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The Structure of the Earth, and the History of its Creation.

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I WILLIAM H. MOORE & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. j

THE FOOT-PRINTS OF THj^ CREATOR, ok the Astei^ \l
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"We kno-w not when -we haye been so much surprised as in examin-
. ing this beautiful work, and in reflecting upon the beautiful style in
. which the Cincinnati publishers have issued it.

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: all-conquering powers of application and perseverance can accomplish. ' )
: His youth was passed in poverty, and he enjoyed none but the most i )
: limited means of instruction. While serviiig his time as a common i)
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SERVICE AFLOAT ANT) ASHORE, bueixg the Mexican War : by
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Home-Squadron, and Aid-de-Camp of Major General Worth, in the
Battles of the Valley of Mexico.

"^E know that this will be one of the best books that has yet
) j appeared, and especially as regards the movements of the Gulf Squad-
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) the city of Mexico. Up to the siege of Vera Cruz Lieutenant Semmes
) was the flag-lieutenant of the Squadron under Commodore Conner.
) When the advance upon the Mexican capital commenced he joined the
•; staff of General Worth as a volunteei- aid — participated in all the hard
; conflicts in which the division of tliat oflicer was engaged, and
) received the warmest encomiiims for his devotion and courage. We
) know Lieutenant Semmes well, and can safely assert that he will
.: write a fair and impartial account of all he saw.

" The work is to be issued in one handsome volume, embellished
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and a detailed account of General Scott's brillia7it campaign, we are
told tliat the work will enter largely into an inside and domestic view
^of the Mexican Republic. We shall look anxiously for the appearance
of this book, for Lieut. S. is a man of sterling sense, and every way
capable of handling ably the undertaking upon which he is en-
gaged."— New Orleans Picayune, May 7, 1851.

Aside from its historic corractness, vouched for in the above parajrr.iph from the pen
of Mr. Kendall, as a book of travels it will be found full of vivid and glowing descrip-
tions of men and thinirs.

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SKETCHES AND STATISTICS

CIICOIATI IN 1851

BY CHARLES CIST.

C I N C I N ]Sr A T I :
WM. H. MOORE & CO., PUBLISHERS,

118 MAIN STREET.
1851.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by

CHARLES CIST,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Ohio.

K. MORGAN <fe CO.,
STEEEOTTPERS, PRINTEES AND BINDEES,

111 Main Street.

PREFACE.

I AM well aware that a large proportion of my readers will not
deign to read this, or any other preface, but there are those who
know, as I do, that it is impossible to derive as much benefit from
the volume itself, as it is capable of imparting, unless the reader
obtains some general idea of its character and nature, and other
attendant circumstances from the preface. These last will, for
these i-easons, give it a perusal.

Ten years have elapsed since " Cincinnati in 1841," the prede-
cessor of these pages, made its appearance. It was received with a
degree of favor beyond its merits, and has served, together with
kindred publications from other and earlier pens, to render this
great western metropolis known not only through our great republic,
but in Great Britain and even on the continent of Europe ; more
than four hundred copies having been sent across the Atlantic by
residents here, to their friends and relatives in the land of their
fathers. I trust that the present volume, comprehending, as it does,
a wider range of subjects and of greater importance to persons at a
distance, will be found as fully in advance of its predecessor as the
city which it portrays, is of Cincinnati in 1841. I could ask no
more rapid improvement, or higher success.

One great perplexity, in publications of this sort, consists in the
difficulty, if not impossibility, of putting it into the shape which the
various classes of readers think that it should assume. If some
trifle or other has been omitted, in which an individual has a per-
sonal, professional, or pecuniary interest, he feels that the value of
the volume is greatly impaired, for all such persons find it difficult

(iii)

to compreliend that what is thus of interest to them, probably interests
very few others ; and that if every topic were presented to public
notice, Avhich each individual might deem of importance, no single
volume, however large, could embrace the entire subject. If I
had not known, in early life, the unreasonableness of individuals on
this point, a circumstance that occurred to me a few years since,
would have fully enlightened me.

I had been preparing for publication, a directory, and in the pro-
gress of the work, called upon an honest German up Walnut street,
who was extensively engaged in the manufacture of bratwurst,
knackwurst, leber Avurst, and sour-krout. I had taken down his
address. "When you got dat book out," said he, "you brings
me one, and I pays you for it." I promised to do so, accordingly.

By some unaccountable neglect of my transcriber of names, the
dealer in vnirst and sour-krout was left out of the directory, and
having ascertained that fact, I did not trouble myself to deliver a
book, which I knew this individual would not take on finding him-
self left out, as he readily would by turning to it in search of the
name — the universal practice of purchasers.

Several months had elapsed, when one morning rising Main street,
and just opposite Ephraim Morgan's store, I discovered my German
friend. Stopping short, and in a very angry tone, he accosted me,
with " Why you not put my name down in your corredory?" " Well,
I don't know ; is it not down?" was my remark. " No," replied he,
very indignantly, " Your correctory not wort one cent. How do
people knows where he kits his sour krout?"

I shall make no further application of the story than to say, that
I must expect every man who has his sour-krout left out, will also
be apt to pronounce this volume "not worth one cent."

It behooves me, however, to refer to what is in, rather than what
has been left out. The articles on Geology and Magnetism, by
Professor Locke ; on Medical Topography, by Dr. Drake ; on Me-
teorology, by Professor Ray ; on Education, and Transportation and
Travel, by E. D. Mansfield, as well as articles on the culture of

the strawberry and grape by Robert Buchanan, have been obtained
from the fountainheads of knowledge in these hnes, respectively, and
will commend themselves to the reader as of high value. The ar-
ticle, Cincinnati — its Destiny, from the pen of S. H. Goodin, of onr
city, will not fail to make a strong impression upon those who desire
to contemplate the great future of Cincinnati. The residue of the
volume is, with few exceptions, my own, and claims no higher
merit than accuracy, as far as attainable.

One great design of this publication, being to illustrate Cincinnati
in whatever aspect it might be contemplated, biographies of indivi-
duals who have been selected as types of the industrial and profes-
sional classes, constitute one of its features. The subjects of .these
articles, are persons who have by industry, energy, integrity, perse-
verance and business tact, achieved the position — in most cases, at
the head of their respective classes — which they now occupy.
Many of these individuals have fought the great battle of life, with-
out aid or even sympathy in the darkest hour of that struggle, and
their history enforces the great lesson to new beginners, that few
things are impossible to the resolute will, the patient and untiring
purpose, and the direct and straightforward principle.

A large share of this publication is taken up with the statistics of
manufactured aad industrial products. I cannot persuade myself,
however, that the extent of this department is greater than the im-
portance of the subject demands, taking into view the great fact which
these tables establish, that the products of manufacture here, consti-
tute more than one-half the business operations of Cincinnati, and
the profits not less than three-fourths of the rcAvards of industry in
all its branches. These tables aflford indisputable evidence that the
raw material consumed in our manufacturing operations does not
as an average exceed 54 per cent, or thirty out of fifty-five millions
dollars, the entire value of our industrial products, leaving 46 per
cent, or more than twenty-five millions of dollars, as the revenue
derived to Cincinnati from this department of business. It is be-
lieved that this mode of exhibiting the value of manufactures to a

community, at any rate presents the subject in a clearer light than
it has heretofore been shown.

I take this opportunity of saying, that my statistics will be found
to differ in most points of a corresponding nature, from the national
census of 1 850, to which I am indebted for nothing but the tables
of population and nativities in Cincinnati, and the census table for
Ohio. I leave the question, which is more worthy of credit, to the
public, simply adding, that this is one great reason why my manu-
facturing table enters so largely as it does, into details. Many of
the marshals' assistants here, did their duty faithfully, but the stu-
pidity or worse, of others, shut out a variety of details necessary
to the fullness and accuracy of the aggregate.

Cincinnati, July 10th, 1851.

TABLE OF SUBJECTS.

I. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS.— Site— Boundaries and Divi-
sions— Geology — Magnetism — Terrestrial Magnetism — Magnetic In-
tensity— Medical Topograpliy — Meteorology 13

II. PERSONAL STATISTICS.— Population— Census of 1850— Nativities,
United States — Nativities, Foreigners — Occupations, Trades and Pur-
suits 44

III. EDUCATION.— Funds — Organization— Buildings— Corps of Teach-

ers— Course of Studies — Statistics — Cost of Public Instruction — Cen-
tral School — Parochial Schools — Academies and Private Schools —
Colleges — Law Schools — Mercantile Schools — Theological Schools —
General View of Education in Cincinnati — Faiimount Theological
Seminary — Lane Seminary — St Xavier Seminary — Law School — Cin-
cinnati Mercantile College — St. Xavier College — Wesleyan Female
College — Woodward College and High School — Herron's Seminary —
Cincinnati Female Seminary — R. & H. H. Young's Academy 52

IV. SOCIAL STATISTICS.— Dwelling-houses and Stores— Periodicals-

Churches and Religious Societies 71

V. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES.— Courts of Judicature— Legislative and
Executive Departments 84

VI. MONET ARY.— Banks and Bankers— Fire, Marine and Life Insurance. 88

VII. "WATER AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHT.— City Water Works — Gas
Works 102

VIII. SCIENCE AND LITERATURE.— Observatory— Cincinnati Horticul-
tural Society — Medical College of Ohio— Eclectic Medical Institute —
Physo-Medical College — Ohio College of Dental Surgeiy — Ohio
Mechanics' Institute — Young Men's Mercantile Library Association —
Apprentices' Library 107

IX. THE FINE ARTS.— Arts' Union Hall— Picture Gallery— Artists.. 121

( vii )

VUl TABLE OF SUBJECTS.

X. TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL.— Natural and Artificial Routes;
Rivers, Roads, Canals and Railroads — Cincinnati, Hamilton and
Dayton Railroad Company — Ohio and Mississippi Railroad Com-
pany— Little Miami Railroad Company — Sandusky Route — Cleveland
Route — Miami Canal — Cincinnati and "Whitewater Canal — Forward-
ing facilities 136

XL NECROLOGICAL.— Spring Grove Cemetery— Comparative Mortality
Table 145

XII. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, ETC.— Commercial Hospital and Lunatic
Asylum of Ohio — Orphan Asylums — ^Widows Home — House of Re-
fuge— Poorhouse and Fann — Cincinnati Relief Union — Hotel for In-
valids— Tract Depository — Benevolent Societies — Temperance Socie-
ties— Masonic — Odd Fellows — Public Halls — Hotels — Bathhouses —
Fire Department 149

XIII. MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.— Table of

Values, and Number of Hands Employed in each Pursuit — Per Cent-
age of Raw Materials, Labor, etc 169

XIV. COMMERCE.— Tables of Imports— Of Exports — Commission Busi-

ness 262

XV. MISCELLANEOUS.— Culture of the Grape— Suburbs— Biography, S.
P. Chase — Farmers College — Markets and Market-Houses — Biography,
A. Morrell, Jr. — Hog and its products — Biography, David T. Disney —
Statistics of Strawberries — Biography, Geo.W. Coffin — Medical College
of Ohio — Biography, J. D. Jones — The Electro Chronograph — Bio-
graphy, 0. M. Mitchel — Cincinnati, its Destiny — Biography, George
W. Neff— Ship Building on the Ohio— New Public Building,?- St.
Peter's Cathedral — Ohio Female College — National Armory in the
West — Biography, Nicholas Longworth — Bowlder Pavement — Cin-
cinnati Observatory — Coal — Glendale — Census of Ohio 266

CINCINNATI IN 1851

I. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

SITE.

A WELL-DEFINED Circle of hills — three miles in its diameter, and
of remarkable regularity of outline, bisected east and west by the
river Ohio, and north and south by Mill creek and Licking river —
marks the site of Cincinnati, as its precise centre. The Ohio, at this
point, makes in its course a bold, abrupt sweep, in the immediate
curve of which, and on its northern edge, lies the city, which is,
therefore, when approached by water, hardly visible until its entire
panorama bursts upon the eye. The territory it embraces, includ-
ing its north-east suburb — Fulton — may be not inaptly compared, in
shape, to the old-fashioned harp, the curved side of which is formed
by the Ohio ; the upper edge, by Mill creek ; and the straight edge,
by the northern line of the city, brought down at the north-east at
an acute angle to the base of the instrument.

Cincinnati is immediately opposite Covington and Newport, in
Kentucky. — Its latitude was determined, by Colonel Jared Mans-
field, in his topographical svirveys, 39° 6' 30" north, and its longi-
tude 7° 24' 45" west. It is nearly central between Pittsburgh, at
the head of the Ohio, and Cairo, at the junction of that river with
the Mississippi, being about 465 miles from each point. Its distance
by land traveling is — from Columbus 115; Indianapolis 120; Lex-
ington 90 ; Nashville 270, and Pittsburgh 298 miles. By steam-
boat conveyance — from Louisville 138; St. Louis 655; Natchez
1335, and New Orleans 1631 miles. By stage route it is 672 miles
from Washington; 551 from Baltimore; 600 from Philadelphia,
and, via Lake Erie and the Erie canal, 950 miles from New York.

The upper plane of Cincinnati is 540 feet above tide water at

(13)

14 BOUNDARIES AND DIVISIONS.

Albany, and 25 feet below the level of Lake Erie : low water-mark
of the Ohio river here being 432 feet above tide water at Albany,
or 133 feet below Lake Erie. The descent of the upper part of
Cincinnati to low water-mark is therefore 108 feet.

The platform of the city was originally formed of three levels or
terraces, all sloping from the Ohio northwardly. The first of these
extended from the bluff bank of the river to the base of the gravelly
hill, which ranged nearly parallel with what is now Third street.
The second of these terraces stretched to the hills immediately north
of the old Corporation line ; and the third, embraced the yet higher
elevations, which comprise the principal part of the Xlth and Xllth
wards of Cincinnati, and form the city boundary at its northern edge
or line. The grade of these terraces has been for years changing,
to conform to the general improvement of the city, and now affords
the regular and facile ascent and descent required for heavy draughts,
as well as to permit the safe discharge of water from the upper
table of Cincinnati.

The best views of Cincinnati may be obtained from various points
of the hills along its northern edge. Those whose residence on the
immediate coast of the Atlantic renders the dashing of its billows
along the shore a familiar sound, will recognize at once, while stand-
ing on one of these hills, in the sounds of city life blended and har-
monized by distance, the pecuhar and well known music of ocean
waves bursting on the shore, — one of the grandest, and at the same
time of the sweetest, among the harmonies of nature.

BOUNDARIES AND DIVISIONS

Cincinnati is bounded — north and north-east by Mill creek and
Fulton townships; the Ohio river forms its southern and eastern
boundaries ; and Mill creek lies on its west. It is divided into
sixteen Wards, whose limits and boundary lines are as follows :

I. — Beginning at the intersection of Main and Third streets ; run-
ning thence eastwardly, along Third to Symmes street; thence
north-eastwardly, along Symmes and High streets, to the old Cor-
poration line ; thence due west, along said Corporation line, as far
as the point of intersection of East Sixth street; thence south-
westwardly, along East Sixth street, to Main street ; thence south-
wardly, along Main street, to the place of beginning.

II. — Beginning at the intersection of Race and Third streets;

BOUNDARIES AND DIVISIONS. 15

running thence eastwardly, along Third street, to Wahiut street ;
thence southwardly, along Walnut street, to Pearl street; thence east-
wardly, along Pearl street to Main street; thence northwardly,
along Main street to Seventh street; thence westwardly, along
Seventh street to Race street; thence southwardly, along Race
street, to the place of beginning.

III. — Beginning at the intersection of Main and Third streets ;
running thence eastwardly, along Third street to Symmes street ;
thence north-eastwardly along Symmes and High streets, to the old
Corporation line ; thence east, along said line to the Ohio river ;
thence down the Ohio river, with the meanders thereof, to the foot
of Main street ; thence northwardly, along Main street, to the place
of beginning.

IV. — Beginning at the intersection of John and Third streets ;
running thence, eastwardly, along Third street to Walnut street;
thence southwardly, along Walnut street to Pearl street; thence
eastwardly, along Pearl street to Main street; thence southwardly,
along Main street, to the Ohio river ; thence down the Ohio river,
with the meanders thereof, to the foot of John street ; thence north-
wardly, along John street, to the place of beginning.

V. — Beginning at the intersection of Western Row and Seventh
street ; running thence, eastwardly, along Seventh street to Main
street ; thence northwardly, along Main street, to the Miami canal ;
thence westwardly, along said Miami canal to Plum street ; thence
westwardly, along the continuation of South Canal, or Grandin street,
to Western Row ; thence south Avardly, along Western Row, to the
place of beginning.

VI.— Beginning at the intersection of Fifth and Smith streets ;
running thence, southwardly, along Smith street, to Third street;
thence eastwardly, along Third street, to John street ; thence south-
wardly, along John street, to the Ohio river; thence down the Ohio
river, with the meanders thereof, to the foot of Fifth street ; thence
eastwardly, along Fifth street, to the place of beginning.

VII. — Beginning at the intersection of Western Row and Liberty
street, or the old Corporation line ; running thence east, along said
Liberty street, or old Corporation line, to Race street ; thence south-
wardly, along Race street, to the Miami canal; thence westwardly, along
and across the Miami canal to Plum street ; thence westwardly along
the continuation of South Canal or Grandin street, to Western Row ;
thence northwardly, along Western Row, to the place of beginning.

16 BOUNDARIES AND DIVISIONS.

VIII. — Beginning at the intersection of Baymiller and Catharine
streets ; running thence eastwardly, along Catharine street, to West-
ern Row; thence northwardly, along Western Row, to Liberty
street, or the old Corporation line ; thence east, along the said
Liberty street, or old Corporation line, to Piatt street ; thence south-
wardly, along Piatt street to Clark street ; thence eastwardly, along
Clark street, to Baymiller street; thence southwardly along Bay-
miller street, to the place of beginning.

IX. — Beginning at the intersection of Main and Hunt streets;
running thence eastwardly, along Hunt street, to the Lebanon turn-
pike road ; thence north-eastwardly, along the Lebanon turnpike
road, to Liberty street, or the old Corporation line ; thence east,
along Liberty street, or the old Corporation line, to Main street ;
thence southwardly, along Main street, to the place of beginning.

X. — Beginning at Race street, where it intersects the Miami
canal ; running thence eastwardly, along the said Miami canal to
Main street ; thence northwardly, along Main street, to Liberty street,
or the old Corporation line ; thence east, along the said Liberty
street, or the old Corporation line, to Race street; thence south-
wardly, along Race street, to the place of beginning.

XL — Beginning at the intersection of Vine street and Liberty
street, or the old Corporation line ; running thence east, along said
line, to the point where the same is intersected by the west line of
Fulton township ; thence north-eastwardly, along the said line, to
the northern boundary of the city ; thence west, along the said
northern boundary line, to the Vine street road : thence southwardly,
along the Vine street road, to the place of beginning.

XII. — Beginning at the intersection of Vine street and Liberty
street, or the old Corporation line; running thence west, along said
line to Mill creek ; thence up Mill creek, with the meanders thereof,
to the northern boundary of the city ; thence east, along the said
northern boundary line, to the Vine street road ; thence southwardly,
along the said road, to the place of beginning.

XIII. — Beginning at the intersection of Main and Sixth streets ;
running thence eastwardly and north-eastwardly, along Sixth street,
to the old Corporation line ; thence west, along the said old Corpora-
tion line, to the Lebanon turnpike road ; thence south-westwardly,
along the said Lebanon turnpike road, to a point where it intersects
Hunt street ; thence eastwardly, along Hunt street, to Main street ;
thence southwardly, along Main street, to the place of beginning.

OEOLOGr. 17

XIV. — Beginning at the intersection of Smith and Third streets ;
running thence eastwardly, along Third street, to Race street ; thence
northwardly, along Race street, to Seventh street; thence westwardly,
along Seventh street to John street ; thence southwardly, along John
street, to Sixth street ; thence westwardly, along Sixth street, to
Smith street ; thence southwardly, along Smith street, to the place
of beginning.

XY. — Beginning at the intersection of Catharine street and Bay-
miller street ; running thence southwardly, along Baymiller street,
to George street ; thence south from George street to Sixth street ;
thence westwardly, along Sixth street, to the Whitewater canal ;
thence southwardly, along the Whitewater canal, to the crossing of
Fifth street ; thence eastwardly, along Fifth street to Smith street ;
thence northwardly, along Smith street, to Sixth street; thence
eastwardly, along Sixth street, to John street ; thence northwardly,
along John street to Seventh street ; thence eastwardly, along
Seventh street, to Western Row ; thence northwardly, along West-
ern Row, to Catharine street ; thence westwardly, along Catharine
street, to the place of beginning.

XVI. — Beginning at the foot of Fifth street; running thence east-
wardly, along Fifth street to the Whitewater canal ; thence north-
wardly, along the said Whitewater canal, to Sixth street ; thence
eastwardly, along Sixth street, to a point south of Baymiller street,
where it intersects George street ; thence north to George street ;
thence northwardly, along Baymiller street, to Clark street ; thence
westwardly, along Clark street, to Piatt street ; thence northwardly,
along Piatt street, to the old Corporation line ; thence west, along-
said line, to Mill creek ; thence down Mill creek, with the meanders
thereof, to the Ohio river ; thence up the Ohio river, with the mean-
ders thereof, to the place of beginning.

GEOLOGY.

Cincinnati is situated in that part of the " geological column" of
rocks commonly known, among the learned, under the name of the
" Lower Silurian Formation," a place in general below, but nearly
contiguous to, the coal-measures, but in particular at Cincinnati,
considerably removed from the coal by the interposition of several
layers of different sorts of rocks. Our blue limestone at Cincinnati
is, however, very different in its character from the Silurian Forma-

\^ GEOLOGY.

tion of England, being infinitely more abundant in fossils, most of
which are of a different species. The country in the immediate
vicinity of Cincinnati seems, in a remote period of geological history,
to have been a level terrace about 600 feet above low water of the
Ohio, and nearly 1200 feet above the Atlantic ocean. This terrace,
now modified by the valleys or channels excavated by the streams,
is composed of alternate layers of bhxe clay-marl, and a blue or lead-
colored fossiliferous limestone. The stone is nearly pure carbonate
of lime, but sometimes passing more or less into a soft shale or slate.
The marl contains lime and is efi"ervescent with acids, but still
exhibits the external characters of a tough clay somewhat indurated.
Through these strata the streams appear to have worn their present
channels to the depth of five to six hundred feet, having left, at
various heights above their present beds, their ancient alluvion of
clay, sand, and gravel, often inclosing logs of wood and not unfre-
quently the remains of elephants and mastodons. The larger streams
are now found meandering through alluvial plains called "bottom
lands," extending from half of a mile to four miles in width. These
alluvions present at the surface a rich, black, fertile mold, from six
inches to two or three feet deep, well wrought in the native condi-
tion, by the natural cultivators, the earth-worm and the mole.
Beneath this mold are several feet, eight to twelve, perhaps, of
amber-colored clay-loam, supported often by a substratum of clay,
sand, or granitic gravel. The black mold and amber loam above
described, extend over the high terrace, but often with a diminished
thickness, and without the gravelly substratum, resting immediately
on the limestone in situ. It constitutes a soil of proverbial fertility,
but from the quantity of clay which it contains, it is adhesive when
too wet, and stiff and impenetrable when too dry. This amber-
colored loam imparts its tinge to the waters of the Ohio during its
floods, and has given origin to the poetical name of the " Amber
Stream." The descents into the valleys, although steep, are gener-
ally roimded and covered with fertile soil. As the rocks, although
they sometimes "crop out," never form high cliffs, the waved and
hilly outline seen from below is rather beautiful than picturesque.

Cincinnati itself is built on an ancient alluvial plain, lying in two
levels called the " upper and lower bottoms." The lower level,
fifty to sixty feet above extreme low water of the Ohio, presents a
deep loam ; the upper level, seventy or eighty feet higher than the
lower one, beside the black mold and amber loam, has a substratum

GE0L0C4T. 19

of sharp quartzose sand and coarse granitic gravel, intermingled with
limestone pebbles. Imbedded in this gravel have been found several
bones and teeth of elephants. Wells and deep pits, either in the
upper or lower level, are often filled with "choke damp" or car-
bonic acid, so as to prove fatal to the incautious laborer who attempts
to descend ; this is especially apt to be the case, after such places
have remained covered during the night.

The layers of blue limestone are from the thinnest possible to
twenty-two inches or possibly two feet in thickness, compact or
somewhat granular, semicrystalline, strong and durable and well
calculated for many economical purposes, such as affording lime for
mortar, "metal" for roads, stones for pavements, and for founda-
tions, and even a handsome dark marble for interior architecture.
They are often literally filled with marine fossils, such as corallines,
trilobites, encrinites, orthocerites and various univalve and bivalve
shells. People ordinarily mistake these for petrifactions of objects
now found in the country, but they are all the products of a primi-
tive ocean. The blue limestone of Cincinnati is the lowest rock
which occurs within several hundred miles, and occupies a space at
least a thousand feet in thickness. Although its layers lie apparently
in an exact level, yet they decline both to the east and to the west
so as ultimately to disappear under other strata, and finally with
those strata, under the two great coal-fields which commence between
one and two hundred miles on both sides of the city. The strata
intervening between the blue limestone and the coal formation, begin
to be found at the surface between forty and one hundred miles
from our city, concealing that limestone from view. Proceeding
upward, they are, in thickness, as follows : —

1st. Blue fossiliferous limestone of Cincinnati, .... 1000 ft.

2d. Chff-limestone, . . . . , 200

3d. Bituminous shale, . 250

4th. Fine-grained sandstone used for building in Cin-
cinnati, 350

6th. A coarse pebbly or conglomerate sandstone which

includes shale, limestone, iron, salt, and coal, . 2000

As the limits of this article do not permit a separate description
of these formations, the reader is referred to Professor Locke's
report to the legislature of Ohio on the geology of the south-western
part of the state, and to Dr. Owen's report, includir;g Dr Locke's

20 GEOLOGY.

also, to the Congress of the United States, on the geology of the
mineral lands of Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois. It was stated in the
survey of the last named region, that its rocks, including the im-
mense treasures of iron, zinc, lead, and copper, were identical with
the cliff-limestone of Ohio, showing itself at the Yellow Springs, at
Dayton, Columbus, and West Union in Ohio, and at Madison in
Indiana, at all of which places it is more or less metalliferous.

The blue fossiliferous limestone of Cincinnati, after plunging under
the great coal-field of lUinois in company with the cliff-hmestone,
reappears at Dubuque, where it is diminished to a few feet in thick-
ness, while the superincumbent cliff-stone, filled Tvith veins of lead
ore, is developed into a stratum of six hundred feet in height. The
blue limestone extends to Prairie du Chien, to the falls of St.
Anthony and some distance up the river St. Peter's, but in a layer
of only twenty feet or less. At Prairie du Chien it is raised some
hundreds of feet above the water of the Mississippi, and exhibits
underneath it a renewal of the cliff rock, but with fewer fossils.
From this brief sketch every geologist would anticipate our local
advantages. Situated in the centre of the inexhaustibly fertile
region of the blue limestone loith its alternations of enriching marl,
midway between the two largest and most easily wrought coal-fields
in the world, and also between inexhaustible beds of excellent iron
ore, with every facility of natural water communication, so that even
the treasures of the Mississippi mines come to our doors almost
spontaneously ; with a fine climate and with every material for the
foundation and the superstructure of a city, it must be from a wan-
ton abuse of the benevolent munificence of our Creator if we fail to
continue to be prosperous and happy.

The natural waters of the vicinity of Cincinnati, are such as might
be anticipated from the geology. The wells and springs afford
clear, cool, " limestone water," viz. : water holding carbonate of
lime in solution. The waters of the Miamis, especially when low,
contain lime to such an extent as to be too hard for washing. This
might be expected, as they have their origin and course through
limestone rocks. The proper cliff-limestone is often magnesian, and
sulphate of magnesia is not an uncommon ingredient in waters from
particular localities, as at Pace's wells. The waters of the Ohio,
flowing chiefly over the sandstone and shales of the coal-measures,
until within seventy or eighty miles of our city, are but slightly
impregnated with mineral matter, and are so soft as scarcely to

MAGNETISM.

coagulate a solution of soap. Although rather bland m taste, the
"hydrant water" of our city, raised from the Ohio, is reputed to
be healthy, and less liable to disagree with strangers accustomed
only to soft water, than that of springs or wells.

MAGNETISM.

POPULAR ELEMENTARY DEFINITIONS.

The elements of terrestrial magnetism consist simply of the force,
power, or intensity with which the earth attracts the magnetized
needle, and of the direction in which that force acts ; but from the
vast importance of the horizontal or compass-needle, both in naviga-
tion and surveying, and from the facility of suspending and experi-
menting with the same, it is customary to estimate certain elements
of the needle in that position, although it is seldom the direction —
never in our latitude — in which, if allowed to move freely in all
directions, it would place itself. The quantities sought to be mea-
sured are usually four :

First. The declination " variation," or direction of the horizontal
needle, as it respects the true astronomical north or south points.

Second. The force or intensity with which the horizontal needle is
attracted by the earth, and held in its direction : this is called the
horizontal intensity.

Third. The (iip, or true course in which a needle, perfectly free
to move in all directions, would finally rest and be held by the
earth's attraction.

Fourth. The force or intensity yf'iih. which the needle, in the direction
of the dip, is attracted by the earth : this is called the total intensity*

MAGNETICAL DECLINATION OR VARIATION.

Most persons are aware that the compass-needle does not every-
where point to the true north, but varies in its direction in different
places on the earth's surface, in such a manner that it either points
east of it, directly toward it, or west of it. The force with which
the earth attracts or pulls such a needle, so as to hold it in its direc-
tion, and cause it to vibrate if it be moved out of that direction and
be suffered freely to return, is called the horizontal intensity, and is

* To avoid a circumlocution of language, the earth's attraction is named
without expressing particularly the mi^tual attraction between the earth and
needle.

22 MAGNETISM.

measured by the quickness of the vibrations. Thus, when there are
a greater number of vibrations of the same needle, in the same time,
the horizontal intensity is greater, being as the squares of the num-
bers of such vibrations. A vibrating needle used for determining
the intensity, is a " magnetical pendulum," acted upon by magnet-
ism as a clock pendulum is by gravitation.

MAGNETICAL DIP.

Make a needle of tempered steel, with pivots at the sides, so that
it can turn like a cannon, and point up or down ; balance it so nicely
that it will stay in any position in which you place it : this must be
done while the steel has no magnetism. Next, magnetize that
needle by "touching" it with magnets, as directed in the books on
magnetism. Lastly, place the pivots in proper supports, exactly
crosswise of the line in which the compass-needle points : it will no
longer remain balanced, especially in the horizontal position, but, in
the latitude of the United States, the north end will turn down,
nearer to a perpendicular than to a level. This turning doAvn, or out
of the level, is called the dip; it is measured by the number of de-
grees which the north end descends from a level line. The dip
increases as we travel northward, until at a point north of the west-
ern part of Hudson's Bay, it points directly downward. At or near
the equator there is no dip, or the dipping-needle lies level ; and
south of that point, the south end of the needle descends, as does
the north end in the northern hemisphere.

Now, whatever direction the dipping-needle takes, it is held there
by a magnetical force of the earth, which when it is moved out of
that direction, draws it back again, and causes it to vibrate like a
pendulum, and finally, to settle at the proper dip. If the force be
greater, the vibrations will be quicker : this force is called the total
intensity, and is not usually ascertained by the vibrations of the
dipping-needle, but is deduced by calculations from the horizontal
intensity, and the dip at any locality. This force, on the whole, in-
creases as we proceed northwardly ; but the horizontal intensity, in
consequence of the increase of the dip, diminishes in the same direction.
At the magnetic pole, where the dip would be 90 degrees (viz. : the
dipping-needle perpendicular) the horizontal intensity would be
nothing, and the common compass-needle would point in one direction
as soon as in another — ^the magnetical force of the earth pulling it,
at all points, directly downward upon the supporting pivot.

MAGNETISM. 23

Now, to measure these four quantities, in dift'erent localities, as
accurately as possible, has been a part of my labors in the late brief
survey of a part of our territories.

Some sorts of iron ores have an influence on the magnetic needle,
and change either its direction or its intensity. The effect of such
ore increases directly as the quantity or mass, and diminishes as the
sqtiares of the distance increase ; and although the mass may be
large, yet, from the effect of depth or distance, the indication may be
too slight to be observed, unless by the most delicate instruments,
skillfully used. By means of these, we may be guided to vast miner-
alogical treasures ; for, however desirous we may be to discover gold
and silver mines, iron is the more useful metal. In Iowa, one mag-
netical node has been discovered, which may be produced by a "sub-
terraneous iron mountain." Independently, however, of any econo-
mical views, it will be a matter of gratification to the scientific world
to receive a small contribution to their fund of magnetical knowledge ;
for an effort is now making to collect and embody as many accurate
magnetical observations as possible, in order the more fully to deter-
mine the changes, distributions, and general laws of this Avonderful
force, and to make it still more subservient to the purposes of general
utility.

TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AT CmCINNATI.

MAGNETICAL DECLINATION OR VARIATION.

In 1826, Mr. Gest, the city surveyor, and Dr. Locke, found the
compass-needle to point 5° 15' east of due north. In 1840, the
above quantity had diminished to 4° 46' east of due north. In
1846, the variation had been reduced to 4° 01', and at the present
time it is probably somewhat less.

MAGNETICAL DIP.

Since March, 1840, Dr. Locke has made monthly observations on
the dip and horizontal intensity. The following table exhibits his
results, as regards the dip, up to January, 1841.

Each of the twelve observations on the following page, is the
mean of sixteen single observations, including all of the possible
reversals of the dipping apparatus with two needles

LINE OF EQUAL DIP OF LONDON.

This line, which, in 1837, was by observation 69° 23', passes more
than a degree south of Cincinnati, and advancing westward, passes

through Priuceton, in Indiana, lat. 38° 23' north, long. 87° 30' west,
and crosses the Mississippi river about fifteen miles south of St.
Louis, in Missouri.

This line of equal dip had an adventitious interest, from the fact,
that the lines of equal magnetic dip, are also lines of equal mean
temperature. Thus the mean temperature of Princeton, Indiana,
would be presumed to be nearly equal to that of London.

TABLE OF MAGNETICAL DIP OBSERVED MONTHLY AT CINCINNATI.

Day.

Hour.

Dip by needle
No. 1.

Dip by needle
No. 2.

Mean.
O '

1840.

h. m. h. m.

O '

March 6,

2 30 to 3 30 P. M.

70 27.250

70 27.562

70 27.812

April 21,

9 46 to 10 40 A. M.

70 29.687

70 28.000

70 28.844

May 21,

10 35 to 11 35 A. M.

70 24.450

70 24.937

70 24.694

June 22,

11 34 to 12 30 M.

70 28.062

70 27.437

70 27.750

July 18,

5 30 to 6 30 P. M.

70 29.062

70 27.937

70 28.500

July 19,

11 30 to 12 30 M.

70 25.625

70 25.812

70 25.718

August 18,

10 00 to 11 00 A. M.

70 27.375

70 27.500

70 27.437

Septr. 24,

9 00 to 10 45 A. M.

70 29.200

70 29.&00

70 29.200

October 22,

9 30 to 10 30 A. M.

70 29.000

70 28.375

7028.687

Novem. 20,

10 15 to 11 15 A. M.

70 25.187

70 25.437

70 25.313

Decern. 23,

11 00 to 12 00 M.

70 27.250

70 26.812

70 27.031

Jan. 23, 1841,

11 00 to 12 00 M.

70 24.937

70 24.750

70 24.844

Mean of 192 observations.

.700 27.152.

MAGNETIC INTENSITY.

CINCINNATI AS THE BASE OF REFERENCE OF A MAGNETICAL
SURVEY OF THE UNITED STATES.

Beside the determinations of magnetical dip made at Cincinnati,
and quoted above. Dr. Locke has made a survey of the magnetism
of a large portion of the United States. His labors were continued
for about ten years, viz. : from 1838 to 1848 ; and were extended
from the south part of Kentucky to the north side of Lake Superior ;
and from the State of Maine to some distance beyond the Mississippi.
During the progress of the work, he made the garden of Nicholas
Longworth, Esq., of Cincinnati, the base or standard of comparison
of the magnetic forces. The magnetic force of the earth at Cincin-
nati, he called 1000; and proceeded to compare the force at all
other places with that assumed quantity.

Finally, Dr. Locke, at the request of Col. Sabine, R. A., Secretary
of the Royal Society, extended his researches to the magnetical
observatory of the British Government at Toronto in Canada. By

MAGNETISM.

these, and by observations made by Capt. Lefroy, R. A., at several
places in the U. S., where Dr. Locke had observed, the force at Cin-
cinnati and throughout Dr. Locke's whole survey has been compared
with that of all the similar surveys throughout the world. The
following table exhibits a comparison of the horizontal force, or the
magnetical force with which a compass-needle is held and also the
total magnetical force with which the needle of the dipping compass
is held at the several places named.

This epitome of Dr. Locke's survey is abstracted from Col. Sabine's
work in the Philosophical Transactions, Part III, for 1846. London.
The results are arranged in three parts : —

1st. A general line of observations from Lexington, Ky., through
Cincinnati to Isle Royale, on the north side of Lake Superior.

2d. A line along the Atlantic coast, from Washington city to the
State of Maine.

3d. A line along the Mississippi from St. Louis in Missouri, to
Prairie du Chie;n in Wisconsin.

The first of the numerical columns refers to the horizontal mag-
netic force at Cincinnati, assumed as 1000; the second, to the total
force at Cincinnati, also assumed as 1000.

FIRST LINE. LEXINGTON TO ISLE ROYALE.

CINCINNATI 1000

Lexington, Ky 1012

Columbus, 0 966

Cleveland, 0 880

Detroit 816

Mackinaw 716

Sault St. Mary 669

Ontonagon R 686

Lapointe 705

Isle Royale 646

TOTAL FORCE

. . 1000

. . 985

. . 996

. . 1016

. . 1011

. . 1039

. . 1037

. . 1039

. . 1044

. . 1052

SECOND OR ATLANTIC LINE.

Washington 948 . . . .

Baltimore 932 . . . .

Philadelphia 917 ... .

New York 883 ... .

New Haven 839 ....

991
995
994

26 MAGNETISM.

LOCALITY. HOR. FORCE. TOTAL FORCE.

Portland 753 989

Mt. Washington 729 991

Bethel, Me 727 996

THIRD OR MISSISSIPPI LIKE.

St. Louis 1042 997

Davenport 939 1012

Dubuque 881 1013

Prairie du Chien 876 1019

In the preceding table, the horizontal and total forces at Cincin-
nati are arbitrarily assumed as 1000. The absolute ratio of the
horizontal force at Cincinnati to the total force, is near 1 to 3, being
on August 21, 1843, 1000 to 2986.

It will be seen by inspecting this table, that in general, as we are
proceeding northAvardly, the horizontal magnetic force by which a
compass-needle is held in its direction, is diminishing, while the
total force by which the dipping-needle is held in its direction, is
increasing. Thus the compass force at Isle Royale, would be less
than two-thirds ; 646 to 1000, of what it is at Cincinnati ; while the
whole force in the dip or true magnetic direction, would be greater than
at Cincinnati : as 1052 to 1000.

This diminution of the horizontal or compass force, is caused by
the distance to which the horizontal-needle is forced out of the na-
tural magnetic direction — the dip — until, when the dip should be
perpendicular the horizontal force would be nothing, and the sur-
veyor's and the mariner's compass would be useless ; the needle
pointing in one direction as readily as in another.

Though there have been other laborers in the field of terrestrial
magnetism in the U. S., yet none have approached so near to a
general survey of the country, in this particular, as Dr. Locke of
our own city. The scientific magnetic chart of the U. S., as filled
up by Col. Sabine in the work to which reference has been made, is
almost entirely based on his observations.

The last series of the labors of Professor Locke in this depart-
ment, has been lately published as a part of Dr. Jackson's survey
of the geology of Lake Superior, by the Department of the Interior,
under Hon. Secretary Ewing.

Baron Humboldt made observations near the equator in South

MAGNETISM. 27

America, and assiimed the magnetic force at his station to be one
(1.) Other observations have since been compared very extensively
with his, until we have reached a station where the total magnetism
of the earth is near twice as much as that assumed unit. The inten-
sity of the total magnetic force at Cincinnati, according to Humboldt's
unit, is 1.796; and the greatest intensity known on the earth is by
the same scale 1.878. Dr. Locke found the total intensity at Isle
Royale in Lake Superior, to be 1.876, scarcely differing at all from
the highest magnetic force yet found, being little over 1 in 1000 less.
It is interesting to observe the coincidence of the results obtained
by Captain Lefroy and Dr. Locke, where they happened to observe
at the same places. These gentlemen have never seen each other ;
they used diflferent instruments, and observed at different times,
noting, each, the various equations required for temperature, &c. ;
nor was it known by anybody what the results would be, until the
observations were finally reduced by Col. Sabine in England. The
following are some of them : —

PLACES TOTAL INTENSITY OF OBSERVER.

MAGNETIC FORCE.

Detroit

Cleveland . . •
Toronto . . . .

Princeton, N. J.

Albany

New Haven . .
Cambridge . . .

1814 Lefroy

1815 Locke

(1828 Lefroy

(1824 Locke

1836 Lefroy

1836 Locke

1783 Lefroy

1783 Locke

1797 Lefroy

1792 Locke

(1773 Lefroy

(1774 Locke

(1774 Lefroy

(1777 Locke

It is worthy of notice that the stronger magnetic pole is north of
the U. S., and about 20° this side of the true astronomical pole.
This spot has been examined by Capt. Henry Ross, nephew of Sir
James, who there found the direction of the dipping needle to be
perpendicular. This point is also the convergent point of compass-
needles, and causes the variation to be toward the west in eastern

28 MAUNETISM.

situations ; and toward tlie east in situations in general westward of
the meridian of this pole of convergence. The pole of greatest force
is still further southward, lying in general between Lake Superior
and Hudson's Bay, varying very little from one of these points to
the other.

Thus, in general, on the meridian of 90° west, and, of course, lying
N. of the U. S., there are three great poles: 1st. The pole of mag-
netic intensity of forces, about 50° N. lat. 2d. The pole of magnetic
dip and convergence, or the pole of declination, about 70° N. lat.
3d. The astronomical pole, at 90° N. lat. The singular fact, that
the point of greatest magnetic attraction of the earth is not near the
pole of magnetic dip and convergence, was first ascertained by Col.
Sabine, who ventured to predict its situation. In 1844, Dr. Locke
made experiments within the limits of this region of high magnetism,
and communicated them to the American Philosophical Society.

Some idea of the range of magnetic intensity from Lake Superior
to Hudson's Bay, may be formed, from the observations of Capt.
Lefroy, from the one point to the other. These observations com-
mence within 16 miles of those of Dr. Locke on Lake Superior, and
are here thrown into four groups. The mean of the four, com-
pared with Dr. Locke's, at Isle Royale, may be thus stated : —

PLACE. '.

rOTAL INTENSITY.

OBSERV.

REMARKS.

Isle Royale

, . .1889. . .

.Locke. . .

)

Lapointe, Lake Supr. .

, . .1875. . .

.Locke. . .

y Mean of 1 1 obs.

1st Group, N. L. Supr

. . .1860. . .

.Lefroy . .

)

2d "

1867. . .

. .Lefroy . .

.Mean of 13 obs.

3d "

1870. . .

. . Lefroy . .

.Mean of 10 obs.

4th Group, reaching
Hudson's Bay.

H 1865. . .

. . Lefroy . .

. Mean of 5 obs.

Cincinnati

. . .1796. . .

. .Locke. .
. . Locke, j

. Added for com-

Toronto

. . .1836. . .

parison.

It seems from the above that there is a special magnetic intensity
about Lake Superior, even exceeding that between the lake and
Hudson's Bay ; still, the increase of the intensity generally, at dis-
tant places, may point to a locality north of the lake, say lat. 52°,
as the centre of greatest magnetic force.

L^yiiSSi.

'^fflji- <-^^^ > '^^ ...^^s^-vss^tyK r; -n ~?^^y:

UTitin? r It 1 iiqKtfiJn

ST. PETER S CATHEDRAL,

MEDICAL TOPOGRAPIir.

MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY.

On the 26th. of December, 1788, when the third landing for the
permanent settlement of Ohio was made, where Cincinnati now
stands, there were already in the Interior Valley of iN'orth America —
between New Orleans and Quebec — more than thirty towns. In
sixty years, the encampment of twenty-six men, by the side of a
beaver pond, beneath a dense forest of beech trees, has grown into
a city, which has a more numerous stationary white population than
any other within the Great Valley ; and, in permanent inhabitants,
ranks as the fifth city of the United States. Such an unrivaled
growth would, perhaps, justify an ample notice of its condition, even
if the medical historian were not identified with it in feeling, interest,
and early recollections.

The site of the city, on the right bank of the Ohio river, consists
of two plains or bottoms ; one near the river, comparatively narrow,
and composed of argillaceous alluvion ; the other in its rear, six or
eight times as broad, diluvial, and made up, like the higher or
second terraces generally, of pebbles, gravel, and sand, with a cover-
ing of loam and soil. The lower plain widens as it stretches down
the river, and its back part, on the settlement of the town, was a
narrow, shallow, and heavily-timbered pond or swamp, overflowed
by ordinary spring floods of the river, which ascended upon it along
the marshy rivulets by which that tract was partially drained into
the Ohio, below the town. In 1793 the whole of the lower plain
was submerged ; and in 1 832 and 1 848 the inundation was repeated,
upon every part which had not been raised, with materials washed
by the rains, or hauled from the adjacent higher terrace. For many
years after the settlement of the village, the drainage of both ter-
races was into the low grounds of this bottom, where it accumulated
in part upon the surface, and partly in the numerous pits, formed
by the manufacture of brick. From these foul accumulations, in
summer and early autumn, a constant escape of gas through the
superincumbent water could be perceived. The extent of this tract,
lying to the west or windward of the village, was sufiicient to gener-
ate a great many cases of autumnal fever, chiefly of the remittent
type, not a few of which every year prove fatal.* Had its surface
been bu^ a few feet lower, so that it could not have been reclaimed,

* Drake: Notices concerning Cincinnati, 1810.

30 MEDICAL TOfOGRAPHT.

the nuisances in which it abounded must have exerted a retarding
influence on the progress of the city. But for the last twenty years
the work of transformation by draining, filhng up, and building over,
has been steadily advancing, and with it a corresponding improve-
ment of autumnal health.

From the lower plain to the upper and older, the ascent is between
fifty and sixty feet. With the growth of the town, the front margin
of the latter, which was originally a bluff bank, has been graded to
a gentle declivity, and the removed material used, as already inti-
mated, to raise the back part of the lower bottom ; so that the drain-
age of the city is now chiefly by the streets directly into the river.

The upper terrace, as was the case with the lower, slopes gently
back from its southern or river margin, and at the average distance
of a mile, terminates against the base of the Mount Auburn range of
blue Silurian limestone hills, whence, during rains, there descend
upon it several torrents, Avhich coalesce and flow nearly in the same
direction Avith the river. To the east this terrace is terminated by
the narrow valley of a hill-torrent, called Deer creek. Up this valley,
in early times, the back-water of the river, when in flood, ascended
for half a mile ; and on its recess left a deposit of silt, which, how-
ever, was to the summer-leeward of the town, and therefore never
produced much eftect on the health of the people. Beyond this ra-
vine stands Mount Adams, between the base of w^hicli and the eastern
margin of the city terrace the low ground has been raised above the
highest river floods, a culvert has been formed for the creek, with
streets extended across it, and the new surface built iipon. The
ravine, higher up, has a rocky bed and no bottom-lands.

The Western canal from Lake Erie, generally called the Miami
canal traverses the back part of the upper terrace, from north-west
to south-east, and descends into the Ohio by a series of locks through
this valley, but does not seem to have generated fever.

We must now turn to the western margin of the terraces. In
stretching off in that direction down the river, both become wider
and sink lower, until they are lost in the broad alluvial valley of Mill
creek, which stream, once a great river, joins the Ohio one mile and
a half below the centre of the city. Its banks are of mud, and por-
tions of them are overflowed by river freshets. The work of eleva-
tion, by the transfer of gravel and pebbles from the upper terrace, is^
however, going on with the rapid extension of the city in that direc-
tion; so that the time seems to be at hand when the Avhole tract

MEDICAL TOPOGRAFHT. 31

will be redeemed from all but the extraordinary floods which hap-
pen at distant periods, and of which there have been but three since
the first settlement of the city. From that date down to the present
time, the inhabitants of this locality have been subject to autumnal
fever, while those farther east remained exempt.

The Whitewater canal, from Indiana, which is conducted up the
river bank, crosses Mill creek by an aqueduct, and traversing the
lower terrace, terminates in a basin of stagnant water in the south-
western part of the city, contributing, no doubt, to the prevalence
of fever in that quarter.

The river shore, from the mouth of Deer creek to the mouth of
Mill creek, a distance of two miles and a half, presents but few nui-
sances. At the former point the stream has thrown out a quantity
of silt, which, in low water, is laid bare to a limited extent ; from
that spot to the other, the shore is free from natural sources of insa-
lubrity, much of it being sloped and graveled down to low water.
In front of the mouth of Mill creek there is a deposit of silt, envelop-
ing the trunks and limbs of trees, of Avhich a considerable extent is
exposed in summer and autumn, and, lying to the windward of the
city, may be regarded as the most permanent nuisance around it.
Below the embouchure of Mill creek, for two miles, and above that
of Deer creek for four miles, there is no alluvial bottom, and the
river presses against the base of the limestone hills.

Let us now contemplate, as a whole, the locality we have been
surveying in detail. First : As a general fact, whei'e a tributary
enters the Ohio, there is much low bottom; but here, two join it,
on opposite sides, and the extent of drowned land is very little. It.
has elsewhere been intimated that Mill creek, during the diluvial
period, was a great river ; and then it was, that an immense quantity
of drift, in the form of sand, gravel, pebbles, and bowlders, was
heaped up in this locality to such a height that nearly all the terraces
are above the ordinary freshets of the Ohio. Second : The area of
these terraces, including both sides of the river, is about six square
miles ; and their extent, taken in connection with their elevation above
the river gives this locality an advantage over every other, from the
sources to the mouth of the river. Third : As a consequence of this
topography, there is no other spot on the banks of the Ohio, where
so great a number of persons could reside with as little exposure to
the causes of intermittent and remittent fever. Fourth : From obser-
vations continued throxigh forty -eight years, it may be stated, that

MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY.

■while, in early times, autumnal fever, occurring every year, was sel-
dom, except in some very limited spots, a violent and frequent dis-
ease, it has regularly diminished ; and that parts once infested have
become exemxpt. So true is this of the central portions of the city,
in latter years, that when a case of intermittent fever happens there,
it is generally found that the patient had sojourned in the country.
Of remittent fever, so much cannot be said, as occasional cases still
appear on streets which are entirely exempt from the other variety.
Fifth : The estimated population, within a circle having a radius of
a mile and a half, is about one hundred and twenty thousand ; and
the extraordinary growth, which has assembled such a number in
so short a time, must undoubtedly be ascribed, in part, to the slight
prevalence of autumnal fever; by which we are instructed, that
medical topography has an intimate connection with the progress of
population and civil improvement.

Cincinnati has extended (chiefly by a single street), nearly foui
miles up the Ohio, with the river close on one side and the hills as
close on the other ; the bank rising above high water. This exten-
sion comprehends the villages of Fulton, Lewistown, and Pendleton.
Beyond the last to the mouth of the Little Miami river, two miles
further up, there is a broad, alluvial plain, on which once stood the
village of Columbia, the second settlement in the State of Ohio,
made November 18th, 1788. Much of this bottom, especially that
nearest the Miami, is subject to inundation in the spring of the year,
and the inhabitants, chiefly agriculturists, are subject to autumnal
fever ; which, however, is much less prevalent and violent than it
existed in 1803, and for many years afterward, when the locahty
was in transitu from dense woods to cultivated fields. t

Up the valley of Mill creek, which is equal in width to that ol
the Ohio (although in summer there is scarcely the feeblest current
of water), autumnal fever is an annual endemio-epidemic. This
valley is not without second, and even third bottoms or terraces,
which are elevated and dry ; but it has also broad and low alluvions,
on which the overflows of the stream and the spring rains leave
sloughs filled with the decaying vegetation of its deep and fertile soil.
To these surfaces we shoidd ascribe the fever, which, limited to them
in its origin, extends far beyond them in its spread ; as it frequently
reaches, not only to those who reside on the older terraces, but, also,
the inhabitants of the neighboring bluffs. The malignant intermit-
tents of the south are not, however, often met with in this locality.

MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY. Od

nor ever liare been ; and the chief mortaUty is from the remittent
type, in its progress becoming typhous.

The hill-lands around Cincinnati are, in all directions, of the same
height and character. In some places there are gently undulating
table lands ; but in general the country is rolling, and presents a
countless number of knobs or tuberosities, covered with rich soil,
resting on a clay or loam bed, embellished Avith numerous country
seats. Permanent springs are scarce, and much of the well-water
is of an inferior quality. Ponds, swales and swamps are of course,
unknown ; yet autumnal remitting fever, tending to a continued
type, occurs more or less every year, and sometimes proves fatal.

For many years after the first settlement of Cincinnati, the people
supplied themselves with water from wells, and also from the river,
as is still the case in Newport and Covington. But to these methods
succeeded the present hydraulic system. The water is thrown by a
forcing -pump into reservoirs, exposed to the sun and rains, whence
it is distributed, through iron and lead pipes, over the city. It often
comes to the consumers turbid. The silt which it deposits in the
reservoirs, a portion of which remains in suspension and is swallowed
with the water, no doubt varies considerably in its composition. A
single analysis, of a specimen thrown out of the reservoir in the
spring of the year, was made by Dr. Raymond, and gave the fol-
loAving results in one hundred parts :

Alumina 49.84

Silex 38.30

Carbonate of lime 2.00

Do. iron 1.15

Phosphates of alumina and iron 0.52

Carbonate of magnesia, a trace 0.00

Vegetable mold (humus) 3.50

Other organic matter 4.69

100.00

In general, during every flood, the water when distributed is
turbid.

For a long time after the settlement of Cincinnati, its only fuel
was wood, but this, to a great extent, has been superseded by bitu-
minous coal, from the Apalachian Basin. At present, the amount
consumed is greater than in any other locality in the Interior Val-

MEDICAL TOPOGRAPHY.

ley, save Pittsburgh, perhaps. This results, not merely from the
great number of inhabitants, but also from the multiplication of
their manufacturing establishments. From the better ventilation of
this locality, its atmosphere is, however, much less laden with the
fumes of burning coal, than that of Pittsburgh.

Cincinnati stands in Lat. 39^ 6' N., and Long. 84° 29' 30" W.
The elevation of the surface of the river at low water, above the level
of the sea, is four hundred and thirty-one feet; that of the lower
plain about four hundred and ninety ; that of the upper five hundred
and forty -three ; that of the surrounding hills, on an average, not
far from eight hundred and fifty feet.

The population of the city presents many varieties of physiology.
The original settlers were from various states of the Union ; and the
armies of Harmar, St. Clair, and Wayne, during the Indian wars,
left behind them a still greater variety of persons. The subsequent
immigration, although largely from the Middle and Northern Atlantic
States, has been, in part, from the more Southern. In latter years
it has been composed, still more than from either, of Europeans.
The most numerous of these are Germans, next Irish, then English,
Scotch and Welsh. Very few French, Italians, or Spaniards have
sought it out. Lastly, its African population, chiefly emancipated
slaves and their offspring, from Kentucky and Virginia, is large :
and although intermarriages with the whites are imknown, the
streets present as many mulatto, griffe, and quadroon complexions,
as those of New Orleans. Thus the varieties of national physiology
are very great.

A comparative view of the facility or otherwise with which these
heterogeneous elements become swallowed up in the absorbing and
fusing process, now and for the future in progress, which is destined
to render the Anglo-American race paramount throughout this great
continent, would be sufficiently curious, although too extensive a sub-
ject to be broiight into discussion here. It may suffice to saj, that
of all classes of foreigners, the German soonest assimilates to the
great mass. It takes but one generation to obliterate all the dis-
tinctive marks of this race — even of its language, usually a most
tenacious feature. On the contrary, the Irishman, whose dialect
does not differ much, except in accent and tone, from ours, retains
his family identity for several generations. So, also, but in a less
degree, Avith the English and Scotch.

METEOROLOGY".

METEOROLOGY.
In the following article, it is proposed to give a summary of the
meteorological observations made at Woodward College in this city
(Lat. 39° 6' N., Long. 84° 22' W.) during the sixteen years begin-
ning with 1835 and ending with 1850. It is most conveniently
presented under the following divisions : tempekature, wind, kaiin',

WEATHER, and HEiaHT OF THE BAROMETER.

._■:.. ; . ... . TEMPERATURE. •- , ..',

The first of the following Tables is deduced from observations
made at least three times daily, viz. : at or a little before sunrise, at
2 p. M., and at 9p.m. In meteorological reckoning the day com-
mences at sunrise, and terminates at sunrise of the following morn-
ing ; the mean temperature of each day is the average temperature
of the whole 24 hours, and is found by adding together the tempera-
tures of the two extreme periods of the day, twice the temperature
at 2. p. m., and tv/ice the temperature at 9 p. m., and dividing the
sum by 6. Supposing the temperature to increase or decrease gra-
dually between each observation, the result is mathematically accur-
ate, and is more worthy of confidence than the common method of
taking the mean of the greatest and least temperature. This rule
is commonly called De "Witt's Rule, and is used by the academies in
the State of New York.

TABLE I.

MEAN

TEiMPERATURE Of

CINCINNATI FOR 16 YEARS.

Yrs.

Jan.
O

Feb. JMar.

O ! O

Aprl.

May.

June.

Jtrty.

Aug.

Sept.
O

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Whole ]
Year.

1835 34.6

24.5 40.1

50.5

65.3

71.2

71.7

69.1

59.1

55.8

43.3

31.4

51.3

18.36I30.6

28.8 36.1

55.6

65.8

70.4

75.8

71.6

69.3

46.2

38.7

30.6

51.6

1837J30.1

36.6 41.8

48.3

62.5

70.1

75.3

72.4

64.9

55.8

48.1

35.5

53.5

1838136.4

20.9

48.4

50.5

56.7

73.1

79.2

77.7

66.3

50.6

39.0

28.2

52.2

18.39138.0

37.0

44.9

60.2

66.0

69.5

76.2

73.5

61.1

60.3

37.3

30.6

54.5

1840125.7

42.0

47.7

57.4

63.2

70.8

75.4

74.7

61.8

54.3

40.9

32.4

53.9

1841.32.0

.32.5

44.7

51.2

62.1

75.1

79.1

76.4

67.8

51.2

44.2

36.3

54.4

184236.7

36.4

52.4

57.7

60.8

69.0

75.6

71.4

66.6

52.2

35.1

33.8

54.0

1843 35.8

26.6

28.8

51.3

62.8

70.4

73.8

70.3

69.3

47.7

40.6

36.2

51.1

184431.7

37.4

44.4

641

66.8

71.6

78.5

72.6

65.7

49.5

4:1.2

36.3

55.2

1845 37.9

40.1

44.5

59.9

61.6

72.6

73.4

73.0

64.1

50.2

40.3

24.8

53.5

1846 35.2

31.5

44.2

57.1

67.0

68.2

75.9

76.4

70.7

52.8

45.7

39.8

55.4

1847 30.8

36.8

40.2

55.7

62.7

69.2

74.4

70.5

64.1

53.2

44.9

34.3

53.1

1848 36.7

36.9

42.3

53.7

66.5

71.8

73.8

74.6

62.2

54.0

39.8

41.1

54.4

1849 32.3

32.2

46.5

52.6

63.9

73.9

73.7

73.5

65.3

53.3

49.9

31.6

54.1

1850

36.6

35.6

41.2

49.0

58.9

73.3

81.6

78.3

66.0

53.4

46.4

34.6

54.6

33.8

.33.5

43.0

54.7

63.3

71.2

73.5

65.3

52.6

42.4

33.6 I

535

36 METEOROLOGY.

From this table we deduce the mean temperature of the four
seasons as follows : —
Winter — Dec. Jan. Feb. 33°.6. Summer — June, July, Aug. 73°.5.
Spring — Mar. Apl. May, 53°. 7. Autumn — Sept. Oct. Nov. 53°.4.

An inspection of the above table also shows the following, among
other particulars : —

1st. February, on the average, is the coldest month of the year.*
It is not, however, always the coldest of the Avinter months.

2d. July is always the warmest month of the year.

3d. June is the least variable month of the year, in regard to its
mean temperature, the range being 6°. 9; therefore its general
character in regard to temperature, can be predicted with more cer-
tainty than that of either of the other months.

4th. March is the most variable month of the year, in regard to
its mean temperature, the range being 23° .6 ; its general character,
tlierefore, in regard to temperature, can be predicted with less cer-
tainty than that of any other month.

5th. The mean temperature of October is nearly the same as that
of the entire year.

6th. The range of the mean temperature of the year is about 3°.5.
In regard to the four seasons, we notice further ; that the coldest
winter in the above period was in 1845-6, of which, the mean tem-
perature was 30°. 5; and, that the warmest winter was that of
1844—5, of which, the mean temperature was 38° .1. This gives for
the range of the mean temperature of winter, 7° .6.

The coldest spring was that of 1843, of which, the mean tempera-
ture was 47°. 7; the warmest spring was that of 1844, of which,
the mean temperature was 58° .4. This gives for the range of the
mean temperature of spring, 10° .4.

The coldest summer was that of 1847, of which, the mean tem-
perature was 71°. 4; the warmest summer was that of 1850, of
which, the mean temperature was 77° .7. This gives 6° .3, for the
range of the mean temperature of summer.

The coldest autumn was that of 1842, of Avhich, the mean tempera-
ture was 51°. 3; the warmest autumn was that of 1846, of which, the

* Of the 54 military posts of the United States, embracing various latitudes
from 24° 20' to 47° 15' N., at 8 posts, December was the coldest month of the
year; at 30 posts, January; and in 16 posts, February. At 5 posts, June was
the wannest month of the year; at 43 posts, July; and at 6 posts, August. —
See Army Reports.

METEOROLOGY.

mean temperature was 56^^.4. This gives 5" .1 for the range of the
mean temperature of autumn.

A comparison of these results shows, that of the four seasons,
autumn is the most stable, and spring the most variable in its tem-
perature.

TABLE II.

MINIMUM TEMPERATURE OF EACH MONTH IN 16 YEARS, AT CINCINNATI.

Years.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar. Ia.

June.

July.

A.,.

Dec.

Whole Year.

1835

-17

ibi

—17 Feb. 8th.

1836

_ 7

-4;25

— 7 Feb. 3d.

1837

20 26

+ 5 Jan. .3d.

1838

—10

1128

—4

—10 Feb. 22d.

1839

2132

8-4-2 March 4tli.

1840

— 1

21,27

7 1— 1 Jan. 2d, 19th.

1841

-7

181.30

18 — 7 Jan. 18th.

1842

— 5

25:27

0—5 Feb. 17th.

1843

— 2

l'26

15 ' — 2 Feb. 7th, 16th.

1844

— 1

20 28

8 !— 1 Jan. 29th.

1845

18 20

_6 — 6 Dec. 20th.

1846

20 27

19 ! 0 Feb. 26th.

1847

—3

1426

2—3 Jan. 8th.

1848

—4

5 31

24 — 4 Jan. 10th.

1849

28 28

2+2 Dec. 31st.

1850

22 25

36
34

60
46

31
19

25
2

11 OFeb. 4lh.

Least.

—7

—17

-4 20

—6 —17

TABLE III.
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE OF EACH MONTH IN 16 YEARS, AT CINCINNATI.

Years.

Jan.

!f.;M.^A.

May.

June.

July.

Aug.

's.

Dec.

Whole Year.

1835

66o:5670 83

950 June 13th.

1836

i62 71 91

99 July 23d.

1837

,66 73 89

96 Juiv 15th.

1838

;5l:85 85

100

100 Au^. 9th.

1839

70,79 83

96 July 25th.

1840

175 75 91

96 July 16th.

1841

:5883 82

99 June 12th.

1842

69 85 90

95 June 22d.

1843

58 59 88

98 J'y 1st, 16th, 27th.

1844

70 72 89

94 July 6th, 14th.

1845

:70 77 93

95 July 21st.

1846

55 69 88

92 81

96 July 10th.

1847

60 72 86

89 83

92 July 18th.

1848

60 86 84

86 75

92 Aug. 14th. ■

1849

69 73 88

9174

92 J 'e 22, J'y 1.3, A. 5.

1850

|72 7r86

90 83

96 July 6th.

Gr'tst.

:72|86;93

100

1000

An examination of tables II and III, shows that the extreme range
of the thermometer at Cincinnati is 117°: and that the greatest
range in any one year is 100°.

METEOROLOGY.

That in 16 years the least temperature has occurred seven times in
February, six times in January, twice in December, and once in March.

That in tiie same period, the greatest temperature has occurred
eleven times in July, four times in June, and three times in August.
TABLE IV.

MONTHLY RANGE OF TEMPERATURE AT CINCINNATI IN 16 YJ

Years.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Deo. [Vi?h. Yr.

1835

630

730

690

62°

51 0

500

450

430

530

.530

7,30

540 1120

1836

106

18.37

1838

110

1839

1840

1841

106

1842

100

1843

1844

184.')

101

184G

1847

1848

1849

1850

Mean.

54 1

From this table, Mve discover that the months having the greatest
range of temperature, are February, March, and April ; and those
having the least range, are August, July, and June.

TABLE V.

GREATEST CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE WITHIN 24 HOURS, IN EACH

MONTH AT CINCINNATI, FOR 16 YEARS.

Years.

.Tan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

VVh. Yr.

1835

330

370

350

310

32o

30°

330

310

30°

28°

370

1836

1837

18.38

1839

1840

1841

1842

1843

1844

1845

1846

1847

1848

1849

1850

Mean.

METEOROLOGT.

The greatest changes, and those felt most sensibly, take place
from noon or afternoon of one day to sunrise next morning— the
thermometer falling.

The least changes generally occur in the summer and autumnal
months ; and the greatest in the winter and spring.

TABLE VI.

WIND

The following table contains the average course of the wind for
each month in the year, the wind or breeze denoted as being from
that one of the principal points to which its origin most nearly ap-
proaches.

Jan.

N. E.

s. E.

s. w.

N. W.

2.0

1.7

2.0

0.3

1.1

8.0

12.0

3.9

Feb.

1.5

1.6

1.8

0.6

1.4

6.1

9.6

5.6

March

,3.1

2.8

2.7

1.0

2.1

6.3

6.8

6.2

April

2.8

2.6

0.8

2.0

6.3

8.1

4.6

May

.3.5

.3.0

2.8

0.4

1.7

5.7

8.4

5.5

June

1.5

2.3

0.8

2.0

7.5

9.0

5.4

July

2.9

3.8

1.6

2.0

3.4

5.9

7.0

4.4

August

2.2

4.1

4.0

1.0

2.6

7.5

4.8

Septr.

2.5

3.4

2.8

0.5

1.6

7.8

5.4

6.0

October

2.5

3.0

1.1

6.6

1.6

6.8

9.4

6.0

Novem.

1.7

3.0

0.8

0.2

1.7

7.5

9.8

5.3

Decern.

1.6

2.0

2.6

0.5

7.8

10.5

4.7

27.8

32.7

27.1

8.7

22.5

83.2

100.8

62.4

From the above table it will be seen that westerly winds prevail
annually, on an average, about 246 days, or two-thirds of the year ;
that easterly winds prevail about 68 days, or less than one-fifth of
the year ; that the wind is from the north about 28 days, or one-
tenth of the year ; and from, the south, about 22 days, or one-six-
teenth of the year.

The above table is deduced from the observations of the 10 years*
ending with 1850, and is the result of about 7000 separate observa-
tions. It coincides very nearly with the result of the six years'
observations terminating: with 1840.

* Except in regard to July and August. I was occasionally absent from the
city during these months, and could not supply the course of the "wind from
the tables of other observers in the city, as I frequently did that of the tem-
peratures from the tables of my friend, John Lea, Esq.

METBOROLOGT.

TABLE VII.
AMOUNT OF RAIN AND MELTED SNOW AT CINCINNATI FOR 16 YEARS.

Year.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May.

June.

July.

Aug..

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Year.

IN.

IN-

I,\.

IN.

1835

3.82

1.75

1.86

3.37

7.57

7. .34

2.46

6..54

3.23

4.35

6.66

3.20

52.15

1836

2.97

4.34

4.18

4.54

9.01

2.14

7.42

5.54

4.77

3.71

4.41

4.36

57.39

1837

0.80

3.43

.3.70

2.00

3.79

4.38

3.83

5.91

3.14

4.16

2.52

5.05

42.71

1838

1.90

1.64

0.56

4.77

8.57

7.55

2.47

3.76

0.71

3.55

3.12

0.85

39.45

1839

4.56

2.75

2.69

2.38

4.46

1.96

2.97

0.56

3.24

0.13

2.20

1.72

30.62

1840

1.13

4.68

3.65

4.78

6.08

6.84

4.45

3.73

1.56

4.74

2.50

3.20

47.34

1841

5.55

0.82

2.34 |4.75

2.16

1.51

5.33

2.71

2.94

2.46

4.92

5.56

41.05

1842

2.75

6.09

3.02 I2.97

3.04

5.67

2.35 4.22

2.95

1.90

3.76

2.57

41.29

1843

3.51

3.54

2.97 |6.15

3.54

4.52

2.92 5.89

6.73

4.16

4.26

3.00

51.19

1844

3.10

1.04

4.50 3.13

7.00

6.16

3.50 13.65

1.26j4.32

3.18

1.10

43.65

1845

3.03

1.66

5.46 |1. 08

1.89

11.50

3.06 16.88

7.51 |2.03

1.68

0.60

46.38

1846

3.59

3.23

2.26

3.51

5.17

7.53

3.93 16.10

2.50 |2.19

4.26

9.25

53.52

1847

4.71

4.06

5.37

2.12

4.30

7.63

8.25 13.20

3.87 I9.57

3.95

8.15

65.18

1848

4.58

2.81

6.72

0..55

5.13

1.86

6.95 3.90

1.53 3.62

2.60

9.43

49.68

1849

6.48

2.04

4.70

3.65

.3.61

4.90

8.90 4.41

2.68 '3.86

2.42

5.32

52.97

1850

5.20

6.2S

6.62 4.27

1.86

5.00

6.30 7.20

2.22 1.05

2.54

6.22

54.76

Mean.

3.60

3.14

3.79 i3.38

4.82 i 5.41

4.69 14.64

3.18 I3.49

3.50

4.35

48.02

The above gives for the quantity of fluid in the four seasons, the
following- results : —

Winter Dec, Jan., Feb 11.09 inches.

Spring Mar., April, May 12.00 "

Summer June, July. Aug 14.74 "

Autumn Sept., Oct., Nov 10.17 "

This shows that summer is the wettest, and autumn the driest
season of the year.

A further inspection of the table, shows that the wettest month of
the year is June, and the driest September (taking into account that
it is two days longer than February).

The greatest quantity of rain in any month was 11.5 inches, in
June, 1845; the least quantity in any month was one-eighth of an
inch, in Oct., 1839.

The most marked drouth in the above period, was in 1850. From
September 18th to November 26th — 68 days, only 1.6 inches of
rain fell.

The greatest quantity of rain in any one year, was in 1 847 ; the
amount being 65.18 inches, which was about 17 inches above the
mean; the smallest quantity in any one j^ear was 30.62 inches,
which was about 17 inches less than the mean.

METEOROLOGY.

TABLE VIII.
DEPTH OF UNMELTED SJSOW AT CINCINNATI, FOR 11 WINTERS.

Winter.

Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

April.

Total.

IN.

18.39-40

0.0

7.0

6.3

0.0

13.3

1840- 1

1.0

10.4

8.0

2.0

3.0

0.0

24.4

1841- 2

].0

0.0

7.8

0.0

8.8

1842- 3

1.5

3.1

12.1

7.6

2.7

1.3

28.3

1843- 4

1.0

2.8

3.8

1.5

1.2

0.0

10.3

1844- 5

1.0

1.9

2.5

4.6

0.0

9.0

1845- 6

4.3

0.5

2.6

15.7

0.5

0.0

23.6

1846- 7

7.2

0.8

8.4

3.1

8.6

0.0

28.1

1847- 8

0.0

20.6

7.0

0.0

2.5

0.0

30.1

1848- U

1.5

4.0

1.0

7.4

0.0

13.9

1849-50

0.0

18.0

10.0

19.0

3.0

0.0

50.0

Mean.

1.7

6.3

5.6

6.2

2.0

0.1

21.8

This table sliqws that the amount of snow during the year, is a
very variable quantity, ranging from 9 to 50 inches. It also shows,
that frequently November and March, and sometimes both, are
without snow ; and that only once in ten years, has any snow fallen
in April.

WEATHER.

We have divided the days into three classes. Those that were
clear, or of Avhich the greater part was fair, are denominated clear
and fair days ; those partly clear, but of which the greater portion
was cloudy, are denomina,ted variable days; and those that were
nearly or entirely cloudy, are denominated cloudy days. The follow-
ing is the average number of days of each kind in a year, deduced
from the observations from 1840 to 1850, except that the average
number for July and August are deduced from the observations
alone of 1841,— 43,— 45,— 49, and 50.

Clear and fair days 146.3

Variable days 140.6

Cloudy days 78.3

This result is the same for the number of clear and fair days as
the average from 1835 to 1840.

The least number of clear and fair days in any one of the last
sixteen years was 107; this was in 1843, and the mean temperature
of this year was only 61° .1 ; or more than 2° below the annual
mean. In 1850 the number of cloudy days was onlv 62, and the

METEOROLOGY.

mean tempurature of this year was more than 1° above the annual
mean.

The following table contains the aA^erage number of days of each
kind of weather, for the several months of the year, according
to the preceding classification.

TABLE IX.

Clear and Fair Days.

January 10.7

February 10.0

March 10.8

April 12.4

May 1.3.0

June 11.9

July 14.6

August 12.8

September 15.9

October 14.7

November , 10.8

December 8.7

ible Days.
7.8

Cloudy Days

12.5

9.2

9.0

11.2

9.0

12.6

5.0

14 4

3.6

15 3

13 6

15 8

11.2

2.9

10.8

5.5

9.8

8.9

9.4

13.4

According to this table the greatest amount of clear and fair
weather occurs in June, July, August, September, and October ; and
the greatest number of cloudy days in December and January.

BAROMETER.

TABLE X

Year.

Mean height

Min. height

Max. height

Range.

Inches.

1835

29 .353

28.70

29.89

1.19

1836

29 .345

28.68

29.82

1.16

18.37

29 .291

28.54

29.81

1.27

1838

29.347

28.72

29.91

1.19

1839

29 .357

28.66

30.04

1.38

1840

29 .348

28.53

29.86

1.33

1841

29 .314

28.42

29.96

1.54

1842

29 .326

28.61

29.84

1.23

1843

29 .302

28.48

29.92

1.44

1844

29 .309

28.71

29.78

1.07

1845

29 .328

28.83

29.85

1.02

1846

29 .297

28.64

29.94

1.30

1847

29 .294

28.57

29.91

1.34

1F48

29 .291

28.47

29.86

1.39

1849

29.519

28.65

30.05

1.40

1850

29 .273

28.50

29.92

1.42

29.318

28.42

30.05

1.63

The above table contains the mean height, the minimum and
maximum height, and the range of the barometer at Woodward col-

METEOROLOGY.

lege, which is situated about 150 feet above low water of the Ohio,
and about 17 feet above the level of Lake Erie.

From the table it will also be seen, 1st. that the mean height in
any given year, differs but little from the annual mean height ; 2d.
that the range of the minimum height for different years is .41 of
an unit ; that the range of the maximum height for different years
is .27 of an inch; and 3d. that the extreme range is 1.63 inches.

The foUoAving table presents the mean height of the barometer for
each month, during the preceding period; also the minimum and
maximum heights that have occurred in each month, in the same
period.

TABLE XI.

Months.

Mean height.
Inches.

Min. height.
Inches.

Max. height.
Inches.

Mean height

for the Seasons.

Jan.

29.344

28.57

30.05

Feb.

29.312

28.50

30.01

Winter...

. . 29.335 inches.

Mar.

29.310

28.48

29.94

Apr.
May

29.2S9
29.243

28.42
28.59

29.76
29.63

Spring .. .

..29.281 '•'

June.
July.

29.271
29.329

28.84
28.91

29.59
29.61

Summer.

..29.316 «

Aug.

29.-348

29.05

29.62

Autumn..

. .29.-348 «

Sept.

29.341

28.73

29.72

Oct.

29.362

28.66

29.91

Nov.

29.342

28.61

30.04

Dec.

29.350

28.47

30.04

An examination of this table gives the following results: The
mean height of the barometer is the lowest in May, and the highest
in October; the former being .075 below, and the latter .044 above
the mean for the year; the range being .119. The minimum height
of the barometer occurs when the sun is north ; and the maximum
heio-ht when it is south of the equator. The month nearest to the
mean height, is July. Of the four seasons, autumn and Avinter are
above, and spring and summer below the mean height for the year.
Spring is the lowest, and autumn the highest of the whole ; the
difference between them being .067. The mean height for the
summer is nearly the same as the mean height for the year.

The barometric heights were corrected for capillarity and reduced
to the temperature of freezing water.

POPULATION CENSUS OF 1850.

II. PEPtSODJAL STATISTICS,

POPULATION-

CINCl
■WARDS. WHITE.

1 6411 . . .

2 8026 . . .

-CENSUS OF 1850.

NNATI.

COLORED.

.... 434

.... 187

.... 101

.... 563

. ... 161

.... 401

.... 178

.... 96

. ... 816

. ... 145

.... 90

3172

TON COUNTY,
.... 1

.... 6

.... 36

.... 107

.... 9

.... 1

.... 4

.... 20

.... 44

.... 63

.... 8

.... 34

TOTAL

. 6846
. 8213

3 7567 . . .

4 10 394 . . .

. 7668
. 10,957
. 5283
. 9630
. 9345
. 14,424
. 10,706
. 13,032

. 19,336

115,438

. . 3323

6 6122 . . .

6 9229 . . .

7 9167 . . .

8 14,328 . . .

9 .... 9889 . . .

10 12,887 . . .

■'H ... .19 246 . . .

12)

112,266

TOWNSHIPS. HAMIL
Fulton - - - 339.S . . .

SriPTippr . •

. . . 1655 . . .

. . 1656

. . . 2411 . . .

. . 2416

Anderson .
Mill creek .

. . 3014 . . .
. . 6180 . . .
. . 1666 . . .

. . 3060
. . 6287
. . 1675

. . 3947 . . .

. . 3961

Delhi

. . 1942 . . .

. . 1942

Sycamore . .

. . 3727 . . .
. . 1115 . . .

. . 3731
. . 1115

Colerain . .

. . 3105 . . .
. . 1613 . . .

. . 3125
. . 1557

Whitewater .

. . 1514 . . .

. . 2480 . . .

. . 1667
. . 2488

Springfield .

. . 3598 . . .

. . 3632

163,366

3494

156,850

POPULATION CENSUS OF 1850. 45

As the population of Cincinnati in 1840 was 46,338, the census
returns for 1850, manifest an increase, for the last ten years, of one
hundred and fifty per cent. The increase from 1830 to 1840, was
ninety per cent. Our city may therefore be ranked among those
cities of the United States, whose growth is not exhausting their
elements of progress. It would be doing injustice to the actual
increase in population of Cincinnati, to omit the fact, that the recent
national census was taken at a period when the cholera was raging
in the midst of us. Not only did we sustain a loss of 4832 deaths
on this score, but the population returns were farther reduced from
the still greater numbers put to flight by the approach and arrival
of that pestilence. For weeks every vehicle of conveyance was filled
with these fugitives, who, in most cases, did not return in time to
be included in the enumeration of inhabitants. There can be no
just reason to doubt, that but for these drawbacks, Cincinnati would
have yielded within its corporate limits alone, the population of
130,000 inhabitants, which it now comprehends, by including that
of its suburbs and immediate adjacencies.

The following comparative table will afi'ord a contrast of the pro-
gress in the population of Cincinnati, with that of other cities in the
Ohio and Mississippi valley.

CINCINNATI.

PITTSBURGH.

LOUISV.

NEW ORLEANS.

Census of 1800. .

750. .

. 1565 . .

, . 600.

. . 9650

1810. .

, . 2540. ,

. . 4768 . .

. . 1350.

. . 17,242

1820. .

. 9602. .

. 7243 . ,

. . 4012.

. . 27,176

1830. .

. 24,831. .

.21,412*. .

.10,306.

. . 46,310

1840. .

. 46,338. .

. .36,478*. .

, .21,214.

. .102,296

1850. .

.115,438. .

.67,871*. .

.43,277.

. .120,951

These successive census returns for Cincinnati, embrace its corpor-
ate limits merely. If we include Covington, Newport, Fulton, Storrs,
and other adjacencies, which may with as much propriety be reckoned
with Cincinnati, as suburbs and adjacent villages are included with
Philadelphia, our population will reach 150,000 souls.

At the same time, it must be observed, that Cincinnati derives less
from its immediate neighborhoods, on the score of population, propor-
tionally, than most other cities. While we have hardly more than
one-fourth of the population put down to Philadelphia, the number of
inhabitants within our corporate limits, is little less than that of

* Including Alleghany city.

NATIVITIES UNITED STATES.

those within that city; and, while the adjacencies included with Pitts-
burgh swell her population to 80,000, our inhabitants number one
hundred and fifty percent, more than hers, computing city limits alone.

The colored population, in 1826, amounted to 690 persons — the
white inhabitants being at that date, 15,540. They were, therefore,
as one in twenty-four of the entire population. In 1840, they had
so far increased as to form one in tAventy, or more exactly 2258, of the
46,382 persons returned in the census of Cincinnati of that period.
They are now 3172 in 115,438, or one in thirty-six of the population.
It is a significant fact, that in Columbus, the colored race form 1233
out of 17,867 inhabitants; or one in fourteen, although our city
must afford a greater variety, as well as a greater extent of employ-
ment congenial to the habits and qualifications of the race.

It will be found on comparing the population progress of Cincin-
nati with that of other places, for the last ten years, as exhibited by
a view of the census of 1840 and 1850, that there is no place of equal
or greater magnitude in the United States, whose ratio of increase has
been as large. Nor is there any whose absolute increase is so great,
except Philadelphia and New York cities, — the one concentrating
the most extensive mining and manufacturing operations in the
United States, and the other being the great receptacle of its foreign
commerce, as well as one of its most important manufacturing points.

NATIVITIES— UNITED STATES

Ohio 33,258

Pennsylvania 5005

New York 3331

Virginia 2370

Kentucky 2223

Maryland ....... 1663

New Jersey 1 546

Indiana 1256

Massachusetts 1166

Connecticut ...... 500

Louisiana 406

Vermont 316

Maine 255

Tennessee 251

Delaware 220

New Hampshire ... 217

Mississippi 201

North Carolina 178

Illinois 166

Rhode Island 147

District of Columbia ... 138

South Carolina 131

Georgia 128

Missouri 107

Michigan 97

Alabama 63

Arkansas 32

Iowa 28

Texas 10

Wisconsin 8

Florida 1

56,468

KATIVITIES FOREIGNERS.

NATIVITIES— FOREIGNERS.

Germany 30,628

Ireland 13,616

England

France

Scotland

Wales

Canada

Italy

Switzerland. . . .

Prussia

Holland

Poland

At Sea

Nova Scotia . . .
West Indies . . .

Sweden

Denmark

Belgium

Mexico

3690

820

771

444

338

171

154

130

Russia 12

Norway H

Spain 10

Isle of Jersey 7

" Man 6

Greece 5

Brazil 4

Africa 4

Portugal 3

ISTew Brunswick 2

China 2

Guatimala 2

Isle of Wight 2

" Guernsey

" France

Newfoundland

Turkey

Australia

51,17]

Unknown, principally natives of the United States. . . . 8799
The proportion of natives of the United States to foreigners, in
the respective wards of Cincinnati, may be thus stated ;

II.

III.

IV. V.

VI.

Foreigners .

. 2698 .

. 3058 .

. 3879

. . 4513 . . 1584

. 3383

Natives. . .

. 3804 .

. 4499

. 3294

. . 5840 . . 3313

. 5860

Unknown. .

. 343 .

. Q5Q

. 495

. . 604 . . 386

. 387

6845

8213

7668

10,957 5283

9630

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X. XL XII.

Total.

Foreigners .

. 3471 .

.4610.

.5504.

5569. ,12,935. .

.51,171

Natives . . .

. 5526 .

.9516.

.4571.

4875. . 4339. .

.55,468

Unknown . .

. 350.

. 298.

. 630.

2588. . 2069. .

. 8799

9345 14,424 10,705 13,032 19,336 115,438

The Irish constitute the largest share of foreigners in the First,
Third, Fourth, and Seventh Wards, as the Germans do in the Fifth,
Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Wards of the

48 NATIVITIES FOREIGNERS.

city. These two classes of foreigners are nearly balanced as respects
numbers, in the Second Ward. The residue of our foreign popula-
tion is, to a considerable extent, distributed equally throughout the
city. The central wards contain the larger proportions of native
population ; while, as a general rule, the Irish reside contiguous to
the river, and the Germans occupy our northern territory. These
last, to a great degree, own the property they occupy, and the high
price of ground in the active business regions, together with its pre-
occupation for other purposes than sites for dwellings, has concen-
trated them along the northern line of Cincinnati.

In 1841, the elements of population stood, by estimate : —

Americans 54 per cent.

Germans 28 "

Great Britain 16 "

Other foreigners 2 "

100

It will be seen that the present constituent proportions of the com-
munity, as determined by the recent census, correspond exactly to
the estimate of 1841.

The additions to the native column since 1840, by births here, do
not, therefore, more than counterbalance the foreign immigration
during the same space of time.

Although the nativities under the division "Unknown," if ascer-
tained, would render the number of natives of the United States
greater than that of foreigners, yet the proportion of these last to
the mass of population, is greater here than in any large city of the
United States, except Boston among the atlantic, and St. Louis of
the western cities.

To the industry of foreigners, Cincinnati is indebted in a great
degree, for its rapid growth. Their presence here has accelerated
the execution of our public improvements, and given an impulse to
our immense manufacturing operations, without which, they could
not have reached their present extent and importance.

OCCUPATIONS, TRADES, AND PUKSUITS.

OCCUPATIONS, TRADES, AND PURSUITS.

Agents 94

Apple-butter makers 3

A.rchitects 10

Artists 25

Artific. flowr. makers 4
Attorneys at law. . . 176

Auctioneers 19

Auditor 1

Author 1

Awning makers. ... 9

Astronomer 1

Bakers 421

Bandbox makers ... 2
Basket " ... 37

Barkeepers 189

Bedstead makers. . . 7
Bellows " ... 3

Barbers 227

Beef curers 4

Billiard-table keep-

Billiard-table maker. 1

Billposters 2

Bishop 1

Blacksmiths 713

Blacking makers ... 2
Blind " ... 17
Block " ... 3
Boardinghouse keep-
ers 127

Bonnet pressors. ... 5

Boatmen 950

Boat builders 4

Bookbinders 136

Bookfolder 1

Bookkeepers 90

Booksellers 43

Boot & shoe makers. 1569

Box makers 24

Brass founders 7

Brass finishers 4

Brewers 126

Boiler makers 69

Brush " 67

Brick •• 143

Britannia ware mer-
chants 8

Bricklayers & plas-
terers 809

Brokers and bankers. 61

Bristle dressers 7

Broom makers 1

Bucket " ..... 5

Builders.... 7

Butchers 672

Cabinet makers .... 485

Carpenters 2318

Carmen 17

Carters 54

Carders 8

Carriage drivers .... 42

Cap makers 15

Caulkers 8

Chandlers 82

CiUTiage makers. . . 51

Card maker 1

Carvers 23

Candy manufactur-
ers 7

Chair makers 303

" painters 4

Chocolate maker ... 1

Chemists 9

China manufacturers 2

City Ganger 1

" Criers.. . .

"■ Weigher .

" Marshal..,

Civil engineers ,

Cistern builders 6

Cigar makers 170

Circus riders 2

Clerks 1583

Club-room keepers. 3

Clergymen 97

Clothiers 22

Coopers 868

Coffee-house keepers 327

Coffee roasters 2

Copper smilhs 56

Collectors 27

Cooks 142

Confectioners 136

Coroner 1

Coke maker 1

Corkuiakers 2

Composition roofers. 14

Coach makers 95

painters 3

" trimmers ... 29

Constables ........ 16

Cellar diggers 20

Congressmen 2

Comb makers 8

Coal merchants.... 13

Contractors 3

Coffin makers 3

Clock " 10

Colporteurs 4

Cotton spinners. ... 12

Cutlers 13

Dairymen 5

Daguerreotypists 40

Dancing masters. . . 2

Dentists 32

Deputy marshal ... . 1

" auditor .... 1

sheriffs 7

Draughtsmen 6

Draymen 482

Druggists 153

Distillers 18

Dyers 19

Dress makers 23

Drovers 3

Editors 26

Edge tool makers . . 41

" , " grinders. 9

Engineers 240

Engravers 55

Engine builders 3

Express messengers. 2

Farmers 61

Feed store keepers. 8

Flour dealers 4

OCCUPATIONS, TRADES, AND PURSUITS.

Fruiterers 4

Pile cutters 8

Figure maker 1

Finishers 264

Farriers 7

Fishermen 2

Foundrymen 162

Furniture dealer 1

Fur dealer 1

Flouring millers... 2

Florists 2

Faucet makers 2

Ferryman 1

Fringe makers 6

Fortune tellers 2

Forgeman 1

Fumacemen 29

Gardeners 88

Gasfitters 8

Gas pipe makers. . . 2

Gas maker 1

Gilders 11

Gentlemen 11

Glass makers 2

" stainer 1

" cutter 1

" blo"W"ers 8

Glove makers 6

Glue " 3

Grate " 1

Grocers 533

Gangers and mea-
surers 8

Gold pen makers ... 2

Gold beaters 3

Goldsmiths 18

Gold hunter 1

Gunsmiths 21

Hackmen 3

Ham curers 12

Harness makers 22

Hat-box maker 1

Hair spinners 6

Hatters 184

Hostlers 26

Horse dealers 8

" shoer 1

Hucksters 53

Hotel keepers 79

House movers 2

Hod carrier 1

Hose & belt makers. 4

IXSPECTORS 8

Iron workers 3

Ironmonger 1

Ice dealers 4

• Ink makers 3

Iron founders 13

•■' rollers 12

" safe makers. .. 6

Jackscrew maker. . 1

Japaners 9

Judges 2

Jewelers 37

Laborers 7864

Loafer 1

Last makers 6

Linseed oil makers. 5

Lard " " 34

Lamp makers 3

Letter caiTiers 4

Locksmiths 110

Livery stable keepers 45
Lightning rod mak-
ers 3

Landlords 69

Leather dressers .... 8
Looking-glass frame

makers 4

Lumber merchants. 10

Lithographers 10

Lath maker 1

Holders 512

Merchants and tra-
ders 1550

Marble workers. ... 6

Machinists 255

Miniature painters. . 2

Millers 53

Milliners 8

Mill-stone makers. . 9
Mustard " . . 1
Mineral water mak-
ers 9

Magistrates 6

Mayor 1

Maltsters

Millwrights

Musicians . .

R'^

Matchmakers

Music dealers

Musical instrument

makers

Math, and astr. iust.

makers

Morocco dressers . . .

Museum keeper. . . .

Metal roofer

Mattress makers. . . .

Market-masters ....

Nurses

Nailers

Nail cutters

Nail makers

Naval oificers

Nine-pin alley keep-

ers

Newspaper publish-

Newspaper carriers.

Oilcloth makers. . .

Overseers

Organist

Organ builders

Opticians

Oil makers

Optical inst. maker.

Plumbers

Plaster Paris worker

Pattern makers ....

Paper "

Paper box makers. .

Paper bag "

Plane " ...

Plow " ...

Piano " ...

Pocket-book makers

Penny postmen....

Physicians

278

Printers

298

Painters & glaziers.

589

Peddlers

311

OCCUPATIONS, TRADES, AND PURSUITS.

Pilots 130

Paper hangers 45

Pavers 51

Porters 129

Publishers 6

Perfumers 4

Potters 37

Polishers 7

Portrait painters ... 11

Professors 11

" Languages 8

" Chemistry 2

" Math'ics. . 1

Pump makers 5

Pork packers 13

President Gas Co... 1

Produce dealers.... 10

Paper stainer 1

Pyrotechnist 1

Patent medicine ma-
kers 4

Pleasure garden

keepers 1

Picture frame maker 1

Press maker 1

Priests 25

Parlor grate maker. 1

Policemen 28

Rope makers 57

Recorder 1

Rectifier 1

Reporter 1

Rigger 1

Silver platers 4

Silversmiths 54

Soap and candle

makers 11

Scale makers 21

Sash " 12

Stove " 28

Starch " 10

Sa"w " 3

Spectacle makers. . . 1

Ship carpenters .... 22

Stereotypists 4

Surveyors 8

Stewards 83

Saddlers 176

Stone masons 42S

Stone cutters 229

Stone polishers 2

Stone molder 1

Stone quarriers . . . . 15

Students 162

Sextons 41

Servants 294

Street commissioners 2

Stocking makers. . . 5
Saddletree " ..7

Speculators 2

Stock makers 2

Saw millers 2

Slaters 2

Scissors grinders. . . 2

Saw filer 1

Scene painter 1

Stucco workers.... 2

Straw bonnet dealer. 1

Secretary Gas Co. . . 1

Steel plate printers. 2

Steamboat captains. 11
Superintend't water

works 2

Square makers 4

Secretary Ins. Co. . . 1

Stove dealer 1

Shopkeepers 35

Stencil cutter 1

Smelter 1

Surgeon 1

Sail maker 1

Sailors 4

Sugar refiners 2

Stage drivers 5

Surgical inst. makers 2

Salve maker 1

Spice & coflfee grind-
ers 6

Silk manufacturer. . 1

Sergeant-at-arms ... 2

Spirit gas makers . . 2

Spindle maker 1

Shoe blacks 6

Stamp cutters 2

Sheet ironworkers. 11

Tobacconists 219

Tailors 1676

Type founders 23

Tinners 197

Turners 143

Teachers 146

Teamsters 141

Tanners and cur-
riers 298

Trunk makers 49

Township trustees. 4
Theatre managers . . 3
Theatrical perform-
ers 42

Tiler 1

ToUgate keepers. . . 2

Telegraphers 7

Tin-plate workers. . 7

Thieves 42

Translators 2

Type case maker.. 1

Upholsterers 45

Undertakers 14

Umbrella makers ... 7

Varnishers 32

Varnish makers . 3

Vinegar " .... 4

Vermicelli " , . . . 2

Whitewashers 45

"Whip sawyer 1

"Wire workers 19

■Watchmen 23

"Watch makers 40

"Wagon " 93

Wig " 5

Whisky " 4

"Wood sawyers 22

" dealer 1

"Weavers 54

"Waiters 74

"Whitesmiths 3

White lead manuf 'rs . 6

Wheelwrights 14

Wool dressers 7

" picker I

Wagoners 29

Wharf masters 2

Wood type cutters . . 4

Wine manufacturers. 2

III. EDUCATION.

Public Iis^struction in the United States, is divided generally into
three kinds : that of Schools, — so called — that of Academies, or
more recently called High Schools ; and lastly, that of Colleges, or
when Professional Education is added. Universities. The objects
of these three classes of institutions is to convey three different kinds
or gradations of education, according to the time and means Avhich
the pupils or students have to spare. The Primary Schools, whether
public or private, simply teach the elements of knowledge, such as
reading, writing, grammar, arithmetic, and geography. The object
of Academies or High Schools, is to give some knowledge of higher
studies ; such as mathematics, history, or the classics. The object
of Colleges is to afford, what is termed, a thorough classical educa-
tion, being a course of instruction in the Sciences, the Classics, —
Philosophy, and Belles Lettres. To this course, is generally added
a supplementary one — in Law, Medicine, and Theology — open to
volunteer students for professional life. When a college has classes
in these subjects, it is termed a University ; an institution in which,
it is presumed, that instruction is given in all branches of human
knowledge. In addition to these means of instruction, there are in
all large cities, societies and rooms established for popular lectures,
or popular reading; such as Lyceums, Mechanics' Institutes, and
Mercantile Libraries. The means of education, whether pubhc or
private, are thus diffused in the United States, through all classes of
people ; and there are none, who cannot, if they choose, find access
to useful instruction, in almost any department of knowledge.

Before Cincinnati had attained half its present magnitude, and
before it had reached middle age in an individual, all these modes
of education had been established in the midst of its population, and
were in successful and prosperous operation. Her schools have been
visited by gentlemen of the highest intelligence, both in Europe
and America, and thought not inferior to the same class of institu-
tions in the most civihzed states. That the reader may understand
clearly the means and system of Education adopted in Cincinnati,

EDUCATION. 63

the following brief review of its Schools, Colleges, and Institutions
of education is given :

I. Primary Schools. — Of these, there are in Cincinnati, three
different kinds, viz.: 1. The Public or City Schools: 2. The Pa-
rochial, or Church Schools : and 3. The Private, or Individual
Schools.

The Public Schools of Cincinnati arose out of a (/enercd prindjAe,
adopted in the first legislation — not only for the State of Ohio ; but
for the north-western territory. In the ordinance of 1787 — for the
north-western territory — Article 3, of the compact between the
original States and the people and States in said territory ; it is
declared, that

" Eeligion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good
government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means
of education shall forever he encouraged.^'

This positive compact and injunction has been carried out practi-
cally, both in the legislation of Ohio, and of Congress. The
latter has reserved one thirty-sixth part of all the public lands for the
support of Education in the States in which the public lands lie ;
and to this munificent grant, has added endowments for numerous
universities, of which two, thus endowed, are in Ohio ; those of
Miami and Athens.

The system of Public Schools, thus founded in the original com-
pact of Government, and sustained by liberal grants of public pro-
perty, was carried into effect by the Legislature of Ohio, in 1824,
and established in Cincinnati, 1830-31. In these "colleges of the
PEOPLE,"* as they are termed, the children of the masses of the
people, of all conditions, are educated. There they acquire in the
short time most of them can spare for education, those simple ele-
ments of knowledge, which are most useful in common life. The
majority of children who enter these schools, probably acquire little
other knowledge than that of reading, writing, and arithmetic ;
but the instruction afforded by the schools is not confined to these
elementary branches. On the contrary, the studies of the elder and
higher classes exhibit ample proof, that a wide range of study and
acquisition is included in the scheme of Public Education. To this
may be added, that these Public Schools are literally free ; those

* Remarks of E. D. Mansfield; reported in the transactions of the College of
Teachers.
5

FUNDS ORGANIZATION.

attending them having all the advantages which the best course of
elementary instruction can confer, without price, charge, or special
tax.

To describe accurately, the system of Public Education in Cincin-
nati, we shall arrange the facts under the following heads, viz. :
Funds, Organization, Buildings, Teachers, Course of Study, Sta-
tistics.

I. OF FUNDS.

The Funds by which the Public Schools of Cincinnati are sus-
tained, are derived from two sources : first, the city's portion of the
State School Fund; and secondly, by a direct tax on the property of
tlie city in proportion to the wants of the schools. The State has
granted $200,000 per annum, heretofore, to the Public Schools — and
it is probable will increase that sum in future — in addition to the
tax, which the several school districts pay, or the other funds they
have. Cincinnati has her portion of this general fund ; then, she
taxes herself, to the additional amount required, for the support of
the schools. In the last few years, the city has paid seven-eighths
of the whole. Of the city school tax, about one-fourth or one-third, is
called the Building Fund, and is permanently appropriated to the
repair, furnishing, and erection of buildings. The total amount of
school revenue in Cincinnati, for the fiscal year 1848-9, was
$65,103 ; of which, $7204 was derived from the State School Fund.

II. ORGANIZATION.

The Public Schools of Cincinnati are managed and controlled by
three distinct sets of ofiicers, each of which has distinct duties, and
all of which result in a very simple and easily controlled system.
These are the Board of Trustees ; the Board of Examiners, and the
Corps of Teachers. These are entirely separate bodies, but are
harmonious and efficient in the school government of the great body
of youth committed to their care.

1. The Board of trustees are elected by the people at the annual
municipal elections, two for each ward, and have charge exclusively
of what may be termed the business arrangements of the schools.
Their duties are to make the necessary appropriations of money ;
to furnish, repair, and arrange the buildings ; to appoint teachers
and make rules for their government, with all such powers as are
incidental to the immediate government of the schools. 2. The
Board of Examiners are appointed by the city council, are seven in

BUILDINGS CORPS OF TEACHERS. 55

number, and their duties are to examine the teachers, in respect to
their quaUfications and their pupils, whenever it seems to them
proper. Without their certificate no teacher can be appointed. To
perform this duty with due regard to the various capacities of the
teachers, the Board of Examiners have divided their certificates into:
first, that he is qualified, as male 'principal ; second, that he is quali-
fied as male assistant ; third, that she is qualified a,s female principal ;
and, fourth, that she is qualified as female assistant. These classes
of certificates are a sufficient division for the different merits of those
who are examined, and are found in practice greatly to stimulate
the ambition of the teachers. The Board of Examiners have hereto-
fore exercised great discrimination in the performance of this part
of their duties, and none have received their first class certificate
who have not in fact been very superior teachers. 3. The corps of
teachers. — This body, one hundred and twenty-five, performs its
duties of instruction and government, under, and in conformity to
rules prescribed by the trustees ; so also the kinds and order of
books taught in the schools are prescribed by the trustees.

III. BUILDINGS.

The school buildings of the Public Schools are thirteen in num-
ber, constructed on a uniform plan, and conveniently arranged for
the objects in view. They are capable of accommodating — including
both day and night schools — full eight hundred pupils each. In
addition, there are two other buildings used for the purposes of
Public Instruction : one is used for the Central School, and the
other is the Orphan Asylum, where pupils are Under the care of
the Common School Instructors.

. ' ■. i • IV. CORPS OF TEACHERS.

The Public Teachers now number about one hundred and thirty-
eight, being more than double the number employed in 1840, and
thus indicating very clearly, the progress of the Public Schools, in
numbers and property. Each of the school districts, occupying a
School Building, has a Male Principal and a Female Principal, with
such number of assistants for each, as may be necessary to the pro-
per instruction of the pupils attending in that district. The number
of teachers in each district varies from seven to fifteen ; thus the 1st
district has ten Teachers, and the 10th district h^i?, fifteen.

A difference is made in the age, qualifications, and salary of

56 COURSE OF STUDIES.

teachers, in proportion to the age and standing of the classes they
are required to teach. For small children, young girls are fre-
quently employed ; while for the higher classes of boys, men of in-
telligence and reputation are required.

The QUALIFICATIONS of the Teachers are generally amply suffi-
cient for all the instructions they are required to give. The exami-
nation for a Male Principal, is, in spelling and definitions ; reading,
writing ; English grammar, including composition ; geography;
United States history; mental arithmetic, written arithmetic; natural
history, elements of natural philosophy; American history; elements
of algebra ; the Constitution of the United States ; the Constitution
of the State of Ohio ; the elements of geometry ; plane trigonometry,
mensuration, and surveying.

The examination in all these studies, beyond, and higher than
those of geography and English grammar, has been introduced
within the last ten years; illustrating the fact, that the schools have
advanced not merely in numbers, but in the standard of education.

V. THE COURSE OF STUDIES.

Some idea of the course of studies pursued in the Public Schools,
may be gathered from the subjects above enumerated, upon which
the principal teachers are examined. In fact, the schools contain
all varieties of mind, at all ages, between four and twenty-one years ;
and, therefore, require instruction from the very simplest elements,
up to the higher branches of science. It has never been intended
by the trustees of Public Schools in Cincinnati, to limit the amount
of knowledge to be acquired in the schools. As there are, however,
but few of the pupils who can spare the time required for a study
of general science, the trustees have provided for those who need
such studies, and are AvilUng to pursue them, a Central School, of
which we shall speak separately. The general course of studies,
as arranged by the Board of Trustees, is divided into nine sections,
adapted to the ages and standing of so many classes of scholars.

The Bible, without note or comment, is read in all the schools,
and by all classes capable of reading.

The Ninth, or lowest section, is taught the alphabet on cards, spell-
ing, and the primer.

The Eighth, the same, — First Reader and oral arithmetic.

The Seventh, — Second Reader ; outline geography ; mental arith-
metic.

STATISTICS. 57

The Sixth, — Second Reader ; oral defining ; oiitline geography,
and elements of drawing.

The Fifth, — Third Reader ; written arithmetic ; local geography ;
elements of drawing.

The Fourth, — The same ; geography of the Western Continent ;
penmanship.

The Third, — Fourth Reader ; arithmetic ; history ; geography ;
o-rammar ; music ; linear drawing.

The Second, — Arithmetic; algebra; grammar; geography, and
analysis of language.

The First, — Algebra ; grammar ; history ; composition ; decla-
mation ; music ; drau^ing.

It will be seen, from this course of studies in the Public Schools,
that without even entering the Central Schools, pupils who remain
a sufficient length of time, may acquire a very good common edu-
cation, practical and useful.

STATISTICS.

The folloAving figures Avill show what proportion of the youth of
Cincinnati are taught in Public Schools, and what proportion of
teachers are allowed them. They are taken from the 20th annual
report, published in 1850.

White youth enumerated, between 4 and 21 35,004

Colored youth 1069

^Number of pupils enrolled in the year 12,240

[N'umber in daily attendance 5557

Number of teachers 138

Number of pupils in daily attendance on each teacher. 40

In 1840, the number enrolled was 5121

" " in attendance, about 4000

" " of teachers 64

" "of pupils to a teacher 62

It seems that the number of teachers employed in proportion to
the pupils, is much increased ; so that, in fact, much better instruc-
tion is given. It is found that very few children are in the schools,
beyond twelve years of age ; but as that number is continually
changing, so that, for example, in the eight years in which those
who are under twelve, and above four, are passing beyond twelve,

bS COST OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS.

there are about ten or twelve thousand others passing into their
places, — it may fairly be presumed, that, at least, two-thirds of all
the youth of Cincinnati, — say 35,000 — within the school age, receive
some instruction in the Public Schools. If, to these, we add those
taught in parochial and private schools, it is probable, that at least,
nineteen-twentieths of the youth of Cincinnati receive some elemen-
tary education.

COST OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.

Total expenditure in the years 1848-9 $67,884

Average cost of each teacher 492

Average cost of each pupil 650

In the above, is included the expenses of buildings as well as
schools they being necessary to the school establishment.

I. CENTRAL SCHOOL.

Two or three years since, the trustees established a Central
School, for those youth who have time to pursue a higher course of
studies than can be afforded by the common schools. In this school,
mathematics, natural philosophy, astronomy, natural history ; the
ancient languages, the science of government, and moral science
are taught. In fine, it is a college of high order, and of very su-
perior instruction. The youth of the common schools have thus a
FREE COLLEGE, without cost, and open to all who possess talent and
merit. This institution has one great advantage over ordinary col-
leges ; for it receives only the best talent from the whole mass of
youth in the common schools.

We conclude this notice of the Public Schools, by stating the
general fact, that the Public Schools of Cincinnati now furnish as
good and complete a course of American education, as can be ob-
tained anywhere, except in the purely professional studies.

II. PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS.

The Catholic Schools are the only ones which are strictly paro-
chial, although there are schools under the special care of the Metho-
dists, and perhaps of other denominations. The following are the
statistics of the Catholic Parochial Schools, as stated on the author-
ity of this society.

The number of children attending the Cathohc Parochial Schools,
is 4494, as appears by the following list : —

ACADEMIES AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS. 50

1. St. Aloysius Orphan Asylum 100

2. St. Peter's Orphan Asylum 162

3. Schools of the Nuns of Notre Dame 647

4. Schools of the Jesuits 600

5. Cathedral School » 400

6. Christ School, Fulton 60

7. St. Philomena's School 300

8. Holy Trinity School 310

9. St. Michael's School 75

10. St. Joseph's School 275

11. St Mary's School 500

12. St. Paul's School 275

13. St. John's School 790

4494

All these children are taught by 48 teachers, giving thus 93 2-3
children to each teacher, and the entire annual cost of these schools
is $13,000.

III. ACADEMIES AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS.

Schools of this class are all private, except the Central, described
above. Of these, there are a great number and variety. The fol-
lowing are a few of the most conspicuous.

I. — The Catholic High Schools :

1. Young Ladies' Literary Institute and Boarding -School,
Sixth Street. This school is under the charge of the Sisters of Notre
Dame, and its pupils are enumerated in the Catholic Schools
above. (3)

2. — Ursuline Academy, Cincinnati.

The boys' Catholic Schools are included, either in St. Xavier Col-
lege, or the Parochial Schools.

IL — Private Academies.

Wesleyan Female College, Vine street: —

Teachers 15

College department 77 pupils.

Preparatory and primary 360 "

This institution is, in regard to both numbers and course of in-
struction, of a high grade of American female education.

COLLEGES.

CiNCiisTNATi Female Seminary:

Teachers 5

Pupils 100

This also is an institution of high rank.

Herron's Seminary for Boys :

Teachers 11

Pupils 242

St. John's College. — Dr. Colton. — This institution is chartered
as a college, but has not, we believe, yet formed college classes. It
has a large number of pupils in course of classical education.

Lyman Harding's Seminary for Girls.

Mrs. Lhoyd's " "

E. S. Brooks' Classical School for Boys.

R. & H. H. Young's

The whole number of Private Academies and Schools in Cincin-
nati, probably amount to Jlftj/, and number at least, two thousand
Jive hundred pupils.

IV. colleges.
There are in Cincinnati, three colleges, properly so called :

1. The Cincinnati College. — This is the oldest collegiate insti-
tution in the city ; but its instructions are now entirely suspended,
except the Law School. It was twice in academic operation for
many years, but has been twice suspended, and its fine building is
now occupied only for mercantile and municipal purposes. The
Young Men's Mercantile Library Association occupy rooms in one
part ; the Chamber of Commerce in another, and the City Council
in another. As the property of the institution is quite large, it is
supposed that it will, before many years, be applied to its legitimate
purposes.

2. Woodward College. — This institution was founded by the
liberal bequest of the late William Woodward. It is amply en-
dowed, and gives instruction in a regular course of college studies.
The catalogue enumerates :

Teachers S

Pupils 161

3. St. Xavier College. — This is a regular college, vinder the
charge of the Roman Catholics. It has a large and valuable hbrary
and ample buildings and accommodations.

MEDICAL COLLEGES THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS. 61

V. MEDICAL COLLEGES,

f There are in Cincinnati, four Medical Colleges, corresponding to
four different kinds of medical education. There are :

1. Ohio Medical College.

2. Eclectic Medical College.

3. Physo-Medical College.

4. College of Dental Surgery.

The first is the school of the regular medical practitioners. The
second is that of what is called the Eclectic School of Medicine. The
third is that of the Botanic School ; and the fourth is a College for
the instruction of those who intend practicing Dentistry. The whole
number of medical students in the city during the winter is probably
four hundred and fifty.

VI. LAW SCHOOL.

There is but one Law School in the city ; the Law department of
Cincinnati College, and generally numbers about thirtij students.
There are, however, many more law students in private offices, pre-
paring for the practice of the Law.

VII. MERCANTILE SCHOOLS.

Not to refer to a number of schools here, some in high repute, in
which penmanship is made a preparatory exercise for mercantile
employment, there are several schools, three of which are incorpor-
ated mercantile colleges, in which book-keeping in all its various
branches, is systematically taught, together with mercantile law,
or so much of the law as ordinarily bears upon commercial pursuits:
not less than 260 pupils are at an average receiving education in
this line.

VIII. THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS.

There are five regularly established Theological Schools. These
are : ♦

\. Lane Seminary (Presbyterian, New).

2. Presbyterian Theological Seminary (Old).

3. Seminary of St. Francis Xavier (Catholic).

4. Roman Catholic Theological Seminary.
6. Baptist Theological Seminary.

Neither of the last three have formed classes yet ; but all have

GENERAL VIEW OF EDUCATION IN CINCINNATI.

secured a large amount of property, which places them on a secure
foundation. The whole number of Theological students (Presby-
terian and Catholic), now in the city, probably does not exceed
sixty.

IX. GENERAL VIEW OF EDUCATION IN CINCINNATI.

The previous review of various kinds of institutions for education
in this city, exhibits the general fact, that Cincinnati is provided
with the means of education in all the branches of human knowledge.
If the circle of instruction were confined to the Pubhc Schools alone,
ascending from the Primary classes to those of the Central School,
it is found to embrace nearly all the substantial and useful parts of
a public education. If we go beyond these, to the numerous Aca-
demies and Colleges, we find the whole round of science, of lan-
guages, of history, and many of the accomplishments taught b}^ com-
petent and enlightened instructors. Indeed, we do not know that
even the oldest, and richest cities of our country afford, in their
schools of education, a wider range of knowledge, although the con-
veniences, libraries, and number of teachers are greater.

The following table of the results furnished above, will exhibit a
general view of the number of institutions, teachers, and pupils in
Cincinnati :

Public Schools * . .
Parochial Schools .
Private Schools . •

Colleges

Medical Colleges. .
Mercantile Colleges
Law School ....
Theological Schools
Colored Schools f .

Totals

SCHOOLS.

. 19 .

. 4
. 4

1
, 5

3
102

138
48

100
15
20
12

9
357

12,240

4494

2500

403

450

250

360

20,737

This table exhibits the fact, that there are twenty thousand youth,
of different ages, instructed annually in more or less branches of

* The whole number enrolled during a year, are liere enumerated ; for all who
are enrolled, have received more or less instruction.

t The Colored Schools are separated from tlae others. The total number of
colored youth returned, is 1069; between the ages of 4 and 21.

FAIRMOUNT THEOLOGICAL SEMINARr. 63

useful knowledge in this city. This is about one-half of all who are
of suitable age for education ; and when we take into view, that
this period contains sixteen years, can we doubt, that in one form
or other, nearly all the yoiith of the city are brought within the
aids of education.

FAIRMOUNT THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.

The Fairmount Theological Seminary was established by, and
will be under the control of, the Western Baptist Education Society;
a society organized by a Baptist convention, held in Cincinnati, Nov.
1834, and incorporated by the Ohio Legislature, March 1835. Its
aims were to embrace within the sphere of its operations and in-
fluence the whole Mississippi Valley, and to increase the number,
and to improve the qualifications of the Christian ministry. Its
object, as declared by the constitution, was "the education of those
who give evidence to the churches of which they are members,
that God designed them for the ministry;" and its first effort, to
provide an institution for this purpose, resulted in the establishment
of what is now the Western Baptist Theological Institute, located in
Covington, Ky. The assximption of the exclusive control of the
institute by Kentucky, in 1848, and the insuperable difficulties that
appeared to forbid the hope of the co-operation of the north-west and
the south-west, in an enterprise of this character, together with the
large extent of country and the numerous body of churches that
would otherwise be unprovided for, determined the society at its
annual meeting, June 1848, to enter upon measures preliminary to
the establishment of a new seminary for the north-western States.
Early in the ensuing year, an off'er was made to the society by the
Fairmount Land Company, on certain conditions, of thirty acres of
land, estimated to be worth $35,000, as the site, and for the use of
the proposed seminary. A large convention of delegates and indi-
viduals, chiefly from Ohio and Indiana, held in Cincinnati, Oct.
1849, recommended the establishment of the seminary on the offered
site at Fairmount, and the raising by voluntary subscriptions and
donations, in addition to the thirty acres of land granted by the said
company, of the sum of $50,000, as an endowment, and for the pur-
pose of erecting suitable buildings. The society is now engaged in
carrying their propositions into effect.

The site is on the principal elevation of Fairmount, about a quar-
ter of a mile west of the point at which the northern boundary of

LANE SEMINARY.

the city intersects Mill creek, and nearly two miles north-west of the
Cincinnati coixrt-house. It is a spot of great natural beauty, com-
manding- a full A'iew of the Mill creek valley, from the Ohio river to
Cumminsville ; of the entire city of Cincinnati, as it spreads out to-
ward the south-east ; and of the elevated lands environing the city
for many miles around. The principal seminary edifice, now (May
1851), in process of erection, is of brick, 112 feet in length; 50 feet
in breadth, and four stories high above the basement. It will con-
tain a chapel, library, lecture-rooms, dormitories, rooms for study,
&c. This seminary, called into being by the voice, and relying, as
it does, on the combined strength of the Baptist denomination in
Ohio, Indiana, and adjoining States in the north-west, cannot fail of
eminent success.

LANE SEMINARY.

This is a Theological institution, connected by its charter with the
Presbyterian Church, and since the division of that church in 1838,
under the patronage of that branch of it known as the New School.
It is well endowed, having beside its buildings and library, which
cost about $50,000, a considerable permanent fund safely invested,
and one hundred and eleven acres of land adjoining the city, sixty
acres of which were donated by Rev. James Kemper and sons.

The buildings are a seminary edifice, four stories high ; one hun-
dred feet in length, and containing eighty-four rooms for students :
a boarding-house ; a chapel, seventy -five feet by fifty-five, con-
taining a room for public worship, fifty-five feet by fifty ; a library
room, capable of receiving thirty thousand volumes ; three lecture
rooms, and a reading-room. The name was given in honor of
Ebenezer Lane, Esq., of Oxford, who, with his brother Andrew,
made the first considerable donation in money. The institution
went into operation in 1 833. Nearly four hundred students have
been connected with it, most of whom are in the ministry, of different
denominations, throughout the United States and in foreign lands. The
privileges of the institution are open to all members of Christian
Churches, who have pursued studies equivalent to the common col-
lege course, and desire to prepare to preach the Gospel. The course
of study occupies three years, having but one term in each year,
which opens on the third Wednesday of September, and closes at the
anniversary, which is on the second Tuesday of June.

Library and Reading Roc»n. — The library contains ten thousand
volumes, carefully selected. It is the intention of the Board to

LANE SEMINARY. 65

appropriate five hundred dollars per annum for its increase. The
reading room furnishes for the use of the students, the leading liter-
ary and theological periodicals of this and foreign lands, and about
twenty newspapers.

Expenses. — There is no charge for tuition. The annual term bill
for room rent, use of the library, and incidental expenses is ten
dollars; board, $1.25 per week.

BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

Nathaniel Weight, Esq President.

John H. Groesbeck, Esq \st Vice President.

Henry Stare, Esq 2d do. do.

Robert Boal, Esq M do. do.

Ret. Samuel "W. Fisher Corresponding Secretary.

Ret. Thornton A. Mills Recording Secretary.

Gabriel Tichenor, Esq Treasurer.

Ret. Benjamin Grates Reading, O.

Robert Wallace CoTington, Ky.

William Schillinger Cincinnati.

John Bakee "

Augustus Moore "

John Melindy "

Daniel Corwin "

EzEKiEL Ross "

Rev T. J. Biggs, D.D

Henry Van Bergen "

Ed-ward D. Mansfield, Esq "

Ret. John H. Hall, D. D Dayton.

Ret. Hartey Curtis Chicago, Illinois

Ret. Henry L. Hitchcock Columbus, O.

' ' ' '• ' ■ ■ ■ ■ • FACULTY. - '

Ret. Lyman Beechee, D. D., President, and Emeritus Professor of Theology

Ret. D. H. Allen, D. D., Professor of Theology.

Rev. George E. Day, A. M., Professor of Biblical Literature, and Lecturer
on Church History.

Ret. J. B. Condit, D. D., Professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Pastoral Theo-
logy, and Lecturer on Church Polity.

D. H. Allen, Superintendent, Cincinnati.

CINCINNATI THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, OLD SCHOOL PRESBYTERIAN.

This Seminary was organized, May 1850, by the appointment as
Professor of Church Polity and Ecclesiastical History, of James
Hoge, D.D. ; and as Professor of Didactic and Polemic Theology,,
of N. L. Rice, D. D.

66 SCHOOLS COLLEGES.

It is designed to afford students in Theology, who are preparing
for the Christian ministry in the west, a sound and practical edu-
cation in the largest sense. It has had twelve students during the
session of 1850-51, and Avill doubtless receive large accessions as
soon as its operations become familiarly known to the churches which
it represents.

A third Professor — that of Oriental and Biblical Literature, and
an assistant Teacher of the Greek and Hebrew languages, will, it
is expected, be added to the seminary at the ensuing session.

The students have access, free of expense, to the extensive and
valuable library and reading-rooms of the Young Men's Mercantile
Library Association.

The session opens annually on the first Monday of September.

If the progress of this institution shall correspond with its com-
mencement, it will become one of the most flourishing in the U. S.

One feature peculiar to this theological seminary is novel, no
buildings being contemplated to be erected, either as lodging-rooms
to the students, or lecture-rooms for the professors. The professors
who all hold pastoral charges, will lecture and hear recitations in
their own church lecture-rooms ; and the students will be boarded
in the community at large.

This will enable them to acquire that knowledge of human nature
which is one great requisite to their future usefulness, and still
preserve them within the pure safeguards and salutary restraints of
the family circle.

St. Xavier Seminary is an edifice recently erected upon the hill
west of Cincinnati, and commands one of the best views of the city.
The edifice is completed, but the classes of students have not been
organized as yet.

Law School :

The Law School of the Cincinnati College was founded in 1833
by John C. Wright, Edward King, and Timothy Walker. In 1835,
it was made a department of the college. The number of students
each year, has ranged from 17 to 34. The present faculty consists
of Charles P. James, late Judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati;
M. H. Tilden, late President Judge of the 13th Judicial Circuit of
Ohio, and M. E. Curwen of the Cincinnati Bar. The course em-
braces a period of eight months ; from the 23d of September to the
1st of June. A certificate from the institution, entitles the holder
to admission to the bar in Ohio, without the usual examination.

COLLEGES ACADEMIES. 67

Students can have access, for the purpose of reference, to several
thousand vohimes of law books, sufficient for all practical purposes,
free of charge.

Cincinnati Mercantile College, south-east corner of Walnut
and Fifth Streets ; R. S. Bacon, Principal.

This is an academy chartered by the Ohio Legislature in 1851, in
which the pupils are taught book-keeping, penmanship, the prin-
ciples of commercial law, and are thus prepared to engage as account-
ants, in mercantile or general business.

The system under which these students are instructed, is both
analytic and synthetic. It is the taking in pieces, as a study, a com-
plicated but exact machine, to contemplate and learn the relations
of the several parts to each other, and to the entire machine, and
the putting it together to make it operate accurately, and without
impediment.

This school enrolls 130 pupils. E. F. Burk, T. T. Ingalls,
Assistants ; H. Snow, lecturer on Commercial Law.

St. Xavier College — Sycamore, between Fifth and Sixth Streets.

This is an incorporated institution, belonging to the Roman
Catholics, with extensive library, museum, and philosophical and
chemical apparatus.

There are from fifteen to twenty teachers engaged in the instruc-
tion of two hundred and forty-two scholars ; of these scholars, one
hundred and four are boarders, principally from distant places. The
officers and teachers of the college are : —

TRUSTEES.

Most Rev. Dr. Purcell President.

Rev. J. De Blieck Vice President.

J. D. Johnston Secretary.

Rev. F. Santois Treasurer

" E. Purcell.

" D. Kenny.

" C. H. Deiscol.

FACULTY.

Rev. J. De Blieck, President ; Professor of Natural Law and Spanish Litera-
ture.

Rev. Xav. "Whippern, Vice President ; Prefect of Studies, and Professor of
Mental and Moral Philosophy.

Rev. J. AsHWANDEN, Profcssor of Hebrew and Sacred Scripture.

F. P. Garesche, Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy.

08 COLLEGES.

J. D. Johnston, Professor ot Rhetoric and Belles Lettres

J. E. Keller, Professor of Ancient Languages.

B. Masselis, Professor of Frencli Literature.

H. Schmidt, Professor of German Literature.

F. BouDREAu, Professor of Chemistry.

Rev. J. De Leeuw, Chaplain.

ASSISTANT PROFESSORS.

Joseph Caredda ; F. Stuntebeck ; D. Shepperd ; L. Heylen ; J. M'Mahon.
Wesleyan Female College, Vine, bet. Sixth and Seventh Streets.
This institution has been in successful operation more than eight
years past. The fact that it has 437 pupils, in a city so well sup-
plied with public schools as this, is testimony to its merits, that ren-
ders any other notice superfluous.

The officers and trustees of the college are : —
BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

Rev. Bishop T. A. Morris, D. D President of the Board.

John Reeves, Esq First Vice President.

Rev. "William Herr Second "

Eden B. Reeder Treasurer.

William Wood Secretanj.

Wm. Wood, John Dubois,

John Whetstone, Henet Price,

John Elstner, Joseph Herron,

Harvey De Camp, Richard Ashcraft,

Hon. Henry E. Spencer, Burton Hazen,

William Woodruff, John W. Dunham, M. D.,

Moses Brooks, Rev. J. A. Reeder,

Rev. J. P. Kilbreth, Thomas Fox,

Rev. B. P. Aydelott, D. D., . James T. Williams,

John Horton, Abram Inglis,

John F. Forbus, George Allen.

BOARD OF INSTRUCTION.
Rev. P. B. WiLBER, M. A., President and Professor of Mental Science.
Mrs. Mary C. Wilber, Governess and Teacher of Physiology.
Rev. John Miley, M. A. Professor of Ancient Languages and Moral Science.
Edward S. Lippitt, A. B., Professor of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
and Teacher of Linear and Perspective Drawing and Painting.

Misses Mary A. De Forrest; Emilie K. Tompkins; Charlotte Davis;
Electa V. Mitchell ; Rachel L. Bodley ; Amanda A. Hodgman ; Susan C.
Conner, Teachers of Classes.
James W. Bowers, Professor of Penmanship.
H. Augustus Pond, Professor of Vocal and Instrumental Music.
Edward Thomas, Professor of the Guitar.

Miss Louisa Fingland, Instructress in Vocal and Instrumental Music.
" Cornelia E. Doisy, Instructress in French.
" Charlotte Cadwell, Instructress in Germa*

colleges seminaries. 69

Woodward College and High School : —

BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

Samuel Lewis, Esq President.

W. Y. Gholson, Esq Secretary.

Oliver Lotell.
Elam p. Laxgdox.
Daniel Vanmatre, Esq.

Dk. Joseph Ray Treasurer.

FACULTY.
Rev. Thomas J. Biggs, D. D., President, and Professor of Intellectual and
Moral Science and Greek Literature.

Joseph Ray, M. D., Professor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and
Chemistry.

Charles E. Matthews, A. M., Adjunct Professor of Mathematics.
"William G. W. Lewis, A. M., Adjunct Professor of Languages.
D. MoLONY, A. M., Professor of Modern Languages.

Secretary of the Faculty Charles E. Matthews.

The Classes in the course of study in the Preparatory Depart-
ment, are divided among the Adjunct Professors of Mathematics
and Languages and the Professor of Modern Languages.

Herron's Seminary, on Seventh Street, between Walnut and Vine
Street has been in existence for several years, with increasing repu-
tation and widening influence. It has a suitable and extensive
library ; philosophical and chemical apparatus ; a cabinet and various
other illustrative aids for lecturing and teaching.

The Teachers are : —

Joseph Herron, Principal ; Instructor in Mathematics, Natural Philosophy,
Physiology, Anatomy, Rhetoric, Elocution, and Moral Science.

Rev. Charles Aiken, A. M., Professor of Latin and Greek Languages, and
Natural Science.

Rev. Charles C. Smith, PH. D., Pi'ofessor of Modern Languages.

Miss Lucy E. Herron, Assistant.
" Elizabeth Jones, "

John H. Smith, Assistant Pupil.

Charles J. Shepard, Instructor in Book-keeping and Penmanship.

C. Aiken, Professor of Vocal Music.

Joseph Tosso, Professor of Instrumental Music.

Frederick Eckstein, Professor of Drawing and Painting.

Edward S. Lippett, A. B., Lecturer on Chemistry.

The number of pupils is 242. This school has always enjoyed a
high character.
6

70 SEMINARIES.

Cincinnati Female Seminary — M. Coxe and J. C. Zaclios,
Princi^oals.

This institution was established in this city, in the spring of
1843, by Miss M. Coxe. It steadily increased in strength and num-
bers until, in 1850, it had one hundred and twenty pupils, and ten
teachers in employment.

This institution has maintained, ever since it commenced, a higher
tone and more liberal scope in its range of study and mental disci-
pline, than most others. The methods of instruction are chiefly oral,
making use of text-books as auxiliaries to an elaborate and well
digested system of lectures. Of these, as well as of their text-books,
the pupils take notes, and reproduce subjects from time to time in
extempore lectures or elaborate compositions. The pupil is required
to study, pen in hand, all the time, and thus exhibit tangible evi-
dence of progress.

In this system appropriate facilities are afforded for all characters
and capacities. It encourages the timid, stimulates the indolent,
and gives full scope to the strong and willing in the same class, and
at the same time. It repudiates the common-place routine, with its
feeble results, which prevails in ordinary schools, and infuses a new
spirit into both teacher and pupils.

The grand principle which pervades this mode of education, is,
that the pupils are not so much learning a lesson, as mastering a
subject.

R. & H. H. Young's Academy-.

This is a High School in a very flourishing condition, Avhich is
kept on Plum, between Seventh and Eighth Streets, on the second
and third floors of a building erected for the purpose, and of rare
adaptation to its objects, as regards ventilation and light. It num-
bers sixty pupils.

The range of studies in this academy is comprehensive, embracing
ancient and modern languages, mathematics, and the more import-
ant of the English branches. The Bible is a text-book in daily use,
and its precepts and truths are inculcated as the only system of
sound morals.

DWELLING-HOUSES AND STORES. 71

IV. SOCIAL STATISTICS.

DWELLING-HOUSES AND STORES.
The first recorded enumeration of the buildings of Cincinnati, wa?
made in July, 1816, -when they were found to number 1070: of
stone, 20; of wood, 800; and of brick, 250. Of these, 660 were
tenanted by families ; 410 public buildings, shops, warehouses, and
offices, making up the residue.

In March, 1819, the dwellings and warehouses of the city were
again numbered, and found to be :

Of brick and stone, two, three, and four stories 387

Do. do. one story 45

Of wood, tvfo or more stories 615

Do. one story 843

1890

Of these were dwelling-houses 1003

Shops, warehouses, and public buildings 887

The next enumeration of houses was made by Messrs. Drake and
Mansfield, for their publication, " Cincinnati in 1826," toward the
close of that year, when there were found 18 stone, 936 brick, and
1541 frame buildings. Of these, 650 were one story, 1682 two
stories, and 163 three and four stories in height; making an aggre-
gate of 2495 tenements, being all places of abode or business. In
all these statements, every description of out-building is excluded,
and no additions to houses previously erected are taken into ac-
count.

The following list, transcribed from official reports, furnishes the
buildings of 1827 and 1828 :

Brick, of one story 8

" two stories 131

" three do 77

" four do 1-217

Frame, of one story , . . . 29

" two stories 250-279

496

DWELLING-HOUSES AND STORES.

From this period, the enumeration of buildings was taken annu-
ally, with the following results :

1829
1830
1831

1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839

270

1840

205

1841

250

1842

300

1843

321

1844

300

1845

340

1846

365

1847

305

1848

334

1849

394

1850

Prior to 1827
1827 and 182

. 406

. 462

. 537

. 621

. 735

. 853

. 980

. 1140

. 1305

. 1454

. 1418

13,295

2495

496

Total buildings in 1850, 16,286
which are distributed among the different wards, as follows : —

I,. . . .

. . 690 .. .

. . 486

II, . . .

. . 1142 . . .

. . 160

III,. . .

. . 858 .. .

. . 489

IV,. . .

. . 771 .. .

. . 410

V, . . .

. . 602 .. .

. . 114

VI,. . .

. . 985 .. .

. . 729

VII, . .

. . 790 .. .

. . 645

VIII,. .

. . 1056 . . .

. . 1024

IX,. . .

. . 883 ., .

. . 763

X, . . .

. . 685 .. .

. . 683

XI,. . .

. . 419 .. .

. . 562

XII, . .

. . 479 .. .

. . 821

9360

6886

1 .

3 .

4 .

1 .

3 .

2 .

4 .

2 .

3 .
17 .

TOTAL.

. 1176
. 1303
. 1347
. 1184
. 720
. 1715
. 1438
. 2082
. 1650
. 1370
. 984
. 1317

16,286

Of the buildings put up in 1850, 939 Avere of brick; 5 of stone,
and 464 were frames.

Of these last, only 50 were put up in the central wards.

The following table points out at a glance our progress in
buildings.

DWELLING-HOUSES AND STORES. 73

Dwellings, shops, public buildings, warehouses, and offices in

1815 1819 1826 1832 1838 1844 1850

1070 1890 2495 4016 5981 9136 16,286

This statement shows that Cincinnati has been increasing for the
past twenty-live years, at an average rate, which doubles its build-
ings every nine years. At the same time, the private dwellings and
public buildings, in value, convenience, and style of finish, and the
■warehouses in the space they occupy in the ground, as well as in
their increased number of stories, if we survey those erected during
the last five years, surpass their predecessors in a far greater
ratio.

The buildings constructed in New York during the last ten years,
are officially stated at 16,409. Those of Cincinnati, for the same
period of time, number 9505. In vieAv of the relative population of
these cities, the progress of improvement in Cincinnati, is three
times that of the great atlantic metropolis.

It may be also remarked, that, though there appears a slight fall-
ing off in the buildings of 1850, from those of 1849, there have been
ten percent, more bricks laid here in 1850, than in 1849; and
nearly twenty per cent, more than in any year previous. This is
owing to the greater number of churches, extensive warehouses and
business offices on a large scale, which have entered into the erec-
tions of 1850.

It is worthy of notice, also, that while in 1815 the brick buildings
were but 22 per cent, of the whole, they now form three -fifths, or
60 per cent, of all the buildings in Cincinnati.

There is no city in the world of equal or greater size to ours, in
which so large a share of the community are property holders.

The number of individuals, in Cincinnati, who own the houses they
occupy, is 5360, who, therefore, constitute more than one-third of
the voters. This important fact, is at once the cause and the con-
sequence of the progress and prosperity of Cincinnati.

The hope and prospect of securing a permanent home, is a most
important stimulus to industry and frugality, as its possession is to
the maintenance of family happiness and the culture of public spirit,
and the tendency here is constantly to the division, rather than to
the accumulation of city estates.

74 PERIODICALS.

PERIODICALS.

1. Cincinnati Gazette and Liberty Hall — daily, tri-weekly, and
■weekly. Proprietors and publishers, Wright, Ferris, & Co. Edi-
tors, J. C. Wright, L. C. Turner, and C. J. Wright.

2. Chronicle and Atlas — daily and weekly. Foster & Corwine,
publishers and proprietors.

3. Enquirer — daily and weekly. Faran & Robinson, editors,
publishers, and proprietors.

4. Times — daily and weekly. Calvin W. Starbuck, proprietor
and publisher; James D. Taylor, editor.

5. Commercial — daily and weekly. J. W. S. Browne & Co.,
publishers; L. G. Curtiss, editor.

6. Nonpareil — daily and weekly. C. S. Abbott, editor; Abbott
& Co., proprietors, printers, and publishers.

7. Volksblatt — daily and weekly. S. Molitor, publisher, proprie-
tor, and editor.

8. Republikaner — daily and weekly. Schmidt & Storch, pro-
prietors and publishers ; Emil Klauprech, editor.

9. Volksfreund — daily. Jos. A. Hemann, publisher and editor;
Wright, Ferris, & Co., printers.

10. Democratische Tageblatt — daily and weekly. Henry Roedter,
editor and publisher.

These are all dailies, tri-weeklies, and weekly reissues of dailies,
in folio, devoted to politics and the publication of current news.
The Gazette, Chronicle and Atlas and Republikaner are Whig, as
the Enquirer, Volksblatt, and Tageblatt, are Democratic in politics.
The Times, Commercial and Nonpareil claim to be neutral. The
last is professedly the champion of the working classes. Four of
this entire list, are, as may be inferred from their titles, in the Ger-
man language.

Of the weeklies, properly so called, there are the

11. Western Christian Advocate. M. Simpson, D. D., editor;
Revs. Leroy Swormstedt and J. H. Power, publishers. — Episcopal
Methodist.

12. Presbyterian of the West. — N. L. Rice, D. D., editor; John
D. Thorpe, proprietor and publisher. — Old School Presbyterian. .

13. Central Christian Herald. — Rev. Thornton A. Mills, editor,
proprietor, and publisher. — New School Presbyterian.

PERIODICALS.

14. Journal and Messenger. — Rev. J. L. Batchelder, editor and
proprietor. — Baptist.

15. Catliolic Telegraph. — Rev. Edward Purcell, editor; James
McCormick, proprietor and publisher. — Roman Catholic.

16. Star in the West. — Rev. J. A. Gurley, editor, proprietor,
and publisher. — Universalist. All these weeklies are religious papers,
and all folios except the Telegraph, which is a quarto.

17. Western Fountain. — Gen. S. F. Gary, editor; WiUiam Mit-
chell, publisher and proprietor. — Temperance Cause.

There are four weeklies published in German :

18. Wahrheits freund. — Rev. P. Kroeger, editor ; J. A. Hemann,
publisher. — Roman Catholic.

19. Christhche Apologete. — Rev. Wm. ISTast, editor; Revs. L.
Swormstedt and J. H. Power, publishers. — Methodist.

20. Protestantische Zeitbleetter. — Revs. Suhr, Kroell, Goebel and
Grassow, editors; Mrs. Stahl, publisher. — Rationalist.

21. Hochwsechter. — Fred. Hassaurek, editor; William Wachs-
muth, publisher. — Socialist and infidel of the deepest dye.

The first and third of these are quarto ; the other two fohos.
There are also of weekly issues, the

22. Columbian and Great West. — W. B. Shattuck, editor and pro-
prietor ; E. P. Jones, publisher. — Literary and Family.

23. Cist's Advertiser. — Charles Cist, editor, printer, publisher,
and proprietor. — Family, Historical, Statistical, and Literary.

24. Wecli Fonetic Advocet. — Longley & Brother, publishers
and printers. — Advocacy of Phonotypy and Phonography.

25. Price Current. — Richard Smith, editor and publisher. — Com-
mercial. These are all folio sheets.

26. Youths' Friend. — Rev. H. Jewell, editor; Longley &
Brother, printers. — Sabbath School and Universalist.

27. Dye's Counterfeit Detector. — John S. Dye, editor and pro-
prietor.— Mercantile.

These are semi-monthlies. Of monthlies, there are the

28. Western Lancet. — Drs. Lawson and Mendenhall, editors ; T.
Wrightson, printer and publisher.

29. Journal of Homeopathy. — B. Ehrmann, M. D., Adam
Miller, M. D., and Geo. Bigler, M. D., editors; Marshall & Lang-
try, printers.

30. Physo-Medical and Surgical Journal. — E. H. Stockwell, M. D.,
editor and publisher ; Marshall & Langtry, printers.

76 PERIODICALS.

31. Eclectic Medical Journal. — J. R. Buchanan, M. D., editor;
I. Hart & Co, printers.

These four are medical periodicals, and the organs of the several
schools.

32. Journal of Man. — J. R. Buchanan, M. D., editor and proprie-
tor.— Phrenological and Anthropological.

33. Western Law Journal. — T. Walker and M. E. Curwen, edi-
tors; Wright, Ferris & Co., printers; H. W. Derby & Co.,
publishers.

34. Goodman's Counterfeit Detector. — Chs. Goodman, publisher
and proprietor.

35. Bradley's Counterfeit Detector. — T. W. Lord, editor and pro-
prietor; Wright, Ferris, & Co., printers.

36. Golden Rule. — Rev. D. F. Newton, editor. — Disciples' Church
Doctrines.

37. United Presbyterian and Evangelical Guardian. — J. Clay-
baugh, D. D., and Rev. J. Prestley, editors.

38. Pulpit of the A. R. Presbyterian Church. — Rev. Jas. Prestley,
editor.

These two last are from the press of J. A. & U. P. James, and
advocate Associate Reformed Presbyterian principles.

39. Ladies' Repository and Gatherings of the West. — Rev. B. F.
Tefft, editor; Revs. L. Swormstedt and J. W. Power, publishers.
Religious and Literary.

40. Masonic Review. — Rev. C. Moore, editor ; J. Ernst, publisher.
4L Templars' Magazine. — J. Wadsworth, M. D., editor; Mar-
shall & Langtry, printers. — Temperance Cause.

42. Western Horticultural Review. — J. A. Warder, M. D., editor;
Morgan & Overend, printers. — Horticultural.

These are all octavos, and in magazine form. There are in sheets,
octavo, quarto, and folio monthlies, as follows : —

43. Magazin fuer Nord Amerika. — M. Gross, publisher. — Agri-
cultural.

44. Ohio Teacher. — J. Rainey, editor and proprietor; Wright,
Ferris, & Co., printers.

45. School Friend and Ohio School Journal. — W. B. Smith & Co.,
publishers ; Dr. A. D. Lord, H. W. Barney, and C. Knowles, editors.

The two last, as their names import, are Educational.

46. Young Reaper. — H. S. Washburn, editor; D. Anderson,
publisher. — Baptist Sabbath School.

CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 77

47. Sunday School Advocate. — Methodist.

48. Williams' Western Pathfinder. — C. S. Williams, publisher;
T. Wrightson, printer. — General Advertising sheet.

49. Crisis. — Rev. W. H. Brisbane, editor; Wright, Ferris, &
Co., printers. — Abolitionist.

50. Illustrated Western World. — D. C. Hitchcock, proprietor.

51. Oncken's Western Scenery. — Professor Wilham Wells, editor;
O. Oncken, proprietor.

These two last are pictorials.

52. Dental Register.— J. Taylor, D.D. S., editor; J. D. Thorpe,
publisher.

63. Chain of Sacred Wonders. — Rev. S. A. Latta, editor; Mor-
gan & Overend, printers. Scenes and Incidents of the Bible.

The two last are quarterly magazines.

In addition to these publications, the Congress-Halle, the only
full report, in the German language, of the debates and speeches
in Congress, published in the United States, and the Familien Bib-
liothek, a reprint of current German light literature, both issued
from the press of Henry Rcedter, make their monthly appearance.

CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. .. . .

Roman Catholic. — 1. St. Peter's Cathedral, south-west comer

of Plum and Eighth Streets. Most Rev. J. B. Purcell, D. D.; Very

Rev. E. T. CoUins and Edward Purcell ; Revs. James F. Wood and

David Whelan, officiate in the services of the Cathedral.

2. St. Francis Xavier, Sycamore, west side, between Sixth and
Seventh Streets. Revs. Charles Driscoll, D. Kenny and Florian
Sautois, priests.

3. St. Patrick's, north-east corner Third and Mill Streets. Revs.
R. G. Lawrence and James Cahill, priests.

4. St. Michael's, Mill creek, west side. Rev. Michael Deselaers,
priest.

5. Christ Church, Fulton. Rev. Timothy Farrell, priest.

6. St. Paul's, Lebanon road, east of Broadway. Very Rev. Jos.
Ferneding, and Rev. Peter Kroeger, priests.

7. Holy Trinity, south side Fifth, between Smith and Park Sts,
Revs. William Schonat and J. H. Ridder, priests.

78 CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.

8. St. Philomena's, north side Congress, between Pike and But-
ler Streets. Revs. B. Hengeliold and F. X. Weiniger, priests.

9. St. Mary's, south-east corner Jackson and Thirteenth Streets.
Revs. Clement Hammer and J. B. Eckmann, priests.

10. St. Joseph's, south-east corner Linn and Laurel Streets.
Revs. J. H. Luers and Andrew Stephan, priests.

11. St. John Baptist, corner of New and Green Streets. Revs.
William Unterthiener, Edward Etschmann and Sigismond Koch,
priests.

The last six are German Congregations.

12. Chapel Sceurs Notre Dame, Sixth, between Broadway and
Sycamore. Rev. J. B. Smedt, chaplain.

13. Chapel Sisters of Charity, Third, between Plum and West-
ern Row. Officiating priests, from the Cathedral and St. Xavier's.

Cincinnati has been for several years an Episcopate of the Ro-
man Catholic Church. It has recently become an Arch Diocese,
the late Bishop, Dr. Purcell, having been invested with the office
of Archbishop. His suffragan sees, are Detroit, Cleveland, Louis-
ville, and Vincennes.

14. Protestant Episcopal Churches. — Christ Church, north side
Fourth Street, between Sycamore and Broadway. Rev. John T.
Brooke, D.D., rector; Rev. Alfred Blake, assistant minister.

15. St. Paul's, south side Fourth, between Main and Walnut
Streets. Rev. Geo. D. Gillespie, rector.

16. Trinity, corner Pendleton and Liberty Streets. Rev. Richard
Gray, rector.

17. St. John's, south-east corner Plum and Seventh Streets. Rev.
William R. Nicholson, rector.

18. St. Luke's, corner Wade and Western Row. Rev. George
Thompson, rector.

Right Rev. Charles P. M'llvaine, Bishop of the diocese of Ohio,
resides at Clifton, one of the suburbs of Cincinnati.

19. Presbyterian Old School. — First Church, corner Main and
Fourth Streets. Saml. R. Wilson, pastor.

20. Fourth Church, north side High Street, near Fulton line.
Rev. James Black, pastor.

21. Fifth Church, south-east corner Seventh and Elm Streets.
Rev. William Hamilton, pastor.

22. Central Church, south side Fifth, between Plum and Western
Row. N. L. Rice, D. D., pastor.

CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 79

23. Welsh Presbyterian Church. Rev. Hugh E. Reese, pastor.

24. Presbyterian New School. — Second Church, south side
Fourth, between Race and Vine Streets. Rev. Samuel W. Fisher,
pastor.

25. Third Church, south-west corner of Fourth and John Streets.
Rev. J. B. Townsend, pastor.

26. Eighth Church, north side Seventh, between Linn and Bay-
miller. Rev. John M. Boal, pastor.

27. Tabernacle Church, south-west corner of Clark and John
Streets. Rev. D. D. Gregory, pastor.

28. First German Presbyterian Church, north-east corner of
Franklin and Sycamore Streets. Rev. Martin Schaad, pastor.

29. Cumberland Presbyterian, north-east corner of Linn and Barr
Streets. Rev. F. G. Black, pastor.

30. Reformed Presbyterian. — Church of the Covenanters, south
side Kemble, between John and Fulton Streets. Rev. William
Wilson, pastor.

31. George Street Church, south side of George, between Race
and Elm Street. Rev. Thomas Flavel, pastor.

32. Associate Reformed Presbyterian, south side Sixth, between
Race and Elm. Rev. James Prestley, pastor.

33. Associate Presbyterian, north-east corner of Elm and Ninth
Streets. Rev. R. H. Pollock, pastor.

34. First Orthodox Congregationalist, north side Seventh,
between Western Row and John. Willis Lord, D. D., pastor.

35. Second Orthodox CongregationaUst, east side Vine, between
Eighth and Ninth Streets. Rev. Charles B. Boynton, pastor.

36. Third Orthodox Congregationalist, south side Clinton be-
tween Cutter and Linn Streets. Rev. Benjamin Franklin, pastor.

37. Welsh Congregational Church, west side Lawrence, between
Symmes and Fourth Streets. Rev. James Davis, pastor.

38. First Baptist Church, north side Catharine, between Fulton
and Cutter Streets. Rev. D. Shepardson, pastor.

39. Ninth St. Baptist Church, south side Ninth, between Vine
and Race. Rev. E. G. Robinson, pastor.

40. Freeman St. Baptist Church. Rev. D. Bryant, pastor.

4L High St. Baptist Cluirch, east of city water-works' reservoir.
Pastorship vacant.

42. Welsh Baptist Church, north side and upper end of Harrison
Street. Pastorship vacant.

80 CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.

43. Baker St. Baptist Church, south side Baker Street. Rev.
Henry Adams, pastor.

44. Third Street Baptist Church, south side Third, between Race
and Elm Streets. Rev. Wallace Shelton, pastor.

The last two are congregations of colored people.

45. Disciples' Churches. — Corner of Walnut and Eighth Streets.
Rev. David S. Burnet, pastor.

46. North side Clinton, between Western Row and John Streets.
Rev. Benjamin Franklin, pastor.

47. North side Sixth, between Smith and Mound. Pastorship
vacant.

48. Fulton. Rev. William Crippen, pastor.

49. Colored, north side Harrison Street. Rev. Aaron Wallace,
pastor.

Methodist Episcopal Churches, East Cincinnati district. Jos. M.
Trimble, presiding elder.

50. Wesley Chapel, north side Fifth Street, between Sycamore
and Broadway. Rev. John T. Mitchell, preacher in charge.

51. Ninth Street, north side, between Race and Elm Streets. Rev.
George C. Crum, preacher in charge ; Rev. W. H. Raper, superin-
tendent.

62. Asbury, south side Webster, between Main and Sycamore
Streets. Rev William Simmons, preacher in charge.

63. New Street — colored — east of Broadway, and East Cincinnati
Mission. Rev. Samuel D. Clayton, preacher in charge.

54. Bethel, south side Front, between Pike and Butler Streets.
Rev. William Langarl, preacher in charge.

55. M'Kendree, Fulton. Rev. Ansel Brooks, preacher in charge.
West Cincinnati District. William I. Ellsworth, presiding elder.

56. Morris Chapel, west side Western Row. Rev. John Miley,
preacher in charge.

67. Christie Chapel, north side Catharine, between Fulton and
Cutter Streets. Rev. G. W. Walker, preacher in charge.

58. Park Street Chapel, south-east corner Park and Longworth
Streets. Rev. William Young, preacher in charge.

59. York Street Chapel, south-west corner Piatt and York Streets
and West Cincinnati Mission. Rev. Joseph Gassner, preacher in
charge.

60. Salem Chapel, corner Elm and Findlay Streets. Rev. Wm.
J. Quarry, preacher in charge.

CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 81

61. First M. E. Chapel, east side Race, between Thirteenth and.
Fourteenth Streets. Rev. Jacob Frey, preacher in charge.

62. Second M. E. Chapel, south side Everett, between Linn and
John Streets. Rev. George Danker, preacher in charge.

63. Third M. E. Chapel, Buckeye, head of Main Street. Rev.
"William Ahrens, preacher in charge.

The last three are German Churches.

Right Rev. Thomas A. Morris, one of the Bishops of the M. E.
Church, resides in Cincinnati.

64. Welsh Calvinistic Methodist, west side College Street. Rev.
Edward Jones, pastor.

65. First Wesleyan Church, North Street. Rev. R. Robinson, pastor.

66. Methodist — colored — Sixth Street, east of Broadway. Rev.
L. Gross, pastor.

67. Methodist Episcopal, South. — Soule Chapel, west side Syca-
more, betv/een Fifth and Sixth Streets. Rev. Richard Deering,
preacher in charge.

68. Union Chapel, north side Seventh, between Plum and West-
ern Row. Rev. C. Moore, preacher in charge.

These last five societies are separated from the regular M. E.
Church, on various accounts. The first on the list does not fully
accord with it either in discipline or doctrine.

The first Wesleyan Church is Anti-Slavery.

The Colored Society on Sixth Street, are Independents.

Soule Chapel is connected with the M. E. Church South ; and
Union is a pewed chapel, from which fact, the Ohio Conference
refuses to recognize it as one of their societies.

69. Methodist Protestant Church, south side Sixth, between
Race and Vine. Rev. Josiah Varden, pastor.

70. Second Methodist Protestant Church, east side Elm, between
Liberty and Fifteenth Streets. Rev. Simon P. Kezerta, pastor.

71. George Street Church, north side George, between Cutter
and Linn Streets. Rev. Joseph A. Waterman, pastor.

72. United Brethren in Christ, south-west corner of Richmond
and Fulton Streets. Rev. William B. Witt, preacher to the English,
and Rev. William Longstreet, to the German Congregation.

73. Lutheran United Evangehcal, north side Sixth, between
Walnut and Vine Streets. Rev. Augustus Kroell, pastor.

74. United Evangelical, corner of Thirteenth and Walnut
Streets. Rev. Frederick Hofzimmer, pastor.

82 CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.

75. United Evangelical, east side Walnut, between Allison and
Liberty Streets. Rev. Frederic Grassow, pastor.

76. United Evangelical, corner of Race and Fifteenth Streets.
Rev. Frederic Goebel.

77. United Evangelical, Storrs, on Delhi road. Rev. Frederic
Eisenloh.

78. Lutheran, west side Walnut, between Eighth and Ninth
Streets. Rev. Henry W. Suhr.

These are all Rationalist Churches.

79. Lutheran, east side Race, between Fifteenth and Liberty
Streets. Rev. J. A. Wiechmann. Puseyite.

80. United Evangelical, east side Elm, between Twelfth and
Thirteenth Streets. Rev. Maurice Raschig, pastor.

81. German Reformed, north side Eetts, between John and
Cutter Streets. Rev. Hermann Rust, pastor.

82. German Reformed, and French Protestant Church, north side
Webster, between Main and Sycamore Streets. Rev. Hermann
Bokum, missionary.

83. Lutheran, west side Bremen, between Fifteenth and Liberty
Streets. Rev. Frederic Schiedt, pastor.

84. English Lutheran, east side Elm, between Ninth and Court
Streets. Rev. Wm. H. Harrison, pastor.

86. Friends, south side Fifth, between Western Row and John.
Two congregations : one Orthodox, and one Hicksite ; and two
houses of worship, one brick, the other frame.

86. New Jerusalem, north side Longworth, between Race and
Elm. Rev. J. P. Stuart, preacher.

87. First Congregational Society, corner Race and Fourth Streets.
Rev. A. A. Livermore, minister. Unitarian.

88. First Christian Church, south-west corner Fourth and Stone.
Rev. Nicholas Somerbell, preacher. Unitarian Baptist.

89. First Universalist Society, south-west corner Walnut and
Baker Streets. Rev. Henry Jewell, preacher.

90. Second Universahst Society, south-west corner Sixth and
Mound Streets. Rev. C. A. Bradley, preacher.

91. Second Advent Church, south side Seventh, between Mound
and Cutter.

Jews' Synagogues : —

Holy Congregation, Children of Israel. — Broadway Synagogue,
corner Sixth and Broadway. Philip Heidelbach, Parnas, or Pre-

CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 83

sident; Rev. Hart Judah, reader. Founded in 1820.

Members and families, residents, 910

Members and families residing in the vicinity, ... 135
Holy Congregation, Children of Jeshurun — Lodge St.
Synagogue, between Fifth and Sixth Streets. Abraham
Aub, Parnas ; Rev. H. A. Henry, reader and lecturer.
Founded in 1845. Members and families, residents, . . 803
Members and families residing in the vicinity, . . . 240
Holy Congregation in Brotherly Love — Race Street
Synagogue, between Fourteenth and Fifteenth Streets.
Charles Kahn, Parnas. Founded in 1847. Members

and families, residents, 320

Members and families residing in the vicinity, ... 82

Holy Congregation, Gate of Heaven — Vine Street, be-
tween Fourth and Fifth. Founded in 1850. Members

and families, residents, 186'

Members and families residing in the vicinity, ... 40

Strangers, not belonging to either of the congregations,

residing in the city, 630

Recapitulation. — Residents in the city, 2849

Residing in the vicinity, 497

3346
We have here the population of the Jews of Cincinnati, but no
other religious society keeps a full register of its members, so that
the number of each can only be a subject of estimate. The follow-
ing table, which is taken from the registers of the Roman Catholic
churches here, affords an inference of the numbers of their members :

MARRIAGES. BAPTISMS. DEATHS.

1846 699 1676 994

1847 725 1829 1041

1848 959 2674 1431

1849 1154 3069 4018

1850 1173 3397 2742

1849 and 1850, were cholera years, which account for the dispro-
portion of deaths during those periods. This table indicates the
proportion of Roman Catholics to the community, as 35 to 65, and
justifies as a fair estimate,

Jews 3 per cent.

Roman Catholics 35 "

Protestants 62 "

84 COURTS OF JUDICATURE.

V. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES.

COURTS OF JUDICATURE.
Beside the administration of township magistrates residing in Cin-
cinnati, and of the Mayor, who derives his authority under the
city charter, there are four courts held here : the Supreme Court of
Ohio, the Court of Common Pleas, the Superior Court, and the
Commercial Court of Cincinnati.

1. The Supreme Court of Ohio holds its session here, in the month
of March, annually. The constitution and laws of this State have
conferred upon the Supreme Court, original jurisdiction, concurrent
with that of the Common Pleas Court, in all civil cases at law where
the cause or matter in dispute exceeds one thousand dollars ; and
appellate jurisdiction from the Court of Common Pleas, the Superior
Coui't, and the Commercial Court of Cincinnati, in all cases in which
these courts have original jurisdiction. This court has also original
jurisdiction, concurrent with that of the Court of Common Pleas, of
all ofi'enses, the punishment whereof is capital. It is also invested
with authority to issue all writs which may be necessary to enforce
the due administration of justice, and for the exercise of its jurisdic-
tion, agreeably to the usages and principles of law.

2. The Court of Common Pleas for Hamilton County holds three
sessions annually for the transaction of civil business, — four for the
trial of criminal causes. This court has original jurisdiction in all
civil cases, both in law and equity, where the sum or matter in dis-
pute exceeds the jurisdiction of justices of the peace. It has also
exclusive cognizance of all crimes, offenses, and misdemeanors, the
punishment whereof is not capital, and concurrent jurisdiction with
the Supreme Court of all crimes, the punishment Avhereof is capital.
It has exclusive jurisdiction likewise, of all matters of a probate and
testamentary nature — though the new constitution formed by the
Convention, but subject to the adoption or rejection of the people
in the month of June ensuing, among other changes in the judicial
system, directs the establishment of a new and distinct court, to
which the sole jurisdiction of probate matters shall be confided. The
Court of Common Pleas, upon appeal from the decisions of the

xfGRAVTID BY R.E. JONiJS , FROM A DAGUERUEOTYl

UNITE]..' STATMrJ SENATOP. FHUM OHIO.

COURTS OF JUDICATURE. 85

county commissioners, supervises the public economy of the county.
It revises the proceedings of justices of the peace in civil matters
upon certiorari and appeal, determines all contested elections of
sheriffs and other county officers, grants licenses, fixes the rates of
ferriage, and appoints inspectors of meat, flour, &c.

3. The Superior Court was established in 1838, for the purpose
of facilitating the dispatch of business on the civil docket of the
Court of Common Pleas. It has concurrent jurisdiction with the
Court of Common Pleas, in all civil causes at common law and in
chancery, wherein the last mentioned court has original jurisdiction.
The three sessions of this court commence in January, June, and
October.

4. The Commercial Court of Cincinijati was estabhshedin 1848,
and for the same purpose as that for which the Superior Court was or-
ganized, viz.: to expedite the administration of justice in civil causes.
It has concurrent original jurisdiction with the Court of Common
Pleas of all civil cases at law, founded on matter of contract, whether
written or parol, expressed or implied. This court holds three
terms in a year, commencing on the first Mondays in January, May,
and October.

5. The Mayor, in his judicial capacity, has exclusive authority in
all causes for the violation of city ordinances, beside possessing such
criminal jurisdiction and powers as are vested in Justices of the
Peace.

6. Justices of the Peace. — Of these, there are seven in the city.
They are conservators of the peace ; their jurisdiction in civil cases,
is, in general, limited to the townships in which they are elected and
reside ; and under certain restrictions and hmitations they have cog-
nizance in all cases where the matter in dispute does not exceed one
hundred dollars. Their jurisdiction, however, in criminal matters,
and in the administering of oaths, the issuing of subpoenas for wit-
nesses in causes pending before them, &c., is coextensive with the
county in which they reside. Justices have no jurisdiction in actions
of assault, and assault and battery, or in actions of ejectment,
replevin, slander, verbal or written ; or in actions on contracts for
real estate, or in which the title to lands and tenements may be
drawn into question.

Supreme Court. — Peter Hitchcock, Rufus P. Spalding, William
B. Caldwell and Rufus P. Ranney, Judges. Isaac G. Burnet,
Clerk; S. G. Burnet, Deputy.

86 LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS.

CotTRT OF Common Pleas. — R. B. Warden, President Judge;
John A. Wiseman, Robert Moore, and James Saffin, Associate
Judges ; E. C. Roll, Clerk ; J. M. McMaster, and W. W. Warden,
Deputies.

Superior Court. — George Hoadly, junr., Judge; Daniel Gano,
Clerk ; John G. Jones, Deputy.

Commercial Court of Cincinnati. — Thomas M. Key, Judge ;
E. P. Cranch, Clerk.

Master Commissioners in Chancery. — A. H. McGuffey, A.
Paddack, A. H. Lewis, L. Mosher, S. MatthcAvs, J. H. Jones, A.
Todd.

Justices of the Peace. — Ebenezer Harrison, Elias H. Pugh,
David T. Snelbaker, John W. Reilly, Jacob H. Getzendanner, F. W.
Rowekamp, and Peter Bell.

LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS.

The fiscal and prudential concerns of the city, with the conduct,
direction and government of its affairs, devolve on the mayor, and a
board of trustees of three members from each ward, usually known
by the name of the City Council.

The Mayor is elected biennially, on the first Monday in April.
It is made his duty by the charter, to cause the laws and ordinances
of the city to be duly executed and enforced, to inspect the conduct
of the subordinate officers of the city, and to bring to punishment all
neo-ligence, carelessness and violations of duty. He is the keeper of
the public seal of the city, issues all licenses, commissions and per-
mits, under the authority of the city council, has power to administer
oaths, take and certify depositions, and to certify the proof and ac-
knowledgment of deeds and other legal instruments. An appeal
lies from his decisions to the court of common pleas for the county
of Hamilton.

The trustees, composing the city council, are elected annually on
the first Monday of April. They must be freeholders, and residents
of the city three years previous to the election. They determine
the rules of their own proceedings, and it is made their duty to keep
a journal thereof, open to the inspection of every citizen. They are
required to take an oath of office, administered by the mayor, and
to elect from their own body a president, who is to preside over its
meetings, and, when necessary, act as its representative ; and a re-

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT CITY COUNCIL. 87

corder, whose duty it is to keep in his custody the laws and ordin-
ances of the city. They elect from the qualified voters, a city clerk,
whose duty it is to keep a journal of their proceedings. They are
empowered to appoint all collectors, assessors, surveyors, inspectors,
street-commissioners, health-officers, weighers of hay, measurers
of wood, lime and coal, &c. They have the control and manage-
ment of all the real and personal estate of the city, but are expressly
prohibited from banking, and restricted in borrowing, for city
purposes, to an amount of not more than five thousand dollars in
any current year. They have power to establish a board of health,
to organize a city watch, establish and regulate markets, wharves
and fire-companies, and to license and regulate public shows. They
are authorized to abate nuisances, to appropriate ground for new
streets or alleys, to open, straighten, widen or repair streets, to
license and regulate wagons, drays, &c., and to levy and collect
taxes for city purposes. It is made the duty of the council, annually
to publish for the information of the citizens, a particular statement
of the receipts and expenditure of the public moneys. For their ser-
vices the members receive one dollar per day, which is lestricted to
the actual meetings of the board.

A city treasurer, and marshal, a wharf and three market masters,
are elected biennially by the qualified voters of the city, on the first
Monday in April.

Mayor — Mark P. Taylor. — Marshal. — James L. RuflSn.

CITY COUK-CIL.— TRUSTEES.

First Ward. — Wm. B. Cassilly, E. Underwood, M. B. Coombs.
Second. — William Bromwell, John Whetstone, Jona. Spinning.
Third.- — Wm. J. Shultz, Ferguson Clements, Henry A. Gott.
Fourth. — A. W. Anderson, John R. Johnston, J. M. Blundell.
Fifth. — Chas. Anderson, Edward Woodruff, Saml. B. Findlay.
Sixth. — ^Wm. H. Malone, George Graham. R. B. Moore.
Seventh. — R. C. Hazelwood, J. H. Rothert, J. B. Anderson.
Eighth.—?. C. Bonte, Wm. T. Barkalow, William Hand.
Ninth. — John B. Warren, C. H. Vonseggern, Herman Klein.
Tenth.— 3?ic6b Diehl, And. Giffin, J. A. Stolz.
Eleventh. — Charles Snyder, Benj. T. Dale, John Maholm.
Twelfth.— m(M. Gcepper, F. J. Eichenlaub, D. S. Judd.
Thirteenth. — J. W. Piatt, Benj. Loder, jr., John Ryan.
Fourteenth. — Joseph Ross, Chs. F. Wilstach, Geo. W. Runyan.

88 CITY COUNCIL BANKS AND BANKERS.

Fifteenth. — ^Wm. P. Stratton, John H. Layman, Benj. V. Enos.
Sixteenth. — Geo. W. Skaats, George George, William Sargent.

City Clerk. — William G. Williams.
City Treasurer. — James Johnston.
City Civil Engineer. — James Stewart.
City Surveyor. — Wm. G. Halpin.
Port Wardens. — Joseph Pierce, Charles Ross.
'Wharf Master. — John W. Reily.

Market Masters. — Stephen Jones, Henry Lowrey, Wm. Moody.
Township Officers. — William Grossman, John Hudson, John
Hauck, Trustees ; John Minshall, Clerk.

VI. MONETARY

BANKS AND BANKERS.
incorporated.

Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, south-west corner
Main and Third Streets ; Charles Stetson, President ; William Greene,
Secretary ; G. S. Coe, Cashier ; S. P. Bishop, Assistant Cashier ;
Charles Stetson, Jacob Burnet, John C. Wright, Samuel Fosdick, D.
B. Lawler, Timothy Walker, S. C. Parkhurst, A. M. Taylor, W.
W. Scarborough, George Luckey, W. G. Breese, Cincinnati, D.
Kilgore, Samuel Forrer, S. F. Vinton, in the State, Moses Taylor,
Robert Bayard, New York, J. B. Hosmer, Ct., Trustees.

Commercial Bank, 132 Main Street; Jacob Strader, President;
James Hall, Cashier; Rufus King, Solicitor; Jacob Strader, James
Hall, John McCormick, Rufus King, and David P. Strader, Di-
rectors.

Franklin Branch Bank, north side Third, between Main and
Walnut Streets; J. H. Groesbeck, President; T. M. Jackson,
Cashier; W. S. Groesbeck, Sohcitor; J. H. Groesbeck, J. C. Cul-
bertson, John B. Groesbeck, T. M. Jackson, John Kilgour, Directors.

Lafayette Bank, north side Third, betAveen Main and Walnut
Streets ; George Carlisle, President ; W. G. W. Gano, Cashier ; G.
Carhsle, E. S. Haines, S. Wiggins, Moses Brooks, G. K. Shoenber-
ger, F. Lawson, R. W. Lee, S. S. L'Hommedieu, P. Wilson, Di-
rectors.

Mechanics' and Traders' Branch Bank, 100 Main Street; T.

BANKS AND BANKERS. 89

W. Bakewell, President ; Stanhope S. Rowe, Cashier ; T. W. Bake-
well, D. A. James, John H. James, Samuel L'Hommedieu, and F.
Eckstein, jr.. Directors.

City Bank, south side Third, between Walnut and Yine Streets ;
E. M. Gregory, President; J. P. Reznor, Cashier; E. M. Gregory,
L. D. Ingalsbe, J. P. Reznor, WilUam Burnet, Thomas Heaton, J.
K. Glenn, WiUiam S. Scarborough, Directors. , ,

These banks discount daily.

PEIVATE BAKKIN-G
From the limited amount of banking capital, heretofore allotted
to Cincinnati by the Ohio Legislature, the business of Private Bank-
ing has become an interesting feature in the growing commercial
operations of our city. Among the most important Private Bank-
ing institutions of Cincinnati, may be named,

Ellis & Morton,
Corner of Third aiid Walnut Streets.

This Banking House has a large list of customers among the mer-
chants of our city. Persons who keep accounts at this bank, are
allowed six per cent, interest per annum on their accounts, and aro
charged at the rate of twelve, for discounts — thus if they do not bor-
row more money in the aggregate, in the course of the season, than
they have to their credit, the cost is less to them than though they
borrowed at six per cent., and obtained nothing upon their balance.

This house does not vary their rate of discount — it remains invari-
ably the same, whether money be plenty or scarce ; but they do not
buy paper of transient parties, confining themselves at all times, to
those keeping accounts with the establishment.

The sales by the firm, of exchanges on the eastern cities for the
season past, were upward of ten millions of dollars — their average
deposit account during that period, was about eight hundred thou-
sand dollars — they draw bills and make collections on the principal
cities, east, west, and south. Their bills discounted, range from
five hundred thousand to eight hundred thousand dollars, according
to the season of the year and demands for money.

This Banking Hoiise pays a tax on capital used in business, to the
amount of seventy thousand dollars, and holds real estate and
other assets of the value of about eighty thousand dollars. It was
established in April, 1838, and was about the first to introduce the
general system of allowing interest on current accounts.

90 BANKS AND BANKERS.

T. S. Goodman & Co.,
Main Street, just above Third.
This is an old firm, that does a business similar to that of Ellis &
Morton. Their list of depositors, however, does not include so large
a portion of the active mercantile men of our city, but embraces
many who have retired from business, whose accounts are probably
more valuable to the banker on that account.

George Milne & Co.,
Third Street, between Main and Walnut,
This House deals very extensively in exchanges, domestic and
sterling, and in time bills on N. Orleans and the eastern cities.

They allow interest on deposits only, when there is a special
agreement to that effect.

Citizens' Bank — W. Smead & Co.,
Main, between Third and Fourth Streets.
As this is the oldest of the Private Banks, so it is one of the most
extensive in its operations. Its annual discounts are between five
and six million dollars. On the 18th April last, when this sheet
went to press, the deposits were $749,274, 7 cents; discounted,
$965,277, 57 cents, and assets $1,046,248, 58 cents, mostly of paper
at short dates. The rate of discount varies with the ease or tight-
ness of the money market. Six per cent, interest is allowed on de-
posits.

B. F. Sanford & Co.,
Corner of Fourth and Walnut Streets.
This is a new Banking House, composed of the old and well-
known firm of Sanford & Park. Its business is rapidly increasing,
their policy of taking time deposits and allowing eight and ten per
cent, interest on the same, having attracted public attention, and se-
cured to it a large list of valuable depositors. Special deposits for
twelve months, draw ten per cent, interest ; or eight per cent, for
six months.

Langdon & Hatch,
Corner of Main and Court Streets.
This Banking Office is also doing a good business. It enjoys the
local advantage of being a convenient place of deposit for a large

BANKS AND BANKERS. 91

number of up-town customers ; discounts business notes, buys and
sells city orders, and makes collections generally. Interest allowed
on money deposited.

GiLMORE & BrOTHERTON,

Mai7i Street, below Columbia.
This is an old and respectable Banking- House, confining tlieir
business, however, rather exclusively to excJianges, and paying no
interest on deposits.

S. O. Almy's Bank,
Third Street, near Walnut.
This is also a new private Bank, conducted by Dr. S. 0. Almy,
a well-known and distinguished physician, and enjoying a good
reputation for integrity of character, business capacity, and cour-
teous manners. He receives both current and special deposits, and
confines his discounts to local paper.

Western Bank — Scott & M'Kenzie,
Nortk-ioest corner Western Bow and Fifth Streets.
Discount notes, allow interest on deposits, deal in exchanges, make
collections, and do a general banking business.

The location of this bank, in an important section of Cincinnati,
with the reputation of its proprietors for integrity and capacity,
will insure a heavy business to this establishment, which has just
commenced operations.

Burnet, Shoup & Co., Bankers,
North-west corner Third and Walnut Streets.
Dealers in exchanges, gold and silver, and uncurrent bank notes.
Make local and foreign collections, and remit promptly at current
rates of exchange.

Phcenix Bank of Cincinnati,
Third between Main and Walnut Streets.
This Bank allows interest on special or current deposits, buys,
sells, and collects bills of exchange on all the chief cities of the
United States; is always prepared to sell sight exchange on the
east, and to remit money, in large or small sums, to any part of
Great Britain. Gold and silver coin, and all kinds of uncurrent
money, bought at best rates.

92 BANKS AND BANKERS.

Merchants' Bank of Cincinnati — N. P. Iglehart, Cashier.
First door from Third, on Walmit Street.

This differs from all the other banks, in its general business, as it
makes no regular loans ; local business notes are, however, pur-
chased and negotiated, as are also drafts, bought and sold, on all the
chief cities in the United States and Canada. The bank is prepared
to check, at all times, on London — where some of the parties in-
terested in it, reside — and persons desirous of forwarding small or
lai-ge sums, to England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and the continent,
can always procure checks, for such remittances.

There is connected with this institution, a " Sa^dngs Bank" de-
partment, where sums of one dollar and upward, are received ; and
interest allowed of 9 per cent, per annum, payable quarterly.

Beside these, there are the firms of Brown & Ramsey, A. J.
Wheeler, A. G. Burt, P. B. Manchester, Wright, Clark & Co., J. R.
Glenn & Co., P. Outcalt & Co., engaged in banking operations.

FIRE, MARINE, AND LIFE INSURANCE.

GENERAL BOARD OF UNDERWRITERS.

John Young, President; A. Mitchell Hall, Treasurer; Benj.
Urner, Secretary.

Cincinnati Equitable Insurance Co. — Incorporated 1827.

Griffin Taylor, President, J. K. Smith, Secretary and Treasurer.

Griffin Taylor, Elam P. Langdon, S. S. Smith, Joseph Jones, John
Baker, John Kilgour, George Crawford, George Carlisle, John
Whetstone, H. H. Goodman, R. R. Springer, Charles Andress,
Directors.

Cincinnati Insurance Co. — Incorporated 1829.
Office, 4 Front, between Main and Sycamore Streets.
John Young, President ; George W. Williams, Secretary.
John Young, Henry Lewis, T. S. Dugan, M. B. Ross, Thomas
Sherlock, W. McL. White, Ebenezer Nye, Clement Dietrich, James
P. Jack, Morgan Ewing, Wm. Laycock, George M'Cullough, C.
G. Wayne, J. M. Dickson, Alexander McKenzie, Directors.

Firemen's Insurance Co. of Cincinnati. — Incorporated 1832.

Office, corner of Main and, Front Streets.
3. Lawrence, President ; L. Clason, Secretary.

INSURANCE CO^rPANIES. yd

Washington Insurance Co. — Incorporated 1836.
Office, 73 Main Street.
William Goodman, President; E. Henry Carter, Secretary.
Wm. Goodman, Calvin Fletcher, Lowell Fletcher, S. S. Smith,
Charles Fisher, Henry Emerson, Robert Cohoon, John T. Martin,
R. A. Little, S. C. Parkhurst, Jos. C. Butler, Wm. H. Comstock,
Geo. T. Stedman, R. J. Latimer, D. W. Corwin, Jos. S. Bates,
Henry Hanna, Gardner Phipps, J. M. Niles, Wm. Hooper, Henry
Marks, Directors.

Merchants' and Manufacturers' Mutual Insurance Co.

OF Cincinnati.
Office, 1 1 Front Street, between Main and Sycamore, up stairs.
A. M. Searles, President; B. B. Whiteman, Secretary.
This Company insures buildings, and property in the same, against
risk of fire. Also, property of all kinds against the hazards of
inland and ocean navigation.

City Insurance Co.
Office, 8 Front Street, between Main and Sycamore.
E. B. Reeder, President; N. Gregory, Secretary.
E. B. Reeder, J. C. Thorp, J. P. Kilbreth, William Burnet, J. M.
Blair, E. S. Haines, George Carlisle, J. H. Raper, H. L. Hoffman,
Directors.

Eagle Insurance Co. of Cincinnati.
Office, 9 Front Street, between Main and Sycamore.
Insures property of all descriptions against loss or damage by
fire ; also, against the perils of the sea, or inland navigation.

Isaac C. Copelen, President ; James B. Stockton, Secretary ; J. B.
Lawder, Surveyor.

Isaac C. Copelen, Samuel H. Taft, Richard Conkling, William
Wood, S. W. Reeder, Henry Kessler, George W. Townley, Directors.

Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co.
Capital, $2,000,000.
This company insures lives, grants and purchases annuities, and
makes other contracts involving the use of money and the duration
of life. Allows interest on deposits for a term not less than two
months. On deposits intended for accumulation, such rate of in-
terest as may be agreed upon.

Charles Stetson, President ; Wilham Greene, Secretary.
S

94 INSURANCE COMPANIES.

Charles Stetson, Jacob Burnet, John C. Wright, Samuel Fosdiek,
D. B. Lawler, Timothy Walker, S. C. Parkhurst, A. M. Taylor, W.
W. Scarborough, George Luckey, W. G. Breese, Cincinnati, D.
Kilgore, Samuel Forrer, S. F. Vinton, in the State, Moses Taylor,
Robert Bayard, New York, J. B. Hosmer, Ct., Trustees.

Ohio Life Insurance Co. — -Joint and Mutual.
Authorized Capital, $200,000 ; $100,000 paid in and secured.
Office, Reedefs buildings, Third Street, second door east of City Bank.
E. S. Haines, President; J. W. Douohue, Vice-President; S.
W. Reeder, Secretary; W. Richards, M. D., Consulting Physician.

WiUiam Burnet, E. S. Haines, S. Robert, J. W. Donohue, H. H.
Goodman, J. N. Ridgv/ay, J. M. Blair, William Person, Eden B.
Reeder, Wm. Aug. Goodman, Directors.

AppUcants will be examined by either of the following physi-
cians:—M. B. Wright, M. D., S. A. Latta, M. D., Tom. 0. Edwards,
M. D., J. S. Unzicker, M. D., J. F. White, M. D., D. Judkins, M. D.
George Fries, M. D., John Davis, M. D., and B. S. Lawson, M. D.

This company will insure lives on either the joint stock or mutual
plans. Persons insuring in the mutual department, can settle one-
half the premium by giving their individual note, and insurances in
the joint stock department may pay quarterly, semi-annually, or an-
nually. The rates are lower than those charged by most companies,
and as low as entire safety to the insured will warrant.

Jefferson Life Insurance Co. of Cincinnati.

Capital, $100,000.

Office, BrommelVs building, Fourth Street, between Walnut and Vine.

H. H. Goodman, President ; W. W. Cones, Vice-President ; L.
Benton, Secretary. H. H. Goodman, W. W. Cones, Wm. Burnet,
Wm. McCammon, Samuel B. Keys, George Carlisle, A. G. Burt,
Chas. Conahan, E. Gest, Chas. Goodman, H. B.Payne, Cleveland, 0.,
D. W. Deshler, Columbus, 0., Directors.

Hon. J. Burnet, T. S. Goodman, S. Wiggins, Board of Finance.

David Judkins, M. D., P. G. Fore, M. D., Medical Examiners.

The peculiar advantages of this company, are, that it conducts its
business on the joint stock and mutual plan. It has a capital suffi-
cient to guard against all contingencies — the directors are well
known. The rates of premium are reduced thirty-three and one-
third, in the joint stock insurance, being equivalent to a dividend in
advance of that amount, on the mutual plan. Notes of the persons

INSURANCE COMPANIES. 95

insuring, arc taken for one-half of the premium, ■where the insurance
is for hfe, and an annual declaration of profits to the insured. The
establishment of this company will enable the citizens of the west to
retain at home, thousands and tens of thousands of dollars, now paid
annually to foreign companies for premiums on Life Insurance, which
will be invested under the advice of the above mentioned finance
committee, whose character and standing is a guarantee of its judi-
cious application.

Ohio Live Stock Insurance Co, ;:■''•••■( -^ .1;;::)!
Charter granted 20th March, 1850.
Capital $100,000, with privilege of increasing to 200,000.
Office, Reeder's buildings, Third Street, between Walnut and Vine.
In the same house occupied by the City Fire and Marine Insur-
ance Co., where all applications for insurance may be made.
William Burnet, President ; S. W. Reeder, Secretary ; Capt. J. S.

Ross, surgeon and inspector; residence. Seventh Street, between

Plum and Western Row.

This company is now prepared to insure horses, mules, cattle,

and sheep, against death or damage, either by fire, water, accident

or disease of any or all kinds. All losses paid promptly within

thirty days after proof of loss.

William Burnet, William Person, E. S. Haines, H. H. Goodman,

S. Robert, Directors.

Ohio Mutual Insurance Co.
Capital Stock, $300,000.
Office, second story, 9 Front Street, between Main and Sycamore.
This old and well known company insures property of all descrip-
tions, against loss or damage by Fire.

Geo. W. Copelen, Secretary ; John M. Wood, Surveyor.
I. C. Copelen, H. Brachmann, H. Kessler, Directors.
References. — Hon. Geo. P. Torrence, Hon. H. E. Spencer, Gen.
A. Mohr, Most Rev. J. B. Purcell, N. C. McLean, G. M. Heran-
court, Samuel Cloon, F. Fortmann.

Fraternal Mutual Life Insurance Company

Office, No. 79 West Third Street.

J. L. Vattier, Pres't ; J. W. Messick, Vice-Pres't. R. Conkling,

I. P. Wilhams, S. Peel, Rich'd Bates, W. M. Cameron, Hon. R. Moore,

Smith Betts, Robt. Cameron, J. Evans, H. S. Applegate, Directors.

96 INSURANCE COMPANIES.

C. Moore, Secretary ; A. H. Baker, M. D., Medical Adviser.
E. K. Chamberlin, M. D., C. L. Avery, M. D., J. S. Unzeiker,
M. D., John A. Murray, Examining Physicians.

New York Life Insurance Co.

Morris Frankhn, President; Phny Freeman, Actuary.

I. S. Dodge, M. D., B. L. Hill, and James Hunt, M. D., Medical
Examiners.

This company is on the purely mutual plan, and each person
insured participates in the profits of the company

Phcenix Insurance Co. of St. Louis.
Capital, $150,000.
Office, 1 5 Front Street, over Messrs. Slioenherger'' s Iron Store.
John B. Camden, President ; W. H. Pritchart, Secretary.

American Mutual Insurance Co.
Capital $100,000.
George Warnick, President ; Alden T. Mallery, Secretary.
As agent of the above companies, the undersigned insures cargoes
of steamboats, flatboats, canal boats, and vessels navigating the seas
and lakes ; also buildings, goods, furniture, machinery and other pro-
perty against loss or damage by fire, on reasonable terms.
A. S. Chew, Agent. — Office, 15 Front Street, east of Main.

Mutual Life Insurance Co. of New York,
35 Wall Street.

Joseph B. Collins, President; Isaac Abbatt, Secretary; Charles
Gill, Actuary.

A million of dollars securely invested in bonds and mortgages on
real estate in this city and Brooklyn, and stocks of the State and
City of New York and United States Government.

All the profits are divided among the insured.

The company declared a dividend of profits of fifty-two per cent.,
on all existing policies, on the 31st of January, 1848.

Persons may eftect insurance on their own lives and the lives of
others.

A married woman can insure the life of her husband, the benefits
of which are secured by law for the exclusive use of herself or chil-
dren.

Clergymen, and all others dependent upon salaries or their daily

INSURANCE COMPANIES. 97

earnings, are specially invited to avail tliemselves of a resource
whereby their surviving families may be secured from the evils of
penury.

Annuities granted on favorable terms. ; ,vi ..,, ,

Columbus Insurance Co.

Capital $300,000. ' '' '

Demas Adams, President; D. Alexander, Secretary.

Franklin Fire Insurance Co. of Philadelphia.

Capital $400,000.

Office, 3 Front Street, east of Main.

The undersigned having been appointed agent for the above com-
panies, is prepared to insure on lives and property and effects of
every description, against loss or damage by fire, the perils of
marine navigation, and the hazards of inland transportation.

Terms reasonable, and losses promptly and reasonably adjusted.
John Reeves, Agent.

Delaware Mutual Safety Insurance Co. of Philadelphia.
Office, Front Street, between Main and Sycamore.

Wm. Martin, President; Thomas C. Hand, Vice-President; Jos.
W. Cowan, Secretary; B. Urner, Agent.

Joseph H. Seal, Robert Burton, Henry Lawrence, William Fol-
well, James G. Hand, John Garret, Davis B. Stacy, William Hay,
Spencer Mcllvain, Samuel Edwards, Dr. R. M. Huston, George
Serrill, Edmund Souder, John R. Penrose, Edward Darlington, John
S. Newlin, Theophilus Paulding, Hugh Craig, Charles Kelly, Dr.
S. Thomas, John C. Davis, Isaac R. Davis, H. Jones Brooke, J. G.
Johnson, John Sellers, jun.. Directors.

This company does business upon the mutual insurance principle,
combined with a joint stock capital. The assured are protected
from loss at ordinary rates of premium ; are free from liability for
the losses of the corporation, can vote at all elections, and are
eligible as directors.

The profits remain in the corporation as additional security to the
assured, and are funded and represented by script, bearing interest.
The capital and accumulated profits amounted to over 8340,000, in
Nov., 1849. Fire, marine, and inland transportation risks taken at
current rates of premium.

ifO INSURANCE COMPANIES.

Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co. of Philadelphia.
Office, 16 Front Street.
Guarantee Capital and accumulated fund over $220,000.
Charter perpetual.
All the profits divided among the policy holders every year.
Daniel L. Miller, President; Wilham M. Clark, Vice-President;
John W. Hornor, Secretary. — B. Urner, Agent.

New England Mutual Life Insurance Co.

Office, 16 Fro7it Street.

Established in Boston in 1843.

Guarantee Capital and accumulated fund amount now to over $360,000.

William Phillips, President; Benj. F. Stevens, Secretary; Benj.

Urner, Agent.

Dayton Insurance Co. — Fire and Marine.
Office, 53 Third street, ivest of Walnut, over Almy's Bank.
Daniel Beckel, President; J. F. Dodds, Secretary.
Directors. — Daniel Beckel, L. F. Claflin, D. A. Haines, Joseph
Clegg, John Harries, A. Speice, H. M. Brown.
James S. Chew, Agent.

The Utica Insurance Co. of Utica, N. Y.
Capital, $150,000.
Henry R. Hart, President ; John S. Hunt, Secretary.
Issues policies on hulls and cargoes of steamboats, cargoes of
flat-boats, and buildings and contents of all kinds.

James S. Chew, Agent. Office, 63 West Third street.

Firemen's and Mechanics' Insurance Co., Madison, Ind.
Office, 21 Main, west side, between Front and Columbia Streets, Cin.

Capital $150,000.
David White, President ; Thomas L. Paine, Secretary.
David White, C. S. Lodge, N. 0. Wilhams, D. Blackmore, jun.,
N. McKee Dunn, Samuel M. Strader, Washington Thomas, Matthew
Kemberly, Hiram K. Wells, Directors.

Insure steamboats and their cargoes, flatboats, marine and
inland insurance, buildings, merchandise, and property generally,
as low as any other ofliice.

M. L. Neville, Secretary ; Wm. B. Cassilly, Agent,

insurance companies. 99

Charter Oak Life Insurance Co. of Hartford, Conn. —

Joint Stock and Mutual.

$200,000 Capital, securely invested under the sanction and approval of the

Comptroller of public accounts of the State of Connecticut.

Gideon Welles, President ; Wm. T. Lee, Vice-President ; Saml.
Coit, Secretary.

Gideon Welles, William T. Lee, Calvin Day, Tertius Wadsworth,
Erastus Smith, Thomas Belknap, James G. Bolles, Chas. Seymour,
jun., John A. Butler, L. F. Robinson, Directors.

George Beach, President Phoenix Bank; D. F. Robinson, Presi-
dent Hartford Bank; Hon. Isaac Toucey, late Attorney- General, U. S.

This company presents unusual advantages to insurers, from the
following considerations :

1st. The capital being $200,000, is larger than that of any com-
pany incorporated by the Legislature of Connecticut, and is all
pledged for the payment of losses.

2d. It is all invested in securities of the highest character, which
are not only approved by the board of directors, but by the comp-
troller of public accounts of the State of Connecticut.

3d. Conducting its business on the joint stock and mutual plan,
it combines all the benefits and privileges of two distinct companies,
with only the expenses of one.

4th. It insures lives at the lowest rates, which can afford perman-
ency to the company and safety to the insured.

5th. Its charter is perpetual.

Agency at Cincinnati, Henry E.Spencei',— 36 /b^r^A, east of Wal-
nut Street, at Willis db Burfs real estate Office.

0. M. Langdon, M. D., Medical Examiner.

Insurance Company- of Lexington, Ky.

Capital $300,000.

Columbian Insurance Co. of Boston, Mass.

Capital $200,000.

Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Co. of Newark, N. J.

Sui-plus, $1,082,618.

British Commercial Life Insurance Co. of London, Enq.

Capital, $3,400,000.

John W. Hartwell,

. ,,. , ,, „ „ , Hartwell & Hall, Agents
A. Mitchell Hall, ) ^

19 Front, near Sycamore Street.

100 insurance companies.

National Loan Fund Life Insurance Co. of
London and New York.

Capital, $2,000,000.
Office, 26 West Front Street.
Liggett & Hall, Agents.

Union Mutual Life Insurance Co. — Incorporated 1848.

Directors' office, 68 State Street, Boston. — Original and accumulated

Capital, $200,000, constantly increasing.

Office, Reeder's building. Third Street, over City Bank.

This company is a purely mutual one, and all its profits are

divided among the holders of its life policies.

Its funds are all invested by a Board of Finance, composed of the
best financiers in the country.

Board of Finance. — Franklin Haven, President of Merchants'
Bank, Boston ; Thomas Thacher, merchant, Boston ; Reuel Williams,
President of Kennebec Railroad.

E. K. Chamberlain, M. D., Consulting Physician ; J. F. White,
M. D., Medical Examiner; Baker & Groocock, Agents.
This office sustains the highest reputation at home.

Cincinnati Agency of the Lafayette Insurance Co.
Capital, $200,000.— Stockholders individually liable.

Godlove S. Orth, President; A. M. Crane, Secretary.

References in Cincinnati. — J. C. Butler & Co., Kuhn, Rindskoff
& Co., W. H. Thompson, Esq., P. Outcalt & Co., Scott & Sullivan,
A. J. Mead & Co.

This company efiects Fire and Marine Insurance on as favorable
terms as any other responsible company.

Applications received, and losses promptly adjusted, by Joseph J.
Davis, Agent.

Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Co., of Hartford,
John L. Vattier, Examining Physician ; Landon C. Rives, M. D.,

Tom 0. Edwards, M. D., E. Kendrick, M. D., A. H. Baker, M. D.,

S. 0. Almy, M. D., Consulting Physicians.

Agent in Cincinnati, Joseph J. Davis, Heeder's building, 53 Third

Street, between Walnut and Vine.

insurance companies. 101

Insurance Co. of Madison, Ind.

Office of the Cincinnati agency, north-west corner of Walnut

and Columbia Streets.

A. W. Pitcher, President; E. G. Whitney, Secretary.

Samuel F. Covington, Agent.

This company was incorporated by an act of the Indiana Legisla-
ture, approved January 26, 1831. It is empowered to insure dl
kinds of property against hazards of every description ; and also to
insure the lives of individuals. The capital stock is one hundred
thousand dollars, and is all paid in.

The principal office and business of the company is at Madison,
Indiana, where it is also engaged in the business of banking. The
stock is generally owned by citizens of Madison, and its business
and management have been such as render it one of the safest insti-
tutions in the west.

^TNA Insurance Co., op Hartford Countt.
Annuity Fund, $150,000.

The leading idea of the system adopted by this company is, to as-
certain precisely what it is worth to insure a given amount upon a
life for a certain time, and to charge precisely that sum and no
more ; it is attended with none of those vexatious contingencies
which are inseparable from the mutual system. It has nothing to
do with script, dividends or bonuses, the declaration of which, upon
true and equitable principles, is attended with so much difficulty
and perplexity ; it is perfectly simple, as well as uniform and equal
in all its operations.

Risks taken in all the different methods ever adopted by any of
the English or American companies, at its agency, 1 and 2 Reeder's
Building, 57 Third street, between Walnut and Vine.

Thomas K. Brace, President; E. A. Bulkley, Vice-President;
S. L. Loomis, Secretary ; J. W. Seymour, Actuary ; C. L. Avery,
M. D., Medical Examiner. C. D. Dickerman, Agent.

References in Cincinnati. — Willis Lord, D. D., James Calhoun,
Harrison & Eaton, James Curtis.

Hudson River Fire Insurance Co. of Waterford, New York.
Capital $200,000, all paid in and secured.
Risks taken, and losses promptly adjusted, by C. D. Dickerman,
Agent.

102

CTTV WATER WORKS.

VII. WATER AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHT.

CITY WATER WORKS.
E. Hinman, Superintendent.
Theodore R. Scowden, Engineer.
J. R. Baldridge, Secretary.
Charles Balance, and Charles Munroe, Collectors.

TRUSTEES.

J. C. Hall, N. W. Thomas, and Wm. McCammon.

The first settlers of Cincinnati drank from the spring in the hill-
side, along and below the present line of Third street, and did their
washing in the Ohio river.

As the population increased, individuals, for their greater private
convenience, sank wells. Still a large portion of the inhabitants
obtained their supply from the river, and there are many still living
who associate "toting" water by hoop and buckets with their reminis-
cences of a Avashing day.

The summer of 1802 was very dry, and most of the springs
failed. Among the rest, the one which supplied " Deacon Wade's"
tan-yard. Without water the bu.siness could not go on — not a dray
in the settlement. — ^What was to be done ? An inventive genius,
James McMahan, came to their relief ; with an ax and auger repaired
to the adjoining fields, cut a couple of saplings, pinned cross-pieces,
and upon them secured a cask. To this " drag," by aid of a yoke,
or wooden collar, he geared his bull, and with this fixin' the water
was furnished, and the business of the yard kept in operation.

In 1806, when the citizens numbered seventeen hundred, the first
move for supplying them with water was made by William, better
known as " Bill" Gibson, rigging a cask upon wheels, and under-
taking the furnishing of water as a part of his business. The
facility this water-cart afforded, was as great a desideratum, and as
marked an epoch in 1*he history of the progress of the comforts of
the town, as any subsequent improvement for furnishing the city
with water.

CITY WATER WORKS. 103

In 1817, Jesse Reeder built a tank on the bank of the river,
near Ludlow street. By means of elevators, Avorked by horse
power, he lifted the water into this tank, and thence sold it to the
water carts.

In 1816, the Town Council of Cincinnati granted the " Cincinnati
Woolen Manufacturing Company the exclusive privilege of laying-
pipe in the streets, lanes, and alleys of the town, for the purpose of
supplying the citizens thereof with water," conditioned, " That on
or before the 4th day of July, 1819, the pipe should be laid, and
water conveyed to that part of the town lying south of Third street,
commonly called the " Bottom," and to that part of the town called
the "Hill," so that it may be delivered three feet above the first
floor of James Ferguson's kitchen, in said town, on or before the
2d day of July, 1823."

In 1818, the Woolen Manufacturing Company, with the assent
of the Town Council, transferred all their right, interest and privi-
lege of supplying the inhabitants of the town of Cincinnati with
water, to S. W. Davies ; and the legislature granted said Davies, and
his associates, an Act of Incorporation by the name of the " Cincin-
nati Water Company," with the privilege of creating a capital not
exceeding $75,000. Mr. Davies purchased the property now occu-
pied by the Engine House and Reservoir, and commenced preparing
for furnishing the city with water.

A reservoir 40 by 30, and 6 feet deep, bottom and sides planked,
was excavated on the hill side, a little south and west of the present
site. Two frame buildings were erected on the bank, one on the
north, and the other on the south of Front street. A lifting-pump,
placed in the building south of Front street, lifted the water from
the river into a tank in the building on the north of Front street.
From this tank the water was forced up the hill, into the reservoir.
The pipes, pumps and machinery were of wood, and worked by
horse; power.

In 1820, there being at the time no improvements between Broad-
way and the reservoir, the wooden pipes leading into the town were
laid along the hill side, through Martin Baum's orchard, down to
Deer creek ; on the west side of the Creek, through what at the
time was Baum's fields, now Longworth's garden, and other lots to
Broadway ; thence along Fifth street to Sycamore, and down Syca-
more to Lower Market. Here the first fire-plug, — a wooden pent-
stock — was placed, and from it the first water lifted by machinery

104 CITT WATER WORKS.

from the Ohio nvcr, and passed through pipes for the use of tlie
citizens, flowed on the 3d day of July, 1821.

In 1824, Mr. Davies purchased the engine andboiler of the steam-
boat Vesta ; and Mr. Joseph Dickinson, after having repaired, and
fitted the engine up in the frame building south of Front street,
attached by means of crank and lever, two lifting-pumps, of 6-inch
cylinder, and two force-pumps of 7-inch cylinder and 4-foot stroke.
With these the water was lifted from the river into a tank in the
same building, and forced, from this tank, up the hill, 400 feet
through 5-inch iron pipe, and 350 feet of gum wood pipe, into the
reservoir. The trees for these pipes were cut in Deacon Wade's
" woods," near the corner of Western Row and Everett streets.

In 1827, Mr. Davies sold his interest in the water works to Messrs.
Ware, Foote, Greene and others, when in accordance with the act of
incorporation a company organization took place. At this time,
there were about 17,000 feet of wooden pipe, five hundred and thirty
hydrants, and less than 5,000 dollars income.

In 1828, the engine was repaired, and the entire pumping appa-
ratus remodeled by Anthony Harkness. After this, the water was
thrown through a 12-inch iron pipe into a new stone reservoir, 100
feet by 50, and 12 feet deep. This reservoir was enlarged, from
time to time, until its dimensions equaled 350 feet in length by 50
feet in width, and 12 feet deep, containing 1,200,000 gallons of water.
This reservoir, having served its day, has now to give way to make
room for a new one enlarged to meet the present demand.

In 1 833, Mr. Harkness made and put up a new engine and pump-
ing apparatus, which is now in use.

In 1839, the water works were purchased of the Company by the
City. They consisted, at that time, of the ground on which the
engine house is erected, being 300 feet on Front street, running to
the river — 176 feet of ground fronting on the north side of Front
street, running to Congress street — a piece of ground bounding 500
feet on High street, and 350 feet on Morton street, including the
reservoir — 1885feetof 10-inch iron pipe, 7914 feet of 8-inch, 10,634
of 4-inch iron pipe, and 117,421 feet of wooden pipe — with 2639
hydrants, and an income of $31,777.

In 1844, the City Council contracted Avith Messrs. Yeatman &
Shield for new engines and pumps, which were put in operation.
in 1846.

In 1846, the management of the water works was placed, by an

CITY WATER WORKS. 105

act of the Legislature, in charge of three Trustees, to be elected by

the people.

The following- account of the pumping power connected with the

works, at this time, is from the report of the engineer, Theo. R.

Scowden, to the Trustees.

" The engine built by Mr. Anthony Harkness is high pressure,

slide valves, and is constructed, in its application of power to the

pumps, on the principle of direct action.

" The steam cylinder is 25 inches diameter, and works eight feet

stroke of piston; the pump barrel is 17 inches diameter, working

same stroke of piston as the cylinder, and the centres of bores

exactly in the direction of plumb line. Although antiquated in

appearance, the simple and durable arrangement admirably adapts
it to the pumping of water ; operating with much ease and regular-
ity of motion, and capable of forcing into the reservoir 1,500,000
gallons of water each 12 hours.

" The steam engine and pump built by Messrs. Yeatman &
Shield were constructed from a design by Mr. Shield, and put in
operation in March, 1847. The steam engines are connected at
right angles by an arrangement in the main cranks. The steam
cylinders are 22 inches bore and 10 feet stroke of piston, and form
their connection with the main cranks by means of wrought iron
pitmans. The pumps are each 14 inches diameter of bore, and 10
feet stroke of piston. Attached to the pumps are two air vessels,
5 feet diameter and 10 feet long ; the pumps throw about 1,800,000
gallons of water into the reservoir each 12 hours."

The engine and pump built by Messrs. A. Harkness & Son, and
completed in February, 1851, were from designs furnished by Mr.
Scowden, engineer of the water works. " This is a vertical, direct
acting, condensing engine, having a cylinder of 45 inches diameter
and 8 feet stroke of piston, with double acting vertical forcing-pump,
the barrel 18 inches diameter, and 8 feet of stroke of piston; the
air vessel attached is 10 feet long and 4 feet diameter.

"For quantity and quality of material, faithful workmanship,
and high finish, it is eminently superior, possessing every essential
of excellence to give it a high rank as a specimen of American
mechanism ; likely to give satisfactory results, when thorough trial
and experience shall have fully established its practical usefulness."
This machinery is capable of throwing 1,750,000 gallons of water
into the reservoir each 12 hours.

106 CINCINNATI GAS WORKS.

The efficient pumping power of the -works at this time, is equal to
5,000,000 gallons of water each 12 hours. The average daily con-
sumption of water in the city, is about 2,300,000 gallons, equal to
a consumption of coal, daily, of 185 bushels.

The Avails of the new reservoir now in progress of construction are
of common limestone. The entire length will be 368 feet, width 135
feet, and depth 23 feet ; calculated to retain water to the height of
20 feet, and holding 5,000,000 gallons of water.

The water was let into the east division of the new reservoir, last
December, and since that time the city has been supplied from
that source.

At this time there are connected with the works, rather more than
45 miles of pipe, and 5700 hydrants, producing an income, for the
year ending 15th December, 1850, of f 72, 500.

The cost of the water works, including the sum of $300,000 paid
to the old water company, amounts to $796,000. The city bonds
have been issued, at different times, to the amount of $680,000 ; the
balance, $1 16,000, has been furnished from the surplus income, after
paying the interest on the loans, repairs, and all other ordinary
expenses of conducting the works.

CINCINNATI GAS WORKS.

This, which is now a joint-stock company, was originally the
private enterprise of J. F. Conover and J. H. Caldwell, to whom the
City Council, by ordinance, dated 16th June, 1841, gave the exclu-
sive privilege of supplying the citizens and lighting the city with
gas for 25 years, Avhen the city has the right to purchase the works
at an equitable valuation, made by disinterested persons, mutually
chosen. These individuals subsequently obtained a charter, granted
by the Legislature, under the name and style of " The Cincinnati
Gas Light and Coke Company," with a capital of $100,000 ; to
which company they subsequently transferred their interest, retain-
ing a large majority of the stock, under the sanction and approval
of the City Council.

The Works are on Front, between Smith and Park streets, and
inclose about one and a third acre of ground. There are between
eighteen and twenty miles of pipe laid, and 500 lamps erected
throughout the city. Nearly three miles of pipe are annually added
to the existing improvements. W. S. Caldwell, President.

OBSERVATORY. lO"*

VIII. SCIENCE AND LITERATURE.

OBSERVATORY.

The site on which the Cincinnati Observatory is erected is one of
great beauty. The building crowns a hill which rises some 500 feet
above the low water of the Ohio river, and commands a view of
wonderful variety. On the east are seen in the distance the hills of
Kentucky, the river coming in from the north-east; the towns of
Fulton and Jamestown, with their manufactories and ship-yards ; —
toward the north and north east, extends the same range of high
grounds, on the most southern spur of which the observatory is
erected. The nearest of these are now highly cultivated, and are
covered with luxuriant vineyards, and orchards of choice fruit.
The village of Mount Auburn presents an elegant appearance,
especially when lighted by the first rays of the morning sun. Look-
ing west from the summit of the Observatory, the entire city of
Cincinnati is spread out before the beholder, as upon a map. There
is scarcely a building in the whole city which may not be distin-
guished from this elevated position. The river is followed by the
eye toward the south-west, its continuity occasionally broken by the
interposition of high hills ; — on the south and south-west, are seen
the Kentucky cities of Newport and Covington, separated by the
Licking river, whose rich valley indents the country for more than
twenty miles.

Such is the character of the position selected for the erection of
the first great Astronomical Observatory ever erected by the people.
Four acres were presented on the summit of this hill, to the Astro-
nomical Society, by IS". Longworth ; this lot of ground to be forever
exclusively devoted to the uses of the Astronomical Observatory.
From so elevated a position, there is, of course, an uninterrupted
horizon ; so that the moment an object ascends above that line, it
may be brought within the sweep of the telescope . The height of
the observatory above the river and above the plane on which the
city is built, frees the observers from the annoyance of smoke,
heated atmosphere, and fogs, which would be most serious obstacles
on a lower level.

108

OBSEKVATORT.

The Observatory building is constructed in such manner as to
accommodate the family of the Director, as well as for scientific
uses, and for the instruments. The main building, erected of stone,
quarried from the hill, presents a front of 80 feet, and rises two
stories and a half high on the wings, and three in the centre. The
front is ornamented by a Grecian Doric portico, from whose roof
there is a beautiful look out on the surrounding country. This
portico, in connection with the main building and the transit building,
in the rear or on the east side, constitutes a structure whose ground-
plan is in the shape of a cross : when viewed from any point north or
south, from Avhich the parts of the entire structure may be taken in,
the edifice presents an appearance of massiveness and solidity which
harmonizes admirably with the known uses to which it is applied.

Through the centre of the main building, and founded on the
natural rock, rises a pier of grouted masonry eight feet square,
entirely insulated from the floors through which it passes, to furnish
a permanent and immovable basis for the great equatorial telescope,
the chief instrument of the Observatory. This magnificent telescope,
one of the largest and most perfect in the world, was made at the
Frauenhofer Institute, Munich, by Messrs. Mertz & Mahler, so dis-
tinguished for the perfection of their optical instruments.

The focal length is about 17^ feet ; the diameter of the object
glass, twelve inches ; bearing magnifying powers varying from
100 times up to' 1400 times. Clock-work is attached to the pon-
derous mass of the telescope and all its machinery and circles,
by which its mass, weighing some 2500 lbs., is moved with such
admirable accuracy, that an object under examination may be fol-
lowed by the telescope at the will of the observer. This stupendous
instrument, mounted on a stone pedestal of great strength and
graceful figure, rises, when directed to the zenith, some 20 feet above
the floor of the room in Avhich it is located.

This room is surmounted by 'a roof of pecuHar structure, and so
arranged that a portion of the vertical wall and the roof, strongly
framed together and mounted on wheels on a railway track, may,
by a single person, be rolled either north or south, Avhen the entire
heavens falls within the sweep of the telescope. It is truly won-
derful to behold the admirable manner in which this huge instru-
ment is balanced and counterpoised, until the astronomer handles it
with as much facility as if it were divested of gravity or were
afloat on some liquid surface.

OBSERVATORr.

109

One story lower, and in the transit-room, is mounted the transit
telescope, the property of the U. S. Coast Survey, and furnished to
the Observatory by the present Superintendent, Dr. A. D. Bache.
Connected with this instrument, is an admirable sidereal clock, by
Molyneux, of London, and presented to the Observatory by Wilson
McG-rew of our city. Here also is found the new machinery
invented and constructed by the present Director of the Observatory,
Professor 0. M. Mitchel : it consists of two instruments of entirely
different construction, the one intended to record the observations
of right ascension ; the other, observations of difference in declination
or of N. P. Distance.

It would be quite impossible, in the compass of this notice, to give
any just idea of this wonderfully delicate apparatus. By means of
the electro-magnet, the clock is made to record its own beats, with
surprising beauty, on a disc revolving with uniform velocity on a
vertical axis. This disc, covered with paper or metal, receives a
minute dot, struck into it by a stylus, driven by a magnet, whose
operating electric circuit is closed at each alternate beat, by a deli-
cate vibrating wire attached to the pendulum of the clock by an
actual spider's iveb ; thus, at each alternate vibration of the pen-
dulum, the circuit is closed, and the second is entered, magnetically,
on the revolving disc. At the close of each revolution, the disc
moves itself forward about the tenth of an inch, without check or
interference with the uniformity of its angular motion, and a new
circumference of time dots, commences to be recorded. On the
time scale thus perpetually forming, the observer can enter, magnet-
ically, by the touch of a key, the observed instant of transit of
any star or other object across the meiidian wires of his telescope.

These entries are subsequently read from the disc, even down to
the thousandth of one second of time.

This apparatus has now been in use for nearly two years, and has
furnished observations of accuracy never before reached by any
previous instruments. The rapidity, facility, and accuracy attain-
able by these observations are truly admirable. Results have made
it manifest, that the errors, from all sources, were only to be found
among the hundredths of one second of time. The inventor hopes
to banish the errors from this region even, and drive them to the
thousandth of a second.

The declination apparatus is also entirely new, and seems to pos-
sess astonishing power. It releases the observer from the necessity

110 CINCINNATI HORTICULTURAL SUCIETY.

of reading any circles or other meajis of identifying liis instrumental
positions, and enables him, at a single transit, to record as many as
ten observations for declination — even among the swiftly moving
bodies of the equator. This gives an advantage, all other things being
equal, of ten to one over the old methods of observing. This instru-
ment has been in use about a year, and is yet incomplete in some of
its refined details, but has produced remarkable results, and gives
the highest promise, when mechanically complete in all its parts.

Such are the appliances for work in the Cincinnati Observatory.
There is no endowment, and the present director has no salary or
other compensation, and no assistance out of his oww immediate
family. The great telescope has been principally employed in the
measure of the newly discovered and previously discovered double
and multiple stars, and in figuring remarkable clusters and nebulae.

The other apparatus and transit instrument are employed in re-
determining the places of the N. A. standard stars, and other kin-
dred observations.

It is only to be regretted that an enterprise, so nobly conceived,
and so well carried out, could not now be permanently endowed,
that its instruments might be worked day and night to their utmost
capacity.

THE CINCINNATI HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY.

This flourishing and useful society was formed in 1843, as the
following extracts from its publications will show :

The first meeting with reference to the formation of the Cincin-
nati Horticultural Society, was held at the house of Robert
Buchanan, on the evening of the 17th February, 1843. The fol-
lowing persons were present: — Robert Buchanan, A. H. Ernst,
M. Flagg, S. C. Parkhurst, J. B. Russell, H. Probasco, V. C. Mar-
shall, John Locke, George Graham and Thomas Winter. A. H.
Ernst was called to the chair, and J. B. Russell appointed Secre-
tary.

On motion, J. B. Russell, M. Flagg, and R. Buchanan, Avere ap-
pointed a committee to prepare a constitution and by-laws of the
Society. At a subsequent meeting, they made a report, which was
accepted ; and the following persons were elected officers for that
year:

CINCINNATI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETi". Ill

Robert Buchanan, President; Melzer Flagg, 1st Vice-President ;
Andrew H. Ernst, 2d Vice-President; L. G. Bingham, 3d Vice-
President ; S. C. Parkhurst, Treasurer ; John B. Russell, Corres-
ponding Secretary ; J. G. Anthony, Recording Secretary.

Elisha Brigham, George Graham, George W. NefF, Jacob Hoffner,
Thomas Winter, WiUiam Smith, John Sayers, — Council.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

On the characters of Fruits and their Synonyms. — A. H. Ernst,
M. Flagg, Wm. Smith, John Sayers, Stephen Mosher.

On Flowers. — R. Buchanan, John Sayers, Jacob HofFner, Gabriel
Sleath, S. S. Jackson.

On Vegetables.— G. W. NefF, J. B. Russell, E. B. Reeder, Chas.
W. Elliot, John Frazer.

On Entomology, as connected with insect depredations on Fruit
and Shade Trees. — John P. Foote, J. A. Warder, R. Buchanan,
Charles Cheney, Charles W. Elliot, E. J. Hooper, M. Flagg, Daniel
Gano, William Price, John G. Anthony, George Graham, James
H. Perkins, Dr. N. B. Shaler.

During the spring, summer and autumn of 1843, the society held
meetings nearly every Saturday, in the lower room, on Third Street,
between Walnut and Vine, formerly occupied as the Post Office.
The number of its members increased very fast, and a great interest
in its objects was created. A correspondence was opened with dis-
tinguished horticulturists in different parts of the Union ; new fruits
were thus brought to light, and seeds and scions of superior varieties
were exchanged ,and disseminated. The exhibitions of flowers in
the spring, and of fruits, vegetables, and American Avine in the
autumn, were crowded with visitors, and a great impulse thus given
to the culture of fruits and flowers.

From this humble beginning, it has prospered beyond the fondest
anticipations of its most ardent friends, and now, in the eighth year,
numbers near seven hundred members. Its receipts for the past
year wei'e over il900, and expenditures near ^1800; about 81200
being paid out in premiums for fruits and flowers, and horticultural
designs and decorations.

That the society has been productive of much good, there can be
no doubt; the great improvement in our fruit and flower market,
which we notice every year, is the strongest evidence of its utility,
while the growing taste for the beautiful and innocent pursuits of

112 CINCINNATI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

horticulture, gives pleasing occupation and a delightful hobby, to
the leisure hours of many an amateur in our city and vicinity, afford-
ing at the same time, an extensive and liberal market for the nur-
seryman and florist.

The semi-annual exhibitions of this society, particularly the au-
tumnal, have been rich and varied, and highly creditable to our
infant western institutions. Gentlemen from the east have acknow-
ledged that our exhibitions compare favorably with the best of those
across the mountains, and in many fruits, even excel them.

Strong efforts are now being made to erect a horticultural hall,
upon an enlarged scale, and in a style which shall be a credit to the
society and an ornament to the city ; and from the liberal encourage-
ment already met with, the object will, no doubt, be accomplished.
Long may our citizens continue to cultivate a taste for these useful
and ennobling pursuits, so eminently calculated to mend the manners
and improve the heart.

The officers of the society for the present year, are : —

A. H. Ernst, President; Wilham Eesor, M. S. Wade, N. B.
Shaler, Vice-Presidents; John A. Warder, Recording Secretary;
George Graham, Corresponding Secretary; William Resor, Trea-
surer.

Executive Council. — John P. Foote, M, McWilliams, Wm. Orange,
S. S. Jackson, G. Sleath, Jos. Longworth, and S. Mosher.

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR THE YEAR.

Fruits. — M. McWilhams, M. S. Wade, S. M. Carter, Wm. Orange,
John G. Anthony.

Flowers. — N. B. Shaler, James Hall, Robert Neale, Chas. Patton,
Thomas Salter.

Vegetables. — John P. Foote, A. Worthington, Robert M. Moore,
George Graham, Henry Ives.

Library. — John P. Foote, John A. Warder, John G. Anthony.

MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO.

This Institution was first chartered, and placed in the hands of a
Board of Trustees, in 1819, and went fully into operation in 1825.

The State furnished the means by which a spacious edifice was
erected. It contains large lecture rooms and an amphitheatre,
together with apartments for the library, as well as private rooms

MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. llo

for the professors, and apartments -well fitted up for pursuing, pri-
vately, the study of anatomy. The hbrary contains upward of two
thousand vohimes, of well-selected standard works, purchased by
the State, and for the use of the students of the college. The cabi-
net belonging to the Anatomical department is supplied with all the
materials necessary for acquiring a minute and thorough knowledge
of the human frame. These consist of detached bones, of wired
and natural skeletons, and of dried preparations, to exhibit the
muscles, blood-vessels, nerves, lymphatics, etc., etc. In addition,
are very accurate wooden models of the small bones, and represen-
tations in wax, of the soft and more delicate structures.

The cabinet of Comparative Anatomy, is supposed to be supplied
more extensively, and with rarer specimens, than any other in the
Union. Beside perfect skeletons of foreign and American animals,
birds, etc., there is an immense number of detached crania, from the
elephant and hippopotamus to the minute orders.

The cabinet belonging to the Surgical department has been formed
at great expense, by the labor of more than thirty-five years. It
contains a large number of very rare specimens, among which are
sections of the thigh-bones, that establish as fact, what European
surgeons have long denied, viz : the possibility, by proper treatment,
of a re-union, after a fracture, of the neck of these bones. There
are near five hundred specimens of diseased bones alone.

Of the department of Chemistry, it seems hardly necessary that
we should speak. The known industry and extraordinary enthu-
siasm, in every department of the physical sciences, of the gentleman
who fills the chemical chair, are the strongest guarantees, that for
the most full and efficient performance of the peculiar duties allotted
to him, nothing that was necessary has been left unprovided. Many
of his instruments are the result of his own powers of invention ; but
the most important were selected by himself, in Europe, and pur-
chased at great cost.

Belonging to the chair of Materia Medica, is a large collection of
indigenous plants, their extracts and other medicinal preparations,
together with all the foreign articles used in practice ; and the
various topics embraced in the department of Obstetrics and diseases
of women and children, are elucidated, in part, by numerous and
exceedingly interesting wax casts, most of which were obtained in
Paris, of some of the best French artists.

The students have the advan.tage of access to the Commercial

114 MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO.

Hospital, where they witness the medical and' surgical treatment of
the patients by members of the faculty. This is an invaluable pri-
vilege, and affords the students great facilities for acquiring a correct
knowledge of diseases and their treatment. There are in the hospi-
tal, annually, 3000 patients ; and during the two winters usually
devoted to attendance upon lectures, as great a variety of diseases
is presented to the student, as generally falls under the observation
of a physician during a lifetime of practice. But what is of first
importance to the western student, is the fact, that through the
facilities afforded by the connection spoken of, he can acquire a per-
fect knowledge of those diseases which he will be called upon to
treat, on his first introduction into practice. A further advantage
of this connection, also, is that students have the opportunity of
witnessing operations, by one, long and successfully acquainted with
the practical use of the knife.

In the prosecution of Practical Anatomy, also, every facility is
aflforded them that can be obtained at similar institutions of the
country.

At no period during its entire history have the prospects of the
school been more encouraging. The utmost harmony prevails in
the faculty, and the present class is as large as any which has ever
attended, with one exception. There are, at present, one hundred
and eighty-six students.

Board of Trustees. — John P. Foote, President ; J. L. Vattier, M.D.,
Secretary; A. N. Riddle, Treasui-er ; Wilham Mount, M. D., Jacob
Strader, E. C. Roll, E. B. Reeder, G. W. Holmes, Miles Greenwood,
Flamen Ball, B. F. Tefi\ D. D.

Faculty. — H. W. Baxley, M. D., Professor of Anatomy.

John Locke, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy.

L. M. Lawson, M. D., Professor of Physiology and Pathology.

T. 0. Edwards, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Thera-
peutics, and Medical Jurisprudence.

R. D. Mussey, M. D., Professor of Surgery.

Landon C. Rives, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and the Diseases
of women and children.

John Bell, M. D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine.

John Davis, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy.

L. M. Lawson, M. D., Dean.

MEDICAL COLLEGES. 115

ECLECTIC MEDICAL INSTITUTE

Chartered in 1845.
Z. Freeman, M. D., Professor of Anatomy.

Jos. R. Buchanan, M. D., Physiology and Institutes of Medicine.
Lorenzo E. Jones, M. D., Materia Medica and Therapeutics.
R. S. Newton, M. D., Surgery.
Benjamin L. Hill, M. D., Obstetrics.

I. Gibson Jones, M. D., Theory and Practice of Medicine.
J. Milton Sanders, Chemistry and Pharmacy.
This institution had enrolled upon its list of students, for the
session of 1850-51, one hundred and ninety names.

PHYSO-MEDICAL COLLEGE.

Corner of Fifth and Western Roiv.
Cliarteredl850.
Faculty. — E. H. Stockwell, M. D., Professor of iVnatomy.

Surgery.

J. A. Powers,
E. Morgan Parritt,
Joseph Brown,
R. C. Carter,
H. F. Johnson,

Chemistry.
Materia Medica.
Obstetrics.
Practice of Med.

THE OHIO COLLEGE OF DENTAL SUEGERY.

Chartered in 1845.

Board of Trustees. — B. P. Aydelotte, D. D., President ; Israel
Dodge, M. D., Secretary; Robert Buchanan, Esq., Calvin Fletcher,
Esq., "William Johnston, Cincinnati, G. S. P. Hempstead, M. D.,
Portsmouth, Samuel Martin, M.D., Xenia, James P. Hildreth, M. D.,
Marietta, Ohio.

This Institution has matriculated seventy students, and conferred
degrees on forty of them. The Faculty stands :

James Taylor, M. D.,D.D.S., Prof. Principles and Practice of
Dental Surgery.

George Mendenhall, M. D., Prof. Pathology and Therapeutics.

Thomas Wood, M. D., Prof. Anatomy and Physiology; John
Allen, D. D. S., Prof. Operative Mechanical Dentistry; G. L. Van
Emon, A.M., D. D. S., Lecturer on Dental Chemistry and Demon-
strator of Operative and Mechanical Dentistry.

116 OHIO mechanics' institute.

OHIO MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.

Incorporated 1829.

This spacious and well proportioned edifice is at the intersection
of Sixth and Vine Streets, and owes its construction to the public
spirit of Miles Greenwood and a few other whole-souled mechanics,
who have contributed liberally of their time, personal labors, and
pecuniary contributions, to erect this highly creditable temple to the
mechanic arts. Within its walls the various mechanics' fairs are
annually held. Scientific knowledge is taught here by lectures,
illustrated by extensive philosophical and electrical apparatus, and
mineralogical cabinet; and impressed on the minds of the mem-
bers by the use of a copious and valuable library, of more than
five thousand volumes ; and reading-room periodicals of more
than forty, of first class public, scientific and philosophical jour-
nals of the day.

There are twelve hundred members — five hundred of whom use
the libraiy. Of these last, more than three hundred are minors.

Courses of lectures weekly, have been held hitherto, throughout
the winter months. These will be hereafter extended to three
lectures in each week, during that season.

The edifice is four stories high, and Gothic in its style. Dimensions,
90 feet on Vine, by 75 on Sixth ; main entrance on Sixth. The
walls are of brick, 85 feet high from the ground floor to top of cor-
nice. The door and window sills are of cast iron, as are also the
columns supporting the fronts. The exterior walls are finished with
stucco imitation of stone, in the most durable manner. The entire
height to the top of the roof is 100 feet, in the centre of which, is a
cupola or lookout ; and, as the building is situated on the most ele-
vated point of land between the canal and river, from it Avill be
afforded one of the finest views of the city, Covington and Newport,
to be had elsewhere, except from the hills themselves.

The interior arrangements are also very complete. The lower
part on Vine is occupied as stores, and the corner on Sixth, with its
two fronts on Vine and Sixth, as fitted out by W. B. Chapman, is
one of the best furnished and arranged drug-stores in Cincinnati.
The large room next west of the main entrance, is devoted to the
exclusive use of mechanics, as a show room for manufactured articles
of home fabrication, embracing every department of the mechanic
arts. Here, for a slight rental, the artisan can deposit for inspec-

T0UNC4 men's library ASSOCIATION. 117

tion or sale, such of the creations of his genius as he desires to bring
before the community, both for his own and their benefit.

The second story is occupied as a hbrary, reading and class
rooms, exclusively by the Institute.

The third story contains the Institute hall, 90 by 65 feet, with
convenient anterooms attached.

The fourth story, halls for the I. 0. of 0. F.

The building is warmed with hot air, and Hghted with gas. Es-
timated cost f 50,000.

Officers. — M. Greenwood, President; R. C. Philips, Vice-Presi-
dent; Wm. G. Neilson, Recording Secretary; W. B. Chapman,
Corresponding Secretary ; L. T. Wells, Treasurer ; Jos. B. Ladd,
Librarian.

YOUNG MEN'S MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION.

Officers for 1851. — Joseph C. Butler, President; James Lupton,
Vice President; Robert L. Fabian, Corresponding Secretary; H. D.
Huntington, Recording Secretary ; "William H. ISTefF, Treasurer.
Charles R. Fosdick, B. P. Hinman, F. W. Ridgely, L. A. Ostram,
Samuel Robbins, Directors ; Charles E. Cist, Librarian, George W.
Frazer, Assistant Librarian.

Library and reading-rooms in the Cincinnati College, on Walnut
street ; open every day, Sundays excepted, from eight o'clock in the
morning until ten in the evening.

This association was first organized by the election of officers
and the adoption of a constitution and by-laAvs, April 18, 1835.

At the commencement of the present year, the number of mem-
bers, was sixteen hundred and twenty-three. Two hundred and
thirty-four names have been since added to the list. Of this number,
one hundred and sixty-five are active, and sixty-nine, honorary.

During the year, twelve hundred and ninety-two volumes have
been added to the library ; eleven hundred and fifty-nine by purchase,
one hundred and thirty-three by donation, together with thirty-two
volumes of bound periodicals and magazines ; making the total
number of volumes now in the library, eleven thousand and ninety-
six, embracing the standard works in the various departments of
literature, science, and art, and a copious selection from current
literature of those works that are attractive, and interesting, and
10

118 APPRENllCES' LIBRARY.

beneficial in their tendency, and will be read by the great majority
of readers, while graver works remain upon the shelves.

The Reading Room constitutes one of the most attractive features
of the association. Here are regularly received fifteen Quarterly,
one Bi-Monthly, thirty -two Monthly, and two Weekly magazines ;
and the list of newspapers extends to ninety-one, embracing those
from every part of our own country, and the most intei-esting from
foreign lands.

Lectures, on various popular subjects, by gentlemen of distin-
guished reputation from all parts of the United States, are delivered
weekly, throughout the winter, and form an interesting feature of
this Institution.

The Library and Reading Rooms are much frequented by strangers ;
of whom there are always great numbers visiting Cincinnati.

The current expenses, as well as the constant additions made to
the library shelves and reading desks, are amply met by the contri-
butions of the members, and revenue from lectures ; which last year
amounted to f5,113 12 cents; an amoimt highly creditable to the
Institution and its supporters.

There are few objects in the city which so forcibly impress
strangers in general as this Library, and the Reading Rooms, its
adjuncts.

APPRENTICES' LIBRARY.

This Institution was founded, February 8, 1821, and was estab-
lished by public contributions of books and money. It contains two
thousand two hundred volumes of interesting works of history,
travels, voyages, arts and sciences, philosophy, chemistry, classics,
religion and morality ; and in fact, nearly every work which is of an
instructive nature to youth. About four hundred volumes are
taken out weekly.

It is governed by a Board of Directors, who are appointed
annually, by the contributors to the library ; if they neglect to do
so at the time specified, the city council make the appointment.

THE FINE ARTS. 119

IX. THE FINE ARTS

The Fine Arts appear to seek geographical localities. Many of
the cities of the old world give evidence of this ; and the sphere of
the beautiful in one branch has so harmonized with that of others,
so great has been the affinity in the different classes of the ennobling
arts, that, in order to enjoy the genial influences of association,
they have rendered some of these old, and otherwise worn-out capi-
tals of the European states, the magnets, which to this day, attract
to them all those who are in love with the beautiful, from all parts
of the civilized world. The fame and character of Florence, is made
up in the eye and heart of thousands, who will never see the beau-
tiful things in her rich galleries ; of the knowledge, that she has given
to the world, and still retains within her borders, unnumbered and
glorious evidences, that she had a real and fostering love of the
grand, the beautiful and sublime in art and poesy. This is her
character ; and she has obtained it, by a long course of faithful and
truth-loving appreciation of those, who, by their genius, talents and
labor, were rendering her, hundreds of years gone by, almost the
centre of the artistic world, at the present day. Is it not worth
something to have the reflection of genius cast upon a city by her
own sous ? Is it not a living light that cannot be destroyed, what-
ever may betide in after time ?

Cincinnati has sent from her young bosom, some names, Avhich
now have an existence in the world of art, that can never perish.
These names, with those of her savans, more than any and all
her other citizens, have rendered her known in Europe. She is
looked upon, by those whose esteem is precious as jewels, as the
artistic and scientific city of our great Republic ; as the centre of the
most cultivated and art-loving, and, consequently, the most refined
people on our Continent. Now, for so young a nation, and still
younger city, this is a high position : it should be the wish of all
that it may be sustained with honor to ourselves, and justice toward
those, who are the immediate cause of our reflected greatness. Our
love for these great pursuits, should be manifested, so palpably
springing from a proper source, that it would be no discredit in our

120 THE FINE ARTS.

assuming a fair share of the honor of our public position. We
should aid those who are aiding us. Heretofore we have enjoyed
the honor arising from the exertions, the genius, and taste of our
artists, without giving them that sympathy and substantial en-
couragement, that just appreciation of their laborious efforts, which
should make this, the home of their gratitude and affections. This
it has not been. Can we point to anything as our share in the
mutual labor of giving our city the honorable place she now holds ?
The answer is an expressive silence. It should be our pleasure, as
it is our duty, in these efforts at elevation of the public taste, to
establish an Academy of Design, which should be open to all classes
of artisans. There should be sections of artists in painting and
sculpture, architecture, ornamental marble and stone workers,
carvers in wood and metal, gold and silversmiths, cabinet makers ;
and indeed, as many other occupations as choose to unite themselves
in separate sections, for the purpose of mutual instruction, in the
art of Design. Collections of paintings and models, sculptures, carv-
ings, engravings, engraved gems, original drawings, plaster casts,
from the best antique statues, as well as modern, bronzes, and a
well-selected library upon the Fine Arts, should be some of the attrac-
tions to draw students from all parts of our common country here,
to be instructed and elevated in their different walks ; thus as from a
common centre radiating a just and classical taste to all around
us, both in form and color. We should cultivate a study of truth
in art, by a just, fearless, and honest criticism upon our own works,
which should supersede the newspaper puffs of the present day,
that are destitute of all correct knowledge of art or of modesty ; and
have ruined many of those artists whose success they were meant
to promote.

That an Academy of Design, properly endowed, can be estab-
lished, none can doubt, when they remember how easily the large
sum of nearly $25,000 was raised for the benefit of the present Arts
Union, and the still more hberal purchase of the Peale Paintings,
and the establishment of the Picture Gallery, of which it is to
form the nucleus. An Academy of Design, with its different
sections, would be a source of instruction, the effects of which would
be seen in all our houses as well as in their exterior ; in all our
cemeteries, and in all our public buildings ; each one being a monu-
ment itself of the liberality, good taste, and good sense, of its
founders. Then could we say, with just pride, that our city had

THE FINE ARTS. 121

seconded, with a beautiful spirit, the high and ennobhng aims, the
rich taste, aiid unclouded genius of her artists. A mirror of strength
and talent would be visible on all sides ; and in the future, might be
discerned, the lofty place occupied by the Queen of the West among
the cultivated and enlightened cities of the world.

AETS UNION HALL.
This fine saloon, with its attendant offices, occupies the fourth
story of the building at the corner of Sycamore and Fourth Streets ;
to which it has given its own name. This hall is 71 by 33 feet, on
the floor, and 24 feet to the skylight above. It is not quite as long
as the exhibition room of the New York Arts Union, but is wider
and higher, and therefore of equal extent. It will serve to display
three hundred pictures of average size. As many as three hundi'ed
pictures, of various sizes, have been exhibited here at one time. A
picture has been recently ordered by the directors, of Mrs. Lily
Martin Spencer, at 250 dollars ; and a statue or other subject, in
marble, to Hiram Powers, with a carte blanche as to design, and
the price to be set by himself at from $3000 to .1^5000 dollars.

PICTURE GALLERY.

William Wiswell, a public-spirited citizen of ours, has recently
fitted up a picture gallery, to which visitors are not only admitted
without charge, but afforded the opportunity of seeing it during any
period of daylight, which may suit their convenience — the entrance
door standing open all the time.

A valuable collection of three hundred portraits, fancy and his-
torical pieces, embracing the works of Kellogg, Beard, Rothermel,
Heade, and other well-known artists, is there placed, under the safe-
guard of the community, to whose sense of honor and justice, the
proprietor has appealed ; and up to this period, with well justified
confidence.

The gem of this gallery is Powers' recently executed bust of
Gen. Jackson ; one of his highest achievements in this line.

ARTISTS.
Cincinnati has been, for many years, extensively and favorably
known as the birthplace, if not the home of a school of artists, who

122 THE FINE ARTS.

may oe found in various parts of Europe, to say nothing of those
in great numbers, whose talent has found exercise in the various
great cities of our own repubhc. The following list gives their
names ; the date at which they commenced their course ; their pre-
sent residence, with names of persons in whose parlors their pic-
tures, statues, (fee, may be found.

The first class consists of those whose career commences gener-
ally at an early date, such as,

Edwin B. Smith, 1815. — Portraits and historical pieces; D.
Churchill, J. H. Cromwell.

A. W. Corwine, 1821. — Portraits; Capt. J, Pierce, P. S. Symmes,
N. Guilford, Timothy Walker, &c.

Joseph Mason, 1822. — Portraits; George Selves, Mrs. Mason,
D. Churchill.

Joseph Kyle, 1823. — New York City. Portraits, and fancy pieces ;
S. Stibbs, M. Burt. His paintings are mostly in New York, where
he has resided for many years.

Samuel M. Lee, 1826. — Landscapes; P. S. Symmes, Joseph
Graham, D. B. Lawler, J. G. Worthington, T. H. Yeatman, J. S.
Armstrong, &c. His best works are at Louisville, Kentucky.

Alonzo Douglass, 1828. — Cincinnati. Portraits; Andrew Burt,
James Douglass.

C. Harding, 1828.— Portraits ; S. S. L'Hommedieu, Philip Young.

Tuttle, 1830, was a pupil of "West. — Portraits; J. H. Cromwell,
T. H. Yeatman, Jacob Burnet.

Daniel Steele, 1830.

John J. Tucker, 1834. — Portraits; Dr. Shotwell and George
Selves.

Sidney S. Lyon, 1836. — Louisville. Portraits and landscapes; M.
M. Carll, Mark P. Taylor, Jonathan Lyon.

Those to whose names no residence is affixed, are knoAvn or
believed to be no longer in life. Of those who are known to survive,
Douglass and Lyon have engaged in other pursuits.

This list has been confined to portrait and landscape painters — it
might, however, include Shubael Clevenger, modeler and sculptor,
who commenced in 1836, and died in 1844, on his way home from
Italy ; and Augustus Rostaing, who executed cameo likenesses and
fancy heads in shell, in 1 835, and left this country subsequently, for
Paris, France, where he now resides. Also Thomas Campbell, a
miniature painter, who commenced here in 1840, and has since de-

THE FINE ARTS. 123

ceased. Clevenger has left busts which may be seen in the parlors
of N. LongAvorth, William Greene, and Judge Burnet. Ros-
taing's Cameos ; N. Longworth, J. C. Hall ; and Campbell's minia-
tures— Wm. Yorke, J. H. Beard, J. D. Jones, J. P. Broadwell, and
A. Baldwin.

Artists living, and in practice — Portrait and Composition Painters —
Miner K. Kellogg, 1828. — New York. Portraits, compositions, and
fancy pieces; Charles S. Kellogg, N. Longworth, AVm. Manser,
Reuben R. Springer, S. I. Kellogg. He has a copy of Stuart's
portrait of Washington, and original portraits of Presidents Van
Buren and Polk, at Wiswell's gallery of paintings on Fourth Street,
and an original portrait of General Jackson at the Masonic Hall.
He has painted another copy of Stuart's Washington, for the Legis-
lature of New Jersey, — of Chief Justice Taney, for the Baltimore
bar ; and General Scott for the New York city authorities. He has
also executed the only portrait of General Worth extant. Among
his compositions, are the Circassian, a female figure, for James
Robb of New Orleans ; and what is probably his best work in this
line, the Greek captive, ordered by Riggs, of the firm of Corcoran
& Riggs, Washington city. A few years since, Kellogg, on a visit to
Constantinople, made a full length portrait of Redschid Pacha, Prime
Yizier of the Sultan of Turkey ; on which occasion, and as a mark
of that minister's gratification, Kellogg received from him a superb
gold cup, profusely set with diamonds.

J. H. Beard, 1 830. — Cincinnati. Portraits, fancy heads and groups;
Charles Stetson, R. R. Springer, S. S. L'Hommedieu, J. S. Arm-
strong, Griffin Taylor, S. E. Foote, G. K. Shoenberger, and W. R.
Morris. Beard's portraits are in most of our piincipal cities. He
has painted full length portraits of Charles Hammond and General
Harrison, and a three-quarter length, of Gen. Taylor, on orders
from pubhc institutions.

His compositions are "The Emigrants," "Poor Relations," "Last
of the Red Men," Last Victim of the Deluge ;" and more recently,
" the Squatters." This last is to be sent to England, as a picture of
back woods life in America, in some of its aspects.

John Frankenstein, 1831. — Springfield, Ohio. Portraits, historical
subjects, sculptures, and landscapes ; Jos. Pierce, Aaron Bowen,
W. P. Resor, J Rowan, Bardstown, Kentucky, W. H. Seward, Peter
A. Porter, and John C. Spencer, New York State ; Professor Frost
and Matthew T. Miller, Philadelphia ; Thomas Thompson, Boston,

124 THE FINE ARTS.

and L. Derbyshire, Toronto, Canada. Among his composition and
historical pieces, are : The Holy Family — Indian in contemplation —
Madonna — The Butt — Day Dreams — The Bud — Isaiah and the
Infant Saviour — Christ mocked in the Praetorium. Most of these
are owned in our eastern cities and in Canada.

E. Hall Martin, 1831. — California. Portraits and marine pieces ;
Wm. M. Ward, Wm. Noble, John Martin, B. Kirby, E. J. Miller.

W. H. Powell, 1833. — Paris, France. Portraits, fancy and his-
torical pieces ; N. Longworth, Larz Anderson, N. C. McLean, Wm. M.
Hubbell, Mrs. Powell, Dr. Smith. " Salvator Rosa among the
Brigands," was his first historical piece, and painted in 1823. This
was followed by " Columbus before the Council at Salamanca,"
which being exhibited at Washington City, in 1847, obtained him
the appointment, by Congress, to paint an historical piece, to fill the
last vacant panel in the Rotunda of the Capitol. This distinction
was conferred on him by the unanimous vote of the Senate, and a
vote of 195 to 34 in the House of Representatives, over more than
sixty artists, who were his competitors. On this painting, now
nearly completed, he has been engaged during the last four years ;
the subject is " DeSoto discovering the Mississippi." He has also
on hand, " The Burial of De Soto," and a full length portrait of
"Lamartine ;" which last is a commission from the Maryland His-
tx)rical Society. Powell has painted two fine portraits of J. Q.
Adams, the larger of which he presented to the Cincinnati Observ-
atory. He has also painted " The Signing of the Constitution, of
the Pilgrims on board the Mayflower," and " The Calabrian
Peasant Girl ;" "The Italian Shepherd Boy," and "The Roman
Cattle Drover ;" the last three of small size.

Thomas B. Reed, is a poet as well as a painter, and of high order
of merit in either line, 1836. — Florence. Portraits, landscapes,
and historical pieces ; E. B. Reeder, W. R. Morton, I. G. Burnet,
J. J. Wright, Dr. Drake, George Selves, E. Wiswell. Among his
compositions are " Love's First Whisper," and " Milton Dictating
Paradise Lost to his Daughters," and " Loves of the Zephyrs," a
fine ideal.

W. P. Brannan, 1837. — California. Portraits, landscapes, and
fancy pieces. A. Donogh, Mrs. J. P. Campbell, S. Burdsal, D. G.
A. Davenport, R. Adams, George Cullum, Dr. S. 0. Almy, S. S.
Smith, Wm. Piatt, S. M. Hart.

A. Baldwin, 1838. — Cincinnati, landscapes and marine pieces ;

THE FINE ARTS.

I2r

Andrew J. Burt, S. S. Smith, R. W. Lee, E. Dexter, S. Stokes, J. B.
Russell.

T. W. Whittridge, 1 838.— Dusseldorf. Landscapes ; R. R. Springer,
A. W. Bullock, W. G. Breese, H. Probasco, Miss L. M. Hartwell,
W. A. Collard, D. B. Lawler, F. C. Yeatman, James Lupton, Chas.
Anderson, Lewis Stagg, S. B. Palmer.

John Cranch, 1839. — New York. Portraits and fanc}^ pieces;
E. J. Miller, Mrs. A. Wood, E. Dexter, J. Longworth J. W. Coleman,
Dr. L. C. Rives, J. P. Foote, D. K. Este, jr.

G. N. Frankenstein, 1840. — Springtield, Ohio. Landscape and
portraits ; Griffin Taylor, George Selves, Dr. Locke, C. D. Dana,
W.S.Sampson, J.D.Park, B. F. Sand ford, W.B.Wood, Donn
Piatt, Charles E. Cist, J. F. Taylor, J. H. Coleman, D. B. Pierson,
J. T. Hinsdale, R. S. Bacon, Cincinnati. Thomas H. Shreve, Ben
Cassidy, Professor ISToble Butler, and Rev. J. Craik, Louisville,
P. A. Porter, G. W. HoUey, Niagara Falls, N. Y., Professor Frost.
Philadelphia, Abbott Lawrence, Charles Francis Adams, George
Ticknor, and Dr. S. A. Bemis, Boston, Mass., S. Derbyshire, S.
Keefer, Toronto, and George Desbarats, Montreal, Canada.

It is characteristic of G. N. Frankenstein, that his landscapes:,
even in the minutest details, are strictly from Nature. His land-
scapes are never fancy pieces, or copies from other artists.

Charles Soule, 1841. — Cincinnati. Portraits, fruit pieces, &c.;
J. D. Jones, D. K. Este, jr., Charles Anderson, N. Wright, Judge
Burnet, Larz Anderson, N. Longworth. He has painted a full
length portrait of Josiah Lawrence, for the Merchants' Exchange ;
indeed, his portraits, like those of Beard, are hard to be numbered ;
like Beard too, he is the favorite painter of portraits.

William L. Sonntag, 1 842. — Cincinnati. Landscapes; A. S.Winslow
Charles Stetson, Thomas Paris, J. T. Foote, Adam N. Riddle, N. G.
Pendleton, Barton White, Chs. L. Strong, William Wilshire, E. f^.
Brooks, E. B. Reeder, Henry Howe, J. N. Ridgway; many of Sonn-
tag's best pieces, are in our Atlantic Cities.

Lilly Martin Spencer. — New York. Fancy and historical pieces ;
W. Gregory, T. Paris, Arts Union, N. C. McLean, Mrs. J. P. Camp-
bell, W. G. Breese, A.M. Taylor. Her compositions are generally
subjects taken from Shakspeare, such as " Lear and his Daughters,''
" Ophelia," "Romeo and Juliet."

J.R.Johnston, 1842. — Cincinnati. Sculpture, portraits, land-
scapes, and historical pieces ; J. J. Faran, G. W. Johnston, T. Fariu,
11

126 THE FINE ARTS.

J. D. Jones, Michael Jones, Cullum & Jackson, William Kent,
Frank's Museum. Two of his historical pieces, " The Starved
Rock," a legend of Illinois river, and the " Mouth of Bad Axe
river," are OAvned by J. W. S. Browne.

J. Insco Williams, 1842. — Cincinnati. Portraits, historical pieces ;
his " Panorama of the Bible," recently destroyed by fire, has been
greatly admired at the east.

C. R. Edwards, 1842. — Cincinnati. Portraits and landscapes;
Dr. Gatchell, Dr. Garretson, Dr. Owens, Thomas String, J. H.
Coleman.

Jacob Cox, 1843. — Indianapohs. Landscapes, fancy pieces, and
portraits ; Miles Greenwood, W. S. Groesbeck, T. Paris, Gardner
Phipps, F. Lawson, D. B. Lawler, P. C. Bonte, J. J. O'Leary.

R. S. Duncanson, 1843. — Cincinnati. Fruit, fancy and historical
paintings, and landscapes ; James Foster, W. H. Brisbane, S. S.
Smith, Thomas Faris, Dr. Newton, J. H. Oliver, Calvin T. Starbuck,
J. Blackford, N. Longworth, Charles Stetson. His historical pieces,
are, " Shylock and Jessica," "Trial of Shakspeare," "Ruins of
Carthage," "Battle-ground of the River Raisin," " Western Hunters'
Encampment."

William Walcutfc, 1 844. — New York. Portraits and historical
pieces; Wilham Dennison, J. Kelsey. His "Battle of Monmouth,"
with most of his portraits, are in New York.

B. M. McConkey, 1844. — Dusseldorf. Landscapes ; AVra. Wiswell,
George T. Jones, J. Kebler, W. S. Johnston, William Goodman, Jas.
Ruffin, Gardner Phipps, F. Simon, Charles G. Springer, James M.
Trimble, T. J. Strait, Victor Williams, B. Urner.

H. W. Greenland, 1844. — Cincinnati. Marine pieces and land-
scapes ; Broadway Exchange, Judge Burnet, Wiilkop and Meyenn.

J. C. Wolfe, 1845. — Cincinnati. Landscapes, portraits and his-
torical pieces ; Jos. Burgoyne, Professor Ray, 0. Oncken, J. T.
Walbridge, James Foster, Elisha Hotchkiss, Timothy Kirby, J. Mills,
H. S. Hendrickson, F. G. Cary, S. F. Cary, and Female Academy
at Mount Healthy. His "Joseph and Potiphar's Wife," is at the
St. Charles Exchange ; his other historical or rather allegorical
pictures, are Bunyan's " Pilgrim's Progress," and Milton's " Para-
dise Lost."

J. 0. Eaton, 1846. — Cincinnati. Portraits, landscapes, and his-
torical pieces ; D. P. Strader, G. H. Brown, J. M. Wade, John
Shillito, J. F. Torrence, Charles Stetson, R. L. Fabian, Dr. Judkins,

THE FINE ARTS. 127

J. K. Wilson, M. P. Cassilly, D. T. Woodrow, M. J. Louderback,
Dr. Caldwell, at Studio. His " Christ Disputing- with the Doctors,"
is at W. S. Sampson's.

D.B. Walcutt, 1846. — Cincinnati. Portraits; John Simpkinson,
J. M. Blair, Edgar Conkling, William Wood, Richard Conkling, John
Elstner, Thomas Sharp, William H. Crisp, G. R. Baker, Charles H.
Wolfr.

A. H. Hummell, 1847. — Waynesville. Portraits and fancy pieces ;
George C. Davis, Mrs. A. Parker, W. F. Barker, Maysville, Ky.
O. F. Thompson.

C. J. Hulse, 1847. — Cincinnati. Landscapes and fancy pieces ;
S. G. Burnet, Dr. Muscroft, E. D. Norris, Franklin Ernst, Charles
Spinning, J. C. Buerckle, L. G. Curtiss, Collard Martin.

Jesse Hulse, 1847. — Cincinnati. Landscapes and fancy pieces;
S. G. Burnet, F. Ernst, E. C. Hawkins, Dr. Muscroft, Dr. J. F.
Johnston, Dr. Murphy, W. S. Merrill.

C. S. Spinning, 1847. — Cincinnati. Landscapes ; J. F. Meline, J.
W. Hartwell, Dr. Knowlton, Dayton, J. N. McFarland, Tiffin, Ohio.

George W. Phillips, 1848. — Cincinnati. Portraits and landscapes;
E. M. Gregory, E. Carll, J. H. Brandt, G. Bown, Studio.

George W. White, 1848. — Cincinnati. Portrait fancy pieces, and
landscapes ; J. P. Broadwell, C. S. Burdsal, and E. C. Hawkins, P.
M'Carty, Thomas Paris.

P. McCreight, 1849. — Cincinnati. Landscapes; William Hiatt,
Mrs. J. E. Reeder, R. L. Fabian, Henry Marks, J. W. Phillips.

Miss S. Gengembre, 1849. — Portraits and fancy pieces; W.
Wiswell, Arts Union, William Goodman, Gardner Phipps, Edgar
Conkling.

Edward Cridland, 1850. — Cincinnati. Portraits; Arts Union.

Jacob H. Sloop, 1850. — Cincinnati. Marine views; T. Paris,
John R. Johnston.

Ralph Biitts, 1851. — Cincinnati. Landscape and portraits.

A. P. Bonte, 1851. — Cincinnati. Landscapes.

In gathering these facts and dates, a general visit was paid to the
professional studios in Cincinnati, and the gratifying admission was
everywhere made by the artists, that they had employment ample
in its extent, and remunerative in its character ; some of them ac-
knowledging, that more commissions were offered than they could
possibly undertake to execute. This state of things impresses the
hope that Cincinnati will soon become, in the Fine Arts, the mother

128 THE FINE ARTS.

that takes care of her children, rather than as heretofore, the mother
tliat turns them out to shift for themselves.

Miniature Painters — F. V. Peticolas, 1825. — Clermont County, 0.

Thomas Dawson, 1825. — Cincinnati.

J. 0. Gorman, 1831. — Frankfort, Kentucky.

William Miller, 1847.— Cincinnati. Jacob Hoffner, W. H. Mus-
sey, M. D., Nathaniel Wright, N. P. Iglehart, Wm. Wilhs, Saml.
R. Bates, Mrs. G. H. Bates, M. S. Rogers, Israel Wilson, G. K.
Shoenberger, S. E. Foote.

Modelers and Sculptors — Hiram Powers, 1828. — Florence, Italy.
Busts and statuary; J. P. Foote, N. Longworth, Judge Burnet, W.
Lytle, William C. Preston, S. C. His bust of Jackson is in Wis-
well's gallery. Powers has executed other busts, which may be seen
in the eastern cities. His Fisher Boy, Proserpine, Calhoun, Eve,
America and California, stamp him as the sculptor of the age, if not
of all ages past and to come.

H. K. Brown, 1833. — Brooklyn. Busts; D. Corwin and others.

John S. Whetstone, 1837. — Cincinnati. Busts; Western Museum;
John Whetstone.

C. C. Brackett, 1838. — Boston. Busts; Henry Ives and others.

John King, 1838. — Boston. Busts and Cameos; M. L. Neville
and others.

N. F. Baker, 1841. — Cincinnati. Busts and statues; John Baker,
Professor Mitchel, J. P. Foote, Dr. Worcester. Baker's statue of
Egeria is in the Arts Union, and his Cincinnatus is in the college.

T. D. Jones, 1842. — New York. Busts; Henry Clay, Lewis
Cass, Thomas Corwin, Mrs. Gen. Taylor.

Of the miniature painters, Peticolas, and Whetstone of the sculp-
tors, have left their employments for other pursuits ; and Baker has
abandoned his professional implements, it is hoped, only to resume
them in due time.

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 129

X. TKANSPOKTATION AND TRAVEL.

NATURAL AND AETIFICIAL ROUTES.

RIVERS, ROADS, CANALS, AND RAILROADS.
In the valley of the Ohio, there is no place so central, in relation
to its population and resources, as Cincinnati. This centrality has
a great and permanent influence on its destiny. It makes it conve-
nient and cheap for a multitude of people to visit it as a mart of com-
merce and as a depository of the arts. It tends to make it a com-
mon depot of all the things connected with either business or plea-
sure ; because it is central, it must also become the focus, or meeting-
place of a great net-work of internal communications — radiating from,
to, and through this common centre, to every part of the country.
Accordingly, we find, that, in fact, no city of the Union, even the
oldest, has such a various and vast system of artificial communica-
tions either actually finished, now constructing-, or planned with
the strongest probability of success, as this central city. To exhibit
this fact clearly, Ave will first state certain elements which relate to
this natural centralitt.

1. The Ohio river is 959 miles in length — from Pittsburgh to the
Mississippi. From Pittsburgh to Cincinnati, is 458 miles; and from
Cincinnati to the mouth of the Ohio, is 601 miles; so that Cincin-
nati is very nearly in the actual centre of the valley.

2. From Maumee bay to Knoxville, on the Tennessee river, is
about 400 miles, in a direct line ; and Cincinnati is very nearly on
the line, and exactly half way; so that to the whole country, which
lies between the Lakes and Tennessee river, Cincinnati is just cen-
tral.

3. If we take the distance between Cincinnati and ISTashville, on
the Cumberland river, as a radius, and Cinchmati as the centre, the
circle described will include Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, western Vir-
ginia, and western Pennsylvania; a country embracing 150,000
square miles, and capable of sustaining comfortably and happily,
thirty millions of people, and which now contains nearly five mil-
lions. To this entire country Cincinnati is central by nature,

130

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES.

and central by commerce ; for her actual trade extends to every
portion of it,

4. If we draw a straight line from Baltimore, on tide water, to St.
Louis, on the Mississippi, Cincinnati will be on that line ; at least, it
varies so little from it, that the variation is of no practical import-
ance. On this line, Cincinnati is itAree hundred miles from St. Louis,
and four hundred from Baltimore ; so that it is again central, in the
great line of locomotion between the seaboard and the western bank
of the Mississippi.

5. If this straight line be extended to the Pacific Ocean, it will
touch near San Francisco ; so that Cincinnati is on the great line of
central communication between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Advantages equal to these, in relation to internal commerce and
migration on the American continent, are not possessed by any
other point east of the Mississippi.

In improving this position by artificial communications, the first
step was to make roads into the valley of the Miamis ; after that, the
State CANALS were made ; one of which, connects Cincinnati with
Maumee ; and by the junction with the Wabash canal, connects her
also with the interior of Indiana, down to the mouth of the Wabash,
at Evansville. Next come railroads ; and within the last five years,
the progress of Cincinnati in Railways, either finished, constructing,
or chartered and commenced, with the strongest probability of suc-
cess, is fully equal to that in any other city whatever, in the same
period of time. The principal statistics, in relation to these import-
ant highways, are given below, under separate heads.

I. macadamized roads.
Until about 1835, the roads around Cincinnati, were of that primi-
tive character, which are peculiar to all new countries. Many of
them led over the tops of the highest hills, without any reference to
grades, while all were what are now called mud roads. The inven-
tion of McAdam seemed to come, as a special remedy for such high-
ways, and a great relief to a people suffering under such evils. It
was not, however, until Cincinnati had attained thirty thousand in-
habitants, that the macadamized roads were adopted here ; since
that time, every road of any importance, leading from the city, has
been macadamized, generally, by chartered companies, and in some
instances, by the county commissioners. The following are the
principal macadamized roads leading from Cincinnati.

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL RODTES.

131

DIRECTION. MILES.
.E. N. E...100

. .N. E 50

15 miles only finished.
21

21 . . Continuation of No. 5.

NAME.

1. Goshen, Wilmington, Wash-
ington, and Circleville turn-
pike

2. Montgomery, Rochr., Claries
ville, and Wilmington

3. Chillicothe & Hillsborough. . . "

4. Batavia turnpike E. . . .

5. Lebanon, Xeuia, and Spring-) ^
field S

6. Lebanon, Centerville, and) jv^ ry
Dayton j

7. Great Miami turnpike to
Dayton, through Monroe and
Franklin

8. Cincinnati and Hamilton. . .

9. Hamilton and Eaton

10. Coleraiii, Hamilton, and
Oxford

11. Cincinnati, Carthage, and,
Hamilton '

12. Dayton and Springfield. . . .

13. The Harrison turnpike. . . .

14. The Covington and Williams-
town, Ky

These roads proceed directly from Cincinnati, but many of them
are continued, by their connection with other roads, until they ex-
tend through the State. Thus the Dayton and Springfield roads,
by their connection with the National road at Springfield, go through
the State to Wheelinar, and over the mountains to Baltimore.

...38

.N. W...
.N

,..21
... 30.

.Continuation of No.

.N. W. .

. . . 37
25

■■ ■:.:.

. .. 24.
...20

. Continuation of 6 <fe

, .. 36

roads,. ..

.~514

miles.

II. CANALS.

The canal system of Ohio, commenced in 1824, was not fully
completed until 1842. Since then, the rapid introduction of Rail-
roads, and the complete demonstration of their success, for the pur-
poses of speedy communication, have arrested the progress of canals.
Those, however, which terminate at Cincinnati, have been of great
and undoubted utility to the commerce of the city. Immense
amounts of freight are transmitted upon them, especially of the
heavy products of the country. The canals which connect directly
with Cincinnati, are as follows : —

132

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES.

1. Miami canal and Extension 2^ 290 miles.

2. White-W'ater canal N. W. . 70 "

3. Wabash and Erie S. W. 200 "... Continuation of 1.

Total Cautils 560 "

The Miami canal commences at Cincinnati, and follows the
great Miami valley, until it passes the summit, at St. Mary's, and
enters the Maumee valley, terminating at Toledo.

The "Wabash canal is wholly in Indiana, but joins the Miami
canal at Junction, in the valley of Maumee, and pursues the Wabash
valley to Terre-Haute, and will be finished to Evansville, at the
mouth of the Wabash. A boat may now pass from Cincinnati to
Terre-Haute ; and soon may pass to Evansville — more than six
hundred miles of canal navigation !

III. railroads.
Railways are rapidly taking the place of other means of loco-
motion, for the purposes of travel, and of rapid transit for light goods,
and even for the transportation of such heavy articles as coal and
iron. Their effects upon the economy of society, and their social
influences generally, are very remarkable. They are making a great
and extraordinary revolution in the means of intercourse. Cincin-
nati is, by its centrality, before mentioned, admirably adapted for
the adoption and successful employment of this new element of
commercial power. On every side, toward every point, radiating
lines from Cincinnati will penetrate the most fertile regions of Ame-
rica. They will connect the lakes with the rivers ; they will bind
ocean to ocean ; they will bear the burdens of enormous harvests ;
develop the treasures of the disemboAveled earth, and carry bread
to laboring miUions. It was not until 1835, however, ten years after
the success of the Liverpool railway, that ifc was seriously proposed to
make a railway from Cincinnati. The one proposed, was the Little
Miami railroad ; which, after many years of hard struggles, was com-
pleted to Springfield, 84 miles. In 1836, the Charleston railway
was chartered from Cincinnati, through Kentucky, Tennessee, N.
Carolina, Georgia, and S. Carolina, to Charleston. The project, as
a whole, failed, in consequence of the great burdens laid on the
charter as conditions, by the State of Kentucky. It has, nevertheless,
been inprogresfi toward completion ever since; until it is now, on the
southern side, more than half completed. From Charleston, South

\ GFLWED BY F. E. JONES PRO)

^a^rf<^^t^^/if^

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 133

Carolina, and Savannah, Georgia, an entire line of railroad is com-
pleted to Chattanooga on the Tennessee river, Tennessee; a distance
of 447 miles from Charleston, and 433 miles from Savannah. From
Chattanooga a railway is in rapid construction to Nashville and
another to Knoxville. From both these points, it is quite certain
there will be railroads, at no distant day, to Cincinnati ; thus com-
pleting the original plan of 1836. The railway from Covington to
Lexington, now constructing, will be part of the great line.

From Cincinnati, north to the Lakes, the lines which connect the
Ohio river with the Lakes, are already finished ; these also make a
continuation of the great Southern line. The entire line from Charles-
ton and Savannah to Cleveland and Sandusky, through Cincinnati,
Avill be about thirteen hundred miles in length.

The great East and West Line will be formed, by the Oliio and Mis-
sissippi Railroad, the Cincinnati and Belpre, and the Baltimore and
Ohio, extending- from Baltimore, on tidewater, to St. Louis, on the
Mississippi.

Radiating lines to other points of the compass are already in pro-
cess of construction. Of these there are three different lines begun,
or chartered, through Indianapolis to the north-west. One up the
Great Miami to Dayton, there connecting with lines to Indiana, to San-
dusky, and to Cleveland. Another line will lead north-east through
Wilmington, Ohio, Washington, Circleville and Lancaster, xmtil it joins
the Central Line at Zanesville. Other projects have been spoken of,
and many charters have been granted for lateral lines of railway,
connecting those which radiate directly from Cincinnati, with those
which proceed from the Atlantic. When the whole are completed,
of which there is strong probability, Cincinnati will have about /owr
thousand miles of railway, which are on lines directly leading from,
or to, this city. The vast influence of these mighty streams of inter-
nal commimication, centring here, cannot be anticipated. When
connected with the productions of the inexhaustible soil which they
traverse, and with the great population already here, the joint in-
fluence of such potent causes, will probably create an extent of com-
merce, and a growth of civic power and wealth, of which we have,
at present, only a faint conception.

In the following- table are included only those lines, which lead
directly through Cincinnati, and which are either finished, construct-
ing, or, to which subscriptions have been partially made.

134

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES.

Names and Localiiies.

Length. , Finished. Con^struct-

Partly pro-
vided for.

Little Miami

84 ! 84

1 i

Mad River

1.34
54

\ 149

60
25
40
16
45
37
130

325

270

369

134
54

149

25
16

35
37
34

96
121

325
35

369

Xenia and Columbus

Cincinnati, Columbus and
Cleveland

Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton

Dayton and Springfield

Hamilton and Eaton

"Western h

Cincinnati and Hillsborough . .

Cincinnati and Belpre c

Cincinnati, Circleville and Zanes-
ville d

Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis e

Ohio and Mississippi/

Covington and Lexington g ....
Indianapolis and Lafayette h. ..
Indianapolis and Terre-haute i. .
Pacific Railway;

' 61

; 61

; 70

North Western k

80 i 1
280 177 1 103

Baltimore and Ohio

2,261 639 ! ."SRfi i 1 OOfi

-,-

The princiide upon Avliich the above table is constructed includes
all the lines, — which are continuations — of those lines, which pro-
ceed directly from Cincinnati. On the other hand, it exckides all
the lines, which are merely lateral to those leading- from Cincin-
nati. Thus, it includes the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ; but
excludes the Indiana and Bellefontaine Road, which is lateral to the
Mad River Line at Bellefontaine.

On this principle we have the following great lines, viz :

Baltimore and Ohio Line 280 miles.

North-Western Railway to the Ohio 80

Cincinnati and Belpre 130

Cincinnati and Hillsborough 37

Little Miami 22

Ohio and Mississippi 325

Pacific, to Mouth of Kanzas 369

From Baltimore to the Kanzas

1,243

In the same manner, the line from Charleston, South Carolina,
through Cincinnati to Cleveland, will make about 1,100 miles, in
length, of which 700 are actually completed, and 140 more in course
of construction ; yet, as there is a link, between Lexington, Kentucky,

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 135

and Knoxville, or Nashville, Tennessee, unprovided for, no notice is
taken of it, above, except so far as Lexington.

If the Southern Line, to Charleston and Savannah, — with some
continuous lines in the north-west had been included, in the above
table, — the aggregate would have been, as stated above,— /o^r thou-
sand miles of direct railway, from Cincinnati ; all which there is the
strongest reason to believe, wall be completed, in a very few years.

The following notes on the above table, will explain the connec-
tions of the several posts.

a. The Findley Branch, connects the Mad River Railroad with
Findley, the county seat of Hancock county.

b. The Western Railway, connects Dayton with Greenville, the
county seat of Darke county, and thence to the Indiana Line, in the
direction of Winchester, Indiana.

c. The Belpre and Cincinnati, is to unite the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad, at, or near, Parkersburg, Virginia, with Cincinnati.

d. The Cincinnati, Circleville, and Zanesville Line is intended to
connect Cincinnati, joining the Little Miami, at the mouth of Todd's
Fork, with the Ohio Central, at Zanesville.

e. The Laiorenceburg and Indianapolis, will be connected with Cin-
cinnati, by the Ohio and Mississippi, at Lawrenceburg. At India-
napolis, it connects with the Lafayette, making, in all, 166 miles
from Cincinnati to Lafayette.

/. IhaOhio and Mississippi, will connect Cincinnati and St. Louis.

g. The Covington and Lexington passes up the Licking to Paris.

h. The Indianapolis and Lafayette will be continued north-
westerly to Chicago.

i. The Indianapolis and Terre-haute will pass on west through
Illinois.

j. The Pacific Railway connects St. Louis with the mouth of the
Kanzas river, and is a continuation of the Ohio and Mississippi.

k. The JSforth- Western Railroad has been chartered by the State
of Virginia, to connect the Baltimore and Ohio, at the Three Forks
of Tygart's river, with the Cincinnati and Belpre; thus making a
continuous line to Cincinnati.

All these railroads, it will thus be perceived, have a direct bearino-
upon the commercial interests of Cincinnati, and will contribute to
swell the aggregate of its general business.

The following table presents the aggregate results of roads,
canals, and railroads, finished, or undertaken, through Cincinnati.

136 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES.

Works

14 Mc Adam Roads 514 miles |

3 Canals i 560 "

21 Railways 1 639 " 586

38 Works. I 1,713 \

Cincinnati has, therefore, seventeen hundred miles of railways,
canals, and macadamized roads finished, nearly six hundred in pro-
gress, and one thousand undertaken, on lines radiating from itself.
If to these be added other lines, continuous to these, which have a
probability of early completion, the whole will make five thousand
miles of artificial highway, soon to be completed.

CmCINNATI, HAMILTON, AND DAYTON EAILROAD COIiIPANY.

Office, north-west corner Vine ajnd Fourth Streets.

President. — S. S. L'Hommedieu.

Directors. — J. C. Wright, Samuel Fosdick, E. B. Reeder, WiUiam
Burnet, A. M. Taylor, Cincinnati ; John Woods, Hamilton ; Alex.
Grimes, Dayton; Jos. B. Varnum, New York.

Secretary. — Isaac Shoemaker; Treasurer — Ohio Life Insurance
and Trust Company ; Chief Engineer — R. M. Shoemaker.

OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI KAILROAD COMPANY.

Office, BromwelV s huildings, north-east corner Fourth and Vine
Streets. Rooms 5 and 6, second story.

President. — Abner T. EUis.

Directors. — Alphonso Taft, John S. G. Burt, Charles W. West,
Eden B. Reeder, George W. Cochran, John Baker, Henry Hanna,
James C. Hall, David Z. Sedam, Joseph A. James, John Slevin,
Cincinnati ; Joseph G. Bowman, Illinois ; William Burtch, Samuel
Wise, William R. McCord, Samuel Judah, Vincennes, la. ; Thomp-
son Dean, John Cobb, Aurora, la.'; Geoi-ge W. Lane, Lawrence-
burgh, la. ; Elias Conwell, Ripley Co.," la.

Secretary. — H. H. Goodman ; Treasurer — ^Henry Hanna ; Coun-
selor— Alphonso Taft; Chief Engineer — E. Gest.

NATTTRAL AND ARTIFTCTAL ROUTES. 137

LITTLE MIAMI RAILEOAD COMPANY. ,,
Office, corner of Congress and Kilgotir Streets.

President. — Jacob Strader.

Directors. — Jacob Strader, John Kilgour, Griffin Taylor, R. R.
Springer, John H. Groesbeck, Nat. Wright, John Bacon, WiUiam
Mc Gammon, Abraham Hivling, James Hicks, jun., Larz Anderson,
Alphonso Taft.

Secretary. — John Kilgour; Treasurer — Archibald Irwin; Super-
intendent and Engineer — W. H. Clement.

This is the only railroad, leading from Cincinnati, which is actu-
ally in operation. It connects, at Springfield, with the Mad river and
Sandusky railroad, and at Xenia, with the railroad via Columbus,
from Cleveland ; thus affording two distinct routes to Lake Erie.

The whole number of passengers carried on this road within the
past year, was 144,486, and the amount received from them was
$204,589 87. Of these 52,2S8 a,Ye through 2Msse7igers, from Cincin-
nati to Springfield and from Springfield to Cincinnati, who paid an
aggregate sum of not far from ^125,000. A portion of these pas-
sengers, however, although counted as through passengers on this
line, did not travel beyond the limits of this road, and are therefore,
for the purposes of this calculation, to be added to the list of way-
passengers. The receipts therefore, from passengers passing through,
to or from the lake and the eastern lines of travel, did not in fact
greatly exceed $100,000, or one-half the aggregate amount received
from passengers.

Of the earnings of the road for the transportation of freight, the
greater portion belongs to the class of way-freight. The table an-
nexed to the Superintendent's report, showing the " principal ar-
ticles of freight transported," exhibits very clearly the fact, that by
far the greater portion were articles of domestic product and con-
sumption, passing between Cincinnati and the country adjacent to
the road. The only exception is comprised under the single head
of "merchandise;" and as this item, being 18,295 tons, includes no
small amount of way-freight, the whole of the through-freight would
not yield, for the past year, over $35,000 ; and the account would
then stand as follows :

Way-freight $157,607 38

Way-passengers - . . . , 102,294 93

$259,602 31

138 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES.

Through-freight $35,000 00

Through-passengers 102,294 93

$137,294 93
The whole receipts for 1850, would be:

For way-freight and passengers $259,902 31

For through-freight and passengers 137,294 93

Carrying the mail 8,500 00

$405,697 24

It is well understood, that the property of railroads depends, to a
great extent, on the magnitude of its way-freight and travel, in
comparison with its through travel and freight ; because, while the
last class is liable to be diverted from it by competitive lines, the
first class may be said to be inseparably connected with it. In
this aspect of the subject, the comparison thus made of the character
of its freight and travel, is a highly favorable feature in the business
of the Little Miami Railroad Company.

The cars and machinery of this company have been all made at
Cincinnati.

SANDUSKY ROUTE.

p. "W. Steader, Agent.
From Cincinnati to Sandusky, Buffalo, Boston, New York, c&c.

Via Little Miami, Mad River, and Lake Erie raih-oads to Sandusky, Steam-
boat line to Buffalo, and thence via railroad to Albany, and steamer to New
York. — Also Steamboat line — on and after opening of New York and Erie
Railroad — to Dunkirk, and thence to New York.

LITTLE MIAMI RAILROAD.

Two dai^y trains at five o'clock and twenty minutes A. M., and two o'clock
and thirty minutes P. M.

Connecting train at two o'clock and thirty minutes P. M., to Sandusky,
Buffalo, New York, Boston, &c.

Passengers by two o'clock and thirty minutes P.M. train — Saturdays ex-
cepted— arrive at Sandusky next morning at six o'clock, and leave by regular
line Steamer at seven o'clock A. M. for Buffalo, connecting at Buffalo with
morning express train for Albany, and evening steamer for New York. Also,
on and after opening of New York and Erie Railroad, connecting at Dunkirk
with morning express train, and arriving at New York same evening.

Passengers by five o'clockandtwenty minutes A.M. train — Sundays excepted
— sleep at Sandusky, and take regular line Steamer next morning.

Saturday afternoon train at two o'clock and thirty minutes, to Springfield
only.

The Sunday two o'clock and thirty minutes P. M. train. — Through train—

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES.

139

connects Monday morning, with steamer Alabama, for Buffalo, (fee. ; and with
steamer Arrow, for Detroit, <fec.

The following staunch and splendid passenger steamers, form the line from
Sandusky to Buffalo, and — on and after the opening of ISTew York and Erie
Railroad — Dunkirk :

ALABAMA, Capt. Pease, leaves Sandusky, Mondays and Thursdays.
SARATOGA, Capt. Nickerson, " " Tuesdays and Thursdays.

EMPIRE, Capt. H. Squier, " " "Wednesdays and Saturdays.

No extra charge for meals or state-rooms, on the boats forming this line.

DETROIT.

Through in twenty-four hours, connecting daily — Sundays excepted — with
steamer Arrow, Capt. Atwood, for Detroit, at 8 o'clock A. M. — connecting at
Detroit, with all points on the Upper Lakes.

This route connects, at Buffalo, with Niagara Falls and Ontario route, to
Toronto, Oswego, Montreal, Quebec, <fec. At Albany, with Boston, &c. At
New York, with Philadelphia, Baltimore, <fec.

Fare from Cincinnati to Buffalo, $8 80 ; to Detroit, $8 00 ; to Sandusky,
$6 50 ; to Springfield, $2 50 ; Buffalo to New York — if tickets are procured at
Buffalo— $7 50.

For all information and through tickets apply at Office, east side of Broad-
way, first door north of Front Street.

TABLE OF DISTANCES. ''' ••'■■' -""4

Columbia 41^

Plainville 5

Milford 4I2

Germany 1}^

Indian Ripple 1 1.3

Loveland's 6

Foster's 4

Deerfield 5

Morrow 5

Fort Ancient 4

Freeport 4

Cheetawaga 5

Lancaster 5

Alden 10

Darien 5

Attica 6

Batavia 10

Churchville 18

Rochester ... 14

Cincinnati to

Wavnesville

.. 6

Bellevue

...14

Sprino- Valley

•T

Sandusky City...
Huron

.. .15

Xenia

.. 7

...10

Yellow Springs

. . 7

Black River

...20

Springfield

..12

Cleveland

...27

Grand River

.SO

Bellefontaine

..18

Ashtabula

...30

Kenton

..24

Conneaut

...14

Carey

..24

Erie

...30

Tiffin

..16

Dunkirk

...46

Republic

.. 9

Buffalo

...46

Buffalo to

Pittsford 8

Canandaigua 21

Vienna 14

Geneva 9

Waterloo 8

Seneca Falls 3

Cayuga Bridge 5

Auburn 10

484

Camillus 18

Syracuse 8

Chittenango 14

Canastota 7

Oneida Depot 6

Rome 12

Oriskana 7

Whitesborough 4

140 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES.

Utica 3 St. Jolmsville 10 Amsterdam 11

Herkimer 14 Palatine Bridge 9 Schenectady 9

Little Falls 7 Fonda 13 Albany J^

325

Albany to New York 150

Albany to Boston 200

CLEVELAND ROUTE.

p. "W. Stradee, Agent.
Spring, Summer, and Fall arrangement— from Cincinnati to New

York in 48 hours ;
Via Little Miami, Xenia and Columbus, Columbus and Cleveland railroads
to Cleveland ; steamboat line from Cleveland to Buiifalo, and thence via rail-
road to Albany and steamer to ISTe-w York.

LITTLE MIAMI RAILROAD.
Two daily trains at 5 o'clock and 20 A. M., and 2 o'clock and 30 minutes P. M.
Express train at 5 o'clock and 20 minutes, A. M., to Cleveland, Buffalo, New
York, 4-c.

BUFFALO.

Passengers by express train leave Cincinnati, Sundays excepted, at five
o'clock and 20 minutes, A. M., leave Columbus at 11 o'clock 30 minutes, A. M.,
and arrive at Cleveland at 6 o'clock P. M., connecting with regular line steamer
for Buffalo — connecting at Buffalo with express train for Albanv"; at Albany
with evening steamer to N"ew York ; making 48 hours from Cincinnati to New
York.

Passengers sleep first night on one of the following steamers. Sleep second
night on steamer on jSTorth river ; making the trip from Cincinnati to New York
without loss of sleep.

Passengers by 2 o'clock and 30 minutes P. M. train, — daily train — sleep at
Columbus, and resume next morning, Sunday mornings excepted.

The following staunch and splendid low pressure passenger steamers form a
line from Cleveland to Buffalo.

EMPIRE STATE, Capt. Hazard— BUCKEYE STATE, Capt. Stanard.

N.B. Steamer QUEEN CITY, Captain Titus, takes the place of BUCKEYE
STATE, for the present.

No extra charge for meals or state-rooms on the boats forming this line.

The roads of this route are new, and laid throughout with heavy T rail ;
and no exertion will be spared to secure the safety, speed and comfort of
travelers.

DUNKIRK.

On and after the opening of the New York and Erie Railroad, a regular line
of steamers will be put on from Cleveland, connecting with the morning
express train at Dunkirk, and arriving at New York same evening.

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES.

141

DETROIT.

Steamers leave Cleveland daily for Detroit, connecting at Detroit with all
points on the Upper Lakes.

This route connects at Buffalo, ■with Niagara Falls and Ontai'io route to New
Toronto, Oswego, Montreal, Quebec, &c. At Albany, with Boston, <fec. At
New York, with Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c.

Fare from Cincinnati to Buffalo, $10,00 ; to Cleveland, $7,50 ; to Colum-
bus, $3,50 ; to Xenia, $1,90 ; Buffalo to New York, if the tickets are procured
at Buffalo, $7,50.

For all information and through tickets, apply at the OfHce, East side of
Broadway, first door North of Front street, Cincinnati.

TABLE OF DISTANCES.

Cincinnati to

Columbia 4^4

Plainville 5

Milford 4^4

Germany 1)^

Indian Ripple !},£

Loveland's 6

Foster's 4

Deerfield 5

Morrow 5

Fort Ancient 4

Freeport 4

Cheetawaga 5

Lancaster 5

Alden 10

Darien 5

Attica 6

Batavia 10

Churchville 18

Rochester 14

Fittsford 8

Canandaigua 21

Vienna 14

Albany to New York . ,
Albany to Boston

Waynesville G

Spring Valley 7

Xenia 7

Cedarville 8

South Charleston 11

London 11

"West Jefferson 10

Columbus 14

Worthington 9

Berlin 11

Delaware 5

Buffalo to

Geneva 9

Waterloo 8

Seneca Falls 3

Cayuga Bridge 5

Auburn 10

Camillus 18

Syracuse 8

Chittenango 14

Canastota 7

Oneida Depot 6

Rome 12

Cardington 13

Gilead 3

Gallon 15

Shelby 121^

Greenwich l^)^

New London 7

Wellington 11

Grafton 11

Olmsted 10

Cleveland 15

Buffalo 200

454

Oriskana 7

Whitesborough 4

Utica 4

Herkimer 14

Little Falls 7

St. Johnsville 10

Palatine Bridge 9

Fonda 13

Amsterdam 11

Schenectady 9

Albany 16

325

150

200

142 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES.

MIAMI CANAL.

The amount of tolls for 1850, collected on this canal, was $315,103
60 cents, leaving, as net proceeds, after deducting cost of repairs,
superintendence, &c., the sum of $192,645 38 cents ; being $64,-88
86 cents over the proceeds of 1849.

There arrived in 1850, at Cincinnati, by this canal, 117,655 tons
of merchandise, and were cleared during the same period 42,784 tons.
There arrived at Toledo in 1850, 122,580 tons, and were cleared
61,390. The increase during the past, over the preceding year,
was, at Cincinnati, arrivals, 13,047 tons; clearances 6,568 tons. At
Toledo, arrivals, 18,016; clearances, 31,180 tons. The increase of
business has been greater at the upper than at the lower end of the
canal, both in arrivals and clearances, owing to the extent in which
the Little Miami Railroad shares business at this point ; but, as will
be seen, our railroad facilities have not, thus far, reduced, nor are
they ever expected to reduce, materially, or even relatively, the
canal business of Cincinnati and vicinity.

CINCINNATI AND WHITEWATER CANAL.

Incorporated, April, 1837. — Charter perpetual.
Length, 25 miles from Harrison to Cincinnati ; — connects at Har-
rison with the Whitewater Valley Canal ; — crosses the Dry Fork of
Whitewater — the Miami river and Mill creek ; the two former through
wooden aqueducts ; the latter over a free-stone arch ; — feeder dam
at Harrison, supplied from Whitewater river ; — canal passes through
the hills dividing the Miami and Ohio rivers by a tunnel 1900 feet
long ; and comes up the bank of the river to the city. Cost of con-
struction and right of way $800,000 : the State of Ohio subscribed
to the capital stock, $150,000 ; the City of Cincinnati, $400,000;
individuals, about $90,000 ; the balance of money necessary to
complete the work was raised on certificates and bonds, issued
by the Company. Boats first passed to the city November, 1843.
The great flood in the Whitewater river, in December, 1846,
swept away the feeder-dam, and about a mile of the canal at
Harrison. The Company repaired the damage during the sum-
mer and fall of 1847. In the fall of the same year, another flood
swept away the entire canal at Harrison, which determined the

FORWARDINa FACILITIES.

143

company to re-locate on higher ground, which was done in 1848;
since which, no accident of any importance has occurred ; and it
is beUeved the work is now as permanent as any similar work in
the country. — Owing to the interruptions to the business of the
canal by these accidents, the revenue has not yet been sufficient
to make the repairs, but the increased business, in the last year,
leads to the belief, that, though from heavy cost, compared to the
length of the canal, not much interest will be realized to the stock-
holders, the city will be exceedingly benefited by the trade from the
Whitewater Valley.

Of the receipts of the canal in the month of January, 1851, the
collectors' books show

Barrels of flour . . . . 19,522
" lard 2,780

Kegs " 2,765

Casks of hams 76

Hogs 376

Barrels of pork 504

Lumber, 92,380 feet, beside ^
steads, &c., &c.

Officers. — William McCammon, President ; Larz Anderson, Alex.
Webb, John B. Warren, Thomas H. Yeatman, Harvey Calvert, and
C. W. West. — Directors; P. Outcalt, Treasurer; C. W. West,
Secretary.

Pounds of bulk pork .

131,218

Bushels of wheat . .

. 7,841

" corn . . .

.14,177

" " barley . .

. 2,284

" " oats . . .

. 884

" " flax-seed .

100

vvood, stone, shipstufF,

•an, bed

FORWARDING F ACILITIES.-ERIE AND ONTARIO LINE.

1851.

N.Lathara, T A TTT A M <<- MO nnv James E. Moody,

Late of Cleveland, 0. ^^^ ^^^ <L MO OiJ i . j^ate of Pittsburgh, Pa.

Foi-warding and Commission merchants and Produce brokers, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Agents for Erie and Ontario Line to Boston and Ifew York, via Ogdensburg
and Lake Champlain. And for Transportation lines to New York via Buffalo
and Oswego. Also to Baltimore and Philadelphia, via Pittsburgh.

Prompt attention paid to the purchase, sale, and shipment of produce and
merchandise.

SYRACUSE AND OSWEGO LINE.

Vessels and Propellers on the Lakes, via Oswego.
M. Merick & Co., Oswego, New York ; Eaton, Hovey <fc Co, Syracuse, New
York, Proprietors.

144 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES.

Agents — Robe and Higbee, 107, Broad street, N"ew York ; C. W. Godard,
98, Pier, Albany, New York ; M. Merrick & Co., Oswego, New York ; Field &
King, Toledo, Ohio.

WESTERN LINE.

Griffith's "Western Line, connected with Regular Daily Line of Steamers from
Toledo to Buffalo. Also,

We have a Regular line of First-rate Canal boats, to all points on the Wa-
bash Canal.

James Wilson & Co., Commission and Forwarding merchants. Canal and
Court streets, between Main and Walnut, Cincinnati, Ohio.

AMERICAN TRANSPORTATION LINE.

James F. Torrence, Commission and Foi'warding Merchant, Canal street,
between Walnut and Vine streets, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Agent for the American Transportation Company, — through, without tran-
shipment at Albany or Troy. Cargoes Insured.

Two Boats Daily from New York and Buffalo.

REFERENCES.

M. M. Caleb, Hiram Joy, C. V. Clark, 101, Broad street, New York ; L. E.
Evans, Albany ; Niles & Wheeler, Buffalo ; Brown & King, Toledo.

MIAMI, WABASH, AND ERIE LINE.

B. h D. EgglestonJProprietors of a first-rate line of canal boats, on the Miami,
Wabash, and Erie Canal, receipt for property to all routes on the Lakes and all
the eastern cities, and advance on the same, when required. Dealers in New
York salt. Lake fish, and produce generally.

JULIUS HULL,

Forwarding and Commission Merchant,
Office, north side Canal, hetiveen Main and Sycamore
Is the proprietor of a line of boats from Cincinnati to Terrehaute, la.
Runs eight boats to Wabash canal.

Also, as Agent for New York and Ohio Line, ships goods and produce
daily, to New York, Boston, Canada, by way of Toledo, Buffalo, and Oswego.
Runs ten boats in this line ; employs seven persons and four horses to each
boat; three clerks, and one warehouseman.

Has shipped during the past season, four thousand eight hundred tons
to Indiana by canal, and to Toledo, on Lake Erie.

THE CEMETERY OF SPRINQ GROVE. 145

XI. NECROLOGICAL.

THE CEMETERY OF SPEING GEOVE.

This "rural city of the dead," is situated in the beautiful valley
of Mill creek, four miles north of Cincinnati, near what was known,
in the pioneer era of this country, as Ludlow's Station. It contains
220 acres, 207 being north of the Hamilton turnpike, and inclosed
with a hedge of osage orange, and platted and laid off into sections
and lots, for the purposes of sepulture ; and thirteen acres south of
the road, and bounded by Mill creek, are used for the convenience
of the workmen employed about the premises.

The cemetery is laid out in good taste, in the landscape style, and
the principal avenues, which are of the liberal width of twenty feet,
made to conform to the undulating and picturesque features of the
grounds. A more beautiful spot for the purpose, could scarcely
have been selected. The original plan was drawn by John Notman
of Philadelphia, and afterward altered, in many of the details, by
Howard Daniels and the trustees, to harmonize better with the di-
versified aspect of its rural scenery.

The survey was commenced by Dr. John Locke, upon the system
of triangulations, adopted in the United States coast survey; in which
he had been for some time engaged ; a most accurate and complete
method. It was continued by Thomas Earnshaw, assisted by his
sons, until his death, in August last.

From a recent report of the trustees, the grounds and improve-
ments, up to the 1st of October last, had cost $54,000, and the im-
provements by individuals on their own lots, amounted to about as
much more. Over fifteen miles of avenues had been opened and
graded. The number of lot owners exceeds one thousand.

The following extracts, from a publication of the trustees, will
more fully explain the origin and objects of this noble institution ;
commenced with the purest motives for the public good, without the
slightest view to individual gain, but with a sincere wish to confer a
benefit on the citizens of Cincinnati, that would endure for ages.

To secure the interesting and salutary associations connected with
a rural cemetery, and prevent the evils inseparably connected with

THE CEMETERY OF SPRING GROVE.

burial-grounds -within the confines of a city, had long engaged th«
attention of many of our citizens ; some of whom having repeatedly
examined the grounds in our vicinity, and fixed upon a proper site
called together a few of our prominent citizens, known to be inter
ested in the object, and commimicated the result of their explora-
tions. At this meeting, a committee of seven was appointed, to
select a suitable site for a cemetery. Of this committee, only four are
now living. It was composed of William Neff, R. Buchanan, S. C.
Parkhurst, Melzer Flagg, A. H. Ernst, T. H. Minor, David Loring.

This committee proceeded immediately to the discharge of the
duty assigned it, and after a careful examination of the ground
around our city, reported, at an adjourned meeting, held on the
20th of April, 1 844, in favor of purchasing the Garrard Farm, con-
taining about 166 acres, situated in Mill creek township, about four
miles from the city. This ground presents every variety of land-
scape, very beautifully diversified with hill and dale, forest, lawn,
and running brook, while the soil is admirably adapted to the pur-
poses of sepulture. It is sufficient in extent to accommodate a great
population for many generations, and remote enough from the city
not to be disturbed by its extension.

At an adjourned meeting, held on the 27th of April, it was agreed
to buy the ground recommended by the committee, and to obtain the
necessary funds by subscriptions of ^100 each ; the payment of
which should entitle each subscriber to an area of the ground equal
to 50 feet sqiiare. So apparent was the necessity of providing a se-
cure place of interment, that the amount necessary to buy the
grounds was readily obtained. This gratifying intelligence was
communicated to a meeting of the subscribers on the 11th of May,
and the proprietors of the ground were directed to be notified that
the Association would be prepared to pay for it as soon as the title
could be made.

In the autumn of 1844, a committee of eminent legal men was
appointed to draft a charter, which was submitted to a meeting on
the 26th of October. It was examined, discussed, and amended, at
several subsequent meetings, and finally adopted on the 1st Dec,
1844, and John C. Wright, Jacob Burnet, and Timothy Walker,
appointed a committee to present it to the Legislature. The Act of
Incorporation was immediately procured, the prominent features of
which, are as follows :

Every lot-holder is a member, and entitled to a vote.

THE CEMETERY OF SPRING GROVE. 147

The corporation is authorized to hold land exempt from execu-
tion, and any appropriation to public use, for the sole purpose of a
cemetery, not exceeding 300 acres, 167 of which, such as shall be
designated by the directors, shall be exempt from taxation.

All receipts, -whether from the sale of lots, or otherwise, shall be
applied exclusively to laying out, preserving, protecting, and em-
bellishing the cemetery, and the avenues leading thereto.

The original conveyance of lots from the corporation to indivi-
duals, shall be evidenced by a certificate under the seal of the cor-
poration, which shall vest in the proprietor, his heirs and assigns, a
right in fee simple to such lot, exempt from execution, attachment,
taxation, or any other claim or lien, or process whatever, for the
sole purpose of interment, under the regulations of the corporation,
and said certificate shall have the same force and effect as a deed,
duly executed in other cases.

The first meeting of the lot-holders, for the election of directors,
in accordance with the provisions of the charter, was held on the
8th February, 1 845, when the following persons were elected :

R. Buchanan, William Neflf, A. H. Ernst, R. G. Mitchell, D. Lor-
ing, N. Wright, J. C. Culbertson, Charles Stetson, Griffin Taylor.

The directors met and organized on the 11th February, 1845, by
electing R. Buchanan, President ; S. C. Parkhurst, Secretary, and
Griffin Taylor, Treasurer.

The board immediately made arrangements for obtaining a sur-
vey and plot of the grounds ; but as full possession of them could
not then be obtained, only the leading avenues were marked out
and graded.

On the 5th June, 1845, the lot-holders met and determined their
right of choice in the selection of lots.

On the 28th August, the grounds were dedicated with appropriate
religious ceremonies, and an address was delivered by the Hon.
John McLean.

In the spring of 1 847, an opportunity occurred of buying 40 acres
north of the cemetery grounds, the diversified character of which,
made it a very desirable addition to the cemetery ; and as the pos-
session of it would allow of a much better disposition of the avenues
than could otherwise be made for the proper development of the
original grounds, the funds necessary to buy the tract were readily
supplied by the liberality of our citizens; and on the 10th April,
1847, the purchase was fully completed ; and the cemetery now com-

148

COMPARATIVE MORTALITY TABLE.

prises an area of 206 acres, all of which is inclosed ; and within the
inclosure, the whole grounds are surrounded by a hedge of the
OS age orange.

No labor or expense has been spared by the directors in having
the survey carefully and properly made ; and Avhen finished, they
believe it will be found more accurate and complete than that of the
grounds of any other cemetery in the world. Thus, they fondly hope,
has been commenced an enterprise, which will be an honor to our
city and our age — one which, while it secures a place of repose
sacred to the dead, shall purify and refine the living who may resort
to it, to linger over the objects of their love, where none of the
dreary and revolting associations, connected with a city grave-yard,
can ever exist.

Officers. — R. Buchanan, President; E. J. Handy, Secretary; D.
H. Home, Treasurer.

Directors. — R. Buchanan, William Neff, A. H. Ernst, S. C. Park-
hurst, Griffin Taylor, James Pullan, Daniel H. Home, Charles
Stetson, William Resor.
Office, Arts- Union building, corner of Sycamore and Fourth Streets.

COMPARATIVE MORTALITY TABLE.
The proportion of deaths to population, in the cities and large
towns of the old and new world, is as follows :

EUEOPEAN CITIES.

GlasgoAV and Manchester. . . .

Geneva

London

St. Petersburg

Birmingham

Leghorn

Berlin

Lyons, Leeds, Paris, and

SheiSeld

Bristol

Nice and Palermo

Manchester and Madrid

Liverpool

Naples

Brussels

Rome

to 44

" 43

" .38

" 37

" 36

" 35

" 34

" 32

" 31

" 29

" 28

" 26

" 25

AMERICAN

Newark, N.J.

CITIES AND

TOWNS.

... 1 to 53

Natchez

... 1 " 48

Charlestown, Mass

... 1 " 48
... 1 " 47

Philadelphia..
Baltimore ....

... 1 " 45
... 1 "45

... 1 " 44

Charleston.. .
Cincinnati. . . .

... 1 " 40
... 1 " 40
... 1 " 40

Pittsburgh...
New York . . .

... 1 " 39
... 1 " 38

Providence, R.

... 1 " 36
... 1 " .35

New Orleans . .

... 1 "20

•OMMERCIAL HOSPITAL AND LUNATIC ASYLUM OF OHIO.

149

The cities wlilch are lowest on these lists, are rendered so to a
great extent, by the influx of foreigners, who — especially emigrants
from Ireland — reach this country in circumstances of great destitu-
tion, and in many cases, suffering under ship and typhus fever ; the
effects of unwholesome food, protracted confinement and defective
ventilation on board passenger vessels.

XII. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, ETC.

COMMERCIAL HOSPITAL AND LUNATIC ASYLUM OF OHIO,

Incorporated January 21, 1821,

Is located on a four acre lot, in the north-western part of Cin-
cinnati, with a view to retirement, and to derive advantages from a
pure atmosphere, and free ventilation. It is a brick structure, three
stories high, exclusive of the basement, and is large enough to ac-
commodate, at one time, nearly four hundred and fifty persons.
Three thousand and sixty were admitted during the past year.

A portion of the building is appropriated as a poorhouse — there
are separate apartments for the insane, at this date, numbering
ninety individuals — on the second and third stories are the medical
and surgical male wards, the female and lying-in wards, and the
operating and clinical lecture-room.

The patients of this institution consist of several classes of persons,
whose expenses are defrayed from different sources.

Those boatmen who have regularly paid their hospital clearance,
according to the commercial regulations of the United States, are
maintained at the expense of government.

Others, who have no certificates, testifying as above, are supported
out of a portion of the auction duties, collected in Cincinnati.

The poor of Cincinnati township, and transient paupers, also re-
ceive support from the treasury of said township. Beside these,
patients from other portions of Ohio are received, and charged two
dollars per week, for board and medical attendance.

The hospital is intrusted to the trustees of Cincinnati township

for its management, except the medical department. Everything

appertaining to this, is by law under the direction of the faculty of

the Ohio Medical College. As a compensation for the services of

150 CINCINNATI ORPHAN ASYLUM.

the latter, tliey are permitted to introduce the students of the col-
lege to witness the treatment of diseases, the performance of opera-
tions, and to receive clinical instruction in the hospital.

CINCINNATI ORPHAN ASYLUM.

Elm, near Thirteenth Street.

This has been built up by contributions from the citizens from
time to time. It is a well -planned and proportioned building-, which
has cost about ^18,000, and presents a handsome appearance, its
interior arrangements being highly convenient. The dimensions are
64 by 54 feet.

Including the basement, it consists of four stories, which contain
spacious sleeping apartments, bath-houses, a separate department
for infants, where they are provided with proper nurses, and the
sustenance suited to their age; a library, and a well organized
school, in which the children are not only taught the common
branches of education, but receive that moral and religious training,
which prepares them to become useful members of society : at the
same time, in the ample grounds surrounding the house, they are
enabled to take such exercise as is necessary to promote their
health.

The laws of the institution appear formed with a careful regard
to the future well-being of the orphans.

No child is permitted to be taken out of the asylum, until it has
remained there at least one year, so that vicious habits may be cor-
rected, before they mingle with society. The strictest scrutiny is
made into the character of individuals who apply for children, and
they are placed only in those situ.ations, where, it is believed, the
same attention will be given to train their minds to virtue as in the
asylum. Stipulations are made as to the amount of education they
shall receive, and with regard to their future prospects in life.
When a child leaves the institution, a manager is appointed as its
guai'dian, to whom, in case of grievance, it may apply for redress,
and look for protection.

An average number of sixty children have annually been sup-
ported in the asylum, so that upward of three hundred children
have been, from time to time, maintained and educated, under its
protecting roof. Sixty-seven orphans and destitute children are
now enjoying the benefits Avhich this institution affords.

ORPHAN ASYLUMS. 151

ST. PETER'S OEPHAN ASYLUM.

UISTDER THE CARE OF EIGHT SISTERS OF CHARITY.
Corner of Third and Plum Streets.
Inmates one hundred and forty-five females.

ST. ALOYSIUS' ORPHAN HOME.

UNDER THE CARE OF THE SOCIETY OF THAT IfAME.
South side of Fourth Street, toest of Western Row.
Instituted for boys, of Avhicli there are one hundred within its
walls.

The value of systematic efforts in benevolence, is here clearly
shown in the fact, that these asylums are supported by the contribu-
tions of sixteen hundred members of the Roman Catholic Church,
in monthly payments of twenty-five cents each.

GERMAN PROTESTANT ORPHAN ASYLUM.

Chartered 1849.

Lewis Weitzel, President ; Adam Hornung, Corresponding Secre-
tary ; Jacob Menzel, Recording Secretary ; John N. Siebern, Trea-
surer.

Frederic Reisz, Jacob Hust, F. H. Lilie, Simon Fieber, Henry
Weichers, Dietrich Meyer, Henry Stegner, — Trustees.

This institution is just about going into operation, and it is ex-
pected, will accommodate one hundred and fifty orphans.

The lot on which the asylum has been built, is 484 by 360 feet,
and comprehends four acres. The asylum is built on the skirts of
Mount Auburn, and is 54 by 48 feet. It is three stories in height —
the basement being six feet above the ground, the first and second
stories, twelve feet, and the third, fifteen feet high. It will be
finished in a few days, and ample resources are provided for its
support.

There is an Asylum for Colored Orphans, on Ninth, between Elm
and Plum streets, capable of accommodating sixty or seventy chil-
dren ; the children being put out to various employments, as soon
as they become capable of usefulness ; there are, therefore, rarely
more than twelve or fifteen inmates dwelling at one time in this
asylum.

162 widows' home HOUSE OF REFUGE.

THE WIDOWS' HOME.

An impulse was given, by a few piiblic spirited individuals, during
the inclemency of the winter of 1850, to the claims of aged, infirm
and indigent females on the sympathy and support of the commu-
nity. An effort had been already made which secured $1500
toward a building lot, on which to erect the necessary edifice suited
for an asylum for individuals of this class. But the enterprise lan-
guished under the weight of responsibility to carry it through, when
Wesley Smead, the banker, making a thirty days' business of the
project, by personal application to all classes, succeeded in obtaining
contributions for the erection of " The Widows' Home and Asylum
for aged and indigent Females," to the amount of $16,000. Messrs.
Burnet, Reader, Shillito and M'Lean, generously presented the in-
stitution with a lot on Mount Auburn, two hundred feet square,
worth $4000 more ; and a spacious building, with a neat and elegant
Grecian front, is now rapidly in progress. This edifice will be one
hundred and thirty by fifty feet, three stories high, in the main build-
ing, and two stories on the two wings.

Mr. Smead's own liberal contribution of $6000, together with the
$1500 already alluded to, as invested at ten per cent., will form an
endowment for the support of the institution, when in operation. In
addition to this, there are already four hundred annual subscribers, at
three dollars each — a number which will greatly enlarge, so soon as
the house shall receive its inmates — and the act of incorporation, by
the State Legislature, directs an annual appropriation of $500 by the
township of Cincinnati. The Widows' Home, when finished, is ca-
pable of accommodating comfortably one hundred individuals ; and
its projectors and patrons entertain no doubt that the necessary funds
for its support, beyond the resources already pointed out, can be
raised in the city without any difficulty.

HOUSE OF EEFUGE.

Established April 25tli, 1850, — went into operation September 1st, 1850.

The grounds connected with the House of Refuge are pleasantly
situated between the Colerain Turnpike and the Miami Canal, about
three-quarters of a mile north of the present corporation line. They
were purchased from Joseph R. Riddle, for the sum of $7896.

There are 430,000 feet, nearly ten acres, in the whole tract;

HOUSE OF REFUGE. 153

260,000 of which are inclosed "with a wall seventeen feet high, and
averaging two and a half feet thick. The remaining 170,000 feet,
lying between the turnpike and the walls, will be ornamented with
trees, shrubbery, &c., and used as pleasure grounds.

The dimensions of the buildings are as follows, viz : The front,
facing the road, is two hundred and seventy-six feet long, fifty-seven
and a half feet wide, and four stories high above the basement.
The ..centre building is eightj^-four and two-thirds feet long. The
three lower stories are appropriated for the use of Directors, Super-
intendent, Matron, and others, in charge of the Institution. The
fourth story is to be used as an Infirmary.

Joined to the main building are the two Avings, each ninety-five
and two-thirds feet long, in which are one hundred and eight dormi-
tories for boys, and seventy-two for girls.

The buildings are of limestone, obtained from the adjacent hills.
The coping to the walls, caps and sills to windows, &c., are of Day-
ton stone.

The front is ornamented with a beautiful portico, of marble, ob-
tained fourteen miles below Madison, on the Ohio river.

In the rear of the centre building, and connected with it by a
gallery twenty-five feet long, is a back building one hundred and
fourteen feet long, fifty-six feet wide, and two stories high. The
second story contains two school rooms, each fifty feet by twenty -five,
and a chapel fifty-eight by fifty-two. The lower story is designed
for dining-rooms for the boys and girls, kitchen, store-rooms, &c.

Still in the rear is a one story building, forty feet long, used as a
boys' bathing-room, and room for washing clothes.

There are in all over two hundred and fifty rooms, including the
dormitories. All the rooms are to be warmed by steam. There is
to be a boiler outside the boys' bathing room, of sufficient capacity
to do all the cooking, w^ashing, heating water, and also to generate
steam to warm the whole building completely throughout.

A large drain passes under ground from the Canal to Mill creek,
by which all the filth and offal is carried away from the premises.

Large cisterns, receiving water from the slated roofs, will afford
an abundant supply of wholesome water for the whole estabhsh-
ment.

The rooms are lighted with gas manufactured on the premises.

The entire cost of the buildings and fixtures is about ^150,000.

Competent judges, after surveying the premises, pronounce them

154 CINCINNATI RELIEF UNION.

to be the best constructed and most convenient of the kind in the
United States.

There are about ninety inmates of this estabhshment, at present.

Officers. — Thomas J. Biggs, D. D., Chairman; Miles Green-
wood, Treasurer; Rufus Hubbard, Superintendent; Ann Carter,
Matron; Morris B. Fifield, Steward; WiUiam Leuthstrom, Secre-
tary.

Directors.— Thomas J. Biggs, D. D., Wilham Nefi, Elam P.
Langdon, WilHam McCammon, Charles Thomas, Miles Greenwood,
Hudson B. Curtis, Alphonso Taft, and Wm. Burnet.

POOR HOUSE AND PARI.
The city has purchased a farm, in the vicinity of Carthage, on
which paupers, who are now depending on the public for support,
will be employed, in earning their own means of subsistence. On
this suitable buildings are in process of construction, and will be made
ready for occupation in the course of the current year. The farm
consists of 164yVu acres, and cost $16,500. The building is ex-
pected to cost $120,000. Much benefit will doubtless result to
Cincinnati from this institution, if it should accomplish nothing more
than to rid the community of idlers and street beggars, which are
yearly, in enlarging numbers, coming in from other parts of the
country, and from foreign lands.

CINCINNATI RELIEP UNION.

This admirable institution owes its existence, as well as much of
its efficient organization and success, to the late Rev. James H. Per-
kins, whose whole life was spent in promoting the welfare of his fel-
low-beings, by relieving suffering wherever it fell under his notice,
and searching out objects of beneficence, as opportunity served.
His sudden and regretted death is a great loss to his associates in
this labor of love.

The present officers are. Rev. A. Blake, President; G. Taylor,
Treasurer ; Dr. A. L. Bushnell, General Agent.

The general objects the Relief Union have in view, may be briefly
comprehended under the following heads : —

1st. The temporary relief, of those who are actually needy, and
who have none to help them but the hand of charity.

CINCINNATI BELIEF UNION HOTEL FOR INVALIDS. 155

2(1. The prevention of street-heggiwj , from house to house, and the
detection of impostors.

3d. To act, as a voluntary agent, for the poor and the stranger —
by obtaining for them employment, and raising up for them friends.

4th. By a faithful and continued effort, to bring the young under
proper and healthful moral influences — by obtaining homes for the
homeless, and instruction and employment for the ignorant and idle.

Many other objects might be mentioned, but it is beheved that all
may be included in these.

Temporary relief has been given to more than five hundred
famihes, embracing between two and three thousand individuals.
The amount given, and the time of its continuance, has varied ac-
cording to circumstances.

This has been done, after personal visitation and investigation, by
donations of money, provisions, clothing, shoes, beds, bedding, fuel,
medicines, and nurses.

As will be seen by reference to the Treasurer's report, two tliou-
sand one hundred and thirteen dollars and seventy-eiglit cents have
been received, and one thousand nine hundred and thirteen dollars
and seventy-seven cents paid out to the members of tlie board of
control, for expenditure in their respective wards. The abo^■e sum,
only embraces a part of what has been expended by the society, as
donations of clothing, provisions, &c., do not pass through the trea-
surer's hands, but are given out in the diff"erent wards, under the
direction of the superintendents and visitors. The whole amount
expended by the society during the year, including clothing, food,
fuel, &c., will probably more than double that reported by the trea-
surer ; and this sum, will not include a large amount given indirectly
through the influence of the Relief Union, by individuals and fami-
lies, who are thus made acquainted with needy and worthy cases.

There are two or three houses of employment, for the relief of
women seeking work, such as that of the Daughters of Temperance
and Female House of Industry, which are the means of obviating
much suftering during the inclement period of winter.

HOTEL FOE INVALIDS,

AND ORTHOPCEDIG INSTITUTION.
Corner of Broadway and Franldin Streets.
It is the object of this institution to provide for transient persons
sick in our city, and such of our citizens as have not families to ad-

156 TRACT DEPOSITORr.

minister to them, -when afflicted, the constant and efficient attention
of well-regulated hospitals, with the comfort and quiet of the best
conducted boarding-houses. In every city of considerable popula-
tion within the United States, the want of such provision has been
most painfully felt. Hotels or boarding-houses are objected to,
either because of charges too heavy to be long borne, or the want
of such nurses as can be trusted ; and to the pubhc hospitals there
is attached a prejudice, however unjustly, so strong, that many risk
their lives rather than enter them. These difficulties, it is hoped,
will be avoided so far as possible, by keeping the best nurses, and
by making the rates of the establishment so low, that its advantages
may be within reach of almost every class of the community.

The institution is spacious, and delightfully situated ; is superin-
tended by J. A. Denis ; has the constant presence of a competent
house physician, and will be subject in all its arrangements, to the
directions of the medical attendants.

Every variety of disease will be admitted into the house, except
those that are contagious.

Beside their uniting in the attendance to the sick of the house
generally, they will give special attention to all the operations and
diseases of the eye and ear, and diseases of females. Diseases of
the skin, chest, and urinary organs, as well as the operations of
lithotomy, lithotrity, club foot, wry neck, curvatures of the spine,
and other deformities. The house is furnished Avith warm, cold,
shower, salt, iodine, sulphurous, and other medicated baths.

Applications for admission may be made to the superintendent, at
tlie house, or to the medical attendants at their residences.

Charles L. Avery, M. D., south side of Seventh street, between
Vine and Race. John L. Vattier, M. D., west side of Vine street,
between Ninth and Court. E. K. Chamberlain, M. D., Sixth street,
opposite U. S. Hotel. John F. White, M. D., south side Fourth
street, between Eace and Elm.

TRACT DEPOSITORY,

AND AGENCY OF THE AMERICAN TRACT SOCIETY.

This depository and agency, under the superintendence of Seely
Wood, as agent of the society, is located in the Melodeon building,
163 Walnut Street.

This City was selected, ten years since, as a central point for the

MISSIONARY SOCIETIES. 157

supervision of colportage in the west and south-west, and for the
reshipment of books to colporteurs, of whom it employs more than
one hundred English and German in this State, and in Indiana,
Kentucky, Tennessee, North Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas,
whose supplies are shipped by boats running on the Ohio, Muskin-
gum, Kanawha, Kentucky, Green, Wabash, Cumberland, Tennessee,
Mississippi, and Arkansas rivers, and the canals and railroads cen-
tering here.

The depository is furnished with a complete assortment of the
society's publications, consisting of more than 1200 different books,
tracts, and children's tracts, in English, German, French, Spanish,
Portuguese, Italian, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and Welsh ; which in
point of execution, are the most beautiful specimens of typography
the country affords. These publications are furnished not only to
colporteurs, but to individuals and to the trade generally, on the
same terms as at the society's house in New York ; the purchasers
thereby saving five per cent, in freight and exchange.

This agency distributes more than $40,000 worth of publications
annually, of which, $6000 worth are disposed of gratuitously, among
the destitute native and foreign population, by colporteurs.

American B. C. Foreign Missions. — Missionary rooms, 28 west
Fourth Street.

Eev. H. A. Tracy, District Secretary ; Dr. Geo. L. Weed, Re-
ceiving Agent.

Publications. — Missionary Herald, Journal of Missions, and
Youth's Day Spring.

American and Foreign Christian Union. — Office, 28 west
Fourth Street.

Rev. Samuel Day, District Secretary.

American Sunday School Union. — Book Depository, 28 west
Fourth Street.

Rev. B. W. Chidlaw, General Agent; G. L. Weed, Depositary.

Cincinnati Young Men's Bible Society. — Office, 28 west
Fourth Street. G. L. Weed, Depositary

BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES.
Cincinnati Colonization Society. Ohio Anti-Slavery Society.
Caledonian Society. Scots' Benevolent Society. St. George's
Society. Cincinnati Typographical Association. Hibernian
Benevolent Society.

158

TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES.

CADETS OF TEMPERANCE.

Washington Section, No. 1, meets Monday evenings, at Foster
Hall. Queen City Section, No. 2, meets Friday evenings, at Foster
Hall. Cincinnati Section, No. 3, meets Monday evenings, at Losan-
tiville Hall.

DAUGHTERS OF TEMPERANCE.

Washington Union, No. 1, meets every Thursday afternoon, in
Foster Hall. Olive Branch Union, No. 2, meets every Tuesday
afternoon, at Foster Hall. Queen City Union, No. 3, meets every
Monday afternoon, at Foster Hall. Bethel Union, No. 4, meets
every Tuesday afternoon, at Bethel Chapel, on Front St. Friend-
ship Union, No. 6, meets every Wednesday afternoon, at Foster
Hall. Cary Union, No. 8, meets every Saturday afternoon.

SONS OF TEMPERANCE.

Ohio Division, No. 1, meets every Monday evening, at Foster
Hall, south-east corner Fifth and Walnut Streets. Cincinnati Divi-
sion, No. 2, meets every Thursday evening, at Foster Hall. Queen
City Division, No. 3, meets every Friday evening, at Foster Hall.
Fulton Division, No. 8, meets every Wednesday evening at their
hall in the basement story of the McKendree Chapel, Fulton, Lafay-
ette Division, No. 18, meets every Tuesday evening, at Temple
Hall. Jefferson Division, No. 24, meets every Friday evening, in
the Hall of the Eastern Fire Co., No. 6, adjoining the 3d District
School-House, Front Street. Union Division, No. 30, meets every
Monday evening, at Foster Hall. Star Division, No. 50, meets
Monday evenings ; Hall, corner Clinton and Cutter. Third Ward
Division, No. 55, meets on Thursday evening, in Bethel Chapel,
east of Front Street.

TEMPLES OF HONOR.

Grand Temple of Honor of the State of Ohio, meets semi-annually
in the months of May and November; annual session in May.
Cincinnati Temple of Honor, No. 1, meets every Friday evening, at
Temple Hall. Washington Temple of Honor, No. 2, meets every
Thursday evening, at Temple Hall. Ohio Temple of Honor, No. 7,
meets every Wednesday evening, at Temple Hall. Union Temple
of Honor, No. 9, meets every Thursday evening, at Hall, corner of

MASOKIC. 159

Western Row and "Wade. Losantiville Temple of Honor, No. 10,
meets every Tuesday evening, in Losantiville Hall. Mechanics'
Temple of Honor, No. 17, meets every Friday evening, in Fulton.

DEGREE TEMPLES.

Aurora Degree Temple, No. 1, meets the first and third Saturday
evenings of each month, at Temple Hall. Mt. Sinai Degree Temple,
No. 12, meets second Tuesday evening in each month, at Hall, cor-
ner of Western Row and Wade Street. Apollo Degree Temple, No.
6, meets in Fulton.

MASONIC.

Cincinnati Encampment, No. 3, meets second Monday in each
month. Cincinnati Council, No. 1, meets 3d Monday in each month.
Cincinnati Chapter, No. 2, meets 1st Monday in each month. Mc
Millan Chapter, No. 19, meets last Tuesday in each month. N. C.
Harmony Lodge, No. 2, meets 1st Wednesday in each month.
Miami Lodge, No. 46, meets 1st Tuesday in each month. Lafayette
Lodge, No. 81, meets 1st Thursday in each month. Cincinnati
Lodge, No. 133, meets last Thursday in each month. McMillan
Lodge, No. 141, meets last Wednesday in each month. Cynthia
Lodge, No. 155, meets 1st Friday in each month.

The Masonic Hall. — This fine edifice stands at the north-east
corner of Walnut and Third streets, occupying a front of one hundred
and fifteen feet on its southern, r.nd sixty-six feet on its western
exposure, and is eighty feet high from the pavement to the top of
the angle buttress. It was erected at an expense of thirty thousand
dollars, and its appropriate furniture and decorations, cost five
thousand more. It is in the castellated style of the Gothic architec-
ture of the Elizabethan era. The lower story is partitioned into five
store rooms, and a spacious banking hall and oflices occupied by
Ellis & Morton for banking purposes.

The front is divided by buttresses, two feet face, and eight inches
projection. These buttresses run above the battlements, the tops of
which are finished with openings in the ancient castle style. The
windows to the principal hall are sixteen feet high, and are divided
by a heavy centre muUion and cross rail, making four parts in each.
Each window is surmounted by a hood of fine cut stone. The win-
dows of the third story are nearly of the same size, order, and finish.

160 ODD FELLOWS.

At each end of the building on the south front, two of the buttresses
are elevated a few feet above the centre, and returned on the west
front the same distance. Each angle of the west front, is made to
correspond with each angle of the south front. The centre of the
west front is gabled ; in the centre of which is a shield, with an in-
scription bearing the name of the building and date of its erection,
together with the era of masonry. An iron balcony surrounds the
building, on a level with the floor of the main hall in the second story.
This is designed for public assemblies, and is one of the most spa-
cious in Cincinnati, being fifty-one by one hundred and twelve feet,
fronting west, and twenty-three feet high, with an orchestra on the
east end. The ceiling and cornice of this hall are finished in the
richest style.

The third story is designed as a hall, for the use of the several
lodges of the city, together with the chapter, council, and encamp-
ment, and is eighty by fifty-one on the floor, and twenty feet in
height. There are various passages, antechambers, and committee
rooms, which fill up the residue of this story. The chapter room
proper, is fifty-one by twenty-eight feet. The finish of these rooms,
especially the ceilings and cornices, are truly elaborate. The exterior
of the edifice is rough-cast, and the roof slate.

The furniture of the chapter room is of mahogany, with Gothic
open panel work, on a rich crimson satin groimd. That of the
Masonic Hall is of bronzed work of the same character, excepting
that the satin is of mazarine blue. The carpets are of ingrain, of
the best quality of Mosaic work pattern, with tesselated borders.
Seven splendid Gothic chandeliers ornament the various halls — these
are lighted with gas.

ODD FELLOWS.

The Hall of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows is at the
north-west corner of Third and Walnut.

Grand Lodge of Ohio, meets in Cincinnati on the 1st Wednesday
in January and July. Grand Encampment of Ohio, meets on the
1st Saturday, after 3d Wednesday in July, October, January and
April. Ohio Lodge, No. 1, meets Monday evening, at Odd Fellows'
Hall. Washington Lodge, No. 2, meets Tuesday evening, at Odd
Fellows' Hall. Cincinnati Lodge, No. 3, meets Wednesday evening,
at Odd Fellows' Hall. Franklin Lodge, No. 4, meets on Thursday

PUBLIC HALLS. 161

evening, at Odd Fellows' Hall. Wm. Penn Lodge, No. 56, meets
Tuesday evening, at their Hall, corner of Eighth and Western Row.
Fidehty Lodge, No. 71, meets on Monday evening, north-west corner
of Western Row and Wade. Magnolia Lodge, No. 83, meets on
Monday evening at MagnoUa Hall. Eagle Lodge, No. 100, meets
Wednesday evening at Odd Fellows' Hall. German Lodge, No. 113,
meets on Thursday evening on Court street, between Main and Wal-
nut. Metropolitan, No. 142, meets on Tuesday, at Odd Fellows'
Hall. Mohawk, 150, meets Tuesday, at Richardson Hall, near
Mohawk bridge. Woodward, No. 149, meets Tuesday, at the Hall
on Court street.

ENCAMPMENTS. ■ ,.

Wildey, No. 1, meets at Odd Fellows' Hall 1st and 3d Fridays.
Washington, No. 9, meets on Western Row, 28th, 1st and 3d Thurs-
days. Cincinnati, No. 22, meets at Magnolia Hall, 2d, and 4th
Fridays. Mahketawah, No. 32, meets at Odd Fellows' Hall, 2d, and
4th Friday. Hesperian, No. — , meets between Western Row and
Wade street. Schiller, No. 42, meets Monday evening, north side
of Court, between Main and Walnut.

..,..;!;., ^ ,.. ..,,.:.. PUBLIC HALLS.

Within a few years past, spacious and commodious buildings have
been erected as public halls, for concerts, lecture and society rooms,
and public offices. Among these, alphabetically, may be noticed as
of special importance :

Apollo Hall. — North-west corner of Walnut and Fifth streets.
A range of stores on the ground floor ; Wood's Museum, Gundry's
Commercial College, Hawkins' Daguerrean Gallery, and various
private offices, on the upper stories. The building is five stories in
height, and eighty-three by one hundred feet in its front. J. P.
Broadwell, proprietor.

Bromwell's Building. — North-east corner of Vine and Fourth
[street. Height, four stories, and fifty, by fifty feet on tli« ground. A
range of stores below ; offices of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad,
daguerrean rooms, and various private offices on second and third
stories. Hall on the fourth story, the entire size of the building. Day-
ton marble froats ; Jacob Bromwell, proprietor, J. 0. Sawyer, architect.

Centre Hall, is a building at the intersection of Western Row
and Fifth street. It has a large saloon for public meetings and

162

PUBLIC HALLS.

various rooms, including a banking-house at the corner, on the first
floor ; and office rooms throughout the building. J. L. Scott, pro-
prietor.

Cincinnati College. — This is a modern edifice, of the Grecian
Doric order, with pilaster fronts, and facade of Dayton marble. It
is of three stories, exclusive of an attic, the whole being one hun-
dred and forty feet by one hundred in depth, and sixty in height,
and has cost forty thousand dollars.

It is on the east side of Walnut, between Fourth and Fifth streets.
The ground story, in front, is divided into eight spacious rooms for
stores. In the rear of these are three spacious halls, occupied as a
hall for meetings of the City Coimcil, and for city public offices of
various descriptions. The front range, on the second floor, is de-
signed for the accommodation of the Young Men's Library Associa-
tion and Reading rooms, and as a Merchants' Exchange. The Ex-
change is forty-five by fifty-nine feet ; the reading and library rooms,
each, forty-five by twenty-nine feet. There is also a room fourteen
by sixteen feet for the use of the directors. In the rear of these is
the great Hall of the building for public meetings of the citizens,
which is one hundred and thirty-six feet long, by fifty feet broad,
and thirty-one high.

The various study and recitation rooms appropriate to the college
itself, are in the third story, and occupy a space of forty -five feet by
one hundred and thirty-six feet, being the whole length of the
building.

The attic is subdivided into a spacious gallery, a room for chemi-
cal and philosophical apparatus, and the lecture-room of the law
school connected with the college. Fourteen large offices occupy
the entire range in the rear.

The whole is thoroughly lighted by gas, and properly venti-
lated with suitable passages and openings, and an ample amount of
daylight secured in the rear, for the benefit of the rooms and offices
which face in that direction.

The entire building is roofed in the most substantial manner;
finished with projecting stone cornice, and surmounted with a cupola,
modeled on a design taken from the Tower of the Winds, at Athens.

One million of bricks, beside a large quantity of building and
ornamental stone, have been employed in the construction of this
edifice.

Court-street Hall. — North side Court, between Main and Wal-

PUBLIC HALLS.

163

nut streets. This building is occupied, on the second and third
floors, with the office of the sheriff of Hamilton County, and the
clerks' offices of the courts. In the fourth story are held the sessions
of the Court of Common Pleas, the Commercial, and the Superior
Courts of Hamilton County. J. Wilson & Co., proprietors.

The Melodeon. — This is one among the most prominent and
elegant buildings in Cincinnati. It is situated on the north-west
corner of Fourth and Walnut streets, and covers an area of sixty-
nine feet by one hundred. The lower story is divided into eight
stores, with basement rooms, several of which, have tesselated
marble floors, and are otherwise handsomely fitted up. The corner
store of this building, is occupied as a Dentist's and Daguerreotyp-
ist's depot, at which place these professions are furnished with every
variety of business stock and tools. Adjoining this, and fronting
on both streets, is a Music Publishing establishment, on a most ex-
tensive scale. Next, fronting on Fourth street, is a Drug and
Apothecary store, fitted up with exquisite taste ; and adjoining this,
the XJniversalist Book depot, and publication office, fronting on
Walnut street. One store is occupied as the American Tract Depo-
sitory, and another as Jennings' Patent Phosgene Gas and Lamp
establishment. The second story is divided into eight well finished
single and double rooms, with marble floor on the landing of the
main entrance. The principal part of this story is occupied as Bart-
lett's Commercial College, and Faris's Daguerrean Gallery, the
remainder as dressing rooms, janitor's rooms, proprietor's office, etc.
The third story is a Public Hall, which covers nearly the whole
area of the building, being about one hundred feet in length, sixty
in width, and twenty-five in height. It is fitted up and finished
in the most elegant style, with stuccoed frieze, cornice and ceiling,
and in architectural beauty, is probably equal to any hall in the
country. This building was erected by Lewis Williams, of Phila-
delphia, in 1846, and has been much admired for its beauty and
simplicity of architecture.

There are other buildings, more or less of public character, which
are dismissed without special notices, as being collections of business
offices, mostly ; many of these are of great extent and importance,
however, in this respect. One of these may be i-eferred to as an
example. This is

Reeder's Building — Between Walnut and Vine Sts., fronts sixty
feet on Third, and seventy-six feet on Pearl street, being two

164 HOTELS.

hundred and twenty feet in depth. It is six stories high on Third,
and four stories on Pearl street. Not less than 1,250,000 bricks
have been laid into these walls. This makes it the largest brick
building, with partitions, in Cincinnati. It comprehends one hundred
and twelve rooms, for stores, ofi&ces, and sleeping chambers ; all
Avell lighted, ventilated, and amply supplied with water, and pro-
tected by water-tanks — in every story, kept full, at all times — from
fires that may originate within its walls. All its other arrangements
and business appliances are perfect.

The Third street front is faced with free-stone and protected, by
revolvinof iron window-shutters, ahke from fraud and violence.

HOTELS

Subnet House, north-west corner of Third and Vine streets.
This is undoubtedly the most spacious, and probably the best, hotel,
in its interior and domestic arrangements, of any in the world. It
is of recent construction, and put up by a joint-stock company, who
have leased it for a term of years, to A. B. Coleman, its present
proprietor. The building, including the terrace, is two hundred and
twelve feet on Third street, and two hiindred and ten feet to its rear
on Burnet street. Its style of architecture is the Bracketed Italian.
It is six stories in height, with a dome forty-two feet in diameter,
which is one hundred feet above the basement floor. The observa-
tory commands a fine view of the city, and more particularly of the
river Ohio and the Kentucky scenery beyond, being one hundred
and forty-two feet above the level of the street on which it fronts.
The entire house contains three hundred and forty rooms, all pro-
perly lighted and ventilated. The Burnet House is central to the
river and canal; and when the railroad communications, in progress
here, shall be completed, will be so to all the traveling public land-
ings and depots.

Gibson House — D. V. Bennett, proprietor. This is located on
the west side of Walnut, between Fourth and Fifth streets, and is
seventy feet front by two hundred feet deep. It is convenient to
the mercantile and general business region of the city, and is imme-
diately adjacent to the College buildings, which are occupied by the
Chamber of Commerce, the Merchants' Exchange, and the Young
Men's Library Association. In this building, also, the City Council
holds its sessions and keeps the various city offices. The Gibson

HOTELS. 165

House comprehends one hundred and twenty-three chambers and
parlors, and can seat two hundred and fifty guests at the public
table. The dining-room is one hundred, by thirty feet, with an ele-
vation of twenty feet to the ceiling. The house is heated, and the
cooking and "washing done, entirely by steam. A corridor, extending
the entire length of the rear building, affords entrances to each
series of chambers, adding also to the light and ventilation of the
various rooms. The main staircase is spiral, of great beauty, con-
venience and safety, a, dome and skylight gracefully crowning the
entire ascent. The construction of the Gibson House affords pecu-
liar advantage to travelers in whose case order and quiet repose are
desirable. From the nature of -fthe building, which possesses but
one entry on a floor, and one staircase to the entire house, and that
of a character which does not reverberate sound, there need not be,
and there is not, more disturbance during sleeping hours than in an
ordinary private house.

Dennison House. — One of the oldest, as well as the most popular
of our hotels, is the Dennison House.

This has always been one of our most important public houses ;
and being in the centre of the wholesale dry -goods and hardware
trade — contiguous to the priiicipal market-houses — to the Merchants'
Exchange and Library Rooms, as well as to the Post-office, it has
always been a favorite house with a large share of country merchants,
from Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana and Virginia, and persons on business
from other quarters. It has recently undergone an extensive re-
building, and entire re-modeling, inside, as well as in its external
appearance, enlarging itself to double its former front, and greatly
increasing its depth.

As the result of these improvements and additions, it is now one
of the most spacious of our city hotels, presenting an imposing front
of ninety-four feet extent, with a depth of one hundred feet. It is
five stories high, besides the usual basement.

The building is well lighted and admirably ventilated ; with a fine
parlor and drawing-room for ladies, and one liundred and four lodg-
ing apartments of ample size. The facade of the hotel is ornamented
with two porticoes, and galleries pass round each side of the area, in
the rear, of every story of the house.

This Hotel was established in 1824, by Wilham Dennison, Sen.,
who has since connected his son, E. B. Dennison, in the enterprise.

Walnut Street House — At the corner of Walnut and Gano
14

166 PUBLIC HALLS.

streets, is a new and very commodious ediiice, kept by J. W. Swe-
ney. It covers ten thousand square feet of ground ; is five stories
high, exclusive of the basement, and comprehends one hundred
and eighty-three rooms, all of convenient size and arrangement,
and many of them spacious and elegant.

The floors of the business rooms are covered with ornamented
cast iron plates, tesselated into squares. The residue of the house
is carpeted throughout.

The dining-room is one of the finest to be seen in Cincinnati — if
not anywhere. It is 90 feet by 40 feet, with a height of 20 feet ;
the ceiling enriched with elegantly rich frescos. The entire furni-
ture in this house, in its various departments, cost over twenty-five
thousand dollars.

A magnificent view, for miles, in all directions, is afforded by the
observatory, at the summit of this building.

Pearl Street House — Kept by W. H. Henrie. This is one of
our oldest hotels. It is about to be re-modeled, if not re-built, by
extending its Walnut street front, north, to the corner of Tliird
street, and thence east one hundred feet. This improvement and
enlargement, will render it as spacious as any hotel in Cincinnati.
The proprietor, Henry Brachmann, is just setting out for Europe, and
as soon as he returns, these changes will, doubtless, take efi"ect.

The Pearl Street House is contiguous to the wholesale stores, to
the public landing of Cincinnati, and central to the depots of the
various railroad lines to this city. It has always shared largely in
the hotel business of Cincinnati.

Woodruff House — P. E. & G. P. Tuttle, proprietors, Sycamore
street, between Third and Fourth. This is a newly erected edifice,
which has a west front on Hammond street, as well as its principal
front on Sycamore street. Each front is fifty feet, and its entire
depth two hundred. The lot on which it stands, contains ten thou-
sand square feet. It is five stories high, exclusive of the basement,
and measures, from the side-walk to the top in front, seventy feet.
The building contains rooms, equal to one hundred and thirty of the
size usual in hotels. This house is located in the most populous
and business portion of the city, a short distance from the Ohio river,
at the centre of the public landing, and convenient to the railroad
depots, Post-ofiice and Canal, and within one square of Main street.

The roof of the building aff'ords a pleasant promenade, as Avell as
a fine view of the river and surrounding country.

BATH HOUSES. 167

United States Hotel — A. Wetherbee, proprietor, corner of Wal-
nut and Sixth streets. It fronts 130 feet on Sixth street, and 40 feet
on "Walnut street, and contains one hundred and fifty chambers.
This house has always been popular and prosperous.

Henrie House — L. Mount, proprietor, north side of Third street,
between Main and Sycamore. The Third street front, is 96 feet —
depth, 100 feet, with a front on Hammond street. It has nearly
one hundred rooms. This is one of our long- established houses,
and enjoys a high reputation.

Waverley House — R. H. Hendrickson, proprietor. This hotel is
well adapted, from its vicinity to Main and Court streets, to the
reception and accommodation of travelers who have business with
the county offices, and the courts of justice, of Hamilton county,
which are in session nearly all the time. It enjoys the best share
of the travel, from the interior of Ohio and Indiana, and, in the
winter season, of Kentucky also.

The building is 51 feet on Main street, by 200 feet deep, and con-
tains one hundred rooms, of various sizes, but all convenient.

BATH HOUSES.
Several of the Hotels — the Burnet, Woodruff, and Gibson Houses,
among- others — have bathing rooms for the use of the public, on
a scale commensurate with their other appointments. Beside these,
there are several public bath houses, of which two may be selected
to advantage. These are :

1. The Metropolitan Bath House, No. 137 Sycamore street,
Jackson & Ophof, proprietors. These consist of an arcade of 130
feet in length, divided into twenty-six rooms, thirteen on a side, and
eight by ten feet in size. Twenty of these are for gentlemen, and
six, including dressing-room, for ladies. These have separate en-
trances. The ceiling is vaulted, and lighted by a series of sky -lights.
A hall of 7-1- feet separates the two suites of bathing rooms. Warm,
cold and shower baths at all hours. In the rear is a plunge bath,
14 by 18 feet, and 5 feet deep.

2. Bath House, corner of Third and Masonic Alley. This is the
well-known establishment of W. W. Watson — now occupied by
Watson & Barnett, his successors. It is in the most central part of
the city, well ventilated, and lighted with gas. Shower, hot and
cold baths, at the pleasure of the visitor, at all hours.

168

FIRE DEPARTMENT.

FIRE DEPARTMENT.
There are eighteen companies of Firemen belonging to the Fire
Department, as follows :

'No. 1. "Washington,

No. 9. Union,

2. Belief,

Independent, No. 1.

3. Independence,

Independent, " 2.

4. Franklin,

Independent Western

6. Invincible,

Eagle,

6. Eastern,

Mohawk,

7. Northern,

Brighton,

8. Marion,

Each of these companies is provided with Fire and Suction En-
gines and Hose Beel ; so that every company possesses the full
apparatus to extinguish fires, without depending on the aid of other
independent companies, to furnish any part of the apparatus on the
ground. There are thus forty -five carriages, of the best construc-
tion and materials, dispersed all over the city, and as many always
in attendance as can work to advantage.

There are beside, two hook and ladder companies, and one com-
pany of fire guards, to render appropriate services, as they may be
required. There are eighteen hundred members of these various
companies, a large share of whom, are young men, and in unmarried
life.

There are eighty-three public cisterns, and seventy-nine fire-
plugs, employed for the extinguishment of fires exclusively.

FOREIGN CONSULATES.

James F. Meline, Consular Agent of the French Bepublic. — Of-
fice, No. 99 West Third Street.

C. F. Adae, Consul of the Kingdoms of Wurttemberg, Bavaria,
Hanover, and the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg. — Office, No. 16
West Front Street,

EyCRWED BYE t;. JONES FROM A PAGUERREOTYPE.

"i.^.^ir-r-p^ -^.^yy^^^^yi^

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 169

XIII. MANUFACTUKES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

Manufactures, being the great source of the prosperity of Cincin-
nati, and the great element of its progress, should, therefore,
naturally occupy a large share of this volume. In this article it is
designed to exhibit these features — the share which raw material
bears to the final product ; the number of hands employed ; and the
value of the products. An opportunity is thus afforded, by a scru-
tiny of the details, to determine the accuracy of the aggregates they
make, and the justice of the deductions to which they point.

Agricultural Machines. A. C. Brown, 37 Walnut street. — These
consist of harvesters and mowing-machines, grain and grain thrash-
ing machines, and horse powers, for one, two, four and six horses ;
portable French burr-stone mills ; stock mills, for grinding corn and
cobs too-ether, and other grain for feeding purposes ; corn-shellers,
to shell twenty to fifty bushels per hour; straw-cutters, tanning
mills, clover hullers, corn planters, cultivators, drilling machines,
wool carding machines, and machine cards. Steam power ; employs
thirty hands, and manufactures, yearly, to the value of thirty-six
thousand dollars. Raw materials — 22 per cent, of the value of
product.

Alcohol and Spirits of Wine. — These are articles, which, although
usually considered the same, are materially different. Alcohol is
whisky, distilled to its highest grade of proof, and is employed in
the mechanic arts, as the basis of essences and medical tinctures,
and as a solvent in various manufacturing operations.

Neutral Spirit, is the same article in point of strength, but divested,
in its manufacture, of all empyreumatic odor and taste. It forms
the basis of domestic brandies, gins, &c. When abundant harvests
in the west are likely to depress the price of corn, the same motive
which prompts the farmer to put his crop into pork, by the feeding
of it to hogs, suggests, also, the manufacture into whisky ; in both
cases, a bulky and heavy product, being conA^erted into an article of
greater value and profit, because more convenient for transportation
to market. The same principle, carried out, induces the shipment

170 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

of whisky, in the form of alcohol, which, condensing two barrels
into one, saves one-half the expense of transportation, to various
distant markets.

There are six manufactories here of these articles — all large.
Such is the simplicity and efficiency of the apparatus employed, that
twelve men suffice for the manufacture of an entire product of
.35,750 barrels; equal, at 40 gallons to the barrel, to 1,430,000 gal-
lons, and of the value of seventeen dollars per barrel ; value of
product six hundred and eight thousand and two hundred and sixty
dollars — of raw material 80 per cent.

These results are day-light operations, of twelve hours. When
the stills are run day and night, as is sometimes the case, the pro-
duct is, of course, double; in fact more, because no time is lost in
rekindling fires and reheating the stills.

The largest operators in this line, are Lowell Fletcher & Co.,
south-east corner of Vine and Front streets, and S. S. Boyle,
Second street, between Sycamore and Broadway. Their capacity of
manufacture is nearly equal. Fletcher & Co., confine their products
to alcohol and neutral spirits. Boyle, in addition to these, manu-
factures domestic liquors on a very extensive scale. The manufacture
of alcohol and neutral spirits, at these laboratories, is more than
8,000 barrels, or 320,000 gallons, annually, for each establishment.

The labor saving genius of the age is remarkably illustrated in
these laboratories. The space occupied by the apparatus, at each,
does not exceed twenty feet square, in which narrow limits, with
stills of 1400 gallons capacity, such an immense quantity of alcohol
and pure spirits, is the annual product. Nothing can surpass their
simple and efficient arrangements, and the adaptedness to its purpose,
of the apparatus already referred to.

Animal Charcoal. One factory. — Employs twelve hands, and
produces to the value of twenty-five thousand dollars ; value of raw
materials 10 per cent.

A2)2^le Butter, cCt. Three establishments. — Nine hands ; value of
])roduct, five thousand dollars ; raw material consumed, 50 per cent.

Architects and Draughtsmen. — Fifteen principals and assistants;
product twenty-two thousand dollars — labor entirely. Walter &
Wilson; office at the Mechanics' Institute, and J. 0. Sawyer, Brom-
well's building, corner Fourth and Vine Streets, are skillful and ju-
dicious architects, to whose designs and superintendence our city
owes many of its best buildings.

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 171

Artificial Floivers. Three manufactories. — Forty hands, princi-
pally females; value of product, fourteen thousand two hundred
dollars ; of raw materials, 40 per cent.

Aimiinr/s, Tents, Bags, Sc. Seven factories. — Sixty-six hands;
value of product, forty-five thousand dollars ; raw materials 50 per
cent.

Bagging Factories. — Of these, there are two, the Fulton and the
Globe mills — steam power. They employ two hundred and thirty-
eight hands, one half of which are females ; product, bagging- for
cotton bales, to the value of two hundred and seventy thousand
dollars ; raw material, hemp, is of a value of 60 per cent, to the pro-
duct. The market for this is entirely in the southern states.

Bakers. — There are one hundred and forty bakeries ; which em-
ploy four hundred and forty-five hands, and manufacture to the
value of six hundred and thirty thousand seven hundred and sixty-
two dollars in bread, biscuit, &c. ; raw material 60 per cent.

Samuel Cloon, 1 5 Sycamore, west side, between Front and Se-
cond streets, — steam poAver — manufactures yearly to the value of
eighty-five thousand dollars, principally hard baked bread for ex-
portation ; has sixteen hands.

John Bailie, Front, above LudloAv street, has nineteen hands, and
turns out, annually, a product in value, of thirty-six thousand seven
hundred and fifty dollars, principally of biscuit and pilot bread,
which are exported to far distant climes.

Thomas W. King, of the late firm of King & Heffner, stated to me
that some years ago, being then a supercargo of an East Indiaman,
and at Canton, China, he made one of a party at the American
consul's, where everything procurable that could remind them of their
native country, made a part of the entertainment; among other things
produced, was a tin can of water crackers, which being unpacked,
were handed round to the guests. King, carelessly crushing one
in his hand, glanced at the stamp, and saAv, J. Bailie, Cincinnati.
A thousand memories of his old home — he was a native of Ohio,
and long a resident of the city — rushed to his heart and filled his
eyes. Those who recollect the emotion displayed by Capt. Cook,
the great circumnavigator, on discovering the stamp, London, on a
pewter spoon which fell into his hands, while thousands of miles
from home, may appreciate his feelings.

C. H. Bennett, wholesale and retail bakery, south side Court, east
of Vine street — fifteen hands ; makes bread, biscuit, and cakes ; the

172 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

first principally, to the annual value of twenty-three thousand four
hundred and fifty dollars.

Alfred Burnett, 76, and 164, west Fifth street, manufactures wed-
ding cakes, principally ; employs nine hands ; consumes annually,
seventy-five thousand eggs, twenty-four thousand pounds sugar,
and fifteen thousand pounds butter, in this article. Mr. Burnett
has sold, of wedding cake, to the value of thirteen hundred dollars,
in twelve days.

Band and Hat-hoxes and Cases for Ladies' Shoes, c&c. Six factor-
ies— Sixty hands ; value of product, thirty-six thousand dollars per
annum ; raw material, 50 per cent.

Baskets, Cradles, Wagons, and other willow-ware. Seven shops,
with thirty hands, manufacture a product of eighteen thousand dol-
lars ; raw material, 35 per cent.

The finer qualities of baskets, as well as the willow wagons, cradles
and chairs are made from a variety called the Italian or white wil-
low, which is cultivated for this purpose in the vicinity of the city.
The willow sprouts are cut off, so as to leave a stump or head, which
grows thicker yearly, but is not suffered to form a regular top, the
new sprouts being taken off in the spring as fast as they become
large enough for use. There are many small patches in this vicin-
ity, amounting, in the aggregate, to several acres, cultivated to
much profit for this purpose. The common baskets sold in our
market are made of the common or swamp willow, which grows
spontaneously on the banks, or in the water-courses of our creeks
and rivulets.

Bell and Brassfounders. — There are two bell founders who are
also brassfounders and finishers ; and ten brassfounders who do not
connect bell founding with their business. The entire value of the
products made in these twelve founderies is, bells — eighty -five thou-
sand dollars ; raw material 67 per cent. Brass castings finished,
one hundred and twenty-four thousand five hundred dollars ; raw
material 35 per cent.; total product, two hundred and nine thousand
five hundred, and an average of 45 per cent., cost of materials.

G. W. Coffin & Co., of the Buckeye Foundery, Second street, near
Broadway, have made during the past season, four hundred and
forty-seven bells of all sizes, from a dinner alarm to the largest class
of church bells, which have weighed four thousand and ninety-five
pounds. The aggregate weight of these bells was forty thousand
and seventy-six pounds. This is the only bell foundery in the United

MANUFACTURKS AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 173

States, in which bells are constructed upon purely scientific prin-
ciples, and made to conform rigidly to the laws of acoustics.

An ingenious invention, on the principle of a set of keys — original
with Mr. Coffin, has been introduced in playing upon chimes of
bells, made in his establishment. By this, the connection of which
with the bells, is out of sight, musical pieces are played as
on a piano or any other keyed instrument. Obviously, this is a
great improvement on the old and awkward mode of ringing by
ropes.

The " Buckeye" is the largest bell foundery in the United States;
indeed, the only one that approaches it in magnitude, is Meneely's,
in Troy, NeAv York.

One or two incidents to bell casting, which are connected with
this foundery, may not be out of place. A large bell made
here, was put up on the Fulton bagging factory, and during the
conflagration of that building, in 1843, was consumed, or at least, so
far destroyed, that not a vestige of it could be found. The only
reasonable conjecture respecting its fate is, that as the cupola, with
the roof below, were burnt before the rest of the building, the bell,
in melting, spread out upon the sheeting and remaining roof, among
the ashes, into particles so minute as to be absolutely lost.

It is a debatable point whether the addition of silver to the metal
usually prepared for bells, improves the sound; and one still more
disputed, whether that precious ingredient ever actually composed
a part, at least any great part, in the composition of bells. One of
the bells cast here, was for the Roman Catholic church at Mobile.
This was a large one, and the old bell, which had been cracked,
made a part of the new one. The old one had been cast at Toledo,
in Spain, and one-eighth part of its weight was made up of one thou-
sand four hundred and seventy Spanish dollars. Mr. Coffin con-
siders it one of the finest toned ones he had ever cast.

Samuel Cummings, Front street, east of Pike, makes every
variety of brass work, for land and steamboat engines, city and
steamboat fire engines, of any pattern or size. Hydraulic machines —
such as water rams, fire plugs, and stop valves for water works,
of all kinds. Plumbers', brewers', and distillers' brasses, well, and
soda pumps. Makes four fire engines annually ; fourteen hands.

Kirkup, Potts & Co., Pearl street, west of Walnut — and Front
street, east of Deer creek bridge ; manufacture all kinds of copper,
brass, zinc, and anti-friction castings ; steam, liquor, soda and water
15

174 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

cocks and valves of all descriptions, liosc, salt-well and other
joints, spelter solder, copper rivets, &c. They employ twelve hands.

R. T. Thorburn & Co., Front, west of Walnut street, make bells
and brass faucets of every description ; brass bannister and bar rail-
ing for steamboats and hotels ; fountain cocks, and generator work ;
hose and salt-well joints ; oil globes ; cylinder and gauge cocks ;
steamboat -table castors ; copper rivets ; also plated faucets for tea-
urns and water-coolers. Employ eight hands, and make nine thou-
sand dollars worth of work.

Bellows. — Three factories supply this market with blacksmiths'
bellows, for home and foreign demand ; eight hands are thus em-
ployed ; the value of product, is eighteen thousand dollars ; of raw
material, 75 per cent.

Blaclcing Paste. — Three factories : one of them on a large scale ;
sixteen hands ; value of product, twenty-four thousand dollars ; raw
material, 50 per cent.

Butler & Brother, 215 Main street, make blacking extensively.
The boxes for the blacking, are all made by machinery. Of these,
they use yearly to the extent of eight hundred and sixty-four thou-
sand, in putting up six thousand gross of blacking.

Blacksmithing . Eighty-two shops — Two hundred and twenty-
three hands ; value of product two hundred and thirty-five thousand
three hundred and ninety-five dollars; of raw material, 50 per cent.

Blinds, Venetian. Six shops. — twenty-seven hands ; value of
product, forty thousand dollars ; raw material, 70 per cent.

H. Read, 147 Sycamore street, employs eight hands, as an aver-
age ; and sells annually, to the value of ten thousand dollars.
These blinds, even to the tassels and binding, are all made in
Cincinnati.

Block, Spar, and Pump makers. Five shops. — Eighteen hands ;
products, twenty-one thousand dollars; value of raw material, 40
per cent.

Boilers for Steam- Engines. — There are ten boiler yards, employ-
ing ninety-seven hands. The product for 1850, is seven hundred
and thirty-five boilers ; three hundred and forty -nine thousand dol-
lars in value, inclusive of repairing operations ; raw material, 70
per cent.

In 1840, four yards, with ninety hands, made but one hundred
and sixty thousand dollars worth of work.

Washington McLean, on Congress, east of Ludlow street, employs

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 175

sixteen hands ; and manufactures boilers to the value of fifty-two
thousand dollars.

Bonnet bleaching and 'pressing. Ten shops. — Thirty -three hands;
product twenty -tAvo thousand dollars ; raw material, 5 per cent.

Booh-binding . Fifteen binderies, with one hundred and thirty-
six hands. Of these, some are connected with printing offices or
book publishers, whose work they finish — others, with booksellers
and stationers in the blank-book, pamphlet, or job line — others,
again, work principally or entirely on job-work. Of these binderies,
again, some are branches of publishing houses, and some of printing
offices; which makes it difficult to present accurate statistics of bind-
ing business operations. The amount of binding for publishers, is,
therefore, not included in this article, as it will be embraced in the
value of books published, in a subsequent paragraph.

The value of products in these establishments, exclusive of what
is done for publishers, is one hundred and twenty-two thousand
dollars ; raw material, 35 per cent.

James T. Morgan & Co., book -binders. 111 Main street, bind for
a number of publishing houses ; employ thirty-eight binders and
folders, and execute work to the value of thirty thousand dollars
annually. Their binding, of which " Cincinnati in 1851," is a spe-
cimen, will compare favorably with the highest order of work, in
this line, done for the New York and Boston publishers.

J. F. Desilver, blank-book bindery. Among those who have
spared neither efforts nor expense, to supersede the dependence of
Cincinnati on the eastern cities, for the finer class of blank-books,
is this establishment. Books of accounts or of records, may be had
here, in a style unsurpassed elsewhere. Spring backs and raised
bands, which as well as the ends and fronts, are of prime Russia
leather, confine the pages as firmly as if on clamps ; so that whether
laid open or shut, the edges are kept mathematically exact, and the
book is rendered strong enough, to resist the strain to which such
heavy books are exposed by constant use. The ends, fronts, and
backs are finished with gold filleting of the richest style. The
paper, cream or blue laid, of superb texture, and made of the finest
linen materials.

Boots and Shoes. — Of these, there are every variety made in Cin-
cinnati; fine and coarse work for foreign markets, and custom work
for home consumption. The purchases of our own citizens alone,
annually, reach four hundred and fifty thousand pairs of boots and

176 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

shoes; wortli more than one million two himdred and fifty thousand
dollars. Two-thirds of these at least, are made here, wholesale, or
at custom shops. There are three hundred and seventy -four boot
and shoemakers, with seventeen hundred and sixty hands ; and a
product of eleven hundred and eighty-two thousand six hundred and
fifty dollars ; value of raw materials, 40 per cent., as an average.

Filley & Chapin, corner of Pearl and Main streets. Every
day is adding to the variety, as well as to the extent, of our manu-
facturing operations. When the statistics in this line, of the census
of 1 840, for Cincinnati were taken, although the value of the leather
annually manufactured in the place, was three hundred and thirty-
five thousand dollars, yet, at that period, the entire consumption of
leather here, was by custom-work boot and shoemakers, and the
amount of raw material beyond that demand, was exported east,
whence it came back, to a great extent, worked up into the cheaper
qualities of ready-made boots and shoes.

Within the last three years, a beginning and successful progress
has been made in changing this course of things, by Filley &
Chapin, C. W. Williams, M. A. Westcott, and other business
houses, who have entered the field, as wholesale boot and shoe
manufacturers ; and there is no doubt, that in the course of ten
years or less, not a pair of boots or shoes will be brought here, of
New England manufacture ; and a high probability exists, that
within a few years more, we shall be supplying the very markets
in which we now purchase.

A bi'ief statement of the business of Filley & Chapin, will illus-
trate the subject. Their manufacturing operations are carried on in
the upper stories of the Clayton building, on Second and Sycamore
streets. Here they occupy eight rooms, of a space equal to four-
teen thousand and eighty square feet. Their operations are in fine
and coarse shoes and boots, principally the last. The leather, with
the exception of a small portion of hemlock tanned sole, is all made
in this city. They work up yearly, ten thousand sides sole leather,
twenty thousand sides upper leather. No. 1, and 2, in equal quanti-
ties ; twenty thousand sheep-skins, and two thousand five hundred
calf-skins : of value — sole leather, twenty thousand dollars ; upper
leather, thirty thousand dollars ; sheep and calf-skins, each five thou-
sand dollars. This, with five thousand pounds boot nails, six hun-
dred bushels shoe pegs, and other trimmings, run up their annual
supply of raw material, to a value of sixty-seven thousand five hun-

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 177

dred dollars. As nine-tenths of these materials are manufactured
in Cincinnati, these details exhibit the manner and extent to which
this, as every other new branch of business embarked in here, aids
existing manufacturing operations, or contributes to the establish-
ment of new ones.

Messrs. Filley & Chapin, employ two hundred hands in the vari-
ous branches of their business, principally journeymen, although
the stitching and binding is done by women. It is pleasant to no-
tice, that one beneficial result of this enterprise has been to find
employment for the poor and the destitute. A case occurred here,
recently, where a woman with three boys, earned in this business,
three dollars a-week, and each of the boys, three more ; and another,
in which an elderly man, who was out of employment when he
came to Cincinnati, is now earning, with three or four children,
twenty dollars per week. These are evidences, that employment
for our poor, is of more efficiency, as well as less burthensome to the
community, than the periodical efi"orts made to relieve distress in
the commimity, after it is rendered apparent.

This firm manufactures, weekly, at the rate of one hundred and
forty cases, or seven thousand five hundred cases of boots annually ;
what falls short of this, is made up in shoes. Sixty thousand dollars
is paid out yearly to the hands, and not less than one thousand living
beings are fed by earnings in this establishment alone.

Every description of boots and shoes, as has been ascertained at
this factory, can be made as cheap here as at the eastward, and the
finer kinds much cheaper. -

The only inducement to purchase in eastern markets that remains,
is the long credit of four and eight months given there, which
tempts new beginners of limited capital to submit to the higher rate
of cost, which carriage and exchange — at least ten per cent. — to say
nothing of traveling expenses, imposes on our dealers who lay in at
the east.

This is so well understood by capitalists here, that heavy dealers,
who can afford to buy for cash, make their purchases principally of
this firm. As an example, the heaviest shoe and boot merchant in
Louisville, himself owner of a boot and shoe factory, in Grafton,
Mass., deals largely with Messrs. Filley & Chapin, and has a
standing order on their books to the value of eleven thousand dol-
lars, in deliveries of one hundred and forty dollars per day, or in
that proportion weekly. The countiy merchant can buy ahvays to

178 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

better advantage in the west, also, not merely in the saving of tra-
veling expenses and freight or carriage, but in the certainty of
getting his goods almost at his door at a day's notice, and of indi-
viduals within reach, of responsibility for the wares they manu-
facture.

Thomas Sharkey, a journeyman in Filley & Chapin's employ,
has frequently made six pairs of these boots per day of eight hours,
and has more than once made twelve pairs at a sitting of fifteen
hours in each instance, and will make a pair of boots at any time, in
the presence of any one curious to witness the performance, in one
hour, or even less.

These are feats which cannot be paralleled or even approached in
New England, the head-quarters of the boot and shoe manufactures.

Another class of boot and shoemakers consists of those who
measure for customers, beside keeping a supply on hand, of the same
quality, for those who require to be supplied on short notice, or
without notice at all. A proper representative of this class, is
Eshelby, No. 16 West Sixth street, a man, Avho has acquired con-
siderable celebrity in business. He employs, on an average, thirty
hands, manufactiires as many pairs of women's and children's shoes
as of men's, and all of the finest quality of materials. He makes to
the value of thirty thousand dollars annually.

Eshelby makes one article that deserves special notice ; this is a
substantial calf-skin boot, tanned with the hair on, which is turned
inside, and is designed for winter wear, especially of persons whose
business exposes them to travel through the snow or water — sur-
veyors and railroad parties, for example.

Yet another class exists. There are persons in large numbers
in cities, who rarely, or never bespeak their boots and shoes, but
purchase at the period of want, and many of them at its last
moment. They expect, however, to get an article equal to the best,
both in neatness and service.

C. M. Williams, Fifth, east of Walnut, supplies this line of cus-
tomers, and on the most extensive scale. He employs from seventy-
five to one hundred and twenty-five hands, all upon fine work of
men's dress boots, congress boots, and fine shoes, and ladies' gaiter
boots, buskins and slippers. These are of every suitable material,
calf-skins, morocco, lasting, and patent leather of the best material
and finish. He makes what is termed seamless gaiter boots for
ladies, which are so constructed, that there is no strain whatever

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 179

upon the boot except at the corded side, which being gored with
elastic cloth, accommodates itself to the pressure. As these gaiters
adjust themselves to the shape and fullness of the ankle, they are
equally neat and durable. Mr. Williams sells yearly to the value
of sixty-seven thousand dollars, and like all city manufacturers,
for cash only.

Every article here is sold under guarantee of its quality, both of
work and materials, and the extent of the sales enables Mr. Williams
to supply his customers at as low rates as they might otherwise pay
for an article inferior to his.

There are great advantages, in manufacturing, over purchasing at
the eastward for this market. The latter course requires keeping-
large stocks on hand, part of which lies over and deteriorates in
various ways, by lying on the shelves ; the sizes put up in assorting
the cases do not run out equall)^ ; the extreme small and extreme
large lying on hand.

The seller here is held responsible for the quality and durability
of an article for which after his purchases reach home, he finds no
corresponding responsibility. On the other hand, by manufacturing
for himself, he can use up his stock as closely as he chooses ; he can
take off or put on hands according to his convenience or interest,
and fill up the demand with the exact kind or size he happens to
want; — and his journeyman is just as responsible to him for faithful
work, as he is to his customers.

M. A. Westcott, 'No. 42, and 197, and 199, Walnut street, is in
the same line of business, substantially, as Mr. Williams ; and much
of the statement just made vrill applj^ also to his business. He
employs one hundred hands in various capacities, and manufactures
to the value of forty-five thousand seven hundred dollars.

E. G. Webster & Co., corner of Fifth and Lodge street, and
opposite Fifth street Market-house, is at the head of yet another
class. He employs one hundred hands, who make, annually, sixty
thousand pairs of ladies', misses', and children's shoes. They use
French and Philadelphia calf-skins, colored roans, patent and
enameled leather, morocco, French and English kids, drillings, and
shoe-duck, lastings, French sateens and Italian cloths. This list of
materials, exhibits the variety of the stock they keep on hand, all of
their own manufacture. They manufacture gentlemen's dress boots,
also, although theirs is principally a ladies' shoe-store.

They are also extensive wholesale dealers in eastern boots and

180 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

shoes, and keep constantly for sale the various materials already
specified, as well as other trimmings.

There is lastly, a class who make ladies' shoes to measure, in all
cases : such as Todd, Fifth street, who employs twenty hands, and
makes ten thousand dollars value of ladies' and misses' shoes.
These are all of the finest quality of work and materials.

Brand, Stamp, and Venetian Blind Chisel makers. Six shops —
Sixteen hands ; thirteen thousand five hundred dollars, product ; raw
material, 10 per cent.

Breweries. — Of these, there are twenty-one in Cincinnati, which
employ one hundred and seventy-two hands. These make respec-
tively, per annum, of half barrels beer or ale :

26,000 13,040 6220

25,000 12,500 6220

25,000 12,500 5240

16,900 10,400 4160

16,900 8,320 2780

13,540 7,480 2080

257,000

Of this, there are :

Beer 205,000 at $2 ^410,000

Ale 52,000 " 3 156,000

^566,000

Of this product, 75 per cent, is raw material.

Bricks. Sixty brick makers. — Employ three hundred and sixty-
seven hands ; value of product, two hundi'ed and seven thousand
dollars ; raw material, clay and wood, 40 per cent.

Bricklayers and Plasterers. Two hundred and eight master
workmen. — Eight hundred and seventy-six hands; labor value,
four hundred and eight thousand, six hundred and fifty dollars ;
raw material, 5 per cent.

Bristle and Curled Hair dressers. Four establishments. — One
hundred and four hands ; product, forty-eight thousand eight hun-
dred dollars ; raw material, 5 per cent.

Britannia Ware. — Two factories, which employ thirty-two hands,
and make a product of thirty-eight thousand six hundred and ninety
dollars in value ; raw material, 45 per cent.

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 181

Sellew & Co., 208 Main street, manufacture Britannia coffee
and tea-sets, pitchers, cups, lamps, candlesticks, castors, tumblers,
candle-molds, &c. One of the curiosities of this business, is the
difficulty of preserving the manufactured ware, from the ravages of
rats, who seem to gnaw it for amusement, or a worse motive. This
firm employs twenty -two hands, and manufactures thirty thousand
dollars in value.

Brushes. Of these, there are fifteen factories, all small, except
one or two — ninety hands ; annual product, sixty thousand five hun-
dred dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent.

Sleeper & Mintzer, 163 Main street, are making brushes to con-
siderable extent, and in infinite variety. They manufacture not
only most durable and convenient articles for housekeepers, but
many descriptions of goods finished to a degree, that might gratify
even the fastidiousness of a Parisian exquisite. They employ thirty-
six hands.

Buckets, Tubs, d-o. — There is but one of these factories here, that
of N. C. McLean, which is on an extensive scale. One thousand
to twelve hundred buckets, and one hundred and fifty tubs are
turned out every day at these works. These are all made by ma-
chinery, and finished, including painting, in the best style ; annual
product, eighty-four thousand two hundred dollars ; raw materials,
48 per cent.

The logs, which are brought from the head waters of the Alle-
gheny river, are floated to the factory, by the agency of the Miami
canal, at whose termination it is built. There they are sawed into
stave lengths and bottom pieces, split into blocks of suitable size,
and fed to a cylinder saw, which cuts them into staves of the proper
thickness and curve. They are then put into the drying-house,
jointed, hooped and sandpapered, to smooth the inner and outer sur-
face ; eared and handled, and lastly, painted in the usual variety of
colors. There are four large drying-houses, and eight of smaller
size, through which the entire stock of material is passed, being
kiln-dried or steamed, to the necessary point of thorough seasoning
for use. It is hardly possible to name a single feature, in the com-
parison of these buckets with the old-fashioned article they super-
sede, in which they have not the advantage.

These buckets come into market in competition with an article
made at Beaver, Penn., which they must finally supersede to a
great extent, if not totally, for the following reasons :

182

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

1. The Beaver bucket is made with ears projecting- above the
edge, which are thereby unduly exposed to being broken off. The
ears of these are made differently, and can be set below the edge of
the bucket.

2. The Beaver buckets are coated with paint mixed with glue,
dissolved in water. These are painted in oil colors.

3. Lastly, all purchasers prefer buying an article made on the
spot, as they can avail themselves thereby, of a direct responsibility
in the seller, if the article they buy prove inferior to the warranty.
Every business man understands the advantage of this.

Burr Millstone makers. Four factories. — Nineteen hands ; value
of product, twenty-four thousand dollars ; raw material, 65 per
cent.

James Bradford & Co., 65 Walnut street, manufacture yearly,
seventy-five pairs burr millstones.

The burrs, of which the millstones are composed, are imported
from France, in cubes of about twelve inches average. We have
the same material in our own west, but it is not hard enough for
service. The burrs are cemented with plaster of Paris, which is
received from Nova Scotia and the Lake Erie region ; and each
stone is secured with four bands of iron, which being put on hot, as
they shrink in cooling, serve to confine the whole under any amount
of strain to which it may be exposed.

Butchers. One hundred and twenty-one. — Occupy five market-
houses. This does not include a large number, who slaughter cattle
and sell them either by the quarter or entire carcass, outside the
markets. There are six hundred butchers, employers and journey-
men. The value of pork, beef, mutton, &c., cut up and sold in our
markets to families, public houses, steamboats, and sent off to fami-
lies in the vicinity of Cincinnati, reaches two millions eight hundred
and fifty thousand dollars, per annum; raw material, 80 per
cent.

Campkine and Spirit Gas. Three factories. — Seven hands ; pro-
duct, seventeen thousand two hundred dollars; raw material, 75
per cent.

Candies and Confedionaries. — Of these, there are twelve shops,
with eighty hands ; value of product, one hundred and twenty-eight
thousand one hundred and twenty dollars ; raw materials, 60 per
cent.

P. Hall, 52 Main street, employs at an average, twenty-three

MANUFACTURKS AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 183

hands, and makes six to eight hundred pounds candies per day.
Large quantities of sirups for soda-water establishments, are also
made here, when the weather is favorable. He has worked up
fifteen boxes Havana sugar, weekly, into candies and sirups.

Co/js — men and hoys. Nine factories. — Employ fifty hands ; value
of product, thirty-nine thousand dollars; raw material, 40 per cent.

Carpenters and Builders. Two hundred and eighty-four shops. —
Employ two thousand three hundred and twenty hands ; value of
product, two million one hundred and sixteen thousand dollars ; raw
material, 5 per cent.

Cars and Omnibuses — railroad. Four establishments, for making
and repairing. Employ one hundred and ten hands ; value of pro-
duct, one hundred and eight thousand four hundred and forty-seven
dollars ; raw material, 70 per cent.

Carriages, Buggies, etc. Twenty -four factories. — Two hundred
and twelve hands ; product, two hundred and forty-seven thousand
four hundred dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent.

J. W. Gosling, corner of Sycamore and Sixth streets, employs
forty-five hands ; makes buggies, barouches, carriages, etc., to the
value of fifty thousand dollars. There is a novelty introduced
here, of a carriage step, which by hidden machinery, is so con-
nected with the door, that the opening of the door uncovers and
lets down the step, as its shutting restores it to its place and
covers it. The step is, therefore, out of sight, except for the brief
space during which it is in actual service.

George C. Miller & Sons. This is a long established house, who
have recently put up spacious work and sale-rooms, on Seventh,
west of Main street. They make every description of fine carriages,
buggies, and barouches ; employ thirty hands, and manufacture to
the value of thirty-seven thousand five hundred dollars.

I. & B. Bruce & Co., 75 Walnut street. This establishment
makes every variety of wheeled vehicle, including carriages, buggies,
barouches, omnibuses, hose-reels, and light wagons ; it employs
sixty hands. It does the largest repairing business, in its line, of
any shop in Cincinnati. The concern is about to open separate work-
shops on Elm, below Columbia street.

Carpet weavers. Eighteen shops. — Sixty-five hands ; fifty-six
thousand dollars, labor product.

Carvers in wood. Three shops. — Seven hands ; value of pro-
duct, seven thousand dollars ; raw material, 5 per cent.

184 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

A. W. Anderson, Second, west of Race street, makes figure-heads
for steamboats and sailing vessels, Ionic, Corinthian, and composite
capitals and columns, and patterns for ornamental castings. The
full length statue of Jefferson, on the Vine street engine hall, was
executed by Mr. Anderson.

Castor Oil. One factory, that of Conkling, Wood & Co. — Em-
ploys eight hands, and produces to the value of fifty-five thousand
dollars ; value of raw material, including barrels, 75 per cent.

Charcoal, ptdverized for rectifiers. Three establishments. — Nine
hands ; value of product, eighteen thousand five hundred dollars ;
raw material, 50 per cent.

Chemicals. Five laboratories. — Seventy-nine hands ; product in
value, two hundred and twenty-six thousand dollars ; raw material,
40 per cent. Here are made oil vitriol, copperas, alum, prussiate
of potash, prussian blue, etc,

J. C. Baum, on Dunlap street, south of Hamilton road, works
twenty hands, in the manufacture of prussian blue and prussiate
of potash ; manufactures to the value of twenty-five thousand
dollars.

Cistern builders. Three. — Thirty-six hands ; value of product,
seventy-five thousand dollars.

Jos. S. Cook has been several years engaged in cistern-building —
has built all the public cisterns in Cincinnati — was the first man that
ever turned an arch in this line of business, and has never been
called upon to repair or alter a cistern built under his charge.

Cloaks and Visites. Two shops. — Six hands; three thousand
dollars value ; raw material, 66 per cent.

Clothing manufactories. — This is a very extensive business here,
which is principally engrossed by the Israelites of Cincinnati. One
hundred and eight stores and shops ; employ nine hundred and
fifty hands at their workshops. More than nine thousand women
work at their own houses, for these establishments. Value of pro-
duct, one million nine hundred and forty-seven thousand five hun-
dred dollars ; raw material, 60 per cent.

There are six establishments alone, in the city, which manufacture
more than half a million of dollars of clothing. Cincinnati is the
great mart for ready-made clothing, for the whole south and west.

Coffee roasting, etc. One establishment, with seventeen hands,
and a product of thirty-eight thousand dollars ; raw material, 75
per cent.

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 185

Combs. One factory. — Employs eighteen hands ; vahie of pro-
duct, eighteen thousand dollars ; raw material 60 per cent.

Gomposltlon-roofing . Four establishments. — Eighteen hands ;
value of roofs, forty thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent.

S. M. & C. M. Warren, put on these kind of roofs, very exten-
sively. They first introduced them here, in 1847.

The usual covering hitherto, has been shingles, sheet-tin, slate,
and sheet-zinc. The two last very expensive ; the others far from
durable. Warren's composition roofs, in their first cost, are not
much higher than shingles, and taking durability into view, are
much less expensive.

The composition is a preparation of tar and sand upon paper,
which is fastened to the sheeting usually prepared as a basis for
shingles. Thick and strong paper is first secured to the boards,
and two or three coats of prepared tar are then spread on the sur-
face. Sand or fine gravel forms the final coat or covering.

Such a roof does not leak, even when just made, and a few months
serve to render it perfectly dry and indestructible by fire.

The advantages of this roof are :

1st. Its durabiUty. To this no period can be assigned, save that
it will last as long aS the house it covers.

2d. The beauty it confers upon a roof. The slightest possible
declivity serves for such a roof, as the water cannot penetrate it in
the slightest degree. The benefit of this light slope, is also a mate-
rial advantage. Usually, the upper rooms of a house, are of little
value, the greater part not being high enough to permit persons to
stand upright. With these roofs, the whole of the iipper floor can
be readily used for ordinary purposes.

3d. Its efficiency. Such a roof becomes so substantial that rain
cannot, in the slightest degree, penetrate it.

4th. Its indestructibility by fire has been often tested, and always
with success. The workshop of the Messrs. Warren, themselves,
took fire not long since, and although the sheeting of the roof was
charred through to a coal, the fire could not pass through the roof,
and the adjacent buildings were saved thereby from the extension
of the fire.

5th. Not least in the advantages, is the perfect foothold it afibrds
in the surface as well as in the slope. These roofs may be walked
over in perfect safety, except when covered with sleet.

Coolers. There are sixty-three shops, with seven hundred and

186 Mx^NUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

.linety-six workmen employed ; value of product, three hundred and
eighty-seven thousand dollars ; raw material, 20 per cent.

One shop alone, works one hundred and fifty hands, and turns
out cooperage, annually, to the value of ninety thousand dollars.

Copper, Tin, and Sheet-Iron workers. Forty-two shops. — Two
hundred and forty hands ; value of products, two hundred and
fifty -eight thousand six hundred and forty dollars ; raw material,
copper- ware, 60 per cent.; tin-ware and sheet-iron-ware, 30 per
cent. ; average value of raw material, 48 per cent.

Copperplate Printers. Two establishments.-Employ twelve hands ;
labor product, fifty thousand dollars ; raAv material, 10 per cent.

E. C. Middleton, Odd Fellows' building, is one of the inventors
and patentees of a novel press, which enables the copper-plate
printer to execute his work withou.t lifting the plate after it has been
placed on the bed. Every artist can appreciate the importance of
such improvement.

Cordage, etc. Nine rope-yards. — One hundred and thirty hands;
value of product, one hundred and eighty thousand dollars ; raw
material, 35 per cent.

Cured Beef, Tongues, etc. — There are thirteen establishments,
with forty hands, in this line, most of them operating on a small
scale, or carrying it on as an adjunct to business of greater magni-
tude. Of this latter class, is the firm of Stagg & Shays, which
does a heavy business in sugar-cured hams, and has this year put up
one hundred and fifty thousand pounds dried beef; and cured fifteen
thousand beef tongues. The rounds of thirty-one thousand two
hundred beef cattle, have been cured here, this season, which, to-
gether with that number of tongues, reaches a value of one hundred
and thirty-five thousand dollars. Kaw material, 65 per cent.

Cutlery — Surgical and Dental Instruments — Tailors' Shears, etc.
Four workshops. — Twenty-five hands ; value of product forty thou-
sand dollars ; raw material, 20 per cent.

W. Z. Rees, Sixth, near Walnut street, is one of the most im-
portant of these. He makes surgical instruments of admirable
delicacy of construction and finish, and his couching or cataract
needles, are preferred in the United States, to those of any others
made in this country. Drs. Mussey, Taliaferro, Smith, and others,
surgeons, get all their instruments here.

Daguerreotypists . — Thirty-two, with seventy-eight assistants ; pro-
duce to the value of eightv thousand dollars; raw material, 60 per rent.

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 187

Our daguerreian artists stand high everjAvhere. Reed, the artist,
who carried portraits taken by Hawkins and Faris, to Europe,
states, in a letter home, that their works were recognized at a glance
in Florence, by Frenchmen and others, as American productions,
and superior to anything produced on the continent of Europe.

Hawkins, in addition to his daguerreotypes, produces, what he
terms, a solograph picture. These are portraits and miniatures
which possess the beauty of superior oil paintings, and the exquisite
finish of highly-wrought miniatures. Nothing can exceed their
truthfulness of likeness and life-like coloring.

They possess the great advantage of not being liable to change ;
while, on the contrary, like a fine painting, they improve by time.

While these pictures are equal to finished paintings in color, they
excel even the daguerreotype, in fidelity.

Dentistry. — There are thirty-six dentists, with forty-four assist-
ants ; value of operations, ninety -two thousand dollars ; raw material,
Q5 per cent.

Die sinkers. Three shops. — Five hands ; value of product, five
thousand dollars ; raw material, 10 per cent.

Domestic Liquors — Brandies, Wines, Cordials, etc. — Of these, there
are eight extensive establishments, and as many more on a small scale,
employing forty-six hands, which manufacture sixty-six thousand
barrels of forty gallons, annually, worth at eleven dollars per barrel,
seven hundred and twenty-six thousand dollars ; raw material, 60
per cent.

Kellogg, Brothers, on Second street, consume sixty barrels whis-
ky, per day ; other materials, proportionately. Here may be seen
a tub or tun employed in the manufacture of native sweet wine,
which is oi fifty thousand gallons capacity, the staves being three inches
thick ; the bottom of six inch timber, and bound with nineteen
iron wagon-tire hoops, of four and a-half by one quarter inches. It
is twelve feet high, and over twenty-five feet diameter. There are
five other tubs, which in the aggregate, contain as much as the great
mastodon just described, and which, if seen anywhere else, would be
considered of enormous capacity ; but whose size here, is lost sight
of, in the contemplation of the largest one.

This firm supplies brandy, gin, old reserve whisky, sweet wines,
cordials, etc., to the south-east and south-west.

Dyers. Fifteen dyeing and scouring estabhshments. — Twenty-

188 MANUFACTURES AND INDrSTPwIAL PRODUCTS.

four hands ; value of product, twenty-eight thousand dollars ; raw
material, 25 per cent.

William Teasdale, corner Walnut and Gano street, carries on
these various operations, on an extensive scale. He has never
failed at the various state exhibitions and mechanics' fairs, to receive
premiums and diplomas for superior tints and permanent colors.

Edge-tool makers. Nineteen factories. — Seventy -two hands ; value
of product, ninety-seven thousand nine hundred dollars ; raw ma-
terial, 35 per cent.

J. F. Fowler & Co., on Lock street, fabricate all kinds of edge
tools, pump augers, tanners', fleshers', and lath knives, hatchets,
plane bits, carpenters' and coopers' tools, of all descriptions.

James Galbraith, Seventh, west of Main street, makes annually,
one thousand two hund];ed dozen stone hammers, lathing and shing-
ling hatchets and drawing-knives, chopping, broad, and carpenters'
axes, of the value of eighteen thousand dollars.

Edge-tool grinding. — A. Cunningham, Lock street, employs eight-
een hands. Value of annual labor product, twenty thousand dol-
lars; raw material, 5 per cent.; grinds two thousand four hundred
pieces every week. Fancy grinding and polishing, is also done here.

Engravers. — There are eight wood, and six steel and copperplate
engraving establishments here ; thirty engravers, including- assist-
ants ; value of labor product, fifty thousand dollars ; raw material,
10 per cent.

Fancy job printing. Two establishments. — These are those of
Messrs. Schmidt & Storch, Third street, east of Main ; and C.
Clark & Co., of the Ben Franklin office, on Walnut street. Their
ornamental work in bronze or silver and gold, and in tints and
colors are executed in a style unsurpassed at other offices, here or
elsewhere. The gold lettering of Schmidt & Storch, upon ulti'a-
marine paper, is truly magnificent. These are largely employed in
wine labels, for our native wine manufacturers. C. Clark & Co.,
are extensively engaged on fancy steamboat bills, printed also in
gold and silver letters. Both these firms execute fine circulars,
checks,' notes, bills lading, bill-heads, and indeed, every species of
letter sheet printing. Twenty-five hands are employed in these
job offices ; value of product, thirty thousand dollars ; raw material,
30 per cent.

Some notion of the extent of Clark & Co.'s operations, may be

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 189

formed, by the statement here made, that they employ in their job
office, more than one thousand fonts of type; and keep employed,
seven hand presses, four power presses, two card presses, one tip
press, and one embossing press. They occupy more business space,
and are provided more extensively with business materials, than
any establishment of the kind in the Atlantic cities.

Feed and Flouring mills. — There are fourteen mills here, the more
important of which, manufacture wheat flour, and steam-dried corn
meal, for foreign markets. They grind oil-cake into meal, and make
feed for horses, etc., by grinding up corn in the cob, and oats, and
by chopping rye and buckwheat, etc. Value of aggregate product,
one million six hundred and ninety thousand dollars; employ
sixty-five hands ; raw material, 75 per cent.

C. W. "West & Co., have two mills, one on the Miami, the other
on the Whitewater canal; manufacture three hundred and fifty
barrels flour per day. Their flour is of the highest reputation in
the markets.

C. S. Bradbury, corner Eighth and Broadway, manufactures one
hundred and fifty barrels superfine flour, and one hundred and forty
barrels steam dried corn-meal per day. Prepares from wheat and
corn, using only the germ of the grain, farina of the finest quality.
This is the basis of various delicious culinary preparations, such as
puddings, custards, blanc-mange, etc. Five hundred pounds of
this rticle is made at this mill daily. His steam dried corn-meal,
is shipped to every part of the globe.

A. Erkenbrecher, Lock street, north of Miami canal, makes and
sifts corn-meal for family use, buckwheat flour, chopped feed, and
pearl barley. Also, kiln dried corn-meal, for exportation.

Fire-engines, Hydraulic A2}paratus, etc. — One very important manu-
facture which has been established during late years in Cincinnati,
is that of fire-engines and other hydraulic apparatus. These are
made by D. L. Farnam, on Elm, between Fourth and Fifth streets.
Mr. Farnam is the inventor, as well as manufacturer of these hy-
draulic fire-engines. They are constructed on the novel principle
of working horizontally, the firemen being seated in the body of the
engine. Those who have handled, in times of fire, engines on the
ordinary principle, know what an exhausting process it is to work
them with spirit, even for twenty minutes. In the present descrip-
tion ot engine, the men exert themselves as if rowing a boat, the
motiuii of the body and the muscles employed, being precisely the
16

190 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

same. Eubank, in his celebrated work on hydraulics, appears to
have referred to this very kind of engine as a desideratum, in say-
ing, " "when a man's strength is applied as in the act of rowing, the
effect is nearly one hundred and fifty per cent., more than in moving
a pump lever. This is sufficient to induce efforts to supersede the
present mode of working the pumps of engines."

In these engines, the firemen sit with one or both feet braced up
nearly level with the seat. In this position, a man of ordinary
strength can raise a weight of one hundred and fifty pounds, thirty
inches, and keep that weight passing up and down that distance, as
many times a minute as the usual ntimber of strokes of an engine.

As it has been ascertained that firemen working on side-engines,
do not apply on an average over thirty pounds, and on an engine
with long levers working across the ends, about fifty pounds, the
advantage this engine possesses over its predecessors is manifest.
This does not include the greater power of enduring protracted
exertion in the position of rowing, which is as five to one against
the old fashioned exercise of the arms. Accordingly, it has been
found that these engines, with less working power, deliver more
water a greater distance, than those on the ordinary principle.

On a recent trial, twenty men forced water up Race street, on an
ascent of thirty-five feet, a distance of six hundred and fifty feet,
and threw it from the nozzle at the end of the hose, a further dis-
tance of one hundred and twenty feet.

Another great advantage these engines possess, is their being one-
third to one-half lighter in weight, than those already in use ; a dif-
ference which enables the first two or three who reach the engine
house to start off to a fire at once, as well as lessens the labor of
dragging the apparatus the whole distance.

Of these engines, thirty-seven have been already built, and orders
are on file, sufficient to keep the concern employed for the ensuing
six months.

There is in this establishment, a double acting force-pump,
just finished, that has been ordered for a flouring mill at Hamilton,
Ohio. Another of the same is making here, for Zanesville, Ohio.
These are designed for the protection from fire, of the mills, being
worked by the water-wheel, with which they are connected. "When
wanted for use, sixteen streams of one inch each, can be thrown at
once, the volume of water being one foot diameter in capacity.
These afford not only protection to the mill or factory which uses

MANUFACTURES AXD INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 191

them, but may be carried on in pipes through a town or village, and
taken from water plugs at various points by an attachment of hose,
so as to perform the duty of a fire-engine, without the labor or
expense of that apparatus. In this way, at trifling cost, compara-
tively, any place which has water or steam power employed in
manufacture, can protect itself from the ravages of fire.

With the exception of castings in the rough, every part of these
hydraulics is made on the premises ; thirty-seven hands are employed
here. Value of product, sixty-five thousand dollars ; raw ma-
terial, 50 per cent.

This is the only hydraulic apparatus factory, west of Philadelphia.

Flooring-mills. — Beside planing machines, which face boards, as
Avell as shave other lumber, there are fourteen of Woodworth's ma-
chines, for planing and tonguing flooring-boards. These supply an
aggregate of three hundred and fifty-one thousand two hundred
dollars, as a product, and a value of raw material, of 65 per cent.
Seventy-two hands..

Florists. — A large amount of j)lants are disposed of wholesale and
retail, in this market. There are fifteen sale gardens, whose annual
sales reach one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. Thirty-five
hands ; raw material, 10 per cent.

J. S. Cook, has recently commenced a sale garden and nursery,
on the Madison road, just beyond the Lane Seminary. It is of
twenty acres extent, and as every dollar made from it for years,
will be invested in further improvement, it will eventually become
one of the most charming flower-gardens in the west. As to the
nursery, Mr. Cook is determined to have nothing for sale which is
not of his own planting, budding, or grafting, as the case may be ;
and the purchaser can therefore, always rely on obtaining with cer-
tainty, the very article he desires to purchase.

Foundery castings. — This is one of our heaviest branches of manu-
facture, and is carried on in every possible variety, in which iron
can be cast, from a butt hinge to a burial case. A number of these
founderies, include finishing shops. A few of them, simply supply
castings in the rough ; others finish their work to the last degree of
polish required by the purpose to which it is applied. A share of
them confine their products to a single great staple or two of manu-
facture, and in the case of others, a thousand diff'erent articles are
the product. It would be impossible, therefore, to reduce these
founderies, with their products, to classes ; and the aggregate being

192 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL FKODUCTS.

first stated, the operations of a few of them will be given, as samples
of each class.

There are forty-four founderies, one-third of which, are mainly or
entirely in the stove trade, which is itself a heavy department of the
business, as high as one tJiousand stoves having been manufactured
here, in one day alone. The value of foundery products, is three
millions six hundred and seventy-six thousand five hundred dollars ;
hands employed, four thousand six hundred and ninety-five ; aver-
age value of raw material, 22 per cent.

Horton & Macy, Fifth, between Elm and Plum streets, employ
sixty hands, and manufacture to the value of seventy-five thousand
dollars. These products are, iron-railing castings, in every variety
of pattern, for exportation ; also, for cemeteries ; enameled grates ;
one-third for home use, two-thirds sold for the supply of other mar-
kets. Iron mantles, hat racks, chairs, and settees ; value of raw
material, 20 per cent.

There are some of the hands in this foundery, who earn twenty
dollars weekly.

A. B. Holabird, west Front St., makes steam-engines principally —
fifty per year, for the last three years ; Avill this year increase those
figures. These are worth one thousand five hundred dollars each.
One hundred corn shellers, which sell for one hundred dollars each.
Their repairing and small machinery business, fifteen thousand
dollars.

A finished engine on the premises, of his own manufacture, and
of novel construction, is worth a visit ; for finish and ease of work-
ing, and general efficiency, it cannot be surpassed.

Reynolds, Kite & Tatum, build steam-engines and boilers, and
are brass and iron founders ; fitters of wrought iron Avelded pipe,
for steam, gas, etc. ; fitters of lard-oil, stearine, star candle and
soap apparatus, and steam fixtures for rendering lard, tallow, and
oil ; make to order, all kinds of tools and machinery; also, tanks for
rendering lard, under Wilson's patent. They employ eighty hands ;
value of product of labor, eighty-five thousand dollars. Their
repairing business alone keeps twenty hands occupied.

Niles & Co. The principal business of this establishment, is
sugar-mill and steam-engine building, for the south. P. A. Cham-
pomier, in his statistics of the sugar crop of Louisiana, for 1850, says :

Since 1846, there have been erected in the State, three hundred
and fifty-five engines and sugar-mills, most of them to replace old

MANUl'^ACTUKES AND INUCSTKIAL PKUDUCTS. lUo

ones, or those previously worked by liorse power. Of these engines
and mills, the founderies of Cincinnati have furnished two hundred
and eighty-one ; Pittsburgh, thirty-seven ; Richmond, seven ; Bal-
timore, four ; Louisville, three ; New Orleans, ten ; Algiers, La.,
two; Gretna, La., six; and the Novelty works, New York, five.

It will be seen by this statement, that Cincinnati has built four-
fifths of these engines ; and so great as well as rapid, has been the
absorption of that business to this point, that probably, in two or
three years, not a sugar-mill and steam-engine will be built for
Louisiana, Texas, and Cuba, but at Cincinnati. This is owing, not
only to the superior quality of work and materials here, but to the
fact, that we can deliver these articles at New Orleans, at a price
10 per cent, less than they are made in the eastern cities. As an
index of the future, all the sugar-mills, etc., of 1851, for the coast,
as it is called, and the Cuban market, with the exception of six at
New York, have been contracted for at Cincinnati. Niles & Co.,
will have built by the 1st July, ensuing, which is the close of the
business year in this line, seventy sugar-mills and steam-engines, of
the value of two hundred and eighty thousand dollars. Their
other operations, including repairing, increase this amount to four
hundred and ten thousand dollars. They employ two hundred
hands ; value of raw material, 25 per cent.

The view in these pages, of this foundery, exhibits distinctly and
faithfully, its external appearance.

Tunnicliflt & Co., east Front, near Butler street, manufacture
stoves of every variety, and for every purpose, and to a great ex-
tent. They also make grates, hollow-ware, wagon-boxes, charcoal
furnaces, sad-irons, stove fronts, sash weights, water gutters and
shoots ; and, to order, every other description of castings. Employ
sixty hands, and manufacture to the value of ninety thousand
dollars.

J. H. Burrows & Co. Foundery, Second, Avest of Elm street,
manufacture steam-engines and various descriptions of castings, to
the value of thirty thousand dollars. Their principal manufacture,
however, is of portable mills, intended for the south and south-west,
and especially for sections of country, where water-power is scarce.
This is an invention of Mr. Burrows, senior of the concern, and is
every year extending its popularity ; the firm having made four
hundred of these mills, worth sixty thousand dollars, during the past
year. This mill merits a special description, as it is an invention.

194 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

equally simple and ingenious. It proposes to perform in a small
compass, with less expense, greater safety and equal efficiency, the
work of a merchant mill. If it does not accomplish all this, it is
nevertheless, a remarkable improvement.

The mill is a square frame with four stout pillars, on which the
mill-stones, which are of burr blocks, cemented as usual, rest. The
whole apparatus forming a cube of about four feet. The upper
mill-stone is inclosed in a cast iron case of suitable weight, which
supersedes the usual iron bands, and gives all the power in an
equable and steady motion, which is derived in the larger class of
mill-stones by extra thickness or height; thus rendering them top-
heavy, and producing an inequality of pressure and motion, which
is obviated here.

The mill-stones are two to two and a-half inches diameter. Owing
to the casing referred to, there is at once the proper degree of pres-
sure, and at the same time, elasticity, which furnishes the perfec-
tion of grinding ; avoiding, on the one hand, the irregular motion of
a top-heavy upper stone, and on the other, the evil of friction and
want of spring, which results from the old-fashioned plan, in port-
able mills, of fastening down the upper mill-stone by screws, to say
nothing of the greater liability of getting out of order. These mill-
stones can be run with greater velocity, compatibly with safety,
than the large ones, the two feet making two hundred and forty,
and the two and a-half feet, two hundred revolutions per minute.

The power necessary to drive one of these mills, is not more than
that of three horses, or the equivalent water or steam power ; with
these they will grind fourteen to sixteen bushels per hour, which is
as good a performance as a merchant mill ; the quality of the flour
being superfine, and passing inspection as such, in our markets.

These mills are driven according to the necessity or convenience
of the case, and to equal advantage, by either horse, water, or steam
power. This is of importance, because the great mass of these mills,
go to the west and south-west.

How capricious are all measures of value. In 1790, when the
early pioneers ground all their corn by hand, and were obliged to
dispense with the luxury of wheat, from inability to reduce it to
flour, one of these portable mills would, even at its present low
price, have bought all Cincinnati, from the canal, north, and Syca-
more street, west.

Two facts, both of which are striking and unimpeachable, attest

nGh--ivEl) by f. tl. JOiVEi I-kOM a DAGUERfliJL'T

d^y£

7iL

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 195

the quality of flour made in these mills. The " Chapultepec mills"
flour, sold by Sprigman & Camp, has no superior, and for family
use, feAv brands equal it in this market. It is all made upon one of
these portable mills. Another remarkable incident, is, that the
family flour made by C. S. Bradbury, of this city, which carried off
the premium for the best barrel of flour, at the recent Ohio State
agricultural fair, was also ground upon one of these mills. It car-
ried- the prize from a number of competitors, whose flour brands
have always stood among the highest in the Miami valley.

Miles Greenwood, Walnut, from Canal to Twelfth street ; at this —
in addition to the heavy machine and other castings, common to all
founderies — are made a great variety of small castings, especially
those adapted to the house building business. Of these, many
articles are new inventions, superseding, by their convenience and
adaptedness to the object, the awkward and imperfect contrivances
of the past, and others are improvements which convert the flimsy
and rough articles of twenty years ago, into neat, exact, and ser-
viceable substitutes.

Here are made, among other things, which within the lifetime
of the present generation, could only be had from England, or until
the last five years in the eastern factories, pendant pullies, shutter
lifts, shutter screw bolts and fastenings, steamboat shutter catches,
sash weights, and side and screw pullies, shutter sliding bolts and
turn buckles, butt and parliament hinges, stubbs and plates, spit-
toons, tea-kettles, and sad-irons.

No judges of builders' hardware can examine these articles with-
out being forcibly impressed with the superiority, not only over the
foreign hardware of 1826, but even over most of the manufactured
articles at this time at the east. It is in the department of hinges,
however, that most important article of builders' use, that the su-
periority of those made in Cincinnati, is distinctly manifest. The
English hinges are unequal in thickness, imperfectly jointed, and
too light for service, and are, therefore, apt to give way when ex-
posed to sudden jars or strains. M. Greenwood's hinges, on the
contrary, are made substantial, and cast as evenly as if made by
machinery.

Nearly every article referred to here, is in some respect or other
of superior excellence to those imported from Europe. The tea-
kettle lids, and the sad-iron handles, are very neat and appropriate.
So with the counter weights, which are finished in superior style,

196 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

and every weight in the set graduated to the city standard before it
leaves the foundery.

The whole west, is now supplied from this city with the various
hardware for building and our own consumption, no limited supply,
in a city which constructs one thousand five hundred houses annu-
ally within its limits and immediate suburbs, is furnished entirely
by this establishment.

Nearly all the hinges sold in our hardware stores, are of Cincin-
nati manufacture, and the few that are brought from abroad are
sold to country customers only.

The annual sales of hinges alone, at this establishment, are
stated, to be about fifteen thousand dollars, and the show of neatly
papered and labeled goods in the warerooms, is worth a visit from
all who desire to see our country in fact, as well as in name, inde-
pendent.

Let us add one fact. In 1808, only forty years since, as clerk
to a hardware house in Philadelphia, the writer of this article, filled
the spring order in that line, of the principal business house in Cin-
cinnati, doing at that time, at least one-fourth of the hardware busi-
ness here. On that occasion, he put up eighteen dozen butt hinges,
being at the rate of about one hundred and fifty dozen of that article
for a year's supply, a quantity which would now not suffice for more
than a single day's sales in our market. Such is the west.

A separate department in this establishment, is occupied by the
firm of M. Greenwood & Co., in the manufacture of malleable cast
iron into an infinite variety of important articles, heretofore the pro-
ducts of wrought iron and hand labor. In this department are
made carriage wrenches, staples, pole crabs, nuts, screw wrenches,
table hinges, pen racks, tailors' shears, and a variety of other articles.
All these, when put to the appropriate tests, prove equal in every
respect for service to the correspondent wrought articles. As
regards drilling, they seem tougher. Cards of these articles were
exhibited at the late mechanics' fair, and excited the general admira-
tion of the visitors.

The tailors' shears are remarkable articles, as may be inferred
from the fact, that a pair finished with steel edges, was lately fur-
nished for the English market, and sold for seventy-five dollars.

Greenwood employs three hundred and fifty hands, and manufac-
tures annually, a value of three hundred and sixty thousand dollars.

W. C. Davis & Co. Foundery, Hunt street, east of Broadway;

V/HOLESALE HARDWARE MERCHANTS,

MAIN STREET, BELOTT FOIRTH.

MANUFACTURES AND , INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 197

sale-rooms, north-east corner Ninth and Main streets. This is prin-
cipally a stove establishment, in every variety of use and pattern,
and on a very extensive scale, employing one hundred and twenty-
five hands — tv/o-thirds of whom, are molders. This firm melted,
last year, three thousand tons pig-iron, including three hundred
tons scraps. Their present operations, are at the rate of four thou-
sand two hundred tons. They also make plain and ornamental
grates, sad and dog-irons, mold-boards, cauldrons, potash and sugar-
kettles, and a variety of other castings.

Davis & Co., have recently constructed an extensive foundery
and warerooms, five stories high, exclusively for the manufacture
and fitting up of Fisk's patent metallic burial-cases, a new article,
and every Avay superior to the ordinary cabinet ware cofiins, which
they must supersede. These cases, in their figure, follow the
general outline of the human body in a recumbent position, and con-
sist of an upper and lower metallic shell, which are joined together
in a horizontal line in the centre, each part being of about equal
depth. The shells have each a narrow flange, which when placed
together are bound by screws, and cemented at the point of junction
with a substance which becomes as hard as the metal itself. They
are thoroughly enameled both inside and out, and thus rendered as
entirely air-tight as any case can be constructed. The upper shell
is raised-work, and ornamented in the casting, with the appearance
of rich folding drapery thrown over the body. A heavy glass plate,
oval in its shape, and corresponding in size and position to the
human face, aff"ords to the last moment, a view of the lineaments of
the deceased, while the air-tight character of the case, cemented
together as it is, will preserve the body, it is believed, for any
period of time. It has been thus far tested for two and a-half years
only, the longest period it has been in use, and exhibits in this case,
the unchanged and undecomposed features of a child of ten years
in their pristine expression and loveliness.

These cases afford great facilities for transporting those who have
died at a distance from their surviving friends, to be brought home
to family vaults and burying-grounds. The indestructible charac-
ter of these receptacles, also so greatly facilitates the raising and
reinterment elsewhere, when necessary, at any period, however
remote, of the relics of departed friends, and so thoroughly divests
exhumations of their usually revolting features, as to justify the be-
lief, that these burial-cases will soon become of general and extensive
17

198

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

use. These burial-cases are sold wholesale, at from three to twenty-
dollars, the sizes ranging from twenty-eight inches, to six feet six
inches.

W. & R. P. Resor. One of the best specimens for convenience,
extent, and adaptedness of all its arrangements to their appropriate
purposes, is the Phcenix Foundery, belonging to this firm, at the
intersection of Smith street with the river landing. It is a striking
example of economy in space, and still more in the labor required
to carry on a furnace ; accomplishing in these respects, more with
the same number of hands, than any other concern of the kind in
this vicinity, if not anywhere else.

The establishment bears the title of the Phcenix Foundery, and is
designed for the casting of stoves and hollow-ware principally. It
is in the form, externally, of an L, occupying a space of eighty-two
by one hundred and eighty-eight feet in depth upon the Smith street
front, and sixty-six by one hundred and forty -three feet on the
river front. Two molding floors, seventy-five by sixty -six, and one
hundred and fifty -nine by sixty-six feet, occupy the interior of the
foundery. These are intersected with five feet alleys radiating
from the cupolas, which are paved with bricks and protected with
curb-stones. The grade of those which connect directly with the
cupolas, is a descending one ; so that the hands take their loads
along a gentle descent, and return with the empty ladles by a cor-
responding ascent. This, and the treading a smooth brick surface,
which permits none of the melted iron, when spilled, to become im-
bedded in the walk, are advantages to both owner and hands, which
every one conversant with the business can appreciate. The pig-
metal, in lieu of being pitched up on to a platform, as is the usual
tedious and laborious process, is wheeled up by an inclined plane,
standing along the outside foundery wall, which, after reaching the
proper height, crosses to the cupolas by a platform, which stretches
over the intermediate space, being supported as in bridge work, by
substantial rods, secured by heavy timbers, which form part of the
building.

On the Smith street front is a warehouse five stories high, the
lower floor being employed for weighing and assorting the various
plates, which are raised to the second story, where they are mounted,,
put together, and distributed to the diff'erent warerooms above. All
the hoisting, drilling, punching, etc., are carried on by steam.

The two cupolas are situated at the angles of the L, forming a

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 199

central point to the molding operations. The hot-blast process,
similar to that in use at the blast furnaces, is introduced here, and
placed above the cupolas, heated by hot air which escapes from
them, and which otherwise would be wasted.

The cupolas are lined, and of thirty-six inches diameter. They
are of a capacity to melt twenty tons per day.

The pig-iron is also of that fine metal, made hi Lawrence and
Scioto counties under the hot-blast process, and the result is, that
pots and kettles are made here, of such ductility, as to receive in-
dentations by the hammer, without any risk of cracking the article.

This foundery casts door fronts, also, to considerable extent. It
employs seventy hands.

Williams & Adams, Novelty Works, Pearl street, manufacture
house fronts, tobacco and cotton presses, iron staircases, balcony
and graveyard railings, wagon-boxes, awning posts, iron gutters
and stoves, sash weights, cistern tops, gratings, hitching-posts, grate
bars, star anchors, vault grates, clock weights, hoisting-wheels,
and mill work generally. They employ twenty -three hands.

James Todd & Co., corner of Seventh and Smith streets, build
steam-engines ; manufacture planing machines, turning lathes, cot-
ton, hay, lard, and tobacco screws, portable corn and flour-mills,
thrashing machines and horse-powers, castings of all descriptions ;
also, various kinds of tools. They employ fifty hands.

A. B. & E. Latta, Buckeye Works, Fifth street, east of Broad-
way, manufacture all kinds of lathes and machinists' tools. Steam-
engines, high and low pressure, stationary, locomotive and marine.
Also steam, water, and vacuum gauges, reliable for quality and
correctness.

This firm obtained a premium at the last fair of the Ohio Mechan-
ics' Institute, for their improved steam-engines, as unsurpassed for
cheapness, durability, and economy of steam and oil ; and advice is
given here, in the construction of machinery and mechanical opera-
tions.

Fringes, Tassels, etc. — Four establishments, mostly on a small
scale ; value of product, twenty thousand dollars. Forty hands in
employment; raw material, 50 per cent.

Peter Ruhl, Fourth, below Walnut street, manufactures fringes,
tassels, gimps, cords and fancy trimmings. Coach laces, carriage
trimmings, Masonic and Odd Fellows' regalias, and military trim-
mings, of every description.

200 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

Furniture. — Under this general head, is usually comprehended
various equipments for housekeeping, such as bedsteads, bureaus,
tables, stands, wardrobes, desks, bookcases, cribs, sofas, settees,
lounges, divans, plain and fancy chairs, ottomans, etc. It would
have been desirable to classify these by assigning them to their
respective Avorkshops, but in point of fact, these establishments are
so various in their fabrics, some confining themselves to one or two
prominent articles, others making every possible variety, and others,
again, blending the chair business with what is called cabinet ware,
that such classification becomes imperfect and unsatisfactory, and
fails to exhibit a clear statement of this important department of our
manufacturing interest; a general synopsis of the business will,
therefore, be given in its aggregate of products, and number of
workmen, and. the various descriptions illustrated, as in the case of
the founderies, by the statistics of particular establishments, as spe-
cimens of the various classes that exist.

" Cincinnati, in 1841," exhibited in its table of manufacturing and
industrial pursuits, forty-eight cabinet ware factories, with a force
of three hundred and eighty-four hands, and a product of three
hundred and eighty-four thousand dollars. Of chairs, eleven fac-
tories, exhibiting a force of one hundred and twenty-eight hands, and
a product of one hundred and thirty-one thousand six hundred dol-
lars. At that date, these branches of furniture were kept distinct,
as they are yet to some extent. Since that period, the application
of steam power and machinery, to general furniture fabrics, has
greatly changed the entire business character of this branch of man-
ufacture, as well as tended to increase its sale.

Two or three popular errors exist, respecting the making of furni-
ture by machinery, which it may be well here to refer to. One of
these is, that the ware is not as exact in fit, or reliable for durabil-
ity, as that made by hand ; the reverse of this, is however, the
fact. The least exercise of the reflecting powers, must suggest that
work performed by machinery must be the more accurate. Another
erroneous prejudice is, that the employment of machinery lessens
not only the number of persons employed, b\it reduces their wages
and profits. The fact, in reality, is, that the machinery, as a general
result, takes the coarsest, hardest, and most unprofitable work out
of the journeyman's hands — such as rough planing and ripping —
and enables him to make his customary wages, at more pleasant
employment. It is true, at the same time, that a great reduction

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

201

in the price of these articles, is effected bj the use of machinery,
but this is done by the increase of product, which is both the cause
and effect of low prices. But a comparison between past and pre-
sent wages, will show clearly that the journeyman has been no
loser, but in fact, gainer, by the introduction of machinery in the
fabrication of furniture.

There are several shops which make up furniture, as a supply for
auction sales ; but the great bulk, beyond what is wanted for our
own citizens, finds its market throughout the entire south and south-
west.

The entire product of cabinet ware, chairs, etc., amounts to one
million six hundred and sixty thousand dollars, and the business
affords employment to one thousand one hundred and fifty-eight
hands ; value of raw material, 25 per cent.

One of the most remarkable of our manufacturing establishments,
is the bedstead factory of Clawson and Mudge, on Second below
Vine street.

The building, which is of brick, is five stories in height, and one
hundred and ninety by seventy feet, on the ground. The machin-
ery consists of seven planing and two tapering machines, sixteen
turning-lathes, six boring, and two tenoning machines, four split-
ting, and four buff saws, all which, are driven by steam. One hun-
dred and thirty hands are employed in this establishment. A very
vivid impression of the power of machinery is given in this case, by
the fact, that one hundred and thirty bedsteads are made and finished,
as an average, every day, or one bedstead to each workman ; while
under the hand system of manufacture, a first rate bedstead is more
than a week's work for one journeyman. The escape steam is em-
ployed not only in vfarming the building, in winter, but softens the
glue, and being taken through a cylinder in which the veneers are
steamed, fits them for being fastened to the bedsteads. Three mil-
lion feet of lumber are annually worked up here into bedsteads, of
which, forty thousand are the yearly product, and two hundred and
fifty thousand dollars, the aggregate value. The stock of lumber
on hand is never less than one million five hundred thousand feet,
and of bedsteads a value of fifty thousand dollars. The lumber
used here, is seasoned by steam, and air exposure afterv^^ard.

These bedsteads are of every variety of pattern and material, and
degree of finish and cost ; not less than ninety -five varieties being
manufactured on the premises. They range from one dollar thirty-

202 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

seven and a-half cents, to seventy-five dollars in price, at whole-
sale.

Poplar, sycamore, black walnut, and cherry, are the lumber ; and
black walnut, mahogany, and rosewood, the veneers employed in
the fabrication of these bedsteads.

The headboards of the finer kinds of bedsteads, are not morticed
into the post, as usual, but are fastened at the ends by iron hooks,
secured to the head posts, and are let down by mortises into the
head-rail. This is obviously a very great improvement, and greatly
facilitates their being taken to pieces and put together, when neces-
sary. The market for these bedsteads, is throughout the west,
south, and south-west. All the principal hotels in Memphis, Nash-
ville, Mobile, and New Orleans, have been furnished with bedsteads
from this factory.

This is, probably, the most extensive factory of the kind in the
United States, and if so, the most extensive in the world. There is
no single manufacturing establishment here, which is better fitted
than this to be shown a stranger, for the purpose of impressing on
him a sense of the industrial and mechanical energies of Cincinnati.

John K. Coolidge, corner Smith and Front streets. Here are
made tables, stands, cribs, lounges, desks, and bookcases, by steam
propelled machinery. Forty hands are employed, in this establish-
ment.

S. J. John, cabinet, chair, and sofa wareroom. Third, near Syca-
more street. There are no finer articles made in Cincinnati, than
his pier and sofa tables, covered with Egyptian marble ; dressing
bureaus, sociables, and vis-a-vis,mahoga.nj wardrobes and canopy
bedsteads, among a variety of fine furniture, are sure to catch the
visitor's eye, and to open the visitor's purse.

One of the remarkable articles in his line, is an extension table,
which draws out to various lengths, and shuts up again, by turning
a crank, affording, when opened to its full extent, a platform large
enough for the guests at a sizable hotel, and when closed up, taking
up no more room than an ordinary circular table. Large numbers
are made, and of course, sold, of this article, which is a great con-
venience everywhere that room is scarce.

E. Rowe, north-west corner Smith and Augusta streets, manufac-
ture bedsteads, patent and common, including trundles, at from two
to twenty dollars, wholesale. His workshop is four stories high,
and stands eighty by thirty-five feet on the ground. He employs

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 203

thirty hands, and manufactures to the value of thirty thousand
dollars.

Mitchell & Rammelsberg, steam furniture factory, at the corner
of John and Second street. Sale and exhibition rooms, Second
street, between Main and Sycamore. This, which is one of the
heaviest of our furniture establishments, does not, as is generally
the case with the others, confine its operations to two or three staj^le
articles, but comprehends in its fabrics almost every description of
cabinet ware and chairs. Two-thirds of their business, however, is
cabinet ware manufacture. The lot on which this factory stands,
is eighty by one hundred and twenty feet. The main building oc-
cupies three-fourths of this breadth, and the entire depth. It is six
stories high, and filled with workmen and materials to its utmost
capacity. Other buildings take up the residue of the premises.

In the manufacture of furniture, the rough work is performed
here, by machinery, with great celerity and exactness — the finish-
ing being, as in other furniture shops, executed by competent and
skillful workmen. This concern employs, directly and indirectly,
two hundred and fifty persons, and manufactures to the value of
two hundred and twenty thousand dollars annually.

The various articles made, are cut into lengths and shapes other-
wise, by the agency of a series of circular saws. Every process
here, from the ripping out and cross-cutting of rough boards, to the
finest slitting, progresses with inconceivable rapidity ; the saws per-
forming at the rate of from two thousand five hundred to three
thousand revolutions in a minute ; a speed which renders the teeth
of the saw absolutely invisible to the eye.

As many as two hundred pieces of furniture, and the various
parts in the same series, prepared and adjusted to fit, as fast as
they progress, at a time, are taken from story to s.tory, until on
the upper floors, they receive their final dressing and finish, for
market.

The sale-rooms i-eferred to, occupy five stories, each floor being
thirty-four by ninety feet, and display full stocks of furniture, in
every variety of style, pattern, and quality. This is but one of the
many cabinet ware establishments in Cincinnati, which supply the
south, west, and south-west, Avith materials for housekeeping of all
?orts, on an extensive scale.

Mitchell & Rammelsberg, are about to introduce a bedstead of
novel construction, for which they have the exclusive manufacturing

204

MANtJFACTUKES AND INDUSTRIAL PBODUCTS.

right in this market. The improvement made, is bj connecting the
rail to the post by a dovetail, thus dispensing entirely with screws,
and enabling the bedstead to be put up and taken down in less than
five minutes ; which of course, afi'ords great facilities to the removal
of this article from house to house, or room to room, and of readily
taking them out in case of fire.

Burley & Lyford, south side Third, east of Sycamore street, manu-
facture all kinds of ornamental cabinet ware : cottage furniture,
chamber sets, enameled or painted in scroll, landscape, and flowers.
Prench, Italian, and Grecian bedsteads, bureaus, sinks, wardrobes,
commodes, wash-stands, and toilets, grained to imitate every variety
of wood.

Their styles of fabrics are admirably adapted to the equipment
of steamboats, as Avell as for family furniture, of a light and elegant
description.

Henry Boyd, Broadway, above Eighth street. This establish-
ment has long enjoyed a distinguished reputation for bedstead work
of high finish, fancy style, and excellent quality, although its opera-
tions are not confined to that article alone. Boyd works twenty
hands.

The peculiarity of Boyd's bedsteads — which are the patent right
and left, wood screw, and swelled rail — is the solidity of fit, when
put together ; which enhances their durability; as well as forms a
perfect protection from vermin, which find no harbor at the joints.

John Geyer, Fourth, east of Main street, occupies in his manu-
facturing and sale of cabinet ware and chairs, a building fifty-six
feet front, by one hundred feet deep, and five stories high. He has
recently succeeded to A. McAlpin ; a well known establishment, in
the cabinet making line, on whose business he has engrafted, to a
great extent, a fancy style of articles of the richest cast. Among
these, are, cottage, Italian, and Minster parlor chairs, reclining and
lounging chairs, fancy sofas; black, white, and Egyptian marble
centre tables, with oval and lozenge-shaped slabs ; fancy dressing-
bureaus, etagers, corner etagers Avith closets, papier-mach6 work-
stands and tables, ladies' cabinet and writing desks, Italian marble
slab and mahogany work-tables, with fancy basket around the pe-
destal.

Geyer manufactures furniture and chairs, also, of the staple
articles and patterns, and of all descriptions, as regards quality and
style.

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 205

One of the most commodious, as well as extensive factories in
Cincinnati, is that of George W. Coddington, on Vine, between Front
and Second streets. Having been built for the express purpose of
carrying on the business, nothing can surpass the convenience and
efficacy of its machinery and arrangements. The factory is forty-
six by ninety feet on the ground, and six stories in height.

The machinery of this establishment is propelled by two steam-
engines, each of twenty horse power. These drive four ripping, and
seven circular saws, twenty-five cutters, two mortising, three boring,
three planing, and twelve turning machines. One of these saws,
which is concave, is a Cincinnati invention, of great ingenuity, and
singularly well adapted to its purpose ; which is to cut out the chair
tops in circular form and equal thickness.

This factory has made as many as one hundred and eighty thou-
sand chairs, yearly. These are principally low and medium-priced
articles, although cane-seat and rocking-chairs, are made to a con-
siderable extent. The prices range from four dollars twenty-five
cents, to twenty-two dollars, and average eight dollars per dozen;
just such chairs may be bought here, at five dollars per dozen, as
were botight, twelve or fifteen years ago, at sixteen dollars. Such
is the gconomy and power of machinery.

All the painting and gilding to the chairs, is done on the premises.
The gilding of the finer qualities, is of the highest style of finish and
ornament.

The principal market for these chairs, is in the south and south-
west, although they find customers throughout the west and the
north-west. In the south they have entirely driven out the
eastern article, their quality and price rendering them more ac-
ceptable.

There are at times as high as one hundred and eighty hands em-
ployed in the factory ; and its annual product, in value, one hundred
and twenty thousand dollars.

In other articles, reference has been made to the benefit of ma-
chinery to the interests of the working-man, in taking the roughest
and hardest of the ripping and planing out of his hands, and leaving
to him only those delicate operations, which give play to the exer-
cise of skill and judgment. It may be added, on the same subject,
that the low prices at which machinery permits articles to be sold,
so increases the quantity made, that more hands are now needed in

206 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

these factories, than found employment under the old order of
things, and at an average of better wages than heretofore.

M. L. Duncan <& Brother. Factory, Augusta street, between
Western row and John ; sale-rooms and office. Second, between Vin !
and Walnut streets. This establishment manufactures wardrobes,
breakfast and extension tables, stands, bureaus, cribs, lounges,
desks, and bookcases, of mahogany and black walnut. Their mar-
ket is exclusively the south and west, and their furniture disposed
of at wholesale. They employ seventy-five hands, and manufacture
to the value of one hundred thousand dollars annually, of which are
two thousand wardrobes, worth from ten to forty dollars ; three
thousand tables, two and a-half to six dollars ; five hundred book-
cases, ten to twenty dollars ; five hundred desks, seven and a-half
to twenty dollars. The largest share, of course, at the lower prices.

Henry Clostermann, corner Augusta and John streets, employs
seventy hands, and manufactures chairs to the value of sixty thou-
sand dollars, principally cane-seats. Large quantities of black wal-
nut and mahogany, are worked up in this establishment.

Dobell & Hughes. Manufactory, corner of Smith and Augusta
streets, make breakfast, dining, circular, centre, card, and end
tables, cribs, tin safes, stands, children's bedsteads, etc.

E. B. Dobell. Chair and cabinet factory on Lower Market street,
manufactures chairs, bureaus, tables, looking-glasses, mattresses.

Cincinnati steam bureau manufacturing company, D. F. Meader,
agent; corner Front and Smith streets, manufactures rosewood,
mahogany and walnut dressing and plain bureaus, sideboards,
writing desks, inclosed and plain wash and workstands, wardrobes,
card-tables, bookcases, tin safes, etc. Employs eighty hands, and
manufactures yearly, to the value of ninety thousand dollars.

The buildings in which these articles of furniture are made, are
respectively, one hundred and forty -two by forty-five feet, five stories ;
one hundred by thirty feet, four stories ; and fifty by fifteen feet,
two stories in height. The work, as far as practicable, is done by
machinery driven by a steam-engine of forty horse power.

In the first story are located the engine, a large turning-lathe, the
machinery for a scroll saw and for mortising, and the apparatus by
which the veneering is done, the glue and cauls for which, are heated
by steam. The second story is occupied by three heavy planing
machines, and four saws. Here the lumber is dressed, and cut

MANUFACTTJEES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 207

into convenient sizes for use in the third story, where are three
sroaller circular saws, and where the tenoning, boring, and grooving
are all done, which being accomplished, the stuff is elevated by-
steam to the fourth story, and there put together.

The fifth and sixth stories are divided into finishing rooms, where
the bureaus are varnished, and finally prepared for market. From
these rooms, seven thousand bureaus are annually taken out, which
are sold, on an average, at ten dollars each. In their manufacture,
over seven hundred thousand feet of lumber are consumed, with
about seven thousand dollars worth of veneering, and at least nine
hundred gallons of varnish.

Connected with the manufactory, is a lumber yard, three hun-
dred and eight feet long, by one hundred and eight wide. The
amount of lumber, at all times, stacked in this yard, will average one
million feet.

Refuse lumber and shavings are all consumed, and the entire
rooms are warmed by the escape steam, which is conducted through
the building in iron pipes.

Shaw & Rettig, north side Fourth, between Main and Sycamore
streets. This establishment confines its operations entirely to fine
and fancy furniture of fashionable styles. Here are to be found
every variety of carved rosewood, mahogany, and walnut chairs
and sofas of antique and gothic patterns, with fancy seating of
plush, Louis XIV, and brocatelle. Parlor tables, with lozenge-shaped
tops of marbles, of every variety and shade of tint, Egyptian, Italian,
etc. Cottage furniture, chamber sets, enameled and painted in
scroll, landscapes and flowers. French, Italian, and Grecian bed-
steads.

Smith & Hawley. Factory, south-west corner John and Augusta
street ; salerooms, 64 Sycamore street, north of Lower Market. The
manufacture here, is altogether of fine cabinet and upholstery ware,
such as fine dressing bureaus, centre and card-tables, sofas, lounges,
sociables, divans, ottomans ; all varieties and patterns of mahogany,
cane, and stuffed hair and plush seated parlor chairs ; rocking and
easy chairs. Rosewood and mahogany and walnut veneers, are ex-
tensively used here, as materials. This firm employs sixty hands,
and makes yearly, one thousand two hundred sofas, two thousand
five hundred parlor chairs, and one thousand centre and card-tables.

The largest building employed in the manufacture of chairs in
this city, or anywhere else, is that of CD. Johnston, on the south

208 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

side of Second, between John and Smith streets. His operations
have been heretofore confined to a building forty by eighty feet, and
six stories high, a space, large as it is, entirely inadequate to that
demanded for a first class chair factory in Cincinnati, working on the
scale required of late years. He has, therefore, recently made an
addition, eighty-six by sixty-eight feet, which aflFords him a front
on Second street of one hundred and twenty-six feet, and an average
depth of seventy-four feet. The new building is seven stories high,
the additional story affording a favorable opportunity to carry out,
from the upper floor of the one, to the roof of the other building, the
chairs, as fast as they are ready for drying in the open air. This
extensive building fronts on two streets, which affords it thorough
ventilation and ample light.

An engine of twenty horse power, drives by steam the various
machinery employed on the premises, and the escape steam from
the engine is carried, story by story, through seven hundred and
sixty feet cast iron pipe into every part of the edifice, during the winter
season, so as perfectly to dispense Avith the use of fire throughout the
building. Ou the same account, steam is taken direct from the
boiler to prepare the glue and the cauls for use.

Mr. Johnston's business is entirely wholesale, and extends the
whole range of the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi — that is, the
country watered by these rivers and their tributaries. All the import-
ant towns or cities in the south and west are extensively his custom-
ers. As an illustration of the magnitude of his business, he has a
standing order on his books, from the largest furniture sale house in
the west, for thirty thousand chairs of the various descriptions made.
This is the house of Scarritt & Mason, St Louis. Chairs are made
here from the finest mahogany cane, to the ordinary wood seats. The
manufacturing value, when the new building is fully occupied, will
exceed one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars yearly.
Hands employed, one hundred and sixty, mostly Germans.

In concluding the subject of furniture, it will be appropriate to
add that Joseph Walter, who was the first individual in Cincinnati
to apply machinery propelled by steam-power, in the manufacture
of cabinet ware, has just made arrangements to resume that busi-
ness on a very extensive scale.

The application of steam to the melting of glue and preparing the
cauls for veneering, which originated in his factory, is one of the
most important improvements in this line, for several years past.

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 209

Gas and Coke. — The Cincinnati Gas and Coke company, employ-
fifty hands, and manufacture to the value of sixty-five thousand
dollars annually ; raw material, 60 per cent.

Gas-Fitting. Two establishments. — Twenty -four hands ; value
of product, forty -five thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent.

Goodin & Mahon, Main, above Court street, are extensively en-
gaged in this business.

Gas Burner Caps. This is an ingenious article recently invented
liere, and calculated so to consume the escaping gas, as to increase the
intensity of the light fifty per cent., or if many burners be used, to
reduce the expense one-third. D. Andrews, jeweler and silver-
smith, Fifth, near Race street, is the inventor and patentee.

Gilders. Ten establishments. — Thirty-six hands ; amount of
product, thirty -nine thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent.

Thomas Bown, Fourth, between Main and Sycamore streets,
manufactures every description of gilt work for pictures, etc., of
fancy and ornamented styles, as well as plain work. Employs ten
hands, on a product of twelve thousand dollars.

Glass works. — Two; value of product, forty thousand dollars;
employ thirty hands.

The largest of these, that of Gray & Hemingray, is on a scale
so much inferior in magnitude to those of Pittsburgh, that the statis-
tics just given, would have concluded this subject, but for the con-
viction which the writer of this entertains, that Cincinnati will here-
after lead Pittsburgh in cotton fabrics, rolling mill products and
glass manufactures, as we already do in everything else. It be-
comes, therefore, an object of interest and solicitude to examine the
details of what it is evident, is the germ here, of a vastly important
branch of industrial pursuit, as suggestive of the great future. Sand,
pearl-ashes, and lead, are the main constituents of glass. The
sand necessary for glass works in Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, is
brought from Missouri, and the lead from Illinois, both at less
expense to this point, than to Pittsburgh ; and the pearl-ash,
always rules in price lower here, than in the markets of our
sister city.

Nor is this all ; the means of living here, are lower than at Pitts-
burgh, every item but rent, being so much cheaper, as to more than
equalize general expenses. In this state of the case, and with the
rapidly growing business of this estabhshment as an encouragement,
other glass works must spring up ; and as their operations enlarge.

210 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

a point of purchase in these articles will be created, which must con-
centrate large sales of glass here, of city product, which have here-
tofore been made elsewhere.

Gray & Hemingray, make tumblers, decanters, packing-bottles,
lamp glasses, apothecary shop furniture, and generally, most articles
manufactured in Pittsburgh. A greater variety of perfumery glass
is manufactured in these works, than at any in Pittsburgh. All the
operations alluded to, are of flint glass, except insvilators, which are
made for lightning rods and for telegraph lines, here, and at Pitts-
burgh ; which place is entirely supplied from this point.

Olove factories. Three. — Employ thirty-three hands, principally
females ; value of manufacture, twenty thousand dollars ; raw ma-
terial, 65 per cent.

Glue. Five factories. — Forty hands ; A^alue of product twenty-
eight thousand dollars.

Forgey, Warren & Co., manufacture glue, curled hair for up-
holsterers' use, also dress bristles, etc. Employ twenty-two to fifty
hands, according to the season ; these articles requiring to be made
or prepared in the fall or winter, principally. There are twenty thou-
sand pounds glue made, and twenty thousand pounds long curled
hair, and two hundred thousand pounds short curled hair, and ten
thousand dollars worth of bristles prepared here, for market. The
curled hair is purified by chemical processes ; the long being put to
use in first quality mattresses or in chairs and sofa seats, and the
short filled into a more common article.

Gold Leaf mid Dentists'" Foil. — One factory, that of James Leslie,
employs five hands, and makes a product of eleven thousand dol-
lars ; raw material, 50 per cent.

The beating of gold leaf affords a striking illustration of the diftu-
sibility, or rather extension, of substances. A piece of gold equal in
size to ten grains No. 1 shot, will beat out seven thousand five
hundred square inches, and each shot a surface of gold sufii-
cient to cover an extra imperial sheet, as large as the " Cincinnati
Enquirer."

Gold Pens. One factory. — Three hands ; value of product, thirty-
five hundred dollars ; value of raw material, 50 per cent.

Cfrate vianvfadurers. Two. — Number of hands employed, fifty-
two; value of product, forty-five thousand dollars; value of raw
material, 20 per cent.

Grinders of Spices, Coffee, Drugs, etc. Six establishments. — Fifty-

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 211

six hands ; value of product, one hundred and forty thousand dol-
lars ; raw material, 60 per cent.

Harrison & Eaton, 101 Walnut street, grind pepper, allspice,
ginger, cloves, cinnamon, mustard, African cayenne. These are
put up in bulk, or in packages for the retail trade. They also grind
coffee and rice, and roast coffee and pea-nuts. These are supplied
at all times, perfectly fresh and warranted pure.

Ground Drugs mid Concentrated Medical Preparations. — Jacob S.
Merrell, Steam Drug mills, grinds or powders every species of drugs,
to order, and prepares concentrated extracts of vegetable medical
articles, such as podophyllin or mandrake, sanguinarin or blood-root,
macrotin or black cohosh, leptandrin or black-root extracts.

These extracts are so highly concentrated by chemical processes,
that the active principle of an article worth not more than ten
or fifteen cents the pound, acquires a value of one dollar per ounce.
These preparations are sent out the whole length and breadth of the
United States, and even into Canada.

The vegetables whose roots furnish these extracts, are indigenous
to the west, abounding especially in Indiana and Missouri. Em-
ploys ten hands, and a thirty horse-power engine, and manufactures
to the value of thirty thousand dollars, annually; raw material,
30 per cent. This is a rapidly growing establishment, and must
become one of extensive operations.

Crroimd Mustard. Two establishments. — Ten hands ; fifteen thou-
sand dollars product ; raw material, 40 per cent.

Ground Marble Dust. Two establishments. — Employ four hands ;
annually grind fifteen hundred barrels for use of mineral water estab-
lishments ; value of product, thirty-five hundred dollars ; raw ma-
terial, 5 per cent.

Gunsmiths. Six establishments. — Thirty hands ; thirty -five thou-
sand dollars, value of product ; raw material, 40 per cent.

Eaton & Kittridge, 236 Main street, are engaged in the manufac-
ture of rifles, shot-belts, etc. Employ ten hands. These rifles are
of every quality and price. Make and finish two hundred and fifty
rifles, and two hundred dozen belts annually. Use black walnut
and maple stocks. The business is yet in its infancy; value of pro-
duct, twelve thousand dollars ; of raw material, 60 per cent. This
firm are extensive importers of guns, pistols, and sporting apparatus,
gun makers' materials, powder, etc. It is the first wholesale house
established here, and by far the most extensive in the west.

'212 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

Bafs. Forty factories. — Three hundred and sixty-seven hands;
vahie of product, four hundred and forty-five thousand dollars ; raw
material, 30 per cent.

There was a period, when, if one of our citizens wanted a fine
hat, Piatt Evans was commissioned to buy it in New York or Phila-
delphia ; nothing but cheap hats being at that time made here.
Dodd, on Main street, was the first to engage in the enterprise of
manufacturing hats of a quality which should supersede the hats
made in the eastern cities, and now the fine hats for the entire mar-
ket of the west, are made here by Dodd & Co., L. H. Baker & Co.,
C. B. Camp, Bates & Whitcher, and Sherwood & Chase.

There are others who make hats, but on a limited scale
of operations. There are no low-priced hats made here of late
years.

Dodd & Co., employ from twenty to forty hands, according to
the season, and manufacture to the value of sixty-seven thousand
dollars.

Baker & Co., make silk and fur hats, two hundred and fifty
per week. They work twenty hands on an average.

C. B. Camp, employs eighteen hands at an average, and manu-
factures fine hats to the value of forty thousand dollars.

All those who are largely in this business, also sell the common
article made at the east. The sales at our principal hat stores,
including those of their own manufacture, range from one hundred
thousand to two hundred and fifty thousand dollars each.

Bat-Block Factory. — Wilham H. Carver, south side Pearl, between
Vine and Race. Four hands ; value of product, four thousand five
hundred dollars ; of raw material, 10 per cent.

Horse- Shoeing . Twelve shops. — Thirty-five hands ; value of pro-
duct, forty-eight thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent.

Hose and Belts, etc. Fotir factories. — Twenty-six hands ; a pro-
duct in value of ninety-six thousand dollars ; value of raw material,
75 per cent.

Cincinnati supplies hose as well as fire-engines, to the principal
towns in its vicinity.

Jeffrey Seymour, north side Fifth, between Main and Sycamore
streets, manufactures steamboat, fire-engine, factory, and garden
hose, to the valite of twenty thousand dollars, annually. His hose
is all copper or iron riveted, and of the best quality ; also makes
belts and bands for machinery, elevator belts, etc.

DODD & CO., HATTERS.

CAIN STREET, BELOW FOURTH.

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 213

George E. Minister, 31 Sycamore street, makes hose — garden,
steamboat, and fire-engines ; also machine belts, fire bats, capes, belts,
trumpets, spanners, torches, branch pipes, nozzles, etc. Engines,
etc., are also repaired here. Minister makes of these various articles,
to the yearly value of twenty-five thousand dollars.

Hot Air Furnaces. — A. Lotze, 219 Walnut street, is extensively-
engaged in this line. These furnaces have been put up in almost
all our churches and public buildings, and to a great extent in pri-
vate dwellings of the finer class. By the introduction of evapora-
tory radiators and i-egisters, the air is kept moist, which obviates
that dry heat, the presence of which, in public assemblies, is directly
indicated by the short tickling cough it provokes. Product of ma-
nufacture, sixty thousand dollars per annum ; raw material, 60 per
cent.; employs twenty hands.

Ice. Ten ice dealers. — Sixty hands ; value of product, one hun-
dred and fifty thousand dollars ; raw material, 10 per cent.

Milton Shute, in his ice operations, employs thirty men in getting
out ice, and thirteen in its delivery to customers. He has three
spacious ice-houses at Troy, and three more at Social Hall, on the
Miami canal, beside the necessary buildings in which to pack it
away here, when ice of sufficient thickness is made in Cincinnati.
His sales for 1850, were twenty -one thousand four hundred and
twenty-two dollars.

Iron — Bar, Boiler, Plate, Sheet, Hoop, Round, Square, Wire,
Nails, etc. Five rolling-mills. — Five hundred and fifty hands ; an-
nual manufacture, ten hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; raw
material, 45 per cent.

Licking Rolling Mill — Morrell, Jordan & Phillips, employ one
hundred and twenty hands, and is in steady operation throughout
the year, day and night, Sundays excepted ; consumes annually,
one hundred and seventy-five thousand bushels of coal. The yearly
products are, fifteen hundred tons small, round, and square, hoop,
etc. One thousand tons large, round, and square, railroad chair
iron, etc. One thousand tons fire-bed and sheet-iron. Five hun-
dred tons boiler-iron, heads, etc. Four thousand tons iron, of all
descriptions, averaging in value, seventy-five dollars per ton ; aggre-
gate, three hundred thousand dollars.

The sheet-iron made here, is annealed on the surface, which
renders its appearance almost equal to the Russia sheets.

This establishment consumes annually, over three thousand tons
18

.'-14 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS

pig-iron, and one thousand tons Tennessee clear blooms. The
company has six acres of ground upon which the works stand, requir-
ing room for large improvements, which are now in contemplation.
The main building, is one hundred and eighty by one hundred and
fifty-five feet, and covered with sheet iron. Three furnaces have
been added to these works, within the last year. The actual cost
of the entire works, as they now stand, amounts to about eighty
thousand dollars.

Globe Iron and Wire Works — Worthington & Co., proprietors, ma-
nufacture every description of rolled iron, such as bar, sheet, boiler,
and fire-bed, etc. Yearly product, two thousand six hundred tons.
Also make railroad chairs, iron rivets, and wire of all sizes. Wire
product, three hundred tons ; they work from one hundred and ten
to one hundred and twenty-five hands, and produce to the value of
two hundred and ten thousand dollars.

Newport Iron works, D. Wolff, proprietor. Employ fifty-eight
hands, and manufacture sheet, boiler, and fire-bed iron ; is now
putting up machinery for the manufacture of bar-iron; value of
annual product, one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars.

Iron Safes, Chests, and Vaults. — Three factories, which employ
fifty-six hands, and manufacture to the value of ninety-six thousand
dollars ; raw material, 45 per cent.

Charles Urban, Pearl street, west of Vine, makes the Salamander
safe ; employs twenty-eight hands, and manufactures annually, one
hundred and eighty safes, assorted sizes. They are a thoroughly
tested and approved article.

Iro7i Railing. Five factories. — Seventy-seven hands ; value of
product, ninety-six thousand dollars ; raw material, 25 per cent.

Horton, Leonard & Walton, east side of Elm, between Front and
Second streets, make iron railing, bank doors and vaults, and jail
safes. These safes are intended for the south, where materials
for building jails securely, are scarce. They are made of three-
quarter inch by two and a-half inch iron bars, which are put together
so as to form a cage. When they get to their destination, walls
of hard-burnt brick, and of proper thickness, are built on every
side, so as completely to inclose the iron frame. A security is thus
afforded the jails at the south, which is hardly possessed even here,
in buildings of stone and mortar.

Dorr, Thompson & Magness, corner of Western Row and Betts
street, manufacture all kinds plain and fancy railing, for street fronts,

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 215

burial-grounds, etc. ; gratings and balconies, iron stairs, jail doors
and vaults. Employ fifteen hands ; value of product, twenty-five
thousand dollars.

Jaimned Filters. — J. H. Laning, makes these articles, and of ap-
proved quality. They render our turbid river water as clear and
sparkling as that which gushes from the purest spring. Four
hands ; product, six thousand dollars.

Japaned Ornamental, and Pressed Tin Ware. — There are four
establishments manufacturing these articles, one only of which,
that of Geo. D. Winchell, corner of Walnut and Pearl streets, is
worthy of notice. A statement of what is here made, would be an
extensive catalogue. Every article of Japaned ware, from a child's
whistle to a beautifully ornamented water cooler, may be bought
here. Among the principal articles, are tea-caddies and chests,
knife trays, trunks, lard and lard-oil lamps, candlesticks, etc. All
the ware here, is made by small machinery, of which there is on the
premises, what has cost three thousand dollars. Winchell works
up one thousand two hundred boxes tin-plate, worth twelve thou-
sand dollars, and paints, varnish, and other articles, to the value of
three thousand dollars more. He employs thirty-four hands;
yearly value of product, fifty-two thousand dollars ; raAV material,
30 per cent.

The water coolers made here, are a superior article, and excel
alike in beauty and usefulness ; worth, according to size, from two to
twenty dollars each.

Mr. Winchell has twice enlarged his capacity for manufacturing,
and expects shortly to put up more extensive buildings, adequate to
his enlarging business.

Lever Locks. — Ten factories, most of them on a small scale ; sixty
hands ; value of product, fifty-three thousand dollars ; raw material,
40 per cent.

McGregor & Lee, 132 Fifth street, manufacture bank locks, store
and house lever locks ; also plate hinges and screws, and put up
house and hotel bells, with copper tubing to conceal and protect the
wires. They employ nineteen hands.

Their combination and detector bank lock, an invention of Mr.
McGregor of the firm, is remarkable for its ingenuity.

It not only defies tampering with ; twelve tumblers being required
to be raised, which no skeleton key can accomplish ; but such is the
exactness required to imitate the genuine key, that the thickness of

216 MANtrFACTTJRES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODITCTS.

a slip of bank paper suffices, when added to the size of its own key,
to prevent that key from opening the lock to which it belongs. Its
tumbler, also, may be so adjusted to its own key, that any person
other than the owner, making u.se of that key, would have only one
chance in favor of opening it, to four hundred and seventy-nine
millions one thousand six hundred chances against his doing so.
This renders it next to impossible for any person but the owner to
open it.

Lightning Rods. — These are made here, by Thomas Phillips, on
Sixth, near Walnut street, of superior quality, and on an extensive
scale. The whole country, of which Cincinnati is the business centre,
purchases these rods, which have stood the test of public opinion for
years. There are fifty hands employed, and the value of product
is one hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent.

Lithographers. — Four establishments, mostly on a small scale.
Twenty-four hands ; aggregate value of labor product, twenty thou-
sand dollars ; raw material, 30 per cent.

Livery and Sale Stables. Cincinnati is the great horse market
of the United States, and during the war with Mexico, horses in
greater numbers, as Avell as finer quality, went from this city, than
from all other points. We have here, forty-five livery and sale
stables, one only of which, will be referred to in this place, as
worthy of a visit by strangers.

Isaac D. Johnson, the proprietor of this establishment, occupies a
space of ground averaging seventy feet by upward of three
hundred feet. His stables front on Walnut, above Eighth, and
reach nearly to Main street. This is a space exceeding twenty-one
thousand square feet of ground. The buildings are separated by
St. Clair alley, on which they also front. These stables are two
stories high, and are doubtless the largest in the west, and probably
in the United States. Beside carriages and horses left in his charge,
Mr. Johnson keeps not less than seventy-five buggies, carriages,
barouches, etc., and one hundred horses for hire ; two hundred
tons of hay, and twenty thousand bushels grain of various sorts,
are consumed here yearly. In winter, the grain, whether whole or
in meal, is steamed for feeding use.

One hundred horses, together, cannot readily be found, to com-
pare with these in condition, beauty, and fitness for service ; and
these stables are well worth a visit from those who are judges of
the horse, and delight in examining fine specimens of the race.

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 217

Looking-glass and Picture- Frame Factories. — The manufacture of
looking-glass and picture frames, is carried on upon a small scale,
by hand labor, in five or six shops of the city, but the product is
comparatively insignificant. There is, however, an establishment
of the kind operating by steam-power here, worthy of a passing no-
tice. This is the factory of E. Blakeslee, on Seventh street, near
Broadway, whose saleroom is on Main, between Fifth and Sixth
streets.

Mr. B. has only established himself here recently, as a manufac-
turer, although he has for years had those articles for sale, together
with clocks of all sorts. His factory operations, until that period,
have been carried on at the east. He keeps four circular saws in
motion, and employs eight hands. Had he the necessary room, he
could enlarge his operations to twice their present extent ; as it is,
he finds sale for two thousand five hundred picture-frames weekly.
All his frames, of every description, are to order, and the concern
is not idle a single day for want of orders. All the mahogany ven-
eers used here, are cut on the premises.

The looking-glass and picture-frame business of Cincinnati, of
which Mr. B. does the largest half, is of an annual value of forty-
eight thousand dollars, and employs thirty hands. It is yet only in
its commencement.

Mr. Blakeslee's marine time-pieces, or patent lever clocks, are a
curiosity. These are of various sizes, the case shaped like that of a
watch, and adapted accordingly, to steamboat, canal-packet, or rail-
road car use. They can be carried either horizontally or perpen-
dicularly, being no more affected by the roughest motion, than a
pocket watch would be. They are in fact, admirable chronometers.
These are at very reasonable prices, and well worthy of purchase
by the captains or owners of our best steamboats ; on board which,
they would be articles equally of use and ornament.

Machinists. — Most of the machine shops of this city are either
appendages to, or are in direct business connection with, founderies,
their products, etc., and have, therefore, been already included in
the foundery statistics. A few, however, which sustain neither of
these relations, may be grouped together, by saying that there are
twelve of these last, who employ one hundred and twenty hands,
and exhibit a product, in value, of one hundred and thirty thousand
dollars.

Burdge & Johnston, south side of Second, between Race and Elm

218 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

streets, manufacture planing machines, portable mortising, oo-ee,
and tenoning machines, circular saws, shafts, slide and hand lathes,
shafting, small engines, tobacco, lard-oil, wine, cider, and bookbind-
ers' screws. They also are manufacturers of Converse & Burdo-e's
patent screw-cutter, for cutting screws on the heads of bed-rails ; of
which it is sufficient to say, that it is employed to the exclusion of
all other machines, at the great bedstead factory of Clawson <fe
Mudge.

Marble working. Seven marble yards and shops. — Employ one
hundred and sixty-four hands ; value of product, one hundred and
ninety thousand dollars ; value of material,. 50 per cent.

D. Bolles, whose marble works are on Fourth, west of Walnut
street, may be considered the introducer to this city of the modern
style of monumental art. His marble works afford admirable speci-
mens of ornamental, carved and sculptured marble in every variety.
He employs twenty -five hands.

Lowry & Rule, south-Avest corner of Broadway and Fourth street,
are extensively engaged in marble works. They are also prepared
to exhibit a variety of chaste and appropriate designs, as well as
executed specimens of monument carving and sculpture. They
employ sixty-five hands.

If it should be asserted, as it here is, that tomb and monument
work is executed here in a style of greater originality, taste, and
excellence than in any of the Atlantic cities, the fact would doubtless
be regarded as incredible, not only by eastern people, but by many
individuals here who have not had it in their power to compare
specimens. But the assertion is susceptible of easy proof. There
are enough of eastern monuments in Spring Grove Cemetery to
afford the necessary materials for comparison. Works of art — ceno-
taphs, sarcophagi and obelisks — from the best marble works of NeAv
York and Philadelphia, are there. Now let any man for himself, com-
pare the L'Hommedieu or Burrows family monument, by Bolles,
with that executed in the same style, by Hargraves of Philadelphia,
for John Bailey, and put up in the same cemetery ; or the obe-
lisk for William H. Clement, by Lowry & Rule, with that made by
R. I. Brown, the first artist in this line, of New York, for Henry
Nye ; or the sarcophagus for Larz Anderson, from Lowry & Rule's
yard, with that executed for G. R. Shoenberger, by the celebrated
J. Struthers of Philadelphia : or the splendid Gothic monument by
D. Bolles, to the memory of George luppenlatz, with any eastern

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 219

work of corresponding character in any of our cemeteries, and he
will feel the utmost surprise, that work of this description should
have ever been brought from the east, when it can be so much more
skillfully executed here.

Another fact, which is conclusive on the subject. Nathaniel
Silsbee, a well known individual, of Salem, Mass., on a recent visit
to the west, accidentally saw specimens of mortuary sculpture and
ornamental designs at Lowiy & Rule's marble saloons, of so high
an order of merit, as to induce him to leave an order for a monu-
ment to a design exhibited to him here, and to be executed in the
style of which he had seen abundant specimens. Mr. Silsbee, after
visiting the marble yards of Boston, Philadelphia, and New York
for designs, had concluded to order a monument from Italy, when a
model, just suited to his views and taste, was offered him in the Far
West. The monument, which is of a sufficiently costly character,
is to the memory of a group of his children lost in infancy, and is
singularly chaste and felicitous. It will be put up in Mount Au-
burn Cemetery, and stand forever as an acknoAvledgment of Cincin-
nati skill and taste.

Masonic and Odd Felloios' Regalia. Four manufacturers. — Eight-
een hands ; value of product, twenty-one thousand dollars ; raw
material, 50 per cent.

Mathematical, Optical and Astronomical Instruments. Six work-
shops, principally on a small scale. J. Foster, Jr., on Walnut
street, and Hasert, on Fourth, near Walnut street, execute instru-
ments of a finish and accuracy that cannot be surpassed. Employ
twenty-four hands ; value of product, forty thousand dollars ; raw
material, 50 per cent.

Mat maker. One factory. — Three hands; value of product,
seven thousand two hundred and forty dollars ; raw material, 30
per cent.

Mattresses, Bedding, etc. Ten establishments. — Eighty hands ;
value of product, ninety-five thousand dollars ; raw material, 50
per cent.

William Morehouse, furniture and bedding depot, 134 Sycamore
street, manufactures spring wire mattresses, one of the best articles
in that line ever made ; this mattress folds up conveniently in sec-
tions; lines church pews, and makes all sorts of cushions. Feather
beds and mattresses are renovated here.

Millinery. — Miss Mulliner, 106, north side Fifth street, between

220

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

Vine and Race streets, fashionable millinery and dress-maker; em-
ploys fifteen to twenty-five hands, and makes up annually to the
value of twenty thousand dollars ; raw material, 60 per cent.

Mineral Water Factories. — The manufacture of soda-water, a very
refreshing beverage during the heats of summer, has been carried
on in this city for some years quite extensively, and the consump-
tion of it at home and abroad, is increasingly great.

Soda-water is made by impregnating water with carbonic acid
gas, in the proportion of five parts in bulk of one, to twelve of the
other ; the gas in a fountain of any given capacity, being condensed
into a volume of one-twelfth its natural space.

It is the expansion of that gas, when discharged, which creates
effervescence, and the pungency of the soda-water, when taken
at a draught.

The following is the process of manufacture. The gas is gene-
rated in a strong leaden vessel by the action of diluted sulphuric
acid, on marble dust — carbonate of lime. It is passed into a gaso-
meter, and thence forced by steam-power, acting on air pumps,
into a fountain or the bottles, compressing fifty gallons of carbonic
acid gas into the space of seven gallons in an inconceivably short
space of time. The safety valve on the machine indicates a pres-
sure of eighty-five pounds to the square inch.

There are eight of these factories here, employing sixty-four
hands ; value of product, one hundred and five thousand dollars.
Four-fifths of this value is contributed by labor alone. The opera-
tions at one of these factories are propelled by a miniature steam-
engine, so small that it might be packed in an ordinary coffin, and
yet so powerful, the foi'ce being derived from its shortness of stroke
and strength of steam, as to be equal to a four-horse power. It is
capable of making four hundred and eighty revolutions in a minute.

Mineral Teeth. One factory. — Five hands ; value of product,
nine thousand dollars ; raw material, 20 per cent.

Morocco Leather. — Seven establishments, for tanning and dressing
this article. Two hundred thousand sheep skins are annually
brought to this market and converted into morocco. Not only does
our regular sheep market for food, contribute largely to this sup-
ply, but great quantities are rendered here and in the vicinity, for
the hide and tallow. Two butchering and rendering establishments
alone, tried out this season, sixty thousand sheep. The skins, di-
vested of the wool, are worth twelve and a-half cents each, and the

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 221

dressed article commands four dollars per dozen ; ag-gregale value
of product, sixty-seven thousand dollars ; raw material, 30 per
cent.

J. H. Ballance, on the Miami canal, near Race street, tans and
dresses thirty thousand skins yearly, which are sold here for shoe-
makers' and saddlers' use. The supply of skins here has increased,
since 1840, six-fold. Ballance is also a wool dealei', extensively.

Musical Instalments. — Pianos are made here on a small scale, in
two shops, which employ four hands. A value of four thousand
five hundred dollars is the product ; raw material, 50 per cent.

There is also an organ factory, which employs twelve hands ;
builds organs to the value of twenty thousand dollars annually.
Raw material, 40 per cent. The largest business in this hne, is,
however, that of making melodeons or melopeans and reed organs.
Of these, there are three factories, which employ from forty to fifty
hands, and make to the value of sixty-five thousand dollars ; raw
material, 50 per cent. This is a rapidly increasing business.

Murch ife White, workshop on Fifth street, between Main and
Sycamore ; saleroom, 74 Fourth, near Walnut street. Manufacture
the melodeon pianos, with Carhart's patent exhausting bellows.
These are sold at from forty-five to five hundred dollars, varying
with size, increased capacity, and finish. The melodeon piano, is a
new and splendid instrument, one that will supply the place of the
piano-forte, better than any instrument ever made ; better, for any-
thing slow and plaintive, than the piano. It is intended for parlor,
lodge-rooms, churches, and singing societies, and is the cheapest and
best parlor instrument extant. Murch & White are the only manu-
facturers of these instruments west of the mountains, and the only
manufacturers who make the double reeded and six octaves. They
also manufacture Cai'hart's improved melodeon, four, four and
a-half and five octaves. Their yearly sales here, are to the value
of thirty thousand dollars.

Murch & White keep also for sale, Gilbert's boiidoir pianos, an
article well worthy of inspection by those wanting pianos.

George A. Prince & Co., also manufacture their latest improved
melodeons at Buffalo, New York ; one of their principal depots is in
this city, which Avill shortly become the place of its manufacture.
Their wareroom is in the same building with that of Murch &
White.

As this is a novel instrument, having been only introduced within
19

^-:^ MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

the last three years, a description of the article may not be out ol
place here.

The cases are made of rosewood, and are as handsomely finished
as any piano-forte. The key-board is precisely the same as the piano
or organ, and the tone — which is verj^ beautiful — closely resembles
that of the flute stop of the organ — the notes speak the instant the
keys are touched, and will admit of the performance of as rapid
passages as the piano. The pedal, on the left, is intended for a
swell, and by which the most beautiful effects can be produced.
The pedal directly under the instrument supplies the wind, and works
so easily that a child can manage it without any exertion. The
bellows — which is something entirely new, and for which a patent
was granted in December, 1846 — is a reversed or exhaustion bel-
lows ; and it is this, in a measure, which produces the peciiliar tone.
The instrument can be immediately made portable, without detaching
any part ; the bellows receding into the body of the instrument, and
the legs folding under and springing to their places, leave the whole
in a compact form. Each instrument has a packing-case, secured
by lock and key.

The volume of tone is equal to that of a small organ, and by
means of the swell, may be increased or diminished, at the pleasure
of the performer ; it is sufficiently loud for small churches, and is
well calculated for a parlor instrument. They have been examined
and approved by hundreds of persons ; but the best evidence of
their merit is their rapid sale. But it is a new instrument — a new
invention, and is yet but little known in the musical world ; and it is
for this reason that the attention of all lovers of music is called
to it, under the conviction that there are thousands who would lose
no time in securing one, were they aware of the existence of such an
instrument, and the low price at xohich it can be obtained.

Music Publishing, etc. — W. C. Peters & Sons, Melodeon building,
are publishers of various approved works of instruction, for the piano,
guitar, violin, etc., of which they are the authors, or hold the copy-
rights. They also issue the newest and most popular music ; of
which their catalogue presents a variety of solos, duetts, trios, and
glees, adapted to vocal and instrumental use, marches, quick-
steps, etc., to the extent of one thousand six hundred pieces, sixty
of which, have been published during the last six months. Of these
the paper is of Cincinnati manufacture, and the engraving, printing,
etc., is all executed here. The firm supplies eastern publishers, and

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 223

the business exchange is largely in favor of Cincinnati. Their
stock of engraved copper and zinc plates, cost upward of thirty thou-
sand dollars, and they have paid out, during the past year, three
thousand dollars for copyrights ; also manufacture ruled music
paper for copyists. They employ thirty hands ; value of product,
fifty thousand dollars ; raw material, 25 per cent.

This establishment is largely in the piano-forte line of business,
having since its first establishment as W, C. Peters, sold one thou-
sand of A. H. Gale & Co.'s pianos, and upward of two thousand of
those of Nunns & Clark, of New York.

jVut and Washer Factory. — Edwin Hills, Eighth street, near
canal, has just commenced this business with three hands. They
make three hundred and fifty to four hundred pounds per week,
which at ten cents, the wholesale price, is equal to twenty thousand
dollars yearly ; raw material, 50 per cent.

Oil — Castor. One factory, that of Conkling, Wood & Co. —
Seven hands ; value of product, sixty thousand dollars ; raw mate-
rial, 75 per cent.

Oil — Lard and Stearine. Thirty-four factories. — one hundred
and twenty hands ; value of product, three millions fifteen thousand
nine hundred dollars ; of this, Qb per cent, is oil, and 35 per cent,
stearine; raw material of lard oil, 93 per cent.; of stearine, 87 per cent.

Mitchener & Co., are probably the largest operators in this line in
Cincinnati or anywhere else. His annual manufacture of lard oil is
one hundred and fifteen thousand one hundred and seventy-five
gallons; of stearine, seven hundred and thirteen thousand five hun-
dred and eighty-three pounds ; aggregate value, two hundred and
one thousand and sixty dollars. It would surprise most persons to
learn that this immense business was carried on by six hands in a
two story building, ninety by sixteen feet, from which is taken, on
the lower story, a space of fourteen by sixteen feet for other pur-
poses than this manufacture.

Thomas Emery, 33 Water, between Main and Walnut streets,
manufactures lard-oil, star and adamantine candles. These are of
first quality, and the candles actual weight. Mr. E. is among the
oldest manufacturers in this line of business.

Oil — Linseed. Three mills. — Employ thirty-eight hands ; value
of product, two hundred and sixty-three thousand dollars ; raw ma-
terial, 75 per cent.

N. C. McLean, at the intersection of High street and Miami canal.

224 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

manufactures daily, two hundred and fifty bushels flax-seed ; pro-
duct, five hundred and thirty-one gallons oil, and nine thousand five
hundred pounds oil-cake ; employs seventeen hands.

Oils — Vitriol, etc. — Eugene Grasselli, manufactures chemicals on a
large scale. One thousand five hundred barrels alum and twenty-
eight thousand carboys oil vitriol, beside twenty-five or thirty ar-
ticles on a smaller scale. Employs twenty-four hands, half by day
and half by night, the works being in constant operation. His sul-
phuric acid or oil vitriol, is distilled in platina stills, imported from
France, which cost him nine thousand one hundred dollars. A
very heavy capital is invested in permanent buildings for his opera-
tions. His annual sales are to the extent of one hundred and thirty-
five thousand dollars.

Packing -Box makers. — Twelve factories, which employ sixty-five
hands, and produce the value of one hundred and twenty thousand
dollars ; raw material, 45 per cent. Two-fifths of this amount is
made in the steam-power factory of J. & J. M. Johnston, who ma-
nufacture extensively , also, bathing-tubs and refrigerators.

Painters and Olazers. Seventy-two workshops. — Six hundred
and thirty-two hands ; labor value of product, three hundred and
eighty-five thousand dollars.

Hamilton Cummings, corner of Walnut and Baker streets, executes
graining in a style that cannot be surpassed. Fine specimens in
that style of painting may be seen at N. Longworth's and Larz
Anderson's mansions, on Pike street.

Paper — Writing, Wrapjiing, Printing, and Book. — Cincinnati
having a large book and newspaper publishing business, the manu-
facture in and for this market is correspondingly extensive. The
Miami mills at Hamilton, Becket & Rigdon proprietors ; Graham's
mills, also, in Butler county, manufacture almost exclusively for
use and sale here, together with other mills nearer to the city.
Value of product, seventy-five thousand dollars ; raw material 45
per cent. Butler & Brother are their agents.

The paper on which this volume is printed, is from the Miami
mills, and compares favorably with that of any other market.

E. 0. Goodman, Walnut, below Pearl street, is agent for L. F.
Claflin & Co., Dayton mills, which make five hundred thousand
pounds book and printing, and two hundred and fifty thousand
pounds wrapping-paper per year ; for Nixon's mills at Clifton, which
make five hundred thousand pounds printing and book paper and

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 225

flat cap, and for other mills in the vicinity, which make two hundred
and fifty thousand pounds printing, and two hundred and fifty thou-
sand pounds wrapping paper. These mills make Cincinnati their
market. Annual sales of eastern writing paper, thirty thousand
dollars.

W. Colville's paper factory, on the Miami canal, is the only estab-
lishment of the kind in Cincinnati. Its appointments are ample and
complete, and calculated for a mill of the first class. These con-
sist of two rag-engines, carrying three hundred pounds each, pro-
pelled by water. In the machine room is a sixty-two inch Foudrinier
machine, of the latest pattern and improvements. This machine
turns out one thousand two hundred pounds paper every twelve
hours of daylight. Hands employed, seven men and seven girls.
The water is supplied by two wells in the basement of the mill,
which can afiord the necessary quantity in the driest season. Two
more rag-engines will shortly be added, Avhich are to be steam pro-
pelled. This will keep the machine in active employment at night,
and double its paper manufacture.

S. Ruffner, manufactures wrapping paper at Lockland, in this
county, exclusively for this market. Warehouse, corner of Western
Row and Pearl street. He consumes, every day, one thousand pounds
rags, and one thousand five hundred pounds straw. Employs nine
hands in a daily product of two thousand pounds wrapping paper.
The mill is propelled by water-power from the Miami canal, and
runs about two hundred and fifty days in the year. Value of pro-
duct, twenty-one thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent.

Patent Medicines. Fourteen factories. — Ninety hands ; value of
product, six hundred and sixty thousand dollars ; raw material, 50
per cent.

Pattern Makers. — Most of our pattern makers are connected with
the various iron founderies. There are, however, ten which follow
the business on their own account. Thirty hands ; value of pro-
duct, twenty-five thousand five hundred dollars ; raw material, 10
per cent.

Perfumery. — There are twelve manufacturers of perfumery, fancy
soap, etc., principally, however, on a small scale ; employ seventy-
five hands on an average, and manufacture to the value of one
hundred and twenty thousand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent.

A. E. Wetherill, manufacturer of perfumery, essences, extracts
for the handkerchief, cologne waters in every variety, pomades and

226 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

other hair preparations ; soaps and shaving creams, cosmetics and
powders. This is the largest, and, in fact, the only establishment
in the west that has ever succeeded in competing with eastern ma-
nufacturers of perfumery. Sales store in Bromwell's Building, cor-
ner Vine and Fourth streets. Laboratory, on Hammond street.

This factory employs as large a number of hands as any in the
country, and has not only controlled the market here, but to a great
extent, as far south as New Orleans. It has recently entered the
New York and Philadelphia markets with its products, where they
have found a ready sale.

At Mr. Wetherill's saleroom, articles from Paris and the eastern
cities may be seen in his show-cases, which afford an opportunity to
compare his own manufactures with those of others ; a comparison
which, in no respect, either as to quality or price, disparages the
Cincinnati article.

The counters, shelves, and show-cases of Mr. Wetherill's saleroom,
are not excelled anywhere in the city as to neatness, elegance and
arrangement.

Pickles, Preserves, Sauces, etc. Two establishments. — Twelve
hands ; value of product, twenty -five thousand dollars ; raw mate-
rial, 40 per cent.

C. T. Hughes, & Co., 1 Hopple's Alley, put up pickles, preserves,
sauces, catsups, and hermetically sealed articles, warranted to keep
in all climates. Their customers are in every part of the south
and south-west.

Planes, etc. Seven factories. — Ninety-six hands ; value of pro-
duct, one hundred and sixty-seven thousand dollars ; raw material,
35 per cent.

E. F. Seybold, 207 Main street, is one of our oldest manufacturers
in this line. His products are planes, squares, gauges and saws,
to the annual value of fifty thousand dollars. His salerooms are
depots also of truss hoops. Coopers' and carpenters' edge tools are
also made here, or in the immediate vicinity ; of which, are sold to
the value of sixty thousand dollars. Fifty hands ; raw material, 40
per cent. Sells also, extensively, mechanics' tools of all descrip-
tions.

C. B. Schaefer & Co., salerooms 224 Main street; factory on
Miami canal, manufacture planes, squares, gauges, bevels, etc., of
all descriptions ; value of planes, etc., fifty thousand dollars ; twenty-
five hands ; also edge tools, such as cooper's, carpenter's, wagon

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 227

makers' coacii makers', etc. No finer article of edge tools is made
anywhere else.

Planing MacJdnes. — These are made here, by B. Bicknell, as the
commencement of an important branch of business. His manufacture
is yet on a small scale, employing twelve hands ; value of product,
thirty thousand dollars ; raw material, 25 per cent. Extra knives
may be obtained when ordered. Leather or India-rubber bands
forwarded to customers.

Platform Scales, etc. — There are six factories in which scales,
including platform scales, are made. Thirty-six hands ; value of
product, sixty thousand dollars.

W. J. Groves, on Second, west of Main street, manufactures plat-
form and counter scales, beams, trucks, skids, and truck-wagons.
Hay-scales built and put up to order ; employs eight hands, and
makes annually, four hundred scales, twenty-two to seventy-five
dollars each ; average value, forty dollars.

Colville & Stryker. Factory and saleroom, north side Second
street, east of Sycamore, manufacture brass and iron scale-beams,
platform, and hay scales. On contract witli the Secretary of State
of Ohio, they have recently made scales and weights of exquisite
finish and accuracy ; one for each county in the state, and deposited
with the respective county au^ditors, as legal standards of weight.

Plows. Six factories. — Twenty-four hands; value of product,
forty-five thousand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent.

Garrett & Cottman, Seventh, west of Main street, manufacture
steel mold-boards by machinery, and make annually, one thousand
plows of light draft, which scour themselves in all sorts of soils.
These average nine dollars in value, each. Large quantities of
these mold-boards are sold to plow makers in the country. Three-
fourths of the plows are retailed at the factory.

Plumbers. Ten shops. — One hundred and thirty hands ; value
of product, one hundred and ninety-five thousand dollars ; raw
material, 40 per cent.

George W. Brooks, Fifth, between Main and Sycamore streets,
manufactures pumps, both force and lift, suitable for wells, cisterns,
etc. Hydrants, bathing apparatus, water closets, with latest im-
provements ; and lead pipes of all sizes, made and put up ; also
battering-rams, for carrying water into upper stories. Employs
thirty hands, and manufactures annually to the value of forty-
five thousand dollars.

228 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

P. J. Moore, 223 Fifth street, manufactures hydrants, pumps,
bath and water closets, suppHes lead pipe of every size, and puts
up Douglass' improved hydraulic ram, for forcing water to any
required distance or elevation, when a proportionate fall can be
applied. Employs ten hands, and manufactures yearly to the value
of twelve thousand dollars.

Plug, Bung, and Tree Nail Factory. — Employs eight hands ; pro-
duct, twelve thoiisand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent.

Potters' Ware. Ten potteries. — Fifty hands ; value of product,
thirty-six thousand dollars ; raw material, 25 per cent.

Pork and Beef Packing, Sugar- Cured Hams, etc. It would have
been desirable to divide and classify these several operations, but
the mode in which they run into each other, forbids the effort.

Pork is our great staple, and hogs to the number of four hundred
and ninety-eight thousand one hundred and sixty, have been cut
up in the market in a single year. The yearly average number of hogs
put up here, during the last four years, will not, however, exceed
three hundred and seventy-five thousand. That of 1850-51, was
three hundred and twenty-four thousand five hundred and thirty-
nine. The beef business is of increasingly great extent. There are
as many as thirty-three pork and beef packers and ham and beef
curers on a large scale, beside numerous others, who do business on
a smaller one. The number of hands, of course, varies with the
various stages in the process of cutting up, pickling and curing.
They may be averaged at two thousand four hundred and fifty for
the various departments. The value of these products of beef and
pork packed and cured here, is five millions seven hundred and
sixty thousand dollars ; raw material, 90 per cent.

In the city of Covington, on the opposite side of the river Ohio,
is the pork and beef house of Milward & Oldershaw. This mam-
moth establishment incloses an area of nearly two acres. Lofty and
well ventilated cellars lie under the whole house — these are used
for bulking the meat ; and so excellently adapted are they to the
purpose, that spoiled meat is comparatively unknown on these pre-
mises. The first floor, immediately over the cellars, is used for
cutting and packing barrel pork. On a level with this, and of the
depth of fifteen feet, are nine water-tight brick cisterns, each capa-
ble of containing four hundred barrels pork. In warm weather the
pieces of pork are packed down in these, and immediately covered
with pickle. By this method, there is but a slight chance of any of

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 229

the meat being pronounced "sour," by the inspectors in the various
markets.

The rendering-house is furnished with large kettles, capable of
containing three thousand pounds each, while, for those who prefer
to have their lard rendered by steam, two of " Wilson's patent ii-on
tanks" are kept in constant work.

The slaughter-house, which will contain four thousand hogs, is on
the upper floor, and the hog-pens are on the roof, the hogs being-
driven up an inclined plane, which may be seen on the north or right
hand side of the illustration. The building measures three hun-
dred and sixt}'- feet front, and runs back one hundred and sixty feet.
It is doubtless the largest building for the purpose in the United
States, and the proprietors assert with truth, that a more commo-
dious or more excellently arranged establishment can nowhere be
found. They do a large business on their own account, but their
avowed business is pork and beef packing on commission, for the
home and foreign markets. Their brand, of all products, stands
deservedly high, and eastern operators, intrusting their orders to
them, will have them executed to their entire satisfaction. Part of
the premises consists of a large singeing establishment, which was
erected exclusively for the benefit of our friends on the other side
the Atlantic. This establishment cut up and packed, last season,
eleven thousand seven hundred and forty-six hogs, a,nd more than
three thousand beef cattle for the European markets.

S. Davis, Jr. <fe Co., beef and pork packers, commission mer-
chants, and curers of extra family hams — " Diamond Brand."

An award of diploma and silver medal was made them by the
Ohio State Board of Agriculture, at the fair held October, 1850,
" For the best hams exhibited."

Their packing, and warehouses are on the south-west corner Court
street and Broadway — occupying ninety-four feet front on Broad-
way, running to Miami canal, one hundred and fifty feet in depth.
They cut and pack annually from fifteen to eighteen thousand hogs,
and five to seven hundred head of cattle ; pack five thousand bar-
rels pork. The number of hams cured here, in a season, varies from
fifty to eighty thousand. A large proportion of these are put up in
pickle for the eastern market. In the winter, when cutting and
packing meats, they employ thirty to seventy hands. They are
dealers, also, extensively in pork and provisions generally.

The pork cutting and packing operations of Cincinnati, are suffi-

230 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

ciently kno^vn, one department only excepted. This is that of haras
and even shoulders of extra quality, put up for family use. And
jBrst, of Schooley & Hough's "Queen City" ham establishment.

The extensive buildings occupied for the purpose of curing hams
by this firm, are situated on the side of the hill, on the Deer creek
road, East Court street. They were erected expressly for the pur-
pose, and consist of a main curing and drying- apartment, and three
extensive smoke-houses, and commodious apartments for storing and
packing during the summer. The main building is built of brick,
and is three and a-half stories in height, ninety feet front, running
back one hundred and forty feet to the washing department, and
separated from it by a heavy brick wall, with doors and windows of
iron. Underneath this building is a cellar of the same dimensions,
which will contain upward of seventy-five thousand hams at one
time, under the process of curing ; this cellar is so constructed, that
it can be kept throughout the winter at the same temperature, all
being under ground with the exception of the front, which constitutes
the first story of the building. The first floor above, is divided off,
similar to the smoke-houses, and is used for the drying-room, where
the hams go through a process preparatory to the smoking. In the
third and attic stories are done the canvasing, coloring, decorating,
etc., of the hams, which, during the appropriate season, are also
hung up here. At the rear of the main brick building, is the wash-
ing apartment, connected still farther in the rear Avith three smoke-
houses, which are built separate and apart, having no connection,
and at the same time under one roof; they are separated by twelve
inch walls, slushed, with fire-walls on the roof. The hanging rooms
are distant from the pits where the fires are made, from twelve to
fifteen feet ; these smoking apparatus are so arranged as to make
them absolutely fire proof. Each smoke-house will contain one
hundred thousand pounds, giving to the three houses a capa-
city of three hundred thousand pounds at one time, or equal to
twenty-four thousand hams ; the only connection that these houses
have with the main building is a temporary avenue, running from
the second story, closed at the entrance with an iron door.

Schooley & Hough cure from seventy-five to one hundred thousand
hams every year, and the well-known care and skill they give to
their extra curing and preparing for market, gives character to their
brands.

Diplomas and certificates were recently awarded them by the

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 231

Ohio State Fair, and Ohio Mechanics' Institute, for the best article
exhibited, and there can be no doubt that their sample of hams and
shoulders sent to the World's Fair, London, will recommend our
city fancy hams, etc., to the English epicures. This firm employs
fifty-five to seventy men in their various operations, including can-
vasers, cutters, inspectors, colorers, and decorators.

Trowbridge & Beatty, cure beef; also hams and shoulders exten-
sively. Their hams and shoulders are sugar-cured. Of the hams
thirty thousand ; of the shoulders, twenty thousand are annually
cured here.

They use up, for covers to these articles, thirty-seven thousand
yards cloth. Most of these hams are sold for the supply of the
retail market here, these hams being considered among the most
juicy in the city. They are shipped, also, to Natchez, Vicksburg,
New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, etc.

On the 20th March last, from seven o'clock A. m. to five p. m.,
deducting the dinner intermission of forty-five minutes, there were
four thousand and thirty one hams papei-ed and covers sowed on,
by twelve hands ; one of these, a boy of fifteen, sewed six hundred
and seven hams as his share. This was the greatest day's work, in
this line, ever yet done.

Printing Ink. Two factories. — Employ eight hands, and manu-
facture a value of fifteen thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per
cent.

Geo. S. Stearns, on Liberty street, makes yearly eight thousand
dollars of printing ink, which is consumed in western and southern
markets.

Printing Presses, etc. — C. Foster & Brother, corner of Smith and
Seventh streets, Cincinnati, manufacture power presses, hand, card,
seal, standing, embossing, and all other kinds of presses. Brass
rule, chases, galleys, composing sticks, cases, etc. They are pre-
pared to fit out an ofiice in twenty-four hours from the time of re-
ceiving the order.

This factory works thirty hands, and produces yearly fifty-two
thousand dollars ; raw material, 30 per cent.

The Cylinder hand press, recently invented, is calculated to
print with twice the speed of any other hand press in use, and is
designed for both book and newspaper printing. It is managed by
one person only, inking the form and throwing off its own sheet
by the same operation, and is less liable to get out of order than

232 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

the ordinary kinds. The price does not exceed that of other hand
presses.

This establishment has also just completed a new and improved
card press, which for style, durability and cheapness, is not equaled
in the United States.

Publishers — Booh and Newsjyai^er. — There are three large printing
establishments, which issue largely for the periodical press. These
are the " Gazette " Office, on Main street, with five power and cylin-
der presses, and twenty-four hands ; Morgan & Overend, on the
Miami canal, with nine Adams power presses, which employ thirty-
two hands ; work off daily five thousand impressions each ; and the
Methodist Book Concern, with four cylinder and power presses and
twenty hands. These print books, newspapers, etc., to order.
Beside these, there are the various newspaper publishers, who print
at their respective offices.

There are twelve regular publishing houses of booksellers, who
issue their publications on the presses first alluded to, principally
at Morgan & Overend's establishment.

The value of these book and newspaper publications, is one mil-
lion two hundred and forty-six thousand five hundred and forty
dollars; hands employed, six hundred and fifty-six; raw material,
40 per cent.

H. S. & J. Applegate & Co., booksellers and pubHshers, 43 Main
street. This is a new establishment, which has commenced the pub-
lication of books here, during the past year, with great spirit, and
on quite an extensive scale. They have issued within that period,
one thousand copies Clarke's Commentary, four vols ; ten thousand
copies Dick's works, two vols.; four thousand copies Plutarch's
Lives; three thousand copies Rollin's Ancient History, two vols.;
two thousand copies Spectator, two vols. All these are imperial or
royal octavo. Also, Histories of Texas, Oregon and California,
Christianity, Methodism Explained, Young Ladies' Companion,
duodecimos, nine thousand copies ; Lyons' Grammar, five thousand
copies, and the Parley History series, six thousand copies. To this
should be added the Sacred Melodeon and Sabbath Chorister music
books, ten thousand copies of each.

The aggregate value of these various works will reach sixty-two
thousand five hundred dollars.

W. H. Moore & Co., 118 Main Street, have been publishing school
books, during the last eight years, and they are now entering the

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 233

field as general publishers of standard literature, of which, their re-
cent publications, "Footprints of the Creator," by Hugh Miller,
and "The Course of Creation," by J. Anderson, D.D., are the
commencement. These have attracted general and favorable notice
at the east, as evidences that books can be got up in the west, as
regards paper, printing, and binding, in a style not inferior to those
in the east, and that miscellaneous literature can be published to ad-
vantage in Cincinnati, although a contrary opinion prevails in our
Atlantic cities.

W. B. Smith & Co. This is a veteran pubhshing house, whose
operations are principally confined to school books, in which their
issues are counted by millions, one million two hundred and fifty
thousand copies having been put to press since 1840. They have
also published that masterly woi'k, "Drake on the Diseases of the
Mississippi Valley," Avhich is sufficient for the fame of its accom-
plished author, if he should never write anything else. This is an
edition of one thousand two hundred and fifty copies, large octavo,
of nearly nine hundred pages.

J. F. Desilver, 122 Main street, publishing bookseller, has issued
various law and medical books, the most important of which, are
"Hope's Pathological Anatomy," Lawson's edition, with two hun-
dred and sixty lithographic illustrations, five hundred copies ; Wor-
cester on Cutaneous Diseases, illustrated in similar style. The paper,
printing, engraving, coloring and binding will compare advantage-
ously with any eastern publications of the same cast — " Harrison's
Therapeutics," two vols. All these are of royal octavo size.

He has also put to press the first four vols, of " Hammond's Ohio
Reports," and by the 1st November next, will complete the pubH-
cation of the whole series, in seven volumes. The remaining three
are edited by M. E. Cui-wen, of the Cincinnati bar, and one of the
professors in the Cincinnati law college, who is known to the pro-
fession as the author of several works on the Ohio statutes and
reports. These publications will bring his issues, during the past
twelve months, to more than twenty-seven thousand dollars.

Desilver is agent for the publications of the Philadelphia house of
Thomas, Cowperthwaite & Co., the publishers of Mitchell's series of
School Geographies, etc.

E. Morgan & Co, 111 Main street. This is one of our oldest, as
well as most extensive houses in the publishing line. Within the
last twelve months, they have issued from the press twenty thou-

234 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

sand, Family Bibles; fifteen thousand, Joseplius's Works; five thou-
sand each. Pilgrim's Progress and Hervey's Meditations ; ten thou-
sand, Life of Tecumseh ; ten thousand. Psalms of David ; ten thou-
sand, Talbott's Arithmetic ; ten thousand, Walker's School Diction-
ary ; one thousand, Macaulay's History of England, and one hun-
dred thousand, Webster's Spelling Books, with various other pub-
lications in smaller editions. Total value, fifty-four thousand
dollars.

J. A. & U. P. James, book publishers. This is also a long estab-
lished publishing house. Within the past year, they have issued
Guizot's Gibbon's Rome, two vols, one thousand one hundred and
fifty ; Library of American History, five hundred ; Universal Pic-
torial Library, one thousand ; Library of General Knowledge, three
thousand ; Dick's Theology, five hundred ; Erskine's Works, two
hundred and fifty, all imperial octavo. The Gem, one thousand ;
Burns' Works, five hundred, and of other octavos, two thousand.
Among these are Collins' History of Kentucky, Young's History of
Mexico, etc. Various duodecimos, to the extent of twenty-two thou-
sand copies. Pamphlet editions, octavo and duodecimo, fortj^-five
thousand vols. Primers, and catechisms, twenty thousand. Almanacs
for 1861, ninety-six thousand. One thousand five hundred, quarto
Family Bibles, stereotyped, and first edition just issued. Seven
thousand James' Traveler's Companion, first edition just out. Be-
side these, within the last two years, the firm has published fourteen
thousand, Hughes' Doniphan's Expedition. Most of the octavos
are put into substantial library binding ; many of the Poets, etc., in
fancy and extra gilt covers.

R. E. Edwards, publisher and bookseller, in the newspaper, ma-
gazine and periodical line depot, 115 Main, and 19 West Fourth
street. This establishment is embarking largely in publishing here,
and has commenced with the Arts' Union Gallery, a monthly
quarto, embellished with fine steel engravings. This, as well as others
of their publications are issued in parts, which places them within
the reach of persons even of limited means, and renders them the
freshest portion of current literature. Their sales of serials, from
the house of Virtue & Sons, London, and the principal publishing-
houses in New York, Philadelphia and Boston, whose agents they
are, amount, within the last twelve months, to thirty-two thousand
dollars.

Roofing, Patent Composition. — James McGeorge, office, corner

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 235

Fourth and Race street, employs, at an average, twelve hands. This
covering is made of stiff, thick paper, stretched in courses upon the
sheeting, the entire length of the roof and fastened down at the ends.
A coat of boiled tar, mingled with fine gravel, is spread over the en-
tire surface to a sufficient depth, and becomes perfectly hard and im-
penetrable by heat or rain, as soon as it cools and hardens. Thirty-
six thousand dollars value of work, is annually executed in this line ;
raw material, 30 per cent.

Nearly all our best houses are now covered in this mode, which,
taking durability into view, is cheaper than shingling.

Saddlery, Collar and Harness makers. — Of these, are forty shops,
Avhich employ two hundred and twenty-two hands, and produce a
value of three hundred and forty-six thousand five hundred dollars ;
raAV material, 50 per cent.

"Wilson & Hayden, 17 and 19 West Second street, manufacturers
of saddlery and coach hardware, carriage trimmings, saddle-trees,
hog skins, are engaged in the handling and finishing of saddle
and harness leather, which they make to the value of fifty thousand
dollars ; saddle-trees and saddlery hardware, to the value of forty
thousand dollars ; raw material, 80 per cent. Their annual sales
of saddlery, etc., including those of their own manufacture, extend
to two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars.

E. N. Slocum, 102 Main street, manufactures the finer qualities
of saddles, harness and trunks, carpet bags, ladies' satchels, etc.
Employs twenty-five hands ; value of product, thirty thousand dol-
lars. As high as fifty saddles have been sold here in one day, and
harness for two hundred and fifty horses — all stage or carriage
harness — during the last six months. Four hundred and fifty-five
trunks, ranging in price from eighteen to twenty dollars each, have
made a part of their last year's sales. The saddlery here, is equal
to any in New York or Philadelphia, and the trunks, a superior
article. There have been sold here, bridles of a quality command-
ing fourteen dollars each. Side saddles worth fifty dollars, and
sets of harness for two horses, at two hundred and fifty dollars.

Saddle Trees. — One shop, with five hands ; manufactures forty-
five hundred dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent.

Sail makers. Four shops. — Fifteen hands ; a product of nine
thousand dollars ; raw material, 65 per cent.

Saleratus. Three factories. — Employ six hands. Three hun-
dred tons are annually sold in this market of this article, two-thirds

!236 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

of wliicli is made here ; value of product, fifty thousand dollars ;
raw material, 65 per cent.

H. Emerson, Walnut, below Second street, manufactures two
hundred thousand pounds yearly. The article made in his factory
does not deliquesce on exposure to the atmosphere. This has been
tested by filling a box with saleratus and exposing it to the open
air for twelve months.

Sand-Faper. Two factories. — Ten hands ; value of product,
twelve thousand dollars ; raw material, 30 per cent.

Sarsaparilla Cough Candy, etc. — I. Baker, College building, is
largely manufacturing these articles. Sales of sarsaparilla, seventy-
two thousand dollars, and of candy, twenty thousand dollars annu-
ally. Ten hands ; raw material, 50 per cent.

Sash, Blind and Door Factories. — Of these, there are twenty-five,
all but two of hand operations ; value of product, three hundred
and twelve thousand dollars ; raw material, 25 per cent; employ
two hundred and twenty hands.

One of the largest manufacturing buildings in tlie United States,
is the sash, blind and door factory and floor-board planing machine,
on Front street, opposite the gas Avorks, of Hinkle & Guild. This
edifice occupies a space of two hundred and fifty feet in deptli, by
sixty feet breadth upon Front street and the river. The building is
six stories in height on the river front, and five stories and base-
ment upon the Front street face. The first and second story walls
are of stone masonry, two feet thick, and the residue of the building
with the partitions of brick, of which as many as eight hundred thou-
sand have been employed to construct the edifice. It was built for
a planing-mill and a sash, blind and door factory, and is the largest
building in Cincinnati, that carries its length and breadth to such a
height. The lot which the building occupies, is one hundred and
twenty-two and a-half by three hundred and seventy-five feet, and
such is the extent of the operations of this firm, as well as of the
manufactured article kept on hands in this new and important busi-
ness, that they calculate to occupy every available spot upon this
vast space.

Persons at a distance, who contemplate building, are supplied by
this establishment with their carpenter work, in whole or in part, as
they may need, so much cheaper and better prepared for the
purpose, as to make it their interest to pay transportation on the
finished work to any point in the Avest and south-west, either by land

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 237

or water carriage. This will be readily understood, when it is con-
sidered that everything here, is made out of materials already sea-
soned, fitted together with great exactness by machinery, of course
at cheaper rates than even the lowest charge for carpenter Avork by
hand can supply it here, and at one-half the price that a carpenter
in the country must charge. It would be impossible, in a publica-
tion hke this, to go into full exemplifications of these facts, but one
feature of these operations will suffice as a specimen of the rest.
Eight by ten inch window sash are supplied here, at three and
a half cents, and ten by twelve at four and a half cents per light.
There are very few places, outside of Cincinnati, where a carpenter
will make them at less than twice this price — the employer being at
the expense of the lumber beside. Every other building article,
panel doors, blinds, shutters, door and Avindow frames, weather-
boarding, base, shelving for stores, flooring-boards and plank, etc.,
will exhibit a proportionate saving to the purchaser.

Hinkle & Guild have been sevG^ral years engaged in this business,
at the corner of Smith and Fourth streets, upon a lot supposed by
them sufficiently large for their purposes, but the groAving convic-
tion in the south and south-west, that they can build to better ad-
vantage by buying carpenter work in Cincinnati ready prepared for
use, has compelled a removal to a more spacious site, as the only
adequate means to do justice to this enlarging business.

Sausages. Twenty-two shops. — One hundred and sixty-six hands ;
value of product, one hundred and sixty -two thousand dollars ; raw
material, 40 per cent.

Sawed Lumber, Laths, etc. Fifteen mills. — Two hundred and six
hands ; manufacture a value of four hundred and eleven thousand
dollars ; raAv material, 30 per cent.

Saws. Two factories. — Employ six hands; value of product,
six thousand seven hundred dollars ; raAv material, 30 per cent.

Turner & Sons, First Premium Saw Manufactory, on Seventh,
north side, between Western Row and John street, manufacture
saAvs of every description, warranted, and made of the best material.
Circular, mill, and cross-cut saws gummed and hammered, hand,
back, or butchers' saws, buckled or bent, restored as good as if
new — also, retoothed, set and filed in a workman-like manner.
Sheet-steel for sale ; also, cut and straightened, and all kinds of
carpenters' and other mechanics' tools tempered ; all at the shortest
notice.

238 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

Screiv Plates. Two factories. -Ten hands; value of product, eleven
thousand live hundred dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent.

Sheetings, Cotton Yarn, Ca7idle- TVick , etc. Five factories. — Em-
ploy four hundred and ten hands ; manufacture to the value of six
hundred and thirty-six thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent.
Skirts, etc. — Fifteen shops, which employ two hundred and fifty
hands, all females ; value of product, one hundred and fifty-seven
thousand dollars ; raw material, 60 per cent.

J. Richardson, shirt and stock factory, 119 Main street. This is
of recent establishment, and manufactures the articles alluded to
and supplies everything usually kept in a gentleman's furnishing
store. Two hundred shirts are made here weekly, and stocks in
proportion. A large manufacture for wholesale purposes, will shortly
make a part of the business here. The articles made are of a
fine class exclusively. Shirts, undershirts and drawers are also
made here, of lambs' wool, merino and shakers' flannel, Canton
flannel, buckskin and silk fabrics.

Silver and Goldsmiths and Silver Platers. Five establishments. —
Fifty hands ; value of product, ninety thousand dollars ; raw mate-
rial, 75 per cent.

J. R. Haynes, 40 West Fourth street, manufactures to order all
kinds of jewelry and silver ware. Value of product, during the past
year, five thousand dollars. He is also a dealer, wholesale and re-
tail, in watches, jewelry, silver ware, pocket cutlery and fancy goods.
Palmer & Owen, 135 Main street, keep three hands engaged in
the manufacture of silver ware, on a product yearly, of twelve thou-
sand dollars. Watches, silver ware, jewelry, etc., also sold here.

Soaj) and Tallow, and Star Candles. — There are thirty-eight of
these factories, some making soap principally, some making tallow
candles and soap, and others star candles, either alone or in addition
to what they produce in soap and tallow candles, or in the last
article merely. These employ seven hundred and ten hands; value
of product, one milUon four hundred and seventy-five thousand
dollars ; raw material, 75 per cent.

Spectacle maker. — John Owen, Third, between Main and Walnut
streets, employs four hands, on a product of nine thousand dollars ;
raw material, 75 per cent.

Spokes. Two factories. — Employ thirty-six hands, and manu-
facture to the value of seventy thousand five hundred dollars;
raw material, 20 per cent.

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 239

Curtis & Byrn, spoke and felloe factory, intersection of Park street
and the Whitewater canal, manufacture spokes, felloes, hubs, etc.
They work up weekly, four thousand feet of ash and hickory, and
employ nine hands.

C. G. Shane & Co., Great Western Spoke Manufactory, sale-
room. Second street, between Walnut and Vine, turn all sizes
and patterns of white oak and hickory spokes out of the best sea-
soned timber, of which they are making over three thousand six
hundred per day. They also turn and keep on hand axe, pick,
hammer and hatchet handles.

Their spokes are used in every carriage shop in Cincinnati, and all
along the river from Pittsburgh down ; and on our canal and rail-
road routes, which is sufficient to show the estimation in which they
are held by our carriage and wagon-makers. The price is such that
they will bear transportation to any part of the country, and one
trial is all that is necessary to insure their permanent use.

This establishment employs twenty hands, and runs ten lathes.

Stained Glass. — Painting in glass, which is another name for
stained glass, is one of the long-lost, but finally recovered arts of
antiquity. It is carried, in modern times, however, to a degree of
perfection unknown to the ancients. Glass of this description is
employed extensively in churches and in the finest class of private
dwellings, where it serves admirably to distribute a mellowed light,
more grateful to the eye, than that which passes in its full strength
through perfectly transparent glass.

Stained glass is prepared by coating one side of the plate with
phosphate of lime in a flux of pulverized glass, in cases where it
is designed to render the plate semi-opaqtie or obscure. This gives
it the appearance of being ground on one face. Where the various
brilliant colors are sought, oxydes of almost all the metals, such as
iron, zinc, tin, antimony, cobalt, manganese, lead, silver and gold,
are the agents resorted to, silver being the base of the yellow, as
gold is of the purple, and cobalt of the blue. The coating, in a liquid
state, being brushed over the surface of the plate, and lime sifted
over it to prevent the adhesion of the glass, the plates are lodged
in a furnace where they are submitted to a degree of heat which
blends the coloring matter with the outside of the glass, which i''
then suffered gradually to cool to its final and permanent tern
perature.

The white color is imparted by grinding figures upon glass made

240 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

transparent, and colored on one side in the first instance, the grind-
ing barely penetrating through the colored side.

J. C. Miller, Third street, east of Sycamore, employs five hands,
and manufactures to the value of fifteen thousand dollars ; raw ma-
terial, 60 per cent. Miller is preparing illuminated windows for St.
John's and the First and Seventh Presbyterian churches of this city,
which will illustrate this article. This is the only establishment of
this kind in the west.

Stair Building. Three shops. — Eighteen hands ; value of labor
product, twenty-four thousand dollars.

Starch. — Five factories, which employ forty-two hands, and
make a value of ninety-eight thousand dollars ; raw material, aver-
age, 60 per cent.

Starch has heretofore been made principally from wheat, and a
portion of it is still made here from that grain. Of late, Indian
corn has been resorted to in the manufacture of starch, and with
great success, although the discovery is comparatively recent. Yet
it is found to contain almost as great a proportion as wheat. The
per centage of starch, in the best varieties of corn, is about sixty per
cent.; nitrogenous substances, 15 per cent., with a considerable por-
tion of sugar, and 10 per cent, of oil and gum. All practical men
are well aware of the great superiority of corn over every other
kind of grain for fattening purposes.

The amount of starch, in sweet corn, is very small, not over 1 8 or
20 per cent.; but the per centage of sugar is very great. The
nitrogenous matter about 20, gum 14, and oil 11 per cent. If it
could be made to yield as much per acre as the more hardy kind, it
would be the most profitable, because the most nourishing of all the
varieties.

Everding & Erkenbrecher, on the Miami canal, manufacture
three thousand pounds starch, weekly. For this purpose, they con-
sume one hundred and twenty-five bushels wheat in the same space
of time. Their starch bears a high reputation in this market.

Steamboat Building and Reimiring. — Seven establishments, which
employ five hundred and fifty four hands; value of product, four
hundred and eighty-eight thousand dollars; raw material, 30 per
cent.

Stencil Cutters. Three shops. — Eight hands ; value of labor pro-
duct, five thousand dollars.

Stereotypers. — Three establishments, which employ sixty hands,

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 241

and produce to the value of forty-six thousand dollars; raw mate-
rial, 33 per cent.

Stereotyping is the transfer to solid pages of type, by the interven-
tion of a cast of plaster of Paris, of the contents of pages of mov-
able type set for that purpose. The stereotype page is a thin plate,
which is fitted to blocks so as to bring it up to the ordinary type
height for printing. The object of stereotyping is to permit small
issues at a time, of publications, so that if they should not prove
saleable, a large surplus may not be left on hand, or if repeated
editions should be needed, that the original type setting will suffice
for the repeated issues. In this way, an opportunity is afforded of
using up paper and paying for binding, no faster than the demand
for the volume. Stereotyping, it will be thus seen, is costlier in the
first instance, but cheaper in the entire course of business. All
standard works, and most others, are now stereotyped.

This business is rapidly increasing here in extent and importance.
C. A. Morgan & Co., Hammond street, between Third and Fourth
streets, are extensively employed in this line ; they have recently
stereotyped, The Footprints of the Creator, The Course of Creation,
Service Afloat and Ashore, and the present volume, any of which is
a sufficiently favorable sample of their skill and taste. In all the
facilities for executing work promptly and accurately, this estab-
lishment will compare favorably, with similar establishments in the
east.

Stocking Weavers. Four shops. — Twenty-one hands ; value of
product, thirteen thousand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent.

Stone Cutters. Twenty-two yards. — Employ two hundred and
forty-nine hands ; value of product, two hundred and twenty -two
thousand dollars: raw material, 40 per cent.

The freestone used most extensively in Cincinnati, is that of the
Buena Vista quarry, which is preferred for price and quality.

An article like building stone, which constitutes so important a
material to the physical improvement of Cincinnati, must always be
of interest to the community, which has consumed it to the value
of millions of dollars. Various quarries have been opened for the
supply of this market, the stone of which has failed to inspire con-
fidence in that compactness of grain which protects it from the
action of frost. Other descriptions — Dayton limestone, for exam-
ple— cost too high in the transportation, sawing and dressing, to
render them suitable for general building purposes.

242 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

The Bueiia Vista stone, is substantially the article which has been
for a long series of years employed in our best buildings. It has
all the requisite qualities of close grain, hardening under exposure
to the atmosphere, fineness of surface, and comparative cheapness,
which should give it a preference for our best buildings. Stone
masons here, agree in stating it to be superior to all other stone for
building use.

Stone Masons. Thirty-six builders. — Employ four hundred and
twenty-eight hands; value of labor product, three hundred and
eight thousand dollars.

Straw Hats and Bonnets. Five factories. — Fifty hands ; value of
product, sixty thousand dollars ; raw material, 60 per cent.

J. Webb, Jr., straw bonnet and hat factory and fashionable mil-
linery establishment, 168 Fifth street, employs fifteen hands, and
manufactures to the value of fifteen thousand dollars. Bleaching
and pressing bonnets, also, attended to here.

Stucco workers. Two shops. — Fourteen hands; value of labor
product, twelve thousand dollars.

J. F. Taylor, manufacturer of stucco and ornamental plaster
work, office, corner Race and Baker streets. Designs and models
all kinds of fluted work, and every description of ornaments in the
stucco line. Employs from twelve to fifteen hands, and executes
work yearly, to the value of twelve thousand dollars.

Tailors. — In this statement is not included the manufacturers of
ready-made clothing, made here for sales to foreign markets, or for
retail sales at home, the details of which, will be found in its proper
department. Of those who make to measurement, we have ninety-
eight merchant tailors, who employ eight hundred and sixteen
hands, exclusive of women, who sew at their own dwellings. These
produce to the value of eight hundred and thirty-two thousand
dollars. Among our most fashionable tailors are :

S. P. Thomas, south-east corner of Walnut street. He employs
fifteen hands, and makes up garments, and sells other articles in his
line, to the value of fifty thousand dollars.

Mr. Thomas bears a high reputation in his line, among our city
fashionables. Every variety of materials for articles of gentlemen's
dresses, is constantly kept here.

W. W. Northrop, 42 west Fourth street. This is a recently
fitted up tailor establishment in fashionable style, by Mr. Northrop,
formerly associated in business with Piatt Evans, on Main street.

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 243

Employs, as an average, thirty hands, and fits and finishes in the
best style, every article of g'entlemen's dress. The manufacturing
department is in charge of Mons. Vandokum, recently from Paris.
A full and v?-ell selected supply of materials for garments, and an
assortment, in the furnishing line, to gratify every taste, always to be
found upon his stands and counters.

E. M'Elevy, merchant tailor, 1 Broadway, makes custom work
principally, of the finest quality. Employs sixty hands ; value of
yearly product, forty thousand dollars.

M. C. Jennings, is one of our best known artists in this line, who
has been engaged in the business for many years on Main, north of
Third street, and has recently opened on Fourth street, opposite the
First Presbyterian church. He keeps the usual assortment of fancy
and staple goods for customers, and fits in the most approved and
fashionable style, every article that constitutes gentlemen's dresses.

C. S. Jelleff, west side Western Row, between Eighth and Kemble
streets, is in the centre of a rapidly improving region of Cincinnati.
He has an abundant stock of best materials for gentlemen's gar-
ments on his shelves and counters. His work is of first-rate quality
and fit. Youths' clothing also made here, and the usual assort-
ment of fitting and furnishing for gentlemen, kept for sale.

Tanners and Curriers. — This is another of our heavy manufac-
turing interests, consisting of thirty establishments, which employ
three hundred and eighty hands, and manufacture to the value of
nine hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars.

Richard Thornton, 9 and 310 Main street, tanner, currier and
morocco manufacturer, makes every description of leather, suitable
for shoemakers, saddlers, bookbinders, hatters, etc. Has tanned,
during the past year, thirty-six thousand skeep skins, five thousand
hides, and thirty thousand calf skins. Imports, also, English and
French calf skins, roans and skivers.

Tin, Copper and Sheet-Iron workers. — Forty-two shops, which
employ two hundred and forty hands, and produce a value of two
hundred and fifty-eight thousand six hundred and forty dollars.
Raw material, tin and sheet-iron ware, 30 per cent.; copper, 60
per cent.; average value of raw material, 48 per cent.

W. & G. W. Robson, coppersmiths. Front street, between Pike
and Butler, manufacture, and have constantly on hand, a large and
general assortment in their line, such as copper wash, stew, tea and
glue kettles, still and hatters' do.; engine, well, cistern and Uquor

244 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

pumps, lift and force pumps, for wells and distilleries ; soda-founts
and stands. Patten's generator, for making soda-water, etc. They
manufacture brew-kettles, from three hundred to three thousand
gallons. Engine and lard steamer work, on the shortest notice.

Robson & Moorhead, tin-plate workers, on Second street, west of
Walnut, employ twelve hands, and manufacture tin ware to the
value of twelve thousand dollars. They are largely in the bathing-
tub, shower-bath, and tin safe line, as well as manufacturing the
usual assortment of tin ware. Their business is principally wholesale.

Tobacco, Cigars, etc. — This business comprehends, first, those who
in this city and in Covington manufacture tobacco in the wholesale
line exclusively. Second, of those who make fine tobacco for regular
customers, and third, of various factories, principally on a small
scale, in which cigars and snuff are the main articles.

There are sixty-two tobacco manufacturers here. Of these, twenty-
eight factories in the wholesale line, employ one thousand one hun-
dred and fifty hands, principally boys ; value of product, six hundred
and sixty-five thousand dollars. The residue work two hundred and
sixty hands, not including boys, and manufacture to the value of two
hundred and sixty-six thousand dollars ; raw material, 55 per cent.

Carpenter & Ford, 14 Front street, are largely engaged in the
manufacture of Virginia, Missouri and Kentucky tobacco. Employ
one hundred and fifty hands of both sexes and almost all ages ;
value of product, one hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; raw ma-
terial, 65 per cent. They operate fifty iron presses, which are
supposed to be the largest in the United States. The manufacture
of tobacco conduces to the health of the work hands.

Nuilsen & Ficke, 233 Main street, manufacture cigars, at the rate
of one hundred and twenty thousand per month, equal to Havana ;
being made of the best quality of Spanish leaf. Snuff' and smoking
tobacco of all descriptions. Spanish, Ohio, and Kentucky leaf to-
bacco, constantly kept for sale. They employ thirty hands, on a
product, in value, of twenty -five thousand dollars.

Charles Bodmann, 45 Walnut street, sign of the Indian Queen,
manufactures lump tobacco, from five to sixteen plugs to the pound.
Scotch rappee, fine scented maccoboy snuffs; best chewing and
smoking tobacco, and every description of domestic cigars. Fine
cut chewing, of best honeydew and sweet fine cut cavendish papered
and on bulk. There are ninety-one hands in his employ, with a
product of eighty thousand dollars in value ; raAV material, 70 cents.

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL TRODUCTS. 245

This is an offshoot of the estabhshment of F. Bodmann, long and
favorably known here, for the quality of its snuff, tobacco, and
cigars.

Trunks, Valises, Caiyet-Bags, etc. This is a manufacture con-
nected with the saddle and harness business, to a great extent, es-
pecially the finer qualities, but the principal amount is made in
establishments v/hich are devoted exclusively to the business. One
of these, which makes low-priced articles principally, manufactures
to the value of one hundred and five thousand dollars. Leather
trunks are made in Cincinnati of every quality, from two dollars to
thirty. The frames, in the low-priced articles, are of wood ; of the
more costly and permanent, of the best quality of gasket boards ; an
article more durable than wood, as well as not subject to split, and
more flexible as well as lighter than iron, which it has superseded
for this purpose.

There are fifteen leather trunk makers, who employ two hundred
and seventy-five hands, and manufacture to the value of five hundred
and six thousand dollars ; raw material, 67 per cent.

Parvin & Johnson, Broadway, between Front and Second streets,
manufacture leather trunks, valises, carpet-bags and satchels or tra-
veling bags ; employ thirty hands ; finish, annually, twelve thousand
five hundred trunks, one half of which are low-priced articles ; the
other half, first-rate or mediiim quality ; avei-age wholesale vakie of
trunks, forty -two thousand dollars ; one thousand three hundred
valises and carpet-bags, value, three thousand five hundred dollars,
and six hundred satchels.

Turners. Thirty shops. — One hundred and forty-three hands ;
value of product, one hundred and fifty-two thousand dollars ; raw
material, 20 per cent.

Warner B. Mahone, turner in general, corner of Western Eow
and Laurel street, executes balustrades of any and every pattern ;
columns of the several orders of architecture, and mahogany, oak,
cherry, walnut and maple banisters. All kinds of turning used
by cabinet makers, including nulling of every pattern, furnished at
the shortest notice. Shade and map-rollers, turning in ivory, done
in a superior style.

Mr. Mahone employs steam power, with seven lathes and ten
hands, and turns to order any article, from a column twelve inches
diameter and twenty-five feet in length, to an ivory cane head.

Type Founders. — There are two type founderies here, the Cincin-
21

246 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

nati Type Foundery Co., and the foundery of Guilford & Jones.
Type are made of antimony, lead and tin, in certain proportions; the
antimony being employed in hardening the lead; and the tin, as a
means of amalgamating the other two.

The Cincinnati Type Foundery was chartered by the Ohio legis-
lature, January 12, 1830. It employs one hundred hands, men,
girls and boys, and affords an annual product of seventy thousand
dollars ; raw material, average, 20 per cent. More than seven
hundred dollars are paid out weekly, in wages. Every kind of type
that can be got at the east, is cast here, and more than two thousand
different fonts may be found on the shelves in this establishment.

They have recently cast fancy type by steam, under a pressure
of two hundred pounds to the square inch, for the purpose of con-
densing the metal and thereby hardening its face, with what effect,
may be judged by the fact, that an ordinary size of duodecimo page,
under this new process, weighs three additional pounds.

Guilford & Jones, 41 Second street, execute type founding in all
its branches. They employ twenty-one hands ; value of product,
thirty thousand dollars.

Undertakers. Fourteen establishments. — Four hands ; value of
labor product, seventy-six thousand dollars.

Varnish, Copal, etc. — There are two varnish factories in Cincin-
nati, both on an extensive scale — that of the " Queen City" varnish
factory, of which James Calhoun is agent, and the factory of Price
and Pfaff. These are both on Walnut street, the one south of Se-
cond, and the other north of Peai-1 street. There is so little differ-
ence in the character, as well as the extent of their operations, that
one statement will answer for the business statistics of either.

Copal varnish is an article extensively used by cabinet, chair and
coachmakers, and although made heretofore, in Cincinnati, as an ad-
junct to the existing drug and apothecary business, has oply for
the last few years been commenced as a distinct operation, and on a
large scale, commensurate with the wants of the entire west and
south-west.

In one of these factories are manufactured of coach, furniture and
japan varnishes, as high as eight hundred gallons per day, of which
sales have thus far been effected as fast as made. In this factory
is consumed daily, twelve hundred pounds gum copal, and shellac —
principally the first — one himdred gallons linseed oil, and three
hundred and fifty gallons spirits turpentine. The copal i.s melted

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 247

at one furnace, while the oil which has already received the driers,
is boiling at another, and when brought to precisely the same tem-
perature, they are then mixed in a cooler. These boilers are cop-
per, and of sixty gallons capacity. The cooler is twice that size.
"When the substances unite in the cooler, so great an amount of
latent heat is disengaged, that the most active and laborious stirring
is necessary to prevent running over. This is also the case when
the turpentine is added, the whole mass foaming, as though placed
on raging flames. The materials are thoroughly amalgamated, by
being stirred to a point the exact degree of which, constitutes the
great art of varnish making, and the varnish, in this stage, is passed
through a cloth strainer, to divest it of impurities, into a reservoir,
of which there are two in alternate use. These are large block-tin
vessels hooped with iron, each of four hundred gallons capacity.
In these it stands to cool, after which it is barreled off for market.
The coach and furniture varnish are made of gum copal, the japan
varnish, of gum shellac. They differ as much in the preparation as
in the ingredients.

The first and second qualities of furniture varnish differ in the
character of the copal employed. Coach varnish is made of the
purest gum, carefully selected, piece by piece.

A large and increasing market is thus furnished for the linseed
oil of the west, to the extent in which that ingredient is used in this
manufacture.

The cost of transportation east, on our oil, and the return trans-
portation of the varnish, together with the profits of the manufacture,
now remains at home, as so much revenue to the west. An addi-
tional advantage is also gained to purchasers. They have respon-
sible persons to look to at home, for the integrity of the article, that
it is what it professes to be, and are not likely to experience impo-
sition, which the introduction occasionally, of rosin, in an article
where the maker's name is not apparent, and the means of redress
five hundred miles from home, exposes them to, at times. In ad-
dition to this, varnish needs always to be bought on guarantee, since
it is impossible to test its quality in any other mode than actual use.
Copal varnish made here, is disposed of not only in our city mar-
ket, but throughout that extensive circle of country of which De-
troit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Wheeling, Louisville, Lexington, Nash-
ville, St. Louis and Galena form the edges or prominent points. Our
own cabinet, chair and carriage business in Cincinnati, require also

248 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

a large supply, especially during the spring and fall seasons of
business. If, at any time, tlie manufacture accumulates so as to
exceed the demand, it will be an advantage to both buyers and
sellers, since varnish, like many other articles, improves by age.

Gum copal is found in the islands of the Indian ocean and on the
coast of Africa. An inferior article is brought from South America,
also. The best is gathered at Zanzibar, in the dominions of the
Imaum or Sultan of Muscat. It is not a concretion gathered from
the living tree, as is usually the case with gums, but is obtained in
deposits, frequently many feet below the surface of the earth.
How it became thus buried, can be a matter of conjecture merely.
It is supposed that the accumulation of sand, which covers it, has
destroyed the trees while it buried the gum exuding on their sur-
face. It is gathered by the natives, and loaded in bulk in the hold
of the vessels, the gum requiring no package, as water makes not
the slightest impression on gum copal, which is one of the most in-
soluble of gums, neither alcohol, turpentine or ether serving to dis-
solve it. The agency of heat, by melting, alone serves this purpose.
Most of this article is imported at Salem, Mass. On its arrival, it is
washed from adhering sand, assorted in qualities and boxed for
market.

As has been already stated, this description might substantially
suffice for either factory, so little difference exists in their business.
Four or five hands suffice for each establishment. These factories
manufacture to the value of one hundred and thirty-five thousand
dollars ; raw material, 80 per cent.

Veneers. Two mills. — Twenty hands ; value of product, thirty-
six thousand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent.

For the benefit erf multitudes who purchase the finer qualities of
furniture, ignorant that the outside wood is a veneer or facing upon
some other, which is either cheaper or stronger, or perhaps both, it
may not be impertinent to state that most of what they buy is of
this description. In this, there is, however, no deception, they
being supplied with an article of furniture equally good, if not better,
and much cheaper, than if made solid. The veneers brought to
this market are mahogany, rose and zebra, of foreign woods, and
black walnut and curled maple of domestic growth, much the larger
share being of the first class. Already a reduction of 25 per cent,
in prices has taken place, and we shall soon supply our own and
foreign markets with native woods of unrivaled beauty in surface

MANUFACTURKS AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 249

and figure. Not less than fifty thousand dollars in value of them
have been annually sold or used here.

In those revolutions of manufactures which are constantly occur-
ring, Cincinnati is now becoming the head-quarters to the west for
the supply of this article.

There are no finer ornamental woods in the world for furniture,
than those of American growth, the black walnut, cherry and curled
maple, for example. Fashion has heretofore patronized those of
foreign countries, on the principle which governs thousands, that
nothing is valuable but what is " far sought and dearly bought."
But fashion, like all despots, has her caprices, and the rose and
zebra and mahogany are evidently declining in favor ; and as our
native growth of woods appears winning its way into use in Eng-
land and France, and challenges the admiration of foreigners, it
will command a preference, before long, in the domestic as well as
the foreign market.

But our American woods are not only equal to any of foreign
growth, but the various western articles are superior, for cabinet
ware, to the corresponding kinds east of the mountains. This is no
doubt owing to the greater rapidity of growth incident to our more
fertile soil and milder climate.

As a specimen of the value of western timber for these purposes,
it may be stated, that black walnut forks have been sent from St.
Louis to the eastern cities, sawed into veneers, and sent back and
sold in that shape for twelve and a-half cents per superficial foot.
These veneers are so thin that it takes thirty-two to make an inch
in thickness, they being not as thick as pasteboards, and the same
log which furnishes boards of a given quantity, will saw into veneers
fifteen fold. Specimens of black walnut, plain and curled, sawed
here and worked up into chair-backs, cabinet furniture, and piano
frames, which cannot be surpassed anywhere, may be seen at our
various cabinet and chair factories.

The parts of trees adapted to ornamental purposes are the forks
or crotches, curls, warts, and other excrescences, which, valuable as
they are for this purpose, are fit for nothing else. As these have
heretofore been sawed into boards, in which shape they are not
one-fifteenth part as productive as in veneers, an inadequate supply
only has been furnished the saw mills. But the increased supply
created by their multiplication into veneers, will not only provide

260 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

for our domestic markets, but furnish an extensive sale abroad i»
Europe, and our Atlantic cities.

Our domestic veneers are now sawed entirely in Cincinnati, and
are from black walnut, curled maple, cherry, sugar-tree, oak, ash,
and apple ; which afford, when sawed up, an infinite variety of curls,
dottings, waves, streaks and other fancy figures, some being of the
most graceful, and others of the most grotesque appearance. These
are furnished at the mill, at a price so low as from one and a-half to
four cents, according to description, per superficial foot, and of first
rate specimens. They also saw for the owners of the logs, if desired,
and as low as at one dollar per one hundred feet. It is easy to con-
ceive the increased demand and use, which this reduction in prices
must create. Nor is it less obvious that, hereafter, the entire veneer
supply of the west, will be sawed in the west. Independently of its
own growth of woods, which, wherever it can be done, will be cut
up on the spot, the foreign woods from Hayti, Campeachy, Hon-
duras, and other places can be imported at as little expense into
Cincinnati or any other place in the west, of steamboat access, as
into any of the Atlantic cities. The freight from New Orleans,
which is the butt end of the expense, is only twenty-five cents per
cwt., and must become even less as the demand enlarges.

Henry Albro, who was burnt out some months since, on Front
street, has recently put up new veneer and saw-mills, for sawing
mahogany, on Pearl street, west of Elm. These have been con-
structed by Ferdinand Walters, who has the reputation of being
one of the most ingenious machinists in the United States ; and cer-
tainly there are many evidences of it on the premises, the machin-
ery being greatly simplified as well as improved, one lever here
serving to run the carriage back and forward ; while on most of
these saw-mills, two, and even three are requisite. Nor must it be
supposed, that it requires no more skill or judgment in these than in
the ordinary saw mills, for eight or ten years in attending a veneer-
ing saw, is preparation little enough for the employment.

The veneering saws are driven with such power and velocity as
to make three hundred and fifty revolutions in a minute. Each one
has the capacity to cut two thousand feet per day, but such is the
severity of its service, that more than half the time is occupied in
sharpening it.

One of these buildings is forty-two by twenty-two feet, and runs

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 251

entire!)' upon veneering, having two seven feet, one four, and two
three and a-half feet veneering saws. The other is designed for
sawing black walnut and mahogany boards and plank, and prepar-
ing the black walnut crotches for the veneering mill.

Smith W. Horton, Cincinnati mahogany saAv-mill, north side
Second, between Race and Elm streets, saws to order, scroll work,
and chair tops of every material. Walnut and other veneers made to
order and for sale ; walnut crotches, knots and mottled woods,
constantly bought. Employs ten hands, and runs three veneer
saws, one each, three, five and a-half and eight feet ; manufactures
yearly, to the value of thirty thousand dollars. More than one
hundred thousand chair tops are sawed here in twelve months.

Vermicelli, Maccaroni, etc. Three factories. — Seven hands ; value
of product, twenty-one thousand six hundred dollars ; raw material,
40 per cent.

Vinegar Factories. — This is a business of comparatively recent
establishment. In 1 837, there were not one thousand barrels made
in Cincinnati ; now, there are twenty-six factories, exclusive of those
who manvifacture vinegar, in connection with, and incident to, other
business, as R. Conkling & Co., and Conkling, Wood & Co. The
entire vinegar manufacture here, reaches a value of one hundred
and sixty-eight thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars, the busi-
ness employing fifty-nine hands ; raw material, 40 per cent.

Many persons suppose that the vinegar made here, is entirely a
mineral and unwholesome product. Such, some of it, doubtless is ;
and the sales of that description to families should be severely
reprehended, it being only fit for mechanical and chemical purposes.
But there is a great deal of cider vinegar made, Conkling, Wood &
Co., having received five hundred barrels from Marietta in a single
shipment.

Sparkes & Gogreve, 62 and 64 Broadway, are largely in the
vinegar manufacture. Their factory comprehends the second, third
and fourth stories of the building. The upper is a loft in which
the vinegar undergoes its highest degree of acidification, the sum-
mer temperature of it ranging from one hundred and thirty to one
hundred and sixty degrees Fahrenheit. Here are from one hun-
dred and fifty to two hundred hogsheads at a time. In the third
story is a mixing tub of one thousand five hundred gallons capacity,
of which diluted beer, whisky, etc., form the contents ; another tub,
holding two thousand five hundred gallons, is filled with diluted

252 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

cider alone. Beside these, the third story contains thirty large
vinegar stands of five hundred gallons capacity each. The yearly
sales of this house, exceed nine thousand barrels.

Wadding, Glazed Cotton. — Stearns & Foster, employ eleven hands,
and manufacture a value of twenty-five thousand dollars ; raw ma-
terial, 60 per cent.

Wagon, Cart, etc., makers. Forty-two shops. — One hundred and
thirty-six hands; value of product, one hundred and thirty -two
thousand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent.

Wall Paper Stainers. Four factories. — Employ thirty-six hands ;
manufacture to the value of thirty thousand dollars ; raw material,
60 per cent.

Wash-Boards, Zinc. Three factories. — Employ , forty hands ;
value of yearly product, eighty-five thousand dollars ; raw material,
50 per cent.

There are more zinc Avash-boards made here than in any one
state in the Union, or any city in the world.

Orrin Rice, the original patentee of this article, north side Second,
between Race and Elm streets, has just recommenced business.
Made last year, for six weeks, as many as twelve hundred wash-boards
per day, and averaged dui'ing the year, more than six hundred per
day.

J. B. Holmes, Cincinnati zinc wash-board factory, north side of
Seventh, between Sycamore street and Broadway, employs six men
and eight boys ; value of product, twenty-fiA-e thousand dollars
annually. Lumber, five thousand ; zinc, seven thousand ; nails,
eight hundred dollars, consumed in the year's business.

Whisly. — This is the great whisky mart of the woiid. That
article is manufactured for the Cincinnati market, for several miles
up and down the Ohio — along the lines of the Whitewater and
Miami canal — along that of the Little Miami railroad, as far as
Milford, and within the city itself, to the extent of one thousand one
hundred and forty-five barrels per day. Yearly value of product,
two millions eight hundred and fifty-seven thousand nine hundred
dollars ; raw material, 65 per cent.

White Lead, etc. Four factories. — One hundred and twenty-
three hands ; value of product, three hundred and eighty-five thou-
sand dollars ; raw material, 70 per cent.

Conkling, Wood & Co., Court street, east of Broadway, manu-
facture white lead, dry and in oil, red lead, litharge, colored paints,

(i)f the firm of ConHiiig Wood & Cc

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 263

putty, whiting, cider vinegar, etc., to the value of one hundred and
twenty-six thousand six hundred dollars. They import their chalk
direct from England.

Wiff makers. Two shops. — Five hands ; value of product, seven
thousand five hundred dollars ; raw material, 20 per cent.

Windoio Shades, and Oil Furniture Cloth. Three factories. —
Employ forty hands, on a product of fifty thousand dollars ; raw
material, 50 per cent.

The manufacture of oil-cloth did not exist here in 1 834, except such
as was afforded in a coarse article printed with wooden blocks. Dur-
ing that year. Sawyer & Brackett commenced manufacturing oil-
cloth, printed from copper blocks. Two or three years sufficed so
to perfect their operations, that they found an extensive market in
the eastern states, in which these goods were awarded premiums at
several mechanics' fairs. ISTew designs and metallic blocks were
added, until a large amount had been expended in the business.
They also manufactured oil-cloth in imitation of mahogany, mar-
ble, etc.

In 1847, the manufacture of transparent oil painted window
shades, was commenced by Sawyer & Co. The firm has made
such improvements, in quality and style of shade, as greatly to re-
duce the price, and their operations are constantly on the increase.
Sawyer & Co. employ fifteen hands, on a product of twenty thousand
dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent.

Wine. — This is a new and very important business, of which the
great feature will be found under the appropriate section, " Culture
of the Grape." In the various stages of wine growing and making,
not less than five hundred persons are employed ; value of product,
one hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; raw material, 25 per cent.
In addition to wine manufacturers who produce a common
article merely, there are eight or ten individuals whose brands have
already become known abroad, or who are prej^aring for the pro-
duction of superior wines, principally from the Catawba grape.
Of these, Longworth is the oldest and best known. But there are
others who also make fine wines. Among these are R. Buchanan,
Corneau & Son, T. H. Yeatman and G. & P. Bogen, whose wines
are already in market, and find purchasers at remunerating prices, as
fast as they can be made ready for sale.

IS'icholas Longworth has been engaged in the cultivation of the
grape thirty years, but has not given it that degree of attention

254 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

necessarj^ for full success until within a few years past. In a note to
the writer of these pages, he says: "I have about one hundred
and fifteen acres in grapes. I am now raising, and shall, in future,
raise new seedlings extensively, both for wine and for the table,
from our best native grapes, and may cross them with foreign
grapes. I have within the past few years, grafted more than one
hundred and twenty kinds of native grapes, obtained east, west,
north, and south, and generally have them to bear the first year.
I obtain them by express, and by mail, and private conveyance.
We cultivate almost exclusively, the Catawba; we should exten-
sively cultivate the Herbemont and Missouri. The former is our
most vigorous grower, is a fine table grape, and makes a heavy .
wine, resembling, and equal to the Mansinaeila. The Missouri, a
wine resembling Madeira, and the fruit less subject to rot than other
varieties.

Sparkling Catawba has hitherto been a losing business, as all ex-
periments are. This was in part, owing to the small quantity made.
The making of champagne wine is often a failure, except in very
skillful hands, from want of effervescence. The breakage some-
times is so great, rn a single year, as to break up the establishment.
This, the French writers tell us. In future, I hope to make up for
past losses. The wine house and cellar I built some years since,
was too small; the present establishment is forty-four feet by
one hundred and thirty -five feet, four and a-half stories high ; bot-
tom of cellar, twenty-five feet below the surface, double arches ; top,
say twelve feet below ; basement wine cellar, half below the surface.
I have not this season, for want of bottles, bottled as much as I in- .
tended ; quantity, say seventy-five thousand. I have this season aided
Mr. C. Zimmermann with funds to buy up the best Catawba Avine,
to prepare to fill as dry wine. He is an experienced German wine
merchant, and believes he can, from the Catawba, make a dry wine,
superior to the best German and French. I have paid for wine
enough to put up forty thousand bottles of dry wine, when of a
proper age, and expect to increase the quantity yearly. Corneau &
Son, are experienced French wine merchants, and will make supe-
rior wines, and expect to do a large business. Much depends on
the season, and neatness and care in gathering and pressing the
grapes, and fermentation, for the quality of the wine, but equally as
much on the skill exercised for the next two or three years. Pure
"wines require great attention and a cool cellar, or they will not keep.

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 255

From the Isabella grape a fine ladies' wine may be made. There
are but two methods of having good sweet wines. The one by drying
the grapes before pressing, the other by adding the best loaf sugar
or candy, before fermentation. Where drugs are put in to prevent
fermentation the wine is not good. The French sparkling wines
are made from a mixture of three varieties of grapes. French
writers say the one is to give aroma and flavor, a second, to give
strength, a third, to give effervescence. I should believe the reason
for the mixture true, if all cost the same price, but that which gives
the aroma and flavor, costs three times the price of the others."

Robert Buchanan being written to on the same subject, replies :

" You ask for my experience in grape culture and wine making. It
is but small, and acquired only within the past six or seven years. I
commenced my vineyard in 1844 by planting about an acre, adding
one or two acres annually, until it has grown to six acres, where I
intend it shall remain.

" Two hands are sufficient to attend and keep the vineyard in com-
plete order — these cost twelve dollars per month, each, and their
board. In the season of the vintage, additional hands have to be
employed. The cost of gathering the grapes and making the wine,
I estimate at about twenty-five to thirty dollars per acre, of attend-
ing the vineyard and keeping it in order annually, sixty to seventy
dollars per acre.

"In 1848 I made from one and a half acres then in bearing, five
hundred gallons; in 1849, from two and a half acres, nine hundred
gallons, and, in 1850, from three and a half acres, one thousand,
six hundred and thirty-eight gallons. I have found a ready sale
for my wine at one dollar and twenty-five cents per gallon, when
prepared for market ; say, from one to two years after each vintage.

•■'My wine cellar is ten feet deep. The wine press is in a cellar
adjoining, seven feet deep. The grape vines are planted three by
six feet apart in the vineyard. A vineyard, with the proper atten-
tion and in a favorable position, should yield an average product of
three hundred to four hundred gallons per acre, for a succession of
years. Very good years five hundred gallons, and seasons subject
to the rot, one hundred to two hundred gallons.

"A bushel of grapes in bunches, will yield three to three and a
half gallons of must or juice.

"The loss, by evaporation, lees, etc., in fermenting wines, is about
10 per cent.

256 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

"The greatest care should be taken to select for pressing, only the
sound and ripe grapes, and cleanliness is as absolutely necessary in
making wine, as in making butter. When the grapes are sound and
well ripened, no sugar or brandy should be added, these additions
are only used in making inferior wines."

Corneau & Son, manufactui-ers and dealers Catawba and other
varieties of American wine, 82 West Fourth street, near Vine.
Vineyard and wine presses, four miles beyond Covington ; employ
five hands in the manufacture of the wine. In 1849, their first vin-
tage, put up three thousand ; in 1850, ten thousand bottles Catawba
■wine. They are preparing to make sparkling Catawba from their
next crop, if the season be favorable.

Their vineyard comprehends seven and a-half acres, and contains
twenty thousand vines ; and they plant additionally every year.

Messrs. Corneau estimate the wine product, as at an average of
four hundred gallons to the acre for a series of five years, which
must date after the vines commence bearing.

G. & P. Bogen have fifteen acres in grapes, near Carthage, of
which ten acres are in bearing condition. They have ten acres
elsewhere, in smaller patches — two acres of which, are in the city.
Will have the entire twenty -five acres bearing in the course of 1851
and 1852. They have made, in favorable seasons, as high as from
five hundred to eight hundred gallons to the acre. Grapes for wine
are worth three dollars per bushel, and wine, when newly made, if
of good quality, one dollar twenty-five cents per gallon. Of course,
it is a more profitable business to bottle it oft" when fit, as good
Catawba commands six dollars per dozen bottles.

In 1848 made one thousand one hundred, in 1849, two thousand
one hundred, and in 1850, three thousand three hundred gallons;
would have been more but for three hail-storms. In 1850, bought
five thousand gallons additionally. Twenty thousand bottles con-
stitute half their present stock ; the other half is in casks. They
make both still and sparkling Catawba.

One side of their wine cellar, which is sixty feet in length, is filled
with casks of wine. Of these, fifteen hold each, from three hundred
to four hundred ; two, five hundred ; two, seven hundred and fifty ;
two, eight hundred and fifty, and two, one thousand and fifty gal-
lons each.

No pains or expense has been spared, to make the cellar every-
thing which a wine-cellar should be.

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 257

Wire ivorking. Five establishments, principally small. — Employ-
thirty hands on a product of sixty-nine thousand dollars ; raw ma-
terial, 50 per cent.

Wm. Bromwell, wove and worked wire manufactory, Walnut
street, three doors below Fifth street market space, makes every
description of riddles and screens, for all kinds of grain, seeds,
powder and sugar ; strainer wires of all numbers, wire for spring-
house and cellar windows, hair sieves and strainers of all sizes ; safes
and sieves, rat and mouse-traps, riddle and screen wire. Employs
sixteen hands, on a product of fifty thousand dollars.

Wool Carders. Four factories, principally small. — Thirteen
hands ; labor value, ten thousand five hundred dollars.

Wrought Xails. Four shops. — Twelve hands ; value of product,
nine thousand dollars ; raw material, 60 per cent.

This chapter of " Cincinnati in 1851," may be appropriately
closed, with the following remarks of Horace Greeley, published in
the Tribune after his return, in 1 850, from Cincinnati. It afi"ords a
brief summary, and just estimate of our advantages and prospects as
a manufacturing city.

" It requires no keenness of observation to perceive that Cincin-
nati is destined to become the focus and mart for the grandest circle
of manufacturing thrift on this continent. Her delightful climate ;
her unequaled and ever-increasing facilities for cheap and rapid
commercial intercourse with all parts of the country and the world ;
her enterprising and energetic population ; her own elastic and exult-
ing youth ; are all elements which predict and insure her electric
progress to giant greatness. I doubt if there is another spot on the
earth where food, fuel, cotton, timber, iron, can all be concentrated
so cheaply — that is, at so moderate a cost of human labor in produc-
ing and bringing them together — as here. Such fatness of soil,
such a wealth of mineral treasure — coal, iron, salt, and the finest
clays for all purposes of use — and all cropping out from the steep,
facile banks of placid, though not sluggish navigable rivers. How
many Californias could equal, in permanent worth, this valley of the
Ohio!"

258 SYNOPSIS OF MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

SYNOPSIS OF MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

1841.

1851.

Factories, Shops, Works, Mills, Yards, etc.

Agricultural machines

Alcohol and spirits, wine distillers.

Animal charcoal factoiy

Apple butter makers ...

Architects

Artificial flower factories

Awning, tent, bag makers.

igging factories ' 1

Bakers 52

Band and hat box makers 1

Baskets, cradles, makers 2

Bell and brassfounders 8

Bellows makers 2

Blacking paste makers ! 2

Blacksmith shops 52

Blinds, Venetian, shops ,

Block, spar, and pump makers 6

Boiler yards 8

Bonnet bleachers and pressers

Book binderies ; 15

Boot and shoemakers 166

Brand, stamp, and blind chisel makers. ... 3

Breweries ,

Brick yards

Brick masons and Plasterers

Bristle and curled hair dressers , 2

Britannia ware factories

Brush makers . .

Bucket and tub factory

Burr mill-stone makers

Butchers

Camphine and spirit gas makers

Candy and confectionary makers

Caps — men's and boys', makers

Carpenters and builders

Cars and omnibuses, railroad

Carriage factories

Carpet weavers

Carvers in wood

Castor oil factory

Charcoal, pulverized

Chemical laboratories

Cistern builders

Cloak and visites makers

Clothing factories

Coffee roasters

Comb factory

Composition roofers

Coopers

Copper, tin, and sheet-iron workers. . .

Copperplate printers

Cordage and rope makers

Curers of beef, tongues, etc

Hds. Product. No. Hds. Product.

17000

12000

78650

259000

9000

2800

81000

12600

11000

311400

26172
106000

100700

488000

6800

126000

87500

466i 208650

42, 16600

8! 12840

15 19000

$ 36000

608260

25000

5000

22000

14200

45000

270000

637662

36000

18000

132 209500

8 18000

16 24000

223 235395

27 40000

18 21000

97 349000

33 22000

136 122000

10500

1098015

19000

54000

127000
46000

68000
21300

1223800

18550

167000
211300
21000
33600

172

367

208

876

104

121

600

374176011182650

13500

566000

207000

408650

48800

38690

60500

84200

24000

2850000

17200

801 128120

39000

418600 284;2320 2116000

108447

2474U0

56000

7000

55000

18500

226000

75000

3000

1947500

38000

18000

40000

387000

258000

50000

180000

135000

110

212

108

950

240

SYNOPSIS OF MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 259

Factories, Shops, Works, Mills, Yards, etc.

No. Hds. Product

1841.

Cutlery, surgical and dental instruments —

tailors' shears makers

Daguerreotypists

Dentists

Die sinkers

Domestic liquor factories

Dyers and scourers

Edge tool makers

Edge tool grinders

Engravers

Fancy job printers

Feed and flouring mills

Fire-engines, hydraulic apparatus builders .

Flooring mills

Florists

Founderies and engine shops

Fringes, tassel, etc., makers

Furniture factories

Gas and coke works

Gas fitters

Gas burner cap factory

Gilders

Glass works, cutters, etc

Glove factories

Glue do

Gold leaf and dentists' foil makers

Do. pen factory

Grates, etc., factories

Ground spice and drug mills

Ground mustard do

Do. marble dust do

Gunsmiths

Hatters

Hat block factories

Horse shoers

Hose, belts, etc., factories

Hot air furnace builders

Ice packers

Iron, rolling mills

Do. safe, chest, and vault factories

Do. railing do

Japaned filter maker

Do. tin ware factory

Lever lock do

Lightning rod do

Lithographers

Looking-glass factories

Machinists

Marble workers

Masonic & Odd Fellows' regalia embroid'r'j
Math., astron., & optical instrument makers

Mat maker

Mattress makers and upholsterers

Milliners

Mineral water factories

$ 10700
950

15540
41600

23550

816700
13750
73000

14
2
14
1
14
15

668657 44

15400 4

664000 136

1851.

No. Hds. Prodnct

25
110

80
5
46
24
72
18
30
25
65
37
72
35
4695

$ 40000

80000

92000

5000

726000

28000

97900

20000

50000

30000

1690000

65000

351200

120000

3676500

10000

14000

16842

312000

2109

394000
11400

2000
39000

3500
26000 .
77000 12
lOOOOJ 5

30000J 6

84800 10

40] 20000
1158 1660000

65000
45000
5000
39000
40000
20000
28000
11000
3500
45000

140000

15000

3500

35000

445000

4500

48000

96000

60000

150000
1050000
96000
96000
6000
52000
53000

150000
20000
48000

130000

190000

21000

40000

7240

95000

820000

165000

>60

SrNOPSIS OF MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS.

Factories, Shops, Works, Mills, Yards, etc.

1S41.

No. |Hds.
I

Mineral teeth factory

Morocco leather yards

Musical instrument makers

Music publishers

]!fut and washer maker

Oil, castor factory

Do. lard and stearine factory

Do. linseed, mills

Do. vitriol laboratory

Packing box and refrigerator factories —

Painters and Glazers

Paper makers

Patent medicine factories

Pattern makers

Perfumers

Pickles, preserves, sauce makers

Plane, etc., makers

Planing machine factory

Platform scale makers

Plow makers

Plumbers

Plug, Bung, etc., factory

Potters

Pork, beef, and ham curers factories

Printing ink factories

Do. press factory

Publishers

Roofers' patent

Saddlery, harness, and collar makers. . ..

Saddle tree makers

Sail Do

Saleratus factories

Sand-paper factories

Sarsaparilia, cough candy factories

Sash, blind, and door do

Sausage do

Saw mills

Saw factories

Screw plate factories

Sheeting, yarn, and candle wick factories

Shirt and stock makers

Silver and gold workers

Soap and candle factories

Spectacle makers

Spoke factories

Stainers, glass

Stair builders

Starch factories

Steamboat builders

Stencil cutters

Stereo 1 ypers

Stocking weavers

Stone cutters | 6

Stone masons ] 44

Straw hat and bonnet factories I

18 25000

31000

102

36000
39000
78000

68000
3500

37900
48000

12000

2500
9000

23100

71700
21000
73000

40000

56500

322940

45000
592500

12000
83000
101000

12:

135

2450

656

222

220

166

206

410

250

710

Hds. I Product.

5| $9000

76| 67000

62i 89500

30! 50000

41 20000

71 60000

124|3015900

38 263000

24 135000

651 120000

6321 385000

120 330000

901 660000

30 [ 25500

45j 120000

12! 25000

167000

30000

60000

45000

195000

12000

36000

5760000

15000

52000

1246540

36000

346500

4500

9000

50000

12000

92000

312000

162000

411000

6700

16500

636000

157000

90000

1475000

9000

70500

„ 15000

18 24000

98000
488000
5000
46000
13000
222000
36' 42Si .308000
5: 501 60000

SYNOPSIS OF MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 261

Factories, Shops, Works, Mills, Yards, etc.

No. Hds. Product

1851.

No. Hds. Product

Stucco workers 2

Tailors 60

Tanners and curriers 21

Tobacco, cigar, and snuif factories .
Trunks, carpet-bags, etc., makers.

Turners

Type founders

Undertakers

Varnish factories

Veneer factories

Vinegar do

Wadding do ,

Wagon makers

Wall paper stainers

Wash boards, zinc factories

White lead do

Wig makers

WindoT^ shade factories ,

Wine manufacturers

Wire workers

Wool carders

Wrought nail makers

Whisky distilleries

$ 6000
276000
335000
225000

28275
45400

30500

104300
34400

121750

6000

73000

13000
30000

145000

816

380

1310

275

143

121

136

123

500

110

$ 12000
832000
965000
931000
506000
152000
100000

76000
135000

66000
168750

25000
132000

30000

85000

385000

7500

50000
150000

69000

10500

9000

2857920

This synopsis affords an opportunity to compare the past and present.

The preceding table of manufactures and industrial pursuits classifies itself,

3 follows:

Raw Material.

Labor, etc.

Aggregate Product.

Per Cent.
Raw Material.

Pr. Ct. Labor.

181100

3440900

3622000

57400

576600

574000

184800

739200

924000

816200

2893800

3710000

631000

1893000

2524000

484500

11.30500

1615000

245000

455000

700000

1801600

2702400

4504000

681300

832700

1514000

168000

182000

350000

3155000

6310000

511500

418500

930000

3135600

2090400

5226000

2641600

1422400

4064000

562100

240900

803000

3957000

1319000

5276000

2876000

719000

3595000

7898610

877400

8776000

29988300

25028700

55017000

262

XIV. COMMERCE.

Our wholesale and retail dry goods, grocery, hardware, iron,
crockery, glass, etc., trade, may be stated at thirty-six millions an-
nually. One-fourth of this is a home consumption business. The
following tables of imports and exports, illustrate this subject. It
runs, as may be perceived, from 1845-46 to 1850-51, a period of
six successive years. As the business year expires on August
31st, the column for 1850-51 comprehends a period of forty-one
weeks only, being to the 18th June.

IMPORTS AT CINCINNATI,
For five years, commencing September 1st, and ending August 31st, each year.

45--46 '46-'47 '47-'48

'49 '49-'50 '50-'51

.bbls.

Apples, green,

Beef,

Beef, tierces

Bagging, pieces

Barley,

Beans, ,

Butter, bbls

Butter,., .firkins and kegs

Blooms, tons

Bran, etc., sks

Candles, boxes

Corn, bushels

Corn meal,

Cider, bbls

Cheese, cks

Cheese, boxes

Cotton, balesi

Coffee, sks;

Codfish, drums;

Coope Tge, pieces

Eggs, boxes and bbls

Flour, bbls'

Feathers, sksj

Fish, sund., bbls

Fish, kegs and kits

Fruit, dried, bushels

Grease, bbls

Glass, boxes

Glassware packages

Hemp,, .bundles and bales

Hides, loose

Hides, green, Bbsj

17502

2420

737

6805

90225

10202

3339

6841

42770

3117

241

57245

92893^

812

808

99059

4830

55468

220

105915 i

2400
202319
3514 I
1461.3K
996 '
2566
426

11058
9167

19781
5007

26992

186

5561

79394

6345

7090

2017

14594

207

896258

56775

3261

483

120301

12528

59337

292

186166

561

512506

2767

16836

2142

82871

482

18002

17121

26678

24376

7513

28674
659

79228

165528

8757

6625

6405

2203

1941

133

361315

29542

2289

164

138800

13476

80242

311

179946

4035

151518

4467

19215

725I

27464

585

20281

15025

15.349

33745I

22109

348

2094

87460

3067

7721

7999

9519

21995

414

344810

5504

4.346

281

143265

9058

74961

515

6445

801

324

137925

5565

3674

748'

2545

49075

718

649227

3688

453

165940

8551

67170

464

147352,201711

4504 2041

447844'231859

4908 3432

18145| 14527

1059 1290

38317, 11802

1169

33868
19209
11161
23766

34945
25712
12062
30280

16778

1098

108531

29760

7237

10099

2452

44257

697

443746

4920

1029

166980

5702

72719

431

133497

6057

434359

1943

108291 227741 14181

2413

40144

770

3.3217

24562

9592
22558
24244

COMMEKCE.

263

ARTICLES.

'45-'46

'46-'47

'47-'48

'48-'49

'49-'50

'50-'51

Hay, bales

8092

7049

8036

12751

14452

12269

Herring boxes

2226

leo,-;

4191

2-960

3546

3482

Hogs, head

....

38774

49847

52176

60902

102391

Hops bales

1064

645

238

799

687

Iron and Steel, pieces

130965

188126

197120

187864

186832

190059

Do. do. . . .bundles

31820

33463

34213

29889

55168

58168

Do. do tons

358K

1685

827

1768

2019

1163

Lead, pigs

25238 "

13898M
51870
1904

43675

21991

22722

5069

39609

37978

41714

6579

45544
28514

48187
6975

49179

34173

63327

9620

46736

Lard, bbls

36658

Do kegs

30961

Leather bundles

7832

Lemons, boxes

1904

2185

3068

4181

4183

2817

Lime, bbls

9212

32016

63364

61278

56482

42507

Liquors, hhds and ps

1222K

3369

3115

4476

5802

1465

Merch'ise and sund. pkgs

967868 '

263944

381537

68582

308523

169050

2815
36510

7941
27218

7308
51001

837
52591

4540
54003

2196

Molasses, h. bbls

63032

Malt, bushels

8758

12562

7999

29910

41982

16034

33207
3706
2863

54918
5663
4137

59983
6618
5007

55893
7427
4317

83073
5049
6819

67040

Oil, !.

5856

Oranges,, .boxes and bbls

8702

Oakum bales

551

1100

1486

1423

1799

1.329

Oats, bushels

106852

372127

194557

185723

191924

133711

Oil Cake, fts

1647462

2225988 28117931767421

27870

194000

Pork and Bacon,. . . .hhds

4089

5476

4420

6178

7564

5878

Do. do. ...tierces

124

140

465

2358

980

Do. do bbls

53969

40581

69828

44267

43227

31210

Pork in bulk lbs

6037163

8027399 9643063 9249380

325756

14348204

Potatoes bbls

12707

15829

22439

17269

13898

19127

Pig Metal tons

13685K
1741 ~

15868
3180

21145
3455

15612
1257

17211

2558

11482

Pimento and Pepper, bags

1879

Rye bushels

85821^

41016

24336

22233

23397

91681

2161 "
12021
4341

5004
11990
8002

11668
22796

7806

3298
14927
3950

12349
11936

3061

10727

Raisins, boxes

15388

Rope, Twine, etc

1923

Rice, tierces

3140

1145

2494

3365

3556

4672

Sugar, hhds

13710

16649

27153

22685

26760

29917

Do bbls

4956

7196

11175

7575

13005

14879

Do boxes

2184

5117

2928

1847

2467

2721

Seed, flax, bbls

20494

25753

32260

22859

15570

12693

2759

400

13147

111005

4964

290

56292

124360

4968

214

65265

94722

5920

510

76985

76496

4432

314

110650

114107

3982

Do hemp

Salt, sks

37817

Do., bbls

61516

Shot, kegs

580

1118

809

818

1447

1239

Tea, packages

4255

5443

2931

7412

9802

5275

Tobacco, hhds

5078

6200

4051

3471

2213

2391

Do bales

655

822

1229

1311

887

1571

Do. . . boxes and kegs
TalloM-, bbls

6918

9241

14815

12463

17772

14855

1734

1748

2472

1829

1225

3017

Wines,, .bbls and % casks

2621

4006

2252

2663

6874

3069

Do., baskets and bxs

1331

1419

2272

2101

4296

2080

Wheat, bushels

434486

590809

570813

385388

322699

360516

Wool, bales

4471
178336

2960
184639

1943
170436

1686
165419

1277

186678

788

Whisky bbls

199248

Yarn, cotton, packages 4367

9271

6403

5562

3494

4726

Do bales

165914

146541

288095

262893

174885

88915

264

EXPORTS AT CINCINjSTATI.

For six years, commencing Sept. 1st, and ending August 31st, each year.

ARTICLES.

Apples, green,

Alcohol,

Beef,

Beans,

.bbls

19716

1258

604

35459

3757

168

18388

478'

194700

684

370

642

654

.tierces 11301
bbls ^48
dozs 1514
Butter, bbls 1624

Do., firkins and kegs 20390

Bran, etc, sks

ing, pieces

Corn, sks

Corn-meal, bbls

Cheese

Do., boxes

Candles
Cattle,.

Cotton, bales

Coffee,

Cooperage, pieces

Eggs, bbls

Flour,

Feathers, sks

Fruit, dried, bushels

Grease, bbls

Grass seed,

Horses, head

Hay, bales

Hemp,

Hides, pounds

Do., .No

•on, pieces

Do., bundles

Do., tons

Lard, bbls 22747

Do., kegs 135008

Lard Oil, bbls| 1650

Linseed Oil, ' 455

Molasses, • • . .

Oil-Cake, tons 2792

Oats, sks 17944

Potatoes, bbls! 14956

Pork and Bacon, hhdsj 15287

Do., tierces; 3874

Do., bbls 29302

Do., in bulk, pounds:404426

Rope, etc., packages 13037

Soap, boxes! 2708

Sheep, headi 100

Sugar, hhdsl ....

Salt, bbls)

Do., sksl

'45-'46

3920
1615

'46-'47

14444
1943

10367
7970

3782

5108

1348

31194

3842

8867

258198

1132

70104

16622

872

5019

13037

41121

10303

581920

4000

16077

694

3967

327
8733
164930

2937
'i238

12444
68905
9339
5646
49878
150828
6199
6032
9046
5246

'47-'48

48- '49

5824
3022
12523
9332

8512

1771
14811

3615

1097

3760! 3333

29371 1272
283151 24398

37611 233
12632: 15910
53021' 7176
19999: 3660
30 122
59374^ 55134
29189 39640
7.33' 97

6123 4009
18587! 18909
36924 5561

9450 5229
201011 267420

37361 3824

50741 831

42681 6922

'49-'50

'50-'51

2431!

1268i

5659

60880

9024

127193

17351

6916

81679

208696

8277J

2387
378

1040

2198
73029

7731
43025

7081

6270

37521

130509

9550

3519
3302J
7558|
6625:
2496
7265
964

24393
4322
9353

57248
11
106

86902

67447

1896

22030

7363
4246

3878 3020,

18332 17750|

4897 32741

1400671 41675 212

341.30| 156871 7073|

31538 37162, 39470;

7894! 8862' 109301

137218196186186192 193581

3478850 759188 924256 2310699

5380

1850

7597

2528

468

564

1164

62865

11225

54075

36245

576

.39192

170167

16984

4879

25878

743

5023

5283

23529

22477

8723

5556

4369i

3151

10080

11095

1130.3i

17443

726

1400

522

4998

11559

8443:

9650

65346

39656

39960|

29509

4416

5057

5403'

8301

8064

3483

18949

9028

1590

7898

2748

30490

5769

6407

20008

1988

102825

102328

364

4097

28002

54588

8309

347471

2828

14328

3600

2611

581

588

1881

29180

10301

78937

34898

7187

28900

65638

22330

799

21538

873

11708

15889

27309

18849

119858

4742405

4574

15510

460

10250

26659

5301

COMMERCE.

265

Seed, flax, bbls

Sundry merchandise,, .packages

Do., Do. tons

Do. liquors, bbl

Do. manufactures, pieces

Do. produce, packages

Starch, boxes

Tallo\Y,

Tobacco, kegs and boxes

Do hhds

Do bales

Vinegar, bbls

Whisky,

Wool, bales

Do. bs

White Lead, kegs|

Castings, pieces]

Do tons|

Pork, boxes

'45-'46>'46-47"47-'48'48-

138

23603!
2106:
3581
7975i
1085|
2499I
3452
1473
3803

' '264;
133220

'49-'50

291 2785] (

224957341363 210049!

18179, 16849, 214661

7193 93641 10913

22251 1 424121 94934

17879! 28622 17609|

58201 81771 7904!

4543i 5682' 4975,

9718' 9352| 7497:

60111 3812 3309;

275; 123! 126

3814: 2753| 1288'

1839281865091369111

8452: 2298, 1109

36710; 7037 10230:

333

615641

11109

11798

56810

10327

9491

4311

6904

4847

2404

179540

2156

16841

40294

54399

2385

13448

368

329397

9725

15580

22103

13858

11856

5883

13957

1620

134

2650

188873

2024

37619

27921

935

2956

The commission business of Cincinnati is a heavy one, although
there are not materials within reach to compute its aggregate. One
house, that of Wann & McBirney, Reeder's building, 67 West
Third street, may, however, be given as a sample.

Their shipments of produce to Great Britain, from October 1,

1850, to July 1, 1851, sums up $540,000

Advances on Consignments to the eastern and southern

markets, and sales here, for same period 362,170

$902,170
This, it will be seen, is a nine months business simply, and in the
ratio of twelve hundred thousand dollars, annually.

WAl^N & McBIRNEY,

Are agents for the Philadelphia and Liverpool steamship, "Lafayette," and
for McHonry's Philadelphia and Liverpool packets, sailing every month.

Make advances on consignments of produce, to their friends at Liverpool,
London, Dublin, Belfast, and all the eastern and southern markets.

Draw sterling bills of exchange, for £1 , a.nd upward, payable on demand,
which will be cashed without discount, at any of the bankers in the United
Kingdom.

266 CULTURE OF THE GRAPE.

lY. MISCELLANEOUS.

CULTURE OF THE GRAPE.

This is already an important branch of horticulture in the valley
of the Ohio, and i-apidly on the increase.

The time will come when our beautiful river may, not inaptly, be
termed the "Rhine of America."

The greatest number of vineyards in this valley are in the neigh-
borhood of Cincinnati; and the "vine-clad hills" of the picturesque
vicinity around us are among the most pleasing and attractive objects
to strangers. Within a circle of twenty miles, we number more than
three hundred vineyards, containing, in the aggregate, about nine
hundred acres, one half of which are now in bearing. The product,
last year, was estimated at one hundred and twenty thousand gallons
of wine. This will, of course, be doubled when all come into bear-
ing, within one to three years. New vineyards are annually planted,
and additions made to the old ones ; so that it may be fair to infer,
that within six or eight years the number of vineyards will be
doubled. The business is as yet but in its infancy, but its profits
will justify such efforts and experiments as must eventually lead to
the most complete success. It has been fully and satisfactorily de-
monstrated, that from our native Catawba grape, excellent wines can
be made, rivaling the better qualities of the Rhenish wines, and
more suited to the American palate. They are fast growing into
public favor, and in due time, will displace — to a considerable ex-
tent— their foreign rivals.

The culture of the grape, for making wine, has been attempted
in various parts of the United States, for the last fifty years — at Phi-
ladelphia, New York, Lexington, Ky., Vevay, la., and in North and
South Carolina — but nowhere, else has it succeeded so well as in the
vicinity of this city ; and here only satisfactorily within the last ten
years. Much of our present success is owing to the various experi-
ments, and the indomitable perseverance of Mr. N. Longworth, to
whose zeal and liberal expenditure in various experiments, both with
foreign and native grapes, for the last twenty-five years, the Avine-
growers are greatly indebted.

CULTURE OF THE GRAPE. 267

But few publications have been made, in the West, on the subject
of grape culture, except occasional ai'ticles in the newspapers, by
Mr. Longworth and others. In 1826, a small book was published
by John James Dufour, of Vevay — in 1 845, a pamphlet by C. A.
Schumann — and in 1850, a short treatise on grape culture, with a
copious appendix, by R. Buchanan. Nothing in this way can be
perfect, for the business itself is but a new one, and every year's
experience adds to our knowledge of the subject.

The most favorable region for the grape is supposed to be the
valley of the Ohio, from Marietta to the mouth of the river, and
extending twenty to thirty miles wide on each side. Further north
is thought to be too cold, and further south more subject to the
"rot."

As before stated, the principal vineyards of the West are in our
oivn vicinity, say about nine hundred acres — near Ripley, fifty miles
above, are some seventy -five acres — near Vevay, eighty miles below,
thirty or forty — around Gharlestown, la., one hundred miles below us,
are over two hundred acres — at Belleville, 111., a few vineyards have
been recently established, and at Hermann, a flourishing German
settlement, about fifty miles above St. Louis, on the Missouri river,
a number of fine vineyards have been started — in all, probably, forty
or fifty acres, from which samples of excellent wine have been sent
to this city.

Near Lexington, Maysville, and Louisville, Kentucky, a few vine-
yards have recently been planted, which are said to be in a flourish-
ing condition. In Berks county. Pa., the Catawba and Lsabella grape
are said to succeed well on the slate lands — many vineyai'ds have
been established, and some excellent wines made.

In North and South Carolina and Georgia, the culture of the
grape has been pursued for many years past, and in some sections
with considerable success. The " Scuppernong'^ is the favorite grape,
from which, with the addition of sugar, a pleasant sweet wine is
made.

It is therefore evident, that in a country like ours, of vast extent,
of great diversity of soil and climate, abounding in native grapes,
and settled by an intelligent and enterprising population, the making
of our own wines is no longer problematical, but will soon be estab-
lished on a sure and permanent basis, as one of the great branches
of home productions.

268

SUBURBS.

With the growth of Cincinnati, increasing the value of hround,
and diminishing in the same degree, space for occupation and im-
provement within its limits, has sprung up, a species of necessity,
to add in all directions, suburbs to the city. Under this influence,
subdivisions which either are adjacent to Cincinnati, or in the pro-
gress of improvement, are expected to become so, have been made
of farms and out-lots of ground, which have readily found purchasers
among- those whose occupations permit a residence at greater or less
distance from their business. Omnibuses, stages, and railroad cars,
bringing them into Cincinnati, in a briefer space, than a walk from
the extremities of the city would require.

There is yet another class of persons, whose business can be car-
ried on as conveniently and more cheaply, at a still greater distance.
They make up work and manufactures of various kinds, which they
need not bring in oftener, perhaps, than at the close of each week.
Obviously, the cost of traveling and transportation is of no import-
ance, compared with the advantage of cheap rents and ample space
to breathe in, which the country and country towns yield to resi-
dents. To accommodate this latter class, the laying off towns at
points contiguous, or otherwise of ready access to Cincinnati, has been
extensively done. Among these is Industry, ten miles west, which
will communicate with this city, by canal, the river Ohio, and the
Ohio and Mississippi railroad, which makes it a point in the route.
The site is well chosen, and a foundery and other improvements,
have been recently made. It is already a thriving place.

Caledonia, near the mouth of the Little Miami, is another favorable
location, being on the Ohio, as well as of easy access from the city,
otherwise. There is a foundery erected here, also, which hke that
at Industry, is on the principle of associative mutual labor. Cale-
donia has been but recently laid out.

Camden, at the intersection of the Little Miami railroad, with the
river of that name, is a village, also, lately laid out. It is a beauti-
ful spot.

These are given as specimens of other towns, at various distances,
and in various directions, designed to afford cheap lots for those
who desire homes of their own, and whose pursuits in life, allow
them to live outside of the great city which supplies a market to
the business avails of their industry.

SUBURBS. iitjy

There is another class of citizens, whose business is in Cincinnati,
but who propose to reside outside its corporate limits, either to
escape the heavy taxation, which city improvements impose, or in
the expectation that the increasing facilities of railroads will enable
them to reach their workshops, stores, or other places of employ-
ment, at as early an hour as necessary.

Covington, in Kentucky, which is only separated from us by the
river, which is usually crossed in a few minutes, and with little
delay, is one of these points. The inducements to reside bere, held
out to our citizens, have swelled the population of that city, from
two tbousand and twenty-six in 1840, to twelve thousand; its pre-
sent number of inhabitants. Newport, under the same impulse, has
increased during the same period, from one thousand and sixteen,
to six thousand and twenty-six souls.

If, as is expected, a bridge shall be built across the Ohio at this
point, these cities must increase, even beyond their present rapid
ratio of progress.

Another adjacency is the territory lying on both sides of Mill creek,
on our west. The largest share of this is in fact within our city
limits, but being subject to inundation from high-water in the Ohio
river, which spreads Mill creek, at times, over a large part of its
surface, it becomes necessary, by embankment or otherwise, to
obviate this check on its progress. Measures are about being-
resorted to, for this purpose, and " Mahkatewa," the aboriginal
name of the stream which traverses it, must, eventually, become one
of the most important sections of the city.

Farther north, is Fairmount, a north-western suburb immediately
adjoining our corporate limits. It rises from the west side of Mill
creek, in a gentle slope, and embraces some of the most charming
knobs, or hills, within view of the city. The whole place is distin-
guished for beauty of scenery and landscape. Commanding a full view
of Cincinnati and the circumjacent vicinage of twenty miles diameter ;
it embraces the valley of Mill creek to Spring grove cemetery ; the
Farmers' College, and a wide sweep of country chequered with villas,
vineyards, gardens and groves. It is unsurpassed for healthfulness,
removed from the smoke and diist of the city, enjoying pure air and
wholesome water.

About one hundred and fifty acres have been platted with large
and small lots, to suit purchasers; and extensive sales have already
been made. Many of the purchasers, being shrewd and wealthy
23

-■^0 SUBURBS.

citizens of Cincinnati. The Western Baptist Educational Society,
haA'e located their seminary at this place, and the Cincinnati, Hamil-
ton and Dayton Railroad, passes directly through it. The Western
Railroad to St. Louis, also, will enter the city through Fairmount.

In the northern section of Cincinnati, east of Freeman street, lies
a well located property, belonging to George Hatch, which is selling
out at private sale only. He proposes to protect those who are
willing to secure desirable lots for residences, from coffee-house
neighbors and other business nuisances, by controlling, in his sales,
the character of the buildings and improvements.

Following the outer edge of the city to the north-east is Mount
Auburn, in contiguity to which are Burnet and Reeder's subdivision,
and the property upon Prospect Hill, of Dr. William Pi-ice. Thes(!
offer great inducements for those who desire dwellings removed
from the dirt, tumult, and impure air of the crowded city, on which
the last looks down from a commanding height. This site was origin-
ally abrupt and broken hill grounds, but the taste and industry of
the proprietor, is carrying out a system of grading, filling and
paving in connection with other improvements, which must render
this part of Prospect Hill, eventuallj'-, one of the most desirable
spots in the immediate vicinity of Cincinnati for residences. These
lots are sold at a specified rate, the principal of which may lie for
several years, six per cent, interest on the purchase-money being paid
annually: the proprietor grades and paves all streets, &c., at his
own expense.

The Burnet and Reeder property is a suburb also, which will be
probably occupied with residences only. It embraces elevated
ground of irregular surface, but which, when its grades shall be
completed, will possess no more slope than sufficient properly to
drain it. Pure air and water are the characteristics of this locality,
Avhich must become as densely populated as is desirable for private
residences.

BIOGRAPHY. 271

BIOGRAPHY.— S. P. CHASE.

The subject of this sketcli, was born in Cornish, N. H., on the
13th of January, 1808. He is a lineal descendant of Capt. Aquila
Chase, one of the original settlers in Newburyport, from whom have
sprung a numerous progeny, now scattered over the United States.

At the age of ten years, Mr. Chase was deprived, by death, of a
father's care, and shortly afterward, he was sent to Ohio, and placed
in the school at Worthington, then under the charge of his uncle,
Bishop Chase, where he remained a few years ; when he came to
Cincinnati, whither his uncle had removed, and became a student
of Cincinnati college, imder the Bishop's presidency. He entered
Dartmouth college as Junior, in 1824, and was graduated in 1826.

After his graduation, he repaired to Washington, D. C, where
he commenced the study of law, in the office of William Wirt ; and
Avhile thus pursuing his legal studies, a friendship was formed
between the preceptor and the pupil, which terminated only with
the decease of Mr. Wirt. While thus a student in Mr. Wirt's office,
at the request of a respectable member of the Society of Friends, he
drafted a memorial to Congress, praying for the abolition of slavery
and the slave trade, in the District of Columbia. This memorial
having been revised and modified, was signed by about eleven hun-
dred citizens of the district, and presented to Congress in 1828, by
whom it was received, and referred to the committee, for the dis-
trict of Columbia.

Having completed his preparatory legal studies, Mr. Chase was
admitted to the bar by the Circuit Court of the United States, for
the District of Columbia ; and shortly after his admission, he returned
to Ohio, where he was admitted to practice, by the Supreme Court
of the State, and then commenced his practice in Cincinnati, in
1830.

The leisure which usually attends the earlier years of a young-
lawyer's practice, did not, in his case, pass away unemployed.
Finding that his own studies had been retarded by the confused
state of the statutes of Ohio, he conceived the idea of embodying, in
one work, all the general laws of the state, as well those which had
been, as those which were in force. This purpose was carried into
effect, and in the short space of three years, he gave to his pro-
fession, a work of two thousand three hundred royal octavo pages,
which at once established his reputation for diligence and fidelity of

ii72 BIOGRAPHY.

research, and ability of production. This work, enriched by anno-
tations of all the decisions bearing upon the statutes, and by an able
and accurate sketch of the history of Ohio, still stands a monument
to his fame. His "years of leisure" soon passed away, and these
were followed by years of unceasing toil and complete success. In
1837, he made his first forensic effort for freedom, in the case of
Matilda, who was claimed as a fugitive slave by a person from Mis-
souri; but his effort Avas unavaihng in her case, and the court
remanded her to slavery. He afterward defended James G. Birney,
upon an indictment for harboring a fugitive slave ; and although
unsuccessful in the inferior Court, he succeeded in the Supreme
Court, in obtaining a reversal of the judgment, and the acquittal
of Mr. Birney.

These efforts were followed by his masterly defense of John Van-
zandt, in the Supreme Court of the United States, who also was
charged with harboring and concealing fugitive slaves ; by his argu-
ment in Ohio, in the case of Samuel Watson, claimed as a slave ; and
by his public speeches and reports, made to the numerous state and
national conventions, held with reference to the great question of
human liberty, within the last ten years. In 1841, he became a
conspicuous member of the Liberty party, to the democratic prin-
ciples of which, as promulgated at Buffalo, in 1848, he still adheres.

In February, 1849, he was called from his office labors, by the
voice of the General Assembly of Ohio, to a seat in the senate of
the United States, for the full term of six years; a position to which,
although placed there from the walks of private life, his previous
training, had peculiarly fitted him.

As a lawyer, Mr. Chase is diligent, patient, and accurate, and as
an advocate, he takes rank among the first in the country. In poli-
tics he is a democrat ; and if, in his political action, he has not
fully harmonized Avith the great party bearing that name, it is
because of his conviction, that to nationalize, extend, and perpetuate
slavery, is irreconcilable with democratic principles.

For twenty -three years past, he has been a member of the Episco-
pal Church, and his character is Avithout a stain. Of the various
public and benevolent movements of the day, he has ever been a
steadfast supporter, and to the poor and oppressed, he has always
proved a disinterested friend.

The fine mezzotint portrait of Senator Chase, in these pages, will
be recognized at once, as a faithful and striking likeness.

farmers' college. 273

FARMERS' COLLEGE.

BOARD OF INSTRUCTION.

The Faculty consists of the following members : —

President. — F. Gr. Gary, Professor of Moral Philosophy and
Rhetoric, and Superintendent of Buildings, Groiinds, and Finance.

R. H. Bishop, D. D., Professor of History and Political Eco-
nomy.

R. S. Bosworth, Professor of Chemistry, and its application to
Agriculture and the Arts.

J. S. Henderson, Professor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy,
and Astronomy.

J. S. Whitwell, Professor of Ancient Languages and Belles
Lettres.

C. Sheferstein, Teacher of Modern Languages.

G. S. Ormsby, Professor of Preparatory Course.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

President. — E. M. Gregory; Secretary — J. W. Caldwell; Trea-
surer— S. F. Cary.

Robert Crawford, Giles Richards, Timothy Kirby, Rev. John
Covert, W. A. Bagley, James Huston, Joseph Longv/orth, Sylvester
Rufiner, Thomas B. Wetherby, Paul C. Huston, J. P. Reznor,
Samuel Wiggins.

This institution, Avhich is situated on a beautiful summit, six miles
north from Cincinnati, and is fast rising in public estimation, had
its origin in the seminary, called from the name of its founder and
proprietor, Gary's Academy.

Near the site of the present college, F. G. Gary, in the spring
of 1833, commenced, with only four pupils, a boarding-school, which,
at the expiration of eight years, numbered more than a hundred
students. This institution was carried on until 1845, extensively
by individual enterprise, when a rapidly increasing patronage made
an enlargement and re-modification necessary. For this purpose, a
joint-stock company was formed, thirty dollars constituting a share;
and subsequently a charter was procured, granting the usual col-
lege rights and privileges.

In the fall of 1846, the building, under the name of Farmers' Col-
lege, was completed, and the college organized. Mr. Cary, merg-
ing into the establishment, his private interests, was appointed Pre-

-74 MARKETS AND MARKET-HOUSES.

sident, and invested with the power of conducting the internal
arrangements of the institution.

Since the organization, there have been annually, over two hun-
dred students connected with its various departments ; and in the
eighteen years of its existence, one thousand young men have gone
forth from its walls into the business of life.

Six instructors have been employed, who have hitherto been re-
munerated, exclusively, from the fees of tuition. A good chemical
and philosophical apparatus, have been procured, comprising a tele-
scope with a reflector of six and one-fourth inches aperture, made by
Bruno Hasert, of Cincinnati.

An efFoi-t is now being made, fully to endow this institution, and
place it upon a permanent basis; and the success which has hitherto
attended this educational enterprise, gives encouragement to expect
its speedy accomplishment.

The prominent characteristic of this institution, has ever been the
practical character of its course of instruction. To assert the dig-
nity of labor, has been its object.

MARKETS AND MARKET-HOUSES.

There are six market-houses in Cincinnati, all spacious, and well
arranged for the exposure and sale of fresh meat and vegetables.
These are Lower Market, Canal, Pearl, Fifth, Sixth, and Wade
street market-houses. The last named is two hundred and fifty
feet long ; the others range from three hundred and seventy to
three hundred and ninety-five feet each, in length, except the Pearl
street, which is three hundred and forty feet ; most of these houses
are thirty-six feet wide. But meat may be bought extensively in
quarters outside of the stalls, and vegetables are sold in wagons
and carts, and at stands, outside of, and beyond the market-houses,
to equal extent with that sold inside. The supply to these markets
is such as might be expected from the fertility of the Gi-eat and
Little Miami and Mill creek farms. As high as seven hundred
wagons have been enumerated in one day, at a single one of these
markets ; most of these wagons, also, carried full loads for two
horses. As many as nineteen hundred and fifty market-wagons
carts, (fee, have attended our various markets in the same day.

Cincinnati has long enjoyed pre-eminence in putting up pork, but

MARKETS AND MAKKET -HO0SES. 275

is little known abroad for the extensive beef operations of which
this city is the theatre. There are no means at hand of comparing
the magnitude of the beef business here with that of Chicago or
other important beef-packing points ; but there is one remarkable
feature of our beef, the quality of it, which has not only no superior,
but no rival in the world for excellence.

Christmas-day is the great gala day of the butchers of Cincinnati.
The parade of stall-fed meat, on that day, for several years past,
has been such as to excite the admiration and astonishment of ever}^
stranger in Cincinnati — a class of persons always here in great
numbers. The exhibition, this last year, has, however, greatly sur-
passed every previous display in this line.

A few days prior to the return of this day of festivity, the noble
animals which are to grace the stalls on Christmas eve, are paraded
through the streets, decorated in fine style, and escorted through the
principal streets with bands of music and attendant croAvds, espe-
cially of the infantry. They are then taken to slaughter-houses, to
be seen no more by the public, until cut up and distributed along
the stalls of one of our principal markets.

Christmas falling last year on Tuesday, the exhibition was made
at what is termed our middle or Fifth street market-house. This is
three hundred and eighty feet long, and of breadth and height
proportionate — wider and higher, in fact, in proportion to length,
than the eastern market-houses. It comprehends sixty stalls, which,
on this occasion, Avere filled with steaks and ribs alone, so crowded,
as to do little more than display half the breadth of the meat, by
the pieces overlapping each other, and aflbrding only the platforms
beneath the stall and the table, behind which the butcher stands,
for the display of the rounds and other parts of the carcass. One
hrmdred and fifty stalls would not have been too many to have been
fully occupied by the meat exhibited on that day, in the manner
beef is usually hung up here and in the eastern markets.

Sixty-six bullocks, of which probably three-fourths were i-aised
and fed in Kentucky, and the residue in our own State ; one hun-
dred and twenty-five sheep, hung up whole at the edges of the stalls ;
three hundred and fifty pigs, displayed in rows on platforms ; ten
of the finest and fattest bears Missouri could produce, and a buffalo
calf, weighing five hundred pounds, caught at Santa Fe, constituted
the materials for this Christmas pageant. The whole of the beef
was stall-fed, some of it since the cattle had been calves, their

MARKETS AND MARKET-HOUSES.

average age being four jeara, and average weight sixteen liunclied
pounds, ranging from 1388, the hghtest^. to 1896, the heaviest.
This List was four years old, and had taken the premium every year
at exhibitions in Kentucky, since it was a calf. The sheep were
Bakewell and Southdown, and ranged from ninety to one hundred
and ninety pounds to the carcass, dressed and divested of the head,
ike. The roasters or pigs would have been considered extraordi-
nary anywhere but at Porkopolis, the grand emporium of hogs.
Suffice to say, they did no discredit to the rest of the show. Bear
meat is a luxury unknown at the East, and is comparatively rare
here. It is the 7ie j^hcs ultra of table enjoyment.

The extraordinary weight of the sheep will afford an idea of their '
condition for fat. As to the beef, the fat on the flanks measured
seven and one-quarter inches, and that on the rump, six and one half
inches through. A more distinct idea may be formed by the general
reader, as to the thickness of the fat upon the beef, when he learns
that two of the loins, on which were five and a half inches of fat,
became tainted, because the meat could not cool through in time ;
and this, when the thermometer had been at no period higher than
thirty-six degrees, and ranging, the principal part of the time, from ten
to eighteen degrees ahove zero. This fact, extraordinary as it appears,
can be amply substantiated by proof.

Specimens of these articles were sent by our citizens to friends
abroad. The largest sheep was purchased by F. Ringgold, of the
St. Charles, and forwarded whole to Philadelphia. Coleman of the
Burnet House, forAvarded to his brother of the Astor House, New
York, nine ribs of beef, weighing one hundred and twenty pounds ;
and Richard Bates, a roasting piece of sixty-six pounds, by way of
New Year's gift, to David T. Disney, our representative in Con-
gress.

The Philadelphians and New Yorkers confessed that they never
had seen anything in the line to compare with the specimens sent
to those points.

The beef, &c., Avas hung up on the stalls early upon Christmas eve,
and by tAvelve o'clock next day, the whole stock of beef — weighing
99,000 pounds — was sold out ; two-thirds of it at that hour being
either preparing for the Christmas dinner, or already consumed at the
Christmas breakfast. It may surprise an eastern epicure to learn
that such beef could be aft'orded to customers for eight cents per
pound, the price at which it was retailed, as an average.

MARKETS AND MARKET-HOUSES. 277

No expense was spared by our butchers to give effect to this great
pageant. The arches of the market-house were iUuminated by
chandeliers and torches, and lights of various descriptions were
spread along the stalls. Over the stalls were oil portraits — in gilt
frames — of Washington, Jackson, Taylor, Clay, and other public
characters, together with landscape scenes. Most of these were
originals, or copies by our best artists. The decorations and other
items of special expense these public-spirited men were at, reached
in cost one thousand dollars. The open space of the market-house
Avas crowded early and late by the coming and going throng of the
thousands whose interest in such an exhibition overcame the dis-
couragement of being in the open air at unseasonable hours, as
late as midnight, and before day-light in the morning, and the
thermometer at fifteen degrees.

We owe this exhibition to the public spirit of Vanaken and Daniel
Wunder, John Butcher, J. & W. Gall, Francis and Richard Beresford,
among our principal victualers.

No description can convey to a reader the impression which such
a spectacle creates. Individuals from various sections of the United
States and from Europe, who were here — some of them Englishmen,
and familiar with Leadenhall market — acknowledged they had
never seen any show of beef at all comparable with this.

BIOGEAPHY.-A. MOERELL, JR.
Abm. Morrell, Jr., son of Judge Morrell, of Albany, New York,
was born November 18, 1819, and emigrated to the West at the age
of seventeen years, under charge of Thos. G. Gaylord, a relative.
He became a partner,, in 1 839, with Mr. G., in the rolling-mill busi-
ness ; which connection subsisted until 1850, when the firm of
Morrell & Jordan — in the same line of business — was formed, by the
co-partnership of A. M., Junr. and Richard Jordan, of the late firm of
Bush & Jordan, of Covington, Kentucky. To the skill, industry,
and activity of Mr. Jordan, whose talents as a manager of iron
works are unsurpassed anywhere, as well as to the financial and
salesman tact of Mr. Morrell, this firm is indebted for its marked
success. This establishment has since become, Morrell, Jordan
& Phillips, by the introduction of Thomas Phillips, of Cincinnati.

278 THE hoct and its pkoducts.

THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS.

The want of ready and cheap access to foreign markets, led the
settlers of the western states, to raising hogs and distilling whisky,
as a convenient means of taking corn, their great staple, in these
shapes, to market.

To comprehend this subject fully, it may be remarked, that from
the year 1791, in which Indian corn was first exported to foreign
markets, until 1847, the annual export of that article, never exceeded
two millions of bushels, and did not average half that quantity.
This, in the comparison with the entire product of the United States,
fell short of one per cent., and did not constitute, probably, ten
per cent, of what was needed for domestic subsistence. In 1847 — •
the great year of European famine, the export of corn reached,
almost, to eighteen millions of bushels. It has sensibly declined from
these figures since, although still greatly exceeding the export of
years, prior to that date. But the large shipment of 1847 did not
constitute more than three per cent., of the entire crop, of 1846,
which had been a year of unexampled productiveness. It became,
therefore, manifest, that a very small share of this, our most impor-
tant cereal product, finds its way outside of the home market, and
the farmer must feed his corn to hogs, or distill it, as the only means
of disposing of an article so bulky and heavy, to its value, as Indian
corn.

The corn raised, in reference to the whisky market, is indepen-
dent of that Avhich is fed to hogs ; no price that can be paid by the
distillers, afi:brding adequate remuneration to growers of corn, who
have to transport it far by land carriage.

Cincinnati, being the business centre of an immense corn-growing
and hog raising region, is, in fact, the principal pork market in the
United States, and, without even the exceptions of Cork or Belfast,
Ireland, the largest in the world.

The business of putting up pork here, for distant markets, is of
some tAventy-six years' standing ; but it is only since 1 833, that it has
sprung into much importance.

The following tables furnish a list of hogs put up in Cincinnati
each year since, including that of 1833, and in Ohio since 1843.
The season begins in November and ends in March. Each year
refers to that in which business closed :

THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS.

279

TABLE— A.

year.

No. of Hogs.

Year. ISTo. of Hogs.

Year. No. of Hogs

1833

85,000

1840

95,000

1847 250,000

1831

123,000

1841

160,000

1848 498,160

1845

162,000

1842

220,000

1849 310,000

1836

123,000

1843

250,000

1850 401,755

1837

103,000

1844

240,000

1851 324,529

1838

182,000

1845

213,000

1839

199,000

1846

287,000

TABLE— B.

Year.

Hogs packed

Per cent.

Year.

Hogs packed Per cent

in Ohio.

in Cin'ti.

in Ohio. in Cin'ti

1844

560,000

1848

742,212 66

1845

450,000

1849

600,316 71

1846

425,000

1850

563,645 80

1847

325,000

1851

388,556 80

The hogs raised for this market, are generally a cross of Irish
Grazier, Byfield, Berkshire, Russia and China, in such proportions
as to unite the qfiialifications of size, tendency to fat, and beauty of
shape to the hams.

They are driven in at the age of from eleven to eighteen months
old, in general, although a few reach greater ages. The hogs run
in the woods until within five or six weeks of killing time, when they
are turned into the corn-fields to fatten. If the acorns and beech
nuts are abundant, they require less corn ; but the flesh and fat,
although hardened by the corn, is not as firm as when they are
turned into the corn-fields, in a less thriving condition, during years
when mast, as it is called, is less abundant.

From the 8th to the 10th of November, the pork season begins,
and the hogs are sold by the farmers direct to the packers, when the
quantity they own justifies it. Some of these farmers drive, in one
season, as high as one thousand head of hogs into their fields. From
a hundred and fifty to three hundred, are more common numbers
however. Where less than a hundred are owned, they are bought
up by drovers, until a sufficient number is gathered for a drove.
The hogs are driven into pens, adjacent to the respective slaughter
houses. As soon as the drover or farmer sells to the packer, the
hogs are put into small pens, where they are crowded as thick as
they can stand, and a hand walks over the drove, knocking them on
the head successively, -with a two pointed hammer adapted to the
purpose. They are then dragged out by hooks into the sticking

280 THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS.

room, where their throats are cut, the blood passing through a drain
or sewer below, into large tanks prepared to receive it. The blood
is saved, to be sold, together with the hoofs and hair, to the manu-
facturers of prussiate of potash and prussian blue. Adjacent to the
sticking room, are the scalding troughs, which are heated by steam.
These troughs are of one thousand gallons capacity each. After
being scalded, the hogs are tossed, by machinery, on to along bench ;
as many persons getting to work on a hog as can get round it. One
cleans out the ear, which work must be done while the hog is reek-
ing with steam, others pull off the bristles and hair, which are thrown
on the floor, others again scrape the animal. When these operations
are through, his hind legs are stretched open with a stick called a
gambril, and the hog is borne off by three men, two of whom carry
the front part on their crossed hands, and the other seizes the gam-
bril. The hog, thus carried to the proper place, is slung to a hook,
Avhich suspends him beyond the floor. Here the animal falls into
the hands of the gutter, who tears out the inside, stripping at the
rate of three hogs to the minute.

The slaughter houses of Cincinnati are in the outskirts of the city,
are ten in number, and fifty by one hundred and thirty feet each in
extent, the frames being boarded up with movable lattice-work at
the sides, which is kept open to admit air, in the ordinary tempera-
ture, but is shut up during the intense cold, which, occasionally,
attends the packing season, so that hogs shall not be frozen so stiff
that they cannot be cut up to advantage. These establishments
employ, each, as high as one hundred hands, selected for this busi-
ness, which requires a degree of strength and activity, that always
commands high wages.

The slaughterers formerly got the gut fat for the whole of the
labor thus described, wagoning the hogs more than a mile to the
pork houses, free of expense to the owners. Every year, however,
enha-nces the value of the perquisites, such as the fat, heart, liver,
&c., for food; and the hoofs, hair, and other parts for manufacturing-
purposes. For the last tAvo years, from ten to twenty-five cents per
hog have been paid as a bonus for the privilege of killing.

The hauling of hogs fi'om the slaughter house to the packers, is
itself a large business, employing fully fifty of the largest class of
wagons, each loading from sixty to one hundred and ten hogs at a
load.

The liogs are taken into the pork houses from the wagons and

THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS. 281

piled up in rows as high as possible. These piles are generally
close to the scales. Another set of hands carry them to the scales,
where they are usually weighed singly, for the advantage of the
draught. They are taken hence to the blocks, where the head and
feet are first struck off, no blow needing its repetition. The hog-
is then cloven into three parts, separating the ham and shoulder
ends from the middle. These are again divided into single hams,
shoulders and sides. The leaf lard is then torn out, and every piece
distributed with the exactness and regularity of machinery, to its
appropriate pile. The tender-loins, usually two pounds to the hog,
after afl'ording supplies to families, who consume probably one half
of the product, are sold to the manufacturers of sausages.

The hog, thiis cut up into shoulders, hams and middlings, under-
goes further trimming to get the first two articles in proper shape.
The size of the hams and shoulders varies with their appropriate
markets, and with the price of lard, which, when high, tempts the
pork packer to trim very close, and indeed, to render the entire
shoulder into lard. If the pork is intended to be shipped off in bulk, or
for the smoke house, it is piled up in vast masses, covered with fine
salt in the proportion of fifty pounds of salt to two hundred pounds
weight of meat. If otherwise, the meat is packed away in barrels
with coarse and fine salt in due proportions — no more of the latter
being employed than the meat will require for immediate absorption,
and the coarse salt remaining in the barrel to renew the pickle, whose
strength is withdrawn by the meat, in process of time.

The dift'erent classes of cured pork, packed in barrels, are made
up of the different sizes and conditions of hogs — the finest and fattest
making clear and mess pork, while the residue is put up into prime
pork or bacon. The inspection laws require that clear pork shall
be put up of the sides, with the ribs out. It takes the largest class
of hogs to receive this brand. Mess pork — all sides, with two
rumps to the barrel. For prime — pork of lighter weight will suffice.
Two shoulders, two jowls, and sides enough to fill the barrel, make
the contents. Two hundred pounds of meat is required by the
inspector, but one hundred and ninety-six pounds, packed here, it is
ascertained, will weigh out more than the former quantity in the
eastern or southern markets.

The mess pork is used for the commercial marine and the United
States navy. This last class, again, is put up somewhat difierently,
by specifications made out for the purpose. The prime is packed

282 THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS.

for ship use and the southern markets. The clear pork goes out to
the cod and mackerel fisheries. The New Englanders, in the line
of pickled pork, buy nothing short of the best.

Bulk pork is that Avhich is intended for immediate use or for
smoking. The former class is sent off in flat-boats for the lower
Mississippi. It forms no important element of the whole, the great
mass being sent into the smoke-houses, each of which will cure a
hundred and seventy -five thousand to five hundred thousand pounds
at a time. Here the bacon, as far as possible, is kept until it is
actually wanted for shipment, Avhen it is packed in hogsheads con-
taining from eight hundred to nine hundred pounds, the hams, sides,
and shoulders put up each by themselves. The bacon is sold to
the iron manufacturing regions of Pennsylvania, Kentucky and
Ohio — to the fisheries of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, and
to the coast or Mississippi region above New Orleans. Large quan-
tities are disposed of also, for the consumption of the Atlantic cities.
Flat-boats leave here about the first of July, and they all take down
more or less bacon for the coast trade.

For the purpose of farther illustrating the business thus described,
let us take the operations of the active season of 1847-48. There
is little doubt that an estimate of five hundred thousand hogs,
by far the largest quantity ever yet put up in Cincinnati, is not
beyond the actual fact. This increase partly results from the
growing importance of the city as a great hog-market, for reasons
which will be made apparent in a later page, but more particularly
to the vast enlargement in number and improved condition of hogs
throughout the west, consequent on that season's unprecedented
harvest of corn. What that increase was, may be inferred from the
official registers of the hogs of Ohio, returned to the auditor of state
as subject to taxation, being all those of, and over, six months in
age. These were one million seven hundred and fifty thousand ;
being an excess of twenty-five per cent., or three hundred and fifty
thousand hogs, over those of the previous year. Those of Ken-
tucky, whence come most of our largest hogs, as well as a consider-
able share of our supplies in this article, exhibit a proportionate
increase, while the number in Indiana and Illinois greatly exceed
this ratio of progress.

Of five hundi-ed thousand hogs cut up here during that season,
the product, in the manufactured article, will be : —

THE HOG AND

ITS PRODUCTS. 283

Barrels of Pork 180,000

Pounds of Bacon 25,000,000

Lard 16,500,000 '

These are the products, thus far, of the pork-houses' operations
alone. That is to say, the articles thus referred to, are put up in
these establishments, from the hams, shoulders, sides, leaf lard, and
a small portion of the jowls — the residue of the carcasses, which are
taken to the pork-houses, being left to enter elsewhere into other
departments of manufacture. The relative proportions, in weight of
bacon and lard, rest upon contingencies. An unexpected demand
and advance in price of lard would greatly reduce the disparity, if
not invert the proportion of these two articles. A change in the
prospects of the value of pickled pork, during the progress of pack-
ing, would also reduce or increase the proportion of barreled pork
to the bacon and lard.

The lard made here is exported in packages for the Havana
market, where, beside being extensively used, as in the United
States, for cooking, it answers the purpose to which butter is applied
in this country. It is shipped to the Atlantic markets also, for local
use, as well as for export to England and France, either in the
shape it leaves this market or in lard oil ; large quantities of which
are manufactured at the east.

There is one establishment here, which, beside putting up hams,
&c., extensively, is engaged in extracting the grease from the rest
of the hog. Its operations have reached, in one season, as high as
thirty-six thousand hogs. It has seven large circular tanks — six of
capacity to hold each fifteen thousand pounds, and one to hold six
thousand pounds — all gross. These receive the entire carcass, with
the exception of the hams, and the mass is subjected to steam pro-
cess, under a pressure of seventy pounds to the square inch ; the
efl'ect of which operation is to reduce the whole to one consistence,
and every bone to powder. The fat is drawn off by cocks, and the
residuum, a mere earthy substance, as far as made itse of, is taken
away for manure. Beside the hogs which reach this factory in
entire carcasses, the great mass of heads, ribs, back-bones, feet, and
other trimmings of the hogs, cut up at different pork-houses, are
subjected to the same process, in order to extract every particle of
grease. This concern alone turned out, the season referred to, three
millions six hundred thousand pounds lard, five-sixths of which, was
No. 1. Nothing can surpass the purity and beauty of this lard,

284 THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS.

which is rejBned as well as made, under steam processes. Six
hundred hogs per day pass through these tanks, one day with
another.

We follow now to the manufacture of lard oil, which is accom-
plished by divesting the lard of one of its constituent parts — stearine.
There are probably thirty lard oil factories here, on a scale of more
or less importance. The largest of these, whose operations are
probably more extensive than any other in the United States, has
manufactured, heretofore, into lard oil and stearine, one hundred
and forty thousand pounds monthly, all the year round.

Eleven million pounds of lard were run into lard oil that year,
two-sevenths of which aggregate made stearine ; the residue, lard
oil, or in other words, twenty-four thousand barrels of lard oil, of
forty to forty-two gallons each. The oil is exported to the Atlantic
cities and foreign countries. Much the larger share of this, is of
inferior lard, made of mast-fed and still-fed hogs, and the material,
to a great extent, comes from a distance, making no part of these
tables. Lard oil, beside being sold for what it actually is, enters
largely, in the eastern cities, into the adulteration of sperm oil,
and in France, serves to reduce the cost of olive oil. The skill
of the French chemists enables them to incorporate from sixty-five
to seventy per cent, of lai-d oil with that of the ohve. The presence
of lard oil can be detected, however, by a deposit of stearine ;
small portions of which always remain with that article, and may
be found at the bottom of the bottle.

We now come to the star candles, made of the stearine expressed
from the lard in manufacture of lard oil. The stearine is subjected to
hydrauHc pressure, by which three-eighths of it is discharged as an
impure oleine. This last is employed in the manufacture of soap.
Three million pounds of stearine, at least, have been made, in one
year, into star candles and soap in these factories, and they are pre-
pared to manufacture thirty thousand pounds star candles per day.
The manufacture of 1 847-48, embracing stearine from foreign lard,
probably reached one-half that quantity.

From the slaughterers, the offal capable of producing grease, goes
to another description of grease extractors ; where are also taken
hogs dying of disease or by accident, and meat that is spoiling
through unfavorable weather or want of care. The grease tried out
here, enters into the soap manufacture. Lard grease is computed to
form eighty per cent, of all the fat used in the making of soap. Of

THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS. 285

the ordinary soap one hundred thousand pounds are made weekly,
equal, at four cents per pound, to two hundred thousand dollars per
annum. This is exclusive of the finer soaps, and of soft soap, which
are probably worth twenty-five per cent. more.

Glue, to an inconsiderable amount, is made of the hoofs of the hogs.

At the rear of these operations, comes bristle dressing for the At-
lantic markets. This business employs one hundred hands, and
affords a product of fifty-five thousand dollars.

Last of all is the disposition of what cannot be used for other pur-
poses, the hair, hoofs and other offal. These are employed in the
manufacture of prussiate of potash, to the product of which, also,
contributes the cracklings or residuum left, on expressing the lard.
The prussiate of potash is used extensively in the print factories of
JSTew England, for coloring purposes. The blood of the hogs is
manufactured into prussian blue.

A brief recapitulation, of the various manufactures out of the
hog, at this point and date, present :

TABLE— D.

Barrels Pork 180,000 , Pounds Star Caudles. . . 2,500,000

Pounds Bacon 25,000,000 j " Bar Soap 6,200,000

JSTo. 1 Lard. .. 16,500,000 | " Fancy Soap, etc . 8,800,000

Gallons Lard Oil 1,200,000 j Prussiate of Potash ... . 60,000

Five hundred thousand hogs exhibit, including seven pounds of
gut-fat to each, one hundred million pounds, carcass weight, when
dressed. This is distributed thus :

TABLE— E.

180,000 bbls. Pork, 196 lbs. net, is 35,280,000

Bacon 25,000,000

No. 1 or Leaf Lard 16,260,000

Common Lard or Grease for oil, stearin and olein 6,000,000

Inferior Grease for Soap 1,200.000

Evaporation, shrinkage, waste, cracklings and offal for manure . 1 6,260 ,000

100,000,000
The value of all this depends, of course, on the foreign demand.
In 1847 the pork, bacon, lard, lard oil, star candles, soap, bristles,
&c., exceeded six millions of dollars in value. For 1848, it had,
probably, reached eight millions. But for the reduced prices which
a greatly increased product always creates, it must far exceed that
value.

The buildings in which the pork is put up, are of great extent and

'-^^6 THE HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS.

capacity, and in every part thoroughly arranged for the business.
They generally extend from street to street, so as to enable one set
of operations to be carried on without interfering with another.
There are thirty-six of these estabhshments, beside a number of
minor importance.

The stranger here, during the packing, and especially the forward-
ing season, of the article, becomes bewildered in the attempt to keep
up with the eye and the memory, the various and successive pro-
cesses he has witnessed, in following the several stages of putting
the hog into its final marketable shape, and in surveying the appa-
rently interminable rows of drays, which, at that period, occupy the
main avenues to the river, in continuous lines, going and returning,
a mile or more in length, excluding every other use of those streets,
from daylight to dark. Nor is his wonder lessened when he surveys
the immense quantity of hogsheads of bacon, barrels of pork, and
kegs of lard, for which room cannot be found on the pork-house
floors, extensive as they are, and which are, therefore, spread over
the public landing, and block up every vacant space on the side-
walks, the public streets, and even adjacent lots otherwise vacant.

It may appear remarkable, in considering the facilities for putting
up pork which many other points in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and
Kentucky possess in their greater contiguity to the neighborhoods
which produce the hogs, and other advantages which are palpable,
that so large an amount of this business is engrossed at Cincinnati.
It must be observed, however, that the raw material in this business — •
the hog — constitutes sixty per cent, of the value, when ready for
sale, and being always paid for in cash, disbursements so heavy, are
required in large sums, and at a day's notice, that the necessary
capital is not readily obtainable elsewhere in the west. Nor, in an
article, which in the process of curing runs great risks in sudden
changes of weather, can the packer protect himself, except where
there are ample means in extensive supplies of salt, and any neces-
sary force of coopers or laborers, to put on in case of emergency or
disappointment in previous arrangements. More than all, the faci-
lities of turning to account in various manufactures, or as articles of
food in a populous community, what cannot be disposed of to profit
elsewhere, renders hogs to the Cincinnati packer worth at least, five
per cent, more, than they will command at any other point in the
Mississippi valley.

As a specimen of the amazing activity which characterizes all the

THK HOG AND ITS PRODUCTS. 287

details of packing, cutting, &c., here it may be stated, that tw^o
hands in one of our pork-houses, in less than thirteen hours, cut up
eight hundred and fifty hogs, averaging over two hundred pounds
each, two others placing them on the blocks for the purpose. All
these hogs were weighed singly on the scales, in the course of eleven
hours. Another hand trimmed the hams, — seventeen hundred
pieces, — in Cincinnati style, as fast as they were separated from the
carcasses. The hogs were thus cut up and disposed of, at the rate
of more than one to the minute.

Those who are cognizant to the importance of the domestic mar-
ket, will not be surprised to learn that our export of pork to foreign
countries, bears but a small proportion to the quantity packed.

Few persons at the east can realize the size, and especially the
fatness to which hogs arrive in the west, under the profuse feeding
they receive.

The following are specimens of hogs and lots of hogs, killed in
Cincinnati, this season and the last.

Hogs. Average weight — 1)S.

7 720

5 640

22 403

52 377

50 375

Of these were nine — one litter — weighing respectively, 316, 444,

454, 452, 456, 516, 526, 532.

320 hogs 325

657 " 305

Few, if any of these hogs, were over nineteen months old. The
last lot is extraordinary — combining quantity and weight — even for
the west. They were all raised in one neighborhood in Madison
county, Kentucky, by Messrs. Caldwell, Campbell, Ross, and Gentry,
the oldest being nineteen months in age.

The value of these manufacturing operations to Cincinnati, con-
sists in the vast amount of labor they require and create, and the
circumstance that the great mass of that labor furnishes employment
to thousands, at precisely the very season when their regular avo-
cations cannot be pursued. Thus, there are perhaps, fifteen hun-
dred coopers engaged in and outside of the city, making lard kegs.

288 THE HOG AND ITS TRODUCTS.

pork barrels, and bacon hogsheads : the city coopers, at a period
when they are not needed on stock barrels and other cooperage, and
the country coopers, whose main occupation is farming, during a
season when the farms require no labor at their hands. Then there
is another large body of hands, also agriculturists, at the proper
season, engaged getting out staves and heading, and cutting hoop
poles, for the same business. Vast quantities of boxes of various
descriptions, are made for packing bacon, for the Havana and
European markets. Lard is also packed to a great extent, for ex-
port in tin cases or boxes, the making of which, furnishes extensive
occupation to the tin-plate workers.

If we take into view, farther, that the slaughtering, the Avagoning, '
the pork-house labor, the rendering grease and lard oil, the stearin
and soap factories, bristle dressing, and other kindred employments,
supply abundant occupation to men, who, in the spring, are engaged
in the manufacture and hauling of bricks, quarrying and hauling
stone, cellar digging and walling, bricklaying, plastering, and street
paving, with other employments, which in their very nature, cease
on the approach of winter, we can readily appreciate the importance
of a business, which supplies labor to the industry of, probably, ten
thousand individuals, who, but for its existence, would be earning
little or nothing, one-third of the year.

The last United States census, gave 26,301,293, as the existing
number of hogs of that date. The principal increase since, is in the
west, owing to the abundance of corn there; and that quantity may
be now, safely enlarged to forty-five millions. This is about the
number assigned to entire Europe, in 1839, by McGregor, in his
Commercial Dictionary; and there is probably no material increase
there since, judging by the slow advance in that section of the
world, in productions of any kind.

The number of hogs cut up in the valley of the Mississippi, will
reach, for recent years, as an average, one million seven hundred
thousand ; of this, it will be seen, that twenty-eight per cent., or over
one-fourth of the whole quantity, is put up for market in Cincinnati
alone.

. Dagt^'lif tluuib

I ^ ^^

^^^i

MP'.MBKH ov rnNru(T:.ss i-'oh

BIOGRAPHY. 289

BIOGEAPHY.-DAVID T.DISNEY.

The subject of these memoirs was born in Baltimore, in August,
1803, at Avhich place, his father, William Disney, one of our oldest
citizens resided at the time. Not the least remarkable circumstance
in the history of D. T. Disney, is, that he was placed at school in
the third year of his age. His teacher, Luther Griffin, in a note
which lies before me, observes, " In the course of my teaching, I
have had several thousand scholars under my charge, and do not
recollect of but one, that in every respect was equal to young-
Disney." In 1817, the family, including David, at that date a lad
of fourteen years, removed to Cincinnati, when his father opened a
shop for the sale of paints, carrying on the hovise-painting business
also, and the youth became assistant in the store, devoting his days
to the business, and his evenings to mental improvement, partly in
the acquisition of general knowledge, and partly in mathematical
and legal reading and study. In this last pursuit he was liberally
aided by the advice and oral instruction of Charles Hammond, on
whose competency in that line, it is unnecessary, in Cincinnati, to
insist. Hammond was so deeply interested in the young student,
as to propose a business connection between the parties ; but the
young man was not willing, at this time, to assume the law as a pro-
fession, and continued to aid his father at home. In 1825, he made
his debut as a writer, contributing regularly to one of our eastern
city journals.

In 1829, Mr. Disney, then twenty-six years of age, commenced
that political career, which, with brief exceptions, constitutes the re-
sidue of this narrative. At the October election of that year, Mr.
Disney ran against Elijah Hayward, for the office of representative
of Hamilton County, to the General Assembly, and triumphed over
his competitor, who had represented the county for a series of years.
The nest fall, the democratic party, on whose ticket Mr. Disney had
been nominated, was defeated, owing to dissensions among them-
selves. In 1831, Mr. Disney was once more returned to the State
Legislature. In 1832, he was again brought forward as a candidate,
and succeeded in so close a struggle, that a share of the ticket on
which he ran, was defeated. On this occasion W. H. Harrison,
afterward President of the United States, was on the whig ticket.

At the ensuing meeting of the Legislature, Mr. Disney was elected
Speaker, by a vote of sixty -two to eight, although his competitor.

290 BIOGRAPHY".

Mr. Campbell, had been a distinguished member of congress. At
the ensuing election of 1833, he was a successful candidate for the
senate, of which, upon its meeting, he became speaker, without an
opposing vote. In the senate he presided with the same ability he
had exhibited in the house of representatives as speaker. A
speech, on the doctrine of instruction, which he delivered at this
session, contributed to make him more extensively and favorably
known at home and in the other sections of our republic.

At the ensuing session, the whigs were in majority in the senate,
and elected one of themselves, as speaker. But at the next — an
extra session — his political friends being again in the ascendant, Mr.
Disney was once more called to preside over the deliberations of the
senate. At the close of that session, he was appointed one of the
commissioners, on the part of Ohio, to repair to Washington city,
for the settlement of the points in issue between the states of Ohio
and Michigan, on which, an appeal to arms, by the parties, seemed
impending. In 1840 Mr. Disney was made a member of the board
of equalization, charged with the duty of equalizing the taxes of
the state, among the respective counties, and, at its meeting, was
unanimously chosen its presiding officer. In 1843 he was again
nominated for the state senate, and, after an ardent canvass, was
elected by the largest majority ever given in the district. Mr. Dis-
ney remained in private life, from 1844 to 1848, at his own desire.
He Avas chosen by the state convention, at Columbus, held the lat-
ter year, its president, and made senatorial delegate to the national
convention, at Baltimore. At the fall election, having been nomi-
nated for congress, he was elected by nearly three thousand majority.
In 1850 he was re-elected to the same office without opposition, al-
though a spirited contest marked the canvass for the residue of the
tickets, on both sides.

It is confidently believed that Mr. Disney has drawn up more
committee reports, during the course of his legislative life at Colum-
bus, than any public man in the state; nor does the thorough research
which marks their preparation, indicate less labor, than the mere
writing them out, although this last effort is usually considered the
most exhausting task, in ordinary cases.

Mr. Disney's first effort in the national legislature, was upon the
power of congress over the territories. This was admitted, by com-
mon consent, for research and cogency of argument, to be the ablest
speech of the session, and elicited the commendation of some of the

BIOGRAPHY.

291

ablest lawyers of the republic, and warm complimentary notices from
all parties. His report upon the Galphin claim, has stamped that
iniquitous measure with an immortality of infamy. In the face of
the legal opinion of the United States Attorney-General, the house
of representatives indorsed the report by overwhelming majorities.
Mr. D. sustained his report by a speech of such extraordinary research,
and strength, as well as clearness of argument, as to impress itself
upon professional minds, in congress, as an invincible legal ar-
gument. As such, it was requested for publication; but Mr. Disney
being unexpectedly summoned home, by a family bereavement,
which detained him in Cincinnati several days, was unwilling to keep
the subject, or himself in connection with it, any farther before the
community.

One chapter on the history of David T. Disney, ought not to be
left out. To him, and one or two other patriotic spirits, Texas, in its
darkest hours, was indebted for the impulse given her struggle for
liberty, and for aid in men, arms and munitions of war, reaching just
in time to aid her in winning the battle of San Jacinto, which was'
fought with Cincinnati muskets, powder, cannon and cannon balls.
The service thus rendered, was made at a heavy sacrifice, pecuniary
and otherwise. Arraigned before our courts ; amerced in a heavy
penalty, which hung over him and his property thirteen years; and
vilified by numbers, who would now gladly change positions with
him, he has the proud consolation of having done more than any in-
dividual, out of Texas, to have accomplished the final results, which
have given Mexico to our forces, and California to our territory.

No individual in congress, represents so large a constituency as
Mr. Disney ; the entire population of his district, exceeding one
hundred and seventy thousand. If the intelligence and enterprise
of that community, and the commercial, manufacturing, political and
social importance of Cincinnati, be taken into view, and the fact
remembered, that he obtained the position he occupies, by a unani-
mous vote at one of the fullest polls ever held in the district, he
has just reason to be gratified at the distinction conferred by the
recent choice.

292

STATISTICS OF STRAWBERRIES, ETC.

As Cincinnati has for several years enjoyed a high reputation for
the abundance and excellence of its strawberries, the statistics of
this article may be of pubhc interest.

Four thousand bushels of this berry were raised in this vicinity,
and sold in our market-houses during the season of 1845, which was
rather an unusually productive one. Twenty per cent, must be
added, as the quantity delivered at steamboats, hotels, private
dwellings, and confectionaries, or sold at stands or agencies in vari-
ous parts of the city. In 1846, this quantity was increased to four
thousand two hundred bushels, with an addition of twenty-five per
cent, to the sales specified above. This was a cold and wet season,
and unfavorable to their growth — the increase in quantity springing
from supplies afforded by newly-bearing patches, which are added
every year in the vicinity. In 1847, the first ascertainment of
daily sales was commenced ; it has been continued in 1848, and the
table follows :

1847. Bushels.
May 24 10

26 ■

31 ,

June 1

1848. Bushels.

May 19 ... 6

296

250

249

489

Jvme 1

200

514

411

237

250

385

100

321

20
30
60
75
198
313
211
450
589
307
352
310
146
450
418
260
244
156

STATISTICS OF STRAWBERRIES, ETC.

293

1847.
June 16
17
18
19
21
22

Bushels.

. 176
. 151
. 55
. 12
5

4576

1848.
June 1 2
13
14
15
16
17
19

Bushels.

. 60

. 80

. 50

. 30

. 20

. 10
. 6

4865

In 1847 and 1848, large quantities were sent off by railroads; and
for these two years, additions must be made to the quantity sold at
hotels, steamboats, private dwellings, confectionaries, &c., in the
consumption of strawberries on the spots where they are raised, by
pleasure parties from Cincinnati and other places in their vicinity.
The entire product of the strawberry, therefore, should be put down
in 1847, at 6500 bushels, and in 1848, at 7000 bushels; each suc-
cessive year increasing the proportion of strawberries sold directly
to purchasers at their homes, &c., over that disposed of in markets.

It will be observed that the Monday of each week, exhibits lighter
sales than the previous Saturday or succeeding Tuesday. In
general, however, these tables present a regular ascending and de-
scending grade of production, during the twenty-six days which
ordinarily constitute the season. What disparity in supplies exists,
is occasioned either by the weather being unfavorable for picking,
or very heavy stocks so reduce the price, as to make the expense
of gathering too great to be profitably borne at current rates of sale.

The strawberries are brought in cases of five to eight drawers ;
each drawer containing thirty to forty quarts, which lie an average
depth of two or two-and-a-half inches. They are delivered in Cin-
cinnati, in time for sale, as early as four to five o'clock in the morn-
ing, when disposed of at the market-houses. A considerable share
are sold in tin boxes of a quart each, or wooden ones of two quarts
each, which fill up the same kind of drawers. These usually
command a better price, not only on account of more perfect keep-
ing of the article, but because they measure out more than when
filled into the ordinary quart measure.

In former years, they were brought in wagons. A four horse
wagon was once backed up to our market, with two tons of straw-
berries, packed in cases of drawers.
25

294 STATISTICS OF STRAWBERRIES, ETC.

We cultivate strawberries here with reference to their sexual dis-
tinctions, and find this treatment very successful.

A good pistillate or female plant, is selected, such as the Hudson
or Hovey's seedling, and the plants set out in rows fifteen inches
apart, and the rows about fifteen inches from each other ; then a
path two or three feet wide ; then a row of male or staminate plants,
such as will bloom about the same time as the female ; and then a
path as before. Then another bed of three rows of female plants,
with paths and rows of male plants, until the patch is completed.
The object is to keep the male plants separate from the female, so
that the latter shall be impregnated without being overrun by the
male. This can easily be done, by hoeing the latter when they run
into the paths.

In field culture, the plants are set out in rows eighteen inches or
two feet apart from each other, and a male for about every ten or
twelve female plants — all in the same row. Either one or two rows
are planted in this way, leaving three feet between the lands, or
room enough to plow and keep them clean. They are cultivated with
the plow between the lands or beds, and with the hoe in the beds,
to keep down the weeds and grass.

Field culture.

The lands or beds clear across the field — beds three feet wide,
then a furrow.

Bed.

Furrow.

Bed.

Furrow.

Bed.

Furrow.

Plants from eighteen to twenty four inches apart in a single row ;
every tenth plant, male.

STATISTICS OF STRAWBERRIES, ETC. 295

Garden culture.

Path three feet wide.

Female bed, with three rows of pistillate or female plants.

Path.

Male bed, with one row of staminate or male plants.

Path.

Female bed, with three rows of pistillate or female plants.

Path.

Male bed, with one row of staminate or male plants.

Path.

Female bed, with three rows of pistillate or female plants.

Path.

Earliest, as in the order of ripening: 1st. Early Scarlet — tart, but
high flavored — requiring much sugar. 2d. Necked Pine — highest
flavored. 3d. Hovey's — sweetest variety in general culture, requir-
ing but little sugar. 4th. Hudson — firmest and best adapted for
carrying to market. There are cultivated here about as many of the
latter variety as of all the first three named, or, it might safely be
said, all others.

The largest berries produced at the Cincinnati Horticultural
Society have been from Hovey's ; but the general average of the
whole crop, as to size, Avould probably be in favor of thy Hudson.

Our horticultural society has stimvilated a spirit of improvement that

296 STATISTICS OF STRAWBERRIES, KTC.

has afforded specimens of extraordinary size and quality otherAvise.
Strawberries measuring five to five and one-quarter inches in cir-
cumference, have been repeatedly exhibited at its exhibitions or
fairs. In one or two instances specimens have been exhibited
reaching to five inches and three-quarters in measurement.

The prices of strawberries vary, of course, with the character of
the season, and the different periods of sale. They usually open at
20 to 25 cents per quart, a price which they command only for a
day or two, and soon fall to 15, 121, lo, and 8^ cents. When
abundant, they obtain 5 to 6^ cents, and occasionally fall to from
3 to 4 cents.

The season sales will not average higher than 7 cents, unless the
season itself has proved unfavorable. No year is known in which
strawberries have averaged as high as 10 cents per quart.

At least two-thirds of the strawberries sold here are raised on the
banks of Licking river, a few miles above its mouth, which is just
opposite Cincinnati. This affords the facility of water carriage,
obviously of great advantage to the transportation of ripe fruit of a
character so delicate as the strawberry. The entire quantity of
ground on both sides of the Ohio which supplies this market cannot
be short of two hundred and fifty acres. Much of this is in small
patches of one, two, three, or five acres ; the smaller the spot, in
general, the more productive — proportionally — being the yield.
One of the Culbertsons, a family which raises more largely of this
berry than any other, has some sixty acres in three patches. One of
these comprehends a field of thirty-five acres.

Just as the supply of strawberries is through, in this market, it is
succeeded by that of the raspberry, which, in the course of a few
years, will, probably, be raised to equal extent. At present, the
supply of raspberries is about one-sixth that of strawberries. They
are of various species — the cane, yellow, black, red Antwerp, and
ever-bearing ; of these, the red Antwerp is the general favorite.
Raspberries average 8-J cents per quart, during the season. The
raspberry culture of 1847, is as follows:

June 19 .

. 30 bush.

June 24 .

. 65 bush.

June 30 .

. 50 bush

" 21 .

. 14 "

" 26 .

. 100 "

July 1 .

. 30 "

" 22 .

. 81 "

" 28 .

. 40 "

" 2 .

. 18 "

" 23 .

. 95 "

" 29 .

. 85 "

598
This includes only what is sold in our markets.

BIOGRAPHY.

297

This article ought not to close, without reference to the moral aspect
of the cultivation of these fruits, on such an extensive scale, as to
bring their iise within the reach of every individual, how limited
soever his means.

In our Atlantic cities, and still more in Europe, these articles com-
mand a price, which denies their use to thousands whose appetites
they tempt, and for whom they would form a wholesome refreshment
in seasons of sickness for themselves or families. It is needless to
point out the bitter feelings toward the rich, which such and other
privations engender in the minds of these masses. Whatever tends
to remove such distinctions in society, and place enjoyment and com-
fort alike -within the reach of all the industrial classes, is so much
gained to the general happiness of society at large. No one in Cin-
cinnati feels that he cannot afford to buy his family everything he
wishes, which is sold in its markets.

BIOGRAPHY.-G. W. COFFIN.

George W. Coffin, was born at Brownsville, Pennsylvania, No-
vember 17, 1814. His parents were from Nantucket. He resided
in his native place until he reached the age of twenty-one, when he
determined to change his residence to some more thriving spot. As
he had a brother already in Cincinnati, he naturally directed his
way to this city, where he has ever since dwelt. He engaged in
the foundery of D. A. Powell, as pattern maker, at first, but after
the lapse of one year, changed his employer, by taking charge of
the bell foundery branch of Lyon, Thomas & Co.'s establish-
ment ; after remaining here six months, he engaged in business,
vrith T. B. & H. B. Coffin, as bell and brassfounders, under the
firm of G. W. Coffin & Co.; which firm still exists, although com-
posed of different individuals.

Mr. Coffin is one of those ingenious men, who are constantly
simplifying and improving the operations of whatever business they
may be engaged in ; and the bell business of this city has greatly
advanced in character and extent from his labors and suggestions.
His own establishment is the only one in the United States, in which
bells are constructed on scientific principles, nothing being left by
him to accident, in the quality and tone of the article which leaves
"the Buckeye Foundery."

298 >rEDICAL COLLECxE OF OHIO.

MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO.

On the site of the existing building, which has so long borne this
name, the erection of a new edifice is in process of being made,
and will doubtless be completed and occupied in time for the ensu-
ing course of lectures. A front view of the building is to be found
in these pages, which may convey a correct notion of the external
appearance it will present. The style of architecture is what is
called the Collegiate Gothic, combining elegance and chasteness in
a high degree. The front will be of brick, finished with cast-iron,
painted in imitation of free-stone. The interior arrangements are
such, that in adaptedness to its appropriate purposes, this building
will not be second to the best college edifice in the United States.

This edifice will be of one hundred and five feet front, with a
depth of seventy-five feet, and a height of fifty-five feet. The lower
story on each side of the principal entrance to be occupied with
stores. In the rear of these will be the library and general lecture
room ; this last fifty-four by forty-eight feet, and twenty-two feet
in height, and lighted by a skylight twenty feet in diameter. In
the rear of the lecture room, are two laboratory rooms, twenty-one
feet by twelve each, which, with two in the story above, will be
occupied by the Professor of Chemistry; and two rooms for the
janitor ; also one in the rear of the library room.

In the second story, there will be six offices to rent to physicians
or other professional individuals. In the rear, on the right wing,
is the museum, thirty-seven feet by forty-six, and fourteen feet high.
On the third floor, in front, are to be four Professors' rooms. In
the left wing will be the Anatomical lecture room, fifty-two feet
in diameter, and twenty-seven feet in height ; this will be lighted by
a skylight fourteen feet in diameter.

On the fourth story, the front will be divided into six dissecting
rooms and a room for the Professor of Anatomy. In the right wing
will be the lecture room on Anatomy, thirty-nine feet in diameter,
a circular amphitheatre, and twenty feet high, also lighted by sky-
light.

The lecture rooms will be occupied with seats, ranged in an
oblong semicircular form, and rising at the same time amphitheatri-
cally. This arrangement of seats in these lecture rooms affords every
advantage alike for seeing and hearing, to the classes. The labora-
tory will communicate by sliding doors with the general lecture

ENGRAVED BY F.E.JONES FROM A DAGIJERHEOTITE.

-i<Z^

BIOGRAPHY. 301

room, so as to permit the Professor of Chemistry to refer to and
illustrate his subjects, just as they stand in the laboratory.

Finally, the entire building is to be warmed by steam apparatus,
in the basement, which will have the effect of diffusing an equable
temperature throughout the whole edifice.

BIOGRAPHY. -JOHN D. JONES
Was born December 9, 1797, in Conestoga valley, forty-five miles
west of Philadelphia, and near the village of Morgantown, Berks
county, Pennsylvania, where, until his 17th year, he was raised a
farmer. Mr. J. is of Welsh descent, on the paternal line, his great
grandfather, David Jones, emigrating to Pennsylvania in 1725.
His maternal great grandfather — Graham — was from the north of
Ireland, and arrived in America about the same period. Both
branches were farmers, and many of their descendants took up
arms during the war resulting in the establishment of American
independence. Mr. Jones Avas engaged five years as clerk in a
grocery house in Philadelphia, and came to Cincinnati in 1819,
where he has resided ever since ; being the only merchant here,
who has been engaged in business thirty years and more. He is
of the firm of J. D. Jones & Co.; the other members consisting of
his brothers Caleb, and Michael, and his son G. W. Jones.

Mr. Jones married, in 1823, Elizabeth, daughter of the venerable
John Johnston, a name long and intimately connected with the early
pioneer history of Ohio. Mr. J. has been selected as an illustration
of the mercantile class, and a biographical subject for this publica-
tion, as an example, if any were wanting, that application to busi-
ness, sound sense, and probity, will always establish, for any indi-
vidual, one of the highest positions in society — the esteem, confidence
and attachment of those who know him best. If Mr. Jones has not
achieved political distinction, it has resulted from the fact, that he
has always had his own special mission to fulfill in the business
community ; and he has fulfilled it with honor to himself and family,
and to the public advantage, in the lessons and example his life has
given the community. Of the many individuals here, who have been
successful in business, there are few who have expended so little
upon their own personal indulgences, and so much in behalf of other
deserving objects, public and private.

302

THE ELECTRO-CHEONOGRArH.

THE ELECTRO-CHRONOGRAPH.
The invention of the electro-chronograph, by Professor Locke of
our city, may be properly noticed in connection Avith Cincinnati.
This instrument being an invention in an abstruse department of
science, can with difficulty be made intelligible in a popular work
like this. The invention has been fully recognized in the Report of
the Superintendent of the United States coast survey to congress, in
1848; by Congress itself; by the National Observatory; by the
authors of the New Inventions in the United States, of 1849 ; and
by Professor Loomis in his history of the recent improvements in
Astronomy. The invention consists in such a combination of a
suitable clock and electro-telegraph circuit, that the clock shall print
its beats on paper or other material at the greatest distance to
which telegraphic operations may be extended ; at the same time
permitting an observer, at any part of the circuit, to interprint his ob-
servations truly among the current time marks of the clock. Thus
recording accurately and permanently the fraction of a second at which
the event observed occurred. As often happens in similar cases,
there has been some controversy. It has been represented that
Prof. Locke had merely invented a new species of " electrical inter-
rupter." Prof. Locke claims, however, to have invented the means,
of accurately subdividing a second of time electro-telegraphically,
and of making such a permanent record of this subdivision, by an
observation, as greatly to improve the means of determining longi-
tude, and accuracy of astronomical observations generally. This
can be popularly understood by supposing that Dr. Locke had added
a new hand to a clock, which would facilitate the subdivision and
reading of a second into parts as much as the second-hand itself
facilitates the accurate subdivision of a minute. The inventor did
even more than this ; — he not only added, in effect, this new hand,
but he made it indicate the subdivision of a second at any tele-
graphic distance from the clock, and made it also record permanently
that subdivision ; the kind of electrical interrupter by which this is
accomplished, is not very material. The committee, in Congress,
had, upon representations made to them, that "magnetic clocks " had
been before invented, stricken out the proposed appropriation to the
inventor ; but when they had satisfied themselves fully of the novelty
and utility of the above improvement of the subdivision of the second
of time, and the manner of recording the same, they restored it.

BIOGRAPHY O. M. MITCHEL.

303

BIOGEAPHY— 0. M. MITCHEL.

All men have a mission or destiny to fulfill, but all men have not
the instinct to discern at the commencement of their business course,
what that mission is. Happy the man who does not spend life, like
Home Tooke, in finding out that he was fitted for anything at all,
rather than for what he had been all that life employed at. It was
the mission of Columbus to discover a new and important continent
on this earth of ours — it is the destiny of Mitchel to explore the
skies, and if he should never discover a new planet, his labors and
achievements thus far, in astronomical science, will secure a posi-
tion among savans, of infinitely higher consequence.

0. M. Mitchel, was born in Union county, Kentucky, in July
1810. His father and mother were Virginians, who had emigrated
to the west in 1 800. His father died Avhen the subject of this me-
moir was but two years old, leaving no property but unproductive
lands. In 1816, the family removed to Lebanon, Ohio; and young
Mitchel, then seven years old, commenced his education at a school.
He read Latin and Greek fluently, at the age of twelve, and at
thirteen, commenced the world on his own account. He entered a
store at Piqua, which he left on the score of bad treatment, and
started for Cincinnati. On the way, he was engaged by a merchant
at Lebanon, to assist, at four dollars per month, in a new store
opening at Xenia. Here he remained six months, when the store
was removed to Lebanon ; and here ended Mitchel's merchandising
life. In 1825, he apphed for, and through the assistance of Wm.
McLean, member of Congress, for the Piqua district. Judge
McLean, General Findley, and other members of Congress, from
Ohio, obtained a cadet appointment at "West Point.

Young Mitchel, less than fifteen years old at this time, immedi-
ately started off, in company with Indian traders — went with them
to Upper Sandusky — thence forty miles through the wilderness, to
Lower Sandusky, Avith an Indian guide ; thence to Sandusky city in
a small sloop ; thence to Buffalo, deck passenger, on the old
"Henry Clay;" thence on foot, with hunters, to Lockport; thence
by canal, to Albany; and in June, 1825, reached West Point with
a knapsack on his back, and twenty-five cents in his pocket. Here
he studied, how assiduously, may be judged by his subsequent
history, until June, 1829, when he graduated in the artillery corps.

In September, 1829, when only nineteen years of age, he received

304

BIOGRAPHy O. M. MITCHEL.

the appointment of assistant professor of mathematics, at the United
States Military Academy at West Point, the duties of which, kept
him there two years. In June, 1831, he was employed in the sur-
vey of the Philadelphia and Norristo^vn railroad, and in the Sep-
tember following he maiTied, and took charge of the survey of
the Pennsylvania and Ohio railroad, which was completed, and
report made in November of the same year. He then went to his
post at St. Augustine — Florida, where he remained until his resigna-
tion, in June, 1832. In October, following, he came to Cincinnati,
and engaged in the practice of the law, having been admitted to the
bar in Florida. After practicing law for two years, in 1834, he
opened a scientific school here, and in 1836, entered the Cincinnati
College as professor of mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy.
In 1837, he vmdertook the survey of the Little Miami railroad,
which he finished and reported, and organized the company in six
weeks.

At the college, as professor of astronomy, Mitchel had found his
appropriate sphere, and his exercises there, doubtless, prepared the
way for his great enterprise, the establishment of an observatory,
with appropriate instruments, at Cincinnati. This was apparently
as wild a project as was ever entered into by enthusiast. There
was no individual beside himself, that felt much interest in the sub-
ject— no site or funds for the building, either in possession or in
prospect. The whole public sentiment to sustain the enterprise had
to be created, and thirty-two thousand dollars was the lowest figure
required for the building and instruments. How all these means
of accomplishing this great result were provided, may be discovered
in the article in this volume, on the Observatory. Every man in
this community, will confess, that the enterprise would have broken
down in its every stage of progress, had Professor Mitchel Avith-
drawn his hand, but for one day, from its prosecution and support.

In June, 1842, he went to Europe, and finished his studies with
Professor Airy, astronomer royal, at Greenwich, England, and re-
turned to Cincinnati, October, 1842. In 1845, the observatory
building being finished, he took up his quarters there. His first
observation was upon the transit of Mercury, May, 1845.

The attention of literary and scientific men at the east, being-
directed by these movements and results to the astronomical science
of Cincinnati, Professor Mitchel has been repeatedly solicited to lec-
ture, almost every year since, at intervals withdrawn from his obser-

BIOGKAPHY O. M. MITCHEL. JiOS

vations, iu our principal Atlantic cities, and at the more important
towns of New England. These lectures have always commanded
crowded houses of intelligent and highly interested auditors.

In October, 1848, he brought out his magnetic clock, and in the
Avinter siicceeding, surveyed the Ohio and Mississippi railroad, from
Cincinnati to St. Louis. His new declination apparatus was invented.
May, 1849. His first report on this machinery, was made to the
Americaia Association for the Advancement of Science, Aug., 1849,
and his report of results, at its next annual session in August, 1850.
A committee, of Avhich Professor Pierce of Cambridge was chair-
man, was appointed by that body to examine the apparatus, which
reported that the claims made in its behalf, of accuracy and facility
in recording observations, had been substantiated to the entire satis-
faction of every member of the committee. This report was made
to the association at its recent meeting in this city, and adopted
without a dissenting voice, several of the members taking occasion
to compliment the professor in the highest terms.

Professor M. is engaged in prosecuting his astronomical labors
with an intensity which is provoked by the important results
which he feels are almost within his grasp, and to the acquisition of
which, he has hitherto sacrificed offers of position and emolument
elsewhere, more than adequate to his desires or his wants, and
which fev/ men in his circumstances, would have been able or will-
ing to resist. Like all the distinguished men of the past, who have
conferred honor on their places of birth or residence, but whose
labors are undervalued or left unremunerated by those whom
they most benefit, it will be the office of posterity to attest the value
of those services to the cause of science, of which the envy of some,
and the indifference of others, withholds the present acknowledg-
ment.

If life be spared him, a bright perspective of fame, if not fortune,
assuredly lies along the vista of the Professor's course. His motto
for the future and for the past, will be, " Ich ersteige."

306

CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY.

CINCINNATI — ITS DESTINY.

The law of gravitation or centralization — or as some designated
it, the serial law, is now known to be one of the Ihws of nature.
Formerly, "the major controls the minor," was a trite aphorism —
regarded as almost an abstraction, and applicable to physical bodies
only. The learned talked of it, especially astronomers, while des-
canting upon the movements of the heavenly bodies, as a law of the
solar system ; it was spoken of as the law under, and in pursuance
of, which, natural forces operated, such as the winds, the electri-
cal fluids, descending bodies, etc. ; but that it controlled, or affected
in any manner, the results of artificial powers ; or that its influence
extended beyond the physical world, is a discovery wholly of
modern times.

It is now known, that everything gravitates — that the larger con
trols the smaller, and that just in proportion to its density, pondero-
sity, and momentum — whether it be mentally, morally, or physi-
cally, is the lesser afi'ected by the greater ; and that when there is
action — natural or artificial, it matters not — under the operations
of this law will the greater influence control the lesser, exactly in the
proportion they bear to each other.

The evolvement of artificial motive power, and its subjugation to
the human will, which is the achievement of modern times, has ele-
vated this latent law of nature to a position of first importance. The
astonishing results which the steam-engine, the railroad, and the
telegraph, are producing upon the world and the human condition,
are such as to lead us into the shadowy future, to inquire what
other and more remarkable efl'ects are to flow from these new and
great causes, operating under this law. But the mind is startled
and becomes lost in its contemplation — the utmost outstretch of
human penetration is bafiled in its eflforts, to estimate what lies be-
fore us in the immediate future. It is hardly possible even to
approximate the result. Let us try it by analogy — a brief compari-
son with the past.

I ask to be indulged, only while I speculate upon the destinies of
the western region of this continent, and more especially of our own
city. Leaving the results to be produced, elsewhere, by the mighty
agencies to which I have alluded to be investigated by others, my
ambition will be satisfied, if I can, by analogy and comparison, fore-
shadow some of the consequences which may occur to our own

CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY. 307

section and people, and realize in part, what the future has in store
for us.

Fifiy years ago, where were we ? Five millions of people inhab-
iting that tract of country, which lies between the eastern slope of
the Alleghanies and the Atlantic ocean — with an occasional band
of pioneers, who had scaled the mountains and cloven their way
through the forests of the west, to some fair spots of earth on the
margin of its streams, composed this nation.

It is sufficient for my purpose, that I state the condition of the
country and its people, at that period, thus briefly. A few scattered
settlements — a military post here and there — two or three small vil-
lages, of which this was one, surrounded by hostile savages, were
all the lodgments which the white man had then made, in this now
mighty region of the west. Many of the first settlers were soldiers;
others had been led hither by the wild spirit of adventure, and a
few, with their families, in pursuit of richer land. The suffering and
privation which attended these early adventurers, are familiar his-
tories in the families of their descendants.

Nothing distinguished the period to which I am referring, from
others which preceded it, save the daring of the enterprise. The
same slow movements and stagnation which characterized earlier
times, attended this ; the natural forces alone were operating ;
nothing moved by any other power.

Nations during preceding centuries had arisen, flourished and
fell, scarcely crossing an imaginary boundary — cities were walled,
and isolation and inertion marked the earth and its inhabitants,
almost everywhere. What each produced each consumed; com-
merce was hardly known ; a few crazy vessels on the sea, and cara-
vans on the land, served all the purposes of trade. The mariner
had no chart, and the muleteer no road ; language, and laws, and
customs, all diflfered ; nothing was homogeneous ; nations and people
stood apart ; they were estranged ; their sympathies did not mingle,
and hence they were enemies, and ravaged each others lands, and
slew each other.

But this is a digression ; let me return to the subject, and descend
one decade of time. I have said that a little more of energy — of
the spirit of adventure, which perhaps is a characteristic of our
race, is all that distinguished the people and the period I was con-
sidering from any others that preceded them. That was our condi-
tion forty years ago. The interval exhibits progress according to the

308 CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY.

ordinary momentum. Comforts were provided under the instincts
of necessity ; the church, the school, the court-house, and the road,
each appeared in its turn, and, having overcome the hardships of
pioneer hfe, glowing accounts go back of happy western homes.
Others are stimulated thereby, and the almost impassable road
which traverses the mountain, is thi'onged with rude vehicles, cover-
ing the household and worldly gear of the new adventurous emi-
grant. Having reached the river, his own hands construct the
bark with which he and his descend it, to his future home ; slowly,
wearily, expensively, the journey is made.

An infant commerce has sprung up, which was floated on the ark,
the keel, and the barge, the history of which, is famihar to us all.

The genius of Bolton and Watt, had evolved the new motive
power of steam, and this is the period at which Fitch, and Rumsay,
and Fulton, had commenced applying it to its great use, but so im-
perfectly, that confidence in its success, was slowly and reluctantly
yielded. A single steamer during that year, announced the mighty
achievement to this vast western region.

Another decade — thirty years ago, where were we then ? This is
the period which dates an era. The magic influence of steam had
been felt, and everywhei'e acknowledged. New life, new energy,
new hope, new vitality, new action, were everywhere visible. The
settlements were no longer isolated. There was the mill, the fac-
tory, the forge ; all bore testimony to the new vivifying principle ;
but its great use in the west, was vindicated by the cheapened cost
and expedition of locomotion and transportation — we had subdued
the rivers and lakes, and made them subservient to our will ; but
looking east, there stood the frowning AUeghanies.

Let us come down another period, and then look. Twenty years
ago — ah ! there is the stage coach and ponderous Conestoga wagon,
rolling over the scientifically built turnpike ; there waves the rich
harvest in the west where the forest waved ten years before ; there
rises the stately mansion, where the primitive cabin stood ; there the
opulent city, once the village site ; and mark the fleets of noble
steamers, which swarm our lakes and rivers.

But descend with me again — ten years ago — and where ? why,
We ha,d risen to the rank of a mighty people, doubling in number
the entire population when the nation sprang into being. Our voice
was heard with attention in the halls of national legislation. The
tide of emigration, at first feeble and slow, had now swollen and

CINCINNATI ITS DEBTINT. 309

was rolling toward us in a mighty volume. The news of our won-
drous march had gone booming across the water to the old world,
and had stirred the nations ; like bees, they had swarmed, and were
emigrating. Our giant strides had astonished our eastern brethren,
and they were reaching out their hands in friendly salutations.
Turnpikes and canals were stretched out toward us, from all direc-
tions, with tenders of intercommunication and traffic. At a bound,
we covered the land with population, from river to lake, and from
lake to river. Instead of struggling feebly toward the west, as we
had struggled to this point, by adding settlement to settlement, and
county to county, we marshaled into line by platoons of states.

But we must pass the last decade, and then pause and meditate.
Where are we now?

The chief feature which distinguishes this period from others
which preceded it, is the clear development of that law of gravita-
tion to which I have referred, and of the operation of the new forces
under it, which the last decade has principally introduced. It will
probably be known in coming time, as the railroad and telegraph period.
Although the locomotive had been partially in use before, yet the
full development of its capacity and uses, which has been chiefly
achieved in this, will probably assign it as the one to which it pro-
perly belongs. Its claim to the telegraph is exclusive and undoubted.

It is a very difficult task to classify the various influences which
mold and fashion the human condition ; and it becomes doubly
difficult when these influences themselves change, grow greater or
less, or are disturbed by the introduction of new influences not in
use before. The law of these influences can, perhaps, be made most
clear by exhibiting the results of their operation, as far as they have
appeared. Man, by nature, is a gregarious creature ; but in the
settlement of new countries, necessity and stronger instincts control
this natural law ; the desire for better land or health, or more com-
fortable provision for off"spring, often draws him away from social
comforts, and plants him in the wilderness. It was thus, that settle-
ments were first made in this region of the west — isolation and dis-
persion characterized them ; while under the pressure of more
urgent wants, the emigrant felt not the discomfort of solitude ; but
soon these were provided for, and he longed for social intercourse.
Provision for this, exhibits the operations of natural forces under
the serial law. The village is the nucleus, and results from neces-
sity ; this grows naturally in the middle of the settlement, each one
26

310 CliVCINNATI ITS DESTINY.

making his own roE^d thereto. First comes the blacksmith, then the
wheelwright, then the flouring-mill, then the carding machine,
then the store, then the tavern, the church, &c., until its outline is
completed ; and there stands the village ; and thus grow other vil-
lages in other settlements ; it is the first circle in the serial law.
Then these settlements desire intercourse one with another, so a
road is made from village to village ; but one improves faster than
the others, some local advantage is the cause ; then all the other
villages construct their roads to it, and this makes the second
circle. But among these villages of larger growth, one better situ-
ated than the rest advances with more rapidity, and the city soon
stands in the centre of the third circle. Now, I pretend not to
say, that this is the process of development always in a new country ;
I simply declare it to be the law, always more or less affected by
neutralizing or counteracting forces.

Too much space is consumed, perhaps, in these details, but they
illustrate a principle ; the commercial, the monetary, and the social
systems are controlled by the same law ; they all operate in circles ;
and to save further time in elaboration, the reader is trusted, to run
out the parallel.

We now come to the great disturbing forces, which have come
into use within the past ten years, the railroad and the telegraph.
Measuring by time, we are nearer to Boston now than we were to
Columbus, in this state, at the latter period ; this is the difference in
actual locomotion, measuring by time ; and as to mental communica-
ation, it is now instantaneous, whereas at that time, the process con-
sumed many days. These are the first great results which strike us —
the almost entire annihilation of space by the one, and of time by the
other. — In the one case the circle is widened in proportion as the dis-
tance from this to Columbus bears to the distance from tliis to Boston ;
while in the other, it is blotted out altogether, and the circle inde-
finitely widened or as far as the wires extend. The entire relation-
ships of the country — its business, its monetary operations, its social
intercourse, its values and productions, — even its fashions and tastes —
if not wholly revolutionized, are very greatly changed. A bushel
of Avheat is worth more to-day, on the land which produces it, in the
centre of Ohio, by fifty per cent., than the same article was worth,
relatively, at the same point ten years ago. This is the case now —
and with reference to social intercourse, thirty years ago an indivi-
dual in Boston, designing to visit Cincinnati, arranged his business

CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY.

311

and took leave of his friends, preparatory to making a long and
fatiguing journey ; while now he deems it scarcely of sufficient
importance to mention such a trip, even to his family.

It is not possible to estimate with entire accuracy the ultimate
effects which the new influences we are considering, are to produce
on our condition. We can, as I have said, only approximate them.
Their introduction into our region is so recent, and the effects so few,
that reliable conclusions cannot be draAvn therefrom. By applying
the law of the circles, we may be much aided in our conclusions. I
have shown that with reference to that main element, time, the
circle is extended so as to embrace Boston, that reached but to
Columbus before.

The railroad is a costly structure, and therefore, unsuited to the
isolated neighborhood — its true and legitimate use is the ex-
tended trunk line between great points, furnishing large amounts of
travel and transportation. In the first experiments with this
medium of intercommunication, efforts were made to bend and
mold it so as to suit existing interests ; but the instincts of capital
soon discovered that the advantages of straight lines and easy
grades, more than counterbalanced any which could be furnished
by the way-side ; so local interests are left at this time to adjust
themselves to the new and more important interests. This seriously
disturbs and interferes with the neighborhood village interests.
The first circles may be said to be almost broken up, and their
weight and influence, in business points of view, transferred to the
intersection points, or termini of the great lines ; where the railroad
is in more extended use than here, this effect is much more apparent.
But while this effect is produced on the neighborhood village,
another class is found to start into successful and rapid existence,
the centralizing tendency'' of the railroad, which brings large cities
into being, carries along with it the suburban town, and the manu-
facturing village. It classifies the uses of things. The cheap-
ness and rapidity of locomotion brings the homes of people ten,
twenty, or thirty miles away from their business, as close as they
were, by former modes of locomotion, at one or two, — and the pro-
ducts of the workshops at Lowell are as near the sale-room in Boston
now, as they formerly were at Chelsea or Cambridge, although the
first is forty miles away, and the others but two or three.

The large cities of the east and south have been and are still
engaged in a vigorous struggle for the business of the west. The

i,VJ -i,. ,CINNATI ITS DESTINY.

utmost ability of each lias been, and is, at this moment being
exerted in the construction of trunk lines of railroad of the best
class reaching toward the western valley. This is being done
under the influence of the serial law ; each city is aiming to extend
the circle of its business and influence, and each is achieving it.
They are competing cities of the same grade of circles. The next
circle beyond is a central city — a city which shall have all these cities as
satellites or outposts — Where shall that city stand? Will my reader
take a map, and trace with me the lines of the great trunk roads, as
they will appear upon it ? In the first place, if he will trace the
coast-line from Boston to New Orleans, he will find that cutting
across the Florida peninsula, it forms a crescent or semicircle. The
road lying highest north, which touches Buff'alo, may be denominated
the Boston road, and comes first. This road, which has been some
time in operation, has produced important results, although, for the
want of competition, not those of speed and cheap transportation, it
possesses the ability to yield. Then comes the New York and Erie ;
a magnificent work, just about being put into use. These roads con-
nect with the Cleveland and Sandusky roads, reaching to Cincinnati
by a short lake navigation — soon to be superseded by a direct con-
nection along the lake shore. Next south, we have the Philadelphia
road, stretching west, and connecting, — about November next, —
with the Cleveland, at Gallion, some sixty miles south of Cleveland.
Then comes the Baltimore road, to be completed during the ensuing
year, to connect with this city, in almost a direct line, and without
any water connection, by way of Belpre, in this state.

Let us pause here, and examine the probable eft'ects of these four
lines of communication. Here are four trunk roads each terminat-
ing at a great commercial point on the Atlantic sea-board. Now,
leaving out of view the termini, here are four competitors for busi-
ness, lying so far apart, and running through such distant districts
of country, that a union of their interests, for the purpose of a
monopoly, would seem totally out of the question. The manner of
their construction forbids it ; individual, corporate, and state interests
are so interwoven, that a union for that purpose seems impossible.
But then come in the cities which lie at the eastern termini — these
cities have contributed largely in the construction of these works ;
their outlays were made — not for the revenues which the roads
might yield, but for the purpose of securing business. Is there
then, I ask, any possibility of a union, for the purpose of monopoly ?

CSVIEM)^^^^^

'^K'

^^^v^VG5_J

CIKCINNATI ITS DESTINV.

313

Then what will be the effect upon transportation and travel ? I
confidently predict that within five years — certainly within ten —
passengers will be transported from Cincinnati to the Atlantic sea-
board, and vice versa, for the sum of five dollars, and merchandise
in the same proportion ; and if the business of the road will not jus-
tify these reductions, the deficiency will be supplied by the cities at
which they terminate. The next effect will be a general reduction
on the margin of profit in commercial operations — a system of cut-
under, will he pursued between the several eastern cities, until each
will find its interest served by going nearer to the market of consump-
tion of their wares with branch commercial houses. A new distri-
buting point will be established, where their customers can resort,
and save a journey to the east.

The next, or a cotemporaneous result, will be a i-eduction of the
margin of profit to the manufacturing interest ; indeed, at this time
this effect is being rapidly evolved ; competition does it. Ingenuity
is at this time most effectively stimulated in the development of new
principles in mechanics and chemistry ; — daily and hourly almost,
are new inventions being displayed, throAving out of use old
machinery, and old modes of combination — the economies of the
workshop — the close working of material — the methodizing of
labor — and the perfecting of skill, by assigning to the operative a
distinct part of the work — all at this time are operating to cheapen
the cost of production down to its lowest possible point. A Yankee
clock is now produced for sixty cents, that formerly cost three
dollars ; and Collins produces a better axe, to day, for seventy cents,
than he previously did for a dollar and a half. When a point is
reached, below which the producer cannot go, and live, what is the
next move ? — He must seek cheaper food — expenses must be les-
sened.— How is this to be done? — By going where the food is
produced, and thus saving the cost of its transportation. The
operative must emigrate, and now he can emigrate, for the cost of
locomotion has declined as his labor has declined in value. The
beginning of this movement shuts up nearly all the workshops of
New England ; for a margin of profit here, which leaves none there,
will oblige all to emigrate whether willing or not, or give up the
business.

The next great effect will be, the general up-rising of the labor
class in agriculture — the tenant farmers at the east. The federal
government promises cheap land soon ; indeed, its enactments

314 CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY.

already make it cheap ; one hundred dollars now buys as much land
as two did formerly, and the prospect is, that it will still be less.
What is the difference, intrinsically, between the value of land in
this valley, and land of the same quality, east of the AUeghenies ? —
I can see none, but the cost of placing its surplus product at the
same shipping point with the product of eastern land. Will the
population then, not emigrate, if the land costs fifty dollars in the
one section, and fifty cents in the other ? cheap food is the great
human want and this is the cereal region. Is it extravagant to say
that under the influences which soon will conspire to invite settlers
to our western lands, that this valley will contain twenty millions of
inhabitants at the end of the next decade ?

But let us take up the map again — other railroads from the
Atlantic shore, point in this direction, and others again from the
Gulf of Mexico. A road from Charleston, already penetrates the
interior, until it passes the south-western boundary of South Carolina ;
so also does one leading from Savannah in Georgia ; these roads
connect and form the Chattanooga ; which at this moment is being
finished rapidly in the direction toward Knoxville and Nashville ;
both will probably be completed within the ensuing eighteen months.
Then there is the road from Mobile to Cairo, at the junction of the
Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and thence to Chicago, to which alter-
nate sections of land, three sections deep on each side, have been
dedicated by the general government. One section of this road is
already conti-acted to be built, and the probabilities are that the
others soon will be. Then there is the New Orleans road, by way
of Jackson, Mississippi, and Florence, Alabama, in the direction of
Nashville — a donation of land similar to that made to the Mobile
and Chicago road, has been asked for this from the general govern-
ment, and will be granted, probably, at the next session of Congress,
which will undoubtedly secure its construction. Then there is the
St. Marks road, leading from Apalachicola in Florida, which
crosses the western section of that state, and leads up through
western Georgia ; a similar grant of land is asked for this, and will
undoubtedly be made. Then there is the road from Memphis,
leading in a north-easterly direction through the southern tier of
counties in Tennessee, in the direction of Abingdon in Virginia — and
points one branch by way of the valley of Shenandoah to Harper's
Ferry, and another toward Richmond and Norfolk. A large portion
of this line is under contract and progressing with great rapidity

CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY. 315

to-ward completion. This road crosses all the roads I have enume-
rated, Tvhich point from the south and south-west in this direction.
A road is now in process of construction from this point to Lexing-
ton, in Kentucky, and another from the latter point to Danville, in
the direct lino to Knoxville, leaving, perhaps, one hundred miles to
make the connection between those two points ; another line is also
in process of construction from Nashville to Louisville, by way of
Bowling Green, leaving a hiatus of probably one hundred and twenty
miles to connect Bowling Green with Lexington — but say that this
connection shall not be made — we still have railroad connection with
Louisville by two routes, the one by way of Lexington and Frankfort,
the other by way of the Jeffersonville road, running to the Ohio
and Mississippi road.

We will pause again, and take another survey. Here are six
more great trunk roads ; three leading from the Atlantic sea-board,
and three from the Gulf of Mexico, all pointing toward this city,
from Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, St. Marks, Mobile, and New
Orleans. When these roads are completed, we shall be in connec-
tion with each of these points, by two days of travel. It is well
known that the sea-board cities of the south and south-west, have
not given up the contest for at least a portion of the foreign com-
merce. They say, and say truly, that their region furnishes much
the largest portion of the export trade of the nation, and that the
import trade has been diverted from them by causes which are yet
entirely within their control. Ship building has been carried on
principally at the north, while the south furnishes the material. The
north has been most active in penetrating the interior with thorough-
fares, while the south possesses the same facilities for doing so, but
has not. The south has been lulled into security by her reliance
on natural thoroughfares ; she has now aAvoke, and is preparing to
resume the contest. Already do we hear of lines of ocean steamers,
from Norfolk, Charleston, and Savannah, to ply between those cities
and some of the ports of Europe. While New Orleans now enjoys,
and will doubtless continue to enjoy, much the largest portion of the
Gulf, the West India, and the South American trade.

The cities of Norfolk, Charleston, and Savannah, were they pro-
vided with suitable inland connections, would undoubtedly enjoy
many advantages over cities situated farther north, in conducting a
European commerce. In addition to furnishing the largest propor-
tion of our exports, they have the advantage of a milder climate.

316 CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY.

enabling the sea voyager to reacli their ports during the inclement
winter months in greater safety. Railroad connections through to the
cereal region of the free states, at the same charge for fare, as by the
northern rotites, would undoubtedly, through the inclement months
of the year, at least, secure a vast amount of the emigrant travel
from Europe. The reason of this, is plain — the tonnage required to
transport the cotton, tobacco, etc., from the Atlantic planting states,
now comes in, in ballast ; whatever, therefore, could be added from
this source, would be net gain. Will not, then, these roads from
the south and south-west, be pushed through to their legitimate
termini, with all possible expedition ; and will they not, when so
completed, engage at once, in the contest for western business ?

Another inducement, to push with energy these works to com-
pletion, is found in the facilities they would afford the south and
south-west, in the procurement of the supplies which they now
derive by circuitous routes from this region, and the readiness with
which they could return us their raw material to be Avorked up in
our manufacturing establishments. The advantages to both sec-
tions, that would result, are of an importance difficult to estimate. —
Contemplate, for a moment, the new facilities and vast increase
of business that must result, from a connection with this great web-
work of southern railroads. Ours is a climate in which the human
energies can be employed for the longest period of the year, per-
haps, with the least exhaustion of any other on the continent ; where
the highest average health is enjoyed ; it possesses an -almost un-
limited amount of natural motive power ; it is the centre of one of
the best mineral regions on the globe, with inexhaustible coal-fields;
it is the region where subsistence is produced in the greatest abun-
dance, perfection, and variety, and where everj^ element of raw
material is found in the greatest abundance. Is it too much, then,
to say, that for manufacturing purposes of every variety, it has not
its superior, if equal, at any point on the face of the globe ? Will
the southern region, then, not be greatly benefited by being enabled
to procure their implements, their subsistence, and all other neces-
sary supplies by these expeditions and economical avenues ? And
will not this region, also, find its interests greatly benefited by this
new market for the products of its labor, as well as in the cheapened
cost at which it can derive that important raw material, cotton?

But the effect of greatest magnitude, by far, — the one that
shall startle both sections of the country, when it shall come

CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY. 317

into use, as in my judgment, it certainly will, remains yet to be
considered.

I have undertaken to show, and think I have shown, that the
influx of population to engage in agriculture in the western region,
owing to the cheap land and cheap locomotion, will be sudden and
vast — beyond the ability of the most sagacious to estimate, so soon
as the causes which I have enumerated, shall be in full operation.
Instead of coming by thousands, as they now do, they will then come
by tens of thousands.

The time consumed in seeding, tending, and harvesting the cereal
crops, embraces but about half the year; if not in idleness then
during the remainder of it, the laborer has to seek other employ-
ment than on the land. The grain crop is sown and gathered,
during the months of April, May, June, July, August, September,
and part of October; this includes corn. The cotton crop is seeded
in the spring, and gathered during the late fall and winter months.
Now let the great reduction take place, which I predict in the cost
of locomotion ; let the passage between this and the city of Charles-
ton come down, as I predict it will, to five dollars, and to interme-
diate points in the same proportion ; and let the time consumed in
the trip be within my estimate, say thirty-six hours to Charleston,
who will gather the cotton crop? What becomes of slavery and
slave labor, when these northern hordes shall descend upon the fair
fields of the sunny south ? No conflict, no interference with south-
ern institutions need be apprehended ; the unemployed northern
laborer will simply underwork the slave during the winter months,
and when the crop is gathered, return to his home. It is known
that the labor required to gather the cotton crop, as compared with
that to plant and tend, is, as about four to one ; that is> one man
can plant and tend as much as four will pick. Let half a million or
a million of men pass over a railroad twice a year for this purpose,
even at a cheap rate of fare, what an item of revenue does it fur-
nish. The English harvest is generally gathered by Irish laborers,
many hundred thousands of whom, cross the channel annually for
that purpose.

Let us return once more to the map.

We have yet to show what part the great west and north-west

have to perform in this centralizing operation. The first road which

claims our attention, is the Ohio and Mississippi, leading from here

to St. Louis, and indefinitely bevond. This is the trunk road com-

318 CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY.

mencing at Baltimore, and stretching on the same line of latitude
across toward the west through Cincinnati, which I regard as the
most important on the continent. I do not anticipate with much
confidence, the speedy realization of Mr. Whitney's project, which
is to pass the commerce of Asia and Europe across this continent,
somewhere about this line of latitude ; but I do expect that some line
of communication by railroad, will be gradually constructed toward
the Pacific Ocean, by the way of M Paso del Norte; and I quite
incline to the opinion, that this will be that road. I think so, for
the reason, that El Paso is said to be the only practicable pass of
the mountain, and that this appears to be the only practicable road
between this and that point. St. Louis thinks so, and has com-
menced the work beyond her. But leaving out of view anything
beyond St. Louis, it is a vastly important road, the most so, perhaps,
of any in the west. It must concentrate an amount of business to
pass over it — and for a time, probably, through this city, of astonishing
magnitude. Beside the through business, it must tap the river
travel at Cairo, and pass it entire almost over this line. This single
item, according to the estimate of good judges, will pay ten per
cent., upon the entire cost of the work. Fifteen hours, will be the
probable time between St. Louis and Cincinnati. In the direction
of the north-west from this city, we have three lines pointing ; two
of which, are already far advanced toward completion, to wit : the
one by way of Lawrenceburgh to Indianapolis ; the other, by way
of Hamilton, Eaton, and Richmond. From Indianapolis, branch
roads radiate to the west, north, and north-west, so as to pass to
and over almost every important region in those directions, upon
many of which, the work of construction is rapidly progressing.
One points to Michigan City, lying on the south-eastern bend of
Lake Michigan, and another to Chicago, on the south-western,
while others reach west in the direction of Alton and Rock Island,
on the Mississippi. From Chicago, a road is far advanced toward
completion, in the direction of Galena and Dubuque, the greatest
lead region of the world, perhaps, and another to Milwaukie, on the
western shore of Lake Michigan. That this latter road will be
made, I regard as certain ; because it is absolutely necessary, and
its further extension in the direction of the north-west, until it shall
strike the copper region on the southern shore of Lake Superior, I
regard as equally certain, for the same sufficient reason. In the
first place, it will be observed, that this great section of our country,

CINCINNATI — ITS DESTINY. 319

is situated in a high northern latitude, and that having no mode of
communicating other than by Avater, it is ice-bound for a large por-
tion of the year, and navigation necessarily suspended. The people
west of Lake Michigan, of Upper Michigan, of Wisconsin, of Iowa,
and Northern Illinois, embracing one of the finest grain and mineral
regions on the continent, are isolated — totally cut off from all com-
munication with other portions of the country, for at least five
months of the year, owing to this cause ; and the only practicable
connection which can be made, either Avith the east or south, is by
passing around the southern bend of Lake Michigan. Lakes cannot
be crossed by railroads ; you must go round them. The people of
the eastern cities have long had their eyes on this very important
fact, and hence their eflforts to reach Chicago, by way of the Erie
lake shore, and across the peninsula of Michigan, with their rail-
roads. But we are as nearly ready to connect with Chicago as
they ; and when these connections are made, what direction will
business take? In the first place, we are in the enjoyment of a
clear margin, of at least, half a cent per pound, over our eastern
neighbors, on all necessaries of southern production, such as sugar,
molasses, coffee, etc., which are required in the region we are con-
sidering. The cost of placing those articles on our landing, by way
of the river, when we shall have the impediment removed from the
navigation at the Falls of the Ohio, which will allow a suitable class
of boats to navigate our southern waters, will not exceed fifteen
cents per hundred, and the cost, hence, to the lake, by canal or
railroad, will not exceed twenty cents. Now the cost on the same
articles for transportation, delivered at the city of New York, coast-
wise, will be fully that sum ; say thirty-five cents per hundred, and
the transportation to the shore of Erie and Michigan, are yet to be
provided for, which cannot certainly be less than fifty cents per hun-
dred. These articles are the leaders, as they are called, in com-
mercial transactions, with the west. Then there is our iron, glass,
machinery implements, utensils, etc., all furnished at this point,
cheaper than from the east, with an extensive market for the pro-
ducts of this north-western region. I ask, then, Avhere will the
trade go?

I now bring my survey of the railroad influences — those which
now exist, and those in prospect — which are so materially to affect
the destinies of Cincinnati, to a close. Had time and space allowed,
many others, as well as other radiating points, would have been

320

CINCINNATI ITS DESTINY.

passed in review ; but as I have said, the reader is trusted to trace
and apply their influence.

This examination exhibits fourteen great trunk roads, radiating to
every point of the compass, and each one terminating at either a great
commercial point on tlie sea-board, or in a mineral or agricultural re-
gion, with all their influences converging to this centre. Our river con-
nections, canals, and turnpikes, are not embraced, they being in use
before. Nor have I alluded to the scientific, the social, the artistic,
or the philanthropic influences, all of which operate under the same law
of the spheres, in circles rising to the climax, which must centralize
somewhere ; and the political, monetary, and commercial so imper-
fectly, that I fear their weight in the scale, will not be appreciated.
The great cities of the old world were the growth of centuries, each
under the influence of some great, but sluggish force. Vienna, Berlin,
and St. Petersburg, are forced cities, built under the iron rule of des-
potism, to decay, doubtlessly, upon the overthrow of arbitrary power.
Fashion and taste, combined with national pride, built Paris. " Paris
is France," because France yields everything for her greatness.
Diplomacy, backed by the navies of England, built London. The
statesmanship which centralized there, became the arbiter in con-
tinental quarrels, and constituted her the highest point of political
influence ; and capital, which is always timid, took shelter under the
double guarantee of her political wisdom and physical power. This
capital has so aggregated, that it controls the world's monetary
afi'airs, and now defies all the influences which threaten London.
And New York — what built her? without doubt, it was her com-
merce— carried on mainly through foreign agencies. The legitimate
imports of a country, are made by cities lying nearest the consumers ;
but the forced trade, that is, the portion which comes not upon order,
but is the unsold stock of the manufacturer, to be forced without
limit — goes to the most noted sale point. New York had been made
so before, by being the factor for New England ; and hence the cen-
trahzation of foreign agencies at that point ; but when a more cen-
tral distributing point oflers, where go these agencies ? But I think
I have said enough to show that Cincinnati is the grand centre of
the United States, not geographically, perhaps, but the centre of the
forces and influences, which, when readjusted after the introduction
of the great disturbing cause, the railroad, must settle and deter-
mine the destiny and relative position of the various cities or centres,
which are now struggling for supreme ascendency on this continent,

BIOGRAPHY GEORGE W. NEFF.

321

BIOGRAPHY-GEORGE W. NEFF.
George W. Neff, was born at Frankford, a village near Phila-
delphia, on the 19th day of May, 1800. He was the youngest
son of Peter and Rebecca NefF, and lost his father when only
four years of age, and was left under the care of a pious mother,
who early instilled into his mind, those principles of religious
ti-uth, which ripened into fruit of later years. At the village
school he was instructed in the rudiments of a plain English educa-
*ion, and when twelve years of age, was sent to Basking Ridge,
JS'ew Jersey, where he remained for several years, in the family of
Mr. Southard, father of the late Hon. Samuel L. Southard, Avhose
kindness made a lasting impression on his heart, and whose memory
he ever cherished with filial regard. Mr. Finley, afterward the
Rev. Dr. Finley, had charge of the academy at Basking Ridge, and
fitted young NefF for the junior class at Nassau Hall, Princeton,
New Jersey, which he entered in 1816, and where he graduated
with distinguished honor in 1818, in the largest class that had ever
passed through the college. He was also a member of the " Cho"
society, which presented him with a gold medal, on his retiring.
Soon after he left the college, he commenced the study of the law,
with the Hon. Horace Binney, in Philadelphia, and was admitted
to practice in 1821, and attended to the duties of his profession in
Philadelphia, for three years, exhibiting talents, that in due time
would have won for him a proud position as an advocate. More
alluring prospects of wealth, were presented to him in the west,
Avhere his brothers were about establishing a mercantile firm. He
became a partner with them in trade, and in 1824, removed to this
city, where he resided during the remainder of his life. His public
spirit and enterprising benevolence, became soon manifest, and every
judicious project for the improvement of the city, found in him a
warm friend and zealous advocate.

He founded the present fire department of the city ; was the ori-
ginator of the fire association, and its first president; and was the
first president of the Independent Fire Engine and Hose Co. —
Rovers — also of Independent Fire Co., No. 2.

He was the first president of the Little Miami Railroad Co. He
drew up the charter of the Fireman's Insurance Co., and had it
passed ; and was the president from its foundation, until his death.
He was for many years a director in the Lafayette bank; was pre-

BIOGRAPHV GEORGE W. NEFF.

sident of the city council for a series of years, and took a ■warm in-
terest in the various plans formed from time to time, for increasing
the business and developing the resources of Cincinnati.

Dehberate in forming an opinion, he was not backward in avow-
ing it ; firm in maintaining his sentiments, he had the ability to pre-
sent his thoughts in the most striking manner to the minds of others.

He was for many years, and until his death, a trustee in Lane
Seminary, at Walnut Hills. He aided greatly in establishing Spring
Grove cemetery. About three years before his death, a severe ill-
ness gave a shock to his system, from which, he never entirely
recovered ; although his health was tolerably good until a few
months prior to his death, a severe attack of jaundice terminated
in dropsy, and after an illness of about five months, the latter part
of it at the Yellow Springs, in this State, he departed this life, on
the 9th of August, 1850. His remains were brought to the city,
and, although, at a time, when there was so much sickness, that
nearly all his intimate friends were absent from Cincinnati, his
funeral was one of the largest that our city has ever witnessed, the
firemen all turning out, and on a very short notice ; and having their
difi"erent alarm bells tolled during the procession. His remains were
deposited in Spring Grove cemetery, where he had a beautiful lot.

The " Independent Fire Co.," as a testimony of respect, appointed
a committee, and had a lithograph likeness taken from a daguerreo-
type. These portraits are the basis of that which may be found in
this volume.

SHIP BUILDING ON THE OHIO.

There has always been more or less, ship and steamboat building
and finishing, here ; but this business involves large disbursements
in advance ; and a deficiency, at Cincinnati, of bank capital and
bank accommodations, which exist abundantly at other places, has
induced many steamboat owners to build elsewhere. On these
accounts, we are not building and finishing as many steamboats as
in former years ; but the construction and equipment of ship vessels,
which had been commenced years ago, at Marietta and other
points, seems likely to become a permanent, and finally, an extensive
business, at this, and some other points on the Ohio.

Within the last six years, the barque Muskingum, burthen 350

SHIP BUILDIKG OK THE OHIO. 323

tons, was built at Marietta, and being loaded at Cincinnati, made
a voyage to Liverpool. Her arrival there was thus noticed in the
Liverpool Times, of the 30th January, 1845:

" Arrival direct from Cincinnati. — We have received a file of Cin-
cinnati papers, brought by the first vessel that ever cleared out at
that city for Europe. The building of a vessel of 350 tons, on a
river seventeen hundred miles from the sea, is itself a very remark-
able circumstance, both as aproof of the magnificence of the American
rivers, and the spirit of the American people. The navigating of
such a vessel down the Ohio and the Mississippi, and then across
the Atlantic, Avould, a few years ago, have been thought impossible.
She brings a cargo of provisions ; and we trust, that the success of
this first adventure, will be such as to encourage its frequent repe-
tition. The name of the vessel is the Muskingum."

The building of the Muskingum was followed by that of various
others; and John Swasey, of the firm of J. Swasey & Co., a public
spirited citizen here, has taken a deep interest in, and as rank a
hold of this subject, as any individual can do, whose active capital
is embarked in other business pursuits. The following letter was
written by that firm, in ansAver to inquiries made of them by the
author of "Cincinnati in 1851," and affords an intelligent vieAv of
this enterprise, so deeply interesting to the west.

" In regard to the builHing of sea-going vessels at this point —
Cincinnati — our experience convinces us that the business can be
carried on here to as good advantage as in any of the eastern cities,
and at less cost than vessels of equal quality can be built anywhere
on the sea-board. Within the last eighteen months, we have built
and completed three vessels ; one full-rigged brig, the Louisa, of
200 tons, and tAvo barques, the John Swasey and Salem, of 300 and
350 tons, measurement burthen. The Louisa and John Sw^asey
took in full cargoes at this port for Salem and Boston, proceeded
doAvn the riA^er, in tow of Steamers, for New Orleans, Avath battened
hatches and royal masts on end, and put right out to sea, stopping
at New Orleans only long enough to bend sails and ship a crew.
These craft have proved themselves fine vessels and fast sailers.
The Louisa lately returned to Salem from a six months' trading
voyage to the west coast of Africa ; and the Captain reports her
sailing and weather qualities to be of the highest order. The last
named A-essel, the Salem, Avhich was launched about a month ago,
left this port light, in the expectation of being able to procure, at

324

SHIP BUILDING ON THE OHIO.

New Orleans, a profitable freight, for California, eastern ports, or
Europe. Three years ago, we built at Marietta, on the Muskingum,
two schooners, the Grace Darling and Ohio, of 150 tons burthen;
both of these vessels we loaded at this port, with provisions and
other produce for Salem. These vessels have ever since been engaged
in the African trade, and are in no respect behind any vessels
of their class. About three years ago the Minnesota, a ship of 850
tons burthen, was built at this place, for Captain Deshon, of New
Orleans, by Messrs. Litherbury & Co. She was intended for the
cotton carrying trade, but has since made several voyages to differ-
ent parts of the world, and proved herself a good ship. We are
now getting out the timber for another ship of 350 tons, to be built
at Covington, and ready to launch in the early part of next fall.
The timber for this vessel we procure from the neighborhood of
Point Pleasant, on the Kanawha.

" There is nothing to prevent vessels built on the Ohio river, being-
equal in every respect of material, model, construction, &c., to
vessels built in any of the eastern cities, or elsewhere. The princi-
pal advantage we have, consists in the abundance of excellent oak
timber, with Avhich the country on both sides of the Ohio abounds ;
and an incidental advantage in the certainty of being able to obtain,
at this place, a full cargo of provisions, breadstufls, &c., for eastern
ports or Europe, at any time during the Avinter season.

" The disadvantages consist in the obstruction to navigation at the
Falls of the Ohio, and in being able to get out when loaded, only at
high stages of the river. There are other minor disadvantages,
Avhich, as the business increases, will be done away with altogether,
such as being obliged to procure from the east, a number of articles
necessary in tlie full equipment of the vessels."

Eastern ship-builders are also becoming interested in this subject.
In a letter dated from this city to his friends at home, a practical
ship-builder from the state of Maine, says, — "I have now been en-
gaged in ship building, upon the margin of the Ohio river, for the
last two years. I have built two barques and a brig, and have
another on the stocts. I find timber abundant, of good quality, of
easy access, and the cost not one-fourth of New York prices ; copper,
iron, and cordage, at eastern prices — rents and boarding, far below.
Ship plank, worth forty dollars per thousand in Ncav York, are placed
upon the banks of the Ohio from five to eight dollars. Floor timbers,
worth in New York forty -five cents per cubic foot, are here furnished

SHIP BUILDING ON THE OHIO NEW PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 325

for seven to ten cents ; and so of knees and other products of the
forest."

With these facts before them, the lumbermen and the ship
builders of New York have not been sleeping on their posts. A
committee has been dispatched to secure the most eligible site for
an extensive ship-building community, or colony, from New York.
This committee have in part discharged their duty by the purchase
of twenty-five square miles of territory, clothed with millions of the
most valuable timber, and possessing numerous advantages which
will be set forth by a report, now soon to be laid before the stock-
holders.

The forests of white oak, interspersed with groves of yellow and
hard pine, in the Kanawha and Big Sandy region, will furnish, for
years to come, a sufficient supply to build the navies of the world.

NEW PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
A NUMBER of buildings for various purposes of a public character,
are in process of erection, or will shortly be commenced. Among
these, are the German Protestant Orphan Asylum, and the Widows'
Home, on Mount Auburn ; an Engine house, on Vine, near Front
street ; public school houses in the Eleventh and Twelfth wards, and
on Mount Adams ; a spacious Hotel, on the corner of Walnut and
Sixth street, and another at the corner of Front and Broadway;
an Episcopal church on Sycamore street, north of the canal ; St.
John's — Episcopal, corner of Plum and Seventh streets ; First Pres-
byterian church, Fourth, near Main street, and Seventh Presbyterian
church, Broadway, between Fourth and Fifth streets. These last
three, will be magnificent structures, internally and externally. A
City Hall is expected to be shortly put up, on Plum, between Eighth
and Ninth streets ; as also, a spacious building for the United States
public offices here, such as the custom-house, depository of pubhe
moneys, and post-office, at the south-west corner of Fourth and
Vine street. A new coujity court-house, with public offices, has been
commenced, on a scale and in conformity to a plan, which justifies
the expectation that it will prove an ornament to Cincinnati.

326

ST. PETER 8 CATHEDRAL.

ST. PETER'S CATHEDRAL.

This fine building, belonging to the Roman Catholic Society, is
completely finished, excepting the portico in front, after being ten
years in progress of construction ; and is worthy of all the labor and
expense it has cost, as an architectural pile and an ornament to
our city. It is the finest building in the west, and the most impos-
ing, in appesirance, of any of the cathedrals in the United States,
belonging to the Roman Catholic church, the metropolitan edifice in
Baltimore not excepted.

St. Peter's Cathedral is a parallelogram of two hundred feet in
length, by eighty in breadth. It is fifty-five feet from floor to
ceiling. The roof is partly supported by the side walls, which, as
well as the front, average four feet in thickness, but principally
upon eighteen free-stone pillars, nine on each side, which are of
three-and-a-half feet diameter and thirty-three feet in height. The
ceiling is of stucco-work, of a rich and expensive character, which
renders it equal in beauty to that of any cathedral in the woi-ld, as
asserted by competent judges, although executed, in this instance,
by J. F. Taylor, a Cincinnati artist, for a price less than one-half
of what it would have cost in Europe. The main walls are built of
Dayton marble, of which this building furnishes the first example
in Cincinnati. The basement is of the blue limestone of the Ohio
river, and forms an appropriate contrast with the superstructure.
The bells, not yet finished, which will be a chime of the usual num-
ber and range, played by machinery, such as is employed in
musical clocks, are in preparation for the edifice. The steeple is
two hundred and twenty-one feet in height. The cathedral is
finished with a centre aisle of six feet, and two aisles for proces-
sional purposes, eleven feet each, adjoining the side-walls. The
residue of the space forms one hundred and forty pews ten feet in
length. The roof is composed of iron plates, Avhose seams are
coated Avith a composition of coal-tar and sand, which renders it
impervious to water.

An altar of the purest Carrara marble, made by Chiappri, of
Genoa, occupies the west end of the Cathedral. This is embellished
with a centre piece, being a circle with rays, around which, wreaths
and flowers are beautifully chiseled. It is of exquisite design and
workmanship. At the opposite end, is put up an immense organ, of
forty-four stops and twenty-seven hundred pipes, lately finished bv

ST. Peter's cathedral. 327

Schwab, of our city, which cost $5,400. One of these pipes alone
is thirty-three feet long, and weighs four hundred pounds. . There
is no doubt, that this is an instrument superior in size, tone and power,
to any on this continent.

The following paintings occupy the various compartments in the
Cathedral :

St. Peter liberated by the Angel.

Descent from the Cross.

Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin.

St. Jerome in the attitude of listening to the trumpet announcing
the final judgment.

Christ in the Garden.

Flight into Egypt.

The St. Peter is by Murillo, well known as the head of the Span-
ish school ; and was a present to Bishop Fen wick, by Cardinal Fesch,
uncle to Napoleon. The others are by some of the first artists in
Europe.

The tAVo windows next the altar are of stained glass, and serve to
give us, of the west, an idea of that style of imparting light, through
edifices devoted to rehgious purposes, in the old world.

Not a drop of ardent spirits was consumed in the erection of the
Cathedral, and, notwithstanding the unmanageable shape and size
of the materials, not an accident occurred in the whole progress of
the work. Every man employed about it, was paid oflf every Sat-
urday night ; and, as the principal part of the labor was performed
at a season of the year when working hands are not usually em-
ployed to their advantage, much of the work was executed Avhen
labor and materials were worth far less than at present. The Day-
ton marble alone, at current prices, would nearly treble its original
cost. The heavy disbursements have proved a seasonable and sensi-
ble benefit to the laboring class. The entire cost of the building is
$120,000.

The plate of the Cathedral, in this publication, represents its fin-
ished state.

OHIO FEMALE COLLEGE.

This institution is located at College Hill, Hamilton county, Ohio,
five miles north of the city.

The corner-stone of the main edifice was laid on the 21st of Sept.,
1848, and the institution went into operation in the fall of 1849. In
1851, the college was chartered by the Legislature, with the same
powers of conferring degrees upon its graduates and awarding di-
plomas as are usually possessed by male colleges. The course of
studies is extensive and thorough, including a wide I'ange of scien-
tific, mathematical and classic learning, and equal, in respect to
variety and extent, to that pursued in our best male colleges. The
institution has a library, philosophical, cheraical and astronomical
apparatuses, for the illustration of the natural sciences ; a cabinet of
minerals, and a good refracting telescope. Four buildings have
already been erected for the accommodation of the pupils, the prin-
cipal of which, is a magnificent structure, four stories high, and for
beauty, adaptation and architectural taste, is unsurpassed by any
school building in the west. A beautiful chapel, and two other
buildings used as study rooms and dormitories, complete the group
occupied at present for college purposes. Other buildings will
doubtless soon be added. The location is one of the very best that
could have been selected. It is central, accessible, elevated, and
healthy, surrounded by pleasant groves and picturesque scenery,
and sufficiently far from the city to be free from its temptations and
dissipating tendencies, yet near enough to enjoy its privileges. The
design of its founders has been to establish an institution of learning,
centrally, in the west, where their daughters might enjoy advan-
tages equal to those of their sons for acquiring the imperishable
treasures of knowledge, Avhere by intellectual and moral culture,
they may be fitted for teachers of seminaries, missionaries, or to fill
with honor and usefulness any station in hfe. The college is under
the supervision of an efficient board of trustees, of which board, the
Hon. John McLean is president, and Samuel F. Gary, secretary. All
letters of inquiry relative to the institution, should be addressed to
the secretary of the board, or to Rev. John Covert, president of the
college. College Hill, Hamilton county, Ohio.

NATIONAL AKMORY IN THE WEST. 331

NATIONAL ARMORY IN THE WEST.

The establishment of an armory by the national government, at
what shall be adjudged the most appropriate point in the west, is a
measure which has been loudly called for, a length of time ; and
although the claims of the west to its due share in the disburse-
ment of the public moneys by our national legislature have been
long slighted with impunity, there can be no doubt, that under the
apportionment of representatives to Congress, created by the census
of 1850, this mighty section of the republic will be strong enough to
insist on that measure of justice due to her interests, her rights and
her numbers.

The following propositions, in relation to the armory, may be
regarded of such weight, that their mere statement supersedes any
elaborate argument.

1 . That the west has a just claim to the next armory that may be
established, the other great sections of the United States, each pos-
sessing one.

2. That the central position of Cincinnati to the whole country,
and its ready communication with the entire west, already existing
to a great extent, and about to be spread more widely by the net-
work of railroads which will connect us shortly with every import-
ant point, claims for the vicinity of this city, a decided preference
in the location of that armory.

3. That the low price of the necessaries of life in this immediate
region ; the abundance of the best quality of iron, coal, and other
materials, almost at our doors; and the fact, that competent
workmen to any necessary extent, already trained to the use of
tools, can be found in Cincinnati, are advantages that can be com-
bined at no other place.

4. Lastly, that the cheap and abundant hydraulic power at Ha-
milton, twenty-one miles north of Cincinnati, points out that precise
spot as the proper point for such armory.

What the United States government requires for this purpose, are :

I. An abundant supply of water-power, for present and future use.

II. That this power shall be free from interruption by high or low
water.

III. That the constancy of an ample supply, shall not be liable
to frequent interruptions from breaches, repairs of locks, tumble
dams, and other works connected with navigable canals ; and.

332 NATIONAL ARMORY IN THE WEST.

IV. That the expenses of such water-power, should be moderate.
All these circumstances exist at Hamilton, to a degree that cannot
be found anywhere else.

The water-power obtainable at Hamilton, is five times the quan-
tity necessary for an armory on the same scale, as that of Spring-
field or Harper's Ferry — a power equal to thirty run of stones being
amply sufficient for an armory at this point.

At Hamilton, a sufficient quantity can be furnished for an armory,
which will be liable to no interruption from high or low water, or
other ordinary causes. Nothing is hazarded in the assertion, that
the expenses of water-power and the cost of land, upon which to
construct the armory, would be far below what it would cost at any
place in. the west, offering equal advantages.

The Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton railroad, which will be
opened for travel and transportation, before Congress can be called
on to act upon this subject, will afford every facility to transport
all the manufacturing materials requisite, which are not already on
the spot, and at a mere trifle of expense.

In view, therefore, of

The extent, safety, and low price of Avater-power :

The eligibility of Hamilton, as a site for the favorable location of
machine shops and the application of power :

The advantages of cheapness of site, and of cost in the improve-
ments, low rates of rent, and of the necessaries of life : and.

The facilities aftorded for the distribution of arms, and the pur-
chase and delivery of materials :

There can be no doubt, in the mind of any candid and intelligent
individual, that Hamilton is the spot, in the western states, which
possesses such controlling and commanding advantages as to su-
persede all others in adaptedness to the great object referred to —
the establishment of a National Armory in the AVest.

In many aspects of this subject, the establishment of an armory
at Hamilton, would be of equal advantage to Cincinnati with its
location here.

^'-

BIOGRAPHY NICHOLAS LONGWORTH.

333

BIOGRAPHY— NICHOLAS LONGWORTH.
Nicholas Longworth, the subject of this memoir, was born in
Newark, N. J., on the 16th of January, 1783. He came to Cincin-
nati, which has been his residence ever since, in May, 1804. He
engaged at once in reading and studying law in the office of Judge
Burnet, then and always, the first lawyer in the city, in point of
ability and standing, and after a briefer space than would now be
allowed by the courts, was admitted to the bar. He followed his
law practice until 1819, when he left the pursuit of the legal profes-
sion to newer or younger members. His earnings and savings had
been, during the period alluded to, invested in lands and lots in and
adjacent to Cincinnati, under the conviction that no other investment
of his funds, would prove so profitable. This may seem insufficient
to account for the amount of property he has since accumulated
from these investments; but it should be remembered that property
here was held at low values, in early days, many of his city lot pur-
chases having been made for ten dollars or less, each. It must
also be recollected, that Mr. Longworth was a regular lot and
land dealer, selling as well as buying, and his profits constantly fur-
nished the means of extending his investments. Nor should it be
forgotten, that dealing in property in a rising market, which Cin-
cinnati has always afl'orded, is a business in which all is gain and
nothing loss ; difi"ering in this respect from ordinary trade, both in
the certainty of profit as well as the security of its debts, which are
always protected by mortgage. As an example of the facility with
which small amounts, comparatively, secured what has since be-
come of immense value, it may be stated, that Mr. Longworth once
received as a legal fee, from a fellow accused of horse stealing, and
who had nothing else to give, two second hand copper stills.
These were in charge of Joel Williams, who kept a tavern adjacent
to the river, and who was a large property holder here in early
days. On presenting his order, Mr. Williams told Longworth he
could not let the stills go, for he Avas just building a distillery in
Butler county, but he would give him a lot of thirty-three aci-es on
Western Row, in lieu of the article. Mr. Longworth, whose view
of the value of property here, was always in advance of public
opinion, gladly closed with the proposal. These thirty-three acres
occupied a front on Western Row from Sixth to Seventh street, run-
ning west for quantity, and this transaction alone, taking into view

334 BIOGRAPHY NICHOLAS LONGWORTH.

the prodigious advance in real estate here, would of itself have fur-
nished the basis of an immense fortune, the naked ground being
noTv- worth nearly two millions of dollars.

Mr. Long-worth went on adding lot to lot, acre to acre, in this
mode, until, although he has sold more lands and lots than any man
in Cincinnati, he is still the largest landholder in the city.

What Mr. Longworth's property is worth, is rather difficult to
determine ; but as his taxes for 1860 were upward of seventeen thou-
sand dollars, the largest sum paid by any individual in the United
States, William B. Astor excepted, whose taxes for the same year
was twenty-three thousand one hundred and sixteen dollars, the
presumption is, that there are few individuals of higher reputed
wealth in the United States. If, however, he were a man of wealth,
and nothing more, this notice would not have appeared in these

Long-worth is a problem and a riddle ; a problem worthy of the
study of those who delight in exploring that labyrinth of all that is
hidden and mysterious, the human heart, and a riddle to himself
and others. He is a wit and a humorist of a high order ; of keen
sagacity and shrewdness in many other respects than in money
matters ; one who can be exact to a dollar, and liberal, when he
chooses, with thousands ; of marked peculiarity and tenacity in his
own opinions, and yet of abundant tolerance to the opinions, how-
ever extravagant, of others — a man of great public spirit and sound
general judgment. All these things rarely accompany the acquisi-
tion and the accumulation of riches.

Li addition to all this, it would be difficult to find an individual
of his position and standing so perfectly free from pride — in the
ordinary sense. He has absolutely none, unless it be the pride of
eccentricity. It is no uncommon circumstance for men to become
rich by the concentration of time, and labor, and attention, to some
one object of profitable emploj^ment. This is the ordinary phase of
money getting, as closing the ear and pocket to applications for aid
is that of money saving. Longworth has become a rich man on a
different principle. He appears to have started upon the calcula-
tion that if he could put any individual in the way of making a dollar
for Longworth, and a dollar for himself at the same time, by aid-
ing him with ground for a lot, or in building him a house on it —
and if, moreover, he could multiply cases of the kind by hundreds,
or perhaps thousands, he would promote his own interests just in

BI0C4.RAPHY NICHOLAS LONGWORTH. 335

the same measure as he was advancing those of others. At the
same time, he could not be unconscious, that while their half was
subdivided into small possessions, owned by a thousand or more
individuals, his half was a vast, a boundless aggregate, since it was
the property of one man alone. The event has done justice to his
sagacity. Hundreds, if not thousands, in and adjacent to Cincin-
nati, now own houses and lots, and many have become wealthy,
who would in all probability have lived and died as tenants under
a different state of case. Had not Mr. Longworth adopted this course,
he would have occupied that relation to society which many wealthy
men now sustain, that of getting all they can, and keeping all they
get. There are men, even in Cincinnati, who do not deserve the
very ground which forms their last resting-place.

Every man of extensive means, who does not give freely to every
object to which that disinterested individual, the public, thinks he
ought to contribute, is, of course, branded as penurious, or at least,
destitute of liberality of spirit. It would be impossible for Nicholas
Longworth to form an exception to this rule, since it is one of the
very few general rules that have no exceptions. There is a story
told of the rich Duke of Newcastle having been applied to for aid,
by an individual claiming to be a poor relation. "What is the re-
lationship?" inquired the duke. "We are both descendants of
Noah," replied the applicant. "Avery just claim," rejoined the
duke, and giving him a penny, added, " There, take that, and if
every one of your relations gives you as much, you will be a richer
man than the Duke of Newcastle." If Mr. Longworth were to con-
tribute to every application made here, it would leave him as poor
a man as the most necessitous applicant at his doors.

Mr. Longworth has his own views and his own ways, as regards
relief of, and assistance to, the necessitous. That he is governed by
conscientious motives, no one ought to doubt, who learns, as he
easily may, that Longworth is a supernumerary township trustee,
whose office is crowded at regular hours with twenty, thirty, or fifty
miserable objects, whose cases he examines into, and disposes of at
a cost of time and patience, which most men would, ordinarily, not
submit to. Relief is then provided for, on a system which protects
itself from being made a means of fostering idleness or mendicity.
All this is done obviously on principle, since he must be a loser pe-
cuniarily, as well as in precious time, by such a course.

Many instances might be cited to show that Mr. Longworth is, for

336 BIOGRAPHY NICHOLAS LONGWORTH.

a rich man, an uncommonly liberal one. I shall refer to the Obser-
vatory case, alone.

Mr. Longworth, on application to him to know Avhether he would
part with the Mt. Adams property, and on what terms for an obser-
vatory, promptly made a donation of the ground — four acres in
extent, for that purpose. After the building had been erected, an
assertion was made in one of our city papers, and as Mr. Longworth
believed and charged in his reply, by an individual who had pro-
perty equally suitable for this purpose, that Longworth was governed
by interested motives, the value of Mr. Longworth's property con-
tiguous, being enhanced by that improvement. Every intelligent
person who read the article, must have felt that an imputation of
the kind, in this case, was supremely ridiculous. But LongAvorth
was piqued, and in his own caustic language, retorted with an offer,
that if the individual who wrote that piece, would deed the same
quantity of ground for an observatory, he would himself put up a
building equal to that Avhich had been erected upon Mount Adams,
and appropriate the spot thus vacated, for promenade grounds
for the benefit forever, of the citizens of Cincinnati. In this way he
suggested to the writer, that he might appropriate to himself all the
benefits which such an improvement would secure to his adjacent
property, and at the same time, be the means of conferring a lasting
public benefit on the citizens of Cincinnati. No reply was made,
and perhaps had not been expected.

The original gift of the four acres, all within the heart of the city,
was a very liberal act, and the proposition to put up an observatory
at his own cost, rendered the proposal thus made, a munificent one.

If the fact, that a community has been made the better or worse,
by an individual having existed in it, be, as a standard writer con-
siders it, an unerring test of the general character of that individual,
there is no hazard in saying that Cincinnati is the better off for
Nicholas Longworth having been an influential citizen of its com-
munity, and that putting him to this test, he has fulfilled his mission
upon earth, not indeed, as fully as he might have done, but perhaps
as fully as one would have done, who might have stood in his shoes.

Nor ought it to be forgotten, that by Mr. Longworth's labors in
the introduction of the grape, and improved cultivation of the straw-
berry, on which objects he has spent thousands of dollars, he has
made these fruits accessible to the means of purchase of every man,
even the humblest among us. How much more manly and spirited

BIOGRAPHY NICHOLAS LONG WORTH. 337

is this, than tempting the poor man with the sight of luxuries he
may look at, but can never expect to taste.

Mr. Longworth is a ready and a racy writer, whose vein of think-
ing and expression is always rich, and who blends pleasantry and
wit with grave arguments and earnest purposes. His writings on
the strawberry and the grape, and his various contributions to the
press abound with examples of this kind, recognizable here, as his,
at a single glance. His bon-mots and quizzicalities are like his own
sparkling champagne, brilliant and evanescent. Few of these can
be referred to on the spur of this occasion ; two or three, however,
may suffice as a sample, if even inferior to the average. They are
taken from " Cist's Advertiser," the editor of which, relates them
upon his own knowledge.

"During the war with Mexico, one of our city dailies stated that
Mr. Longworth had offered a contribution of ten thousand dollars,
as advance pay and equipment of the Ohio volunteers, a large
share of which were from Cincinnati — a difficulty having arisen as
to the State of Ohio furnishing the necessary advances. I was
somewhat surprised at this, believing Mr. Longworth no friend to
the war with Mexico, and when I next met him, congratulated him
on his public spirit, referring at the same time to the statement in
the journals. " Not a word of it true ! not a word of it true !" ob-
served Longworth. " I might have said, and believe I did say, that
I would give ten thousand dollars as a contribution to a regiment
of volunteers, but it was on condition — on the express contingency
that I should have the picking out who among our citizens should
go, and I believe I would make money by the offer, yet — but recol-
lect, I am to have the say who are to go."

While the Presidential struggle of 1844 was raging, Mr. Long-
worth was applied to for a contribution of one hundred dollars for
campaign expenses. " Don't know whether I shall give a cent," he
replied. " I never give something for nothing. We might fail to
elect Clay, as we did before, and I should fling away the hundred
dollars." The applicant, a President of one of our banks, assured
him there was no doubt of Mr. Clay's election — there could be none.
"Well," said Longworth, "I can tell you what I will do. I will
give you the hundred dollars, but mind, you shall be personally re-
sponsible to me for its return if Clay is not elected." The politician,
finding he could make no better bargain, and never dreaming of
defeat, acceded to these terms. The funds all went into the com-

338

BOWLDER PAVEMENT.

mon purse, and when the hundred dollars had to be made good, the
banker had to pay the amount out of his own pocket — multa gemens.
The other day, I had occasion to make up a contribution to
relieve the wants of a destitute, but deserving widow residing in the
Sixth ward. Among other persons, I applied to Longworth. " Who
is she ? Do you know her ? Is she a deserving object ?" I assured
him that she was ; I had good reason, I said, to believe that she
bore an excellent character, and was doing all in her power to sup-
port a large family of small children. " Very well, then," said Mr.
Longworth, " I shan't give a cent. Such persons will always find
plenty to relieve them. I shall assist none but the idle, drunken,
worthless vagabonds that nobody else will help. If you meet with
such cases call upon me." That this was not a mere pretense I find
in the success of an application made here, in behalf of the Mor-
mons, after they had been driven from Illinois. A committee of
that people visited Cincinnati and applied to a friend of mine who
said he had no money to give, but Avrote a note to Mr. Longworth,
in which he stated that he had sent these persons to him, as having
a claim on him, they not being Christians! Mr. Longworth gave
them accordingly ten dollars.

BOWLDER PAVEMENT.

Our limestone pavements have long been an annoyance and
reproach to the community. Of friable material and irregular
shape, they soon break into inequalities, where water lies after
heavy rains, increasing and extending the irregularity of the surface.
It is easy to perceive, to what extent this must affect the comfort
as well as the health of our citizens.

Of late years, we owe to the public spirit of D. L. Degolyer, the
introduction of bowlder pavement, which is gradually changing
the Avhole surface of the city. Properly laid, these require neither
repaving nor repairing, for fifty years or more. Indeed this material,
is nearly indestructible. Our bowlders are smaller than those used
in the Atlantic cities, which circumstance renders the surface here,
comparatively smooth. When this species of pavement shall be
spread over the whole city, we may hope to escape those clouds of
dust, which in dry summer weather, constitutes our greatest street
nuisance.

CINCINNATI OBSERVATORY. 341

THE CINCINNATI OBSERVATORY.

This temple of astronomical science occupies, already, its appro-
priate department, in this volume ; but the statement of its estab-
lishment, comprehends a history so remarkable, and a lesson so
valuable, as to justify a more extended narrative. It is an example
of what may be accomplished, by the public spirit of a community,
when its energies are stimulated into activity, by the enthusiasm,
intelligence, vigor, and perseverance of any one man, of competent
ability, to direct it to a successful issue.

The Observatory, either as respects the building, or its scientific
instruments and machinery, is the only one in the world constructed
and put into operation by the people — the masses. How this was
done, cannot be more clearly stated, than in the language of Profes-
sor Mitchel, himself, in one of his lectures.

On the 9th of November, 1843, the corner-stone of the Observa-
tory was laid by John Quincy Adams, in the presence of a vast
multitude, with appropriate ceremonies, and followed by the delivery
of an address replete with beautj^ and eloquence. The season was
too far advanced to permit anything to be done toward the erection
of the building during the fall ; and, indeed, it was not the intention
of the Board of Directors to proceed with the building, until every
dollar, required in the payment for the great telescope, should have
been remitted to Europe. At the time of laying the corner-stone,
but three thousand dollars, out of nine thousand five hundred, had
been paid. This was the amount required in the contract, to be
paid on signing, and the remaining sum became due on finishing
the instrument.

The contract having been made, conditionally, in July, 1842, it was
believed that the great Refractor would be shipped, for the United
States, in June, 1 844, and, to meet our engagements, the sum of
six thousand five hundred dollars, must be raised.

This amount was subscribed, but, in consequence of commercial
difficulties, all efi"orts, hitherto made to collect it, had been unavail-
ing, and in February, 1844, the Board of Control solicited the
Director of the Observatory, to become the general agent of the So-
ciety, and to collect all old subscriptions, and obtain such new ones as
might be necessary to make up the requisite sum. The accounts in
the hands of the previous collector, were, accordingly, turned over
to me, and a systematic effort was made to close them up. A regu-
29

:U2

CINCINNATI OBSERVATORY.

Jar journal wa.s kept of each day's work, noting the number of
hours employed, the persons visited, those actually found, the sums
collect-ed, the promises to pay, the positive repudiations, the due-bills
taken, payable in cash and trade, and the day on Tvhich I -was
requested to call again. These intervals extended from a week or ton
days, to four months. The hour was in general fixed, and when the
day rolled round, and the hour arrived, the agent of the Society
presented himself, and referred to the memoranda. In many cases
another and another time was appointed, until, in some instances,
almost as many calls were made as there were dollars due. By
systematic perseverance, at the end of some forty days, 'the sum of
three thousand dollars was paid over to the treasurer, as the amount
collected from old subscribers. Nearly two thousand dollars of due-
bills had been taken, payable in carpenter work, painting, dry -goods,
boots and shoes, hats and caps, plastering, brick-laying, blacksmith
work, paints and oils, groceries, pork barrels, flour, bacon and lard,
hardware, iron, nails, &c., in short, in every variety of trade, mate-
rials, and workmanship. The due bills, in cash, brought about five
hundred dollars in the course of the next thirty days, and a further
sum of three thousand dollars was required for the last remittance
to Europe.

It Avas determined to raise this amount, in large sums, from
wealthy and liberal citizens, who had already become members of
our Society. The list first made out, and the sums placed opposite
the names of each person, is now in my possession. On paper the
exact amount Avas made up in the simplest and most expeditious
manner : eight names had the sum of two hundred dollars opposite
them, ten names were marked one hundred dollars each, and the
remaining ones, fifty dollars each. Such was the singular accuracy
in the calculation, that, Avhen the theory was reduced to practice, it
failed in but one solitary instance. One person, upon whom we had
relied for tAvo hundred dollars, declined absohitely, and his place
Avas filled by another.

I called on one of the eight individuals marked at tAvo hundred
dollars, and, after a few moments' conversation, he told me, that in
case one hundred dollars Avould be of any serA'ice to me, he would
gladly subscnbe that amount. I showed him my list, and finding his
name among those reckoned at tAvo hundred dollars, he remarked that
he would not mar so beautiful a scheme, for the sum of one hundred
dollars, and accordingly entered his name in its appropriate place.

CINCINNATI OBSEKVATORY. 343

At a meeting, held in May, of the Board of Control, the treasurer
reported that the entire amount was now in the treasury, with the
exception of one hundred and fifty dollars. The board adjourned
to meet, on the same day, of the following week, when the deficiency
was reduced, by the agent, to twenty-five dollars, and on the same
day, an order was passed, to remit the entire amount to Barings &
Brothers, London, to be paid to the manufacturer, on the order of
Dr. J. Lamont, of Munich, to be given on the packing of the instru-
ment. The last twenty-five dollars was obtained, and placed in the
treasurer's hands, immediately on the adjournment of the Board.
Thus was completed, as it was supposed, by far the most difficult
part of the enterprise. All the cash means of the Society had now
been exhausted, about eleven thousand dollars had been raised, and
to extend the effort, yet farther, under the circumstances, seemed to
be quite impossible. Up to this time, nothing had been done
toward the building ; and, after paying for the instrument, not one
dollar remained in cash, to commence the erection of a building
which must cost, at the lowest estimate, five or six thousand dollars.

Some two or three thousand dollars had been subscribed, payable
in work and materials. Owing to a slight change in the plan of the
building, the foundation walls, already laid in the fall of 1843, were
taken up and relaid. Finding it quite impossible to induce any mas-
ter workman to take the contract for the building, with the many
contingencies by which our aff"airs were surrounded, I determined to
hire workmen by the day, and superintend the erection of the build-
ing personally. In attempting to contract for the delivery of brick,
on the summit of Mount Adams, such an enormous price was de-
manded for the hauling, in consequence of the steepness of the hill,
that all idea of a brick building, was at once abandoned, and it was
determined to build of limestone ; an abundant supply of which,
could be had on the grounds of the Societj^ by quarrying. Having
matured my plans, securing the occasional assistance of a carpenter,
about the beginning of June, 1844, I hired two masons, one of whom
was to receive an extra sum for hiring the hands, keeping their time,
and acting as the master workman. One tender to these workmen,
■ constituted the entire force with which I commenced the erection of
a building, which, if prosecuted in the same humble manner, would
have required about twenty years for its completion. And yet our
title bond required that the building should be finished in the follow-
ing June, or a forfeiture of the title by which we hold the present

344 CINCINNATI OBSERVATORY.

beautiful site, must follow. My master mason seemed quite con-
founded, when told that he must commence work with such a force.
In the outset, difficulties were thick and obstinate. Exorbitant
charges were made for dehvering lime. 1 at once commenced the
building of a lime-kiln, and, in a few days, had the satisfaction of
seeing it well filled, and on fire ; true, it caved in once or twice, with
other little accidents, but a full supply of lime was obtained, and
at a cheap rate.

Sand was the next item, for which the most extravagant charges
were made. I found this so ruinous that an efibrt was made, and
finally, I obtained permission to open a sand-pit, which had long
been closed, for fear of caving down a house, on the side of the hill
above, by further excavation. An absolute refusal was at first
given, but systematic perseverance again succeeded, and the pit was
re-opened. The distance was comparatively short, but the price of
mere hauling was so great, that I was forced to purchase horses,
and in not a iew instances fill the carts, with my own hands, and
actually drive them to the top of the hill, thus demonstrating prac-
tically, how many loads could be fairly made in a day.

Another difficulty yet remained — no water could be found nearer
than the foot of the hill, half a mile distant, and to haul all the
water so great a distance would have cost a large sum. I selected
one of the deepest ravines on the hill-top, and throwing a dam
across, while it was actually raining, I had the pleasure of seeing it
fill rapidly from the hill-sides ; and in this way an abundant supply
was obtained for the mixing of mortar, at a very moderate expense
of hauling.

Thus prepared, the building was commenced, with two masons
and one tender, during the first week ; at the close of the week I
had raised sufficient funds to pay off my hands, and directed the
foreman to employ, for the following week, two additional masons and
a tender ; to supply this force with materials, several hands were
employed in the quarry, in the lime-kiln, and in the sand-pit, all of
whom were hired by the day, to be paid half cash and the residue
in trade. During all this time, I may remark, that I was discharg-
ing my duties as professor of Mathematics and Philosophy in the Cin-
cinnati College, and teaching five hours in each day. Before eight
o'clock in the morning, I had visited all my workmen in the build-
ing, in the lime-kiln, sand-pit and stone quarry — at that hour my
duties in the college commenced, and closed at one. By two o'clock,

CINCINNATI OBSERVATORY. 345

P. M., I was again with my workmen, or engaged in raising the
means of paying them on Saturday night. The third week the
number of hands was again dovibled ; the fourth week produced a
like increase, until finally, not less than fifty day laborers were
actually engaged in the erection of the Cincinnati Observatory. Each
Saturday night exhausted all my funds, but I commenced the next
week in the full confidence that industry and perseverance would
work out their legitimate results. To raise the cash means re-
quired, was the great difficulty. I have frequently made four or
five trades to turn my due-bills, payable in trade, into cash. I have
not unfrequently gone to individuals and sold them their own due-
bills payable in merchandise, for cash, by making a discount. The
pork merchants paid me cash for my due bills, payable in barrels
and lard kegs, and in this way, I managed to obtain sufficient cash
means, to prosecute the work vigorously during the months of July
and Aiigust ; and in September, I had the satisfaction to see the
building up and covered, without having incurred one dollar of debt.
At one period, I presume, one hundred hands were employed, at
the same time, in the prosecution of the work. More than fifty
hands on the hill, and as many in the city in the various workshops,
paying their subscriptions by work for different parts of the build-
ing. The doors were in the hands of one carpenter, the window-
frames in those of another — a third was employed on the sash — a
painter took them from the joiner, and in turn delivered them to a
glazier, while a carpenter paid his stock by hanging them, with
weights purchased by stock, and with cords obtained in the same
way. Many locks were furnished by our townsmen in payment
of their subscriptions. Lumber, sawing, flooring, roofing, paint-
ing, mantles, steps, hearths, hardware, lathing, doors, windows,
glass, and painting, were in like manner obtained. At the be-
ginning of each week my master carpenter generally gave me a
bill of lumber and materials wanted during the week. In case they
had not been already subscribed, the stock-book was resorted to,
and there was no relaxing of efii"ort until the necessary articles were
obtained. If a tier of joists was wanted, the saw-mills Avere visited,
and in some instances the joists for the same floor came from two or
three diff'erent mills.

On covering the building, the great crowd of hands employed, as
masons, tenders, lime-burners, quarry-men, sand and Avater men,
Avere paid off and discharged ; and it noAv seemed that the heavy

846

eiNClNNATI OBSERVATORY.

pressure was passed, and that one might again breathe free, after
the responsibihty of such heavy weekly payments was removed.

Having used as much space as is admissible, I conclude, for the
present, by referring to the following table, which will give, perhaps,
a more correct idea of the organization of the Cincinnati Astrono-
mical Society, than a labored description.

The members of the Society, so far as known, are divided as
follows :

Judges 6

Physicians 25

Magistrates 6

Lawyers 33

Officers of Insurance Offices 8

Persons living from rents 34

Blacksmiths 8

Iron and Brass Founders 17

Wholesale Grocers 39

Retail " 17

Editors 5

Teachers 25

Clergymen 5

Dry-Goods Dealers 30

Bankers and Brokers 21

Clerks 13

Leather Dealers and Tanners. . . 6

Iron Merchants 16

Pork Merchants 16

Book Publishers 2

Druggists 16

Watchmakers 4

Carpenters and Joiners 23

Tailors and Clothiers 6

Saddlers 2

Crockery Merchants 7

Hotel Keepers 6

Printers 7

Shoemakers 5

Cabinetmakers 6

Ship Builders 4

Stone Cutters 3

Wire Workers 1

Lockmakers and Bell Hangers . . 3

Lumber Merchants 18

Livery Stable Keepers 3

Hardware Merchants 7

Steamboat Owners 5

Engineers 2

Engraver 1

Plumbers 2

Lockmakers 2

Paperhangers 7

Stonemasons 3

Brick " and Plasterers.... 2

Sawyers 7

Butchers 3

Bookseller 1

Hatters 3

Horticulturists 3

Millers 2

Tinners 2

Ice Dealer 1

Architects 2

Painters 4

Farmers 2

Cooper 1

Brickmaker 1

Lamp Dealers 2

Mattress Makers 2

Manufacturers of White Lead. . . 3

" " Sideratus 1

" " Cotton Yarn. . 2

Oil-Cloth ' 1

Plows 2

" " other articles. . 9

CaiTiage Makers 4

Remainder unknown.

349

COAL.

So extensive has been the consumption, or rather waste of timber
in the vicinity of our western cities, within the last fifty years, as to
render the use of mineral coal, as fuel, a strict necessity.

On the first introduction of coal for that purpose, twenty-five or
thirty years since, it was sold at twenty to twenty-five cents per
bushel, while fire-wood could be purchased at two dollars and fifty
cents per cord ; making ten or twelve .bushels of coal as costly as
one cord of Avood. The relative value of these fuel materials, has
altered so greatly since, in the advanced price of wood and the
reduced price of coal, that we can hardly realize the fact that even
at the rates thus named, and including the price of sawing and
splitting, the coal was the cheaper article for family use.

The early supplies of coal were brought here by Ephraim Jones,
from Wheeling and Pittsburgh ; and for years these were the only
varieties consumed here.

But the great superiority of coal over wood, for families, in the
facility of putting it away in a small space ; the convenience of tak-
ing it through a dwelling ; the readiness with which its fires can be
shut down at night, and rekindled in the morning — in a cold morn-
ing, a great point of advantage — the superior degree of safety of
coal over Avood, as regards accidental fires resulting from their use,
and more than all, the changed relation of value — coal now costing
hardly more than one-fourth the price of firewood, have rendered
the coal popular, alike to the employer and those he hires. Wood,
except for cooking purposes, is fuel here no longer.

The principal objection to the use of coal, is the presence of sul-
phur and of bitumen to such excess, as to render its use unpleasant
and unhealthy in chambers, as well as a nuisance in the streets ;
defiling the persons of individuals, and the fronts of the buildings.
Most of us have visited Pittsburgh and Wheeling, and can compre-
hend the force of these objections.

Fortunately for us, we have coal mines opened and opening con-
stantly for the supply of this market, Avhich promise to obviate the
objection alluded to. These are :

1. The Pomeroy mines, in Meigs county, Ohio.

2. The Peach Orchard field, on Sandy, Virginia.

3. The Cannel coal, on Kanawha.

350 COAL GLENDALE.

4. The coal on the Monongahela and Youghiogeny, of the Cin-
cinnati Coal-mine Company, and lastly :

5. The new mines at South Point, Lawrence county, in Ohio, and
the Rock Grove mines in Virginia, just commencing to supply this
market.

These varieties burn free from sulphur, and consume every por-
tion to ashes, as any one will find on making the test.

The consumption of coal in 1840, was one million nine hundred
thousand and fifty bushels. It has increased since, to nearly eight
million bushels ; the regular decline in price, and our business
enlargement stimulating a constantly increasing consumption of the
article.

GLENDALE.

This is a village, and once a series of fine farms, amounting in
the aggregate to five hundred and sixty-five acres. It is situated
on the line of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton railroad, and
twelve miles from our own city. The property has been purchased
by a joint-stock company of thirty persons, who propose, after
selecting their own lots out of the premises, to lay off the residue
into building lots of various sizes, confining their sales to actual
residents, at least for the summer season, and of a description of
persons who will be desirable neighbors to each other. A series of
improvements are in progress, which will make Glendale a delight-
ful residence. An artificial lake of four acres surface, and seven-
teen feet depth, has been created, by running a dam three hundred
feet long just below four or five permanent and abundant springs;
Avhich will secure inexhaustible supplies of water for washing and
bathing.

Glendale will be a station for wooding and watering, and passen-
gers and freight for the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton railroad.

An arrangement will be made to establish regular morning and
evening trains to and from Cincinnati, in addition to the through
trains. This will afi'ord unrivaled facilities to accommodate the
dwellers at Glendale.

There will be three hundred lots or more, laid out, for future
purchasers.

WOODRUF. xxv^^^E,

P. E. & G. P. TUTTLE, PROPRIETORS.

CENSUS OF OHIO 1850.

CENSUS OF OHIO— 1850

COUNTIES.

WHITE.

COLORED.

TOTAL.

1840.

Adams ... .

18,890
12,100
23,824
28,727
18,137
11,278
33,914
26,648
30,439
17,635
19,278
21,872
30,056
18,268
33,437
25,631
18,167
47,776
20,038

6,947
21,682
18,436
30,002
12,457
41,327

7,779
15,885
17,816
21,339
30,295
153,356
16,753

8,237
19,901

3,432
24,909
13,990
20,457
26,184
12,376
28,469
28,828
14,619
14,944
38,738
18,671
25,834
12,255

9,922
23,680
12,536
24,396

685

686

355

465

302

393

569

164

329

239

132

142

255

279

1553

1179

608

177

3494

259

872

129

348

664

303

107

497

257

126

18,943
12,116
23,826
28,767
18,217
11,341
34,599
27,334
30,794
17,685
19,743
22,174
30,449
18,837
33,601
25,671
18,177
48,105
20,277

6,966
21,814
18,578
30,257
12,736
42,880

7,780
17,064
17,823
21,947
30,472
156,850
16,774

8,251
20,160

3,432
25,781
14,119
20,458
26,203
12,724
29,133
28,870
14,655
15,247
38,845
19,168
26,091
12,381
10,012
23,733
12,554
24,433

12,775
9,079

Allen

Ashland* ..

23,723

Athens

19,109

Belmont

30,901

Brown

22 715

Butler

28,173

Carroll

18,108
16,720
16,832
23 100

Champaign

Clark ..r

Clermont ....

Clinton

15,719

Columbiana

Coshocton

40,378
21,500
13,152

Cuvahocra. .

26 506

Darke

13,282

Defiance*

22,060

Erie

12,457
31,924
10,984

Fairfield

Fayette

Franklin

25 049

Fulton

Gallia

13 444

Geauga ....

16 297

17,528
27 748

Guernsey

Hamilton .

80,145
9,981
4,598

20,099
2 503

Hardin

Henry

Highland

22,269

9,741

18 088

Holmes ....

22,661

Jackson

9 744

25,030

29,579
13,740
9,725
35,096
14 015

Lake

Lawrence

Logan

18,467

Lucas

9 382

Madison ...

9,025

20,852
18,352

Mahoning*

Marion

Medina

354

CENSUS OF OHIO-

COUNTIES.

WHITE.

COLOEED.

TOTAL.

1840.

17,921

7,319

i 24,391

28,306

38,007

28,515

20,239

44,460

3,309

1,765

20,751

20,720

10,337

24,331

21,708

7,221

30,823

.30,263

14,495

18,562

26,995

13,573

39,789

393

566

210

593

390

618

54
1821

34
167
110
383

99
106

74
124

45
101
536
373

18
48

17,960

7,712

24,957

28,367

38,217

98,593

20,240

45,053

3,310

1,766

20,774

21,110

10,955

■24,387

21,748

7,221

30,877

32,084

14,529

18,729

27,105

13,956

■ 39,888

27,481

30,540

31,7.32

12,205

4,793

9,353

25,560

29,512

33,045

8,018

9,165

11,169

11,452

8 277

Mercer

19,688
18,521
31,038
20,852

Montgomery

Morrow*

Muskingum

38,749
2,248
1 034

Paulding

Perry

19,344

Pickaway

19 725

Pike

7 626

Portage

19,688

Preble

19,482

Putnam

5 189

Richland

44,532

Ross

27,460

10,182

Scioto

11,192

Seneca

18,139

Shelby

12,154

Stark

34,605

Summit .

27,375

22,562

Trumbull

30,504

31,658

12,081

4,748

9,252

25,024

29,139

33,024

8,018

9,147

11,121

25,700

Tuscarawas

25,631

8,422

1,577

Vinton*

23,141

Washington

Wayne

20,823
35,808

Williams

4,995

Wood

5,458

Wyandot*

Totals

1,957,465

23,495 ! 1,980,960

1,519,467

Erected since 1840

Note. — Since the earlier pages of this publication went to press, the Cincinnati
Female Institute, under charge of Professor Zachos and Miss M. Cox, lias been
removed to Dayton, and merged in the Cooper Female Institute of that ciiy.

This change serves only to enlarge its recommendations to those desirous of
sending pupils, in the measure of advantage, Dayton possesses over Cincin-
nati as respects abundant range of exercise, as well as purer air to breathe.

356 THE PROTESTANT UNIVERSITY OF THE UNITED STATES.

THE PROTESTANT UNIVERSITY OF THE UNITED STATES.

This Institution was incorporated by the Legislature of Ohio, in
the year 1845, and is under the management of a competent board
of trustees. The following is the second section of its charter, which
fixes its location, defines its object, and secures to it the most un-
limited academic powers, viz: " The said university shall be located
in, or near to, the city of Cincinnati ; and its object and purpose are
hereby declared to be the promotion and advancement of education,
the cultivation and diffusion of literature, science, and the arts, in all
their departments and faculties." It is not Sectarian. Thus, in the
ninth and eleventh sections, it is expressly "provided that in the
rules and regulations governing the admission of students, there
shall be no preference on account of religious sects, or any other
cause, except good moral character, and the promise of superior
scholarship," and " that the corporation shall have no power at any
time to establish a sectarian religious test, as. a condition of enjoying
the honors and privileges of the university." But it is Protestant.
And this name was given to it, by the Legislature, because of the
provision in the eleventh section of its charter, " That it shall always
be conducted in subserviency to the True, Reformed, Protestant
Christian Religion, as taught in the Holy Scriptures of the Old and
New Testaments." Its general corporate powers are correspond-
ingly liberal in their character. This outline, as it is due to our
citizens, will sufficiently explain, for the present, the nature and
scope of the institution.

The university has not yet been opened for instruction, but much
has been done in preparation for this. The Rev. Wilham Wilson,
of this city, who is about to sail for Europe in its interest, is its
chancellor. It has recently been endowed, by the munificent be-
quest of an enlightened, spirited, and patriotic protestant, in the
eastern section of our country. The whole Protestant world, as
well as the republic of letters and science, are deeply interested in
the success of this university.

The Officers of the Board of Trustees, are : —

Rev. Andrew Heron, D. D., President pro tern.
James C. McMillan, Esq., Secretary.
Thomas Wilson, Esq., Treasurer.

nf^ii^

MANUFACTURING ILLUSTRATIONS.

359

Prices of Jones' Hand-Presses.
Double medium, with boiler
apparatus, $240; imperial,
super royal, 200; medium, 190;
Cap, -without boiler apparatus,
75.

Guilford & Jones, 41 Second street, who have the exclusive right for the ma-
nufacture and sale of this valuable hand-press, are now prepared to fill orders
for medium and double medium sizes. By this press, an increase of at least
fifty per cent, of work is obtained, with a great reduction of labor. Its pecu-
liar advantages over the old consist: — 1. In the saving of time in putting on
and taking off the sheet. 2. In the saving of time in running the bed under
and out from the platin. 3. In the flying the frisket, as it is self-acting. 4. In
the application of the leverage, by which means a very heavy impression is
obtained by a small expenditure of physical force. 5. In the saving of time
and labor of stepping backward and foi-ward by the pressman, as it is unne-
cessary for him to move out of his tracks while at work. 6. From the manner
in which the points are attached, it being impossible for the blankets to full
up as the form runs under the platin, which, in the ordinary press, renders the
points liable to move.

MANUFACTURING ILLUSTRATIONS.

361

WILSON'S PATENT STEAM RENDERING TANKS.

MANUFACTURING ILLUSTRATIONS.

363

LOTZE'S NEW PATENT WARM AIR FURNACE OF 1860,

FOR HEATING CHURCHES, DWELLINGS, STORES,

AND OTHER PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

FUENACE, WITH BEICK AIE-CHAMBEE, FOE BUEXXG COAT..

FUENAOE STOVE, FOE BUENING -WOOD.

WIOURE &. CO.

PUSLiCATlO tJ-S.

TisiE'sl Edatioaa—Now Ready;

ROMANISM NOT CHRISTIANITY:

A SERIES OF

FOPiri^AR I.ECTURES,

In wliich Popery and Protestantism are Contrasted, showinn

the incompatihiliixj of the former with Freedom and

Free Institutions.

BY N. Xi. KICE, ».»,,

PASTOR Oi" THE CENTRAL PRESBYTEKIAN CIIUECg, CINCINNATI.

One Volume 12mo. — Substantially boun'd in Cloth.
PRICE ONE DOLLAR.
"Tliis ^vork contains a complete refutation of Popery, in a clca' .
temperate, learned and A\'ise discussion, ■^itli tlie author's known ain;
rliaracteristic clearness, dh-ectncss, conciseness, courage and logic.
Tiie knowledge of the whole field of the coutroversy is surprising ; ai)ti
ills is equaled by the fairness of the reasoning. It is eminently a booi;
iiQ- the people, for the times, and for our country." — Princeton Revicir.

"Facts are presented in bold and startling aspects, and he must I
•'ind who will not seethe evidence that Popery is the sworn foe <>i
'jorty, and the deadliest enemy of our country, — a viper that we ai-'
-arming into life to sting us to the heart. We would have this excel -
'oiit A^olume in the hands of every American for his warning ainl
instruction." — New York Observer.

"The author of these Lectures grasps this subject with a giant '^
strength. He examines the errors of Popery, one by one, and "shov.-
their utter incompatibility with the Gospel. Every "careful reader oi
the work will feel that Protestantism is founded upon the Scriptures of
eternal truth." — Puritan Recorder.

\ ""We have never before seen the great issue of Popery and Protestnii -
'ism so succinctly presented. The various arguments and facts whir,
l^oar upon the question, and go to show tlie real nature and influen;'
if Romanism, are mai'shaled with tact and sagacity, and presented i
;js;!cha manner, as to carry the candid rop,'^^'^"- ,■■ ■■'if'-..-' ^'-o-i '■■
. I denial)le premises to most certain and i ■
I style of the book is eminently popular, — i':.!,

:jconYeying the author's thoughts with sin-uiai Ci>-anic.^.^, auu m i..
j briefest possible space." — New York Evangelist.

1 "Tlie coiitroversy with Romanism is the controversy of the ni; .
'"ew men in our country liave given more attention to the ai _
:,ik1 facts Ijearing on the question, than Dr. Rice. He is p
. lualificd to treat it in an intelligent and popular way." — Prcv'j:,
i'hiladdpMa.

"This work is a model of condensation and good temper, and mr,. i
iiave a vast circulation." — Neto York Tribune.
"It is written in llie bold and earnest style which wins popular ; '
ntion, and is forlitinl Aviih iv^'ument'^ ami f;\ct< wliich will cai .

'\AAA/\AAAAAA /\/\ AAAAAAAAAA/iAAAAAAAAAA^

A A A A A A A A /\ A /

No.^il^ Sect, it ^ SheK
CONTENTS

', and

irk which
we make

ist, RiflcJI

.'lOcIs ^^'ei•e
emendous

;uure, and

Lincoln National Life Foundation
Collateral Lincoln Library

■j^ .

iTicni Tn

livity and
is view of
with the
lU" author
r of liiiij'h

grandeur; then when tlie eye is wearied o

[ly digests
juclu.sions
feature of
ses of tlie
■gical era.
and wiih
auty and

he takes out his hammer

eye is wearied or sated M'ith the prosp"'
breaks off a fragjuent of the rock, exph,:

exp;

its structure, analyzes its elements, and refers it to its class
he travels back along the rocky tablet whose hierogivpliics are l..
nnprint of the geologic ages, and there reads aloucl^the course ui
things before time was. This he does in the language of scienc ,
yet his style is clear, distinct, graphic, and eloquent. You u;i <; -
■tnnd him perfectly and you see that he perfectly uuderstrn ' ! ; -
?(?lf. Withal though writing as a man of science", he does v. ■ :
thathe is a Christian; and, while he does not obtrude rcligiuu, re-
flections upon a merely scientific surface, or force a connection" between
science and religion, he develops the harmony of the two in the most
::>->.- and na'iir.i! inn.nii-r, r.ud enables one to read the Creator in his
^ ■ ord. Tavo of the most admirable chapters

iiie "Mosaic Record" and the "Creator."

• V V V V V V V ■:

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