halt  for  some  time. 

Since  I  wrote  you  last,  we  have  taken  and  destroyed  another 
fort,  which  had  been  evacuated  just  before  we  arrived  by  the 
insurgent  Sikhs,  and  an  hour  after,  when  our  rear  guard  came  up, 
and  when  all  the  Sepoys  were  busy  cooking  at  their  chulahs,  an 
alarm  was  given  that  the  Sikhs  were  upon  us. 

The  whole  force  turned  out  in  double  quick  time,  and  out  we 
marched  for  nearly  two  miles  in  their  direction,  when  we  found 
that  it  was  only  the  fellows  who  had  been  in  the  fort,  who  had 
ventured  near  us  in  the  hopes  of  picking  off  some  of  our  camels  at 
graze.  The  Irregulars  were  sent  in  pursuit,  and  came  up  with  a 
party,  of  whom,  it  is  reported,  they  killed  and  wounded  twenty, 
having  five  or  six  of  their  own  men  woimded. 

A  couple  of  hospital  dooUea  had  been  destroyed  by  some 
Sikhs,  who  had  hidden  themselves  in  the  neighbouring  villages 
when  the  cavalry  went  past.  Dr.  Wallich  lost  his  surgical  instru- 
ments in  them.     So  we  have  only  my  case  now  to  depend  on. 

After  we  crossed  the  Bavee,  Hodson  of  the  Guides  followed 
up  the  chase,  and  found  that  they  made  for  some  jtmgle  in  the 
direction  of  Neroli,  where  the  party  broke  up  and  divided, 
dispersing  to  their  homes,  leaving  their  chief  with  a  following 
of  only  twenty-five  horsemen.  They  are  nothing  better  than 
dacoits.  John  Lawrence  is  out  in  the  district  after  some 
fellow  near  Noorpoor,  who  has  managed  to  put  the  Jullundar 
people  in  a  great  fright,  and  it  is  in  consequence  of  the  aJann 
he  has  excited  that  the  Brigadier  is  anxious  to  get  the  force 
quietly  to  Hoshearpoor,  to  set  their  minds  at  rest.  This  is 
only  a  night's  ddk  from  Jullundur,  and  if  you  recollect,  I  wrote  you 
from  here  on  my  way  to  join  the  force  at  Deena-nuggur.  Wv 
expect  to  reach  Hoshearpoor  in  two  marches,  and  it  is  not 
unlikely  that  we  may  afterwards  return  to  Jullundur. 


LAHORE.  147 

I  endeavour  to  make  myself   quite    easy    anyway,  and    to  Chapter 
belieye  that  all  is  for  the  best.    I  am  determined  never  to  be      ^^ 
a  gmmbler,  and  to  try  to  make  gromblers  look  on  the  sonny  side,     ^^9- 
if  possible. 

We  have  just  heard  that  Uttur  Singh  has  given  himself  up, 
to  save  Lai  Singh,  his  son,  from  being  hanged,  and  that  aU 
the  iosnrgent  chiefs,  except  Ghuttnr  Singh,  have  expressed 
tkemselves  ready  to  come  to  terms.  The  answer  sent  them 
is,  that  we  do  not  treat  with  armed  rebels  1 

Alt(^ether  we  are  in  a  very  curious  position  in  this  country. 
We  are  supposed,  and  believed,  to  represent  the  Government 
ot  the  country,  and  yet  the  very  men  who  are  in  arms  against 
us  are,  or  rather  were,  the  instruments  who  were  selected  by  us, 
and  by  whom  we  ruled  I 

God  grant  that  we  act  wisely  and  justly  when  putting  all 
resistance  down.  You  would  be  amused  at  the  Oude  article  in 
the  Delhi  Gazette ;  I  wrote  it  hurriedly,  but  it  seems  to  have 
been  approved  of. 

Lahore,  March  ISth,  1849. 

I  am  only  in  from  Jullundur  for  a  few  days,  to  visit  Henry 

Lawrence,  and  you  may  be  sure  he  has  not  allowed  me  to  be  idle. 

He  is  busy  enough  himself,  and  I  am  doing  my  best  to  help  him. 

He  is  hard  at  work  arranging  his  new  Gk)vemment  in  the  Punjab. 

Owing   to  God's  good  providence,  we  now  have  Mrs.  George 

Lawrence  back  safe,  with  her  little  ones,  from  captivity.     I  have 

just  been  walking  with  her  in  the  garden  for  half  an  hour.   George 

is  expected  to-day.      Moolraj  is  in  jail;    Chuttur  Singh,  Shere 

Singh,  and  all  the  other  rebel  chiefs,  on  the  way  to  Lahore. 

Forty-one  guns  and  16,000  stand  of  arms  surrendered  to  Gilbert 

beyond  the  Jhelum,  and  Dost  Mahomed  and  his  Afghans  are  taking 

themselves  off  to  Gabul  as  fast  as  they  can.     No  proclamations 

out  yet  regarding  our  future  policy,  but  no  doubt  Lord  Dalhousie 

will  report  all  his  arrangements  to  the  Court  of  Directors  by  this 

L  2 


148  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  mail^so  that  probably  you  may  know  it  in  England  before  it  is 
VL  announced  here.  I  am  not,  of  courBe,  at  liberty  to  tell  you  all  I 
^°^^*  know,  but  Lawrence  says  that  as  it  will  be  public  in  England 
soon,  I  may  tell  you  this  much — ^that  annexation  m  determined 
qn  by  the  Governor-General ;  a  large  local  force  to  be  raised ; 
Henry  is  to  be  Commissioner  of  the  new  province,  with  his  brother 
John  and  another  civilian  as  Eevenue  Board  and  Council ;  and 
the  whole  country  parcelled  out  into  districts,  as  in  the  Saiigur 
and  Nerbuddah  territories.  Had  not  the  chiefs  been  permitted 
to  come  in  and  submit,  on  a  promise  of  not  being  deported  from 
the  Punjab,  I  think  Lawrence  would  have  sent  some  of  them  to 
England  under  my  charge.  He  is  still  anxious  that  some  of  the 
young  lads  may  go  to  England,  but  of  course  now  they  could  not 
be  sent  as  hostages.  Another  plan  he  has,  is  to  get  the  Punjab 
separated  from  the  North- West  Provinces  in  all  that  concerns 
Post-office  arrangements,  and  make  me  his  Postmaster-General, 
and  see  what  we  can  do  in  this  line.  But  he  fears  that  the 
Governor-General  will  sanction  nothing  that  would  be  a  risk  oi 
expense,  as  he  dreads  the  Punjab  not  turning  out  a  financial 
success. 

The  work  on  which  I  am  engaged  at  present,  is  an  estimate  of 
miUtary  expenditure — several  Irregular  Cavalry  corps  to  be  raised 
at  once.  I  tell  him  that  all  the  doctors  who  have  been  employed 
on  active  service  in  the  Punjab  must  be  rewarded  before  he  thinks 
of  me,  such  as  Dempster,  Macrae,  and  others.  He  says,  ''  Never 
fear,  something  will  turn  up  for  which  yoti  alone  are  specially 
fitted,  which  will  prevent  you  running  ofif  home."  I  believe  this 
will  be  the  case,  and  if  not,  I  shall  feel  that  it  is  my  best  coarse  to 
go  home.  Lady  Lawrence  not  arrived,  but  expected,  vid  Mooltan. 
in  a  few  days. 

March  26th,  finished  Slst. 
....  Still  at  Lahore  with  Lawrence.     I  have  had  a   bu$\ 
time  helping  him,  but  I  have  laid  my  ddk  to  return  to  my  duties 
at  Jullundur. 


1849. 


LAHOBE.  149. 

I  told  you  in  my  last  that  Lawrence  was  anxious  to  get  me  Qhapter , 
something  that  would  keep  me  here  permanently  with  him.  VL 

I  showed  both  Henry  and  John  the  paper  I  drew  up,  and  of 
which  I  sent  you  a  copy,  and  I  believe  they  have  come  to  the 
resolution  to  recommend  me  very  strongly  to  Government  for  the 
charge  of  the  young  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh,  when  the  Punjab 
is  annexed  to  these  territories.  George  Lavnrence  has  arrived 
since  they  came  to  this  determination,  and  strongly  supports 
them  in  their  decision  that  I  am  the  fittest  man  they  know  for 
the  office ;  at  the  same  time  George  is  disappointed,  for  he  came 
full  of  the  resolution  to  apply  for,  and  get  me  appointed  to  civil 
employ  with  him  at  Peshawur,  and  will  not  give  it  up  imless  I 
myself  would  prefer  the  charge  of  the  young  King. 

The  recommendation  is  to  be  made  when  the  disposition  of 
Daleep  Singh  comes  under  consideration,  in  the  meantime  I  shall 
go  back  to  my  military  duties  at  Jullundur.  I  leave  the  whole 
matter  to  be  settled,  as  I  know  it  will  be,  by  One  who  is  wiser 
than  I.  At  the  same  time,  I  have  put  all  in  training  to  be  ready 
to  start  for  England  to  rejoin  you,  and  have  applied  for  my  leave 
to  Calcutta,  preparatory  to  applying  for  furlough  to  England. 

If  Government  decides  that  I  am  to  be  put  in  charge  of  the 
young  Maharajah,  as  the  best  man  for  the  post,  I  can  easily  get 
my  leave  cancelled,  if  not,  then  I  shall  joyfully  take  myself  off  on ' 
my  homeward  journey. 

Had  I  consulted  my  own  feelings  alone,  I  should  at  once  have 
determined  to  go  home,  but  I  feel  it  my  duty,  as  long  as  my 
health  continues  so  good,  not  to  neglect,  or  rather,  decUne,  an 
opportunity  of  making  your  circumstances  more  comfortable  if  I 
can. 

I  gave  John  Lawrence,  who  is  a  thorough  man  of  business,  and 
even  more  consulted  by  Lord  Dalhousie  than  Henry,  my 
paper  to  read,  with  the  request  in  writing  that  he  would  give  me 
his  candid  opinion  as  to  whether  he  thought  it  likely  that  I  would, 
at  the  present  conjunction,  be  selected  for  employmient  out  of  the 


150  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  strict  line  of  my  profession  (such  as  my  previous  duties  may  have 
VL  qualified  me  for),  or  whether  the  probabilities  were  that  my  future 
1849.  service  would  be  strictly  professional,  such  as  I  could  always 
obtain  on  returning  to  India  from  furlough  ?  As  my  standing  in 
the  profession  is  high,  I  am  told  by  those  whose  opinion  is 
worth  haying,  and  who  stand  at  the  top  of  it,  such  as  Ranald 
Martin  and  others,  that  unless  I  get  a  good  opening  in  the 
political  department,  I  should  not  give  up  my  chances  in  the 
medical  line. 

I  consulted  John  first,  rather  than  Henry,  because  I  knew 
he  was  less  likely  to  be  influenced  by  our  friendship  and 
intimacy,  and  would  be  more  unbiassed  than  Henry,  who  had 
known  me  so  long.  I  afterwards  showed  it  to  Henry,  and  the 
resolution  both  have  come  to  is  what  I  mentioned  above.  I 
know  that  you  vrill  agree  with  me  that  I  have  done  all  that  is 
required  of  me  in  the  matter.  I  now  leave  my  "  sentence 
to  come  forth  from  His  presence,"  and  am  satisfied  that  He 
will  dispose  of  me  as  "  seemeth  best  to  Him." 

I  think  that  the  Governor-General  is  not  unfavourably 
disposed  towards  me,  if  I  may  judge  from  letters  I  received 
to-day  regarding  the  balance  of  my  Lucknow  pay.  I  have 
received  it  in  full,  instead  of  part  being  deducted  to  pay  Dr. 
Glennie,  whom  Colonel  Bichmond  appointed  to  take  over  charge 
from  me.  Colonel  Richmond's  application  for  these  allowances 
has  been  refused,  on  the  ground  that  the  appointment  was  an 
improjper  one,  so  he  has  had  to  pay  Glennie  out  of  his  own  pocket, 
and  pocket  the  snub  instead! 

I  thought  my  proper  course  was  to  state  my  just  claims,  but 
express  my  readiness  to  submit  to  whatever  decision  (after  due 
consideration)  the  Civil  Auditor  might  arrive  at. 

Goodwyn  of  the  Engineers  tells  me  that  Tom  has  pleased 
Cautley  so  much  by  his  work  and  his  2eal  on  the  Ganges  CanaK 
that  he  spoke  of  him  in  the  highest  terms  as  one  of  his  mosi 
promising  engineers.     This  is  a  great  comfort  to  me.    I  no^w  can 


LAHOKS.  151 

feel  that  neither  of  my  brothers  have  proved  one  of  "John  Chapter 
Company's  bad  bargains."  VL 

Last  night  we  heard  of  the  occupation  of  Peshawar,  and  the     1^^* 
flight  to  Cabal  of  the  Dost  and  his  Dooranis. 

I  went  with  Henry  Lawrence  to  visit  Moolraj.  To-morrow  we 
go  to  see  Chuttar  Singh  and  his  son. 

I  have  seen  a  good  deal  of  Fakeer  Nooroodeen  and  Dewan 
Deena  Nath  during  my  stay  at  Lahore. 

When  I  think  of  all  the  responsibility  and  anxiety  that  will 
devolve  upon  you,  in  your  delicate  health,  having  to  arrange  all 
about  the  children's  school,  &c.,  I  feel  inclined  to  throw  it  all  up, 
and  be  off  to  join  you.  It  is  only  for  your  sake  I  care  to  make  a 
name  for  myself. 

Your  brother  Charles  is  appointed  Paymaster  in  the  Punjab, 
I  am  told,  and  is  to  remain. 


JuLLUNDUB,  April  Sist,  1849. 

Left  Lahore  on  Wednesday,  and  returned  here.      The  day 
before,  Mr.  Elliot  arrived — sent  by   the   Governor-General   to 
commanicate  to  the  Uttle  Maharajah  the  intention  of  Govern- 
ment.   I  saw  Elliot  at  the  Residency,  and  had  some  talk  with 
him.     Well,  all  is  over  I  the  Punjab  is  annexed,  and  from  the 
Khyber  to  the  Sutlej  is  now  a  British  province.    Strange,  is  it  not, 
that  this  has  been  brought  about  almost  against  one's  wUl  ?    The 
interview  I  spoke  of  in  my  last,  with  Chuttur  Singh,  Shere  Singh, 
and  the  other  prisoner  chiefs,  took  place — I  saw  them  with  Henry 
Lawrence,  and  afterwards  alone  in  private.     I  have,  heard  all 
they  severally  had  to  say.    They  all  declare  that  the  insurrection 
was  quite  unpremeditated,  and  only  gathered  strength  as  it  went 
on,  until  almost  every  chief  of  note  in  the  Punjab  had  been  more 
or  less  involved.    Eajah  Tej  Singh  and  old  Nooroodeen  were  the 
only  two,  I  believe,  whom  Shere  Singh  spoke  of,  as  not  having 
conunonicated  with  him  at  some  time  or  other  ;  and  he  gave  up 


152  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  a  letter  which  he  had  received  from  the  Banee,  which  implicates 
VI.  her  very  decidedly,  and  corroborates  two  others  which  had  been 
1849,  intercepted ;  so  that  you  see  that  if  the  insurrection  had  been  crushed 
in  the  bud, — which  it  might  most  easily  have  been,  as  they  them- 
selves admit, — why  then,  few  chiefs  would  have  been  compromised  or 
implicated,  and  we  could  not  have  annexed  the  country  unth^ut 
great  injustice.  But  what  we  have  looked  upon  as  our  reverses 
and  mismanagement,  have  in  the  end  been  overruled  for  good. 
Such  is  it  always  with  us,  even  with  regard  to  Peshawur  and  the 
districts  beyond  the  Indus.  Had  Dost  Mahomed  not  acted  like  a 
fool  in  the  matter,  they  would  have  been  offered  to  him  ;  but  as 
matters  have  turned  out,  we  must  ourselves  take  them. 

This  I  do  honestly  believe,  that  there  has  been  a  strong  desire 
on  our  part  to  act  justly,  and  not  to  grasp  this  country  from  the 
Sikhs,  as  no  doubt  our  enemies  will  say ;  but  it  has  been,  as  it 
were,  forced  upon  us.  I  know  that  Lawrence  would  give  any- 
thing if  it  could  have  been  averted. 

Now  I  trust  we  may  look  forward  to  a  lasting  peace,  with,  I 
hope,  attendant  blessings  in  its  train,  that  is,  if  we  now  do  our 
duty  as  becomes  a  Christian  nation,  seeking  guidance  from  God  in 
all  we  do. 

Do  you  remember  Herbert  of  the  18th  at  Lucknow,  coming  to 

see  Henry  L and  his  wife,  when  they  were  with  us  ?    He  is 

the  man  who  defended  Attok  so  long.  A  gallant  fellow  he  is,  and 
has  proved  himself  so,  and  his  courage  is  of  the  right  sort  too, 
which  is  all  the  more  pleasing. 

When  he  told  me  at  Lahore  of  all  his  feelings,  and  his  desire  to 
attribute  all  his  confidence  to  its  right  soiurce,  and  his  anxiety  to 
acquit  himself  as  became  a  Christian,  I  was  sincerely  rejoiced. 

April  2nd,  The  order  for  my  return  to  Lahore  has  just  come^ 
the  Governor-General  having  approved  of  my  appointment,  and 
I  have  laid  my  ddk  and  start  to-morrow. 

I  do  not  yet  know  exactly  how  I  shall  be  employed.  Hexir\- 
Lawrence  intends  me  to  be  Governor  of  the  Citadel  and  all  it  con- 


LAHORK  153 

tains,  including  the  young  King ;  but  it  is  possible  that  he  may  Chapter 
be  removed  from  the  Punjab,  and  I  may  have  to  accompany  him      ^1* 
elsewhere ;  how  nice  it  would  be  if  I  were  told  to  take  him  to     1^"' 
England ! 

I  scarcely  know  what  to  think  of  this  appointment :  may  God 
strengthen  me  to  do  my  duty  whatever  it  may  be.  I  cannot  bear 
to  give  up  the  hope  of  seeing  you  soon 


Besioenct,  Lahobe,  Easter-day,  April  20tk,  1849. 

The  service  to-day  and  Holy  Communion  were  very  impressive. 
I  wish  you  had  been  with  us,  for  it  is  the  first  time  that  Holy 
Communion  has  been  celebrated  here.  It  was  even  the  more 
iutpressive  from  the  service  being  held  in  the  great  hall  of  the 
Besidency,  for  of  course  we  have  no  church.  The  Communion 
Service  was  of  no  ordinary  character,  many  of  those  who  par- 
took of  it  had  lately  been  in  great  peril.  It  was  the  first  that 
George  Lawrence  and  his  wife,  Herbert  Edwardes,  and  others 
with  him,  had  been  able  to  attend  since  they  had  passed  through 
great  dangers,  and  had  been  safely  delivered  from  them ;  and 
many  of  those  present  were  about  to  commence  their  new 
labours  in  this  new  country,  where  probably  many  years  must 
elapse  before  every  part  of  these  new  dominions  may  hear  the 
sound  of  the  Gospel  1 

I  know  that  many  of  those  present  were  in  earnest  in  seeking 
God's  blessing  on  their  work. 

I  wrote  you  that  I  was  installed  by  Sir  Henry  Lawrence 
on  the  6th,  as  Governor  of  the  Citadel  and  its  contents;  and 
he  took  me  to  the  Palace,  and  introduced  me  in  the  character 
of  his  future  Governor  to  the  young  dethroned  King,  Duleep 
Singh.  The  little  fellow  seemed  very  well  pleased  with  me, 
and  we  got  on  swimmingly.  I  told  him  that  now  you  had  gone 
to  take  my  Httle  ones  to  England,  I  was  left  alone,  and  wanted 
some  one  to  care  for,  and  be  kind  to,  so  that  I  was  all  the  more 


154  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  disposed  to  take  pleasure  in  the  duty  which  had  been  assigned 
VI.  me  by  the  Governor-General  and  Sir  Henry  Lawrence, 
1849.  nn^  would  do  all  in  my  power  to  make  him  happy. 
He  seems  a  very  fine-tempered  boy,  intelligent,  and  handsome. 
He  writes  and  reads  Persian  very  well,  and  showed  me  his 
last  copy ;  he  has  also  made  a  little  progress  in  English,  which 
I  hope  to  make  him  like  better.  After  conversing  with  him 
for  some  time,  I  went  to  look  at  the  place  intended  for  my 
residence — in  a  very  beautiful  garden  within  the  Palace,  not 
far  from  the  Maharajah's  apartments,  fine  marble  baradurries,* 
fountains,  &c. ;  in  fact,  far  beyond  anything  of  the  kind  else- 
where at  Lahore,  and  reminding  me  somewhat  of  the  Shah  Monzil 
at  Lucknow,  only  the  buildings,  being  of  marble,  are  richer. 
I  then  took  a  glance  over  the  different  establishments  of  the 
little  man — enormous  they  are  indeed,  and  in  his  fallen  and 
altered  circumstances  will  require  great  reductions,  which  I 
shall  endeavour  to  manage  as  well  as  I  can,  by  finding  other 
employment  for  the  people,  and  conciUating  them  as  far  as 
I  can  by  patient  inquiry  into  their  cases.  I  have  to  commence 
to-day  with  the  establishment  of  orderlies,  or  bayas,  and  go 
on  through  the  whole,  recommending  reductions  in  each  for  the 
approval  of  Government. 

I  trust,  with  God's  blessing,  to  manage  pretty  well,  tor  I 
have  had  experience  to  some  extent. 

You  will  see  the  names  of  all  those  who  are  to  have  civil 
charge  in  the  papers.  No  one  can  say  that  Lawrence's  selec- 
tion is  not  good.  Men  of  the  stamp  of  Montgomery,  Madeod, 
Tucker,  Thornton,  to  be  Commissioners  I 

I  shall  be  among  friends,  you  see,  good,  hard-working  fellows, 
who  have  their  hearts  in  the  right  place — it  is  no  little  pleasure 
to  be  with  them.  I  feel  much  this  separation  from  you»  but 
who  knows  what  may  come  ?     Sir  Henry  would  only  be  too  glad 

*  Hall,  reception-room. 


LAHOBB.  155 

to  haTe  the  little  boy  go  to  England,  and  Lord  Dalhoosie  may  Chapter 
ordain  it..    Lady  Lawrence  is  here,  not  looking  strong.    She  is      ^- 
dways  saying  she  wishes  you   were   here   with   me.    Harry     18*9. 
promises  to  turn  out  a  strong,  sturdy  boy,  a  little  like  Tim  in  his 
old-(ashioned  ways.   Herbert  Edwardes  is  here  in  the  house,  from 
Mooltan. 


CiTADXL  OF  Lahobb,  April  10th. 

I  am  very  busy  drawing  out  my  statements  and  lists,  but  I  fear 
it  will  be  many  weeks,  if  not  months,  before  I  can  complete  them. 
I  have  to  make  out  a  list  in  English  for  the  Governor-General,  of 
all  the  jewels  and  valuables  belonging  to  the  Sikh  Government, 
and  now  transferred  to  ours ;   among  them  is  the  Koh-i-noor. 

Besides  this,  which  is  pressing  on  me,  I  have  to  pay  up  and 
discharge  all  the  old  establishments  of  Bunjeet  Singh.  I  take  care 
to  look  after  the  interests  of  my  young  charge,  and,  as  far  as  I 
can,  see  that  he  has  his  luxuries  and  comforts  as  before ;  I  have 
also  to  see  that  he  is  not  robbed  by  people  about  him,  who  only 
think  of  themselves  in  the  universal  '*  burst  up  "  that  has  taken 
place! 

Poor,  dear  little  feUow !     So  far,  he  seems  mightily  pleased 

with  me,  and  I  do  hope  we  shall  continue  to  like  each  other  ;  he 

is  very  lovable,  I  think.     Now  that  I  know  what  I  can  keep  for 

him  out  of  the  accumulated  property,  I  must  take  care  that  his 

possessions  are  not  diminished  by  robbery  or  pilfering.    What  he 

does  not  require  to  take  with  him  I  shall  have  sold  for  his  benefit, 

and  purchase  Company's  paper  for  him.    His  studies  at  present 

are  Persian  and  English.    For  amusements,  he  is  passionately 

fond  of  hawking,  and  thinks  of  nothing  else.    He  is  busy  getting 

up  a  book  on  the  subject,  in  Persian,  with  drawings  and  paintings 

of  all  the  various  species  of  hawks;    this  takes  up  his  whole 

attention,  and  renders  him  indifferent  to  all  else  for  the  time 

being.     The  book  is  to  treat  of  all  the  most  approved  ways  of 


156  SIB  JOHN   LOGIN   AND  DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  training  and  managing  Hawks.  He  has  painters  constantly 
VI-  employed  near  him  at  this  work,  which  he  watches  with  the 
1849.  deepest  interest,  and  himself  tries  to  draw  and  paint  a  little.  I 
want  you  to  send  me  out  for  him,  a  nice  paint-hox  and  materials, 
for  his  use,  and  a  good  book  of  instructions  in  the  art  of  drawing 
and  painting,  till  I  can  get  him  good  lessons.  Send  also  some 
good  mechanical  toys  to  amuse  him,  also  geographical  puzzles  or 
dissected  maps,  plates  of  animals,  &c.,  fit  for  a  boy  of  his  age, 
to  amuse  and  interest  him. 

I  hope  the  likeness  he  is  having  taken  for  you  will  be  ready  to 
go  with  this,  also  the  sketch  of  the  Palace  and  its  surroundings. 
Strange  the  vicissitudes  of  Indian  life  !  I  am  now  writing  in  the 
room  which  Jowahir  Singh  (the  Eanee's  brother)  always  occu- 
pied, and  there  is  a  beautiful  little  garden  adjoining  the  house. 

I  have  no  idea  yet  whether  Lord  Dalhousie  wishes  me  to  go 
with  the  Maharajah,  if  he  is  sent  away  from  Lahore,  or  whether 
I  am  to  remain  here  as  Assistant  to  the  Board  of  Government, 
and  to  be  in  charge  of  all  civil  pensioners.  I  have  had  no  time 
to  look  at  a  paper,  so  I  know  nothing  of  what  is  going  on  around. 

Dr.  Sprenger  writes  from  Lucknow,  ccmgratulating  me  on  the 
very  laudatory  article  on  my  appointment,  in  the  editorial  of  the 
Delhi  Gazette  I  I  never  saw  it.  Dr.  Sprenger  says  that  since  I 
left,  B.  has  not  been  ** over-bearing,"  but  "beyond  bearing!'* 
Hollings  is  on  his  way  here ;  I  shall  see  him  shortly.  Lucknow 
is  nearly  denuded  of  all  our  old  party.  The  httle  Maharajah  ha> 
just  been  in  with  the  portrait  of  himself,  which  I  am  to  send  you 
with  his  salaam  I  He  says  he  wrote  his  name  below,  that  you 
might  know  it  was  genuine.  If  I  remain  here  for  good,  I  shall 
send  for  KhaHpha  Ali  Bux  and  some  of  our  old  servants ;  I  shall 
then  have  the  pleasure  of  talking  to  them  of  the  Mem  Sahib  ana 
Baba-log.  You  would  be  pleased  if  you  saw  how  gentle  ai  «1 
patient  I  am  with  Meah  Jan,  poor  lad  I  He  was  your  favoonit 
khidmiitgar,  though  I  always  thought  him  rather  slow ;  indetxl. 
I  am   afraid  that  he  will   now  believe  that  my  temper    niu^: 


LAHORE.  157 

be  that  of  a  turkey  cook  (or  perhaps  a  gander!),  who  only  flares  Chapter 
ap  before  his  mate  and  little  ones  !    I  think  the  Maharajah  shows      ^I* 
a  great  desire  to  hear  about  England.     Sir  H.  Lawrence  wishes     1849. 
he  could  be  educated  there^  and  not  left  to  grow  up  idle  and  de- 
bauched in  India,  with  nothing  to  do. 

He  will  surely  have  as  much  to  live  on  as  any  of  our  nobles, 
considering  what  he  has  lost,  and  we  have  gained  I  Why,  then, 
should  he  not  be  brought  up  to  the  life  of  one  ?  (in  the  highest 
sense  of  the  word) — ^he  is  young  enough  to  mould. 


Citadel  of  Lahore,  April  29th,  1849. 

My  occupations  continue  to  multiply.    I  am  now  known  as  the 
"  Killah-ki-Malik  " — Lord  or  Master  of  Lahore  Citadel.    I  have 
just  been  placing  some  sergeants  of  Artillery  in  charge  of  the 
magazine  under  my  orders,  to  write  out  lists  of  all  the  arms  of  all 
kinds.   Another  set  I  have  appointed,  in  the  same  way,  in  Bunjeet 
Singh's  camp  establishment,  including  ever  so  many  splendid 
Cashmere  tents,  carpets,  purdahs,  &c.,  while  I  myself  take  the 
jewel  department  in  the  Toshkhana,  and  overlook  the  whole.    The 
extraordinary  way  in  which  jewels  of  the  greatest  value  are 
packed  away  would  amuse  you.      Yesterday,  when  looking  over 
some  splendid  diamond  rings,  with  the  Treasurer  and  his  man, 
which  were  all  huddled  together  in  a  bag — one  of  them  being  a 
very  beautiful  likeness  of  Queen  Victoria — I  suggested  that,  until 
the   velvet   rolls   I   had   ordered  for   them   were   ready,    they 
should  tie  a  label  to  each  with  a  bit  of  thread  or  string,  to  which 
they  agreed.     To  my  amusement,  I  And  that  they  had  misunder- 
stood me,  for  they  strung  them  all  on  a  string  like  so  many 
buttons,  dozen  by  dozen  I    The  first  ring  I  took  out  of  the  bag 
was  a  diamond  valued  at  6,000  rupees  I  and  some  of  them  were 
very  valuable. 
I  cannot  yet  arrive  at  a  valuation  of  the  jewels  (exclusive  of 


158  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  the  Eoh-i-noor),  but   I  don't  think  it  will  be  fax  short  of  a 
^»      million  !  and  the  other  valuable  property  as  much  more. 

1849.        Lawrence  seems  to  think  that  Lord  D intends,  after  making 

over  what  may  be  thought  proper  for  the  use  of  the  deposed  King, 
to  send  the  rest  to  England.  If  so,  I  hope  under  Lawrence's 
charge ;  at  least,  he  should  have  the  option. 

With  my  little  charge  I  get  on  very  well.  I  have  had  a 
communication  door  opened  between  my  room  and  his  apart- 
ments. As  soon  as  he  heard  the  announcement  made  to  me 
that  the  opening  had  been  made,  he  proposed  to  go  with  me  to 
see  it,  and  off  we  went.  The  opening  could  only,  as  yet,  be  got 
through  by  stooping,  and  then  a  drop  of  some  feet  into  my  room. 
I  leapt  down,  and  he  called  out  to  me  to  catch  him,  and  jumped 
into  my  arms ;  followed,  of  course,  punctiliously,  by  his  whole 
retinue  !  some  of  them  elderly  stout  courtiers,  who  were  quite 
serious  about  it,  looking  upon  it  as  all  in  the  way  of  duty.  It  was 
a  droll  scene!  I  think  that  he  and  I  shall  be  very  good 
friends. 

He  told  me  gravely  that  he  won't  trust  himself  among  the 
Sikhs  again,  and  declines  to  go  out  for  a  ride  or  drive  unless  I 
accompany  him. 

There  is  a  rumour  current  that  his  mother  has  escaped  from  the 
fort  at  Ghunar.    I  trust  she  won't  come  this  way. 

I  think  Duleep  a  remarkably  intelligent  boy,  he  seems  to 
understand  thoroughly  the  characters  of  all  those  about  him,  in  a 
way  that  an  English  boy  would  be  incapable  of  doing.  When  he 
brought  me  the  two  pictures  finished  and  ready  to  send  to  yon,  be 
was  quite  proud  of  the  signatures  on  them,  one  in  Persian,  the 
other  in  English.  He  wishes  me  to  tell  you  that  he  did  it  all 
himself,  without  any  help.  I  don't  think  the  likenesses  are  good 
enough,  for  he  is  really  a  handsome  little  fellow. 

Dryburgh  writes  me  from  Nepal  that  he  has  been  appointeu 
to  officiate  as  first  Assistant  to  the  Besident  in  Cripp's  absence, 
and  it  may  probably  be  permanent. 


LAHOKE.  159 

Strange,  is  it  not  ?  that  we  two  are  the  only  medicos  in  political  Chapter 

empbyment  in  India  just  now,  except  Campbell  at  Darjeeling.  TL 

1849. 


Citadel,  Lahoee,  May  6th  and  8th,  1849. 

I  continue  very  busy,  paying  off  all  the  Darbar  establishments, 
taking  lists  of  jewels  and  treasore  collected  by  Bnnjeet,  collecting 
ordnance  stores  into  the  magazine  in  the  citadel  from  all 
quarters,  looking  over  the  vast  camp-eqnipage  of  the  late  rulers 
of  the  Punjab.  I  have  at  last  got  some  European  assistants 
under  me,  Cooke  of  the  Horse  Artillery,  and  two  Horse  Artillery 
sergeants,  and  four  European  writers  have  been  placed  at  my  dis- 
posal, besides  ever  so  many  moonshees  (writers),  and  mutsuddies 
(native),  to  bother  me  from  morning  to  night.  I  have  wheeled 
them  into  line,  as  Todd  would  say,  and  now  I  can  get  along 
swimmingly. 

To-day  is  Sunday,  and  I  have  had  the  little  Maharajah  over 

with  me  for  a  couple  of  hours ;  he  brought  his  Urdu  teacher  with 

hlnL    I  have  got  rid  of  all  other  work  for  the  day  and  enjoy  the 

rest,  but  I  feel  I  am  doing  a  good  work  to  teach  him  any  good  I 

can.    It  is  an  amusement  to  him  to  have  an  English  vnriting 

lesson  with  me,  so  I  give  him  a  precept  to  write  out  and  translate, 

**  Do  unto  others  as  you  would  they  should  do  xmto  you."     I 

intend,  as  I  cannot  put  the  Bible  in  his  hands  yet,  to  let  him 

have  such  principles  as  these  to  season  his  studies  with,  and  I 

hope  to  see  more  of  him  as  I  get  rid  of  duties  that  are  pressing. 

He  continues  to  be  very  frank  and  confiding  with  me,  and  I  am 

getting  really  fond  of  him.     Hollingg  and  Drake  turned  up,  just 

as  I  was  engaged  superintending  the  removal  of  the  Eoh-i-noor 

and  the  State  jewels  from  the  old  Toshkhana  to  the  place  in 

which  all  the  other  treasure  is  kept,  in  the  Motee  Munden,  so 

they  were  fortunate  in  having  an  opportxmity  of  seeing  them, 

before  they  were  shut  up  for  a  time. 

One  of  the  Maharajah's  painters  has  just  made  a  sketch  for  me 


160  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  of  the  *'  Summun  Boorj,"  aadof  my  residence  in  the  Eh^b  Gha, 

^^*      but  he  has  left  out  the  finest  part  of  the  building,  the  marble 

-lo^9.     haradurrie  which  adjoins  my  rooms,  and  opens  into  the  garden. 

You  would  delight  in  the  view,  it  is  magnificent.     The  racecourse 

and  grand  parade  in  front,  and  the  Bavee  with  its  numerous 

lovely  gardens  in  the  distance. 

The  little  Maharajah  has  been  busy  collecting  for  me  drawings 
and  paintings  done  by  his  best  painters.  Some  are  very  curious 
and  interesting  indeed,  representing  domestic  life  in  the  Punjab, 
and  various  trades  and  professions.  He  has  also  selected  authen- 
tic likenesses  of  the  great  chiefs  and  men  of  note. 

I  have  just  had  a  letter  from asking  me  to  set  him  up 

with  some  furniture,  &c.,  from  the  Toshkhana !  I  don't  think 
he  will  much  relish  the  reply  I  have  sent  him ;  indeed,  I  have 
some  hesitation  in  using  these  things  in  my  own  rooms  (though  I 
do  live  in  the  Palace),  and  I  am  most  careful  not  to  take  any 
advantage  of  my  position  in  any  way,  for  it  is  a  most  delicate  one 
with  respect  to  my  little  charge. 

I  have  continued  to  ride  my  own  grey  Cabul  horse,  '*  Bobin 
Hood,"  daily,  with  plain  English  saddle,  in  the  midst  of  the 
gorgeous  calvacade,  or  royal  Sowarree,  when  I  accompany  the 
little  boy;  but,  as  he  has  stumbled  badly  several  times,  I  am 
looking  out  for  another  horse,  as  it  would  not  be  dignified  to  have 
afalll 

The  little  fellow,  and  also  several  of  his  courtiers,  express 
astonishment  that  I  do  not  order  out  the  best  horse  in  the  stable 
for  myself,  and  both  Hansel  and  John  Lawrence,  who  rode  with 
me  last  time,  said  I  was  too  scrupulous  in  this  matter.  Yet  I 
have  determined  that  I  shall  ride  a  horse  of  my  own. 

The  Maharajah  sent  me  yesterday  three  splendid  Arabs  i<; 
choose  from,  and,  of  course,  I  was  then  obliged  to  order  one  of 
them  to  be  prepared  for  me  to  ride  out  with  him  that  day,  bnt  a: 
the  same  time  I  have  fixed  on  another  horse  to  purchase,  not  one 
of  those  ordered  to  be  sold  from  the  royal  stables   under    mv 


LAHORE.  161 

charge !    I  may  be  too  scrapulons,  but  I  feel  happier  in  my  incle-  Chapter 
pendence.  VI. 

I  am  very  indifferent  as  to  my  fate.     I  shall  be  rejoiced  at    1849. 
the  opportunity  of  taking  furlough  and  rejoining  you  in  England, 
but  I  want  to  do  my  duty,  whatever  it  is. 

Many  would  regret  losing  such  an  appointment  as  this,  but 
I  have  not  yet  acquired  much  relish  for  acting  the  "  Bahadoor/' 
although  I  have  that  distinguished  rank,  thanks  to  the  King 
of  Oudel 

You  will  doubtless  see  by  the  papers,  that  the  Banee  Jinda 
(Doleep's  mother)  has  made  her  escape  from  the  fort  at  Chunar, 
near  Benares,  where  she  was  imprisoned.  I  have  just  heard 
from  Dryburgh  that  she  is  in  his  custody  at  Nepal  (I  told  you 
he  was  Acting- Assistant  Besident). 

He  says  she  arrived  there  in  disguise   as   a  Fakeemee,  and 
'Jang  Bahadoor  at  once  sent  her  to  the  Besident. 

Is  it  not  a  strange  turn  of  events  that  has  brought  the  son 
under  my  charge,  and  the  mother  under  his?    I  trust  he  will  keep 
her  safe,  so  that  she  won't  come  here  to  complicate  matters.    A 
connection  of  the  Banee's,  a  brother-in-law,  is  one  of  my  atten- 
dants.    He  has  just  been  telling  me  strange  stories  about  her. 
He  says  that  her  affection  for  the  handsome  young  Bajah  Heera 
Singh  was  the  cause  of  her  not  offering  to  perform  suttee  with  old 
Hunjeet,  that  she  made  proposals  to  Heera  Singh,  which  he 
declined^  but  recommended  Lai  Singh  to  her  attention,  which 
proposal   vras  accepted  ;    that  after  Heera's  refusal,  her  love 
turned  to  hate,  and  she  at  last  composed  his  death.      I  daresay 
you  remember  reading  the  account  of  it  at  the  time. 

The  Banee  Jinda  is,  even  by  her  own  relatives,  looked  upon 
as  exceptionally  bad,  even  among  these  licentious  people. 

Citadel,  Lahobe,  May  22nd,  1849. 

No  more  known  yet  of  our  future  destination.      Sir  Henry 
tells  me  that  as  soon  as  I  can  get  clear  of  paying  off  the  Civil 

M 


162  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Establishment  and  the  Toshkhana,  that  he  wants  me  to  take 
^*  the  Post-office  in  hand,  as  Postmaster-General  in  the  Punjab. 
1849.  J  ^qU  JjJjjj  j  must  get  through  some  of  my  pressing  work 
before  I  undertake  anything  new.  I  am  getting  a  return 
from  Bowring  of  all  the  lame,  blind,  old,  and  infirm  in  the  city, 
so  as  to  give  away  some  of  the  Maharajah's  regular  charity 
to  them,  instead  of  the  indiscriminate  almsgiving  to  professional 
beggars.  I  wish  to  show  his  people  whom  we  consider  proper 
objects  of  his  bounty. 

I  do  so  long  to  join  you  in  England,  that  I  feel  quite  indifferent 
as  to  whether  this  is  to  be  a  permanent  appointment  or  not. 
When  I  feel  myself  longing  for  your  presence,  I  try  to  comfort 
myself  by  thinking  that  at  aU  events  you  are  safe  from  all  the 
discomforts  that  many  other  military  men's  wives  are  liable  to 
here, — ^take  poor  '*  Dismal  Johnnie  "as  an  example  !  He  took 
his  wife  with  him  to  Wuzeerabad,  and  was  ordered  to  send 
her  back  immediately.  He  writes  me  in  despair,  and  throws 
himself  on  my  mercy,  begs  me  to  take  charge  of  her,  and  give 
her  a  room  here  in  the  Eh&b  6ha !  I  have  managed  a  place  for 
her  elsewhere. 

I  was  much  amused  yesterday,  when  giving  some  directions  to 
the  Havildar  of  the  Guards  at  the  Toshkhana,  to  find  that  he 
belonged  to  the  56th  Native  Infantry,  and  had  been  with  Colonel 
Hope  Dick  at  Lucknow,  remembered  the  "  Mem-Sahib  "  and  the 
**  Mem-Sahib-ki-Bain,"  who  had  married  the  *'  Besidency  Doctor 
Sahib," — and  that  she  was  "essah  khoopsurut."  I  could  not 
help  wondering  if  the  rogue  was  poking  ^un,  but  he  was  as  grave 
as  a  judge,  and  apparently  had  no  idea  that  he  was  fatllHT^g  to 
the  identical  Doctor  Sahib,  for,  as  I  said  before,  I  amonlyknowii 
here  as  the  ''  KiUah-ki-Malik." 

Sir  H.  and  Lady  Lawrence,  and  their  dear  little  boy,  have 
started  for  Simla.  I  daresay  the  fate  of  my  little  ohaiige  \mJ 
soon  be  known  now.  The  dear  little  man  has  just  been  with  nit.- 
for  a  couple  of  hours  to-day ;  he  seems  always  so  glad  to  come, 

■    0    /•     /     '   '  •  '  r  ' 


.     .    -.     ^      ^.  C  ••-  *"   r-  ^  \ 


■  .  f 


LAHORE.  16S 

that  I  feel  so  sorry  I  haye  not  more  time  to  spare  to  receive  him  Chapter 
oftener,  but  I  am  so  occupied.    I  have  taken  care  to  select  some      ^1* 
oi  the  best  tents  for  his  use,  before  any  are  made  over  for  sale,     1^^^- 
and  I  have  ordered  that  those  that  are  to  be  used  for  his  servants 
aod  establishment,  be  at  once  pitched  on  the  parade  ground  in 
&ont,  and  have  given  his  people  a  plan  of  encampment  to  which 
they  ure  always  to  adhere,  and  of  which  they  highly  approve.      I 
send  you  a  sketeh  of  it. 

Now  when  you  are  told  that  the  tents  for  the  little  man  himself 
are  all  lined,  some  with  rich  Cashmere  shawls,  and  some  with 
satin  and  velvet  embroidered  with  gold,  semiafuu,  cfkpets,  purdahs,  / 
and  floor-cloths  to  match,  and  that  the  tent-poles  are  encased  in 
gold  and  silver  (like  a  chohedafs  mace),  you  may  fancy  that  we 
shall  look  rather  smart!  I  should  say  that  for  camp-equipage, 
old  Bunjeet's  camp  was  the  very  finest  and  most  sumptuous 
among  all  the  Princes  of  India.  It  is  very  pleasant  to  look  out 
at  the  pretty  little  encampment,  and  feel  that  we  shall  soon  start 
somewhere — a  report  is  current  that  the  Mahabuleshwar  HUls, 
near  Poona,  is  to  be  the  boy's  destination. 

I  heard  from  Lamb  from  Lucknow ;  he  says  it  is  reported  on 
good  authority,  that  Colonel  Bichmond  was  jealous  of  my 
infinence  with  the  natives,  and  reported  to  Government  that  I 
had  influenced  them  in  political  matters  t 


Citadel,  Jwne  10th,  1849. 

I  am  at  present  occupied  with  the  pensions  and  settlements  for 
the  wives,  or  rather  widows,  of  Bimjeet  Singh ;  twenty-two  in 
ail — seventeen  Hindoo,  and  five  Mahomedan  ! 

At  first  they  made  all  sorts  of  difficulties  as  to  their  communica- 
tions with  me,  sending  their  maldas  with  their  messages ;  but 
tLey  soon  gave  that  up,  and  I  am  now  overpowered  with  their 
person^  attentions.  My  great  help  and  factotum  in  all  matters 
connected  with  the  Banees  is  old  Amlah  Singh,  a  white-bearded, 

M  2 


164  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  tough  old  Sikh,  who  has  been  with  every  Sikh  Maharajah  ever 
^»      since  their  commencement. 

1849.  ge  told  me — sitting  at  my  feet  the  other  night — of  all  that 
occurred  at  the  death,  or  rather  the  assassination,  of  Maharajah 
Shere  Singh  (Duleep's  predecessor),  to  whom  he  was  actually 
speaking  when  he  was  shot  by  Ajeet  Singh  six  years  ago,  and  also 
of  his  being  one  of  the  five  of  Heera  Singh's  party  who  escaped, 
when  that  poor  lad  was  cut  up.  Don't  you  remember  my  reading 
an  account  of  it  to  you  at  the  time  ? 

Meah  Kheema,  the  confidential  personal  attendant  of  Duleep 
Singh,  also  occasionally  gives  me  his  account  of  various  matters. 
He  says  he  was  the  only  one  left  with  the  boy,  when  his  mother 
sent  the  troops  in  pursuit  of  Bajah  Heera  Singh  and  his  party. 

I  wish  I  had  the  pen  of  a  ready  writer.  I  might  bring  out 
some  very  interesting  facts  connected  with  the  history  of  the 
Punjab  and  Afghanistan  during  the  last  fifty  years. 

The  principal  topic  of  the  day  is  the  commencement  of  the 
trial  of  Moolraj.  I  have  fitted  up  the  Dewan-i-Aum  of  the  Citadel 
for  the  occasion,  to  the  admiration  and  satisfaction  of  the  Com- 
missioners,  John  Lawrence  and  Mansel.  Herbert  Edwardes  and 
Montgomery  have  been  in,  expressing  their  delight  at  the  haud> 
some  appearance  I  have  contrived  to  give  the  building;  every- 
thing handsome,  and  no  gaudy  display ;  it  certainly  added  dignity 
to  the  solemn  occasion  for  which  they  were  assembled. 

When  I  was  appointed  Governor  of  the  Citadel,  I  found  thai 
this  included  charge  of  all  the  State  prisoners,  and  thus  Moolra; 
became  my  ward ;  and  it  would  amuse  you  if  you  saw  me,  twice  a 
day,  walking  across  the  quadrangle  of  the  Citadel,  to  and  from  the 
prison  to  the  court,  with  Moolraj  in  friendly  conversation  (but  ^  t  b 
a  European  guard  close  by),  when  I  make  him  over  and  receive 
him  back. 

I  told  him  that  Vans  Agnew  was  my  dear  friend,  and  that  bi«^ 
death  was  a  great  grief  to  me.  He  expressed  himself  as  txiortfi 
grieved  than  ever  at  the   event  since  he  heard  this,  aad    hej 


LAHORE.  165 

solemnly  avers  he  never  authorized  it.       Nor    had    he   ever  Chapter 
encouraged  his  people  to  attack  Agnew«      He  expressed  great      VI. 
regret  for  what  had  occnrred,  but  said  he  was  helpless,  and  so    ^^^* 
far  I  believe  the  evidence  does  not  implicate  him. 

Colonel  Hamilton,  of  the  34th  Native  Infantry,  a  Deputy  Com- 
missioner here,  is  appointed  to  act  for  him,  and  takes  up  the  case 
con  amore,  I  do  not  wonder  that  Moolraj  is  loud  in  his  praise  of 
our  justice  and  love  of  fair  play,  when  he  sees  how  Hamilton 
sticks  up  for  him  against  Bowring,  the  Government  prosecutor. 

I  told  John  Lawrence  that  if  they  expect  to  get  a  verdict  against 
Moolraj,  they  had  made  a  mistake  when  they  gave  him  a  Scotch- 
man to  defend  him !  Hamilton  comes  of  a  legal  family  ;  Mr.  B. 
Hamilton,  the  Clerk  of  Sessions,  is  his  uncle.  His  brother  Jock, 
is  a  great  friend  of  your  brother  Charles ;  they  came  out  as  cadets 
together. 

Certainly  Indian  life  is  full  of  romance !     I  never  dreamt  of 
having  to  do  with  such  strange  and  historic  characters  as  are  now 
accumulated  under  my  charge,  for  I  have  all  the  political  prisoners 
now.      It  is  very  amusing  the  requests  I  get  from  friends  and 
acquaintances.     One  asks  me  to  get  him  appointed  to  carry  the 
Koh-i-noor   to  England ;    several  to  get  them  appointments  in 
the  Punjab  under  the  Lawrences ;  another  asks  to  get  a  civil  engi- 
neer's appointment ;  but  there  is  no  end  to  the  absurd  requests. 
Many  I  have  been  able  to  help  to  get  quarters,  for  they  are  very 
difficult  to  be  had.      I  have  been  able  to  take  Colonel  Hamilton 
and  E.  Prinsep  into  the  Citadel,  as  they  could  get  no  place  any- 
where.     My  duties    are    certainly  multifarious.      I  was    first 
appointed  Governor  of  the  Citadel,  and  in  charge  of  the  Maha- 
rajah ;    then  Pension  Paymaster  to  all  State  pensioners.     I  have 
to  pay  off  and  discharge  all  public  establishments  of  the  former 
Government,  which  I  did  not  think  necessary  to  retain,  to  recom- 
mend all  persons  who  were  to  receive  pensions  and  gratuities ; 
then  I  received  charge  of  all  the  magazines,  receiving  all  military 
stores,  guns,  arms,  &c.,  collected  throughout  the  whole  country, 


166  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH, 

Chapter  in  consequence  of  the  general  disarming.     I  was  formally  made 
VI.      Keeper  of  the  State  Toshkhana,  or  Treasmy ,  with  the  State  jewels ; 

•  lo49.  and  the  Koh-i-noor  was  placed  in  my  hands.  All  the  artillery  work- 
shops throughout  the  city,  and  the  guards  at  the  city  gates,  were 
made  over  to  me;  the  great  stud  establishments  for  breeding 
horses  throughout  the  Punjab  also,  which  entailed  a  great  deal 
of  work.  But  I  have  forgotten  the  most  troublesome  of  all,  the 
Banees,  the  wives  and  concubines  of  all  the  Maharajahs !  I  am 
now  trying  to  find  houses  for  them,  to  get  them  out  of  the  Citadel. 
So  if  I  have  not  work  enough,  I  am  surprised  I  By-the-bye,  I  am 
also  Postinaster-General  of  the  Punjab,  at  Henry  Lawrence's 
special  request;  he  knows  I  like  the  work.  I  should  not 
object,  when  all  these  various  duties  are  fulfilled,  to  remain  Post- 
master-General of  the  Punjab,  if  Cashmere  could  be  added  to 
my  beat !  I  often  wish  you  were  here,  to  help  me  with  your  sug- 
gestions in  many  things.  I  would  like,  ubove  all  things,  to  be  able 
to  show  you  the  gorgeous  State  jewels,  as  I  have  now  arranged 
them  in  the  fine  box  I  have  had  made  and  lined. 

You  would  have  laughed  to  see  how  they  were  kept  before,  by 
the  native  treasurers,  rolled  up  in  bits  of  rags,  and  stowed  away 
in  such  queer  places. 


TRIAL  OF  MOOLRAJ. 

Lahobe,  June  llth  to  22ytJ. 

The  trial  of  Moolxaj  still  going  on.  I  don't  think  ihe  old 
fellow  is  anything  of  the  hero  they  would  make  him  out  to  K\ 
but  rather  a  weak,  chicken-hearted  fellow,  afraid  to  do  what  ^as 
right,  and  entirely  in  the  hands  of  some  resolute  villains  &roun«3 
him.  I  don't  think  he  really  intended  any  harm  to  dear  Pal 
Vans  Agnew ;  but  he  had  not  moral  courage  enough  to  pot  tb< 
fellows  down. 


LAHORE.  167 

I  have  not  heard  yet  whether  Tom  has  sacceeded  in  taming  Chapter 
the  river  from  its  coarse  three-qoarters  of   a  mile,  as  he  has      VI. 
underiakea  to  do !  he  does  not  stick  at  trifles,  and  I  hear  he  is     ^^^* 
highly  thought  of  at  Boorkee,  so  I  think  I  may  consider  him 
safely  launched,  and  that  he  ¥dll  prove  himself  worth  the  Com- 
pany's salt.    Well ;  Moolraj's  trial  is  over,  poor  wretch  I  Hamil- 
ton  made  an  excellent  defence  for  him,  and  spoke  the  sentiments 
of  most  people    who    understand  the  whole  matter  from  the 
beginning.      Moolraj  is,  however,  found  guilty ;  but  from  having 
been  the  victim  of  circumstances    is  most  earnestly    "  recom- 
mended to  mercy."    I  had  a  long  talk  with  him  the-  other  day ; 
he  spoke  highly  of  the   endeavours   which  had  been  made  to 
ensure   him  justice.       He    said  it    was    this  love  of   justice 
which    had    made     us    so    powerful,    and    would    continue 
to  make  us  more    so.      Until    we    came    forward,   he    said, 
and  offered  him  the  assistance  of   an  officer  qualified  to  under- 
take his  defence,  no  one  had  dared  to  speak  a  word  in  his  favour; 
bat  now  he  was  not  a  little  surprised  to  find  that  Colonel  Hamil- 
ton had  succeeded  in  getting  four  witnesses  to  speak  favourably 
for  him.     He  told  me  that  from  the  day  of  Agnew's  death,  he 
had  never  gone  to  visit  his  own  family  at  his  own  house,  though 
some  of  them  had  been  to  speak  to  him.    I  daresay  we  may 
soon  look  for  Henry  Lawrence  and  his  wife  back  from  the  hills. 
They  have  both  derived  benefit  from  the  change,  but  I  fear  it 
will  be  the  old  thing  again  with  him — ^he  will  overwork  himself 
as  before. 


Citadel,  Lahobe,  JtUy  12th,  1849. 

I  wish  you  were  here  to  enjoy  the  lovely  view  from  the  window 
of  my  sitting-room,  the  little  garden  in  front,  with  its  marble 
foantain,  the  vinery,  the  gallery  leading  to  the  Summun  Boorj, 
which  would  make  a  splendid  conservatory,  the  marble  hall  out- 
side, with  the  fountain  in  the  centre,  and  its  beautiful  mosaic 


168  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULKEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  pavement.  You  may  form  an  idea  of  its  beauties,  by  a  remark 
^«  I  heard  from  a  lady  (who  was  sketching  it),  to  a  friend,  "  It  is  a 
1849.  place  jug^  made  to  pass  the  honeymoon  in  1 "  (This  was  not 
intended  for  my  ear !)  I  have  been  far  too  busy  to  go  out  much, 
but  Lady  Lawrence  was  determined  that  I  should  be  with  them 
at  the  only  large  party  she  has  been  able  to  give  in  the  Residency 
this  season,  and  as  I  have  been  unable  to  return  visits  or  calls,  it 
was  a  good  opportunity  to  meet  everybody  at  once. 

It  is  very  amusing  the  number  of  lady  visitors  I  have,  they  all 
come  to  call  on  Mrs,  Login,  but  they  are  all  eager  to  see  the 
pretty  things  I  have  to  show.  Mrs.  John  Lawrence,  Miss 
Willson  and  Mrs.  Napier,  came  yesterday  to  help  me  with  their 
advice  and  assistance,  as  to  the  arranging  of  the  State  jewels  in 
the  handsome  box  I  have  had  prepared  for  them,  and  they  promise 
to  come  again  till  all  is  finished. 

How  amused  you  would  have  been  with  the  odd  things  that 
come  under  my  inspection.  Such  a  queer  conglomeration  of  odds 
and  ends  has  never  before  been  seen,  I  do  believe  ! 

I  found  a  fine  picture  of  the  Queen  in  a  go-down,  among  a  heap 
of  other  valuables,  all  covered  with  dust,  and  among  other  curiosi- 
ties I  have  unearthed  from  the  same  place,  were  a  lot  of  valuable 
drawings  of  different  kinds  and  fine  old  engravings,  and  a  little 
wax-cloth  bag,  containing  a  copy  of  Henry  Martyn's  Persian  Testa- 
ment, presented  (so  the  inscription  says)  by  good  *'  Lady  William 
Bentinck  to  Joseph  Wolff."  How  came  it  here  ?  The  medley  oi 
articles  in  that  Toshkhana  is  indescribable  1 

I  have  told  the  Uttle  Maharajah  that  I  am  in  anxiety  to  hear 
from  you  of  your  safe  arrival,  as  there  are  reports  of  several 
deaths  on  board  your  ship  on  the  voyage,  and  it  is  nice  to  sto 
how  the  little  man's  sympathy  has  been  aroused,  and  how  e&gerh 
he  asks,  the  first  thing,  if  I  have  heard  of  you  and  Edwy. 

I  am  overwhelmed  with  applications  by  my  old  writers,  Ac,  at 
Lucknow  for  situations.  I  have  been  able  to  give  one  in  my  ofiicv 
to  Mr.  Sequera,  but  I  can  do  no  more. 


LAHORE.  169 

There  is  every  prospect  of  fine  crops  this  year,  better  than  for  Chapti^r 
many  years  back;    this  will  have  more  effect  in  keeping  the      VI. 
country  quiet  than  an  army  of  20,000  men,  1849. 

The  immense  number    thrown  out  of    employment    by  the 
breaking  up  of  the  Sikh  army,  and  all  the  Court  establishments, 
was  naturally  a  severe  and  great  anxiety  to  the  Government,  and 
endeavours  are  being  made  to  turn  their  attention  to  agricultural 
porsnits  as  far  as  possible.    Almost  the  first  thing  done,  on  our 
taking  possession,  was  to  send  out  engineers  and  workmen  to 
open  canals  for  irrigation  throughout  the  Doab,  and  I  did  all  in  my 
power  to  urge  it  on,  by  keeping  the  matter  constantly  before 
Lawrence  and  his  two  coadjutors ;   so  that  I  believe  it  was  the 
very  first  order  issued,  on  assuming  full  power.     In  consequence, 
we  are  now  working  hard  in  the  magazine,  breaking  up  old  arms 
as  fast  as  we  can,  and  converting  them  into  powrahs  and  pick- 
axes, and  already  I  have  supplied  Napier  with  many  tons  of  them, 
for  his  work  on  the  canals.    I  had  the  pleasure  of  having  the  first 
swords  brought  in,  converted  into  capital  scythes  for  mowing  the 
grass  in  the  soldiers'  gardens,  which  was  coming  as  near  "pruning 
hooks"   as   circumstances  permitted  I     I    am    now    trying    my 
ingenuity  in  breaking  up  cannon   shot,  without  going   to  the 
expense  of  heating  them,  and  I  think  I  shall  succeed  pretty  well ; 
as  they  are  all  made  of  hammered  iron,  and  beautifully  finished ; 
the  expense  of  shot  made  this  way  must  have  been  enormous.    I 
am  setting  aside  those  that  may  suit  our  six  and  nine  pounders, 
for  trial  daring  the  artillery  practice  season.     I  have  little  doubt 
that  the  range  of  hajnmered  shot,  when  well  made,  will  be  found 
greater  than  cast  iron. 

I  have  just  sent  in  to  the  Governor-General  a  list  of  jewels, 
amounting  in  value  to  about  sixteen  and  a  half  lakhs  of  rupees,  and 
I  daresay  I  shall  soon  have  his  orders  as  to  the  disposal  of  them. 
By-the-bye,  I  met  a  Madras  ofl&cer  the  other  day  who  knew  your 
two  brothers,  John  and  Colin,  there.  He  told  me  that  on  his 
arrival  he  met  an  officer,  whom,  from  his  extraordinary  likeness  to 


170  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  John  in  face,  figure,  manners,  and  in  every  way,  even  to  liis  beard, 

^•1*      must  be  a  brother  of  his,  whom  he  heard  was  here.  It  turned  out 

1849.    ^Q  ]yQ  Herbert  Edwardes,  of  Mooltan  celebrity.  There  mast  be,  as 

I  told  Edwardes,  a  strong  resemblance ;  his  nose  is  certainly  big 

enough  for  a  pair  of  Campbells ! 


CiTADBL,  July  2l8t,  1849. 

Moolraj  is  always  so  pleased  to  see  me,  when  I  have  time  to  go 
in  and  say  a  kind  word  to  him.  I  tell  him,  he  can  see  that  it  is  not 
the  wish  of  our  Government  to  treat  him  harshly,  but  that  the 
only  fear  was  that,  by  treating  him  too  leniently  others  might  be 
induced  to  do  as  he  did,  and  thus  the  lives  of  many  of  our  people 
may  be  sacrificed.  He  seemed  perfectly  to  see  the  justice  of  this 
view  of  the  matter,  and  asked  me  what  I  thought  would  be  bis 
punishment.  I  said,  probably  imprisonment  for  life.  "  Oh," 
said  he,  in  true  Oriental  style,  **  under  your  care  that  would  be  no 
punishment  1 " 

I  have  sent  some  letters  for  his  son  through  Mr.  Edgworth,  the 
Commissioner ;  and  I  supply  him  with  a  few  books  and  news- 
papers to  read,  as  well  as  a  Persian  Testament,  which,  with  God's 
blessing,  may  be  useful  to  him. 

He  begged  me  to  allow  his  ''Said"  (Hindoo  priest)  to  visit 
him,  which  I  did  at  once.  But  the  man  does  not  care  to  repeat 
his  visits  often. 

Moolraj  passes  almost  his  whole  time  in  prayer,  and  in  writing  out 
couplets  to  invoke  the  Deity,  and  propitiate  Him  in  the  way  he 
has  been  taught.  As  his  mind  is  so  disposed  that  he  only  thinks 
of  religion,  he  is  anxious  I  should  get  him  another  copy  of  the 
Testament,  in  a  character  he  can  read  more  easily  than  the  one 
I  gave  him,  which  is  the  Arabic  character.  I  hope  to  be  &ble  to 
do  so.  He  is,  for  a  native  of  these  parts,  a  well-educated  nsan. 
I  enclose  as  a  curiosity  for  you,  a  paper  he  wrote  and  sent  to  ine 


LuAlHobe.  171 

yesterday,  covered  over  with  the  word  **  Bam-Bam-Bam  "  which  Chapter 

serves  as  a  prayer.    His  own  signature  is  on  the  back.  VI. 

1849. 

As  soon  as  the  Governor-General's  decision  on  the 
fate  of  Moolraj  waa  made  known  to  the  Board,  Mansel 
wrote  to  Login  as  follows  : — 

Anabkullah,  July  2l8t,  1849. 
Mt  deab  Login, 

I  have  just  heard  by  to-day's  post  from  the  Governor- 
General,  that  he  has  remitted  the  capital  sentence  on  Moohraj, 
bnt  that  his  punishment  will  be  severe. 

Will  you  kindly  see  him  (Moolraj),  and  communicate  to 
him  privately,  that  this  is  the  word  of  the  Governor-General : 
"  That  he  wiU  not  be  executed." 

I  have  received  no  authority  to  make  it  public,  but  if  Moolraj 
is  informed  of  it,  he  may  be  expected  to  tell  his  friends  and  visitors, 
and  so  the  matter  is  no  longer  a  secret.  I  have  not  seen  you  for 
an  age.  Come  to  dinner  at  eight  to-morrow,  and  bring  Wakefield. 
If  he  can't  come,  not  being  quite  recovered,  mind  you  come 
3rourself. 

Yours, 

C.  G.  Mansel. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

LAHORE. 

Login  to  his  Wife. 

Citadel,  Lahore,  Sept.  Srd,  1849. 

Chapter       I  a^a  rather  anxious  about  Sir  Henry's  state  of  health ;  he  is  far 

VII.      from  well,  and  I  fear  will  have  to  go  to  the  Cape  to  recruit,  for  he 

1849.     cannot  afford  to  go  home.    By  scraping  all  together,  he  cannot 

make  more  than  £700  to  live  on,  for  himself,  wife,  and  children, 

and  he  would  feel  miserable  at  having  nothing  to  give  away  to 

others. 

I  cannot  but  feel  gratified  at  the  entire  confidence  reposed  in 
me  by  the  Board  of  Administration  (Henry  and  John  Lawrence 
and  Hansel).  Almost  the  only  instructions  I  get  from  them,  when 
I  appeal  to  them  are,  ''  Just  do  what  you  think  right  and  proper, 
and  we  will  support  you." 

Now  when  you  consider  how  much  must  be  left  to  my 
discretion  in  an  appointment  of  this  kind,  where  I  am  put 
in  charge  of  property  of  all  kinds,  of  which  neither  the  Govern- 
ment (nor  indeed  any  one  else)  can  have  any  idea  of  the  value. 
nor  any  check  to  enable  them  to  judge  of  the  amount,  and 
it  is  so  entirely  left  to  me  to  make  over  this  or  that  to  the 
Maharajah  as  being,  in  my  opinion,  necessary  for  his  use, — 
I  think  I  may  take  it  for  granted  that  I  stand  high  in 
their  opinion  for  conscientiousness,  integrity,  and  honesty,  even 


LAHORE.  1 73 

Lord  Dalhoosie,  in  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  the   list  of  Chapter 
jewels,  to  the  amount  of  sixteen  and  a  half  lakhs,  which  I  sent  in,      VII. 
thinks  it  necessary  to  express  his  sense  of  the  way  in  which  I  have    ^^"• 
prored  myself  worthy  of  the  Lawrences'  high  recommendation. 
He  expresses    himself    also    highly  pleased    with   the  careful 
manner  in  which  the  lists  have  been  prepared.    I  feel  that  this 
is  greatly  owing  to  Jowahir  Misr's  assistance,  so  I  do  not  plume 
myself  on  this  or  any  other  flattering  remarks.     God  knows,  I 
shall  be  right  glad  when  I  can  get  all  the  property  safely  made 
oyer,  without  loss  or  detriment  to  Government.    I  only  fear  that 
I  will  find  myself  a  poorer  man  by  having  this  charge  laid  on  me ; 
if ,  as  I  foresee,  the  accounts  may  not  balance  exactly,  from  the 
innumerable  detailed  payments  that  have  been  made,  I  shall  of 
course  be  answerable. 

I  feel  the  disadvantage  often,  of  not  having  been  trained  to  the 
regular  work,  as  civilians  are,  when  cases  are  brought  up  to  me  to 
decide  and  judge,  but  on  the  whole,  I  think  I  get  on  very  well, 
and  decide  the  cases  impartially. 

Login  was  very  anxious  to  make  his  birthday  as 
pleasant  as  possible  to  the  little  dethroned  King,  so 
he  proposed  to  the  Lawrences,  in  the  following  letter, 
that  a  sort  of  fete  should  be  given  on  the  occasion  : — 

« 
My  dear  Lawbencb, 

The  little  Maharajah's  birthday  is  to  take  place  on  Tuesday 
or  Wednesday  (the  Pundits  have  not  yet  decided  which,  as  it  all 
depends  on  his  star)^  but  I  will  let  you  know.  Don't  you  think 
it  would  be  proper  to  make  up  a  party  from  the  Besidency  to 
offer  him  their  good  wishes  ? 

I  can  have  the  Summun  put  in  order,  to  make  it  look  well,  and 
if  Lady  L.  and  Mrs.  John  will  give  me  help  with  khidmutgars, 
you  can  all  have  tea  in  my  garden  afterwards.    We  shall  not  be 


174  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  able  to  have  a  very  large  party,  and  I  should  like  to  nee  as  many 

VU«     children  as  possible,  on  the  little  fellow's  account.    All  the  Baaees 

1849.     ^Q^  ^Q  usual,  to  pay  their  respects,  and  present  their  nuzzun  on 

that  day.    We  can  arrange  matters  easily,  if  the  European  party 

comes  early,  so  as  not  to  interfere  with  them.    I  think  we  should 

fix  sunrise  as  the  time. 

A  little  civility  and  attention  shown  on  this,  his  first  birthday 
since  he  lost  his  throne,  would  be  kindly  taken.  It  need  not  be 
in  the  least  official,  merely  friendly ;  but  as  the  natives  will  all 
dress  in  their  best  to  do  him  honour,  I  think  oar  party  should 
not  sport  solah  hats  and  shooting  jackets  on  this  occasion  1 

Don't  you  agree  with  me  ?  Tell  me  what  you  think  of  my 
proposal  as  soon  as  you  can,  that  I  may  make  arrangements. 

Tours  very  truly, 

J.  S.L. 

August  Slst,  Citadel,  1849. 

On  the  back  of  this  letter,  in  Indian  fashion  is 
scribbled  this  characteristic  reply  : — 

Mt  deab  Login, 

We  are  agreeable  to  all  you  propose  (my  brother  John  in- 
cluded).   Let's  know  the  day  fixed. 

Yours  always, 

H.  Lawbbkcx. 

The  following  letter  to  his  wife  written  the  day 
after  the  f^te,  describes  the  proceedings  : — 

CiTADBii,  Sep,  5th,  1849. 

Yesterday  was  the  birthday  of  the  little  Maharajah  :  he  is  now 
eleven,  and  entering  his  twelth  year. 


LAHORE.  175 

ETerything  was  done  that  was  in  my  power,  to  give  the  anni-  Chapler 
versary  due  honour,  so  that  he  should  feel  the  difference  in  his     ^^l* 
poddon  as  little  as  possible,  and  not  contrast  unpleasantly  with     1^^- 
the  last,  when  he  was  a  reigning  King.    No  doubt,  in  spite  of  all, 
te  did  see  and  feel  a  great  difference,  poor  little  man  I  but  never- 
theless he  thoroughly  enjoyed  himself,  and  was  as  delighted  with 
the  fireworks    as  any  boy  of  his  age  could  be.      Luckily  the 
eTening  was  fine,  though  the  deluge  of  rain  in  the  morning  was 
dreadful,  and  upset  all  my  grand  arrangements. 

I  had  the  great  pleasure  of  presenting  to  the  Maharajah,  on  the 
mormugof  his  birthday,  a  lakh  of  rupees'  worth  of  his  own  jewels 
horn  the  Toshkhana  which  I  had  been  empowered  by  Government 
to  select  and  present  to  him. 

He  appeared,  therefore,  dressed  most  splendidly ;  wearing, 
besides  other  jewels,  the  diamond  aigrette  and  star  I  had  selected. 
When  I  congratulated  him  on  his  appearance,  he  innocently  re- 
marked, that  on  his  last  birthday  he  had  worn  the  Eoh-i-noor 
on  bis  arm ! 

The  rain  was  so  heavy,  that  to  prevent  the  poor  Banees  getting 

drenched  in  their  finery,  I  ordered  the  wall  of  the  Palace  to  be 

broken  through,  to  admit  them  direct  from  their   apartments, 

instead  of    going  round  in  the   rain  to  the  ordinary  entrance. 

They  all  came  early,  very  smartly  got  up,  to  present  their  nuzzurs 

to  their  little  Sovereign,  and  to  see  and  speak  to  him  awhile,  when 

offering  their  congratulations.    I  had  purdahs  put  up  to  screen 

the  Mahomedan  ladies  from  observation ;  but  the  Sikh  Banees 

are  not  so  particular,  and  were  quite  ready  to  chat  with  me. 

The  little  fellow  gave  himself  up  to  enjoyment  for  the  rest  of 

the  day,  like  a  boy  as  he  is. 

I  shall  be  truly  glad  when  it  is  settled  what  is  to  be  the  future 
destination  of  Duleep  Singh.  Sir  Henry  and  Hansel  both  advise 
his  being  sent  to  England  at  once ;  but  Lord  D.  is  not  fond  of 
suggestions,  so  we  all  wait  for  his  decision.  Sir  Henry  says 
that  the  Dhoon,  with  a  large  estate  or  Jagheer,  might  not  be  a 
bad  thing. 


176  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH 

Chapter  Either  of  these  plans  would  suit  me ;  but  if  it  is  decided  to  send 
yil.  him  to  some  place  in  Central  India,  and  to  bring  him  up  with  no 
1849.  other  expectation  than  to  be  a  mere  pensioner,  debauched  and 
worthless  Uke  so  many  others,  then  I  feel  it  is  no  work  for  me, 
and  I'll  wash  my  hands  of  the  charge,  take  my  furlough,  and  join 
you  in  England ;  but  all  this  is  in  wiser  hands  than  mine,  and  I 
leave  it  there  contentedly. 

October  ^th,  1849. 

THE    SAME    to    THE    SAME. 

No  particular  news,  except  that  Ghuttur  Singh,  Sbere  Singh, 
and  eight  other  chief  Sirdars,  have  been  added  to  my  collection  of 
curiosities  in  the  Citadel.  They  have  been  suspected,  on  pretty 
good  evidence,  of  holding  communication  with  several  disaffected 
chiefs  who  are  still  in  hiding,  and  of  having  in  this  way  broken 
through  the  agreement  made  with  them,  when  they  were  allowed 
to  return  to  their  homes.  Some  of  them  are,  I  daresay,  guilty, 
but  against  others  there  is  little  evidence.  However,  their  arrest 
will  be  useful  in  putting  down  little  intrigues  which  were  going  on, 
and  which  have  required  us  to  be  on  the  alert. 

Shere  Singh  wishes  to  be  thought  (as  indeed  he  is)  a  devil-may- 
care  sort  of  fellow,  and  makes  himself  quite  at  home  anywhere. 

His  first  request  was  for  a  pack  of  cards,  and  something  good 
to  eat  and  drink. 

Old  Chuttur  Singh  I  feel  most  for.  I  shall  make  them  as 
comfortable  as  I  can ;  they  affect  to  look  upon  it  as  a  piece  of 
rare  good  fortune  to  be  sent  to  me.  You  see  what  a  good  name 
I  have  got  for  all  sorts  of  virtues  I  Knowing  me  as  you  do,  only 
think  how  people  can  be  humbugged  I  I  ought  to  be  vain,  if 
flattery  could  make  me  so,  for  I  don't  think  anybody  has  had  soch 
a  pat  of  butter  administered,  as  I  have  lately.  Henry  Lawrence 
gave  me  a  letter  he  had  received  from  Macleod,  as  he  said  you 
would  be  pleased  to  know  what  such  a  man  said  of  your  husband. 


LAHORE.  177 

It  now  lies  before  me,  so  I  shall  enclose  it.     I  trust  the  effect  on  Chapter 
me  will  be  to  make  me  more  humble,  and  strive  to  be  what  such     VII. 
a  man  as  Donald  Macleod  believes  me  to  be  already,*  1849. 


CiTADBL,  Oct  2ith,  1849. 

There  is  a  report  going  about  since  last  mail  that,  much  to  the 
honour  of  *'our  dear  little  Queen/'  she  has  declined  to  accept  the 
Koh-i-noor  as  a  gift,  xmder  the  circumstances  in  which  it  has  been 
offered  her ;  indeed,  I  shall  rejoice  to  hear  that  this  is  true,  and  I 
am  sure  that  many  of  her  subjects  will  rejoice  with  me. 

I  think  I  told  you  that  I  had  urged  Henry  Lawrence  to  propose 
to  Lord  Dalhousie  that  the  Queen's  subjects  all  over  the  Empire 
should  be  allowed  to  embrace  the  opportunity  of  showing  their 
love  and  goodwill,  by  offering  it  to  her.  I  feel  certain  that  it 
would  be  easy  to  raise  a  sufficient  sum  to  purchase  it,t  and  it 
would  have  more  value  in  her  eyes,  given  her  in  this  way  by  her 
people,  as  a  token  of  their  respect  and  honour,  the  money  to  be 
spent  for  the  good  and  benefit  of  her  new  subjects  here,  by  making 
the  Punjab  to  bloom  like  a  garden.  This  may  easily  be  done,  by 
giving  employment  to  the  100,000  men  who  have  been  cast  adrift, 
making  roads,  bridges,  and  canals,  and  establishing  schools  among 
them,  and  thus  showing  that  we  are  above  taking  anything  from 
them  in  a  shabby  way. 

This  would  be  one  way  of  converting  the  possession  of  the  Koh- 
i-noor  into  a  blessing  instead  of  a  curse,  which  the  natives  say  it 

*  Extract  of  a  letter  from  Mr. — afterwards  Sir  Donald — ^Macleod  to  Sir  Henry 
Lavrrence  : — 

Dear  Lawrence, 

It  is  tmly  a  happy  thing  that  the  young  Maharajah  has  heen 
entrusted  to  one  who  wiU  so  favourably  impress  him  in  respect  to  the 
QprightneaB,  benevolence,  and  inteUectual  superiority  of  the  European  race. 

D.  Macleod. 

f  "  Of  course,  it  would  be  absurd  to  fix  a  price  that  would  be  near  its  intrinsic 
value,  bat  I  think  £200, (KK)  would  meet  the  purpose."— J.  S.  L. 


178  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  has  been.    But  there !    I've  no  doubt  you  will  say  that,  as  usual, 

VII.      my  romance  is  running  away  with  me. 
1849. 

Lahore,  Nov.  6th,  1849. 
....  My  work  is  increased  just  now  by  the  seizure  of  Shere 
Singh's  papers,  and  those  of  others,  and  the  inquiries  and  exami- 
nations of  witnesses  necessary  to  be  made  in  consequence,  which 
may  yet  lead  to  important  results. 

I  was  present  at  a  very  interesting  conversation  the  other  day, 
between  Ghuttur  Singh  and  Shere  Singh  with  John  Lawrence  and 
Herbert  Edwardes.* 

*  "In  the  autumn  of  1849  ....  in  attendance  on  Mr.  John  Lawrence,  who 
was  conducting  a  political  investigation,  I  had  one  or  two  very  interesting  inter- 
views with  the  Bajah  in  confinement ;  and  in  the  presence  of  Mr.  Lawrence  and 
Dr.  Login,  the  Superintendent  of  the  Palace,  I  took  the  opportunity  of  asking 
the  Rajah  his  reasons  for  going  over  to  the  enemy.  He  replied,  throwing  up  his 
hands,  "My  evil  destiny  i  It  all  took  place  in  one  night.  My  mind  was  dis- 
tressed by  the  Sikh  force  being  ordered  away  from  Mooltan.  More  pressing  letters 
than  ever  came  in  the  very  next  day  from  my  father,  imploring  me  to  join  the 
movement ;  and  /  wrote  off  to  Moolrajyfor  the  first  time,  to  say  that  I  wovkl 
march  to  him  next  morning. " 

This  is  the  Rajah's  account  of  his  own  defection.     Now  let  us  have  Moolraj  k 

Moolraj's  religious  adviser  and  private  secretary  (his  Jesuit,  in  short)  was  one 
Misr  Kool^uss,  a  high  caste  Brahmin.  This  man's  trial  succeeded  his  mastcrV, 
and  was  conducted  by  me.  Amongst  other  questions,  I  asked  him  how  long 
Rajah  Shere  Singh  had  been  in  correspondence  with  Mooing  before  going  over. 
He  replied,  "That  the  Rajah  never  wrote  but  one  letter  to  the  Dewan,  all  tl.t^ 
time  he  was  at  Mooltan,  and  that  was  the  night  before  he  canne  over.  We  w*  it 
astonished ;  for,  though  we  knew  all  the  Rigah's  soldiers  were  our  frieutL^.  wt 
believed  the  Rajah  himself  was  our  enemy.  He  had  previously  rejected  all  over- 
tures, punished  all  traitors  in  his  camp,  and  fired  upon  our  troops.  When,  tber\'- 
fore,  all  at  once  he  proposed  to  join  us,  we  suspected  treachery,  and  wonhl  not 
'  admit  him  within  the  walls,  but  made  him  encamp  under  the  guns  of  the  U*n  ; 
and  up  to  the  very  day  when  he  marched  away  again  to  join  his  father  in  Bazaruh. 
the  Dcwan  and  the  Rajah  never  came  to  a  good  understanding." 

The  power  of  evidence  cannot  go  further  than  this  ;  and  impartial  history  is.  in 
my  opinion,  bound  to  reconl  this  verdict :  that  Rigah  Shere  Singh  Atareew&Il&h 
was  opposed  to  the  rebellion  of  Mooltan  and  the  second  Sikh  war ;  did  what 
he  could  to  stop  them  both  ;  but  failing,  sided  with  his  family  and  nation. 

For  my  own  part,  I  pity  him  for  giving  way  at  last,  as  much  as  I  execrate  his 
father  for  leading  him  astray.*' — From  Sir  Herbert  Edwanles'e  "  Ytar  im  ti* 
Punjab"  vol.  ii.,  pp.  506-7. 


LAHORE.  I7d 

I  had  to  take  notes  of  all  that  was  said,  and  shall  have  to  give  Chapter 
evidence  on  the  subject  when  the  Governor-General  arrives.    It     VIL 
may  possibly  result  in  our  settling  accounts  afresh  with  our  Gash-    1849. 
mere  friend,  Goldb  Singh. 

I  shall  not  be  surprised,  if  certain  things  are  proved  against 
him,  to  see  him  ordered  to  countermarch  a  little,  and  take  up  his 
position  beyond  the  Indus,  giving  him  Peshawur  and  Derajet  in 
exchange  for  Cashmere.  He  is  the  sort  of  man  to  hold  such  a 
country,  and  save  us  a  vast  deal  of  trouble. 

Dr.  McCosh  is  anxious  to  take  daguerreotypes  here,  and  begs 
to  be  allowed  to  come  to-morrow  to  take  likenesses  of  all  the 
notabilities  collected  here,  myself  included  among  the  number,  he 
says !    I  have  told  him  he  cannot  take  any  of  the  prisoners. 

You  would  laugh  if  you  saw  me  in  the  midst  of  my  work  trying 
to  snatch  a  moment  to  write  this.  I  have  moonshees  on  one  side» 
reading  purwanas  and  roohookarees  for  my  edification,  old 
pensioners  in  front  receiving  their  pay  ;  on  the  other  side,  Misr 
Makraj,  the  Treasurer,  asking  for  and  receiving  my  orders.  We 
are  all  seated  in  the  verandah  of  the  Toshkhana.  I  must  stop 
now,  for  I  am  told  John  Lawrence  is  in  sight,  bearing  down  upon 
me  with  papers  in  his  hand.  Something  wanted  to  be  done,  no 
doubt. 


Lbtteb  from  Eobebt  Adams. 

Citadel,  Lahobe,  Nov.  2nd,  1849. 
My  dbab  Cousik, 

Login  will  have  told  you  that,  through  his  kind  oflSces  vrith 
Sir  H.  Lavnrence,  I  am  here  on  my  way  to  join  the  Guide  Corps 
at  Peshawur,  as  second  in  conmiand.  I  scarcely  regret  that  I  have 
been  detained  here  by  illness  a  few  days,  as  it  has  given  me  an 
opportunity  of  seeing  all  the  multifarious  wonders,  animal  and 
mineral,  over  which  your  worthy  husband  keeps  guard  within 

N  2 


1849. 


180  SIB  JOHN   LOOm  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  the  Citadel,  and  of  telling  you  before  I  leave  this,  how  well 
^^^      his  really  responsible  duties  have  agreed  with  him. 

I  must  try  and  give  you  some  idea  of  his  daily  work  and  of  aU 
he  has  to  look  after,  but  as  I  shall  start  by  ddk  in  an  hour  I  have 
little  time  to  do  it.     To  give  human  nature  precedence,  there  is 
first  the  httle  Maharajah,  the  care  of  whose  small  person  is  his 
specific  appointment.     The  little  bit  of  Boyalty  himself  gives  Uttle 
trpuble,  and  he  seems  much  attached  to  Login,  looks  on  him  as 
his  **  Ma-Bap,"  and  won't  even  go  out  to  side  in  the  morning, 
or  drive  in  the  evening,  unless  he  will  go  with  him.    But  the 
establishments  of  the  King,  vast  and  entangled  as  they  were, 
must  have  cost  him  no  little  trouble  ;  the  cutting  them  down  to 
due  dimensions,  the  task  of  striking  out  the  names  of  those  who 
were  entitled  to  no  consideration,  fixing  the  amount  of  the  just 
claims  of  others,  setthng  the  pensions  of  all  whose  services  deserved 
to  be  recognized,   and  retaining    those    whose    services    were 
required,  with  the  preparation  of  lists,  reports,  and  descriptive 
rolls,  must  have  been  very  harassing.     But  the  Banees  I     How 
would  you  have  felt  if  you  had  known  that  he    was   baaily 
employed  Inspecting  some  hundred  of  queens  and  their  female 
attendants,  examining  and  noting  down  all  the  warts,  moles,  and 
freckles  on  their  dingy  countenances  and  fingers  ?    Coaxing  the 
dark  beauties  to  unveil  their  faces  to  his  prying  gaze,  that  be 
might  the  better  write  down  their  portraits,  and  fix  the  rates  of 
their  future   allowances!    What    fascinations  they  must   have 
employed  to  induce  him  to  take  a  liberal  view  of  their  wants,  and 
make  the  paltry  twenty-five  a  clear  half  hundred. 

It  is  said,  I  know  not  vrith  what  truth,  that  the  young  and 
pretty  Banees  have  little  reason  to  complain !  I  only  hope  the 
old  and  ugly  have  no  grounds  to  bewail  their  scrimp  allowances! 
Moolraj,  another  of  the  wild  beasts  of  his  menageiie,  I  was 
introduced  to  yesterday,  and  never  was  more  disappointed  in  any 
man.  Prepared  to  see  a  weak,  attenuated  frame,  I  did  expect  to 
see  something  of  the  hero  visible  on  his  face ;  but  not  a  bit !  h: 


LAHORE*  181 

looks  an  ordinary  shrewd  buniah  with  little  energy*    Certainly  his  Chaptolr 
was  not  the  bold  pluck  to  enter  on  a  contest  with  the  armies  of     VLI. 
British   India,  nor  was  his    the    endaring  fortitude  that  held    l"*^- 
Mooltan  against  us  for  so  long ;  he  could  only  have  been  the  tool 
in  the  hands  of  braver  men. 

One  cannot  help  being  persuaded,  when  looking  at  him,  that 
however  just  the  sentence  of  death  is  on  Moolraj  as  Dewan  of 
MooUan,  he  personally  is  guiltless  of  the.  blood  of.  Agnew  and 
Anderson. 

Login  manages  to  make  time  to  visit  him  daily,  and  chats  with 
him,  and  it  is  only  by  his  kind  coaxing  that  he  can  be  induced 
to  take  enough  to  keep  body  and  soul  together.  Poor  wretch!  one 
cannot  help  feeling  pity  for  him,  and  I  am  glad  he  has  fallen  into 
such  kind  hands. 

Chuttur  Singh,  Shere  Singh,  and  ten  others  of  less  note,  are  in 
Login's  custody  at  present,  making  thirteen  State  prisoners. 

Login  is  now  hard  at  work  with  his  staff  of  assistants,  in  getting 
the  Toshkhana  of  kingly  valuables  into  order  against  the  coming 
of  the  Governor-General,  which  is  expected  about  the  20th. 

I  wish  you  could  walk  through  that  same  ToAkhana  and 

see  its  wonders  !  the  vast  quantities  of  gold  and  silver,  the  jewels 

not  to  be  valued,  so  many  and  so  rich  I  the  Eoh-i-noor,  far 

beyond    what   I  had   ima^ned*;    and,  perhaps  above  all,  the 

inmiense    collection  of    magnificent  Cashmere    shawls,    rooms 

fall  of  them,  laid  out  oh  shelves,  and  heaped  up  in  bales — it  is 

not  to  be  described  I     And  all  this  made  over  to  /^tm,  without  any 

listf  or  public  document  of  any  sort,  all  put  in  his  hands  to  set  iu 

order,  value,  sell,  &c.;  that  speaks  volumes,  does  it  not,  for  the 

character  he  bears  with  those  whose  good  opinions   are  worth 

having?  Few  men,  I  fancy,  would  have  been  so  implicitly  trusted. 

He   will   come  out  of  it  all  none  the  richer,  but  probably 

poorer,  for  his  pay  is  not  quite  so  much  as  he  had  at  Lucknow. 

I  hear  he  is  constantly  bothered  by  people  coming  to  beg  he  will 

show  them  the  jewels,  &c.,  and  he  is  too  kind-hearted  to  refuse; 


182  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  but  now  he  says  he  must  fix  one  day  in  the  week  to  let  them 
VII.  be  exhibited,  and  thus  secure  peace  on  other  days.  My  ddk  \a 
1849.    ready,  I  must  stop  * 

Your  affectionate  cousin, 

BoBSRT  B.  Adams. 

P.S. — The  enclosed  rough  memorandum  will  amuse  you.t 


*  The  writer  of  this  letter,  after  having  served  in  the  Guides  (as  second  in 
command),  was  made  an  Assistant-Commissioner  by  John  Lawrence,  and  after- 
wards Deputy-Commissioner  in  Hazara.  He  was  assassinated  at  Peahawur  in 
1864,  when  Deputy-Commissioner  of  that  city,  being  cut  down  by  a  fanatic  as 
he  was  riding  near  the  Cabnli  Gate. 

f  Memorandum  of  Memorabilia,  under  charge  ol 

John  Spencer  Login, 

in  the  Citadel  of  Lahore, 

April  6th»  1849. 

The  yoimg  RuiiER  of  the  Sikhs. 

The  FahilIes  of  Bunjeet  Singh  and  of  all  the  successive  Mahangahs  of  the 

Puigab,  including  thirty-three  Ranees  and  130  concubines. 
The  Princes  of  the  Abdalee  family,  rulers  of  Afghanistan  and  Cashmere. 

The  Court  SsiahlUhment  of  all  the  Lahore  Mahangahs,  including  six  sets 
of  courtezans,  natives  of  Cashmere,  and  five  full  bands  of  musicians 

The  NawaB8  of  Mooltau  and  their  families. 

State  Prisoners. 

Mooing,  ex-Nazim  of  Mooltan. 
Rajah  Chuttur  Singh. 
Rajah  Shere  Singh. 
Rajah  Lai  Singh, 
and  ten  other  men  of  note,  including  Hakim  Rai  and  his  two  sons. 
The  female  attendants  of  Ranee  Jinda,  from  Chunar,  were  added  to  this  list. 
The  keys  and  royal  seals  of  the  Motee  Munden  and  of  Govindghur  (royal 
treasuries). 


The  Diamond  (Koh-i-noor). 

The  State  jewels  and  treasures  in  gold,  silveri  and  pi-ecioiu  stones ;   «)iabM» 
plates,  cups,  cooking  pots,  and  gurrahs  of  gold  and  silver. 

The  vast  store  of  CJashmere  shawls,  cfiogcu,  ko. 


LAHORE.  183 

Loom  to  his  Wipe.  vn  ' 

CiTADBL,  Nov.  22nd,  1849.        1®**' 

.  .  .  •  Still  busy;  I  shall  be  glad  when  I  can  give  a  "good 
account  of  my  stewardship."  Not  that  I  have  any  wish  what- 
ever that  by  doing  my  work  well  here  I  may  get  something 
higher,  but  merely  to  satisfy  my  own  conscience  that  I  have  done 
my  duty. 

I  have  sent  in  my  pension  lists,  and  was  not  a  little  gratified  at 
whatBnm  told  me.  The  Board  sent  them  up  to  Government 
with  high  commendations,  and  drew  attention  to  the  fact  (which 
1  did  not  particularly  notice),  that  by  exercising  a  soond  discre- 
tion, and  paying  off  the  establishments  promptly,  with  and 
without  gratuities,  I  had  saved  a  large  sum  to  Government.  Mr. 
P.  Melvill,  the  new  Secretary  (who  is  much  in  Lord  Dalhousie's 
confidence),  told  me  that  I  am  much  too  useful  to  part  with  just 
now,  and  that  I  am  far  more  likely  to  be  kept  at  Lahore  by  Lord 
Dalhousie,  than  to  be  sent  away  with  the  little  boy.  I  only  teU 
you  this  because  you  will  be  pleased  to  hear  that  I  give  satisfac- 


Bimjeet's  golden  chair  of  State  ;  his  silver  summer-house,  gold  and  silver  poled  ; 

tents  and    camp-equipage  of   rich  Cashmere ;     arms    and  armour,    very 

magnificent 
Shah  Sooja's  State  pavilion,  gorgeously  embroidered. 
Eelics  of  the  Prophet :  his  shoes,  walking-stick,  shirt,  cap,  and  pyjamas  ;  his 

book  of  prayers  in  the  Eufic  character ;  several  locks  of  his  hair. 

The  Kulgee  "  plume  "  of  the  Ust  GQra  (Govind). 

The  sword  of  the  Persian  hero  Roostum,  taken  from  Shah  Sooja  by  Ru^jeet 
Singh. 

The  sword  of  Wuzeer  Fathie  Khan,  founder  of  the  Baruksye  family  at  Cabul 
and  Candahar. 

The  sword  of  Holkar  (an  old  Spanish  blade). 

The  armour  worn  by  the  warriors  and  Sirdars  of  note,  many  of  them  stained 
with  their  blood. 

The  wedding  garment  of  Maha  Singh  ; 
besides  these,  many  valuable  curiosities  and  relics  of  all  kinds,   too  numerous 
to  note. 


184  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  tion.  I  have  no  desire  for  distinction ;  I  am  much  more  anxious 
VIL  «« to  be  content  with  such  things  as  I  have." 
^*^*  I  am  now  in  my  fortieth  year,  and  have  seen  probably  the 
largest  half  of  my  pilgrimage ;  and  while  full  of  health  ancl  energy, 
would  like  to  devote  what  remains  of  it  to  higher  duties  than  this 
world's  ambition ;  but  God  knows  what  is  in  store  for  me,  and 
will  make  all  work  together  for  my  good,  if  I  only  seek  Him 
earnestly. 

I  saw  Lady  Lawrence  yesterday ;  she  looks  better  than  she  has 
done  for  years.  I  shall  not  feel  at  all  surprised  if  Henry  makes 
up  his  mind  to  go  home  and  settle  down  on  his  £700  a  year,  and 
bring  up  his  boys.  He  is  harassed  and  worried  a  good  deal,  and 
can't  take  disappointments  easily. 

If  he  does  go,  what  do  you  say  to  my  following  his  example, 
and  living  in  his  neighbourhood  ?  Lady  L.  and  you  get  on  quite 
as  well  as  Sir  Henrv  and  I.  We  often  talk  over  this  idea  when 
he  gets  depressed  over  his  work. 

Lady  L.  seems  much  pleased  with  the  composition  of  the  civil 
staff  in  the  Punjab,  and  hopes  great  things  from  them.  I  still 
expect  to  see  Tucker  here,  and  then  with  Montgomery,  Donald 
Macleod,  and  Edgworth  we  shall  be  excellently  well  set  up  with 
Commissioners,  whom  it  would  be  a  real  pleasure  to  work  with. 

This  is  certainly  a  noble  country  in  climate  and  productions,  far 
beyond  any  other  part  of  our  dominions  in  Hindostan.  The  hot 
weather  is  certainly  trying,  but  the  cold  weather  more  than 
makes  up  for  it,  and  it  is  dehghtful  to  see  the  rosy  cheeks  of  the 
children  now. 

I  have  a  large  party  of  officials  coming  to  inspect  arrange- 
ments, and  must  break  off.  My  ideas  on  the  subject  of  retirement 
are  as  strong  as  ever,  and  I  shall  not  be  easily  tempted  to  give 
them  up ;  it  appears  to  me  to  be  a  duty  I  owe  to  my  children.  It 
all  resolves  itself  into  contentment  with  the  means  we  possess. 

I  have  promised  the  Maharajah  to  take  him  to  see  the  races 
to-day. 


LAHORE.  185 

We  have  just  returned,  and  I  confess  that  in  spite  of  my  telling  Chapter 
your  brother  Charles  I  hoped  he  would  lose  the  race  -*o  make  VII. 
him  give  up  racing — as  soon  as  I  saw  his  and  your  clan  tartan  ^^^^ 
(Campbell)  on  his  jockey,  I  could  not  help  wishing  it  suitcess. 
Duleep  Singh  was  much  excited  about  Charles's  horses,  and  was 
delighted  when  he  won  a  good  race.  The  General  (Gilbert)  rode 
his  own  horse  and  won  his  own  cup,  and  was  vastly  pleased  about 
it ;  he  came  up  to  the  carriage  after  the  race  and  had  a  long  talk 
with  me.  I  try  to  make  the  Maharajah  imderstand  the  difference 
between  enjoying  a  race  for  the  sport's  sake,  and  enjoying  it  for 
the  purpose  of  betting  and  gambling,  but  as  he  has  few  amuse- 
ments now,  I  don't  hke  to  refuse  him  a  httle  pleasure,  and  he  is 
delighted  to  come.  I  am  very  anxious  to  get  in  my  lists,  and 
statements,  and  accounts  of  public  property  before  the  Governor- 
General  arrives,  and  thus  grudge  every  moment  that  is  not  given 
to  my  work.  I  think  what  I  have  done  will  show  him  that  I  am 
not  idle,  and  that  he  has  got  an  industrious  and  honest  man  here 
in  charge,  and  one  whom  as  a  pubUc  servant  he  must  respect. 

The  fellows  under  me  work  very  hard,  seeing  that  I  do  not 
spare  myself.  I  have  now  got  orders  as  to  where  all  the  State 
prisoners  are  to  be  sent,  and  who  are  to  be  let  off,  and  I  am 
making  private  arrangements  to  carry  this  out,  and  enquiring 
among  their  families  as  to  whom  they  would  like  best  to  have 
with  them.  Poor  wretches !  they  are  to  be  pitied  after  all.  I 
rather  think  if  I  had  been  a  Sikh  I  should  have  been  out  in  the 
'i^/  But  still  we  must  take  care  of  ourselves,  and  not  let  them 
loose  at  present. 

Sir  Charles  Napier  is  coming  next  week,  and  I  shall  have  httle 
peace  while  he  and  the  Governor-General  remain,  as  I  shall  have 
to  show  them  all  the  lions  of  the  Punjab,  and  answer  such  heaps 
of  questions.  The  pat  of  butter  from  Lord  D.,  which  I  told  you 
of,  has  been  as  satisfactory  to  the  Lawrences  as  it  has  been  to 
me. 

It  is  amusing,  going  the  rounds  of  the  guards,  as  sometimes  I 


186  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  do,  to  hear  the  different  titles  they  give  me,  the  {avoorite  one  is 
VII.      Killah-ki-Mahk  Bahadoor.      The  little  Maharajah  has  been  to 
1849.    pia^y  ^  my  garden ;  he  is  really  a  fine  boy,  and  I  know  you  would 
like  him  much. 

I  am  having  his  place  of  residence  put  in  thorough  order  before 
the  Governor-General  sees  it,  and  I  think  when  he  does  see  the 
home  the  boy  has  had,  he  could  never  have  it  in  his  heart  to  send 
him  to  a  shabby  one. 

I  am  told  it  is  not  unlikely  that  the  old  Begum  Sumroo's  palace 
near  Meerut  (Sirdanah)  may  be  fixed  upon. 

I  am  writing  this  at  four  a.m.  I  cannot  for  the  life  of  me  sleep 
more  than  five  hours,  but  these  I  do  well,  and  I  am  in  perfect 
health. 

I  have  just  had  another  addition  to  my  responsibilities,  in  the 
shape  of  sixteen  women,  the  Banee  Jinda's  attendants,  whom 
she  left  behind  when  she  escaped  from  Chunar ;  I  must  try  and 
distribute  them  among  the  other  Ehaneem.  They  are  mostly 
hill  women,  and  much  better  looking  than  the  others  here. 

Sir  C.  Napier  writes  me  to  show  him  the  litters  first,  before 

» 

anything  else,  so  I  must  get  them  ready 

In  the  little  garden  in  front  of  the  marble  hall,  on  a  handsome 
marble  platform,  I  have  erected  a  silver  summer-house,  16  feet 
square,  made  some  years  ago  for  Bunjeet  Singh  in  Cashmeie. 
It  is  really  beautiful  work,  and  it  will  look  perfectly  lovely  and 
unique,  the  more  so  from  the  excellent  site  and  background  I 
have  chosen  for  it.  Standing  in  the  marble  hall  the  effect  is 
enchanting,  with  its  background  of  orange  trees  in  full  bearing, 
the  dark-green  foliage,  and  the  sparkling  fountains. 

I  intend  to  have  a  party  of  children  down  on  Saturday  to 
have  a  little  play  with  the  Maharajah,  and  to  eat  fruit  in  it. 
By  showing  it  off  in  this  way,  I  have  some  hope  that  the 
Grovernor-General  will  make  it  over  to  the  young  Maharajah, 
or,  if  he  will  not  consent  to  this,  at  least  allow  him  to  make 
a  present  of  it  to  the  young  Prince  of  Wales,  along  with  some 


LAHORE.  187 

of  his  handsome  Sikh  armour  and  dresses,  there  bemg  some  of  a  Chapter 

splendid  description  made  for  himself,  and  only  suitable  for  a     VII. 

young  boy.    I   do  not  know  how  the  Governor-General  may    1849. 

take  the  suggestion,   so  I  shall  say  nothing  until  I  see  Elliot 
on  the  subject. 

.Octavius  Anson  is  still  with  me.  I  like  him  very  much.  A  fine, 
gentlemanly,  right-minded  man.  I  am  glad  of  the  opportimity 
of  knowing  him,  as  well  as  you  did  his  poor  young  wife.  He 
seems  to  like  me  also.  At  this  moment  he  is  writing  to  his 
cousin,  Lady  Bosebery,  to  ask  her  to  invite  you  out  to  Dalmeny, 
near  Edinburgh,  for  change  of  air  after  your  illness.  He  says 
he  is  sure  you  would  like  her,  that  she  is  a  very  pleasant 
creature. 

At  the  races  this  morning  the  little  Maharajah  was  quite 
excited.  Some  wag  had  entered  a  horse  under  the  name  of 
''Dr.  Login,"  which  caused  much  amusement!  I  could  not 
wait  till  the  race  was  ended,  as  I  had  an  appointment,  but 
the  boy  was  delighted  that  he  was  a  winner  of  some  small 
stakes. 

Herbert  Edwardes  announces  the  approach  of  the 
Governor-General. 

Eeswbnct,  Lahobe,  Nov.  27^^,  1849. 
Mt  deab  Login, 

WiU  you  render  Fagan  any  assistance  in  you  power  to 
water  the  roads  on  which  the  Governor-General  will  enter 
to-morrow  ?  You  might  spare  a  party  of  men  for  the  purpose. 
He  is  expected  at  eight  a.m.  John  Lawrence  and  the  Sirdars  go 
out  about  seven  a.m.  to  meet  him,  and  your  company  is  requested, 
but,  of  course,  not  your  ward's.    Please  join  us  on  the  Parade. 

Yours  sincerely, 

Herbert  Edwaboes. 


188  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       The  followinfi:  letter  from  Loe^n  to  his  wife  was 
vn         .  ... 

1849     ^^i*t®^  under  sadder*  auspices,  he  having  just  received 

the  news  of  the  death  of  his  brother  James  : — 


Lahore,  Nov.  26th,  1849. 

You  will  be  little  prepared  for  the  sad  intelligence  I  have  to 
send  you,  of  the  sudden  death  of  my  poor  dear  brother,  James  ; 
it  occurred  at  Dinapore,  on  the  13th,  from  cholera,  after 
twelve  hours'  illness.  He  had  come  down  from  Khatmandoo 
in  high  health,  to  pass  his  examination  at  Calcutta,  and  was 

suddenly  struck  down  on  his  way  back,  at  Dinapore For 

the  last  two  days  I  have  not  had  a  moment's  leisiire,  preparing  for 
the  coming  of  the  Governor-General,  who  arrived  this  morning. 
If,  under  the  circumstances,  I  could  derive  much  pleasure  from 
any  worldly  praise,  I  have  heui  sufficient  to  satisfy  me. 

I  was  introduced  by  John  Lawrence  to  Lord  Dalhousie  with 
much  warmth  of  commendation.  His  lordship  said  that,  "he 
had  heard  on  all  sides  how  much  satisfaction  I  had  given  in 
discharging  my  duties,  which  were  of  no  ordinary  delicacy,  and 
that  I  had  acquitted  myself  well,"  He  said  he  wished  to  have  a 
long  conversation  with  me,  and  appointed  twelve  to-day. 

I  have  just  returned  from  him  (two  p.m.).  He  told  me  that, 
after  much  consideration,  it  had  been  determined  to  remove  the 
little  Maharajah  to  Futtehghur,  and  that  he  wished  much  that  I 
should  continue  in  charge  of  him  there  on  my  present  edlowance^, 
and  do  all  that  I  could  to  make  him  comfortable  and  happy. 

He  said  ''  it  had  been  quite  a  relief  to  the  Government,  and  to 
him,  to  have  me  in  charge  of  the  Maharajah,  and  that  the  way  I 
had  done  my  duty  towards  the  Maharajah,  and  the  GovemnQeiii, 
was  in  every  way  satisfactory  to  both."  He  was  really  very  kind 
and  cordial  indeed  ;  told  me  that  he  did  not  wish  to  restrict  me 
to  Futtehghur,  but  that  I  might  take  him  to  Agra  or  Delhi,  or 
any  of  the  neighbouring  places,  whenever  I  liked,  and  eventuti  !\' 


LAHORE,  189 

to  England  in  course  of  a  year  or  two.   I  then  had  an  opportunity  Chapter 
of  giving  him  my  ideas  regarding  the  advantages  of  sending  some     VII. 
young  Sikh  nobles  to  England,  and  showing  them  something  of    1849, 
our  power  and  resources.     And  then  what  came  next  ?     Poor 
Dryburgh  was  to  have  been  appointed  this  day  to  the  charge  of 
the  Nepalese  Mission  to  England  1    I  told  Lord  Dalhousie  what 
had  occurred,  and  he  was  much  shocked,  and  sympathized  with 
me  most  cordially. 

P.S. — ^Lord  Dalhousie  also  approves  of   an   estate   for  the 
Maharajah  after  a  few  years. 


Citadel,  Lahore,  Dec.  7th,  1849. 

After  Lord  Dalhousie  had  inspected  all  my  work  in  the  Citadel, 
and  had  witnessed  how  happy  the  young  Maharajah  was  with 
me,  he  said  that  he  did  not  compliment  me,  but  congratulated  me, 
most  heartily,  on  the  success  with  which  I  had  performed  a  most 
delicate  and  difficult  duty,  and  that  I  had  effected  far  more  than 
could  have  been  expected  from  any  one.  He  then  thanked  me,  and 
shook  hands  with  me  warmly. 

That  very  night,  however,  as  if  to  show  me  the  emptiness  of 
human  praise,  and  perhaps  to  bring  down  any  little  pride  I  may 
have  felt  in  showing  all  my  work  to  the  Governor-Oeneral, 
at  midnight  my  Toshkhana  was  robbed,  and  property  to  the 
amount  of  20,000  rupees  carried  off  (this  out  of  some 
thirteen  or  fourteen  lakhs  was  not  very  much) ;  but  in 
what  way  was  greater  loss  prevented?  Why,  by  the 
providential  circumstance  of  the  place  catching  fire  acci- 
dentally, by  the  light  brought  in  by  the  thieves  I  Had  this 
not  occurred  and  caused  the  discovery,  I  should  have  been  ruined ! 
Lnmediately  on  the  fire  being  discovered  I  was  called,  broke 
open  the  door  and  got  the  fire  out,  which  had  done  little  damage, 
and  found  that  a  breach  had  been  made  in  the  wall,  by  which  the 
thieves  had  entered.    This,  with  sentries  all  around,  was  rather 


190  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  strange.  What  if  it  should  turn  out  that  it  was  with  their 
^11*  connivance,  and  that  the  European  sentry  then  on  duty  had  a 
1849.     hanfl  i^  jt  *f    Can  any  foresight  provide  against  that  ? 

The  native  sentry,  it  is  true,  is  posted  in  the  same  court,  but  he 
is  not  exactly  in  the  same  position,  and  the  European  can 
easily  manage  to  keep  him  at  a  distance,  when  he  wishes  to 
do  so. 

On  the  discovery  being  made,  I  promptly  sent  orders  to  all  the 
gates  not  to  let  a  soul  pass  out  without  a  written  pass  from  me ; 
put  all  the  sentries  on  the  alert ;  and  commenced  a  strict  search 
all  round  (it  had  occurred  before  one  in  the  morning)  in  case  the 
thieves  might  still  be  in  hiding ;  got  the  Eotwal  and  his  people 
from  the  city,  and  the  assistant-magistrates,  to  set  to  work,  offer- 
ing a  reward  of  1,000  rupees,  diminishing  by  one  hundred  daily 
until  the  property  was  discovered. 

I  also  shut  up  every  person  in  the  Citadel  in  their  respective 
quarters,  placing  sentries  to  prevent  communications,  until  our 
search  was  made.  Nothing  was  found  until  five  p.m.  on  Sunday, 
when  a  box  was  brought  in  which  had  contained  a  pistol,  and 
bore  my  Toshkhana  mark.  This  had  been  detected  under  some 
rubbish  near  the  European  Artillery  Barracks.  I  may  mention 
that  the  Barracks  had  been  searched,  but  not  satisfactorily ;  and 
the  officer  commanding  (Money,  you  remember  him  at  Lucknow) 
had  thrown  obstacles  in  the  way,  for  which  he  has  been  well 
**  wigged.'* 

This,  with  the  circumstance  that  some  lucifer  matehes  were 
found  near  the  breach  in  the  wall,  gave  me  a  clue  to  further 
discovery,  and  the  result  has  been,  that  I  have  recovered  already 
eight-tenths  of  the  articles  stolen  (chiefly  gold  vessels),  and  I  hope 
to  get  the  remainder  before  very  long.  They  have  all  been  dug  up 
in  the  Uttle  houses  adjoining,  and  in  the  loose  earth  at  the  road- 
side. 

I  felt  certain  that  the  property  must  still  be  within  the  walls, 
as  such  prompt  action  had  been  taken,  and  there  was  no  time  to 


LAHORE.  191 

carry  them  off;    I  kept  a  strict  watch  and  search  at  all  the  Chapter 
gates.  VII. 

It  unfortunately  happened,  however,  that  the  Governor-General  l^^- 
had  fixed  to  return  in  State*  the  Maharajah's  visit,  and  to  pass 
n  at  the  gate  in  procession,  and  through  the  Citadel;  therefore, 
I  had  to  take  measures  to  prevent  any  of  the  Citadel  people 
getting  out  when  Lord  Dalhousie's  party  left,  or  from  carrying 
off  any  property  under  the  jules  of  the  howdahs,  in  the  crowd. 
My  measures  were  crowned  with  success.  I  shut  up  every 
avenue  leading  to  the  main  street,  which  the  troops  were  to  line, 
an  hour  before  the  procession  came,  gave  orders  to  confine  all 
camp-followers  to  their  quarters,  and  prevented  the  people  in 
the  Citadel  from  joining  in  the  procession,  telling  them  to  see  as 
mnch  as  they  conld  from  the  house-tops.  Well,  all  went  off 
splendidly.  The  orderly  arrangement  and  the  appearance  of  my 
Durbar  was  greatly  admired;  and  on  accompanying  the 
Governor-General  to  his  tent,  he  expressed  again  his  acknow- 
ledgments, and  assured  me  that,  seeing  all  my  arrangements 
were  so  perfect,  no  blame  could  possibly  attach  to  me, 

*  Copij  of  Official  NotificcUion  of  Oovtrncr-OtneraV i  Visit. 

On  Monday,  at  four  o'clock,  the  Governor-General  will  proceed  in  State,  and  under 
a  salute  of  twenty-one  guns  from  the  artillery  in  the  camp,  to  return  the  visit  of 
the  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh.  The  members  of  the  Board,  all  the  secretaries  and 
the  personal  staff  will  be  in  attendance. 

Some  one  on  the  part  of  the  Maharajah  will  come  to  the  Governor-General's 
camp,  for  iHigbal — probably  Maharajah  Shere  Singh's  son- 

The  Maharajah  with  his  Governor  will  come  out  of  the  fort  on  an  elephant  to 
receive  and  conduct  the  Governor-General. 

The  Governor-General  and  his  party  will  sit  on  the  right,  and  that  of  the 
Maharajah  on  the  left. 

The  Governor-General  will  present.a  serwana  of  5,000  rupees,  as  usual  After  a 
few  minutes'  conversation,  fifty -one  trays  of  articles,  with  seven  horses  and  one 
elephant  with  gold  howdah,  should  be  presented  by  the  Maharajah,  and  also 
the  usual  trays  to  all  the  secretaries  and  aide-de-camps  in  attendance. 

Uitur  will  then  be  served,  and  the  Governor-General  will. take  leave. 

The  Maharajah  will  conduct  His  Lordship  as  far  as  the  place  where  His  Lord- 
!ihip  wUl  mount  his  elephant. 

A  salate  of  twenty-one  guns  to  be  fired  in  the  fort  on  the  arrival  and  depar- 
ture of  the  Govomor-GeneraL 


192  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapt  I  had  not  then  recovered  any  of  the  missmg  articles,  bat  felt 

V1I»  assured  in  my  own  mmd  that  I  should  have  them  before  long. 
1849.  gg  Q^,^  ^yg^  highly  of  all  the  steps  I  had  taken,  and  of  the 
reward  offei  jd.  I  dined  with  Lord  Dalhousie  that  evening,  and 
attended  Lady  Dalhousie's  reception  afterwards.  At  the  con- 
clusion, Lord  Dalhousie  took  me  into  his  private  tent  for  an  hour 
to  talk  over  matters.  He  told  me  that  if  he  mentioned  the 
affair  of  the  robbery  to  the  Court  of  Directors,  it  would  only  be 
with  the  intention  of  showing  them  the  debt  of  gratitude  owing 
to  me  for  my  wonderful  arrangements,  which  had  prevented  any 
greater  loss  than  this,  which  was  a  mere  trifle  to  what  it  might 
have  been.  I  asked  him  to  bestow  some  mark  of  his  approval 
on  my  great  helper  and  assistant,  Misr  Makraj,  the  old  State 
Treasurer,  as  being  in  my  behef  an  honest  man.  He  has  made 
him  a  noble  of  the  land,  and  I  feel  more  pleased  than  if  I  had  got 
honours  myself  I 

8ir  Charles  Napier  has  been  very  kind  indeed,  and  claimed 
me  as  an  old  acquaintance.  His  daughter,  Mrs.  McMurdo,  has 
been  sketching  up  at  my  quarters  several  times  with  Mrs.  Colin 
McKenzie.  She  managed  to  take  a  sketch  of  the  young  boy 
surreptitiously. 

I  have  been  with  Lord  Dalhousie  again  all  this  morning, 
taking  his  instructions  regarding  the  boy,  to  whom  he  has  taken 
a  great  fancy,  and  I  am  now  expecting  him  here  at  the  Toshkhana. 
as  he  is  coming  up  quietly  for  a  private  view,  and  again  to-morrow 
morning. 

Since  writing  the  former  part  of  this  letter,  I  have  had  the 
good  fortune  to  recover  more  of  the  stolen  property — indeed  I 
may  say  all — and  besides  I  have  secured  the  very  men  concemeit 
in  the  robbery,  one  of  them  having  come  to  me  and  voluntarily 
confessed  it.  They  are  European  artillerymen,  I  am  sorry  and 
ashamed  to  say.  Four  of  them  are  in  custody,  and  a  woman 
connected  with  the  affair  is  by  this  time  arrested  in  Ferozepore. 
There  will  be  no  difficulty  in  bringing  it  home  to  them,  the 
evidence  we  have  is  so  complete. 


I  LAHOBE.  193 

When   the  Governor-General  met  me,  after  he  heard  of  my  ('hapter 
success,  he  clapped  me  on  the  back  and  congratulated  me  most      ^^1« 
heartily  1    (Certainly  there  is  a  great  deal  of  cordiality  about    l®^^. 
him.) 

When  I  was  with  Dnleep  Singh  at  the  Garden  File  given  to  the 
soldiers  by  Lawrence,  the  boy's  fancy  was  much  taken  by  some 
Highlanders  in  full  dress.  Lord  Dalhousie  said,  **  Login,  tell  him 
they  are  my  countrymen." 

I  was  much  amused  at  his  admiration  of  the  way  I  had  turned 
out  the  Maharajah's  equipage ;  he  declares  he  has  ''  seen  nothing 
so  smart  out  of  England."  After  all,  it  is  only  the  old  carriage 
with  the  box  taken  off,  and  made  to  sit  gracefully  on  its  springs ; 
he  said,  **  Why  don't  you  take  Lawrence's  turn-out  in  hand  I  " 

I  have  taken  the  Governor-General  to  visit  Moolraj,  also  Ghuttur 
Singh  and  Shere  Singh,  afterwards  he  came  in  to  call  on  Duleep, 
in  a  friendly  way. 

I  get  little  time  to  myself,  as  he  comes  again  at  four  p.m.,  and  I 

have  to  dine  with  him  again  ;  however,  he  has  told  me  to  bring 

this  letter  with  me  to  go  in  his  bag,  otherwise  it  will  be  too  late. 

He  is  writing  by  this  mail  to  the  Queen,  an  account  of  his  visit  to 

the  Maharajah,  and  how  pleased  he  is  with  everything.      Mrs. 

John  Lawrence  is  sending  home  her  children  under  Herbert 

Edwardes's  charge ;  mind  you  go  to  see  them,  that  I  may  give  her 

your  report.     Tell  me  if  you  think  Edwardes  like  your  brother 

John. 

» 

So  much  romance  being  attached  to  the  famous 
Koh-i-noor,  of  which  Login  had  charge  at  this  time, 
some  account  of  it  here  may  be  of  interest.  The 
following  extract  is  from  the  ''Life  of  Lord  Lawrence'' : — 

Shortly  before  the  decree  of   annexation  went  forth,  Lord 
Dalhousie  had  written    to   Henry  Lawrence    to    make    every 

O 


194  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  6IN0H. 

Chapter  dispoBition  for  the  safe  custody  of  the  State  jewels,  which  were 
Vn.     about  to  fall  mto  the  lap  of  the  English.    In  a  letter  dated  April 
1849.     27th,  on  the  subject  of  the  Maharanee,  who  had  just  escaped  from 
our  hands,  he  remarks,  "  This  incident  three  months  ago  would 
have  been  inconvenient,  now  it  does  not  so  much  signify,  at  the 
same  time  it  is  discreditable,  and  I  have  been  annoyed  by  the 
occurrence^    As  guardians  seem  so  little  to  be  trusted,  I  hope  you 
have  taken  proper  precautions  in  providing  full  security  for  the 
jewels  and  Crown  property  at  Lahore,  whose  removal  would  be 
a  more  serious  affair  than  that  of  the  Maharanee."    It  had,  in 
fact,  been  found  more  than  once  on  the  enrolment  of  some  new 
province  in  our  Empire,  which,  whether  by  cession,  by  lapse,  or 
forcible  annexation  was  growing,  or  about  to  grow,  so  rapidly,  that 
the  State  jewels  or  money  had  had  a  knack  of  disappearing;  it  is 
amusing  to  read  the  expressions  of  virtuous  indignation  which 
bubble  over  from  our  officers  at  the  extravagance  or  rapacity  or 
carelessness  of  the  former  owners,  when,  on  entering  a  palace  which 
they  deemed  would  be  stocked  with  valuables  ready  for  English 
use,  they  found  that  the  treasury  was  empty  and  the  jewels  were 
gone.      Great  care  was  therefore  needful,  especially  as  among  the 
Punjab  jewels  was  the  matchless  Koh-i-noor,  the  "  mountain  of 
light,"  which  it  was  intended  should  be  expressly  surrendered  by 
the  young  Maharajah  to  the  English  Queen. 

The  origin  of  this  peerless  jewel  is  lost  in  the  mists  of  antiquity. 
It  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  early  Turkish  invaders  oi 
India,  and  from  them  it  had  passed  to  the  Moguls.  '*  My  son 
Humayoun,"  says  the  illustrious  Baber,  one  of  the  most  lovable 
of  all  Eastern  monarchs,  *'  has  won  a  jewel  from  the  Baja,  -which 
is  valued  at  half  the  daily  expenses  of  the  whole  world." 

A  century  or  two  later  the  Persian  conqueror.  Nadir  Sbah, 
seeing  it  glitter  in  the  turban  of  Saber's  conquered  descendant, 
exclaimed  with  rough  and  somewhat  costly  humour,  ••'We  \\:J 
be  friends,  let  us  change  turbans  in  pledge  of  friendship/*  ar^ 
the  exchange  of  course  took  place. 


LAHORE.  195 

The  Afghan  conqueror,  Ahmed  Shah,  wrested  it  in  his  turn  Chaivter 
from  the  feeble  hand  of  Nadir  Shah's  successor,  and  so  it  came      VII. 
into  the  possession  of  Shah  Sooja,  who  was  by  turn  the  pen-     1849. 
sioner  and  the  puppet  of  the  English,  and  the  miserable  pretext 
of  the  first  disastrous  Afghan  war.    Half  prisoner  and  half  guest 
of  Bunjeet  Singh,  he  had,  of  course,  been  relieved  by  the  one-eyed, 
money-loving  Sikh  of  the  responsibility  of  keeping  such  a  valuable 
treasure.     Bunjeet,  listening   on   his  death-bed  to  the  sugges- 
tions of  a  wily  Brahmin,  had  been  half  disposed,  like  many  other 
death-bed  penitents,  to  make  his  peace  with  the  other  world 
by  sending  the  beautiful  jewel  to  adorn  the  idol  of  Juggernaut ; 
but  fate  reserved  it  for  the  ultimate  possession  of  the  English 
Crown. 

To    this   we    may    add    the    following  statement, 
obtained  by  Lo^n  at  the  request  of  Lord  Dalhousie  : — 

Statement  of  Misb  Makbaj, 

Treasurer  to  HM.  the  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh 

(for  upwards  of  thirty-two  years  employed  in  the  Toshkhana  at 
Lahore),  with  regard  to  the  Koh-i-noor,  from  the    time  that  it 

came  into  BunjeeVs  possession. 

Shah  Sooja-Ool-Moo]k,  at  the  time  the  Koh-i-noor  was  taken 
from  him  by  Bunjeet  Singh,  was  in  confinement  with  his  family 
in  the  house  of  tke  Dewan  Lukput  Bai,  near  the  Shah  Alum 
G*ie,  or  Putree  Durwaza.  The  Maharajah  sent  to  him  Dewan 
Motee  Bam,  Fakeer  Azizoodeen,  and  others,  to  demand  the 
j^wel  from  him,  and  he  sent  by  their  hands  a  large  pookraj 
(topaz)  of  a  yellow  colour,  which  the  Shah  stated  to  be  the 
Koh-i-noor.  On  this  being  shown  to  the  Maharajah,  who  was 
then  in  the  Snmmun,  he  sent  for  jewellers  to  ascertain  whether 
this  were  the  Koh-i-noor  or  not ;  and  on  being  told  by  them  it 

O  2 


196  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  was  not  the  Koh-i-noor,  he  kept  the  topaz,  but  Bent  immediate 
V1J»  orders  to  place  the  Shah  under  restraint  (tungai),  and  to  prevent 
lo49.  j^jj^  £j.Qjjj  eating  or  drinking  until  the  Koh-i-noor  demanded  was 
given  up,  as  he  had  attempted  to  impose  upon  the  Maharajah 
by  sending  a  topaz  instead.  After  this  restraint  had  been  con- 
tinued about  eight  hours,  the  Shah  gave  up  the  Koh-i-noor  to 
the  Vakeels  above  named,  who  immediately  brought  it  to  the 
Maharajah  in  the  Summun,  where  it  was  shown  to  the  jewellers 
who  had  remained  with  the  Maharajah  at  the  palace  until  the 
return  of  the  Vakeels.  The  Maharajah  had  dressed  for  the 
evening  Durbar,  and  was  seated  in  his  chair,  when  the  jewel  was 
brought  to  him.  It  was  brought  in  a  box  lined  with  crimson 
velvet,  into  which  it  had  been  fitted,  and  was  presented  to 
the  Maharajah,  who  expressed  great  satisfaction. 

It  was  at  that  time  set  alone  (singly)  in  an  enamelled  setting, 
with  strings  to  be  worn  as  an  armlet.  He  placed  it  on  his 
arm,  and  admired  it,  then,  after  a  time,  replaced  in  its  box, 
which,  with  the  topaz,  he  made  over  to  Belee  Bam,  to  be 
placed  in  the  Toshkhana,  under  the  charge  of  Misr  Bostee 
Eam  Toshkhanea.  The  Toshkhana  being  then  in  the  Motee 
Bazaar,  at  the  house  of  Bamsaker  Gurwai  (now  Lai  Singh's 
Toshkhana),  who  placed  it  in  a  chest  there.  After  a  little 
while  it  was  taken  by  the  Maharajah  to  Amritsur  under  chargie 
of  Belee  Bam,  along  with  other  articles  of  the  Toshkhana, 
and  carried  along  with  the  Maharajah,  wherever  he  went,  under 
a  strong  guard. 

It  was  always  carried  in  a  large  camel  trunk,  placed  on  the 
leading  camel  (but  this  was  knovni  only  to  the  people  of  the 
Toshkhana).  The  whole  string  of  camels,  which  generally 
consisted  of  about  one  hundred,  being  well  guarded  by  troops. 
In  camp,  this  box  was  placed  between  two  others  alike,  cloee 
to  the  pole  of  the  tent,  Misr  Belee  Bam's  bed  very  close  to  it. 
none  but  his  relatives  and  confidential  servants  having  acee^ 
to  the  place. 


LAHOR£.  197 

For  four  or  five  years  it  was  worn  as  an  armlet,  then  fitted  Chapter 
up  as  a  sirpish  for  the  turban,   with  a  diamond  drop  of    a      ^IL 
tolah  weight  (now  in  the  Toshkhana)  attached  to  it.     It  was     1^9. 
worn  in  this  manner  for  about  a  year,  on  three  or  four  occasions, 
when  it  was  again  made  up  as  an  armlet,  with  a  diamond  on  each 
side,  08  at  present.    It  has  now  been  used  as  an  armlet  for 
upwards  of  twenty  years. 

Shah  Sooja  remained  at  Lahore  after  this  for  ten  months 
or  a  year,  and  then  made  his  escape  with  his  family,  taking 
the  guard  with  him.  The  £oh-i-noor  remained  under  the  charge 
of  Belee  Bam,  as  above  stated. 

Shortly  before  the  death   of    Bunjeet  Singh,   Eajah  Dhyan 
Singh,    Wuzeer,    sent    for    Belee   Bam,    and    stated    that  the 
Maharajah  had  expressed,  by  signs,  that  he  wished  the  Koh-i- 
noor  to  be  given  away  in  charity  (the  Maharajah  being  then 
speechless).      Misr    Belee     Bam    objected,    saying,    that    ''  it 
was  only  fit  to  be  possessed  by  a  king  I  and  to  whom  could  it 
be  given    in    charity?"    Bajah    Dhyan    Singh    said    "to    the 
Brahmins   at  Juggernaut."     But  Belee  Bam  objected  to  this, 
stating  that  it  ought  to  remain  with  the  Maharajah's  descen- 
dants, and  that  already  twenty-one  lakhs  of  rupees,  and  jewels, 
and  gold,  &c.,  had  been  given  away  to  the  Brahmins.    He  thus  ex- 
posed himself  to  the  greatest  emnity  on  the  part  of  Bajah  Dhyan 
Singh,  and  after  the  accession  of  Maharajah  Khurruck  Singh,  and 
the  assassination  of  Cheyt  Singh,  Bajah  Dhyan  Singh  obtained 
ancontroUed  power,  and    threw  Misr  Belee   Bam  into  prison, 
where  he  was  kept  for  four  months,  the  keys  of  the  Toshkhana 
having  been  handed  over  to  Tej  Chund. 

However,  on  the  accession  of  Maharajah  Shere  Singh,  Misr 
Belee  Bam  was  once  again  called  into  office^  and  continued 
during  his  reign. 

On  the  day  after  Shere  Singh's  death,  Belee  Bam  was  seized 
by  Heera  Singh's  people  and  sent  to  the  house  of  Nawab  Sheik 
Imamoodeen,  by  whom  he  was  disposed  of  in  the    Tykhana 


198  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Ohftpter  (underground  room)  of  his  house,  along  with  his  brother,  Bam 
Vll«     Kissen,  and  Bhaee  Goormukee  Singh. 

1849*  At  the  time  of  Belee  Ram's  seizure  the  keys  of  the  Tosh- 
khana  and  of  the  jewels  were  with  his  nephew,  Gunesh  Doss, 
who  was  with  his  uncle,  and  from  him  the  keys  were  taken  by 
Bajah  Lai  Singh,  who,  at  the  same  time,  put  him  inconfinement, 
along  with  six  others  of  Belee  Bam's  family,  including  Misr 
Makraj,*  but  still  making  them  perform  their  duties  in  the  Tosh- 
khana,  though  the  keys  were  given  to  Bowanee  Doss  and  Eurmm 
Singh. 

On  the  death  of  Heera  Singh  they  were  released,  and  after  the 
removal  of  Lai  Singh  ^from  power,  the  charge  of  the  Toshkhana 
and  Eoh-i*noor  again  came  into  the  hands  of  Misr  Makraj» 
with  whom  it  has  continued  without  intermission  until  made  oyer 
to  the  undersigned  on  6th  May,  1849|  when  taken  possession  of 
by  the  British  Government. 

(Signed)    J.  8.  Login. 


The  Koh-i-noor  was  brought  from  the  old  Tosh- 
khana by  Dr.  Login,  and  placed  with  the  other 
valuables  in  the  Citadel,  under  guard. 

The  old  treasurer,  Misr  Makraj,  gave  him  every 
assistance,  and  said  **  the  relief  to  his  mind  was  great 
at  being  free  of  responsibility."  He  said  that  the 
Koh-i-noor  had  been  the  cause  of  so  many  deaths, 
having  been  fatal  to  so  many  of  his  own  family,  that 
he  never  expected  to  be  spared  ! 


♦  Belee  Barn's  jroungiT  brother. 


LAHOBB.  199 

Login    foUowed    the    advice    given  him  by   Misr  Chapter 
Makraj — ^when  showing  the  jewel  to  visitors,  to  keep  it    .Q.g 
in  his  oum  hand,  with  the  ribbon  cords  that  tied  it  as 
an  armlet    twisted  round   his  fingers.      It  was   still 
set,  as  before  described,  as  an  armlet,  with  a  diamond 
on  each  side  of  the  Koh-i-noor  as  a  contrast  of  size. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


FUTTEHGHUR. 


Chapter  That  the  removal  of  the  young  ex-King  from  the 
lAftn  P^^j^'^  ^^s  contemplated  with  no  little  anxiety  by 
the  Government  at  Calcutta  ;  that  most  elaborate  pre- 
cautions were  taken  to  prevent  his  abduction  on  the 
road ;  and  that  the  protection  of  a  very  strong  escort 
of  troops  was  deemed  necessary  to  guard  against  sur- 
prise, will  appear  from  the  following  official  de- 
spatches : — 

From  Sib  Henry  Elliot,  K.C.B.,  Skcretaby,  to  the 
Government  of  India,  with  the  Governor-General;  to  the 
Board  of  Administration  for  the  affairs  of  the  Punjab. 

{Dated)  Camp  Bullokhee,  Dec.  11th,  1849. 
Sirs, 

The  Govemor-General  has  from  the  first  considered  it  essen- 
tial that  Maharajah  Dnleep  Singh  should  not  continue  to  reside 
in  the  Punjab  after  its  annexation  to  the  British  Empire. 

2.  The  lateness  of  the  season  in  April  last,  and  His  Lordship's 
unwillingness  to  expose  him  to  the  fatigue  of  a  long  journey  in 
the  hot  weather,  induced  the  Governor-General  to  defer  his  re- 
moval until  the  end  of  the  year. 


FUTTEHGHUB.  201 

3.  The  Governor-General  having  had  an  opportunity  of  show-  Chapter 
ing  all  due  respect  and  courtesy  to  His  Highness  at  Lahore,  con-    VIII. 
ceives  that  his  departure  should  no  longer  be  delayed.  1850. 

4.  Preparations  for  this  purpose  have  already  been  made.  A 
residence  has  been  provided  for  the  Maharajah  at  Euttehghur, 
befitting  his  rank  and  station. 

5.  The  troops  which  were  to  escort  the  Maharajah  have  been 
provided.  A  squadron  of  the  Body  Guard  will  arrive  at  Lahore 
in  a  few  days,  and  two  companies  of  Her  Majesty's  18th  Eegi- 
ment  are  waiting  there  also. 

6.  The  Governor-General  lately  requested  His  Excellency  the 
Commander-m-Chief  to  give  orders  for  the  escort  of  a  regiment 
of  native  infantry  being  added  to  the  troops  ahready  mentioned. 
AppUcation  should  be  made  to  the  Major-General  commanding  in 
the  Punjab  for  the  further  arrangements  of  this  escort.  His 
Excellency's  intentions  having  no  doubt  been  communicated  to 
1dm. 

7.  The  Governor-General,  I  am  further  directed  to  state,  is 
entirely  satisfied  with  the  past  services  of  Dr.  Login,  in  the  position 
he  has  occupied  towards  the  Maharajah.  His  Lordship  thinks 
that  nothing  better  could  be  desired  by  the  Government,  and 
nothing  could  be  more  advantageous  to  the  future  comfort  and 
Ixappiness  of  the  boy,  than  that  Dr.  Login  should  continue  for 
the  present  to  have  charge  of  him  and  of  all  his  affairs. 

H.  The  Governor-General  begs  that  the  full  approbation  of  the 
C government  for  his  past  services  may  be  conveyed  to  Dr.  Login, 
and  His  Lordship's  confidence  that  in  the  future  discharge  of  his 
•iuties  he  will  continue  to  merit  the  praise  of  the  Govemmenti 
AT.d  ^vill  confer  lasting  and  real  benefit  on  the  young  Maharajah. 

9.  Or.  Login  will  continue  to  draw  a  consohdated  salary  of 
1 .200  rupees  a  month.  It  is  not  just  that  the  whole  of  this  salary 
should  be  defrayed  by  the  Government,  and  His  Lordship  considers 
m   fair  division  should  be  made,  and  that  one-half  should  be 


1860. 


202  SIR  JOHX   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINOU. 

Chapter  paid  by  the  British  Government,  the  other  half  defrayed  from  the 
VIII.     annual  income  of  His  Highness. 

10.  Dr.  Login  will  have  entire  authority  over  His  Highness's 
household  during  his  boyhood.  He  will  be  placed  under  the  direct 
control  of  the  Governor-General,  after  leaving  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Board  of  Administration  in  the  Punjab.  Monthly  diaries  or 
reports  should  be  made  by  him  to  the  Secretary  to  the  Government 
of  India  in  this  department,  and  copies  of  his  accounts  should  be 
rendered  quarterly  in  the  same  department. 

11.  Doctor  Login  will,  as  soon  as  practicable  after  his  arrival, 
report  on  the  precautions  to  be  taken  for  His  Highness's  security' 
in  the  event — which  His  Lordship  thinks  an  improbable  one — of 
any  design  being  entertained  for  carrying  him  off ;  and  be  will 
suggest  such  measures  as  he  may  consider  necessary.  Care  most 
be  taken  to  guard  against  any  intrigues  on  the  part  of  his  mother, 
the  Maharanee,  who  is  now  residing  under  guard  at  Ehatmandoo, 
and  who  has  refused  to  return  to  the  British  territories,  but  whose 
avowed  intention  is  to  regain  possession  of  her  son,  the 
Maharajah. 

12.  The  Governor-General  conceives  it  to  be  desiraUe  to 
remove  at  the  same  time  from  the  Punjab  the  child  who  is,  it  is 
believed,  the  only  legitimate  son  of  the  Maharajah  Shere  Singh. 
He  can,  for  the  present,  occupy  the  same  residence  m  the 
Maharajah,  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  thought  right. 
He  should  b^  treated  as  a  companion  of  the  Maharajah,  but  as  in 
all  respects  his  inferior. 

13.  In  both  cases  a  very  careful  selection  should  be  made  of 
the  attendants  who  are  to  accompany  them.  In  the  case  of  the 
child,  especially,  there  can  be  no  reason  for  taking  almoet  an% 
servant  from  Lahore,*  and  both  should  be  prevented  from  having 


^  In  an  official  letter  to  Secretary  to  Government,  dated  February  6th,  155»\ 
Login  says,  that  owing  to  the  Shahzadah's  tender  ago  (sir  and  a  half  ymr%),  at.  t 


In  forwarding  a  copy  of  the  above  to  Dr.  Login, 
Major  H.  P.  Bum,  Deputy  Secretary  to  the  Punjab 
Board  of  Administration,  after  some  remarks  on  the 
earlier  portion  of  it,  adds  by  direction  of  the  Board 

that— 


No  man  of  doubtful  character  should  be  permitted  to  accom- 
pany  the  camp.  You  should  keep,  he  says,  two  or  three  trusty 
persons  at  all  times  with  the  Maharajsdi  in  addition  to  the  armed 
guard.  Care  should  be  taken  against  his  being  inveigled  away  at 
night,  quite  as  much  as  against  armed  violence.  The  Board  have 
much  pleasure  in  being  the  medium  of  conveying  to  you  the 
present  handsome  tribute  of  the  approbation  of  the  Government, 
ia  which  they  cordially  join. 


he  suddenness  of  the  order  for  hia  removal,  he  had  thought  it  advisahle,  to  pre- 
TDt  any  appearance  of  undue  harshness,  to  permit  the  mother  to  accompany  the 
hild,  in  the  hope  that  afterwards,  "when  the  hoy  could  dispense  with  female 
tt«ndance  •  .  •  •  she  might  more  easily  be  induced  to  leave  him  "  in  Dr.  Login's 
are,  and  retom  to  her  own  family  at  Kangra.  In  thus  departing  from  his 
rjstnictioDS  li0  acted  with  the  approval  of  Sir  H«  Lawrence. 


ISBOi 


FUTTBHOHUR.  203 

any  one  about  them,  except  such  persons  as  Dr.  Login  may  Chapter 
consider  from  hia  experience  to  be  worthy  of  trust.  ^i^* 

14.  The  Governor-General  finally  requests  that  a  report  may 
be  forwarded  of  the  arrangements  made  by  the  Board  in 
pursuance  of  the  foregoing  instructionSi  and  of  the  servants, 

property,  &g to  be  taken,  after  the   departure  of   the 

UahaajalL 

I  have,  &c,f 
H.  M.  Ellioi^,  Sec.  to  the  Government  of  India, 


204  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINOH. 

Chapter  Frcm,  Mmob  H.  P.  Bubn,  Dejputy  Secretary  to  the  Boabd  of  Ad- 
VIII.  MiNisTBATiON,   to  J.   S.  LoGiN,  Ebq.,  M.D.,  Agent  to  the 

1860.  Govebnob-General,  in  charge  of  the  Ex-Mahabajah  ;  b^ 

direction  of  Sir  H.  M.  Lawrence ,  K,C,B,,  President, 


Lahobe,  Dec.  21st,  1849 —  7  a.m. 
Sib, 

1.  I  am  directed  by  the  Board  to  call  upon  you  for  a  reply 

to  my  letter  of  the  14th  Inst detailing  the  arrangements 

you  propose  to  make  for  the  safety  of  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh 
during  the  march  to  Euttehghur,  and  forwarding  a  list  of  servants 
and  estabUshment  accompanying  the  camp. 

2.  The  Board  cannot  too  strongly  impress  on  you  the  necessity 
of  the  utmost  watchfulness.  The  strong  escort  will  prevent  all 
chance  of  open  rescue;  your  chief  care  should,  therefore,  be 
against  secret  abstraction,  especially  at  night. 

3.  Major-General  Sir  Walter  Gilbert  has  been  requested  to 
inform  the  officer  commanding  the  escort  that  you,  as  Agent  of 
the  Governor- General,  are  responsible  for  the  Maharajah,  and 
that  therefore  your  instructions  are  to  be  attended  to.     This,  of 

course,  merely  refers  to  guards,  hours  of  marching,  &c and 

will  not  in  any  way  interfere  with  the  authority  of  the  command- 
ing officer,  in  the  event  of  the  troops  being  called  on  to  act.  Cor- 
diality and  free  intercourse  with  the  military  will,  of  course,  be 
observed. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be.  Sir, 

Your  most  obedient  servant, 

H.  P.  BuBNy  Major. 


P.S. — 4.  Since  this  letter  was  written,  the  President  has  wit- 
nessed your  departure  at  nine  a.m.,  although  the  hour  of  seven 
was  fixed.  He  was  surprised  to  perceive  that  you  were  only 
accompanied  by  twenty  of  the  Body  Guard,  without  an  officer. 


FUTTEHGHUR.  205 

5.  The  Board  wish  to  impress  on  your  mind  that  your  chief  Chapter 
^ger  is  an  attempt  at  rescue  on  the  road,  on  which  account  you    ^^^* 
ahonld  be  accompanied  on  the  march  by  at  least  one  hundred  horse-     ^^^^* 
men,  and  a  portion  of  the  infantry  should  be  ready  to  receive  you 
on  the  new  ground,  and  one  company  or  so  should  leave  the  old 
encampment,  so  as  to  be  fallen  in  with  by  the  Maharajcji's  party 
about  midway  of  the  march.     It  is  not  the  attack  of  an  army 
that  you  have  to  guard  against,  but  of  a  hundred  or  more  despe- 
radoes ready  to  sell  their  lives. 

6.  Lights  should  be  kept  in  the  Maharajah's  tent,  and  a  double 
sentry  at  each  door.  The  Europeans  should  be  saved  as  much  as 
possible  during  the  day,  and  employed  at  night. 

H.  P.  BuBN,  Major. 


From  Majob  H.  P.  Bxtbm,  &c.,  &c.,  to  Db.  Login,  &c.,  &c., 

Ferozepore. 

Lahobb,  Dec.  23ri,  1849. 
Sib, 

I  have  the  honour  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter 
of  the  22nd  inst.,  No.  2,  and  to  inform  you  that  the  Board 
consider  your  arrangements  judicious  and  proper.  The  plan  of 
European  orderlies  is  very  good.  Your  explanation  regarding  the 
absence  of  the  European  officer  when  leaving  Lahore,  is  satis- 
factory as  far  as  he  is  concerned,  but  the  Board  would  observe 
that  the  whole  of  the  Body  Guard,  excepting  those  required  with 
their  baggage,  should  march  with  the  Maharajah. 

2.  The  Board  desire  me  to  repeat  the  expression  of  their  sense 
of  the  value  of  your  services  while  employed  under  them,  and 
trust  implicitly  to  your  continued  attention  and  good  manage- 
ment, for  the  safety  and  comfort  of  the  Maharajah  on  his  march 
to  Fattehghur. 


206  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter       S.  Copy  of  a  circular  to  the    Commissioners  of   Ferozepore, 
Yin.     Loodiana,  and  Umballa  is  heremth  enclosed  for  your  information ; 
1850.    Qj^g^  2Aqo  of  one  to  the  magistrates  of   Saharonpore,  Mozoffer- 
nuggur,  Bolundshuhur,  and  Furruckabad. 

4.  You  are  requested  to  briefly  post  progress  daily  until  you 
cross  the  Jumna,  and  then  weekly  until  arrival  at  Futtebghur. 

I  have  the  honour,  &c,, 

H.  P.  BxjBN,  Major. 


The  circular  referred  to  requires  the  above-named 
Commissioners  to  "  attend  the  camp  of  Maharajah 
Duleep  Singh  through  their  juiisdiction,  instruct 
their  police  to  be  alert,  and  themselves  take  such 
measures  as  will  ensure  the  comfort  and  safety  of  the 
Maharajah  and  party.  Every  respect  was  to  be  paid 
the  Maharajah  by  all  holding  intercourse  with  him,  but 
visits  and  public  ceremonies  are  not  to  be  permitted. 
Salutes  of  courtesy  are  (also)  not  required."  The 
magistrates  are  informed  of  the  approach  of  the  camp 
of  the  ex-King,  and  desired  to  "attend  to  all  the 
requisitions  of  Dr.  Login,  and  in  every  way  exert  them- 
selves for  the  comfort  and  safety  of  the  Maharajah." 

Login  s  own  letters  to  his  wife  at  home,  wUl  best 
describe  the  last  days  at  Lahore,  the  incidents  of  the 
march,  and  the  daily  life  and  surroundings  of  the  young 
Prince  and  his  nephew,  in  their  new  home  at 
Futtehghur. 


FUTTEHGHUR*  207 

Jan.  2nd,  1850.       Chapter 

VIII. 

•  ...  It  was  a  great  relief  to  me  to  get  away  from  Lahore,     iu^a 

After  Macgregor  (who  took  over  charge  from  me)  had  given  me  a 

receipt  for  the  bodies  of  Moolraj,  Chuttur  Singh,  Shere  Singh,  and 

Co.,  it  occurred  to  me  that  it  wonld  be  a  bit  of  a  curiosity  in  after 

<^ys,  if  I  could  get  them  all  to  sign  their  names  together  on  a 

single  document  as  a  souvenir.     So  I  drew  up  a  Bazeenama  in 

Persian,  which  they  all  signed  in  duplicate  with  great  readiness. 

This  gives  me  a  spare  copy  to  give  away,  as  well  as  one  to  keep. 

I  shall   deposit  it  along  with  the  receipt  for  the  Koh-i-noor, 

which  was  written  by  Lord  Dalhousie  himself,  in  the  presence  of 

Sir  H,  Elliot,  Sir  H.  Lawrence,  Mansel,  and  John  Lawrence, 

and  countersigned  by  them  all.    They  also  affixed  their  seals,  as 

well  as  my  own,  to  the  State  jewels,  when  I  delivered  them  over. 

This  document  will  be  worth  keeping  I  think,   and  something 

for  my  children  to  look  at  when  I  am  gone. 

On  my  birthday  the  Maharajah  sent  me  as  his  present,  a  large 

chesnut  Arab,  a  fine  powerful  animal ;  it  was  much  admired  by 

everybody.     Of  course  I  could  not  refuse  his  gift,  and  shall  ride 

him  occasionally  on  the  march,  paying  for  his  keep  myself  from 

that  day ;  but  he  is,  and  shall  remain,  the  property  of  the  Uttle 

man  to  all  intents  and  purposes.    I  have  written  Major  Scott, 

to  ask  him  to  let  me  have  his  boy  Tommy  as  companion  for  the 

Maharajah,  and  to  be  educated  with  him  when  I  can  get  a  good 

tutor  sent  out  from  England.     I  have  asked  Henry  Lawrence  to 

consult  Dr.  Duff  when  he  arrives  at  Lahore  as  to  the  best  way  to 

set  about  getting  one ;  he  is  sure  to  be  able  to  help  us,  as  he 

;,'oes  to  England  shortly;  in  the  meantime  I  must  find  someone  to 

carry  on  the  boy  a  bit,  to  fit  him  for  a  good  tutor.     I  must  not 

forget  to  tell  you  that,  before  leaving,  I  made  over  the  "  Blessieres  " 

to  Sir  C.  Napier,  after  having  had  him  trotted  up  and  down  in  one  ! 

They  are  to  be  tried  in  headquarter's  camp,  and  must  sink  or  swim 

now.     Sir  Charles  is  in  great  admiration  of  them  himself,  and  he 

is  no  bad  judge.    I  assisted  him  at  an  interesting  interview  he 


208  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  had  with  Shere  Smgh  and  his  father.  Sir  Charles  questioned 
VUL  them  closely  on  various  matters,  particularly  the  battles  of 
Gujerat  and  Chillianwallah,  and  the  reasons  for  this  and  that 
movement.  Not  being  a  military  man,  I  proposed  making  over 
the  office  of  interpreter  to  the  Commander-in-Chief's  interpreter ; 
but  he  made  rather  a  poor  show  at  the  work,  so  I  had  to  go  at  it 
a^ain,  and  was  complimented  on  my  success.  I  am  considered  a 
good  hand  at  understanding  ''these  Punjabis;"  their  dialect  is 
a  little  strange  to  men  unaccustomed  to  it. 

It  is  rather  amusing  to  me,  to  have  to  receive  regular  militar}' 
reports  from  the  officers  with  the  escort,  with  a  salute  "Any 
change  in  the  guard,  sir?"  "Have  you  any  fresh  orders,  sir?  '* 
How  you  would  laugh  at  my  demure  face  I  but  all  the  same,  we 
have  to  be  very  wide  awake  during  the  march,  as  it  is  well  known 
that  there  are  designs  on  foot  to  carry  off  the  boy.  I  think,  how- 
ever, that  I  shall  foil  them ;  at  least,  if  they  succeed,  it  won't  be  for 
want  of  vigilance  on  my  part 


Sehabunpoob,  Jan.  20t^,  1850. 

....  Just  returned  from  the  public  gardens  here,  where  I 
took  the  boy :  he  has  a  great  love  for  plants  and  seeds  of  all  kinds 
for  his  garden,  and  I  like  to  encourage  the  taste.     Mr.  Kane  has 
promised  him  a  good  gardener,  and  some  waggon-loads  of  plants 
and  shrubs ;  they  are  to  start  at  once.    We  have  also  been  to  visit 
the  Government  stud.    I  am  rather  thinking  of  getting  a  pair 
of  strong  grey  wheelers  from  here,  for  the  Maharajah's  carriage  ; 
but  people  admire  it  so  much  as  it  is,  with  the  four  grey  Arabs, 
and  think  it  perfect,  that  t  hesitate.    I  think  they  are  too  light ; 
but  there  is  no  question  of  their  beauty.    We  look  very  amart 
when  we  are  in  our  show  dress  at  the  different  stations,  with  t.Kifc 
smart  equipage,  escorted  by  the  Governor-General's  Body  Quard 
and  Skinner's  '*  Canaries." 

We  are  near  Deobund  to-day,  where  we  lost  my  poor  Hinghan. 


FUTTEHGHUR.  209 

I  don't  find  this  sort  of  life  good  for  my  pocket,  though  very  Chapter 
pleasant.    As,  of  course,  the  Maharajah's  table  is  quite  distinct    VUI. 
from  mine,  I  have  to  entertain  constantly ;  we  have  the  escort     1®*^. 
officers,  of  course,  and  many  guests  as  we  go  through  the  stations. 
I  have  also  to  provide  for  young  Barlow,  and  soon  I  shall  have 
Tommy  Scott,  and  a  tutor ;  and  this  I  shall  continue  to  do  till  you 
arrive,  when  we  shall  take  up  our  abode  (as  I  told  Lord  Dalhousie) 
in  a  separate  house  from  the  Maharajah.    I  can  then  establish  a 
separate  table  for  the  others,  which  can  be  kept  up  at  the  Maha- 
rajah's expense.    So  do  come  out  as  soon  as  you  can. 


Mbbbxjt,  Jan,  2%th,  1850.    (On  the  road  to  Futtehghur,) 

Since  we  crossed  the  Jumna  our  escort  has  been  reduced  a 

little  by  the  withdrawal  of  the  Horse  Artillery  guns,  but  we  still 

have — 

A  squadron  of  the  Body  Guard, 

Wing  of  6th  Light  Cavalry, 

Squadron  of  Skinner's  Horse, 

Party  of  18th  European  Infantry, 

Wing  of  50th  Native  Infantry. 

So  we  still  form  rather  an  imposing  camp.     We  shall  pass 
through  no  other  station  now  till  we  reach  our  destination. 

Just    received   my  English  box.     Am  so  pleased  with  the 

iikenesses.    The  Maharajah  is  so  charmed  with  the  childr^i's,  and 

hopes  you  are  to  bring  them  out  with  you  I    He  is  much  delighted 

with    all   the  fine  things  you  have  sent  him,   and  has  begun 

his  painting  already.     I  have  been  purchasing  some  furniture 

here,  and  sending  it  on  under  Bhugwan  Doss's  charge;  he  is  very 

anxions  to  make  a  good  appearance  at  Futtehghur,  as  the  first  of 

the   Maharajah's  servants  to  arrive,  so  I  have  sent  him  to  the 

Toshkhana  to  be  rigged  out  smartly. 

February   l^th.    I  met,  while  at  Meerut,  Walter  Guise,   a 
younger  brother  of  Dr.  Guise,  and  he  is  now  travelling  with  us. 

P 


210  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  I  want  to  try  him  as  tutor  tor  the  young  Maharajah  for  a  time,  to 

YUI.    prepare  him  for  b.  better,  when  I  can  hear  of  one.    I  have  written 

1850.    ijq  England  to  enquire  for  a  suitable  man.    I  think  Guise  will  be 

able  to  do  all  that  can  be  done  for  the  present.    Scott  writes  me 

to  say  that  he  will  send  Tommy  as  soon  as  we  are  all  settled. 

The  Ganges  Canal  is  not  very  far  from  our  camp;  it  is  a  noble 
work,  and  I  trust  if  all  is  well  with  us,  to  be  able  to  accept 
Thomason's  invitation  and  go  with  him  to  see  it  opened.    It  is 
the  greatest  of  our  works  in  India,  and  any  one  may  be  proud  of 
having  had  a  hand  in  it.    Tom's  whole  heart  is  in  the  work.    He 
now  sees  that  he  is  better  off  than  any  lieutenant  in  the  army  as 
to  pay  and  prospects,  and  thanks  me  for  making  him  fit  himself 
for  the  position. 
The  Maharajah  attracts  great  attention  and  curiosity  among 
.  the  people  at  every  station,  and  is  much  admired ;  he  certainly 
does  look  handsome,  and  rides  gracefully.    I  took  him  to  see  the 
the  Artillery  Beview  at  Meerut,  and  he  was  a  great  attraction. 
On  leaving  the  ground,  a  soldierly-looking  Field  Officer  of  the 
Boyal  Irish  rode  for  some  time  near  the  carriage,  seeming  anxious 
to  have  a  good  look  at  the  boy.     So  I  spoke  to  him,  saying  how 
much  the  Maharajah  had  enjoyed  the  review.    He  asked  if  he 
had  the  pleasure  of  speaking  to  Dr.  Login,  and  then  told  me  that 
he  had  met  you  at  AUahabEid  last  year,  on  your  way  home  ¥nth 
the  children.     He  asked  after  you  all  most  kindly  (as  Col.  Grattan 
he  iiitr<^duced  himself).     Sir  Joseph  and  Lady  ThackweU  also 
asked  after  you. 

Camp,  Feb,  Ibth,  1850. 

I  expect,  if  all  goes  well  with  us,  to  reach  Futtehghur  in  two  or 
three  days,  and  I  shall  be  able  to  describe  to  you  your  future 
home.  Your  last  letters  were  truly  delightful  and  cheering  aa  to 
your  health.  I  shall  be  so  miserably  disappointed  if  Ranald 
Martin  forbids  your  returning  to  me  in  October.  I  do  so  need 
you  to  assist  me.    I  am  anxious  to  give  this  young  Maharajah 


FUTTEHGHUR.  211 

(and  Shahzadah)  a  fayonrable  impression  of  us  as  Christians,  in  Chapter 
our  domestic  state,  and  to  make  him  acquire  respect  for  the  eha-     Vlil. 
racfcer  of  an  English  lady.      His  opinion  of  them  may  after-    1«"0.. 
wards  haye  weight  amongst  his  countrymen,  and  dispose  them  to 
think  better  of  onr  ladies  than  they  do.     Unless  yon  are  with 
me  it  will  be  impossible  for  me  to  give  him  any  idea  of  what  we 
are  in  our  families ;  and  we  have  so  few  opportunities  such  as  I 
may  now  have,  that  I  should  be  exceedingly  sorry  to  lose  it.  There 
is  much  in  our  social  habits  which,  to  say  the  least,  must  appear 
eqmyocal  to  any  native,  and  which  requires  a  knowledge  of  us  in 
onr  domestic  circle,  to  understand.    Just  think  what  their  ideas 
of  ladies  dancing  the  polka  and  drinking  healths  must  be,  if  they 
had  no  opportunity  of  knowing  them  better  and  acquiring  re- 
spect for  them  1     So  you  see,  dearest,  you  have  a  mission  to  per- 
form— ^to  establish  the  character  of  your  countrywomen,  and  to 
acquire  respect  for  them,  of  which  they  have  little  yet,  I  am 
afraid.    Mrs.  George  Lawrence  has  certainly  done  much  in  this 
way — ^it  was  quite  pleasing  to  hear  her  spoken  of  by  the  Sikh  chiefs ; 
but  you  may  have  much  more  in  your  power. 

I  suppose  I  must  have  told  you  all  about  the  young  Shahzadah, 
Duleep's  nephew,  who  was  placed  under  my  charge  at  the  last 
moment  by  the  Governor-General,  in  addition.    He  would  pro- 
bably be  looked  upon  as  next  in  succession,  being  the  only  son  of 
Share  Singh,  the  last  Maharajah.     Sheo  Deo's  mother  has  elected 
to  accompany  her  son,  and  is  now  in  our  camp.     Sh^  is  the 
youngest    wife    of    Shere     Singh,    selected    from    among    the 
Eajpootnees  of  the  hill  country  after  he  came  to  the  throne,  so 
you  may  judge  if  she  is  not  likely  to  be  handsome.    I  cannot 
describe  her  to  you,  as  I  have  not  yet  bad  the  pleasure  of  seeing 
her  I 

FUTTBHOHUR,  Feb,  91st, 

I  am  much  pleased  with  the  sittuition  of  the  house  selected. 
It  must  have  been  a  very  delectable  residence  in  Mr.  Shore's 

P  2 


212  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SIN<5H. 

Chapter  time  (Lord  Teignmouth's  son),  though  the  grounds  are  not  large 
^^ni.  enough  for  the  Maharajah ;  but  I  shall  remedy  that  by  buying  up 
looO,  i)jQ  neighbouring  bungalows  and  their  compounds,  and,  throwing 
them  all  into  one,  make  it  like  a  small  park,  extending  along  the 
banks  of  the  Ganges.  The  drawing-room  window  is  within  fifty 
yards  of  the  fine  broad  stream,  with  a  sloping  bank  down  to  it. 
I  have  not  seen  in  India  more  undulating  grounds  or  more  capable 
of  being  made  picturesque — ^walks  in  all  directions,  and  some  fine 
shady  trees,  and  I  shall  set  about  making  a  beautiful  garden ; 
but  it  looks  forlorn  and  neglected,  having  been  so  long  empty. 
I  must  do  my  best  to  get  it  soon  to  look  bright  and  cheerful,  I 
am  afraid,  however,  that  we  shall  have  to  live  among  bricks  and 
mortar  for  a  long  time,  until  I  can  get  it  to  look  what  I  wish  it  to 
be,  and  what  I  shall  not  feel  is  unsuited  for  the  Maharajah,  who 
has  lost  his  own  splendid  home  through  no  fault  of  his  own. 

The  residents  here  are  Allen  (Judge),  Smith  Cunninghame 
(Collector),  you  remember  him  at  Lucknow;  Baikes  (Deputy- 
Collector)  ;  Col.  Alexander  (6un-Carriage  Agency) ;  Tucker 
(Clothing  Department) ;  Padre  Carshore,  Doctor  Gerrard,  Hal- 
kett  Craigie,  Doran,  John  Bean — all  of  these  are  married  except 
the  last  two. 


PuTTBHOHUB,  March  6th,  1850. 

I  was  disappointed  at  having  to  leave  Lahore  before  Dr.  I>ufir^ 
arrival,  after  having  had  so  much  to  do  these  last  few  years  in 
urging  him  to  take  up  the  Punjab.  He  was  much  pleased  at  my 
sending  him  my  subscription,  as  it  showed  him  I  was  in  earnest. 

....  A  number  of  the  Punjabi  servants  are  to  return  to 
their  homes  soon,  and  I  am  trying  hard  to  fill  their  places  ^with 
respectable,  steady  men.  I  am  getting  over  some  few  of  our  old 
people  from  Lucknow  who  can  be  depended  on,  but  I  have 
refused  a  great  many  who  might  not  be  exactly  the  sort  to  Ik- 
placed  near  the  young  boy.    Bhugwan  Doss  I  have  got,  al:^' 


FUTTEHGHUR,  213 

Gulzar  Syed  (our  Ghajib-khana  boy),  Davee  (Sirdar-bearer),  and  Chapter 
his  brother  Nidhan,  and  good  Ehalipha  All  Bax  is  coming  from     VIII. 
the  Ghaiib-khana,  to  be  placed  in  responsible  change,  and  then  I    ^^M* 
can  feel  I  have  a  man  I  can  trust. 

Hotspur,  the  chestnut  Arab,  carries  me  well,  and  deserves  to  be 

named  after  your  favourite.     I  am  out  a  great  deal  in  the  sun, 

looking  after  the  works,  but  as  I  have  got  into  the  frontier 

fashion  of  wearing  a  large  muslin  pttggarree  round  my  helmet 

topee,  I  scarcely  feel  its  power.    Do  you  remember  Hollings's 

coachman  ?    You  used  to  wonder  how  he  kept  his  turban  on,  he 

wore  it  so  on  the  slant  and  looked  so  rakish.      Well,  I  have 

niade  him  coachman  of  the  two  mule  teams  of  four-in-hand. 

They  are  splendid  jet-black  creatures,  very  large  and  handsome. 

The  fellow  breaks  them  in  splendidly,  and  they  go  like  the  wind  1 

I  wish  I  could  make  a  sketch  of  them  for  you,  with  Hassan  Beg 

standing  up  on  the  box,  holding  the  reins,  and  laying  on  with  his 

long  whip,  his  turban  clapped  on  one  ear — looking  like  a  very 

fiend  with  his  long  beard  flying !     I  have  told  him  that  you  will 

never  bear  the  sight  of  him  unless  he  wears  his  turban  straight, 

and  it  amuses  the  two  little  fellows,  Duleep  and  Sheo  Deo,  to 

watch  his  efforts  to  get  it  to  remain  straight.      I  think  his  head 

must  be  a  queer  shape,  for  though  he  starts  with  it  quite  straight, 

he  always  comes  back  with  it  in  the  old  position  I 

The  two  lads  are  very  happy  together.  They  had  scarcely 
ever  seen  each  other  before,  and  were  rather  awkward  at  first,  the 
nephew  standing  in  awe  of  the  uncle.  They  are  looking  forward 
to  the  arrival  of  Tommy  Scott,  who  is  expected  with  his  mother 
soon. 

I  shall  be  glad  when  you  join  me,  for  I  cannot  expect  to  have 
more  than  two  or  three  years  in  which  we  can  influence  the 
young  Maharajah's  mind  favourably  towards  our  domestic  life, 
and  I  must  not  lose  them  on  any  account.  He  will  have  an 
opportunity  of  seeing  how  we  Hve  in  our  homes,  and  he  will  be 
one  of  us,  and  will  look  upon  you  as  a  mother,  and  respect  and 


214  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chaptor  esteem  you.    Is  it  not  worth  ruiming  some  risk  to  health,  by 
vili-     coming  back  so  soon,  when  it  is  to  occupy  a  position  of  so  much 
^^^^'    usefulness,  towards  one  who  may  yet  influence  so  many  thousands 
of  people  ?    You  can  have  no  idea  of  the  interest  shown  in  him  by 
the  natives  everywhere.    Then  there  is  the  little  Shahzadah,  and 
the  Banee,  his  mother,  for  you  to  interest  yourself  in,  and  occupy 
your  time  and  thoughts.     So  come  away  as  soon  as  you  feel  able, 
and  help  me,  for  I  need  you  sorely.    You  may  turn  all  your 
excellent  quaUties  to  good  account  here.      Thomason  wrote  me 
the  other  day,  saying  that  you  would  now  be  more  than  ever  a 
helpmeet  for  me.    I  was  so  pleased  with  the  Maharajah  on  the 
occasion  of  the  grand  day  of  the  Hoolie  Festival.    He  showed 
such  self-denial  and  self-restraint  in  not  exhibitiug  any  desire  to 
participate  in  the  undignified  and,  indeed,  objectionable  frolics  of 
the  people,  that  I  arranged  something  more  harmless  for  hixn  in 
the  evening,  to  his  great  enjoyment  and  delight.     The  large 
centre  rooms  are  splendid  places  for  hide-and-seek,  blind-man's 
buff,  &c.    All  these  games  are  new  to  him  and  the  Shahzadah. 
Imagine  the  scene  I    The  ruler  of  the  Sikhs,  the  young  Shahzadah, 
Sirdar    Boor    Singh   Butaliwallah,    Dewan    Ajoodea    Pershad, 
Fakeer  Zehoorudin,   Mr.    Guise,  Mr.   Barlow,  and  myself,  all 
engaged  in  the  game.    The  Maharajah's  shouts  of  glee  ringing  all 
over  the  place  as  each  was  caught  in  turn.     I  was  glad  indeed 
that  you  sent  him  that  book  of  games,  ''  The  Boy's  Own  Sook." 
It  is  seldom  out  of  his  hand,  and  it  has  added  to  his  eagerness  to 
learn  English.    I  am  prepared  to  find  it  the  book  of  all  others  he 
prefers  to  study ! 


PuTTBHOHUE,  April  21st^  1860. 

The  Governor-General  passes  through  the  boundary  end  ol  my 
postal  division  in  a  few  days,  and  I  have  sent  a  tent  out  lo 
Kanoge  to  be  ready  for  me  on  the  24th,  as  I  wish  particnlariv  lo 
see  him,  to  ask  leave  to  go  to  Calcutta  to  meet  yoa«     He  tmy 


rUTTEHGHUB.  215 

refuse,  as  he  is  80  anxious  I  should  always  be  on  the  spot  with  Chapter 
the  Maharajah,  in  case  of  any  plot ;  but  I  hope  I  may  be  able  to    ^IH. 
persuade  him  that  it  will  be  safe.    Allen,  the  Commissioner,  has    18*^- 
promised  to  look  after  him  carefully  in  my  absence.    I  wish  I 
could  give  the  little  fellow  a  taste  for  learning — in  fact,  for  study 
of  any  sort ;  but  you  see  he  has  not  been  trained  to  do  anything 
of  that  kind,  and  it  is  so  difficult  to  get  him  to  apply  his  mind  for 
even  five  minutes  at  a  time.     Poor  Guise  has  a  lively  time  of 
it,  and  needs  great  patience— a  virtue  he  certainly  possesses  in  a 
high  degree — and  for  this  reason  he  is  invaluable  as  a  first  tutor, 
to  coax  the  boy  over  the  drudgery  a  little.     No  man  of  high 
attainments  could  be  expected  to  begin  at  the  beginning;   and 
such  a  small  beginning  too  1 


May  Uth, 

I  think  I  told  you  that  I  resisted  the  blandishments  of  the 
young  officers  here,  and  refused  to  transform  the  party  I  had 
issued  invitations  for,  at  the  Maharajah's  house,  into  a 
ball  as  they  vnshed.  I  told  both  Doran  and  Bean  that 
I  would  not  have  dancing,  but  that  the  arrangements  should 
be  as  elastic  and  pleasant  as  could  be  managed.    D.   turned 

sulky,  and  would  not  come,  and  silly  Mrs. took  the  same 

course;  but  her  husband  had  more  sense,  and  approved  of  my 
reasons.  I  did  my  very  best  to  make  the  Maharajah's  first  party 
a  success ;  but  I  did  wish  you  were  here  to  help  me.  It  went  off 
well,  and  everybody  declared  it  far  exceeded  their  expectations — 
and  they  had  been  high — for  the  station  was  in  great  excitement 
about  it  I  The  fireworks  were  splendid ;  one  feature  of  them  was 
much  admired.  I  called  the  Ganges  to  my  aid,  and  had  the 
Maharajah's  little  yacht  rigged  out  with  bamboos  to  represent  a 
ship,  yards,  mast-heads,  and  ropes  all  illuminated.  She  moved 
up  and  dovm  the  river  gracefully,  and  had  such  a  pretty  effect 
that  it  delighted  everybody.    I  took  some  wrinkles  from  our  old 


216  Snt  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Lucknow  illuminations,  which  were  so  efifective  on  the  Goomtee. 
VIII.  I  had  all  the  European  children  of  the  station — ten  in  number— 
1860.  present,  as  well  as  all  the  grown-ups.  I  gave  this  first  party  to 
celebrate  the  birthday  of  the  Shahzadah,  May  14th,  he  is  four- 
teen days  younger  than  Edwy.  The  Maharajah  was  grievously 
disappointed  at  not  getting  a  letter  from  you ;  he  is  quite  eager 
to  keep  up  a  correspondence  with  you. 


FuTTBHGHUB,  May  IQth^  1850. 

Since  last  writing  I  have  seen  the  Governor-General,  who  was 
most  friendly,  and  expressed  himself  highly  satisfied  with  all  I 
had  done.  He  opened  his  mind  very  freely,  particularly  about 
the  late  transactions  in  Oude,  and  the  difficulties  in  which  they 
had  placed  him.  He  seems  much  annoyed  at  what  has  occurred, 
and  which  certainly  appears  to  have  been  brought  on  most  incon- 
siderately. Both  Sleeman  and  Bird  stand  very  low  in  his  books 
at  present,  and  I  should  not  be  surprised  to  hear  of  some  changes 
there.     I  am  very  grieved  about  it  all  myself. 

All    that  has  been  done  in  the  Punjab  has    delighted   him 
greatly  during  this  first  year.     Again  and  again  he  expressed  his 
pleasure  with  it,  and  John  Lawrence  stands  prime  favourite. 
He  is  not  so  fond  of  dear  old  Henry,  as  we  all  know ;    bat  he 
could  not  help  acknowledging  his  admiration  of  his  character. 
I  have  spoken  strongly  about  getting  a  good  tutor  looked  out  for 
in  England,  for  the  boy ;  but  I  see  that  he  thinks  it  would  not  be 
prudent  to  get  Dr.  Duff  to  recommend  one,  as  it  might  be  mis- 
represented, and  people  might  think  it  was  with  the  intention  oi 
making  the  lad  a  Christian,  so  I  must  do  it  through  another 
channel.     I  am  sorry  Eobert  Adams  must  go  home  for  his  health. 
He  has  been  ill,  but  I  think  that  now  he  has  shown  what  he  is 
worth,  there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  his  getting  a  good  berth  ^c-hen 
he  comes  back,  though  I  am  sorry  he  has  to  throw  up  the  Guides. 
Lawrence  tells  me  that  Lumsden  thinks  highly  of  him,    and 


FUTTEHGHUR.  217 

regrets  losing  him ;    so  we  need  not  repent  bringing  him  into  Chapter 
notice.     I  see  that  the  newspapers  are  full  of  expectation  of    VUL 
getting  the  Lahore  State  property  as  prize  money,  and  they  pro-     ^oov. 
pose  the  Queen's  native  subjects  should  purchase  the  Eoh-i-noor, 
and  present  it  to  Her.    My  idea  in  another  form  1    But  I  don't 
like  it  so  well  as  mine.     They  do  not  go  as  far  as  I  do,  for  they 
do  not  propose  to  lay  out  the  money  in  the  improvement  of  the 
country  from  whence  the  Koh-i-noor  came.    However,  Lord  Dal- 
hoasie  does  not  like  the  idea,  and  would  not  thank  me  for  origi- 
nating it.     He  told  me  that  Her  Majesty  was  most  anxious  to 
see  the  jewels,  and  that  it  was  all  stuff  about  Her  refusal  to  accept 
them. 

If  you  see  Dr.  Duff  in  Edinburgh,  you  can  explain  to  him  that 
Lord  Dalhousie  is  afraid  if  he  were  asked  to  recommend  a  tutor 
that  it  might  imply  an  interference  with  the  boy's  religious  faith  ; 
I  trust,  however,  that  God  helping  us,  we  shall  be  enabled,  as 
"  written  epistles,"  to  manifest  the  spirituality  and  benevolence 
of  a  Christian  life,  if  we  cannot  otherwise  preach  to  him.     He  is 
a  strange  Httle  fellow,  and  shows  an  intelligence  at  times  beyond 
his  years.      Observing  that  Guise,  Barlow,  Tommy  Scott,  and 
I  have  morning  and   evening  prayer   together,   he   asked    me 
to  order  his  porohut  (priest)  to  come  to  him  also  at  a  fixed  hour 
daily  to  read  in  his  holy  book  (the  Grunt'h).     This  I  think  indi- 
cates a  devotional  feeling,  that  may  hereafter  be  directed  aright ; 
indeed,  he  shows  a  strong  desire  to  walk  according  to  the  Hght 
which  God  has  given  him,  and  a  wish  to  know  His  will. 


FuTTEHGHUB,  May  19th,  1850. 

With  regard  to  expenses,  I  told  you  it  is  not  good  for  my 
pocket  to  live  as  I  do ;  but  having  such  complete  control  over  the 
Maharajah's  estabUshment  and  expenditure,  my  first  study 
appears  to  me,  to  be  most  scrupulous  on  the  subject  of  my 
personal  expenses,  and  to  set  a  good  example  to  others.     I  there- 


218  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  fore  keep  my  own  establishment  quite  separate  from  the 
YIIL  Maharajah's,  and  intend  to  continue  to  do  so.  At  present  my 
looU.  personal  staff  of  servants  cost  me  fifty  rupees  per  mensem,  and  I 
have  my  own  separate  table  and  bedroom  furniture,  bedroom 
candles,  &c,  I  bought  Henry  Lawrence's  horse,  and  this  I 
also  keep  myself,  as  well  as  the  chesnut  Arab  (cost  2,000  rupees) 
which  the  boy  sent  me  on  my  birthday,  and  which,  for  the  sake  of 
appearances  and  courtesy,  I  could  not  return ;  yet  I  pay  for 
his  keep  and  syce  myself. 

The  truth  is,  I  am  in  a  position  that  I  must  and  will  show,  that 
I  am  above  personal  paltry  considerations  in  my  anxiety  to  do 
justice  to  my  charge.  So  long  as  I  am  most  careful  not  to  expend 
money  of  his  on  my  own  personal  comforts,  or  those  of  my  family, 
I  feel  very  independent  indeed,  and  can  carry  matters  with  a 
high  hand.  I  trust  I  shall  be  able  to  show  the  Maharajah  aud 
his  people,  in  after  years,  that  they  have  been  no  losers  by  falling 
into  the  hands  of  a  Christian  gentleman,  and  that  I  have  done  no 
discredit  to  the  name. 

I  have,  it  is  true,  all  the  pleasure  which  I  could  desire,  from  the 
expenditure  of  the  Maharajah's  money,  quite  as  much  as  if 
it  were  my  own.  So  much  has  been  left  to  my  discretion  in 
the  way  of  applying  it.  After  putting  his  house  and  grounds 
in  order,  I  intend  to  get  up  a  school  for  the  children  all  round 
Futtehghur,  in  which  he  can  take  an  interest,  and  also  find  other 
w^ays  to  give  him  a  taste  for  benefiting  the  poor,  and  making 
the  people  round  him  happy.*  I  think  it  is  only  by  acting  ii^ 
this  way,  and  avoiding  all  thought  of  self,  that  I  can  prove  myself 
at  all  worthy  of  the  confidence  placed  in  me. 
I  always  forgot  to  tell  you  that  I  sold  your  Arab,  Sultan  (or 


**  Within  the  last  three  months  we  have  started  a  day-acbool  for  giris  •>( 
re8])ectable  caste,  as  an  experiment.  The  Rev.  Gopee  Kath  Kundy's  walooa  ai.'i 
exemplary  wife  and  daughter  superintend  it  (vernacular  and  industrial).  I  Kx  k 
for  great  results  eventually. 


FUTTEHGHUR.  219 

nther  John  Lawrence  did  for  me),  to  Brigadier  Wheeler  for  his  Chapter 

daughter  for  800  rupees.    He  was  a  lovely  creature,  but  was  too  VIII. 

light  for  my  weight.  ^*50. 


FUTTBHQHUB. 

Yea  win  probably  meet  Herbert  Edwardes  at  Clifton,  and 

renew  your  acquaintance  with  him.    You  will  find  that  he  has 

turned  out  exactly  what  you  would  expect — viz.,  a  clever  and 

intelligent  man,  as  little  elevated  with  the  honours  and  attention 

that  have  been  shown  him,  as  it  is  possible  for  a  young  man  to  be. 

He  has  a  great  leaning  towards  that  which  will  enable  him  to 

bear  worldly  honours  well,  and  to  count  them  at  their  true  value. 

As  he  becomes  more  confirmed  in  his  Christian  course,  he  will 

lose  all  the  little  natural  haughtiness  of  manner  which  some 

people  attribute  to  him ;  I  am  certain  it  is  only  natural  to  him, 

and  not  put  on.  I  only  wish  we  had  many  "  Herbert  Edwardeses  " 

inlndial 

Mrs.  Scott  brought  her  son  Tom  herself,  and  we  are  all  greatly 
pleased  vnih  the  lad.  I  think  he  will  be  of  great  use  as  a 
companion  for  the  Maharajah. 

Dnleep  Singh  was  greatly  delighted  to  receive  the 
subjoined  from  Sir  Henry  Lawrence,  who  with  his 
native  kindhness  of  heart,  although  immersed  in  work, 
took  the  trouble  himself  to  write  it  carefully  in  large 
text-hand,  on  lines,  in  the  hope  that  the  boy  would  be 
able  to  read  it  without  assistance. 

Lahore,  Feb.  2Sth,  1860. 
Mt  Deab  Mahabajah, 

I  am  glad  to  hear  that  you  are  Khoosh,     I  hope  you  like 
your  house  and  grounds,  and  that  *'  Gunga  Jee  "  is  as  near  as  I 


1860. 


220  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  STNGH. 

Chapter  told  you.     I  very  often  think  of  you;     I  hope  you  read  and 
VIIL     write  every  day.    Wishing  you  health  and  all  happiness, 

Believe  me,  your  sincere  friend, 

H£NBY  LaWBEMCB. 

This  was  the  first  of  several  from  Sir  Henry ;  Mr. 
John  Lawrence  also  wrote  him  several  times^  evincing 
a  warm  interest  in  him. 

In  another  letter  from  Futtehghur,  July  16th,  1850, 
Login  says  : — 

•  •  •  .  The  Maharajah  was  so  pleased  to  get  Edwy's  *  letter  in 
reply  to  his ;    he  had  heen  quite  impatient  for  its  arrival.      I 
forgot  to  tell  you  that  I  was  told  by  the  Governor-General  that 
the  hint  I  had  thrown  out  last  year,  when  at  Lahore,  of  the 
Maharajah  sending  a  present  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  might  now 
be  acted  upon.     So  I  shall  pick  out  something  suitable  from 
amongst  his  boyish  arms  and  armour,  though  I  could  have  had  a 
better  choice  then.     (You  will  remember  that  I  made  the  sug- 
gestion about  the  silver  summer-house  at  the  same  time  I)      I 
have  been  making  inquiries  about  a  wife  for  my  little  boy.      He 
says  I  am  his  **  Ma-Bap,"  and  he  trusts  to  me  to  do  what  may  be 
necessary  for  his  happiness.      He  will  have  nothing  to  do,  he 
says,  with  Shere  Singh's  sister,  to  whom  he  was  betrothed,  so  I 
am  left  quite  at  liberty  to  choose  for  him.     I  have  heard  of  a 
little  daughter  of  the  Eajah  of  Coorg,  at  Benares.     She  is  being 
educated  like  an  English  child,  and  her  father  has  asked,  and 
obtained  permission,  to  take  her  to  England  to  have  her  education 
completed.     She  is  only  eight  years  of  age,  described  as  fair  and 
good-looking,  and  also  intelligent,  with  decided  marks  of  good 
blood  and  lineage  about  her.    The  father  is  not  yet  aware  of  my 
inquiries.  My  informant  is  Major  Stewart,  the  Govemor-Generai's 

*  Login's  eldest  boy. 


FUTTEHGHUB,  221 

Agent  at  Benares,  who  says  that  altogether  he  does  not  think  my  Chapter 
joung  protegS  could  anywhere  get  a  more  soitable  wife !     When     VIII. 
I  have  heard  from  Macgregor  and  others  who  know  her,  I  shall     ^°^* 
send  on  my  information  to  Lord  Dalhousie  privately.    Possibly 
matters  may  be  so  far  arranged  by  the  time  you  come  out,  that 
yon  may  see  her  as  the  Maharajah's  fiancee  as  you  pass  through 
Benares.    There  will  be  four  years  between  their  ages  nearly.     I 
have  an  idea,  however,  that  young  Duleep  would  prefer  some  one 
nearer  his  own  age,  and  I  may  have  some  difficulty  in  the  matter. 
I  am  glad  to  tell  you  that  I  have  been  fortunate  enough  to  engage 
a  good  EngUsh  manservant  for  the  Maharajah,  to  take  charge  of 
the  stables  and  the  camp-equipage;  he  is  to  drive  the  Maharajah's 
four-in>hand.    Thornton  is  a  particularly  nice-looking,  respectable 
Qian.    He  came  out  to  India  as  servant  to  an  officer  in  one  of  our 
cavalry  regiments,  and  does  not  wish  to  go  back  vnth  him.    His 
master  speaks  highly  of  him,  says  he  has  had  charge  of  his  small 
facing  stud,  and  is  an  honest  man.     He  thoroughly  imderstands 
horses,  and  I  trust  he  will  do  credit  to  the  Maharajah's  establish- 
ment.    He  came  over  from  Cawnpore  to  see  me,  and  I  have 
engaged  him  on  150  rupees  per  mensem  ;  good  wages,^  no  doubt ; 
but  if  he  is  all  they  say  he  is,  he  is  worth  it.    He  is  married,  and 
his  wife  is  said  to  be  a  thoroughly  respectable  Englishwoman. 

I  have  just  been  looking  at  my  account  at  the  Cawnpore  Bank, 
and  find  it  rather  low.  I  have  had  rather  unusual  expenses  since 
you  left — ^I  mean  more  than  I  calculated  on.  Besides  paying 
my  necessary  subscriptions  to  the  Funds  (Bengal  Military  and 
Orphan),  which,  as  you  know,  are  specially  heavy  in  my  case,  I 
have  had  to  pay,  for  instance, — 

RUPEES. 

Dr.  Duffs  Mission  to  Punjab        500 

Brian  Hodgson's  children  (left  destitute) 250 

Poor  Fagan  (when  cashiered)         260 

Dr.  Atkinson  (to  save  him  from  dismissal)         500 

liahore  Mission        ...         ...         100 

Church  at  Lahore    ..,         ...         ...         •.,        ••#        •••  150 


222  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEBP   SINGH. 

Chapter      Of  coarse,  this  is  besides  our  variotis  subscriptionB  as  nsaal, 
VIII.     such  as — 
^°^'  The  Lawrence  Asylum, 

The  Free  Church  Mission, 
The  C.  M.  Society. 

I  do  not  grudge  this ;  nor  will  you,  I  know.  I  only  tell  you,  that 
you  may  know  all  we  have  to  count  on.  I  think  it  is  incumbent  on 
us  to  show  that  we  are  no  seekers  after  gain;  that  it  is  for 
our  national  honour,  as  well  as  our  Christian  name,  that  the  little 
Maharajah  and  his  numerous  dependents  should  have  rather 
a  high  standard  of  honesty  and  uprightness  placed  before  them, 
from  which  to  form  their  ideas  of  the  character  of  their  Christian 
rulers  ;  and  that  it  therefore  becomes  the  more  necessary  that  we 
should  exert  the  utmost  vigilance,  to  avoid  the  smallest  imputa- 
tion of  avariciousness  from  being  attached  to  us.  For  my  own 
part,  I  would  rather  prefer  that,  at  the  coming  of  age  of  the  little 
boy,  I  should  make  over  all  his  fortune  to  him,  with  the  conscious* 
ness  that  I  kad  fulfilled  my  stewardship,  and  was  myself  a  poorer 
man  than  when  I  received  the  charge,  than  that  I  should  have,  in 
the  very  least  degree,  advanced  my  own  fortune  at  his  expense. 

But  why  proceed  with  this  digression  ? 

I  have  had  a  letter  from  poor  A.,  to  whom,  you  may 
recollect,  I  advanced  300  rupees  some  time  ago.  He  is  in  sad 
distress.  He  accepted  a  bill  for  1,000  rupees  to  save  his  poor 
brother  &om  jail,  and  now  is  unable  to  meet  it,  and  asks  me, 
with  the  fear  of  Sir  Oharles  Napier  and  a  court-martial  before  his 
eyes,  to  lend  him  500  rupees.  I  must  help  him,  though  I  shall  be 
in  difficulties  by  it  for  a  time ;  but,  for  my  dear  friend  Patents 
sake,  I  shall  do  what  I  can.  A.  is  a  strange  fellow,  rather 
foolish,  but  I  believe  of  good  principles,  and  kind-hearted.  I 
feel  sorry  indeed  that  I  cannot  engage  the  tutor,  so  highly  recom- 
mended by  Dr.  Duff. I  comfort  myself  for  the    loss. 

by  the  knowledge  that  my  charge  is  not  yet  quite  ready  for  a 
highly-qualified,  tutor,,  and  one  who  could  only  speak  English 


FUTTEHGHUR,  223 

to  him.    He  manages  to  read  a  little  English  fairly  well,  and  Chapter 
nnderstands  it,  but  is  afraid  to  begin  to  speak  it ;  but  I  trust     Vill. 
he  will  soon  get  over  that.    He  is  really  intelligent,  and  can     1^^* 
learn  his  lessons  fast  enough  when  he  likes,  but  he  has  no  power 
of  application.    The  wonder  is  that  we  get  him  to  do  as  much  as 
he  does,  considering  his  former  position,  and  the  absence  of  any 
restraint.    I  am  really  fond  of  him,  and  we  get  on  famously ;  but 
I  need  to  be  very  firm  with  him.    The  other  day  he  became 
rather  rebellious,  and  I  had  my  first  difficulty  with  him.    He  had 
run  out  during  heavy  rain  into  the  garden,  and  got  thoroughly 
(irenched.    I  wished  him  to  change  his  clothes,  but  he  first,  in 
pUiy,  said  he  would  do  so  at  the  regular  hour  for  dressing ;  and 
when  I  urged  him  to  change  at  once,  he  got  stubborn :   so  it 
became  in  a  small  way  a  trial  of  will.    Who  is  to  yield? 

I  gave  him  half  an  hour  to  go  to  his  own  room  and  do  it  of  him- 
self without  being  obliged ;  but  he  still  held  out.      So  I  told  him 
I  very  much  regretted  that  he  forced  me  to  employ  coercion,  but 
that  I  must  be  obeyed,  and  I  advised  him  as  a  friend  ^ot  to  make 
it  necessary  that  I  should  expose  him  to  it.      Poor  little  fellow  1 
I  was  so  sorry  for  him  I    In  a  few  minutes  he  came  himself  to 
my  room  and  sobbed  at  a  great  rate,  and  appealed  to  the  Treaty  I 
that  he  was  to  be  allowed  to  do  as  he  Uked  I   I  told  him  I  did  not 
think  that  was  one  of  the  conditions ;  that  I  was  placed  over  him, 
and  that  at  present  I  was  his  '*  Ma-Bap,"  and  knew  what  was 
best  for  him.    I  think  that  had  you  seen  us,  you  would  have  been 
satisfied  that  I  could  come  the  "  suaviter  in  modo  "  as  well  as 
"fortiter  in  re."     I  conquered — and  from  the  way  I  did  so,  I 
saved  his  pride,  and  prevented  any  annoyance  being  felt  by  him     - 
as  regards  exposure  before  his  people,  and  now  we  are  even 
greater  friends  than  before.     Walter  Guise  is  a  very  good  fellow, 
rather  slow  perhaps,  and  not  altogether  the  man  who  would  suit 
later  on ;  but  he  is  very  amiable,  patient,  and  attentive,  of  mild 
manners,  and  gentlemanly  appearance  and  demeanour,  and  has, 
I  think,  been  more  useful  in  winning  the  boy  round  to  apply  him- 


224  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  self  to  study  than  a  more  accomplished  tutor  would  have  been.    I 

^11-     should  like  to  find  him  employment  hereafter  in  charge  of  the 

looO.     Maharajah's  zemindaree,  when  he  gets  one.    I  am  sure  he  is  a 

most  trustworthy  man.    The  English  manservant,  Thornton,  will, 

I  think,  prove  a  valuable  acquisition. 

I  see  by  the  papers  that  the  Koh-i-noor  has  arrived  in  England, 
and  that  Mackeson,  not  Eamsay,  gets  all  the  credit  of  having 
brought  it  safely.  This  will  not  be  exactly  as  Lord  Dalhousie 
wished,  as  he  was  rather  anxious  on  that  score  ;  but  no  doubt  the 
Court  of  Directors  had  their  own  ideas  about  it.  I  was  one  of 
the  very  few  entrusted  with  the  secret  of  its  disposal.  Indeed, 
they  could  not  have  got  access  to  it  without  my  knowledge,  seeing 
that  it  never  left  my  possession  from  the  day  I  received  it  in 
charge  I  I  may  tell  you  now  that  it  is  safe,  that  Lord  Dalhousie 
came  to  my  quarters  before  he  left  Lahore,  bringing  with  him  a 
small  bag,  made  by  Lady  Dalhousie  to  hold  it ;  and  after  I  had 
formally  made  it  over  to  him,  he  went  into  my  room  and  fastened 
it  round  his  waist,  under  his  clothes,  in  my  presence.  Lord 
Dalhousie  himself  wrote  out  the  formal  receipt  for  the  jewel,  and 
there  my  responsibility  ended,  and  I  felt  it  a  great  load  taken  off 
me!  All  the  members  of  the  Board  of  Administration  were 
present,  and  countersigned  the  dociunent.  The  other  jewels  were 
also  sealed  up  and  made  over. 

Thus  Eunjeet  Singh's  famous  Toshkhana  of  jewels  is  a  thing 
of  the  past ! 

Gawnpore,  July  27th,  1850. 

I  am  here  on  my  way  back  to  Futtehghur,  after  a  flying  visit 
to  Lucknow,  and  hope  to  get  back  to-morrow. 

July  2Sth, — Here  I  am,  finishing  my  letter  in  the  ddk  buxiga- 
low.  I  came  out  from  Cawnpore  by  water,  in  a  pretty  pleasare- 
boat  I  am  going  to  buy  for  the  Maharajah's  use.  I  could  not 
help  being  reminded  of  our  little  trips  in  the  pinnace  in  '48  when 


) 


FUTTEHGHUB.  225 

you  were  so  ill.     I  left  the  boat  at  the  Magazine  QhAt,  and  came  Chapter 
on  in  one  of  Thuntee  Mull's  carriages,  for  which  horses  had  been    Vni. 
laid  for  two  stages ;  there  I  found  my  own  palanqnin  with  a  double    1^50. 
set  of  bearers,  ready  to  take  me  on  here,  forty-five  miles,  and  well 
they  did  it  I  think  in  twelve  hours  I    I  shall  start  this  evening, 
when  it  is  cool,  for  Futtehghur,  and  in  the  meantime  try  to 
give  you  a  full  account  of  my  visit  to  old  Lucknow,  while  it  is 
&U  fresh  in  my  memory.    When  I  reached  the  Gh&t,  to  cross  the 
river,  I  met  Mr.  Brandon,  who  accompanied  me,  giving  me  an 
account  of  all  that  has  been  done  since  I  left.    All  as  bad  as  can 
be,  between  the  Palace  and  the  Eesidency,  and,  by  all  accounts, 
not  much  to  our  credit.    On  getting  near  the  Ghar-Bagh  and 
passing  through  the  city,  I  recognized  all  the  old  places  we  knew 
so  well,  and  not  a  few  familiar  faces.    They  all  recognized  me, 
and  by  the  time  I  reached  the  Residency  I  had  quite  a  tail ! 
There  the  whole  Post-office  establishment  turned  out,  and  after 
hearty  greetings  and  salaams,  I  drove  on  towards  the  canton- 
ments, where  I  was  bound,  to  visit  Lamb,  taking  a  good  look  at 
OUT  dear  old  home  in  the  Eesidency  as  I  passed.    Your  dressing- 
room  windows  seen  from  the  Bailey  Guard  gate,  the  portico,  the 
drawing-room,  all  that  was  visible  from  the  road.      Moonshee 
Purshad  Naraim  was  not  at  the  Post-office,  but  hearing  of  my 
nsit,  he  lost  sight  of  his  dignity  and  tore  after  me  a  couple  of 
iniles  along  the  cantonment  road !    The  tigers  on  each  side  of 
Mohsumoodowlah's  gates  were  a  familiar  sight,  but  I  cared  httle 
for  anything  till  I  caught  sight  of  our  old  home  (in  cantonments) — 
the  place  not  so  well  kept  as  it  was. 

Next  day  I  went  over  all  the  rooms — drawing-room,  your  little 
green  dressing-room  and  bedroom.  I  had  your  face  before  me 
as  you  lay  so  calmly  and  resignedly  awaiting  God's  will,  and 
there  seemed  so  little  earthly  hope  1 

The  little  arbour  outside,  the  dovecot,  everything  I  looked  upon 
"  forbade  me  to  forget."  After  visiting  one  or  two  of  our  old 
haunts,  I  started  with  Lamb  for  the  city  ;  could  not  see  much  of 

Q 


226  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DXJLEEP  SINOH. 

Chapter  our  house,  as  Mrs.  Bell  is  laid  up.     Sadoo,  the  old  carpenter,  the 
VIII,    blacksmith,  and  many  others  patiently  waiting  to  see  me ;  indeed 
looO*.    J  ^g^g  gQQjj  surrouuded  by  old  servants,  all  asking  for  you  and 
Edwy  Baba.      Padre  Hamilton  was  out,  but  I  saw  Mrs.  H. 
The  Derogah,  Ahmed  Ali,  and  Azimoollah's  son  were  waiting  for 
me.     I  told  you,  I  think,  that  when  at  Lahore,  I  had  a  letter  from 
Liicknow,  telling  me  of  my  old  friend  Azimoollah's  death  ;  he  had 
written  me  only  a  few  days  before,  asking  my  advice  whether  he 
should   accept    an    appointment  offered  him  by  the   King.    I 
advised  him  **  No,"  that  he  had  plenty  already  of  this  world's  goods, 
and  should  now  take  rest  and  time  to  think  of  and  prepare  for 
the  fate  that  must  befall  all  men ;  that  I  wished  him  to  compare 
what  is  written  in  his  own  holy  books  with  what  our  Bible  says 
(I  had  given  him  one),  and  ask  God  to  give  him  light  to  understand 
and  do  His  vnll.    His  son  tells  me  that  he  declined  the  King's 
offer  on  getting  my  letter,  and  that  he  died  very  suddenly  soon 
after,  good,   kind    old  man !     To    resume.    In    the    afternoon 
Nawab  Mohsumoodowlah's  carriage  came  to  fetch  me,  as  I  had 
promised  to  go  to  his  garden  house  (half  way  to  the  city).   Here  I 
found  quite  a  posse  of  royalties  and  nobles  waiting  to  meet  me, 
with  my  host — Monowroodowlah,  Momtazoodowlah,  the  Prime 
Minister,  and  others  vdth  too  long  names  to  write,  all  evidently 
very  much  pleased  to  see  me  again!      Next  morning,  Na^ab 
Ameenoodowlah's  carriage  came  for  me  to  come  to  his  Palace. 
On  the  way,  just  opposite  the  large  tree  at  our  gate  (in  canton- 
ments), I  found  a  crowd  of  people  (native  friends)  all  waiting  for 
a  mcolaqtuit ;  among  others  Nanuck  Chind,  the  banker,  and  Ram 
Churn.    I  had  to  halt  for  a  while,  and  afterwards  all  followed  me 
in  a  long  procession  through  the  city,  much  to  my  discomfort ! 
but  there  was  no  getting  out  of  it  without  hurting  their  feelings. 
Arrived  at  the  Minister's,  he  met  me,  and  was  most  kind  and 
civil.     The  Begum  and  our  daughter  making  all  sorts  of  inquiries 
after  you  and  your  boy ;    the  Minister  over  and  over  repeating. 
that  he  owed  his  life  to  me,  and  (what  he  seemed  most  grateful 
for)  the  power  of  using  his  rifle  arm  again  in  shikar.     He  had  a 


/ 


^  FUTTEHGHUR.  227 

\        splendid  breakfast  prepared  for  me,  and  we  (for  Lamb  was  with  Chapter 
'        me]  did  ample  justice  to  it  after  our  long  drive.     The  carriage    Vni. 

was  placed  at  my  disposal  for  the  day — not  the  famous  white    1®^* 

liorses  with  the  red  tails  I — and  I  found,  waiting  beside  it,  Mr. 

Hyde,  my  old  assistant,  and  Syed  Enayet  Hossein,  my  sub* 

assistant  surgeon,  anxious  to  give  me  their  welcome. 

I  drove  out  to  Gonstantia  (La  Martini^re),  and  went  all  over  it 

with  Mr.  Crank  and  Mr.  Archer.    I  recognized  in  the  classrooms 

inany  of  our  old  friends  among  the  boys,  whom  we  used  to  have 

for  a  holiday.    Drove  to  Beebeepore  Palace,  where  we  spent  our 

honeymoon,  Dil  Ehooshar  Palace,  and  then  back  to  the  city  to 

call  on  the  Begum  Malika  Geytee,  the  old  King's  favourite  wife. 

I  found  her  tonjon  and  bearers  ready  waiting  at  the  old  spot,  as 

in  old  times,  to  pick  me  up  as  I  passed.    The  good  Begmn  said 

she  had  not  been  able  to  sleep,  nor  her  two  boys  to  eat,  since 

they  heard  of  my  arrival  at  Lucknow.     They  were  very  kind 

indeed,  and  I  had  to  sit  a  long  time  telling  them  all  about  you 

and  the  Sahibzadah,  as  they  call  Edwy. 

Shereefoodowlah,  Ahmed  All,  and   Shah   Beharee  Lai,   the 
banker,  came  to    call  on  me  in  cantonments    before    I  left. 
Ahmed  All  told  me,  with  great  satisfaction,  that  at  last  the  ditch 
has  been  allowed  to  be  cut  through  the  Eesidency  kitchen-garden, 
by  Colonel  Sleeman,  as  I  had  proposed  and  designed  when  at 
Lucknow,  and  which  Colonel  Eichmond  and  Bird  had  refused  to 
sanction.  He  says  that,  in  consequence,  houses  are  springing  up  all 
along  the  new  road,  which  is  now  a  grand  feature  in  the  city.    I 
think  I  have  now  told  you  of  all  my  rambles  through  Lucknow ; 
it  was  very  pleasant  and  satisfactory,  though  I  heard  a  good  deal, 
not  only  from  the  natives,  but  from  Sleeman,  the  Resident,  which 
saddened  me,  and  makes  me  fear  for  the  future  of  the  little  king- 
dom.    I  fear  some  of  our  people  have  not  upheld  the  honour  of 
our  nation  in  the  eyes  of  the  natives.    By  the  way,  both  Nawabs 
ifohsumoodowlah  and  Monowroodowlah,  have  promised  to  pay 
me  a  visit  at  Futtehghur  after  your  return. 

Q  2 


228  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULKEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       ....  Did  I  say  that  I  had  dined  at  the  Residency,  the  first 

Yin.     evening,  with  the  Sleemans,  who  were  exceedingly  kind?  .  .  .  . 
1850. 


FxTTTEHGHtm,  July  29th,  1850. 

On  reaching  home  last  night,  I  found  all  well  except  poor  Ehalipha, 
who  is  in  a  very  doubtful  state  indeed,  and  I  almost  fear  he  will 
not  pull  through.  He  has  been  suffering  for  some  time  from  a 
carbuncle  on  the  back,  similar  to  that  of  which  the  King  of  Oude 
died.  There  seemed  every  prospect  of  its  going  on  well  when  I 
left  for  Lucknow,  but  it  suddenly  increased,  and  although  the 
doctor  has  done  all  that  was  possible,  I  fear  his  strength  may  not 
hold  out  to  carry  him  through,  poor  man !  Need  I  say  to  you  that 
it  will  be  a  great  grief  to  me  to  lose  my  faithful  old  friend?  How- 
ever, I  am  not  going  to  despair,  but  take  the  case  into  my  own 
hands,  and  do  all  that  can  be  done,  seeking  God's  blessing. 

I  am  so  sorry  that  I  did  not  receive,  while  at  Lucknow,  a  letter 
which  the  Httle  Maharajah  himself  wrote  me  during  my  absence, 
and  which  has  followed  me  back.  I  should  have  liked  to  show  it 
to  the  Song's  sons  (MaUka  Geytee's  boys),  who  have  not  kept  up 
their  English  since  I  left. 


Dr.  Login  now  urged  Lord  Dalhousie  to  provide  the 
Maharajah  with  further  educational  advantages.  He 
said,  that  though  Mr.  Walter  Guise  had  up  to  that 
time  been  of  more  use  than  a  more  experienced  teacher 
ignorant  of  the  vernacular  would  have  been,  yet  that 
now  the  Maharajah's  knowledge  of  English  was  suffi- 
cient for  him  to  derive  benefit  from  a  well-qualified 
tutor,  who  would  know  how  to  interest  the  boy,  and 
lead  him  on  to  the  study  of  natural  science.     He  asked 


FUTTEHGHUR.  229 


•vm. 

1850. 


also  for  instructions  about  the  Maharajah's  betrothal,  Chapter 
concerning  which  there  was  some  little  anxiety  among 
the  native  gentlemen  of  his  suite. 

In  reply  he  received  an  official  letter  (dated  April 
13th,  1850),  from  which  an  extract  is  here  given : — 


The  Govemor-Greneral  in  Goimcil  conceives  that  it  is  the  duty 
of  the  British  Government  to  do  all  that  is  within  its  power  to 
train  up  the  boy  in  sach  a  manner  as  that  when  the  date  of  hie 
majority  arrives  he  may  take  possession  of  the  heritage  which  has 
heen  secured  to  him* — a  well-principled  and  accomplished  gentle- 
man, versed  in  the  knowledge  which  usually  is  sought  by  the 
higher  ranks  in  the  East,  and  instructed  also  in  the  English 
language  and  literature.  The  same  principles  which  are  observed 
in  the  education  furnished  by  Government  to  the  natives  of  India 
generally,  shoidd,  Hig  Lordship  in  Council  thinks,  guide  the 
Government  in  the  training  of  the  young  Maharajah,  both  as 
regards  the  culture  of  his  understanding  and  the  guidance  of  his 
moral  character. 

These  objects,  it  appears  to  His  Lordship  in  Council,  may 
be  secured  by  the  agency  of  gentlemen  in  India,  without  having 
recourse  to  the  expedient  suggested  by  you ;  and  he  therefore 
declines  to  authorize  your  applying  to  Dr.  Duff,  or  sending  to 
England  at  all,  for  a  tutor  for  the  Maharajah. 

Mr.  Guise,  who  is  at  present  affording  instruction  to  His  Highness, 
is  described  by  you,  His  Lordship  in  Council  observes,  to  be  well- 
qualified  in  many  respects,  but  wanting  in  experience  as  a  teacher. 
If,  on  further  observation  of  him,  you  should  still  think  that 
a  gentleman  of  higher  attainments  is  desirable.  His  Lordship  in 
Council  requests  that  you  will  address  the  Government  again 

*  The  italics  are  not  in  the  originaL 


1860. 


230  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULGEP  SmOH. 

Chapter  upon  the  subject.    His  Lordship  in  Council  sanctions  the  salary, 
yn\     250  rupees  per  mensum,  which  you  have  proposed  for  Mr.  Guise. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  Sir, 

Your  most  obedient  servant, 

Ebed.  Jab.  Hallidat, 

Officiating  Secretary  to  the  Government  of  India, 

At  the  same  time  Lord  Dalhousie  writes  : — 


My  official  letter,  lately  despatched  to  you,  would  apprise  you 
that  I  think  your  plans  for  the  Maharajah  are  all  on  too  large  a 
scale,  and  that  you  seem  to  have  contemplated  for  him  a  future 
much  more  royal  than  is  intended.  Another  letter  will  have 
informed  you  that  the  Court  decidedly  object  to  his  coming  to 
England,  and,  as  they  desire  that  his  wish  to  do  so  may  be  dis- 
couraiged,  we  must  hold  their  instructions  in  view.  Such  of  His 
Highness's  views  as  have  been  influenced  by  the  prospect  of 
visiting  Europe,  will  therefore,  in  all  probability,  undergo  a 
change.  His  education  will  proceed  as  far  as  .His  Highness  will 
consent  to  carry  it,  and  a  tutor  sufficiently  qualified  should  be 
found ;  but  if  Mr.  Guise  commands  his  respect  and  affection,  as 
you  say,  it  is  very  much  to  be  desired  that  he  should  continue  in 
his  present  position;  and  I  apprehend  that  if  his  acquirements 
are  at  present  insufficient,  he  would  find  no  difficulty  in  qualifyixig 
himself  as  a  teacher  fully  capable  of  instructing  the  Maharajah, 
during  his  boyhood.  The  marriage  of  the  Maharajah  is  a  more 
difficult  matter  .for  us  to  arrange.  I  should  object  decidedly, 
and  do  not  wish  to  countenance  any  relations  henceforth  between 
the  Maharajah  and  the  Sikhs,  either  by  alliance  with  a  Sikb 
family,  or  sympathy  with  Sikh  feeling.  The  Maharajah  having 
personally  desired  to  break  off  his  betrothal  with  Chuttur  Sink's 
daughter,  appears  to  have  opinions  of  his  own  as  to  maiiiago* 


/ 


FUITEHGHUR.  ^31 

f        If  he  chooses  to  marry  one  of  the  Bajah  of  C!oorg'&  daughters,  Chapter 
I        after  having  had  everything  about  her  explained  to  him,  I  can't  see    VIU. 
why  he  should  not.    There  are  tvro.     One  that  His  Highness     ^^^' 
wants  to  send  to  England,  another  about  seven  or  eight,  for 
whom  he  does  not  propose  English  education;   both  are  good- 
looking,  the  second  one  very  ptetty,  and,  as  far  as  birth  is 
concerned,  both  are  his  equals  and  more. 


The  first  part  of  this  letter  refers  to  Col.  Goodwyn  s 
(of  the  Engineers)  plans  for  improvements  necessary 
to  His  Highness's  residence  at  Futtehghur,  which  Lord 
Dalhousie  considered  as  on  too  regal  a  scale ;  and  also  to 
the  gi-eat  anxiety  expressed  by  the  Maharajah  to  visit 
England. 

When  making  arrangements  for  the  departure  from 

Lahore,  Login,  in  order  to  secure  that  the  personal 

attendants  should  be  men  of  tried  fidelity,  suggested  to 

the  Maharajah  that  he  should  himself  select  them,  and 

prove  their  attachment  by   explaining   that   he   was 

leaving  the  Punjab  for  India,  and  that  only  those  who 

cared  to  accompany  him  should  go.     The  little  fellow 

rather  entered  into  the  spirit  of  this  sifting  process, 

and   amused   himself  at  the  expense  of  some  of  his 

people.      In   a   memorandum   on   this   subject  Login 

writes  : — 


The  effect  of  this,  as  I  had  foreseen,  was  to  detach  a  great 
many  SildiB  from  attendance  on  him.  His  retinue  consisted 
principally  of  Mahomedans;  and  even  the  Sikh  priests  and 
many  of  the  Brahmins,  whose  duty  it  was  to  remain  near  him 


232  SIB  JOHN  Loom  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Gbapter  under  all  circumstances,  declined  to  accompany  him,  although 
YIII.  facilities  were  offered  them  for  doing  so,  and  accommodation 
looO.  provided  for  them  in  camp.  Accordingly,  His  Highness  left 
Lahore  for  Hindostan  without  taking  with  him  a  copy  of  the 
Qrunt'h  (their  holy  hook)  or  a  single  reader  of  it,  and  with  only  one 
Brahmin  porohut,  or  family  priest,  who,  before  leaving,  arranged 
that  his  tour  of  duty  should  not  exceed  six  months,  when  he  was 
to  be  relieved  by  one  of  his  brethren.  As  I  was  particularly 
careful  to  explain  to  the  Sikh  priests  (whose  allowances  were  all 
secured  to  them  by  Jageers),  that  one  of  the  copies  of  the  Grunt'h 
in  use  at  the  Palace  was  at  their  disposal,  and  that  ample 
accommodation  would  be  provided  for  them  in  camp  in  the  event 
of  their  accompanying  the  Maharajah,  but  that  I,  being  of  a 
different  reUgion  from  them,  would  give  them  no  orders  on  the 
subject,  no  blame  could  be  attached  to  us  for  their  indifference 
to  the  Maharajah's  instruction  in  the  tenets  of  their  faith. 

Soon  after  the  Maharajah's  arrival  at  Futtehghur,  his  old 
servant  Meah  Kheema,  a  Mahomedan  who  had  been  with  him 
ever  since  his  birth,  and  was  much  attached  to  him  (the  same  who 
advised  him  to  sign  the  Treaty  with  a  good  grace),  claimed  his 
promise  to  let  him  return  to  his  family  and  country ;  it  became 
necessary,  therefore,  that  I  should  appoint  a  trustworthy  successor. 
Bhajun  Lai,  a  young  Brahmin  of  Furruckabad,  was  recommended* 
as  being  of  excellent  moral  character,  and  having  received  a  good 
education  at  one  of  the  schools  of  the  American  Mission  at 
Furruckabad.  He  could  read  and  speak  English  fairly,  which  was 
a  great  recommendation  to  the  young  Maharajah,  who  was  anxious 
to  learn  the  language.  He  was  therefore  installed  as  confidential 
personal  attendant  on  the  boy,  who  became  much  attached  to 
him. 

When  I  appointed  him  to  the  duty,  although  he  had  high 
recommendations  as  to  his  moral  character  and  steadiness,  I  "was 
unaware  of  the  depth  of  his  convictions  on  religious  subjects,  and 
as  he  continued  to  adhere  to  the  ceremonial  observances  of  a 


FUTTEHGHUB.  233 

Brahmin,  in  all  that  related  to  his  food  and  clothing,  he  was  Chapter 

recdyed  by  all  the  other  Hindoos  as  perfectly  orthodox.  VIIL 

1860. 

It  was  a  strangely  constituted  household,  or  rather 
series  of  households,  which  Mrs.  Login,  on  her  retirni 
from  Europe,  found  living  within  the  confines  of 
"Futtehghur  Park" — ^the  name  given  to  the  Maha- 
rajah's small  estate. 

The  property  originally  consisted  of  several  bunga- 
lows and  residences,  belonging  to  various  owners,  each 
surrounded  by  its  own  compound.  The  Maharajah, 
the  Banee  Duknoo,  Dr.  Login,  and  the  native 
gentlemen  in  attendance,  all  occupied  separate  houses, 
and  the  mixture  of  European  and  Oriental  arrange- 
ments was  often  curious. 

The  drawing-room  reception  of  an  evening,  was  an 
amusing  sight  to  a  lady  fresh  from  England.  During 
the  day  the  young  Prince  was  supposed  to  be  at  his 
studies  or  taking  his  outdoor  exercise ;  therefore,  the 
gentlemen  of  his  suite  were  free  to  follow  their  own 
devices ;  but  in  the  evening  the  Dewan,  Fakeer,  Sirdar, 
&c.,  made  their  appearance  in  full  dress  to  pay  their 
respects  to  their  little  King,  and  hold  themselves  at  his 
disposal  for  a  few  hours. 

Duleep  Singh  was  then  to  be  seen,  seated  in  State  on 
a  couch  or  chair,  with  his  attendants  grouped  around 
him.  Each  of  his  suite,  as  he  entered,  made  low 
obeisance,  then  stood  erect  with  folded  hands,  while 
he  gave  vent  to  the  single  word  "  Maharaj  1 "  with  the 


234  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINOH. 

Chapter  suddenness  of  a  pistol-shot.  This  was  invariably  the 
mS  salutation  given  on  arrival  and  departure,  the  Maha- 
rajah receiving  it — ^according  to  native  ideas  of 
proper  kingly  dignity — ^with  scarcely  any  sign  of 
acknowledgment.  His  manner,  however,  soon  took  a 
more  gracious  tone,  after  a  little  intercourse  with 
Eiu'opeans. 

Of  course,  the  arrival  of  an  English  lady  upon  the 
scene,  was  an  event  to  these  worthy  gentlemen,  and  she 
became  an  object  of  great  interest  to  them.  They  were 
so  courteous,  and  anxious  to  hear  all  she  could  tell  them, 
and  so  ready  to  give  her  information  in  return,  that 
many  agreeable  evenings  were  spent  in  their  society. 
Often  a  round  game  was  got  up  by  the  Maharajah  and 
his  young  companions,  and  the  Sikh  chie&  were 
dragged  into  it  willy-nilly  ;  but  they  were  so  good- 
humoured,  that  if  they  did  not  actually  enjoy  the 
Maharajah's  teazing,  they  effectually  disguised  their 
feelings,  and  entered  into  the  fun  like  children. 

They  used  often  to  express  their  admiration  at  the 
consideration  shown  to  the  Sikh  prejudices  by  Login, 
who  never  allowed  heef  to  be  used  in  his  own  household. 
This  delicacy  of  feeling  on  his  part,  they  fully 
appreciated,  and  spoke  of  the  hold  it  gave  him  on  the 
affections  of  the  Sikhs  in  attendance.  The  Dewan,  in 
particular,  often  alluded  to  the  relief  they  experienced, 
from  the  confidence  that,  within  his  gates,  they  were 
safe  from  any  outrage  to  their  feelings  of  religious 
veneration  for  the  sacred  animal. 


FUTTEHGHUiU  235 

Mrs.  Login's  colloquial  knowledge  of  the  language  Chapter 
gave  her  great  advantage,  and  was  a  source  of  much  j~' 
pleasure^  as  well  as  influence.  She  was  able  to  explain 
to  the  mother  of  the  Shahzadah  all  the  advantages 
that  education  would  give  her  boy,  and  to  convince  her 
that  a  system  of  pampering  and  indulgence  would  be 
fatal  to  mind  and  body.  It  was  a  constant  cause  of 
amazement  to  the  Ranee,  that  a  mother  should  be  able 
to  do  as  Mrs.  Login  had  done— part  from  her  son  for 
ya«8.  for  hi,  ownVd.  and  leave  him  among  stn>n«ers 

at  school. 

Ranee  Duknoo  was  of  an  old  Rajpoot  family  from  the 
Kangra  Hills.  She  had  been  selected  for  her  beauty  by 
Shere  Singh — ^Runjeet's  adopted  son — on  his  coming  to 
the  throne,  and  little  Sheo  Deo  was  only  a  few  months 
old  when  his  father  was  murdered,  and  Duleep  Singh, 
the  acknowledged  son  of  the  "  Great  Maharajah,"  was 
elected  by  the  Kh41sa  in  his  room. 

It  is  not  therefore  surprising  that  the  Ranee  looked 
upon  her  boy  as  a  veritable  prince,  "  bom  in  the 
purple,"  and  was  never  so  happy  as  when  encouraged 
to  talk  about  him. 

Mrs.  Login  was  a  frequent  visitor  at  the  pretty 
house  within  the  park,  where  the  Ranee  resided  with 
her  faithful  uncle  and  brother,  who  had  shared  her 
fortunes,  and  accompanied  her  into  what,  to  them,  was 
exile. 

The  Ranee  herself  was  indeed  a  lovely  young  woman, 
tail  and  slender,  gracefiil  and  very  fair,  with  a  pecu- 


236  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  liarly  gentle  and  winning  expression  of  countenance. 
1860*  Clothed,  as  befitted  a  widow,  in  subdued  colours, 
without  ornament  or  jewel,  the  soft  white  muslin 
doputta  draped  about  her  head,  its  transparent  folds 
shrouding  the  lower  part  of  the  beautiful  face,  while 
her  large  beseeching  eyes  wore  a  look  of  appeal  and 
innocence,  she  might  have  passed  for  a  living  representa- 
tion of  the  traditional  conception  of  the  Madonna,  so 
often  to  be  seen  depicted  by  the  old  Italian  masters. 

The  little  Shahzadah,  at  this  time,  slept  at  his 
mother's  house  and  took  his  meals  there,  but  during 
the  day  was  with  the  Maharajah  in  study  and  at  play. 
He  was  a  charming  little  fellow,  with  very  pretty 
manners  and  great  personal  beauty,  inheriting  the 
delicate,  refined  features  and  aristocratic  bearing  of  the 
Rajpoots,  rather  than  the  coarser  beauty  of  the  Sikhs. 

It  was  very  amusing  to  see  him  making  his  daily 
short  progress  from  his  mother's  house  to  the  Maha- 
rajah's ;  to  note,  on  the  one  hand,  the  dignified  bearing 
of  the  little  Prince,  stepping  daintily  along  in  his 
beautiful  and  picturesque  national  costume,  his  snowy 
turban  fringed  with  gold  (a  becoming  spot  of  colour 
being  given  by  the  crimson  under-turban,  which 
confines  the  knot  of  long  hair  peculiar  to  the  Sikhs), 
and  on  the  other,  the  reverential  demeanour  of  tlie 
uncle  and  granduncle  in  attenda7ice^  walking  respect- 
fully one  step  in  the  rear,  answering  dutiftJly  the 
remarks  which  the  child  vouchsafed  to  them  over  his 
shoulder,  and  always  careful  to  address  him  as  ''  Shah- 


FUTTEHGHUB.  237 

zadah-jee,"  while  the  little  man  accepted,  as  his  due,  Chapter 
the  admiration  he  excited.  JJ^ 

He  was  always  ready  to  escort  Mrs.  Login  on  her 
visits  to  his  mother,  and  made  use  of  her  to  corroborate 
the  wonderfiil  stories  with  which  he  entertained  the 
Banee,  regarding  all  the  strange  things  he  saw  at  the 
English  lady's  house,  and  which  she  had  brought  with 
her  from  England.  Some  of  these  latter  he  would 
insist  on  carrying  over  for  his  mother's  inspection. 

It  was  a  pleasure  to  try  and  cheer  the  lonely  Ufe  of 
this  young  widow,  for  she  seldom  or  never  went  out, 
but  Hved  very  quietly  and  simply  with  her  relatives. 
The  Maharajah  paid  her  stated  visits,  and,  as  the  head 
of  her  family,  was  received  by  her  unveiled  in  the 
presence  of  her  relatives — ^his  retinue,  of  course, 
remaining  outside.  It  was  pretty  well  understood  by 
the  members  of  the  Maharajah's  household,  that  hopes 
were  entertained  by  the  Ranee's  people  that  Duleep 
Singh  might  take  his  brother's  widow  to  wife — this 
being  permitted  by  Sikh  custom.  His  behaviour 
certainly  gave  no  colour  to  this  rumour,  for,  although 
he  acknowledged  her  beauty,  he  did  not  seem  attracted 
to  her,  and  was  chary  of  his  visits. 

One  of  the  prettiest  sights  at  Futtehghur  of  an 
early  morning,  or  in  the  cool  of  the  evening,  was  the 
perfectly-appointed  soiuarree*  of  the  young  Sikh  Maha- 
rajah out  for  his  daily  ride.     So  often  in  the  case  of 


Cavalcade. 


238  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  even  the  best-arranged  cavalcades  of  native  Princes,  the 
^^'  splendour  of  one  attendant  is  spoiled  by  the  dirty  and 
untidy  appearance  of  his  fellow.  One  man  is,  perhaps, 
mounted  on  a  splendid  Arab,  while  the  next  is  on  a 
wretched  tat ;  the  gorgeous  dresses  of  the  leaders  of  the 
party,  give  place  to  the  squalor  of  a  rag-tag-and-bobtail 
following,  so  that  the  good  taste  which  distinguished 
young  Duleep  Singh's  cortege  was  all  the  more  remark- 
able. He  himself  looked  to  great  advantage  on  horse- 
back, and  though  not  what  would  be  called  a  daring 
horseman,  like  many  of  his  countrymen,  yet  he  rode 
with  ease  and  grace.  When  he  turned  out  for  his 
customary  ride,  accompanied  by  the  Shahzadah  and  his 
English  friends,  with  his  retinue  of  war-like  Sikh 
attendants,  handsomely-dressed  and  well-mounted, 
followed  by  a  detachment  of  the  Governor-General  s 
Body  Guard*  in  their  scarlet,  and  Skinner's  Irregu- 
lars in  their  safiron  uniforms  (which  gave  them  their 
cognomen  of  **  Canaries  "),  the  whole  effect  was  both 
picturesque  and  brilliant.  If,  instead,  the  Maharajah 
went  out  on  his  elephant,  with  its  splendid  trappings 
and  silver  howdah,  or  in  his  carriage  with  its  four  grey 
Arabs,  driven  by  his  English  coachman,  the  same  finish 
in  every  detail  was  observable. 

There  were  frequent  reports  from  the  Nepal  Resi- 


*  By  an  oiiier  of  the  Governor-General  in  Comicil,  a  detachment  of  the  B« « !  % 
Guard,  consisting  of  **  twenty-five  good  men  and  two  trusty  native  office t>*.  ' 
remained  with  His  Highness  at  Futtehghur,  *'0O  as  to  lessen  the  duty  of    tl, 
Irregular  Corps.** 


FUTTEHGHUB.  239 

dent  of  secret  emissaries  from  the  Ranee  Jinda,  but,  Chapter 
as  the  vigilance  was  close,  her  spies  were  generally    -^-^ 
seized  and  escorted  back  to  the  frontier. 

It  was  known  that  the  Ranee's  design  was  to  get 
possession  of  her  son,  though  the  latter  showed  not 
the  least  inclination  to  fall  in  with  her  schemes,  or 
even  to  hold  any  communication  with  her,  as  will 
appear  from  the  following  extracts  from  an.oflScial 
letter  of  Login's  : — 


FUTTEHOHUR,  Api'il  ^th,  1850. 

As  far  as  I  can  judge,  not  the  least  desire  exists  on  the  part  of 
the  Maharajah  to  communicate  with  his  mother.  From  all  the 
information  I  could  collect  at  Lahore  from  those  likely  to  know 
his  feelings,  he  appeared  to  dislike  any  reference  being  made  to 
the  Banee,  and  never  mentioned  her  name,  though  he  spoke 
readily  of  his  uncle  Jowahir  Singh,  and  his  affection  for  him; 
but  BiS  I  was  anxious  to  ascertain  his  sentiments  on  this  point 
myself,  for  my  own  guidance,  I  took  a  favourable  opportunity  to 
ask  him  regarding  it.  He  told  me  he  had  heard  nothiug  of  her 
since  he  left  Lahore,  and  that  she  had  only  disgraced  him,  **  Serif 
humka  bud  nam  deah;  "  and  on  being  asked  if  she  had  not  been 
kind  to  him,  he  said  she  used  to  strike  him  daily  I 

....  In  explanation  of  her  severity  to  him,  his  confidential 
servant  told  me  that  he  was  old  enough  to  be  aware  of  her  im- 
proper conduct  with  Lai  Singh,  and  had  remonstrated  with  her, 

and  that  this  had  caused  her  harsh  treatment  of  him 

Having  lately,  in  the  course  of  reading  history  with  him,  met 
with  an  allusion  to  his  being  the  acknowledged,  though  not  the 
reputed,  son  of  Eunjeet  Singh,  I  told  him  that  the  conduct  of  the 
Maharanee,  and  the  character  she  had  acquired,  exposed  him  to 


240  8IB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  this  imputation;  he  said  **  Ah,  yes;  it  was  all  too  tme I  "  And 
YIII.  he  had  frequently  made  up  his  mind,  while  at  Lahore,  that  he 
1850.     should  have  his  mother  killed,  that  she  might  not  disgrace  him  ! 


It  not  yet  being  considered  prudent  to  allow  the 
Maharajah  to  reside  in  the  hiUs  during  the  hot  weather, 
owing  to  the  difficulty  of  providing  for  his  safety,  and 
as  the  boy  seemed  rather  to  suffer  from  the  heat  of 
Futtehghur,  Login  secured  for  him  a  change  of  red- 
dence  at  the  Kukha,  about  three  miles  off;  and  he  used 
to  go  out  there  for  several  days  at  a  time,  with  his 
tutor  and  companions,  taking  with  him  his  gun  and 
hawks  to  have  some  sport. 

His  passion  for  the  national  sport  of  hawking  was 
great.  He  entered  into  aU  the  details  of  training  and 
feeding  the  birds  with  absorbing  interest ;  but  as  the 
nZLy  procas.  antaUed  grj  cn.elty  to  anin-d..  it 
was  not  relished  by  his  young  companions,  and  was,  as 
far  as  possible,  discouraged  by  Login,  who  dreaded  lest 
the  indifference  to  suffering  which  it  engendered,  might 
develop  that  tendency  to  barbarity  which  is  so  in-- 
herent  in  the  Oriental  character. 


CHAPTER  DL 


THE  NEOPHYTE. 


In  November,  1850,  Login,  who  was  anxious  to  be  in  Chapter 

Calcutta  to  receive  his  wife  on  her  landing:,  obtained  a     ^' 

1850. 
month's  leave  of  absence  from  the  Governor-General, 

with  permission  to  appoint   Captain  Campbell  as  his 

substitute  pro   tern,  at   Futtehghur.      It  was  whilst 

Login  was  away  from  his  charge  on  this  occasion,  that 

the  Maharajah  took  an  important  step,  by  suddenly 

announcing  his  intention  of  embra^jing  the  Christian 

religion. 

The  first  intimation  of  such  a  resolve  on  the  part  of 

the  yoamg  Prince,  was  received  by  Login  at  Calcutta 

in  a  letter  from  the  Maharajah  himself. 

The  whole  subject  at  orice  gave  rise  to  an  extensive 

official  correspondence,  of  which  want  of  space  permits 

only  a  very  few  extracts. 

On  the  20th  December,  1850,  Captain  J.  Campbell 

(7  th   Madras  Cavalry)  thus  reports  the  fact  to  the 

Government : — 


....  On  Sunday  the  8th  inst.,  His  Highness  the  Maharajah 
commtinicated  to  me,  through  Master  Thomas  Scott,  his  desire  to 

R 


242         .    SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP   SINGH.. 

Chapter  become  a  Christian,  as  he  termed  it.     In  an  hour  or  so  after  this 
IX«      abrupt  disclosure,  I  took  His  Highness  aside,  and  carefully  ques- 
1850.    tioned  him  on  the  subject ;  the  substance  of  his  answer  was,  that  he 
had  for  a  long  time  been  convinced  of  the  falsehoods  put  forth  by  the 
Pundits,  that  he  could  no  longer  restrain  himself  from  professing 
his  belief  in  our  Bible  (which  he  had  of  late  caused  one  of  his 
attendants  to  read  to  him),  and  that  he  was  determined  to 
embrace  the  Christian  faith.  At  £Us  Highness's  request,  I  next  day 
commimicated  the  intelligence  to  Dr.  Login.     His  reply,  received 
this  morning,  is  to  the  effect  that  he  wishes  His  Highness  to  make 
no  change  in  his  mode  of  Ufe  or  religious  observances  which  is 
likely  to  offend  the  prejudice  of  his  Sikh  attendants,  and  that  any 
declaration  of  his  sentiments  at  present  is  altogether  premature. 
....  The  avowed  change  in  His  Highness's  religious  sentiments, 
I  may  add,  is  regarded  by  the  Dewan  Ajoodhea  Pershad  (himself  a 
Brahmin,  but  an  honest  old  soldier)  with  a  most  impartial  eye.  .  .   . 
I  cannot  see  how,  without  exercising  a  restraint  over  him,  which 
I  conceive  would  have  been  foreign  to  the  declared  intention  of 
Government — ''always  to  stand  neuter  in  rehgious  matters  as 
regards  the  natives  of  the  country  " — I  could  have  prevented  his 

expressing  and  conducting  himself  as  he  has  done I 

purposely  delayed   communicating    His    Highnesses  change    of 
sentiments,  the  more  surely  to  ascertain  the  probability  of  their 

permanence I  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion,  that  he  is 

more  deeply  impressed  with  the  subject  than  his  years  would 
seem  to  render  likely. 


On  receipt  of  this  intelligence,  Sir  H.  Elliot,  the 
Secretary  to  the  Government,  desired  Login,  on 
resuming  his  duties,  to  furnish  the  Government  with 
full  and  explicit  information,  on  all  points  likely  to 
throv^r  light  on  "  an  act  so  singular  in  a  boy  of  such 


THE  NEOPHYTE.  243 


tender  yearSi   and  so  placed   as  His   Highness  the  Chaptor 
Maharajah  still  is."  ._. 


The  Governor-General  desires  to  be  informed,  says  this 
despatch,  whether  you  have  had  any  reason  to  suppose,  at  any 
time  since  the  Maharajah  has  been  under  your  charge,  that  His 
Highness  gave  his  attention  to  matters  connected  with  the  Chris- 
tian faith.  Whether  you  or  Mr.  Guise,  or  any  European  person 
who  have  had  charge  of,  or  may  have  had  access  to  him,  have 
introduced  the  subject  of  our  religion  to  his  notice ;  have  talked 
to  him  upon  it,  or  engaged  him  in  any  question  regarding  it  ? 
Whether  the  young  gentlemen  who  have  been  allowed  to  reside 
with  him  as  his  playfellows  (Mr.  Barlow  or  Mr.  Scott)  have 
talked  to  him,  or  been  talked  to  by  him  thereupon  .... 
and  where  the  Bible  was  procured,  which  His  Highness  says  has 
been  read  to  him  by  an  attendant,  and  who  that  attendant  is? 


Letter  to  Lord  Dalhousie  from  J.  S.  LoaiN. 

FuTTEHGHXTB,  Jan.  20th,  1851. 
My  Lobd, 

....  I  send  for  your  Lordship's  perusal,  a  statement  1851. 
famished  to  me  by  Bhajun  Lai,  the  Maharajah's  Brahmin 
attendant,  who  has  been  in  His  Highness's  confidence  ever  since 
he  began  to  entertain  any  intention  of  renouncing  his  own  faith, 
and  whose  account  of  the  circumstances,  though  rather  quaintly 
expressed,  may,  I  believe,  be  fully  depended  on.  I  was  at  first 
disposed  to  consider  the  Maharajah's  desire  to  embrace 
Christianity  as  a  mere  sentiment,  arising  from  the  feelings  of 
friendship  and  goodwill  which  he  entertains  towards  us  Christians ; 
and  I  endeavoured  to  dissuade  him  by  letter,  from  making  any 

R  2 


244  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH, 

Ohaiiter  changiB  in  his  mode  of  life  with  reference  to  his  observance  of 
^*      caste,  which  would  be  likely  to  give  offence  to  his  Sikh  attendants, 
*®*^*    until  he  could  explain  to  them  fully  his  reasons  for  withdrawing 
from  them.    But  from  the  conversations  I  have  held  with  him 
since  my  return  to  Futtehghur,  the  shrewdness  and  intelligence  of 
his  remarks  on  religious  subjects,  as  well  as  from  the  whole 
account  of  the  manner  in  which  the  conviction  has  arisen  in  his 
mind,  I  am  now  led  to  think  that  his  impressions  are  much  more 
deeply  seated,  and  I  should  be  incurring  a  greater  responsibility 
than  I  am  prepared,  or  willing,  to  undertake,  in  denying  him  the 
wished-for  instruction  in  our  faith  and  doctrine.      Although  only 
a  boy  in  years,  and  in  all  the  freshness  with  which  he  enjoys  his 
play  and  amusements,  he  is  by  no  means  so  in  judgment  and 
understanding ;  and  it  is  almost  impossible  for  any  one  who  has  not 
had  an  opportunity  of  conversing  with  him,  to  give  the  weight  to 
his  opinions  which  they  deserve.    Although  this  impression  of  hia 
character  is  shared  by  many  here,  I  am  anxious  that  your  Lord- 
ship should  not  incur  the  risk  of  being  misled  by  any  prejudice 
which  I  may  have  been  led  to  entertain  towards  him,  and  I  would 
therefore    respectfully    solicit    your    Lordship    to   request    Mr. 
Thomason,  when  passing  through  the  station,  to  take  an  oppor- 
tunity  of  conversing  with  His  Highness,  and  to  acquaint  you  with 
his  opinion  on  the  subject.     The  official  report  which  I  am  about 
to  submit  to  your  Lordship  will  be  accompanied  by  statements 
of  the  Dewan  Ajoodhea  Pershad,  the  Fakeer  Zehooroodeen,  and 
Sirdar  Boor  Singh,  regarding  the  circumstances  under  which  the 
Maharajah's  determination  to  embrace  Christianity  took  place, 
and  will  all,  I  believe,  tend  to  prove  to  your  Lordship's  satis- 
faction, that  no  improper  influence  has  been  made  use  of  to  induce 
him  to  renounce  the  religion  of  his  people. 

Lord  Dalhousib'b  Beply. 

Just  received  your  letter  of  20th,  enclosing  statement  of   the 
Maharajah's  Brahmin  attendant.     It  contains  a  very  singxilax 


THE  NEOPHYTE.  245 

norratiye,  which  will  no  donbt  be  (tirther  iUnstraied  by  the  official 
papers  you  mention,  bat  which  have  not  yet  reached  me.  IX 

I  have  written  to  Mr.  Thomason,  requesting  him  to  visit  the    *^^ 
Maharajah  if    he  should  pass  near  Futtehghur,  but  I  doobi 
whether  he  goes  in  that  direction. 

Tours  very  truly, 

Dalhousib. 

Statement  of  Lala  Bhajun  Laii  to  Db.  Login. 

FuTTEHGHUB,  Jan.  nth,  1861. 
Seb, 

As  you  want  to  know  the  circumstances  of  His  HighnesB 
Maharaj's  breaking  his  caste  since  you  left,  I  have  the  honour 
to  explain  before  your  honour,  what  all  I  have  known  from  the 
time  when  I  was  employed  in  His  Highness's  service. 

When  the  Maharaj  began  to  learn  out  of  an  English  book,  by 
name  of  *'  English  Instructor,"  there  were  some  lines  at  the  back 
end  of  the  book  with  few  words  about  Christian  religion.  You 
once  said  to  Maharaj,  "These  are  records  about  our  religion;  if 
you  want  to  read  them,  then  read,  and  if  you  don't  want,  you  can 
leave  them ; "  but  His  Highness  say  to  me,  '*  Never  mind,  I  will 
read  them,  because  I  want  to  know  everything;"  then  they  were 
read.  As  I  was  with  him  at  all  the  times,  he  used  to  ask  me 
questions  about  our  religion  (Sudras) :  What  is  the  benefit  by 
bathing  in  Gunga  Jee  ?  Would  it  take  us  into  heaven  if  we  stUl 
do  other  wicked  works  and  bathe  in  Gimga  ?  I  replied,  and  said, 
*'  Maharaj,  it  is  written  in  our  Shastras,  but  I  do  •  not  know 
whether  we  would  go  into  heaven  or  hell."  Then  he  said,  "  Yes, 
but  it  depends  on  our  works."    And  so  on  he  would  speak. 

In  the  month  of  Barsakh  (May),  Maharaj  began  to  have  some 
of  our  religious  books  read,  and  in  one  book  there  was  written 
a  paragraph  about  a  Bajah  who  used  to  make  charity  of  ten 
thousand  cows  every  morning  before  taking  his  breakfast  1     Tbifii 


246  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

CRiapter  way  the  said  Maharajali  used  his  abns  of  ten  thousand  cows 
^^  during  the  time  of  his  life.  But  it  came  to  pass,  that  if  any  one 
1851.  Qf  these  cows  came  again  or  was  hought  by  his  servants 
without  knowing  it,  and  the  Bajah  made  his  ahns  of  that  cow 
again,  by  this  he  was  cast  into  hell.  Now  when  the  Eatha 
was  over,  and  the  Pundit  gone,  His  Highness's  servant  Jewindah 
said  to  Maharaj,  "  See,  is  it  not  impossible  that  now  the 
Bajah  could  get  so  much  new  cow  every  day?"  Maharajah 
answered  and  said,  **  Yes  1  it  is  quite  nonsense  ;  and  that's  why 
I  doubt  many  things  what*  the  Pundit  do  say." 

Such  conversations  had  been  many  times,  but  I  always  found 
him  very  conscious,  and  of  high  opinion,  and  not  superstitious, 
and  of  a  reasonable  mind. 

Now,  Sahib,  after  some  time  you  went  to  Calcutta,  Maharaj 
saw  one  copy  of  Holy  Bible  into  my  hand,  and  asked  of  me, 
"Will  you  sell  this  over  to  me?"  I  repUed,  and  said,  "Maharaj, 
I  don't  want  to  sell  it  to  you,  but  I  can  present  you,  if  you 
can  read  a  chapter  out  of  it  without  any  assistance."  So  he  did 
read,  and  I  presented  him  my  Bible.  After  some  short  time,  he 
asked  me  to  read  to  him,  and  let  him  hear  it,  and  according  to 
his  orders  I  did  read.  First  day  I  read  6ih  chapter  St.  Matthew, 
and  few  others  during  whole  week.  Sometimes  Bible,  sometixnes 
a  few  tricks,*  then  sometimes  out  of  "  Boy's  Own  Book  "  ;  but  I 
am  sure  I  never  heard  any  Englishman,  talking  or  reading  him 
any  of  their  religious  things. 

After  this  week,  then  Maharaj  disclosed  his  designs  to  Captain 
Campbell  and  to  Mr.  Guise,  that  he  approves  the  Christian  religion 
is  true,  and  that  of  his  own  is  not  true.  Then  the  gentlemen  Bidd^ 
**  Well,  Maharaj,  if  you  understand  it  with  your  conscience,  it 
is  far  better,  and  we  would  be  only  very  happy  if  you  would  under- 
stand it."    But  I  well  know  and   can   certify  that    whaterer 


*  Legerdemain  and  improvising  tales,  were  resorted  to  by  his  attendants  to 
inae  him. 


amnse  him. 


1851. 


THE  NEOPHYTE.  247 

Maharaj  did  say  or  do,  he  did  it  by  his  pleasure  and  opinion,  but  Chapter 
not  by  any  man's  beguiling.  J^ 

When  I  did  ask  Maharaj,  "Do  you  really  believe,  or  merely 
joking?"  he  then  answered,  and  said,  *'  I  really  do  believe,  and  I 
will  embrace  the  Christian  religion,  because  long  before  mine 
designation  was  to  do  this." 

After  two  or  three  days,  on  Sunday,  I  came  back  from  my  city 
house  at  twelve  (because  I  often  go  to  city  on  Saturday  evening, 
and  come  back  on  Sunday  at  midday).  Maharaj  told  to  me, 
"Bhajun  Lai,  I  have  become  a  Christian."  I  then  say,  "  What 
did  you  eat  ?  "  He  answered  and  said,  **  I  have  not  eaten  any- 
thing, but  my  heart  is  changed.  See  now,  I  have  not  gone  to 
play,  nor  like  to  play,  on  this  day."  But  when  cool  of  evening 
came,  he  went  out  hawking  with  his  favourite  hawk.  When  he 
came  back  into  the  house  I  asked  him,  **  Maharaj,  how  is  it 
that  you  told  me  that  you  would  no  more  play  on  this  day,  but 
you  went  and  played  with  your  hawks  ?  "  He  answered,  and  said, 
"  I  forgot,  and  am  very  sorry  for  that."  After  two  days  more  he 
began  to  say  that  he  would  take  tea  with  Tommy  Scott  and 
Robbie  Carshore.  I  said,  '*  Very  well,  do  whatever  you  like,  but 
do  only  that  thing  which  you  well  know  will  do  good  for  you  at 
the  end."  On  Wednesday  I  had  some  work  in  the  city,  and  I 
took  his  leave  at  twelve  and  went ;  and  when  I  came  back  at 
evening,  I  found  Maharaj,  T.  Scott,  andB.  Carshore,  in  Maharaj 's 
room,  sitting  at  a  table,  and  all  tea  plates  were  arranged 
on  the^ table,  and  he  (the  Maharaj)  was  boiling  the  water.  As 
soon  as  he  saw  me,  he  came  out  of  the  room,  and  told  me,  ''  See 
now,  I  am  going  to  make  tea  with  mine  own  hands,  and  then  we 
all  three  take  together."  I  answered,  and  said,  '<  Very  good, 
Maharaj,  do  whatever  you  like ;  but  I  tell  you  one  thing,  that 
yoa]must  not  take  tea,  or  do  anything,  until  Dr.  Login  Sahib  comes 
back."  He  replied,  "  That  you  do  not  know  if  Dr.  Login  will 
allow  me  to  do  it,  and  then  I  will  be  very  sorry  I  "  After  this  he 
went  and  made  the  tea  with  his  own  hands,  and  took  with  T.  Scott 


248  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  and  B.   Carshore;  but  all  whatever  he  did,  he  did  with  hia 

^^  .  pleaeore,  and  was  very  anxious  if  Dr.  Login  will  like  him  to  do 

^^^-    his  wilful  work.    He  will  be  very  much  pleased  and  glad,  to  hear 

if  you  will  allow  him  to  break  his  caste,  and  he  will  be  very 

happy  in  breaking  his  caste. 

Sir,  as  far  as  I  know,  I  have  related  with  justice. 

Your  most  obedient,  humble  servant, 

Bhajun  Lal. 


Extracts  from  J.  S.  Login's  Official  Beport. 

FuTTBHQHUB,  Jan.  27th,  1851. 

....  Previous  to  my  departure  from  Calcutta,  on  the  15th 
November  last,  I  had  no  reason  to  suppose  that  His  Highness 
had  given  any  attention  to  matters  connected  with  the  Christian 
faith,  although  I  had  certainly  observed  that  neither  the  Sikh  nor 
the  Hindoo  religion  had  taken  any  firm  hold  of  his  mind.  On 
several  occasions  he  has  expressed  his  doubts  of  the  truth  of  the 
stories  read,  or  related  to  him,  by  his  Pundits,  from  their  Shastras, 
and  made  some  very  shrewd  remarks  on  the  superstitious  obser- 
vances both  of  Sikhs  and  Hindoos,  and  on  the  selfishness  and 
ignorance  of  their  priesthood.  As  an  indication  of  the  bent  of  his 
mind,  I  may  particularly  mention  one  instance : — 

About  a  fortnight  before  I  left  for  Calcutta,  he  came  to  my  room 
with  his  attendant,  early  one  morning,  as  was  frequently  his 
custom,  while  I  was  reading  by  candle-light,  and  the  conversation 
happening  to  turn  upon  the  subject  of  the  position  of  the  earth  in 
the  solar  system,  ....  he  asked  me  to  show  him  how  an  eclipse 
of  the  moon  took  place.  This  I  attempted  to  do  in  a  very  simple 
way  ....  and  apparently  succeeded  so  much  to  his  satisfaction, 
that  he  exclaimed  in  Hindostani,  ''  Wait  for  two  or  three  years^ 
until  I  have  learnt  all  about  it.    Won't  I  puzzle  the  Pundits  1 " 


THE  NEOPHYTE.  249 

As  I  carefally  abstained  from  encouraging  or  objecting  to  any  Chapter 
remarks  of  the  kind,  nothing  more  was,  I  believe,  said  on  the      ^* 
subject.  1861. 

During  my  absence  at  Calcutta,  His  Highness  frequently  wrote 
to  me,  both  in  English  and  in  Urdu. 

In  the  note  of  the  2nd  December,  herewith  submitted*  in 
oiiginal,  he  first  made  known  to  me,  that  his  Brahmin  attendant, 
Bhajun  Lai,  had  been  reading  the  Holy  Scriptures  to  him,  and 
he  desired  that  I  would  bring  him  a  copy  of  the  Bible. 

On  the  7th  December,  His  Highness  again  wrote  to  me,t  that 


*  FuTTEHOHUR,  2nd  Dtc.^  1850. 
My  dear  good  Friend, 

I  hope  you  continue  quite  well,  and  that  I  shall  soon  receive  another  letter 
from  yon. 

We  are  all  well  here.  Captain  Campbell  presided  at  our  examination,  and  I 
got  twenty-three  marks  ;  but  Shahzadah  only  got  ten,  Tommy  seventeen,  and 
Kobby  eighteen. 

Will  you  kindly  send  me  a  nice  Bible,  for  I  like  very  much  to  read,  because  yes- 
terday Bhajun  Lai  was  reading  to  me  ;  and  also  do  send  me  a  chest  of  fine  tools, 

for  carpenter's  work. 

Yours  very  sincerely, 

DULEKP  SiSOH, 

Maharajah, 
P.S.     Bhajun  Lai's  most  respectful  compliments,  may  reach  to  my  master's 
hononr. 

t  FuTTEHGHUR,  Dec»  7th^  1860. 
My  dear  good  Friend, 

I  was  very  glad  to  receive  your  kind  letter.     I  am  quite  well,  and  I  hope 
that  you  found  Mrs.  Login  quite  recovered,  on  her  arrival  in  Calcutta.     I  amuse 
myself  every  evening  by  making  Bhajun  Lai  read  to  me. 
I  have  begun  the  Bible,  and  generally  hear  one  or  two  chapters. 

Yours  very  sincerely, 
DuLEEP  Singh, 
Maharajah* 

Bh&jun  Lai's  best  service  to  his  master ;  prays  for  his  master's  safety  and 
good  health.  Everything  is  going'on  rightly.  His  attention  towards  the  hawks 
ia  not  as  you  left,  but  it  is  increasing  towards  his  lessons. 

He  has  been  so  much  pleased  upon  his  servant,  that  he  has  presented  a  9c^ah 
^fjhaUtn  (muslin  turban  with  gold  fringe). 

£zciise  me  if  anything  incorrectly  written. 


250  Sm  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  he  continued  to  hear  the  Bible  read  by  his  attendant,  Bhajon 
^^  Lai,  and  he  enclosed  a  note  from  the  latter  on  the  subject. 
1851.  fjijjig  ^Q^g  followed  on  the  9th  inst.  by  another  note*  in  his  own 
handwriting,  in  which  His  Highness  declares  his  determination  to 
embrace  the  Christian  religion,  as  he  had  long  doubted  the  truth 
of  the  one  he  had  been  brought  up  in,  and  was  convinced  of  the 
truth  of  the  religion  of  the  Bible,  which  he  had  lately  made  his 
attendant  Bhajun  Lai  read  to  him.  This  note  was  enclosed  in  a 
letter  from  Captain  Campbell,  acquainting  me  that  a  similar 
declaration  had  been  made  by  the  Maharajah  to  him,  and  that  the 
servants  were  aware  of  the  avowal. 

In  reply  to  Captain  Campbell's  letter,  I  expressed  my  regret 
that  the  avowal  should  have  been  made  known  so  hastily,  and 
before  sufficient  time  had  elapsed  to  ascertain  the  depth  and  per- 
manence of  the  Maharajah's  impressions  on  the  subject ;  as,  from 
the  suddenness  of  the  announcement,  I  couldn't  at  the  time  con- 
sider them  other  than  a  mere  sentiment  arising  from  the  feelings 
of  friendship  and  goodwill  which  he  entertained  towards  us 
Christians.  I,  at  the  same  time,  wrote  to  the  Maharajah,  advising 
him  to  make  no  change  in  his  mode  of  life,  with  respect  to  the 


*  FUTTEHOHUK,  Dtc.  9<A,  1850. 
My  dear  good  Fbiend, 

I  hope  you  are  quite  well,  and  Mrs  Login  also.  I  am  well  aud  happy.  Yon 
will  be  surprised  to  learn  of  my  determination  to  embrace  the  Christian  religion. 
I  have  long  doubted  the  truth  of  the  one  I  was  brought  up  in,  and  am  connnoed 
of  the  truth  of  the  religion  of  the  Bible,  which  I  have  of  late  mwle  Bhigon  Lai 
read  portions  of  to  me. 

I  have  asked  Captain  Campbell  to  write  to  you  on  this  subject. 

Youn  very  sincerely, 

DULEEf  StNGB, 

MaMarafaJk. 


Bhagun  Lai,  who  acted  as  secretary  to  his  master,  has  added,  it  iiill  be 
some  quaint  postscripts  of  his  own  to  these  letters.  Their  English  is  in  somewhat 
odd  contrast  to  that  of  the  letters  themselves,  which  were  dictated  to  him  by  the 
Maharajah. 


THE  NEOPHYTE.  251 

obGenrances  of  caste,  which  would  be  likely  to  give  offence  to  his  Chapter 
Sikh  attendants,  until  he  was  able  fully  to  explain  his  reasons  for      1^ 
withdrawing  from  them lool. 

From  the  conversations  I  have  held  with  the  Maharajah  he 
appears  from  a  very  early  age  to  have  been  led  to  entertain  doubts 
of  the  truth  of  the  Sikh  and  Hindoo  religions,  and  to  have  been  led 
to  consider  Mahomedanism  or  Christianity  in  a  more  favourable 
light.  As  his  age  increased,  and  he  was  brought  more  into  com- 
munication with  Christians,  his  prejudices  in  favour  of  their 
religion  became  gradually  stronger,  although  he  was  but  very 
imperfectly  acquainted  with  the  doctrines  which  they  held,  and 
indeed  had  given  but  little  consideration  to  the  subject. 

Since  his  arrival  at  Futtehghur  these  sentiments  have  continued 
to  gain  strength,  and  have  certainly  not  been  discouraged  by  his 
Brahmin  attendant,  Bhajun  Lai,  a  young  man  of  very  respectable 
connections  in  the  city  of  Furruckabad,  who  has  been  educated  at 
the  public  school  in  the  city  under  charge  of  the  Bev.  Messrs. 
Macaulay  and  Scott  of  the  American  Presbyterian  Mission,  and 
whom,  from  his  intelligence,  good  character,  and  knowledge  of  the 
English  language,  I  was  led  to  place  near  the  Maharajah  on  the 
departure  of  his  old  servant  Kurreem  Bux  Meah  Kheema,  not 
knowing  at  the  time  his  sentiments  were  so  favourably  disposed 
towards  Christianity,  as  he  continued,  and  still  continues,  to  live 
in  the  strict  observance  of  Hindooism. 

Although  previous  to  my  departure  for  Calcutta  no  indications 
had  been  observed  by  myself  or  Mr.  Guise,  or  the  native  gentle- 
men who  are  in  attendance  upon  His  Highness,  of  his  intention 
to  embrace  the  Christian  faith,  unless  the  casual  remark  made  by 
him  to  Mr.  Guise,  and  his  desire  to  read  the  portion  of  his  book 
bearing  upon  the  doctrines  of  Christianity,  may  be  so  considered, 
I  find  that  the  Maharajah  had  upwards  of  a  month  before,  under 
a  promise  of  secrecy,  mentioned  to  his  playfellow,  Thomas  Scott, 
that  it  was  his  desire  **  to  become  c^  Christian,  as  he  did  not  believe 
the  Hindoo  religion !  and  that  if  I,  as  his  guardian,  made  any 


252  SIR  JOHN  Loom  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  objections  just  now,  he  would  wait  until  he  embarked  for  England^ 
I^  when  he  would  tell  me,  that  as  his  caste  had  been  broken,  I  could 
1851.  j^Q^  refuse  him  permission  I  "  but  up  to  that  time,  his  mind  does 
not  appear  to  have  been  perfectly  made  up,  and  it  was  only  after 
he  heard  some  portions  of  Scripture  read  to  him  by  his  Brahnun 
attendant,  that  he  was  led  to  declare  his  desire  to  adopt  the 
Christian  faith 

In  some  respects  it  is  a  fortunate  circumstance  that  the  Maha* 
rajah's  determination  should  have  been  expressed  at  a  time  when 
his  knowledge  of  the  English  language  was  so  imperfect  as  to 
render  it  impossible  for  any  instruction  on  religious  subjects  to  be 
conveyed  to  him  through  that  medium,  without  being  at  the  same 
time  explained  in  Hindostani,  and  that  the  native  gentlemen 
who  have  been  in  attendance  on  His  Highness,  as  well  as  all  hie 
native  servants,  have  thus  been  enabled  to  judge  whether  any 
attempts  have  been  made  to  interfere  with  his  belief  in  an  improper 
way.  I  therefore  enclose  statements  *  written  in  the  vernacular 
by  the  three  native  gentlemen  in  attendance,  and  by  His  High- 
ness's  own  family  priest,  or  porohut,  testifying  that  in  their 
opinion  no  undue  influence  has  been  exerted,  and  His  Highness'a 
resolution  is  entirely  spontaneous 

The  Brahmin,  Bhajun  Lai,  though  still  professing  Hindooism, 


*  In  the  above  report  were  also  enclosed  statements  from — 

The  Dewan  Ajoodhea  Pershad  ; 

The  Fakeer  Zehooroodeen  (Urdu  and  Persian  tutor  to  His  Highness)  ; 

The  Sirdar  Boor  Singh  ; 

The  Porohut  Gol&b  Rai,  family  priest  of  the  Mahanjahs  of  Lahora  ; 

Bhajuu  Lai,  Brahmin  attendant  of  His  Highness. 

Mr.  Walter  Guise,  the  Maharajah's  English  tutor,  in  his  statement,  remarks 
(after  saying  that  neither  he  nor  any  European  having  access  to  him  had  ev^r 
held  conversations  with  him  on  the  subject  of  the  Christian  religion) :  *'  That  H» 
Highness  was  actuated  by  any  such  motive  as  the  desire  of  pleasing  those  pUcc«.i 
over  him,  is  highly  improbable,  when  it  is  considered  that  he  studiously  sought  to 
conceal  from  them  his  determination  ....  long  after  he  had  communicated  it 
to  Master  Scott,  whom  he  bound  not  to  reveal  it." 


THE  KEOFHTTE.  253 

is  evidently  well  disposed  towards  the  Christian  faith,  and,  I  Chapter 
beiieye,  anxious  to  speak  the  truth  without  reserve.  IX. 

The  Fakeer  Zehooroodeen  is  equally  honest  and  straight-  *^^* 
forward  in  his  statement,  and,  being  a  Mahomedan,  by  no 
means  disposed  to  view  the  change  in  an  unfavourable  light.  I 
had  made  arrangements  to  allow  him  to  return  to  his  family  at 
Lahore,  on  my  return  from  Calcutta,  and  he  was  naturally  very 
anxious  to  rejoin  his  friends  there,  one  of  his  children  having  died 
in  his  absence ;  but  in  consequence  of  what  has  occurred,  he  has 
voluntarily,  and  without  the  least  hint  from  me,  requested 
permission  to  remain  for  some  time  longer  with  the  Maharajah, 
in  order  that  he  may  show  the  opinion  which  he  entertains  on 
the  subject. 

The  Dewan  Ajoodhea  Pershad,  though  also  a  man  of  as  much 
moral  courage  and  honesty  as  I  have  ever  met  with  among 
Brahmins,  and  certainly  by  no  means  bigoted  in  his  creed,  still 
continues  to  profess  the  Hindoo  religion,  and  it  is  but  natural 
that  he  should  be  less  disposed  to  notice  the  maturity  of  the 
Maharajah's  judgment  on  such  matters,  than  the  Fakeer  has  been, 
and  should  be  more  guarded  in  his  statements 

The  Sirdar  Boor  Singh's  statement  is  as  explicit  on  the  subject 
as  could  be  desired.  I  understand  that,  when  the  Maharajah's 
Punjabi  servants  asked  him  to  join  in  a  petition  to  Captain 
Campbell,  he  told  them  that  had  any  compulsion  been  used 
towards  the  Maharajah,  in  regard  to  his  change  of  creed,  or  any 
undue  influence  been  exerted,  he  would  have  considered  it  his 
duty  to  have  remonstrated,  but  as  the  declaration  had  been  made 
of  the  Maharajah's  own  free  will,  and  his  whole  heart  was  set 
upon  carrying  out  his  determination,  he  could  not  in  any  way 
interfere. 

It  must  not,  however,  be  overlooked  that  the  Sirdar,  on  account 
of  liis  more  intimate  connection  vsrith  the  Shahzadah  Sheo  Deo 
Singh,  may  not  be  disposed  to  regret  the  step  taken  by  the  Maha- 
rajah ;  but  at  the  same  time,  in  proof  of  his  confidence  that  no 


254  SIB  JOHN   Loom  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 


% 


Chapter  undue  advantage  is  taken  by  us,  as  Christians,  in  tiie  instruction 

IX.      of  either  the  Maharajah  or  Shahzadah,  he  continues  to  be  in  every 

18ol«    respect  satisfied  with  the  manner  in  which  the  latter  is  instructed. 

In  expressing  his  satisfaction  at  the  manner  in  which  facilities 
have  been  afforded  to  him  and  to  the  Banee,  the  mother  of  the 
Shahzadah  Sheo  Deo  Singh,  in  the  exercise  of  their  religious 
rites,  he  has,  I  need  scarcely  remark,  somewhat  overstated  the 
case. 

The  Pundit  Goldb  Bai,  the  family  porohiit  of  the  Maharajahs 
of  Lahore,  though  naturally  disappointed  at  the  Maharajah's 
renunciation  of  Hindooism,  bears  testimony  to  the  absence  of  any 
attempt  to  influence  His  Highness  on  the  subject. 

From  a  perusal  of  the  whole  evidence,  I  trust  it  will  appear  to 
the  satisfaction  of  his  Lordship  that  no  improper  influence  has 
been  used  by  myself,  or  any  one  who  has  had  access  to  His  High- 
ness, to  induce  him  to  adopt  the  Christian  faith. 

While  I  have  been  fully  sensible  of  the  responsibility  of  my 
position  with  respect  to  EEis  Blghness,  and  earnestly  desirous  that 
he  should  be  educated  in  such  a  manner  as  to  reflect  no  discredit 
upon  me  as  a  Christian,  I  have  not  been  forgetful  of  the  delicate 
nature  of  the  duties  entrusted  i^  me  by  the  Government,  but  have 
constantly  borne  in  mind  that  in  his  case  the  principles  of 
Christian  morality,  which  it  was  my  desire  he  should  acquire 
during  his  tender  years,  could  only  be  set  before  him  by  & 
consistent  example.  This  I  have  endeavoured  to  do  so  far  as  my 
infirmities  of  temper  and  judgment  have  permitted,  trusting  th&t 
God  would  do  the  rest. 

I  have  often  felt  the  constraint  imposed  on  me  in  being  unable 
to  point  out  the  true  and  only  source  of  every  good,  and  in  being 
obUged  to  content  myself  with  instructing  him,  so  far  as  I  could,  in 
the  principles  of  true  morality,  without  reference  to  the  source  from 
whence  they  came. 

I  have,  I  believe,  answered  briefly  and  incidentally  any  questions 
he,  or  his  attendants  in  his  hearing,  have  casually  asked  me   on 


THE  NEOPHYTE.  255 

points  connected  with  the  Christian  faith,  but  I  cannot  recall  to  Chapter 
mind  any  particular  instance ;  and  the  only  occasions  on  which  I      IX. 
remember  to  have  touched  on  the  subject  of  our  Scriptures  in  the     1^51. 
Maharajah's  presence  were  shortly  after  I  received  charge  of  His 
Highness  at  Lahore,  and  again  about  three  months  since. 

On  the  former  occasion,  the  Maharajah  had  come  to  my  room 
with  his  attendant,  Meah  Kheema,  and  other  Mahomedan  and 
Hindoo  servants,  one  Sunday  morning,  and  the  conversation 
happening  to  turn,  on  the  subject  of  the  extent  and  greatness  of 
the  British  power  and  dominions,  I  took  occasion  to  say  that  ''it 
was  not  from  any  superiority  in  ourselves,  as  men,  that  this  took 
place,  but  solely  from  the  goodness  of  God  towards  us,  as  a  nation, 
and  that  so  long  as  we  acknowledged  this  with  all  our  hearts,  and 
acted  as  men  who  felt  the  responsibility  of  our  position,  as 
stewards  of  God's  bounty,  we  should  continue  to  prosper;"  and 
with  reference  to  the  increase  of  population  in  England,  as  com- 
pared with  the  Eastern  nations,  and  to  our  owan  particular  position 
in  India,  I  pointed  out  to  Meah  Kheema  and  the  other  Maho- 
medans  that  the  Prophet  Noah  had  said,  **  God  shall  enlarge 
Japhet,  he  shall  dwell  in  the  tents  of  Shem,  and  Canaan  shall  be 
his  servant ;  '*  and  I  told  them,  that  I  believed  it  to  be  in  fulfilment 
of  that  prophecy  that  we  were  now  among  them.     I  remember 
that  those  who  were  present  seemed  much  pleased  with  the 
conversation,  and  that  Meah  Kheema  asked  to  be  allowed  to 
take  the  Persian  Bible,  in  which  I  had  pointed  out  the  passage,  to 
have  it  read  to  him ;  but  whether  he  explained  any  portion  of  it  to 
the    Maharajah,  who  did  not   understand    Persian,   I  do    not 

knoiv 

With  respect  to  the  book,  the  ''English  Instructor"  men- 
tioned by  Bhajim  Lai,  in  which  some  pages  at  the  end  refer  to 
the  tenets  of  Christianity,  the  book  in  question  was  one  used  in 
the  school  here  by  Bhajun  Lai  and  his  brother.  I  have  also 
allowed  the  Maharajah,  and  Shahzadah,  to  use  the  books  of  the 
Scottish  School  Book  Association,  along  with  their  schoolfellows, 


256  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINQH. 

Chapter  Masters  Scott  and  Carshore,  as  being  extremely  well  stiited  to 
I^*  beginners ;  and  in  these  also,  some  portions,  having  reference  to 
1851.  Christianity,  occur,  which  the  Maharajah  has  voluntarily  read, 
but  from  all  I  can  learn,  up  to  the  time  at  which  he  commenced 
having  the  Bible  read  to  him,  he  had  not  paid  any  attention  to 
their  purport,  and  they  have  not  in  any  way  influenced  his  mind 
towards  the  step  he  has  taken 

I  must  confess,  however,  that  had  the  Maharajah  asked  my 
permission  to  read  the  Bible,  I  should  have  offered  no  objection, 
and  that  I  would  have  given  him  equal  permission  to  read 
the  Koran,  the  Orunt'h,  the  Shastras,  or  any  other  book  of  the 
kind,  which  is  not  considered  immoral,  in  the  same  way  as  he  had 
read  the  Mahomedan  Kureema  with  his  Urdu  teacher,  before  I 
took  charge  of  him 

Considering  the  relative  character  and  disposition  of  His  High- 
ness, as  compared  with  Master  Scott,  to  whom  he  first  made 
known  his  intentian  of  becoming  a  Christian,  I  cannot  but  con- 
sider the  latter  to  have  been  altogether  passive  in  the  matter ;  or 
if  he  did  exert  any  influence  over  the  Maharajah's  mind,  in  leading 
him  to  adopt  the  same  faith,  it  could  only  have  arisen  from  His 
Highness's  friendly  regard  for  the  boy,  and  the  admiration  of  the 
honesty  and  truthfulness  of  his  character,  which  he  has  frequently 
expressed. 

In  all  that  relates  to  the  religious  ceremonies  of  His  High- 
ness, I  have  uniformly  observed  the  strictest  neutrality,  and  hare 
left  him  and  his  people  to  the  free  exercise  of  their  own  wishes  on 
the  subject 

When  on  one  occasion,  in  May  last,  £Us  Highness  expressed  a 
wish  to  have  his  Pundit  to  read  prayers  to  him  daily,  as  he  ob> 
served  was  customary  with  us,  this  was  at  once  arranged ;  and  it 
was  during  the  attendance  of  the  Pundit  for  that  purpose  that 
the  circumstances  occurred,  which  are  related  by  Bhajun 
I  had  been  equally  careful  to  avoid  giving  ofience  to  the  prejudi 
of  the  Maharajah  and  his  Sikh  attendants,  in  so  far  as  lay  in 


THE  NEOPHYTE.  257 

power,  in  other  matters,  forbidding  the  use  of  beef  at  my  table,  Chapter 
or  the  practice  of  smoking  tobacco  near  the  honse ;   and  from  all      ^^ 
I  can  learn,  the  care  which  I  had  taken  in  this  respect  has  been     ^^^* 
folly  appreciated  by  them. 

I  have,  on  several  occasions,  proposed  to  the  Maharajah  to  in- 
quire for  a  native  boy  of  respectable  rank,  to  be  educated  along 
with  him,  but  he  has  uniformly  declined  any  offer  of  the  kind, 
preferring  to  have  only  EngUsh  boys  with  him.  .... 

Ever  since  the  assassination,  in  his  presence,  of  his  uncle,  the 
Sirdar  Jowahir  Singh,  at  Meean  Meer,  by  the  Sikh  soldiery,  the 
Maharajah  has  entertained  a  dread  of  his  own  countrymen,  and  a 
dislike  to  their  religion  and  all  connected  with  them.  This  feeling 
towards  them  he  was,  of  course,  obliged  to  conceal,  until  circum- 
stances enabled  him  to  declare  his  sentiments ;  but  ever  since  I 
have  taken  charge  of  him,  he  has  spoken  out  freely  on  the  subject, 
and  on  every  opportunity  has  shown  his  prejudice  against  them. 

For  several  years  past,  little  care  appears  to  have  been  taken  to 
instruct  him  in  the  principles  of  the  Sikh  religion ;  for,  excepting 
what  he  might  pick  up  when  the  Grunt'h  was  read  to  him  occa- 
sionally (to  which  he  gave  but  Uttle  attention),  he  has  been  left 
very  much  to  chance  for  information  on  the  subject.  He,  how- 
ever, continued  to  be  regular  in  the  observance  of  such  Hindoo 
ceremonies  as  are  customary  among  the  Sikhs,  and  to  hear 
portions  of  their  sacred  books  read  to  him  by  his  Pundits. 

After  these  occasions,  it  not  infrequently  happened  that 
tbe  subject  of  the  stories  read  to  him  were  discussed  in  private 
witli  his  favourite  attendant,  Meah  Eheema,  and  his  son,  who 
aa  Mussulmaun,  could  not  always  conceal  their  disbelief  in  them, 
or  ftvoid  giving  encouragement  to  the  doubts  which  arose  in 
HiB  Highness's  mind  on  the  subject. 

^Wliile  his  prejudices  against  his  own  people  and  their  faith 
•v^ero  thus  gaining  strength,  circumstances  had  occurred  in  his 
outward  position  to  lead  him  to  consider  the  English  his  most 
sineexe  friends,  and  the  kindness  and  consideration  which  he 

S 


258  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  experienced  from  Lord  Hardinge,   Sir  Henry  Lawrence,  Lord 

IX.      Gough,  and  Sir  Frederick  Gurrie,  disposed  him  most  favourably 

1861  •    towards  them,  and  to  other  Englishmen  who  had  access  to  him ; 

and  he  fully  appreciated  their  cordiality  and  friendly  feelings, 

although  sometimes  expressed  with  less  ceremony  than  he  had 

been  accustomed  to. 

These  sentiments  of  friendly  confidence  have  been  confirmed, 
and,  I  am  happy  to  think,  rendered  permanent,  by  the  cordial  and 
kindly  reception  which  His  Highness  met  with  from  the  Most 
Noble  the  Governor-General  at  Lahore,  and  by  the  kind  interest 
which  his  Lordship  has  always  taken  in  his  welfare ;  and  I  do 
not  think  that  there  is  a  single  person  within  Her  Majesty's 
dominions  who  is  at  present  more  convinced  that  the  annexation 
of  the  Punjab  was  forced  on  us  by  circumstances  than  the 
Maharajah,  or  more  satisfied  as  to  the  friendly  sincerity  of  the 
English  Government  towards  him. 

By  far  the  greater  number  of  the  old  servants  who  accompanied 
him  to  Futtehghur  were  Mussulmaun,  only  a  very  few  Sikhs, 
who  were  necessary  on  the  establishment,  being  apparently 
disposed  to  come. 

Among  those  who  had  the  option  of  accompanying  the 
Maharajah  were  the  four  or  five  Sikhs  priests,  OrunVhees^  in 
regular  attendance  upon  His  Highness. 

Before  leaving  Lahore,  I  sent  for  them,  and  explained,  that 
they  were  at  liberty  to  join  His  Highness  if  they  wished,  and 
to  take  a  copy  of  the  Grunt'h  with  them,  which  was  left  in  their 
charge  for  the  purpose,  and  I  stated  that  I  would  make  arrange- 
ments for  their  comfortable  accommodation  in  the  event  of  tb^r 
doing  so.      They  did  not,  however,   avail  themselves  of     the 
opportimity  afforded  them,  and  His  Highness  left  the  Punjab 
without  any  religious  attendant  of  his  own  sect,  or  any  copy  of 
their  sacred  book,  nor  had  he  expressed  the  least  desire»  sinoe  he 
left  Lahore,  to  have  the  want  supplied. 

One   of  the  four  Brahmin  porohuts,  or  family  prieBtB» 


THE  NBOPHYTB.  259 

however,  remain  in  attendance  on  His  Highness,  after  making  Chapter 
arrangements  with  the  other  three — who  conjointly  hold  jagheers      ^^ 
for  the  performance  of  the  duty — ^that  they  should  relieve  each     Iwl. 
other  every  six  months.    On  the  expiry  of  that  time,  the  priest  in 
attendance,  Goldh  Bai,  wrote  to  the  others  to  relieve  him  as  had 
heen  arranged  among  them,  but  they  very  decidedly  refused  to  do 
so,  and  he  has,  in  consequence,  had  to  remain  in  Hindostan,  much 
longer  than  he  at  first  intended. 

....  Ever  since  the  Maharajah's  determination  has  been 
openly  avowed,  he  has  been  most  anxious  to  obtain  Christian  in- 
struction, and  he  has  even  requested  to  join  us  at  family  prayers, 
which  I  have  not  considered  myself  justified  in  preventing. 

That  his  desire  to  embrace  Christianity  is  ardent  and  sincere,  no 
one  who  has  had  an  opportunity  of  conversing  with  him  on  the 
subject  can  have  any  doubt ;  while  the  manner  in  which  he  has 
refused  any  longer  to  conform  to  Hindoo  ceremonies,  and  the 
reasons  which  he  has  given  for  the  step  he  has  taken,  evince  a 
maturity  of  judgment  far  beyond  his  age. 

Though  anxious  to  lay  aside  all  observances  of  caste,  and  to 
adopt  European  customs,  he  has  not  done  so,  in  consequence  of 
the  advice  which  I  gave  him  in  the  first  instance — ^not  to  give 
unnecessary  ofEence  to  his  Hindoo  attendants.  But  he  only 
requires  to  know  that  no  objection  will  be  offered  on  the  part  of 
Government,  to  do  this  at  once. 


Letter  from  J.  S.  Loam  to  Lobd  Dalhousib,  accompanying  the 

Official  Beport. 

FUTTBHOHTJB,  Jo/n.,  1851. 

My  Lobd, 

....  I  regret  to  find  that  your  Lordship  supposes,  from 
the  circumstance  that  I  forwarded  Colonel  Goodwyn's  estimate 
and  plans,  that  I  contemplate  for  the  Maharajah  a  future  much 
more  royal  than  is  intended.    So  far  as  it  has  been  in  my  power, 

•       8  2 


260  SIR  JOHN   ^OGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  I  have  endeavoured  gradually  to  wean  his  mind  from  any  desiie 
IX  for  royal  state,  and  to  render  him  happy  and  contented  under  his 
1861.  altered  circumstances.  Under  the  impression  that  it  was 
desirable  to  lead  His  Highness  to  consider  Futtehghur  as  his  per- 
manent residence,  and  knowing,  from  my  experience  at  LucknoW| 
that  the  amount  was  far  below  the  sum  frequently  expended  by 
private  native  gentlemen  on  their  residences  (the  property 
adjoining  that  of  His  Highness  at  Futtehghur,  formerly  oc- 
cupied by  the  late  Hakim  Mhendi,  having  cost  nearly  double 
the  amount),  I  certainly  so  far  approved  of  Colonel  Goodwyn's 
designs  as  to  submit  them  to  your  Lordship ;  but  now  that  your 
Lordship's  wishes  are  made  known  to  me,  I  have  at  once  pointed 
out  to  His  Highness  the  kind  consideration  shown  by  your 
Lordship,  in  desiring  that  no  expensive  improvements  be  made  on 
his  residence  at  present,  in  order  that  he  may,  when  he  comes  of 
age,  have  it  in  his  power,  without  much  loss,  to  change  his 
residence,  should  he  choose  to  do  so. 

Regarding  the  wish  of  His  Highness  to  visit  England,  I  have, 
in  accordance  with  your  instructions,  endeavoured  to  wean  him 
from  the  idea  at  present,  by  pointing  out  to  him  that  during  his 
state  of  pupilage  a  visit  would  scarcely  be  considered  voluntary 
by  the  people  of  India,  and  that  even  among  ourselves  it  would  be 
viewed  in  a  much  more  complimentary  light,  if  postponed  until  he 
came  of  age,  and  able  to  exercise  his  own  free  will  in  the  matter. 
Although  he  quite  agreed  in  the  reasonableness  of  the  objection, 
he  is  still  as  eager  as  ever  to  carry  out  his  intention,  aod 
frequently  speaks  of  his  visit ;  and  no  later  than  yesterday  he  told 
me  of  a  dream  he  had  on  the  subject,  and  described  all  that  had 
occurred  to  him  on  landing  in  England  t    With  regard  to  the  very 
important  subject  of  his  marriage,  I  think  that  it  is  likely,  owing 
to  his  altered  position,  from  what  has  lately  occurred,  that  he  xn^y 
be  more  desirous  to  consult  his  own  wishes  and  inclination,  on  tbe 
subject  of  the  selection  of  a  wife,  than  he  was  before,  so  it  may  be 
dropped  for  the  present. 


THE  NEOFHTTE.  261 

I  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  Kajah  of  Goorg  and  his  Chapter 
daoghter,  at  Benares,  on  my  way  up,  and  although  I  did  not  make      -^ 
the  least  allusion  to  the  connection,  I  could  perceive  that  it  was    ^^^« 
not  likely  to  be  displeasing  to  him.    The  Bajah  had  just  had  an 
offer  of  marriage  for  her,  from  Jung  Bahadoor,  and  was  rather 
curious  to  ascertain  how  he  stood  in  the  estimation  of  the  people 
of  England ;  and  from  what  he  said,  I  did  not  gather  that  he  was 
favourably  disposed  to  him. 

The  Lieut. -Governor  N.W.P.  (Mr.  Thomason)  has  just  arrived 
at  this  station,  and  I  have  asked  him  to  take  an  opportunity 
of  conversing  freely  with  His  Highness  on  the  subject  of  the  wish 
he  has  expressed,  to  become  a  Christian. 

I  remaiUi 

Yours,  etc., 

J.  S.  Login. 


LoBD  Dalhousib  to  Db.  Loom. 

Gamp,  Jubbbe,  Feb.  10th,  1851. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  reply  before.  Under  all  the  circum- 
stances, communication  must  be  made  to  the  Court  of  Directors, 
and  until  I  get  their  reply,  no  final  instructions  can  be  given  you. 
I  shall  be  happy  to  attend  to  any  proposals  that  may  come  for 
building  at  Futtehghur.  Whatever  may  be  done,  must  be 
regulated  by  what  will  be  the  future  amount  of  the  Maharajah's 
income,  and  not  by  any  reference  to  what  may  have  been  done 
by  wealthy  gentlemen  from  Lucknow.  With  respect  to  marriage, 
I  agree  with  you,  that  there  is  no  necessity  for  haste  in  concluding 
a  betrothal  with  an  unmarriageable  child,  in  the  singular  circum- 
stances in  which  the  Maharajah  now  stands.  I  am  glad  you 
bave  asked  Mr.  Thomason  to  see  the  boy. 


262  SIB  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 


Chapter  ^^^'ract  from  despatch  of  Secbetaby  to  Goyebnmbnt  acknowledging 
IX«  J.  8.  Login's  Official  Beport, 


1851. 


Gamp,  Murum,  Feb.  17th,  1861. 

The  Governor-General  is  entirely  satisfied  by  this  statement, 
and  by  the  documents  transmitted  in  support  of  it,  that  no 
improper  influence  had,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  been  used 
by  you,  or  by  any  of  the  English  gentlemen  who  have  been 
connected  with  His  Highnesses  establishment,  to  induce  His 
Highness  to  abjure  his  original  faith  and  to  profess  Christianity. 
His  Lordship  requests  that  his  conviction  on  this  head  may  be 
made  known  to  yo,u,  and  may  by  you  be  communicated  to  the 
others. 

In  a  matter  of  so  much  moment,  and  one  so  singular,  as  the 
adoption  of  the  Christian  faith  by  a  native  Prince  under  our 
immediate  guardianship,  the  final  instructions  to  \^ch  the 
Governor-General  has  alluded,  cannot  be  issued  without  a 
reference  to  the  Home  authorities.  A  communication  will 
be  addressed  to  them  by  the  next  mail,  and  an  immediate  reply 
will  be  solicited. 

In  the  meantime,  you  will  be  so  good  as  to  acquaint  the 
Maharajah,  that  His  Highness's  desire  to  embrace  the  Christian 
faith  has  been  communicated  to  the  Governor-General.      You 
will  represent  to  His  Highness,  that  to  relinquish  the  faith  of  his 
own  people,  and  to  adopt  another  creed,  is  a  step  of  so  great 
importance,  that  at  his  early  age  it  is  the  duty  of  the  Government 
of  India,  which  is  charged  with  the  care  and  nurture  of  his 
youth,  to  see  that  whatever  His  Highness  may  do,  shaU  be  done 
deliberately,  and  with  a  full  knowledge  of  the  nature  and  effect 
of  his  acts.    You  are  to  add  that,  under  these  circumstances,  his 
Lordship  desires  to  acquaint  the  highest  authorities  in  England 
of  the  intention  which  His  Highness  has  expressed,  and  to  obtain 
their  instructions  for  his  guidance. 


THE  NEOPHTTB.  263 

Until  these  instractions  shall  be  received,  and  until  they  shall  Chapter 
be  made  known  to  the  Maharajah,  his  Lordship  trusts  that  His      ^* 
Highness  will  not  make  any  public  declaration  of  his  wishes,  that     ^°^^* 
he  will  not  throw  aside  the  restrictions  of  caste,  or  needlessly 
disregard  the  religious  observances  he  has  hitherto  respected. 

.  .  .  •  Should  the  Maharajah  continue  to  express  an  earnest 
desire  to  read  the  Bible,  as  a  portion  of  his  daily  instruction,  the 
Grovemor-General  does  not  consider  himself  justified  in  directing 
that  his  wish  shall  be  opposed,  if  it  be  manifestly  sincere  and 
earnest.  But  instruction  in  the  tenets  of  the  Christian  faith 
should  not  at  present  be  thrust  upon  him,  if  he  should  appear 
indifferent  on  the  subject.  For  the  same  reason  you  will  advise 
the  Maharajah  to  discontinue  his  attendance  at  worship  in  your 
family,  of  which  His  Highness  forms  no  part. 

You  will  understand  that,  in  communicating  these  instructions, 
the  Governor-General  does  not  convey  any  intimation  of  an 
intention, to  oppose  the  adopbion  of  the  Christian  faith  by  the 
Maharajah,  if  his  Lordship  should  be  left  free  to  proceed  on  his 
own  judgment.  The  Govemor-Generars  object  is  to  prevent  the 
risk  of  His  Highness  acting  in  this  matter  precipitately,  and  on  the 
mere  impulse  intelligible  in  a  boy  of  good  capacity  and  strong  will, 
who  has  been  placed  in  the  peculiar  circumstances  which  you  have 
well  described  in  your  statement,  now  before  his  Lordship. 

At  the  same  time,  the  Governor-General  feels  it  his  duty  not  to 
act  finally  on  his  own  judgment,  in  a  case  so  important  and  so 
novel,  without  submitting  it  for  the  consideration  of  the  Honour- 
able Court  of  Directors  in  the  first  instance. 


Extract  from  a  letter  to  Lobd  Dalhousie. 

The  Maharajah  quite  agrees  that  it  is  wise  and  proper  that  he 
slioiild,  at  present,  make  no  changes  that  could  possibly  offend  his 
people,  until  he  has  proved  the  strength  and  reahty  of  his  con- 


264  SIB  JOHK  LOGIN  AKD  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Ghapfcer  victions,  but  he  is  anxious  to  show  that  he  can  do  this,  ^ihont 
I^  affecting  his  desire  to  become  a  Chnstian.  He  had,  of  his  own 
^^1.  accord,  before  the  receipt  of  your  Lordship's  letter,  discontinued 
his  attendance  at  our  family  prayers,  as  he  said  he  thought  ii 
hypocritical  to  appear  to  join  in  a  service  which,  from  hia 
imperfect  knowledge  of  English,  he  did  not  sufficiently  under- 
stand ;  but  he  continues  to  read  the  Bible  regularly,  and  have  it 
explained  to  him.  In  his  determination  to  discontinue  the 
observances  of  the  Hindoo  religion,  with  the  .exception  of  such 
conformity  to  the  restrictions  of  caste  as  do  no  violence  to  his 
feelings,  no  change  whatever  has  taken  place. 

On  the  last  occasion  of  the  Sinkrat,  he  distinctly  and 
emphatically,  in  my  presence,  and  that  of  the  Dewan,  refused  to 
give  the  usual  order  to  the  Brahmin  treasurer,  to  pay  his 
customary  offering,  and  desired  that  the  amount  (500  rupees) 
should  be  set  aside,  on  the  first  of  every  month,  for  charitable 
purposes. 

Since  he  declared  his  intention  to  be  a  Christian,  a  marked 
change  has  taken  place  in  his  habits ;  he  tries  to  apply  his  mind 
to  his  studies,  and  shows  a  wish  to  acquire  knowledge.  No 
desire  has  been  shown  by  him  to  attract  notoriety  by  the  step  he 
has  taken;  on  the  contrary,  every  circumstance  connected  with 
his  determination  to  embrace  Christianity  tends  to  show  the 
absence  of  any  unworthy  motive  in  doing  so ;  and  he  is  equally 
free  from  any  display  of  his  sentiments,  as  from  a  desire  to 
conceal  them,  although  he  does  not  hesitate  to  express  them  with 
sufficient  boldness  when  occasions  arise. 

J.  S.  Li. 


On  the  11th  June  an  official  letter  firom  Sir  Henry 
Elliot  conveyed  to  Dr.  Login  the  acquiescence  of  the 
Court  of  Directors  in  the  desire  of  the  Maharajah, 
which  was  couched  in  the  following  terms  :— 


THE  NEOPHYTE.  265 

We  concur  entirely  in  the  yiews  expressed  by  Lord  Dalhousie  Chapter 
on  this  occasion,  and  we  authorize  him  at  his  discretion,  appre-      *^ 
ciating  most  folly  the  wisdom  of  his  Lordship's  resolution,  that  in     ^°^^* 
following  ont  these  views  no  undue  publicity,  no  ostentatious 
announcement  would  be  permitted. 


Conimenting  on   this  letter  of  the  Court,  Sir  H. 
Elliot  sajrs : — 


It  is  the  Govemor-Generars  wish,  that  if  the  Maharajah's 
declared  desire  shall  not  have  been  a  transient  fancy,  he  should 
henceforth  receive  every  aid  and  guidance  which  can  be  given  to 
him  in  following  out  the  happy  choice  to  which  he  has  been  led 
by  the  light  his  heart  has  received. 

But  it  is  his  Lordship's  positive  command,  that  this  object  shall 
be  carried  into  effect  without  any  parade  or  publicity,  without 
any  circumstances  of  excitement  or  notoriety,  which  may  either 
lead  the  boy  to  fancy  himself  an  object  of  extraordinary  interest, 
or  may  admit  of  his  being  made  so  by  others  among  us. 

The  introduction  of  any  such  circumstances  as  these,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  step  which  the  Maharajah  has  taken,  could  only  be 
injurious  to  himself,  and  tend  to  qualify  our  assurance  of  his 
singleness  of  purpose,  and  of  the  reality  of  his  convictions. 

His  Lordship  relies  on  your  prudence  and  judgment  for  giving 
effect  to  these  views  of  the  Government  of  India,  respecting  the 
fature  religious  education  of  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh,  by  con- 
ducting it  in  a  manner  marked  only  by  its  earnestness  and 
simplicity.  There  is  nothing  which  requires  to  be  concealed.  At 
the  same  time  the  Governor-General  trusts  that  all  newspaper 
paragraphs,  all  communications  to  religious  periodicals,  which  are 
likely  to  be  put  forth,  announcing  the  conversion  of  a  native 
Prince,  may,  so  far  as  in  you  lies,  be  discouraged  and  prevented. 


266  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH, 

Chapter  It  is  his  Lordship's  earnest  hope  that  the  boy's  spontaneouB 
LS«  wish  may  prove  to  be  rooted  and  stable,  and  that  he  may  imbibe 
lool,  ^^j;^  eagerness  and  perseverance  that  knowledge  of  Christian 
truth  which  he  has  thus  early  and  unexpectedly  sought.  To  that 
end  our  best  and  faithful  exertions  should  now  be  steadily  directed. 
We  should  content  ourselves  with  the  consciousness  that  we  are 
labouring  for  good,  and  with  the  hope  that  it  will  in  the  end  be 
fully  and  permanently  secured.  But  in  the  meantime,  his  Lord- 
ship enjoins  upon  all  concerned  that  they  abstain  from  trumpeting 
abroad  either  the  nature  of  their  labours  or  anticipations  of  their 
issue. 


LoBD  Dalhousie  to  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh. 

Simla,  Aug.  2tul,  1851. 

I  had  the  honour  of  receiving  the  letter  which  your  Highn4 
addressed  to  me  lately,  and  learnt,  with  sincere  pleasure^  the 
satisfaction  your  Highness  had  experienced,  on  receiving  the  reply 
of  the  Court  of  Directors  to  your  wish  for  full  instruction  in  the 
truths  of  the  Christian  religion. 

Your  Highness  will  readily  understand  that  my  wish  to  refer 
the  subject  to  the  Court  of  Directors  did  not  proceed  from  any 
reluctance  on  my  part  to  meet  your  views,  still  less  from  any 
doubt  of  the  wisdom  of  the  step  you  wished  to  take.     I  was 
desirous  only  that  it  should  be  clearly  seen  that  the  act  was  your 
own,  springing  from  your  own  heart,  and  that  you  had  not  been 
led  into  it  hastily,  and  while  you  were  yet  too  young  to  have 
deeply  considered  the  importance  of  your  act.      I  rejoice  to  learn 
that  your  Highness  remains  firm  in  your  desire  to  be  instructed  in 
the  doctrines  of  the  Bible,  and  that  you  have  resolved  to  embrace 
a  faith,  whose  teaching,  if  duly  practised  by  the  help  of  God»  will 
tend  to  increase  your  happiness  in  this  life,  and  will  secure  it  xq 
another  that  is  to  come. 


THE  NEOPHYTB.  267 

During  the  next  cold  weather  I  propose  to  return  to  Calcutta.  Chapter 
On  my  way  I  hope  to  have  the  pleasure  of  meeting  your  High-      ^^- 
ness  again,  'and  I  will  not  fail  to  make  known  to  Dr.  Login,  when     ^^^* 
I  am  likely  to  be  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Futtehghur.    Your 
desire  to  visit  Agra  and  Delhi  is  very  proper ;  they  are  both  of  them 
noble  cities,  containing  some,  works  unsurpassed  in  beauty  in  any 
country  in  the  world.     The  sight  of  them  will  afford  your  High- 
ness great  pleasure.     Your  Highness  has  much  to  see  in  your  own 
country  before  the  visit  to  England,  which  your  Highness  so 
earnestly  desires  to  accomplish,  can  be  undertaken  with    full 
advantage  to  yourself. 

With  every  good  wish  for  your  health  and  happiness, 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  very  respectfully, 

Your  Highness's  faithful  friend, 

DaIiHOUSIE. 


Letter  to  Lord  Dalhousie. 
My  Lord, 

At  the  request  of  His  Hi^mess  the  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh,  I 
have  the  honour  to  enclose  an  autograph  letter  to  your  Lordship's 
address,  which  the  Maharajah  has  drawn  up  with  the  assistance 
of  his  Brahmin  attendant.  I  have  been  anxious  that  the  letter 
should  be  as  much  as  possible  his  own  production,  and  have  left 
him  to  express  his  own  sentiments  as  far  as  he  could.  I  have 
every  reason  to  believe  that  the  satisfaction  he  has  expressed  at 
the  permission  being  granted  to  him  to  be  educated  in  the 
Christian  faith  is  most  cordial  and  sincere,  and  that  he  is  fully 
determined,  under  the  blessing  of  God,  to  avail  himself  of 
every  opportunity  afforded  him  of  acquiring  knowledge  on  the 
subject. 

Although,  as  I  have  already  reported,   the  Maharajah  has 


268  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH, 

Chapter  naturally  shown  a  preference  for  the  ministerial  Tisits  of  the  Bev. 

I^-      Gopee  Nauth  Nundy,  he  has,  since  I  explained  to  him  your 

18ol"     Lordship's  desire  that  every  ostentatious  publicity  on  the  subject 

of  his  religious  instruction  should  be  avoided,  requested  that  the 

chaplain  at  this  station  (Dr.  Garshore)  should  be  invited  to  viait 

him,  and  he  has  accordingly  done  so. 

His  principal  reason  for  selecting  Dr.  Garshore,  in  preference  to 
the  other  clergy  here,  has  been  that  the  latter  are  supported  by 
an  American  missionary  society,  and  could  not  well  have  avoided 
reference  to  his  progress  in  their  periodical  reports.      There 
is  also  another  advantage  in  this  arrangement,  inasmuch  as  it  will 
enable  the  Lord  Bishop,  at  any  time,  to  select  a  judicious  and 
well-qualified  successor  to  Dr.  Garshore,  when  he  leaves  Futteh- 
ghur.    With  reference  to  the  future  training  of  His  Highness  in 
our  Christian  faith,  your  Lordship  will  excuse  me  for  stating  how 
cordially  I  shall  endeavour  to  act  in  the  spirit  of  the  instructions 
which  I  have  received  on  the  subject,  as  they  are  in  every  respect 
such  as  I  have  wished  them  to  be.    Your  Lordship  may  rest 
assured  that  it  is  my  anxious  desire  to  avoid  all  ostentatious 
publicity  in  everything  relating  to  the  Ghristian  education  of  His 
Highness,  and  to  conduct  it  in  a  manner  "  marked  only  by  its 
earnestness  and  simplicity,"  as  your   Lordship   requires   ths^t 
it  should  be  done.    To  enable  me,  however,  to  carry  out  these 
views  effectually,  it  may  be  desirable  that  I  should  in  the  fixrst 
instance  make  known  to  the  Lord  Bishop  the  whole  circuiTi. 
stances  of  the  case,  by  sending,  for  his  private  perusal,  a  copy 
of  my  report   and  of  the  commands  I  have  received  on    the 
subject,  and  thus  ensure  his  advice  and  assistance.    As  I  Ixs^ve 
for  many  years  been    personally   known  to  the  Bishop, 
have  frequently  corresponded  with  him,  I  can  do  this  now 
more  easily  and  without  attracting  any  notice.    I  shall  be  gl^d  to 
receiFB  instructions  on  this  point,  as  I  hear  from  Dr.  Carsliore 
that  inquiries  have  already  been  made  by  the  Archdeacon  an  the 
subject. 


THE   NEOPHYTE.  269 

Having  requested  the  Maharajah  to  state  folly  all  his  wishes  to  Chapter 
yoor  Lordship,  he  has  not  omitted  the  opportunity  of  making      ^^ 
known  his  anxiety  to  go  to  the  hills  next  hot  season,  or  his  wish    ^^^* 
to  visit  England  a  short  time  hence. 

I  have  tried  to  restrain  his  wishes  in  both  these  cases ;  in  the 

former,  by  telling  him  that  no  such  comfortable  accommodation 

can  be  available  for  him  at  any  of  the  hill  stations  as  he  now  has 

at  Futtehghur,  and  that  if  permitted  to  go,  he  could  only  take 

with  him  a  very  small  establishment.    But  he  readily  enough 

makes  up  his  mind  to  this,  as  he  rather  takes  pleasure  in  dispensing 

with  a  large  retinue,  and  in  adopting  European  habits.  The  reasons 

he  assigns  for  his  wish  to  go  to  the  hills  are,  that  he  can  apply 

more  steadily  to  his  studies  in  a  cooler  climate,  and  can  have 

more  English  boys  for  playfellows.    Although,  in  deference  to  the 

prejudices  of  his  Hindoo  attendants,  he  continues  to  eat  only  such 

food  as  he  has  hitherto  been  accustomed  to,  cooked  by  his  Brahmin 

servants,  he  is  anxious  to  have  it  served  up  in  the  European 

manner,  and  has  asked  me  to  allow  a  Mahomedan  table-attendsmt 

to  instruct  his  people,  and  be  present  to  point  out  what  is  required 

at  his  meals.    The  Punjabi  servants  who  remain  in  his  kitchen, 

show  no  objections  to  these  innovations,  and  readily  adopt  them, 

being  much  less  prejudiced  than  the  Hindostani  bearers. 

The  Maharajah  himself  is  quite  aware  that  particular  rules  in 
respect  to  meats  and  drinks  are  not  essential  to  Christianity ;  but, 
seeing  how  much  importance  is  attached  to  these  matters  by  the 
Hindoos,  he  does  not  wish  to  give  them  offence  unnecessarily,  and 
refrains  from  the  use  of  beef. 

The  Maharajah  is  very  anxious  to  have  the  opportunity  of 
meeting  your  Lordship,  when  passing  down  the  country  next  cold 
season,  and  hopes  you  will  give  him  the  pleasure  of  receiving  you 
at  Futtehghur. 

J.  S.  L, 


270  SIR  JOHN  liOQIN  AND   DULEEP   SIN6EL 


Ghaptor  Lord  Dalhousib  to  Db.  Loom. 

IX. 

1851  SmiiA,  July  Slst,  1851. 

....  The  Bishop's  advice  is  all  very  well,  but  I  pray  yoa  to 
observe,  that  I  will  not  allow  any  authoritative  interference  in  the 
direction  of  the  Maharajah's  religious  education,  either  by  the 
Chaplain  or  by  the  Bishop,  whether  directly  over  the  boy  or  over 
you.  Whatever  is  done^  must  be  done  through  you,  as  the 
responsible  superintendent  of  His  Highness  in  all  respects,  and 
must  be  reported  to  Government. 

If  His  Highness  strongly  urges  going  to  the  hiUs  next  hot 
weather,  I  do  not  know  that  it  need  be  refused,  but  he  can't  have 
such  guards  and  escort  there  as  at  Futtehghur,  and  I  should 
certainly  object  to  this  station,  with  its  large  community. 

I  do  not  know  whether  my  march  downwards  will  bring  me 
actually  to  Futtehghur,  but  it  will  give  me  great  pleasure  to 
arrange  so  that  I  may  meet  His  Highness  somewhere.  There 
can  be  no  objection  to  his  visiting  Agra  and  Delhi,  or  travelling 
somewhere  next  cold  season. 


Many  letters,  at  this  time,  passed  between  the 
Governor-General  and  Dr.  Login,  regarding  the  Maha- 
rajah's progress,  and  on  Lord  Dalhousie  notifying^  his 
intention  of  visiting  Futtehghur,  in  order  to  meet  His 
Highness,  preparations  were  made  to  receive  the 
Governor-General  and  Lady  Dalhousie  with  due 
honour. 

Up  to  that  time,  Duleep  Singh  had  made  no  change 
in  his  custom  of  having  his  meals  served  to  him  separ- 
ately, but  he  now  expressed  a  wish  to  sit  at  table  ^th 


THE   NBOPHYTB.  271 

Lord  and  Lady  Dalhousie,  on  tbe  occasion  of  the  ladles  Chapter 
and  gentlemen  of  the  station  being  invited  to  dine  at  his  ^g^j 
house,  in  order  to  meet  the  Viceregal  party.  He  was 
also  very  anxious  to  be  excused  from  attendance  at 
the  public  durbar,  or  levSe,  held  by  the  Governor-General 
for  the  reception  of  n«itives  of  rank,  as  he  wished  to 
attract  as  little  notice  as  possible.  Special  arrange- 
ments were  therefore  made  for  him  to  be  received 
privately  and  without  ceremony. 


LoBD  Dalhousie  to  J.  S.  Loonv. 

Camp,  Allahgukoa,  Dec.  20/ A,  1851. 
Mt  deab  Loam, 

I  shall  be  happy  to  see  you  in  camp  on  the  24th.  On  the 
25th  (Christmas  Day)  we  shall  reach  Futtehgbnr.  I  shall  be 
very  happy  to  receive  the  Maharajah  privately,  if  he  prefers  it, 
and  we  shall  be  equally  happy  to  dine  with  you  as  you  propose. 
The  question  of  his  presence  at  table  I  leave  entirely  to  his  own 
wishes  and  feelings ;  whatever  conclusion  he  may  form,  I  shall  be 
equally  content. 

Yours  very  truly, 

Dalhousie. 

P.S.  I  expect  to  meet  at  Futtehghur,  M.  Bochussen,  late 
Grovemor-General  of  Java.  Lord  Stanley  may  probably  be  there 
also.  If  either  of  them  should  arrive  before  me,  you  would  very 
greatly  oblige  me  by  rendering  them  any  attention  you  can. 

Yours,  &c., 
D. 


272  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN   AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 


Chapter  Lobd  Dalhousie  to  the  Mahabajah  Duleep  Singh. 

IX, 


1851. 


Gamp,  ALiiAHauKGA,  Dec.  2Ath,  1851. 

It  has  given  me  sincere  pleasure  to  hear  from  Dr.  Login  of 
your  Highness's  good  health,  and  to  receive  from  him  the  ver^' 
kind  and  friendly  letter  which  you  have  done  me  the  favour  of 
addressing  to  me.  It  vrill  afford  great  pleasure  both  to  Lady 
Dalhousie  and  myself  to  dine  vrith  your  Highness  on  Saturday 
next ;  and  during  the  time  v^e  remain  at  Futtehghur  I  shall  hope 
to  have  the  honour  of  seeing  you  at  the  time  and  in  the  manner 
most  agreeable  to  your  Highness,  and  of  visiting  the  improve- 
ments you  have  been  making  around  your  residence.  In  the 
hope  of  soon  having  the  pleasure  of  meeting  your  Highness 
again, 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  with  much  respect. 

Your  Highness's  very  faithful  friend, 

DAuaouBm. 


It  could  not  fail  to  have  been  touching  to  the 
Governor-General  to  observe  the  almost  filial  confidence 
reposed  in  him,  by  the  boy  whom  he  now  saw  dethroned 
and  exiled  by  his  decree,  and  Lord  Dalhousie's  thought- 
ful care  for  the  comfort  and  happiness  of  the  Maha- 
rajah, was  very  perceptible.  He  inspected,  personaUy, 
the  various  arrangements  of  the  establishment,  and 
the  laying  out  of  the  grounds,  &c.,  .  .  •  .  ezpre6slng 
his  cordial  approval  of  all  he  saw.  He  showed  himself 
throughout  so  thoroughly  kind-hearted  and  genial  in 


THE  NSOFEnrTB.  273 

maimer,  that  it  was  hard  to  realize  this  was  the  man  Cb^tor 
whom  his  detractors  regard  as  uncompromisingly  frigid    ^^ 
and  autocratic. 

The  Dewan  and  Fakeer,  having  received  permission 
to  return  to  the  Punjab,  took  their  departure,  followed 
by  the  good  wishes  of  alL  The  Maharajah  presented 
the  Dewan  with  a  handsome  Arab  horse,  as  a  mark 
of  his  favour  and  recfard,  and  the  Fakeer  with  a  set 
of  tents  and  500  rupeea  The  Brahmin  porohtU 
(priest)  had  ah-eady  left,  by  the  Maharajah's  wish. 

Before  leaving,  he  placed  in  Login's  hands  the  horo- 
scope,  or  nativity,  which  had  been  cast  at  Duleep 
s4'B  bWh.  Jwhich  W  l«»  in  hi.  charge. 

The  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  North -West  Pro- 
vinces (Mr.  James  Thomason)  had  visited  the 
Maharajah  some  time  previously,  and,  after  several 
conversations  with  His  Highness,  had  been  most 
fevourably  impressed  with  the  earnestness  of  his 
convictions  and  his  steady  purpose  to  be  educated  in 
the  Christian  faitL 

During  all  this  time  of  probation,  he  continued 
inflexible  in  his  resolve,  and  never  tired  of  the  restraints 
of  study,  when  the  subject  wds  religion ;  but  his  natural 
disposition  to  shirk  anything  in  the  shape  of  steady 
application  was  often  most  amusingly  displayed  when 
other  branches  of  education  were  in  question.  Every 
sort  of  expedient  had  to  be  resorted  to  in  order  to  keep 
alive  his  interest ;  he  would  struggle  manfiilly  for  a 
time,  gradually  grow  hopelessly  conftised  and  stupified, 

1? 


274  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  ANJ>  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  and  end  by  suddenly  falling  sound  asleep  amongst  his 

^     books  I 
1851      "^^^'**' 

He  had  great  natural  acuteness,  and  it  was  wonderful 
how  he  imbibed  information,  when  he  could  obtain  it 
in  a  pleasant  form,  without  the  trouble  of  applying  his 
mind.     To  effect  this,  it  became  usual  to  have  games 

on  general  knowledge,  history,  geography,  kc 

in  the  evenings,  when  the  JVIaharajah  was  present 
The  questions  and  answers  were  on  cards;  whoever 
answered  correctly  being  the  winner  of  a  prize.  Mra 
Login  was  provided  with  constant  occupation  in  the 
preparation  of  fresh  series  of  these,  as  the  Maharajah 
progressed  in  knowledge,  and  the  prizes  and  forfeits 
were  a  source  of  much  amusement  to  her  visitors  and 
guests,  some  of  whom  may  remember  the  excitement 
and  eagerness  of  the  boy  to  show  his  proficiency. 

BeforQ  his  shyness  in  speaking  English  could  be  got 
over,  a  system  of  fines  was  established  for  every  word 
of  Hindostani  spoken  in  his  presence  by  any  person, 
the  amount  to  go  to  some  particular  charity.      The 
Maharajah's    boyish     delight    at    this    scheme    Tvas 
great.     To  be  revenged  for  the  constant  fines  levied 
on  himself  at  first,  he  set  himself  cunningly  to  entrap 
the  unwaiy,  by  feigning  not  to  comprehend  some  par- 
ticular word  in   a    sentence   addressed   to  him;   the 
Hindostani  word  was  then  politely  supplied,  and  the 
victim  was  only  made  aware  of  his  slip  by  the  shout 
of  laughter  and  demand  for  the  fine  which  instctntiv 
followed  from   the  deUghted   boy.      The  amount    t.f 


THE  NEOPHTTE,  275 

pocket-money  allowed   to    him,  and  his    companions  Chapter 

1861. 


in   study,  was  regulated  by  the   number  of  marks 


gained,  and  this  natm^y  aroused  emulation  amongst 
them. 

When  Lord  and  Lady  Dalhousie  came  to  Futtehghm* 
during  Christmastide,  1851,  it  was  a  great  surprise  to 
the  Govemor-Greneral  to  observe  the  change  that  a 
year  had  wrought  on  tljp  boy  he  had  seen  for  the  first 
time  at  Lahore.  From  constant  association  with 
English  ladies  and  gentlemen,  he  had  rapidly  acquired 
the  usages  of  society,  and  his  chivalrous  courtesy  to  ladies 
became  remarkable.  The  following  occurrence  is  one 
instance  in  point : — 

There  was  a  subdued  excitement  among  the  Banee's 
people  when  it  became  noised  about  that  Duleep  Singh 
was  forsaking  the  Sikh  religion,  and  seeking  to  learn 
the  new  faith ;  of  course,  if  it  were  so,  then  the  Shah- 
zadah  would  natiirally  become  of  more  importance, 
and  would  be  looked  upon  by  all  Sikhs  as  the  true 
representative  of  the  KhAfea  Raj !  It  was  reported 
that  the  Eanee  encouraged  these  ideas,  and  it  was 
observed  that  the  little  boy  had  begun  to  take  upon 
himself  consequential  airs,  and  to  make  remarks 
derogatory  to  his  uncle.*      There  was  an  avoidance 


**  On  its  coming  to  the  knowledge  of  the  Govemor-General  that  the  Shahzadah 
had  been  asenming  airs  of  importance  and  announcing,  imchecked  by  his  relatives 
and  attendants,  ''  that  he  would  be  placed  on  the  guddet  by  the  Kh&lsa,  as  soon 

T    2 


'Z76  Sm  JOHN. LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH, 

Chapter  of  his  society  also  perceptible  of  late,  which  was  very 
-     '     unusual. 

The  Sikhs  attach  little  importance  to  the  strict  preser- 
vation of  caste,  but  the  Rajpoots  are  very  punctilious; 
and  no  doubt  the  Ranee  wished  to  ascertain  for  certain 
if  the  rumours  she  heard  were  true,  for  she  had  asked 
Mrs.  Login  more  than  once  why  the  Maharajah  had 
discontinued  his  visits  to  her  ? 

One  day,  when  on  her  way  to  visit  the  Ranee,  Mrs. 
Login  met  the  Maharajah  and  his  party  hawking  in 
the  park.  On  learning  whither  she  was  bent,  he  afiked 
with  some  eagerness  if  he  might  accompany  her,  as 
he  did  not  care  to  go  alone.  She  agreed,  and  sent  a 
chobedar  to  announce  the  coming  visit. 

They  were  received,  and  announced,  by  the  little 
Shahzadah  and  the  Ranee's  handsome  young  brother, 
Meah  Ootum.  There  was  unusual  constraint  observ- 
able during  the  visit ;  even  the  little  Shahzadah 
seemed  not  at  ease,  as  if  expectant  of  something 
about   to  happen.     The  Ranee  oflTered   refreshments. 


as  Duleep  Singh  went  to  England  as  a  Christian,*'  Sir  H.  Elliot  was  directed  to 
inform  Dr.  Login  that  the  Banee  must  be  warned  of  the  consequences  of  per* 
mitting  the  child  to  hold  such  language. 

"  You  will  inform  the  Banee  that  the  Riy  of  the  Punjab  is  at  an  end  for  eTer,  and 
that  any  contemplation  of  the  restoration  of  her  son,  or  of  anybody  else,  to 
sovereignty  there  is  a  crime  against  the  State.  It  is  her  duty  to  instruct  her  son 
accordingly.  If  on  any  future  occasion,  either  she  or  her  son  is  detected  in  ca< 
pressing  or  entertaining  expectations  of  restoration  to  power,  or  to  any  oth^ 
position  than  that  which  he  now  occupies,  the  consequences  will  be  imraedtate 

and  disastrous  to  his  interests "—OffidcU  Utter,  dated  Simia,  JtUf,  23nf 

1851. 


THE  NEOPHYTE.  277. 

and  called  for  finiit-sherbet,  for  which  she  was  famous.  Ch^fter 
The  tray  appeared  with  only  one  glass  upon  it;  this  ^^ 
the  Ranee  filled  and  offered  with  deep  reverence  to  her 
Sovereign ;  but  the  Maharajah,  who,  amongst  other 
lessons,  had  lately  learnt  courtesy  to  women,  handed 
the  glass  to  Mrs.  Login  instead.  Expecting  that  a 
second  glass  would  be  brought  for  the  Maharajah 
presently,  Mrs  Login  accepted  it,  drank  part  of  the 
contents,  and  replaced  it  on  the  tray.  Lnmediately  it 
was  refilled,  and  once  more  presented  by  the  Ranee  to 
the,  Maharajah,  while  significant  glances  passed  be- 
tween the  brother  and  sister.  Perceiving  at  once  that 
a  premeditated  insult  was  intended,  Mrs.  Login  said 
quietly,  in  English,  "  Don't  drink  it,  Maharaj  ! "  .  To 
her  surprise  he  rose,  and  turning  to  her  with  a 
courteous  salutation,  he  took  the  glass  in  his  hand  and 
drank  off  the  contents,  then,  turning  on  his  heel,  he 
abruptly  left  the  house,  with  the  slightest  possible 
gesture  of  farewell  to  his  sister-in-law,  who  gazed  after 
him  alarmed  at  the  result  of  ^er  experiment ! 

On  taking  her  leave  directly  afterwards,  Mrs.  Login 
found  the  young  Maharajah  waiting  outside  to  escort 
her  home.  She  then  asked  him  why  he  took  the  glass, 
when  he  saw  that  an  insult  was  intended  by  forcitig 
him  to  drink  after  her?  "  What?"  he  replied,  his  feyes 
flashing  with  indignation,  "you  would  havq  me  let 
them  insult  you  too  !  Now  they  will  see  that  I  honour 
jrou,  and  am  not  ashamed  to  show  that  I  have  broken 
caste!" 


278  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DIJLEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       It  was  truly  a  great  proof,  in  one  of  his  up-bringing, 
^     of  the  strength  of  his  convictions,  as  well  as  of  the 
chivalry  of  his  nature. 

About  this  time  the  Maharajah  brought  to  Mrs. 
Login  a  very  queer-looking  brass  idol,  asking  her  to 
take  it  out  of  his  sight,  as  he  did  not  want  to  see  it, 
now  that  he  had  given  up  praying  to  it.  He  added, 
with  a  smile,  "  If  it  had  been  of  gold  or  silver  it  would 
not  have  been  left  so  long ;  but  it  is  the  only  one  left 
now,  all  the  valuable  ones  have  disappeared  one  after 
another  as  they  saw  I  despised  them ;  but  they  are 
welcome  to  them."  This  same  misshapen  object 
of  worship  is  still  treasiured  as  a  relic  of  past 
days. 

Duleep  Singh  was  anxious  to  prove  that  he  was  no 
longer  a  Sikh,  by  cutting  off  the  long  tress  of  hair 
which  he,  in  common  with  all  Sikhs,  wore  twisted  up 
into  a  ball  above  the  brow,  and  covered  with  the  bright 
coloured  under-turban.  This  he  thought  would  make 
him  more  like  his  English  boy  companions ;  and  it  was 
much  against  his  will  that  he  was  persuaded  by  Login 
to  defer  the  shearing  of  his  locks  until  he  had  been,  for 
at  least  a  year,  under  probation.  When  at  length  his 
hair  was  allowed  to  be  cut  off,  and  he  brought  it  to  Mrs. 
Login  as  a  memento,  it  was  long  and  abundant  as  a 
woman's. 

By  his  own  request,  he,  with  several  of  his  people, 
was  present  at  the  baptism  of  Login's  little  son ; 
though  he  was  much  disappointed  at  not  being  allowed 


THE  NBOPHYTE.  279 

to  stand  proxy  for  Sir  Hemy  Lawrence,  who  was  god*  Chapter 
father.     He  did  not  think  it  need  matter  that  he  was    ^' 
not  yet  baptized  himself  I 

He  was  greatly  delighted  at  the  prospect  of  spending 
the  hot  weather  at  Mussoorie,  and  the  preceding  cold 
weather  in  visiting  A^ra  and  DelhL 


CHAPTER  X, 


THE   BAPTISM. 


Chapter  The  camp  of  the  young  Sikh  Maharajah  was  an  object 
^'  of  great  interest,  both  to  Europeans  and  natives,  at  the 
'  various  stations  it  passed  through.  It  formed,  in 
effect,  a  very  pretty  picture,  with  its  red-and-white 
striped  tents  pitched  in  the  form  of  a  quadrangle,  and 
its  Lt-poles,  encased  in  silver,  glittelg  inle  sun. 
The  two  largest  tents,  intended  for  the  use  of  His 
Highness  and  his  Governor,  stood  opposite  to  one 
another,  and  were  connected  by  wide  semianaSy  or  ^ 
awnings,  forming  a  favourite  lounging-place  for  "the  ' 
occupants  during  the  hot  hours  of  the  day.  There 
was  a  double  set  of  these  tents,  which  made 
"marching"  an  altogether  luxurious  mode  of  pro- 
ceeding. The  party  were  enabled,  by  this  means,  to 
start  in  the  morning,  leaving  the  one  set  in  which  they 
had  passed  the  night  still  standing  on  the  ground, 
while  after  a  pleasant  ride  of  nine  or  ten  miles  they 
found  a  duplicate  encampment  all  ready  for  them,  with 
breakfast  prepared,  and  awaiting  their  arrival 

The  favoxu-ite  occupation  in  the  afternoon^  in  camp. 


THE  BAPTISM.  281 

was  to  inspect  the  horses,  and  see  them  groomed  and  Chapter 
fed ;  to  walk  down  the  lines  where  they  all  stood  in  jmjTV^ 
perfect  order,  picketed  with  head-and-heel  ropes,  and 
to  feed  them  with  pieces  of  sugar-cane  provided  for 
the  purpose,  which  they  looked  for  with  the  greatest 
eagerness. 

The  elephants,  too,  had  to  receive  a  visit,  and  be 
oflfered  biscuits  and  lumps  of  sugar.  One  of  these 
animals  was  particularly  docile,  and  constantly  to  be 
found  acting  nurse  to  its  inahouVs  baby,  which  lay 
asleep  between  its  huge  fore-feet.  It  was  curious  to 
watch  the  great  beast  gently  fanning  the  child,  and 
brushing  away  the  flies  from  its  face  with  a  branch  it 
had  broken  off  the  nearest  tree,  and  which  it  held  with 
its  trunk ;  while  with  its  fiinny  little  eyes  it  meantime 
kept  a  sharp  look-out  on  the  fast  accumulating  pile  of 
enormous  chupatttes,  which  the  child's  parents  were 
engaged  in  baking,  and  w^hich  it  knew  well  were 
destined  for  its  own  supper.  Sometimes,  if  wakeful 
and  lively,  the  baby  would  crawl  away  a  little  distance 
from  its  guardian,  but  the  latter — aware  that  its 
allowance  of  chupatties  depended  on  its  attention  to  its 
duties  as  nursery-maid — would  never  allow  the  little 
one  to  get  beyond  reach,  but  lifted  it  back  to  its 
former  position  with  its  trunk  in  the  gentlest  manner 
possible. 

A.  fine  flock  of  goats  which  accompanied  the  camp, 
and  were  brought  up  to  the  tents  night  and  morning 
to  be  milked,  were  a  great  attraction  to  the  boya,  and 


282:  8IB  JOHN  LOQIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  were  especial  pets  of  Tommy  Scott^  who  liked  nothing 
^^~*      better  than  to  get  his  companions  to  go  with  him 
*  exploring  the  villages  adjacent  to  the  encampment^  in 
search  of  handsome  specimens  to  add  to  the  number. 
By  the  time  the  march  was  over,  this  flock  had  conse- 
quently attained  considerable  proportions. 

The  villagers  showed  great  eagerness  to  see  the 
Sikh  Maharajah,,  but  were  always  perfectly  civil  and 
respectful.  Beggars  were  kept  at  a  distance,  but  as  it 
was  only  right  that  the  poor  of  the  districts  through 
which  he  passed  should  benefit,  a  sum  of  money  was 
sent,  in  the  Maharajah's  name,  to  the  civil  magistrate, 
or  other  authority,  for  distribution  among  deserving 
cases. 

The  number  of  followers  with  even  a  small  camp  is 
astonishing,  as  each  hanger-on  is  accompanied  by  his 
whole  family.  The  encampment,  therefore,  presented 
a  lively,  busthng  aspect  in  the  evenings,  when  all  were 
assembled  round  the  various  camp-fires,  chattering  and 
cooking  the  last  meal,  before  rolling  themselves  up  for 
the  night. 

One  evening,  after  dark,  a  tremendous  uproar  was 
heard  in  camp,  and  every  one  rushed  out  to  see  what 
was  the  matter.  The  word  was  passed  from  mouth  to 
mouth  that  a  grass-cutter's  child  had  just  been  carried 
off  by  a  wolf  oTof  ita  moftert  ar  J  Parties  ^ 
sent  in  all  directions,  and  a  strict  search  made  all  ni&fht. 
with  no  r^ult ;  but  at  day-dawn,  in  a  neighbooLf 
guUy,  the  skull  of  the  child  was  found — picked  clean ! 


XHE  BAPTISM.  283 

The  mother  had  heen  sitting  at  the  fire  baking  Chapter 
chupatties,  with  the  infant  in  her  lap,  when  the  ^^ 
wolf,  taking  advantage  of  the  darkness,  came  up 
behind  her,  put  his  head  over  her  shoulder,  and 
seized  the  infent.  It  was  only  the  shriek  of  her 
opposite  neighbour,  who  saw  the  deed,  that  told  her 
what  had  happened. 

Next  day  it  was  pitifiil  to  see  the  poor  mother 
trudging  along,  as  before,  among  her  companions,  with 
all  her  household  goods  on  her  head,  but  vnthout  the 
child,  whom  she  had  been  wont  to  carry  also,  seated 
astride  on  her  hip. 

For  some  time  after  this  incident  there  were 
perpetual  wolf-scares  in  the  encampment ;  on  one 
occasion  the  whole  camp  was  upset  in  the  middle  of 
the  night  by  Mrs.  Login's  English  nurse,  who  declared 
positively  that  the  Maharajah  and  Shahzadah  had 
been  eaten  up  in  their  beds  by  a  pack  of  wolves ^  for  she 
had  seen  several  looking  out  of  the  door  of  their  tent, 
and  licking  their  lips  1  It  was  some  little  time  before 
the  wolves  in  question  were  identified  as  a  pack  of 
greyhounds  belonging  to  His  Highness,  which  he,  in 
his  eagerness  to  go  out  coursing  early  the  next 
morning,  had  privately  ordered  to  be  brought  before 
dawn  into  the  outer  division  of  his  tent.  Seen  in  the 
faint  light,  under  the  circumstances,  the  woman's 
mistake  might  be  excused. 

The  Maharajah  made  a  great  many  purchases  from 
the  Delhi  jewellers,  who  brought  their  tempting  wares 


284^.         sm  JOHX  Loom  akd  dttleep  singh. 

Chapter  to  the  camp,  and  not  caring  to  part  with  his  treasures 
J^'  to  the  care  of  the  Toshkhana  that  evening,  he  begged 
'  Mrs.  Login  to  keep  them  for  him  till  morning.  She 
felt  rather  nervous  at  the  charge,  as  some  of  the  rings, 
&c.,  were  of  considei-able  value  ;  but,,  knowing  that  the 
sentries  were  very  alert,  she  agreed,  and  placed  the 
articles  in  her  dressing-case,  which  she  put  under  her 
charpoy.  Before  getting  into  bed,  she  unfastened  the 
long  chain  of  her  little  black-and-tan  terrier  from  the 
leg  of  the  charpoy y  and  passed  it  through  the  strap  of 
her  dressing-case.  She  was  awakened  by  a  succession 
of  noises — violent  barking,  shouts,  musket  shots,  and  a 
sudden  yell,  followed  by  a  great  commotion !  Her  first 
thought  was  for  the  dressing-case — it  was  gone !  but 
there  stood  the  dog,  frantic  with  rage,  tugging 
furiously  at  one  end  of  his  chain,  the  other  being  in 
some  mysterious  manner  passed  out  under  the  tent, 
outside  which  the  box  lay  safe  on  the  ground.  She 
soon  knew  that  a  robbery  had  been  attempted,  but  the 
thief  had  been  foiled,  and  had  made  his  escape,  after 
dropping  his  prize  on  discovering  its  unexpected 
pendant!  He  had  effected  his  noiseless  entrance  hv 
crawling  under  the  tightly  pegged  tent ;  the  faint 
light  burning  showed  him  the  dressing-case,  but  w^t 
the  small  dog  coiled  at  a  distance  from  it.  He  had  a 
very  narro:w  escape,  for,  on  rising  to  his  feet,  outside  the 
tent,  he  fell  over  a  servant  sleeping  there,  who  made  a 
grasp  at  him ;  but  the  miscreant  had  so  plentifully 
anointed  his  naked  body  with  oil^  that  heslipped  through 


THE  BAPTISM.  285 

the  hands  of  the  other  like  a  fish.     He  did  not,  however,  Chapter 
escape  unscathed,  for  drops  of  blood  for  some  distance      ^' 
on  the  ground  showed  that  the  sentry's  shot  had 
wounded  him. 

At  Agra,  the  Maharajah  was  the  guest  of  Mr. 
Thomason,  Lieutenant-Gk)vemor  of  the  North- West 
Provinces.  As  His  Highness  was  travelling  privately, 
by  his  own  request,  no  salutes  were  fired,  but  every 
attention  was  paid  him  by  the  chief  military  and 
civil  authorities.  Here  he  paid  a  visit  to  the  Taj  and  the 
Fort,  but  took  most  interest  in  the  electric  telegraph, 
and  the  printing  and  type  foundry  at  Secundra,  five 
miles  firom  Agra,  which  he  visited  twice.  A  break&st 
was  given  in  his  honour  by  the  English  conmiunity  in 
the  Tq;  itself! 

The  rich  jewellers'  shops  in  Delhi  were  a  great 
attraction  to  Duleep  Singh,  far  more  so  even  than  the 
Jumna  Musjid,  or  the  Palace  of  the  Moguls.  He  was 
but  a  boy  after  all,  and  took  more  delight  in  the  divers  -"  •  -  / 


at   the  great   tank   than  in  any  historical   building, 

however  magnificent. 

Meerut  and  Boorkee,  the  head-quarters  of  the  Ganges 

Canal  Works,  under  Proby  Cautley,  were  reached  in 

due  time ;  here  Tom  Login  took  him,  for  the  first  time, 

on  a  railroad  down  to  the  works. 

Being  anxious  to  have  a  peep  at  the  iamed  Hurdwar, 
sacred  to  all  Hindoos,  arrangements  were  ma^le  for  hi« 
doing  so  incognito^  the  number  of  devotees  from  the 
Purijab,  and  of  pilgrims  from  all  parts,  being  so  great  that 


286  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINOH. 

Chapter  the  authorities  feaxed  a  demonstration.     The  carriageB 

-^^*^.  and  escort  were,  therefore,  sent  in  one  direction,  as  a 
1852-51. 

*  decoy  to  the  multitude,  while  the  Maharajah  made  a 

hurried  visit  to  the  Gh4ts  on  an  elephant.      He  was 

only  recognized,   when  leaving,   by  a   crowd  of  his 

former  subjects,  who  surrounded  his  elephant,  hailing 

him  with  enthusiasm. 

Heavy  rains  having  now  set  in,  a  rapid  march  was 
made  to  Deyra  Dhoon,  where  he  encamped  for  some 
time  before  proceeding  up  to  Mussoorie,  his  escort 
remaining  below  at  Deyra,  the  "  lines "  of  the 
Grovemor-General's  bodyguard  there  being  made 
over  to  them. 

As  the  object  of  Duleep  Singh's  temporary  residence 
in  the  hills  was  to  enable  him  to  pursue  his  studies 
more  effectually.  Login  did  not  consider  it  advisable 
that  he  should  have  his  mind  distracted  by  the  gaieties 
usually  going  on  there.  He  therefore  turned  a  deaf 
ear  to  the  numerous  applications  for  aid  in  getting  up 

races,  theatricals,  balls,  &c But  feeling  it  right 

to  do  all  he  could  for  the  social  enjoyment  and  pleasure 
of  the  community,  he  endeavoured  to  promote  pleasant 
out-door  meetings,  such  as  picnics,  cricket  matches,  and 
archery  meetings,  by  giving  handsome  prizes  on  the 
latter  occasions,  providing  a  good  band  to  play  on  the 
Mall,  giving  frequent  musical  parties,  prizes  to  the 
boys'  school,  getting  up  a  museum  of  natural  history. 
&c. ;  during  the  second  visit  of  His  Highnp^yt  to 
Mussoorie,  he  also  arranged  a  series  of  twenty  lectures 


THE  BAPTISIC.  287 

on  various  subjects/  to  be  given  by  qualified  lectuieis  Chapter 

1852-5i. 


(many  of  tbem  officers  in  the  service).     The  small  fee 


for  each  (fifty  rupees),  given  by  His  Highness,  was 
almost  invariably  applied  by  the  lecturer  to  scnne 
useful  object,  such  as  enlargement  of  the  church,  library, 
or  dispensary,  thus  benefiting  the  station  generaUy. 
These  lectures  were  much  enjoyed  by  Duleep  Singh. 

At  one  of  the  picnics  given  at  a  fiivourite  spring 
near  Mussoorie  the  cloth  was  spread  on  the  only  piece 
of  level  ground  on  the  feoe  of  the  Idiud^  but  it  did 
not  lie  very  smooth,  as  the  grass  beneath  was  rough 
and  tussocky.  When  the  guests  were  seating  them- 
selves, and  joking  over  the  inequalities  of  their  board, 
sudden  consternation  was  excited  by  a  wriggling 
motion  under  the  cloth, — "  Samph  !  Scimph  !  "  t  shouted 
the  natives,  and  a  stampede  took  place.  Then  ensued 
a  Airious  attack  on  the  table-cloth  and  dishes,  with 
walking-sticks  and  laities  borrowed  fi"om  the  jampaneefs; 
when  a  Aill-grown  cobra  made  its  appearance  from 
under  the  cloth,  hissing  furiously  in  a  last  effort  to 
raise  its  head  to  strike.   At  this  moment,  a  well-directed 


•  List  of  Lectukeb: — 

Aatitwomy  (8).  Chemistzy. 

Fine  Arts.  Electricity. 

Heteoiology.  Ancient  Histonr  of  Ixtdia. 

Katnnl  Pfailoeopliy.  Zoology  of  Hmularu. 

KatoFai  HIstofy.  P^caliaritaes  of  Englibb  Lftogoa^. 

Katoral  Theology.  litentnre  of  tiue  Pment  \Hy. 

Habits  of  Bees.  Botany. 


CometB. 
t  Snake. 


288  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  blow  from  Bhajun  Lai  broke  its  neck.      Suspended 

.^^'      in  triumph  from  the  branch  of  a  tree,  it  was  found  to 
1852-54.  ^  «       .    1         1         1  ,  . 

measure  many  feet  m  length,  and  was  an  object  of  great 

curiosity  and  awe  to  the  children  of  the  party ! 

The  snake  had  been  fast  asleep  in  one  of  the  hoUowB 

of   the  ground,  and  was  only  awakened  to  a  sense 

of  his  novel  position  by  the  sound  of  voices,  and  by  a 

large  salad-bowl  being  suddenly  deposited  on  his  head! 

It  said  a  good  deal  for  the  nerves  of  the  ladies  that 

they  were  persuaded  ta  sit  down  again,  and  lunch  on 

what  could  be  collected  of  the  feast  from  the  dSbris; 

but  the  meal  did  not  lack  gaiety,  for  all  reserve  and 

formality  had  been  put  to  flight.     Duleep  Singh  and 

his  companions,  proud  of  their  own  prowess,  made  a 

great  parade  of  their  latties,  which  they  kept  in  their 

hands  ready  for  foture  emergencies. 


Correspondence  between  the  Govebnob-Genebal  and  J.  S.  Logix. 

MussooBiE,  May  10th,  1852. 
My  Lobd, 

At  the  request  of  His  Highness,  I  beg  to  forward  the 
enclosed  note.  I  am  happy  to  say  that  the  Maharajah's  portraii 
has  at  last  been  finished  by  Mr.  Beechey,  and  that  it  has  beer 
despatched  to  Calcutta ;  your  Lordship  will,  I  hope,  be  able  to 
gratify  His  Highness's  wish  to  possess  your  portrait,  when  a 
favourable  opportunity  occurs. 

I  am  glad  to  say  that  the  Maharajah  continues  to  enjoy  his 
residence  in  the  hills  greatly.  I  have  availed  myself  of  the 
opportunity  of  getting  a  drawing-master  and  music-master  to  give 


THB  BAPTISM.  289 

him  lessons,  and  he  really  makes  good  progress.    He  now  speaks  Ghapter 
English  with  fluency,  and  mach  more  correctly,  and  with  better       2* 
pronunciation,  than  natives  of  Central  India  generally.    He  takes  1852-64. 
great  pleasure  in  the  society  of  English  boys,  of  whom  a  few 
come  every  Saturday  from  Mr.  Haddock's  school  to  join  him 
at  play,  and  I  have  also  been  able  to  secure  him  constant 
companions  in  the  two  sons  of  Major  Boileau,  of  the  Artillery, 
who  come  to  study  Urdu  with  him.    They  have  just  arrived  from 
England ;  and  as  they  are  very  intelligent  lads  of  fifteen  and  six- 
teen, who  appear  to  have  been  carefully  educated,  and  are  very 
diligent  and  attentive  to  their  Urdu  studies,  I  have  little  doubt 
that    their    example  will   be  in    every  way  beneficial    to  Hi^ 
Highness. 

From  all  that  I  have  seen  of  the  Maharajah's  disposition,  I  am 
the  more  satisfied  as  to  the  great  advantage  and  stimulus  of 
example  in  his  case.  His  disposition  is  naturally  indolent,  and 
nothing  but  his  strong  good  sense,  and  his  desire  to  be  on  an 
equality  in  knowledge  and  accomplishments  with  lads  of  his  own 
age,  enables  him  to  overcome  the  natural  slothfulness  of  his 
character.  It  is  on  this  account  that  I  am  so  anxious  that  he 
should  be  permitted  to  visit  England,  as  he  so  earnestly  desires 
it,  while  he  is  young,  and  while  he  can  have  an  opportunity  of 
mixing  with  lads  of  his  own  age,  and  incur  less  risk  of  being 
spoiled  by  too  great  attention. 

As  His  Highness's  residence  is  at  some  distance  from  Mussoorie, 

he  lives  as  quiet  and  retired  a  life  as  he  did  at  Futtehghur, 

enjoying,  however,  all  the  advantages  of  the  delightful  climate, 

and  the  active  out-door  exercise  which  it  enables  him  to  take.     I 

have  been  able  to  clear  a  sufficient  level  space  for  a  playground 

OQ  the  Manor  HouSe  estate,  so  as  to  admit  of  his  playing  cricket, 

in  which  he  takes  great  delight.     Having  overcome  the  difficulty 

of   residing  English,  he  now  takes  much  more  pleasure  in  his 

lessons,  and  makes  greater  progress.     On  the  subject  of  his  desire 

to    be   educated    as  a  Christian,  his    determination    continues 

U 


290  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  unchanged,  and  his  progress  in  religious  knowledge  is  fully  as 
^*       great  as  that  of  most  Christian  boys  of  his  age. 

1862-64.      ^g  ^]^Q  distance  at  which  His  Highness  resides  from  Mussoorie 
prevents  the  regular  attendance  of  a  clergyman,  his   religious 
instruction  is  almost  entirely  conducted  by  Mr.  Guise ;  but  I  am 
in  hopes  that  the  Bev.  Mr.  Dawson,  of  Landour,  may  also  be 
able  to  visit  him  during  his  stay  here.      After  we  left  Futteh- 
ghur,   the  Maharajah  regularly  joined  us  at  table,   and   now 
takes  his  meals  with  Mr.  Ouise  and  Master  Scott,  occasionallv 
inviting  Major  Boileau's  sons  and  some  of  Mr.  Maddock's  pupils, 
and  sometimes  coming  over  to  our  bungalow,  at  a  short  distance, 
Jio  dine  with  us.     He  generally  eats  the  Punjabi  dishes  to  which 
he  has  been  accustomed,  but  he  is  evidently  acquiring  the  taste 
of  an  English  boy  with  great  rapidity.*     With  respect  to  the 
Shahzadah,  I  am  glad  to  give  a  good  report.    Ever  since  he  came 
under  my  charge  I  have  observed  a  certain  degree  of  distrust  in 
his  manner,  and  high  ideas  of  his  rank  and  importance.    These 
had  been  rather  increased  than  diminished  since  the  Maharajah 
expressed  his  determination  to  be  educated  as  a  Christian  ;   and 
it  was  pretty  evident  that  these  ideas  were  encouraged,  if  not  by 
his  mother  (who  is  really,  I  believe,  very  well-meaning  acil 
thoroughly  respectable),  at  least  by  her  attendants.     I  hailed, 
therefore,  the  opportunity  of  the  Maharajah's  temporary  resi- 
dence on  the  hills  to  separate  the  boy  for  a  time  from  sucj 
influences.    The  manner  in  which  the  poor  little  fellow  had  froi. 
his  infancy  been  brought  up,  separated  from  all  companions  of  bi*^ 
own  age,  and  taught  to  consider  all  around  him  at  Lahore  as  lii^ 
enemies,  was  of  itself  sufficient  to  account  for  much  of  the  d:> 
trust  and  selfishness  apparent  in  his  character;    and  as  thef* 
feelings,  if  permitted  to  gain  strength,  would,  under  his  peculi.- 


*  The  Maharajah  has  never  tasted  wine  in  any  form,  and  from  his  recoU*^^*. 
of  the  effects  of  intoxication  on  his  uncle,  Jowahir  Singh,  he  appears  to  ent^it. 
a  dread  of  being  habituated  to  its  use. — J.  S.  L. 


THE  BAFTISIL  291 

circomstances  and  position,  canse  him  much  nnhappiness  as  a  Chapt^er 
man,  and  perhaps  be  productive  of  other  inoonveniences,  I  con-       ^* 
sidered  it  of  great  importance  to  eradicate  them  if  I  could.     To  i^2-64. 
effect  this,  I  have  taken  a  step  which  I  trust  your  Lordship  will 
approve,  and  which,  so  far  as  I  can  judge  from  a  short  trial,  is 
likely  to  be  successful. 

As  it  seemed  desirable  that  young  Tommy  Scott  should  have 
the  benefit  of  regular  school  work  and  emulation,  while  at  Mus- 
soorie,  I  determined  to  allow  the  Shahzadah  also  to  go  for  a  few 
hours  daily,  not  only  to  enjoy  the  benefit  of  Mr.  Haddock's 
exceUent  tuition,  and  to  allow  Mr.  Guise  more  time  to  devote  to 
the  Maharajah,  but  also  to  become  acquainted  with  boys  of  his 
own  age,  and  to  join  in  their  sports  and  amusements. 

As  the  boys  are  all  sons  of  gentlemen  in  the  service,  and  are 
carefully  looked  after  by  Mr.  Maddock,  the  Shahzadah's  ideas  of 
his  dignity  have  not  received  too  rude  a  shock  on  being  sent 
to  school,  while  the  natural  feeling  of  equality  on  which  boys  of 
that  age  meet  on  the  playgroxmd  are  likely,  I  think,  to  have  a 
wholesome  effect  upon  him.  Mr.  Maddock  has  kindly  entered 
into  my  views  with  respect  to  the  boy,  and  is  careful  to  prevent 
any  undue  deference  being  shown  to  him  on  account  of  his  rank ; 
and  as  the  hours  at  which  he  attends  are  not  those  when  religious 
instruction  is  given,  any  objections  on  that  point  are  obviated. 
The  little  fellow  appears  to  like  the  arrangement  very  much  ;  he 
makes  good  progress  with  his  work,  enjoys  the  society  of  his 
schoolfellows,  and  joins  in  their  amusements  with  great  delight. 

I  may  add,  that  I  am  more  than  ever  careful  to  avoid  any 
appearance  of  restraint  in  his  religious  observances,  and  tliat  he 
and  his  people  are  not  in  any  way  interfered  with  in  this  rebjiect, 
but,  on  the  contrary,  every  care  is  taken  to  avoid  offence  to  their 
prejudices  in  any  way.  It  is  curious  that  the  priests  have  never 
taken  any  trouble  to  make  the  boy  a  Sikh,  by  adminiHtering  the 
Pahul  to  him,  by  which  alone  he  could  become  a  Sikh.  Tlie 
Kanee  has  lost  caste  by  marrying  a  Sikh,  and  her  [K'ople  do  not 

V  2 


292  SIR  JOHK  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  eat  with  her  in  consequence ;  nor  do  they  eat  with  the  Shahzadah 
X,       — the  son  of  a  Sikh. 

1852-54,  J  foQi  g^pQ  this  absence  from  his  mother  will  do  the  boy  good; 
he  is  getting  older,  and  will  gain  self-reliance.  By  the  time  he 
sees  her  again  they  will  probably  have  been  separated  ten  months. 

I  have,  &c., 

J.  S.  L. 

The  Most  Noble  the  Mabqxjis  of  Dalhousie. 


GOVEBNBiEKT  HousE,  Jufic  7th,  1852. 

Mt  deab  Login, 

All  that  you  are  doing  in  regard  to  the  Maharajah  seems 
to  be  very  judicious,  and  considering  birth  and  early  habits, 
I  think  you  have  very  good  reason  to  be  satisfied  with  his  pro* 
gress,  and  with  the  results  of  your  care  of  him  in  all  respects.  K 
you  could  only  keep  down  his  fat !  But  there  you  don't  set  the 
best  of  examples ! 

I  see  no  objection  to  the  line  you  have  taken  with  the  Shah- 
zadah; quite  the  contrary.  It  is  calculated  to  do  him  great 
good,  if  directed  with  tact.  So  far  your  trip  to  the  hills  has  been 
very  successful.  Your  friend  Fraser  *  has  not  only  turned  up  a 
trump,  but  the  ace  of  trumps.  He  has  gained  great  distinction  in 
Burmah,  and  will,  I  have  no  doubt,  achieve  more  if  he  has  the 
chance. 

Yours  very  truly, 

Dalhousib. 


*  Colonel  Hugh  Fraser,  Bengal  Engineers  ;  afterwards  in  militaty  oommaiid 
the  fort  at  Agra,  when  besieged  by  the  mutineers  in  1857. 


THE  BAPTISM.  293 


LoBD  DaIiHOUsie  to  the  Mawakajah. 
(On  the  receipt  of  the  portrait  of  His  Highnees.) 

GOVEKKMENT  HousB,  JiUy  llth,  1852, 

At  last,  after  a  long  delay  upon  the  river,  yonr  Highness's  Cluster 
portrait  has  arrived.      It  is  in  excellent  condition,  not  at  all       X« 
injured  by  the  weather.     It  is  very  like  you,  and  does  great  credit  1852-64. 
to  Mr.  Beechey  as  an  artist.     Your  Highness  has  done  me  really 
a  great  favour  in  offering  to  me  this  likeness  of  yourself.     If  it 
please  God  that  I  should  live  till  I  am  old,  I  shall  look  upon  it 
with  strong  feelings  long  after  my  connection  with  this  country 
shall  have  been  dissolved,  and  always  with  a  renewal  of  the 
interest  which  I  feel  in  yourself,  and  in  everything  belonging  to 
your  fate  and  fortunes.     You  have  gratified  me,  too,  by  asking 
for  my  portrait  in  return.    I  shall  have  great  pleasure  in  sending 
one  to  you  as  soon  as  I  can  get  one  worthy  of  your  acceptance. 
But  Mr.  Beechey,  I  fear,  won't  come  to  Calcutta,  and  there  is  no 
good  artist  here. 

On  Monday  I  start  for  Eangoon,  to  make  arrangements  for  the 
war.'  As  I  hate  the  sea  and  everything  belonging  to  it,  and  as 
the  weather  will  be  very  bad,  I  do  not  look  forward  with  pleasure 
to  the  voyage. 

Your  Highness  will  have  heard  that  many  of  your  countrymen 
have  volunteered  to  go  to  Burmah,  and  I  greatly  hope  they  will 
have  an  opportunity  of  meeting  the  Burmese,  and  of  giving  them 
a  lesson,  which  they  are  very  well  able  to  do. 

I  beg  you  to  believe  me,  my  dear  Maharajah, 

Your  Highness's  sincere  and  faithful  friend, 

Dalhousib. 

To  His  Highness  the  Maharajah  Duleef  Singh. 


294  SLR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Finding  the  companionship  of  Major  Boileau's  sons 
■-•  most  beneficial  to  the  Maharajah,  Login  proposed  that 
they  should  accompany  him  to  Futtehghur,  and  pursue 
their  studies  under  Mr.  Guise,  undertaking  to  defray 
all  their  expenses  untU  they  were  old  enough  to  enter 
Rborkee  College.  He  had  found  the  experiment  of 
allowing  the  Shahzadah  to  mix  with  English  boys  most 
successful,  the  only  difficulty  now  experienced  being  to 
get  him  away  from  the  playground  ! 


LoBD  Dalhousie  to  the  Maharajah. 
{On  the  receipt  of  a  pencil  sketch  forwarded  by  Dr.  Login.) 

Government  House,  Sept.  2Ath,  1852. 

The  drawing  which  your  Highness  was  so  good  as  to  send  to 
Lady  Dalhousie  shall  be  given  to  her  as  soon  as  she  returns  from 
Ceylon,  where  she  has  been  obliged  to  pass  the  hot  season  from 
ill-health.  She  will,  I  am  sure,  be  much  pleased  by  your 
Highnesses  attention  to  her. 

The  drawing  itself  shows  a  progress  most  credit&ble  to  you.  I 
cannot  advise  you  too  strongly  to  cultivate  the  art ;  it  will  be  h 
resource  to  you  in  many  various  forms,  both  in  the  house  and  out 
of  doors. 

When  I  was  a  boy,  like  yourself,  I  foolishly  neglected  the 
opportunities  I  had  of  acquiring  it,  and  a  thousand  times  sinct.* 
have  I  regretted  it  when  I  desired  to  possess  a  sketch  of  soir.c 
scene  which  I  admired  among  the  many  beautiful  and.  the  in&i;\ 
fatuous  places  I  have  visited,  and  which,  if  I  could  have  used  my 
pencil,  I  might  have  preserved  by  the  labour  of  half  an  hour« 


THE  BAPTISM.  295 

I  am  BO  rejoiced  to  hea)r  from  Dr.  Login  that  yoa  have  enjoyed  Chapter 
your  stay  at  Mussoorie,  and  that  you  are  really  getting  on  with       X* 
EngHsh,  though  not  quite  so  well  with  other  studies.      Pray  1852-54, 
persevere — you  have  a  great  deal  to  learn  yet  before  you  can  be 
considered  a  well-instructed  gentleman,  and  nothing  but  persever- 
ance will  do  it. 

Your  interest  in  the  conduct  of  your  countryman  is  very 
pleasing  to  me.  Their  volunteering  for  Burmah  gave  me  great 
satisfaction,  and  I  have  been  glad  to  reward  them  for  it  by 
allowing  two  regiments,  the  4th  Sikh  Local  Regiment  and  the 
Loodiana  Regiment,  to  go  to  Burmah.  The  first  goes  im- 
mediately. I  have  perfect  confidence  in  them.  The  British 
never  had  braver  enemies  than  your  countrymen,  and  I  am 
confident  that  they  will  show  the  same  bravery  novi  that  they 
fight  upon  our  side. 

Shere  Singh  Attareewallah,  who  is  now  confined  in  Fort 
William,  was  very  anxious  to  go  also.  I  would  not  permit  him 
to  do  so.  He  was  an  unfaithful  and  bad  servant  to  your 
Highness,  as  well  as  a  faithless  friend  to  the  British  Government, 
and  I  would,  therefore,  not  allow  him  to  have  the  honour  of 
taking  part  in  a  war  on  our  behalf. 

In  the  hope  of  hearing  again  from  your  Highness  by-and-bye, 

I  beg  to  assure  you  that  I  am  always 

Your  Highness's  sincere  and  faithful  friend, 

Dalhousie. 
To  His  Highness  the  Mahabajah  Dctleef  Singh. 


Lord  Dalhousie  to  Db.  Looin. 

Government  House,  Sept,  2ith,  1852. 
Mt  dbab  Login, 

I  had  the  pleasure  of  receiving  your  letter  of  the  ninth,  en- 
closing one  from  the  Maharajah,  to  which  I  now  send  a  reply. 


29ft  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter      The  sketch  is  really  nicely  done,  and  if  it  was,  as  you  say,  not 
^«       doctored  by  the  master,  it  does  him  great  credit.    All  yon  say 

18o2-64.  q£  2^g  progress,  and  of  the  Shahzadah,  is  more  favourable  than 
could  be  looked  for.  If  you  cannot  make  the  Maharajah 
industrious  or  learned,  you  will,  at  all  events,  have  given  him  the 
means  of  finding  interests  and  occupations  for  himself,  if  he  chooser 
to  have  recourse  to  them. 

I  am  an  advocate  for  his  going  to  England,  and  shall  do  my 
best  to  persuade  the  Court  to  it ;  and  if  it  should  help  to  a  marriage 
between  him  and  little  Coorg,  I  shall  be  very  glad,  for  it  wiU 
reconcile  much  which  would  otherwise  be  a  considerable  per- 
plexity both  in  her  case  and  his.  I  would  not  renew  the  overtures 
for  marriage  just  at  present,  because  it  might  look  as  if  he  had 
been  moved  to  it  by  the  notice  taken  of  her  in  England.  The 
Eajah  will  return  in  a  few  months,  and  you  can  then  propose  it 
to  the  Government,  if  the  Maharajah  wishes  to  re-open  nego- 
ciations. 

I  have  been  greatly  disgusted  with  the  notoriety  they  have 
given  to  this  man  in  England,  though  I  had  carefully  provided 
against  it  here,  and  had  warned  them  on  the  subject.  It  ha< 
been  calculated  only  to  turn  the  girl's  head,  and  his  too,  for  he 
\vill  now  be  more  convinced  than  ever  of  his  accomplishing  his 
object  of  marrying  her  to  an  English  nobleman.  Whether  he 
would  prefer  a  Maharajah  pucka  to  a  nobleman  in  prospect,  1 
don't  know  I  nor  do  I  feel  sure  that  the  Maharajah  would  do 
well  to  arrange  any  marriage  until  he  has  seen  the  yonn»; 
lady ;  for,  as  he  is  a  Christian,  and  can't  get  Banees  in  duph* 
cate,  he  may  as  well  see  how  he  Ukes  her  first!  The  little 
heathen  sister,  whom  Jung  Bahadoor  took  away  with  him  to 
Nepal,  was  really  very  pretty.  The  orthodox  one  was  rot 
nearly  so  good-looking  1 

Consider  these  points,  and  let  me  know  what  you  think. 

You  are  aware  that  I  have  been  most  anxious  that  there  should 
be  no  fuss   or    display  connected  with  Duleep's  profession  of 


I 


THE  BAPTISM.  297 

Christianity,  in  order  that  I  might  feel  satisfied  in  my  conscience  Chapter 
that  the  boy  had  not  been,  unintentionally  by  ns,  or  unconsciously      ^ 
to  himself,  led  into  the  act  by  any  other  motives  than  that  of  lo62-64. 
conviction  of  the  truth.     To  that  end  your  management  of  the 
matter  has  been  most  judicious  and  highly  satisfactory  to  me.     I 
should  wish  that  course  steadily  pursued.     I  consider  that  the 
Coorg  christening  in  St.  James's  Chapel,  with  royal  godfather 
and  godmothers,  and  the  name  of  Victoria  given  her,  has  been  a 
great  mistake,  calculated  to  make  the  child  regard  a  sacrament 
as  a  Court  pageant,  and  to  lead  all  the  world  to  believe  fas  I 
verily  believe  myself)  that  the  father's  motive  was  not  so  much 
that  his  child  should  be  an  "  heir  of  salvation,"  as  that  she  should 
be  a  god-daughter  of  Queen  Victoria  I     I  do  not  think  I  am  un- 
charitable in  concluding  that  the  man  could  have  no  higher 
motive  who,  while  he  was  leading  with  one  hand  his  elder  child 
to  Christianity,  gave  over  the  younger  with  the  other  to  Hinduism 
and  Jung  Bahadoor  !     Let  us  avoid  all  such  reproach.    If  Duleep 
is  to  go  to  England,  let  him  be  quietly  baptized  before  he  goes, 
and  by  his  own  name  of  Duleep  Singh.     Indeed,  I  am  prepared 
to  advise  his  being  baptized  now,  as  soon  as  his  minister  can 
declare  that  he  is  sufficiently  instructed,  and  is  willing  to  receive 
the  rite.      If  he  is  sufficiently  instructed,  and  is  willing  to  be 
baptized  at  all,  he  is  quite  old  enough  to  take  the  obligations 
directly  upon  himself,  and  to  be  baptized  without  the  intervention 
of  godfathers  and  godmother. 

Dr.  Carshore  goes  to  Jhelum.  He  is  to  be  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Jay,  whom  I  have  never  seen,  but  whom  I  understand  to  be  a 
learned,  gentle,  and  pious  man. 

I  shall  be  glad  to  hear  from  you  on  this  subject  after  your 
return  to  Futtehghur.  There  will  be  no  objections  to  the  Maha- 
rajah being  accompanied  by  his  young  companions. 

I  am  in  a  difficulty  about  my  portrait  for  Duleep.  There  is 
nobody  here  who  can  paint  a  good  one.  Mr.  Beechey  can't  be 
got,  and  I  should  not  like  to  send  a  bad  one.     Do  you  think  the 


29a  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Maharajah  would  be  disappointed  by  my  delaying,  in  order  to 

^»       get  a  good  artist,  either  here  or  in  England  ? 
1862-64*  J  Q^^j^  ^gj^  ijj^y  yQ^j.g^ 

Dalhoubie. 

Login  wrote  Lord  Dalhousie,  telling  him  that  the 
Maharajah  had  begun  regularly  to  attend  church,  very 
-quietly,  and  without  any  attendance  beyond  Bhajun 
Lai,  who  at  his  own  desire  accompanied  him. 

I  am  fully  satisfied  that  the  Maharajah's  knowledge  of  Christian 
truth,  and  the  sincerity  of  his  convictions  are  such  as  to  qaalifv 
him  for  baptism,  whenever  it  is  thought  expedient ;  and  I  intend, 
during  the  visit  of  Archdeacon  Pratt  to  us  next  week,  to  ask  his 
opinion,  after  he  has  had  some  opportunities  of  conversing  freely 
with  the  boy. 

If  the  Court  give  permission  for  the  Maharajah  to  visit  England, 
it  would  be  a  great  advantage  to  him  that  it  should  be  after  your 
Lordship  had  gone  home,  so  as  to  have  the  benefit  of  your  ad\nce 
as  to  the  manner  in  which  he  should  be  received,  and  to  prevent 
him  from  being  brought  forward  prominently  until  his  education 
is  further  advanced,  and  he  is  enabled  to  take  his  place  in  society 
in  a  manner  which  will  be  creditable  to  himself  and  all  connect^rd 
with  him. 

LoBD  Dalhousie  to  Dr.  Login. 

Government  House,  Oct.  Ibth,  1852. 
Dear  Login, 

Just  a  line  to  say  that  I  know  no  reason  why  the  Maharaja!. 

should  not  go  to  church  when  he  wishes  it,  and  every  reason  whj 

he  should,  his  mind  being  made  up. 

I  quite  approve  of  all  you  are  doing. 

In  haste,  yours  very  truly, 

Dr.  Login.  Dalhousis. 


THE  BAPTISM.  299 

The  cold  weather  was  pleasantly  passed  on  themjirc  h  Chapter 

1852-64. 


back  to  Futtehghur.     By  this  time  Duleep  Singh  had      ^ 


acquired  a  taste  for  shooting  and  coursing,  and  spent 
almost  every  morning  riding  and  walking  after  game, 
with  his  two  friendsFrank  and  Charles  Boileau,  attended 
by  Thornton,  his  English  servant ;  of  course,  an  escort 
of  troopers  were  within  easy  hail.  Seven  or  eight 
miles  on  foot  was  thought  little  of  by  the  young 
sportsmen. 

At  Meerut,  His  Highness  was  received  by  Sir  Joseph 
Thackwell,  who  was  in  command ;  at  Seharunpore,  by 
Air.  Philip  Trench,  C.S.,  who  invited  the  ladies  and 
gentlemen  of  the  station  to  meet  His  Highness  at 
dinner.  The  same  attention  was  paid  by  Mr.  Blunt  at 
AUyghur.  Everyone  remarked  the  great  improvement 
in  Duleep  Singh's  manner  and  bearing  since  he  passed 
up  the  year  before. 

His  love  for  music  had  developed  greatly  and  as  he 
brought  his  music  master,  Mr.  Hunter,  with  him  for 
the  cold  season,  while  he  was  not  needed  by  his  pupils 
in  the  hills,  he  worked  very  hard  with  him  for  some 
part  of  the  day,  amusing  himself  with  his  band  of  an 
evening. 

Having  undergone  a  probation  of  two  years,  the 
Maharajah  himself  now  expressed  his  strong  desire  to 
be  received  into  the  Christian  Chiu-ch  by  baptism. 


300  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH, 

FuTTEHGHUB,  Feb,  lOtht  1853. 

{Anniversary  of  Sobram). 
My  Lobd, 

Chapter  The  communications  which  I  have  from  time  to  time  made 

^*       to  your  Lordship  regarding  the  Maharajah's  progress  in  religious 

Io02-o4.  knowledge  will  have  prepared  you  to  receive  the  expression  of  his 
desire  to  be  baptized.  The  enclosed  letter,  which  he  has 
requested  me  to  forward  to  your  Lordship,  conveys  the  sentiments 
of  his  mind  on  the  occasion. 

From  the  marked  consistency  of  his  conduct  and  character 
during  the  last  two  years,  and  the  earnestness  with  which  he 
applies  himself  to  the  study  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  in  contrast  to 
his  general  application  to  his  other  studies,  I  have  every  reason 
to  think  that  his  heart  is  deeply  interested,  and  that  he  desires 
to  make  an  open  profession  of  his  faith  in  a  right  spirit. 

The  importance  of  the  step  he  is  about  to  take  has  been  most 
careftdly  impressed  upon  his  mind,  and  he  is  fully  aware  of  the 
duties  to  which  his  baptismal  vows  will  bind  him. 

In  the  event  of  your  Lordship's  sanction  being  obtained  to 
his  public  profession  of  his  belief,  the  Maharajah  is  anxious  that 
he  should  be  baptized  by  the  Eev.  Mr.  Jay  before  he  returns  to 
Mussoorie.  As  the  church  here  is  still  imder  repair,  and  not 
likely  to  be  finished  for  six  months,  the  ceremony  may  perhaps 
with  every  propriety  take  place  in  his  own  house,  in  the  presence 
of  such  witnesses  as  your  Lordship  may  approve.  I  am  sure  tl:at 
Messrs.  Buller  and  Cuninghame,  the  judge  and  the  magistrate  of 
the  district,  Colonel  Alexander,  Major  Tucker,  or  other  of  the 
gentleman  residents  at  the  station,  will  very  readily  be  present  on 
the  occasion ;  or,  if  it  be  considered  desirable,  I  could  ask  the 
Commissioner,  Mr.  Tyler,  or  Mr.  Wilham  Muir,  the  Secretary  to 
the  Lieutenant-Governor,  who  are  not  very  far  distant  from  us. 

While  taking  every  care  that  the  ceremony  should  lose  nothing 
of  its  impressiveness  and  solemnity,  I  need  not  say  how  much  I 
coincide  in  the  wish  expressed  by  your  Lordship  that,  when  it 


^ 


THE  BAPnSlL  301 

does  take  place,  every  ostentatious  display  should  be  avoided.  Chapter 
This  has  hitherto  been  carefully  observed  in  all  that  has  related      ^* 
to  the  Maharajah's  instruction  in  religious  truth,  and    I    do  1862-64. 
sincerely  hope  that  the  substance,  rather  than  the  form,  has  been 
impressed  upon  his  mind. 

Although  His  Highness  had,  about  three  weeks  since,  expressed 
his  desire  to  be  baptized,  and  Mr.  Jay  had  written  to  me  proposing 
that  he  should  obtain  the  requisite  sanction  of  the  Bishop  for  the 
performance  of  the  ceremony,  I  thought  it  better  not  to  take  any 
steps  in  the  matter  until  the  Maharajah  should  himself  express 
his  wish  to  me  on  the  subject,  on  receipt  of  which  I  inmiediately 

wrote  to  Mr.  Jay As,  in  the  event  of  your  Lordship's 

sanction  to  the  Maharajah's  baptism,  it  will  be  necessary  that  Mr. 
Jay  obtain  the  sanction  of  the  Bishop,  it  may  save  some  delay  in 
reference,  if  the  Lord  Bishop  could  be  requested  by  your  Lordship 
to  communicate  with  Mr.  Jay  for  that  purpose. 

The  Maharajah  has  taken  very  great  interest  in  reading  the 
Holy  Scriptures  with  Mr.  Jay,  and  that  gentleman  has  been 
equally  gratified  with  the  attention  and  earnestness  with  which 
His  Highness  has  received  his  instruction 

I  remain,  &c. 

J.  S.  Loam. 

Enclosed  with  the  above,  were  the  foUowing  notes : — 

Feb.  6th,  1853. 
My  dsab  good  Fbiend, 

I  think  I  now  sufficiently  understand  the  Christiaji  religion, 
and  the  duties  to  which  it  binds  me,  and  have  a  strong  desire  to 
be  baptized,  which  I  trust,  therefore,  I  may  be  considered  fit  for. 

I  remain, 

Yours  very  sincerely, 

DuiiEEP  Singh. 


302  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

My  DBAS  Mb.  Jay, 

Chapter  The  Maharajah  having  addressed  a  note    to    me    to-dav 

^*       expressing  his  strong  desire  for  baptism,  I  am  anxious  to  ascertain 

1o52-d4.  fj-Qju  you  whether,  from  the  opportunities  which  you  have  had  of 

conversing  with  him  on  religious  subjects,  you  consider  him  to  be 

sufficiently  advanced  in  the  knowledge  of  Divine  truth,   and 

sufficiently  impressed  with  the  importance  of  the  vows  he  wishes 

to  take  upon  himself,  to  justify  you  in  admitting  him  to  that  Holy 

Sacrament. 

I  am,  my  dear  Mr.  Jay, 

.  .  .Yours  very  truly, 

J.  o.  L. 

My  dear  Dr.  Loom, 

I  think  the  Maharajah  has  quite  sufficient  head  knowledge  of 
the  truths  of  our  holy  religion  to  justify  his  receiving  the  sacra- 
ment of  baptism.  How  far  his  heart  is  touched,  you  have  better 
opportunities  than  I,  a  comparative  stranger,  have  had  of  judging. 
I  have  gone  through  the  Gospel  of  St.  Matthew  with  him  carefully, 
and  I  never  spent  any  time  with  greater  pleasure  and  satisfaction. 
The  young  Maharajah  was  uniformly  careful,  attentive,  and 
earnest. 

Yours  very  truly, 

W.  J.  Jay, 

Chaplain  of  Futtehghur, 

From  Archdeacon  Pratt's  Memorandum  to  the  Bishop. 

I  have  been  much  pleased  with  my  interviews  with  the  Maha- 
rajah. He  seems  fully  aware  of  the  responsibility  of  the  step  bt 
wishes  to  take,  and  that  his  conduct  will  be  scrutinized  when  1  • 
becomes  a  Christian.     I  asked  him  many  questions,  which  l* 


THE  BAPTISM.  303 

answered  very  clearly  and  fully.    He  made  correct  statements  on  Chapter 
the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  the  Person  of  Our  Lord,  His  Two       ^ 
Natures,    His    offices   of    Prophet,    Priest,    and   King,    which  1852-64. 
he  explained.    Altogether,  I  was  much  pleased,  and  feel  persuaded 
&at  a  gracious  work  is  going  on  in  his  heart.    I  do  not  see  why 
he  should  not  be  baptized,  if  he  wishes  to  be.    He  shows  consider- 
able thought  and  seriousness  and  good  sense,  far  beyond  his  years, 
and  with  it  all  (what  one  is  not  sorry  to  see)  his  boyhood  and 
simplicity  are  not  lost. 

Login  adds  : — 

I  am  sure  that  Mr.  Guise,  and  all  who  have  been  intimately 
associated  with  him,  will  join  me  in  willing  testimony  to  his 
truthfuhiess  and  rectitude  of  conduct,  and  to  the  great  improve- 
ment that  has  been  apparent  in  many  ways  during  this  trial  of 
probation,  now  more  than  two  years. 

To  this  communication  Lord  Dalhousie   replied  as 
follows  : — 

GovEBNMENT  HousE,  Feb,  15th,  1853. 
My  deab  Login, 

I  have  communicated  with  my  colleagues,  who  concur 
with  me  in  readily  acceding  to  the  Maharajah's  wish,  that  ho 
may  receive  the  rite  of  baptism  at  once.*  I  have  written  to 
the  Bishop  to  address  Mr.  Jay.  The  station  church  being  under 
repair,  His  Highness's  own  house  would  be  the  best  place  for  the 
performance  of  the  rite.  I  desire  no  secrecy,  but  at  the  same 
time  deprecate  notoriety  and  all  approach  to  a  tunmsha. 


The  official  i)cniussion  of  the  Goveraor-General  in  Council  followed  this. 


304  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter       Don't  bring  people  from  a  distance.    Invite,  if  you  please  to  do 
X.       BO,  the  principal  persons  of  the  station  ;  bat  only  those  who  will 
1862-54.  regard    the    occasion  as  a  solemn    administration  of   a  Holy 
Sacrament,  and  not  a  common  festivity. 

Probably  it  will  not  be  necessary  to  give  a  name  at  all,  bat  if 
requisite,  let  it  be  his  own  name,  "  Duleep  Singh.*' 
I  pray  God  to  bless  this  act  to  his  eternal  good. 

Believe  me. 

Yours  very  truly, 

DaIiHOUSIE. 

Db.  Loom. 


Government  House,  Feb,  15th,  1853. 

My  deab  Mahaiiajah, 

I  have  received  with  the  most  lively  satisfaction  the 
letter  in  which  you  express  your  desire  to  be  at  once  baptized, 
and  to  be  admitted  a  member  of  the  Church  of  Christ.  When 
you  first  showed  an  inclination  to  beheve  in  the  truths  which  you 
found  declared  in  the  Word  of  God,  I  advised  you  not  to  act 
hastily,  to  continue  your  study  of  the  Bible,  and  to  test  by  time 
the  strength  and  sincerity  of  your  belief. 

You  have  followed  my  advice,  and  I  have  learnt  with  real 
pleasure  from  the  statements  of  the  Archdeacon  and  Mr.  Jay 
that  they  have  found  you  quite  fit  to  receive  the  baptism  you 
desire  to  obtain.  I,  on  my  part,  most  readily  assent  to  your 
vnsh,  and  I  thank  the  God  and  Saviour  of  us  all,  who  has  put 
into  your  heart  a  knowledge  of,  and  belief  in,  the  truth  of  our 
holy  religion. 

I  earnestly  hope  that  your  future  life  may  be  in  conformitT 
with  the  precepts  of  that  religion,  and  that  you  may  show  lo 
your  countrymen  in  India  an  example  of  a  pure  and  blameless 
life,  such  as  is  befitting  a  Christian  prince. 


THE  BAPTISM.  305 

I  beg  your  Highness  to  believe  in  the  strength  and  sincerity  of  Chapter 
the  regard  which  I  shall  ever  feel  towards  you,  and  to  remain,       ^« 
now  and  always,  Ioo2-o4. 

Your  Highness's  sincere  and  affectionate  friend, 

Dalhousie. 
His  Highness  Mahabajah  DutiEep  Sinoh. 


GovEBNHENT  HousE,  March  l&th,  1853. 

My  deab  Mahabajah, 

I  have  received,  with  the  liveliest  satisfaction,  the  letter 
which  you  wrote  to  me  on  the  8th  inst.,  announcing  to  me 
that  the  rite  of  baptism  had  been  administered  to  you,  and  that 
you  had  been  admitted  into  the  Church  of  Christ. 

I  rejoice  in  the  opportunity  it  affords  me  of  again  offering  you 
the  aBSiurance  of  my  affectionate  interest  in  your  welfare,  and  of 
my  most  earnest  wishes  for  your  happiness,  both  in  this  world 
and  in  that  which  is  to  come. 

I  beg  your  Highness  to  believe  me, 

Your  sincere  and  faithful  friend, 

Dalhousie. 
His  Highness  Mahabajah  Duleep  Singh. 


Futtehghue,  March  8^A,  1853. 
My  Lobd, 

It  now  gives  me  sincere  pleasure  to  acquaint  your  Lordship 
that  the  Maharajah  was  this  day  admitted  into  the  Christian 
Chnrch  by  baptism,  and  took  the  vows  upon  him  in  a  most 
solemn  and  impressive  maimer. 

The  ceremony  took  place  in  His  Highness's  private  dwelling- 
hoixse,  in  presence  of  about  twenty  of  the  European  residents  of 

X 


306         snt  JOHN  Loom  and  duleep  singh. 

Chapter  the  station,  and  nearly  an  equal  number  of  the  Maharajah's 

^      principal  native  servants  whom  I  had  invited  to  attend. 

18o2-o4      rpjjQ  truly  simple  and  earnest  manner  in  which  the  service  was 

conducted  by  the  Eev.  Mr.  Jay,  and  joined  in  by  all  the  Christians 

present,  commanded  the  reverent  attention  of  all  who  witnessed 

it,  and,  I  hope,  left  a  deep  impression  of  its  solemnity  on  many 

minds I  forward  a  copy  of  the  entry  made  in  the  baptismal 

register  at  Futtehghur. 

Mr.  Jay  considered  it  necessary  that  the  names  of  three  persons 
(of  whom  one  should  be  a  lady)  should  be  entered  as  witnesses  to 
the  baptism,  and  Colonel  Alexander  and  Mrs.  Login  were  proposed 
in  addition  to  myself ;  but  with  Mr.  Jay's  consent,  I  also  asked 
Mr.  Guise  to  sign  the  register. 

The  native  names  on  the  register  have  been  spelt  as  the  Maha- 
rajah pointed  out 

I  may  add  that  everything  approaching  to  display,  or  unbefitting 

the  solemnity  of  the  occasion,  has  been  most  carefully  avoided  in 

every  respect. 

I  remain,  &c., 

J.  S.  Login. 


The  ceremony  was  felt,  by  those  privileged  to  be 
present,  to  be  touching  as  w^ell  as  impressive;  the 
earnest  expression  on  the  young  boy's  face,  the  look, 
half  sad,  half  curious,  on  the  countenances  of  his 
people,  who  were  all  witnesses  of  the  rite  by  their  own 
wish,  combined  to  make  it  so. 

It  occurred  to  Mrs.  Login,  at  the  last  moment,  that, 
bearing  in  mind  the  veneration  in  which  all  Hindoos 
hold  the  River  Ganges,  there  would  be  peculiar  appro- 
priate ness   in   using   its    water    for    the    sacred  rite. 


THE  BAPTISM.  307 

thereby  sanctifying  it  in  the  Maharajah's  mind,  from  Chapter 
henceforth,  with  a  new  and  holier  association.     Jewin-  ^^JT*^^ 
dah,  the  favo^te  Sikh  attendant  of  Duleap  Singh,  ''^'*- 
begged  to  be  allowed  to  fetch  the  water  himself  for 
this  purpose  from  the  river,  and  ran  off  with  his  brass 
lotah,  evidently  regarding  the  proposition  with  favour, 
as  a  concession  to  Hindoo  prejudices. 

GoYEBNMENT  HousE,  March  16th,  1853. 
My  deab  Login, 

I  have  had  the  pleasure  to  receive  yours  of  8th,  enclosing 
one  from  the  Maharajah. 

I  rejoice  deeply  and  sincerely  in  this  good  issue  to  the  great 
change  the  boy  has  passed  through,  with  so  much  satisfactory 
evidence  of  the  reality  and  genuineness  of  his  convictions. 

I  regard  it  as  a  very  remarkable  event  in  history,  and  in  every 
way  gratifying. 

Let  me  add  that,  under  circumstances  of  peculiarity,  of  great 
delicacy,  and  of  great  difficulty,  I  have  been  most  highly  satisfied 
with  the  judgment  and  discretion,  the  prudence  and  kindly  tact, 
which  have  been  exhibited  by  yourself  through  them  all. 

Believe  me  to  be,  my  dear  Login, 

Yours  very  truly, 

Dalhousie. 
Db.  Login. 


MussooBiE,  June  2nd,  1853. 
My  Lord, 

It  gives  me  particular  pleasure  to  acquaint  your  Lordship 
that,  ever  since  his  baptism,  the  Maharajah  has  continued,  by  his 
conduct  and  character,  to  afford  very  satisfactory  evidence  of  the 

X  2 


308  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  influence  of  Christian  principles  on  his  heart,  and  I  trust,  as  his 
^       years  increase,  they  may  continue  to  gain  strength,  and  preserve 

^^*"^*  hiTTi  from  the  many  dangers  and  temptations  to  which  he  must 
necessarily  be  exposed  in  the  position  he  has  to  occupy.  He  is 
fully  aware  of  the  responsibilities  which  his  profession  of  Chris- 
tianity imposes  on  him,  and  of  the  effect  which  his  example  may 
have  upon  others  of  his  countrymen,  either  for  good  or  evil,  and  I 
believe  he  is  honestly  anxious  to  use  this  influence  aright.*  He 
is  going  on  with  his  education  with  more  energy  than  heretofore. 
His  progress  in  music  is  rapid,  and  he  takes  great  delight  in  it. 
He  performs  really  creditably  on  the  flute  and  cornopean,  and, 
with  his  music-master's  assistance,  has  got  up  a  very  good  band 
of  eight  or  nine  men.  It  is  a  great  amusement  to  him,  and  it  is 
an  incentive  to  study,  as  he  pays  the  expenses  out  of  his  pocket- 
money.  This  band  is  a  great  pleasure  to  the  community  at 
Mussoorie,  as  they  play  on  the  Mall  on  stated  evenings,  where 
their  appearance  is  hailed  with  delight. 

I  have  been  successful  in  getting  up  a  course  of  lectures  duriu 
the  season,  which  have  already  been  well  attended.  Many  gentle- 
men  have  been  induced  to  offer  their  services  as  lecturers,  and  I 
have  got  a  course  of  them  on  various  subjects,  arranged  to  fill  up 
six  months ;  the  three  first,  by  Mr.  Mackinnon,  on  **  Astronomy." 
were  excellent — pronounced  so  by  some  of  the  best  astronomers 
in  India,  who  were  among  the  audience. 

I  have  already  expressed  to  your  Lordship  my  anxiety  that  the 
Maharajah  should  not  become  a  mere  State  pensioner,  but  that  bo 


*  NumerouB  letters  were  received  by  the  Maharajah,  congratulating  him  on  Ki> 
baptism,  and  giving  him  cordial  welcome  from  many  eminent  Christians,  K>*:. 
European  and  native.  Some  of  them  were  very  touching.  Amongst  others  «  L  i 
wrote  to  him  were — 

Rev.  Krishna  Baneijee.  Mr.  Thomason. 

Rev.  Gopy  Nanth  Nundy.  Sir  Henry  Lawrence. 

Ganeudro  Mohun  Tagore.  Sir  Frederick  Cunie. 
Bishop  Wilson. 


THE   BAPTISM.  309 

should  be  led  to  take  an  interest  in  all  that  concerns  the  welfare  Chapter 
of  the  natives  around  him,  and  the  progress  in  improvement  of  his      ^ 
neighbourhood ;  and  if  such  was  my  wish  before  he  became  a  ^"^J-04. 
Christian,  I  need  not  say  how  much   my  anxiety  has  been 
increased  by  that  event.     This  is  not  likely  to  be  fully  developed 
unless  he  has  some  estate  in  the  country  to  which  his  attention 
could  be  applied.    I  would,  therefore,  respectfully  beg  your  Lord- 
ship's consideration  to  the  propriety  of  giving  him  a  grant  of  land 
on  the  occasion  of  his  coming  of  age,  of  such  extent,  and  on  such 
conditions,  as  may  appear  suitable  to  his  position  and  circum- 
stances.    Should  His  Highness's  home  be  fixed  in  India,  a  part 
of  the  Eastern  Dhoon  would  appear  most  suitable,  as  he  is  sure 
to  pass  the  hot  season  here.    The  Dhoon  is  not  looked  upon  as 
profitable,  but  I  think  it  might  be  made  so. 

The  two  young  Boileaus  have  passed  with  great  credit  in  Urdu 
and  Hindu,  and  are  qualified  for  the  army.  Their  father  has,  I 
fear,  little  chance  of  getting  appointments  for  them  ;  and  as  I  feel 
that  the  Maharajah  has  gained  much  by  their  companionship,  I 
am  anxious  to  help  them,  and  if  your  Lordship  sees  no  impropriety 
in  the  Maharajah  asking  Lord  Hardinge  for  a  commission  for  the 
eldest,  he  will  gladly  do  so. 

I  have  the  honour,  &c., 

J.  S.  L. 


Sir  Frederick  Currie,  before  leaving  India,  wrote  the 
Maharajah  as  follows  : — 


Calcutta,  April  11th,  1863. 

MATTATtAJAW, 

I  wish  to  write  to  your  Highness  before  leaving  India 
to  offer  you  my  warm  congratulations  on  the  important 
event  which  has  just  been  communicated  to  the  Government  by 


310  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  your  Mend,  Dr.  Login,  viz.,  your  Highness's  admission  into  the 

^*  Christian  Church  by  the  rite  of  baptism. 
looJ-04.  J  jjg^yg  Yong  regarded  you  with  very  sincere  esteem  (ever  since 
we  first  met  on  that  memorable  occasion  in  February,  1846) ;  and 
those  feelings  are  much  enhanced  by  the  contemplation  that  I  can 
now  regard  you  as  a  fellow-Christian,  animated  by  the  same  hopes, 
cheered  by  the  same  promises,  and  seeking  the  same  consumma- 
tion of  all  our  objects  and  desires  in  life — the  love  and  glory  of  oar 
conmion  Saviour  in  time,  and  His  presence  in  eternity. 

I  have  in  no  degree  lost  the  interest  which  I  had  in  your 
Highness  during  the  eventful  year  1848 ;  but  I  have  thought  it 
better,  considering  our  respective  positions,  and  hearing  of  the 
feelings  which  were  at  work  in  your  heart,  and  which  have  led  to 
such  a  happy  result,  that  I  should  not  write  to  you. 

Any  communication  between  us  might  have  been  misrepre- 
sented, to  your  Highness's  detriment,  both  in  the  Punjab  and  in 
Hindostan.      But  now  there  is  no  longer  any  cause  for  such 
reserve ;  your  Highness  has  taken  the  irrevocable  step,  and  I  am 
about  to  leave  India  by  the  steamer  of  the  8th  prox.,  when  my 
connection  with  the  Government  will  be  at  an  end.     I  therefore 
now  write  these  few  lines  to  assure  your  Highness  that  I  have 
taken  the  most  lively  interest  in  all  that  has  happened  in  regard 
to  you  since  I  saw  you ;  that  I  have  read  the  reports  of  your  pro- 
gress in  knowledge  and  of  the  development  of  your  character, 
sent  from  time  to  time  by  Dr.  Login,  with  high  gratification  ;  and 
that  the  last  reported  event  above  referred  to  has  given    me 
imfeigned  joy. 

I  do  not  know  if  there  is  any  possibility  of  your  Hi^line^s 
visiting  England,  but  should  you  do  so  during  my  lifetime,  it  >)rill 
give  me  very  great  pleasure  to  renew  our  acquaintance. 

I  remain,  Maharajah, 

Your  sincere  friend, 

F.  CuRjais. 

His  Highness  Maharajah  Dulebp  Sinqh. 


THE   BAPTISM.  311 


The  following  is  the  first  letter  Login  received  from  Chapter 

Lord  Dalhousie  after  the  death  of  Lady  Dalhousie  : —     .«3'  . 

^  1862-64. 


GOVSBNMENT  HousE,  AwQ,  ith,  1852. 

Deab  Login, 

I  have  to  ask  your  pardon  for  the  long  delay  which  has 
occurred  in  replying  to  the  letter  I  had  from  you  about  middle 
of  June.  Since  that  period,  though  I  have  not  allowed  public 
business  to  be  retarded,  I  fear  I  have  left  many  letters  unan- 
swered, among  them  yours.  Your  account  of  the  Maharajah 
continues  to  be  as  satisfactory  as  we  have  any  right  to  expect. 
Your  plans  for  at  once  instructing,  diverting,  and  training  him  as 
a  member  of  European  society  are  excellent,  and  can  leave  on 
your  mind  no  doubt  of  your  meeting  with  full  co-operation,  as  far 
as  it  depends  on  me. 

With  regard  to  the  future,  I  cannot  go  quite  so  entirely  with 

you.     We  are  at  one  in  thinking  that  he  should  go  to  England. 

It  is  my  opinion,  as  it  is  yours,  that  he  should  go  while  he  is  yet 

what  we  should  consider  a  boy.    I  shall  therefore  be  prepared  to 

ask  permission  from  the  Court  to  let  him  go  next  spring,  if  you 

consider  him  ready  and  desirous,  as  before,  to  go.    I  will  not 

disguise  from  you  that  the  Court  may  not  give  a  very  gracious 

assent ;  the  visit  of  Jung  Bahadoor,  whom  they  spoiled,  and  still 

more,  the  present  visit  of  the  ex-Bajah  of  Coorg,  whom,  in  spite 

of  all  my  precautions  and  warnings,  they  have  lifted  wholly  out 

of  his  place,  making  a  fool  both  of  him  and  of  themselves  thereby, 

has  disgusted  the  Court  and  Board  of  Control  with  native,  and 

especiaUy  with  princely,  visitors.    Still  I  hope  they  will  agree,  and 

Btill  more,  I  hope  that  the  Maharajah  will  not  expect  pompous 

receptions,  and  will  rather  seek  quiet  and  privacy  while  he  shall 

remain  in  England.    With  respect  to  the  question  of  a  residence 

at   Mussoorie,  and  also  to  a  grant  of  land,  I  conceive  that  these 

matters  should  be  postponed  until  the  Maharajah  shall  have 


312  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  returned  from  England,  and  until  he  shall  he,  at  least,  of  age, 
^-       which  in  his  case  I  presume  would  he  eighteen.    The  grant  of  the 

1852-54.  Eastern  Dhoon,  to  which  you  allude,  seems  the  carving  out  of  a 
large  slice.  But,  without  committing  myself  to  details,  I  have  no 
difficulty  in  expressing  entire  concurrence  in  your  views  of  making 
the  Maharajah  something  different  from  a  Delhi  or  a  Lucknow 
pensioner.  It  is  natural  you  should  wish  these  points  settled  by 
myself,  who  must  needs  take  a  more  peculiar  interest  in  the  boy 
than  any  of  my  successors  can  do;  but  you  may  be  quite  sure 
that  he  will  always  be  an  object  of  interest  to  the  Governor- 
General  of  the  time,  and  I  think  it  would  be  open  to  objection  if 
I  should  attempt  to  decide  upon,  and  to  provide  for  his  futare, 
prematurely. 

Believe  me  to  be, 

Yours  very  truly, 

DaIiHOUSIB. 

Db.  Login. 


August,  1853. 
My  Lord, 

I  have  told  the  Maharajah  of  your  intention  to  ask  per> 
mission  for  him  to  visit  England  next  spring 

....  In  the  event  of  his  obtaining  the  permission,  I  shall  see 
that  he  has  not  a  large  retinue  vnth  him,  and  will  only  take  to 
Calcutta  those  who  are  to  proceed  with  him.  The  Maharajah  is 
very  anxious  not  to  be  separated  from  Sheo  Deo  Singh,  and,  if  the 
little  fellow's  own  feelings  were  consulted,  I  think  he  would  not 
be  unwilling.  If  your  Lordship  thinks  it  desirable,  I  shjdl 
endeavour  to  get  his  mother's  consent. 

The  Maharajah,  and  all  of  us,  would  regret  any  cireumstanee 
which  would  lead  to  any  separation  between  them,  for  they 


THE   BAPTISM.  313 

mach  more  attached  to  each  other  than  they  were,  and  a  very  Chapter 
kindly  feeling  now  exists  between  them.    Mr.  Guise  has  lately       X« 
received  a  very  good  offer  from  Mr.  Maclean,  a  large  indigo  18^2-54. 
planter  near  Futtehghnr,  to  take  charge  of  his  work  during  his 
absence  in  England,  and  a  share  as  partner.     Up  to  the  present 
time,  I  am  satisfied  that  no  one  could  have  filled  his  place  with 
His  EUghness  more  perfectly  than  Mr.  Guise  has  done. 

The  irregular,  self-indulgent  manner  in  which  the  boy  had  been 
brought  up,  his  natural  indolence  and  want  of  application,  and  the 
difficulty  of  exercising  any  restraint  over  him,  required  an  amount 
of  patient  endurance  and  perseverance  on  the  part  of  a  tutor,  in 
bringing  him  through  the  rudimentary  stages  of  education,  and 
establishing  a  desire  for  instruction,  which  is  very  rarely  to  be  met 
with,  and  I  feel  that  His  Highness  owes  more  to  Mr.  Guise  than 
he  can  ever  repay.  The  Maharajah  has  now,  however,  reached  a 
stage  in  his  education  at  which  he  is  more  likely  to  derive  benefit 
from  the  instruction  of  professional  masters. 

In  the  event  of  Mr.  Guise  accepting  the  offer  made  him,  I  think 
that  it  would  be  only  proper  on  His  Highnesses  part  to  make  a  hand- 
some acknowledgment  of  his  services  in  any  way  your  Lordship 
might  think  fit.  Although  this  offer  is  most  eligible,  Mr.  Guise  is 
quite  willing  to  remain  with  His  Highness  if  it  is  desired ;  but  in  this 
case,  he  would  naturally  look  for  some  permanent  employment  on 
his  return  to  India  in  place  of  that  which  he  had  declined. 

In  the  event  of  Mr.  Guise  not  accompanying  the  Maharajah,  it 
would  be  advisable  to  retain  one  or  both  of  the  Boileaus  as 
companions  for  a  time,  and  it  might  be  more  possible  for  me  to 
obtain  commissions  for  them  while  in  England. 

It  was  only  in  the  event  of  His  Highness  not  going  to  England 
that  I  ^was  anxious  to  find  some  interesting  and  useful  employment 
for  him,  to  occupy  his  mind  and  engage  his  attention. 

I  have,  &c., 
J.  S.  Ij. 


314  8IB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       The  following  note  from  Dnleep  Singh  to  Login  was 
1852-54  onclosed  in  the  above  : — 


My  dear  qood  Friend, 

As  I  do  not  like  to  attempt  a  letter  to  the  Goyemor- 
General,  I  hope  it  will  do  as  well  to  write  to  you  what  I  wish  to 
say. 

You  told  me  that  the  Governor-General  wishes  to  know  if  I  am 
as  anxious  as  before  to  go  to  England.  I  wish  to  say  that  I  am  very 
anxious  to  go,  and  quite  ready  to  start  whenever  his  Lordship 
gives  me  permission.  I  do  not  want  to  go  to  make  a  show  of 
myself,  but  to  study  and  complete  my  education,  and  I  wish  to 
live  in  England  as  quietly  as  possible. 

Yours  very  sincerely, 

DuiiEEP   SiKQH. 


Government  House,  Aug.  Slst,  1853. 

My  dear  Login, 

Tell  the  Maharajah  that  it  is  wholly  impossible  for  me  to  sjlj 
when  he  may  be  allowed  to  go.  It  does  not  rest  with  me.  I  hav«: 
not  authority  in  this  case  to  let  him  go  without  reference  to  tli-v 
Court  in  the  first  instance. 

This  reference  I  will  make  by  the  very  next  mail,  and  I  w:l 
make  known  to  you  the  answer  as  soon  as  possible. 

If  he  goes,  he  should  go  without  a  *'  following."  In  England.  &$ 
you  say,  his  education  will  be  easily  carried  on,  either  by  masters 
or  a  private  tutor.  The  offer,  therefore,  which  you  speak  of  &» 
made  to  Mr.  Guise,  should  on  no  account  be  set  aside  by  \Lk 
Maharajah  or  by  the  Government,  because  it  would  be  impossil**- 
for  either  to  undertake  to  compensate  Mr.  Guise  for  the  advanta^^^ 


THE  BAPTISM.  315 

he  will  have  consented  to  forego  at  their  request.     Mr.  Guise  Chapter 
certainly  deserves  well  of  the  Maharajah;  and  if  he  quits  him       ^* 
now,  a  handsome  acknowledgment  of  his  services  would,  as  you  lo^2-o4. 
suggest,  be  very  fitting,  but  it  should  not  be  in  the  shape  of  a 

pension If  it  is  desirable  that  the  Maharajah  should  have 

a  young  companion,  as  you  seem  to  think,  one  of  the  lads  may 
accompany  him,  not  both — ^you  will  find  a  "  tail "  in  England 
very  troublesome  and  very  costly* 

The  going  of  the  Shahzadah  must  depend  entirely  on  whether 
the  Maharajah  wishes  it,  so  far  as  the  wishes  of  his  family  are 
concerned  at  all ;  but  I  think  the  wisdom  of  his  going  doubtful, 
for  he  is  as  yet  too  young  to  derive  any  profit  for  himself ;  and 
with  respect  to  the  pleasure  of  the  thing,  I  think  the  Maharajah 
would  find  him  a  great ''  taigle  "  in  England.  Many  people,  who 
would  be  glad  to  be  civil  to  His  Highness,  would  not  choose  to  be 
bothered  with  a  second  prince,  who  has  no  interest  or  importance. 
My  present  impression  is  that  the  little  boy  should  not  go,  and 
that  some  arrangement  should  be  made  for  him  here,  by  which  he 
would  not  lose  what  he  has  gained,  during  your  absence. 

Believe  me  to  be. 

Yours  very  truly, 

Dalhousib. 

Db.  XjOGIN. 


Extracts  from  some  of  Loom's  letters  to  Lord  Dalhoubie  from 

Mussoorie, 

....  Mr.  Guise  has  accepted  the  appointment  offered  him, 
and  has  left  to  join.  At  parting.  His  Highness  presented  him 
with  a  Government  promissory  note  for  5,000  rupees,  as  a  kindly 
ackno^edgment  of  his  services. 

....  I  have  thought  it  right  to  avail  myself  of  the  opportunity 
afforded  me  by  the  return  of  Mrs.  Scott  (now  a  widow)  with  her 


316  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DXTLEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  family  to  England  to  allow  the  young  boy,  Tom  Scott,  who  has 
^-       for  the  last  four  years  been  brought  up  with  His  Highness  and  the 

l8o2-o4.  Shahzadah,  to  accompany  her  for  the  purpose  of  going  to  school ; 
but  in  consideration  of  the  advantages  which  have  resulted  to  His 
Highness  from  the  companionship  of  his  young  friend  at  so 
interesting  a  period  of  his  life,  and  the  very  straitened  circum- 
stances of  Mrs.  Scott,  with  a  family  of  seven  children  unprovided 
for,  I  trust  no  objection  will  be  made  to  an  allowance  of  fifty 
rupees  per  mensem  being  granted  for  the  education  of  the  boy. 
during  the  minority  of  His  Highness.  Charles  Boileau  returns  to 
his  father  at  Ferozepore.  Thus  Frank  Boileau  will  be  the  only 
European  companion  who  will  accompany  His  Highness  to 
England. 

....  Your  Lordship's  principal  objection  to  the  Shahzadah's 
accompanying  his  uncle  seems  to  be  the  possible  inconvenience  oi 
the  arrangement.  I  think  that  might  be  obviated,  and  the 
Maharajah  suggests  many  ways  of  doing  so,  which  shows  how 
much  he  desires  to  have  him  with  him.  But  apart  from  His 
Highness's  wishes  on  the  subject,  I  would  respectfully  point  out 
other  considerations.  As  the  Maharajah,  by  adopting  our  faith, 
has  deprived  himself  of  almost  all  political  influence  among  liis 
countrymen,  they  are  now  inclined  to  consider  the  Shahzadah  as 
the  rightful  representative  of  their  old  rulers,  and  judging  {rem  th< 
boy's  natural  disposition,  it  would  be  advisable  to  keep  him  &.« 
much  with  the  Maharajah  as  possible,  and  accustom  him  to  cci.- 
sider  their  interests  identical.  By  allowing  him  to  remain  ti 
India  while  His  Highness  is  in  England,  I  fear  he  will  be  monc 
encouraged  in  the  idea  of  his  separate  importance,  and  it  will  U 
difficult  for  his  pretensions  to  be  kept  under  control,  as  easily  ^ 
while  with  his  uncle  and  natural  head.  The  ignorant  wiU  b-  . . 
him  in  estimation  for  not  having  crossed  the  ocean.  There  "v^i. 
be  no  difficulty  about  the  retention  of  his  caste,  though  it  will  er.t^ 
additional  trouble  and  arrangements  upon  me,  which  I  wou 
otherwise  escape. 


THE  BAPTISM.  317 

I  can  make  arrangements  to  take    two    or    three    Pmijabi  Chapter 
Brahmms  to  attend  the  Maharajah,  relatives  (and  servants)  of       X. 
the   Misr    Makraj    at    Lahore,  of   whose  family  two  or  three  18o2-54. 
members  still  remain  attached  to  His  Highness.     The  old  Misr 
has  vmtten  to  them  to  say  that  it  is  their  duty  to  go,  if  the  Maha- 
rajah wishes  it,  only  that  they  should  be  careful  to  keep  their 
caste.    If  they  go  with  us,  there  will  be  no  difficulty  about  the 
Shahzadah,     as    regards    caste.      I   am  willing  to   submit    to 
all  this  trouble,  rather  than  miss  the  opportunity  of  opening 
a  way,  and  showing  high-caste  Hindoos  that  it  is  possible  to 
break  through  prejudice,  and  set  an  example  to  their  countrymen 
to  visit  Em'ope. 

The  Shahzadah's  mother  has  returned  from  her  home,  and  will 
remain  here  till  we  leave,  when  she  will  go  to  reside  at  Hurdwar, 
where  she  has  a  house.  She  does  not  like  the  idea  of  her  son 
going  with  the  Maharajah,  and  has  sent  me  a  petition  to  send  to 
your  Lordship  on  the  subject.  I  have  told  her  that  as  soon  as 
we  know  that  the  permission  is  granted,  I  will  send  in  her 
petition  against  it. 

The  little  boy  himself  is  really  not  unwilling  to  go,  and  has 
great  faith  in  Mrs.  Login  being  able  to  persuade  his  mother  to  let 
him  go.  He  has  been  explaining  to  her  the  geography  of  Europe, 
showing  her  the  map,  and  the  pictures  in  the  Illustrated  News ; 
and  though,  since  her  arrival,  he  does  not  say  so  much  about  it 
as  before,  his  own  inclinations  are  very  evident.  He  has  now  for 
the  last  two  years  been  absent  from  his  mother's  influence,  for 
periods  of  ten  and  a  half  and  ten  months  at  a  time,  and  seemed 
to  enjoy  life  thoroughly. 

LOBD  DaLHOUSIE   to  J.   S.   LOQIN. 

GovEBNMENT  HousE,  Nov.  29^%,  1853. 
My  deab  Login, 

ITou  give  so  many  good  reasons  why  the  Shahzadah  should  go 

with  His  Highness,  if  he  goes  to  England,  that  no  objection  vnll 


318  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  BULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  be  made  by  Govemment.  In  that  case  all  yoTir  arraDgements 
^«       will  be  approved, 

1802-04.      ^  gj£|.  q£  5,000  rapees  to  Mr.  Guise  is  both  liberal  and  proper ; 

and  your  allowance  to  Tommy  Scott  will  not  be  questioned.    The 

order  of  the  Court  shall  be  sent  as  soon  as  received.    HI  go  to 

Burmah  I'll  tell  Mr.  Courtney  to  let  you  know.    I  approve  of  all 

you  propose  to  do. 

Yours  very  truly, 

Dalhousib. 


Jan.  ZUh  1854. 
My  deab  Login, 

I  have  just  received  the  Court's  leave  for  the  Maharajah  to  go 
to  England,  and  I  beg  you  to  deliver  the  enclosed  to  him. 

I  hope  he  will  do  me  credit,  for  they  have  had  a  sickener  of 
native  grandees  at  home  lately. 

Yours  most  sincerely, 

Dalhousib. 


Government  House,  Jan.  ^Ist,  1854. 

Mt  deab  Maharajah, 

I  am  very  happy  to  be  able  to  tell  you  that  I  have  this 
moment  received  the  permission  of  the  Court  of  Directors  that 
you  should  visit  England. 

In  the  belief  that  this  intelligence  will  give  you  pleasure,  I 
hasten  to  convey  it  to  you  with  my  own  hand. 

I  have  not  time  to  write  another  word  beyond  the  assurance  of 
the  pleasure  it  will  give  me  to  see  your  Highness  again, 

I  remain,  with  much  respect, 

Your  sincere  and  faithful  friend, 

Dalbousik. 

His  Highness  Maharajah  Dulesp  Singh. 


THE  BAPTISM.  319 


Letter  from  Sib  Henby  Lawbbnce  after  the  death  of  his  Wife.  Chapter 

X. 

1852-54. 
Camp,  neab  Neemuch,  Feb,  lOth,  1854. 

Mt  deab  Login, 

Best  thanks  to  you  both  for  your  kind  letters  and  sympathy. 
Yes !  my  heart  is  a  sore  one,  and  hard  to  bear — God's  will  be 
done. 

Yes :  I  will  try  and  go  to  Boorkee.  Napier  will  probably  be 
there,  and  I  long  to  meet  him;  also  I  want  to  see  Cautley  and 
Mr.  Colvin,  and  also  your  brother  and  sister. 

I  am  moving  towards  Bhurtpore,  by  way  of  Eohat  and 
Kerowly.     My  very  kindest  regards  to  Mrs.  Login. 

Bemember  me  kindly  to  the  Maharajah, 

Always,  my  dear  Login, 

Yours  very  sincerely, 

H.  M.  Lawbence. 


Bhajun  Lai  up  to  this  time  had  fully  determined 
to  go  to  England  with  his  master;  but  his  people 
knew  well  that  if  he  did  so  he  would  take  the 
opportunity  of  declaring  himself  a  Christian ;  they 
were  therefore  bent  on  preventing  his  going.  His 
convictions  were  very  strong;  but  in  his  own  case 
he  had  not  the  courage  to  throw  off  the  bondage  of 
Hindooism,  though  he  had  certainly  helped  the 
Maharajah  in  his  decision  with  all  the  energy  of 
which  his  nature  was  capable. 

When   he   got  back  to   Futtehghur,  to  his   young 


320  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  wife  and  children,  and  his  father,  who  was  a  shrewd 
^'  bunniah*  in  the  city  of  Fumickabad,  he  became 
*  unable  to  struggle  against  the  influences  brought  to 
bear  on  him,  and  matters  reached  a  climax  when,  on 
the  occasion  of  his  youngest  brother's  marriage  (which 
was  about  to  be  celebrated  with  all  the  display  and 
lavish  expenditure  that  rich  Hindoos  consider  incumbent 
on  them  on  these  occasions),  he  was  induced  by  his 
father  to  prefer  a  request  that  in  the  public  procession 
through  the  city  the  soivaree  of  His  Highness,  ie»,, 
the  horses,  carriages,  and  elephants,  should  form  a 
prominent  feature,  and  that  the  Maharajah's  tents,  Ac. 
should  also  be  lent  in  which  to  celebrate  the  weddinir 
festivities. 

Under  ordinary  circumstances.  Login  would  have 
been  very  pleased  to  show  some  such  token  of  the 
estimation  in  which  both  he  and  the  Maharajah  held 
Bhajun  Lai's  services,  and  of  the  respect  they  would 
wish  to  show  to  a  member  of  his  family.  It  was  also, 
according  to  native  ideas,  a  very  customary  mark  of 
favour  from  a  prince  or  noble  to  a  favourite  attendant 
or  companion,  such  as  Bhajun  Lai.  But  as  in  this 
case  the  bridegroom  was  a  mere  child,  and  the  bride 
of  equally  tender  age,  Loginfelt  a  conscientiousobjection 
to  appear  to  give  his,  or  the  Maharajah's,  public 
sanction  to  one  of  those  monstrous  child-marriage< 
which   bring    such  misery  into  the   homes  of  India. 


*  Nati7e  merchant 


THE   BAPTISM.  821 

Especially  he  felt  that  this  would  be  unbecoming  on  Chapter 

1852-54. 


the  Maharajah's  part,   since  he  had  so  lately   made 


profession  of  the  Christian  faith. 

He  therefore  told  Bhajun  Lai  that  he  could  only 

grant   his  request   on   one   of    two   conditions,    viz., 

either  the  marriage  was  deferred,  until  the  bride  and 

bridegroom  were  of  an  age  to  understand  the  importance 

of  the  contract  they  were  about  to  enter  into  (in  which 

ease,   besides  the  loan  of  the  things  asked  for,   the 

Maharajah  would  bestow  a  sum  of  money  to  set  the 

young  people  up  in  the  world),    or   else,    a  bond  or 

agreement  should  be  given  to  the  young  girl,  to  the 

effect  that,  in  the  event  of  her  boy-husband  dying 

while    she    was    still    marriageable,    she    should    be 

permitted  to  select  another  partner  for  herself,  from 

among   the  widowers   or    unmarried    youths   of  her 

husband's  family.     This  alternative  arrangement  was 

suggested,  because  it  is  a  frequent  custom  among  the 

Sikhs  to  marry   their  brothers'  widows,  thus  saving 

the  girl  from  the  awful  slavery  for  life,  which  is  the 

fate  of  Hindoo  child- widows. 

Poor  Bhajun  Lai,  in  whom  family  affection  and 
love  of  money,  were  equally  ruling  passions,  was 
persuaded  by  his  relatives  to  send  in  his  resignation, 
and  thus  cut  himself  adrift  from  his  chance  of  becom- 
ing a  Christian.  It  was  a  great  sorrow  to  all  who 
had  been  brought  to  know,  and  like  him,  during  the 
three  years  he  had  been  with  the  Maharajah,  for  he 
was,    indeed,    "  almost  a   Christian "   at    heart,    and 

Y 


322  Sm  JOHN   LOGIN   AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  certainly  had   been,   under   God,   the  instrument  of 
1852-54. 


confirming  the  desire  of  the  Maharajah  to  come  out 


from   among    his    people.      A  handsome  present  of 
money  and  a  horse  were  given  him  on  leaving. 

The  Maharajah  did  not  evince  much  sorrow  at 
parting  from  him,  though  he  had  counted  on  his 
going  to  England  with  him ;  but  he  fully  agreed  in 
the  propriety  of  lending  no  countenance  to  the 
iniquity  of  infant  marriages. 

It  may  be  as  well  to  mention  here  all  that  is  known 
of  the  later  history  of  Bhajun  Lai.  He  wrote 
occasionally  to  Dr.  Login,  but  his  letters  were  ftdl  of 
money-getting;  he  became  a  hiinniah  in  the  city  of 
Furruckabad,  and  at  the  time  of  the  Mutiny  proved 
himself  faithful,  and  was  of  great  use,  though  he  was 
unable  to  save  the  property  of  the  Maharajah  from 
loot  and  destruction.  He  is  now  the  head  of  the 
great  firm  of  tentmakers  at  Futtehghur  (Bhajun  Lai 
&  Co.),  but  all  idea  of  becoming  a  Christian  seenis  to 
have  passed  away. 

Early  in  February,  the  camp  of  the  Commander-in* 
Chief  (Sir  WiUiam  Gomm),  came  to  Futtehghur,  and 
with  it  Colonel  Mountain,  one  of  the  staff,  who  -was 
brought  in  from  the  district  dangerously  ill.  Ht* 
was  conveyed  to  Dr.  Logins  house,  and  attended 
by  him  ;  but  medical  skill  was  of  no  avail,  and  in 
a  few  days  he  died  there.  As  Colonel  Mountain 
was  a  very  great  friend  of  the  Governor-General. 
Login   at    once   wrote    a    fiiU    account  of    his     last 


THE  BAPTISM.  S23 

moments   to   Lord    Dalhousie :    to    which  letter  the  Chapter 
following  is  a  reply:—  1862^54. 


Mt  dbab  Login, 

I  received  your  sad  letter  yesterday,  and  am  grateful 
for  what  you  tell  me  of  the  last  moments  of  my  poor 
friend.  He  has  died  the  death  of  the  righteous  !  I  never  doubted 
that,  soldier  and  Christian  as  he  was,  he  would  die  when  his  time 
came  as  hero  or  saint  should  die.  I  mourn  for  him  with  a  deep 
and  sincere  sorrow. 

I  wish  I  could  ask  the  Maharajah  to  come  here  to  Government 
House  on  his  arrival,  but  there  are  only  really  two  or  three  rooms 
in  the  whole  house.  Would  it  be  any  convenience  to  you  to  put 
up  at  Government  House,  Barrackpore  ?  there  is  plenty  of  room 
there,  and  you  would  not  be  far  off.  I  will  have  it  all  got  ready 
lor  him  if  I  hear  from  you  that  he  would  Uke  it.  His  horses,  &c., 
will  have  plenty  of  accommodation  at  the  stables  there. 

No  objection  will  be  raised  to  the  Shahzadah  going  to  England, 
if  the  Maharajah  still  desires  it,  so  you  can  bring  him  with  you. 

Yours  truly, 

Dalhousie. 


In  reply,  Login  said  that  the  Maharajah  would 
much  like  to  go  to  Barrackpore,  and  was  full  of 
eager  anticipation  of  his  coming  visit  to  England, 
that  he  talked  of  entering  one  of  the  public  schools 
and  taking  his  place  among  boys  of  his  own  age, 
"  only  hoping  he  won't  get  many  thrashhigs." 

This  suggestion  apparently  did  not  meet  with  the 

Y  2 


324  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Governor- General's  approval,  as  we  may  judge  firom 
iQco'c><   the  answer  it  elicited  : — 


Government  House,  Feb,  25th,  1864. 
Mt  deab  Login, 

The  proposal  to  go  to  public  school  won't  do  at  all.  He 
is  much  too  old,  and  would  be  thrashed  beyond  a  donbi 
periodically.     Even  a  university  would  not  do. 

Yours  sincerely, 

Dalhousib. 


A  short  stay  was  made  at  Lucknow,  en  roiUe  to 
Calcutta,  owing  to  a  kind  invitation  from  the  Resident, 
Colonel  Sleeman,  to  the  Maharajah,  asking  him  to  pay 
him  a  visit,  and  see  the  sights  of  that  city  before 
leaving  India.  As  there  was  no  intention  of  exchanging 
courtesies  with  the  native  Court  there,  the  visit  was 
made  a  private  one,  though,  as  the  Maharajah  was  now 
on  his  way  to  Europe,  the  usual  ceremonials  weiv 
observed  as  to  guards  of  honour,  salutes,  &c.  ;*  .    .  .  . 


*  Letter  from  Major  W,  A,  G.  Mayhew  fAut,  A,G.  to  Brigadier-Gentml 
r.  Palmer y  Commanding  Cawnpore' Division)  dated  A,  G.  Office ^  Caicmttt 
Wth  March,  1864.  No,  193:— 

Under  instructions  from  the  Most  Koble  the  Govemor-General  in  Council,  I 
have  the  honour  to  request  that,  should  His  Highness  Mahan^ah  Duleep  Sin^ 
halt  at  Cawnpore,  he  is  to  be  received  at  that  station  ¥rith  a  salute  of  tirmty-csj 
guns. 

I  am  further  directed  to  inform  you,  that  His  Highness  is  to  be  proTided  vi:t 
a  Jemadar's  Guard  during  his  yisit. 


THE   BAPTISM.  325 

an  escort  of  irregular  cavalry  accompanied  his  carriage  Chapter 
to  and  from  Lucknow,  and  a  military  guard  remained  1862-64 
in  attendance  with  him.  Whilst  at  Lucknow,  Dr.  and 
Mrs.  Login  were  treated  with  great  distinction  by  the 
King  of  Oude  and  the  Prime  Minister;  they  were 
expressly  invited  to  the  Palace,  where  a  khilliit  was 
presented  to  Dr.  Login,  with  the  addition  of  a  valuable 
sword  as  a  souvem'r,  and  a  pair  of  diamond  bracelets 
and  a  ring  to  Mrs.  Login. 

As  Dr.  Login  was  not  then  in  the  service  of  the 
King,  these  presents  could  not  be  accepted ;  but  the 
King  made  a  request  to  Colonel  Sleeman,  that  the  cir- 
cumstances of  the  presentation  might  be  made  known 
to  the  Governor-General,  so  that  an  exception  to  the 
ordinary  rule  might  be  allowed  in  this  case.  The 
amount  of  correspondence  which  this  unimportant 
matter  entailed  between  high  officials  in  India  and  the 
Court  of  Directors  at  home  before  the  official  permis- 
sion of  the  latter  body  was  given,  would  cause  no  little 
amusement  and  surprise  to  those  imacquainted  with  the 
idiosyncrasies  of  red-tape  routine. 

Colonel — ^afterwards  Sir  William — Sleeman,  cele- 
brated for  his  successful  effiDrts  for  the  suppression  of 
"  Thuggee,"  was  an  ardent  ethnologist,  and  a  great 
authority  on  the  origin  of  races.  The  following  letter, 
which  he  wrote  to  Login  after  the  Maharajah's  visit  to 
Lucknow,  may  prove  interesting,  as  containing  the 
finits  of  some  of  his  researches  on  the  subject  of  the 
great  westward  migration  from  the  Pamir  plateau  of 


326  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  the  Hindoo  Koosh,  and  the  connection   between  the 
1852-64  IJ^d<>-Teutonic  races  : — 


COLOKBL    SlBBHAN   tO  Dr.    LoGIN. 

LucENOW  BEsmENCT,  March  11th,  1854. 

Mt  dbab  Login, 

I  have  been  reading  up  the  book  I  spoke  to  the  Maharajah 
about  ("  Pictorial  History  of  England  "),  since  he  left.  You  must 
get  it  for  him,  and  let  him  see  for  himself  that  he  is  of  the  same 
race  as  the  men  of  Kent.  They  were  from  Jutland,  and  came 
into  England  with  the  Saxons  from  Friesland  and  Angles  from 
Holstein,  who  dispossessed  the  old  Britons  in  the  fifth  centur\'. 
They  were  the  Juts  or  old  Getsa  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  who 
came  from  the  countries  about  Kashgar.  Some  came  down  and 
settled  on  the  banks  of  the  Indus,  whence  they  spread  to  the 
Jumna  and  Chunbal ;  whilst  others  went  and  settled  in  western 
Europe  (Sweden  and  Denmark);  from  them  Jutland  received  its 
name.  Tell  His  Highness  that  their  chiefs,  Hengist  and  Horsa, 
were  Juts,  like  himself ;  their  family  came  from  Kashgar  and  the 
Caspian,  and  settled  in  Jutland ;  while  his  part  of  the  family 
settled  on  the  Indus,  spreading  to  the  Punjab.  The  Juts  took 
possession  of  Kent,  and  some  of  the  first  kings  were  Juts,  like  the 
Maharajah's  ancestors,  and  both  might,  with  equal  justice,  boast 
descent  from  Odin,  the  god  of  war  ;  they  also  took  possession  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight  and  the  Isle  of  Thanet.  All  the  old  Kentish 
families  are  descendants  of  Juts,  and  of  the  same  race  as  Duleep 
Singh.  Ton  can  show  him  some  of  the  beauties  of  Kent»  as  yon 
go  up  the  Thames,  and  he  will  have  an  opportunity  of  seeing  it  if 
he  visits  Lord  Hardinge.  Tell  him,  with  our  kind  regards,  that 
we  would  be  very  pleased  if  he  would  present  the  beautiful  ting 
which  he  did  Mrs.  Sleeman  the  honour  of  offering  her  to  the  first 


THE  BAPTISM.  327 

]gseiiy  Kentish  girl  he  sees,  and  claim  brotherhood  with  her,  on  Chapter 
the  authority  of  an  old  Indian  officer,  his  friend,  Colonel  Sleeman.       ^ 
If  she  is  of  pure  Kentish  descent,  he  may  feel  assured  that  they  l®^2-64. 
are  members  of  the  same  great  family!    I  trust  His  Highness 
will  cultivate  his  great  talent  for  music  :  it  will  be  a  great  resource 
to  him  hereafter. 

Believe  me,  my  dear  Login, 

Yours  very  truly, 

W   A.  Sleeman. 


At  Benares,  an  addition  was  made  to  the  party  in 
the  person  of  the  Pundit  Nehemiah  Goreh,  a  young 
and  learned  Brahmin  convert,  who  had  joined  the 
missionaries  there  to  work  among  his  country  people, 
but  who  was  induced  by  the  Rev.  W.  Smith  (senior 
missionary)  to  accept  Login's  proposal,  and  accompany 
Duleep  Singh  to  England  for  three  years,  as  his  tutor 
in  Oriental  languages.  Nehemiah  Goreh  was  of  the 
greatest  benefit  to  Duleep  Singh;  he  was  so  truly 
earnest,  so  pure-minded  and  simple,  and  his  faith  so 
strong,  that  his  example  was  a  living  lesson.  He 
returned  to  India  at  the  expiry  of  his  term  to  resume 
his  work,  unspoiled,  by  all  the  attention  and  admira- 
tion he  had  excited. 

The  hot  weather  was  beginning  when  the  party 
reached  Government  House,  Barrackpore,  where  every 
arrangement  had  been  made  for  His  Highness  s  com- 
fort, his  own  carriage  and  horses  having  been  sent  on 


328  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  a-head.      A    note    from    the    Governor-General  was 
1862-54.  awaiting  Login  :— 


My  dear  Login, 

Gome  to  breakfast  if  yon  can  on  Monday.  There  shall 
be  a  room  ready  for  yon.  Of  conrse,  this  is  only  if  convenient 
to  yon.  I  have  sent  yon  a  hnge  memorial  from  the  mother  of 
the  brat  yon  have  brought,  accnsing  yon  of  many  enormities, 
of  which  child-stealing  is  the  least ! ! 

Yonrs  very  truly, 

DAiiHousn. 


Of  course,  since  the  mother  of  the  Shahzadah  had 
lodged  a  petition  against  her  son's  going  to  Eng^laijd> 
the  idea  v'as  abandoned.  Her  uncle,  Meah  Mullick. 
who  came  to  Calcutta  as  her  vakeel  to  present  it,  was 
seized  with  cholera.  He  refused  the  advice  or 
assistance  of  any  other  doctor  than  Login  himself, 
to  whom  he  despatched  a  messenger  in  the  middle  of 
the  night  imploring  him  to  come  to  him  !  No  time 
was  lost  by  the  "Doctor  Sahib"  in  obeying  this 
urgent  summons,  and  he  remained  with  the  poor  man 
till  he  was  out  of  danger.* 


*  Extract  from  official  letter  dated  Fortwdliam,  ISth  April,  18M  :^ 

"Hifl  Lordship  thinks  it  only  jast  to  yon  to  state,  with  reference  to  tltf 
memorial  of  the  Raoee  Duknoo,  that  the  Government  entirely  acquits  yon  d 
the  charge  of  attempting  to  influence  the  Shahzadah's  religion,  and  to  add,  t^ 
you  have  not  sought  to  conceal  from  the  Government  the  relnctanoe  of  th« 
Ranee  to  allow  her  son  to  accompany  the  Maharajah.** 


THE   BAPTISM.  329 

A  few  days  after  his  arrival  at  Barrackpore,  the  Chapter 
Maharajah  was  received  by  Lord  Dalhousie.  186'2-54 


Government  House,  April  3rd,  1854. 

My  deab  Login, 

I  have  ordered  the  "  Sooramooky  "to  be  at  Barrackpore 
to-morrow  by  ten  a.m.  The  beat  plan  for  the  Maharajah  to 
follow  will  be  to  come  down  in  the  steamer,  taking  tiffin  on 
board,  so  as  to  be  here  by  five  p.m.  I  can  then  have  the  guard  out 
for  him  at  half -past  five,  and  he  can  return  to  Barrackpore  by  road, 
in  the  cool  of  the  evening.  For  this  purpose  he  can  take  ray 
carriage  to  the  half-way  stables,  if  you  will  have  his  own  waiting 
him  there.  If  he  were  to  come  during  the  day,  I  can't  well  have 
the  guard  out.  He  will  receive  his  salute  (twenty-one  guns) 
when  he  lands,  and  will  have  the  Body  Guard  troopers  if  he  goes 
through  the  town. 

Pray  impress  upon  His  Highness  that  while  in  India  he 
receives  all  the  honours  of  his  rank— in  England  he  will  be 
entitled  only  to  courtesy .• 

Yours  very  truly, 

Dalhousie. 


On  the   19th  April  the  Maharajah  and  his  party 


•  Extract  from  a  Letter  of  Lord  Dalhousik  to  John  Lawrence  : — 

Calcutta,  April  lltA,  1854. 

"  The  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh  is  here,  and  sails  on  the  19th.  He  has  grown 
a  great  deal,  speaks  English  well,  has  a  good  manner,  and  altogether  will,  I  think, 
do  us  credit  in  England,  if  they  do  not  spoil  him  there." — **  Lift  of  Lord 
Laiirrefiee"  vol.  i.,  p.  452. 


330  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AJND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  sailed  for  England.     The  following  is  Lord  Dalhousies 
1852-54. 


^      letter  of  farewell  to  his  ward  on  his  leaving  India  :— 


GOVBBNMENT  HouBE,  April  18th,  1854. 

Mt  deab  Maharajah, 

Before  you  quit  India,  I  have  been  desirous  of  ofTering 
you  a  parting  gift,  which  in  future  years  might  sometimes  remind 
you  of  me. 

Since  that  day,  when  the  course  of  public  eyents  placed  you  a 
little  boy  in  my  hands,  I  have  regarded  you  in  some  sort  as  my 
son.  I  therefore  ask  you,  before  we  part,  to  accept  from  me  the 
volume  which  I  should  offer  to  my  own  child,  as  the  best  of  aU 
gifts,  since  in  it  alone  is  to  be  found  the  secret  of  real  happiness 
either  in  this  world  or  in  that  which  is  to  come. 

I  bid  you  farewell,  my  dear  Maharajah,  and  beg  you  to  believe 
me  always 

With  sincere  regard, 

Your  Highness's  faithful  friend, 

Dalhoxtbie. 

His  Highness  Mahabajah  Duleef  Sinqh. 


CHAPTER  XL 


ENGLAND. 


The  voyage  to   England    was    uneventful.     On   the  Chapter 
deck  of  the  steamer,  the  young  Maharajah  bade  farewell  ^q?1^ 
with  great  equanimity  to  all   his  Punjabi  retainei-s, 
his  mind  being  full  of  pleasurable  anticipation  of  all 
the  wonders  he  was  about  to  see  on  the  other  side  of 
the  "  Kalee  Panee." 

In  Egypt  he  met  with  a  cordial  reception.  Through 
the  instrumentality  of  Mr.  Bruce,  whose  kind  offices 
Lord  Dalhousie  had  bespoken,  the  caniages  of  the 
Viceroy  were  placed  at  his  disposal.  In  order  that  he 
might  have  time  to  see  something  of  the  sights  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Cairo  and^  Alexandria,  it  was 
arranged  that  he  should  remain  in  Egypt,  until  the  de- 
parture of  the  following  steamer. 

In  this  way,  he  was  enabled  to  pay  a  visit  to  the 
Pyramids,  an  expedition  which  he  much  enjoyed,  and 
where  he,  like  the  boy  he  was,  insisted  on  organizing  a 
race  to  the  top  with  his  companions,  much  to  the 
disgust  of  the  Arab  guides,  who,  on  these  occasions,  are 
accustomed  to  take  forcible  possession  of  the  unlucky 


832  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  tourist,  and   haul  him  by  main  force,  from  block   to 

1^56.^^°!^'''."?  *^^  ^'^^  °^*^^  P^"^^'  demanding  black- 
mail  from  him,  at  every  particularly  perilous  point  in 

the  ascent,  and  who  regarded  the  Indian  Prince  as  their 
especial  prey,  and  as  fiirnishing  an  opportunity,  not  to 
be  missed,  of  unlimited  backsheesh.  They  took  their 
revenge,  however — these  gallant  "  sons  of  the  desert '' 
— when  the  party  prepared  to  inspect  the  interior  of 
the  pyramid.  Not  a  second  time  were  they  to  be 
baulked  of  their  lawful  dues ;  and,  once  engulphed  in 
the  literally  Egyptian  darkness  within,  their  hapless 
victim  was  seized  on,  dragged,  pushed,  and  hustled,  where 
and  how  they  would,  till, — what  with  the  confusion, 
pressure,  and  especially  the  stifling  heat,  caused  by  bad 
au',  burning  torches,  and  swarms  of  ill-odorous,  half- 
naked  followers  of  the  Prophet, — their  "  distinguished 
visitor  "  was  only  too  glad  to  re-emerge  into  the  open 
air,  with  a  very  hazy  idea  indeed  as  to  where  he  had 
been  (save  that  it  was  as  near  proving  his  own  tomb  as 
that  of  any  old  Egyptian  monarch  1)  but  not  a  little 
surprised  to  find  himself  still  intact,  and  that  his 
dusky  conductors  had  considerately  refrained  from 
relieving  him  of  even  one  of  his  pearl  necklaces,  but 
contented  themselves  with  demanding  a  heavy  toll 
in  coin  for  the  privilege  of  their  attendance  / 

Whilst  at  Cairo,  he  was  taken  to  visit  the  American 
Mission  Schools,  and  was  greatly  interested  to  see  si> 
many  orphan  girls  being  educated  in  the  Christian 
religion. 


ENGLAND.  333 

While  still  in  Indian  waters,  at  Aden  and  elsewhere,  Chapter 

the  reffular  salute  ordered  by  the  Governor-General     -^^-^ 
.  .  1864-66 

was  given  the  Maharajah,  on  the  vessel  which  conveyed 

him  dropping  anchor ;  but  there  was  some  uncertainty 
in  Duleep  Singh's  mind  as  to  the  exact  amount  of 
recognition  to  be  awarded  him  by  the  Home  Govern- 
ment. When  on  board  the  homeward-bound  steamer 
from  Alexandria,  therefore,  there  was  a  certain  degree 
of  anxiety  in  noting  the  exact  number  of  guns 
fired  to  greet  his  arrival  at  Malta  and  Gibraltar ; 
especially  was  this  evident  at  the  latter  fortress, 
where — ^spite  of  his  well-maintained  sang-froid  before 
his  fellow-passengers,  who  were  deeply  interested  in 
the  proceedings — a  close  observer  could  discover  that 
the  Maharajah  was  in  reality  quietly  counting  the 
number,  as  each  report  was  heard,  and  when  the  total 
reached  twenty,  and  there  could  be  no  doubt  that  a 
fuU  "  royal  salute  "  of  twenty-one  guns  was  intended, 
he  coidd  no  longer  repress  the  look  of  satisfaction 
which  appeared  on  his  countenance. 

On  Login's  application  to  the  Treasury,  Sir  Charles 
Trevelyan  arranged  that  His  Highness's  baggage 
should  be  passed  through  the  Customs,  as  is  usual 
with  royal  visitors,  and  he  also  obtained,  as  a  mark  of 
consideration  from  the  Court  of  Directors,  the  compli- 
ment of  having  a  residence  provided  for  him  at  their 
expense  during  his  stay  in  England,  Until  this 
could  be  arranged,  apartments  were  taken  for  him  at 
**  Mivart's  (Claridge's)  Hotel." 


334  SIB   JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter      A  close  correspondence  was  still  kept  up  with  Lord 

.^}\r.  Dalhousie,   whose   interest  in    the  reception   of   the 
1864-56.  ,  .  ^ 

young  Prince  will  be  shown  by  the  following  letters, 
written  in  reply  to  Login's,  announcing  his  arrival : — 


GOVEBNHENT   HoUSE,   CALCUTTA, 

August  10th,  1854. 
Mt  deab  Loom, 

Your  letter  of  24th  June  gave  me  very  great  pleasure. 
You  have  made  a  most  favourable  start  in  your  London  life,  and 
I  have  no  doubt  all  will  go  on  agreeably,  and  upon  the  excellent 
plan  you  have  laid  down  for  the  Maharajah.  He  has  made  a  very 
pleasing  impression  on  those  to  whom  he  has  been  introduced, 
several  of  them  having  already  written  to  me  to  that  effect.  My 
friend,  Sir  George  Couper,*  will,  I  am  sure,  do  all  that  his  own 
many  duties  will  allow  him  to  do  to  help  you. 

Sirdar  Lena  Singh  Majeetia  has  died  at  Benares.  The  Shah- 
zadah's  mother  has  arrived  there,  and  wrote  to  me  lately.  It  was 
a  very  civil  letter,  and,  among  other  things,  protested  that  she  had 
never  said  a  word  against  you  in  her  life ! ! 

We  are  all  very  quiet  here  in  India.      The  king  of  Ava  is  send- 
ing up  an  envoy  to  Calcutta,  and  Dost  Mahomed  is  "ettling* 
to  be  well  with  us  at  the  other  side  of  the  land.    I  enclose  a 
letter  for  the  Maharajah. 

Tours  very  truly, 

Dalhousie. 


*  Comptroller  of  the  HousehoKl  to  H.R.H.  the  Duchess  of  Kent 


ENOLAND.  335 


September,  1854.       Chapter 
My  deab  Login,  Xl 

I  have  had  the  pleasure  to  receive  yours  of  July  24th.  1864-66. 

The  reception  that  the  Maharajah  has  had,  and  the  pleasing 
izDpression  his  unassuming  manners  and  well-bred  bearing  have 
made,  are  very  agreeable  to  me. 

Yon  have  done  a  tidy  little  bit  of  business  in  getting  a  house 
out  of  the  Court,  and  I  advise  you  to  rest  content  with  that,  and 
not  seek  for  more  **  marks  of  consideration,"  or  they  may  be 
anxious  for  his  return  to  Futtehghur ! 

Sir  G.  Couper  writes  in  warm  terms  of  His  Highness,  he  is 
veiy  happy  to  be  of  use  to  you. 

Yours,  &c., 

DaIiHOUSIE. 


Duleep   Singh   had  found  it  convenient,   while   in 
India,  to  adopt  a  semi-European  style  of  dress  for 
sporting,  riding,  and   boating,  as  it  gave  him  more 
freedom   of   motion.      It   soon   became   his   ordinary- 
costume,  save  for  formal  occasions,  and  a  very  hand- 
some,   becoming,    and    picturesque  one   it   was.      It 
consisted  of  the  Sikh,  embroidered  coortah,  or  Cashmere 
tunic,  and  over  that   a   single-breasted  velvet  coat, 
richly  embroidered  in  gold ;  English  trousers,  with  a 
stripe  of  gold   embroidery  down  the  seams.     In  his 
Sikh  turban  was  a  jewelled  aigrette,  and  three  rows 
of  large  pearls  were  round  his  neck ;  frequently  he  had 
on  other  jewels  besides  these,  but  he  was  never  without 
the  pearl  necklace,  and  a  pair  of  large  emerald-and- 


S36  SIB  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  pearl  earrings.     After  he  came  to  England,  he  only 
ia54  \f\  wore  his  complete  national  (Sikh)  costume,  with  all  its 
splendid  jewels,  when  he  went  to  Court,  or  at  any 
great  entertainment,  but  it  was  not  for  some  years  after 
this  that  he  fully  adopted  English  dress  for  all  occasions. 
The  Court  of  Directors  were  agreeably  impressed  with 
the  una^uming  manners  and  quiet  dignity  of  the 
deposed  young  ruler  of  a  warlike  nation,  and  accorded 
him  a  friendly  welcome.     The  Queen  and  the  Prince 
Consort,  very  soon  after  the  Maharajah's  arrival,  gave 
him  a  special  audience,  and  he  returned  charmed  with 
the  kindness  of  the  Queen's  manner  to  him,  and  every 
successive    interview  added    to  the  warmth  of  the 
feeHngs  with  which  he  regarded  the  Queen  and  the 
Prince.       Her  Majesty  gave  orders  for  a  full-length 
portrait  of  him  to  be  painted  by  Winterhalter,  and  for 
this  he  gave  sittings  at  Buckingham  Palace  twice  a 
week.     This  brought  him  much  in  contact  with  the 
Queen  and  Prince  Albert ;  for  they  were  always  present, 
and  greatly  amused  by  his  naive  remarks  on  all  he  saw 
and  Lrd  m  thk,  to  L,  rt,unge  oouot.7. 

The  candour  and  straightforwardness  of  his  comments 
seemed  especially  amusing  to  the  Prince,  who  de- 
lighted in  drawing  him  out,  and  getting  him  to  talk 
freely  to  him. 

Dulaep  Singh  contrasted  favourably  with  the  gener- 
ality of  natives  of  India  in  the  truthfulness  of  his 
character,  and  this  was  encouraged  in  every  way  by 
his  guardian,  who  was  most  desirous  that  his  love  o: 


ENGLAND.  337 

truth,  hatred  of  deception,  and  habit  of  calling  ''  a  Chapter 
spade  a  spade,"  in  which  he  had  been  trained,  should     ^ 
not  be  rubbed  off  by  intercourse  with  the  world. 

His  zealfor  truth,and  disapproval  of  "polite  lies."  were 
sometimes  unsparingly  displayed  at  this  time.  On  the 
way  back  firom  a  large  party,  on  one  occasion,  he  said, 

"I  am  a&aid  you  believe  the  Duke  of to  be  a 

good  man.     Now,  I  can  tell  you  that  he  does  not  speak 

truth,  for  I  heard  him  tell  Lord  A that  he  had 

quite  enjoyed  his  son's  visit,  and  hoped  to  invite  him 
again,  for  he  was  a  delightful  companion,  and  he  had 
just  before  told  me,  that  he  was  nothing  but  an  ass,  and 
not  worth  my  making  his  acquaintance  ! "  and  another 

time,  "  Did  you  hear  Lady praising  that  lovely 

Lady ^'s  dress,  telling  her  she  thought  it  the  most 

beautiful  at  the  Drawing-room  ?  when  I  had  heard  her 

say  to  Mr.  D ,  that  she  looked  a  perfect  fright ! " 

At  a  large  dinner  given  in  his  honour,  by  a  General 
just  returned  from  high  command  in  India,  where  he 
had  already  met  Duleep  Singh,  the  hostess  pressed  the 
Maharajah  to  take  some  curry  she  had  had  specially 
made  for  him.  She  went  on  to  say  that  no  doubt  it 
was  very  inferior  to  what  he  was  accustomed  to,  but 
she  trusted,  in  that  case,  that  he  would  honestly  tell 
her  if  it  was  not  good.  The  poor  boy  had  been  politely 
endeavouring  to  swallow  a  little  of  the  mixture,  which 
was  certainly  very  unlike  an  Indian  curry  ;  but  when 
his  hostess  said  this,  he  believed  she  meant  it,  and, 
putting  down  his  fork  and  spoon  with  a  sigh  of  relief, 

z 


338  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  he  ejaculated,  "  Oh  1  you  are  quite  right,  it  is  horrible 
•^'     — ^take  it  away  1 "     The  dismay  of  the  hostess  may  be 
'  conceived !    She  thought  herself  an  authority  on  Indian 
dishes,  and  this  was  the  plat  of  the  occasion  ! 

During  a  visit  to  Windsor  with  the  Maharajah,  the 
Queen  was  graciously  pleased  to  confer  the  honour  of 
knighthood  on  Login — a  mark   of  royal  approbation 
which  gave  sincere  pleasure  to  Duleep   Singh.     The 
latter's  own  rank  was  already  determined  to  be  the 
same  as  that  of  an  European  prince,  and  as  chief  of  the 
native  princes  of  India,  he  was  authorized   to  take 
precedence  next  after  the  Royal  Family.     Just  before 
this    announcement     was     publicly     made,    a    lar^ 
dinner    party     had     been    arranged,    in    honour    of 
Duleep   Singh,  at    the   house   of    Sir  Robert  Inglis. 
the  Primate  (Archbishop  Longley),  Lord  Shaftesbury, 
and  other  notables  being  invited  to  meet  him.     Poor 
Sir    Robert,    who    was    too    good    a    Churchman    to 
like   the    idea    of   any    Indian    prince    (although    a 
converted    one)    taking  precedence    of    the    Primate 
of   the   English   Church,   came   in  great   distress   ot 
mind  to  consult  Login  as  to  what  could  be  arrange*! 
to    prevent    such    a    scandal     taking    place    in     Li- 
house  !     He  was  assured,  that  the  young  Prince  wouli 
make  no  difficulty  in  giving  way  to  the  Archbishop,  t\i^> 
he  went  away  much  relieved.      On  the  way  to   tht 
house.  Sir   Robert's   dilemma   was  explained    to    lb- 
Maharajah,  and  the  suggestion  made,  that  he  shoiil 
signify    to   his   host    his    willingness    to   come     aj^^ 


ENGLAND.  339 

the  Archbishop.  Lady  Login  remembers  how  eagerly  Chapter 
be  assented,  saying,  "  I  am  very  glad ;  now  the  Arch-  -q?"^ 
bishop  will  have  to  take  the  oldest  lady  present,  and 
tbis  time  surely  I  may  please  myself.  I  always  get 
such  old  ladies ! "  When  he  was  told  of  Sir  Robert's 
suggestion,  that  he  and  the  Primate  should  walk  in 
together,  his  shout  of  laughter  startled  the  solemn 
servants,  who  were  marshalled  to  usher  him  in,  but  his 
face  of  dismay,  when  a  second  old  lady  was  brought  up 
to  him,  was  truly  comical ! 

Sir  John  Login  steadily  resisted  all  the  proposals  of 
different  religious  bodies  to  bring  forward  the  distin- 
guished convert  to  Christianity  on  public  platforms, 
and  strenuous  efforts  were  made  by  the  Exeter  Hall 
party  to  induce  him  to  allow  his  name  to  appear  in 
leh'gious  and  missionary  reports. 

He  explained  his  reasons  fully  to  Lord  Shaftesbury, 

who  acknowledged  their  force  and  propriety  ;  and  this 

correspondence  was  the  commencement  of  a  warm  and 

sincere   friendship    between    them.       Login's    Indian 

experience  being  frequently  called  upon,  for  the  benefit 

of    missionary  and   philanthropic   work,  during   their 

many  conferences  in  London,  and  at  Lord  Shaftesbury's 

country  house,   St.  Giles,  he  was   also   brought   into 

close  correspondence,  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Church 

Missionary  Society,  the  Rev.  Henry  Venn. 

Hitherto,  since  the  arrival  of  the  Maharajah  in 
Eng'land,  the  subject  of  the  Koh-i-noor  had  not  been 
touched    on    in    conversation   in    his    presence;     his 

z  2 


840  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEKP  SINGBL 

Chapter  Governor  and  Lady  Login  were,  however,  well  aware 
^^'      of  his  sentiments  on  the  matter,  as,  indeed,  he  had 
*  made   no   secret  of  them.     They  knew  that,  to  him, 
"the  Koh-i-noor"   meant  something  beyond  a  mere 
jewel  of  fabulous  value, — ^in  his  eyes,  and  in  the  eyes 
of  Oriental  nations,  it  was  an  object  of  superstitious 
veneration,  as  the  symbol  of  imperial  sovereignty  over 
Hindostan,   and   the  countries  adjacent,  marking  its 
possessor  as  chief  among  the  rulers  of  Southern  Asia : 
it  was  on  this  account  that  Runjeet  Singh  had  made 
such   strenuous  efforts  to   get  it   into  his  hands,  as 
setting  the  seal  to  his  ambitious  designs,  and  for  this 
reason,  too,  that  he  never  trusted  it  far  from  his  own 
person,  but  had  it  always  conveyed  with  him,  \mder  a 
strong  guard,  wherever  he  went. 

Lady  Login  was  present,  by  special  desire,  at  all  thtr 
sittings  for  the  Maharajah's  portrait,  given  by  him  at 
Buckingham  Palace.  At  one  of  these,  the  Queen,  ii. 
the  course  of  conversation,  asked  her,  "  I£  thr 
Maharajah  ever  spoke  of  the  Koh-i-noor,  and,  if  si-. 
did  he  seem  to  regret  it  ?  "  observing,  at  the  same  time, 
that  she  had  never  mentioned  the  jewel  to  him,  ai;'': 
would  feel  a  certain  delicacy  about  wearing  it  in  hi- 
presence.  Lady  Login  replied,  that  he  had  never 
spoken  of  it  since  he  came  to  England,  though  h- 
had  often  done  so  in  India,  and  had  been  great];, 
interested  in  the  descriptions  of  the  operation  «  * 
re-cutting  it.  Her  Majesty  then  said,  that  she  Lope* 
Lady   Login  would  be  able,  before  the  next  sittiiw 


ENGLAND.  341 

to  ascertain   what   the  Maharajah's  feelings  were  on  Chapter 
the  subject,  and   whether   he   would   care  to  see   it,     ^' 
now  that  it  was   re-cut,  adding,  "  Kemember  to  tell 
me  all  he  says." 

The  task  was  by  no  means  an  easy  one  to  Lady 
Login,   for  she  dreaded  what  the  Maharajah   might 
say,  and  did  not  wish  to  bring  the  matter  formally 
into  discussion.     No  good  opportunity  presented  itself, 
as  the  days  went  on,  until  just  the  day  before  the 
next  sitting,  when,  as  she  was  riding  with   him  in 
Richmond  Park,  she  managed  to  lead  the  conversation 
up  to  the  subject.     Then  trying  to  put  the  question  in 
a  casual  manner,  "  Would  you  like  to  see  the  Koh-i- 
noor  again  ? "    she   waited  in   some   anxiety   for   his 
reply.     "  Yes,"  was  his  answer,  "  I  would  give  a  great 
deal  to  hold  it  again  in  my  own  hand  ? "     "  Why  ?     For 
what   reason  ? "     "I   should   like  to   have  it   in  my 
power  myself  to  place  it  in  Her  hand,  now  that  I  am  a 
man.       I  was  only  a  child  then,  when  I  surrendered  it 
to  Her  by  the  Treaty  ;  but  now  I  am  old  enough  to 
understand." 

The  feeling  of  relief  caused  by  this  answer  was 
great,  and  it  was  with  a  light  heart  she  repeated  it  to 
the  Queen  on  the  following  day. 

Unknown  to  the  Maharajah,  who  was  engaged 
with  the  painter  at  the  further  end  of  the  room. 
Her  Majesty  at  once  gave  orders  for  the  Koh-i- 
noor  to  be  sent  for  from  the  Tower.  After  some 
interval,  there  was   a  slight  bustle  near  the  door; 


342  Sm  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DCJLEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  the   arrival    of   the   jewel  and    its   escort    was  an- 
^^     nounced ;  and  it  was  brought  in,  and  presented  to  the 
Queen, 

Taking  the  diamond  in  Her  hand,  Her  Majesty  then 
advanced  to  the  dais,  on  which  the  Maharajah  was 
posed  for  his  portrait,  and,  before  the  astonished  young 
man  realized  what  was  passing,  he  found  himself  once 
more  with  the  Koh-i-noor  in  his  hand,  while  the 
Queen  was  asking  him  if  "he  thought  it  improved  ? 
and  whether  he  would  have  recognized  it  again  1 " 
At  first  sight,  indeed,  he  would  hardly  have  done  so, 
the  cutting  and  European  setting  had  so  altered  its 
character  ;  yet,  in  spite  of  these,  it  remained  still  the 
"  Mountain  of  Light,"  and  it  was  with  some  emotion 
and  eagerness  that  he  walked  to  the  window  and 
minutely  examined  it,  making  remarks  on  its 
diminished  size  and  greater  brilliancy,  whilst  the 
spectators  could  not  help  watching  his  movements 
with  some  anxiety.  It  was  a  nervous  quarter  of  an 
hour  for  Lady  Login  ! 

But,  when  at  length  he  had  finished  his  inspection. 
Duleep  Singh  walked  across  the  room,  and,  with  a  low 
obeisance,  presented  the  Koh-i-noor  to  his  Sovereign, 
expressing  in  a  few  graceful  words  the  pleasure 
it  afforded  him  to  have  this  opportunity  of  hifnst'l/ 
placing  it  in  Her  hands.  Whereupon  he  quietly 
resumed  his  place  on  the  dais,  and  the  artist  continued 
his  work. 

The  Queen  and  Prince  Consort  held  many  conver- 


ENGLAND.  343 

sations  with  Login,  on  the  subject  of  the  Maharajah/  Chapter 
and  took  particular  interest  in  all  the  details  given  ^* 
them,  with  regard  to  his  education.  The  Pundit, 
Nehemiah  Goreh,  having  been  mentioned  in  high  terms 
on  one  of  these  occasions,  Her  Majesty  expressed  a 
wish  to  have  him  presented  to  Her ;  it  was  arranged 
that  Sir  John  should  bring  him  to  the  Palace,  where  he 
was  received  in  private  audience,  as  the  Prince  was 
desirous  of  an  opportunity  of  personally  questioning 
this  learned  and  interesting  Brahmin  convert. 

The  Maharajah  witnessed,  for  the  first  time,  the 
ceremony  of  the  Prorogation  of  Parliament,  and,  by  her 
Majesty's  special  direction,  was  accommodated  with  a 
seat  on  the  '*  woolsack." 


Letter  from  LoaiN  to  Lobd  Dalhousie. 

EoEHAMFTON,  Nov.  22nd,  1854. 
My  Lord, 

I  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  Sir  G.  Couper  a  few  days  ago, 
and  he  mentioned  that  he  had  acquainted  your  Lordship,  by  last 
mail,  that  it  was  Her  Majesty's  intention  to  confer  the  honour  of 
knighthood  upon  me,  so  that  your  Lordship  will  have  been 
prepared  for  the  announcement  of  it  in  the  Gazette,  It  has  been 
as  much  a  spontaneous  act  of  Her  Majesty's  favour,  as  it  is 
possible  to  be,  and  can  only  be  considered  in  the  light  of  a  com- 


*  Her  Migesty  was  very  anxious  thoroughly  to  understand  the  Maharajah's 
histoiy  and  position,  and  by  her  request,  Login  drew  up  a  memorandum  on  tlic 
Kubject  for  her  private  perusal,  from  which  document  much  information  in  the 
larUer  portion  of  this  work  has  been  culled. 


344  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  pUment  to  the  Maharajah,  and  a  token  of  Her  Majesty's  hig^ 
XI.      approval  and  encouragement.      For  my  own  part,  I  must  confess 

1854-56.  that  I  should  feel  more  easy  under  my  new  dignity,  if  a  good 
many  others,  who  have  far  higher  claims,  were  equally  honoured. 
Sir  James  Melvill,  while  expressing  his  own  satisfaction  at  this 
mark  of  Her  Majesty's  approval,  assures  me  that  it  has  been 
highly  gratifying  to  the  Court  of  Directors. 

The  Maharajah  expresses  himself  much  pleased  that  Her 
Majesty  has  thus  honoured  me,  hut  he  is  shrewd  enough  to  see 
that  the  compliment  will  be  fully  more  useful  to  himself  than 
to  me. 

It  was  Sir  James  Melvill  himself  who  suggested  that  I  should  look 
out  for  a  larger  and  better  residence  for  His  Highness  than  that 
at  Wimbledon,  which  was  the  only  one  available  at  the  time,  and 
this  was  backed  by  Sir  Frederick  Currie  and  Sir  George  Pollock. 
I  mention  this,  in  case  you  may  think  that  I  have  been  asking  for 
more  "  marks  of  consideration  "  from  the  Court  of  Directors  ! 

At  the  Treasury,  I  have  found  Sir  Charles  Trevelyan  most 
anxious  to  help  me,  and,  through  his  kind  representations,  the 
Maharajah  has  been  exempted  from  income-tax,  and  all  other 
assessed  taxes.    This  has  been  done  without  any  official  repre- 
sentation, or  question  as  to  its  legality,  merely  as  a  matter  of 
expediency,  and  by  private  reference  to  the  Inland  RevcLUt 
Board,  which  Sir  Charles  has  had  the  kindness  to  arrange  for  vMi. 
I  am  anxious,  however,  that  the  Maharajah  should  be  fully  awar>r 
of  the  value  and  extent  of  these  exemptions  and  "marks  of  c^i.- 
sideration  "  which  have  been  shown  to  him  ;  and  I  have  giT>:  •: 
him  to  understand  that  I  have  not  been  exerting  myself  merely  * ' 
give  him  a  greater  amount  of  money  to  hoard  up,  hut  to  enab.^ 
him  to  be  generous  and  liberal.     His  natural  disposition  is,  I  &r 
afraid,  very  much  the  reverse  of  this ;   indeed,  at  times,  I  i. 
ashamed  of  his  stinginess ;   but  so  long  as  I  find  him  Tv^illinc  * 
agree  to  any  act  of  liberality  I  may  recommend,  I  ongbt  r  ' 
to  complain  that  he  never  originates  any  I 


ENGLAND.  345 

As  it  is  now  time  that  he  should  hegin  to  take  an  interest  in  his  Chapter 
own  accoonts,  I  propose  to  make  over  to  him  the  management  and      ^* 
direction  of  all  charitable  disbursements  as  a  commencement,  and  lo^l-oo. 
to  show  him  how  much  he  has  it  in  his  power  to  be  bountiful,  in 
consequence  of  the  liberality  which  has  been  shown  to  him. 

I  intend,  in  addition  to  his  ordinary  allowance  for  charitable 
purposes,  to  place  to  the  credit  of  this  fund  for  benevolent 
purposes — 

Ist. — ^The  amount  saved  to  him  by  the  liberality  of  the  Court 
of  Directors  in  furnishing  him  with  a  residence  during  his 
stay  in  England. 

2nd. — Amount  saved  by  exemption  from  income  and  assessed 
taxes. 

3rd. — By  remission  of  import  duties  on  his  baggage. 

4th. — ^Discount  on  tradesmen's  bills,  and,  perhaps,  the  table 
allowance  paid  by  me,  on  account  of  myself  and  family. 

In  his  position,  and  with  the  disposition  he  evinces,  I  think  it 
will  be  very  desirable  to  set  off  all  these  items,  in  order  that  he 
may  see  how  much  the  liberality  of  others  has  placed  in  his 
power. 

Whether  he  may  apply  it  all  to  benevolent  purposes  will 
depend  on  himself.  He  has  already,  out  of  this  fund,  agreed  to 
give  1,000  rupees  for  yearly  prizes  at  the  schools  at  Amritsur,  near 
Lahore ;  £100  to  the  Patriotic  Fund ;  a  donation  of  £500  to  an 
Institution  for  Destitute  Natives  of  Distant  Lands,  of  whom  there 
are  now  so  many  in  London,  and  is  to  subscribe  £250  annually 
for  its  support  during  his  stay  in  England. 


BoEHAHPTON,  Dcc,  23rd,  1854. 

I  have  to  thank  your  Lordship  for  your  kind  letters  of  Sept.  and 
Oct.  2lBt.  I  am  very  much  gratified  to  hear  that  Her  Majesty 
should  have  Herself  informed  you  of  the  good  impression  which 


346  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  8INOH. 

Chapter  the  Maharajah  had  made,  and  of  the  genuine  interest  which  she 
XI.      takes  in  him. 

18o4-ob.  J  YxB,ve  abready  acquainted  your  Lordship  that  the  Maharajah 
has  had  an  opportunity  of  meeting  the  Coorg  Princess,  and  that 
he  was  favourahly  impressed  with  what  he  had  seen  of  her.  She 
is,  indeed,  an  amiable  and  engaging  little  girl,  and,  so  far  as  one 
can  judge,  is  likely  to  turn  out  well.  Mrs,  Drummond  has  brought 
her  several  times  to  visit  my  wife  and  children,  and  the  Maha- 
rajah has  also  twice  called  on  the  Princess  and  Mrs.  Drummond, 
with  me.  I  am,  however,  very  anxious,  that  any  advances 
towards  intimacy  should  come  from  himself,  and  I  know  that, 
although  he  is  inclined  to  be  pleased  with  her,  he  is  rather  appre- 
hensive of  leading  her  to  expect  too  much  from  his  attentions ! 
I  have  little  doubt,  if  it  were  not  for  her  father's  character,  and  the 
dread  he  has  of  coming  into  contact  with  him,  he  would  be  more 
disposed  to  cultivate  acquaintance  with  her.  As  I  have,  however, 
been  lately  engaged  in  reading  the  Bistory  of  the  Sikhs  with  him, 
and  especially  Carmichael  Smyth's  "Reigning  Family  of 
Lahore,"  he  perceives  that,  in  respect  to  their  parents,  they  are 
similarly  situated,  and  that  the  same  feeling  which  may  prevent 
him  from  wishing  to  be  connected  with  the  Rajah  of  Coorg's  family, 
is  likely  to  be  an  obstacle  to  his  forming  an  alliance  elsewhere. 

I  have  thought  it  right  that  he  should  be  aware  that  ever}'thing 
regarding  his  early  history  is  known  in  England,  and  that  the 
attention  and  kindness  which  have  been  shown  to  him  have  beeii 
caused  by  a  desire  to  encourage  him  to  raise  himself  out  of  the 
mire  of  treachery,  murder,  and  debauchery,  in  which,  but  for 
God's  grace,  he  would  have  been  overwhelmed.  As  he  is  now 
able  to  appreciate  the  difference  between  the  standard  of  Ghiistian 
morality,  which  he  ought  to  aim  at,  and  the  miserable  debauchery 
from  which  he  has  escaped,  I  think  that  the  perusal  of  the  history 
of  the  Sikhs,  and  of  his  family  (which  he  acknowledges  to  be  on 
the  whole  correct),  is  likely  to  be  useful  to  him,  especially  ii 
accompanied  with  remarks,  introduced  with  sufficient  delicacy,  by 


ENGLAND.  347 

one  who  has  his  welfare  much  at  heart,  and  that  it  is  calculated  Chapter 
not  only  to  render  him  contented,  but  most  thankful  to  have      XI. 
escaped  from  the  dangerous  position  in  which  he  had  been  placed.  lo54-56. 
Year  Lordship  is  doubtless  aware  that  Her  Majesty  has  been 
pleased,  after  due  consideration,  to  give  the  Maharajah  the  rank 
and  precedence  of  an  European  Prince.    When  the  Queen  did  me 
the  honour  to  ask  me  what  were  the  Maharajah's  own  wishes  on 
the  subject,  I  said  that  His  Highness  was  so  confident  of  Her 
Majesty's  goodwill  towards  him,  that  he  was  satisfied  that  she 
would  graciously  order  what  might  appear  best  for  him.     In  con- 
versation with  Colonel  Phipps,  regarding  the  manner  in  which 
His  Highness  was  to  be  received  at  Osborne,  I  agreed  with  his 
suggestion,  that  the  Maharajah  should  go  down  to  the  Isle  of 
Wight  to  reside  for  a  short  time,  and  be  invited  to  dine  frequently 
at  Osborne,  being  received  and  treated  as  a  subject  of  high  rank ; 
and  I  was  therefore  taken  by  surprise  when  Colonel  Phipps 
informed  me,  some  time  afterwards,  that  it  had  been,  on  consider- 
tion,  determined  that  he  should  have  the  rank  and  precedence  of 
an  European  Prince.   I  mention  this,  in  case  you  may  think  that  I 
have  been  taking  any  part  in  this  elevation.* 


The  Mahaarajah  vsras  made  very  happy  durmg  his 
visit  to  Osborne.  The  Queen  and  the  Prince  Consort 
treated  him  vsrith  the  most   gracious   kindliness,  and 


*  It  is  the  intention  of  the  Queen  to  invite  the  Maharajah  to  come  down  here 

for  a  couple  of  days  early  in  next  week I  will  take  care  that  one  of  Her 

3Iaje8^'8  yachts  shall  be  in  attendance  in  the  docks  ....  to  bring  His  High- 
ness over.  Yon  are  probably  aware  that,  after  deliberation,  Her  Majesty  has  been 
advised  that  the  Maharajah  is  entitled,  in  this  country,  to  the  same  rank  and  pre- 
cedence as  an  European  Prince. — Quotation  from  a  letter  to  Login  from  Sir  Charles 
r/tippSf  dated  Oshome^  Aug.  14<A,  1854, 


348  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  all  the  royal  children  made  much  of  him,  treating  him 

•^      as  if  he   were   one   of  themselves.      The  Princesses 
1854-66 

'  introduced   him   to   their  special  domain — ^the  Swiss 

ch^et  in  the  park,  which  was  fitted  up  for  them  with 

all   conveniences  for   cooking   and  housewifery;   here 

they    entertained     him     and     their     brothers,     and 

exhibited   their   skill    in   cookery.       The    Maharajah 

thoroughly  appreciated   the  joke,  when  the  Princes, 

affecting  greater    proficiency    in   the   art   of   boiling 

potatoes,  basely  took  forcible  possession  of  the  cottage, 

locked   out   the   rightful   owners,   and,   with   Duleep 

Singh's  valuable  (!)   assistance,  proceeded  themselves 

to  prepare  the  repast. 

From  this  time  forward,  a  correspondence  was 
established,  between  the  Maharajah  and  the  young 
Princes,  and  many  letters  (now  extant)  bear  witness 
to  their  cordiality  and  friendliness  towards  hinu 
Birthday-presents  were  exchanged,  and  sketches 
executed  by  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  Prince  Alfred 
are  still  to  be  seen,  treasured  in  the  same  book  with 
photographs  of  the  Royal  Family,  taken  by  the 
Maharajah  on  one  of  these  visits,  with  the  friendly 
assistance  of  the  Prince  Consort.  In  some  of  these 
photographs,  the  young  Princes  are  seen  dressed  in 
the  Maharajah's  Indian  costumes. 

The  Queen  never  forgot  the  Maharajah's  birthday  : 
as  regularly  as  it  came  round  arrived  the  rovaJ 
birthday-gift.  A  valuable  thorough-bred  hunter  was 
the  first  of  these ;  he  also  received,  at  different  times. 


ENGLAND.  349 

a  dog,  a  beautiful  time-piece,   and    other    gracious  Chapter 
tokens  of  her  kindly  interest  in  him.  ^" 

1  QUA.  f\(i 

At  Lord  Hardinge's  invitation,  the  Maharajah,  Sir 
John  and  Lady  Login  paid  a  visit  to  South  Park, 
near  Penshurst.  They  spent  here  a  delightful  week 
among  the  pretty  Kentish  scenery,  and  the  Maharajah 
did  his  best  to  carry  out  Sir  William  Sleeman's 
injunctions!*  As  the  Maharajah's  horses  had  been  sent 
down  beforehand,  the  party  were  able  to  take  many 
rides,  and  thoroughly  explore  the  neighbourhood 
around.  The  late  Governor-General  (then  Commander- 
in-Chief  in  England,  in  succession  to  the  Duke  of 
Wellington)  was  a  fine,  hale-looking,  old  man,  with 
the  remarkable  bright-blue  eyes  peculiar  to  his  race, 
and  it  was  with  a  grand,  old-world  courtesy  that  he 
received  as  his  guest  the  ex-Sovereign,  whose  armies 
he  had  defeated  in  three  bloody  fights,  yet  whose  crown 
and  kingdom  he  had  magnanimously  spared. 

This  was  Duleep  Singh's  first  experience  of  English 
country  life  ;  later  on,  with  Sir  John  and  Lady  Login, 
he  went  down  to  Scotland  for  a  short  time,  and  from 
Edinbm'gh,  paid  a  visit  to  Lord  Morton  at  Dalmahoy. 
On  the  return  journey,  they  stopped  for  a  week 
at  Hickleton  Hall,  in  Yorkshire,  belonging  to  Sir 
Charles  Wood  (afterwards  Lord  Halifax) ;  at  Went- 
worth,  the  seat  of  Earl  Fitzwilliam ;  and  at  Teddesley, 
Lord   Hatherton's   place   in   Stafibrdshire ;  and  thus 


*Seeafi^,  p.  826. 


350  Snt  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULBEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  extended  his  acquaintance  with  the  homes  of  English 

^*     noblemen, 
1864-56.    ^'^'^    ''"• 

He  thoroughly  enjoyed  English  life  in  all  its  phases, 
and  acquired  a  keen  taste  for  sport.  As  he  was  verv 
anxious  to  get  some  shooting  in  the  Highlands,  Castle 
Menzies,  in  Perthshire,  was  hired  for  a  period,  from 
Sir  Robert  Menzies,  and  the  two  or  three  succeeding 
years  of  his  English  life  were  mostly  passed  there,  the 
house  at  Eoehampton  being  occupied  merely  durinir 
the  winter  and  spring  months. 

It  had  been  decided  by  Lord  Dalhousie  that  Duleep 
Singh  should  attain  his  majority  at  the  age  of 
eighteen,  although,  according  to  Sikh  custom  and 
the  Treaty  of  Bhyrowal,*  his  minority  would  end  when 
he  became  sixteen,  when,  had  he  not  been  deposed  in 
1849,  he  would  have  been  left  to  himself  to  mana<::e 
his  kingdom.  As  time  was  now  passing,  the  Maha- 
rajah was  naturally  anxious  to  know  what  arrange- 
ment (if  any)  was  contemplated  for  his  future ;  and  the 
following  letter  to  Lord  Dalhousie  will  show  that  at 
this  early  period  the  question  was  already  being 
pressed,  by  Login,  on  the  attention  of  Government : — 


Wimbledon,  OcL^  1854. 

Sir  Charles  Wood  has  no  doubt  told  your  Lordship  the  opiuic  u 
he  had  formed  of  the  Maharajah,  on  closer  acquaintance,  duiir^ 
his  visit  at  Hickleton,  and  he  told  me,  that  he  had  also  comniuT.:< 


*  See  Appendix. 


ENGLAND.  351 

cated  with  yon  on  the  subject  of  his  settlement  on  coming  of  age.  Chaptor 
Since  the  visit  to  Hickleton,  His  Highness  has  spoken  to  me  on      ^• 
the  matter,  and  I  think  it  right  that  your  Lordship  should  be  -l-o^ft-oo. 
informed  of  the  views  he  entertains,  in  order  that  I  may  be  able, 
before  the  question  is  settled,  to  prepare  His  Highness  for  such 
an  arrangement  as  may  be  decided  upon.      On  mentioning  to  the 
Maharajah  that  it  was  very  desirable  that  the  arrangements  for 
his  settlement  on  coming  of  age  should  be  made  while  youi 
Lordship  remained  in  India,  he  quite  agreed  with  me.     And  I 
then  asked  him  what  his  own  wishes  were  on  the  subject  ?    He 
said  that  his  own  wishes  at  present  were,   not  to  receive  an 
assignment  of  land  or  any  estate  from  Government,  as  in  that 
case  he  would  feel  under  obligations  to  reside  there,  and  could 
not,  perhaps,  have  the  power  to  dispose  of  it,  if  he  wished  to  do 
so,  but  that  he  was  anxious  that  such  accumulations  as  may 
have  taken  place  during  his  minority,  by  lapses  of  pensions  from 
the  allowance  of  '*  not  less  than  four  lakhs,  and  not  more  than  five 
lakhs,  per  annum,'*  to  which  he  and  his  family  and  servants  were 
entitled  by  the  Treaty,  should  then  be  made  over  to  him,  and 
that  from  that  sum  he  could  appropriate  a  part  to  purchase  an 
estate,    and  allow  the  balance    to    be    deposited    for    him    in 
Govemnient  securities.      Hi^  Highness  is  evidently  under  the 
impression  that  the  *'  not  less  than  four  lakhs  "  mentioned  in  the 
Treaty  were  to  be  allowed  to  him  and  his  family  and  servants  in 
perpetuity,  and  that  he  is  entitled  to  such  accumulations  as  may 
take  place  by  lapses  of  pensions  from  this  fund ;  and,  as  your  Lord- 
ship may  view  the  matter  in  a  different  light,  it  is  very  necessary 
that  you  should  be  apprised  of  it,  to  prevent  any  future  mis- 
understanding. 

I  told  him  that  I  should  mention  his  wishes  to  your  Lordship, 
and  also  to  Sir  Charles  Wood,  but  said,  at  the  same  time,  that  he 
might  rest  satisfied  that  whatever  justice  and  goodwill  towards 
iiim  niight  dictate  would  be  done. 

As  His  Highness  had  never  before  so  decidedly  expressed  his  own 


352  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  wishes,  I  am  anxious  that  your  Lordship  should  know  them,  and 

XI.      that  you  will  favour  me  with  your  instructions I  shall,  of 

1864-56.  course,  say  nothing  on  the  subject  to  him,  until  I  hear  from  your 

Lordship. 

Since  his  return  to  Wimbledon,  he  has  been  applying  himself 

assiduously  to  his  studies.     My  letter  from  Edinburgh  would  give 

all  particulars  of  His  Highness's  visit  to  Dalhousie  Castle.     He 

certainly  enjoyed  his  stay  at  Hickleton  Hall,  where  he  made 

many  new  acquaintances,  and,  I  think,  made  a  very  favourable 

impression  on  all. 

Yours, 

J.  o.  L. 


Government  House,  Nov,  11th,  1854. 
My  deab  Login, 

It  gave  me  great  pleasure  to  receive  letters  from  you  and  the 
Maharajah  when  at  Edinburgh,  and  to  learn  that  you  had  paid  a 
visit  to  my  children,  at  the  Castle. 

You  may  well  beUeve  that  I  anticipate  my  daughter  Susan  ^ 
coming  with  great  delight,  not  free,  however,  from  anxiety 
regarding  this  pestilent  climate.  I  have  resolved  to  go  next 
summer  to  the  NeOgherries,  as  pmctically  the  nearest  point  to 
Calcutta  at  which  I  could  take  refuge.  We  are  all  very  qtiiet  here 
in  India.  Instead  of  a  Russian  army  from  Cabul,  we  faain^ 
received  a  friendly  mission  from  the  Ameer,  and  I  am  in  daily 
expectation  of  a  similar  mission  from  the  King  of  Ava.  Your 
former  potentate,  the  King  of  Oude,  is  very  ill.  He  has  "  wined, 
womened,  and  wasted  "  himself  to  death's  door,  and  I  fear  we  sha' . 
have  that  wretched  Government  prolonged,  throughout  another 
minority.  Old  Sleeman  is  quite  done.  Colonel  Outram  is  to  ac: 
and  will,  no  doubt,  romain  permanently. 

I  remain,  my  dear  Login, 

Yours  very  truly, 

DAUiOtTSDL 


ENGLAND.  353 

BoBHAMPTON,  April  9th,  1856.       Chapter 
My  Lord,  XI. 

The  Maharajah  continues  to  apply  himself  to  his  studies,  1°^'^- 
and  has  made  much  more  progress  than  formerly,  because  he 
now  puts  some  heart  in  his  work.  At  present  he  devotes  his 
attention  to  the  German  language,  which,  from  its  affinity  to 
the  Sanscrit  and  Hindu  is,  he  thinks,  more  likely  to  be  useful  to 
him  than  French. 

Perhaps  his  intercourse  with  the  Prince  Consort  has  been 

a  spur  to  application  in  this  particular  branch.     He  has  great 

facility  in  acquiring    languages,   however,   and    this    is    likely 

to   be    very    useful    to    him,  if    he  travels.     Among  his  other 

accomplishments,    he    is    learning    photography,    with    much 

success.     This  also  has  been  greatly  encouraged  by  the  Prince 

Consort,  who   has    taken    great  interest  in  his  progress.     He 

has  had  the  honour  of  dining  with  Her  Majesty  several  times 

since    I    last    wrote,    and    continues    to    receive    most    kind 

attention.    The    Queen   has    caused  a  likeness  of   him  to  be 

published,  from  Winterhalter's  picture,  and  I  think  the  artist 

has  been  most  successful.     I  am  happy  to  say  that  he  does 

not  appear  to  be  in  any  way  spoiled  by  these  attentions ;    he 

seems  to  appreciate  them  in  a  very  proper  way.    On  receiving 

your  Lordship's  last  letter,  I  explained  to  him  (as  you  requested 

me)    his    mistake   in    supposing    that    lapses    from    the    four 

lakhs  were  to  fall  in  to  him  to  increase  his  allowances.     He 

listened  in  silence,  making  no  remark,  but  appeared  satisfied 

to  trust  his  future  settlement,  on  coming  of  age,  to  the  justice 

and  liberality  of  your  Lordship  and  the  British  Government. 

I  mentioned  in  a  former  letter  that  His  Highness  intended 
to  subscribe  liberally  to  get  up  a  Home  for  Strangers — Asiatics, 
Africans,  &c.,  visiting  London.  He  was  present  at  a  meeting 
held  for  the  purpose  a  fortnight  since,  and  there  is  every 
prospect  of  the  institution  being  successful.  I  am  quite  aware  of 
the  danger  to  be  apprehended,  in  allowing  him  to  occupy  too 

AA 


354  BIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  conspicuous    a    position   in   such    matters;    but  I  trust,  with 
XI.      prudence,  to  avoid  all  risk,  and,  at  the  same  time,  enable  him 
18o4-o6«  iq  effect  much  good ;    this  seemed  especially  an  object  which 
he  ought  to  help. 

I  think  I  told  your  Lordship  that  I  was  engaged  in  making 
up  a  conveyance  for  the  wounded  in  the  field.  I  think  I  have 
been  successful,  and  that  I  have  been  able  to  turn  my  Indian 
experience  in  such  matters  to  good  account. 

With  earnest  wishes  for  your  restoration  to  health, 

I  remain,  &c., 
J.  S.  Lj. 


Jan,,  1855. 
Mt  dear  Login, 

Your  description  of  Duleep's  life  in  England  is  really  very 

gratifying.     If  this  lad  does  not  grow  up  with  right  notions  and 

principles,   and  well-directed  sentiments,  it  certainly  will   not 

be  your  fault.     I  agree  with  you,  that  if  he  wiU  only  foUow  when 

rightly  led,  we    need   not   be   disappointed   that   he  does  not 

lead  the  way I  have  no  right  to  consider  you  under  my 

authority    at    present;    but    you    may    be    assured    that    the 

unrestrained    correspondence    between  us   is  a    real    pleasure 

to  me.     The  Queen  has  again  mentioned  to  me  the  Maharajah's 

second  visit,  and  she  also  alluded  to  the  Goorg  affair.     I  am  glad 

to  find  that  it  promises  w^ell,  and  I  hope  may  come  to  some- 

thing,  although,  like  other  cases  of  "  true  love,"  it  may    not 

always  run  smooth ! 

I  am  very  shaky,  and  newly  done. 

I  beg  to  offer  my  most  sincere  congratulations  to  Lady  Login. 
which  I  omitted  to  do  before,  when  I  wrote  to  congratulate: 
you. 

Believe  me,  my^ear  Login, 

Yours  very  truly, 

DAiiHonatB. 


ENGLAND,  855 

Diileep  Singh's  education  continued  all  this  time  to  Chapter 
be  regularly  carried  on   by  masters  for  the  various 
subjects,  and,  on  the  whole,  he  made  very  fair  progress, 
though  there  was  always  a  difficulty  in  keeping  his 
attention   alive.       He    had   a  great   admiration    for 
Shakespeare,   even   if  he   could   not  quite  reach  the 
same  pitch  of  enthusiasm  as  his  English  master,  who, 
to  the  amusement  of  his  pupil,  always  spoke  of"  the 
divine  William "  as  an  emanation !     In  the  study  of 
German  he  made  some  advance,  but  Italian  was  his 
favourite  European  language ;  and  as  he  contemplated 
a  lengthened  residence  in  Italy  during  the  following 
year,  his  Italian  tutor,  Signer  Montanari,  accompanied 
him  to  Scotland,  to  continue  his  instruction.     The  Rev. 
Henry  Estridge,  an  Oxford  coach,  was  at  the  same 
time    engaged    as    resident    English   tutor,   and    re- 
mained in  that  capacity,  and    as   companion  to  the 
Maharajah. 

Soon  after  coming  to  England,  Sir  John  Login 
obtained  from  Lord  Hardinge  a  commission  in  a 
Queens  regiment  in  India  for  Charles  Boileau,  and 
received  from  a  member  of  the  Court  of  Directors  the 
promise  of  a  cadetship  for  the  other  brother,  Frank. 
He  had  thus  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  both  lads  launched 
in  the  world  under  favourable  auspices.  Entering  the 
Company's   army,    Frank   Boileau*    landed   in   India 


*  Now  Lieat.*Colonel  commanding  the  Mhairwarra  Battalion. 

AA   2 


856  Sm  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  just  before  the  Mutiny  broke  out,  served  at  the  siege 
-^*      of  Delhi,  where  he  was  severely  wounded,  and  was 
'  obliged  to  invalid  home  in  1859. 

The  Boileaus  having  left,  Duleep  Singh  now 
found  congenial  companions  in  the  young  Leslie- 
Melvilles,  sons  of  the  Earl  of  Leven,  who  lived  near 
him  at  Roehampton.  With  them  he  had  constant 
intercourse,  and  greatly  enjoyed  their  society,  and 
that  of  other  lads  of  his  own  age.  Granard  Lodge, 
the  house  at  Roehampton,  then  occupied  by  the 
Maharajah,  could  only  be  got  for  six  months,  but 
Ashburton  Court  was  afterwards  secured  for  as  long  as 
he  cared  to  live  near  London. 

Young  Tom  Scott  had  come  to  England  with  his 
mother  for  his  education  some  time  before  this.  aii<l 
was,  later  on,  sent  by  Login  to  a  tutor  at  Wimbledoix, 
to  prepare  for  the  army.      Mrs.  Scott,  after  remaining^ 
two  or  three  years  in  Europe,  returned  to  India  in  1 85G. 
Just  before  sailing,  in  December,  she  came  down  to  Asli^ 
burton  Court  on  a  visit  to  her  friends,  and  then  Logii^ 
undertook  to  see  after  her  son,  whom  she  was  leavirkvr 
behind  her.     He  was  enabled,  through  the  kindness  of 
Sir  Henry  Rawlinson,  to  procure  him  a  commissioi^  iti^ 
the  Indian  army. 

Poor  Mrs.  Scott !    Little  did  those  who  then   V>cn.K» 
her  farewell  dream  of  the  awful  death  she  was  cy>rk;i,.. 


forth  to  meet,  and  that  her  son,  on  following  Lx^i* 
India,   would    be    met    on  landing  by  the"  t^^-^^^/. 
announcement  that  his  mother,  brother,  and 


ENQIiAND.  357 

were  among  the  first  victims  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Chaptet 

mutiny  in  the  vicinity  of  Lucknow !  ^• 

^  ^  1864-66. 

Sir  John  was  beset  by  requests  from  photographers 
and  illustrated  papers  for  permission  to  take  Duleep 
Singh  8  likeness  for  publication ;  but  this  he  always 
steadily  refused,  on  the  plea,  that  the  Maharajah  was 
in  England  for  the  purpose  of  study,  and  had  no 
desire  to  court  notoriety. 

Besides  the  portrait  by  Winterhalter,  the  Queen 
ordered  a  bust  of  the  Maharajah  to  be  executed  by 
Baron  Marochetti,  which,  by  Her  Majesty's  directions, 
was  afterwards  "  tinted  "  by  Mr.  Millais,  somewhat  in 
the  style  which  Gibson's  "  Venus  "  rendered  so  much 
in  vogue  at  this  period.* 

Addiscombe  was  at  this  time  the  Military  College  of 
the  East  India  Company,  and  the  Maharajah  having, 
at  Login's  suggestion,  given  a  yearly  prize  to  be  com- 
peted for  by  the  cadets,  he  was  present,  as  the  guest  of 
the  Governor  (Sir  Frederick  Abbott),  at  the  annual 
inspection  and  prize-giving,  and  was  an  interested 
spectator  of  the  "  sports,"  although  neither  then  nor 
afterwards  did  he  evince  any  special  military  tastes. 

The  close  of  the  Crimean  War  brought  to  the  notice 
of  the  public  the  hard  case  of  many  discharged  soldiers, 
who  had  faithftdly  served  their  Queen  and  country. 


"  A    bust  of  the  Princess  Victoria  Gonramma  of  Goorg  was  treated  in  th« 
same  manner  :  they  are  both  to  be  seen  now  in  the  gallery  at  Windsor. 


858  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  yet  whose  pension  was  insufficient  to  form  their  sole 
•^-  support,  and  whose  wounds  disabled  them  from  earning 
'  their  livelihood  in  any  save  the  lightest  forms  of 
employment.  Sir  John  Login  was  one  of  the  first  to 
urge  their  cause,  and — ^before  the  Corps  of  Com- 
missionaires was  formed,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the 
original  promoters — he  was  the  very  first  to  set  the 
example  of  emplojdng  these  men  in  positions  of  trust, 
by  taking  into  the  Maharajah's  service,  in  the  year 
1855,  six  of  these  wounded  heroes  as  stablemen,  house- 
porters,  and  gardeners. 

One  of  them,  Harry  Naylor,  a  handsome  young 
dragoon,  had  been  in  the  famous  "  Balaclava  Charge," 
and  his  appearance  as  a  groom  in  the  Maharajah's 
livery,  his  breast  covered  with  medals,  attracted  much 
attention  on  the  part  of  strangers. 

At  Castle  Menzies  the  Maharajah  received  at 
diflferent  times  many  distinguished  visitors,*  and  met 
with  much  kindness  and  attention  from  the  neighbour- 
ing landowners,  particularly  the  Marquis  of  Breadal- 
bane  and  the  Duke  of  Athole,  whose  acquaintance  he 
had  already  made  in  town. 

The   friendly  intercourse   with    Taymouth    was    a 


*  Among  these  were  most  of  the  chief  officials  at  the  India  Hoiue,  viz.,  ^i-*' 
James  Hogg  and  his  son  Colonel  Hogg  (now  Lord  Magheramome),  Mr.  Temrc 
Smith  (Loixl  Lyveden),  Sir  James  Melvill,  Sir  George  PoUock  (afterwards  Field - 

Marshal),   Sir  Frederick  Currie,   Colonel  Sykes,  kc also  Mr.  DudlrT 

Marjoribanks  (Lord  Tweedmouth),  the  Earl  of  Leven,  Lord  Hatherton,  Kr.  Jolr. 
Bright,  Mr.  EUice,  M.P,  and  many  others. 


ENGLAND.  359 

pleasant  feature   of  the  sojourn  at   Castle  Menzies.  Chapter 

Lord  Breadalbane  (at  that  time  Lord  Chamberlain),     ^^ 

.     .    .      J  ,  .  .  ^1864-56. 

entertained    as   his  guests   a   constant   succession   ot 

eminent   personages,   to   many  of  whom   the  Indian 

Prince  was  an  object  of  great  interest ;  in  this  way,  he 

met  Archbishop   Tait   (then   Bishop  of  London),  the 

Bishop     of      Oxford     (Samuel     Wilberforce),     Lord 

Clarendon,  the  Duke  of  Leeds,  Mi\  Delane,  editor  of 

the    Times,   Lord    Bathurst,    Lady   Ailesbury,    Lord 

and  Lady  Kintore,  and  Lord  Stratford  de  Redcliffe. 

Great  amusement  was  created  at  Castle  Menzies  on 

more  than  one  occasion  when  the  Duke  of  Athole  s 

party  arrived  to  luncheon,  having  driven  all  the  way 

from  Blair  Athole,  a  distance  of  about  fifteen  miles,  in 

the  so-called  "  boat-carriage."     It  really  consisted  of  a 

fx)at  on  wheels ;  and  however  convenient  it  might  have 

been — as   the   Duke  was   fond   of  pointing   out — for 

crossing  rivers  or  lochs,  it  could  scarcely  be  called  an 

elegant  equipage,  or  comfortable  for  a  long  journey. 

The  Duke  of  Athole  persuaded  the  Maharajah  to 

adopt    the   "  kilt "   for   shooting   on   the   moors,  and 

undertook  the  ordering  of  one  for  him  from  his  own 

tailor  ! 

Seeing  their  master  wearing  the  Highland  dress, 

the  ambition  of  several  of  the  Maharajah's   English 

servants  was  fired  to  exhibit  themselves  also  in  that 

l>ecoming  costume.     Thornton,  who  had  accompanied 

His  Highness  firom  India  as  his  valet,  often  attended 

him  on  the  moors  wearing  the  kilt ;    but  this  fell  far 


360  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Qiapter  short  of  the  ambition  of  Russell,  the  butler,  who  went 

^^*      in  for  a  full-dress  costume  of  the  royal  tartan,  with 

*  sporran,  silver  ornaments,  and  all  complete  !     Being  a 

fine-looking  man,    no   doubt   he   thought   the   result 

repaid  him. 

One  evening  at  dinner,  Lady  asked  Sir  John 

what  distinfifuished  visitor  had  called  at  the  Castle  that 
afternoon  ?  as  she  had  been  absent  at  Taymouth.     He 

named  several   ladies,  but  Lady enquired  if  no 

gentleman  had  been  there ;  because,  she  said,  as 
she  drove  over  the  Weem  Bridge,  she  met  an 
aristocratic-looking  stranger,  in  full  Highland  dress, 
evidently  on  his  way  to  the  Castle,  and  she  was 
afraid  that  her  admiration  must  have  been  expressed 
in  her  countenance,  for  he  actually  blushed  as  he 
gracefully  doflfed  his  cap  !  Both  Sir  John  and  the 
Maharajah  had  seen  the  person  in  question,  and  knew 
it  to  be  Russell,  who  was  at  that  moment  filling  the 
lady's  glass  with  wine,  which,  in  his  trepidation,  he 
managed  to  spill  all  over  her  and  the  table,  and  so 
created  a  diversion,  under  cover  of  which  he  effected 
his  escape  from  the  room  ! 

Picnics  were  a  great  delight  at  this  time ;  the 
house-party  used  to  go  out  on  the  moor  and  meet  the 
sportsmen  at  an  appointed  spot,  where  luncheon  wa> 
spread.  Ponies  were  allotted  to  the  ladies,  each  le*i 
by  a  gillie,  or  groom,  and  it  was  very  amusing  to  see 
the  competition  that  went  on  to  get  the  "  Balaclav;. 
hero,"  Harry  Naylor,  as  escort. 


ENGLAND.  S61 

At  one  of  these  picnics,  a  renowned  professor,  who  Chapter 
had  come  from  London  to  teach  the  Maharaiah  botany,  ^' 
fell  a  victim  to  his  ignorance  of  entomology ;  for, 
selecting  a  nice  green  grassy  hummock  as  his  seat 
at  lunch,  in  the  middle  of  the  repast  he  suddenly 
precipitated  himself  with  a  yell  into  the  centre  of 
the  table-cloth,  knife  and  fork  in  hand,  having 
discovered  that  he  was  sitting  on  an  ant's  nest  all 
the  while !  Later  in  the  afternoon  the  Professor 
was  found  testing  the  depth  of  the  various  pools  in 
the  neighbouring  burn  on  his  way  home  I 

The  Maharajah  was  able  once  more  to  indulge  his 
passion  for  hawking,  and  his  hawking-parties  attracted 
much  attention  and  curiosity,  as  the  revival  of  an  old 
sport  now  almost  obsolete  in  Britain.  John  Barr,  the 
well-known  falconer,  was  in  his  service,  and  no  expense 
was  spared  in  securing  first-rate  falcons. 

The  small  group  of  houses  known  as  the  "  toun " 

of  Weem  lay  just  outside   the  gates  of  the  park  at 

Castle    Menzies,  and  here  was  the  parish  kirk  which 

the  family  and  household  attended  every  "  Sabbath." 

The  long  sermons  then  usual  in  the  Scottish  kirk  were 

rather  a  tax  on  Duleep  Singh's  patience,  though  his 

behaviour     was    most    exemplary,    even     when    the 

metrical  Psalms  were  led  off  by  the  precentor,  with 

the  aid  of  a  tuning-fork, — ostentatiously  exhibited  as  if 

it  were  a  species  of  musical  instrument ! — and  though 

the  situation  was  rather  trying  for  him,  when,  after 

praying  for  the   Queen   and  Boyal  Family,   the   old 


362  SIR   JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DITLEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  minister  invariably  added  a  petition,  enumerating  the 

^'     particular  graces   he    desired  for   "the   Prince    now 
1864.66.  ^  .         .       ^  ^       „ 

sojoummg  amongst  us. 

An  amusing  incident  occm-red  one  Sunday  at  the 
Free  Kirk,  Aberfeldy,  which  some  of  the  household 
were  in  the  habit  of  attending  in  the  afternoon. 

The   day   was   very   sultry,   and   the   congr^ation 
consequently  rather  somnolently   inclined  ;   especially 
was  this  the  case  with  the  Castle  Menzies'  servants, 
who   were  tired  with  their  long,  dusty   walk.     The 
text   was  from   Acts   xvi.    14 — "Lydia,   a    seller    of 
purple,"   and    the    voice    of   the    minister,   a    noted 
preacher,  acted  on  all  as  a   soothing  charm  ;    when, 
perhaps,   becoming  aware   of  this  fact,  he   suddenly 
thumped  the   pulpit  cushion,  and   raising  his  voice. 
declaimed     in     stentorian    tones,    "  And — Lydia — ." 
Instantly,  to   the   amazement    of   the    preacher    and 
congregation,  a  voice  from  the  gallery  replied,  "  Yes, 
Sir   John ! "    while    an    unfortunate    8tilli*oom-maid. 
whose  name  happened  to  be  Lydia,  being   observed 
at  the  same  time  standing  erect  in  her  pew  and  gazing; 
round  with  bewilderment  and  consternation,  revealeil 
at   once  the  fact  that  here  was  the  author  of   thi*^ 
unseemly     interruption,     self-convicted     of     sleepiru: 
during  the  sermon ! 

The  adulation  paid  to  the   young   Prince   at    thi^ 
time,   especially    by    ladies,   was    not    calculated     t« 
produce    a    beneficial    effect    upon  him,   though ,    t» 
his  credit  be  it  said,  he  seemed  to  prefer  the  plai: 


ENGLAND.  363 

speaking,  or  honest  censure,  by  which  his  friends  Chapter 
sought  to  counteract  such  lavish  and  unwise  flattery.  ^' 
There  is  no  intention  to  portray  Duleep  Singh  as  a 
perfect  character,  or  saint.  He  was  surrounded  by 
temptations  of  an  unusual  sort,  yet  had  hitherto 
led  a  blameless  life  as  regards  morality.  Some 
infirmities  of  temper,  indolence,  or  selfishness,  showed 
themselves  with,  perhaps,  the  Oriental  tendency  to 
be  indifferent  to  suffering.  Of  the  latter,  an  instance 
may  be  given  : — 

During  the  first  shooting  season  at  Castle  Menzies, 
when  the  house  was  fiill  of  guests,  there  arose  one 
evening  at  dinner  much  chaflfing  talk  amongst  the 
young  men  concerning  a  cat  which  had  been  shot, 
when  discharging  their  guns  near  the  village,  on  their 
way  home.  Sir  John  "  hoped  it  was  not  a  poor 
woman's  pet."  Duleep  Singh  "  did  not  care  if  it 
were  !     It  had  no  business  there  ! " 

liady  ,  a  devoted  admirer  of  the  Maharajah, 

when  enlarging  aftei-wards  in  the  drawing-room  to  the 
other  ladies  on  his  gentleness  and  amiability,  under- 
took to  prove  her  words,  by  dressing  up  in  character 
as  the  poor  woman  who  had  lost  her  cat,  in  order  to 
excite  his  compassion. 

On  the  entry  of  the  gentlemen,  therefore,  a  poor, 
weeping  woman  was  found  in  the  biUiard-room, 
''  waiting  to  see  His  Highness."  So  pathetically 
lid  she  relate  the  story  of  the  loss  of  her  favourite 
md   only  companion,  her  "puir  cattie,"  that  young 


364  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP   SINOH. 

Chapter  Alick  Lawrence,  Sir  Henry's  son,  was  moved  almost  to 

•^^-      tears,  and,  stepping  forward,  entreated  her  to  "  cry  no 

*  more  I  it  distressed  him  to  think  of  the   accident — 

would  she  accept  ten  shillings  from  him  as  a  small 

compensation  ?  "  &c.     This  was  not  what  Lady 

wanted,  so  she  redoubled  her  eflforts  to  gain  some  sign 
from  the  Maharajah. 

He  stood  unmoved  the  while,  save  that  his  eyes 
blazed  with  anger.  At  last,  losing  patience,  he  burst 
out,  shaking  his  billiard  cue  in  her  face,  "  Yes !  cry, 
cry  till  you  are  tired !  Don't  let  your  brutes  cross  my 
path.  Not  a  penny  shall  you  get  from  me  !  "  Then, 
laying    no    gentle    hand    on    her    arm,   "  Begone,    I 

say!" 

At  this  moment  Lord  ,  recognizing  his  wife. 

and  thinking  the  joke  had  gone  quite  far  enough, 
addressed  her  by  name,  and  she,  to  the  Maharajah' -^ 
consternation,  dropped  her  disguise,  which  had  beei. 
so  perfect  that  none  had  suspected  it. 

One  of  the  few  ladies  present  lately  gave  this 
account  to  Lady  Login,  who  was  herself  an  inval'.'i 
at  the  time. 

Possibly  the  contrast  between  his  own  conduct  ai.i 
that  of  young  Lawrence  might  have  been  more  appan:-:  * 

to  Duleep  Singh,  had  he  not  been  assured  by  Lady 

when  he  tried  to  apologize  for  his   discourtesy,    th  ' 
she  '*  had  only  admired  his  princely  air  of  commaiM^ 
and  felt  "he  was  every  inch  a  king  when   point i:.> 
her  to  the  door,"  &c. 


ENGLAND.  365 


Letter  from  Sm  Hbnbt  Lawbbnce,  E.CB.  Chapter 

XI. 
Mount  Aboo,  June  10th,  1866.     1854-56 
Mt  deab  Loam, 

Many  thanks  for  the  Maharajah,  Lady  Login's,  and  your 
kindness  to  my  son  Alick.  I  will  be  glad  of  your  taking  every 
opportunity  to  urge  on  Alick  the  necessity  of  exertion,  at  this 
period  of  his  life.  You  have  been  accustomed  to  deal  with 
youths,  and  might  influence  him  much.  He  is  very  amiable,  but 
unenergetic.  I  fancy,  too,  that  in  spite  of  all  I  have  said,  he  does 
not  realize  the  need  for  steady  application.  I  am  very  anxious 
about  him,  soul  and  body  t  This  is  his  time  of  trial,  for  he  is 
surrounded  by  temptations,  that  nothing  but  the  grace  of  God 
can  protect  him  from.  I  shall  be  most  grateful  for  any  help  you 
can  give. 

We  have  good  accounts  of  Duleep  Singh  from  different  quarters ; 

our   friend  Mr.  Jay  writes  me,  that  he  has  received  a  very 

gratifying  letter  from  him.    I  am  sorry,  on  many  accounts,  that  Mr. 

Jay  refused  the  Chaplaincy  of  Eussowlee,  even  though  a  good  man 

has  got  it.    Mr.  Jay  now  wishes  to  get  a  hill-station,  on  account 

of   his   child's  health.    I   hope  he  may  get  Dugshaie.     I  am 

anxious  to  get  good  men  of  moderate  temper  near  Mr.  Parker,  as 

fly-wheels  on  his  energies.    The  asylum,  now  that  the  lower 

orphan  school  is  added  to  it,  will  be  an  engine  of  great  good.    I 

have   often  been  siurprised  that  the  Maharajah  has  never  himself 

given  me  a  rupee  for  it,  especially  as  he  must  know  you  do. 

YovL  have  made  him  give  liberally  to  other  Indian  charities, 
but  doubtless  you  have  a  delicacy  as  regards  mine,  from  our 
perBonal  friendship. 

X  should  have  thought  that  his  kindly  feelings  towards  me 
^ould  liave  induced  him.  While  he  was  in  India,  I  did  not  feel 
lustifiecl  in  mentioning  the  subject  to  him,  and  even  now  I  don't 
»vish  you  to  do  more  than  show  him  the  last  report,  and  say  that 
ihe  Asyl^iDi  is  in  debt. 


366  SIR   JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       I  have  built  a  school  here  for  fifty,  and  have  twenty-three 

XI.       children  always.    I  hope  soon  to  have  another  at  Neilgherries. 
1864-66.      With  kindest  love  to  Lady  Login. 

Ever  yours  affectionately, 

Henky  M.  Lawrbmce. 

P.S. — I  enclose  a  letter  to  the  Maharajah. 


The  following  year,  Duleep  Singh,  having  gone  to 
the  Highlands  early  in  the  season  for  salmon  fishinjj, 
wrote  from  thence  to  his  guardian  : — 


Castle  Menzies,  June  30t/i,  1856. 
My  dear  good  Friend, 

I  enclose  in  this  a  note  for  the  Prince  of  Wales ;  will  yon 
kindly  send  it  on  ? 

I  intended  to  write  to  you  before,  but  there  is  little  to  write 
about.  We  are  getting  on  pretty  well  with  our  housekeeping, 
and  are  all  well.  I  did  not  catch  a  salmon,  as  I  hoped,  the  du^ 
you  left ;  but  as  soon  as  I  catch  one  myself,  it  shall  be  sent  straig: : 
to  Lady  Login,  at  Boehampton. 

I  commenced  lessons  seriously  this  morning  with  Mr.  Housk. 

and  hope  to  get  on  very  well  with 'him.     I  trust  to  hear  th&' 

Lady  Login,  and  all  of  you,  continue  to  be  quite  well.      Wbt 

will  Lady  Login  and  the  children  come  to  Castle  Menzies,  for 

begin  to  feel  very  lonely  without  them  ?    I  miss  them  dreadful! 

I  hope  Hancock  sent  the  things  I  ordered  for  the  little  one.  W.* 

my  love  to  the  children. 

I  remain,  yours  afifectionately, 

DULBEP   SiSGH. 

P.S. — Please  bring  the  "Treasury  of  Histories"  when    >. 
come.    It  was  paeked  for  India. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


Italy. 


[Readers    already    satiated    with     descriptions    of 
Italian  travel  are  recommended  to  skip  this  chapter.] 

As  a  tour  on  the  Continent  formed  pai't  of  the  scheme  Chapter 
for  the  Maharajah's  education,  it  was  arranged  that,    ^^^• 
previous  to  his  return  to  India,  he  should  spend  some 
months  in  France  and  Italy.     Accordingly,  in  Decem- 
ber, 1856,  he  left  England,  accompanied  by  Sir  John 
and  Lady  Login,  and  by  his  friend,  Mr.  Ronald  Leslie- 
Melville   (then   an   undergraduate  of  Christ  Church, 
Oxon.),  whom,^he  had  persuaded  to  join  the  party.     To 
avoid    publicity,  and   ceremonious   receptions   at   the, 
various  foreign  Coiu'ts,  it  was  thought  advisable  that 
the  Prince  should  travel  as  a  private  individual,  under 
the  name  of  "  Mr.  Login." 

As  the  party  travelled  in  the  old-fashioned  style, 
taking  their  own  carriages  with  them  from  England, 
^he    following  quotations,  from  a  diary  kept  at  this 


368  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  period,  may  prove  amusing  to  those  unfamiliar  with 

^^'     the  Italy  of  thirty  years  ago  : — 
1866-67.  "^  J  J  ^ 


Cannes,  Jan,  2nd,  1857. 

Made  our  first  essay,  at  Marseilles,  in  travelling  by  post,  in  our 
own  carriages,  for  there  is  no  more  rail  after  that  place.    You 
would  have  been  amused  to  see  the  carriages  starting — ^a  loug 
string  of  horses  to  each,  and  each  postillion  dressed  differently ; 
one  only  had  any  pretension  to  being  smart,  and  he  had  jack- 
boots,  a  sheepskin  coat,  a  conical  hat  with  a  flower  in  it,  and  a 
pipe  in  his  mouth  1     We  pitied  him  very  much,  for  it  was  a  hot 
day,  and  he  must  have  been  nearly  boiled  in  that  warm  coat« 
after  bumping  up  and  down  so  long  (for  he  did  not  rise  in  his 
stirrups  like  an  English  postillion).    The  horses  are  great,  heavy, 
strong    animals,   all    decorated    with     bells.     The    harness    is 
wretched,   and   always    breaking,  being    mostly  of    rope;     the 
traces  are  always  rope,  and  very  insecure.    One  postillion  manage^ 
four  horses,  sitting  on  one  of  the  wheelers,  and  guiding  thoM: 
before  with  reins.     We  enjoyed  the  posting  very  much,  and  all 
got  out  and  walked  on  through  the  villages,  when  we  stopped  to 
change  horses.     In  the  evening  we  reached  BrignoUes,  our  halting 
place  ;  the  cracking  of  the  postillions'  whips,  as  they  come  ne^r 
their  destination,  is  something  astonishing ;  it  is  like  a  successi^ ' 
of  pistol  shots  let  off  close  to  your  ear 

Next  day  we  ascended  the  Esterelles  pleasantly,  but  our  desc« 
was  not  so  comfortable.    The  view  from  the  mountain,  on  goi- . 
up,  is  beautiful,  and,  as  the  sun  was  setting,  it  looked  to  perfectiv  i 
The  waters  of  the  Mediterranean  were  so  bright  and  blue,  tj 
hill-sides  covered  with  cork  trees,  pines,  and  olives,  varied  w^.* 
jutting  crags  ;  deep  ravines  and  hrightful  precipices  (withotit  a 
parapet)  below  us,  with  the  bold  outline  of  the  mountain  tc.- 
beyond,  made  a  glorious  panorama.    At  the  post-house  on  : 
top  we  remained  so  long,  owing  to  some  delay  about  the  ho(r>-'^ 


ITALY.  369 

(on  going  down  we  had  foTir  horses  only,  though  coming  up  we  Chapter 

had  ten),  that  the  gentlemen  walked  on,  and  I  was  to  follow  in     ^U. 

the  carriage.     It  was  nearly  dark  when  at  last  we  set  out,  and,  to-^"^"^*  • 

make  up  for  lost  time,  the  postillion  set  off  at  a  hand-gallop,  and 

I  was  very  nearly  upset  over  the  precipice  before  he  could  pull  up. 

When  we  overtook  the  gentlemen  it  was  quite  dark,  and,  as  they 

got  in,  the  postillion  was  warned  to  go  carefully ;  but  nevertheless. 

before  long,  the  same  thing  happened  again,  and  we  were  brought 

up  bump  against  a  post !    In  a  minute  we  were  all  out,  and  the 

first   thing  we  saw  was  Presanzini,  the  courier,  and  Thornton, 

thrashing  the  postilhon,  whom  they  had  discovered  to  be  drunk  I 

Here  was  a  nice  dilenmia  1  still  five  miles  to  the  bottom,  and  no 

help  near.     We  decided  on  leaving  the  drunken  postillion  behind, 

with  Presanzini  and  Mr.  Gawood  (the  Maharajah's  secretary)  in 

the  faurgon,  to  wait  till  we  sent  a  sober  driver,  and  we  took  the 

lady's-maid  in  the  rumble,  with  Thornton.     Taking  the  sober 

postillion  from  the  fourgon,  we  reached  Cannes  very  late,  for  we 

had  a  further  adventure  with,  a  jibbing  horse,  that  seemed  very 

anxious  always  to  look  in  at  the  carriage  windows,  instead  of 

going  along  quietly 

A  most  amusing  dinner  party  at  the .      The  Maharajah 

would  not  go,  but  made  some  excuse  of  having  a  cold.     Sir  D. 
Brewster  and  the  Anstruther-Thompsons  were  there. 

A  little  girl,  a  niece  of  the  hostess,  was  introduced  at  dessert. 
She  had  evidently  heard  of  the  Maharajah,  and  was  very  anxious 
to  see  him.     She  was  talking  to  me  in  the  evening,  after  dinner, 
whilst  I  was  sitting  beside  her  aunt,  and  when  her  aunt  happened 
to   express  great  regret  that  the  Maharajah  had  not  come,  the 
little  girl  suddenly  said,  **  Is  he  really  a  blackamoor  ?    What  is  a 
blackamoor  ? "     Her   aunt  looked  perfectly  horrified,   and  ex- 
claimed, "  What  a  vulgar  expreaaioni    I  am  ashamed  of  you  I" 
evidently  thinking  I  must  be  greatly  offended ;  and  the  child  was 
seized  on  by  the  uncle  and  asked,  '*  Whom  she  could  have  heard 
3peak  of  the  Prince  in  that  manner?"    With  the  utmost  naivete 

BB 


370  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  she  at  once  replied,   '*  Now,  aunt,  you  know  you  said  so  this 
XII.     morning,  to  Miss  Crow! " 

'18o6-o7.      Poor  Mrs. looked  so  relieved  when  she  heard  me  invite  the 

little  girl  to  pay  me  a  visit  in  the  morning  to  see  the  hlack 
Prince  !  The  Maharajah  was  much  amused  when  he  heard  the 
story,  and  made  himself  very  agreeable  to  the  little  girl,  who 
went  home  delighted. 

We  enjoyed  our  stay  at  Nice  very  much,  as  we  had  lovely 
summer  weather.     A  picnic  was  arranged  to  Villafranca  and  St. 
Hospice,  by  Major  Reynolds,  in  the  Maharajah's  honour,  to  which 
all  the  elite  of  Nice  were  invited;  but  the  Maharajah  had  one 
of  his  obstinate  fits,  and  it  was  with  much  difficulty  we  prevailed 
on  him  to  go.     He  consented  at  last,  with  the  stipulation  that  I 
would  keep  near  him,  and  not  leave  him  alone  among  all  thos<' 
strangers.     He  does  so  hate  to  be  lionized,  and  be  looked  upon  as 
a  sort  of  natural    curiosity  I     The  excursion  to  Villafranca  is 
usually  made  on  donkeys,  but  as  the  Maharajah  could  never  bv 
persuaded  to  mount  one  of  those  animals,  very  good  horses  were 
provided   for  us.      The    ride    there    and  back    was  beantifiil : 
the  first  part  of  the  way  across  the  mountains,  and  the  rest 
all    along    the    shores    of    the    Mediterranean,    by    a     rocky 
footpath,   overhanging    the   sea,  just    fit    for    donkeys,  thou^u 
we  found    our    horses    more    sure-footed  than    the  less    noll^ 
animals  ridden  by  the  fest  of  the  party.     We  were  all   vtr* 
merry,  particularly  when  entering  Nice,  on  our  way  home,  Kr  » 
wicked  little  donkey -boy  (who  seemed  to  think  I  approved  of  u 
measure)  would,  every  now  and  then,  give  a  sort  of  scream,  a^  * 
signal  to  the  donkeys;  on  hearing  which,  the  animals   set   • 
helter-skelter,  at  a  tearing  pace.     No  matter  who  was   rid^  . 
them,  lady  or  gentleman,  there  was  no  holding  them !    The  la«; 
screamed,  and  several  of  the  Bftrty,  I  believe,  had  tumbles  f r 
their  "  Jerusalem  ponies "  before  we  got  up  to  them,  oviin^-  : 
their  falling  on  their  knees  scampering  downhill;  indeed,  I  saw 
gentleman  roll  over  his  donkey's  head — for  the  creatures  wt 
halt  as  suddenly  as  they  started,  with  an  abruptness  calcula: 


ITALY.  371 

to  launch  their  riders  into  space  I     Being  mounted  on  nobler  Chapter 
steeds,  who  were  deaf  to  the  cries  of  the  donkey-boy,  we  conid     XH. 
survey  the  scene  in  safety  ourselves,  and  the  absurdity  of  it  was  1856-57. 
altogether  too  much  for  the  Maharajah's  politeness,  for,  I  regret 
to  say,  he  went  into  such  fits  of  laughter  that  he  nearly  tumbled 
off  his  horse  himself ! 

We  were  engaged  to  a  large  party  at  Lady  Ely's  in  the  evening. 
It  was  a  great  crowd.     Several  of  tbe  Empress  of  Russia's  suite 
were  there,  for  the  Elys  seem  great  friends  with  the  Empress, 
though  the  rest  of  the  English  society  here  are  very  indignant  at 
the  airs  the  Bussians  give  themselves.    It  is  a  great  pity,  there 
seems  to  be  such  a  bad  feeling  between  them,  and  it  is  difficult  to 
say  on  whose  side  the  fault  lies.     When  the  Empress  came  first, 
she  used  to  go  out  in  great  state,  with  outriders  preceding  her, 
armed   with  long  whips,  which  they  cracked  loudly,  ordering 
every  carriage  to  draw  up  to  the  side  till  Her  Majesty  passed. 
This  several  English  refused  to  do,  and  complained  of  such  over- 
bearing conduct  to  the  authorities ;  so,  as  it  was  feared  that  the 
place  would  sufier  by  the  withdrawal  of  the  English  visitors  fthey 
having  threatened  to  do  so).  Her  Majesty  was  induced  to  adopt  a 
quieter  style,  and  now  she  drives  about  in  a  more  unassuming 
manner.     We  met  her  returning  from  some  church  ceremony, 
attended  by  her  Court  ladies,  all  in  full  evening  dress  I     She 
looked    very  ill  and  delicate.     The  Grand-Duchess  Helen  was 
expected  this  evening,  but  could  not  leave  the  Empress,  wjio  was 

unwell. 

I  met  several  old  acquaintances  here,  amongst  others.  Lady 
William  Harvey,  who  was  our  neighbour  on  Putney  Heath. 
LiSidy  Ely  introduced  me  to  Lady  Dufferin,  and  yoimg  Lord 
Dufferin,  who  is  one  of  Her  Majesty's  Lords-in- Waiting.  He  was 
rery  amusing,  and  I  cannot  quit*  make  out  whether  his  pretty 
isp  is  real  or  affected  1  * 

*  Little  did  the  Maliarajah  dreaTD,  on  this  occasion,  that  a  day  would  come 
rhen  be  sliotild  stand  arrested  as  a  disaffected  subject,  by  order  of  this  same  Lord 
iulTerin,  then  Viceroy  of  India  1 

BB   2 


372  SIR  JOHN  LOGIJSr  AIO)   DXJLEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       ....  Expected  to  have  found  John  Bright  at  Mentone,  as  Mr. 
Xn.      E.  Ellice,  M.P.,  had  told  us  Mr.  Bright  was  looking  out  for  us.  at 
1866-57.  hig  desire,  but  he  had  not  arrived. 

Genoa,  Jan,  19th,  Sir  John  slipped  down  some  steps  at  the 
Hdtel  de  la  Yille,  from  the  slipperiness  of  the  marble,  so,  to  guard 
against  evil  effects,  is  to  keep  quiet  for  a  day.  We  have,  therefore, 
given  up  the  idea  of  going  to  see  Turin  from  here,  thinking  it  wiU 
be  better  to  do  so  on  the  return  journey. 

Jan,  20^/t.    Put  off  our  departure,  as  Sir  John  did  not  feel  quite 
recovered.    John  Bright  having  come  in  to  spend  an  hour  or  two 
with  him  and  talk  politics,  the  Maharajah,  Bonald  Melville,  and 
I  set  off  to  visit  the  Fieschi  Convent,  on  the  hill  above  Genoa.     It 
was  very  interesting,  and  amusing  also,  as  we  were  escorted  by 
two  nuns  (neither  of  them  young  nor  pretty),  and  shown  all  over 
the  place ;  they  seemed  charmed  to  have  a  chat  with  our  laquaii 
de  place,  and  entered  into  any  joke  that  was  made  by  us  with 
great  glee.    We  saw  their  dinner  laid  out,  and  a  small  decanter 
of  wine  for  each  nun;  they  laughed  heartily  when  we  said  we 
hoped  they  did  not  drink  all  their  allowance !     Their  dormitories 
looked  very  clean  and  airy,  but  no  washhand-stands  were  visible, 
only  a  Uttle  pump  of  water  outside  the  door  in  the  corridor! 
Their  pillows  were  Hke  pin-cushions,  and  I  wish  you  had  heard 
them   laugh  when   the  Maharajah  asked  how  they  managed 
bolstenng-matches  with  them,  he  and  Bonald  illustrating  what 
he  meant,  to  the  nuns'  intense  deUght  I 

We  also  went  to  see  the  famous  Gatina,  or  emerald  dish,  kei ; 
at  the  Duomo,  and  said  to  have  been  presented  to  King  Solomon  1  > 
the  Queen  of  Sheba.  The  Maharajah  was  very  anxious  to  cxaniiix 
it,  having  been  told  it  was  the  largest  emerald  in  the  world  ;  ax.^ 
being  exceedingly  proud  of  the  size  and  lustre  of  his  own  u^.- 
emeralds  of  Bunjeet  Singh  were  celebrated),  he  was,  therefor 
immensely  relieved  to  find  that  it  was  only  a  piece  of  green  gl^-- 
after  all. 


•  • 


ITALY.  373 

Flobence.    Florence  is  famed  for  its  flowers  and  flower-girls ;  ClM|iter 
the  latter  mostly  large,  coarse,  good-natured-looking  contadine,     ^^- 
who  all  wear  enormous  L^hom  hats  flapping  about  their  faces.  lSo6-a7. 
They  are  most  persevering  in  their  attentions,  and  urill  decorate 
you  with  a  bouquet  per  forct^  though,  as  they  always  \ta\t  to  be 
paid,  their  attentions  are  not  quite  so  disinterested  as  strangers 
at  first  imagine!     I  used  to  laugh  heartily  at  the  way  they 
victimized  both  the  Maharajah  and  Sir  John. 

We  drove  to  the  Cascine,  or  dairy  of  the  Grand-Duke ;   on  the 

way  we  met  the  Grand-Duke   himself,  and  his  suite;    also  the 

young  Grand-Duke,  and  his  bride.      We  had  the  use  of  Lord 

Normanby's  (the  English  Ambassador)  box  at  the  Pergola,  and 

went  three  times ;    the  music  was  good,  but  the  singing  and 

acting  very    poor.      That,   however,  does    not    matter    to  the 

Florentines,  as  they  merely  go  to  the  opera  to  pay  visits  to  their 

friends,  as  we  do  at  their  houses,  during  the  day,  in  England.  The 

first  time  we  went  to  hear  a  new  opera,  called  Violetta,  which 

the  Maharajah  had  never  heard ;  by  the  time  it  was  half  over,  we 

discovered  it  to  be  the  Traviaia,  under  a  different  name !    and 

we   had   always  refused  on  principle  to  hear  the   Traviaia  in 

England !      The   other    two  were   La   Sonnambula   and   Linda 

di  Chamouni.     On  Saturday  we  had  a  pleasant  dinner-party  at 

Lor)}  Normanby's,  and  heard  a  good  deal  of  singing  afterwards. 

We  met  all  the  diplomatic  "  swells  "  there — Prince  de  la  Tour 

d'Auvergne,  the  French  Ambassador,  the  Piedmontese,   Due  de 

L ,   also   the  Tuscan    Prime   Minister,   and   Baron   Htigel. 

Maria  Phipps  and  her  son  were  there  also. 

One  evening,  when  we  were  dining  at  the  Embassy,  the  great 
bell  of  the  Duomo  began  to  toll.  Immediately  a  Florentine 
nobleman,  who  was  of  the  company,  rose  from  the  table,  and 
with  a  word  of  apology  to  the  hostess,  quietly  left  the  room. 
The  rest  of  the  assemblage  seemed  to  regard  his  action  as  the 
most  natural  in  the  world,  but  the  Maharajah  was  very  curious 
to   know  the  reason  for  it.     "  He  is  one  of  the  Misericordia 


374  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Brothers,"  was  the  reply  to  his  question ;  *'  and  he  is  on  duty  to- 
^^^*     night."    After  that  we  heard  more  about  the  Misericordia,  and 

loOo-OY.  geveral  times  met  their  procession  in  the  streets,  carrying  litters 
with  sick  people,  going  to  the  hospital.  They  look  ghastly  in  the 
extreme,  with  their  long  black  dresses,  which  cover  them  from  head 
to  foot,  having  round  holes  for  the  eyes.  The  people  hold  them 
in  great  respect ;  and  when  they  pass,  all  uncover  their  heads. 
The  Society  is  composed  of  noblemen  and  gentlemen  of 
Florence,  and  the  Grand  Duke  himself  is  one,  though,  since  the 
Bevolution,  he  has  not  ventured  to  take  any  part  in  the  duties. 
They  dress  in  black  monastic  attire,  with  a  black  silk  visor  to 
conceal  their  face ;  a  certain  number  are  told  off  daily  for  duty, 
and  on  the  tolling  of  the  city  bell — whatever  is  their  employment 
or  engagement — they  must  hasten  to  their  guard-room,  and 
assume  the  dress,  and  go  out  to  perform  their  duty,  whatever 
it  may  be — whether  to  carry  sick  to  the  hospital,  or  to  rescue 
sufferers  from  any  danger  or  accident.  So  many  are  appointed 
to  go  forth  collecting  for  their  charity  fund,  and  the  first  person 
I  saw  on  arriving,  was  one  of  them  holding  a  box  for  charity.  I 
was  quite  startled — ^he  looked  like  a  demon  in  his  dark  dress, 
¥rith  his  eyes  flashing  through  the  holes  in  his  visor 

BoME.  I  was  delighted  with  the  Coliseum,  and  I  think  I  shonld 
like  to  spend  hours  there.  Nothing  in  Borne,  I  think,  recalls  tht^ 
idea  of  former  grandeur  and  present  decay  more  than  that 
magnificent  pile,  so  full  of  historical  interest.  Inside,  all  around 
the  amphitheatre,  they  have  erected  "stations"  for  pilgrims 
to  walk  or  crawl  round,  for  penance  and  indulgences,  and  there  is 
a  great  cross  put  up,  and  a  pulpit,  where  a  friar  preacbds 
frequently.     All  this  is  incongruous-looking,  and  I  wish  it   were 

altered Just  as  we  lefttheColiseum,  the  Pope  (Pio  ^oikc 

drove  past  in  a  carriage  and  four,  with  an  escort  of  the  Gvuan^A 
Nobile,  formed  of  Boman  nobles.  He  is  a  very  benevolei;:- 
looking  old  gentleman,  and  gave  a  special  benediction  to  o  *: 
party  as  he  passed,  though  the  Maharajah  did  not  receive  it  at  & 


ITALY.  375 

in  a  proper  spirit,  and  declared    the    Pdpe   had    only   made  Chapter 
"  snooks  "  at  him  I    We  were  told  that  we  were  very  lucky,  as  he     ^H' 
is  not  often  to  be  seen  out.    The  guard  of  French  soldiers  all  l-oo6-o7. 
knelt  as  he  passed,  and  so  did  everybody  but  ourselves  ;  of  course, 
the  gentlemen  took  off  their  hats  to  him,  as  they  would  to  our 

Queen 

The  moon  being  full,  Bonald  returned  to  the  Coliseum,  to  see  it 

by  moonlight ;   as  I  have  still  a  cough,  I  did  not  venture.    We 

advised  him  not  to  fall  into  the  same  mistake  as  is  attributed  to 

Mr.  Macaulay,  the  historian,*  who  also  went  to  see  the  Coliseum 

by  moonlight,  and  when  in  the  shadow  of    the  arches,  was 

suddenly  jostled  by  a  man,  who  passed  with  great  rapidity. 

Immediately  afterwards  Mr.  Macaulay  missed  his  watch !    The 

"thief"   was  still  in  view;  with  great  presence  of  mind,  Mr. 

Macaulay  at  once  gave  chase,  overtook,  knocked  him  down,  and 

repossessed  himself  of  the  stolen  article.    Fearing  the  arrival  of 

accomplices  on  the  scene,  Mr.  Macaulay  now  made  the  best  of  his 

way  home,  where  the  first  object  that  met  his  view  was  his  men 

watch,  safe  in  the  spot  where  he  had  left  it  before  going  out ! 

Overwhelmed  with  the  idea  of  the  robbery  which  he  had  committed, 

he  rushed  off  to  the  police-office,  to  find  an  unfortunate  stranger 

describing  with  much  excitement  the  shameful  outrage  of  which 

he  had  been  the  victim ! 

Feb.  12th.  Went  to  St.  John  Lateran.  The  "Santa 
Scala,"  or  Holy  Staircase,  was  crowded  with  penitents,  going  up 
on  their  knees,  repeating  a  prayer  at  every  step.  Nothing  would 
serve  the  Maharajah,  but  he  must  also  try  the  sensation  of  this 
form  of  penance,  which  he  declared  was  not  at  all  difficult,  and 
he  would  undertake  to  do  it  much  faster  than  any  of  them  I  The 
steps  are  covered  with  planks,  to  preserve  them  from  the  wear  of 
the  pilgrims'  knees,  and  these  planks  have  already  been  renewed 


The  late  Lord  Macaulay. 


376  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DTJLEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  three  times ;  the  steps  themselves,  are  said  to  have  been  those  of 
^I-      Pilate's  judgment  seat,  down  which  Christ  walked  after  being 

18o6-o7.  condenmed.  We  visited  Macdonald's  studio,  and  saw  a  number 
of  busts  (mostly  of  English  nobility),  and  a  fine  copy  of  *'  Young 
Augustus " ;  we  ended  by  going  to  Saolini,  the  great  cameo- 
cutter,  and  arranged  to  have  our  profiles  taken  by  him,  next 
day. 

Feb,  l^th,  Mr.  Gibson  showed  us  his  studio  to-day,  and 
we  were  delighted  with  all  we  saw.  His  "  Venus  "  ia  beautiful ; 
the  hair  is  tinted  in  imitation  of  ancient  Greek  statues,  and  the 
skin  has  a  faint  life-like  glow.  The  "  Cupid  "  also  is  very  lovely. 
I  admired  his  bust  of  the  Queen,  but,  though  the  large  statue  for 
the  Houses  of  Parliament  is  greatly  admired,  I  did  not  think  the 
likeness  was  so  good.  There  was  a  beautiful  thing  there,  "  The 
Sleeping  Cenci  in  Prison,''  just  finished  by  his  pupil,  Miss 
Hosmer,  a  young  American  lady.  Arranged  with  Mr.  Gibson 
about  sittings  for  the  Maharajah's  bust. 

Feb,  lUh,  To-day,  shortly  after  noon,  the  great  bell  of 
St.  Peter's  tolled  to  announce  the  beginning  of  the  Carnival,  and 
at  two  p.m.  we  went  to  the  Corso,  and  sat  in  our  hired  balcony  to  see 
the  procession  pass.  It  is  a  very  gay  scene,  and  full  of  animation. 
The  whole  street  is  choked  with  people  in  gay  and  fancy  costume^, 
shouting  and  laughing,  leaving  barely  space  for  the  brightly 
decorated  carriages,  filled  with  people,  all  attired  in  fancy  dresses, 
and  having  on  wire  masks,  who  pass  up  and  down  slowly.  Tl.e 
balconies  and  windows  are  full  of  ladies  and  gentlemen,  and  ga\ 
with  flags  and  draperies  of  all  colours;  each  person  has  a  store  «  i 
chalk  bon-bons  or  confetti,  bouquets  of  flowers,  and  real  bon-bons, 
which  they  fling  at  every  passer-by ;  the  balconies  throwing  at 
the  carriages,  and  vice  versd.  Every  one  wears  a  wire  mask,  c^r 
runs  the  risk  of  being  bUnded  by  the  chalk  dust;  even  with  i 
mask  one  does  not  escape  scatheless.  Every  now  and  thc!!. 
gay  processions  of  the  military,  civic  authorities,  or  cardinal- 


ITALY.  377 

magistrates  varied  the  scene,  and  the  whole  was  wound  up  by  a  Chapter 
race  of  six  or  more  horses  (without  riders),  goaded  on  by  steel     XII. 
plates  hanging  loose  all  over  their  bodies,  and  stuck  full  of  sharp  1856-57. 
spikes,  which  flapped  about  as  they  gallopped,  and  urged  them 
almost  to  madness.     This  race  is  repeated  each  day  of  the 
Carnival,  and  formerly  used  to  be  run  by  poor  unhappy  Jews,  for 
the  amusement  of  the  people !    but  of    late  years  they  have 
purchased  exemption  from  this  degradation,  by  paying  for  hand- 
some prizes,  for  the  owners  of  the  fortunate  horses. 

The  Maharajah  and  Bonald  joined  the  procession  of  carriages, 
and  went  up  and  down,  pelting  and  being  pelted  by  gentlemen, 
and  exchanging  bouquets  with  ladies ;  but  I  contented  myself  with 
looking  on. 

Sunday,  Feb.  16th On  our  return  from  the  English 

service,  we  went  with  John  Bright  into  San  Carlo,  to  hear  Dr. 
Manning  preach*  on  the  Immaculate  Conception  of  the  Virgin, 
and  were  glad  to  And  that  his  arguments  and  reasoning  were  so 
miserable.     I  expected  to  hear  much  more  specious  reasoning. 
He  gave  several  very  far-fetched  interpretations  to  several  texts,  to 
give  colour  to  his  own  side  of  the  question.    Poor  man!    he 
certainly  seems  very  eajmest  in  his  belief  himself ;  he  looks  worn- 
out  vnth  penance  and  fasting,  and  his  voice  is  quite  weak.     It 
was  quite  lost  in  that  great  church.    He  is  evidently  a  trap  set 
for  the  English  and  American  visitors,  who  are  all  attracted  by 
his  eloquence  and  good  style  of  delivery. 

jF^Vfe.  nth.    Rather  sleepy  after  last  night's  ball  at  the  Princess 


* .    .  .  .  Dr.  Maiming  is  to  preach  to-mon"ow  afternoon  in  the  church  of  San 

Carlo,  perhaps  Lady  Login  and  yourself,  may  wish  to  hear  him — he  will  not,  I 

suspect,  overthrow  your  Presbytciianiam,  any  more  than  the  faith  I  hold  with  the 

Society  of  Friends  1 

Yours  very  sincerely, 

John  Bright. 
^eb.  Uth,  1856. 


378  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN   AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Doria's.     It  was  a  grand  sight,  and  a  rare  one,  for  the  magnificent 
^^'      picture-gallery  was  lighted  up,  and  many  splendid  rooms.    There 

Io56-o7.  y^QYQ  a  great  many  royalties  there — the  reigning  King  of  Bavaria, 
Queen  Christina  of  Spain  and  her  daughters,  and,  I  believe, 
"  Henri  Cinq,"  Comte  de  Chambord — though  I  did  not  see 
him.  We  were  introduced  to  the  Princess  Doria,  she  is  one 
of  our  Shrewsbury  family. 

The  Caldwells,  and  John  Bright,  wdth  his  pretty  daughter 
Helen,  have  just  dined  with  us,  and  gone  home  early,  as 
is  the  good  custom  in  Rome.  We  were  a  merry  party,  Mr. 
Bright  very  eloquent  about  the  wrongs  of  India,  to  the 
Maharajah's  infinite  amusement !  and  Colonel  Caldwell  giving 
us  histories  of  what  was  done  in  Lord  Wellesley's,  and  Lord 
W.  Bentinck's  time !  I  have  promised  John  Bright  to  go 
out  with  him  in  the  carriage  to-morrow,  and  run  the  gauntlet 
up  and  down  the  Corso.      His  daughter  is  very  anxious  to  do  so, 

Feb.  ISth.  Went  for  an  hour  in  the  carriage  with  Mr.  Bright, 
as  agreed  upon.  We  were  deluged  with  bouquets  and  bon-bons, 
and  all  sorts  of  harmless  missiles,  and  thumped  with  distended 
bladders.  Poor  Helen  Bright  had  to  mourn  the  loss  of  a  lovely 
bouquet  of  sweet  violets,  just  presented  to  her  by  a  gentleman, 
which  was  snatched  out  of  her  hand,  by  a  laughing  imp  of  an 
Italian  boy.  Her  father  scolded  her  for  not  having  kept  a 
tighter  hold ;  but  next  minute  the  laugh  was  turned  against  him, 
for  his  own  bouquet  was  snapped  away  out  of  his  hand  as  he 
was  in  the  very  act  of  presenting  it  to  a  lady  ! 

Feb,  10th,  Went  out  on  the  Campagna,  near  Cecilia  Metella*s 
tomb,  to  see  the  hounds  throw  off.  We  managed  to  keep  up 
with  them  in  the  carriage,  by  going  at  a  hand-gallop  aloo^  tb« 
Appian  Way,  as  the  fox  doubled  back  and  forward  across  the 
road.  We  were  just  in  front  of  the  King  of  Bavaria's  carriage. 
and  his  people  were  calling  to  ours,  to  make  way  for  ll'< 
Majesty.     But  this  did  not  at  all  fall  in  with  the  ideas  of  oar 


ITALY.  379 

coachman,  whose  sense  of  his  own  importance  would  not  suffer  Chapter 
him  to  give  place  to  anybody;  so  whipping  up  his  horses  he     XH. 
kept  the  "  lead  "  throughout  the  chase  I  1856-67. 

Feb,  20th.  The  masque  ball  was  a  very  curious  sight.  We 
engaged  a  box  at  the  theatre,  so  as  to  look  down  upon  it 
without  being  crushed,  and  were  constantly  invaded  there  by 
parties  of  ladies  and  gentlemen  of  our  acquaintance,  all  in  masks 
and  dominoes.  It  is  ridiculous  what  a  complete  disguise  a 
domino  is,  for  Fred  Kane  and  Bonald,  who  were  of  our  own 
party,  left  us,  and  came  in  again,  and  we  never  knew  them, 
and  Sir  Norton  Knatchbull  never  recognized  his  own  wife  I 

Mr.  Bright  was  in  our  balcony  that  morning,  looking  on  at  the 
Carnival,  and  got  into  a  combat  with  Lady  Knatchbull,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  street.  She  got  the  worst  of  it,  for  ''the 
Quaker "  made  a  capital  shot  with  a  sugar-almond,  which 
effectually  silenced  the  enemy's  guns !  As  she  was  an  utter 
stranger  to  him,  we  had  to  introduce  him  at  the  masque  ball,  in 
order  that  he  might  make  his  apologies  for  the  result  of  his  com- 
bativeness ! 

25th,  Ash  Wednesday.  At  half -past  eight,  Eonald,  Sir  John,  and 
I,  started  for  the  Sixtine  Chapel,  to  see  the  Pope  put  ashes  on  the 
cardinals'  heads.  We  could  not  persuade  the  Maharajah  to  go 
with  us,  as  he  declared,  when  he  went  to  bed  the  night  before, 
that  now  the  Carnival  was  over,  he  did  not  know  when  he  would 
get  up  again !  As  ladies  must  dress  in  mourning  to  gain  admit- 
tance to  this  ceremony,  I  wore  a  long  black  veil  instead  of  a 
bonnet ;  Sir  John  his  political  uniform,  and  Konald  full  evening 
dress ! 

We  got  there  a  few  minutes  before  the  door  was  opened,  and 
were  greatly  amused  to  see  the  anxiety  of  those  assembled  to  get 
m  first,  though  there  was  plenty  of  room  for  all.  One  very  fat 
lady  was  sitting  on  the  doorstep,  in  such  a  way  that  the  door 


380  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  could  not  be  opened  till  she  rose.  She  looked  as  if  she  had  sat 
XII.      there  all  night — ^her  hair  and  veil  were  so  untidy  I 

1866-57.  I  y^a^g  separated  from  the  gentlemen,  as  men  and  women  are 
not  allowed  to  sit  together, — and  Sir  John,  from  his  uniform, 
being  supposed  to  be  at  least  an  ambassador — ^I  was  handed  into 
the  large  pew,  specially  set  apart  for  the  ambassadors'  wives.  It 
was  empty,  and  remained  so  all  the  time.  (I  suppose  the  ambassa- 
dors are  all  bachelors.)  During  the  service  I  observed  the 
ambassadors  all  highly  amused  at  seeing  the  soHtary  lady  who 
represented  their  womankind,  and  each  seemed  to  ask  the  other 
who  on  earth  I  was  ?  Sir  John  was  asked  to  go  in  among  the 
ambassadors,  but  declined,  and  went  with  Ronald  to  a  less  con- 
spicuous place.  It  was  lucky  he  did  so,  for  every  one  of  the 
ambassadors  present  had  to  go  and  kiss  the  Pope's  toe  after- 
wards !  .  •  .  • 

At  last  the  procession  of  cardinals  came  in,  with  their  attendants ; 
and  after  their  robes  (or  rather  the  skirts  of  them)  had  been 
unrolled  and  smoothed  dovm,  they  were  assisted  up  into  their 
perches,  and  displayed  to  our  admiring  gaze  a  collection  of  as 
heavy,  sensual,  worldly-looking  countenances  (with  only  one  or 
two  exceptions)  as  could  anywhere  be  found. 

Soon  after,  in  came  the  Pope — a  fine-looking  old  man — with  a 
great  crowd  of  officials,  the  most  important  being  a  bishop  in 
golden  boots^-of  which  portion  of  his  attire  he  appeared  very 
proud — and  whose  privilege  it  seemed  to  be  to  take  the  Pope'< 
mitre  off  and  put  it  oo  again  at  intervals  of  about  five  minutes. 
Six  or  eight  people  were  kept  constantly  occupied,  in  assisting  the 
Pope  to  get  up,  sit  down,  kneel,  turn  to  the  altar,  and  bow,  at 
different  parts  of  the  service.  The  Pope  chanted  the  service 
beautifully ;  he  has  a  splendid,  clear  voice.  The  cardinals 
changed  their  robes  frequently,  and  when  the  time  came  for  theis 
to  go  up  to  be  sprinkled  with  ashes,  they  put  white  napkiu 
on  their  backs,  and  over  that  grand  gold  vestments,  and  went  cp . 
one  after  another,  holding  their  little  scarlet  skull-caps  in  their 


ITALY.  381 

hands.  The  Pope  put  the  ashes  on  the  crown  of  each  head,  just  Chapter 
on  the  tonsure,  and  then  they  kissed  his  hand,  still  kneeling.  ^U« 
After  the  last  cardinal  had  retired  to  his  place,  the  King  of  1856-67. 
Bavaria  advanced  and  went  through  the  same  ceremony — save 
that  he,  and  all  those  who  followed,  had  to  kiss  the  Pope's  toe 
instead  of  his  hand ;  then  came  Queen  Christina's  husband,  and 
all  the  big-wigs  and  ambassadors.  It  was  rather  a  shock  to 
one's  feelings,  remembering  the  original  meaning  of  this  solemn 
ceremonial,  to  see  how,  as  soon  as  the  Duke  returned  to  her  side, 
the  Queen  of  Spain,  assisted  by  the  Princesses^  at  once  set  to 
work — amid  much  smothered  laughter — to  blow  at  his  hair,  and 
dust  off  his  clothes  all  traces  of  the  ashes,  using  for  the  purpose 
their  own  handkerchiefs,  and  also  a  clothes-brush,  with  which 
they  had  come  ready  provided  !  This  occupation,  and  the  merri- 
ment it  caused,  lasted  them  throughout  the  remainder  of  the 
service.  Meanwhile,  the  stream  of  people  continued  to  pass 
up  and  back,  till  nearly  everybody  in  the  church,  including 
the  soldiers,  had  been  sprinkled  by  the  "  Holy  Father,"  and  it 
yvsA  not  till  one  o'clock  that  all  was  over,  and  we  returned  to  the 
Hotel  de  Londres  thoroughly  tired. 

Feb,  26tk.  Mr.  Gibson  took  us  round  to  see  all  the  principal 
studios,  and  pointed  out  the  beauties  of  each  work  of  art.  We 
visited,  amongst  others,  the  ateliers  of  Mr.  Spence,  Mt.  Penry 
Williams,  Signer  Tenerani,  the  great  Italian  sculptor,  Wolff,  the 
German  one,  and  Miss  Chawner. 

Feb.  2Sth.  We  had  an  amusing  party  last  evening.  Sir 
Charles  Nicholson,  Mr.  Gibson,  and  Mr.  and  Miss  Bright  dined 
with  us.  There  was  a  great  deal  of  table-rapping,  and  Sir 
Charles  gave  a  most  interesting  account  of  Egypt,  where  he  has 
lately  been  travelling.  This  evening  we  dined  at  Colonel 
Caldwell's,  and  met  a  large  party,  amongst  whom  were  the 
Baron  von  Orlich  and  his  wife.    The  Baron  recognized  Sir  John 


382  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  as  an  old  acquaintance,  having  met  him  in  India,  some  years  ago, 

XII.      when  on  his  travels  there. 

1866-67. 

March  2nd,    Baron  von  Orlich  kindly  got  us  permission  to  Bee 

the  Etruscan  Museum  of  the  Marchese  Gampana,  and  escorted 

us  to  see  it.    This  evening  was  fixed  for  a  treat  to  which  we 

have  long  been  looking  forward. 

As  a  special  compliment  to  the  Maharajah,  the  Pope  gave 

orders,  to  have  the  sculpture  galleries  of  the  Vatican  lighted  up 

with  flambeaux  for  his  inspection,   and  we  were  permitted  to 

invite  a  select  company  of  our  friends  to  enjoy,  at  the  same  time, 

this  unique  opportunity  of  viewing  the  statuary,  under  such 

favourable  conditions.      A    man   with    a   torch    was  stationed 

behind  each  statue,  while  Mr.  Gibson  and  Mr.  Macdonald  gave 

us  a  sort  of  art-lecture,   showing  the  special  points  in  each 

figure  and  their  relative  degrees  of  beauty.    We  enjoyed  it  all 

very  much,  and  it  has  added  greatly  to  the  interest  and  usefulness 

to  the  Maharajah,  of  this  visit  to  Bome.    For  this  special  favour 

from  "His  Holiness"  we  are,  of  course,  indebted  to  the  good 

offices  of  Mr.  Odo  Eussell,  the  representative  here  of  the  British 

Government. 

March  1th,  Visited  the  Quirinal  Palace,  which  is  the  Popes 
summer  residence  ;  saw  his  private  apartments,  and  a  few  good 
pictures. 

March  9th,  Went  to  a  party  in  the  evening  at  Mr.  Forbes', 
the  clergyman's,  house,  and  met  Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe.  Had  a 
long  conversation  with  her,  and  foimd  her  agreeable  and  AmnRJng ; 
altogether  a  younger  and  more  pleasing  person  than  I  had 
imagined. 

March  11th,  Took  the  Brights  to  Tivoli  with  us  for  a  picnic. 
and  spent  a  delightful  day.  Spread  our  luncheon  on  the  grass,  in 
the  gardens  of  the  Villa  d'Este,  and  in  the  basin  of  a  dried-up 
fountain,  in  the  centre  of  which  was  a  stone  galley,  tbo 
Maharajah  seated  himself  to  personate  Neptune,  as  he  informed 


ITALY.  383 

the  company,  though  he  was  too  much  engaged  with  a  game-pie  Chapter 
to  spare  much  time  for  flourishing  his  fork  as  "  trident  I  "  After  XII. 
luncheon  we  started  to  see  the  waterfalls,  Miss  Bright  and  1 1B66-67. 
mounted  on  respectable  ponies,  the  gentlemen  walking.  We 
enjoyed  our  five-mile  ride  exceedingly,  though  I  think  the 
gentlemen  found  it  very  hot,  for  I  observed  the  Maharajah  toiling 
along  with  his  coat  off,  in  his  shirt-sleeves !  On  our  way  home 
we  nearly  met  with  an  accident.  The  two  "  politicians  "  (Mr. 
Bright  and  Sir  John)  were  too  deep  in  discussion  on  the  present 
condition  of  India,  its  needs,  and  its  future  government,  for  any 
one  to  dream  of  separating  them ;  so  we  left  them  to  follow  by 
themselves  in  one  carriage,  whilst  Miss  Bright,  the  Maharajah, 
Ronald,  and  I,  went  on  in  the  other.  The  two  young  men  were 
in  high  spirits,  and  were  making  a  great  noise  in  the  carriage ; 
something  went  wrong  with  the  harness,  and  the  coachman  got 
down  to  put  it  right,  when  either  the  voices,  or  something  else, 
startled  the  horses,  and  off  they  dashed,  leaving  the  coachman 
behind  on  the  road !  We  were  only  saved  from  imminent  peril 
by  Bonald's  agility,  in  clambering  on  to  the  box  and  getting  hold, 
somehow,  of  the  reins. 

March  12th.  Left  Eome  on  a  lovely  morning,  and  travelled 
along  the  Appian  Way,  on  our  road  to  Naples ;  our  route  having 
been  carefully  and  minutely  made  out  for  us,  by  kind  Baron  von 
Orlich,  so  that  we  might  not  miss  any  of  the  points  of  interest. 
We  had  no  adventures  with  brigands,  the  line  of  road  is  so  well 
patrolled,  by  both  horse  and  foot  soldiers,  and  there  are  military 
stations  at  short  intervals,  all  along  to  Molo  de  Gaeta. 

March  14:th It  was  dark  when  we  reached  the  gates 

of  Naples,  and  as  the  hotel  was  a  long  way  off,  we  were  very 
weary  of  dragging  through  the  streets  at  a  foot's-pace,  for 
travelling  carriages  are  forbidden  by  law  to  go  any  faster  in  the 
streets.  At  last  we  reached  the  H6tel  Yittoria,  and,  after  a  late 
dinner,  got  to  bed. 


384  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter       From  Naples  the  party  visited  Pompeii  and  Hercu- 
1856-57  ^^^®^^"^»  ^^^  ascended  to  the  crater  of  Vesuvius. 

March  20th.  Dined  at  the  Stranges',  and  met  some  nice 
Italian  families.  We  were  much  taken  with  the  young  Marchesa 
Bugnano,  and  her  husband  and  mother-in-law.  The  Dowager 
Marchesa  is  an  Irish  Eoman  Catholic — a  sensible  old  lady, 
who  treated  Sir  John  to  all  the  politics  of  Naples.  Her  son,  the 
Marchese,  is  quite  a  Neapolitan,  having  been  educated  on  the 
Continent;  yet  he  is  a  great  admirer  of  England  and  English 
liberty,  and  speaks  English  very  well.  His  pretty  wife  is  a 
fascinating  creature,  the  daughter  of  one  of  the  Neapolitan 
princes.     She  is  very  lively  and  amusing. 

I  was  also  introduced  to  Captain  Farquhar,  B.N.  He 
commands  the  frigate  lying  off  this  port,  to  protect  the  English 
inhabitants  in  case  of  any  outbreak.  He  told  me  he  knows 
several  of  my  sailor  cousins,  and  had  been  Flag-Lieutenant  to 
my  uncle,  Admiral  Patrick  Campbell,  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

■ 

Naples  was  left  on  the  24th  March,  and  the  party 

proceeded  by  steamer  to  Leghorn,  calling  at  Civita 

Vecchia  on  the  way.    Stopping  for  one  dajr  in  Florence, 

they  went  to  Bologna,  having  had  some  difficulty  in 

crossing  the  Appenines,  for  an  avalanche  of  snow  had 

can-ied  away  great  part  of  the  road,  thus  rendering  it 

impassable  for  horses.      The  travellers  were  obliged  to 

get  out  and  walk,  and  bullocks  were  procured  to  dra*; 

the  carriages  over  this  part ;  during  this  operation  the 

pole  of  the  fourgon  snapped,  which  caiised  a  further 

delay.      At  Padua  they  joined  the  railway  again,  an^l 

so  reached  Venice  by  the  first  of  April. 


ITALY.  385 

April  ith We  saw  two  live  horses,  belonging  to  the  Chapter 

Austrian  General,  being  exercised  on  the  Campo  Marto,  followed  ^^ 
about  by  a  crowd  of  admiring  boys.  It  seems  that,  a  few  years  1856-57. 
ago,  some  of  the  Venetian  gentlemen,  anxious  to  teach  their 
daughters  to  ride,  united  together,  built  a  riding>school,  and 
made  a  ride  round  a  small  island  in  the  town.  When,  however, 
the  horses  arrived,  they  were  looked  upon  by  the  inhabitants 
as  a  show — ^very  few  of  the  people  ever  having  seen  one ; 
and  at  last  the  whole  project  had  to  be  abandoned,  owing 
to  the  noise  and  excitement  of  the  children,  hurrahing  and 
shouting  afjer  the  riders,  so  as  to  render  the  horses  quite 
unmanageable  from  fright. 

Monday,  April  13th.  Since  last  Monday  we  have  been  very 
anxious  about  Bonald,  who  has  been  very  ill  of  gastric  fever. 
To-day,  however,  I  am  thankful  to  say,  we  have  been  able  to 
Bend  a  message,  by  telegraph,  to  his  mother,  to  tell  her  that 
the  fever  has  left  him,  and  that  he  is  now  doing  well.  In  conse- 
quence of  this,  I  have  been  only  able  to  go  on  the  water  now  and 
then,  as  I  could  not  leave  Bonald,  except  for  a  short  time  daily. 

There  was  a  grand  military  funeral  the  other  day — such  a 
display  of  troops,  and  firing  of  cannon,  under  our  windows, 
when  they  were  all  drawn  up  I  I  was  glad,  for  poor  Eonald's 
sake,  when  it  was  all  over  1  The  hearse  was  a  gondola,  and  the 
procession  on  the  water  was  very  curious  and  interesting.  Our 
laquais  told  us  we  were  very  Iticky  to  have  been  here  to  see  such 
a  ^at/  funeral !  There  will  be  some  more  of  this  gaiety  soon,  for  the 
bells  have  been  ringing  to  announce  the  death  of  the  Bishop,  or 
Cardinal,  who  has  been  long  ill. 

On  Easter-day  I  went  into  St.  Mark's,  to  see  the  Arch-Duke  go 
in  procession  to  high  mass.  It  was  a  curious  ceremony.  The 
Arch-Duke  Maximilian  (afterwards  Emperor  of  Mexico),  brother 
of  the  Emperor,  is  Viceroy  of  Italy ;  he  is  a  faur-haired,  simple- 
looking  youth,  and  appeared  rather  nervous  during  the  ceremony, 
and    very  glad  when  all  was  over,  without   any  open  mani- 

CC 


886  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  festation  of  hatred  on  the  part  of  the  Venetians  to  their  Anstrian 
XII.     masters. 

1856-67.     The  Maharajah  has  kindly  fed  the  pigeons  of  St.  Mark's  daily, 
and  now  they  know  him,  and  follow  him  aU  over  the  town  ! 

The  Brights  arrived  on  Easter-day,  -having  been  detained  in 
Bome  by  Miss  Bright  getting  measles ;  they  came  and  dined  with 
us  last  evening,  also  Major  and  Mrs.  Young,  from  the  Punjab. 
The  Mararajah  felt  unwell  just  before  dinner,  and  Sir  John  made 
him  take  a  hot  bath,  and  go  to  bed.  I  hope  he  is  not  going  to 
take  fever.  This  morning  he  is  better,  though  not  well,  and  we 
have  resolved,  as  he  seems  nervous  about  remaining  in  Venice, 
that,  if  he  is  well  enough,  he  shall  go  on  to  Padua,  or  Milan,  on 
Thursday,  in  my  charge,  leaving  Sir  John  to  follow  with  Ronakl. 
I  am  in  hopes,  however,  that  Bonald  will  be  strong  enough  to  go 
also,  on  Thursday. 

Padua,  April  15th. 

The  Maharajah  not  being  at  all  well,  and  Ronald  better,  we 
thought  it  wiser  to  get  away  from  Venice  at  all  risks :  so  here 
they  are — and  they  both  seem,  so  far,  none  the  worse  for  the 
short  trip  of  one  hotft  by  train.  We  had  Bonald  carried  in  a 
chair ;  but  the  Maharajah  was  able  to  walk,  though  far  from  well. 
We  hope  they  may  be  able  to  go  on  to  Verona  to-morrow. 

We  left  Venice  so  suddenly,  that  all  our  clothes  were  at  tht: 
wash,  and  as  Thornton  and  Mrs.  Sandison  were  needed  to  atten<l 
on  the  invalids,  we  could  only  spare  Mr.  Cawood  to  remain  behind, 
and  bring  on  the  remainder  of  our  luggage.     It  appears  it  is  a  role 
of  the  Austrian  railway  authorities  never  to  allow  a  man  to  takt 
any  clothes  belonging  to  a  woman  out  of  the  town,  unless  then 
is  a  woman  in  his  company,  and  vice  versa,  a  woman  is  not  per 
mitted  to  travel  with  any  man's-clothes  among  her  baggage.     W< 
were  all,  of  course,  quite  ignorant  of  this  regulation,  and  so,  whc 
poor  Mr.  Cawood  innocently  showed  our  boxes  at  the  Custor 
house,  he  was  horrified  to  find  himself  at  once  treated  as  * 
suspicious  character  by  the  police,  for  having  so  large  a  qnautit; 


ITALY,  387 

of  clothes  in  his  possession,  more  than  they  thought  could  possibly  Chapter 

belong  to  one  man  alone  1    Their  suspicions  were  confirmed,  on     ^^- 

the  further  discovery,  that  a  great  portion  of  his  luggage  consisted  l^^"^"^ '  • 

of  hdies'  habiliments,  and  as,  when  questioned  as  to  whether 

there  was  any  lady  with  him,  he  told  them,  quite  innocently,  that 

there  was  not,  the  afEekir  begaoi  to  wear  a  serious  aspect  for  him  I 

He  tried  his  best  to  explain  the  position  to  them,  and  how  it 

happened  that  he  was  found  in  possession  of  other  people's  clothes 

—but  all  to  no  purpose.     They  could  not  make  out  half  he  said» 

and  thought  he  was  declaring  the  clothes  to  be  his  own ;  to  his 

consternation  and  wrath,  they  then  proceeded  to  pull  about  my 

things— flourishing  a  smart  lace  cap  in  his  face  and  asking,  ''  if  he 

wore  that  ?  " — and,  shaking  out  one  of  my  nicely  starched  and 

frilled  petticoats,  sarcastically  inquired  whether  "  this  were  a 

usual  article  of  his  attire?"    After  this  they  formally  arrested 

him  as  a  thief  escaping  with  stolen  property  1  and  would  have 

put  him  then  and  there  in  "  durance  vile,"  only  that  he  begged 

that  the  landlord  of  our  hotel  should  first  be  sent  for.     On  this 

man    vouching    for   his  respectability,  poor  Mr.   Gawood  was 

sujSiered  to  return  with  him  to  Venice  (the  landlord  being  made 

answerable  for  his  safe  keeping),  and  the  clothes  were  detained 

until  next  day,  when  Presanzini  was  sent  to  claim  them,  and 

satisfied  the  Austrian  police  as  to  the  truth  of  Mr.   Cawood's 

story. 

April  16th.  Still  at  Padua,  and  likely  to  be  for  some  time,  as  the 
Maharajah  had  regular  intermittent  fever  last  night,  and  now  we 
must  let  him  and  Bonald  rest  here.  It  is  a  good  thing  we  have 
got  them  out  of  Venice ;  this  is  a  tidy,  clean  town,  and  we  have 
good  medical  advice,  and  excellent  rooms  at  the  Hotel  de  I'Etoile 
d'Or. 

Bbsscia,  April  20th.  We  came  here  by  train  from  Padua,  to-day. 
The  patients  are  both  very  weak,  particularly  Eonald.  I  only 
hope  they  may  not  be  stopped  here  for  more  than  this  night,  for 

OC  2 


388  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Ohapter  it  is  a  very  uncomfortable  sort  of  place;  the  stables  being  directly 
XU.     imder  our  sleeping  and  eating  rooms,  causes  a  most  unpleasant 
18o6-o7.  odour  to  pervade  the  whole,  which  cannot  be  very  wholesome  for 
sick  people. 

MniAN,  April  22nd,  Dr.  Cappelli  says  that  Bonald  may  be 
laid  up  for  six  weeks,  as  he  has  got  miliary  fever  on  the  top  ol 
gastric  (a  common  sequel  to  Venice  fever  in  this  unpleasant 
country).  The  Maharajah  has  also  felt  ill  to-day,  and  is  laid  up 
— so  matters  are  not  very  bright  I  We  have  thought  it  advisable 
to  telegraph  to  Boehampton,  and  tell  them  how  things  stand  with 
Bonald.    He  would  like  his  mother  to  join  him,  I  think. 

April  26th,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Melville,*  with  their  old  nurse, 
arrived  last  night,  having  travelled  night  and  day ;  they  reached 
us  on  the  fourth  day  after  leaving  Boehampton. 

TxTBiN,  May  2nd.  Beached  Turin  last  evening.  Baron  Solaroli 
found  us  out,  and  came  and  spent  the  evening  with  us.  Sir  John 
knew  him  in  India ;  he  married  a  sister  of  Dyce  Sombre's,  and,  of 
course,  has  got  lots  of  money  with  her.  He  is  a  very  intelligent, 
gentlemanly  man. 

3rd  May,  Sunday,  Went  to  English  service,  held  in  a  private 
house  by  a  converted  Jew ;  it  was  very  strange  to  hear  the 
prayers  and  sermon  given  in  English  by  a  foreigner,  with  a  stroL^ 
accent. 

Sir  James  Hudson,  the  Ambassador,  called  to  offer  his  senrices. 
and  also  Mr.  Erskine,  Lady  Wiltshire's  H^rother.  Baron  Solaioli 
came,  with  his  daughter,  a  pretty  young  woman,  newly  married 

to  Gotmt .    The  Baron  will  bring  his  wife  to  meet  us  at  the 

train  to-morrow,  as  she  is  not  well,  and  could  not  come  to  call. 

Next  day  the  paxty  crossed  Mont  Cenis,  into  Savov. 


*The  late  Earl  and  Countess  of  Leven  and  Melville. 


ITALY.  389 

At  St.  Michel,  where  they  slept,  the  inn  could  only  Chapter 
furnish  eight  trout  and  six  eggs,  for  the  party  of  seven  -  J^^^' 
famishing  folk  !     Luckily  they  had  with  them  some 
hermetically-sealed  soup   for    the   Maharajah   and  a 
cold  chicken ;  and,  as  they  always  travelled  with  a 
supply  of  English  tea,  they  did  not  do  so  badly. 

Greneva  was  reached  on  the  6th  of  May.  Here 
they  made  a  halt  of  five  days,  before  starting  on  their 
homeward  route.  They  made  several  excursions  on 
the  lake,  and  revelled  in  that  glorious  Alpine  scenery. 
They  had  also  the  pleasure  of  making  the  acquaintance 
of  many  members  of  that  cultured  society,  which  has 
rendered  Geneva  so  famous  in  the  religious  world,  and 
among  men  of  letters;  this  privilege  they  owed,  in 
great  measure,  to  Sir  John's  previous  acquamtance 
with  M.  Merle  d'Aubign^,  who  was  on  the  look-out  for 
him,  and  to  the  kindness  of  Lord  Shaftesbury  and  the 
Rev.  Henry  Venn,  who  had  written  of  Login  to  their 
firiends  in  that  city. 


CHAPTER  Xm. 

The  Mutiny. 

Chapter  The  annexation  of  the  kingdom  of  Oude,  which  took 
Tqkt'  P^^^®  ^  ^^^  previous  year,  was  an  event  in  which  the 
Maharajah  naturally  took  the  deepest  interest,  as  it 
was  the  first  case  of  the  deposition  of  an  Indian 
sovereign  which  could  in  any  way  be  compared  with 
his  own;*  and  the  handsome  terms  offered  to  this 
"  discrowned  debauchee,"t  by  Lord  Dalhousie,  were  a 
hopeful  augury  of  the  liberal  interpretation  which  the 
Indian  Government  was  prepared  to  place  upon  the 
treaty  forced  upon  himself  in  1849. 

Captain  Trotter  thus  describes  the  causes  which  led 
to  this  annexation  : — 

X  '*  Ever  since  Lord  Hardinge's  visit  to  Lucknow,  in  1847 »  the 
affairs  of  Wajid  Ali's  kingdom  had  heen  steadily  declining  fron: 


*  Though,  eren  in  this  instance,  Wi^jid  All  had  never  been  an  independ^s 
king,  like  the  Maharajah  of  Lahore,  and  he  was  deprived  of  his  crown  for  his 
malpractices  as  a  ruler. 

t  Trotter. 

t  Trotter,  **  India  under  Victoria,'*  p.  817,  ch.  x.,  vol.  i. 


THE  MUTINY.  391 

bad  to  worse.    In  that  green  garden  and  teeming  granary  of  India,  Chapter 
every  man  did  that  which  was  right  in  his  own  eyes,  from  the    XHT. 
King  himself,  amidst  his  fiddlers,  bnffoons,  and  dancing  girls,     I^' • 
down  to  the  humblest  followers  of  his  Court.    The  two  years  of 
grace  allowed  to  the  royal  debauchee  passed  by,  and,  in  1849, 
the   Besident,   Colonel  Sleeman,    reported  no    change  for  the 
better,  nor  any  hope  of  such  change,  whether  in  the  King's  own 

conduct,  or  in  the  general  state  of  things  in  Oude The  King's 

favourite  fiddler  was  made  Chief  Justice,  and  a  singer  acted  as 
Yazir  for  a  King  who  never  troubled  himself  about  public  affairs. 
In  short,  there  was  no  such  thing  as  government,  law,  or  justice 
throughout  the  land.  Such  was  the  state  of  things  reported  by 
Sleeman,  in  1851,  and  such,  or  even  worse,  did  his  successor. 
Colonel  James  Outram,  find  in  1855." 

Small  marvel  was  it,  therefore,  that  the  two  men  should  unite 
in  petitioning  the  Governor-General  to  put  an  end  to  this  con- 
dition of  affairs  by  "  enforcing  his  treaty  rights  against  a  dynasty 
which  in  fifty  years  had  broken  all  its  pledges  again  and  again," 
and  besought  him  to  "  assume  the  government  of  a  country  whose 
native  rulers  had  long  proved  their  unfitness."  . 

In  response,  Lord  Dalhousie  laid  before  his  Council  a  minute, 

unfolding  his  plans  for  the  future  government  of  Oude.     "  His 

chief  design  therein  was  to  show  the  utter  disregard  evinced  by 

the  Oade  princes  to  the  treaty  of  1801,  which  bound  them  to 

'  govern  well  and  justly,  and  always  to  advise  withy  a/nd  act  in  co7i' 

formity  to,  the  counsels  of  the  officers  of  the  Honourable  East  India 

Company.' "    On  referring  the  question  to  the  Court  of  Directors, 

a  reply  was  sent  out  in  November,  1855,  which  reached  India  in 

January,  and  was  construed  by  Dalhousie  into  a  direct  order  to 

annex  ;   in  accordance  with  which  instructions,  Outram,  on  the 

4th  February,  appeared  before  Wajid  Ali,  the  bearer  of  a  letter 

from  tlie  Governor-General,  and  with  the  draft  of  a  treaty  for 

signature. 

The  new  treaty  declared  that  "  the  sole  and  exclusive  adminis- 


392  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  tration  of  the  civil  and  military  govermnent  of  the  territories  of 
Xin.  Oude  shall  henceforth  be  vested  for  ever  in  the  Honourable  East 
1857*  India  Company,  together  with  full  and  exclusive  rights  to  the 
revenues  thereof.  For  Wajid  Ali  himself,  and  his  heirs,  was 
reserved  the  title  of  King,  with  full  sovereign  rights  over  the 
palace  at  Lucknow,  and  park  at  Dilkusha,  a  yearly  pension  of 
twelve  lakhs  (£120,000),  with  three  more  lakhs  for  his  body- 
guard,^ and  due  provision  for  all  the  members  of  his  family." 

But  these,  or  any  terms,  Wajid  Ali  refused  to  sign;  be 
submitted  to  his  fate,  but  preferred  to  retain  a  right  of  protest. 

Delaying  the  execution  of  his  orders  till  the  7th  of  February, 
on  which  day  a  short  note  from  the  King  confirmed  his  previous 
resolution  of  refusal  to  ratify  any  treaty,  Outram  issued  a 
proclamation  of  Lord  Dalhousie's,  declaring  the  annexation  of 
Oude  an  accomplished  fact.  As  Chief  Commissioner,  he  took 
over  formal  charge,  despatched  civil  commissioners  to  their 
stations,  and  marched  in  British  troops ;  no  resistance  was  offered 
from  any  quarter.  *'  Over  the  whole  face  of  things  there  stole  a 
change  as  complete  as  any  produced  by  the  shifting  slides  of 

a  magic-lantern Neither  in  India  nor  in  England  were 

many  voices  raised,  at  the  time,  against  a  measure  which 
the  great  Proconsul  had  carried  through,  less  in  accordance  with 
his  own  ideas,  than  with  the  virtual  commands  of  Leadenhall 
Street  and  Cannon  Bow.t  By  refusing  to  sign  the  new  treaty, 
Wajid  Ali  had  pronounced  the  doom  of  a  dynasty  which  had 
reigned  only  by  British  sufferance  ever  since  Sir  John  Shore  had 


*  This  body-guard,  composed  of  Seedees  (pure  black  Africans,  or  Soadanesit  \ 
was  the  Kmg*s  pet  hobby.  Their  uniform  was  most  gorgeous,  and  immeii» 
sums  were  lavished  on  their  equipment.  Wajid  Ali  was  continually  doming 
new  uniforms  for  them  ;  and,  at  every  grand  review,  they  would  appear,  attir*i 
from  head  to  foot,  in  an  entirely  fresh  colour ;  so  that  one  day  they  might  be  seen  al 
in  blue,  even  to  their  boots,  and  on  another  occasion  transformed  into  green 
hoppers,  or  yellow  butterflies  ! 

t  Trotter,   vol  i  p.  821. 


THE  MUTINY.  393 

displaced  the  son  of  Asaf-ud-danla    by    a   ruler  of   his    own  Chapter 

choice Few  people  questioned  the  right  of  the  Paramount    XIII, 

Power  to  enforce  against  a  refractory  vassal  the  treaties  which    loo7. 
he  and  his  forefathers  had  steadily  broken  for  so  many  years 
past." 


Even  the  outside  amount  offered  to  the  Maharajali 
Duleep  Singh,  of  Jive  lakhs  of  rupees  yearly,  "  for  the 
support  of  himself,  his  relatives,  and  servants  of  the 
State  "  (with  which,  however,  he  was  quite  satisfied), 
looks  rather  meagre  beside  this^^een  lakhs  (£150,000) 
per  annum,  destined  for  the  King  of  Oude  and  his 
amusements  alone! — other  due  provision  being  made 
for  the  members  of  his  family. 

Before  proceeding  to  Italy,  in  1856,  the  Maharajah 
wrote  the  following  letter : — 


To  the  CHAniMAN  and  Deputy  Chairaean  of  the  Hon.  Coubt 
OF  DiBECTOBS  of  the  East  India  Company. 

CiiABmoE's  Hotel,  Dec.  9th,  1856. 

GeKTIiSMEN, 

Having  now  attained  an  age  at  which,  according  to  the  laws 
of  India,  I  am  entitled  to  asBume  the  management  of  my  own 
affairs,  and  being  anxious,  before  my  intended  departure  for 
India,  in  October  next,  to  have  everything  relating  to  my  future 
position  clearly  defined  and  settled,  I  have  to  request  the  favour 
of  yoUy  at  your  earliest  convenience,  to  bring  the  subject  to  the 
notice  of  the  Hon.  Court  of  Directors,  in  order  that  sufficient 


394  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINQH. 

Chapter  time  may  be  afforded  for  such  reference  to  the  Govemor-Greneral 
Xin.     in  Council  as  may  be  required. 

Io07.  jjj  taking  the  subject  of  my  future  settlement  into  considera- 
tion, I  hope  that  the  circumstances  in  which  I  have  been  placed 
under  the  protection  of  the  British  Government,  may  receivQ  due 
attention. 

Having  at  the  early  age  of  ten  years  been  required  to  resign 
the  throne  of  the  Punjab,  and,  with  the  advice  and  approval  of 
my  then  ministers  and  guardians,  to  accept  the  terms  offered  to 
me  by  the  Government  of  India,  I  readily  consented,  believing  the 
conditions  to  be  as  fair  and  liberal  as  under  the  circumstances 
could  be  obtained. 

Although  I  still  consider  them  to  be  such  as  my  ministers  and 
guardians  were  justified  in  recommending  me  to  accept,  and  very 
gratefully  acknowledging  that  the  kind  and  liberal  consideration 
which  I  have  experienced  from  the  Government  has  left  me 
no  cause  to  regret  that  I  placed  myself,  with  so  much  confidence, 
under  their  care,  there  are,  nevertheless,  certain  restrictions  as 
to  residence  imposed  upon  me  by  Treaty  which,  however  prndeni 
at  the  time,  are  now,  in  my  altered  circumstances,  felt  to  be 
irksome,  and  certain  conditions  as  to  the  amount  of  income  to  be 
assigned  to  me,  which,  if  carried  out  in  accordance  with  the 
literal  interpretation  of  the  Treaty,  may  place  me  and  my  family 
in  a  less  favourable  position  than  the  ministers  and  their 
families  by  whom  the  Treaty,  on  my  behalf,  was  made.  I  trust. 
therefore,  that  in  considering  the  subject  of  my  future  settlement, 
the  whole  circumstances  of  my  position  may  be  carefully 
reviewed,  and  that  such  provision  may  be  assigned  to  me  as  may 
appear  liberal,  considering  my  former  rank,  my  present  recog- 
nized position,  and  the  expenses  necessary  for  its  proper  and 
dignified  maintenance. 

I  have,  &c., 

(Signed)  Duleep  Bingb 


THE  MUTINY.  395 

To  the  above  letter,  the  following  reply  was  received  Chapter 

A  i  U.« 

1857. 


"XTTT 

by  His  Highness  at  Rome,  in  March,  1857  : 


East  India  House,  Feb.  19th,  1857. 

....  I  am  commanded  to  state,  in  reply,  that  the  Court 
have  observed  with  great  satisfaction  the  excellent  disposition 
manifested  by  your  Highness  during  your  stay  in  England,  and 
are  prepared  to  relieve  you  from  the  restriction  as  to  residence. 

The  Court  will  make  a  reference  to  the  Government  of  India, 
to  ascertain  the  present  and  prospective  appropriation  of  the  sum 
set  apart  by  Treaty  for  your  support  and  that  of  your  family 
and  dependants,  and  on  the  receipt  of  the  answer  from  that 
Government,  they  will  again  address  you  on  the  subject  of  your 
pecuniary  circumstances. 

I  have  &c., 

(Signed)  James  C.  Melvill. 


On  the  Maharajah's  return  to  England  in  May,  1857, 
finding  that  no  reply  had  been  received  to  the  reference 
to  India,  he  was  much  disappointed,  and  was  again 
about  to  address  the  Chairman  of  the  Honourable  East 
India  Company,  regarding  the  delay  which  had  taken 
place,  when,  late  in  June,  1857,  the  intelligence  reached 
this  country  of  the  mutiny  of  the  native  troops  at 
Meerut,  and  the  occupation  of  Delhi  by  the  mutineers. 

Under  these  circumstances,  he  at  once  felt  him- 
self precluded,  for  a  time,  from  requesting  the  attention 
of  the  Honourable  Court  to  the  subject,  and  refrained 


396  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  even  from  asking  to  be  released  from  guardianship, 

YTTT 

~Z^'  and  entrusted  with  the  management  of  his  own  afl^ rs, 
until  intelligence  was  received  of  the  recapture 
of  Delhi,  the  relief  of  Lucknow,  and  the  success 
of  operations,  in  which  his  countrjrmen  and  former 
subjects  had  most  loyally  assisted,  which  released  the 
British  Government  from  all  present  anxiety  as  to  the 
re-establishment  of  their  rule. 

In  the  year  1857,  the  Queen-Mother  of  Oude 
arrived  in  England,  to  plead  her  son's  cause  in  person 
at  the  feet  of  his  Suzerain. 

Remembering  the  old  friendship  of  former  years,  she 
was  most  anxious  to  obtain  the  assistance  of  Sir  John 
and   Lady   Login — who   were  at  that  time  down  in 
Scotland — in  laying  her  petition  before  Queen  Victoria. 
As   the   rigorous    seclusion    in    which,   according    to 
Mahomedan  custom,   the  old   Queen  lived,   made  it 
seem  necessary  to   obtain  the  services  of  some  ladj 
who    could    act   as   interpreter    in    the    forthcoming 
audience  with  her  Majesty,  she   earnestly  requested 
that  Lady  Login,   the    only    English    lady    of    her 
acquaintance,  might  perform  this  office,  and  the  ide^ 
was   very  warmly  taken  up   by  Mr.  Vernon  Smith 
(Lord   Lyveden),   then   President   of   the    Board    t»: 
Control.     The  suggestion  rather  alarmed  Lady  Logir., 
who  dreaded  the  responsibility  of  acting  as  go-bet^weev 
in  important  matters  of  State ;  but  she  was  not,   aft^' 
all,  called  on  to  perform  this  office,  as  Sir  George  derL 


THE  MUTINY.  397 

one  of  the   Directors,  himself  undertook  the  duty.  Chapter 

xni. 

1857. 


VTIT 

The  interview,  one  would  think,  could  hardly  have 


fulfilled  the  expectations  of  the  poor  Queen  of  Oude ; 
for,  though  the  principal  personages  could  see  each 
other,  they  were  unahle  to  converse;  while  the 
presence  of  an  interpreter  behind  a  screen^  could 
scarcely  have  heen  a.  convenient  arrangement. 

The  Queen  of  Oude  remained  in  England,  doing  her 
utmost  in  her  son's  cause,  until  seized  with  fatal  illness. 
In  January,  1858,  Sir  John  Login  was  summoned 
to  consult  on  her  case,  by  the  following  note  from  her 
son,  the  late  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Oude  army, 
who  had  accompanied  his  mother  to  England  : — 


14,  Wabwick  Egad,  MAmA  Vale,  W., 
JaTh  18th,  1868. 

H.B.H.  General  Sikunder  Hushmut  Bahadoor  presents 
his  best  compliments  to  Sir  John  Login,  and  has  the  deepest 
regret  in  informing  him  that  his  royal  mother,  the  Qneen- 
Dowager,  is  dangerously  ill.  Under  this  distressing  circum- 
stance, H.E.H.,  considering  how  well-acquainted  Sir  John  Login 
is  with  Indian  manners,  customs,  and  physical  constitutions, 
would  feel  particularly  ohliged  by  Sir  John's  informing  him  when 
and  where  he  could  send  his  native  physicians,  for  the  purpose  of 
consulting  with  Sir  John,  and  having  the  advantage  of  his 
invaluable  advice  and  suggestions. 


Not  long  after  this  the  Queen  of  Oude   died   at 
Paxifl,  on  her  way  back  to  India. 


398  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Duleep  Singh  continued  to  receive  frequent  invita- 
^5'  tions  to  Windsor  and  Osborne,  and  on  two  or  three 
occasions  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  Prince  Alfred  came 
down'  to  Ashburton  Court,  accompanied  either  by  Mr. 
Gibbs  or  Dr.  Becker,  to  spend  the  afternoon  with  him  ; 
when  the  chief  amusements  consisted  in  cricket  and 
photography. 

On  the  Prince  of  Wales's  first  visit,  Login's  eldest 
boy  was  unwell,  and  obliged  to  keep  his  room. 
Hearing  this,  the  young  Prince — even  thus  early 
giving  tokens  of  that  kindliness  of  disposition  which 
has  rendered  him  so  deservedly  popular — insisted 
on  leaving  his  game  to  go  and  cheer  the  invalid,  by 
talking  to  him  from  below  his  window — an  act  of 
gracious  thoughtfulness  with  which  the  boy*  was 
infinitely  delighted. 

Readers  of  the  Queen's  "JoumaV^  will  remember  the 
accident  to  the  Princess  Royal,  which  occurred  aboxit 
this  time,  caused  by  the  sleeve  of  her  muslin  drees 
catching  fire  from  the  candle  which  she  was  usinv^ 
when  sealing  a  letter ;  and  many  were  the  rumours 
spread  abroad  of  serious  injury  to  her  Royal  Highne^ss. 

The  foUowing  note  from  the  Prince  of  Wales  w;i<; 
written  in  answer  to  the  Maharajah's  inquiries  on 
hearing  of  the  accident : — • 


*  Then  an  Eton  schoolboy. 


THE  MUTINY.  399 


Buckingham  Palace,  Jvly  l^th,  1866.       Chapter 

Mt  deab  Mahabajah,  ^g^Y 

I  am  very  sorry  to  have  neglected  writing  to  you  till  to-day, 
but  I  have  been  so  busy  that  I  have  not  had  a  moment's  time. 

Princess  Boyal's  arm  is  a  great  deal  better  now,  and  she  thanks 
you  very  much  for  having  inquired  after  it.  She  really  has  borne 
it  very  well     A  minute  more  and  it  must  have  proved  fatal. 

I  saw  Sir  John  Login  the  other  day,  who  gave  me  very  good 
accounts  of  you.  Will  you  remember  me  to  him  ?  We  are  going 
to  spend  two  nights  at  the  camp  of  Aldershot,  and  are  then  going 
on  to  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

I  remain, 

Yours  affectionately, 

Albebt  Edwabd. 


When  the  Emperor  Napoleon  III.  brought  his  lovely 
young  Empress  to  England  in  1857,  the  Maharajah 
was  amongst  those  presented  to  their  Majesties  by 
Queen  Victoria,  and  like  all  who  came  in  contact  with 
Fier,  fell  under  the  sway  of  the  Empress  Eugenie's 
beauty  and  charm  of  manner. 

Lord  Canning  had  several  interviews  with  Duleep 
^ing-h  and  Sir  John  Login  before  he  left  for  India  to 
.ake  up  the  Viceroyalty,  and  took  great  interest  in 
he  young  Indian  Prince,  though,  of  course,  he  was 
Lofc  so  fully  acquainted  with  his  character  as  the 
larquis  of  Dalhousie.  After  Lord  Canning's  arrival 
1  India,  some  suspicions  arose  that  Duleep  Singh  was 


400  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  8INOH. 

Chapter  in  clandestine  correspondence  with  his  mother,  the 
^J'    Maharanee  Chunda  (Jinda),  in  Nepal,  as  will  appear 

by  the  following  letter  from  Sir  John  Kaje,  then  a 

high  official  at  the  India  House. 


India  House,  Nov.  25th,  1856. 
My  deab  Loam, 

I  think  it  very  probable  that  you  have  not  heard  that  the 
Government  of  India  have  sent  ub  home  copy  of  a  letter  addressed 
by  the  Maharajah  to  his  mother,  suggesting  that  she  should  come 
to  England.  The  letter,  written  in  English,  was  dated  from 
Orindlay's  Agency,  to  which  it  was  suggested  that  reply  should  be 
sent.  It  fell  into  Jung  Bahadoor's  hands.  Jung  Bahadoor 
gave  it  to  our  Besident  at  Ehatmandoo,  who  sent  it  to  the 
Government  of  India,  whence  it  has  come  home,  with  a  minute 
of  the  Governor-General. 

I  need  scarcely  ask  you  whether  you  know  anything  about  the 
iQatter — ^for  the  very  fact  of  the  Maharajah's  writing  through 
Grindlay's  Agency  shows  that  he  wished  to  keep  the  matter  free 
you.  I  write  this  confidentially  (with  the  knowledge  of  tit 
Chairman),  so  do  not  at  present  say  anything  to  Duleep  abcc 
the  matter.  When  I  have  heard  from  you,  I  will  let  yon  knc^ 
what  it  is  thought  should  be  done. 

The  letter  was  a  somewhat  harmless    one,   but   the  Nepc. 
Government  think  that  all  letters  to  Ghund  Eowr  should  z 
through  their  hands. 

I  write  in  haste,  but  you  shall  hear  from  me  again. 

Ever  yours,  very  sincerely, 

J.  Wm.  Katx 

Sib  J.  S.  Login. 

Sir  John  Login,  however,  was  able  to  convince  t:. 


THE  MUTINY.  401 

Government  that  the  letter  in  question  was  an   im-  Chapt^ 
pudent  forgery,  and  an  attempt  to  extort  money  from    ~f' 
the  Ranee,  on  the  part  of  some  person  in  England. 

Up  to  a  period  a  little   anterior  to  this,  Duleep 

Singh    had    manifested    not    the   faintest    desire   to 

communicate  with  his  mother,  or  even  to  hear  of  her 

in  any  way,  but  a   few  months  before  the   incident 

above   alluded   to,   he   showed    signs   of   stiri'ings   of 

conscience  with  regard  to  her,  and  an  anxiety  to  put 

in  practice  the  duty  inculcated  on  him  as  a  Christian, 

to  "honour  his  mother,"  according  to  the  Scriptural 

precept,  and  to  manifest  some  care  for  her  well-being 

in  this  world  and  the  next. 

As  the  Pundit  Nehemiah  Goreh  was  then  about  to 
return  to  India,  to  resume  his  missionary  labours,  the 
Maharajah  entrusted  him  with  a  personal  mission  to 
the  Maharanee  at  Khatmandoo,  which  forms  the 
subject  of  the  ensuing  letters. 

The  Pundit  not  being  aware  of  the  affair  of  the 
forged  letters,  and  being  unable  himself  to  proceed  to 
Nepal  before  the  unhealthy  season,  wrote  to  the 
Maharanee,  through  one,  Manee  Eam,  a  Udassee. 


Florence,  Jan.  ZOth,  1857. 
My  i>eak  Pundit, 

I  am  very  sorry  to  find,  from  your  letter  to  the  Maharajah, 
hat  you  have  been  unable  to  go  up  to  Nepal  to  communicate 
ersonally  with  the  Eanee ;  and  that  you  have,  in  consequence, 
3nt  messages  to  her  through  some  of  her  people. 

DD 


402  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       I  liad  thought  it  the  best  way,  to  avoid  any  correspondence 
Xin.     through  doubtful  channels,  to  ask  you  to  speak  to  her  personally, 
1857.     to  jjeii  her  all  you  knew  of  the  Maharajah,  and  to  give  us  an 
account  of  her,  and  the  people  about  her.    I  wished,  also,  to 
know  if  she  was  living  in  a  respectable  way,  and  to  ascertain  the 
best  way  in  which  the  Maharajah  could  be  of  service  to  ber.    You 
may  not  have  gathered  my  meaning  clearly,  and  have  naturally 
thought  it  sufficient  to  let  her  know,  through  the  Ud<i$see,  of  her 
son's  goodwill  towards  her.      The   Maharajah  does  not  know 
anything  of  this  Udassee,  or  of  the  other  people  you  mention,  and 
does  not  wish  to  communicate  through  them.     As  he  is  unable  to 
correspond  with  her  in  Goormookhee,  it  is  useless  to  send  on  her 
letters.     My  last  letter  from  London  will  have  informed  you  of 
the  letter  which  has  been  sent  by  some  scoundrel,  in  the  Maha- 
rajah's name,  to  induce  the  Eanee  to  apply  for  permission  to 
visit  England ;  and  other  letters,  I  have  since  ascertained,  have 
been  written,  in  the  name  of  the  Banee  (with  or  without  her 
sanction),  to  Mr.  John  Bright,  and  perhaps  to  others  in  Parliv 
ment,  to  induce  them  to  take  up  her  case.     I  am,  therefore, 
afraid  that  she  will  find  difficulty  in  distinguishing  between  tlu 
Maharajah's  genuine  communications  and  the  forgeries,  unless 
you  can  speak  to  her  personally,  and  explain.     I  have  no  doubt 
whatever  that  her  desire  to  communicate  with  the  Maharajah . 
through  you,  has  been  awakened  of  late,  by  the  other  letters 
her  in  the  Maharajah's  name,  as,  for  several  years,  she  has 
no  attempt  to  correspond  with  him,  or  even  enquire  about  hii^ 
I  am  very  anxious  that  you  should  impress  upon  her  mind  th'^' 
the    Maharajah  is  entirely  opposed    to  her  proposal   to    vi>  ' 
England,  and  that  the  safest  course  she  can  adopt  is  to  lexna. 
quietly  at  Nepal  for  the  present,  living  respectably,  so  as  to  afior. 
her  son  good  grounds  for  asking  the  Governor-General  in  Coanj. 
to  permit  her  to  return  to  Hindostan,  where  she  could  be  ^vri*. 
relatives  and  friends. 

But  if  she  makes  the  least  attempt  to  give  trouble  to    t:: 


1* 


THE  MUTINT.  403 

Govemment,  it  will  be  quite  impossible  for  the  Maharajah  to  assiBt  Chaptpr 
her  in  any  way,  however  his  natural  feelings,  as  well  as  his    Xm. 
Chnstian  duty,  may  incline  him  to  do  so.    I  shall  not  be  at  all    '•^^^ 
surprised  if,  on  his  return  to  India,  he  should  himself  ask  the 
permission  of  Government  to  go  up  to  Nepal  to  see  her,  and 
ascertain  for  himself  in  what  way  he  can  be  most  useful  to  her ; 
and,  from  what  I  know  of  the  sentiments  of  the  authorities,  I  do 
not  apprehend  that  they  would  make  any  objections  to  this. 

Always,  dear  Nehemiah, 

Yours  very  sincerely, 

J.  S.  Login. 


From  Pundit  Nehemiah  Gobeh  to  Sm  John. 

Benabes,  Feb.  2&th,  1857. 
Deab  Snt  John, 

I  thank  you  much  for  your  letter.  The  money  also  came 
safe  which  you  sent  for  my  expenses  to  Nepal,  but  my  going  there 
has  been  put  a  stop  to  by  Lord  Canning,  who  writes  Mr.  Tucker, 
in  answer  to  his  request  for  permission  to  let  me  go,  thus :  ''  I  beg 
you  to  tell  the  Pundit  Nehemiah  that  he  can  write  all  he  wishes 
to  the  Banee,  with  the  certainty  that  it  will  reach  her  safely, 
through  the  Besident,  but  that  he  caimot  proceed  to  Nepal  at 
present." 

I  am,  therefore,  writing  her  a  letter.  She  has  been  anxiously 
looking  for  me,  I  believe.  I  shall  tell  her  about  the  forged  letters, 
and  tell  her  to  be  very  careful  in  trusting  any  person  in  such 
matters.  I  had  heard  that  she  was  cheated  of  some  thousands 
of  rupees  by  some  man  in  this  very  matter. 

It  seems  she  has  a  set  of  dishonest  people  about  her,  from  whom 
she  should  be  separated. 

I  remain,  dear  Sir  John, 

Your  a&ctionate, 

NE^EMIAH  Gobeh. 

DD    2 


404  SIB  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  The  Maharajah's  craze  for  photography  continued 
~I"  unabated ;  and  in  this  way,  all  visitors  to  Castle 
Menzies  were  induced  to  leave  their  "  shadows " 
behind  them ;  for  the  art  of  photography,  being  still 
a  novelty,  many  felt  a  gratification  in  having  their 
lineaments  perpetuated  by  a  Prince.  He  was  more 
often  successful  with  his  gentleman  sitters,  and  many 
were  the  likenesses  he  took  of  Harry  Panmure  Gordon, 
his  neighbour  at  Killiechassie,  whose  fine  figure  in  the 

Highland  dress  made  a  capital  subject.     Colonel , 

a  gentleman  with  a  number  of  good -looking  daughters, 
was  very  anxious  to  have  them  photographed  by  tlie 
Prince.  The  dismay  of  the  proud  father  may  l>e 
conceived,  when,  owing  to  some  error  of  focus,  the 
young  ladies  came  but  all  with  hands  as  big  as  their 
heads,  and  looking  remarkably  as  if  they  had  donne<l 
boxing-gloves  for  the  occasion  I  He  was  not  satisfies  I. 
until  further  attempts  produced  something  rather 
more  complimentary. 

The  news  of  the  Mutiny  came  like  a  thunderbolt   v.. 
the  summer  of  1857. 

Great  as  was  the  turmoil  aroused  throughout  tl:- 
whole  nation — of  horror  at  the  atrocities  commit  te%i 
and  desperation  at  the  consciousness  of  our  impotence, 
at   that  distance  —  this    was   as    nothing   comj)art*' 
to  the  emotions  excited  in  the  breasts   of  those    • 
whom  both  the  scenes  and  the  victims  of  this  srrt-. 
tragedy  were  perfectly  familiar,  who  had  themsel^  - 


THE  MUTINY.  405 

but  lately  returned  from  those  regions,  and  who,  but  Chapter 
for  a  merciful  Providence,  might  themselves  have  been    -g^-' 
numbered  among  the  slain  1 

It  was  not  long  before    the   intelligence   reached 
Castle   Menzies,   that   the   Maharajah's   residence  at 
Futtehghur  had    been    sacked    and    burnt     by    the 
mutineers,  and  his  faithful  servants   murdered  !     As 
the  Maharajah's  visit  to  England  was  only  expected  to 
be  for  two  years,  he  had  left  valuable  property  behind 
him,  under  guard,  in  his  Toshkhana,  in  charge  of  his 
English  steward.  Sergeant  A.  Elliott  (Bengal  Sappers). 
This  man  had  been  selected   for  work  in  the  Lahore 
Toshkhana,  by  Login,  who,  discovering  his  value,  after- 
^vards  applied  for  him  for  the  Maharajah's  establish- 
ment.    His  letters  at  the  outbreak   of  the  Mutiny, 
gave  such  graphic  descriptions  of  all  that   occurred, 
that  Login,  having  forwarded  one  of  them  to  Colonel 
Phipps*  for  perusal,  was  requested  to  continue  to  do  so 
as    they   arrived.     This   he   did,   until   their    sudden 
cessation  raised  fears  for  the  writer's  own  fate,  which, 
alas !      were     to     be    only    too    speedily    confirmed. 
Sergeant    Elliott,    his    wife    and    children,  and   Mr. 
W^alter  Guise  (the  Maharajah's  former  tutor,  whose 
house  was  hard  by),  were  all  miu*dered,  along  with 
other     European    residents    at    Futtehghur,   shortly 
before  the  massacre  of  Cawnpore. 


•  Colonel  the  Hon.  Charles  Phipps  —  afterwards  Sir    C.    Phipps  —  private 
secretary  to  the  Prince  Consort 


406  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  It  may  well  be  imagined  with  what  breathless 
TTTI'  interest  Login  watched  the  struggle  of  that  devoted 
band  who  defended  the  Residency  at  Lucknow, 
familiar  as  he  was  with  every  foot  of  ground  rendered 
memorable  by  that  conflict,  and  intimately  acquainted 
with  both  European  and  native  inhabitants  of  the 
city ;  while  the  chief  and  central  figure,  on  whom  the 
hopes  and  safety  of  that  little  garrison,  humanly 
speaking,  chiefly  depended,  was  his  own  best  and 
dearest  £riend  !  We  need  not  speak  here  of  the  grief 
with  which  he  received  the  sad  intelligence  that  that 
brave  and  gentle  spirit  had  been  struck  down  at  the 
post  of  duty,  and  carried  in  to  die  in  the  very  house 
where,  years  before,  the  two  friends  had  conjointly 
elaborated  so  many  schemes  for  the  welfare  of  the 
native  races  of  India. 


Letter  from  Colonel  PHn»PB. 

Balmobal,  Sept.  27th,  1857. 
Mt  deab  Sm  John, 

I  was  very  sorry  to  find,  from  a  letter  which  I  saw  to-day. 
that  Lord  Clarendon  had  formed  the  opinion  that  the  Maharajah 
was  of  an  unfeeling  and  cruel  disposition ;  upon  what  grounds  his 
opinion  has  been  formed  I  am  at  a  loss  to  know»  but  my 
observation,  certainly  limited,  would  have  led  me  to  form,  as  far 
as  cruelty  is  concerned,  an  exactly  opposite  judgment.  I  do  nc( 
think  that  any  Eastern  ever  shows  much  feeling,  and  perhaps 
they  do  not  possess  much,  but  I  cannot  believe  that  the  Maharajah 
has  any  cruelty  in  his  disposition.    I  can  believe  it  perfectly 


THE  MUTINY.  407 

possible  that,  being  still  an  Indian  at  heart,  he  may  not  like  the  Chapter 
terms  of  execration,  too  well  justified,  in  which  he  hears  Indians     XIII. 
spoken  of,  and  that  he  cannot  join  in  the  hopes  of  bloody  retribu-     1867. 
tion  so  generally  entertained ;  but  surely  we  must  make  allowance 
for  this  not  unnatural  feeling  on  his  part. 

Lord  Clarendon,  in  a  former  letter,  said,  that  in  conversation 

with  you  at  Taymouth  Castle,  he  elicited  from  you  that  the 

Maharajah  did  not  evince  particular  interest  in  the  subject  of  the 

scenes  that  had  occurred  in  Bengal  during  the  outbreak,  and  was 

more  taken  up  at  present  with  his  sport.     May  I  venture  to 

suggest  a  little  caution  in  the  expression  of  any  opinion  as  to  the 

feelings  of  the  Maharajah  on  this  subject,  because  a  very  slight 

expression  from  you  may  give  rise  to  a  very  comprehensive,  and 

probably  exaggerated,  opinion.     Pray,  my  dear  Sir  John,  forgive 

this  hint,  which  is  suggested  by  the  most  friendly  motives. 

Sincerely  yours, 

C.  B.  Phipps. 


Castle  Menzies,  Sept,  30th,  1857. 

My  dbab  Colonel  Phipps, 

It  is  indeed  kind  of  you  to  put  me  on  my  guard  as  to  the 

impression   I  may  give  of  the  Maharajah's  character,  in  my 

conversation  regarding  him  at  this    time.      As  you  may  have 

perceived  from  my  note,  conveying  the  Maharajah's  reply  to  Her 

Majesty's  most  gracious  and  considerate  message,   I    have  been 

a  little  disappointed  that  he  has  shown  so  much  indifference  on 

the  subject  of  the  treacheries  and  cruelties  perpetrated  in  India 

by  the  mutineers,  and  that  he  has  scarcely  admitted  the  propriety 

of  abstaining  from  a  few  of  the  usual  gaieties  at  this  season,  in 

consequence  of  the  sad  intelligence  we  have  received  of  the  fate 

of  his  own  faithful  servants,  and  of  his  tutor,  Mr.  Guise,  and  poor 


408  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN   AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Tom  Scott's  mother,  sister,  and  brother,  who  had  been  his 
Xin.  gaests  at  Roehampton  only  a  few  months  before.  I  have 
loOY.  endeavoured  to  find  excuses  for  this  want  of  sympathy,  in  the 
natural  tendency  of  young  men,  at  his  age  and  in  his  position, 
to  allow  nothing  %o  interfere  with  their  sports  and  amusements* 
When  Lord  Clarendon  asked  me  what  the  Maharajah's  thoughts 
and  views  were,  on  the  Mutiny,  I  could  only  say  truthfully  that 
he  did  not  show  any  great  interest  in  it,  his  thoughts  being  at 
present  wholly  occupied  with  shooting  and  field-sports.  I  am 
sure  nothing  I  said  led  him  to  form  the  opinion  you  mention,  of 
the  Maharajah's  disposition  I  think  it  probable  it  has  arisen 
from  the  Maharajah's  own  conversation  with  Lord  Clarendon, 
and  the  remarks  he  overheard  him  make  to  the  ladies  who  were 
guests  at  Taymouth  Castle  at  the  same  time,  and  who  have  been 
more  than  usually  observant  of  any  traits  in  his  character  which 
they  consider  to  be  peculiarly  Oriental. 

He  is,  I  am  very  thankful  to  say,  extremely  truthful  and  candid, 
and  I  am  certain  that  there  is  nothing  in  the  character  of 
English  Christians  which  he  admires  so  much,  and  wishes  so 
much  to  copy,  as  straightforward  honesty,  and  openness.  He 
certainly  sometimes,  when  he  see  that  any  of  the  sentiments  he 
expresses  cause  surprise  or  wonder,  exaggerates  them  a  little  for 
amusement;  but  always  with  a  tendency  more  to  depreciate 
than  exalt  himself  in  the  estimation  of  those  he  converses  with : 
and  although  I  have  repeatedly  pointed  out  this  effect  to  him, 
he  has  found  people  hitherto  so  ready  to  think  well  of  him,  and 
has  such  a  horror  of  hypocrisy,  that  he  considers  it  better  to  err 
on  the  safe  side.  Of  all  his  amusements,  hawking  is  his  favourite 
whenever  he  can  enjoy  it,  and  as  the  falcons  have  to  be  trained 
by  means,  which  to  us  appear  cruel,  he  has  often,  in  course 
of  conversation,  to  explain  the  process ;  and  observing  the  effect 
the  description  has  upon  most  people,  he  no  doubt  amuses 
himself  a  little  dilating  on  the  subject.  Knowing  the  feeling 
with  which  falcon  training  would  be  viewed  among  us,  I  induced 


THE  MUTINY.  409 

him  to  lay  it  aside  for  some  time  in  India,  and   hoped  the  Chapter 
passionate  love  for  the  sport  might  moderate ;  but  having  now    XIIL 
attained  an  age,  at  which  restraint  on  his  field-sports  is  not     ^^'* 
expedient,  he  has  resumed  it  with  all  his  former  ardour. 

This  style  of  talk,  combined  with  a  certain  expression  about 
his  mouth,  which  I  heard  a  lady  at  Taymouth  point  out  as  very 
indicative  of  Oriental  character,  has  doubtless  led  them  to 
attach  an  idea  of  cruelty  to  his  disposition;  but  were  I  to 
attempt  to  say  anything  on  the  subject  to  him,  I  am  afraid  that 
his  anxiety  to  avoid  anything  approaching  to  dissimulation 
would  only  increase  the  difficulty. 

Even  his  indifference  to  what  is  occurring  in  India,  his  apparent 
want  of  sympathy  with  the  sufferings  of  our  countrymen  and 
women,  arise  in  a  great  measure  from  a  wish  not  to  deceive,  or  to 
be  better  thought  of  than  he  is  in  reality.  Of  all  the  Christian 
\artues,  truthfulness  is  the  one  to  which  he  attaches  most  import- 
ance, though  I  am  happy  to  think  there  are  others  besides  which 
exert  no  little  influence  over  his  natural  disposition. 

The  Maharajah  has  certainly  no  sympathy  with  the  mutinous 
Sepoys,  nor  any  other  wish  than  that  we  should  effectually  put 
them  down.     He  does  not  look  on  them  as  his  countrymen,  nor 
refrain  from  expressing  abhorrence  of  their  conduct  whenever  it  is 
mentioned ;  but  although  he  even  goes  so  far  as  to  suggest  and 
invent   modes  of  punishment  for  them,  perhaps  as  effectual  as 
ridiculous,  his  feelings  in  our  favour  are  not  so  strong  as  to  over- 
come   liis  natural  indolence,  or  to  tempt  him  to  read  or  make 
many  inquiries  on  the  subject  of  the  revolt.     With  the  conduct  of 
the    Sikhs  and  Punjabis  in  assisting  us,  he  is  very  much  gratified, 
while,    at  the  same  time,  he  is  not  without  misgivings  as  to  their 
continuing  faithful  throughout,  and  expresses  doubts  of  the  pro- 
3riety  of  bringing  them  to  Delhi,  where  they  will  see  a  handful  of 
iilnglisli,   opposed  to  a  multitude  who  speak  nearly  the  same 
anguag^j  aiid  differ  little  in  religion  from  themselves. 
In  Bpite  of  all  Duleep  Singh's  faults  and  deficencies,  I  have  still 


410  SIR*  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  much    to  be  thankful  for  in  his  character,  although  I  have 
^OJl,    reluctantly  been  obliged  to  forego  the  hope,  I  at  one  time  indulged, 
^ool.     ^}^2i^^  i^Q  would  take  an  active  and  foremost  part  in  enlightening  the 
people  of  India. 

Yours  very  truly, 

J.  S.  Login. 


Shortly  after  the  tidings  of  the  Indian  Mutiny 
reached  this  country,  and  while  all  trembled  with 
anxiety  as  to  what  news  next  mail  might  bring,  Lady 
Login  was  one  morning  told  that  two  men  on  horse- 
back had  arrived  at  the  Castle,  from  Kinloch,  and  one 
of  them  craved  a  private  interview  on  matters  of  im- 
portance. Coming,  as  they  did,  from  the  home  of  her 
childhood,  she  sent  for  the  man  at  once,  and,  on  his 
entrance,  recognized  one  of  her  brother,  Greneral  Charles 
Campbell's,  tenants,  Donald  MacCulloch,  an  old 
acquaintance,  who,  shutting  the  door  cautiously,  and 
speaking  in  a  whisper,  said,  "  We  just  thocht  we  Mail 
come  o  er  the  hill,  to  see  if  ye  were  a'  richt,  for  there  s 
no  trustin'  thae  black  men  noo  ! " 

Seeing  she  looked  puzzled,  he  asked  in  a  hoarse 
whisper,  pointing  with  his  thumb  over  his  shoulder. 
"Is  HE  keeping  quate  ?  If  there's  ony  fear  o'  hl^ 
breakin'  oot,  there's  a  wheen  o'  us  ready  to  come  o'er 
the  hill  and  sattle  him  for  ye,  gin  ye  gie  the  word  '  " 
To  his  great  relief  he  was  told  that  the  "  black  Prince ' 
had  only  two  native  servants,  and  that  both  he  and 


THE   MUTINY.  411 

they  were  very  peaceably  disposed — ^would  he  like  to  Chapter 

see  the  Prince  ?    he  had  been  in  that  room  only  a  few    ^}}l' 
.      .  -^  1857. 

minutes  ago. 

The  poor  man  absolutely  jumped  I    "  What !    is  he 

loose  ?     I  never  saw  but  ae  black  man  in  my  life,  and 

that  was  yer  uncle,  Sir  Patrick's,  naygro,  carrying  his 

bag  on  the  moors.     I  was  but  a  laddie  then,  but  I  still 

shake   when   I   mind  o'   the   Admiral  cryin'  on   me, 

'Donald,  here's   auld    Clootie  vn    his   bag  come   for 

yeV" 

The  brave  Donald  was  reassured  when  he  saw  that 
the  Prince  was  not  black,  like  his  negro  acquaintance, 
and  he  went  off  home  quite  happy,  on  foot,  having 
made  a  capital  bargain,  and  got  a  good  price  for  his 
sturdy  little  black  mare,  to  which  the  Maharajah  had 
taken  a  fancy  as  a  shooting-pony. 

The  idea  of  the  Strathbraan  men  being  on  the  watch 
for  symptoms  of  a  "  rising  "  on  his  part,  was  greatly 
enjoyed  by  Duleep  Singh  1 

This  year  of  the  Mutiny  brought  an  inmaense 
amount  of  work  and  correspondence  on  Sir  John  Login. 
Having  so  lately  returned  from  the  scene  of  operations, 
and  being  in  constant  communication  with  many  of 
the  leading  actors  in  the  suppression  of  the  revolt,  he 
was  appealed  to  on  all  sides  for  information  on  the 
matters  then  absorbing  public  attention. 

Here  is  a  letter  received  at  this  time  from  Mr. 
Bright,  who  had  been  staying  at  Castle  Menzies  a  few 
days  previously  : — 


412  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DXJLKEP  SINGH. 


XIII. 
1867. 


BocHDAiiE,  S^L  Ist,  1857. 
Chapter       Dear  Sib  John, 

I  ought  to  have  written  you  sooner,  to  tell  you  what  took 
place  after  I  left  you  so  suddenly  at  Castle  Menzies,  but  you  will 
have  seen  it  in  the  newspapers.  The  Birmingham  people  have 
treated  me  most  handsomely,  and  I  only  hope  I  may  be  able  to 
repay  them.  I  am  l^keeping  quiet  till  February,  but  I  am  not 
very  sanguine  that  I  shall  even  then  be  able  to  venture  into  the 
House  of  Commons,  for  the  "  strength  **  of  my  head  recovers  but 
slowly,  and,  after  such  a  shock  as  I  have  suffered  from,  restoration 
is  always  slow,  without  being  always  sure 

The  India  chaos  is  a  truly  melancholy  "business ;  and  the  death 
of  Lawrence  will  have  come  upon  you  as  a  calamity.    The  more 
I  consider  the  whole  question,  the  more  its  magnitude  and  its 
difficulty  oppresses  me.    The  cruelties  perpetrated  by  the  Sepoys, 
and  the  scarcely  less  horrid  cruelties  inflicted  by  our  countrymen, 
under    the  name  of  punishment  and  vengeance,  will  leave   a 
desperate  wound,  which  time  can  never  heal.    The  restoration  oi 
order,  therefore,  will  be  not  a  small  part  of  the  difficulty — the 
future  government  of  India  is  the  great  problem,  and  I  know 
not  how  this  is  to  be  solved.     The  loss  of  India  would  not  iiii::i 
England,  but  the  effort,  and  the  cost  of  keeping  it,  may  do  so  : 
and  the  crimes  we  have  committed  there  must  be  atoned  for,  in 
some  shape,  by  ourselves  or  our  children. 

Pray  remember  me  most  kindly  to  Lady  Login,  and  say  to  ti.-j 
Maharajah  that  I  was  very  sorry  not  to  see  his  hawks  fly,  and  t>> 
leave  him  so  abruptly,  if  not,  indeed,  so  rudely. 

Believe  me  always, 

Very  sincerely  yours, 

JOHK  Bbiqbt. 

Sib  John  Login, 

Castle  Menzies. 


THE   MUTINY,  413 

In  answering  this  letter,  Login  took  occasion  to  Chapter 
disabuse  Mr,  Bright  of  some  misconceptions  of  the  f~' 
native  character  he  appeared  to  have  formed,  and  of  the 
effect  produced  upon  it  by  the  high-handed  proceedings 
of  some  of  the  first  representatives  of  English  rule 
among  them.  He  was  very  anxious  to  secure,  as  an 
advocate  for  the  future  interests  of  India,  a  man  of 
such  sterling  integrity,  and  extraordinary  power  of 
influencing  the  masses  of  his  countrymen ;  and  of 
whose  character,  as  personifying  honesty  and  upright- 
ness, he  was  a  sincere  admirer. 

Lord  Canning  8  anxiety  to  prevent  bloody  retribution, 
and  to  discourage  the  indiscriminate  thirst  for  vengeance, 
found  an  echo  in  the  minds  of  a  large  body  of  noble- 
minded  statesmen  and  philanthropists  at  home,  who 
dreaded  lest  this  un-English  lust  for  blood  might  grow 
to  such  a  pitch  as  would  baffle  the  restraints  of  dis- 
cipline and  humanity,  and  lead  to  excesses,  such  as  the 
nation  would  have  cause  to  deplore  in  its  cooler 
moments.  The  fearful  descriptions  of  the  mutilations 
and  outrage  to  which  English  ladies  and  children  had 
been  subjected  were  repeated  and  exaggerated  to  such 
an  extent,  that  men's  minds  were  strung  up  to  an 
intensity  of  hatred  to  the  native  races  of  India,  which 
forbade  their  listening  to  reason  ! 

A  committee  of  gentlemen  was  therefore  formed, 
of  which  Login  was  one,  to  institute  an  inquiry  into 

*  Login's  reply  to  John  Blight's  letter  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix. 


414  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AN1>DULEEP  8INQEU 

Cliapter  those  cases  of  mutilation  brought  forward  bj  the 
T^'  newspapers,  to  which  special  features  of  atrocity  were 
attached,  and  Login  offered  himself  to  go  down  to  the 
ports  of  arrival,  and  board  all  steamers  and  sailing 
vessels  with  passengers  from  India.-especially  those 
named  in  these  joiu*nals  as  conveying  victims  of  the 
ferocity  of  the  Sepoys.  Though  at  first  himself  a 
believer  in  the  possible  truth  of  these  assertions,  he 
had  the  satisfaction  of  establishing  the  fact,  after 
interviewing  both  oflficers  and  passengers  on  board 
these  vessels,  that  at  least  among  those  who  had 
returned  to  their  native  country,  no  single  case  of  such 
mutilation  was  to  be  found.  His  own  impression 
of  the  matter  was,  that  in  cases  of  mutilation  it  was 
most  improbable  that  the  victims  would  be  suffered  to 
survive. 

This  evidence  was  of  great  assistance  in  strengthen- 
ing the  hands  of  Lord  Canning,  whose  "  clemency  "  to 
the  rebels  had  raised  a  storm  against  him,  both  in 
India  and  in  this  country. 

It  must  be  remembered  that,  at  this  time,  excepting 
Login,  very  few  (if  any)  officers  of  the  East  India 
Company  had  been  brought  much  in  contact  with  tht 
Court.  Login's  personal  intimacy,  therefore,  with  the 
Hon.  Charles  Phipps,  then  private  secretary  to  Htr 
Majesty  the  Queen,  as  well  as  to  H.R.H.  the  Princ? 
Consort,  made  him  the  medium  of  communicating  tl^* 
views  and  counsels  of  Indian  officers  on  the  crisis. 

Having  forwarded  to  Colonel  Phipps,  soon  after  ti.*. 


THE  MUTINY.  415 

earliest  accounts  of  the  Mutiny  reached  England,  some  Chapte 
private  letters  received  by  the  last  mail  from  India,  ~~^* 
Colonel  Phipps  wrote  to  him  as  follows  : — 


T 


OsBOBNE,  July  2ith,  1857. 
Mt  Deab  Sm  John, 

I  was  exceedingly  obliged  to  you  for  your  letter  and  its 
enclosures. 

In  the  present  awful  crisis  of  the  affairs  of  India,  any  opinion 
or  views,  propounded  by  one  so  well  acquainted  with  the  country 
as  yourself,  must  be  most  valuable,  and  you  could  not  do  me  a 
greater  favour  than  to  continue  your  communications. 

I  think  that  we  had  no  right  to  be  much  surprised  at  what  has 
occurred.  Everybody  who  has  had  boldness  or  sincerity  enough 
to  face  the  question,  has  long  since  known,  and  many  have  de- 
clared, the  utterly  rotten  and  unreliable  state  of  the  Bengal 
native  army,  nor  have  frequent  occasions  been  wanting,  on  which 
the  Sepoys  of  this  Presidency  have  suflBciently  shown  their 
mutinous  and  exacting  spirit.  Upon  such  emergencies  as  the 
present,  however,  the  least  profitable  and  least  satisfactory  process 
is  a  retrospect  of  the  past.  It  will  require  all  the  wisdom  and  all 
the  energy  of  the  Government  (I  hope  they  may  have  enough),  to 
provide  for  the  future.  I  should  think  that  no  Government, 
either  national  or  under  charter,  would  be  so  mad  as  to  entrust 
again  the  safety  of  an  important  part  of  the  Indian  Emjpire  to 
high-caste  native  troops,  and  yet  I  can  conceive  that  much 
difficulty  may  arise  from  the  sole  employment  of  white  soldiers, 
entirely  unacquainted  with  the  language  and  customs  of  the 
people.  From  the  amount  of  the  force  heretofore  maintained,  I 
should  suppose  that  the  Company's  troops  must  be  employed 
upon  many  duties  other  than  the  mere  military  repression  of 
disturbajice. 


416  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  With  regard  to  the  other  question  of  gradual  conversion,  I  have 
XEII.  always  understood,  though  I  profess  to  be  very  ignorant  upon 
1857,    Indian  subjects,  that  it  is  one  of  very  great  dif&culty. 

The  difficult  epoch  appears  to  me  to  be  that  in  which  you 
have  not  made  progress  enough  to  reap  any  of  the  fruits  that 
may  be  hoped  to  result  from  the  knowledge  of  the  doctrines 
of  Christianity,  and  yet  have  done  enough  to  alarm  the  preju- 
dices and  fanaticism  of  those  whose  existence  almost  depends 
upon  the  adherence  to  their  rules  of  caste.  I  have  very  little 
faith  in  any  number  of  adult  converts — a  few  isolated  cases  there 
must  be ;  but  in  general,  a  sincere  believer  in  any  religion  will 
not  be  a  sincere  proselyte,  and  it  is  the  weak  and  the  worthless 
who,  in  general,  first  embrace  a  new  faith — worthless  in  them- 
selves, and  by  their  characters  throwing  discredit  upon  con- 
version. But  this  must  always  be  a  stage  to  pass  through.  In 
the  present  case,  you  have  so  long  preached  up  non-interference 
with  religious  prejudices  as  the  doctrine  of  your  Indian  rule,  that 
you  give  a  plausible  excuse  for  discontent  when  you  depart  from 
the  principles  proclaimed  by  yourselves. 

I  look  with  the  most  painful  anxiety  for  the  next  mail.  How 
much  may  depend  upon  the  news  which  that  brings !  but  I  fear, 
from  what  I  hear,  that  our  army  was  very  deficient  in  all  the 
materials  for  striking  a  decisive  blow,  and  its  efficiency  very 
much  cramped  by  the^limited  power  and  authority  which  ha< 
been  accorded  to  the  generals  commanding. 

Sincerely  yours, 

C.  B.  Phipps. 


In  response  to  this,  Login,  on  the  28th  July,  1857 
addressed  a  long  letter,  or  rather  memorandum^    t« 
Colonel  Phipps,  which  led  ultimately  to  a  voluminoii? 
correspondence  on  Indian  affairs  in  general,  too  long  t.^ 


THE  MUTINY.  417 

receive  here  more  than  a  passing  allusion.  That  these  Chapter 
papers — written  thus  early,  before  it  was  known  out-  ~:^' 
side  the  Cabinet,  that  the  Queen's  Government  had 
determined  on  taking  into  their  own  hands  the  future 
destinies  of  India — were  not  without  their  influence  on 
the  measures  then  under  consideration,  for  the  re- 
organization of  the  Indian  Government,  and  of  its 
army,  will  perhaps  appear  on  a  perusal  of  a  short 
summary  of  their  contents,  which  will  be  found  at  the 
end  of  this  volume.* 

While  engaged  in  this  correspondence  with  Sir 
Charles  Phipps,  Login  wrote  to  Sir  James  C.  Melvill, 
Secretary  to  the  Court  of  Directors,  explaining  to  him 
(for  the  information  of  the  Board)  the  circumstances 
under  which  the  correspondence  had  arisen,  and  for- 
warding copies  of  all  his  letters  as  they  were  despatched, 
ending  by  saying :— 


"  As  I  think  it  not  unlikely  that  these  opinions  are  made  known 
in  a  high  quarter,  although  I  cannot  presume  to  think  they  are 
likely  to  have  much  weight,  I  consider  it  my  duty,  situated  as  I 
am,  to  let  you  know  what  I  have  done,  I  hope  that  you  will, 
whether  you  approve  of  my  opinions  or  not,  be  assured  of  my 
desire  to  do  nothing  which  I  cannot  freely  communicate  to  you. 
....  I  have  also  had  frequent  conversations  with  Mr.  Bright  on 
the  subject  of  India,  whilst  he  was  here  on  a  visit,  and  have  done 
my  best  to  modify  his  views From  all  the  opportunities 


See  Appendix.     Corre9pondence  bettoeen  Sir  C,  Phipps  and  Sir  J.  Login. 

EE 


418  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  of  observation  which  I  have  lately  enjoyed,  I  am  satisfied  that 

Xni.     the  transfer  of  the  Indian  Government  to  the  Grown  has  been 

1857.    determined  upon,  and  that  the  how  and  the  when  have  only  to  be 

considered.   I  have,  therefore,  thought  it  my  duty  to  meet  Colonel 

Phipps's  wishes,  by  giving  such  information  as  I  am  able  to  do,  on 

various  points  connected  with  the  transfer I  have  no 

doubt  that  I  may  be  considered  very  presumptuous  in  all  this ;  but 
the  opportunities  afforded  me,  of  expressing  my  opinion,  have  not 
been  of  my  seeking,  and  I  think  I  do  right  to  avail  myself  of 
them," 


It  is  gratifying  to  note,  from  the  following  quotation 
from  the  " lAfe  of  Prince  Consorty'  that  the  Queen 
herself  attached  value  to  Sir  John  Login's  opinions  on 
Indian  affairs.  Writing  to  Lord  Derby  (then  Prime 
Minister)  in  reference  to  Lord  Ellenborough  s  secret 
despatch  to  Lord  Canning,  April,  1858,  and  of  his 
second  despatch,  May  5th,  Her  Majesty  says  : — 

"  The  despatch  now  before  me,  for  the  first  time,  is 
very  good  and  just  in  principle,  but  the  Queen  would 
be  much  surprised  if  it  did  not  entirely  coincide  with 
the  views  of  Lord  Canning,  at  least,  as  far  as  he  has 
hitherto  expressed  any  in  his  letters.  So  are  also  the 
sentiments  written  by  Sir  John  Lawrence  (in  a  private 
letter  which  Lord  Derby  had  sent  for  her  Majeetv*< 
perusal),  in  almost  the  very  expressions  frequently  xxse»l 
by  Lord  Canning.  Sir  John  Login,  who  holds  the 
same  opinion,  and  has  great  experience,  does  not  find 
any  fault  with  the  Proclamation,  however  seemingly  h 


THE  MUTINT,  419 

may  sound  at  variance  with  those  opinions;  and  he  Chapfcar 
rests  this  opinion  on  the  peculiar  position  of  a&drs  in    ^^^* 
Oude."»  ^^'^' 

The  following  is  the  last  letter  Login  received  fix>m 
Lord  Dalhousie,  who  was  on  the  point  of  going  abroad 
in  search  of  health  : — 


Edoibuboh,  Oct.  Srd,  1867. 
Mt  dsab  Loonr, 

We  are  just  on  the  wing  for  London,  on  otir  way  to  Malts, 
for  which  we  sail  on  the  20th  inst.  I  have  never  had  any  com- 
munication from  the  Court  regarding  the  Maharajah,  and  hope 
that  the  sentiments  which  were  placed  on  record  will  lead  to 
a  satisfactory  settlement  of  his  aflEEdrs, 

The  tidings  from  India  are  too  distressing  to  write  about, 
though  they  occupy  my  thoughts  by  day  and  by  night. 

Believe  me,  my  dear  Login, 

Ever  yours  very  truly, 

Dalhousib. 
Sm  J.  S.  Loom, 

Castle  Menzies. 


Letter  from  Sib  John  Loom  to  the  Editor  of  the  '*  Timbs." 

CabtiiB  Menzibs,  Nov.  26th,  1867. 
My  dbab  Delamb, 

I  have  been  lately  asked  by  the  Bev.  H,  Venn,  secretary  to 
the  Church  Missionary  Society,  to  give  him  my  views  with 


♦  "it/e  of  Prince  Conwri,'*  voL  iv.,  p.  226. 

EE   2 


420  Sm  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  respect  to  Christian  education  in  India,  and  the  extension  of  our 
^ni.     missions.    I  sent  him  a  paper,  of  which  I  enclose  you  a  copy, 
1857.     ^jj^  J  hskYe  also  written  to  Lord  Shaftesbury,  at  his  request,  on 
the  same  subject. 

The  article  on  the  use  of  the  Boman  character  in  Oriental 
languages,  has  attracted  much  attention.  I  lately  sa\v  the 
editor  of  the  Mirzapoor  paper  (Bev.  Cotton  Mather),  who  is  now 
engaged  in  an  edition  of  the  whole  Scriptures  in  Urdu  for  the 
Bible  Society,  and  will,  I  hope,  soon  be  able  to  assist  Sir 
Charles  Trevelyan  and  others  in  bringing  out  an  edition  of  the 
New  Testameiit,  English  and  Bomanized  Urdu  in  parallel 
columns,  for  the  use  of  persons  going  out  to  India.  It  is  al^^ 
proposed  to  get  up  a  Romanized  edition  of  Shakespeare's  or  other 
standard  dictionary. 

I  have  been  much  gratified  by  your  articles  on  Indian  finance^, 
and  the  means  of  getting  the  mercantile  classes  to  contribute  in 
fair  proportion  to  the  revenues  of  the  State.  If  we  keep  to  our 
law  of  inheritance,  as  now  established,  permitting,  of  course. 
Hindoos  to  adopt  by  will  as  they  please,  provided  they  pay  a 
succession  duty,  we  shall  get  a  pretty  good  sum  out  of  them. 
The  proposal  to  sell  freehold  rights  in  the  land  (which  I  havt* 
also  often  thought  of),  although  excellent  in  principle,  should 
not,  I  think,  be  brought  into  operation  at  present — not  until  con> 
fidence  in  our  Government  has  been  most  effectually  restored,  and 
the  possibility  of  raising  taxes  from  other  sources  than  the  land 
satisfactorily  ascertained. 

I  have  had  a  letter  from  Charles  Havelock,  the  General  >* 
brother.  Since  I  told  him  of  your  kindness,  he  has  found  that 
the  regulations  of  the  Horse  Guards,  in  respect  to  officers  wb  -> 
had  left  the  service  by  sale  of  commission,  precluded  his  retur: 
to  it  at  his  age ;  but  he  had  applied  for  an  appointment  under  the 
East  India  Company.  I  have  sent  on  his  letter  to  Sir  Geor^v 
Pollock,  who  is  also  interested  in  him,  and  have  written  to  S^* 
James  Melvill,  suggesting  that  he  might  be  most    useful    i:. 


THE  MUTINY.  421 

diilling  the  Light  CavaJry  recruits,  and  mentioning  that  you  had,  Chapter 
through  Mr.  Ellice,  interested  Lord  Panmure  in  his  case,  and    Xnr. 
that  they  would  carry  the  goodwill  of  all  with  them,  for  his    ^°^7. 
brother's  sake.    I  am  glad  to  hear  that  Wilson  and  Havelock  are 
both  to  be  made  baronets,  but  they  must  have  pensions  also,  for 
neither  of  them  are  able  to  keep  up  the  dignity  without  such 
assistance.    I  know  Havelock  well,  and  Wilson  also.    I  served 
under  him  throughout  the  Punjab  campaign.    I  do  not  know 
what  is  to  be  given  to  John  Lawrence:  he  deserves  a  peerage,  but 
his  sister  told  me  lately  that  he  had  only  saved  £20,000,  so  that 
he  could  not  afford  to  take  one  without  a  pension  attached. 
When  I  go  up  to  London  next  week,  I  will  show  you  the  replies  I 
have  sent  to  some  influential  friends,  who  asked  me  to  state  my 

opinions  on  various  Indian  matters 

I  fear  I  have  written  you  a  very  long  letter. 

Yours  very  sincerely, 

J.  S.  Loom. 


About  this  time  (August,  1857)  Sir  John  wrote  to 
Sir  James  Melvill  to  ask  if  any  reply  had  yet  been 
received  from  India  relative  to  the  Maharajah's  affairs. 
He  suggested  that  as,  owing  to  the  Mutiny,  the 
Maharajah's  return  to  India  had  been  put  a  stop  to, 
and  he  remained  in  England  more  from  necessity  than 
choice,  if  the  Court  of  Directors  desired  to  induce  him 
to  settle  contentedly  in  this  country,  it  would  be 
advisable  to  provide  him  with  an  estate.  If  left  to 
himself  to  decide,  whether  to  purchase  property  or  not. 


422  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULE£P  SINGH. 

Chapter  Ids  mind  was  so  unsettled,  that  it  would  be  long  before 

?frf '    he  could  make  it  up  :  but  if  the  matter  were  decided 
1867.  .  . 

for  him,  he  would  readily  acquiesce  in  the  arrangement, 

and  very  contentedly  make  this  country  his  home,  for 

several  years  to  come. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


QUARDIANSHIP  ENDED. 


The  marriage  of  the  Princess  Royal,  in  January,  1858,  Chapter 
was  the  last  Court  ceremonial  in  which  Sir  John  Loe4n    ^^- 
took  part  as  governor  and  guardian  of  Duleep  Singh, 
who  was  henceforth  to  be  permitted  to  manage  his  own 
affairs. 

The  Maharajah  celebrated  his  emancipation  from 
guardianship  by  organizing  a  shooting  expedition  to 
Sardinia,  with  Dr.  Parsons  and  a  friend.  Before  start- 
ing for  the  land  of  banditti  he  made  due  preparations 
for  the  worst !  making  his  will,  and  leaving  a  power  of 
attorney  with  Sir  John  Login,  to  act  for  him  in  the 
settlement  of  his  affairs. 

When  the  lease  of  Castle  Menzies  expired,  the 
shootings  of  Auchlyne,  on  Loch  Tay,  were  rented  from 
Lord  Breadalbane,  which  place  became  Duleep  Singh  s 
headquarters  on  his  return  from  Sardinia,  pending  the 
conclusion  of  the  arrangement  for  a  lease  of  Mulgrave 
Castle,  which  Sir  John  was  making  with  Lord 
Normanby. 

The  following  letter  was  written  by  Lord  Hatherton, 


424  SIR  JOHN   Loom  and  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  whilst    the    Maharajah   was    on   a   visit   to    him  at 
XIV. 
1858-63. 


^^-    Teddesley: 


Tbddeblby,  Dec,  11th,  1867. 
My  deab  Login, 

....  I  have  been  talking  with  the  Maliarajah  about  the 
expediency  of  his  having  some  house  in  or  near  London,  but  he 
seems  unwilling,  until  he  has  made  up  his  mind  whether  he  shall 
revisit  India  in  the  cold  season  of  next  year.  He  talks  of  "being 
entitled  to  consider  his  own  pleasure  and  comfort/'  and  was  so 
decided  that  I  thought  it  best  to  say  no  more.  He  showed  me  a 
draft  of  the  will  he  intends  to  execute  before  going  abroad.  He 
evidently  wishes  to  do  what  is  kind,  liberal,  and  right  in  the 
disposal  of  his  property,  and  I  was  pleased  to  hear  his  expressions 
of  gratitude  to  you.  His  words  to  me,  on  my  proposing  to  him  to 
alter  the  plan  of  his  will,  and  leave  £10,000  at  once  to  the  Church 
Missionary  Society,  and  make  you  his  residuary  legatee,  were 
''  You  do  not  know  him  as  well  as  I  do,  if  you  think  this  would 
please  him.  Oh,  no  !  He  wished  me  to  leave  it  to  the  Church 
Missionary  Society,  and  I  have  fully  resolved  to  do  so.  All  my 
interests  and  duties  are  in  India,  but  Sir  John  and  Lady  Login 
have  the  strongest  claim  upon  me.  He  has  abandoned  a  career 
that  might  have  been  most  profitable,  for  my  sake.  I  shall  leave 
him  not  less  than  £10,000,  ....  and,  if  I  Uve  to  come  of  age,  I 
shall  settle  £1,000  per  annum  on  him,  to  be  followed  by  the 
legacy.  I  feel  the  importance  of  not  delaying  the  execution  of  my 
will,  and  intend  to  do  it  at  once." 

I  thought  it  might  please  you  to  know  how  he  feels  to  you  both. 
He  says  he  is  to  consult  his  friend,  Mr.  Guninghame,  about  being 
executor  to  his  will,  when  he  passes  through  Edinburgh. 

Very  truly  yours. 
Sis  John  S.  Login. 


GUARDIANSHIP  ENDED.  425 

Login  wrote  to  congratulate  Sir  Charles  Phipps  on  Chapter 
the  honours  lust  conferred  on  him,  to  which  Sir  Charles ,  ^F^' 
replied : — 


Buckingham  Palace,  Jan.  26th,  1858. 
My  deab  Login, 

Many,  many  thanks  for  your  kind  letter  of  congratulation. 
I  claim  no  merit  but  that  of  doing  what  is  given  me  to  do,  with  a 
wish  to  do  it  honestly,  and  to  the  best  of  my  ability.  I  need 
hardly  say  that  the  honour  given  me  was  one  that  I  should  never 
have  sought  or  expected,  and  that  I  felt  doubly  the  insignificance 
of  my  services  from  the  company  I  found  myself  in  in  the  Gazette.* 
But  this  is  not  my  fault.  The  Queen  cannot  be  exclusively  served 
on  the  Ganges ! 

I  assure  you,  my  dear  Login,  that  I  consider  one  of  the 
privileges  of  my  position  to  have  been,  to  have  formed  first 
the  acquaintance,  and  then,  I  hope,  gained  the  friendship,  of  one 
for  whom  I  have  a  very  sincere  respect,  and  true  regard. 

Ever  sincerely  yours, 

C.  B.  Phipps. 


The  Maharajah  was,  at  this  time,  bent  on  enjoyiog 
life  as  a  private  gentleman,  free  from  all  the  trammels 
of  princely  rank,  and  for  this  reason  appointed  no 
equerry  or  aide-de-camp. 


*  Havelock  and  Wilaon. 


426  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 


Buckingham  Palacb,  Feb,  9th,  1858. 

Chapter       My  deab  Sib  John, 

XIV 

iRfift  k*\  ^^®  Queen  and  Prince  would  hope  to  see  the  Mahaxaj&h 

before  he  goes  abroad.    Would  Sunday  next  be  too  late  a  day  to 

name  for  that  purpose  ?     The  Queen  desires  me  to  say,  that  she 

hopes  that  the  Maharajah  will  not  think  of  going  abroad  without 

somebody  as  a  sort  of  A.D.C.  and  companion.      Her  Majesty 

thinks  that  to  go  quite  alone  would  hardly  be  compatible  with  his 

rank  and  station.     Tour  name  will  be  restored  to  the  ceremonial 

list  (those  present  at  the  royal  marriage),  from  which  it  had  been 

accidentally  omitted. 

Yours  very  sincerely, 

C.  B.  Phipps. 


A  few  letters  from  Duleep  Singh,  written  while  try- 
ing his  wings  on  his  first  flight,  show  his  boyish 
character  yet  unspoilt. 


DovEB,  March  3rd,  1858. 
My  deab  Lady  Login, 

Here  we  are  stuck  at  Dover,  and  can't  cross,  as  the  sea  is 
very  rough;  but  if  it  is  calmer  to-morrow  we  shall  cros>. 
otherwise,  we  must  delay  till  Thursday.  We  had  a  vin- 
pleasant  journey;  my  companions  made  themselves  voi} 
agreeable.  Dr.  Parsons,  I  think,  is  a  very  nice  man ;  he  seems 
to  know  something  about  everything,  and  enters  into  idl  d  j 
amusements.  I  fear  I  shall  not  enjoy  this  trip  as  I  had  hopetl 
as  they  try  to  please  me  too  much,  and  I  fear  very  much  that  . 
I  do  not  take  care  I  shall  be  spoilt  for  ever  afterwards.  TLe^ 
act    towards    me  as    I    daresay    Sir  John  remembers,  a    r*r 


GUABDIANSHIP  ENDED.  427 

V 

Drtuzmiond  used  to  do  to  the  Duke  of  Athole.    He  used  to  Chapter 
call  him  *'  His  Grace  "  at  every  word,  and  if  the  Duke  happened    ^V, 
to  drop  anything,  he  used  to  rush  forward  to  pick  it  up,  and  also  lo^O"63. 
flattered  him  a  great  deal.    It  is  not  good  to  have  people  near 
me  in  this  position,  for  I  am  very  much  afraid  that  I  shall  get 
quite  vain ;   but  perhaps  when  we  get  to  know  each  other  better, 
it  will  not  be  the  case.      My  kind  regards  to  Sir  John  and  the 
children. 

Believe  me  always,  my  dear  Lady  Login, 

AjSectionately  yours, 

DULEEP  SmoH. 


Cagliabi,  Sardinia,  March  2^th,  1858. 

My  dear  good  Fbibnd, 

I  received  your  letter  this  morning,  which  gave  me  great 

pleasure,  for  besides  telling  me  that  you  are  all  well,  you  gave 

me  all  that  news  about  Mulgrave  Castle.      I  think  it  would  be 

a  very  good  bargain,  if  the  shootings  are  what  you  describe 

them.     If  the  moors  are  of  the  size  of  one-fourth  of  the  whole 

property,  I  should  like  you  to  secure  it,  but  if  not,  never  mind. 

This  is  a  very  nice  place  for  shooting,  but  I  wish  I  had  come 

in  December,  as  now  there  is  hardly  any  game  to  be  found.     Thank 

Lady  Login  for  her  kind  letter ;  tell  her  I  did  her  commissions 

at    Genoa,   and  Presanzini  is  to  send  the  parcel  by  a  courier 

friend  of  his.    I  am  very  glad  to  hear  that  Alick  Lawrence  has 

got  a  Baronetcy  and  £1,000  a-year.     Many  thanks  for  the  trouble 

you   are    taking    about    my    settlement  with  the    East    India 

Company.     It  must  delight  Sir  George  Pollock  to  be  made  a 

Director;  give  him  my  congratulations,  please.    It  is  such  a  bother 

to  have  lost  two  of  my  best  hawks,  first  time  they  were  flown  I 

We  get  Indian  mail  sooner  here  than  in  London  ;  the  last  news 

seems  better,  I  hope  for  peace  soon.      This  way  of  travelling  is 


428  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  very  much  more  expensive  than  I  expected.    My  love   to  the 

XIV.     children. 
1868-63.  Your  affectionately, 

DuLEEP   SiNOH. 


DoMO  d'Ossola,  Sihflon,  May  3rd,  1858. 

My  dear  Lady  Login, 

I  was  so  glad  to  get  your  letter.  We  returned  to  Genoa 
on  the  30th  ult.,  having  had  little  shooting  in  Sardinia.  I  have 
come  to  the  conclusion  that  there  is  no  place  in  the  world  after  all 
for  sport,  like  England,  however,  I  have  enjoyed  my  trip  very 
much.  I  think  if  you  were  to  visit  Sardinia  you  would  think  it 
very  like  India,  I  almost  fancied  myself  back  there  when  looking 
at  the  scenery. 

When  I  was  at  Muro,  I  was  persuaded  to  give  a  ball  ''to 
the  nobility  and  gentry  "  ;  they  came  in  their  national  costumes. 
One  young  lady  was  very  beautiful,  all  our  party  were  smitten, 
even  Dr.  Parsons ;  /  did  not,  however,  fall  in  love  with  her  as  I 

did  with at  Bome  !     Have  you  no  commission  for  me  to  do  ? 

We  hope  to  be  home  on  17th,  when  I  trust  to  see  you.  I  am 
going  to  send  for  Signor  Brochi  from  Bome,  to  continue  my  study 
of  Italian.  I  have  found  out  my  deficiencies,  and  am  determined 
to  learn  it  well  before  I  go  abroad  again.  Do  you  remember  what 
fun  we  used  to  have  with  him  ?  I  have  just  written  a  long  letter 
to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  so  will  now  stop.    With  love  to  all, 

Yours  affectionately, 

DuiiEEP  SiNOH. 


AucHLYNE,  July  6/A,  1858. 
My  deab  Lady  Login, 

I  am  so  very  glad  to  hear  that  the  Queen  has  asked  you. 
and  you  have  agreed,  to  take  charge  of  the  young  Coorg  Piince>> 


GUARDIANSHIP  ENDED.  429 

I  am  quite  sure  you  will  make  her  very  happy,  and  treat  her  with  Chapter 
that  motherly  kindness  which   I  myself  have  had  the  good  luck    XIY. 
to  experience.     Yes,  I  left  the  brougham  to  be  sold,  and  I  hear  1858-63. 
you  have  inquired  the  price ;  it  has  none  if  it  is  for  your  own  personal 
use,  but  if  it  is  for  the  use  of  the  Princess,  I  think  she  can  afford 
to  pay  me  £40,  which  is  one-third  of  its  cost  I     Tell  me  when  to 
expect  Edward ;  he  will  enjoy  fishing.    Love  to  all. 

Your  affectionate 

DuLEEP  SmaH. 


Mrs.  Drummond,  having  resigned  the  charge  of  the 
young  Princess  of  Coorg,  god-daughter  of  the  Queen, 
Her  Majesty  made  it  a  special  request  that  Lady  Login 
should  take  charge  of  her,  and,  after  taking  her  abroad 
for  the  winter,  bring  her  out  in  society  next  season* 
Feeling  that  whatever  inconvenience  this  arrangement 
might  cause  to  herself,  the  Queen's  wishes  must  be  com- 
plied with,  she  agreed,  trusting  that  another  suitable 
chaperon  might  be  foimd  later  on.  In  consequence, 
the  house  in  Portman  Square  was  given  up,  and  the 
family  removed  to  Kew,  where  one  of  the  Queen's  houses 
was  prepared  and  furnished  for  them. 

After  Christmas,  Sir  John  and  Lady  Login  took  the 
Princess  and  their  two  elder  children  to  Rome. 

This  same  winter,  the  Prince  of  Wales  was  there, 
with  his  Governor,  General  Bruce,  and  honoured  Sir 
John  and  Lady  Login  with  a  visit  at  their  apartments, 
No.  56,  Capo  le  Casa.  During  the  Carnival,  he  also 
came  to  their  balcony  in  the  Corso,  with  a  bouquet  for 


430  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINOH. 


Chapter  the   Princess    Gouramma,   and,   after    watching    the 
if^ftfiq  procession  for  some  time,  passed  on  to  the   balcony 

of  the  neighbouring  house,  which  was  occupied  by  the 

Prussian  royal  family. 

Though  Login  had  regularly  forwarded  to  the  India 
House  copies  of  all  his  letters  and  memoranda  to  Sir  C. 
Phipps,  during  the  correspondence  already  alluded  to, 
the  Board  never  so  much  as  acknowledged  the  receipt 
of  any  of  these  communications.  It  would  seem  as  if 
they  resented  the  fact  of  an  officer  in  their  service 
being  consulted  on  Indian  affairs,  or  giving  any  opinion 
as  to  the  direction  reform  should  take  ;  although  they 
were  perfectly  aware  that  Login  had  only  given 
expression  to  his  views  by  particular  request, 
after  positive  assurance  that  "  the  rule  of  the  Company 
was  doomed,"  and  that  it  only  remained  to  be  decided 
by  what  form  of  government  it  should  be  succeeded. 

The  treatment  which  they  meted  out  to  a  hitherto 
trusted  servant  would  almost  justify  the  idea  that  the 
moribund  Company  of  Directors  were  not  above 
showing  their  displeasure  in  a  somewhat  undignified 
and  ungenerous  manner. 

It  was  not  until  the  29th  December,  1857,  that  the 
Court  of  Directors  acceded  to  the  request  of  the 
Maharajah,  that  he  might  be  permitted  to  assttme  the 
management  of  his  own  affairs  ;  at  that  date  he  had 
exceeded  by  three  years,  the  age  at  which  Hindoo 
princes  attain  their  legal  majority,  and  by  more  than  a 


GUARDIANSHIP  ENDED.  431 

year  that  at  which  European  sovereigns  are  considered  Chapter 

XIV. 
1868-63. 


competent  to  assume  the  reins  of  government.     The    ^  • 


Court  nevertheless  informed  him  that  though  they 
granted  his  request,  "  purposing,  so  far  as  their 
authority  extended,  to  show  the  esteem  they  enter- 
tamed  for  the  sense  and  good  conduct  which  had 
marked  all  his  proceedings  in  this  country,"  yet, 
according  to  the  laws  of  England,  he  was  still  a  minor, 
and  legally  incompetent  to  imdertake  certain  responsi- 
bilities ;  *  while,  as  a  minor,  he  was  incompetent  to 
execute  a  legal  instrument  appointing  another  person 
to  act  for  him.t 

Having  decided  that  the  guardianship  was  at  an 
end,  the  Court  immediately  informed  Sir  John  Login 
that  his  official  salary  must  now  cease ;  and  it  was 
only  on  his  pointing  out  that  his  original  appointment 
had  been  that  of  Superintendent  and  Agent  to  the 
Governor-General  (personally  attached  to  His  High- 
ness), and  that  the  latter  function  did  not  necessarily 
cease  on  the  Maharajah's  attaining  his  majority,*  that 


*  A  side  of  the  question  with  which  they  were  not  concerned,  as  they  were 
boniid  to  deal  with  him  only  by  the  laws  of  India. 

+  This  palpably  refers  to  the  power  of  attorney,  which  the  Maharajah  had 
executed  in  favour  of  Sir  John  Login. 

^  As  agent  to  the  Goyemment  with  His  Highness,  it  may  still  be  my  duty  to 
draw  his  monthly  stipend  and  sign  the  bill  for  it,  and  it  may  be  in  his  power  to 
communicate  through  me,  if  he  should  so  wish  it,  instead  of  through  the  Honour- 
able Court,  with  the  local  authorities  in  India,  for  the  recovery  of  his  property, 
plundered  by  the  mutineers  at  Futtohghur,  and  in  other  ways  to  assist  him 
officially,  if  ho  requires  it,  as  I  think  he  may. — Letter  from  Sir  J,  Login  to 
Secretary  of  the  H.E.LC,  Feb.  \5th,  1868. 


432  SIR  J0H2^   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  the '  Court   allowed   him   a   further   period   of   three 
loeo  /to  months  for  the  audit  of  his  accounts,  on  an  allowance 

looo-oo. 

of  600  rupees  per  mensem,  that  being  the  moiety  of  his. 
salary  hitherto  paid  by  the  Company  ;  but  when  Lord 
Stanley,  the  present  Earl  of  Derby,  who  was  the  first 
Secretary  of  State  for  India,  came  into  office,  he, 
"  fully  appreciating  the  very  conscientious  and  efficient 
manner  in  which  he  had  discharged  his  duties,'* 
directed  in  a  letter  dated  December  1st,  1858, 
that  Sir  John's  full  salary  should  be  paid  to  him,  up 
to  the  date  on  which  his  fimctions  ceased. 

In  announcing  that  the  Maharajah  was  henceforth 
to  be  considered  of  age.  Sir  James  Melvill  then  wrote 
to  Sir  John  Login  :— 

The  Court,  however,  cannot  allow  the  connection  which  has 
existed  for  so  many  years  between  you  and  the  Maharajah  to 
cease,  without  expressing  their  entire  approbation  of  the  manner 
in  which  you  have  performed  the  duties  of  your  important  office, 
as  evinced  by  the  good  results  of  the  careful  training  for  which 
the  young  Prince  is  indebted  to  you. 

On  the  27th  February,  Sir  John  wrote  to  inform  the 
Court,  that  he  had  transferred  all  balances  at  the 
bankers,  and  other  securities,  to  the  personal  credit  of 
His  Highness,  and  made  over  all  valuables  to  the 
charge  of  Mr.  Cawood,  the  steward  appointed  by  the 
Maharajah  and  empowered  to  give  receipts.  In  thif 
letter  he  also  informs  the  Court  that,    "Knowing  it 


GUABDIANSHIP   ENDED.  433 

had  been  out  of  his  power  to  save  much  from  his  Chapter 
allowances,  or  make  suflBcient  provision  for  his  family,  ^^* 
during  the  nine  years  of  his  guardianship,  the 
Maharajah  had  spontaneously  proposed  to  settle  an 
annuity  on  him,  and  make  further  provision  for  him 
in  his  will,  in  the  event  of  his  surviving  him."  In 
requesting  that  this  desire  of  His  Highness  might  be 
favourably  considered.  Login  reminded  the  Directors, 
that  owing  to  his  having  undertaken  the  charge  of  the 
yoxmg  Prince,  he  had  forfeited  his  chances  of  rising, 
either  in  the  medical  service,  in  which  he  had  as  fair 
a  prospect  as  any  medical  officer  in  India,  or  in  the 
civil  and  political  service,  where  a  career  was  well 
known  to  lie  open  to  him ;  while,  on  the  other  hand, 
from  the  peculiarity  of  his  position  he  had  been  unavoid- 
ably led,  not  only  personally,  but  in  his  family,  into 
greater  expenses  than  he  would  have  been  in  any 
ordinary  appointments  of  the  service.  He  also 
mentioned  that  the  Maharajah,  before  embarking,  had 
left  with  him  a  power  of  attorney  to  arrange  the 
settlement  of  his  pension,  the  recovery  of  his  property 
in  India,  and  other  matters  requiring  reference  to  the 
Court  of  Directors,  and  concluded  by  remarking,  "  it 
has  been  a  source  of  much  gratification  and  thankful- 
ness to  me,  that  I  have  been  able,  under  God's  blessing, 
to  establish  and  confirm  a  feeling  of  goodwill,  loyalty, 
and  respect  towards  the  British  Government,  on  the 
\  part  of  one  from  whom  such  sentiments  could  scarcely 
have  been  expected.^' 


434  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULBEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       The  following  letter  was  also  written  at  this  time 
XIV. 

1868-63. 


'    to  the  Secretary  of  the  East  India  Company  :- 


Sir, 

On  the  severance  of  the  connection  which  has  for  so  many 
years  existed  between  Sir  John  Login  and  myself,  I  am  aniioos 
to  testify  my  appreciation  of  his  character,  and  my  sense  of  his 
constant  and  kind  attention  to  my  interests  and  comfort.  I  have, 
therefore,  to  request  the  Honourable  Court  of  Directors  that,  od 
the  termination  of  Sir  John's  official  engagement  in  the  manage- 
ment of  my  affairs,  the  sum  of  Bs.833.  5.  4.  per  mensem,  may  be 
paid  in  India  to  his  order,  or  as  he  shall  direct,  and  be  deducted 
from  the  total  allowance  I  receive  from  the  East  India  Company. 
May  I,  therefore,  beg  of  your  doing  what  is  necessary,  for  cati3ring 
out  these  my  wishes  into  effect. 

I  have,  &c., 

DuLEEP  Singh. 
London,  Feb.  26/A,  1868. 


The  answer  of  the  Court  was  conveyed  to   Sir  J. 
Logm  in  the  following  terms  :— 


March  lOth,  185S. 

....  In  reply  to  this  communication,  I  am  commanded 
by  the  Court  to  state  that  the  letter  of  the  Maharajah  makes  d. 
mention  of  any  testamentary  bequest,  and,  with  reference  to  tbt 
proposed  annuity,  that  the  receipt  of  any  present  or  gratuity  fzos 
a  native  of  India  by  any  officer  of  the  Company,  is  prohibited,  l.: 
only,  as  you  must  be  aware,  by  the  rules  of  the  service,  but  by  v 


GUARDIANSHIP  ENDED.  485 

Act  of  Parliament.    The  arrangement,  therefore,  cannot  receive  Chapter 
either  the  approval,  or  the  sanction  of  the  Court  of  Directors.  XIT. 

TV,        M.  1868-63. 

I  have,  &c. 

J.  D.  Dickenson, 

Secreta/ry. 


To  this,  Sir  J.  Login  replied,  that  he  regretted  he 

had   not  before    informed    the    Court   that,   in    the 

event  of  their  acceding  to  the    above   request,   he 

intended  to  retire  from  the  service,  but  had  thought 

it  best  to  defer  the  announcement  until  all  his  accounts 

had   been   audited.     And   having,  for  the  last  eight 

years  and  upwards,  been  directed  to  draw  one-half  of 

his  salary  from  His  Highness,  and,  for  the  previous 

seven  years,  an  equal  amount  from  His  Majesty  the 

King  of  Oude,  besides  receiving  special  permission,  on 

several  occasions,  to  accept  presents  from  the  latter, 

it  had  not  occurred  to  him  that  it  was  not  within  the 

power  of  the  Court,  in  like  manner^  to  sanction  the 

acceptance  of  the  Maharajah's  offer,  under  the  very 

peculiar  circumstances  of  the  case. 

With  respect  to  the  absence  of  any  mention,  in  His 
Highness's  letter,  of  any  testamentary  bequest,  as  His 
Highness  merely  intended  to  ask  the  favour  of  the 
Honourable  Court  to  carry  out  his  wishes  for  the 
payment  of  an  annuity,  by  deduction  from  his  pay,  it 
v^ras  not  considered  necessary  by  His  Highness  to 
make  any  allusion  to  it ;  and  Jie  (Login)  only  mentioned 

FT  2 


436  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH, 

Chapter  it,  from  a  wish  that  everything  should  be  known  re- 
Ifi58^  garding  his  relations  to  His  Highness. 


From  Sbcbetaby  to  Boabd  op  Dibbctobs. 

April  3rd,  1858. 

....  You  state  that  it  had  been  your  intention  to  apply  for 
pennission  to  retire  from  the  service,  upon  accepting  the  annnitj 

offered   to   you  by  the  Maharajah  Duleep   Singh In 

reply,  the  Court  desire  me  to  state  that  the  remarks,  in  their 
letter  of  10th  March,  applied  to  the  supposed  case  of  an  officer 
of  the  Company's  service  receiving  sums  of  money  from  one  of 
the  princes  of  India ;  the  rules  of  the  service,  and  the  Act  of  Par- 
liament, referred  to  in  that  letter,  being  applicable  to  such  case. 

Sir  John  then  placed  his  resignation  in  the  hands 
of  the  East  India  Company,  after  a  service  of 
twenty-six  years  ;  and  having  again  requested,  on  the 
Maharajah's  part,  that  the  proposed  arrangement 
might  now  be  carried  out,  was^answered  in  these  words 
(under  date,  April  21st,  1858) : — " ....  I  am  in* 
structed  by  the  Court  to  inform  you  that,  in  their 
opinion,  the  matter  is  not  one  in  which  they  can,  with 
propriety,  interfere." 

On  resigning  the  service,  Login  addressed  a  short 
memorandum  to  the  Court  of  Directors,  in  which  he 
says : — 

The  favour  I  solicited  from  Government,  and  which  iL- 
Maharajah  requested  on  my  behalf,  was  merely  that  they  wocid 


GUARDIANSHIP  ENDED.  437 

permit  the  annuity  which  His  Highness  wished  to  settle  upon  me,  Ch^ter 
to  be  deducted  from  his  pay  in  the  same  manner  as  other  deductums  had    ^^« 
been  previoudy  made,  at  his  request,  in  order  that  the  circumstances  >«'0"^^- 
under  which  it  had  been  granted  to  me  should  be  known  officially, 
and  that  I  should  stand  in  a  somewhat  more  satisfactory  relation 
to  the  Court,  than  those  officers  who,  having  resigned  the  Honour- 
able Company's  service,  had  entered  into  engagements  with  native 
princes  of  India,  not  of  the  most  creditable  kind.   I  had  hoped 
that  the  manner  in  which  I  had  performed  my  duty,  while  guardian 
to  His   Highness,  would  have  been  sufficient  to    justify    the 
Honourable  Court  in  departing,  under  very  peculiar  circumstances, 

from  their  ordinary  practice  in  this  slight  degree It  may 

cause  some  surprise  that,  during  the  time  I  have  held  my  present 
appointment,  I  have  been  able  to  add  only  £1,500  to  my  small 
savings,  partly  owing  to  the  fact,  that,  with  a  view  to  give  me  a 
more  independent  position  in  the  management  of  His  Highness's 
affairs,  I  credited  to  his  account  an  allowance  of  £200  per  annum, 
while  aione  with  him  in  India,  and  £500  when  in  England, 
as  my  share  of  table-expenses.*.  .  .  .  The  Honourable  Court, 
however,  have  seen  fit  to  refuse  the  appUcation  with  the 
private  explanation,  through  one  of  their  members,  that  I  shoxdd 
"consider  myself  fortunate  in  having  passed  through  the  service  so 
pleasantly  as  I  have  done  T'  ....  It  is  not  likely,  so  far  as  the 
Honourable  Court's  treatment  in  my  case  is  concerned,  that  my 
experience  can  afford  encouragement  to  any  other  medical  officer, 
to  regard  so  little  his  private  interests  in  the  exercise  of  his  public 
duty,  as  I  have  done. 


In    March,    1858,  Login  was    appealed  to   by   Sir 
Charles  Trevelyan,  then  at  the  Treasury,  to  assist  him 


*  Besides  this,  Login  paid  the  wages,  &c.,  of  all  his  own  servants,  and  all 
educational  and  travelling  expenses  for  his  family. 


438  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  in  carrying  out  John  Lawrence's  wishes,  with  regard 
i^ft^Q  *^  procuring  a  permanent  endowment  for  the  Lawrence 
'  Asylums. 


**  The  matter  is  somewhat  complicated,"  says  Sir  Charles,  "  by 
the  relation  which  the  Special  Lawrence  Fund  and  the  General 
Belief  Fund,  bear  to  each  other.  The  proper  course,  I  think,  will  be 
to  throw  all  the  strength  we  can  at  first  into  the  Lawrence  Fond, 
and  to  supplement  whatever  may  be  deficient,  out  of  the  balance 

of  Belief  Fund Don't  consult  any  one  else  until  we  can 

have  a  conference  together  to  decide  our  plans.  Perhaps  you  will 
go  with  me,  to  introduce  me  to  Lady  Lawrence  to-morrow,  or 
next  day." 


A  few  months  later,  August  13th,  came  a  private 
intimation  from  Sir  John  W.  Kaye,  to  the  following 
effect : — 


A  move  is  to  be  made  in  the  Court  of  Proprietors  against  the 

grant  to  Sir  John  Lawrence His  ofifence  being  that  he  made 

A  public  manifestation  of  his  respect  for  Christianity,  and  his  desire 

to  do  justice  to  native  Christians We  ought  to  muster  not 

only  the  friends  of  the  Lawrences,  but  the  friends  of  Christianity. 
....  Let  me  hear  from  or  see  you  as  soon  as  possible,  that  wt 
may  arrange  to  meet  this  properly.* 


Mrs.    Bernard,   a  sister  of  the  Lawrences,    wrote 


•Their  exertions  were  snoceesfiiL    See  Trotter,  vol.  ii.,  p.  106. 


GUABDIANSHIP  ENDED.  439 

Login,  February  10th,  1858,  of  the  disappointment  felt  Chapter 

XIV. 
1858-63. 


by  the  family,  that  nothing  had  been  done,  or  even 


spoken  of,  up  to  this  date,  to  honour  the  memoiy  of  their 
dear  brother  Henry,  by  Queen  or  country.  She  observed, 
that  the  orphan  children  of  one  who  gave  his  life 
for  his  country,  besides  having  lived  for  her  benefit, 
and  who  were  but  poorly  provided  for,  were  surely 
entitled  to  the  same  distinction  as  had  been  already 
conferred  on  the  family  of  Sir  Henry  Havelock. 


Gould  you,  without  pain  to  yourself,  dear  Sir  John,  bring 
this  subject  before  any  of  the  high  personages  in  the  realm  ?  I 
daresay  you  will  have  remarked  how  John  has  been  passed  over, 
but  he  is  still  alive  to  take  care  of  his  own  good  name.  1  do  not 
know  Lord  Stanley  personally,  or  anybody  who  has  any 
communication  with  the  Court  but  yourself,  or  I  would  write  to 
them ;  but  I  would  much  rather  leave  it  in  your  hands,  knowing 
how  dear  his  memory  is  to  you,  and  how  much  he  loved  you 
while  alive. 


Five  days  later.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Bernard  wrote  :- 


Your  letter  has  given  us  great  pleasure.  We  all  feel  most 
grateful  to  you  for  your  most  kind  and  successful  exertions  in 
expediting  Alick's  baronetcy,  &c.  We  enclose  a  letter  to  Mr. 
Vernon  Smith,  to  be  given  if  you  approve.  The  recognition  of  our 
dear  Henry's  merits  will  be  most  gratifying  to  his  family,  and 
the  annuity  to  his  children  most  acceptable.  We  are  quite  sure 
it  will  be  an  additional  pleasure  to  dear  Alick  to  hear  how  to  the 
last,  as  at  the  first,  you  have  been  concerned  in  this  matter 


440  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  pULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  We  know  how  grateful  Bichard*  also  will  be  to  you.  Did  yoQ 
XIY.     know  that  this  is  the  eldest  of  five  boys  ?  and  Bichard  is  only  a 

;io5o-63.  regimental  Captain,  so  you  may  imagine  the  service  you  have 
done  him.  John  never  says  a  word  about  any  honour  or  reward 
for  himself ;  but  you  must  have  seen  how  often  the  nation  has 
said,  during  the  last  few  months,  that  the  "  Saviour  of  India" 
should  get  a  peerage  and  five  thousand !  .  .  .  .  We  rejoice  that 
you  and  Lady  Login  are  again  to  be  employed  on  work  for  which 
you  are  both  so  well  suited.  The  present  loss  of  quiet  family 
habits  with  your  own  children  is  a  serious  one,  in  bringing  this 
young  Princess  into  your  home;  but  remember,  this  second 
important  charge  is  from  the  Sovereign,  not  the  East  India 
Company,  and  your  children's  present  loss  will  be  compensated 
afterwards.  Our  lads,  Alick  and  Charlie,  give  an  amusing  account 
of  how  John  stopped  three  days  at  Bawul  Pindee,  where  Herbert 
Edwardes  and  Becher  came  to  meet  him ;  and  the  three  talked 
over  public  affairs  and  arrangements  from  ten  a.m.  to  six  p.m., 
each  of  the  three  days ;  sometimes  one,  sometimes  another,  taking 
a  short  nap,  and  waking  up  to  join  in  the  conversation !  On  the 
third  evening  the  two  departed,  and  John  went  on  with  his 
camp.    They  don't  work  like  this  in  England  I 


John  Lawrence,  writing  to  his  brother-in-law,  speaks 
of  the  interest  his  nephew  Alick  excited  among  aU  the 
Sikh  chiefs,  who  welcomed  him  most  warmly,  as  the  son 
of  Hemy  Lawrence. 

With  regard  to  public  affairs,  he  says  : — 

I  have  strongly  advocated  a  discriminative  amnesty.    I  wonld. 


*  Henry  Lawrence's  youngest  brother,  for  whose  eldest  son  Lc^gin  had  obtuned 
an  Addificombe  appointment. 


GUABDIANSHIP  ENDED.  441 

on  certain  terms,  forgive  all  lesser  criminals  :  all  those  who  have  Chapter 
not  murdered  our  people ;  and  so  economize  our  powers  to  hunt    XI v. 
down  desperate  characters.    People  in  Englajid  seem  to  think  ■••ooo-oo. 
that  we  can  hold  India  without  a  native  army.   However  essential 
English  troops  are,  native  troops  are  still  more  so.    We  can  do 

nothing  without  the  latter We  seem  drifting  into  the 

old  system.     Now,  of  all  other  opportunities,  is  the  time  for 

change  and  improvement 

Give  my  kindest  regards  to  Login,  and  thank  him  for  so  kindly 
looking  after  my  interests. 


The  rule  of  the  East  India  Company  ceased  August 
2nd,  1858  ;  although  it  was  not  till  November  Ist, 
that  the  Queen  s  Proclamation,  announcing  that  fact, 
was  issued  in  India,  by  Lord  Canning.  Sir  C.  Phipps, 
writing  to  Sir  John  Login,  on  September  3rd,  alludes 
to  the  forthcoming  Proclamation : — 


I  have  to  thank  you  very  much  for  your  last  letter,  full  of 
good  sense  and  moderation. 

I  do  not  think  that  you  will  find  in  the  Queen's  Proclamation 
much,  if  anything,  that  you  will  object  to  ;  the  great  desideratiun 
appeara  to  me  to  be  to  convince  the  inhabitants  of  India  that  our 
rule  of  their  country  will  be  an  impartial  one.  Your  proposal 
seems  so  just  that  I  cannot  see  how  it  can  be  objected  to — that 
the  Government  should  give  support  to  all  schools  for  secular 
education,  allowing  the  children  the  free  exercise  of  the  religion 
of  their  parents,  but  not .  preventing  them  from  hearing  the 
truths  of  the  Christian  faith,  if  they  wish  to  do  so. 


442  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter       When  the  terms  of  the  Proclamation  were  known  in 
q}J^'    England,  Lord  Shaftesbury  thus  writes  : — 


Dec,  9th,  1858. 
My  deab  Sib  John, 

....  Can  you  spore  time  to  come  to  pay  me  a  visit  at 

St.  Giles,  that  I  may  have  some  Indian  talk  with  you  ?    I  want 

it  much 

The  Proclamation  will  do  our  work.    The  framers  did  not 

intend  it.    Their  minds  were  one  way,  but  God  made  their  pens 

go  another  I     You  may  safely  deduce  from  it  everything  we  want. 

Call  on  Venn,  and  talk  with  him.    He  takes  a  bright  view,  as 

you  do.    He  is  a  wise  man  ;  the  wisest,  I  think,  in  the  ministry 

of  our  Church. 

Awaiting  reply,  I  remain. 

Yours  very  truly, 

Shaftbsbuby. 


Again,  on  January  20th,  1859,  Lord  Shaftesbury 
makes  arrangements  for  a  more  lengthened  conference 
at  St.  Giles,  on  the  subject  of  Indian  missions. 

Login  was  applied  to  for  information  by  many 
statesmen  interested  in  Indian  questions ;  amoi  ^ 
others,  the  Duke  of  Marlborough. 


July  10th,  1858 
My  dbab  Sib  John  Login, 

I  beg  to  return  the  papers  you  were  kind  enough  to  give  sr 
a  sight  of,  together  with  Sir  John  Lawrence's  letter,  which  v»* 


GUARDIANSHIP  ENDED.  443 

most  interesting.    Need  I  say  what  pleasure  you  would  give  me,  Chapter 

if  you  could  spare  time  to  talk  with  me  on  matters  relating    XIV. 

to  these  suhjects,  with  which  I  am  very  anxious  to  become  better  1B58-63. 

acquainted  ? 

I  remain,  dear  Sir  John, 

Yours  very  truly, 

Mablbobouoh. 


Early  in   September,    Duleep   Singh    writes   Lady 
Login  from  Mulgrave  Castle  : — 


I  wish  you  would  arrange  to  pay  me  a  visit  soon,  before  you 
get  tied  down  with  the  Princess;  for  I  do  not  think  it  would 
do  for  you  to  bring  her  here.  Any  time  will  suit  me,  and  please 
invite  any  of  your  friends  you  would  like  to  meet  you.  What  do 
you  say  to  the  Cunninghames,  Alexanders,  Pollocks,  and  any 
others  you  like  ?  only  do  arrange  it  all,  and  tell  me  what  you 
decide.  I  have  settled  to  start  for  Constantinople  on  November 
1st.  I  take  Thornton  and  Presanzini,  and  join  Mr.  Baker,  who 
is  a  great  shikar.  I  fear  there  seems  httle  chance  of  our  meeting 
at  Home.    From  what  Mr.  Baker  says,  I  expect  good  sport  on  the 

Danube. 

Your  affectionate 

DuLEEP  Singh. 


The  Maharajah,  it  will  be  seen  from  this,  had 
intended  to  have  some  sport  on  the  Danube  before 
going  to  Constantinople,  and  started  with  Mr. — now 
Sir  Samuel — Baker  as  "  guide,  philosopher,  and  friend." 


444  SIB  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  The  expedition,  however,  did  not  realize  his  expecta- 
^^^'    tions,  and  he  left  Constantinople   for  Rome,  where, 
*  much  to  their  surprise,  the  Logins  found  him  awaiting 
their  arrival. 

As  he  was  constantly  with  them  during  their  stay, 
Lady  Login  was  in  hopes  that  the  young  Princess  was 
the  attraction  ;  but  the  Maharajah  took  an  oppor- 
tunity of  telling  her  that  he  had  considered  the  matter 
deeply,  and  had  come  to  the  conclusion  that  an 
Englishwoman  alone  would  fulfil  his  ideal  of  a  wife. 
As  she  knew  that  he  had  received  every  encourage- 
ment from  some  of  the  first  nobility  in  England  to 
seek  a  wife  among  their  daughters,  she  foresaw  little 
difficulty  in  his  forming  a  suitable  alliance. 

When  at  Kew,  after  their  return  to  England  in  the 
summer,  they  had  many  letters  from  Duleep  Singh 
from  Mulgrave  and  Auchlyne,  foil  of  enjoyment  of  his 
bachelor  life  and  fishing ;  and  h©  steadily  declined  to 
appoint  any  one  as  equerry,  saying  he  did  not  want  to 
be  tied  to  any  one  young  man  as  a  companion. 

Sir  John  was  anxious  he  should  have  some  reliaKe 
person  about  him,  and  knowing  that  he  had  liked  and 
respected  Colonel  Oliphant,  formerly  a  member  i-r 
the  Court  of  Directors,  who  had  lately  met  witl. 
heavy  losses,  he  suggested  his  asking  him  on  a  visit  t , 
Auchlyne,  to  keep  him  company  and  enjoy  fishini: 
trusting  to  his  making  his  own  way  with  him.  Ir- 
a  letter  from  Auchlyne  to  Lady  Login,  dated  Ju!^ 
9th,  1859,  the  Maharajah  says  : — 


GUABDIAN8HIP  ENDED.  445 

I  am  very  glad  I  have  followed  Sir  John's  advice,  and  asked  Chapter 
Colonel  Oliphant  here.    He  seems  quite  happy  fishing,  though    XIY. 
he  meets  with  indifferent  sport,  the  water  being  so  low.    I  have  1858-63. 
been  away,  at  Susie,  in  order  to  get  a  shot  at  the  deer,  and  have 
been  sitting  up  at  night  watching  for  them,  when  they  come  to 
eat  the  com.    Colonel  Oliphant  does  not  give  any  trouble,  and  I 
am  really  thinking  of  doing  as  Sir  John  advised,  and  asking  him 
to  come  to  me  when  I  require  an  equerry,  but  it  must  only  be 
now  and  then,  not  to  live  with  me  always.     I  think  this  would 
meet  the  Queen's  wishes  too.    I  think  he  would  just  do,  for  he 
would  not  be  a  stranger  to  me,  and  I  would  feel  free.    What  a 
good  boy  you  will  call  me,  when  you  will  know  that  I  actually 
did  what  you  suggested  in  your  letter,  before  I  got  it  I  and  I 
intend  to  take  him  with  me,  on  my  return,  as  far  as  York,  where 
our  roads  separate. 


Later  on,  in  August,  he  writes,  giving  an  account 
of  his  grouse  shooting,  &c.  : — 


I  hope,  from  what  you  say,  that  you  seriously  think  of  agree- 
ing to  my  proposal,  that  you  bring  all  the  children  to  Mulgrave 
next  month ;  they  can  easily  go  to  Whitby  daily  for  sea-bathing. 
Can  you  arrange  to  come  on  the  1st  September,  to  meet  Lord 
and  Lady  Normanby  ?  Otherwise  I  will  be  in  a  great  fix,  for  all 
my  time  will  be  taken  up  with  the  shooting  arrangements  for  the 
£rst  fortnight,  and  there  will  be  no  lady  to  entertain  my  guests, 
unless  you  come ;  besides  I  want  to  arrange,  with  Colonel  Oli- 
phant,  to  come  there  for  a  beginning.  There  is  a  nice  nursery  at 
;M^VL]grave,  and  I  will  make  arrangements  for  the  whole  party,  and, 
xf  you  like,  get  some  of  the  young  Oliphants  to  come,  as  com- 
pcknions  for  them. 

ISdOnd  you  get  a  photograph  taken  for  me  of  my  baby  god- 


446  SIB  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEBP  SINGH. 

Chapter  daughter.    Hoping  sincerely  to  heax,  by  return  of  post,  that  you 

XIV,     see  no  objections  to  complying  with  my  request. 

1858-63.  _  .     ^ 

I  remam,  &c. 

DuLSEP  Singh. 


In  November  of  the  same  year,  when  paying  a  visit 
to  Lord  Grosvenor^  he  writes  : — 


Eaton,  Ghesteb,  1859. 
My  deab  Sib  John, 

My  patience  is  quite  exhausted!  do,  for  goodness  sake^ 
get  the  Government  to  settle  with  me,  and  pay  my  arrears  as 
soon  as  possible!  I  do  believe  they  will  take  another  year  to 
settle  my  affairs  1*  I  trust  to  you  to  stir  them  up,  for  I  dread 
getting  into  debt.  I  am  glad  the  poor  Shahzadah  has  at  last  got 
a  jagheer,  however  small. 

I  am  going  to  a  ball  this  evening,  and  expect  (tell  Lady  Login' 
to  meet  the  lovely  Lady  F ! 

Will  you  write  me  to  Teddesley,  where  I  shall  be  for  a  few 

days,  and  say  if  you  will  have  me  on  a  visit  at  Kew,  if  I  run  up 

on  December  5th  ?     If  you  cannot  take  me,  ask  the  MelviUes  if 

they  will. 

Affectionately  yours, 

DuiiESP   SlNQH« 


The  Shahzadah  had  written  Sir  John,  imploring  him 
to  get  the  Maharajah,  as  head  of  his  family,  to  makt 


•  Little  did  he  think  that  thirty  ytan  hkr  they  would  still  ht  onaettled ! 


GUARDIANSHIP   ENDED.  447 

him  an  allowance  to  enable  him  to  marry  ;  he  being,  Chapter 
at  present,  dependent  on  his  mother's  pension.  ^^ 

After  a  long  correspondence,  a  small  jcigheer  was 
given  the  Shahzadah,  8,000  rupees  per  annum  (less 
than  £800  per  annum),  which  the  Government,  in 
spite  of  Duleep  Singh's  remonstrance,  considered  ample 
provision  for  the  only  son  of  Maharajah  Shore  Singh. 
The  visit  to  Mulgrave  was  paid,  but  Lady  Login  only 
took  the  two  small  children  with  her  (one  being  the 
Uttle  god-daughter  of  the  Maharajah).  The  Marquis 
of  Normanby  (owner  of  Mulgrave  Castle)  was  there, 
with  the  Marchioness,  and  a  succession  of  visitors ; 
Colonel  OUphant  was  duly  installed  as  equerry. 

Duleep  Singh  made  a  charming  host,  and  did  all  he 
could  to  make  the  visit  pleasant  to  his  guests.  He  was 
very  eager  after  sport,  and  one  day  nearly  bagged 
an  archbishop,  when  after  partridges  !  A  covey  rose  on 
the  other  side  of  the  public  road,  close  to  which  he  was 
standing,  just  as  the  Archbishop  of  York  (Dr.  Thomson) 
drove  past,  on  his  way  to  the  Castle.  In  his  excite- 
ment and  eagerness  not  to  lose  his  birds,  the  Maha- 
rajah lost  his  head,  and  gave  his  guest  rather  a  warmer 
reception  than  he  expected,  for  he  fired  right  across  the 
carriage,  the  shot  passing  in  dangerous  proximity  to 
the  Archbishop's  shovel  hat ! 

The  Rajah  of  Coorg  (father  of  the  Princess  Victoria 
Gouramma)  died  about  this  time,  after  a  lingering 
illness.  He  had  only  been  able  to  visit  his  daughter  twice 


448  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  at  Kew  before  lie  was  taken  ill.  It  was  very  sad  to  see 
^^-  them  together,  neither  of  them  able  to  miderstand  the 
*  other ;  the  Rajah  could  not  speak  English,  and  the 
child  had  forgotten  her  native  tongue,  so  that  Lady 
Login  had  to  be  interpreter.  After  the  Rajah  was 
seized  with  his  fatal  illness,  Lady  Login  took  the 
Princess  to  visit  him  at  his  house,  and,  on  one  of  these 
occasions,  he  took  the  opportunity  of  making  over  to 
his  daughter  the  jewels  he  had  set  aside  bs  her  portion, 
SO  that  there  might  be  no  trouble  afterwards,  and  that 
he  could  leave  the  rest  to  his  family,  at  Benares. 
After  the  death  of  the  Rajah,  it  was  discovered  that  in 
his  will  he  had  appointed  Sir  John  Login  bis  executor, 
to  carry  on  to  its  conclusion  his  suit  against  the 
Honourable  Company,  for  some  Government  paper 
they  had  seized,  after  his  country  was  annexed 
Login  was  able  to  get  some  pension  arranged  for  hk 
large  family,  at  Benares,  who  were  left,  for  a  time,  in 
great  destitution,  by  the  sudden  cessation  of  the 
Rajah's  pension ;  but,  of  course,  the  case  against  the 
Company  failed  ! 

Hearing  that  Lady  Login  had  been  ill,  Duleep 
wrote  thus  to  urge  her  to  pay  him  a  visit  in  Scotland, 
in  August : — 


My  deab  Lady  Login, 

I  am  delighted  to  hear  from  Sir  John,  to-day,  that  you  ax^ 
really  better.  He,  at  last,  consents  to  your  paying  me  a  visit,  r. 
Scotland.    I'll  ask  Frank  Boileau  to  come  at  same  time.    Do  i* 


GUABDIANSHIP  ENDED,  449 

a  day,  and  I'll  have  everything  ready  for  you.    There  will  be  Chapter 
rooms  in  the  house  for  all,  except  Frank  and  Edwy,  and  they    XIV. 
must  sleep  at  the  inn  across  the  water.  •  1858-68. 

Your  afifectionate 

DULEBP  BlNGH. 


The  Maharajah  arranged  to  go  out  to  India  in 
December,  1860,  intending  to  stay  for  some  tiger 
shooting,  to  see  his  mother,  and  arrange  with  Govern- 
ment for  her  fiiture  residence  in  British  territories. 

He  had  taken  an  active  part  in  promoting,  vnth  the 
sanction  of  the  Queen,  a  marriage  between  the  Princess 
Gouramma  of  Coorg,  then  under  the  care  of  her  god- 
father. Sir  James  Hogg,  and  Lady  Login's  brother, 
Colonel  John  Campbell  (Madras  Army),  whose  ac- 
quaintance the  Princess  had  made  after  leaving*  Lady 
Lgin'scharge. 

The  Maharajah's  chief  reason  for  wishing  to  pay  a 
visit  to  India  was  his  anxiety  about  his  mother. 
Hearing  that  she  was  thinking  of  employing  a  stranger 
to  make  an  application  to  Government,  he  was  anxious 
to  prevent  her  taking  such  a  step ;  but,  after  the  ex- 
perience of  the  forged  letters,  he  was  carefiil  that 
there  should  be  no  doubt  about  the  authenticity  of  any 


*  On  making  over  the  Princess  to  Lady  Catherine  Harcourt,  Lady  Login  had 
been  much  gratified  to  receive  an  autograph  letter  from  the  Queen,  expressing  Her 
tlianks  to  Lady  Login  for  having  undertaken  the  charge  at  her  request,  and  for 
tbc  manner  in  which  she  had  fulfilled  it.  This  was  followed  by  the  gift  of  a 
l«racelet,  *'  as  a  more  durable  mark  of  the  Queen's  appreciation.*' 

GO 


450  Sm  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  communication  from  himself.  So,  as  Sir  John  Login 
^^'  happened  to  be  writing  privately  to  Mr.  Bowring, 
private  secretary  to  Earl  Canning,  the  Maharajah  took 
advantage  of  the  opportmiity  to  enclose  a  letter  for  his 
mother,  with  the  request  that  it  might  be  forwarded 
to  the  Resident  at  Khatmandoo,  who  would  be  able  to 
see  that  it  was  safely  delivered  into  the  Maharanee's 
own  hands. 

Mr.  Bowring  replied  :— 


Govebmob-Generaii's  Camp,  Paniput, 

Jan.  Sth,  1860. 
My  deab  LoaiN, 

....  I  received  a  short  time  ago  your  letter,  forwarding  a 
note  from  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh  to  his  mother,  Banee  Jinda, 
which  has  heen  sent  to  Colonel  Bamsay  with  a  request  that  he 
will  deliver  it  to  herf  The  Governor-General,  to  whom  I  showed 
your  letter,  has  written  a  despatch  upon  the  points  referred  to  is 
your  letter,  viz.,  the  Maharajah's  desire  to  visit  India,  and  the 
advisahility  of  allowing  the  Banee  to  reside  in  British  territory. 
On  this  latter  point,  I  believe  his  Excellency  is  of  opinion  that 

she  may  be  pepnitted  to  do  so Colonel  Bamsay  speaks  of 

her  as  much  changed.  She  is  blind,  and  has  lost  much  of  the 
energy  which  formerly  characterized  her,  taking  apparently  !•-* 
little  interest  in  what  is  going  on 

The  Governor-General  does  not  object  to  the  Maharajah's  vi-:i- 
ing  India,  though  he  does  not  deem  it  advisable  that  he  shon  • 
proceed  to  the  Punjab.  His  Excellency's  despatch,  which  I  ha*<- 
mentioned,  should  you  see  it,  will  place  you  quite  au  courant  c 
his  views  on  the  subject. 

I  much  regret  that  little  Sheo  Deo  Singh  was  prevented  fr> 


OUABDIANSHIP  ENDED.  451 

visiting  England  with  the  Maharajah.    He  is  a  promifling  youth,  Chapter 

and  some  day  may  have  influence,  which  it  would  be  well  to  direct     ^V. 

beneficially.    I  fear  that  his  proposed  marriage  with  the  daughter  J'^'^"*>*>' 

of  the  Shamgurh  Sirdar,  a  small  chief  in  the  Thanesur  District, 

will  not  prove  advantageous  to  him. 

As  far  as  we  can  see  at  present  the  temper  of  the 'Sikhs  is 

good 

Yours  very  sincerely, 

L.  BOWBINO. 


This  correspondence  with  the  Viceroy's  private 
secretary  was  apparently  not  viewed  with  favour  at 
the  India  Office,  where  there  existed  some  desire  to 
sever  all  connection  between  Sir  John  and  his  former 
ward,  for  on  the  31st  March,  1860,  Sir  C.  Wood 
informed  the  Maharajah  that : — 


Sir  John  Login  having  ceased  to  be  officially  connected  with 
your  ELighness,  any  application  made  by  him,  on  your  part, 
cannot  be  officially  recognized;  and  it  would,  in  all  cases,  be 
advisable,  that  you  should  communicate  your  wishes,  ....  in 
the  first  instance,  to  Her  Majesty's  Government. 


To  this  the  Maharajah  replied  :• 


I  regret  that  the  Viceroy  having  written  a  despatch  to 
you  on  the  subject  of  my  return  to  India,  founded  on  a 
private  note  written  by  Sir  John  Login  to  Mr.  Bowring,  his 
JBxcellency's  private  secretary,  you  should   have  been  led  to 

GO   2 


452  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  suppose  that  I  had  wished  to  communicate  officially  with  the 
^^^'     Government  of  India,   on  any  subject,  without,    in    the   first 
Iboo-oo.  instance,  submitting  my  wishes  to  Her  Majesty's  Government. 

.  .  .  «  Being  quite  aware  that  Sir  John  had  ceased  to  be 
officially  connected  with  me,  it  never  occurred  to  me,  nor,  I 
believe,  to  him,  that  his  private  note  would  be  officially  recognized. 


The  Maharajah  having  left  for  India  to  see  his  mother, 
and  to  have  a  season's  tiger  shooting,  Sir  John  Login 
wrote  him  at  Calcutta  as  follows  : — 


London,  Jan.  ISth,  1861. 
Mt  dbab  Mahabajah, 

As  objections  are  likely  to  be  made  at  the  India  Office,  to  the 
recognition  of  my  authority  to  act  as  your  attorney  and  agent — 
without  a  formal  and  legal  document — on  the  ground,  I  believe,  of 
your  having — since  the  former  power  was  given  to  me — ^been  in 
direct  communication  with  the  Secretary  of  State  on  the  subject  * 
(which  by  law  invalidates  the  power),  I  have  asked  Messrs. 
Graham  and  Lyde  to  prepare  another  power  of  attorney,  which  I 
now  send  to  you,  and  also  a  copy  of  the  former  one,  in  order 
that  you  may  see  in  what  they  differ. 

The  new  power  is  made  out,  as  you  wiU  see,  to  enable  in« 
merely  to  settle  your  affiairs  with  the  Government,  which  leaver 
it  open  for  you,  if  you  like,  to  grant  another  to  Oliphant   f .  * 
other    matters;    but    if    you    wish   to    continue    to    me    th 
same  power  as  you  gave  before,  it  can  be  written  out  accordin^I. 


*At  a  private  interview  with  Sir  C.  Wood,  at  India  Hotue,   Doleep  Sir 
signed  a  paper  prepared  in  his  presence,  Jan.  20th,  1860. 


GUABDIANgHIP  ENDED.  453 

by  Messrs.  Judge,  or  any  other  respectable  sofidtor  in  Cakatta,  Oafier 
whom  you  may  employ.  HV. 

There  is  another  difference — the  power  is  not  limited  to  your  lwW-63. 
absence  from  the  United  Kingdom — bat  as  it  is  rendered  null  (if 
the  Government  position  be  correct)  by  your  entering  into 
personal  correspondence  with  them  on  the  sabject,  this  is  of  no 
consequence,  as  yon  can  at  any  time  set  it  aside.  Just  settle  it 
in  your  own  mind  whether  to  limit  it  to  CrOTemment  matters,  or 
extend  it  to  others,  as  yon  may  think  best ;  bat  do  kindly  lei  me 
have  the  document  one  way  or  other,  with  the  least  possible 
delay. 

Sir  Charles  Phipps  told  me  that  now  was  the  time  to  pash  the 

Government,  as  I  should  come  in  for  all  their  blame  in  haying 

the  matter  agitated,  and  that  you  coold  safier  no  damage  by 

my  proceedings;    and  as  he  knew  that  I  did  not  mach  care 

for  their  annoyance,  so  long  as  I  had  a  good  caase,  he  thoo^t  it 

by  far  the  best  opportunity  for  you  to  get  the  question  advanced  I 

So  you  see  how  coolly  I  am  recommended  to  fight  your  battles. 

Well,  be  it  so !    It  will  be  a  great  happiness  to  me  if  I  can  get 

oar  people  to  do  what  is  liberal  and  right,  to  enable  me  to  hold 

up  my  head  before  you,  and  to  say  that  I  am  not  ashamed  of 

them.     My  dear  Maharajah,  it  requires  some  knowledge  of  our 

national  character  to  understand   us !      Because    the   Council 

of  India  do  not  benefit  a  single  pie  themselves,  and  think  they 

stand  up  for  the  interests  of  200  millions  of  subjects,  they'll  fight 

until  they  have  not  a  leg  to  stand  on,  while  all  the  time  they  have 

the  most  perfect  goodwill  to  you,  and  would  like  to  see  you  happy  1 

However,  it  will  all  come  right  yet ;  I  have  every  confidence. 

[Here  follows  a  description  of  Applecross  Estate.] 


!Edwy  is  at  Boehampton  with  the  Melvilles.    Frank  (Boileau) 
and  his  brothers  are  as  busy  as  possible  skating  on  the  Serpen- 


454  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  tine.    What  a  contrast  to  your  grilling  at  this  moment  near  Aden, 
^^y*     I  suppose  I    My  wife  and  all  here  join  in  kindest  regards  to  you. 

Believe  me  ever,  my  dear  Maharajah, 

Your  most  sincere  and  faithful  friend, 

J.  S.  Login. 

P.S.  Get  Bowring  to  hasten  on  the  accounts;  you  can 
explain  to  the  Shahzadah  that  it  is  out  of  your  power  to  do  much 
for  him,  until  they  have  heen  settled  in  England,  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  State. 


The  Maharajah  writes  from  Calcutta  : 


Spencb'b  Hotel,  Feb,,  1861. 
My  deab  Sib  John, 

I  received  your  second  letter,  and  reply  at  once,  as  the  mail 
is  going.    I  think  I  would  prefer  "  Applecross  "  of  the  two  pro- 
perties, if  the  grouse  and  the  salmon  fishing  are  both  good.     Oh, 
it  is  too  cruel  of  you  to  write  me,  so  soon  after  coming  out  here, 
about  an  estate  in  Scotland,  for  now  I  cannot  make  up  my  mind 
to  stay  a  day  longer  than  is  necessary  to  see  my  mother !     Your 
letter  has  almost  driven  me  wild;   so  you  may  expect  to  see 
me  back  sooner  than  I  thought  of  when  I  left.    I  have  got  the 
Shahzadah  here  on  a  visit.    He  is  a  very  quick,  intelligent  lad, 
but  a  thorough  native  in  his  manners,  I  regret  to  say.       He 
wishes  to  marry  another  wife  already  1     You  will  be  surprised  to 
hear  that  he  has  no  objection  to  read  the  Bible  now,  and  often 
reads  a  chapter  to  me,  and  listened  attentively  when  the  Bev. 
Gopee  Nauth  Nundy  read  the  Scriptures  and  explained  them  to 
him,  though  he  would  not  stay  for  prayers.    I  have  no  doubt  he 
will  one  day  be  a  Christian.    He  has  no  objection  to  be  touched 
by  low-caste  people,  as  long  as  none  of  his  people  are  present ' 


GIJABDIANSHIP  ENDED.  455 

He  tells  me  he  has  no  belief  in  his  own  religion,  and  would  Chapter 
like  to  go  with  me  to  England  if  he  could,  without  his  mother     ^^• 
knowing!  1868-68. 

Now,  I  must  tell  you  that  India  is  a  beastly  place !  I  heartily 
repent  having  come  out,  for  I  cannot  get  a  moment's  peace  with 
people  following  me,  and  all  my  old  servants  bother  the  Ufe  out  of 
me  with  questions.  The  heat  is  something  dreadful,  and  what 
will  it  be  in  another  month  ?  I  hate  the  natives,  they  are  such 
liars,  flatterers,  and  extremely  deceitful  I  I  would  give  anything 
to  be  back  in  dear  England,  among  my  friends !  I  cannot  think 
or  write  about  anything  else  but  this  property.  Oh  1  buy  it  for 
me,  if  possible.  My  mother  is  to  be  at  Bani  Gunj  in  ten  or  twelve 
days.  I  wish  her  to  await  me  there,  as  it  is  quieter  than 
Calcutta.  I  have  heard  (not  officially)  that  she  is  to  have  from 
two  to  three  thousand  a  year,  but  will  know  for  certain  when  the 
Governor-General  returns  here.  They  gave  me  a  salute  of 
twenty-one  guns,  and,  you  will  be  amused  to  hear,  an  escort  of 
two  sowars  I  and  a  guard  of  one  paharah  of  four  Sepoys,  and  a 
Naickt 

Sheo  Bam  is  here.  I  am  sending  him  to  my  mother,  as  she  is 
surrounded  with  very  low  fellows.  Sowdagar,  Kashee,  and 
Bolund  Khan  all  send  their  most  respectful  salaams  to  you,  Lady 
Login  and  Harry ;  they  are  so  glad  to  hear  about  you. 

Yours  affectionately, 

DULSBP   SlNQH. 


A  little  later  he  writes  again  : — 

Mt  deab  Sib  John, 

I  have  signed,  and  send  herewith,  the  full  power  of  attorney. 
Mr.  Bowring  told  me  yesterday  he  thought  the  accumulation 
would  not  be  much  over  £70,000  {withotU  interest),  but  was  not 


456  SIB  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH, 

Chapter  sure,  but  that  all  the  papers  would  be  sent  off  to  England  without 
^V-     delay.  I  hope  you  are  arranging  about "  Applecross."  I  am  trying 

1858-63.  |.Q  gQ^  j^  house  outside  Calcutta,  for  my  mother.  I  have  not  yet 
settled  whether  I  remain  over  the  hot  weather  here,  going  up  to  i  he 
hills,  and  then  returning  to  England.  I  am  to  have  elephants 
from  Government  for  tiger  shooting.  It  is  already  very  hot. 
Shahzadah  is  very  anxious  to  come  with  me  to  England,  but  does 
not  expect  to  manage  it. 

Yours  affectionately  and  sincerely, 

DuLEEP  Singh. 

P.S. — Since  I  wrote  this,  my  mother  has  declared  she  will  not 
separate  from  me  any  more,  and  as  she  is  refused  permission  to  go 
to  the  hills,  I  must  give  up  that  intention ;  and,  I  suppose,  we 
shall  return  to  England  as  soon  as  I  can  get  passage. 


Letter  from  Colonel  Ramsay,  Besident  at  Khatmandco. 

Nepal  Residency,  Nov.  28/^,  1860. 
My  deab  Loqin, 

....  I  quite  agree  with  your  estimate  of  Jung  Bahadoor ;  a  more 
unprincipled  scoundrel  does  not  tread  the  earth.  He  would  have 
taken  part  against  us  at  the  time  of  the  Mutiny,  if  it  had  not  been 
for  that  providential  visit  of  his  to  England,  and  the  experience  he 
gained  there  ;  and  for  this  we  have  to  thank  your  poor  brother, 
who  exerted  such  a  wise  influence  over  him,  and  persuaded  hiin 
to  the  step. 

Jung  has  often  told  me  so  himself,  and  one  of  his  brothers  told 
me  the  same  thing,  as  early  as  the  month  of  June,  in  that  eventful 
year,  adding  that  every  attempt  was  being  made  by  influential 
men,  to  induce  him  to  join  in  driving  us  out  of  the  conntiA', 
but  that  no  persuasion  would  cause  him  to  commit  such  an  act  of 


GUARDIANSHIP   ENDED.  457 

suicidal  folly.    The  Government  will  be  in  a  dilemma  respecting  Chapter 

the  ex-Maharanee  of  Lahore,  miless  they  or  Duleep  Singh  are     XIV. 

prepared  to  allow  her  a  permanent  substinence  in  our  provinces,  l^o^^""^- 

Jung  Bahadoor  longs  to  get  rid  of  her,  for  various  reasons  personal 

to  himself,  and  declares  that  if  ever  she  sets  foot  in  the  British 

provinces,  she  shall  never  be  allowed  to  re-enter  Nepal,  or  receive 

.  a  stiver  from  his  Government.     He  declares  she  now  gets  20,000 

rupees  per  annum,  which  he  grudges  exceedingly.    He  also  wants 

her  mansion,  which  is  on  his  own  premises.    They  are  always 

quarrelling,  and  she  contrives  to  wound  him  on  a  tender  point — 

his  vanity.    Pray  offer  my  best  regards  to  Lady  Login.    That  is 

surely  not  a  brother  of  hers  who  married  the  Princess  Gouramma 

of  Coorg  the  other  day  I    Her  sister,  who  married  Jung  Bahadoor 

some  years  ago,  is  now  a  very  fine-looking  yoimg  woman,  and 

seems  happy  enough.     The  other  sister,  whom  he  also  brought 

with  him  from  Benares  in  1858,  was  sadly  duped,  and  wanted  to 

go  back  to  her  brothers.     She  is  said  to  be  very  unhappy — at 

least,   she  was  some  months  ago,  but  I  have  not  heard  of  her 

lately. 

Believe  me,  my  dear  Login, 

Yours  very  truly, 

G.  Bamsat* 

About  the  time  of  Duleep  Singh's  visit  to  India, 
several  Sikh  regiments,  who  had  arrived  from  China, 
besieged  his  hotel,  and  were  very  demonstrative  in 
their  welcome  to  their  former  ruler.  Though  per- 
fectly amenable  to  discipline,  their  excitement  was 
great,  and  in  consequence.  Lord  Canning  thought 
it  desirable  to  urge  the  Maharajah,  to  give  up  his 
intention  of  going  up  country,  and  to  return  to 
England  at  once.     Although  the  Maharajah  had  gone 


458  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  to  great  expense  in  preparing  for  a  season's  sport, 
^^-  having  brought  out  with  him  an  india-rubber  boat  and 
a  swivel  duck-gun,  besides  all  the  latest  inventions 
in  rifles,  &c.,  for  tiger  shooting,  he  yielded  his  own 
wishes  gracefully,  and  took  passage  for  himself  and  his 
motherun  the  first  available  steamer  for  England. 

On  the  voyage  home,  Dideep  Singh  wrote  Sir  John 
Login  to  beg  him  to  secure  a  house  in  his  neighbourhood 
(Lancaster  Gate),  where  he  might  bring  his  mother  on 
arrival,  until  her  jewels  and  property  could  be  landed 
safely,  and  passed  through  the  custom-house.  He 
said  he  had  been  very  sea-sick,  but  that  she  had  home 
the  voyage  well !  He  was  anxious,  at  the  same  time, 
to  have  good  medical  advice  for  her  in  London,  as  he 
feared  her  health  was  seriously  impaired.  A  large 
empty  house  in  Lancaster  Gate  was  taken,  and  Sir 
John  sent  in  some  fumitiure,  and  arranged  cooking- 
places  for  the  natives  out  in  the  area. 

Jinda  Koiir  was  truly  an  object  of  conmaiseration 
when  one  contrasted  her  present  with  her  former  state. 
To  see  her  now,  with  health  broken,  eye-sight  dimmed, 
and  her  once-famed  beauty  vanished — it  was  hard  to 
understand  the  power  she  had  wielded  through  her 
charms.  It  was  only  when  she  grew  interested  and 
excited  in  conversation,  that  one  caught  glimpses, 
beneath  that  air  of  indifference  and  the  torpor  of  ad- 
vancing age,  of  that  shrewd  and  plotting  brain  which 
had  distinguished  the  famous  "  Messalina  of  the 
Punjab." 


GUARDIANSHIP  IXDED.  459 


She  had  brought  with  her  several  ratiTTe  serr&iits,  Cr^ 
both  male  and  female,  bat  S-»rtoo-  a  slave,  who  Lad 


been  bom  in  her  house,  and  had  foil  >w€d  Ler  n^i-^tness' 
fortunes,  was  her  favourite  and  oc^l^  iei^TLJ  atieri*iaiit ; 
she  had  also  been  Duleep  s  plavmate  as  a  chCd,  beiiig 
about  his  own  age. 

The  Maharanee  was  full  of  curicisitv  a>>iit  the 
customs  and  manners  of  the  Enfrlii^h.  SLe  was  much 
shocked  to  find,  on  Lady  Login  s  preseiatir.ir  to  her  her 
little  boy  (aged  eight  years),  that  as  yet  his  marriage 
had  not  been  arranged,  nor  a  suitable  pnriie  selected ! 

She  paid  Lady  Login  the  great  compliment  of  a 
return  visit,  when  she  was  assisted  up  the  stairs  to  the 
drawing-room  floor  by  several  servants  (a  piece  of 
Oriental  etiquette  which  her  infirmities  rendered 
perhaps  not  unnecessary).  The  exertion,  indeed,  to 
her,  must  have  been  most  £itiguing,  and  a  great  mark 
of  condescension  on  her  part,  for  she  appeared  dressed 
in  full  English  costume — ^bonnet  with  feather,  mantle, 
dress,  and  large  crinoline  complete ! — ^which  she  had  put 
on  over  her  native  dress  !  It  was  no  wonder,  therefore, 
that  with  the  added  weight  she  found  it  difficult  to 
walk.  The  crinoline  with  which  she  was  encumbered 
would  not  permit  the  poor  Eanee  to  seat  herself,  imtil 
two  of  her  servants  lifted  her  bodily  on  to  a  chair,  on 
which  she  was  then  able  to  sit  comfortably,  Indian 
fashion,  with  her  feet  under  her,  while  her  crinoline 
spread  all  around!  She  had  only  just  received  her 
jewels    firom    the    custom-house,   and  was    naturally 


460  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINOH. 

Chapter  delighted  to  have  them  again  in  her  possession;  for 
fXIV.  gince  her  flight  from  Chunar  Fort  to  Nepal,  the 
*  Indian  Government  had  retained  them,  and  only 
delivered  them  to  her  at  Calcutta  when  she  embarked 
for  England.  On  this  occasion  she  was  decorated  with 
a  large  assortment,  the  most  remarkable  being  some 
beautiful  pearls  and  emeralds,  which,  as  a  graceful 
concession  to  English  fashion,  she  had  arranged  in  a 
sort  of  fringe  beneath  her  bonnet,  in  place  of  the 
"  cap  "  usually  worn  at  that  period,  inside  the  brim  ! 

She  was  evidently  quite  surprised  to  find  Sir  John 
Login  so  different  from  what  she  had  imagined  him  to 
be,  and  took  occasion  to  inform  him,  with  great  naii'ete, 
that,  if  she  had  only  known  before  what  kind  of  man 
he  was,  she  would  never  have  plotted  to  have  him 
poisoned  !  A  hint  of  the  Maharanee's  kind  intentions 
had  reached  him  at  Futtehghiu' ! 

As  soon  as  the  Maharajah  had  departed  for  India,  in 
the  preceding  December,  Login  forwarded  to  the  India 
Office  (December  22nd)  the  power  of  attorney  made 
out  in  his  favour,  in  1857  ;  and  also  an  autograph 
letter,  from  Duleep  Singh,  dated  Southampton,  Decem- 
ber 20th,  18G0,  empowering  him  to  act  as  his  attorney 
in  settling  his  affairs  with  the  Government. 

These  credentials  the  Indian  Office  refused  to 
recognize,  and  a  smart  interchange  of  lettere  took 
place,  no  less  than  six  passing,  before  the  Indian  Office 
would  give  any  reason  for  this  refusal  to  recognize  a 
document,  which   had   already  been  recognized,  and 


GUABDIANSHIP  ENDED.  461 

acted  upon,  by  the  Court  of  Directors.      At  length  Chapter 

XIV. 

1858-63. 


(February  22nd,  1861),  Lord  de  Grey  and  Ripon  (then    ^^• 


Under  Secretary  of  State)  declared  that  the  power  of 
attorney  was  illegal,  having  been  drawn  out  when  the 
Maharajah  was  a  minor,  and  ignored  altogether  the 
autograph  letter. 

On  this,  Login  obtained  a  legal  opinion  from  Mr.  J. 
F.  Leith,  Q.C.,  Member  of  Parliament  for  Aberdeen, 
one  of  the  highest  authorities  on  Indian  law,  and  well- 
known,  for  many  years,  at  the  Calcutta  Bar. 

This  gentleman  gave,  as  his  opinion,  that  the  Maha- 
rajah could  not  be  compelled  to  adopt  European  forms 
in  his  dealings  with  the  Government ;  and  that,  as  an 
Indian    prince,  he  was  entitled  to  appoint  an  agent. 
Login,  therefore  (while  to  prevent  delay  he  applied  to 
the  Maharajah  for  a  fresh  power  of  attorney),  pro- 
tested (March  2nd,  1861)  against  the  indignity  offered 
the  Maharajah,  by  the  exclusion  of  his  agent  from  the 
position   assigned   him   by  His   Highness,  remarking 
that  the   Maharajah's   relations   to   the   Government 
were    secou'ed   by  treaty;    and   that,   in   transacting 
business  with   them,  he   was   only  bound  to  produce 
evidence  of  his  appointing  a  person  to  act  for  him  as 
his  agent ;  this  evidence  was  sufficiently  shown  by  the 
power  of  attorney,  and  the  autograph  letter.     This,  he 
reminded   the   Government,  is  aU  that  is  required  in 
the  case  of  any  Indian  prince. 

On  the  6th  of  April,  Login  presented,  under  protest^ 
the  fresh  power  of  attorney ;  but  when,  on  April  20th, 


462  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  he  asked  to  see  the  statement  of  accouot  of  the 
^^'  pension  fund  (applied  for  a  year  before  firom  the 
Government  of  India),  he  was  told  that  it  had  not  yet 
arrived,  but  that  when  it  did,  "Sir  C.  Wood  would 
communicate  about  it  with  the  Maharajah  on  his 
arrival "  ;  thus  plainly  revealing  that  their  object,  all 
through,  had  been  to  gain  time  and  deal  with  the 
Maharajah  himself,  and  thus  endeavour  to  ignore  the 
legal  instrument  which  they  themselves  had  stipulated 
for.  With  the  same  view,  in  the  month  of  July 
following,  when  Login  renewed  his  application,  he  was 
answered  by  Sir  C.  Wood  (July  27th),  that  the  state- 
ment had  at  length  been  received,  but  that  the 
Secretary  of  State  would  "  communicate  with  the 
Maharajah  on  the  subject !  " 


MuiiORAYE  CastiiB,  JiUy,  1861. 
My  deab  Sm  John, 

As  I  have  not  yet  heard  from  Sir  G.  Wood,  although  I  hare 
heen  in  England  now  three  weeks,  I  begin  to  think  that  be 
is  waiting  to  receive  a  letter  from  me  personally,  and  thus  throw 
your  power  of  attorney  to  act  for  me  aside.  However,  I  will 
disappoint  him  in  this,  for  I  wish  you  to  act  for  me  entirely 
in  settling  my  affairs  with  the  Government.  Will  you,  therefore, 
kindly  address  him  about  this  delay,  and  also  tell  him  that  o-V 
letters  connected  with  the  settlement  of  my  affairs  should  be 
addressed  to  you,  and  not  to  me,  and  this  will  show  him  ho« 
I  desire  the  thing  to  be  done.     My  mother  is  delighted  witi: 


Bans' 


GUARDIANSHIP   ENDED.  463 

Mulgrave,  but  I  cannot  get  her  to  agree  to  live  separate  from  me  Chapter 
at  Lythe  Hall,  as  you  advise.  XIV. 

We  hope  to  start  for  Scotland  on  Thursday.  1868-63. 

Ever  your  sincere  and  affectionate 

DULEEP   SiKOH. 

P.S. — Kindly  let  me  have  a  copy  of  any  letter  you  write  to  Sir 
C.  Wood. 


Two  days  later  he  writes  : 


Mt  beab  Sib  John, 

Colonel  Oliphant  has  just  received  a  pnvate  letter  from  Sir 
Charles  Wood,  to  say  that  my  papers  are  now  before  the  com- 
mittee, and  will  be  shortly  ready  to  send  I  So  you  see  I  was  right  I 
Will  you  at  once  write  to  Sir  Charles  that  I  wish  to  have  my 
papers  sent  to  me  through  you.  As  soon  as  you  receive  them, 
I  should  like  very  much  if  you  would  come  yourself  to  Auchlyne 
and  bring  them  with  you.  I  wish  very  much  to  have  a  conversa- 
tion with  you  about  my  private  property  in  the  Punjab  and 
the  Koh-i-noor  diamond,  and,  perhaps — if  you  really  can  come — 
you  will  kindly  procure  and  bring  with  you  the  Punjab  Blue 
Book. 
We  are  just  starting  for  the  north.     My  kindest  love  to  all. 

Ever  yours, 

DuLEEP  Singh. 


Here  we  have  the  first  mention  of  private  estates^ 
and  no   doubt  it  was  the  information  given  him  by 


464  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Jinda  KoUr  (who,  as  Queen  Regent,  must  have  drawn 
i^ftfiq  then*  revenues,)  that  prompted  the  Maharajah  years 
afterwards  to  study  the  Blue  Book  at  the  British 
Museum,  and  bring  forward  his  claim  to  the  old  family 
estates  of  Rimjeet  Singh,  before  he  became  ruler  of  the 
Sikh  nation. 

Login,  having  submitted  Mr.  Leith's  legal  opinion 
on  the  Maharajah's  rights  under  the  Treaty  of  Lahore 
to  Colonel  Phipps  for  perusal,  received  the  following 
reply  : — 


OsBOBNB,  Attg,  Ath,  1861. 

My  deab  Sir  John, 

Many  thanks  for  your  letter.  I  have  read  it  and  the 
enclosed  legal  opinion  with  great  attention.  I  feel  convinced 
that  the  best  course  which  the  Maharajah  can  pursue  is,  as  yon 
suggest,  to  submit  his  claims  to  some  impartial  persons,  in  whose 
judgment  he  might  have  confidence. 

The  constant  advancement  of  fresh  argument,  and  the  establish- 
ment of  a  chronic  state  of  contest  with  the  Government  authorities, 
cannot  be  advantageous  to  him. 

The  legal  opinion  may  be  a  perfectly  correct  one,  but  these 
matters  must  be  settled  by  the  rules  of  common  sense,  and  legal 
splitting  of  hairs  only  provokes  equal  ingenuity  on  the  other  aide. 
I  feel  sure  that  any  equitable  arrangement  arrived  at  by  honour- 
able and  impartial  men,  would  be  both  better  and  more  satisfactory 
than  a  constant  state  of  contest  and  uncertainty.  The  arrival  of 
the  Maharanee  in  England  is  a  misfortune,  though  it  is  impossible 
to  oppose  his  filial  wish.  I  hope  he  wiU  see  the  inconvenience  of 
having  her  and  her  attendants  in  the  same  house  with  him.    I  am 


aUABDIANSHIP  ENDED.  465 

glad  to  hear  such  good  accounts  of  the  Princess  Gouramma.   Pray  Chapter 

remember  me  very  kindly  to  Lady  Login,  XIY. 

•a        .         1  1868-63, 

Ever  sincerely  yours, 

C.  B.  Phipps. 
Sib  John  Spbnceb  Login. 


Duleep  Singh  writes  from  Auchlyne  to  Sir  Jolin, 
August  1st,  1861,  announcing  that  Sir  C.  Wood  has 
sent  the  papers  to  him  direct  ^  in  spite  of  all  orders  to 
the  contrary  ;  that  he  can  do  nothing  unless  he  comes 
up  to  him  to  examine  them,  and  begs  he  will  start  as  soon 
as  he  can ;  that  he  is  very  busy  training  his  hawks  and 
dogs,  Ac,  and  cannot  settle  to  business,  ending,  "  My 
mother  begs  to  send  her  best  salaam  to  the  kind 
Doctor  Sahib." 

Sir  John  had  gone  with  his  family  to  North  Wales, 

and  after    settling  them  for   the   summer,    went   to 

Vichy  to  take  the  waters,   and   while  there  another 

letter  came  for  him  to  Llandulas,  from  Duleep  Singh, 

aimouncing  the  sudden  death  of  his  secretary,  John 

Cawood,   and  the   shock   it  had   caused   him.      This 

letter  announced  his  determination  to   throw  up   all 

his  worldly  prospects,  and  to  return  to  India  with 

his  mother,  to  devote  the  rest  of  his  life   to   God's 

service,  in    trying    to  evangelize    the  heathen,   and 

begging  that  application  be  at  once   made  for  leave 

for  his  going  back.     Lady  Login  sent  the  letter  on  to 

Sir  John,  and  wrote  the  Maharajah  begging  of  him 

to  take  time  to  think  before  taking  any  serious  step, 


466  SIR  JOHN   LOOIN  AND   DULEEP   SINQH. 

Chapter  or  even  before  publicly  announcing  his  intentions, 
^^'  and  that  some  proof  would  be  required  of  the  stability 
^^"^-  of  his  convictions.  He  replied,  thanking  her  much  for 
her  letter,  and  regretting  that  it  was  out  of  his  power 
to  follow  Sir  John  to  Vichy,  which  he  would  have 
done  had  he  not  to  go  to  Mulgrave  to  receive  visitors 
there.     He  wrote  from  Mulgrave,  September  22  nd  : — 


I  wish  it  were  only  possible  for  you  and  Lady  Login  to  come 
by  the  middle  of  next  week,  for  I  do  long  to  see  you,  and  to  be 
once  more  able  to  read  with  you  in  the  mornings,  as  we  used  to  do 
long  ago,  when  we  lived  together.  I  feel  it  very  difficult  to  lead  a 
Christian  life ;  I  am  constantly  erring  before  God,  and  really  some 
of  my  sins  I  cannot  give  up. 


Login  had  been  trying  to  persuade  the  Maharajah 
to  have  a  separate  establishment  from  his  mother,  the 
influence  was  very  bad  for  him,  and  he  was  sadly 
tempted  to  lapse  into  native  habits.  His  mother 
seemed  to  have  no  objection  to  his  being  a  Christian, 
and  he  had  great  hopes  of  her  becoming  a  convert 
herself  At  this  time  his  religious  feelings  were  in  a 
very  excited  and  unsettled  state,  he  was  ready  t** 
enquire  into  every  different  opinion  and  try  ever\ 
sect  in  turn. 

When  in  London,  he  used  to  go  with  Sir  John  an^l 
Lady  Login  to  church  on  Sunday,  and  on  one 
occasion  he  did  not  turn  up  as  expected ;  but  on  theii 


GUABDIANSHIP  ENDED.  467 

return  from  church,  they  found   Mrs.    Claridge,   the  Chapter 

XIV. 

1868-63. 


landlady   of  his   hotel,   waiting    to   see    them.      She 


informed  Sir  John  that  she  was  so  interested  in  His 
Highness,  that  she  could  not  see  him  led  astray  by 
other  young  men,  without  speaking;  besides,  she  did 
not  like  such  doings  in  her  house  1  It  appeared,  that 
a  young  friend  of  His  Highness  had  lately  become  a 
Plymouth  brother,  and  was  trying  to  induce  His 
Highness  to  follow  his  example;  that  he  had  persuaded 
him  not  to  go  to  church  that  morning,  saying  he  could 
administer  the  Holy  Communion  to  him  at  home ; 
that  the  waiters  had  been  scandalized  by  the  pro- 
ceedings in  consequence,  and  she  did  not  like  it! 
All  this  will  show  the  unsettled  state  of  his  mind  at 
this  time  on  religious  points,  and  how  eagerly  he  was 
blindly  groping  after  light. 

He    was    able    to   resume    his  usual    sport    before 
September  had  quite  passed,  and  writes  : — 


I  have  been  having  capital  sport  these  last  few  days,  averaging 
forty  brace  daily.  I  address  this  to  Lancaster  Gate,  as  Sir  John 
said  you  would  be  back  by  this  time.  I  want  you  and  he  very 
much  to  come  for  ten  days,  or  as  long  as  you  can  stay,  and  you 
must  bring  my  little  godchild  with  you ;  indeed,  you  really  must 
not  come  without  her  !  I  want  your  advice  also  about  getting  a 
good  likeness  of  my  mother  (in  oils).  The  Normanbys  are  here, 
and  beg  to  send  their  kind  regards. 


It  was  in  this  year   (1861)  that  the  Order  of  the 

HH   2 


468  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Star  of  India  was  founded,  in  the  establishment  of 
i^^q  which  Order  the  Prince  Consort  took  a  lively  interest, 
himself  drawing  up  its  charter  and  regulations.  It 
was  thus  a  token  of  the  esteem  in  which  H.R.H.,  as 
well  as  Her  Majesty,  held  the  young  Indian  Prince, 
that  the  name  of  Duleep  Singh  appeared  in  the  very 
first  list  of  recipients,  as  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the 
Order.  The  Prince  Consort  had  previously,  on  the 
Maharajah's  first  arrival  in  England,  with  gracious 
kindliness  and  interest,  himself  designed  for  him  an 
appropriate  coat-of-arms,  and  selected  the  motto : 
Prodesse  quam  conspici  (to  do  good  rather  than  be 
conspicuous),  which,  with  the  crest,  appears  on  the 
cover  of  this  volume. 

The  sorrow  which  fell  upon  the  nation  at  this  time 
was  felt  by  none  more  acutely  than  by  Login,  who 
brought  from  Windsor  the  sad  tidings  of  the  death 
of  the  noble-hearted  Prince  Consort. 


6,  Lamcasteb  Gatb,  Dec.  SOth,  1861. 

Mt  dsab  Sm  GecabiiBB, 

It  was  very  kind  indeed  of  you  to  write  me  to  explain  your 
inability  to  see  me  when  I  went  up  to  Windsor  on  the  14th.  I 
did  not,  under  the  circumstances,  expect  that  you  would,  and 
felt  it  necessary  to  have  a  note  prepared  to  excuse  myself  for 
having  attempted  it.  I  had,  on  two  or  three  occasions,  made 
inquiries  at  Buckingham  Palace,  before  the  bulletins  were  issued, 
and  ventured,  in  my  anxiety,  to  do  so  at  Windsor. 
If  the  universal  sympathy  of  the  civilized  world,  and  the  heart- 


GUAfiDIASSBIP  E!n>£ZI.  469 


felt  Bonow  of  the  icilZiDiis  who  dcZd-t  lo  ^'-kz^ywrjai^t  h*^  CI 
soveieigDtT,  and  to  take  a  deep  ai:-3  i5em:«r.fcit  ii tires  ::.  *I  lLu  iT* - 
concerns  the  welfare  ol  oar  iDOSt  belrr&i  &Zii  ^^liizr^i  ^rj&ei.  ta»j, 
in  any  way  tend  to  alleriate  grSel  rziic?  so  sbi  a  bEjeaT^^rn^^rt. 
Her  Majesty  must  hare  er;cyed  that  cz^^zZkzjz'l  icp  ar  exLemt 
to  wiiich  the  history  ol  the  hzzsMn  rhce  a=:ric  :i:>  p^rLL^  :  Zisr 
can  I  doubt  that  the  mmr^yvr  in  wliil  iLe  -nm^ss  i^  i*^i€;  xiii^a 
she  loved  so  well  hape  now  bees  b::i:»::r&i  aii  L.jrr&r^'^eti  as 
an  example  to  hnmanity,  can  be  ccLerm  Iht  iL&z.  riii*?:  grfc-i-rr  'ig.. 
I  sincerely  tmst,  howerer,  that  iL&se  LaT«  a5:<riad  c-iJt  a  s^aH 
portion  of  that  oons(dadon  with  whi::i  E-er  Kav^stt  La*.  tL*r:»:i£is 
Divine  grace,  been  wistainf^l  in  h^r  d&t^  •^.^^.-r-.  ui»i  ijl&i  ::a 
sanctifying  inflnences  may  be  abmi^ft^tlj  eipEri*:i,Kji  17  fcll  mL-j 
are  dear  to  our  beloved  Queen  ! 


Agaiii  he  writes  :- 


....  I  have  for  the  last  few  d&i  s  been  SLLzia:;^  to  write  to 
yon  on  the  Maharajah's  afiairs,  t-=t  Lare  beer.  pr*rrtr.t*ed  by  tL« 
fear  of  being  intrusive,  while  yc^r  att-ei.i:'.i.  n.':%t  be  cec-f  ^ed  to 
incessantly.  But  in  the  hope  that  \'^i  •srjll  crxc"it>e  cy  ^l^t-h  to 
avail  myself  of  any  leisure  wLich  you  n^ay  L&j/per.  to  L&re,  I  feL&.*l 
send  this,  although  you  may  not  be  ahle  to  a^'kr.o-Di'I^;:e  it  for 
some  time. 

I  am  afraid  that  the  Maharaiah  is  ^etiii.?  tbor ot;;^^]v  T«r>dier  his 
mother's  influence,  and  that  our  oiJy  Lope  of  vtmuvL  Lim  from 
discredit  is  to  get  him  to  live  apart  frorr.  her,  a^  \jJi  u^u  arratiged* 
and  to  find  some  suitable  companion  of  Lis  own  age  to  reside  with 
him.  He  authorized  me  to  look  out  for  a  young  man  to  attend 
lectures  with  him,  but  changed  his  mind.  When  he  was  last  in 
town,  he  was  again  full  of  arrangements  for  an  estate  in  India, 
and  to  return  there,  after  a  short  time,  and  most  anxkms  to  accept 


470  SIR  JO^N   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  the  Government  o£fer,  for  anything  they  might  be  disposed  to  give 

XIY.     without  trustees,  QO  that  he  should  have  entire  control  over  the 

.1858-63.  amount,  but  I  told  him,  that  I  considered  such  an  arrangement 

to  be  very  inexpedient,  and  that,  if  such  were  his  determination, 

I  had  better  withdraw.     I  accordingly  have  written  the  enclosed 

letter,  which  I  shall  send  to  him  on  your  returning  it  to  me. 

Sir  John  Lawrence  has  been  quite  prepared  to  go  into  the  case, 
if  submitted  to  his  decision ;  but,  on  the  19th  instant  he  wrote 
me,  '*  Sir  Charles  Wood  has  never  said  a  word  to  me  since 
I  was  at  Windsor,  and  I,  of  course,  have  not  referred  to  it 
myself." 

J.  D.  L. 


To  this  Sir  Charles  replied  :- 


OsBOBNB,  Jan.  4th,  1862. 


«...  I  am  very  sorry  to  hear  what  you  say  about  the  Maha- 
rajah— nothing  could  be  so  destructive  to  him  as  that  he  should 
succumb  to  his  mother's,  or  any  other  native  influence.  He  is  too 
good  to  be  so  lost ;  and,  if  I  were  in  your  place,  I  should  certainly 
not,  at  such  a  moment,  forsake  any  position  which  gave  me  auy 
influence  over  him,  or  could  possibly  tend  to  prevent  his  doing 
anything  foolish.  I  do  not  think,  if  it  were  pointed  out  to  hiiu, 
he  would  do  anything  wrong. 

I  should  have  answered  you  some  days  since,  but  you  may 
conceive  what  this  house  is  at  present !  for  the  very  air  we  breathe 
is  an  atmosphere  of  sorrow,  and  that  is  a  bad  medium  in  which  to 
transact  business. 

Always  very  sincerely  yours, 

C.  B.  Phipph. 


QUABDIAN8HIP  ENDED.  471 


5,  Lancaster  Gate,  Jan,  Sth,  1862.       Chapter 

My  dear  Sir  Charles,  XIY. 

1858-63. 
....  If  I  could,  for  a  moment,  suppose  that,  by  retaining 

the  papers  connected  with  his  case,  and  by  continuing  to  act  for 
him  at  the  India  Office — ^while  we  differed  so  much  in  respect 
to  the  arrangements  which  appeared  advantageous  to  his 
interests, — ^I  would  be  more  likely  to  maintain  any  influence  I 
possess  with  him,  I  would,  of  course,  regret  very  much, 
especially  at  the  present  time,  to  be  under  the  necessity  of  doing 
BO.  But,  as  I  think  I  know  the  Maharajah. very  well,  and  that,  so 
far  from  weakening  my  influence  with  him  by  doing  so,  I  am 
more  likely  to  strengthen  it,  I  have  still  thought  it  better  to 
send  the  letter  and  papers,  trusting  that  I  shall  yet  be  able  to 

make  it  clear  to  you  that  I  have  done  right While  I  have 

returned  him  all  the  official  documents  and  memoranda  connected 
with  his  claims,  I  have  expressed  my  readiness  to  give  him  every 
assistance  in  my  power  in  explaining  any  points  required, 
....  and  satisfied  him  that  I  have  only  his  best  interests  at 
heart,  ....  and  do  not  give  up  the  charge  of  his  case  under  any 
feeling  of  temporary  annoyance  at  his  vacillation — ^but  certainly 
more  in  sorrow  than  in  anger.  I  feel  very  certain  that,  after 
having  done  this,  and  giving  him,  I  hope,  another  proof  that  I  am 
not  actuated  by  selflsh  motives — of  which,  like  all  Orientals  with 
whom  I  have  come  in  contact,  he  is  very  suspicious — he  will  give 
more  weight  to  the  remonstrances  which  I  think  it  necessary  to 
make,  against  the  self-indulgence  to  which  he  gives  way  so  much. 
I  think,  also,  that  when  it  becomes  known  that  (rather  than  have 
anything  to  do  with  an  arrangement  which  I  cannot  but  consider 
most  improper  and  injudicious  on  the  part  of  Government,  and 
which  I  certainly  believe  would  never  have  been  thought  of,  had 
they  not  been  most  anxious  to  make  it  appear  that  their  first  pro- 
posal of  settlement  was  very  liberal),  I  have  determined  to  give  up 
my^'position  near  him,  they  may  look  a  little  more  carefully  into  the 


472  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  matter ;  at  least  (although  I  may  flatter  myself  a  little  too  much 
^^'     in  supposing  it  to  have  this  effect),  I  shall,  at  all  events,  have 
'  done  my  duty  in  thus  ....  protesting  against  it. 

....  Most  earnestly  do  we  all  hope  and  pray  that  our 
beloved  Queen  may  be  enabled,  through  Divine  strength,  to  con- 
tinue to  set  before  Her  people  that  bright  example  of  Christian 
resignation  and  Christian  duty,  for  which  they  have  hitherto  had 
so  much  cause  to  be  grateful 

Believe  me,  very  sincerely  yours, 

J.  8.  Login. 


OsBOBNE,  April  ISth,  1862. 
My  deab  Sm  John, 

....  I  shall  be  very  glad,  for  the  Maharajah's  sake,  and 
yours  also,  when  his  affairs  are  finally  settled,  for  all  this  constant 
uncertainty  and  negotiation  must  be  very  annoying.  He  ought 
to  be  very  grateful  to  you  for  all  the  trouble  which  you  have  taken, 
for  never  did  anybody  work  harder  for  another's  interests!  .  .  .  . 
Pray  remember  me  very  kindly  to  Lady  Login 

WiNDSOB  Castle,  June  16th,  1862. 

....  I  quite  agree  with  you  that  it  is  most  important  for  the 
welfare  of  the  Maharajah  that  his  mother  should  not  be  prevented 
from  returning  to  India.  I  fear  very  much  that,  as  long  as  he 
remains  under  this  influence,  he  will  retrogade  in  his  moral  and 
social  character,  instead  of  advancing  to  become  an  English 

gentleman,  as  I  thought  he  was  doing 

C.  B.  Phifps. 


Login  s  method  of  dealing  with  Duleep  Singh,  at  this 
crisis  of  his  life,  proved  its  wisdom  by  the  result ;  it 


GUABDIANSHIP  ENDED.  473 

roused  the  better  instincts  of  his  nature,  and  impelled  Chapter 
him  to  make  an  effort  to  save  himself  from  the  life  of  ^  ^^^  ' 
aelf-indulgenoa  into  which  he  wx,  drifting.  ^'^^^ 

He  wrote  to  Sir  John  in  June  : — 

I  have  decided  to  arrange  for  my  mother's  return  to  India, 
and  will  see  Sir  Charles  Wood  on  the  subject  at  once,  to  have  a 
place  of  residence  fixed  for  her.  I  must  see  you  soon,  and  will  go 
up  before  I  have  to  attend  the  marriage  of  the  Princess  Alice  at 
Osborne,  to  which  I  am  invited  on  July  Ist. 

Some  difficulties  were  made  about  the  Maharanee's 
place  of  residence  in  India,*  so  the  Maharajah  took  a 
separate  house  for  her  in  London,  with  an  English  lady 
as  companion,  where  she  lived  till  her  death,  in  the 
following  year. 

The  India  Office  having  made  it  evident  that  they 
wished  to  deal  with  the  Maharajah  alone  (without  any 
axivisers)  regarding  his  future  settlement.  Login  wrote 
as  follows,  to  his  former  ward  : — 

Mt  deab  Maharajah, 

When  you  expressed   your  desire  to    be  educated    as    a 
Christian,  I  explained  to  you  the  sacrifices  that  a  profession  of 

*Sir  John  Lawrence,  now  a  member  of  the  Indian  Council,  writes  Login, 
Jmae  8th,  1862  : —  There  can  be  no  doubt  whatever  that  the  Maharanee  is  better 
out;  of  India  than  living  in  that  country.  There  she  is  sure  to  do  mischief ;  here, 
I  admit,  she  wiU  be  equally  the  evil  genius  of  the  Maharajah.  It  is  for  the 
Secretary  of  State  for  India  to  decide  which  interest  is  of  paramount  importance  ! 
^^j8  to  the  Maharajah's  claim  for  compensation  for  losses  during  the  Mutiny,  he 
sbofvld  lodge  hts  complaint  again^  if  he  wishes  the  matter  attended  to  by  Sir  C. 


474  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINQH. 

Chapter  Christianity  would  entail  upon  you,  with  regard  to  your  position 
XIV.     among  your  countrymen  and  former  subjects ;  and  now  that  the 

1858-63.  settlement  of  your  affairs  is  under  discussion,  I  wish  to  draw  your 
attention  to  several  points,  which  in  your  anxiety  to  secure  the 
provision  offered  you  personally,  you  may  be  apt  to  overlook.  I 
have  already  shown  you  the  responsibilities  which  devolve  upon 
you  as  a  Christian,  and  the  influence  your  example  may  reasonably 
be  expected  to  exercise  on  other  natives  of  India.  I  wish  now 
to  point  out,  that  the  principles  involved  in  the  question  between 
you  and  the  Government  are  of  wide  application,  and  upon  their 
decision  much  depends. 

It  rests  with  you  to  determine  whether  a  native  of  India,  who 
has  embraced  Christianity,  can  be  legally  required  to  give  up  bis 
birthright,  and  to  divest  himself  of  privileges  to  which,  by  the 
laws  of  his  country,  he  is  entitled.  I  hope,  for  the  sake  of  Xhv 
millions  who  are,  I  trust,  likely  to  be  interested  in  the  question, 
that  you  will  not  hesitate  to  have  it  settled.  But  besides  the 
principles  of  general  application,  there  are  other  points  worth\ 
of  your  consideration  which  may  be  affected  by  it.  By  tht- 
Treaty  of  Lahore,  you  very  wisely  gave  up  your  political  position. 
and  all  pretensions  to  sovereignty  for  yourself  and  your 
descendants,  under  former  rights.  But  your  position  and 
privileges  as  head  of  your  family,  are  in  no  way  affected  thereby. 

As  it  seems  to  be  in  every  way  expedient  that  you  and  your 
immediate  descendants  (if  you  have  a  family)  should  avoid,  for 
several  years  to  come,  the  risk  of  placing  yourselves  in  the  wa\ 
of  any  temptation  to  encourage,  or  keep  up,  political  aspiratioi^^ 
in  the  Punjab,  it  is  strongly  to  be  recommended  that  you  shoul^l 
make  up  your  mind  to  remain  in  England,  and,  if  possible,  u- 
marry  into  a  family  of  high  character  and  befitting  rank.  TL*. 
arrangements  proposed  by  Government  ensure  a  sufficient  pre- 
vision  for  them,  and  with  prudent  management,  you  have  the 
power  to  make  them  wealthy. 

In  the  event  of  your  securing  your  position  under  the  Treaty, ; 


GUABBIAKSHIP  ENDED.  475 

the  control  of  the  balances  of  State  pensions,  through  trustees,  Chapter 
and  your  right  to  devise  by  will,  at  your  death,  any  unappropriated    XIV. 
balances,!  would  recommend,  if  you  have  no  personal  descendants,  l^^O'oS- 
that  you  claim  your  right,  by  the  laws  of  India,  to  adopt  an  heir 
(say,  your  nephew,  Sheo  Deo  Singh,  or  one  of  his  sons,^  whose 
character  may  give  confidence  that  he  is  worthy),  leave  him  by 
will,  say,  one-third  of  the  unappropriated  balances,  as  your  heir, 
and  two- thirds  for  Christian  education  among  the  Sikhs 

Hatherop  Castle  was  purchased  at  this  time  by  the 
Maharajah,   with   naoney   advanced  for    the    purpose 
by  the  Government.     In  his  eagerness  to  possess  an 
English  estate,  and  accept  the  large  sum  of  money 
offered  him,  he  was  a  little  inclined  to  overlook  the 
interests   of  others,   and   forget    the    duties    of    his 
position  BS  head  of  his  family,  though   reminded   by 
constant  appeals  from  his  nephew,  the  Shahzadah,  who 
\v^as  anxiously  expecting  the  settlement  of  the  Maha- 
rajah's affairs,  in  the  hopes  of  obtaining  some  addition 
to  liis  paltry  allowance. 

Loch  Eennabd  Lodqe,  August  Isf,  1862. 
£>£:ab  Sib  John, 

I  received  yesterday  the  letter  from  Sir  C.  Wood,  which 

I    enclose The  terms  offered  seem  liberal,  and  I  think 

I  ought  to  accept  them ;  but  pray  let  me  know  what  you  think 

ajid.  advise. 

Oct.  2Sth,  1862. 

The  letter  to  Sir  Charles  Wood  has  been  sent,  after  altering 
it   in   fc^e  way  you  wished.*  ....  I  daresay  you  have  by  this 

*  See  p.  512. 


476  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  8INQH. 

Chapter  time  heard  that  I  have   hought  the  place  in  Gloucesterahire 

XIV.     (Hatherop)  for  £183,000,  and  I  think  it  is  a  good  investment. 
1868-63. 

The  ''investment,"  however,  did  not  turn  out  so 
profitable  ss  the  Maharajah  had  anticipated ;  and  in 
1863,  by  the  advice  and  sanction  of  the  Government, 
it  was  sold,  and  the  estate  of  Elveden,  in  Suffolk,  pur- 
chased in  its  place. 

Amongst  other  schemes  for  the  development  of 
India,  in  which  Sir  John  Login  took  much  interest, 
was  that  of  the  promotion  of  railroads  and  tramwaya 
In  December,  1862,  he  was  asked  by  the  Board  of  the 
Indian  Tramways  Company — now  South  Indian  Kail- 
way  Company,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  original 
members — ^to  go  out  to  Bombay  as  their  represen- 
tative, to  confer  with  the  Governor,  Sir  Bartle  Frere, 
on  matters  connected  with  their  interests. 

This  was  Sir  John's  last  visit  to  India.  He  ret\ime<l 
to  England  in  April,  1863,  after  having  thorougUy 
examined  aU  the  various  lines  proposed,  throughout  tl:«^ 
Bombay  Presidency.* 

The  transition,  from  the  Indian  climate  to  the  bittt^r 
easterly  winds  of  an  English  spring,  was  too  suddei 
and  soon  after  his  return  he  had  his  Jii^st  severe  illness 
and  was   advised  to  go   to   the  seaside,  for  chaikp 
He  went  accordingly,  with  his  family,  to  Felixstowe,  « : 

*  He  had  intended  to  go  into  Bengal  also,  but  the  hot  weatb«r 
far  adyanced. 


GUARDIAKSHIP  ENDED.  477 

the  Suffolk  coast,  and  had  been  there  but  a  short  time,  Chapter 
when  he  received  a  telegram  from  the  Maharajah,  .^7^^^^^ 
begging  him  to  come  to  him  at  once  in  London,  as  the 
Maharanee  had  died  that  morning.  The  Maharajah 
himself,  had  been  hastily  summoned  from  Loch 
Kennard  Lodge,  Scotland,  only  a  day  or  two  before, 
and  had  written  to  Sir  John  that  very  morning  to  say 
that  his  mother  seemed  better  since  his  arrival. 

On  arrival  at  Abingdon  House,  Kensington,  where 
the  Maharanee  had  lived,  Sir  John  and  Lady  Login 
found  her  household  in  great  distress  and  constema* 
tion.     The    arrangements    for    the    disposal    of   her 
remains  were  left  in  Sir  John's  hands,   and   it  was 
settled  that  they  should  be  placed  temporarily,  in  an 
unconsecrated  vault  in  Kensal  Green  Cemetery,  until 
they  could  be  conveyed  to  India,  to  receive  the  funeral 
rites  of  her  religion.      A  large    number    of   Indian 
notabilities   attended  this   interment,   as   a  mark  of 
respect  to  the  mother  of  the  Maharajah,  and  to  the 
surprise  of  every  one  present,  especially  of  those  who 
kne^w  the  effort  it  cost  him  to  overcome  his  nervousness 
in  speaking  in  public,  the  Maharajah,  in  a  few  well- 
chosen  words,  addressed  the  native  attendants  in  their 
own  language,  comparing  the  Christian  religion  with 
that    of  the  Hindoo,  and  assuring  them,  that  in  the 
blood  of  Christ  alone,  was  their  safety  from  condemna- 
tiort  in  a  ftiture  state.     It  was  an  impressive  incident 
in  a  strange  scene ! 

The  Maharajah  did  not  get  possession  of  Elveden, 


478  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  until  the  29th  September,  and,  owing  to  necessary 
1^  A  repairs  and  alterations,  wajs  not  able  to  take  up  his 
residence  there,  until  the  following  November.  He 
was  very  anxious,  however,  that  Sir  John  should 
inspect  his  new  purchase,  and  wrote  on  the  20th 
September  asking  him  to  do  so.  But  this  was  not  to 
be — his  best  friend  was  never  destined  to  see  the 
place,  which  for  the  next  nineteen  or  twenty  years 
was  the  Maharajah's  home  in  England ! 

A  greater  loss,  a  more  poignant  grief,  than  had  yet 
come  into  his  life,  was  this  year  in  store  for  Duleep 
Singh.  Two  months  after  his  mother's  death,  he  had 
to  mourn  the  loss  of  him,  who,  from  his  early  boyhood, 
now  fourteen  years  before,  had  been  his  truest  and 
most  faithful  friend,  on  whose  wise  and  disinterested 
counsel  he  had  been  accustomed  to  lean  all  his  life, 
whose  mind  and  energies  had  been  throughout  devoted 
to  his  best  interests,  and  whose  bright  example  of 
uprightness  and  integrity  had  led  him  to  desire  for 
himself  a  part  in  a  religion  which  made  it  possible 
for  a  man  to  lead  such  "  a  God-like  life  on  earth  ! " 

On  the  18th  October,  1863,  John  Spencer  Login 
passed  peacefully  into  his  rest — bearing  with  him  the 
love  and  veneration  of  all  who  had  ever  known  him, 
for  none  could  fail  to  see  in  him  one  who  "  walkeil 
with  God." 

"  He  was  not,  for  God  took  him."  So  sudden 
was   the   summons — to   him  not  dread,  but  welcome 


GUARDIANSHIP   ENDED.  479 

— that  it  fell  as  a   shock  on   those   who   looked   for  Chapter 

XIV. 

many  more  years  of  service  to  God  and  man  from  5^353.53 
that  untiring  brain  and  energy  ;  yet,  though  not  quite 
fifty-four  years  of  age,  his  heart  had  been  weakened  by 
the  hard  and  constant  work  of  his  early  life  in  India, 
and  doubtless  had  suflTered  a  severe  strain  from  the 
anxiety  and  worry,  arising  from  the  settlement  of  the 
Maharajah's  affairs. 

The  little  churchyard  of  Felixstowe,  was  the  scene  of 
a  simple  but  striking  ceremony,  when,  on  the  24th 
October,  all  that  was  mortal  of  John  Login  was  laid  in 
the  grave.  By  their  own  special  desire,  the  coast- 
g-uardsmen  of  that  station,  whose  hearts  he  had  won 
during  his  daily  rides  along  the  beach,  attended  in 
uniform,  under  the  command  of  their  officer,  Lieutenant 
Hart,  R.N.,  and  carried  the  coffin  to  the  grave.  By 
this  kindly  act  of  sympathy  and  respect,  it  thus  came 
about  that  Login  received  these  last  earthly  honours 
from  that  service  to  which,  in  his  youth,  it  had  been 
his  great  ambition  to  belong. 

Very  many  old  and  valued  friends  followed  him  to 
the  grave,  besides  his  own  and  his  wife's  immediate 
relatives,  well-known  names  in  India, — Sir  John 
Lawrence,  soon  after  to  be  made  Viceroy  of  India,  and 
to  receive  his  peerage ;  Sir  Frederick  Currie,  Bart. ; 
Sir   James     Alexander,    K.C.B.,   and    many   others.* 


*  One  of  these,  John  Marshman,  C.S.I.,  formerly  editor  of  the  **  Friend  of  India  " 
then  taking  holiday  at  the  seaside,  was  an  old  friend  whose  society  Login  had  much 
enjoyed,  both  being  deeply  interested  in  India.  Marshman  was  then  busy  with 
his  **  Hiitory  of  India"  the  first  volume  only  being  complete. 


480  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  The  Rev.  William  Jay,  formerly  Chaplain  of  Futteh- 

-^^*    ffhur,  read  the  burial  service,  assisted  by  the  derey  of 
1858-63.°  .  ,  ^  ^-^ 

the   parish. 

The  grief  of  Duleep  Singh  was  most  intense 
and  unaffected.  At  once,  on  receiving  the  sad  in- 
telligence, he  hurried  to  the  family  at  Felixstowe, 
and,  at  the  funeral,  took  his  place  as  chief  mourner  with 
Login  s  two  sons.  One  of  those  present  has  described 
the  touching  spectacle  of  the  Maharajah's  impassioned 
grief  beside  the  grave,  as  he  gave  utterance  to  the  words, 
"  Oh,  I  have  lost  mj  father ! — for  he  was,  indeed,  my 
father,  and  more  than  my  father!"  When  speakinor  of 
his  loss  to  Lady  Login,  he  said,  "  If  that  man  is  not  in 
Heaven,  then  there  is  not  one  word  of  truth  in  the 
Bible ! " 

The  great  desire  of  the  Maharajah  was  that 
his  guardian  should  be  buried  at  Elveden,  in  a  uevr 
mausoleum  which  he  designed  to  build  there  as  a  family 
burial-place,  and  he  intended  the  interment  at  Felix- 
stowe to  be  only  temporary,  until  such  time  as  this 
edifice  could  be  completed;  but,  by  Lady  Login's 
wish,  the  arrangements  at  Felixstowe  were  made  for  a 
permanent  tomb,  and,  later  on,  the  Maharajah  erected 
to  his  guardian  s  memory,  in  the  churchyard  there,  a 
beautiful  monument  of  grey-and-red  granite  and 
white  marble,  the  design  of  which  was  approved  by  Her 
Majesty,  who  herself  selected  the  text  to  be  cut  on  it 
— ^thus  marking  the  estimate  of  his  character  formed 


OUABDIAIfSHIP  ENDED. 


481 


by  the  Sovereign  he  had  so  loyally  served,*  and  which  Ch^>ter 
she  had  already  expressed,  in  a  letter  written  by  her  .j^fV- 
commaDd  to  his  widow. 

This  monument  is 
an  object  of  much 
interest  to  the  visi- 
tors at  this  little 
seaside 
place  ; 


•  The  following  inscriptioD  U  placed  on  th«  tomb ; — 

In  Loving  Memory 

of 

9IE  JOHN  8PENCEE  LOGIN, 

Wbodied  at  Felixstowe,  October  ISth,  ISflS, 

In  the  6ith  year  of  his  age. 

This  Moniunent  ia  erected, 

B;  his  Affectionate  Friend  and  Ward, 

Tbb  Makabaiab  Ddlsep  Sihob, 

In  Grateful  Bemembrance  of  the 

Tender  Care  and  Solicitude  with  which 

Sir  John  Login 

Watched  over  his  early  yeaiB, 

Training  him  up  in  the  pure 

And  simple  faith  of  Out  Lord  and  Savionr 

Jesub  Chbist. 

"  The  memory  of  itte  jnit  it  blessed." — iVoMrli  x.  7. 


482  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  ing,  as  it  does,  on  the  highest  piece  of  ground  at  that 
ifififisa  point  on  the  coast,  the  white  marble  cross  on  its 
summit  has  served  for  years  as  a  "  leading-mark  "  for 
pilots.  Thus,  in  his  death,  as  in  his  life,  he  serves  his 
fellow-men  — ^the  cross  above  his  resting-place  reminding 
the  seaman,  as  he  steers  his  homeward  course,  how  he 
also  **  may  so  pass  through  the  waves  of  this  trouble- 
some world,"  as  in  like  manner  to  attain  a  safe  anchor- 
age in  the  haven  of  eternal  rest  I 

Of  the  many  letters  written  at  this  time — besides 
the  one  from  Her  Majesty  just  referred  to— only  two 
or  three  are  subjoined ;  containing,  as  they  do,  a 
tribute  to  his  memory,  in  the  words  of  those  whose 
good  opinion  he  himself  most  highly  valued. 


St.  James's  Palacb, 

Oct,  2Uh  (5  p.m.),  1863. 
My  deab  Miss  Login,* 

[I  can  hardly  attempt  to  express  to  yon  how  shocked  I  was  to 
see  yesterday,  when  arriving  at  Edinburgh,  the  account  of  the 
sudden  death  of  my  dear  friend,  your  father.  I  had  hoped  that 
he  had  entirely  recovered  from  his  illness,  and  that  we  might 
hope  for  a  long-continued  life  of  usefulness.  Lady  Login  knows 
how  strong  was  my  regard  and  friendship  for  him.    I  find  it  quite 


*  This  letter  was  addressed  to  Login's  eldest  daoghter,  who  died  at 
two  years  after  her  father. 


GUARDIANSHIP  ENDED.  488 

impossible  to  say  how  much  I  regret  the  loss  of  so  ezceUent  and  Chapter 
valaed  a  Mend.    There  were,  however,  dear  Miss  Login,  few     ^^^• 
people  so  well  prepared  for  a  sadden  call  to  his  Maker,  for  few  people  ^^^'^*^- 
had  sach  strong  feelings  upon  religion,  or  acted  so  nniformly 
npon  Christian  rules.    If  I  dared  to  intrude  on  your  dear  mother's 
sacred  grief,  I  would  beg  to  be  allowed  to  assure  her  of  my 
sympathy  in  her  loss,  founded  on  the  deep  regard  and  respect  I 

feel  for  the  truly  good  man  whose  loss  we  mourn For  you, 

also,  I  feel  deeply.  What  must  have  been  your  love  for  such 
a  father !....!  have  only  just  arrived  in  London  (5  p.m.),  or  I 
should  have  asked  to  be  permitted  to  join  to-day  in  the  last  sad 
tokens  of  respect.  It  would  be  very  kind  if  you  would  write 
again  soon,  to  tell  me  of  Lady  Login. 

Believe  me,  very  sincerely  yours, 

C.  B.  Phipps. 


WiMDSOB  Castlb,  Oct.  27th,  1868. 
My  deab  Lady  Login, 

The  Queen  has  this  morning  commanded  me  to  write  to  you 
in  her  name,  to  express  to  you  the  deqf  and  very  sincere  sympathy 
with  which  she  has  heard  of  the  overwhelming  affliction  which 
has  fallen  upon  you  I  Few,  indeed,  can  so  well  enter  into  the 
grief  under  which  you  must  now  be  suffering!  You  are  well 
aware  of  the  high  opinion  which  the  Queen  entertained  of  your 
excellent  husband,  my  valued  friend.  Her  Majesty  had 
frequently  shown  this,  not  only  in  the  honour  bestowed  upon 
him,  but  in  the  confidence  so  often  reposed  in  him,  and  never 
disappointed.  He  was  a  thoroughly  good,  consciefdious  man. 
What  higher  praise  can  be  earned  on  earth  ?  What  better 
passport  can  there  be  to  Heaven  ? 

I  hardly  know  anybody  who  could  be  better  prepared  for  a  calm, 
though  sudden  and  entirely  painless,  end.    I  did  not  intend, 

n  2 


484  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  when  I  began  this  letter  by  the  Queen's  command,  to  enter 

^^'     into  my  own  feelings ;  but  I  had  a  very  greai  and  recU  friendship 

loDo-o3.  f^y  yQ^jj.  jj^qqIj  excellent  husband,  and  to  me  these  thoughts 

are  very  soothing.  I  only  carry  out  the  Queen's  repeated  instruc- 
tions, in  assuring  you,  that  sympathy  for  you  is  most  sincerely 
combined  with  true  regard  and  respect  for  him  that  is  gone. 

Believe  me  always,  dear  Lady  Login, 

Sincerely  yours, 

C.  B.  Phippb. 


Windsor  Castlb,  Oct.  28^&,  1863. 

My  dbab  Ladt  Looin, 

I  had  written,  but  not  sent,  the  accompanying  letter  by  the 
Queen's  command,  when  I  received  yours  this  morning.  I  feel 
very  strongly  the  kind  exertion  you  made  in  writing  to  me,  and  I 
pray  God  may  strengthen  and  support  you !  You  cannot  overrate 
the  regard  I  had  for  my  dear  friend,  your  husband,  and  my 
admiration  of  his  character.  I  am  very  glad  to  hear  that  the 
Maharajah  has  shown  so  much  feeUng  of  the  debt  of  gratitude 
which  he  owed  to  his  kind  and  gentle,  but  always  honest,  mentor ; 
it  will,  indeed,  be  a  terrible  loss  to  him,  for  Sir  John  always  told 
him  the  truth,  and  gave  him  the  sincerest  advice. 

The  Queen  read  your  letter  vTith  the  greatest  interest.  If  there 
is  anything  kind  from  Her  Majesty  that  I  could  say,  and  have 
not  said,  I  have  so  far  gone  within  her  commands  ! 

The  Queen  has  been  very  sorry  to  read  the  account  you  gave  of 
Princess  Gouramma's  health ;  she  wishes  to  know  whether  yoa 
think  that  it  would  be  injurious  to  her  health  to  come  down  here 
to  see  Her  Majesty  ? 

The  Queen  does  not  forget  the  kind  manner,  in  which  yoa  and 
Sir  John  undertook  the  care  of  this  poor  child,  at  great  peraooal 


GUABDIANSHIP   ENDED.  485 

mconvenience.     If  it  is  too  much  for  yon  to  write  and  answer  Chapter 
this  yourself,  pray  ask  your  daughter  to  do  so.  XIY, 

Ai  1  1868-63. 

Always  sincerely  yours, 

C.  B.  Phipps. 


OsBOBNE,  Feb.  17th,  1864. 
My  dbab  Lady  Login, 

The  Queen  was  very  much  grieved  at  the  account  you  gave 
of  the  poor  little  Princess  in  your  letter,  and  directed  me  to  tele- 
graph at  once  to  enquire  for  her,  in  her  name. 

It  is  very  sad  to  see  one  so  young  cut  off,  but  I  think  you  have 
long  thought  that  her  lungs  were  in  a  very  unsatisfactory  state. 

I  shall  be  greatly  interested  to  see  the  sketch  of  the  monument 
which  you  and  the  Maharajah  have  approved,  and  when  I  go  to 
London  shall  certainly  go  to  see  the  model.  There  has  rarely 
lived  a  man  with  a  more  extended  and  pure  benevolence ;  and  I 
have  certainly  learned  more  of  India,  and  Indian  affiedrs,  from  him, 
than  from  any  other  man. 

I  fear,  from  what  you  say,  that  Princess  Gouramma  is  in  a  very 

dangerous  state The  dear  Maharajah  is  not  always  very 

wise  in  his  decisions,*  and  I  fear  there  is  nobody  now  who  has 

much  influence  over  him.     He  must  miss  his  faithful  Thornton, 

too.     I  suppose  there  is  no  doubt  about  his  going  to  India,  as  you 

say  he  intends  doing. 

Very  sincerely  yours, 

C.  B.  Phipps. 

Again—February,  20th,  1864  : — 

The  design  for  the  monument  is  very  much  liked ;  it  is  both 
quiet,  handsome,  and  in  good  taste.     What  do  you  think  of  the 


'^This  refers  to  the  Maharajah's  expressed  intention  of  visiting  the  Mission 
School  at  Cairo,  of  which  Lady  Login  had  informed  Sir  Charles. 


486  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  enclosed  inscription  ?   It  is  simple  and  short,  which  I  think  yon 
^^<     wished,  but  it  can  easily  be  added  to  if  wished.*    The  Queen  will 
1868-63.  herself  select  a  text. 

Ever  sincerely  yours, 

C.  B.  Phipps. 


Llandudno,  N.  Walbs,  Oct.  26th,  1863. 
Dbab  Ladt  Login, 

I  have  just  learnt  from  the  newspaper,  the  great  affliction 
that  has  befallen  you.    I  cannot  forbear  to  write,  to  tell  you  how 
much  I  grieve  for  you  and  your  children.    I  know  no  particulars, 
but  this  I  know,  that  you  and  they  have  suffered  a  loss  which 
can  never  be  repaired.    There  was  so  much  true  goodness,  honour, 
and  kindness  t  in  Sir  John  Login,  that  he  did  much  to  make 
happy  all  around  him ;   and  these  qualities,  so  apparent  to  his 
friends,  were  even  more  conspicuous  in  the  bosom  of  his  family. 
I  remember  his  many  kindnesses  to  me  when  I  met  him  abroad 
seven  years  ago,  when  I  was  out  of  health.    I  shall  always  think 
of  him  as  one  whom  it  was  a  privilege  and  an  honour  to  know. 
I  can  say  nothing  that  will  lessen  the  blow  which  has  been 
permitted  to  fall  upon  you ;  he  whom  you  mourn  knew  well  the 
Source  of  highest  consolation,  from  that  Source  alone  can  yea 
derive  help  to  sustain  you  in  this  time  of  your  fearful  trial.     My 
daughter  Helen  is  in  Edinburgh,  so  I  can  send  no  message  &om 
her,  but  I  know  she  will  be  full  of  deep  sympathy  .with  yea. 
Excuse  this  note,  which  does  but  poorly  express  what  I  wish  to 


*  This  inscription  was  afterwards  somewhat  enlai^ged  by  the  Hahar^ah,  who 
thonght  it  did  not  express  fully  enough  all  that  he  wished. 

tLord  Lawrence's  remark  to  a  friend  at  Sir  John  Login's  funeral  wsa,  '*  I 
never  met  another  man  who  so  perfectly  combined  the  most  straightforwmrd 
tratfaftdness  with  perfect  courtesy  of  manner. " 


■ra 


GUARDIANSHIP  ENDED.  487 

Bay,  for  yoa  know  that  my  regard  and  esteem  for  your  husband  Chapter 
was  deep  and  sincere.  XIY. 

Believe  me  alwajrs,  dear  Lady  Login, 

Your  sincere  friend, 

John  Bbioht. 


Before  the  Maharajah  embarked  to  convey  his 
mother's  remains  to  India,  he  spent  a  w^eek  or  more 
with  Lady  Login,  at  Felixstowe.  He  was  anxious 
to  help  her  in  every  way,  and  wished  to  fill  the  place 
of  the  father  they  had  lost,  to  the  children  of  his 
guardian.*  If  anything  happened  to  him  during  his 
absence  in  India,  his  wUl  was  made,  he  informed 
her,  and  he  had  provided  handsomely  for  his  god- 
daughter. He  spoke  of  his  own  future  with  great 
anxiety,  and  seemed  earnestly  desirous  to  lead  a  life 
worthy  of  his  Christian  profession.  He  dreaded  a 
marriage  with  a  worldly  woman,  such  as  he  might 
meet  with  in  society,  and  said  that  he  would  like 
to  meet  with  some  young  girl  whom  he  might  train  to 
be  a  helpmeet  for  him.  With  this  view,  he  said  he 
had  made  up  his  mind  to  visit  the  Missionary  School 
at  Cairo  on  his  way  out,  and.  ask  the  missionaries 
if  they  could  help  him;  he  had  never  forgotten 
the  interest  these  orphan  girls  had  excited  in  him. 


*  Edward,  the  eldest,  was  appointed  to  the  Indian  Finance  Department  by 
Sir  John  Lawrence,  Governor-General  of  India.  He  died  in  India,  December 
16thi  1876. 


488  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  Lady  Login  told  him  to  weigh  well  beforehand   the 
1^  Aq  consequences  of  such  an  irrevocable  step,  as  it  would 
influence  his  whole  after-life. 

To  show  her  that  he  was  serious,  he  left  with  her  a 
paper  in  which  he  had  sketched  out  his  intentions. 
During  this  visit,  the  Maharajah  read  with  much 
interest  a  report  of  the  American  missionaries,  on  the 
results  of  their  mission  at  Futtehghur  up  to  the  time 
of  the  Mutiny,  when  the  mission  was  destroyed  by  the 
mutineers.  The  report  had  been  sent  from  America 
to  Sir  John  Login.  An  account  was  given  of  the 
successful  working  of  the  ten  schools  for  boys,  estab- 
lished and  paid  for  by  Duleep  Singh,  and  superin- 
tended by  the  American  Presbyterian  Mission, 
whereby  400  youths  were  thoroughly  educated  in 
the  Christian  faith,  and  some  were  being  fitted  to 
evangelize  their  own  people. 

The  Maharanee  Jinda  Koiir's  remains  were  landed 
at  Bombay,  where  arrangements  were  made  for  her 
fimeral  rites,  and  the  ashes  were  scattered  on  the 
sacred  waters  of  the  Nerbuddah. 

The  Maharajah  wrote  from  Bombay  to  announce  his 
engagement,  and  soon  after  the  following  notice   of 
his  marriage  in  Egypt  was  published  in  the  Times  of 
India  : — 


Thb  Mabbiagb  of  Duleep  SmoH. — A  correspondent  of  ibe 
Times  of  India  writes  as  follows : — "  The  marriage  of  the  Maha- 
rajah Duleep  Singh  took  place  at  the  British  consulate,  AIexandna» 


OUABDIANSHIP   ENDED.  489 

on  the  7th  June,  in  the  presence  of  a  very  few  witneBses.     The  Chapter 

young  lady  who  has  now  become  the  Maharanee  is  the  daughter    XIY. 

of  an  European  merchant  here.     Her  mother  is  an  Abyssinian.  Aooo-63. 

She  is  between  fifteen  and  sixteen  years  of  age,  of  a  slight  but 

graceful  figure,  interesting  rather  than  handsome,  not  tall,  and  in 

complexion  lighter  than  l^er  husband.      She  is  a  Christian,  and 

was  educated  in  the  American  Presbyterian  Mission  School  at 

Cairo ;  and  it  was  during  a  chance  visit  there,  while  on  his  way 

out  to  India,  that  the  Prince  first  saw  his  future  bride,  who  was 

engaged  as  instructress  in  the  school.     Duleep  Singh  wore  at  the 

wedding  European  costume,   excepting  a  red  tarboosh.     The 

bride's  dress  was  also  European,  of  white  moir 6  antique,  h  fichu 

pointe  d'Alengon — short  lace  sleeves,  orange  blossoms  in  her  dark 

hair,  with,  of  course,  the  usual  gauze  veil.     She  wore  but  few 

jewels ;  a  necklace  of  fine  pearls,  and  a  bracelet  set  with  diamonds, 

were  her  only  ornaments.     The  formula  of  civil  marriage  at  Her 

Britannic  Majesty's  consulates  in  the  Levant  is  very  brief.    Both 

parties  declare  that  they  know  no  lawful  impediment  to  their 

union  ;  then  they  declare  that  they  mutually  accept  each  other  as 

husband  and  wife,  and  the  civil  ceremony  is  over.      This  formula 

was  pronounced  by  the  Prince  in  English ;  the  bride,  in  a  low 

but  musical  voice,  read  it  in  Arabi  (that  being  the  only  language 

with  which  she  is  acquainted),  and  thus  *  Bamba  Muller '  became 

the  '  Maharanee.'     She  showed  much  self-possession  through  it 

all.     A  religious  ceremony  was  performed  by  one  of  the  American 

ministers  at  the  house  of  the  bride's  father;  and  the  newly- 

inarried  pair  retired  to  the  Prince's  house  at  Eamleh,  a  few  miles 

from  Alexandria." 


The  young  couple,  on  their  arrival  in  England,  lived 
in  retirement  for  the  first  few  years  at  Elveden ;  a 
governess  being  engaged  in  teaching  the  young 
Maharanee  English  before  introducing  her  to  society, 


490  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINQH. 

Chapter  for  which  she  never  cared  much,  being  of  a  retiring, 
1^  63  ®®^^^^^  nature.      Though  very  young,  she  was  deeply 
imbued  with  religious   feeling,  and  of  a  sweet   and 
gentle  disposition. 

The  Maharajah  used  to  describe,  in  an  amusing  way, 
his  difficulties  when  attempting  to  converse  with  his 
Jianc&e^  on  first  acquaintance  ;  she  only  spoke  and 
understood  Arabic,  so  that  he  had  to  employ  his 
dragoman  as  interpreter.  He  told  Lady  Login  that 
he  had  made  over  Soortoo  (his  mother  s  att'Ondant)  to 
the  care  of  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Wilson,  Bombay  Mission, 
that  she  was  now  baptized  and  leading  a  most  exem- 
plary life  as  a  Christian.  Lady  Login  heard  afterwards 
that  she  died  at  Bombay  during  an  epidemic. 

During  the  spring  of  1864,  after  a  long  illness,  the 
Princess  Victoria  Gouramma,  of  Coorg,  died,  leaving  an 
infant  daughter,  for  whom,  when  she  felt  herself  dyintj, 
she  earnestly  bespoke  Lady  Login's  maternal  care.* 
She  had  deeply  felt  the  death  of  Sir  John  Login.  The 
first  visit  Lady  Login  paid  her  after  that  event,  she 
found  her  and  her  little  one  dressed  in  deep  mourning. 
Observing  how  ill  and  weak  she  was,  Lady  Login  told 
her  she  ought  to  be  in  bed  ;  on  which  she  replied,  **  I 
only  got  up  and  dressed  to  show  you  that  I  mourn,  out- 


*At  Lady  Login's  entreaty,  the  Queen  arranged  that  a  pensioii  ahoiild  l« 
allowed  by  the  India  Office  for  the  education  and  support  of  this  chili. 
The  Queen,  however,  made  it  a  condition  that  she  should  be  entirely  tmder 
Lady  Login's  care. 


GUARDIANSHIP  ENDED.  491 

wardly  as  well  as  inwardly,  for  that  good  man  who  was  Chapter 
such  a  true  friend  to  me/'  ^^* 

Her  Majesty's  kindness  and  solicitude  never  failed 
during  the  Princess's  illness;  constant  enquiries  and 
telegrams  were  sent  by  command,  and  after  her  death, 
the  following  inscription  was  sent,  to  be  placed  on  her 
monument  in  Brompton  Cemetery,* 

Of  the  life  of  Duleep  Singh,  after  this  period.  Lady 
Login  can  say  very  little  from  her  own  personal  know- 
ledge. She  did  not  often  visit  Elveden,  and,  save  for 
the  occasional  visits  paid  her  by  the  Maharajah,  at 
Felixstowe  and  in  London,  she  saw  little  of  him  and 
his  family. 

The  Queen  showed  great  kindness  to  the  Maharanee, 
receiving  her  at  Court  and  in  private  most  graciously ; 
her  unassuming  manners  and  gentle  disposition  making 
a  very  favomuble  impression. 

For  many  years  Duleep  Singh's  strict  religious  life 
was  common  report,  indeed,  during  the  visits  Lady 
Login  paid   to  Elveden,  he  was  much  occupied  with 


*  Sacred  to  the  memory  of 

PRINCESS  VICTORIA  GOURAMMA, 

Daughter  of  the  £x-Rajah  of  Cookg, 

The  beloved  wife  of  Lieut. -Colonel  John  Campbell, 

Bom  in  India,  July  4th,  1841. 

She  was  brought  early  in  life  to  England ;  baptized  into  the  Christian 

faith,  under  the  immediate  care  and  protection  of 

QUEEN  VICTORIA, 

Who  stood  sponsor  to  her, 

And  took  a  deep  interest  in  her  through  life. 

She  died  30th  March,  1864. 

**  Other  sheep  I  haye,  which  are  not  of  this  fold." — John  x.  16. 


492  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  religious    meetings,   in   which   he   took  a   prominent 
^^'    part. 

Some  years  later,  she  was  aware  that  he  was  engaged 
in  composing  an  opera,  and  that,  in  consequence,  he 
was  much  in  London  ;  but  she  knew  nothing  of  his 
money  diflficulties  until  July,  1883,  when  the  Maha- 
rajah came  unexpectedly  to  pay  her  a  "  farewell  visit," 
as  he  said.  He  had  taken  passage  to  India  for  himself 
and  his  whole  family  in  December,  intending  to 
resume  native  life,  and  be  "  done  with  England  and  her 
hypocrisies  for  ever  !  "  He  told  her  that  he  found  he 
had  no  longer  the  means  to  support  the  rank  given  to 
him  in  England ;  that  the  Government  had  arranged 
that,  at  his  death,  his  property  was  to  be  sold,  so  that 
there  was  no  future  to  look  to  for  his  eldest  son,  for 
whom  they  would  only  make  a  provision  of  £3,000, 
which  he  (the  Maharajah)  considered  insulting !  He 
was  evidently  very  angry  with  the  India  Office,  but 
when  alluding  to  the  Queen,  and  her  great  and  un- 
failing kindness  to  him,  he  fairly  broke  down.  In 
consequence  of  this  interview.  Lady  Login,  through 
Sir  Henry  Ponsonby,  made  an  appeal  to  the  Queen, 
telling  the  substance  of  her  conversation  with  the 
Maharajah  ;  and  the  whole  matter  was,  by  Her  Majesty, 
referred  to  the  Secretary  of  State  for  India  for  recon- 
sideration. 

It  was  only  natural  that  the  chief  opposition  to  a 
liberal  settlement  should  come  from  the  Indian  Go- 
vernment, whose  whole  anxiety  was  to  be  able  to  report 


GUABDIANSHIP  ENDED.  493 

&yourably  of  Indian  finance.  Each  successive  Governor-  Chapter 
Greneral  had  had  the  command  of  the  accumulations  ^^' 
from  the  Lahore  Treaty  Fund,  and  each  was  unwilling 
to  have  them  deducted ;  and,  as  time  went  on,  and  the 
sum  increased,  so  did  the  difficulty  of  parting  with  it ! 
The  Maharajah  brought  his  legal  adviser  to  look  over 
some  of  Sir  John  Login's  letters  and  papers,  and,  before 
leaving,  this  gentleman  advised  His  Highness  to  implore 
the  Queen  to  use  her  influence  to  have  all  transactions 
between  the  Maharajah  and  the  India  Office,  since 
Sir  John  had  ceased  to  act  for  him,  wiped  out,  and  a 
fresh  departure  made ;  because  it  was  evident  that  he 
had  eagerly  accepted,  in  his  difficulties,  all  baits  of 
money  offered,  instead  of  insisting  on  the  real  terms  of 
tha  tU  being  carried  out,  afd  a  final  aattlement 
made.     To  this  the  Maharajah  cordially  agreed. 

That  Duleep  Singh  was  willing  and  ready  to  come  to 
some  equitable  agreement  is  evident,  for  he  offered  to 
abide  by  the  arbitration  of  any  three  English  statesmen 
to  be  named  by  the  Queen — if  tliey  were  unconnected 
with  the  India  Office  ! 

His  departiure  for  India  was  deferred,  pending  the 
decision  of  his  claims,  and  the  following  letter,  written 
to  Lady  Login,  will  show  that,  up  to  that  date,  he  had 
no  thought  of  disloyalty  : — 

Gablton  Club,  July  25^A,  1884. 
Mt  deab  Lady  Login, 

I  am  sending  you  my  book,  stating  my  case  fully.    I  think 

it  "mil  interest  you.     Whatever  decision  is  arrived  at,  I  think  I 


494  Snt  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  have  resolved  to  go  to  India.    There  is  a  storm  gathering  out 

XIV.     there,  which  will  burst  ere  long,  and  I  trust  to  be  able  to  render 

such  services  as  will  compel  the  British  nation  to  take  up  my 

cause,  and  recognize  my  claims  as  just.    The  Sikhs  saved  India 

for  England  during  the  Mutiny,  and  the  chiefs  who  gave  assistance 

were  afterwards  rewarded  by  Government.    Why  should  I  not  bo 

equally  successful  ?    The  advance  of  Bussia  is  watched  for  with 

intense  joy  by  many  princes  of  India,  whom  you  believe  to  be 

loyal ;  it  is  only  a  matter  of  a  few  years ;  but  you  wiU  hear  what 

I,  the  loyal  subject  of  my  Sovereign,  though  unjustly  treated,  will 

do,  when  the  time  comes !    but  I  must  not  sound  my  own 

trumpet  I  .  .  .  . 

Ever,  dear  Lady  Login, 

Yours  sincerely  and  gratefuUy, 

DULSEP  SiMOH. 


After  a  couple  of  years'  suspense  and  delay,  finding 
there  was  little  prospect  of  any  satisfactory  solution  of 
the  question,  Duleep  Singh,  worried  and  indignant  at 
the  treatment  he  had  experienced,  carried  out  his 
intention,  and  embarked  with  his  whole  family  for 
India,  leaving  his  estates  at  Elveden  at  the  disposal  of 
the  Government. 

It  would  appear  that  the  India  Office  had  never 
seriously  believed  in  his  threat  of  doing  so,  for  Duleep 
Singh  declares — and  the  assertion  has  never  been 
contradicted  —  that  before  he  left  Southampton  a 
member  of  the  Indian  Council,  whom  he  named,  waited 
on  him  from  the  Secretary  of  State  for  India,  with  an 
offer  of  £50,000  if  he  would  remain  in  England ! 

What  followed  is  well  known. 


i 


GUARDIANSHIP   ENDED.  495 

As    soon    as    he    entered    Indian   waters,  he  was  Chapter 
arrested  at  Aden,  by  order  of  Lord  Dufferin,  in  the 
presence  of  his  fellow-passengers  on  board  the  mail- 
steamer,  and  told  he  must  not  proceed  to  India. 

The  Maharanee  at  once  returned  to  England  with 
the  family.  The  Maharajah,  furious  at  what  he 
regarded  as  an  insult,  reftised  to  accept  for  himself 
any  longer  the  pension  from  the  British  Government, 
and  withdrew  to  the  Continent  of  Europe. 

The  Maharanee  did  not  live  very  long  after  this, 
dying  in  the  following  year,  and  leaving  six  children, 
three  sons  and  three  daughters,  to  be  provided  for  by 
the  British  Government.  The  four  younger  children 
have  been  placed  under  the  care  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Arthur  Oliphant,  at  Brighton,  while  the  eldest  son. 
Prince  Victor,  godson  of  the  Queen,  has  entered  Her 
Majesty's  service,  and  holds  a  commission  in  the  Royal 
Dragoons,  being  allowed,  we  understand,  £2,000  a  year 
by  the  India  OflBce.  Prince  Frederick,  godson  of  the 
late  Emperor  of  Germany,  is  an  undergraduate  at 
Cambridge,  and  is  now  of  age. 

The  future  of  both  these  young  men  involves  a 
serious  responsibility  on  the  British  nation.  Prince 
Victor,  the  eldest,  has  been  deprived  of  his  birthright 
and  inheritance  by  the  action  of  the  India  Office,  in 
compelling  the  sale  of  Elveden  at  the  Maharajah's 
death,  thus  destroying  his  dearest  ambition  of  foimding 
a  family  in  England.  To  those  acquainted  with 
Oriental  feeling  on  this  matter,  it  will  be  unnecessary 


r 

I 


496  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DUL£EP  SINQH. 

Chapter  to    enlarge    on    the    intensity  of   this    desire    vnih 
X^^-    them. 

And  now  that  we  have  brought  to  a  close  this 
account  of  the  early  life  and  training  of  the  Maharajah 
Duleep  Singh,  and  of  the  man  to  whose  care  that 
training  was  entrusted,  may  we,  at  least,  hope,  that 
however  imperfectly  and  tediously  the  story  has  been 
told,  those  of  our  readers  who  have  followed  us  so  far, 
will  acknowledge  the  worth  and  character  of  the 
Governor  selected  for  that  position,  the  high  motives 
from  which  he  acted,  and  which  he  endeavoured  to 
instil  into  his  ward,  and  the  earnestness  and  persist- 
ence with  which  he  pressed  on  the  Government  the 
consideration  of  that  ward's  just  rights,  even  when 
such  pertinacity  was  damaging  his  own  interests. 

An  impression  seems  to  prevail  among  the  mass 
of  the  British  public  that  Duleep  Singh  is  some 
pretender,  with  a  grievance  more  or  less  imaginary 
against  the  Government,  and  that  the  "  guardian  "  he 
so  objurgates  and  denounces  for  unjust  dealings,  is 
none  other  than  Sir  John  Login  himself  I  It  is  right 
that  we  should  at  once  rectify  this  latter  error. 

Duleep  Singh  has  never,  even  in  his  most  unguarded 
statements,  said  a  word  against  the  memory  or  char- 
acter of  his  most  &ith{ul  friend,  and  personal  guardian, 
whose  justice  and  uprightness  he  haa  always  professed 
to  admire,  and  whose  loving  care  and  solicitude  for 
him   he  has  ever    acknowledged.      The   "guardian" 


GUABDIANSHIP  ENDED.  497 

against  whom  he  constantly  inveighs  is  the  Bintish  Chapter 
Government^  who  took  upon  itself  that  office  by  the    ^^' 
Treaty  of  Bhyrowal,  and  who  is  so  described  by  Lord 
Hardinge,  the  author  of  that  Treaty.* 

Another  point  we  have  endeavoured  to  bring  out  in 
these  pages  is  the  fact,  that  up  to  the  time  when,  on 
Duleep  Singh  attaining  his  majority,  Sir  John  Login 
relinquished  his  charge,  there  was  not  a  more  contented, 
loyal  subject  of  the  Queen  to  be  found  within  the 
breadth  of  Her  Majesty's  dominions.  Had  Sir  John 
Login's  advice,  at  this  time,  been  followed,  the  Govern- 
ment would  not  have  got  into  their  present  difficulties, 
and  their  trusting  ward  would  not  have  developed  into 
an  angry  and  discontented  rebel ! 

Sir  John  Login  brought  up  the  boy  to  accept  with 
entire  satisfaction,  when  of  age,  the  provisions  of  the 
Treaty  of  Lahore,  as  understood  by  those  who  signed  it 
for  him,f  and  by  Sir  Henry  Lawrence,  Sir  Frederick 
Ciirrie,  and  John  Lawrence,  in  whom  the  Sikhs  had 
fiill  confidence.  Login  advised  that  a  liberal  interpre- 
tation be  given  to  the  Treaty,  instead  of  naming  the 
very  lowest  sum  allowed  by  the  letter  of  that  dociunent, 


*  See  Appendix. 

f  The  Fakeer  Zebooroodeen,  one  of  the  gentlemen  in  attendance  on  the  Maha- 
ngah  at  Futtehghur,  who  was  the  son  of  Fakeer  Kooroodeen,  one  of  the  Ministers 
who  rigned  the  Treaty,  was  well  aware  of  the  meaning  attached  to  the  terms  by 
his  father  and  others. 

It  was  often  a  remark  when  the  death  of  any  pensioner  on  the  Fund  was 
annoonced,  that ''  so  much  more  was  now  the  Maharajah's." 

Xi<>gin  knew  the  names  of  all  those  who  were  originally  put  on  the  Pension 
F^and,  as  all  pensions  were  made  through  him  at  Lahore. 


498  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  and  instead  of  interpreting  it  in  a  sense  in  which 
^^^'  neither  the  Maharajah,  nor  his  Ministers  who  signed  it 
for  him,  understood  it  at  the  time.  He  agreed  that 
the  £25,000  a  year,  should  be  considered  a  fair  income 
for  the  Prince,  but  that  the  lapses  under  the  Four- to- 
Five  Lakh  Fund  should  be  vested  under  trustees,  as  a 
provision  for  his  family  and  descendants  (the  income,  of 
course,  to  be  enjoyed  by  the  Maharajah  for  his  Ufe). 

With  this  arrangement  the  Maharajah  would  then 
have  been  perfectly  satisfied,  and  the  matter  closed 
once  for  all.  At  that  time  the  private  estates  inherited 
by  him  from  Runjeet  Singh,  as  a  Sikh  Sirdar,  had 
never  been  thought  of,  nor  was  any  claim  to  the 
personal  property  and  jewels,  as  distinct  from  State 
property,  put  forward.*  The  long  delay,  and  nigglincr 
spirit  of  the  treatment  he  met  with,  has  given  time 
for  all  this  to  crop  up,  with  what  sad  results  we  all 
know. 


*\Vitli  reference  to  a  claim  lately  advanced  by  the  Maharajah,  it  may  Ite 
obvserved  that,  in  answer  to  a  question  put  by  Sir  John  Login  in  1861,  thr 
following  reply  was  given,  by  a  very  high  authority : — **  I  do  not  know  what  thi- 
law  in  the  native  kingdoms  of  India  may  be,  or  what  may  have  been  established 
as  the  basis  of  international  law  in  that  country,  but  in  this  oountry  there  is  no 
doubt  that  all  property,  either  real  or  personal,  inheiited  by  the  Sovereign,  fh:>m 
his  or  her  predecessor,  becomes  the  propei-ty  of  the  Crown,  and  not  of  the  indi- 
vidual. If  the  same  law  ruled  in  the  Treaty  with  the  Maharajah,  all  the  privmte 
property  would  be  absorbed  in  that  of  the  State,  except  what  Duleep  Singh  may 
have  purchased  himself,  which  could  be  but  little. 

'  *  In  the  particular  instance  of  the  Koh-i-noor,  although  it  is  now  the  personal 
property  of  the  Queen,  having  been  acquired  during  her  lifetime,  ....  as  soon 
as  it  came  into  the  hands  of  her  successor,  it  would  become  the  property  of  the 
Crown,  and  could  not  be  alienated. 

"  I  do  not  think  that  it  would  be  of  any  advantage  to  the  Maharajah  to  adwicc 


GUAKDIANSHIP   ENDED.  499 

Sir  John,  on  finding  that  the  Grovemment  were  Chapter 
determined  to  deal  with  the  Maharajah  cUone^  without  ^^' 
any  aid  or  counsel  from  a  friend,  and  were  tempting  him 
to  give  a  discharge  in  fiiU,  by  offering  him  large  sums 
of  ready  money  to  deal  with  as  he  liked  (while  they 
allowed  no  inquiry  into  the  use  to  which  they  applied 
the  Pension  Fund,  though  debarred  by  treaty  froui 
employing  it  for  any  other  piu-pose),  would  take  no 
ftirther  prominent  part  in  the  matter,  but  contented 
himself  with  merely  giving  advice  to  the  Maharajah 
from  time  to  time  on  specified  points. 

It  was  a  great  risk  to  which  to  expose  a  yoimg  lad, 
ignorant  of  English  life,  to  place  a  large  income  at  his 
disposal,  and  large  sums  of  ready  money  as  well,  and, 
while  discouraging  him  from  consulting  the  counsellor 
he  had  chosen,  allowing  him  none  other  in  his  place  1 
Hitherto  no  Indian  prince  had  ever  been  left  so  entirely 
to  himself ;  there  was  always  an  officer  appointed  as 
agent  to  the  Governor-General,  to  help  and  advise 
him,  and  why  should  they  be  so  resolved  on  the 
dangerous  experiment  of  throwing  a  youth,  for  whose 
moral  welfare  they  were  doubly  responsible  (in  that  he 
was  the  first  Indian  prince  to  embrace  the  religion 
of  the   Paramount  Power),  alone  and   unaided   into 


claims  that  could  be  refuted,  because  it  would  necessarily  lessen  the  prestige  of 
the  rest." 

From  this  it  is  evident  that,  as  the  Koh-i-noor  descended  from  Ruig'eet  Singh, 
through  Ehurruck  Singh,  and  Shere  Singh,  to  the  Maharajah,  it  must  have  been 
considered  State  property,  and  dealt  with  as  such  by  the  Treaty  of  Lahore. 

KK   2 


500  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINOH. 

Chapter  the  temptations  of  a  London  life,  at  an  age   when 
"■     •     no  English  lad  would  be  considered  fit  to  stand  alone  ? 

Furthermore,  it  would  almost  seem  as  if  they  had 
presumed  on  his  profession  of  Christianity,  by  imposing 
upon  him  a  continued  system  of  petty  slights  and 
injustice,  which  they  would  not  have  dreamt  of  offering 
to  a  Hindoo  or  Mahomedan  prince,  in  the  same 
position. 

Far  be  it  fi:om  us,  to  palliate  or  excuse  Duleep 
Singh's  later  utterances  1  We  can  but  deplore  that  a 
dawn  of  such  promise,  has  been  clouded  by  the 
darkness  of  bitter  and  revengeful  passions.  His 
present  conduct  and  language  is  at  such  variance 
with  his  chivalrous  character,  that  his  friends  can  only 
hope  that  the  aberration  which  betrays  him  into 
such  licence  is  only  temporary,  and  that,  ere  long, 
his  veneration  for  the  Queen,  at  present  overshadowed 
by  his  resentment  against  her  Ministers,  will  yet 
manifest  itself  with  all  its  former  intensity  ! 


CHAPTER  XV. 

UULEEP  SINGH   AND  THE  GOTERNHENT. 

1856—1886. 

With  the  death  of  Sir  John  Login  all  business  com-  Chapter 
miinications  with  the  Maharajah  ceased,  and,  although     ^^* 
a  lively  interest  was  taken  in  his  proceedings,  by  the  ^®^^"^' 
family  which  he  had  hitherto  held  in  such  close  friend- 
ship, it  will  easily  be  understood,  now  that  the  head 
and  guiding  hand  had  gone  from  among  them,  that  a 
gradual  drifting  apart  set  in,  and  much  went  on  in  the 
life  of  the  Maharajah  that  was  unknown  to  his  former 
friends. 

Under  these  circumstances,  before  proceeding  ftirther, 
it  is  thought  advisable  to  ask  those  whose  interest  may 
have  been  afoused  by  what  has  been  placed  before 
them,  to  refer  to  the  introductory  chapter  of  this 
volume,  in  which  the  primary  objects  of  the  imder- 
taking  have  been  set  forth. 

It  will  then  be  suflScient  to  give  a  short  summary  of 
the  situation  of  the  Maharajah  with  regard  to  the 
Grovemment,  and  such  facts  as  can  be  produced  from 


502  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  official  and  other  sources  will  be  brought  to  show  how 
ift^fi  ftA  brooding  over  fancied  wrongs,  and  constant  beating 
against  the  rocks  of  cold  officialdom,  has  gone  far 
towards  turning  a  loyal  and  loving  subject  of  Her 
Majesty,  the  first  convert  to  Christianity  among  the 
princes  of  India,  iijito  a  bitter  and  discontented  foe  1 
His  early  training  led  him  to  trust  his  guardian  (the 
British  Government)  implicity.  How  has  that  guardian 
treated  him  ? 

To  answer  this  query,  let  us  turn  to  the  evidence  of 
Sir  John  Login,  in  his  private  letter  to  Sir  Charles 
Wood,  and  the  memorandum  subsequently  drawn  up 
by  him  on  the  Maharajah's  position  with  the  Govern- 
ment : — 


July,  1859. 
Deab  Sib  Chables  Wood, 

I  hope  that  you  will  kindly  excuse  the  liberty  I  take,  in 
intruding  upon  your  attention  while  it  must  be  so  fully  occupied 
with  matters  of  perhaps  more  importance;  but  as  I  am  very 
apprehensive  that  if  I  delay  to  do  so  an  opportunity  may  be  lost 
of  doing  an  act  of  justice  in  a  graceful  way,  and  in  a  manner 
which  may  tend  to  advance  the  public  interests  in  India  very 
materially,  I  venture  to  bring  it  to  your  notice. 

I  have  already  mentioned  to  you  that  the  subject  of  the 
Maharajah  Duleep  Singh's  settlements  on  coming  of  age  has 
been  under  the  consideration  of  Government  since  December, 
1856,  when  he  became  entitled  (at  eighteen),  by  the  laws  of  India, 
to  the  management  of  his  own  affairs,  but  that  various  circuiS' 
stances  have  prevented  a  final  decision  upon  the  subject  up  to  the 
present  time*    He  has,  during  the  last  three  years,  been  unsettled 


DULEEP   SINGH   AND  THE   GOVERNMENT.  503 

and  anxious  regarding  it,  and  to  provide  against  some  of  the  Chapter 
inconveniences  likely  to  arise  from  the  delay,  he  has  heen  induced     ^^* 
to  insure  his  life  at  an  annual  premium  of  £1,000.  1866-86, 

With  every  desire,  however,  to  make  allowances  for  the  delay, 
it  is  very  difficult  for  a  young  man  at  his  age  to  be  patient  under 
it,  especially  when  he  has  already  had  to  pay  £3,000  as  insurance 
premium,  which  would  not  have  been  necessary  had  his  settle- 
ment been  determined  at  the  proper  time ;  and  I  am  therefore 
apprehensive  that  if  all  arrangements  are  not  satisfactorily  com- 
pleted before  he  attains  his  majority  (on  the  4th  September,  little 
more  than  a  month  hence),  he  may  naturally  be  very  greatly 
disappointed,  and  be  much  less  disposed  to  be  satisfied  with 
any  settlement  which  may  be  made  by  Government  than  he  now 
is. 

When  all  the  circumstances  of  the  Maharajah's  removal  from 
the  throne  of  the  Punjab  and  the  annexation  of  his  country 
are  duly  considered,  I  think  that  it  must  be  admitted  to  be  at 
least  very  satisfactory  to  us,  that  the  person  who,  in  the  opinion 
of  other  civilized  nations,  has  suffered  most  from  the  change 
should  himself,  on  attaining  an  age  at  which  he  can  correctly 
judge  of  the  rectitude  of  our  proceedings  towards  him,  be  ready  to 
express  his  approbation ;  and  I  may  be  excused,  therefore,  if  I  am 
a  little  anxious,  for  the  sake  of  our  own  high  character  among 
other  nations,  and  among  the  people  of  India,  that  nothing  should 
occur  to  deprive  us  of  this  satisfaction. 

It  has  been  said,  and,  perhaps,  truly,  that  the  Maharajah  has  ' 
been  fortunate  in  having  been  removed  irom  his  high  position 
into  private  life  at  his  early  age,  and  also  that  he  could  never 
have  continued  to  hold  it,  even  with  the  assistance  to  which 
he  was  entitled  from  us,  among  so  turbulent  a  people.  But  even 
admitting  the  latter  to  be  the  case — although  I  greatly  doubt  it — 
have  we  not,  as  a  Government,  been  equally  fortunate  in  having 
to  act  with  a  young  man  who,  during  the  last  ten  years,  has  given 
us  the  most  convincing  proofs  of  his  .loyalty,  fidelity,  and  good- 


504  SIB  JOHN   LOGIN   AND  DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  will,  rather   than   with    one  who  might  have  been  otherwise 
^^-      disposed  towards  us,  and  have  set  a  different  example  to  his 
1866-86.  former  subjects  ? 

I  have  no  doubt  that  you  will  take  these  circumstances  into 
consideration  in  determining  the  provision  to  be  made  for  himself 
and  his  family,  and  that  notwithstanding  the  temporary  difficulties 
in  which  the  general  finances  of  India  are  now  involved,  you  will 
kindly  bear  in  mind  that,  in  so  far  as  respects  the  Punjab,  the 
result  of  our  Government  has  been  eminently  successful,  and  has 
far  exceeded  the  anticipations  which  were  formed  when,  in  1849, 
the  Maharajah  was  deprived  of  his  throne,  and  required,  through 
the  ministers  that  we  had  placed  around  him,  to  accept  such 
terms  as  we  imposed  upon  him. 

I  confess  that  I  am  less  anxious  for  the  Maharajah's  personal 
interest  in  the  decision  of  the  question,  than  for  the  honour  and 
credit  of  the  British  Government,  and  for  the  character  which 
impartial  history  may  yet  attach  to  the  transaction. 

While  admitting  the  necessity  of  the  measure,  it  was  con- 
sidered at  the  time  by  almost  all  who  took  part  in  it  to  be  a  very 
hard  proceeding  towards  the  Maharajah,  and  one  which  can 
in  no  way  be  so  satisfactorily  justified,  as  by  his  own  approval  of 
it,  after  his  judgment  has  been  matured  by  ten  years'  experience, 
and  he  has  been  able  to  appreciate  the  motives  from  which  we 
acted. 

Trusting  you   will  excuse  the  freedom  with  which   I   have 

addressed  you. 

I  remain,  &c., 

J.  8.  Login. 

Memorandum  bv  Sir  John  Login. 

Written  in  1862. 

Dec.  9th,  1856.  The  Maharajah  wrote  to  the  Court  of 
Directors  requesting  that  his  settlement,  on  coming  of  age,  nii^i 
be  taken  into  consideration. 


DULEEP  SINGH   AND   THE  GOVERNMENT.    .       505 

Feb.  l^th,  1857.    He  was  informed,  in  reply,  that  a  reference  Chapter 
would  be  made  to  India  on  the  subject.    They  also  released  him     XY. 
from  the  restrictions  imposed  on  him  by  treaty  as  to  residence.       1856-86. 

In  consequence  of  the  mutiny  of  the  Bengal  Army,  and  other 
causes,  no  further  communication  was  made  in  this  matter 
until — 

May  20ih,  1859, — ^When  His  Highness  was  informed  by 
Lord  Stanley  that  Her  Majesty's  Government  proposed  to  fix  his 
allowance  at  an  annual  rate  of  £25,000,  to  commence  on  the 
attainment  of  his  majority,  according  to  the  laws  of  England. 

June  3rd,  1859.  The  Maharajah  acknowledged  the  liberality 
of  this  allowance,  but  requested  to  be  informed  whether  it  was 
to  be  considered  a  mere  annuity  for  his  Ufe,  or  to  be  continued 
in  whole  or  in  part  to  his  heirs  and  descendants. 

Oct.  24:th,  1859.  He  was  informed  by  Sir  Charles  Wood 
that,  of  the  yearly  allowance  of  £25,000,  the  sum  of  £15,000  was 
to  be  considered  as  a  personal  allowance,  terminable  with  His 
Highnesses  life,  and  the  remaining  £10,000  to  be  derived  from 
investment  (in  the  name  of  trustees)  of  such  an  amount  of  India 
stock  as  will  yield  that  amount  of  yearly  interest — such  Capital 
Stock  (subject  to  provisions  for  his  widow,  not  exceeding  £3,000 
per  annum),  to  be  at  His  Highness's  disposal  to  bequeath  to  the 
legitimate  heirs  of  his  body  according  to  the  laws  of  England. 

In  the  event  of  his  leaving  no  such  heirs,  the  stock  to  revert  to 
th.e  Government,  subject  to  such  settlement  as  His  Highness 
may  have  made  upon  his  wife.  This  arrangement  to  be  in 
satisfaction  of  all  claims  for  himself,  or  his  heirs,  on  the  British 
Government. 

Nov.  1st,  1859.  The  Maharajah  expressed  his  satisfaction 
at  the  manner  in  which  it  is  proposed  to  make  provision  for 
liis  family — ^but  believing  that  no  inconsiderable  portion  of  the 
suxn  "which  Her  Majesty's  Government  proposed  to  place  in  trust 


506  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  for  himself  and  family  had  already  accmnulated  by  lapses  and 
XV*  short  payments,  during  his  minority,  from  the  State  pension 
I800-86.  assigned  under  treaty,  he  requested  that  the  condition  requiring 
the  reversion  of  the  trust  fund  to  Government  on  f aikirc  of  direct 
heirs  should  be  so  far  modified  as  to  admit  of  his  appropriating 
such  portion  of  it  as  can  be  shown  to  have  accrued  up  to  the 
period  of  his  decease  by  accumulations,  by  lapses,  and  otherwise, 
from  the  State  pensions  above  alluded  to,  for  the  promotion  of 
Christian  education  in  the  Punjab,  or  other  territories  over  which 
he  had  held  sovereignty,  placing  the  same  under  such  additional 
trustees  as  may  be  approved  by  Her  Majesty's  Government.  He 
also  pointed  out  that  no  allusion  had  been  made  to  his  claim  for 
compensation  for  loss  of  property  during  the  Mutiny. 

No  reply  having  been  received  to  this  commimication  for 
upwards  of  two  months,  the  question  having,  it  is  believed,  been 
referred  to  a  Special  Committee  of  the  Indian  Council,  and 
objections,  it  is  said,  having  been  raised  to  the  Maharajah's 
request,  on  the  grounds  of  interference  with  religious  neutrality, 
the  Maharajah  called  upon  Sir  Charles  Wood  at  the  India  Of&ce, 
and  at  a  private  interview  stated  his  claims  more  fully. 

Having  been  requested  by  Sir  Charles  Wood  to  give  in  a  written 
document,  to  be  laid  before  the  Council,  the  following  was  at 
once  prepared  in  his  presence,  and  signed  by  the  Maharajah  : — 


The  Maharajah  asks  for  £25,000  a  year  for  life,  and  also  the  sum  of  £200,000 
to  be  settled  on  him  for  life,  and  on  his  heirs  after  him  ;  ami  in  the  event  of  no 
heii-s,  he  is  at  liberty  to  devise  it  for  any  public  purpose  in  India. 

This  to  be  in  full  of  all  demands. 

DULEEP  Si  NUM. 

Jan.  20th,  1860. 


The  question  having  been  thus  modified  by  the  document 
which  the  Maharajah  had,  without  sufficient  consideration  of  fai> 
position  under  the  Treaty,  given  in,  and  which  Sir  Charles  W<x>i 
had  also    unfortunately  overlooked,  the  Committee  of    Coundi 


DULEEP  SINGH   AND   THE  GOVERNMENT.  507 

had  little  difficulty  in  pointing  oat  that  the  Maharajah  had  Chapter 
personally  no  right  to  any  further  portion  of  the  State  pension     ^^* 
than  that  which  had  been,  or  might  be,  assigned  to  him  by  the  l^^'o^. 
British  Goyemment;   and  a  communication  was  made  to  His 
Highness  to  this  effect. 

It  was  admitted,  however,  in  Sir  Charles  Wood's  letter — that 
the  whole  of  the  State  pension  fixed  by  the  Government  for  the 
Maharajah,  his  relatives,  and  servants  of  the  State,  had  not  been 
expended  in  each  year  for  the  above  purpose — that  he  had  no 
means  of  ascertaining  the  whole  amount  of  accumulations  arising 
from  this  source,  but  that  it  may  probably  be  between  £150,000 
and  £200,000 — "  that  Her  Majesty's  Government  have  no 
intention  of  allowing  any  part  of  this  amount  to  be  applied  to  any 
purposes  other  than  that  for  which  it  was  assigned." 

Sir  Charles  Wood  further  stated,  that  it  will  rest  with  the 
Government  of  India  to  determine,  how  the  accumulations  ought 
to  be  disposed  of  for  the  benefit  of  all  parties  interested — that 
he  was  very  decidedly  of  opinion  that  the  advantage  accorded  to 
His  Highness,  by  the  capitalizing  of  a  sum  yielding  £10,000  a 
year,  was  greatly  in  excess  of  what  he  could  derive  from  any 
apportionment  of  the  present  accumulation. 

If,  however,  His  Highness  should  be  of  a  different  opinion,  Sir 
Charles  Wood  was  ready  to  call  on  the  Government  of  India  to 
report  the  exact  amoimt  of  the  accumulation,  and  the  proportion 
which  could  be  assigned  to  His  Highness  with  due  regard  to  the 
claims  and  circumstances  of  the  other  parties  interested ;  such 
amount,  in  that  case,  to  be  at  His  Highness's  absolute  disposal, 
leaving  him  to  make  his  own  arrangements  for  a  provision  for 
his  wife  and  children. 

April  Srd,  1860.  The  Maharajah,  in  reply  to  the  above 
letter,  explained  the  circumstances  under  which  he  had  asked 
permission  to  appropriate  the  trust  fund  to  Christian  education 
in  the  event  of  the  failure  of  heirs;  expressed  his  regret  at 
the  inadvertence  of  which  he  had  been  guilty  in  respect  to  the 


508  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  document  which  he  had  given  in,  at  his  private  interview  with 
XV'      Sir  Charles  Wood,  and  with  reference  to  Sir  Charles  Wood's 

looo-oo.  admission  as  to  the  state  of  the  account,  and  that  he  had  no 
means  of  ascertaining  the  actual  amount  of  accumulations  from 
the  State  pension,  repeated  a  request  that  he  had  made  in  his 
letter  of  June  3rd,  1859,  to  he  furnished  with  a  full  statement  of 
accounts  before  he  could  enter  upon  any  compromise  of  his 
claims. 

Ajsril  20th,  1860.  Sir  Charles  Wood  explained  a  portion  of 
his  letter  of  23rd  March,  which  His  Highness  had  apparently 
misunderstood,  and  stated,  that  he  gathered  from  His  Highness's 
letter  of  the  3rd  April  that  His  Highness  wished  to  defer  his 
decision  between  the  two  alternatives  there  referred  to,  until  he 
shall  have  learned  what  the  sum  to  be  placed  at  his  disposal  may 
be. 

April  SOih,  1860.  His  Highness  in  reply,  repeated  his  wish 
to  decline  any  compromise  or  decision,  until  he  had  been  favoured 
with  the  required  statement,  when  he  would  be  prepared  to  enter  into 
such  arrangements  as,  under  the  circumstances  of  his  position,  may 
appear  expedient. 

A  further  delay  of  nearly  fifteen  months  having  occurred  in 
procuring  the  required  information  from  India,  on — 

JtUy  27th,  1861, — His  Highness  was  at  length  famished 
with  a  copy  of  the  statement,  accompanied  by  a  letter  from 
Sir  Charles  Wood,  in  which  he  pointed  out  that  the  unappro- 
priated balance  of  the  Lahore  State  Pension  Fund  amounted 
to  about  £76,500  on  the  4th  of  September,  1859. 


India  Office,  July  27th,  1861. 
Maharajah, 

It  appears  from  the  statement,  which  is  made  up  to  the  4th  ScptemKr. 
1859  (a  copy  of  which  is  appended  to  this  letter),  when  your  Highness 


DTJLEEP  SINGH  AND   THE   GOVERNB4ENT.  509 

roar  majority,  that  the  total  amount  appropriated,  in  accordance  with  the  terms   Chapter 
of  1849,  falls  short  of  the  aggregate  snm  payable  to  the  Lahore  family — viz.,       XY. 
four  lakhs  of  rupees  per  annum— by  764,263  rupees,  or  about  £76,500.  1866-86. 

The  amount  now  annually  paid  to  the  family  is  about  four  and  a  half  lakhs  of 
rupees. 

I  trust  that  your  Highness  will  now  be  able  to  i-eturn  without  further  delay  a 
definite  answer  to  the  proposal  contained  in  my  letters  of  24th  October,  1859,  and 
23rd  March,  1860.  With  reference  to  these  letters,  I  have  only  to  add  that 
if  your  Highness  should  elect  to  receive  the  una]>propriate<l  balance — say 
£76,500 — I  am  willing,  in  accordance  with  the  recommendation  of  the  Govern* 
ment  of  India,  to  place  the  entire  amount  at  the  disposal  of  your  Highness, 
instead  of  capitalizing  a  part  of  your  present  allowances  (that  is,  £10,000 
per  annum),  for  the  purposes  and  in  the  manner  stated  in  the  above-cited  letters. 

I  have  the  honour  to  be,  kc. , 

Charles  Wood. 


Some  of  the  documents  having  been  omitted  to  be  sent  on  from 
the  India  Office,  they  were  furnished  on  application. 

On  referring  to  the  statements  forwarded  to  His  Highness,  so 
manifest  a  discrepancy  was  at  once  apparent  in  the  amount  to  be 
credited,  and  in  other  parts  of  the  account,  that,  without  going 
into  details,  it  was  necessary  to  ask  for  explanations,  which  His 
Highness  accordingly  did,  in  a  letter  addressed  to  Sir  Charles 
Wood  on  the  subject. 


To  Sib  Charles  Wood. 

August,  1861. 
Sib, 

I  have  had  the  honour  to  receive  your  letter  of  the  10th  instant,  with  it 
enclosores,  showing  the  manner  in  which  the  balance  of  £76,500,  referred  to  in 
your  letter  of  the  27th  ult.,  has  been  obtained. 

Before  entering  into  the  question  of  the  amount  to  be  credited  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  India,  under  Art.  4  of  the  Treaty  of  Lahore,  of  date  March  29th,  1849,  or 
into  details  of  disbursements  on  account  of  myself,  my  relatives,  and  dependants, 
which  had  been  furnished  to  me,  it  is  necessary  that  I  should  point  out  that  even 
at  the  rate  assumed  by  the  Government  in  the  abstract  which  I  have  now  received 


510  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter    (^^  four  lakhs  of  rupees  per  annum),  the  amount  to  be  credited  to  the  Lahore 
XV.       Pension  Fund  between  29th  March,  1849,  and  the  4th  September,  1859,  t.^.,  for 
1866-86.  10  years  6  months  and  6  days,  would  be  Company's  Ra.  4,173,333.  7.  5.,  exclu- 
sive of  interest,  and  not  Company's  Rs.  4,071,111.  1.  9,  as  exhibited  in  the 
statement. 

I  would  also  bring  to  your  notice,  that  I  have  not  yet  been  furnished  with  any 
statement  in  detail  of  the  payments  made  from  the  General  Ti'easury,  amounting, 
as  shown  in  the  abstract,  to  Company's  Rs.  186,000,  nor  of  advances  on  account 
of  my  personal  stipend  from  March,  1855,  to  the  4th  September,  1859,  stated  to 
amoimt  to  Company's  Rs.  475,333,  which  are  necessary  to  elucidate  the  account. 
With  respect  to  the  remarks  in  the  second  paragraph  of  your  letter  of  the  27  th 
ult.,  that  the  amount  now  annually  paid  is  about  four  lakhs  of  rupees,  I  can  fin*  I 
nothing  in  the  statements  or  letters  to  exhibit  this,  and  I  shall  therefore  lo 
obliged  by  further  information  on  the  subject. 

I  have  kc,  kc,, 

DULEEF    SiKGH. 


It  had  always  been  the  wish  and  intention  of  the  Maharajah. 
and  those  who  advised  him,  after  being  furnished  with  a  state- 
ment  of  the  accounts,   to  place  the  matter  in   the  hands   of 
impartial  persons  best  qualified  to  judge  of  the  circumstances  of  the 
case,  and  to  abide  by  their  decision,  and  accordingly,  when  several 
months  elapsed  without  any  reply  to  the  inquiry  for  explanation, 
it  was  urged  upon  Sir  Charles  Wood  to  refer  the  question  to  Sir 
John  Lawrence  for  settlement,  as  the  person,  above,  all  others* 
best  qualified  to  judge  of  all  the  circumstances  attending   the 
negotiation  of  the  Treaty,  and,  in  fact,  the  officer  through  wbo>« 
influence  and  exertions  the  Treaty  had  been  obtained.      Afivr 
some  delay  Sir  John  Lawrence  undertook  to  act,  if  assisted  bv 
Sir  Frederick  Currie ;  and  Sir  Charles  Wood,  having  made  tlus 
arrangement,  requested  the  Maharajah  to  send  in  a  "  stateznec: 
of  his  wishes  and  objections  "  to  those  two  gentlemen,  to  be  sQb> 
mitted  by  some  person  duly  authorized  by  him  to  place  the  case 
before  them. 

His  Highness  declined  sending  in  any  statement,  but  requestesi 


DULEEP   SINGH   AND   THE   GOVERNMENT.  511 

Sir  John  Login  to  wait  upon  Sir  John  Lawrence  and  Sir  Frederick  Chapter 
Currie  at   the  time  appointed,  to  offer  any  explanations  which      XV. 
these  gentlemen  might  require,  and  expressed  his  readiness  to  be  19o6-86, 
perfectly  satisfied  with  any  decision  which   Sir  John  Lawrence 
and  Sir  Frederick  Currie  might  arrive  at  on  the  question,  placing 
his  case  entirely  and  unreservedly  in  their  hands. 

These  gentlemen  having  accordingly  considered  the  whole  ques- 
tion, prepared  a  report  (as  a  Sub-Committee  of  Council)  for 
submission  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  but  in  consequence,  it  is 
believed,  of  some  difference  of  opinion  in  the  Council  on  the 
subject,  no  steps  appear  to  have  been  taken  by  Sir  Charles  Wood 
to  consider  their  report  for  nearly  three  months — when  His 
Highness,  becoming  impatient  at  the  delay,  and  being  anxious 
that  his  mother  (then  residing  with  him)  should  return  to  India, 
and  that  he  should  accompany  her  for  a  short  time,  applied  for, 
and  obtamed,  permission  from  Sir  Charles  Wood  for  the  purpose. 

Within  a  short  time,  however,  after  His  Highness's  wish  was 
intimated  to  Sir  Charles  Wood,  and  his  consent  obtained,  the 
following  letter  was  sent  to  His  Highness  from  the  India  Office, 
under  date  July  26</t"  1862  : — 


Maharajah, 

With  reference  to  our  firat  correspondence,  I  liavc  now  the  honour  to 
inform  your  Highness  that  since  the  date  of  my  last  letter,  I  have  taken  into  my 
deliberate  consideration  in  Council,  the  several  accounts  which  have  been  laid 
before  me,  representing  the  sums  which  have  been  hitherto  appropriated  to  the 
benefit  of  your  Highness,  your  relatives,  and  the  servants  of  the  Lahore  State,  in 
accordance  with  the  terms  of  1849,  and  I  have  the  satisfaction  of  adding,  that 
Her  Majesty's  Grovemment  are  now  prepared  to  make  an  arrangement  for  the 
future  maintenance  of  yourself  and  your  immediate  family,  which,  it  is  confi- 
dently hoped,  will  be  acceptable  to  your  Highness. 

It  is  proposed  that,  without  reference  to  your  present  life  pension  of  £25,000 
per  annum,  which  will  be  maintained  on  its  present  footing,  the  sum  of  £105,000 
(one  hundred  and  five  thousand  pounds)  shall  be  invested  in  the  purchase  of  an 
estate  in  this  country,  to  be  held  by  trustees  for  your  Highness's  benefit,  the 
rent  thereof  to  be  enjoyed  by  you  in  addition  to  your  present  stipend. 


512  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       Should  your  Highness  marry,  any  provision  for  your  widow  will  be  settled 

XV.      upon  this  estate. 
1856-86.      ^^  the  event  of  your  leaving  lawful  issue,  you  will  be  empowered  to  devise  the 
estate  to  such  issue  in  any  proportion  that  you  may  think  lit,  or  should  you  die 
intestate,  the  estate  will,  in  such  case,  pass  by  inheritance  to  your  children. 

Should  you  have  no  issue,  you  would  be  empowered  to  devise  the  estate  to 
such  person  or  pei*sons  as  you  might  desire  to  bestow  it  upon. 

Her  Majesty's  Government  do  not,  however,  mean  to  limit  to  the  proceeds  of 
the  estate,  the  amount  of  provision  to  be  made  after  your  death  for  such 
legitimate  offspring  as  you  may  leave  behind.  They  are  willing  to  enable  you  to 
devise  to  such  offspring,  in  such  proportions  as  you  may  think  fit,  an  amount  of 
four  per  cent.  India  Capital  Stock  as  will  yield  an  income  of  £7,000  per  annum : 
and  should  your  Highness  die  intestate,  the  Capital  Stock  above  mentioned  will 
pass  by  inheritance  to  your  legitimate  children,  according  to  the  law  of  thi^^ 
country. 

Your  Highness  will  understand,  that  in  making  this  arrangement  for  the 
future  provision  of  yourself  and  your  family  — which  is  irrespective  of  any 
arrangement  that  has  been  and  may  hereafter  be  made,  for  other  object^ 
embraced  in  the  terms  of  the  Treaty  of  Lahore — Her  Majesty's  Government 
intend  it  to  be  final,  and  in  satisfaction  of  all  personal  claims  which  you  ma> 
have  upon  the  British  Government,  and  an  acknowledgment  to  this  effect  will  U> 
required  from  your  Highness,  on  your  acceptance  of  the  present  proposal 

Hoping  that  your  Highness  will  consider  this  as  a  satisfactory  solution  of  thf 

question  so  long  pending  between  you  and  the  British  Government,  and  that  yon 

will  accept  it  with  the  kindly  feeling  and  in  the  liberal  spirit  in  which  it  l* 

offered. 

I  have  the  honour,  &c., 

Charles  Wood. 


Reply  from  the  Mahabajah,  Oct,  lltk,  1862. 
Sir, 

I  have  the  honour  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  letter  of  26th  Jolj, 
informing  me  of  the  arrangements  which  Her  Ms^esty's  Government  are  nom 
prepared  to  make  for  my  future  maintenance,  and  that  of  my  immediate  familT. 
and  which  you  confidently  hope  will  be  acceptable  to  me. 

In  reply,  I  desire  to  express  my  sincere  thanks  for  the  oarefdl  and  deKbormre 
consideration  which  you  have  given  in  council  to  my  personal  right  as  a 
pensioner  under  the  Treaty  of  Lahore,  and  for  the  kindly  feeling  which  i* 


PULEEP  SINGH   AND  THE  GOVERNMENT.  513 

maiiifested  in  the  arrangements  which  are  proposed  for  my  benefit  and  that  of  my   Chapter 
immediate  family.  XY. 

While  I  regret  that  the  whole  question  of  my  claims  has  not  been  settled,  as  I  1856-86. 
had  hoped  would  have  been  done  when  it  was  referred  to  Sir  John  Lawrence  and 
Sir  Frederick  Currie,  I  readily  accept  these  arrangements  under  the  conditions 
which  yon  specify,  and  I  am  prepared  to  sign  any  legal  document  which  may  be 
necessary  to  release  the  Goveniment  from  any  further  pecuniary  claims  on  my 
own  part,  or  that  of  my  immediate  family,  arising  out  of  the  Treaty. 

But  I  hope  you  will  agree  with  me,  that  in  my  position  under  the  Treaty,  and 
as  head  of  my  family,  it  is  still  incumbent  upon  me  to  see  that  fit  and  proper 
arrangements  should  be  made  for  placing  the  control  of  the  remainder  of  the 
State  pension  under  trust,  in  such  manner  as  may  appear  most  advisable  ;  and  I 
shall  be  happy  to  enter  into  any  further  arrangements  for  that  purpose  that  may 
be  requisite. 

Your  letter  does  not  allude  to  my  claims  for  compensation  for  loss  of  proi)erty 
at  Fattehghor  during  the  Mutiny,  nor  to  the  appropriation  of  intestate  estates  of 
deceased  relatives  and  members  of  my  family  ;  but  these  matters  I  leave  con- 
fidently  in  your  hands,  believing  that  they  will  be  settled  in  the  same  friendly 
spirit  in  which  the  arrangements  now  proposed  have  been  made. 

I  have,  &c., 

DuLEEP  Singh. 


To  the  above  letter  no  reply  has  yet  (December  6th,  1862)  been 
received;  but  it  is  believed  that  the  Government  intend  to  act 
upon  it  by  making  over  the  money  to  be  assigned  under  trust  for 
the  Maharajah's  own  family  as  proposed. 


Now,  firom  the  letter  to  Sir  Charles  Wood,  and  from 
the  contentions  brought  forward  in  the  above  memo- 
randum, it  will  be  seen  that  Sir  John  Login  himself 
did  not  consider  that  the  terms  of  the  Treaty  of  Lahore 
were  being  carried  out  in  the  spirit  which  the  ward  of 
the  British  Government  was  warranted  to  expect. 
How  easily  might   the  Government  at  this  period 

LL 


514  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  have  finally  settled  matters  with  the  Maharajah  in  a 

.37^^  manner  satisfactory  to  him  and .  creditable  to  them- 
•1856-86.     ,        ,  ^ 

selves ! 

Between  1862  and  1882  many  transactions  took 
place  between  the  Maharajah  and  Government,  relative 
to  the  purchase  of  estates  and  advances  of  money  for 
various  purposes,  a  detailed  statement  of  which  is 
given  further  on,  in  quotations  from  the  book  published 
by  the  Maharajah  in  1884. 

No  public  attention  was  drawn  to  the  condition  of 
affairs  until  August,  1882,  when  Duleep  Singh,  no 
doubt  observing  the  action  of  the  Government  in 
South  Africa  with  regard  to  Cetewayo,  commenced 
the  following  correspondence  in  the  Times : — 


THE  CLAIMS  OP  AN  INDIAN  PBINCE. 


To  THE  Editor  op  TJie  Times, 

Aug.  SUt,  1882. 

Sir, 

As  the  era  of  doing  justice  and  restoration  appears  to 
dawned,  judging  from  the  recent  truly  Hberal  and  noble  act  of  tbe 
present  Liberal  Goveminent,  headed  now  by  the  great  Gladstone 
the  Just,  I  am  encouraged  to  lay  before  the  British  nation,  thLTY>Uf::^: 
the  medium  of  The  Times,  the  injustice  which  I  have  suffered,  ir 
the  hope  that,  although  generosity  may  not  be  lavished  upon  xnc 
to  the  same  extent  as  has  been  bestowed  upon  King  Ceto^rmvo 
yet  that  some  magnanimity  might  be  shown  towards  me  l>y  tli.^ 
great  Christian  Empire. 


DULEEP  8INQH   AND   THE   GOVERNMENT.  515 

When  I  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  the  Punjab  I  was  only  an  Chapter 
infant,    and    the    Khalsa    soldiery,  becoming    more  and  more     ^^* 
mutinous   and    overbearing    during    both  my  uncle's  and  my  lo^o-oo. 
mother's  Begencies,  at  last,  unprovoked,  crossed  the  Sutlej  and 
attacked  the  friendly  British  Power,  and  was  completely  defeated 
and  entirely  routed  by  the  English  army. 

Had,  at  that  time,  my  dominions  been  annexed  to  the  British 
territories,  I  would  have  now  not  a  word  to  say,  for  I  was,  at 
that  time,  an  independent  chief  at  the  head  of  an  independent 
people,  and  any  penalty  which  might  have  been  then  inflicted 
would  have  been  perfectly  just;  but  that  kind,  true  English 
gentleman,   the  late    Lord    Hardinge,  in  consideration  of  the 
friendship  which  had  existed  between  the  British  Empire  and  the 
*'  Lion  of  the  Punjab,"   replsMsed  me  on  my  throne,   and  the 
diamond  Koh-i-noor  on  my  arm,  at  one  of  the  Durbars.    The 
Council  of  Eegency,  which  was  then  created  to  govern  the  country 
during  my  minority,  finding  that  it  was  not  in  their  power  to  rule 
the  Punjab  unaided,  applied  for  assistance  to  the  representative 
of  the  British  Government,  who,  after  stipulating  for  absolute 
power  to  control  every  Government  department,  entered  into  the 
Bhyrowal  Treaty  with  me,  by  which  it  was  guaranteed  that  I 
should  be  protected  on  my  throne  until  I  attained  the  age  of 
sixteen  years,  the  British  also  furnishing  troops  both  for  the 
above  object  and  preservation  of  peace  in  the  country,  in  con- 
sideration of  a  certain  sum  to  be  paid  to  them  annually  by  my 
Durbar  for  the  maintenance  of  that  force. 

Thus  the  British  nation,  with  open  eyes,  assimied  my  guardian- 
ship, the  nature  of  which  is  clearly  defined  in  a  proclamation 
subsequently  issued  by  Lord  Hardinge's  orders,  on  the  20th 
August,  1847,  which  declares  that  the  tender  age  of  the  Maha- 
rajah Duleep  Singh  causes  hirn  to  feel  the  interest  of  a  father  in 
the  education  and  guardianship  of  the  young  Prince. — {Vide 
•*  Punjab  Papers  "  at  the  British  Museum). 

Two  English  officers,  carrying  letters  bearing  my  signature, 

LL   2 


516  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  were  despatched  by  the  British  Besident,  in  conjunction  with  my 
XY.  Darbaor,  to  take  possession  of  the  fortress  of  Mooltan  and  the  sur- 
loOD-oD.  rounding  district  in  my  name ;  but  my  servant  Mooh'aj,  refusing 
to  acknowledge  my  authority,  caused  them  to  be  put  to  death ; 
whereupon,  both  the  late  Sir  F.  Gurrie  and  the  brave  Sir  Herbert 
Edwardes  most  urgently  requested  the  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
British  forces  at  Simla,  as  there  were  not  sufficient  English 
soldiers  at  Lahore  at  the  time,  to  send  some  European  troops 
without  delay,  in  order  to  crush  this  rebellion  in  the  bud,  as  the  y 
affirmed  that  the  consequences  could  not  be  calculated  which 
might  follow,  if  it  were  allowed  to  spread ;  but  the  late  Lord 
Gough,  with  the  concurrence  of  the  late  Marquis  of  Dalhousie, 
refused  to  comply  with  their  wishes,  alleging  the  unhealthiness  of 
the  season  as  his  reason  fordoing  so. 

My  case  at  that  time  was  exactly  similar  to  what  the  Khedive's 
is  at  this  moment ;  Arabi  being,  in  his  present  position  to  his 
master,  what  Moolraj  was  to  me — viz.,  a  rebel. 

At  last,  very  tardily,  the  British  Government  sent  troops  (as  has 
been  done  in  Egypt)  •  to  quell  the  rebellion,  which  had  by  that 
time  vastly  increased  in  the  Punjab,  and  who  entered  my  terri- 
tories, headed  by  a  proclamation,  issued  by  Lord  Dalhoosie's 
orders,  to  the  following  effect : — 

Inclosarc  8  in  No.   42. — To  the  subjects,  servants,  and  dependants  of    tlie 
Lahore  State,  and  residents  of  all  classes  and  castes,  whither  Sikhs,  Miusalm&n^. 

or  others,  within  the  territories  of  Maharigah  Doleep  Singh Wher*vi> 

certain  evil-disposed  peraons  and  traitors  have  excited  rebellion  and  insurreet  i.  n. 
and  have  seduced  portions  of  the  population  of  the  Puigab  from  their  alleg^iAiiv 
and  have  raised  an  armed  opposition  to  the  British  authority  ;  and  whereas  t  i  $ 
condign  punishment  of  the  insurgents  is  necessary  ....  therefore  the  Briti-.. 
army,  under  the  command  of  the  Right  Hon.  the  Commander-in-Chief,    Y.  »- 
entered  the  Punjab  districts.     The  army  will  not  return  to  its  cantonments  unr 
fuUpunishmentof  all  insurgents  has  been  effected,  all  opposition  to  the    oons^. 
tuted  authority  put  down,  and  obedience  and  order  have  been  re-estabhshttii. 

Thus  it  is  clear  from  the  above  that  the  British  Commaader-ii;- 


DULEEP  SINGH   AND   THE  GOVERNMENT.  517 

Chief  did  not  enter  my  dominions  as  a  conqueror,  nor  the  army  Chapter 
to  stay  there,  and,  therefore,  it  is  not  correct  to  assert,  as  some     ^^* 
do,  that  the  Punjab  was  a  military  conquest.  looo-oo. 

And  whereas  it  is  not  the  desire  of  the  British  Govemment  that  those  who 
are  innocent  of  the  aljove  offences,  who  have  taken  no  ]»art,  secretly  or  openly, 
in  the  disturhancos,  and  who  have  remained  faithful  in  their  obedience  to  the 
Government  of  Maharajah  Dulccp  Singh  ....  should  suffer  i^ith  the  guilty. 

But  after  order  was  restored,  and  finding  only  a  helpless  child 
to  deal  with,  the  temptation  being  too  strong.  Lord  Dalhousie  an- 
nexed the  Punjab,  and  instead  of  carrying  out  the  solemn  compact 
entered  into  by  the  British  Govemment  at  Bhyrowal,  sold  almost 
all  my  personal  as  well  as  all  my  private  property,  consisting  of 
jewels,  gold  and  silver  plate,  even  some  of  my  wearing  apparel 
and  household  furniture,  and  distributed  the  proceeds,  amounting 
(I  was  told)  to  £250,000,  as  prize  money  among  those  very  troops 
who  had  come  to  put  down  rebellion  against  my  authority. 

Thus  I,  the  innocent,  who  never  lifted  up  even  my  little  finger 
against  the  British  Govemment,  was  made  to  suffer  in  the  same 
manner  with  my  own  subjects  who  would  not  acknowledge  my 
authority,  in  spite  of  the  declaration  of  the  above-quoted  procla- 
mation, that  it  is  not  the  desire  of  the  British  Govemment  that 
the  innocent  should  suffer  with  the  guilty. 

Lord  Dalhousie,  in  writing  to  the  Secret  Committee  of  the  late 
Court  of  Directors,  in  order  to  justify  his  unjust  act,  among 
other  arguments  employs  the  following.     He  says : — 


It  has  been  objected  that  the  present  dynasty  in  the  Punjab  cannot  with 
Justice  be  subverted,  since  the  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh,  being  yet  a  minor,  can 
liardly  be  held  responsible  for  the  acts  of  the  nation.  With  deference  to  those 
by  whom  these  views  have  been  entertained,  I  must  dissent  entirely  from  the 
soundness  of  this  doctrine.  It  is,  I  venture  to  think,  altogether  untenable  as  a 
principle  ;  it  has  been  disregarded  heretofore  in  practice,  and  disregarded  in  the 
ease  of  thfi  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh.      When  in  1845  the  Kh&lsa  army  invaded 


518  Sm  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Ch&pter  our  territories,  the  Maharajah  was  not  held  to  be  free  from  responsibility,  nor 
Xy.      was  he  exempted  from  the  consequences  of  the  acts  of  the  people.    On  the  con- 

1856-86,  trary,  the  Government  of  India  confiscated  to  itself  the  richest  proyinces  of  the 
Maharsgah's  kingdom,  and  was  applauded  for  the  moderation  which  had  exacted 
no  more.  If  the  Maharajah  was  not  exempted  from  responsibility  on  the  plea  of 
his  tender  years  at  the  age  of  eight,  he  cannot  on  that  plea  be  entitled  to  exemp- 
tion from  a  like  responsibility  now  that  he  is  three  years  older. 

Bat  in  thus  arguing,  his  Lordship  became  blind  to  the  fact  that 
in  1845,  when  the  Kh&lsa  army  invaded  the  British  territories, 
I  was  an  independent  chief,  but  after  the  ratification  of  the 
Bhyrowal  Treaty  I  was  made  the  ward  of  the  British  nation ;  and 
how  could  I,  under  these  circumstances,  be  held  responsible  for 
the  neglect  of  my  guardians  in  not  crushing  Moolraj's  rebellion 
at  once,  the  necessity  of  doing  which  was  clearly  and  repeatedly 
pointed  out  by  the  British  Resident  at  Lahore  ? 

Again,  his  Lordship  says,  "The  British  Government  has  rigidly 
observed  the  obligations  which  the  Treaty  imposed  on  them, 
and  fully  acted  up  to  the  spirit  and  letter  of  its  contract."  No 
doubt  all  this  was  or  may  have  been  true,  except  so  far  that 
neither  peace  was  preserved  in  the  country  nor  I  protected  on  my 
throne  till  I  attained  the  age  of  sixteen  years— two  very  important 
stipulations  of  that  Treaty. 

He  further  alleges,  **  In  return  for  the  aid  of  the  British 
troops  they  (my  Durbar)  bound  themselves  to  pay  to  us  a  subsidy 
of  twenty-two  lakhs  (£220,000)  per  annum  ....  from  the  day 
when  that  Treaty  was  signed  to  the  present  hour,  not  one  ra|>tH^ 
has  ever  been  paid." 

Now,  the  above  statement  is  not  correct,  because  of  the  follow- 
ing despatch  which  exists  : — **  Enclosure  No.  5,  in  No.  23/'  the 
Acting  Besident  at  Lahore  affirms,  "The  Durbar  has  paid  into 
this  treasury  gold  to  the  value  of  Rs.  13,66,637  0.  6."  (£135.837 
148.  Id.,  taking  the  value  of  a  rupee  at  2s.). 

Likewise  Lord  Dalhousie  alludes  to  Sirdar  Chutter  Singh's 
conduct.     Enclosure  19  in  No.  36  will  show  those  who  cftre  to 


DULEEP  SINGH   AND   THE   GOVEBNMENT.  519 

look  for  it,  the  reprimand  which  Captain  Abbott  then  received  Chapter 
from  the  Besident  for  his  treatment  of  that  chief,  who,  after  that,      ^^* 
with  his  sons,  without  doubt  beUeved  that  the  Bhyrowal  Treaty  1866-86. 
was  not  going  to  be  carried  out ;  and,  judging  from  the  events 
which  followed,  were  they  right  in  their  views,  or  were  they 
not? 

(1)  Thus  I  have  been  most  unjustly  deprived  of  my  kingdom, 
}delding,  as  shown  by  Lord  Dalhousie's  own  computation  in  (I 
think)  1850,  a  surplus  revenue  of  some  £500,000,  and  no  doubt 
now  vastly  exceeds  that  sum. 

(2)  I  have  also  been  prevented,  unjustly,  from  receiving  the 

rentals  of  my  private  estates  (vide  Prinsep's  **  History  of   the 

SikJis,"  compiled  for  the  Government  of  India)  in  the  Punjab, 

amounting  to  some  £130,000  per  annum,  since  1849,  although  my 

private  property  is  not  confiscated  by  the  terms  of  the  annexation 

which  I  was  compelled  to  sign  by  my  guardians  when  I  was  a 

minor,  and  therefore,  I  presume,  it  is  an  illegal  document,  and  I 

am  still  the  lawful  Sovereign  of  the  Punjab;   but  this  is  of  no 

moment,  for  I  am  quite  content  to  be  the  subject  of  my  most 

gracious  Sovereign,  no  matter  how  it  was  brought  about,  for  her 

graciousness  towards  me  has  been  boundless. 

(3)  All  my  personal  property  has  also  been  taken  from  me, 
excepting  £20,000  worth,  which  I  was  informed  by  the  late  Sir 
John  Login  was  permitted  to  be  taken  with  me  to  Futtehghur 
when  I  was  exiled ;  and  the  rest,  amounting  to  some  £250,000, 
disposed  of  as  stated  before.  What  is  still  more  unjust  in  my 
case  is,  that  most  of  my  servants  who  remained  faithful  to  me, 
were  permitted  to  retain  all  their  personal  and  private  property, 
and  to  enjoy  the  rentals  of  their  landed  estates  (or  jagheers)t 
given  to  them  by  me  and  my  predecessors,  whereas  I,  their 
master,  who  did  not  even  lift  up  my  little  finger  against  the 
British  nation,  was  not  considered  worthy  to  be  treated  on  the 
game  footing  of  equahty  with  them,  because,  I  suppose,  my  sin 
being  that  I  happened  to  be  the  ward  of  a  Christian  Power. 


520  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  The  enormous  British  liberality  permits  a  life  stipend  of  £25,000 
XV.  per  annum,  which  is  reduced  by  certain  charges  (known  to  the 
1866-86.  proper  authorities)  to  some  £13,000,  to  be  paid  to  me  from  the 
revenues  of  India. 

Lately,  an  Act  of  Parliament  has  been  passed,  by  which,  some 
months  hence,  the  munificent  sum  of  £2,000  will  be  added  to  my 
above  stated  available  income,  but  on  the  absolute  condition  that 
my  estates  must  be  sold  at  my  death,  thus  causing  my  dearly- 
loved  English  home  to  be  broken  up,  and  compelling  my  descen- 
dants to  seek  some  other  asylum. 

A  vety  meagre  provision,  considering  of  what,  and  how,  I  have 
been  deprived,  has  also  been  made  for  my  successor& 

If  one  righteous  man  was  found  in  the  two  most  wicked  cities 
of  the  world,  I  pray  God  that  at  least  one  honourable,  just,  and 
noble  EngHshman  may  be  forthcoming  out  of  this  Christian  land 
of  liberty  and  justice  to  advocate  my  cause  in  Parliament ;  other- 
wise, what  chance  have  I  of  obtaining  justice,  considering  that 
my  despoiler,  guardian,  judge,  advocate,  and  jury,  is  the  British 
nation  itself  ? 

Generous  and  Christian  Englishmen,  accord  me  a  just  and 
liberal  treatment,  for  the  sake  of  the  fair  name  of  your  nation,  of 
which  I  have  now  the  honour  to  be  a  naturaUzed  member,  for  it 
is  more  blessed  to  give  than  to  take. 

I  have  the  honour  to  remain,  Sir, 

Your  most  obliged  servant, 

DuLBEP  Singh. 
Elveden  Hall,  Thetford,  Suffolk, 

Aug,  2StK  1882. 


It  will  be  acknowledged  that  there  is  nothing  in  the 
tone  or  spirit  of  the  above  letter  to  justify  the  con- 
temptuous reply  which  it  received,  contained  in  the 


DULEEP  SINGH   AND  THE  GOVERNMENT.  521 


following  leading    article    printed   in   The    Times  of  Chapter 

XV. 

1856-86. 


August   31st,  1882,  and  which    hears  conclusive  evi- 


dence of  official  inspiration.  Considering  the  rank 
then  held  by  the  Maharajah  in  England,  the  considera- 
tion due  to  him  on  account  of  the  position  from  which 
we  had  deposed  him,  and  his  own  known  loyalty  and 
attachment  to  the  person  of  the  Sovereign,  surely  a 
more  dignified  and  less  irritating  response  might  have 
been  afforded  him  1  To  try  and  turn  a  man  into 
ridicule  is  no  answer  to  a  specific  charge,  and  the  real 
point  at  issue  is,  in  this  article,  merely  fenced  with. 


The  '*  Times  *'—Aug.  Slst,  1882. 

We  print  elsewhere  a  somewhat  singular  letter  from  the 
Maharajah  Duleep  Singh.  Encouraged,  as  it  would  seem,  hy 
the  restoration  of  Cetewayo,  he  puts  forward  an  impassioned 
plea  for  the  consideration  of  his  own  claims.  On  a  first  glance, 
his  letter  reads  as  if  he  demanded  nothing  less  than  to  he 
replaced  on  the  throne  of  the  Punjab.  He  professes  to  establish 
his  right  to  that  position  and  then  to  waive  it,  magnanimously 
avowing  that  he  is  quite  content  to  be  the  subject  of  his  most 
gracious  Sovereign,  whose  graciousness  towards  him  had  been 
boundless.  His  real  object,  however,  is  far  less  ambitious.  It  is 
to  prefer  a  claim  for  a  more  generous  treatment  of  his  private 
affidrs  at  the  hands  of  the  Indian  Government.  In  lieu  of  the 
sovereignty  of  the  Punjab,  with  its  unboimded  power  and 
unlimited  resources,  **  the  enormous  British  liberahty,"  he 
complains,  permits  him  only  a  life  stipend  of  £25,000  per 
annum,  which  is  reduced  by  certain  charges  to  some  £13,000. 
All  that  he  has  hitherto  succeeded  in  obtaining  from  the  Indian 


522         sm  JOHN  uoQm  and  duleep  singh. 

Chapter  Govermnent  is  an  arrangement,   lately  sanctioned  by  Act  of 
^^»      Parliament,  whereby  he  will  receive  an  addition  of  £2,000  to  his 

4.000-00.  annual  income  on  condition  that  his  estates  are  sold  at  his 
death  in  order  to  liquidate  his  liabilities,  and  provide  for  his 
widow  and  children.  It  is  really  against  this  arrangement  that 
the  Maharajah  appeals.  His  argument  concerning  his  de  jure 
sovereignty  of  the  Punjab  is  manifestly  only  intended  to  support 
his  pecuniary  claims.  If  these  were  settled  to  his  satisfaction, 
he  would  doubtless  be  content,  and  more  than  content,  to  die, 
as  he  has  lived,  an  English  country  gentleman,  with  estates 
swarming  with  game,  and  with  an  income  sufficient  for  his 
needs.  This  is  a  sort  of  appeal  to  its  justice  and  generosity 
with  which  the  English  public  is  not  unfamiliar.  Duleep  Singh 
is  not  the  first  dispossessed  Eastern  Prince  who  has  felt  himself 
aggrieved  by  the  dispositions  of  the  Indian  Government,  nor  is 
this  the  first  occasion  on  which  his  own  claims  have  been  heard 
of.  For  a  long  time  he  preferred  a  claim  for  the  Koh-i-noor,  of 
which  he  alleged  that  he  had  been  wrongfully  despoiled.  Now  it 
is  his  private  estates  in  India  which  he  declares  have  been 
confiscated  without  adequate  compensation.  No  one,  of  course » 
would  wish  that  a  prince  in  the  Maharajah's  position  should  be 
ungenerously  treated.  He  is,  as  it  were,  a  ward  of  the  English 
nation,  and  even  his  extravagances  might  be  leniently  regarded. 
But  as  the  claim,  now  publicly  preferred  by  the  Maharajah,  has 
been  disallowed  after  full  consideration  by  successive  Govern- 
ments both  in  India  and  this  country,  it  may  not  be  amiss  to 
show  that  his  case  is  by  no  means  so  strong  as  he  still  affects  to 
consider  it. 

The  events  of  two  Sikh  wars,  and  their  sequel,  have  probably 
faded  out  of  the  memory  of  most  of  our  readers.  They  are, 
however,  accurately  stated^  so  far  as  the  main  facts  are  concerned. 
in  the  Maharajah's  letter.  It  is  not  so  much  with  those  facts 
themselves  that  we  are  now  concerned  as  with  the  Maharajali's 
inferences  from  them,  and  with  certain  other  facts  which  he 


DULEEP   BIN6H   AND  THE  GOVERNMENT.  523 

not  found  it  convenient  to  state.    It  is  perfectly  trae  that  after  Chapter 
the  overthrow  of  the  *'  Khalsa  "  power  in  the  sanguinary  battle  of     XV. 
Sobraon,   Lord   Hardinge   declined  to  annex  the  Punjab  and  1^6-86. 
replaced  the  Maharajah  on  the  throne  under  the  Begency  of 
his  mother,  the  Eanee,  assisted  by  a  Council  of  Sirdars.    This 
settlement,  however,  proved  a  failure,  and  was  replaced  by  the 
arrangement  made  under  the  Bhyrowal  Treaty,   whereby  the 
entire  control  and  guidance  of  affairs  was  vested  in  the  British 
Resident,  and  the  presence  of  British  troops  was  guaranteed 
until  the  Maharajah  should  attain  his  majority. 

The  second  Sikh  war,  which  began  with  the  revolt  of  Moolraj 
in  1848,  soon  proved  the  futility  of  this  arrangement  also,  and 
after  the  surrender  of  Mooltan  and  the  battle  of  Gujerat,  which 
finally  broke  the  reviving  power  of  the  Khalsa,  Lord  Dalhousie, 
who  had  succeeded  Lord  Hardinge  as  Governor-General,  decided 
that  the  time  had  come  for  the  incorporation  of  the  Punjab  with 
the  British  Dominions  in  India.       Duleep    Singh  was   at   this 
time  only  eleven  years  of  age;  but  he  had  been  recognized  for 
more  than  three  years  as  the  Sovereign  of  the  Punjab,  and  by  the 
advice  of  his  Durbar  at  Lahore  he  signed  the  terms  of  settlement 
proposed  by  the  British  Commissioner,  whereby  he  renounced 
"  for  himself,  his  heirs,  and  his  successors,  all  right,  title,  and 
claim  to  the  sovereignty  of  the  Punjab,  or  to  any  sovereign  power 
whatever."     By  subsequent  clauses  of  the  same  instrument  *'  all 
the  property  of  the  State,  of  whatever  description  and  where- 
soever found,"  was  confiscated  to  the  East  India  Company  ;  the 
Koh-i-noor  was  surrendered  to  the  Queen  of  England  ;  a  pension 
of  not  less  than  four,  and  not  exceeding  five,  lakhs  of  rupees  was 
secured  to  the  Maharajah, ''  for  the  support  of  himself,  his  relatives, 
and  the  servants  of  the  State ;  "    and  the  Company  undertook 
to  treat  the  Maharajah  with  respect  and  honour,  and  to  allow  him 
to  retain  the  title  of  "  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh,  Bahadoor."     Of 
this  instrument,  the  Maharajah  now  says  that  he  was  compelled 
to  sign  it  by  his  guardians  when  he  was  a  minor,  and  he  argues 


524  Sm  JOHN  LOGIN   AND   DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  that  the  political  necessity  which  dictated  it  was  due  to  the 
XY.      Idches  of  the  Indian  Government,  which  had  failed  to  fulfil  the 

1866-86.  pledges  of  the  Bhyrowal  Treaty,  and  had  allowed  the  revolt 
of  Moolraj  to  develop  into  a  Sikh  rebelUon.  In  answer  to  these 
allegations,  it  is  sufficient  to  quote  the  report  of  the  Britiah 
Commissioner,  who  presented  the  terms  for  signature.  "The 
paper,"  he  says,  "was  then  handed  to  the  Maharajah,  who 
immediately  affixed  his  signature.  The  alacrity  with  which  he 
took  the  papers  when  offered,  was  a  matter  of  remark  to  all,  and 
suggested  the  idea  that  possibly  he  had  been  instructed  by  his 
advisers  that  any  show  of  hesitation  might  lead  to  the  substitu- 
tion of  terms  less  favourable  than  those  which  he  had  been 
offered."  Moreover,  the  plea  that  the  Maharajah  was  a  minor, 
and  therefore  not  a  free  agent,  is  fatal  to  his  own  case ;  he  was 
two  years  younger  when  the  Bhyrowal  Treaty  was  signed,  and 
younger  still  when  the  settlement  of  Lord  Hardinge  replaced  him 
on  the  throne,  and  restored  to  him  the  sovereignty,  which  he 
even  now  acknowledges  might  at  that  time  have  been  rightly  for- 
feited. We  need  not  dwell  on  this  point,  however.  The  Maha- 
rajah himself  would  hardly  press  it.  His  claim  of  sovereignty  is 
merely  intended  to  cover  his  claim  for  money.  He  never  was  much 
more  than  nominal  Sovereign  of  the  Punjab,  and  he  probably 
desires  nothing  so  little  at  this  moment  as  the  restitution  of 
his  sovereign  rights.  The  political  question  has  long  been  closed  ; 
it  only  remains  to  consider  whether  the  personal  and  financiaJ 
question  still  remains  open.  The  Maharajah  complains  that  he 
was  deprived  of  his  personal  and  private  property — ^with  insignifi- 
cant exceptions — and  of  the  rentals  of  his  landed  estates.  There 
is,  however,  no  mention  of  private  property  in  the  terms  of  settle- 
ment accepted  by  the  Maharajah;  and  a  minute  of  Lord  Dalhousie, 
recorded  in  1855,  states  explicitly  that  at  the  time  the  Punjab 
was  annexed,  the  youth  had  no  territories,  no  lands,  no  property, 
to  which  he  could  succeed.  The  pension  accorded  by  the  East 
India  Company  was  plainly  intended  to  support  the  Maharajah  in 


DULEEP   SINGH   AND  THE   GOVERNMENT.  525 

becoming  state,  and  to  provide  for  his  personal  dependants ;  and  Chapter 
the  British  Government  expressly  reserved  to  itself  the  right     ^V. 
of  allotting  only  such  portion  as  it  thought  fit  of  the  "  Four  Lakh  1856-86. 
Fund/'  as  the  pension  was  called,  to  the  Maharajah's  personal 
use.     Bo  long  ago  as  1853,  Lord  Dalhousie  wrote  a  despatch, 
intended  to  remove  from  the  Maharajah's  mind  all  idea  that  the 
Four  Lakh  Fund  would  ultimately  revert  to  himself,  and  charac- 
terizing such  an  idea  as  **  entirely  erroneous." 

The  Indian  Government,  however,  has  certainly  not  dealt 
ungenerously  with  the  Maharajah.  It  is  true  that  it  has  not 
recognized  his  claim  to  certain  private  estates  no  record  of  which 
exists,  still  less  has  it  listened  to  any  of  his  attempts  to  assail  the 
validity  of  the  instrument  whereby  his  sovereignty  was  extin- 
guished. For  some  years  after  the  annexation  his  personal 
allowance  out  of  the  Four  Lakh  Fund  was  fixed  at  £12,500  a 
year — a  sum  which  was  considered  entirely  satisfactory  by  the 
leadidg  Ministers  of  the  Durbar,  which  assented  and  advised  the 
Maharajah  to  assent  to  the  terms  of  1849.  But  in  1859  this 
allowance  was  doubled,  and  the  Maharajah  himself  more  than 
once  acknowledged  in  subsequent  years  the  Uberality  of  the 
arrangements  made.  The  allowance  of  £25,000  a  year  has  been 
reduced  to  the  £13,000  mentioned  by  the  Maharajah  in  his 
letter,  not  by  any  act  of  the  Indian  Government,  but  by  what,  if 
he  were  only  an  English  country  gentleman,  we  should  be 
compelled  to  call  extravagance,  though,  as  he  is  an  Eastern 
prince,  it  is  more  generous,  perhaps,  to  describe  it  as  magnificence. 
He  first  bought  a  property  in  Gloucestershire,  but  this  was  sold 
some  yearis  ago,  and  his  present  estate  at  Elveden,  in  Suffolk,  was 
purchased  for  £138,000,  the  money  being  advanced  by  the 
Government,  and  interest  for  the  loan  to  the  amount  of  £5,664 
per  annum  being  paid  by  the  Maharajah.  Some  two  or  three 
years  ago  the  Home  Government  of  India  proposed  to  release  the 
Maharajah  from  payment  of  this  annual  sum  provided  that  he 
would  consent  to  the  sale  of  the  estate,  either  at  once  or  at  his 


526  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  death,  for  the  repayment  of  the  principal  of  the  loans  advanced. 
XV.     This  proposal,  however,  was  rejected  by  the  Indian  Government, 

I006-86.  ^iiich  maintained,  in  very  strong  and  plain  language,  that  the 
Maharajah  had  already  been  treated  with  exceptional  liberality, 
and  that  if  he  wanted  more  money  he  should  sell  his  estate.    The 
Indian  Government  remained  inexorable,  but  the  liberality  of  the 
Home  Government  was  not  yet  exhausted.    The  Maharajah  had 
built  a  house  at  Elveden,  at  a  cost  of  £60,000,  and  had  borrowed 
£40,000  from  a  London  banking  firm  for  the  purpose.    For  this 
loan  £2,000  interest  had  to  be  paid,  and  the  India  Office  has 
lately  sanctioned  the  repayment  of  the    capital  sum  without 
making  any  further  charge  on  the  Maharajah.     It  is  to  this 
arrangement,  and  to  the  Act  of  Parliament  which  sanctions  it, 
that  the  Maharajah  refers  with  some  bitterness  at  the  close  of  his 
letter.     In  order  to  settle  his  affairs,  and  to  provide  for  his  wife 
and  family,  the  Act  of  Parliament  requires  that  his  estate  at 
Elveden  should  be  sold  after  his  death.     Hinc  ilia  Ic^crr/tna.     An 
argument  which  starts  from  the  sovereign  claims  of  the  son  of  the 
"  Lion  of  the  Punjab,"  ends,  somewhat  ridiculously,  though  not 
without  a  touch  of  pathos,  with  the  sorrows  of  the  Squire  of  Elveden. 
Duleep  Singh  began  life  as  a  Maharajah  of  the  Punjab,  with 
absolute  power  and  boundless  wealth  if  he  had  only  been  old 
enough  to   enjoy  them,  and  if   the   Eh41sa   would   only  have 
allowed  him  to  do  so.     He  is  not  even  allowed  to  end  it  as 
an  English  country  gentleman  leaving  an  encumbered  estate  and 
an  embarrassed  heir.    There  is  really  a  certain  tragedy  about  the 
whole  matter.     Fate  and  the  British  Power  have  deprived  the 
Maharajah  of  the  sovereignty  to  which  he  was  bom.     He  has 
done  his  best  to  become  an  English  squire,  and  if  he  has  lived 
beyond  his  income,  he  may  plead  abimdance  of  examples  in  the 
class  to  which  he  has  attached  himself ;  yet  he  is  forced  to  hear 
the  consequences  himself,  and  not  to  inflict  them  on  his  children 
and  descendants,  as  an  English  squire  would  be  able  to  do.     The 
whole  case  is  one  which  it  is  very  difficult  to  judge  upon  any 


DXJLEEP  SINGH   AND   THE   GOVERNMENT.  527 

abstract  principles.   It  is,  no  doubt,  the  duty  of  every  man  to  live  Chapter 
within  his  income,  and  yet  if  the  Maharajah  has  failed  to  acquire     ^^• 
a  virtue  rare  indeed  among  Eastern  princes  and  not  too  common  1856-86. 
in  the  class  to  which  he  belongs  by  adoption,  there  is  no  English- 
man  but  would  feel  ashamed  if  he  or  his  descendants  were 
thereby  to  come  to  want.    At  the  same  time  it  is  impossible  for 
the  Indian  Government,  which  has  claims  on  its  slender  resources 
far  more  urgent  than  those  of  the  magniJ&cent  squire  of  Elveden, 
to  guarantee  him  indefinitely  against  the  consequences  of  his  own 
improvidence.      At  any  rate,  it  is  safe  to  warn    him  against 
encumbering  his  personal  claims  by  political  pleas  which  are 
wholly  inadmissible.    He  is  very  little  likely  to  excite  sympathy 
for  his  pecuniary  troubles  by  his  bold,  but  scarcely  successful, 
attempt  to  show  that  if  he  could  only  come  by  his  own,  he  is  still 
the  lawful  Sovereign  of  the  Punjab. 


"  The  Times,"  Friday,  Sept.  Sth,  1882, 
THE  CLAIMS  OF  THE  MAHAEAJAH  DULEEP  SINGH. 

To  THE  Editob  of  **  T/wj  Tirnes" 

SiB, 

As  your  leading  article  of  Thursday,  the  31st  ult.,  comment- 
ing on  my  letter  of  the  28th,  which  you  were  so  good  as  to 
publish,  contains  many  inaccuracies  as  to  matters  of  fact,  which 
no  one,  perhaps,  can  correct  so  precisely  as  myself,  I  trust  you 
will  allow  me  to  do  so,  and  to  make  a  few  observations. 

(1)  You  say :  ''All  that  he  has  hitherto  succeeded  in  obtaining 
from  the  Indian  Government,  is  an  arrangement,  lately  sanctioned 
by  Act  of  Parliament,  whereby  he  will  receive  an  addition  of 
£2,000  to  his  annual  income,  on  condition  that  his  estates  are 
sold  at  his  death,  in  order  to  liquidate  his  liabilities,  and  provide 


528  SIR   JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  for  his  widow  and  children.     It  is  really  against  this  arrangement 
XY.      that  the  Maharajah  appeals." 

1856-86.  J  ^Q  fiQi  tt  really  appeal  "  against  the  aboye  arrangement,  but 
what  I  do  certainly  think  unjust  in  it  is,  that  I  am  not  permitted 
to  repay,  during  my  life,  the  loan  which  is  to  be  made  under  it — 
£16,000  having  already  been  advanced  to  me — and  that  I  am  thus 
forbidden  to  preserve,  by  a  personal  sacrifice,  their  English  home 
to  my  descendants.  In  April  last  I  sent  a  cheque  for  £3,542  14s., 
representing  capital  and  compound  interest  at  the  rate  of  five  per 
cent,  to  the  India  Office,  but  it  was  returned  to  me. 

My  widow  and  children,  should  I  leave  any,  were  already 
provided  for,  under  arrangements  which  existed  before  this  Act 
was  passed. 

(2)  With  reference  to  your  quotation  from  the  British  Com- 
missioner, as  to  my  "  alacrity  **  in  signing  the  terms,  I  have 
simply  to  say  that,  being  then  a  child,  I  did  not  understand  what 
I  was  signing. 

(3)  ''  Moreover  "  you  say,  "  the  plea  that  the  Maharajah  was  a 
minor,  and,  therefore,  not  a  free  agent,  is  fatal  to  his  own  case  ; 
he  was  two  years  younger  when  the  Bhyrowal  Treaty  was  signed, 
and  younger  still  when  the  settlement  of  Lord  Hardinge  replaced 
him  on  the  throne,  and  restored  to  him  the  sovereignty  which  he 
even  now  acknowledges,  might  at  that  time  have  been  rightly 
forfeited.  We  do  not  dwell  on  this  point,  however.  The  Maha- 
rajah himself  would  hardly  press  it." 

But,  whether  it  is  fatal  to  my  case  or  not,  I  do  press  it,  and 
maintain  that  after  the  ratification  of  the  Bhyrowal  Treaty,  I  was 
a  ward  of  the  British  nation^  and  that  it  was  unjust  on  the  part  of 
the  guardian  to  deprive  me  of  my  kingdom,  in  consequence  of  a 
failure  in  the  guardianship. 

Here  are  Lord  Hardinge's  own  words :  '<  But,  in  addition  to 
these  considerations  of  a  political  nature,  the  Governor-General  is 
bound  to  be  guided  by  the  obligations  which  the  British  Govern- 
ment has  contracted  when  it  consented  to  be  the  guardian  of  the 


DULEEP  SINGH  AND  THE  GOVERNMENT.  529 

young  Prince  during  his  minority  "  {vide  p.  49,  '*  Punjab  Papers,*'  Chapter 

1847^9),  XV. 

1866-86. 
(4j  *'  The  Maharajah  complains,"  you  would  say,  **  that  he  was 

deprived  of  his  personal  and  private  property — ^with  insignificant 

exceptions — and  of  the  rentals  of  his  landed  estates.    There 

is,  however,  no  mention  of  private  property  in  the  terms  of  the 

settlement  accepted  hy  the  Maharajah  ;  and  a  minute  of  Lord 

Dalhousie,  recorded  in  1855,  explicitly  states  that  at  the  time  the 

Pimjab  was  annexed,  the  youth  had  no  territories,  no  lands,  no 

property  to  which  he  could  succeed."    My  reply  is,  that  at  the 

time  of  the  annexation  I  had  succeeded  to  territories,  lands,  and 

personal  property,  and  was  in  possession,  and  these  possessions 

were  held  in  trust,  and  managed  for  me,  under  treaty,  by  the 

British  Government. 

That  I  had  succeeded  and  was  possessed  of  private  estates 
in  land,  is  an  historical  fact,  and  a  matter  of  public  records. 
Moreover,  these  estates  had  belonged  to  my  family,  one  of  them 
having  being  acquired  by  marriage,  before  my  father  attained 
to  sovereignty.  The  statement  in  Lord  Dalhousie's  minute  only 
amounts  to  denial  of  the  existence  of  the  sun  by  a  blind  man ; 
and  there  are  none  so  bhnd  as  those  who  will  not  see. 

And  now  with  regard  to  my  alleged  extravagance,  these  are  the 
facts.  The  life  stipend  of  £25,000  allotted  to  me,  has  to  bear  the 
following  deductions:  —  (1)  £5,664  interest,  payable  to  the 
Government  of  India ;  (2)  about  £3,000  as  premium  on  policies 
of  insurance  on  my  life,  executed  in  order  to  add  to  the  meagre 
provision  made  for  my  descendants  by  the  British  Government, 
and  as  security  for  the  loan  from  my  bankers ;  (3)  £1,000  per 
annum  for  two  pensions  of  £500  per  annum  each  to  the  widows 
of  the  superintendent  appointed  by  Lord  Dalhousie  to  take 
charge  of  me  after  the  annexation,  and  of  my  kind  friend,  the  late 
controller  of  my  establishment ;  besides  which  there  is  some  £300 
per  annum  payable  in  pensions  to  old  servants  in  India. 

In  order  to  be  able  to  receive  his  Koyal  Highness  the  Prince  of 

MM 


530  SIR  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULSEP  'SINGH. 

Chapter  Wales,  and  to  return  the  hospitality  of  men  in  my  own  position 
XV.      of  life,  and  because  I  was  advised  and  considered — ^not,  I  think, 

1866-86*  QjjjgagQnably — that  the  rank  granted  to  me  by  Her  Majesty 
required  it  to  be  done,  I  expended  some  £22,000  (not  £60,000,  as 
you  were  informed)  in  alterations  and  repairs  to  the  old  house  on 
this  estate ;  suitable  furniture  cost  £8,000  more. 

At  a  cost  of  some  £3,000, 1  have  purchased  life  annuities,  to  be 
paid  to  the  before-mentioned  widow  ladies,  in  case  they  should 
survive  me. 

About  £8,000  more  had  to  be  borrowed  from  my  bankers  on 
mortgage,  to  complete  the  purchase  of  this  estate,  as  the  money 
lent  me  by  the  Government  of  India  was  insufficient  by  that 
amount.  Thus,  my  debts  amount  to  something  like  £44,000,  of 
which  £30,000  is  covered  by  policies  of  insurance,  £8,000  by 
mortgage,  and  the  remainder  amply  secured  by  personal  assets. 
Therefore,  instead  of  my  estates  being  heavily  encumbered,  my 
heirs,  were  I  to  die  at  this  moment,  would  succeed  to  a  house  and 
furniture  which  are  worth  much  more  than  £30,000,  without  any 
liability,  besides  sOme  £70,000,  secured  by  insurance  on  my 
Hfe. 

I  think  you  are  bound  to  acquit  the  Squire  of  Elveden  of 
extravagance. 

When  the  agricultural  depression  set  in,  I  requested  the  Home 
Government  to  make  an  allowance  that  would  enable  me  to 
maintain  my  position,  and  they  kindly,  after  causing  all  the 
accounts  to  be  examined,  helped  me  with  £10,000,  but  did  not 
accuse  me  of  extravagance.  Subsequently,  pending  the  considera* 
tion  of  my  affairs,  some  £6,000  or  £7,000  more  was  advanced  to 
pay  off  pressing  bills,  as  during  that  time  I  had  not  completed 
the  arrangements  for  reducing  my  establishment.  Out  of  the 
above  loan  about  £10,000  was  invested  in  live  and  dead  stock  on 
farms  in  hand,  and  would  be  forthcoming,  if  demanded,  at  a 
very  short  notice. 

Thus  the  extravagance  during  my  residence  at  Blveden  is 


DULEEP  SINGH  AND  THE  GOVERNMENT.  581 

reduced  to  the  fabulous  sum  of  some  £12,000,  and  I  possess  Chapfcer 
enough  personalty,  beyond  any  question,  to  discharge  debts  to     XY. 
that  amount,  and  some  £6,000  more,  should  they  exist  at  my  1866-86. 
death. 

In  common  justice,  therefore,  Mr.  Editor,  I  ask  you  to  enable 
me  to  contradict,  in  as  prominent  a  manner  as  they  were 
brought  forward  in  your  most  influentiaJ  journal,  the  rumours 
as  to  my  extravagance. 

In  the  first  paragraph  of  your  leading  article  of  Thursday,  the 
Slst  ult.,  you  say,  ''  that  the  claim  now  publicly  preferred  by  the 
Maharajah  has  been  disallowed  after  full  consideration  by 
successive  Governments,  both  in  India  and  this  country."  Yes, 
it  is  very  easy  to  disallow  a  claim  without  hearing  the  real 
claimant. 

The  English  law  grants  the  accused  the  chance  of  proving 
himself  not  guilty ;  but  I  am  condemned  unheard :  is  this 
just? 

I  remain,  Sir,  your  most  obliged| 

DULEEP   SiKOH, 

Elveden  Hall,  Thetford,  Suffolk, 
Sept.  eth,  1882. 


The  Maharajah  then,  finding  no  notice  taken  of 
his  appeal,  devoted  himself  to  compiling,  with  the 
assistance  of  his  solicitor,  a  book  which  was  published 
in  June,  1884,  ''for the  information  of  his  friends,  and 
to  disabuse  their  minds  of  any  prejudice  which  may 
have  arisen  from  what  appeared  in  print  about  a  year 

The   following  extracts  from  the  above-mentioned 

MM  2 


532         SIR  JOHN  Loom  and  duleep  sinoh. 

Chapter  book  will  give   the  situation   from  the  Maharajah's 

^  •     point  of  view  : — 
1856-86.  ^ 


By  the  Treaty  of  Bhyrowal,  in  December,  1846,  the  British 
Government  became  the  guardian  of  the  infant  Prince,  and 
caused  his  mother  to  be  removed  from  his  vicinity,  on  account 
of  the  influence  she  was  likely  to  exert  over  him,  and  her  well- 
known  character  for  intrigue. 

In  1849  the  Treaty  of  Lahore  put  an  end  to  the  Protectorate, 
but  by  it  the  British  Government  entered  into  an  engagement 
with  the  Maharajah  to  pay  him  a  pension,  and  took  entire 
charge  of  his  person,  exercising  a  full  control  over  his  move- 
ments, expenditure,  education,  and  associates,  appointing  Dr. 
Login  as  superintendent  under  the  direction  of  the  Governor- 
General. 

They  also  undertook  the  administration  of  his  pension,  fixing 
the  amount  to  be  paid  to  him,  to  his  relatives  and  dependants, 
as  ^it  was  certainly  necessary  for  some  one  to  act  for  him  in  this 
matter  until  he  came  of  age. 

There  was  a  further  complication  in  the  matter. 

The  Government,  as  is  known,  in  1849,  took  possession  of  aJl 
the  property  of  the  Maharajah,  both  in  lands  and  money.  The 
Treaty  gave  them  all  the  State  property,  therefore,  they  became 
trustees  for  the  Maharajah  as  to  his  private  property.  Disputes 
have  since  arisen  how  much,  and  which  portions  of  the  propertv 
are  of  one  kind,  and  how  much,  and  which  portions,  are  of  the 
other  kind — ^and  there  is  also  a  difference  of  opinion  about  the 
duration  of  the  entire  pension  imder  the  words  of  the  Treaty — so 
that  there  are  several  points  of  conflict  between  the  Goyemmeni 
and  its  ward. 


DULEEP  SINGH  AND   THE  GOVERNMENT.  533 

The  Government  claims  to  be  the  sole  arbiter  on  these  conflict-  Chapter 
ing  questions,  and  hitherto  has  uniformly  decided  them  in  its  own      XY. 
favour,  never  rendering  any  account  of  its  stewardship.    Between  I006-86. 
private  individuals,  a  Chancery  judge  would  interfere,  and  would 
appoint  trustees,  &c.,  and  investigate  the  case  before  deciding  it ; 
in  the  meantime,  the  funds  would  be  secured,  and  set  aside  at 
interest,  for  the  benefit  of  the  successful  party  in  the  litigation. 

In  this  case,  however,  the  Government  has  remained  master  of 
the  situation.  The  Maharajah  has  been  advised  that  the  courts 
of  law  are,  in  all  probabihty,  powerless  to  decide  between  him 
and  the  Government,  and  the  latter  keeps  possession. 


It  will  be  interesting  here  to  insert  the  views  of  the 
Government,  as  embodied  in  minutes  by  Lord 
Dalhousie  in  1856,  and  by  Sir  Charles  Wood  in  1860. 


LoBD  Dalhousie's  Minute. 

When  the  Maharajah  quitted  India,  the  object  which  the 
Superintendent  had  in  view,  was  to  obtain  for  His  Highness  a 
grant  of  land  in  the  Eastern  Dhoon,  near  Deyrali,  with  the 
expectation,  I  presume,  that  the  Maharajah  would  live  at 
Mussoorie  during  the  hot  season,  as  he  had  been  in  the  habit  of 
doing;  and  would  occupy  himself,  and  interest  himself,  in  the 
cultivation  and  improvement  of  the  estate  which  was  to  be  granted 
to  him. 

The  Superintendent  appeared  to  be  under  the  impression  that 
the  Maharajah  himself  very  strongly  desired  the  settlement  of  his 
future  position.  It  seemed  to  me  very  unlikely  that  a  boy  of  his 
ye€brs  would  have  a  strong  feeling  of  any  kind  on  such  a  subject, 
and  quite  certain  that  he  could  not  as  yet  know  his  own  mind. 


534  SIB  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DdLEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       In  correspondence  with  Dr.  Login  since  the  Maharajah  has 
^^*     resided  in  England,  I  have  learned  that  upon  being  further  ques- 

J-oOo-pO.  tioned  upon  the  subject,  His  Highness  did  not  seem  to  desire  an 
estate  at  all,  but  preferred  a  money  stipend,  and  spoke  as  if  he 
were  under  the  impression  that  the  four  lakhs  which  were  men- 
tioned in  the  paper  of  terms,  and  which  were  granted  on  the 
annexation  of  the  Punjab,  would  all  ultimately  lapse  to  him. 
The  view  which  was  taken  by  His  Highness  of  this  subject 
was  entirely  erroneous. 

The  terms  granted  did  not  secure  to  the  Maharajah  four  lakhs, 
out  of  which  His  Highness  was  to  grant  pensions  to  relatives  and 
followers,  which,  on  the  death  of  the  recipients,  were  to  revert  to 
the  Maharajah.  The  terms  simply  set  apart  four  lakhs  of  rupees 
at  the  time  of  the  ajmexation,  as  provision  for  the  Maharajah,  for 
the  members  of  his  family,  and  the  servants  of  the  State. 


MINUTE  OF  THE  COUNCIL  OF  INDIA. 
By  Sib  Charles  Wood,  K.C.B.     March  21s^  1860. 

At  the  close  of  the  second  Sikh  war,  it  was  determined  to 
annex  the  Punjab  to  British  territory,  and  to  put  an  end  to  the 
separate  Ehalsa  Government  of  the  Sikhs.  The  form  in  which 
the  arrangement  for  this  purpose  was  recorded,  was  a  paper 
of  terms  granted  and  accepted  at  Lahore  in  1849,  and  notified  by 
the  Governor-General. 

The  provisions  in  favour  of  the  Maharajah  are  contained  in  the 
4th  and  5th  Articles  of  those  terms  (the  first  three  all  being 
declaratory  of  the  surrender)  as  follows : — 

"4th.  His  Highness  Duleep  Singh  shall  receive  from  the 
Honourable  East  India  Company,  for  the  support  of  himself,  his 
relatives,  and  the  servants  of  the  state,  a  pension  not  less  than 


DUXEEP  SIKOH  AND  THE  GOVERNMENT.  535 

four,  and  not  exceeding  five,  lakhs  of  Company's  rupees  per  Chapter 

annum.  XV. 

1856-86. 
**  5th.    His  Highness  shall  be  treated  with  respect  and  honour. 

He  shall  retain  the  title  of  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh  Bahadoor ; 
and  he  shall  continue  to  receive,  during  his  life,  such  portion 
of  the  above-named  pension  as  may  be  allowed  to  himself  person- 
ally, provided  he  shall  remain  obedient  to  the  British  Government, 
and  reside  at  such  place  as  the  Governor-General  of  India  may 
select." 

The  terms  were  signed  by  the  young  Maharajah,  and  by  six  of 
the  principal  Sirdars  and  people  of  his  court. 

The  first  question  is,  what  are  the  Maharajah's  rights  under  the 
two  articles,  and  what  are  the  obligations  which  the  Government 
of  India  came  under  towards  him  personally  ? 

It  is  clear  that,  being  a  minor,  required  to  live  where  the 
Governor-General  might  determine,  he  was  not  intended  to  be 
(he  recipient  of  the  "  pension  not  less  than  four,  and  not  exceeding 
five,  lakhs  of  Company's  rupees  per  annum,"  which  was  to  form 
the  provision  for  "  himself,  his  relatives,"  and  '*  the  servants  of 
the  State." 

This  Article,  though  using  his  name  as  the  head  of  the  State  at 
the  time  the  announcement  was  made,  must  be  construed  with 
the  following  Article,  which  provides  that  "  he  shall  continue  to 
receive,  during  his  life,  such  portion  of  the  above-named  pemion 
as  may  be  allotted  to  himself  personally,"  under  the  condition 
of  good  behaviour. 

The  personal  claim  of  the  Maharajah  is  here  limited  to  the 
receipt,  for  his  life,  of  his  personal  stipend ;  and  the  amount  to  be 
allotted  to  him  was  left  entirely  to  the  Government  of  India. 

During  the  first  years  of  the  Maharajah's  minority  the  annual 
sum  allotted  for  his  personal  allowance  was  120,000  rupees  per 
annum.  It  was  afterwards  increased  to  150,000  per  annum  ;  the 
increase  taking  effect  from  the  date  of  his  attaining  the  age  of 
eighteen. 


536  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       The  Indian  Grovemment  recommended  that,  on  his  attaining 

^^*     the  age  of  twenty-one,  £25,000  should  be  allotted  as  his  personal 

•looo-So,  allowance.     This  smn,  together  with  the  present  sums  allotted  to 

the  other  recipients  of  allowances,  under  the  4th  Article,  will 

exceed  the  the  amount  of  four  lakhs. 

Some  of  these  allowances  will  necessarily  fall  in  sooner  or  later ; 
and  the  amount  of  allowances  will  again  be  reduced  below  four 
lakhs. 

A  question  may  arise  as  to  the  obligations  under  the  terms  of 
1849,  as  to  the  disposal  of  any  such  annual  sums  falling  in. 

The  Maharajah  seems  to  expect  that  he  may  be  considered 
entitled  to  benefit  from  such  lapses.  But  this  claim  has  been 
distinctly  negatived  by  Lord  Dalhousie,  who  cannot  be  mistaken 
as  to  the  meaning  of  the  terms  which  he  granted;  and  the 
provision  that  the  Maharajah  shall  only  receive  what  may  be 
specially  allotted  to  him,  is  so  clear  in  the  5th  Article,  that  he 
can  evidently  have  no  right  to  any  increase  of  his  stipend  conse- 
quently. 

It  is  evident  that  the  portion  of  the  pension  allotted  to  others 
can  only  be  for  their  respective  lives. 

The  provision  in  the  Maharajah's  favour  is  only  for  life.  This 
is  expressly  provided  for. 

It  cannot  be  supposed  that  the  allowances  to  be  assigned  to  the 
other  persons  were  for  any  other  term  than  that  assigned  for  the 
Maharajah's,  namely,  for  their  respective  lives.  The  only  other 
possible  construction  of  the  terms  would  be,  that  the  allowances 
of  the  other  parties  were  to  be  for  the  period  of  the  Maharajah's 
Hfe. 

But  it  would  be  an  absurdity  to  suppose  because  the  4th  Article 
uses  the  Maharajah's  name  as  the  recipient  of  the  entire  pro- 
vision, that  the  pensions  assigned  to  other  members  of  the  family 
and  State  servants  would  at  once  have  ceased  if  the  Maharajah 
had  happened  to  die  during  his  minority.  All  of  them,  like  the 
personal  stipend  of  the  Maharajah,  must  be  regarded  as  assured 
life  stipends,  but  not  extending  beyond  life. 


DULEEP   SINGH  AND  THE   GOVERNMENT.  537 

The  amount,  therefore,  of  any  stipends  so  falling  in  hereafter,  Chapter 
must,   according  to  the  terms  of  1849,  fall  in  to  the  British     XV. 
Government.  1856-86. 

There  is  no  douht,  however,  but  that,  up  to  the  present 
time,  the  difference  between  the  sums  allotted  to  the  Maha- 
rajah, his  relatives,  and  the  servants  of  the  State,  and  the 
amount  of  four  lakhs,  which  was  the  smallest  sum  which  it  was 
provided  that  the  British  Government  should  apply  to  the 
purposes  mentioned,  has  not  been  so  expended.  What  the 
amount  of  such  accumulation  is  we  have  no  means  of  ascertaining 
in  England ;  but  it  is  understood  that  there  may  be  a  balance  of 
between  £160,000  and  £200,000. 

The  Maharajah  supposes  he  is  entitled  to  claim  this  as  payable 
to  himself  personally  ;  first,  because  the  4th  Article  of  the  terms 
of  1849  uses  his  name  as  recipient  of  the  whole  four  lakhs ;  and 
secondly,  because  he  alleges  that  the  balance  is  composed  mainly, 
if  not  entirely,  of  short  payments  to  himself,  of  what  he  con- 
siders to  have  been  due  to  him  during  his  minority. 

The  simple  answer  to  this  claim  is  afforded  by  the  5th  Article, 
which  specifically  provides  that  he  is  only  to  receive  the  "  portion 
of  the  above-named  pension"  that  might  be  allotted  to  "  himself 
personally,"  and  the  Government  of  India  might  allot  to  him 
whatever  sum  it  thought  proper,  as  it  might  in  a  like  manner 
to  the  other  persons  referred  to  in  the  4th  Article.  Any  part  of 
the  £40,000  per  annum  which  has  not  been  allotted,  and  has 
accumulated  in  the  Treasury  of  the  British  Government,  is  at 
their  disposal ;  but  they  are  bound  to  apply  it  for  the  purposes 
stated  in  the  terms  of  1849. 

It  is  a  fair  question,  however,  what  is  the  best  method  of 
disposing  of  any  balance  that  the  British  Government  has  now  in 
its  hands,  and  which  it  is  under  obligation  to  spend  for  the  benefit 
of  these  parties;  and  it  would  certainly  seem  that  the  most 
appropriate  disposition  will  be  to  make  a  provision  for  the  famihes 
of  the  life  stipendiaries. 


538  SIB  JOHN   LOGIN   AND   DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter       It  is  to  be  observed  that  it  is  the  practice  in  India,  in  dealing 
XV.      with  political  stipendiaries,  to  leave  the  provision  for  the  family 
1866-86.  to  be  settled  after  the  stipendiary's  decease,  and  not  to  place  it  in 
the  hands  of  the  annuitant. 

The  Maharajah  has  felt  the  precarious  position  in  which  any 
family  which  he  might  leave  would  be  placed  in  this  respect,  and 
has  asked  us  to  give  him  security  on  this  point. 

The  Committee  of  the  Council  proposed  a  scheme  on  this 
especial  point,  namely,  that  a  sum  should  be  capitalized,  sufficient 
to  produce  an  annual  sum  of  £10,000  per  annum,  as  a  permanent 
income  after  his  death  for  his  widow  and  any  children  he  might 
leave. 

The  Maharajah  has  asked  for  permission  to  bequeath  this 
amount  to  some  public  purpose  for  the  Punjab,  in  case  he  should 
die  childless;  but  to  this  the  Committee  have  refused  to 
accede. 

By  the  terms  of  1849,  as  already  shown,  the  Maharajah  is  only 
entitled  to  receive  for  life  such  bum  as  may  be  allotted  to  him. 

The  Committee,  however,  were  most  willing  to  remove  his 
natural  anxiety,  by  enabling  him  to  make  a  Uberal  provision  for  his 
wife  and  children  after  his  death. 

But  they  could  not  consistently  with  their  sense  of  duty  place 
at  his  disposal,  by  will,  any  funds  for  any  other  purpose.  If  funds 
should  be  available  for  public  purposes,  their  application  must 
rest  with  the  Government. 

The  Committee  further  said  that,  if  the  Maharajah  should  pre* 
f er  to  receive  at  once  such  a  proportion  of  the  present  accumolation 
as  the  Government  of  India  may  consider  it  proper  to  grant  to 
him,  with  reference  to  the  claims  of  all  others  interested,  there 
can  be  no  objection  to  that  amount  being  paid  to  him  down» 
leaving  him  to  make  his  own  arrangements  for  his  family,  which, 
in  that  case,  would  have  no  claim  to  look  to  the  Government  for 
any  further  provision  after  his  decease.  If  the  Maharajah  prefers 
this  to  the  offer  of  capitaUzing  a  sum  producing  £10,000  per 


PULEEP  BINGH  AND  THE  GOVERNMENT.  539 

annum  as  a  trust-fund,  for  the  benefit  of  his  family,  the  case  will  Chapter 
be  referred  to  the  Governor-General  of  India,  desiring  him  to     2^* 
ascertain  what  the  real  balance  of  unappropriated  "  pension "  1856«86. 
payable  under  the  4th  Article  of  the  Terms  of  1849  now  is — 
and  also  to  determine  the  proportion  of  that  balance  which  may 
fairly  be  assigned  to  the  Maharajah.    This  is  strictly  conformable 
with  those  terms. 

The  Council  of  India  are  of  opinion  that  the  proposal  to  capital- 
ize the  proportion  of  the  stipend  of  £25,000  per  annum,  i.e., 
£10,000  per  annum,  as  a  trust  provision  for  his  family,  is  the 
most  beneficial  arrangement  for  the  Maharajah.  They  will, 
however,  willingly  accede  to  whichever  of  these  arrangements  he 
may  prefer. 

On  the  foregoing  the  Maharajah's  remarks  : — 

The  reader  will  see  that  the  Government  is  of  opinion  that  it 
is  under  no  obligation  to  give,  during  the  Maharajah's  life,  any 
larger  pension  thaji  it  may  choose  to  allow,  nor  to  give  any 
pension  to  his  family  after  his  death. 

The  Maharajah  does  not  agree  to  this  as  a  true  interpretation 
of  the  Treaty,  nor,  we  think,  would  ordinary  minds  come  to  that 
conclusion. 

It  is  admitted  that  the  pension  is  not  entirely  to  cease 
with  the  life  of  the  Maharajah,  but  as  to  certain  portions,  it  is  to 
be  continued  after  his  death  for  certain  purposes.  It  is  also  stated 
that  the  name  of  the  Maharajah  is  used  in  the  4th  Article  of  the 
Treaty,  not  in  his  individual  capacity,  but  as  ''  head  of  the 
State." 

This  reading  favours  the  construction  for  which  the  Maharajah 
contends,  viz.,  that  the  pension  was  to  be  hereditary,  and 
that  any  forfeiture  that  he  might  incur  would  not  prejudice  the 
rights  of  his  children. 


540  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN   AND  DULEEP   SINGH. 

Chapter  The  Maharajah  does  not  believe  that  it  could  have  been 
XV.      intended  to  confine  his  compensation  to  a  mere  life  pension  in 

1856-86.  exchange  for  an  hereditary  estate  of  not  less  than  two  miUionB 
sterling  per  annum,  which  increases  constantly  with  the  pro- 
sperity of  the  country. 

At  all  events,  the  interpretation  put  upon  the  Treaty  by  the 
Government  is  so  unfavourable  to  the  Maharajah,  and  to  his 
posterity,  and  so  different  from  what,  we  venture  to  say,  an 
ordinary  reader  would  gather  from  its  perusal — so  different  from 
what  must  have  been  imderstood  by  the  assembled  chiefs  in 
1849,  when  they  heard  it  read  by  Sir  Henry  Elliot — that,  if 
correct,  it  requires  some  more  impartial  sanction  and  confirmation 
than  that  of  a  Government  department  to  render  it  acceptable  or 
satisfactory  to  the  Maharajah. 

If  it  were  really  intended  after  the  Treaty  to  leave  the  Maha- 
rajah and  his  descendants  entirely  at  the  mercy  of  the  British 
Government ;  if  the  Government  also  intended  to  absorb  all  his 
personal  and  private  property,  as  well  as  to  deprive  him  of  his 
personal  freedom,  why  ask  him  to  sign  any  treaty  at  all  ?  He 
and  his  were  in  the  power  of  the  British  Grovemment  and  army, 
who  might  have  disposed  of  both  at  pleasure. 

We  cannot  think  that  the  India  Office  have  rightly  interpreted 
either  the  language  or  the  spirit  of  the  Treaty ;  but  we  unhesi- 
tatingly say  that,  if  the  Treaty  does  mean  what  Sir  Charles  Wood 
stated  in  his  memorandum,  it  is  a  document  which  must  excite 
feelings  of  just  indignation  in  every  honest  mind. 

As  a  consequence  of  its  interpretations,  as  explained  above,  the 
Maharajah  has  never  had  what  he  considers  to  be  the  fall 
benefit  of  the  Treaty  of  1849  ;  and,  moreover,  he  has,  under  cover 
of  the  Treaty,  been  deprived  of  private  property  and  lands  which 
it  did  not  profess  to  confiscate. 

Taking  a  lakh  of  rupees  to  be  equal  to  £10,000,  the  pension 
would  be  between  £40,000  and  £50,000  (say  £45,000). 

The  payments  actually  made  to  the  Maharajah  are  as  follows: — 


DULEEP  SINGH   AND   THE  GOVERNMENT.  541 

From  1849  to  1856        £12,000  per  annum.         Chapter 

1856  to  1858        £15.000  „  XV. 

1858  onwards       £25,000  „  1856-86. 


fi 


Besides  these  payments,  allowances  to  relatives  and  dependants 
to  the  extent  of  £18,000  per  annimi  at  the  commencement  (1849) 
which  were  reduced  to  £15,000  in  1859  have  been  made.  These 
allowances  have  rapidly  dwindled  into  a  very  small  sum,  if 
indeed  they  have  not  vanished  altogether. 

In  1859  about  £100,000  was  the  aggregate  saving  of  the 
Government  on  the  four  lakhs. 

In  1862  the  Government  provided  a  sum  of  £105,000  (which 
probably  was  the  exact  amount  saved,  but  they  endeavoured  to 
make  it  appear  as  a  voluntary  provision  made  by  them),  for  the 
purchase  of  an  estate,  to  be  settled  on  the  Maharajah  and  his 
issue,  also  empowering  him  to  bequeath  to  his  legitimate  off- 
spring a  sum  of  four  per  cent.  India  Capital  Stock,  to  be  provided 
by  Gk>vemment,  this  amount  to  be  sufficient  to  yield  an  income 
of  £7,000  per  annum,  subsequently  increased  to  £10,800  per 
annum. 

Between  1862  and  1882  the  Government  advanced  the  sum 
of  £198,000,  charged  on  the  India  Capital  Stock,  and  (in  the 
event  of  his  leaving  no  issue)  on  the  Suffolk  estates. 

Of  this,  £60,000  was  lent  free  of  interest,  the  remainder, 
£138,000,  was  part  at  four  per  cent.,  and  part  at  five  per  cent., 
the  terms  being  precisely  what  could  have  been  obtained  from 
any  insurance  office  in  the  City  of  London. 

The  Government,  however,  agreed  to  pay  half  the  premiums 
on  policies  of  insurance  for  £100,000  on  the  Maharajah's  life 
(the  Maharajah  bearing  the  other  half,  in  respect  of  which  the 
Grovemment  now  deduct  £1,575  annually  from  his  allowance). 

But  the  additional  price  exacted  for  these  advances  was,  that 
the  mansion  and  all  the  Suffolk  estates,  whether  bought  with 
the  £105,000  (specially  provided  for  the  purchase  of  a  family 


542  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH, 

Chapter  estate),  or  with  the  loans  raised  from  Government,  or  with  the 
^y*      Maharajah's  own  money,   shall  be    sold   at  the   Maharajah's 
1856-86.  death.     Thus  the  Government  have  rendered  futile  the  prospect 
of  landed  proprietorship  for  the  Maharajah's  h  nrs. 

The  money  result  in  the  year  1884  to  the  Maharajah  of  these 
operations  is  roughly  as  follows : — 

Annual  pension  from  Government  ...      £25,000 

Deductions  by  Government : — 

For  interest  per  annum          ...  £5,664 

For  premiums  of  insurance     ...  1,675 


Net  sum  received  by  the  Maharajah  from 


7,239 


Government  per  annum.  £17,761 

The  Maharajah  complains  that  the  payments  made  to  him  are 
not  in  fulfilment  of  the  stipulations  of  the  Treaty.  He  considers 
that  under  the  Treaty  he  ought,  after  he  was  of  age,  to  have 
received  the  full  pension  himself  paying  out  the  allowances  to 
his  relatives  and  dependants. 

If  this  be  correct,  the  Government  have  withheld  from  him  sums 
which,  it  is  calculated,  must  amount  to  more  than  the  whole  of 
their  advances  to  him,  although  the  figures  of  the  account  have 
not  been  furnished  by  Government. 

As  to  the  £105,000  paid  him  in  1862,  if  it  does,  in  fact,  re- 
present, as  he  believes,  the  aggregate  amount  of  sums  withheld 
up  to  1859  (calculating  his  pension  at  the  minimum  of  four  lakhs 
only),  it  does  not  include  interest  on  those  accumulations. 

It  seems  hard  to  the  Maharajah,  under  these  circumstances,  to 
be  paying  large  sums  of  interest  every  year  to  the  Government, 
whom  he  believes  to  be  his  debtors ;  and  he  hopes,  that  if  ever 
they  should  pay  him  his  accumulations,  they  will  pay  him 
back  interest  on  the  sums  which  they  have,  from  time  to  time, 
retained,  and  withheld  from  his  use. 


DULEEP  SINGH  AND  THE  GOVERNMENT,  543 

The  following  is  the  provision  for  the  widow  and  children  of  Chapter 

the  Maharajah : —  XY . 

1866-86. 

Valae  of  Soffolk  estates  (say)     £200,000 

Insurance  moneys  100,000 

£72,000  East  India  Stock  72,000 


Total  provision  £372,000 

This  realized  at  3^  per  cent,  would  give  an  income  of  £13,000, 
to  be  divided  amongst  his  widow  and  children. 

We  have  already  stated  that  the  Maharajah  contends  that  the 
original  pension  of  £45,000  per  annum  is  in  its  nature  hereditary, 
and  ought  to  be  continued  undiminished  after  his  death  to  his 
descendants* 

The  revenues  of  the  Punjab  are  not  dependent  on  the  tenure  of 
a  life,  nor  do  they  diminish  year  by  year;  and  the  pension 
awarded  by  the  Treaty  of  1849  should  most  certainly  be  regarded 
as  a  first  charge  on  those  revenues. 


From  another  part  of  the  same  book  other  extracts 
are  supplied,  which  show  how  aaxious  the  Maharajah 
was  to  have  his  affairs  settled  by  arbitration. 


Extract  from  work  published  by  the  Maharajah,  entitled, 
"  The  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh  and  the  Government." 

How  stands  the  case  between  the  British  Government  and  the 
Maharajah  ? 

It  was  thought  expedient  (it  could  not  be  just  or  right)  to  annex 
his  kingdom. 

Zo  iake  care  of  his  private  estates  and  property,  and  to  restore 


544  SIR  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  them  undiminished  to  him  when  of  age,  was  the  bonnden  duty  of 
XV.  the  new  Governors  of  the  country,  under  the  circumstances,  even 
1856-86,  \^  they  not  been  the  personal  guardians  of  the  boy. 

Nevertheless,  these  estates  and  property  have  been  appropri- 
ated, without  apparently  a  question,  or  the  slightest  hesitation  on 
the  part  of  the  distinguished  and  accomplished  persons  who,  from 
time  to  time,  have  constituted  the  Government  of  the  Punjab, 
under  the  new  rSgime, 

The  whole  has  been  treated  as  if  it  had  been  spoil  of  war. 

These  estates,  as  we  know,  were  untouched  by  the  Treaty  ;  but 
how  have  we  acted  towards  the  Maharajah  in  our  fulfilment  of 
the  terms  stipulated  for  by  that  Treaty  ? 

The  Government  has  explained  away  all  the  provision  apparently 
intended  to  be  secured  to  the  Maharajah,  and  assured  him  that, 
although  one  clause  in  it  tells  him  that  he  is  to  receive  between 
£40,000  and  £50,000  per  annum,  the  next  clause,  if  properly 
understood,  according  to  official  interpretation,  entirely  takes 
away  such  right,  and  leaves  him  at  the  absolute  mercy  of  the 
Government,  to  give  as  much  or  as  little  as  they  please. 

Lord  Lawrence,  in  reference  to  another  Indian  prince  (who 
was  not  a  British  ward),  says : — 


The  question  "whether  in  dealing  with  an  Asiatic  nilcr,  like  Shere  All,  the 
common  rules  of  European  international  law  have  any  application  whatever/*  U 
again  passed  over. 

I  aSirm  that  it  should  not  so  he  treated.  If  international  law  has  no  apidi- 
cation  in  this  case,  then  what  is  the  law  or  principle  on  which  the  cause  between 
Shere  Ali  and  ourselves  is  to  be  tried.  Are  wetobe  the  judges  in  our  aum  eatu^  / 
Are  we  to  decide  in  accordance  with  our  own  interest**  ?  Is  this  an  ans^  *  r 
which  Englishmen  will  give  in  so  grave  a  matter  ? 


In  another  place  Lord  Lawrence  justly  observes : — 

Statesmen   should  never  forget  that  the  real  foundations  of  our  power   in 
India  do  not  rest  on  the  interested  approval  of  a  noisy  few.     They  rest  anjusiicr. 


DULEEP  SINGH  AND  THB  GOYERNMENT.  545 

on  the  contentment  of  the  millions,  who  may  not  always  be  silent  and  quiescent,    Chapter 
and  on  their  feeling  that  in  spite  of  the  selfish  clamour  of  those  who  profess  to  be      ^LV« 
their  guardians  and  representatives,  they  may  place  hnpUdt  trust  tfi  the  equal  1856-86. 
jmstkeqfour  GUnfernmenty  and  in  its  watchful  care  of  the  interests  of  the  masses 
of  the  people. 

Here  we  have  to  do  with  a  treaty  and  a  series  of  transactions, 
one  party  to  which  is  the  British  Government  in  its  own  right, 
and  the  other  party  is  the  ward  of  the  same  British  Govern- 
ment. 

In  the  one  capacity  the  British  Government  want  to  escape 
from  paying  more,  or  giving  up  more,  than  they  can  help ;  in  the 
other  capacity  it  has  always  heen  their  duty,  as  guardians  and 
trustees,  to  uphold  the  interests  of  the  Maharajah,  and  claim  and 
recover  for  him  all  he  could  fairly  demand,  from  whomsoever  it 
might  be. 

The  Maharajah  accuses  the  Government  of  having  allowed  its 
attention  to  the  interests  of  the  department  to  interfere  with  its 
duty  to  his  interests,  and  refuses  to  be  satisfied  with  the  correct- 
ness of  its  decision  between  those  interests. 

Is  it  impossible  in  such  a  case  to  provide  some  impartial 
tribunal,  such  as  might  carry  conviction  to  a  reasonable  mind 
that  injustice  had  not  been  done  by  irresponsible  power  ?  Are 
there  no  eminent  lawyers  of  judicial  rank  whose  services  might 
be  engaged  to  hear  and  decide  the  conflicting  claims  ? 

Or  must  the  nation  bear  the  reproach  of  its  Government,  insist- 
ing on  being  judges  in  its  own  cause,  to  the  neglect  of  those  sacred 
principles  which  Lord  Lawrence  terms  the  "foundation  of  our 
power  in  India?" 

While  the  Maharajah  was  engaged  m  compiling  the 
book  from  which  the  foregoing  has  been  quoted,  he 
had  also  sent  out  to  India  an  agent  from  the  firm 
of  Messrs.  Farrer  &  Co.,   his  solicitors,  with.instruc- 

NN 


546  SIB  JOHN  LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  SINGH. 

Chapter  tions  to  examine  the  records  of  the  Punjab,  with  a 
if^fi  ftfi  view  to  establishing  the  Maharajah's  claims  on  certain 
private  estates. 

Shortly  after  his  agent's  return,  the  Maharajah 
addressed  a  letter  to  Lord  Kimberley,  then  Secretary 
of  State  for  India  (March,  1885),  forwarding  a  state- 
ment of  private  estates,  claimed  by  him  as  inherited 
from  Runjeet  Singh,  a  Sirdar  of  the  Punjab,  and  his 
predecessors,  concluding  the  letter  as  follows  : — 


Your  Lordship  by  this  time  is  fully  aware  that  unless  the 
British  Government  is  prepared  to  accord  me  speedily  some 
measure  of  justice,  I  shall  be  compelled  to  abandon  permanently 
my  landed  estates  and  position  in  England,  as  I  am  unable 
adequately  to  maintain  either  with  the  means  now  accorded  to 
me ;  in  which  case,  the  moderate  and  legitimate  expectations  with 
which  I  was  induced  to  settle  in  this  country  must  be  utterly 
disappointed,  and  I  myself  and  my  family  be  reduced  to  a  state 
inferior  to  that  of  many  of  the  subjects  of  the  State  of  which 
I  was  the  Sovereign  when  my  country  was  annexed  by  the 
British  Goverement, 


The  subjoined  statement  is  the  result  of  a  careful 
inquiry  made  by  the  Maharajah's  agent  in  several 
districts  of  the  Punjab.  No  estates  have  been  claimed 
as  private  property  that  came  into  the  possession  of 
Bunjeet  Singh  subsequent  to  the  year  1800,  that  being 
the  year  in  which  he  attained  to  the  sovereignty  of  the 
PunjaK 


]>ULE£P  SINGH  AND  THE  QOVJSBNMENT.  547 

Estates  claimed  by  Dvleep  Singh  as  private  property  (of  which  Chapter 
some  part  have  been  in  the  possession  of  his  famAly  from  the  time  of     ^'^• 
Nodh  Singh,  his  great-great-grandfather)  : —  looo-oo. 

In  the  districts  of — 
Goojranwala  .  .61  villages ;  of  which  33  were  left  by  Ghorrat  Singh. 


Groojrat         ...10      „ 

t9 

6 

19 

n 

99                         99 

Jhelnm          ,..65      „ 

>> 

aU 

tt 

»» 

99                         99 

(Including  the  salt-mines 

of  Find  Dadnr  Khan.) 

Sealkote        ...  18  villages ; 

it 

9 

ft 

ii 

99                         99 

Goordaspore...  6      „ 

tt 

aU 

t» 

»>    • 

Maha  Singh. 

Anuritsar       ...  2      „        left  by  Nodh  Singh. 

The  remainder  of  the  above  were  left  by  Maha  Singh,  others 
being  acquired  by  Bunjeet  Singh. 


The  annual  value  of  the  above  villages  is  Rs.2,04,99, 
j£20,499. 

The  revenue  of  the  salt  mines  is  now  about  forty 
lakhs.  (1869.— R8.44,91,458=£449,145.)  In  Sikh 
times  said  to  be  under  six  lakhs.* 

The  inquiry  does  not  extend  all  over  the  Punjab. 
There  are  known  to  be  other  villages  belonging  to 
Churnit  Singh,  especially  about  Rawul  Pindee. 

No  reference  is  here  made  to  the  claims  of  the 
Maharajah  to  the  intestate  estates  of  deceased  rela- 
tives, many  of  whom  are  known  to  have  died  since  the 
date  of  annexation. 


*  See  ante,  p.  99. 

NN    2 


548  SIB  JOHN   LOGIN  AND  DULEEP  8INOH. 

^P^'  While  the  question  of  the  Maharajah's  claims  to 
1856-86.  private  property  is  under  consideration ;  it  may  be 
well  to  enter  here  a  valuation  of  the  personal  property 
pillaged  at  Futtehghur  during '  the  Mutiny.  This 
return  was  made  out  by  Sir  John  Login,  and  sent  in 
to  the  Indian  Office  at  the  time  that  compensation 
claims  were  called  for. 


Vahie  of  property  pillaged  at  Futtehghur, 

Land  and  houses  purchased  by  His  Highness 93»014 

Furniture  and  fittings  of  all  descriptions,  including 

table-furniture,  plate,  glass,  and  crockery  74,403 

Tent  equipage  made  at  Futtehghur       lO^TGS 

Farrash  Ehana  property,  consisting  of  Cashmere  tents, 

carpets,  Muslunda  quilts,  chogas,  elephant  jhools,  ice.  ...  20,000 

198,182 


In  compensation  for  this  claim,  the  British  Govem- 
mendt  oflfered  £3,000,  which  the  Maharajah  refused  to 
accept,  considering  the  proposition  an  insult. 

The  Government  has  never  accounted  to  the 
Maharajah  for  the  money  received  for  the  sale  [of 
the  house,  nor  has  he  received  anything  in  respect  of 
the  value  of  the  land,  though  the  papers  show^  that 
the  whole  was  purchased  out  of  his  money,  nor  any 
compensation  in  respect  of  the  contents  of  the  house, 
which  were  destroyed  at  the  Mutiny. 


DULEEP  SINGH  AND   THE  QOVERNHENT.  549 

Such  then  is  the  position  of  the  Maharajah  Duleep  Chapter 
Singh  with  the  British  Government.  ^oa 

For  upwards  of  thirty  years  has  he  been  at  issue 
with  them  on  various  points,  small  questions  no  doubt 
at  first,  which  would  have  instantly  disappeared  had 
the  recommendations  of  Sir  John  Lawrence  and  Sir 
Frederick  Currie  been  adopted ;  but  which,  as  time 
went  on,  became  more  and  more  of  vital  importance 
to  the  Maharajah,  and,  in  a  corresponding  ratio,  less 
and  less  interesting  to  the  officials  who  had  to  deal 
with  the  case,  as  they  had  no  hand  in  the  original 
Treaty. 

Is  he,  therefore,  entirely  to  blame  for  his  present 
attitude  towards  the  British  nation  ? 

If  no  excuse  can  be  found  for  him,  are  the  children 
to  suffer  for  the  sins  of  the  father  ? 


FINIS. 


! 


H 


APPENDIX. 


L 


Extract  fbom  a  Lettbb  to  Mb.  John  Bbioht,  M.P.,  on  thb 

poucy  OF  oxjjt  BuiiE  IN  India. 

{In  reply  to  one  of  his  d4i$Bd  September  1st,  1857.) 

Sept.  1857. 
Mt  DBAS  Mb.  Bbioht, 

•  •  .  .  The  intelligence  from  India  continues  to  be  indeed 
most  painfal,  and  full  of  atrocities  and  treachery,  although 
certainly  not  causing  more  apprehension  or  anxiety,  as  to  the 
final  result,  than  it  did  at  first.  That  we  should  have  been  able 
to  maintain  our  ground  so  well  against  such  odds,  could  never 
have  been  anticipated  by  the  mutineers;  and  when  they  hear  of 
the  successive  arrivals  of  ships  from  England  with  reinforcements, 
before  they  have  succeeded  in  establishing  civil  power  in  a  single 
district,  we  may  have  reason  to  hope  their  treacherous,  cowardly 
hearts  will  quail  within  them  through  fear. 

No  one  who  has  had  opportunity  of  seeing  Mahomedans  (and 
Hindoos)  in  countries  to  which  our  influence  had  not  extended, 
is  much  surprised  at  atrocities  wl^ch  are  not  very  uncommon 
among  them,  and  although  the  dread  of  consequences  under  our 
rule  has  prevented  the  exercise  of  such  revolting  cruelties,  there 
is  scarcely  a  man,  woman,  or  child  among  them,  to  whose 
imagination  they  are  not  perfectly  familiar,  and,  except  by  those 


552  APPENDIX. 

whom  education  has  enlightened,  who  does  not  consider  them  to 
be  perfectly  justifiable,  if  not  praiseworthy,  against  "  Kafirs,"  such 
as  we  are !  This  revolt  has  torn  the  veil  from  Hindooism  and 
Mahomedanism,  and  shown  them  in  their  true  colours. 

I  am  quite  as  anxious  as  you  can  be,  that  we  should  bring  no 
discredit  on  the  Christian  name  by  the  manner  in  which  we 
make  these  miserable  wretches  atone  for  their  appalling  atrocities. 
Of  all  that  can  be  proved  to  have  been  ringleaders  in  the  revolt,  we 
have  no  alternative  than  to  make  a  most  fearful  example.  But 
those  who  have  taken  a  lead  in  these  atrocities  are,  I  believe,  few 
in  comparison  with  the  multitudes  who  have  been  led  astray  by 
them,  and  for  whose  ignorance  we  are,  to  a  certain  extent, 
responsible. 

Whenever  we  are  again  in  a  position  to  enforce  order,  and  to 
bring  the  guilty  to  punishment,  we  need  be  under  no  difficulties, 
however  numerous  they  may  be.  With  so  many  railroads  to 
make  in  India,  on  which  convict  labour  can  be  made  useful,  so 
many  settlements  and  colonies  within  the  tropics,  such  as  Pegu, 
Mauritius  and  the  West  India  Islands,  where  a  labouring 
population  is  required,  so  many  ships  available  to  convey  them, 
and  with  a  sincere  desire  to  remove  the  ignorance  and  superstition 
which  have  caused  such  atrocities,  we  may  confidently  hope  that, 
with  God's  help,  we  shall  yet  be  able  to  "overcome  evil  with 
good." 

The  manner  in  which  our  countrymen  have  been  led  to  carry 
out  the  sentence  of  death  upon  these  mutineers,  with  a  view  to 
make  their  executions  more  impressive  upon  the  natives  that 
witness  them,  is  certainly  most  distressing,  and  I  deeply  deplore 
it ;  but  if  it  has  the  effect  of  deterring  others  from  such  crimes, 
and  depriving  the  criminals  of  that  bravado  which  leads  them  to 
rush  to  the  halter  prepared  for  them  and  die  as  martyrs,  I  can- 
not find  fault  with  it ;  for,  however  revolting,  it  is  not  more  cmel 
or  less  instantaneous  than  any  other  mode,  nor  am  I  apprehensive 
that  it  will  have  the  effect  you  suppose  of  "rousing  revengeful 
feelings  which  time  can  never  heal."  The  people  of  India  consider 
us  to  be  perfectly  justified  in  thus  punishing  men  guilty  of  such 
atrocities  against  us,  knowing  from  the  general  leniency  of  our 
punishmeuts  hitherto  that  we  have  only  been  driven  to  them  by 
their  treachery ;  and  if  we  can  only  succeed  in  putting  down  the 


APPENDIX.  553 

mntmy,  and  re-establishing  our  power  firmly,  I  should  have  no 
more  apprehension  of  going  unarmed  among  the  very  sons  of 
these  men  in  their  villages  than  I  ever  had. 

In  truth,  with  this,  as  in  other  things,  we  are  obliged  often  to 
act  in  opposition  to  our  right  feelings,  and  in  a  manner  which 
would  be  most  unjustifiable  among  a  people  less  barbarous  in 
heart,  in  order  to  give  that  impression  of  our  power  and  energy 
which  is  necessary  to  enable  us  to  do  any  good  among  them, 
and  to  raise  them  out  of  that  debasing  superstition  and  igno- 
rance which  is  the  fruitful  source  of  all  these  atrocities. 

In  the  same  way,  I  am  quite  prepared  to  make  more  allowances 
for  such  men  as  Clive,  Warren  Hastings,  and  others  of  our 
countrymen  in  India  than  you  do,  for  being  carried  away  by 
their  successes  (among  a  people  who  held  their  possessions  by  the 
sword)  to  acts  and  results  which,  to  our  settled  notions  of  rights 
of  property  for  so  many  centuries,  appear  most  extravagant  and 
oppressive;  and  I  am  very  certain  that  even  at  this  present 
moment — after  we  have,  by  the  strength  of  our  Government  for 
the  last  fifty  years,  given  a  security  to  individual  rights  unknown 
before — there  is  not  a  single  native  of  India  who  has  read  or  heard 
of  Clive  or  Warren  Hastings,  who  attaches  that  discredit  to  their 
proceedings  which  Englishmen  do.  It  is  very  true  that  you  may 
have  been  in  the  way  of  hearing  natives  of  India  profess  very 
high-flown  sentiments  on  these  points,  as  it  suited  their  indivi- 
dual interests  to  do  so ;  but  I  am  very  much  mistaken,  after 
twenty-five  years'  experience  of  them,  and  among  such  men  as 
Lord  Metcalfe,  Mr.  Thomason,  and  many  others  (who  knew  them 
better  than  I  can  pretend  to  do),  if  there  is  a  single  one  who,  in 
circumstances  like  GUve,  Warren  Hastings,  and  other  English- 
men, would  have  shown  half  their  moderation. 

We  must  never  forget  that  public  opinion  among  natives  of 
India  generally  is  in  many  respects  not  further  advanced  than  it 
was  in  England  during  the  Heptarchy  (certainly  not  so  far  in  its 
religious  basis),  and  that  our  ideas  of  individual  rights  and 
abstract  justice  are  comparatively  new  to  them,  and  can  with 
difficulty  be  adapted  to  their  minds.  They  are  making  progress, 
no  doubt,  and  that  very  rapidly ;  and  another  fifty  years  of  our 
rule,  and  the  security  enjoyed  under  it,  will  bring  them  well  up  to 
us,  if  we  do  our  duty. 


554  APPENDIX. 

But,  dear  Mr.  Bright,  instead  of  giving  much  thought  to  the 
misdeeds  of  our  predecessors  in  India — ^the  cruelties  of  which  I 
am  sure  you  exaggerate  greatly,  and  which  I  am  very  confident 
are  not  considered  so  had  hy  Asiatics  as  hy  ourselves,  and  cause 
hut  little  ill-will  towards  us — I  am  anxious  that  you  should  turn 
your  attention  to  exusting  evils,  with  a  view  to  remove  them.  If 
the  present  state  of  India  is  a  just  judgment  upon  us,  it  is  not  so 
much  for  the  misdeeds  of  the  past  century,  as  for  the  present 
neglect  of  duty  and  want  of  confidence  in  the  right  policy  we 
should  pursue. 

Through  the  hlessing  of  God,  we  have  been  placed  in  India  in  a 
position  of  the  highest  influence  and  responsibility. 

We  had  an  army  of  nearly  300,000  men,  composed  of  Hindoos 
and  Mahomedans,  the  most  ignorant,  most  bigoted,  and  most 
superstitious  of  any  class  in  India.  We  have  had  opportunities, 
no  one  can  deny,  of  removing  much  of  that  ignorance,  bigotry, 
and  superstition  by  introducing  education  among  them,  without 
causing  the  least  alarm  for  their  religion  (caste) ;  and  there  are 
many  who  think  that  they  were  open  to  religious  instruction 
without  endangering  our  influence  over  them  in  the  smallest 
degree.  Instead,  however,  of  our  doing  anything  to  enlighten 
them,  as  it  was  our  duty  to  do,  we  have  pampered  them  in  all 
their  ignorant  superstitions;  flattered  them  into  a  belief  that 
as  soldiers  they  were  quite  equal  to  ourselves,  and  instructed 
them  only  through  the  drill-sergeant.  Is  it  to  be  wondered  at 
that  they  should  think  we  held  India  only  by  their  sufferance, 
and  that  they  should  attempt  to  wrest  it  from  us  ? 

Our  successes  in  India  have  placed  many  of  the  princes  and 
chief  sin  our  power,  with  all  their  families  and  dependants ;  many 
of  them  receiving  pensions  greater  than  the  revenues  of  some 
independent  states  in  Europe.  We  have  had  influence  sufficient 
to  induce  them  to  educate  their  children,  at  least,  in  secular 
knowledge,  and  to  show  them  the  world  as  it  now  exists ;  but  vre 
have  not  done  so ;  we  have  been  satisfied  to  let  them  live  in  that 
state  of  sensuality  natural  to  them,  to  indulge  in  dreams  of  their 
former  greatness,  surrounded  by  sycophants  and  slaves,  and  to  be 
instructed  only  by  the  most  bigoted  of  their  creed,  until,  like  the 
old  Mogul  and  his  family,  and  the  atrocious  Nana  Sahib,  we  have 
prepared  them  fitly  for  the  position  they  have  assumed. 


APPENDIX.  555 

As  the  Paramotmt  State  in  India  for  the  last  fifty  years,  we 
had  the  *'  right  of  presentation  "  (according  to  established  practice 
nnder  the  Delhi  emperors,  and  which  the  present  pnppet  of  the 
mutineers  will,  no  doubt,  affect  to  assume)  to  almost  all  the 
minor  principalities  in  India,  and,  as  such,  the  right  of  placing 
whom  we  pleased  to  rule  over  them,  if  we  thought  fit  to 
do  so. 

During  the  reigns  of  the  great  emperors  of  Delhi  to  the  time  of 
Arungzebe  (Alumgheer)  this  right  was  almost  uniformly  acted 
upon,  and  these  petty  musnuds  were  given  away  by  them  as 
readily  as  a  kardarshipt  or  jagheer^  in  the  Punjab,  by  old 
Bunjeet  Singh,  a  few  years  since.  The  right  of  a  son  to  succeed 
his  father  was  never  dreamed  of,  although  it  most  frequently 
happened  that  a  son  was  considered  by  the  Emperor  and  his 
courtiers  to  be  the  fittest  man  for  it,  and  could  afford  to  pay  the 
handsomest  nuzztir  on  accession ;  in  which  case,  he  was,  of 
course,  preferred,  and  the  grant  and  dress  of  honour  sent  to 
him,  when  he  was  considered  by  his  subjects  to  be  duly 
installed. 

Of  course,  when  the  Emperor  thought  he  could  more  con- 
veniently and  profitably  hold  the  province  under  his  own  ofiicials, 
he  did  so,  receiving  the  revenues  into  his  own  treasury,  and 
paying  the  functionaries  himself,  instead  of  giving  out  the  province 
and  the  people  on  lease  I 

When  the  power  of  the  Delhi  emperors  decUned,  princes  and 
chiefs  who  had  these  soubahs  and  minor  states  naturally 
endeavoured  to  transmit  them  to  their  sons,  and,  in  most  cases, 
succeeded ;  but  they  never  felt  themselves  secure  in  their  position 
until  they  received  a  sumntid  from  the  Delhi  Emperor,  even  when 
a  captive  in  the  Mahratta  camp. 

When  the  success  of  our  arms  in  the  upper  provinces  of  India 
placed  the  representative  of  the  Mogul  emperors  in  our  hands, 
he  transferred  all  his  regal  rights  to  our  Government,  on  certain 
conditions,  which  have  by  us  been  faithfully  fulfilled ;  and,  although 
the  East  India  Company  (in  deference,  I  believe,  to  pubUc  opinion 
in  England,  which  considered  such  rights  to  be  nothing  more 
valuable  than  the  claim  of  our  Sovereign  to  the  Crown  of  France) 
have  not  exercised  those  rights  to  their  full  extent,  they  had,  in 
case  of  failure  of  direct  heirs  to  such  states,  as  they  have  them- 


556  APPENDIX. 

selves  re-established,  very  properly  acted  upon  this  principle, 
leaving,  however,  personal  property  to  the  families  of  deceased 
princes,  with  pensions  suitable  to  their  wants. 

Having,  however,  adopted  so  much  of  these  rights  as  was 
convenient,  they  ought  not  to  have  neglected  other  responsibilities 
attfibched  to  their  position,  as  they  undoubtedly  have  done,  viz., 
the  duty  of  ascertaining  and  ensuring  the  proper  qualifications  of 
rulers  succeeding,  under  their  auspices,  to  the  government  of 
the  subordinate  states,  and  thus  affording  proper  protection  to  the 
interests  of  their  subjects. 

Had  the  Government  of  India  done  their  duty  in  this  respect, 
and  taken  measures  for  the  proper  education  and  instruction  of 
every  young  prince  in  India,  over  whom  they  had  such  right  of 
influence,  I  doubt  not  that,  ere  this,  we  should  have  seen  many 
native  states  much  more  advanced  than  they  are  in  order  and 
good  government. 

There  is  yet  another  point  over  which,  I  think,  the  East  India 
Company  have  been  greatly  led  astray,  and  of  which  the  present 
position  of  India  shows  the  extreme  danger. 

The  policy  of  the  Indian  Government  has,  I  believe,  not 
intentionally,  but  not  the  less  certainly,  given  encouragement  to 
military  employment  far  beyond  its  proper  bounds ;  and  I  am 
convinced  that,  under  a  better  system,  there  need  not  have  been 
more  than  one-third  the  present  number  of  native  soldiers  in 
India  withdrawn  from  peaceful  occupations. 

So  long  as  we  had  large  native  states,  with  their  numerous 
armies,  to  oppose  us,  it  was  necessary  for  us  not  only  to  employ 
as  many  Sepoys  as  we  could  afford  for  our  own  defence,  but  to 
prevent  them  enhsting,  under  native  princes,  against  us;  but 
when  the  success  of  our  arms  had  reduced  the  power  of  the  native 
chiefs,  and  forced  them  to  accept  our  terms — instead  of  attempt- 
ing to  reduce  the  militai-y  population  of  each  state,  as  might 
often  have  been  done,  by  disarming  them,  and  in  cases  where  wt^ 
undertook  their  external  defence,  permitting  no  greater  number 
of  troops  to  be  entertained  by  the  chief  than  was  necessary  as 
personal  guard,  and  for  civil  duties — our  Government  has  been 
led  by  influences  of  various  kinds  to  insist  rather  upon  the 
organization  of  large  contingents,  to  be  officered  by  our  army  and 
paid  by  the  subject  state,  leaving  the  chief  very  often  to  use  his 


APPENDIX.  557 

own  discretion  as  to  the  number  of  troops  he  should  retain  in  his 
service,  or  at  least  taking  little  account  of  them. 

As  these  contingents  are  perfect  thorns  in  the  sides  of  native 
potentates,  and  a  constant  source  of  ill-will  and  apprehension, 
obliging  them  often  to  keep  up  more  troops  than  they  would 
otherwise  have  done,  it  cannot  be  doubted  that  had  the  necessity 
or  expediency  of  reducing  military  employment  been  sufficiently 
impressed  upon  otir  Government,  this  end  might  have  been  easily 
attained  by  insisting  on  disarming  when  we  had  the  power, 
taking  notice  of  the  smallest  infraction  of  the  Treaty  as  to  the 
number  of  troops  to  be  employed,  and  requiring  the  payment  of  a 
small  amount  as  tribute,  in  money,  or  produce,  or  the  assignment 
of  a  district,  to  defray  the  expense  of  any  addition  which  might 
be  required  to  our  own  army  for  the  external  defence  of  the 
country. 

It  may  perhaps  serve  to  illustrate  the  extent  to  which  native 
princes  are  sometimes  permitted  to  increase  the  number  of  troops 
in  their  pay  for  the  civil  duties  of  the  country,  if  I  remark  that 
the  ruler  of  Oude  in  1801  was  limited  by  Lord  Wellesley  to  the 
employment  of  seven  or  eight  thousand  men,  but  had  up  to  1848 
been  allowed  to  increase  that  number  gradually  to  55,000  !  We 
need  not  therefore  wonder  that  Oude  has  been  considered  so 
long  our  nursery  for  Sepoys  I 

I  cotdd  also  say  something  on  our  ''temporizing  policy,"  in 
endowing  their  temples  and  mosques  instead  of  boldly  telling 
them  that,  as  Christians,  we  can  have  nothing  to  do  with 
them,  but  I  have  said  enough,  and  must  go  on  to  another 
subject. 

Had  I  not  been  aware  of  your  sentiments,  so  well  expressed  in 
your  letter  to  the  electors  of  Birmingham,  that  to  "  restore  order 
to  India  is  mercy  to  India,"  I  should  have  felt  alarmed  at  the 
thought  being  entertained  that  "  the  loss  of  India  would  not  ruin 
Sngland,  although  the  cost  of  keeping  and  the  effort  may ;  "  but 
'when  I  know  that  your  remark  does  not  refer  to  the  present,  but 
to  some  future  time,  when  our  rule  can  only  be  maintained  there 
against  the  wishes  of  the  people,  by  military  power,  and  at  a  cost 
of  English  blood  and  treasure  exceeding  its  benefits  to  the 
country  and  to  India,  I  can  readily  acknowledge  its  propriety. 
If  I  could  not  look  forward  ta  the  time  when  we  shall  rule 


558  APPENDIX. 

India  by  other  influences  than  mere  military  force,  I  should  be 
disposed  at  once,  after  the  revolt  has  been  sufficiently  suppressed 
and  order  restored,  to  select  native  rulers  apparently  best  able  to 
hold  the  ground  in  each  of  our  provinces,  endeavour  to  strengthen 
their  position,  enter  into  commercial  relations  with  them,  and 
leave  them  to  govern  their  people  in  the  way  best  adapted  to  their 
circumstances. 

But  however  much  in  the  opinion  of  many  who  judge  of  the 
Government  of  India  only  from  an  English  point  of  view,  a 
national  insurrection  .was  at  any  time  to  be  expected  against  it, 
the  present  revolt  has  nothing  of  the  dignity  of  that  character. 
On  the  contrary,  all  our  information  tends  to  show  that  the 
people  are  by  no  means  disaffected  towards  us,  and  would  con- 
sider the  loss  of  our  government  to  be  a  great  calamity. 

The  rebellion  has  not  then  the  least  spark  of  that  patriotism  in 
it  which  the  natural  feelings  of  free  Enghshmen  are  ready  to 
admire,  even  when  opposed  to  us,  but  as  a  mere  impotent 
attempt  of  ignorant  fanaticism,  unfortunately  fostered  by  our- 
selves, to  stem  the  tide  of  advancing  civilization. 

Even  amidst  all  the  horrors  of  present  anarchy,  I  can  discern 
the  dawnings  of  a  brighter  intelhgence,  and  of  an  influence  likely 
to  be  more  lasting  than  military  rule,  requiring  only  the  fostering 
care  of  a  powerful  Government,  and  the  security  to  individual 
rights  (which  recent  events  will  teach  our  Indian  subjects  to 
appreciate)  to  be  developed  to  its  full  extent,  and  to  bind  India  to 
England  in  bonds  of  mutual  interest  and  good-will. 

With  a  better  knowledge  of  the  power  and  enterprise  of 
England  diffused  among  our  fellow-subjects  there,  will  arise  the 
feeling  that  our  national  character  and  commercial  energy  are 
necessary  to  develop  and  promote  their  industrial  wealth,  and 
that  the  most  productive  country  in  the  world,  with  a  population 
so  little  able  to  find  markets  for  themselves,  must  necessarily 
be  dependent  on  the  strongest  and  most  enterprising  of  the  mari* 
time  powers,  and  united  to  it  in  the  bonds  of  self-interest. 
But  may  we  not  entertain  hopes  of  even  a  higher  i: 
than  these,  and  that  with  the  extension  of  the  Grospel 
which,  as  Christians,  it  is  our  duty  to  make  known — sitonger 
sympathies  will  be  awakened  between  us,  to  bind  us  in  a  ne\7 
relation,  under  the  influence  of  which  we  may  safely  leave  Ihem 


APPENDIX.  559 

to  govern  themselves,  without  any  misgivings  as  to  the  conse- 
quences ? 

With  such  a  prospect  before  us,  let  us  throw  all  doubts  aside  as 
to  our  poUcy  towards  India,  and  at  once  boldly  undertake  the 
responsibilities  which  Providence  has  entrusted  to  us,  assured 
that  if  we  do  so  in  a  right  spirit,  strength  will  be  given  to  us  to 
carry  it  out  I 

Although  you  have  at  least  given  as  much  consideration  to  the 
subject  as  I  have,  and  applied  the  great  abilities  and  judgment 
with  which  God  has  blessed  you  to  devise  a  plan  of  government 
for  India  suited  to  its  present  wants,  you  may,  nevertheless,  accept 
a  few  suggestions  I  have  to  offer  as  to  its  organization,  in  the 
hope  they  may  be  useful.* 

As  the  interests  of  the  English  nation  in  the  government  of 
India  have  now  attained  too  great  a  magnitude  to  be  entrusted  to 
any  other  power  than  the  Imperial  Legislature,  and  as  the  East 
India  Company's  government  has  existed  long  enough  to  show 
that  it  has  established  an  influence  in  India  likely  to  be  more 
lasting  than  mihtary  power,  I  think  that  it  may  retire  from 
its  responsibilities  as  soon  as  order  has  been  restored,  and  with 
very  much  greater  credit  than  you  are  perhaps  prepared  to  con- 
cede to  it 

Believe  me,  dear  Mr.  Bright, 

Yours  sincerely, 

J.  S.  Login. 


II. 


EXTBACTS  FBOM  THE  COBBEBPONDBNCE  ON  TBE  FUTUBE  GOVERN- 
MENT OF  India  between  Sib  Chables  Phipps  and 
Sib  John  Login,  July,  1857. 

The  first  of  these  papers  opens  with  a  defence  of  the 
ciTil    adnainistration     of    the     country     under     the 

*  ThiB  is  in  reference  to  a  scheme  for  the  government  of  India,  to  which 
allnsioii  wiU  be  made  later. 


560  APPENDIX. 

Company's  government,  pointing  to  the  fact  that 
the  people  are  more  contented  under  it,  and  have 
enjoyed  more  peace  and  security,'  than  under  any 
other  Government  which  ever  existed  there. 


**  I  believe  it  to  be  equally  true,"  says  Sir  John  Login,  "  that 
with  80  much  corruption  and  want  of  integrity  on  the  part  of  the 
native  officials,  whom  they  are  obliged  to  employ,  and  bo  much 
apathy  (as  to  public  measures),  selfish  avarice,  and  ignorance, 
on  the  part  of  the  people,  it  would  have  been  impossible  for  any 
Government  to  have  done  more  for  the  civil  administration  of 
the  country  than  has  been  done  by  them.  I  admit  that  they 
may  have  been  urged  on  to  activity  in  their  civil  administration 
by  the  frequent  attacks  made  upon  it  in  Parhament ;  but  these 
attacks  have  been  so  often  made  by  men  who  only  see 
everything  from  an  English  point  of  view,  and  who  are  so 
manifestly  ill-qualified  to  judge  of  the  true  state  of  matters,  and 
BO  full  of  prejudice  against  the  Company's  government,  that  all 
the  sympathies  of  old  Indian  officers  are  enUsted  in  favour  of 
their  old  masters ;  and  they  are  averse  to  expose  the  real  defects 
of  their  rule,  or  to  add  in  any  way  to  their  embarrassment.  To 
those  who  have  given  consideration  to  the  subject,  it  has  been 
for  some  time  sufficiently  evident  that  the  weak  point  in  the 
Company's  government  has  not  been  so  much  the  civil  as  the 
military  administration ;  but,  strange  to  say,  this  has  seldom 
been  made  the  subject  of  attack  in  Parliament,  and  I  am  not 
aware  that  the  reduction  of  strength  of  the  native  army  in  India 
has  ever  been  proposed  even  by  my  friend  Mr.  Bright." 

After  alluding  to  the  necessity  whit;h  formerly  existed  for 
maintaining  a  much  larger  native  army  than  was  now  required,* 
he  continues: — *'It  was  politic  to  conciliate  these  men  to  our 
discipline  as  far  as  possible,  and  to  avoid  every  offence  to  caste 
prejudices.  I  fear  that  these  attempts  to  conciliate  were,  in  the 
early  days  of  our  rule,  carried  much  beyond  conscientious  limit8» 


•See  ante,  letter  to  Mr.  Bright,  p.  556. 


APPENDIX.  561 

and  to  an  extent  which  would  not  now  be  sanctioned  by  the 

lowest  code  of  Christian  morality When  the  reduction  of 

the  Punjab  ....  removed  the  last  independent  native  army 
from  which  any  danger  was  to  be  apprehended  »  .  .  .  the 
proper  time  would  appear  to  have  Eurived  for  commencing  to 
reduce  the  strength  of  our  native  army,  and  for  increasing  our 
European  force."  He  then  speaks  of  the  fatal  policy  of  making 
European  troops  dependent  on  native  commissariat  contractors, 
and  of  placing  an  arsenal  like  Delhi  in  sole  charge  of  native 
troops.  He  gives  his  reasons  for  believing  that  ''although 
several  Bengal  regiments  have  frequently  shown  an  exacting 
spirit,  and  one  or  two  have  actually  mutinied  and  been  disbanded/' 
yet  no  "  real  disaffection  to  the  Government  has  existed  among 
them  until  within  a  very  recent  period  ;  "  and  then  mentions  the 
causes  which,  in  his  opinion,  led  to  the  Mutiny,  and  says,  that 
providentially  for  us,  the  revolt  broke  out  sooner  than  was 
intended  by  the  ringleaders,  and  before  the  mutineers  had 
concerted  aJl  their  arrangements.  As  a  medical  officer  he  then 
remarks,  that  though  the  heat  would  be  injurious  to  the 
European  troops  at  that  season,  yet  that  during  the  excitement 
of  active  service  they  suffer  less,  or,  at  least,  quite  as  little^  as 
native  troops  (an  opinion  fully  borne  out  by  subsequent  events). 
When  order  should  be  at  length  restored,  and  any  hostile 
population  disarmed,  he  suggests  that  a  police  corps,  mounted 
and  on  foot,  should  be  organized  in  every  district,  under  English 
officers  as  magistrates;  that  European  camps,  fully  equipped 
and  able  to  take  the  field  on  the  shortest  notice,  should  be 
formed  (say  at  Dehra,  the  Murree  Hills,  and  Darjeeling  for 
Northern  India)  with  detachments  to  every  magazine  and  depot; 
that  good  roads,  with  caravanserais  at  marching  distances,  should 
be  made  wherever  railroads  cannot  be  constructed  ;  that  men  of 
high  caste  should  not  be  excluded  from  enlisting,  but  should  not 
be  allowed  to  preponderate  in  the  ranks,  which  should  consist  of 
a  due  proportion  of  men  of  every  caste,  and  that  there  should 
be  an  admixture  of  Sikhs,  Ooorkhas,  and  Mahomedans  in  every 
company.  Though  this  might  cause  more  trouble  to  their 
officers  in  cantonments,  there  would  be  less  risk  of  conspiracy, 
and  their  loyalty  would  be  better  ensured.  All  troops  should  be 
enlisted  oi»  the  understanding  that  they  were  to  be  employed 

00 


562  APPENDIX. 

beyond  seas  if  required,  or  on  fatigue  duties  as  sappers  and 
miners.  He  concludes*  with  the  suggestion  that  it  might  be 
advisable  to  attach  one,  or  perhaps  two,  companies  of  Pxmjabi 
Mahomedans  and  hill-men  to  each  European  corps,  to  be 
commanded  by  the  regimental  officers ;  they  would  be  useful,  he 
says,  in  relieving  Europeans  from  unnecessary  exposure,  and  in 
training  young  officers  for  service  with  the  native  army. 


This    meniorandum,   and  its   accompanying  letter, 
called  forth  the  following  response  : — 


OsBOBKB,  Aug.  7th,  1857. 
My  Dear  Sib  John, 

Although  overwhelmed  with  business,  as  you  may 
suppose,  during  the  visit  of  the  Emperor  and  Empress,  I  must 
write  one  line  to  thank  you  again  for  your  most  interesting  letters, 
and  to  beg  you  will  continue  to  enlighten  me  upon  Indian  afEedrs, 
which,  I  know,  that  you  understand  better  than  most  people.  I 
am  happy  to  hear  that  fiumand  is  supposed  to  have  shown  great 
energy  and  skill  before  Delhi,  and  I  hope  that  he  may  have  shown 
equal  military  skill  in  his  attack  upon  the  town  itself,  which  seems, 
from  the  plan,  to  have  a  large,  straggling,  outside  fortification, 
with  a  pretty  strong  citadel  or  palace. 

What  a  blessing  that  the  Maharajah  was  not  in  India  at  the 
time  of  this  fearful  outbreak.  I  cannot  conceive  a  more  distress- 
ing position  than  his  would  have  been. 

Have  you  ever  turned  in  your  mind  what  will  be  the  best  plan 
for  the  future  formation  of  an  efficient  army  in  India? 

Sincerely  yours, 

C.  B.  Phipps. 


In  response  to  the  concluding  sentence  in  the  above 
letter,  Login  prepared  and  presented  to  Sir  .Charles  a 


APPENDIX.  563 

memorandum  on  the  reorganization  of  the  Indian 
army,  of  which  we  can  only  afford  space  to  give  the 
leading  points* 

This  scheme  provides  for  a  large  European  force,  an 
auxiliary  native  army,  and  a  native  military  police ; 
also  for  the  formation  of  a  staff  corps,  and  the  regula- 
tion of  pay,  promotion,  and  pensions,  of  both  European 
and  native  officers  in  all  branches  of  the  service. 

It  commences  with  these  words : — 


"To  place  one  military  establishment  in  Bengal  on  a  secure 
and  efficient  basis,  after  the  suppression  of  the  present  revolt,  it 
appears  necessary — 

(1)  That  we  should  possess  a  large  European  force,  perfectly 
equipped,  and  ready  for  field  service ; 

(2)  An  auxiliary  native  army  of  infantry  and  cavalry  under 
English  officers,  sufficiently  equipped  to  oppose  successfully  any 
Asiatic  troops  which  can  be  brought  against  us,  and — 

(3)  A  native  military  police,  mounted  and  on  foot,  under  the 
command  of  English  military  officers,  with  magisterial  powers,  to 
be  stationed  in  every  district  for  support  of  civil  authority.** 

The  European  force  in  Bengal,  North- West  Provinces,  and 
Punjab,  were  to  be  formed  into  three  or  more  large  camps  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  hills,  where  the  men  could  be  employed  in 
various  ways  throughout  the  day,  even  in  the  hot  weather.  The 
native  troops  were  to  be  cantoned  in  detached  regiments,  and 
only  brigaded  in  the  cold  weather  for  exercise.  Each  native 
regiment  was  to  be  complete  in  camp-equipage,  but  carriage  was 
to  be  indented  for,  as  was  then  the  rule.  The  native  military 
police  were  to  form  local  stationary  corps,  distributed  over  the 
several  thantuis ;  large  parties  occupying  the  serais  along  the 
roads,  and  furnishing  guards  at  the  chowkies. 

European  officers  who  have  not  passed  the  examination  in  Urdu, 
or  who  are  under  twenty-one  yesurs  of  age,  to  be  posted  to  European 

00  2 


564  APPKNDIX. 

portion  of  force ;  those  who  have  passed  such  examinations,  are 
above  the  age  of  twenty-one,  and  are  acquainted  with  their  military 
duties,  may  be  posted  to  the  native  army. 

A  staff  corps  to  be  formed,  from  which  the  military  staff, 
diplomatic,  military  police  and  civil  departments  were  to  be 
supplied. 

Further,  it  appeared  necessary : — 

(1)  To  form  an  active  and  retired  list  of  general  and  field 
officers  as  in  the  royal  service.    The  retired  list  to  include  all 

general  and  field  officers  above  the  age  of  ,  or  those  of 

younger  age  who  may  be  unfit  for  active  service  in  the  field. 

(2)  To  offer  increase  of  pension  to  induce  all  officers  above 
thirty-five  years'  service  to  retire  at  once  with  additional  rank. 

Promotion  in  the  staff  corps  was  to  be  somewhat  less  rapid 
than  in  the  more  military  branch. 

Young  officers,  on  first  joining,  to  be  attached  to  European 
regiments  for  two  years,  then  to  be  examined  in  native  languages, 
regimental  drills  and  exercises,  &c.,  ....  and  then  posted  to 
European  or  native  corps  or  staff  corps,  according  to  qualifica- 
tions. Those  posted  to  native  army  to  remain  attached  to  Euro- 
pean corps,  till  passed  in  Urdu,  and  otherwise  fit  to  command  in 
native  regiments  as  lieutenants  on  the  general  list. 

Officers  of  engineers,  artillery,  and  staff  corps  to  be  classified 
in  a  general  list. 

Officers  of  European  cavalry  and  infantry — regimeniaUy,  until 
field  officers,  then  on  a  general  list. 

Officers  of  native  cavalry  and  infantry— on  a  general  list  for 
army  rank,  but  for  duty  in  regiments,  regimeiUally. 

Officers  of  European  cavalry  and  infantry  to  be  allowed  to  take 
special  appointments  for  a  specified  time,  but  afterwards  to  rettcm 
to  regimental  duty,  or  else  to  enter  staff  corps,  where  promotion 
is  less  rapid. 

Permission  should  be  given  soldiers  of  Madras  and  Bombay 
armies  to  enter  Bengal  service  if  desired. 

The  new  native  army  to  be  organized  on  the  following  prin- 
ciples : — 


APPENDIX.  565 

(1)  Men  of  all  respectable  castes  admitted  in  fair  propor- 
tion,  but  neither  Brahmins  nor  Syuds  in  too  large  numbers. 

(2)  To  proceed  wherever  ordered,  by  sea  or  otherwise. 

(3)  To  be  formed  into  messes  of  ten  men  each,  one  man  of  good 
caste  selected  as  cook  or  caterer. 

(4)  Armed  with  muskets  and  fusils,  not  requiring  greased 
cartridges. 

(5)  When  not  employed  on  military  duty,  to  serve  as  sappers 
and  pioneers,  extra  baita  being  given. 

(6)  Each  native  infantry  regiment  to  consist  of  not  more 
than  600  men,  under  one  commandant,  four  officers  of  companies, 
one  adjutant  and  quartermaster,  one  serjeant-major,  and  one 
quartermaster-sergeant ;  with  one  native  commissioned  officer  for 
each  company,  and  the  usual  proportion  of  non-commissioned 
rank. 

(7)  Promotion  to  rank  of  native  officer  not  to  be  by  seniority, 
as  formerly,  but  deserving  havildars  to  be  occasionally  promoted 
from  other  regiments. 

(8)  When  necessary  to  supersede  an  old  havildar,  that  he 
be  permitted  to  retire  on  half-pay,  with  the  rank  of  Jemadar,  to 
recruit  for  the  regiment  in  his  native  village. 

(9)  That  no  European  officer  be  appointed  to  a  company 
who  has  not  passed  the  Urdu  examination,  nor  any  be  eUgible 
who  has  not  passed  as  interpreter  (after  a  specified  date),  for  the 
position  of  commandant  or  adjutant. 

(10)  That  no  officer  be  appointed  to  a  native  corps  who  has  not 
attained  the  age  of  twenty-one,  or  has  not  been  thoroughly 
instructed  in  drill  and  discipline  with  an  European  regiment. 

(11)  Pay  of  European  commandant  to  be  not  less  than  £1,000 ; 
adjutant  and  quartermaster  £600 ;  officers  of  companies  (exclusive 
of  allowance  for  repairs  of  arms)  £400,  increasing  according 
to  rank  and  service  to  £600  or  more. 

In  regular  cavalry,  if  siiU  kept  up,  each  regiment  to  consist 
of  three  squadrons,  each  troop  to  be  commanded  by  an  European 
officer  (the  senior  holding  squadrons),  and  one  supernumerary 
officer  attached  to  each  squadron  in  the  field.    In  the  irregular 


566  APPENDIX. 

cavalry,  one  commandant,  one  second  in  command,  and  one 
adjutant,  appear  sufficient. 

The  pay  of  officers  of  regular  cavalry  to  be  one-fourth  more 
than  the  infantry,  and  that  of  irregular  cavalry  one-third  above 
infantry  scale ;  but  no  officer  to  be  appointed  to  the  latter  who 
has  not  passed  as  interpreter,  or  ts  not  noted  as  a  good  horseman, 
or  skilled  in  military  exercises. 

The  dress  of  the  whole  native  army  to  be  made  more  suitable 
to  the  climate,  and  habits  of  the  men. 

The  concluding  portion  tre9.ts  of  the  medical  staff  to  be  attached 
to  each  regiment,  and  of  the  improvement  of  the  schools  already 
established  in  many  regiments  for  the  children  of  Christian  bands- 
men ;  these  latter  were  to  be  extended  and  the  Sepoys  encouraged 
to  attend  them. 


In  reference  to  the  above  memorandum  Sir  Charles 
writes  :— 


Osborne,  Aug,  ISth,  1887. 
My  deab  Sm  John, 

I  have  read  your  letters  and  the  papers  which  accompanied 
them,  with  all  the  interest  which  they  excite  and  deserve. 

They  are  very  valuable  to  me,  as  instructing  me  upon  a  subject 
of  which  I  am  very  ignorant,  but  which  is  certainly  the  paramount 
subject  of  the  day,  and  which  must  before  long  engross  the  chief 
attention  of  statesmen. 

Your  mihtary  plan  has  much  that  is  good  in  it,  and  the  chief 
points  to  which  I  should  have  objected  would  be  the  appearance 
of  promotion,  as  it  were,  from  the  European  regiments  to  the 
native — the  recbson  for  this  is  evidently  the  acquirement  of  a 
proficiency  in  the  native  languages,  but  unless  you  gave  some 
material  advantage  in  pay,  or  advantages  to  these  corps,  you 
would  not,  I  think,  induce  young  men  to  undergo  this  extra 
trouble  for  the  purpose  of  commanding  Indians  instead  of 
EnglishmeuT-andif  you  do  make  the  commissions  in  the  native 


APPENDIX.  567 

service  more  valuable,  I  think  you  would  create  great  jealousy. 
The  selection  for  civil  and  political  employment  from  the  staff 
corps,  would,  I  fear,  not  only  open  the  door  to  much  jobbery,  but 
would  take  all  your  best  men  from  the  department  in  which  it  is 

most  necessary  to  retain  them But  my  opinion  is,  and  I 

believe  it  is  one  that  is  very  generally  spreading,  that,  now  that 
it  is  necessary  that  the  army  in  India  should  be,  in  a  very  large 
proportion,  composed  of  Europeans — ^that  is,  of  Englishmen — it  is 
impossible  that  the  lives,  the  reputation,  and  the  prestige  of 
British  armies  should  any  longer  be  left  under  the  control  and 
government  of  the  East  India  Company.  The  anomaly,  ^ven 
whilst  the  Indian  army  consisted  of  natives,  and  the  white  regi- 
ments were  the  exception,  was  a  very  startling  one,  and  the 
system  certainly  has  not,  in  point  of  experience,  worked  well — 
indeed,  the  constant  jealousies  between  the  Boyal  and  Company's 
officers  was  in  itself  a  sufficient  practical  difficulty ;  but  it  appears 
to  me  impossible,  speaking  solely  and  entirely  for  myself,  to 
justify,  in  any  way,  the  raising  of  a  large  British  army,  to  serve 
anybody  but  the  Queen. 

There  appears  to  me  to  be  objections  to  such  a  system — 
constitutional,  economical,  political,  and  moral — that  render  it 
quite  impossible  to  be  continued.  It  does  not  require  .much 
argument,  I  think,  to  prove  that  it  is  not  likely  that  the  directors 
of  the  East  India  Company  should  be  very  able  military  adminis- 
trators, and  it  is  well  known  how  little  power  is  entrusted  to  the 
Commander-in-Chief  in  India.  The  system  has  been  an  enormous 
command  of  patronage,  exercised  at  a  distance,  and  the  local 
administration  of  the  army  has  never  been  entrusted  to  the 
Commander-in-Chief  in  India,  whilst  by  stalf  and  civil  appoint- 
ments, those  who  remain  in  the  ranks  of  the  army  are  divided 
into  two  classes — the  expectants  of  employment,  and  consequent 
seekers  of  patrons ;  and  the  disappointed  and  discontented. 

I  feel  confident,  from  what  I  hear  and  see  around,  that  the  rule 
of  the  Company  is  doon^ed ;  and  though  I  am  aware  that  the 
subject  is  a  most  delicate  and  most  difficult  one,  with  which  I 
am  wholly  incompetent  to  grapple,  I  am  equally  convinced  that 
the  only  problems  now  to  be  solved  are  the  how  and  the  when. 

The  other  question  upon  which  you  touch — the  missionary 
efforts  to  convert  the  native  population — is  one  of  at  least  equal 


568  APPENDIX. 

difficulty No  one,  I  think,  can  object  to  the  yoluntary 

efforts  of  missionaries  and  their  parent  societies,  ....  but,  in  the 
first  place,  great  care  must  be  taken  that  th^se  attempts  are  not, 
in  any  degree,  combined  or  mixed  up  with  your  acts  of  govern- 
ment, or  any  display  of  your  power.    You,  cls  a  Government,  are 

not  entitled  to  deal  with  them,  as  a  people,  upon  this  subject 

Private,  devout  and  earnest  individuals  may  at  their  own  cost  and 
hazard  endeavour  to  win  individuals  ....  to  Christianity ;  but 
they  must  do  this  with  a  proper  regard  for  the  feelings,  however 
erroneous,  of  those  whom  they  attack,  or  take  the  consequences. 
.  .  .  ^  The  burthen  of  this  lecture*  is,  throughout,  the  direct  inter- 
ference of  the  Almighty  in  the  work  of  His  mission.  This  is  a 
most  dangerous  doctrine,  but  a  very  common  one  amongst  very 
earnest  religious  men.  It  is  evident  that  what  God  personally 
does,  or  marks  His  approval  of,  cannot  be  wrong;  and  if,  therefore, 
they  can  only  attain  assent  to  their  assertion,  it  necessarily  follows 
that  whatever  they  do  is  right.     To  carry  on  the  greatest  work 

of  life,  reason,  as  well  as  zeal,  is  requisite In  short,  when 

we  attempt  to  eradicate  the  frightful  superstitions  of  the  Hindoos, 
we  must  take  care  that  the  pure  religion  which  we  give  them  in 
return  is  not  blurred  with  the  shghtest  shade  of  superstition. 

....  If  this  mutiny  has  not  originated  in  a  religious  feeling, 
excited  by  the  Brahmins,  have  you  any  idea  upon  what  it  is 
founded  ?  The  Sepoys  did  not  appear  to  have  brought  forward 
any  complaint  as  to  their  treatment  as  soldiers ;  there  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  any  political  element  in  it,  at  least,  no 
political  object  has  been  declared ;  but  if  a  general  idea  has  been 
given  the  natives  that  there  was  an  extended  intention  to  break 
down  their  differences  of  caste,  and  to  press  upon  them  a  change 
of  religion,  I  cannot  but  think  that  the  work  of  conversion,  holy 
and  commendable  in  itself,  necessary,  and  ultimately  certain  in 
its  success,  has  not  at  present  been  carried  on  with  the  necessary 
delicacy  and  discretion. 

Sincerely  yours, 

C.  B.  Phipps. 


*  An  Address  given  by  Mr.  Clark,  missionary  at  Peshawar,  which  Login  had 
forwarded  to  Sir  C.  Phipps. 


APPENDIX,  569 

To  the  first  objection  to  his  military  scheme  con- 
tained in  this  letter — viz.,  The  appearance  of  promo- 
tion from  the  European  to  the  native  army — Login 
replies : — 

That  it  was  necessary  that  officers  in  native  regiments  should 
be  conversant  with  the  language,  and  have  had  training  in  a 
European  corps;  because  they  were  good  linguists,  it  did  not 
follow  that  they  were  better  military  men  than  their  feUows. 

To  the  second  objection,  viz., — That  without  some 
material  advantage,  in  pay  or  otherwise,  young  men 
would  not  be  induced  to  undergo  the  extra  trouble,  &c., 
he  says: — 

"According  to  the  scheme,  they  receive  one-fourth  more  pay, 
are  able  to  Uve  more  economically,  but  rise  by  seniority"  In  the 
European  corps  they  would  rise  more  rapidly  by  purchase. 
There  would  not  be  the  rush  for  the  staff  corps  that  Sir  Charles 
anticipated,  owing  to  the  early  age  at  which  the  choice  must  be 
made,  the  slower  promotion,  and  the  extra  examinations.  After 
the  period  of  probation,  there  would  be  a  second  examination 
for  staff  duties.  Officers  belonging  to  the  military  branch  of  the 
staff  corps  were  to  be  eligible  for  adjutant-general,  quartermaster- 
general,  and  surveyor's  departments,  guide  corps,  judge-advocate's 
department,  commissariat,  pay,  audit,  clothing  departments,  and 
military  pohce;  those  of  the  civil  branch  for  pubhc  works, 
political,  revenue,  and  judicial  departments;  their  pay  to  be 
one-fourth  more  than  regimental  officers  of  the  native  army. 

With  regard  to  the  causes  of  the  Mutiny,  Login 
says  : — 

"  From  the  confidence  reposed  in  the  fidelity  of  the  Sepoys,  the 
Government  had  allowed  them  to  outnumber  the  European  troops 
in  undue  proportion,  had  entrusted  them  with  the  protection  of  its 
arsenals .  and  magazines,  and  instructed  them  carefully  in  all 
military  duties.  To  attach  them  to  our  service,  pensions  had 
been  granted  to  them  on  retirement  from  age  or  incapacity,  and 


570  APPENDIX. 

to  their  widows  and  orphans,  in  the  event  of  their  death  in  the 
field.  They  were  encouraged,  more  than  any  other  class,  to 
attach  high  importance  to  caste  observances,  pampered  in  all 
their  prejudices  by  concessions  of  every  kind,  and  enabled  to 
make  these  prejudices  profitable  to  them  in  many  ways.  They 
were  carefully  excluded  from  any  instruction  except  through  the 
drill-sergeant,  and  the  slightest  interference  with  their  habits,  or 
attempt  to  remove  their  ignorance  and  superstition,  were  viewed 
by  the  military  authorities  with  the  greatest  distrust."  The 
**  greased  cartridges  "  was  only  a  rallying  cry,  which  served  for 
Hindoos  and  Mahomedans  alike ;  the  real  causes  of  the  Mutiny 
were  the  sense  that  the  introduction  of  education,  railways,  and 
telegraphs  into  India,  and  the  suppression  of  immoral  practices, 
would  interfere  with  their  caste  prejudices  in  time,  so  that  they 
ought  to  make  a  stand  now ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  "  they 
considered  their  loyalty  to  be  of  the  last  importance  to  u&, 
attributed  most  of  the  attentions  on  the  part  of  Government  to  a 
consciousness  of  their  power,  and  believed  that  we  held  dominion 
in  India  on  their  sufferance  alone !  **  They  also  resented  the 
enhstment  of  new  recruits  for  general  service,  and  of  Sikhs  and 
Punjabis;  while  the  finishing  stroke  was  the  annexation  of 
Oude,  since,  as  long  as  Oude  was  imder  a  native  ruler,  their 
families  and  homes  (by  special  agreement  with  the  British 
Government)  were  exempt  from  taxation,  but  this  privilege  ceased 
on  the  annexation  of  the  country.  These  grievances  were  felt 
by  the  older  Hindostani  Sepoys,  who  were  chiefly  recruited  in 
Oude,  and,  as  they  could  not  be  taken  up  generally,  nothing  was 
said  of  them,  and  the  cry  of  the  ''greased  cartridges"  served  the 
purpose  of  the  ringleaders  most  admirably,  and  enabled  them, 
through  the  bigoted  ignorance  and  superstition  which,  with  so 
much  infatuation,  the  Government  had  fostered  in  the  native 
army,  to  get  up  an  ala<rm  for  their  religion  and  caste. 

Login  was  of  opinion  that  the  elevation  of  the  Great  Mogul  to  his 
ancestral  throne  was  due  to  the  impetuosity  of  the  Mahomedan 
mutineers  of  the  3rd  Cavalry  at  Meerut,  and  that  it  introduced  an 
element  into  the  future  proceedings  of  the  mutineers,  which  saved 
us  from  more  extended  defection,  and  gave  us  allies  who  might 
otherwise  have  been  opposed  to  us.  As  to  the  ignorance  of  the 
English  officers  of  the  disaffection  of  their  troops,  it  seems  probable 


ma 


_J 


APPENDIX.  571 

that  those  who  were  best  affected  to  their  ofiScers  would  be  afraid 
to  be  seen  by  their  more  violent  comrades  commmiicating  with 
them,  and  even  the  havildars,  or  native  officers,  whose  duty  it 
was  to  give  in  the  usual  reports,  would  be  afraid  to  give  more 
than  a  distant  hint  that  **  the  men  were  greatly  alarmed  that  the 
Government  were  going  to  make  them  Christians  by  obliging 
them  to  bite  greased  cartridges,*'  This  report  would  probably  be 
received  by  the  officer  with  a  good-humoured  laugh,  and  perhaps 
a  quizzical  joke  on  the  occasion,  which  the  havildar  would  appear 
to  enjoy  as  much  as  any  one,  and  then  go  away,  quite  satisfied  in 
his  own  conscience  that  he  had  given  as  much  warning  as  he 
could  do  without  risk  to  himself,  in  this  life  or  the  next,  leaving 
the  Englishman  to  tell  his  brother  officer,  "  What  spoons  these 
Sepoys  were !  "  "I  earnestly  trust,"  says  Login,  **  that  as  our 
present  contest  in  India  is  for  a  higher  purpose  than  merely  the 
protection  of  our  commerce  and  our  territorial  rule — for.  truth 
against  error.  Christian  civilization  against  barbarism — the 
manner  in  which  we  conduct  it,  and  the  use  we  make  of  our  vic- 
tories, may  rise  with  the  occasion." 

Sir  Charles  Phipps,  in  a  long  letter  from  Balmoral, 
dated  September  2nd,  1857,  discusses  fully  the  subject- 
matter  of  the  last  memorandum,  but  want  of  space  pre- 
vents more  than  a  lew  quotations. 

I  have  to  thank  you  for  your  most  interesting  letter  and  en- 
closure of  August  28th.  It  would  be  the  height  of  foolish  presump- 
tion, were  I  to  attempt  to  argue  upon  Indian  subjects  with  you ; 
indeed  my  objections  are  more  calculated  to  draw  out  from  you 
rejoinders  by  which  I  may  profit  and  obtain  information  than  to 
be  of  themselves  of  any  value.  Writing  from  myself,  and  without 
consulting  any  better  locally  informed  authority,  I  can  found  my 
opinions  only  upon  general  principles,  and  their  local  application 

must  of  course  depend  much  upon  Indian  peculiarities I 

see  many  practical  difficulties  in  the  details  of  your  plan.  I  will 
put  a  case.  Two  officers  enter  the  European  Indian  army  at  the 
same  time ;  one  is  detached  upon  active  duty,  which  leaves  him 
no  time  for  study  of  languages  for  several  months  ;  the  other,  re- 


572  APPENDIX. 

maining  at  a  stationary  quarter,  has  little  to  do  and  applies  him- 
self diligently  to  study  the  native  languages.  If  they  both  intend 
to  compete  for  the  superior  service,  which  alone  leads  to  better 
emoluments  and  greater  distinction,  it  is  evident  that  the  one  who 
has  been  in  his  early  service  the  most  employed,  and  conse* 
quently  the  most  useful,  will,  cateris  paribus^  be  always  toiling 
in  vain  after  him  who  was  left  in  ease  and  inactivity.  «... 
With  regard  to  the  staff  corps,  I  quite  think  that  the  formation 
of  such  a  corps  is  very  desirable,  and  that  you  will  find  in  it  many 

materials,  which,  particularly  in  India,  will  be  very  useful 

I  await  with  anxiety  your  opinion  on  the  last  intelUgence  from 
India.  I  do  not  see  what  reason  we  have  to  expect  any  more 
favourable,  nor  do  I  understand  any  disappointment  at  Delhi  not 
having  fallen  into  the  hands  of  that  little  army,  which  had  long 
been  waiting  for  reinforcements,  which  had  not  yet  arrived. 
....  The  real  direction  in  which,  as  it  appears  to  me,  we 
must  point  our  most  anxious  looks,  is  to  the  firmness  and  fidelity 
of  the  other  two  Presidencies,  and  one  cannot  but  fear,  as  time 
passes  on,  that  the  temptations  offered  maybe  undermining  their 
fidelity. 

....  I  fear  that  you  will  have  cause  to  regret  the  wet  day 
that  has  given  me  time  to  inflict  such  a  letter  upon  you. 

I  have  by  the  Queen's  direction  ordered  a  clock  to  be  sent 
down,  which  Her  Majesty  would  wish  to  be  presented,  from  her, 
to  the  Maharajah,  but  I  will  write  upon  a  different  sheet. 

Ever  sincerely  yours, 

C.  B.  Phipps. 

In  reply  to  Colonel  Phipps'  argument,  stated  as  a 
hypothetical  case  of  two  young  officers,  one  on  active 
service,  the  other  in  cantomnents.  Sir  John  Login 
says : — 

*'  I  would  by  no  means  make  proficiency  in  a  critical  knowledge 
of  the  languages  a  criterion  of  qualifications  either  for  the  native 
army  or  for  the  staff.  A  knowledge  of  the  language  required  in 
a  good  officer  of  the  native  army  is  colloquial  rather  than  literal, 
and  the  chances  are  that  a  young  officer  actively  employed  in 


APPENDIX.  573 

India  on  duty,  even  with  European  troops,  will  pick  up  the  collo- 
quial of  the  country  quite  as  readily  as  another  left  in  quarters ; 
no  one  who  is  unable  to  do  so,  and  to  converse  freely  with  the 
natives  after  two  years'  service  in  India,  should,  I  think,  be  eligible 
either  for  the  native  army  or  staff  corps.  Higher  qualifications 
in  the  language  than  this  are  not  required  in  the  first  instance ; 
but  before  an  officer  can  be  eligible  for  an  adjutancy,  certainly  if 
not  for  the  command  of  a  native  corps,  he  ought  to  be  able,  at 
least,  to  read  easily,  if  not  to  write,  the  ordinary  characters  used 
in  native  correspondence  among  his  men. 

"  No  literary  examination  proves  a  good  criterion  of  a  cavaby 
officer,  the  hunting  field  affords  the  best  training  for  him  ;  but  for 
officers  of  the  quartermaster  and  surveyor-general  and  judge- 
advocate  departments,  the  guide  corps,  commissariat,  police, 
and  civil  branches,  examination  in  the  native  language  is  essential 
The  adjutant-general's  department  should  not  be  exclusively 
recruited  from  the  staff  corps,  as  good  regimental  officers  are 
essential." 

In  explaining  the  position  and  powers  of  the  Commander-in- 
Chief  in  India  towards  the  civil  government,  with  regard  to  the 
peculiar  functions  of  the  Adjutant-GeneraJ,  Login  pointed  out 
that  it  was  incorrect  to  assume  (as  Colonel  Phipps  did)  that  the 
late  troubles  arose  from  insufficient  powers  being  granted  to  the 
Commander-in-Chief,  who  was  appointed  by  the  Horse  Guards ; 
that  that  officer's  remonstrances,  and  desire  for  reforms  in  the 
army,  were  entirely  disregarded  by  the  Governor-General  and 
Council,  BO  that  they  would  not  even  allow  him  to  inspect  Sepoy 
regiments  I  This  Login  showed  to  be  a  misconception  of  the 
actual  state  of  things,  and  to  support  his  assertion,  referred  the 
question  to  Sir  George  Pollock,  than  whom  no  higher  authority 
could  be  found  on  Indian  military  matters,  and  whose  friendship 
and  confidence  he  had  enjoyed  throughout  his  career.  Sir 
George's  reply  is  as  follows : — 

Clapham  Common,  Oct.  10th,  1857. 
My  Deab  Login, 

Sir  William  Gomm  applied  to  the  Supreme  Government  for 
postheens  and  additional  winter  trousers  for  the  European  troops 


574  APPENDIX. 

serving  at  Peshawur ;  the  Govemor-General  in  Council  did  not 
see  the  necessity  for  this  additional  clothing  for  the  Europeans, 
as  they  had  already  as  much  as  is  allowed  in  England,  and 
declined  to  provide  it.  Under  ordinary  circumstances,  such  an 
application  would  not  again  have  been  urged,  but  Sir  W.  Gomm 
passed  by  the  Governor-General,  and  wrote  direct  to  the  Horse 
Guards  or  the  Wax  Department,  urging  the  necessity  of  the 
measure.  The  Horse  Guards  ought,  at  that  time,  to  have  known 
better ;  they  might  have  consulted  several  persons  who  had  been 
at  Peshawur,  who  could  have  told  them  that  snow  never  fell 
there ;  but  no  I  red  tape  would  not  brook  such  a  course.  Whether 
the  War  Department  was  referred  to,  I  cannot  say,  but  I  think  it 
was ;  however,  the  Board  of  Control  was  written  to,  and  from 
that  quarter  an  authoritative  letter  was  sent,  requiring  the  con* 
sent  of  the  Court  of  Directors,  who — although  they  were  aware  of 
the  absurdity  of  the  request — complied. 


Sir  George  also  told  the  following  anecdote  to  sbow 
that  Commander-in-Chiefs  were  in  the  habit  of 
inspecting  native  troops  : — 


The  commanding  officer  of  a  Sikh  regiment  was  exceed- 
ingly proud  of  the  manner  in  which  his  men  went  through 
the  bayonet  exercise  and  other  evolutions;  and  their  perfect 
steadiness  on  parade  attracted  the  admiration  of  every  soldier 
who  saw  them.  General  Anson  having  visited  the  station  on  his 
tour  of  inspection,  this  regiment  was  paraded  before  him,  but 
observing  that,  as  is  the  custom  among  Sikhs  and  Punjabis, 
they  wore  long  beards  and  moustaches,  and  tight,  unshapely 
pantaloons,  he  turned  away  with  the  remark,  "  You  call  these 
soldiers — ^how  very  unmilitary !  Look  at  their  pantaloons  and  their 
buttons !  "  and  went  on  to  examine  some  other  r^^iment. 


Having  been  requested  to  state  his  views  on  the  best 
form  of  Imperial  Government  for  India,  Sir  John  Login 


s^ 


APPENDIX.  575 

drew  up  an  elaborate  scheme  which  contained,  amongst 
others,  the  Mowing  suggestions :— 


(1)  That  the  Govemment  of  India  at  home  be  entrusted  to  a 
Cabinet  Minister  (preferably  a  Peer  of  the  Bealm  i^dth  some 
personal  knowledge  of  India),  assisted  by  a  Council,  of  which  he 
should  be  President,  and  as  such  be  responsible  to  ParUament  for 
their  proceedings.  (2)  That  there  should  be  a  Vice-President  of 
the  Council  (under-Secretary  of  State),  a  member  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  to  be  removed  from  office  on  change  of  Ministry. 

(3)  That  the  Indian  Council  consist  of  twelve  persons,  of  whom 
two-thirds  be  carefully  selected  by  the  Ministry  for  the  time  being, 
for  their  knowledge  of  Indian  affairs,  and  the  remaining  one-third 
represent    the    commerce    and   manufactures    of    the    country. 

(4)  That  those  appointed  by  the  Minister  should  be  permanent, 
and  placed  in  a  position  as  independent  as  the  judges;  not 
allowed  to  hold  seats  in  Parliament,  or  be  directors  of  any 
commercial  company ;  that  the  commercial  members  be  appointed 
for  five  years  by, the  Ministry,  from  lists  submitted  to  them  by  the 
Chambers  of  Commerce  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  by  the  Board 
of  Trade ;  no  restrictions  as  to  seats  in  Parliament  to  apply  to 
these  latter  members.  (5)  That  fixed  salaries  be  allotted  to  the 
members  of  Council ;  that  they  be  retired  at  a  certain  age  with 
pension  and  honorary  rank  as  members  of  Council;  that  the  com- 
mercial members  receive  no  pension.  (6)  That  the  rank  of 
Honorary  Member  of  Council  may  be  conferred  on  all  present 
directors  of  Honourable  East  India  Company,  on  Governors- 
General,  Commander-in-Chiefs  and  high  officials,  also  on  natives 
of  rank  and  character  who  may  visit  England.  (7)  That  two  or 
more  members  be  appointed  direct  from  England  to  the  Legislative 
Council  at  Calcutta.  (8)  That  on  the  restoration  of  tranquillity 
in  India,  a  proclamation  should  be  made  of  the  intention  of  Her 
Majesty  to  assume  the  administrative  directly  through  Her  Min- 
isters, after  a  given  date.  (9)  That  members  of  the  Legislative 
Council  be  selected  from  Madras  and  Bombay  as  well  as  Bengal. 

The  remainder  of  this  scheme  dealt  chiefly  with  details  of  the 
constitution  and  powers  of  the  proposed  Council  for  India  at  home. 


576  APPENDIX. 

and  the  Legislative  Council  in  India,  and  of  the  authority  of  the 
first  over  the  second,  also  with  the  extent  to  which  the  Minister 
had  power  to  act  if  opposed  to  the  majority  of  his  Council.  It 
also  suggested  that  an  annual  statement  of  Indian  affiedrs  be  made 
in  both  Houses  of  Parliaments  by  the  responsible  Ministers  at  an 
early  period  of  the  Session,  and  an  annual  report  be  issued  in  the  Blue 
Book  and  laid  before  Parliament,  of  the  "  moral  and  material 
progress"  of  India;  furthermore,  that  the  utmost  latitude  be 
allowed  to  the  Viceroy  and  his  Council,  and  that  the  duties  of  the 
Minister  and  Council  in  England  be  limited  to  foreign  policy, 
military  arrangements,  assimilation  of  laws  and  institutions  to 
the  spirit  of  English  civilization,  as  far  as  local  circumstances 
render  expedient,  control  of  the  judicial,  financial  and  revenue 
systems,  encouragement  of  conmierce  and  extension  of  free  trade. 

"  You  will  not  be  surprised,"  remarks  Colonel  Phipps,  in  his 
voluminous  reply  dated  Balmoral,  Sept.  14th,  1857,  **  that  I  hesi- 
tated and  took  time  to  consider  before  I  attempted  to  enter  upon 
a  subject  which  you  have  evidently  considered  so  deeply  and 
understand  so  well  as  that  of  the  transfer  of  the  supreme  power 
in  India  from  the  Directors  of  the  East  India  Company  to  the 
Crown.    It  is  a  subject  upon  which  I  still  feel  myself  utterly  un* 

equal  to  give  an  opinion  of  any  value." Further  on  he 

says  : — "  It  appears  to  me  that  your  opinion  as  to  the  time  most 
fitted  for  any  change  to  take  place  is  well  grounded.  For  some 
time  to  come,  until  the  fermentation  caused  by  this  revolt  has 
subsided,  the  Government  of  India  must  be  in  an  exceptional 
state,  and  the  new  system  of  rule  will  grow  better  out  of  such  a 
system  of  transition  than  from  any  other  more  normal  state." 


On  September  28  th  he  writes 


In  answering  your  letter  and  accompanying  paper  of  the  24th 
inst.,  I  must  begin  by  thanking  you  lor  the  free  and  tmrestrained 
manner  in  which  you  have  entered  upon  the  different  subjects. 
Without  such  sincerity,  a  correspondence  such  as  ours  would  be  a 


APPENDIX.  577 

mere  waste  of  time,  for  wherever  there  was  a  difiEerent  opinion 
between  us,  we  should  not  know  whether  we  were  combating 

with  the  substance,  or  only  a  veiled  shadow Havelock 

has  done  very  well ;  his  promotion  to  the  rank  of  major-general 

has  gone  out  to  him I  have  confined  this  letter  to  the 

military  portion  of  your  papers,  and  you  will  think  that  I  have 
given  you  a  pretty  sufficient  budget  for  one  post !  I  have  never 
kept  copies  of  my  letters,  and  I  should  be  very  much  obliged  to 
you  if  you  would  either  let  me  have  the  originals  to  take  copies  or 
have  copies  taken  for  me — not  for  their  own  value,  but  because 
your  letters  lose  some  of  their  valtce  without  those  to  which  they 

are  an  answer 

Sept.  29th,  Since  writing  the  enclosed  I  have  read  the  tele- 
gram from  India.  How  unsatisfactory  ! — the  same  story — 
creeping  progress  of  the  revolt — not  a  step  in  advance  1  Have- 
lock's  retreat  is  most  unfortunate,  and  creates  the  worst  fears  for 
Lucknow,  when  one  considers  the  daily  consumption  of  men  that 
must  be  going  on,  and  that  no  reinforcements  of  importance  can 
be  expected  for  a  month  from  this  time, — ^it  makes  one  tremble  ! 


III. 


BHYROWAL  TREATY,   1846. 

Articles  of  Agreement  concluded  between  ^^Bbitish  Government 
and  the  Lahore  Durbar,  on  Dec,  16th,  1846. 

Whereas  the  Lahore  Durbar  and  the  principal  Chiefs  and 
Sirdars  of  the  State  have  in  express  terms  communicated  to  the 
British  Government  their  anxious  desire  that  the  Governor- 
General  should  give  his  aid  and  assistance  to  maintain  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  Lahore  State,  during  the  minority  of  Maha- 
rajah Duleep  Singh,  and  have  declared  this  measure  to  be  indis- 
pensable for  the  maintenance  of  the  Government :  And,  whereas 
the  Governor-General  has,  under  certain  conditions,  consented  to 
give  the  aid  and  assistance  solicited;  the  following  Articles  of  Agree- 

PP 


578  APPENDIX. 

ment,  in  modification  of  the  Articles  of  Agreement  executed  at 
Lahore  on  the  11th  of  March  last,  have  been  concluded  on  the  part 
of  the  British  Government  by  Frederick  Currie,  Esq.,  Secretary  to 
the  Government  of  India,  and  Lieutenant-Colonel  Henry  Montgom- 
ery Lawrence,  C.B.,  Agent  to  the  Governor-General,  North- West 
Frontier,  by  virtue  of  full  powers  to  that  effect  vested  in  them  by 
the  Right  Honourable  Viscount  Hardinge,  G.C.B.,  Governor-Gen- 
eral ;  and,  on  the  part  of  His  Highness  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh, 
by  Sirdar  Taj  Singh,  Sirdar  Shore  Singh,  Dewan  Deena  Nath, 
Fakeer  Nooroodeen,  Bae  Kishen  Chund,  Sirdar  Bunjore  Singh 
Mujeetheea,  Sirdar  Shumshere  Singh,  Sirdar  Lai  Singh  Morareea, 
Sirdar  Kher  Singh  Sindhanwala,  Sirdar  Urjun  Singh  Bungnun- 
galeea,  acting  with  the  unanimous  consent  and  concurrence  of 
the  Chiefs  and  Sirdars  of  the  State  assembled  at  Lahore. 

Article  I. — All  and  every  part  of  the  Treaty  of  Peace  between 
the  British  Government  and  the  State  of  Lahore,  bearing  date  the 
9th  day  of  March,  1846,  except  in  so  far  as  it  may  be  temporarily 
modified  in  respect  to  Clause  15  of  the  said  Treaty  by  this  engage- 
ment, shall  remain  binding  upon  the  two  Governments. 

Article  II. — A  British  officer,  with  an  efficient  establishment  of 
assistants,  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Governor-General  to  remain 
at  Lahore,  which  officer  shall  have  full  authority  to  direct  and 
control  all  matters  in  every  department  of  the  State. 

Article  HI. — Every  attention  shall  be  paid,  in  conducting  the 
administration,  to  the  feelings  of  the  people,  to  preserving  the 
national  institutions  and  customs,  and  to  maintain  the  just  rights 
of  all  classes. 

Article  lY. — Changes  in  the  mode  and  details  of  administration 
shall  not  be  made,  except  when  found  necessary  for  effecting  the 
objects  set  forth  in  the  foregoing  clause,  and  for  seeming  the  just 
dues  of  the  Lahore  Government.  These  details  shall  be  con- 
ducted by  native  officers,  as  at  present,  who  shall  be  appointed 
and  superintended  by  a  Council  of  Eegency,  composed  of  leading 
Chiefs  and  Sirdars,  acting  under  the  control  and  guidance  of  the 
British  Besident. 

Article  V. — The  following  persons  shall,  in  the  first  instance. 


APPENDIX.  579 

conBtitute  the  CouBcilof  Begency — yiz.,  Sirdar  Tej  Singh,  Sirdar 
Sherc  Singh  Attarewala,  Dewan  Deena  Nath,  Fakeer  Nooroodeen, 
Sirdar  Bunjore  Singh  Majeetheea,  Bhaee  Nidham  Singh,  Sirdar 
Utter  Singh  Ealeewala,  Sirdar  Shumshere  Singh  Sindhanwala; 
and  no  change  shall  be  made  in  the  persons  thus  nominated 
without  the  consent  of  the  British  Besident,  acting  under  the 
orders  of  the  Governor-General. 

Article  VI. — The  administration  of  the  country  shall  be  con- 
ducted by  this  Council  of  Begency  in  such  manner  as  may  be  de- 
termined on  by  themselves,  in  consultation  with  the  British  Besi- 
dent, who  shall  have  full  authority  to  direct  and  control  the 
duties  of  every  department. 

Article  YII. — A  British  force  of  such  strength  and  numbers, 
and  in  such  positions  as  the  Governor-General  may  think  fit, 
shall  remain  at  Lahore  for  the  protection  of  the  Maharajah  and 
the  preservation  of  the  peace  of  the  country. 

Article  VIII. — The  Governor-General  shall  be  at  liberty  to 
occupy  with  British  soldiers  any  fort  or  military  post  in  the 
Lahore  territories,  the  occupation  of  which  may  be  deemed  neces- 
sary by  the  British  Government  for  the  security  of  the  capital,  or 
for  maintaining  the  peace  of  the  country. 

Article  IX. — ^The  Lahore  State  shall  pay  to  the  British  Govern- 
ment twenty-two  lakhs  of  new  Nanuk  Shahee  rupees,  of  full  tale 
and  weight  per  annum,  for  the  maintenance  of  this  force,  and  to 
meet  the  expenses  incurred  by  the  British  Government ;  such  sum 
to  be  paid  by  two  instalments,  or  thirteen  lakhs  and  20,000  in 
May  or  June,  and  eight  lakhs  and  80,000  in  November  or  Decem- 
ber of  each  year. 

Article  X. — Inasmuch  as  it  is  fitting  that  Her  Highness,  the 
Maharanee,  the  mother  of  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh,  should 
have  a  proper  provision  made  for  the  maintenance  of  herself  and 
dependents,  the  sum  of  one  lakh  and  50,000  rupees  shall  be  set 
apart  annually  for  that  purpose,  and  shall  be  at  Her  Highness  s 
disposal. 

Article  XI. — ^The  provisions  of  this  engagement  shall  have  effect . 

PP  2 


580  APPENDIX. 

during  the  minority  of  Hi^  Highness  Maharajah  Duleep  Singh, 
and  shall  cease  and  terminate  on  His  Highness  attaining  the  full 
age  of  sixteen  years,  or  on  the  4th  of  September  of  the  year  1854» 
but  it  shall  be  competent  to  the  Governor-General  to  cause  the 
arrangement  to  cease  at  any  period  prior  to  the  coming  of  age  of 
His  Highness,  at  which  the  Governor-General  and  the  Lahore 
Durbar  may  be  satisfied  that  the  interposition  of  the  British 
Government  is  no  longer  necessary  for  maintaining  the  Govern- 
ment of  His  Highness  the  Maharajah. 

This  Agreement,  consisting  of  eleven  Articles,  was  settled  and 
executed  at  Lahore  by  the  Officers  and  Chiefs  and  Sirdars  above- 
named,  on  the  16th  day  of  December,  1846. 


F.    CUBBIE. 

H.  M.  Lawbence. 

Tej  Singh. 

Bhaee  Ntdhah  Singh  . 

Shebe  Singh. 

SiuDAB  Khan  Singh. 

Dewan  Deena  Nath. 

Shumshebe  Singh. 

Fakees  Nooroodeen. 

Lal  Singh  Mobareka. 

Bae  Kishen  Chund. 

Kher  Singh. 

EuNJOBF.  Singh. 

TJbjun  Singh. 

Uttkr  Singh. 

i 

Henderson  and  SpAlding,  General  Printen,  3  Mid  6,  Maotobone  Lane,  Oilord  Streei,  W. 


22  5  7 


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