Sketch of the history of the Knights Templars

McKEW PARR COLLECTION

MAGELLAN

and the AGE of DISCOVERY

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NOTICE.

The very limited number of copies comprising the First Edi-
tion of this Work were exhausted by presentations amongst
the most Illustrious Individuals, — leaving only a few copies
for the Author's numerous circle of friends and associates.
To remove a disappointment very generally expressed by
many intimate friends of the Author in this Country, he
has been induced to print a Second Edition of the Work,
which is now offered to the Public, with many Additions
and Illustrations, — for one of which, in particular, — the
plate of Sir Sidney Smith, — the Publishers are indebted to
the kindness of Mr. Bentley.

Edinburgh, August 1840.

CHAP. PAGE

1. The Hospitallers, ...... 1

2. The Templars, ... ... 9

3. The Persecution of the Templars, ... .25

4. The Continuation of the Order, . ... 39

5. The Knights Templars of Scotland, . . . 55

&ppcuirtx<

1. Bull of Pope Clement V, ..... i

2. Charter of Transmission, ..... iii

3. Vow of the Knights of St. John, . . . . x

4. Vow of the Templars, ..... xi

5. Le Tresor, ...... xiii

6. Manifesto by the late Regent on his Succession, . . . xvii

7. Discours De L'Amiral Sir Sidney Smith au Convent General, xxi

8. Investiture as a Knight Commander of the Bath, . . xxiii

9. Death and Funeral of Sir Sidney Smith, . . . xxx

10. Funeral Oration by M. Jullien, .... xxxiii

11. Do. by M. Caille, . . . . xxxvii

12. Sketch of the History, &c. of the Order in Ireland, . . xlii

13. Extract of Charter by King James IV. of Scotland, . . xlvii

14. Proclamation by the Freemasons of Europe, — dated at Cologne on

the Rhine 1535, ..... li

15. List of Chevaliers whose Arms are Emblazoned on Frontispiece.

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Whose Armorial Bearings are emblazoned upon the Gothic Gate-
way at the beginning of this Work, and to whom the Plate is
affectionately dedicated by their Friend and Brother,

James Burnes.

Sir William Sidney Smith, G.C.B.

&c. &c. &c. &c.

Late Regent and Prince Magistral of the

Order of the Temple.

Outram. Hair. Gibson. Erskine. Burnes. Le Geyt.

Le Messurier. Kennedy.

Bogle.

Holmes.

Chalmers. Campbell.

Campbell. Lushington.

Macan. Shaw.

Dunlop. Le Geyt.

ARMS

OF

THE ORDER.

Fitzgerald. Bortoleme.

Pearson.

Simson.

Laurie. Winchester.

Ramsay. Pringle.

James Burnes,
Knight of Aquitaine, and of the Royal Guelphic Order,
Grand Prior of India.
Bailiff of Berne. Harris.

INTRODUCTION.

Having learned from some of those kind and esteemed Friends
who lately presented to me a magnificent piece of Plate, in
the name of the Free Masons of Scotland, on the occasion
of my approaching departure for India, that I could not more
suitably evince my sense of gratitude, than by leaving amongst
them, as a token of remembrance, some Memoir of the Order
of the Temple, with which they seem to consider me in some
measure identified, I have, in compliance with their wish, de-
voted the very few hours of leisure I have had during the

last month, to the preparation of the following Sketch ;

and feel confident, that from an individual almost constantly
engaged in arrangements for quitting his Native Country,
and labouring under the most painful feelings, at the prospect
of parting from his family, and those with whom he has lived
in cordial terms of friendship during the last three years, no-
thing very finished or original will be expected ; and I offer
no apology, therefore, when I state, that a considerable por-
tion of the following pages consists merely of an abridgement
or reprint of an admirable, but not sufficiently known article,
written by Mr. Keightly, on the History of the Templars,
down to the period of the Persecution, in the Foreign Quar-
terly Review for 1828, followed by some Extracts from Lau-
rie's Free-Masonry, and Mill's History of Chivalry.

The account of the present state of the Order has been
taken from the official « Manuel des Chevaliers de l'Ordre

11

du Temple;1 published both at Paris and Liverpool ; as well
as from information gathered either in foreign books, such as
the " Acta Latamorum,r in which all the Statutes, &c. were
given to the Public in 1815, or from conversations with
which I have been honoured by His Royal Highness the
Duke of Sussex, Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith, Gene-
ral Wright, and other distinguished Templars, at home and
abroad. For much of the information recorded in the Chap-
ter on the Scottish Templars, I am under great obligations
to Adam Paterson, and William Prinole, Esquires, both
of whom furnished me with valuable Manuscripts. The
latter of these gentlemen is the author of various papers on
the Templars, in that valuable periodical, the Free-Masons1
Review, nor was it until I had failed to induce him to give,
in a continuous form, the result of his own researches on the
subject, that I myself ventured to enter upon the present
Work.

In conclusion, I have to express my warmest acknowledg-
ments to my friend, W. A. Laurie, Esquire, Secretary to
the Grand Lodge of Scotland, for many valuable notes and
additions, — to whose taste and exertions this little Volume
owes its appearance before the Public, and to whom person-
ally I am indebted for many favours, which he would not
wish me to particularise.

United Service Club,
Edinburgh, 28th May 183/

A HOSPITALLER.

CHAP. I.

- HE natural desire to visit places
which have been the scene of memorable
actions, or the abode of distinguished per-
sonages, had from a very early period
drawn pious pilgrims from the east and
the west to view those spots which had
been hallowed by the presence of the Son
of God. The toils and the dangers of the
journey were unheeded, when set in com-
parison with the bliss of pouring forth
prayer on Calvary, and bathing in the waves of Jordan,
whose waters had consecrated the Saviour to his holy office.

THE HOSPITALLERS.

And, accordingly, we find that, so early as the ninth century,
there was in the valley of Jehoshaphat, near the church of
the Holy Virgin, an Hospital composed of twelve dwellings,
for pilgrims from the west, which possessed corn lands, vine-
yards, and gardens, and an excellent library, established by
the bounty of Charlemagne.

In the eleventh century, when the apprehension of the
approaching end of the world, and appearance of Christ to
judge mankind, had once more fanned the flame of pious
pilgrimage which had been previously dying away, and men
were hastening to the land where they expected to meet their
Lord and Judge, there was built within the walls of Jerusa-
lem an Hospital for the reception of Catholic pilgrims. This
hospital stood within a very short distance of the church of
the Holy Sepulchre, and, by the favour of the Egyptian
Khalif, a church, dedicated to the Virgin, and afterwards
called St. Maria de Latina, was erected close by it ; there an
abbot and several monks, who followed the rule of St. Bene-
dict, received and entertained the pilgrims who arrived each
year from the west, and furnished such of them as were poor
or had been plundered by the roving Bedouins, with the
means of paying the tax exacted by the unbelievers. Deco-
rum not permitting the reception of female pilgrims, the
brethren established without their walls a convent, dedicated
to Mary Magdalene, where a pious sisterhood entertained
the pilgrims of their own sex. The number of the pilgrims
still continuing to increase, the abbot and his monks erected

THE HOSPITALLERS. 3

a new Hospitium near their church, which they placed under
the patronage of St. John, the Patriarch of Alexandria, nam-
ed Eleemon, or the Compassionate. This last Hospital had
no independent revenues, but derived its income from the
bounty of the abbot of the monastery of the Holy Virgin,
and the alms of the pious. f

When, in 1099, Jerusalem was invested by the Crusaders,
the Hospital of St. John was presided over by Gerhard, a
native of Provence, a man of exemplary piety, and of a spirit
of mild and universal benevolence, rarely to be found in that
age ; for while the city was pressed by the arms of the faith-
ful, who sought for future glory by the extermination of
those whom they deemed the enemies of God on earth, not
merely the orthodox Catholic, but the schismatic Greek, and
even the unbelieving Moslem, shared without distinction the
alms of the good director of the Hospital of St. John. When
the city was taken, the sick and wounded of the Crusaders
received all due care and attention from Gerhard and his
monks. The general favour they enjoyed with Godfrey de
Bouillon and the other pilgrims now emboldened them to
separate themselves from the monastery of St. Mary de La-
tina ; and to pursue their labour of love alone and indepen-
dent, they drew up a rule for themselves, to which they bound

f " The Greek Convent adjoins the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. From the
terrace of this Convent, you see a spacious enclosure, in which grow two or three
olive trees, a palm tree, and a few cypresses. The house of the Knights of St.
John of Jerusalem formerly occupied this deserted spot." — Chateaubriand.

4 THE HOSPITALLERS.

themselves to obedience in the presence of the patriarch, and
assumed as their distinguishing dress, a black mantle, with a
white cross of eight points on the left breast.+ They still
remained obedient to the abbot of St. Maria de Latina, and
according to the law of the church, they paid tythes to the
patriarch.

This continued while the brotherhood was poor ; but riches
soon began to flow in upon them. Godfrey, whose very
name suggests the ideas of virtue and piety, pure, if not al-
ways well-directed, struck with their simple and unassuming
charity, bestowed on them his domain of Monboire, in Bra-
bant, with all its appurtenances His brother and successor,
Baldwin, gave them a portion of the booty gained from the
infidels ; several pious princes and nobles followed these ex-
amples, and the Hospital of St. John soon saw itself in pos-

f At a subsequent period, the war-dress of the Knights Hospitallers was
a scarlet tunic, or sopra vest, on which was embroidered the sacred emblem
of the Order. In the Convent, they wore a black robe similarly adorned, with a
cap of dignity. The knights were authorised to wear these dresses by a Bull of
Pope Alexander IV, in 1259. The other insignia were, — First, A star which
was worn on the left breast, in the form of a cross patee, having eight points,
symbolical of the eight beatitudes and the eight languages, which composed the
Order ; Second, A badge formed of a white enamelled cross, having the angles
charged with the supporters, or principal device, of the respective kingdom to
which the language belonged. This, surmounted by an imperial Crown, was
worn originally suspended from the neck by a gold chain, latterly by a black
ribband ; to these were added the sword, scarf, spurs, &c. As an armorial dis-
tinction, the knights were privileged to augment their family arms with a chief,
gules, charged with a cross, argent ; and exteriorly adorned the shield with the
mantle, cap of dignity, banners, badge, and motto, Pro Fide. These insignia,
however, were of more modern adoption. — Vide Hospitallaria.

THE HOSPITALLERS. 5

session of extensive estates, both in Europef and Asia, which
were managed by members of the society named Preceptors.
Pope Pascall II, in 1113, relieved the Hospitallers from the
burden of paying tythes to the patriarch of Jerusalem — con-
firmed by his Bull all donations made and to be made to them
— and gave them authority to appoint a successor on the
death of Gerhard, without the interference of any other
secular or spiritual authority. The society now counted
among its members many gallant knights who had come to
the Holy Land to fight in the cause of their Saviour ; and
there, actuated by a spirit more accordant to his, had flung
aside their swords, and devoted themselves to the attendance
on the sick and poor among the brethren of St. John. One
of the most distinguished of these was Raymond Dupuy, a

f The first introduction of the Knights Hospitallers into England took place,
according to Tanner, in 1101. Soon after this, the Grand Priory of St. John,
at Clerkenwell, London, was founded by the Lord Jordan Briset. In 1185 it
was formally dedicated by the Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem. Matthew
Paris mentions that, in 1237, there went from the Priory of Clerkenwell three
hundred knights to the wars in the Holy Land. It was set on fire by the rebels
under Wat Tyler in 1381, and burnt for seven days ; and it was not finally repair-
ed till one hundred and twenty -three years afterwards, when the Grand Prior
Docwra completed its reconstruction. This building is said to have exhibited
curious specimens of the Arts of Europe and Asia, and contained collections of
books and other rarities. — (Cromwell's Hist. Parish Clerkenwell.)

The old gateway of St. John's, Clerkenwell, is nearly all that remains of
the once princely Priory, the revenues of which, at the time of the Reformation,
amounted to the sum of two thousand three hundred and eighty-five pounds
twelve shillings and eightpence sterling. Besides the above, the Order possessed
subordinate priories or establishments in almost every county of England and
Scotland ; to which were attached valuable lands, with rights of venison and
fishing, and immunities of various kinds.

6 THE HOSPITALLERS.

knight of Dauphine, who, on the death of the worthy Ger-
hard, was chosen to succeed him in his office.

It was Raymond who organized the order of the Hospital-
lers, and established the discipline of the order. His regula-
tions afford a specimen of the manners and modes of thinking
of his time ; and some of them require to be noticed here, on
account of their similarity with those of the Templars, shortly
to be mentioned. The usual monkish duties of chastity and
obedience were strictly enjoined ; the brethren, both lay and
spiritual, were directed to wear at least a linen or woollen
shirt, but no expensive dress of any kind ; above all, no furs ;
when they went to collect alms, they were, for fear of tempta-
tion, never to go alone, but always in parties of two or three ;
they were not, however, to select their companions, but to
take such as the director should appoint them; wherever
there was a house belonging to their order, they were to turn
in thither, and nowhere else, and to take whatever was given
them, and ask for nothing more ; they were also to carry
their lights with them, and wherever they passed the night,
to set these burning before them, lest the enemy should bring
on them some deadly danger. When the brethren were in
the church, or in a private house, in the company of women,
they were to take good heed to themselves and avoid tempta-
tion ; for the same reason, they were never to suffer women
to wash their head or feet, or to make their bed. If a brother
had fallen into carnal sin, and his offence was secret, a silent
penance was deemed sufficient ; but if it had been public, and

THE HOSPITALLERS

he was fully convicted of it, he was on Sunday, after mass,
when the people were gone out of church, to be stript of his
clothes, and there, by the director himself, or such of the
brethren as he appointed, severely beaten with thongs or rods,
and then expelled the order. Any brother possessed of money
or valuables, who concealed them from the master, was se-
verely punished, the money which he had secreted was hung
about the offender's neck, and he was scourged by one of the
brethren, in the presence of all those belonging to the house ;
he had then to do penance for forty days, during which time,
on Wednesdays and Fridays, he had nothing but bread and
water to support him. These regulations were made by Ray-
mond, in the year 1118 ; a circumstance to be attended to, as
some similar rules have been since made a ground of accusa-
tion against the Templars.

It is uncertain whether Raymond had any ulterior design
of making the order of the Hospitallers a military one, but if
such was his intention, he was anticipated. The kingdom of
Jerusalem, over which Baldwin II. now ruled, had been in a
very extraordinary state from the date of its conquest. It
lay between two enemies, the Egyptians on the south, and
the Turks on the north ; and these Moslems, though of op-
posite and hostile sects, agreed in hatred of the Christians,
and a desire to take Jerusalem — which was to them also the
Holy City — out of the hands of the western infidels ; the
independent Arabs of the desert were also inimical to the
Christians, and as fond of plunder as they have been at all

THE HOSPITALLERS.

periods of their history. Hence, the Holy Land was con-
tinually infested by predatory bands, who robbed and plun-
dered all who fell in their way ; the pious pilgrim who dis-
embarked at Joppa or Acre, was fortunate if he reached the
ultimate object of his journey in safety ; and when he had
visited all the consecrated places within the sacred walls, new
perils awaited him on his way to bathe in the purifying
waters of the Jordan, or to pluck in the gardens of Jericho
the palm branch which he was to suspend in the church on
his return.

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JACQUES BE MOLAY,
GRANDE MAITRE DE E'ORDRE DU TEMPLE.

CHAP. II.

©|e Huigftts ©croplara

WAS in the year 1119, the twentieth
of the Christian dominion in Syria, that
nine pious and valiant Knights, the
greater part of whom had been the com-
panions of Godfrey de Bouillon, formed
themselves into an association, the object
of which was to protect and defend Pil-
grims on their visits to the holy places.
These Knights, of whom the two chief were Hugo de Payens
and Godfrey de St. Omer, vowed, in honour of the sweet

10 THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS.

Mother of God, to unite Monkhood and Knighthood ;f their
pious design met with the warm approbation of the King and
the Patriarch, and in the hands of the latter they made the
three ordinary vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience ; and
a fourth, of combating without ceasing against the heathen,
in defence of Pilgrims and of the Holy Land; and bound
themselves to live according to the rule of the canons of St.
Augustine, at Jerusalem. The King assigned them for their
abode a part of his palace, which stood close by where had
stood the Temple of the Lord. He and his barons contri-
buted to their support, and the abbot and canons of the Tem-
ple assigned them for the keeping of their arms and maga-
zines the street between it and the royal palace, and hence
they took the name of the soldiery of the Temple, or Tem-
plars. When Fulk, Count of Anjou, in the year following
the formation of the society, made a pilgrimage to the Holy
Land, the Order was even then in such repute that he joined
it as a married brother, and on his return home remitted
them annually thirty pounds of silver to aid them in their
pious labours, and his example was followed by several other
Christian princes.

For the first nine years after their institution, the Templars
lived in poverty and humility, and no new members joined
their society, which was eclipsed by that of St. John. Their

f The other original associates of the Order were the Knights Roral, Gun~
clemar, Godfrey Bisol, Payens de Montidier, Archibald de St. Aman, Andrew
de "Montbar, and the Count of Provence, according to the German historian,
Wilcke.

THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS. 11

clothing consisted of such garments as were bestowed on
them by the charity of the faithful, and so rigorously were
the gifts of pious princes applied by them to their destina-
tion— the benefit of pilgrims and of the Holy Land in gene-
ral— that in consequence of their poverty, Hugo de Payens
and Godfrey de St. Omer had but one war-horse between
them. When the Order had arrived at wealth and splen-
dour, its seal, representing two Knights mounted on one
charger, commemorated this original poverty of its pious
founders.

During the reign of Baldwin II. the kingdom was hard
pressed by the Turks of Damascus, Mossul, and the neigh-
bouring states, and the king had been a captive in their hands.
On his liberation he sought every means of strengthening
his kingdom, and as the Templars had displayed such emi-
nent valour and devotion wherever they had been engaged,
he resolved to gain them all the influence and consideration
in his power. Accordingly he dispatched two of their mem-
bers as his envoys to the Holy See, to lay before the Pope
the state of the Holy Land, and also furnished them with a
strong letter of recommendation to the celebrated Bernard
of Clairvaux, the nephew of one of the envoys. Bernard
approved highly of the object and institution of the Order.
Hugo de Payens and five other brethren soon arrived in the
west, and appeared before the fathers, who were assembled
in council at Troyes, to whom Hugo detailed the maxims
and the deeds of the Templars. The fathers expressed their

12 THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS.

approbation of all he said, the Order was pronounced good
and useful, and some additions, taken from that of the Bene-
dictines, were made to their rule. By the direction of Pope
Honorius, the council appointed them a white mantle as
their peculiar dress, to which Pope Eugenius some years
afterwards added a red cross on the breast — the symbol of
martyrdom. Their banner was of the black and white stripe,
called, in old French, Bauseant (which word became their
war-cry,) and bore the pious inscription, Non nobis, Domine,
non nobis, sed nomini tua da gloriam.-^ St. Bernard, if
he did not himself draw up the rule of Order, had at least
a considerable participation in it ; throughout his life he
cherished the Templars ; he rarely wrote a letter to the Holy
Land, in which he did not praise them, and recommend them
to the favour and protection of the great.

Owing to the influence of Bernard, and the sincere piety
and noble qualities of its founders, the Order rapidly in-
creased in wealth and consequence. Many Knights assumed
its habit, and with Hugo de Payens travelled through France

f Bauseant or Bausant* was, in old French, a pie-bald horse. The word is
still preserved with its original meaning in the Scotch dialect, in the form
Bawsent : —

" His honest, sonsie, baws'nt face,

Aye gat him freends in ilka place,"

says Burns, describing the " Ploughman's Collie" in his Tale of the '" Twa
Dogs;" and in the Glossary, Dr. Currie explains Bawsent as meaning " having
a white stripe down the face." Some conceive that the word Beauseant may be
merely an old variation of the modern French word Bienseant, as referring to
something handsome or attractive.

THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS. 13

and England, to excite the Christians to the sacred war.
With Henry I. of England they met the highest considera-
tion. Fulk, of Anjou, re-united himself to Hugo de Payens,
and on the invitation of King Baldwin, prepared, though
advanced in years, to set out for Palestine, to espouse the
daughter of the king, and succeed him on his throne. Gifts
in abundance flowed in on the Order, large possessions were
bestowed on it in all countries of the west, and Hugo de
Payens, now its Grand Master, returned to the Holy Land
in the year 1129, at the head of three hundred Knights
Templars of the noblest families in Europe, ready to take
the field against the Infidels.

The Templars soon became, in fact, the most distinguished
of the Christian warriors. By a rule of their Order, no
brother could be redeemed for a higher ransom than a girdle
or a knife, or some such trifle ;f captivity was therefore
equivalent to death, and they always fought with Spartan
desperation. The Bauseant was always in the thick of the
battle ; the revenue they enjoyed enabled them to draw to
their standard valiant secular knights and stout and hardy
footmen. The chivalry of St. John vied with them, it is
true, in prowess and valour, but they do not occupy the
same space in the History of the Crusades. The Templars

f Expediency afterwards prompted the infraction of this original rule. Ge-
rard de Ridefort, Grand Master of the Order, was liberated by Saladin, along
with several other captives, for no less a ransom than the city of Ascalon. In
1244 also, the Templars endeavoured to redeem their brethren from captivity in
Egypt.

14 THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS.

having been from the outset solely devoted to arms, — the
warm interest which St. Bernard, whose influence was so
great, took in their welfare, — and the circumstance that the
fourth King of Jerusalem was a member of their body, — all
combined to throw a splendour about them which the Knights
of St. John could not claim, but which also gave occasion to
their more speedy corruption, and augmented the number of
their enemies. Most writers, however, of the twelfth cen-
tury speak respectfully of the Knights of the Temple, and
those unsparing satirists, the Troubadours, never mention
them but with honour. The history of the Order, as far as
we can recollect, records only one instance of a Templar ab-
juring his faith, and that was an English Knight, Robert of
Saint Albans, who deserted to Saladin, who gave him his
sister in marriage on his becoming a Moslem ; and in 1185,
the ex-red-cross Knight led a Saracen army to the neigh-
bourhood of Jerusalem, wasting and destroying the country
with fire and sword.-f-

By the Bull, Omne datum optimum, granted by Pope
Alexander III. in 1162, the Order of the Templars acquired
great importance, and from this time forth, it may be regard-
ed as totally independent, acknowledging no authority but
that — before which the haughtiest monarchs bowed — of the

| Mathew Paris charges a certain Templar, named Ferrandus, with having
gone over to the Infidels, and betrayed the state of the Christian garrison in
Damietta, a. d. 1221. This deserter was reputed to have been a knight " in
armis strenuus et consiUo circumspectus."

THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS. 15

supreme pontiff, who protected and favoured them as his
champions against all who might dispute his will. It is
therefore of importance to look at its constitution, and what
were its revenues and possessions.

The Order of the Templars consisted of three distinct
classes, not degrees — knights, chaplains, and service-brethren,
to which may be added those who were attached to the Or-
der under the name of affiliated, donates, and oblates.] The
strength and flower of the Order were the Knights ; all its dig-
nities and superior offices belonged to them. The candidate
for admission among the Knights of the Temple was required
to produce proof of his being the lawful issue of a Knight, or
of one qualified to receive that distinction ; and he must him-
self have already received the honour-conferring blow from

f The affiliated were persons of various ranks, and of both sexes, who, without
any outward sign of connection, were acknowledged by the Order as entitled to
its protection, and admitted to a participation in certain of its privileges, — such
as exemption from the effects of ecclesiastical interdicts, which secured to them
at least the occasional service of the mass, and Christian burial in consecrated
ground. These were advantages of the last importance, for which both men and
women, Knights and Burghers, were content to pay considerable sums while
alive, and leave to the Treasury of the Temple the residue of their property after
death.

The donates and oblates stood in a somewhat different relation to the Order,
being personally dedicated or offered, as their titles denote, to the Society.
These were either youths whom their parents destined for the service of the
Order, when they had attained a proper age, or they were adults who bound
themselves gratuitously to aid and assist the Order so long as they lived, solely
in admiration of its sanctity and excellence, a portion of which they humbly
hoped to share. Among these latter, all classes were to be found, — princes and
priests, as well as other persons. (See Secret Societies of the Middle Ages.)

16 THE KNIGHTS T2MPLARS.

a Secular Knight, for the Order was Spiritual, and, as mem-
bers, could not deign to accept honour from a layman. The
only exception was in the case of a bishop, who might draw
his sword among the brethren of the Temple, without having
been a secular Knight. The aspirant must moreover be free
from debt, and, on admission, pay a considerable sum into the
hands of the society.^ The most unlimited obedience to the
commands of his superiors in the house and in the field of
battle ; the total abnegation of all interests but those of the
society, (for the Templar could hold no property, could re-
ceive no private letter) ; the most unflinching valour, (for so
long as a Christian banner waved in the field, the Templar,
however severely wounded, must not abandon it), — were the
duties of the Knights of the Temple. If he fled, disgrace and
punishment awaited him ; if he surrendered, he had to end
his life amid the torments inflicted by the enraged Moslems,
or to languish in perpetual captivity, for the Order never re-
deemed its members. Hence, then, the Templar was valiant
as the fabled heroes of romance ; hence prodigies of prowess,
such as almost surpass belief, so frequently illustrate the name
of the soldiers of the Temple. Every motive that could sti-
mulate to deeds of renown combined to actuate the soldier-

f No specific sum appears to have been exacted from entrants, but each was
expected to pay according to his means. Thus it is recorded of the Prince Guy
Dauphin, that he gave to the Order 1500 pieces (Livr. Tourn.) for his own
entry-money, and a contribution of 200 a-year in name of his parents.

Wealthy Squires of the Order, of respectable though not noble parentage,
gave sometimes large sums at their reception. Of this class, Bartholomew
Bartholet gave property to the amount of 1,000 livres Tournois to be admitted,
and William of Liege gave 200 a-year of the same circulation.

THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS. 17

monk. A Knight, he obeyed the call of honour and emula-
tion ; a Monk, (but the Templar was not, as some errone-
ously fancy, a Priest), he was, according to the ideas of the
times, engaged in the service most acceptable to God.

The mode of reception into the Order corresponded with
the dignity and importance of the character of a Knight
Templar. Though a noviciate was enjoined by the original
canons, in practice it was dispensed with ; the candidate was,
after all due inquiry had been made, received in a chapter
assembled in the chapel of the Order. All strangers, even
the relatives of the aspirant, were excluded. The preceptor
(usually one of the priors) opened the business with an ad-
dress to those present, calling on them to declare if they
knew of any just cause and impediment to the aspirant, whom
the majority had agreed to receive, becoming a member of
their body.-)- If all were silent, the candidate was led into
an adjacent chamber, whither two or three of the Knights
came to him, and setting before him the rigour and strictness
of the Order, inquired if he still persisted in his desire to
enter it. If he did persist, they inquired if he was married
or betrothed ; had made a vow in any other Order ; if he

f Hugo de Payens, the founder of the Order, set a laudable example of ri-
gour in the selection of candidates. When a certain Knight, named Hugo d'
Amboise, was desirous of being received into the Order, the Grand Master re-
fused to let him take the vows, because he had oppressed the people of Mar-
moutier, and disobeyed a judicial sentence of the Count of Anjou; and until he
had given satisfaction to all whom he had injured, and otherwise amended his
life, he was informed that he could not be admitted into the Temple.

B

18 THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS. *•

owed more than he could pay ; if he was of sound body,
without any secret infirmity, and free ? If his answers proved
satisfactory, they left him and returned to the chapter, and
the preceptor again asked if any one had anything to say
against his being received. If all were silent, he asked if
they were willing to admit him. On their assenting, the
candidate was led in by the Knights who had questioned
him, and who now instructed him in the mode of asking ad-
mission. He advanced, kneeling, with folded hands, before
the preceptor, and said, " Sir, I am come before God, and
before you and the brethren ; and I pray and beseech you,
for the sake of God and our sweet lady, to receive me into
your society and the good works of the Order, as one who,
all his life long, will be the servant and slave of the Order.1'
The preceptor then questioned him, if he had well considered
all the toils and difficulties which awaited him in the Order,
adjured him on the Holy Evangelists to speak the truth,
then put to him the questions already asked by the Knights,
farther inquiring if he was a Knight, the son of a Knight
and a gentlewoman, and if he was a priest. He then asked
if he would promise to God and Mary, our dear lady, obedi-
ence, as long as he lived, to the Master of the Temple, and
the prior who should be set over him ; chastity of his body;f

f The Rule of St. Bernard prohibited the Templars from even looking at a
woman. The translation of the statute, chap, lxxii, is as follows : —

«< We hold it to be dangerous to all religion to look too much on the coun-
tenance of women, and, therefore, let no Brother presume to kiss either widow
or virgin, or mother or sister, or aunt, or any other woman. Let the militia of

THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS. 19

compliance with the laudable manners and customs of the
Order then in force, and such as the Master and Knights
might hereafter add ; fight for and defend, with all his might,
the holy land of Jerusalem ; never quit the Order but with
consent of the Master and the Chapter ; never see a Christian
unjustly deprived of his inheritance, or be aiding in such
deed. The preceptor then said — " In the name, then, of
God and of Mary, our dear lady, and in the name of St.
Peter of Rome, and of our father the Pope, and in the name
of all the brethren of the Temple, we receive you to all the
good works of the Order, which have been performed from
the beginning, and will be performed to the end, you, your
father, your mother, and all those of your family whom you
let participate therein. So you, in like manner, receive us to
all the good works which you have performed and will perform.
We assure you of bread and water, the poor clothing of the
Order, and labour and toil enow." The preceptor then took
the white mantle, with its ruddy cross, placed it about his
neck, and bound it fast. The chaplain repeated the one
hundred and thirty-second Psalm, Ecce quam bonum, and
the prayer of the Holy Spirit, Dens qui corda jidelium,
each brother said a Pater, the preceptor kissed the new
brother, the chaplain did the same. The Templar then
placed himself at the feet of the preceptor, and was by him
exhorted to peace and charity with his brother Christians ;

Christ, therefore, shun feminine kisses, by which men are often exposed to
danger, that with a pure conscience and secure life, they may walk continually
in the sight of God."

20 THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS.

to chastity, obedience, humility, and piety ; and thus the
ceremony ended.

At the head of the Order stood the Grand Master, who,
like the General of the Jesuits in modern times, was inde-
pendent of all authority but that of the sovereign pontiff.
The residence of the Grand Master was the city of Jerusa-
lem ; when the city was lost, he fixed his seat at Antioch,
next at Acre, then at the castle of the Pilgrims,f between
Caiphas and Caesarea, and finally in Cyprus, for his duty re-
quired him to be always in the Holy Land. The Grand
Master never resided in Europe until the time of Jacques de
Molay. The power of the Grand Master was considerable,
though he was very much controuled by the chapter, with-
out whose consent he could not dispose of any of the higher
offices, or undertake any thing of importance. He could
not, for instance, take money out of the treasury, without
the consent of the prior of Jerusalem ; he could neither make
war or truce, or alter laws, but with the approbation of the
chapter. But the Grand Master had the right of bestowing
the small commands, the governments of houses of the Order,
and of selecting the brethren who should form the chapter,
which power was again controuled by there being always
assigned him two brethren as assistants, who, with the
Seneschal, were to form a part of every chapter. The Order
was aristocratic rather than monarchic ; the Grand Master

•f This stronghold of the Order was built about 1217, under the Grand
Master, William de Chartres, who employed a number of pilgrims of the masonic
class in its erection. Hence the appellation of Pilgrim Castle which it received.

THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS. 21

was like a Doge of Venice, and his real power chiefly de-
pended on his personal qualities ; he had, however, many
distinctions ; the greater part of the executive power was in
his hands — in war he was the commander-in-chief; he had,
as vicar-general of the Pope, episcopal jurisdiction over the
clergy of the Order ; he ranked with princes, and his esta-
blishment corresponded thereto ; he had for his service four
horses, a chaplain, two secretaries, a squire of noble birth, a
farrier, a Turcopole and cook, with footmen, and a Turco-
man for a guide, who was usually fastened by a cord to pre-
vent his escape. When the Grand Master died, his funeral
was celebrated with great solemnity by the light of torches
and wax tapers, — an honour bestowed by the Order on no
other of its Members. All the Knights and Prelates were
invited to assist. Each Brother who was present was to re-
peat two hundred Pater Nosters within the space of seven
days, for the repose of the soul of the deceased ; and one
hundred poor persons were fed at home, at the expense of
the Order, with the same design. -f-

Each province of the Order had a Grand Prior, who re-
presented in it the Grand Master ; each house had its Prior
at its head, who commanded its Knights in war, and presided
over its chapters in peace. In England, the Grand Prior
sat in Parliament as a Peer of the Realm. To complete

f The Knights in general seem to have been buried with their swords placed
beside the body. Several skeletons are said to have been found in the Templar
Cemetery at Mount Hooly, near Edinburgh, lying cross-legged, with swords by
their sides. See Maitland's History of Edineorgh.

L22 THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS.

this sketch of the Order, we may remark, that except Scan-
dinavia, (for they had some possessions in Hungary,) there
was not a country in Europe in which the lavish piety of
princes and nobles had not bestowed on the Templars a con-
siderable portion of the wealth of the state ; for in every
province the Order had its churches and chapels — the num-
ber of which was in the year 1240, as great as 1050 — vil-
lages, farm-houses, mills, corn-lands, pastures, woods, rights
of venison, and fisheries. t The revenues of the Templars
in England in 1185, as given by Dugdale, will afford some

•j- The first preceptory of the Templars in England was founded at Holborn,
then in the suburbs of London, whence they afterwards removed to Fleet Street
about 1185. The only remains of the latter place of residence is the beautiful
circular edifice still called the Temple Church, supposed to have been built after
the model of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. This seems to
have been a favourite form with the Order. The Church of St. Sepulchre at
Cambridge, built by the Templars, is of a circular construction, having the ap-
pearance of a fortified tower. In examining this building (says Mr. Britton)
we are struck with its ponderous and durable appearance, as if it was intended
for a castellated edifice. The masonry of the ancient walls, and also of the
pillars and arches, is such as to evince great skill in the building, the stones
being all squared and chisselled with the most perfect accuracy to fit their re-
spective places. At Northampton, the same form seems to have been observed.
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (says Pennant, speaking of this place,) was
supposed to have been built by the Knights Templars on the model of that at
Jerusalem. Others of the chapels appertaining to the Order do not, however,
present a similar plan.

The principal Bailliwicks of the Order in England were the following, viz.
London, Kent, Warwick, Waesdone, Lincoln, Lindsey, Bolingbroke, Widine,
Agerstone, York. In these were seventeen preceptories. Most places having
the prefix of Temple belonged to the Knights, — such as Temple-Bruer in Lin-
colnshire, where, Camden says, that in his time there were the ruins of a church
or chapel, " not unlike that of the new Temple at London." Probably it was
of the circular form above noticed. Some account of the Irish preceptories will
be found in the Appendix.

THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS. 23

idea of their wealth. The entire annual income of the
Order has been estimated at not less than six millions
sterling.

It cannot be denied, that this enormous wealth, together
with the luxury and other evils which it engendered, pro-
voked the hatred of the secular clergy and laity, and paved
the way to the spoliation of the Order. In 1252, the pious
pope-ridden Henry III. of England said, that the prelates
and clergy in general, but especially the Templars and Hos-
pitallers, had so many liberties and privileges, that their ex-
cessive wealth made them mad with pride ; he added, that
what had been bestowed imprudently, ought to be prudently
resumed, and declared his intention of revoking the incon-
siderate grants of himself and his predecessors. The Grand
Prior of the Templars replied, " What sayest thou, my Lord
the Kino- ? Far be it that so discourteous and absurd a word
should be uttered by thy mouth. So long as thou observest
justice, thou mayest be a king, and as soon as thou infringest
it, thou wilt cease to be a king" A bold expression cer-
tainly, but the Prior knew his man well, and he would hardly
have spoken so to the son of Henry. The anecdote of
Richard I. bestowing his daughter Pride in marriage on the
Templars, is well known ; and numerous traits of their
haughtiness, avarice, luxury, and other of the current vices,
may be found in the writers of the thirteenth century ; but
till the final attack was made, no worse charge was brought
against them, unless such is implied in a bull of Pope

24

THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS.

Clement IV. in 1265, which is, however, easily capable of a
milder interpretation. Mr. Raynouard asserts, too, that the
proverbial expression bibere Templariter is used by no writer
of the thirteenth century. In this he is preceded by Baluze
and Roquefort, who maintain, that, like bibere Papaliter, it
only signified to live in abundance ^nd comfort.

CHAP. III.

%i)t pcvsmttuw of fyt ^Templars,

*HEN Acre fell in 1292, the Templars,
[| having lost all their possessions and a
I great number of their members in the
► Holy Land, retired with the other

; <3> :-r,;0 <3>

;;<3> ^ :0
5:00000,:S Christians to Cyprus. Having pro-
: VV? V - ' e '?'r ;i bably seen the folly of all hope of re-
covering the Holy Land, they grew indifferent about it;
few members joined them from Europe, and it is more
than probable that they meditated a removal of the chief
seat of the Order to France.f The Hospitallers, on the

•f This seems somewhat countenanced by the great additions made to the
buildings of the Temple at Paris previous to the arrival of the Grand Master,

26 PERSECUTION OF THE TEMPLARS.

other hand, with more prudence, as events showed, re-
solved to continue the war against the infidels, and they
attacked and conquered Rhodes ; while the Teutonic knights
transferred the sphere of their pious warfare to Prussia against
its heathen inhabitants. Thus, while the Templars were
falling under the reproach of being luxurious Knights, their
rivals rose in consideration, and there was an active and in-
veterate enemy ready to take advantage of their ill-repute.

Philip the Fair, a tyrannical and rapacious prince, was at
that time on the throne of France. His darling object was
to set the power of the monarchy above that of the church.
In his celebrated controversy with Pope Boniface, the Tem-
plars had been on the side of the Holy See. Philip, whose
animosity pursued Boniface even beyond the grave, wished
to be revenged on all who had taken his side ; moreover,
the immense wealth of the Templars, which he reckoned on
making his own if he could destroy them, strongly attract-
ed the king, who had already tasted of the sweets of the spo-
liation of the Lombards and the Jews ; and he probably, also,
feared the obstacle to the perfect establishment of despotism

In 1306, was erected a large square tower, flanked by four round towers, with
an adjacent building on the north side, surmounted by turrets. The principal
tower contained four stories, in each of which there was an apartment thirty feet
square : three of the inferior towers had also each a hall. The remaining tower
contained a fine staircase, which conducted to the different chambers and battle-
ments. The walls of the central keep were nine feet in thickness. This Tower
of the Temple has been rendered memorable in modern times by the captivity
of the unfortunate Louis XVI. and his family. It is also noted as the place of
imprisonment, by Buonaparte, of the celebrated Sir Sidney Smith, now the
Head of the Order of the Temple.

LA TO\!R DU TEMPLE A PARIS

PERSECUTION OF THE TEMPLARS. 7C i

which might be offered by a numerous, noble, and wealthy
society, such as the Templars formed. Boniface's successor,
Clement V. was the creature of Philip, to whom he owed his
dignity, and at his accession had bound himself to the per-
formance of six articles in favour of Philip, one of which was
not expressed. It was probably inserted without any definite
object, and intended to serve the interest of the French mo-
narch on any occasion which might present itself.

It had been the object of Pope Boniface to form the three
Military Orders into one, and he had summoned them to
Rome for that purpose, but his death prevented it. Clement,
on this, June 6, 1306, addressed the Grand Masters of the
Templars and the Hospitallers, inviting them to come to con-
sult with him about the best mode of supporting the Kings
of Armenia and Cyprus. He desired them to come as se-
cretly as possible, and with a very small train, as they would
find abundance of their Knights this side the sea ; and he
directed them to provide for the defence of Limisso in Cyprus
during their short absence. Fortunately perhaps for himself
and his Order, the Master of the Hospitallers was then en-
gaged in the conquest of Rhodes, but Jacques de Molay,+
the Master of the Templars, immediately prepared to obey
the mandate of the Pope, and he left Cyprus with a train of
60 Knights, and a treasure of 150,000 florins of gold, and a

\ Jacques de Molay was elected Grand Master in the year 1297, and was the
second elevated to that dignity after the expulsion of the Christians from the
Holy Land. He was of an ancient family in Besancon, Franche Compte, and
entered the Order in the year 1265.

28 PERSECUTION OF THE TEMPLARS.

great quantity of silver money, the whole requiring twelve
horses to carry it.-f- He proceeded to Paris, where he was
received with the greatest honours by the King, and he de-
posited his treasure in the Temple of that city. It is, as we
have said, not impossible that it was the intention of Molay
to transfer the chief seat of the Order thither, and that he
had, therefore, brought with him its treasure and the greater
part of the members of the chapter ; and indeed it is difficult
to say how early the project of attacking the Templars en-
tered into the minds of Philip and his obsequious lawyers, or
whether he originally aimed at more than mulcting them
under the pretext of reformation : and farther, whether the
first informers against them were suborned or not. The re-
cords leave a considerable degree of obscurity on the whole
matter. All we can learn is, that a man named Squin de
Flexian, who had been a Prior of the Templars, and had
been expelled the Order for heresy and various vices, was
lying in prison at Paris or Toulouse, it is uncertain which.
In the prison with him was a Florentine named Noffo Dei,
" a man," says Villani, " full of all iniquity." These two
began to plan how they might extricate themselves from the
confinement to which they seemed perpetually doomed. The
example of the process against the memory of Pope Boniface,
shewed them that no lie was too gross or absurd not to ob-

f It is probable that part of this treasure was formed from the spoils of Greece,
which the Templars had been invited from their retirement to invade, at the in-
stigation of the King of Sicily. After overruning great part of that country,
they returned loaded with the plunder of its cities, leaving their possession to
some allies. — Vide Michaud, Histoire des Croisades.

PERSECUTION OF THE TEMPLARS. 29

tain ready credence, and they fixed on the Templars as the
objects of their charges. Squin told the governor of the
prison that he had a communication to make to the King,
which would be of more value to him than if he had gained
a kingdom, but that he would only tell it to the King in per-
son. He was brought to Philip, who promised him his life,
and he made his confession, on which the King immediately
arrested some of the Templars, who are said to have con-
firmed the truth of Squin's assertions. Shortly afterwards,
it is said, similar discoveries were made to the Pope by his
chamberlain, Cardinal Cantilupo, who had been in connexion
with the Templars from his eleventh year.

Squin Flexian declared, 1. That every member on admis-
sion into the Order swore on all occasions to defend its in-
terests right or wrong ; 2. That the heads of the Order were
in secret confederacy with the Saracens, had more of Mahom-
medan unbelief than of Christian faith, as was proved by the
mode of reception into the Order, when the novice was made
to spit and trample on the crucifix, and blaspheme the faith
of Christ ; 3. That the superiors were sacrilegious, cruel,
and heretical murderers ; for if any novice, disgusted with
its profligacy, wished to quit the Order, they secretly mur-
dered him, and buried him by night ; so, also, when women
were pregnant by them, they taught them how to produce
abortion, or secretly put the infants to death ; 4. The Tem-
plars were addicted to the error of the Fraticelli, and, like
them, despised the authority of the Pope and the Church;

30 PERSECUTION OF THE TEMPLARS.

5. That the superiors were addicted to the practice of horri-
ble crimes, and if any one opposed them, they were condemned
by the Master to perpetual imprisonment; 6. That their houses
were the abode of every vice and iniquity ; 7. That they en-
deavoured to put theHoly Land into the hands of the Saracens,
whom they favoured more than the Christians. Three other
articles of less importance completed this first body of charges.
It is remarkable, that we do not find among them those which
made such a figure in the subsequent examinations ; namely,
the devil appearing among them in the shape of a cat ; their
idolatrous worship of an image with one or three heads, or a
skull covered with human skin, with carbuncles for eyes, be-
fore which they burned the bodies of their dead brethren, and
then mingled the ashes with their drink, thereby thinking to
gain more courage ; and, finally, their smearing this idol with
human fat.t

It was unfortunate for the Templars that their chapters
were held in secret,j and by night, for an opportunity was

•j" A French writer gives the following opinion regarding the origin of some of
these charges : — " Les Chevaliers supportaient un grand nombre d'epreuves re-
ligieuses et morales avant de parvenir aux divers degres d'initiation ; ainsi, par
exemple, le recipiendaire pouvait recevoir l'injonction, sous peine de mort, de
fouler aux pieds le crucifix, ou d'adorer une idole ; rnais, s'il cedait a la terreur
qu'on cherchait a lui inspirer, il etait declare indigne d'etre admis aux grades
eleves de 1'Ordre. On concoit, d'apres cela, comment des etres, trop faibles ou
trop immoraux pour supporter les epreuves d'initiation, ont pu accuser les
Templiers de se livrer a des practiques et d'avoir des croyances infames, super-
stitieuses." — (Recherches Historiques sur Les Templiers. Paris, 1835.)

X " Quod clam consueverunt tenere capitula sua;" and " Quod similem

PERSECUTION OF THE TEMPLARS. 31

thereby afforded to their enemies of laying whatever secret
enormities they pleased to their charge, to refute which, by
the production of indifferent witnesses, was consequently out
of their power. Philip having now all things prepared, sent,
like his descendant Charles IX. previous to the St. Bartho-
mew massacre, secret orders to all his governors to arm them-
selves on the 12th of October, and on the following night,
but not sooner, on pain of death, to open the king's letter,
and act according to it. On Friday the 13th of October, all
the Templars throughout France were simultaneously arrest-
ed at break of day. The unhappy Knights were thrown in-
to cold cheerless dungeons, (for they were arrested, we should
remember, at the commencement of winter), had barely the
necessaries of life, were deprived of the habit of their Order,
and of the rites and comforts of the church ; were exposed to
every species of torture then in use, were shown a real or
pretended letter of the Grand Master, in which he confessed
several of the charges, and exhorted them to do the same ;
and finally, were promised life and liberty, if they freely ac-
knowledged the guilt of the Order. Can we then be surpris-

clandestinitatem observant et observare consueverunt ut plurimum in recipiendo
fratres," were principal counts in the indictment against them. From this se-
crecy, some writers have inferred that the Templars practised a species of Free-
masonry, of which certainly no direct evidence transpired during the inquest.
Signor Rosetti, the celebrated commentator of Dante, has, we understand, a
work in the press, in which he seeks to demonstrate that the Templars were a
branch of that great secret confederacy which was formed against the papacy,
which included the Troubadours and all the literati of the time, and which ulti-
mately produced the Reformation. This information is derived from a letter to
Dr. Burnes by Mr. Keightly, the talented reviewer and friend of Rosetti.

32 PERSECUTION OF THE TEMPLARS.

ed that the spirit of many a Knight was broken, that any hope
of escape from misery was eagerly caught at, and that false-
hoods, the most improbable, were declared to be true ? And
it is remarkable that the most improbable charges are those
which were most frequently acknowledged, so just is the ob-
servation, that men will more readily in such circumstances
acknowledge what is false than what is true ; for the false
they know can be afterwards refuted by its own absurdity,
whereas truth is permanent.

Of the Templars in England 228 were examined ;t the
Dominican, Carmelite, Minerite, and Augustinian friars
brought abundance of hearsay evidence against them, but no-
thing of any importance was proved ; in Castile and Leon it
was the same ; in Aragon the Knights bravely endured the
torture, and maintained their innocence ; in Germany all the
lay witnesses testified in their favour ; in Italy their enemies
were more successful, as the influence of the Pope was there
considerable, yet in Lombardy the Bishops acquitted the
Knights. Charles of Anjou, the cousin of Philip, and the
foe of the Templars, who had sided with Frederick against
him, could not fail, it may be supposed, in getting some evi-
dences of their guilt in Sicily, Naples, and Provence. It is

-j- In June 1310, Pope Clement wrote to the King of England blaming his
lenity, and calling upon him to employ the torture upon the unfortunate Knights.
The Council of London, after a long discussion, ordered it to be employed, but
so as not to mutilate the limbs, or cause an incurable wound, or violent effusion
of blood-

PERSECUTION OF THE TEMPLARS. 33

not undeserving of attention, that one of these witnesses, who
had been received into the Order in Catalonia, (where all
who were examined had declared the innocence of the Or-
der), said he had been received there in the usual impious
and indecent manner, and mentioned the appearance and the
worship of the cat in the chapter ! ! Such is the value of
rack-extorted testimony ! In fine, in every country out of
the sphere of the immediate influence of Clement, Philip, and
Charles, the general innocence of the Order was acknow-
ledged. In Portugal they were preserved under the altered
appellation of the Knights of Christ, — a change which was
effected by the friendly policy of Prince Denys, who in 1218,
secured for them the sanction of the successor of Clement.t

Throughout the entire process against the Templars, from
October 1307 to May 1312, the most determined design of

f The Knights of Christ have continued to exist as a recognized Order of
Knighthood down to the present day. The supremacy is vested in the Sove-
reign of Portugal, and the greater part of the revenue is understood to accrue
to the royal coffers. The sums, however, paid in pensions to Knights of the
Order, about the beginning of the present century, are said to have amounted
to about £4000 per annum. In 1793 they possessed twenty-one provincial
towns and villages, and counted four hundred and fifty-four commanderies, ex-
clusive of colonial acquisitions. The various recent changes, occasioned by war
and intestine commotions, probably have reduced their income and possessions.
In 1820 the Grand Prior of Portugal was Louis Antonio de Fontado, of the
House of Barbasena, and who died in 1832. We are not informed as to his
successor. The Cross of the Order of Christ is sometimes bestowed upon
foreigners as an honorary distinction. Dr. Bowring, (who was employed on a
mission to the Portuguese Government,) and several other Englishmen, have of
late years received its Cross ; generally, it is believed, that of the third class of
Knights.

C

34 PERSECUTION OF THE TEMPLARS.

the King and his ministers to destroy the Order meets us at
every step ; Philip would have blood to justify robbery ;
several Templars had already expired on the rack, perished
from the rigour of their imprisonment, or died by their own
hands; but on the 12th May 1310, fifty-four Templars who
had confessed, but afterwards retracted, were by his order
committed to the flames, in Paris, as relapsed heretics. They
endured with heroic constancy the most cruel tortures, assert-
ing with their latest breath the innocence of the Order,
though offered life if they would confess, and implored to
do so by their friends and relatives. Similar executions
took place in other towns. The Pope soon went heart and
hand with Philip. In vain did the bishops assembled at
Vienne propose to hear those members who came forward as
the defenders of the Order. A Bull of the Pope was fulmi-
nated against the Order,f and transferred its possessions to the
Knights of St. John, who, however, had to pay such enor-
mous fines to the King and Pope before they could enter on
them, as almost ruined them ; so that if Philip did not suc-

f The Pope (Clement V.) committed the glaring absurdity of making a pro-
visional decree to be executed in perpetuity. The Bull which is issued at the
Court at Vienne, without asking the judgment of the assembled bishops and
others, declares, that although he cannot of right, consistently with the Inquisi-
tion and proceedings, pronounce a definite sentence, yet by way of apostolical
provision and regulation, he perpetually prohibited people from entering into
the Order, and calling themselves Templars. The penalty of the greater ex-
communication was held out as a punishment for offending.

Mills' Chivalry, Vol. I. Chap. 7.

An extract from the Bull, in the original Latin, will be found in the Appendix.

PERSECUTION OF THE TEMPLARS. 35

ceed to the utmost of his anticipations, he had little reason
to complain of his share.-)- The members of the society of
the Templars were permitted to enter that of the Hospital-
lers,— a strange indulgence for those that had spitten on the
cross, and practised horrible vices.

But the atrocious scene was yet to come which was to
complete the ruin of the Templars, and satiate the vengeance
of their enemies. Their Grand Master, Molay, and three
other dignitaries of the Order, still survived : And, though
they had made the most submissive acknowledgments to their
unrelenting persecutors, yet the influence which they had
over the minds of the vulgar, and their connection with many
of the Princes of Europe, rendered them formidable and
dangerous to their oppressors. By the exertion of that in-
fluence, they might restore union to their dismembered party,
and inspire them with courage to revenge the murder of their
companions ;j or, by adopting a more cautious method, they

f Besides appropriating to himself all the moveable property of the Order,
three hundred thousand livres of France were retained by the King, ostensibly
to repay the expense of the prosecution. No doubt the treasure brought by De
Molay from Cyprus would be amongst the first booty seized, as well as the rich
gold and silver utensils and plate, with which the chapel and palace of the
Temple at Paris were furnished.

t On the 28th March 1310, no fewer than 546 Templars were assembled
under a strong guard, in the gardens of the Bishop of Paris, who had been con-
veyed thither to make the defence of the Order, and hear read the accusations
against them. This shew of justice was, of course, a mere pretence of their per-
secutors, to save appearances. The number of the Templars in Paris afterwards
encreased to nearly 900. Ferrati of Vicenza has reckoned the entire members
of the Order throughout Europe at 15,000 persons.

36 PERSECUTION OF THE TEMPLARS.

might repel, by uncontrovertible proofs, the charges for
which they suffered; and, by interesting all men in their
behalf, they might expose Philip to the attacks of his own
subjects, and to the hatred and contempt of Europe. Aware
of the dangers to which his character and person would be
exposed by pardoning the surviving Templars, the French
Monarch commanded the Grand Master and his Brethren to
be led out to a scaffold, erected for the purpose, and there to
confess before the public, the enormities of which their Order
had been guilty, and the justice of the punishment which had
been inflicted on their brethren. If they adhered to their
former confession, a full pardon was promised to them ; but
if they should persist in maintaining their innocence, they
were threatened with destruction on a pile of wood, which the
executioners had erected in their view, to awe them into com-
pliance. While the multitude were standing around in awful
expectation, ready, from the words of the prisoners, to justify
or condemn their King, the venerable Molay, with a cheer-
ful and undaunted countenance, advanced, in chains, to the
edge of the scaffold ; and, with a firm and impressive tone,
thus addressed the spectators. — " It is but just, that in this
terrible day, and in the last moments of my life, I lay open
the iniquity of falsehood, and make truth to triumph. I de-
clare then, in the face of heaven and earth, and I confess,
though to my eternal shame and confusion, that I have com-
mitted the greatest of crimes ; but it has been only in ac-
knowledging those that have been charged with so much
virulence upon an Order, which truth obliges me to pro-

PERSECUTION OP THE TEMPLARS. 37

nounce innocent. I made the first declaration they required
of me, only to suspend the excessive tortures of the rack,
and mollify those that made me endure them. I am sensible
what torments they prepare for those that have courage to
revoke such a confession. But the horrible sight which they
present to my eyes, is not capable of making me confirm one
lie by another. On a condition so infamous as that, I freely
renounce life, which is already but too odious to me. For
what would it avail me to prolong a few miserable days,
when I must owe them only to the blackest of calumnies.,,-(-
In consequence of this manly revocation, the Grand Master
and his companions were hurried into the flames, where they
retained that contempt for death which they had exhibited
on former occasions. This mournful scene extorted tears
from the lowest of the vulgar.J Four valiant Knights, whose

f Histoire des Chevaliers Hospitaliers de Saint Jean de Jerusalem, par l'Abbe
Vertot, torn. ii. pp. 101, 102.

| So dreadful and impressive an event could not fail to be the source of many
strange stories with the vulgar. Among these, chroniclers report, that the vener-
able martyr, ere life was extinct, summoned Pope Clement to answer before
the bar of the Almighty Judge, within forty days, and King Philip before the
same tribunal, within the space of a year. Certain it is, that the Pope did
suddenly die in the night between the 19th and 20th of the following month ;
and the church in which his body was placed taking fire, one-half of the corpse
was consumed, — a circumstance which naturally confirmed the people in the
belief that his death was a special judgment of Heaven for the burning of the
knights, and which probably also suggested the prediction. In the month of July
following, a tumult arose in the town where the half consumed corpse was
kept, during which the populace tried to get forcible possession of the remains ;
but whether from some superstitious motive, or with a view of avenging on the
Pope's body the murder of De Molay, is not known. Philip of France expired
within the year, in consequence of a fall from his horse, and others of the perse-
cutors of the Order met a violent death.

38

PERSECUTION OF THE TEMPLARS.

charity and valour had procured them the gratitude and ap-
plause of mankind, suffering, without fear, the most cruel
and ignominious death, was, indeed, a spectacle well calcu-
lated to excite emotions of pity in the hardest hearts. Hu-
manity shudders at the recital of the horrid deed ; and if the
voice of impartial posterity has not, with one accord, pro-
nounced the unqualified acquittal of the Templars, it has
branded with the mark of eternal infamy the conduct of
their accusers and judges.

CHAP. IV

ffije Continuation of % ®xHtx.

^£5^

f.t^M^^:.-UT the persecution of the Temp]
^<^sVrjfcV^/^ *ne fourteenth century does not clo

ars in

*x3j the fourteenth century does not close the

&?^v^^^5?l history of the Order ; for, though the
^^^^0;2P5 ^nignts were spoliated, the Order was
- '••'SSS3. *'•■':$) not annihilated. In truth, the cavaliers
were not guilty, — the brother hood was not suppressed, —
and, startling as is the assertion, there has been a succession
of Knights Templars from the twelfth century down even
to these days ; the chain of transmission is perfect in all its

40 CONTINUATION OF THE ORDER.

links. Jacques de Molay, the Grand Master at the time
of the persecution, anticipating his own martyrdom, appoint-
ed as his successor, in power and dignity, Johannes Marcus
Larmenius of Jerusalem, and from that time to the present
there has been a regular and uninterrupted line of Grand
Masters. The charter)* by which the supreme authority
has been transmitted, is judicial and conclusive evidence of
the Order's continued existence. The charter of transmis-
sion, with the signatures of the various chiefs of the Temple,
is still preserved at Paris, with the ancient statutes of the
Order, the rituals, the records, the seals, the standards, and
other memorials of the early Templars.

The brotherhood has been headed by the bravest cavaliers
of France, by men who, jealous of the dignities of Knighthood,
would admit no corruption, no base copies of the orders of
chivalry, and who thought that the shield of their nobility
was enriched by the impress of the Templars1 red cross.
Bertrand du Guesclin was the Grand Master from 1357 till
his death in 1380, and he was the only French commander
who prevailed over the chivalry of our Edward III. From
1478 to 1497, we may mark Robert Lenoncourt, a cavalier
of one of the most ancient and valiant families of Lorraine.
Phillippe Chabot, a renowned captain in the reign of Francis

f A copy of this remarkable Charter, the original of which I had an oppor-
tunity of examining through the kindness of the Grand Master and Sir Sidney
Smith, at Paris, will be found in the Appendix. The Charter was submitted to
the inspection of nearly 200 Knights of the Order, at the Convent-General held
at Paris in 1810.

-jS

BERTRAND DU CUESCLIN,

^'"^^^ ~ «■ ran ffotfu* tblto.pr^A cctLyon*, 74<PO, preserve ,;„. ^,
X^t^u^ya^ Pa^; ^.called, tk* ' ' CArn^u* J* Bertra^ZdicGv^n.

CONTINUATION OF THE ORDER. 41

I., wielded the staff of power from 1516 to 1543. The il-
lustrious family of Montmorency appear as Knights Tem-
plars, and Henry, the first Duke, was the chief of the Order
from the year 1574 to 1614. At the close of the seventeenth
century, the Grand Master was James Henry de Duras, a
marshal of France, the nephew of Turenne, and one of the
most skilful soldiers of Louis XIV. The Grand Masters
from 1724 to 1776 were three princes of the royal Bourbon
family. The names and years of power of these royal per-
sonages who acknowledged the dignity of the Order of the
Temple, were Louis Augustus Bourbon, Duke of Maine,
1724-1737,— Louis Henry Bourbon Conde, 1737-1741,—-
and Louis Francis Bourbon Conty, 1741-1746. The suc-
cessor of these princes in the Grand Mastership of the Temple
was Louis Hercules Timoleon, Duke de Cosse Brissac, the
descendant of an ancient family long celebrated in French
history for its loyalty and gallant bearing. He accepted the
office in 1776, and sustained it till he died in the cause of
royalty at the beginning of the French Revolution. The
Order has now at its head Sir William Sidney Smith, of
chivalric renown, who became Regent upon the death of
the late Grand Master, Bernard Raymond Fabre Palaprat.

The high and heroic character of Sir Sidney Smith,f

whose deeds of arms at St. Jean d'Acre, rivalling those

f The following anecdote of Sir Sidney Smith may not be inappropriate here,
as relating to a Soldier of the Cross : —

After the signal defeat of Buonaparte at Acre, the tyrant Djezzar, to avenge
himself upon the Franks, inflicted severe punishment on the Jewish and Chris-
tian inhabitants of Saphet, and, it is said, had resolved to massacre all the be-

42 CONTINUATION OF THE ORDER.

of the Royal Crusader, Richard I, obtained for him by
Eastern Nations the appellation of the modern " Cceur de
Lion," — specially pointed him out as the most worthy of
Christian Knights to fill this eminent station. He who with
such noble philanthropy founded and presided over the So-
ciety of Knights Liberators of the White Slaves in Africa,
cannot but shed additional lustre on the Soldiery of the
Temple, whose professed object originally was, and yet is,
the protection of defenceless pilgrims, and the rescuing of
Christians from Infidel bondage. Under such a Chief the
Order must prosper, and there are now Colleges or Esta-
blishments in England and in many of the principal Cities
of Europe.

lievers in Moses and Jesus Christ, who might be found within his dominions.
But Sir Sidney Smith, on being apprized of his intention, instantly caused the
Turk to be informed, that if a single Christian head should fall, he would bom-
bard Acre, and burn it about his ears. This decisive interposition of the gallant
Admiral is still remembered in the hearts of the inhabitants.

Such was the confidence placed by them in their deliverer, that Burck-
hardt, alluding to Sir Sidney, says, — " His word, I have often heard both Turks
and Christians exclaim, was like God's word — it never failed ;" and Professor
Loewe, recently returned from Palestine, affirmed, that the Firmaun of Sir
Sidney at once procured for him, both from the Sultan and the Pacha of Egypt,
every assistance and facility in pursuing his learned hieroglyphical and mytho-
logical researches.

In connection with our subject, it may be mentioned as a singular fact, that
Sir Sidney Smith was the first Christian ever permitted to enter the Holy City
of Jerusalem armed, since the days of the Crusaders, which he was allowed to
do as a special compliment, after the surrender of the French army in Egypt.
By his means, also, his followers were granted the like privilege.

Several official documents, relating to Sir Sidney as a Knight Templar, are
inserted in the Appendix.

CONTINUATION OF THE ORDER. 43

Thus the very ancient and sovereign Order of the Temple
is in full and chivalric existence, like those Orders of
Knighthood which were either formed in imitation of it, or
had their origin in the same noble principles of chivalry. It
has mourned as well as flourished, but there is in its nature
and constitution a principle of vitality which has carried it
through all the storms of fate ; its continuance, by repre-
sentatives as well as by title, is as indisputable a fact as the
existence of any other chivalric fraternity. The Templars
of these days claim no titular rank, yet their station is so far
identified with that of the other Orders of Knighthood, that
they assert equal purity of descent from the same bright
source of chivalry ; nor is it possible to impugn the legiti-
mate claims to honourable estimation, which the modern
brethren of the Temple derive from the antiquity and pris-
tine lustre of their Order, without at the same time shaking
to its centre the whole venerable fabric of knightly honour.

After this short account of the continuation of the Order,
which we have extracted from Mill's Chivalry, it may be
interesting to describe the present nature and objects of the
Institution ; and we shall accordingly make a brief abstract
of the statutes established by the Convent-General held at
Versailles in 1705, under the Grand Mastership of the
Regent Duke of Orleans, and by succeeding General Con-
vocations, so far as they relate to these subjects. The
Order of the Fellow Soldiers of the Temple consists of two
distinct classes, termed a Superior and Inferior Militia ; the

44 CONTINUATION OF THE ORDER.

former comprising all Knights consecrated according to rites,
rules, and usages, with their Esquires ; and the latter, the
humbler brethren or persons admitted propter artem^ and
the candidates, or as they are designated, the postulants for
the honours of Chivalry. Except as a serving brother, -f* no
one is eligible even to the lower grade, who is not of dis-
tinguished rank in society, which in Great Britain is under-
stood to imply that station in life which would entitle a
gentleman to attend the Court of his Sovereign. The Can-
didate must moreover be strongly recommended by Sponsors
as a Christian of liberal education, eminent for virtue, morals,
and good breeding, and in no case is a scrutiny into these
qualifications dispensed with, unless the aspirant be a Knight
of Christ, a Teutonic Knight, or the descendant of a Knight
Templar. Should he be ambitious of the rank of Novice
Esquire, which usually precedes Knighthood, he is farther
called on to produce proofs of nobility in the fourth ge-
neration ; and a deficiency in this requisite can only be sup-
plied by a formal decree of the Grand Master, conferring on
him the nobility necessary for his reception. Considerable

f The exact condition, or relative position, of the serving Brothers in ancient
times is not very perfectly known. That they sometimes held a responsible,
and even high command, is proved by the following passage from Michaud's
" Bibliographic des Croisades," referring to the work of an old Latin annalist,

" A la page 540 se trouve une lettre d'un Chevalier Servant (Dapiferi) de la

milice du Temple, addressee au Grand Maitre Eberard des Barres, qui etait re-
venu en France avec le roi Louis VII. Dans cette lettre sont peints les mal-
heurs de la Terre Sainte apres la morte du prince d'Antioche. Le Chevalier
Servant prie le Grand Maitre de revenir promptement porter du secours au
Chretiens, reduit a i'extremite. Cette Lettre est de 1 149 ou 1 150." A serving
Brother here appears acting the part of chief officer in the East.

CONTINUATION OF THE ORDER. 45

fees are paid by all entrants ; and members, on being pro-
moted to the equestrian honours of the Order, are expected
to make an oblation to the Treasury, the amount of which
cannot be less than four drams of gold,-f* but generally very
far exceeds that sum. Before receiving the vow of profes-
sion, which is still administered to all Chevaliers,j the Can-
didate makes a solemn declaration either that he does not
belong to the Order of Malta,§ or that he abjures the spirit
of rival hostility which actuated the Knights of St. John
in former days against the Templars. These preliminaries
being arranged, his petition is finally decided on, either in a
Conventual house, or by the special legate of the Grand
Master, in whose name only his reception can be proclaimed,
and once armed a Knight, and consecrated a Chevalier of
the Temple, he cannot on any pretence whatever renounce
the Order. ||

f Equal to about 50 Francs. J For the Vow, vide Appendix.

§ The Order of the Hospitallers of Malta, although in these days almost un-
heard of, still exists through its members, scattered over Europe. Few, if any,
of the old Knights who belonged to the Order in its palmy days are now alive.
One of the last of these was the Chevalier Greche, who died at Malta in 1838,
where he had continued to linger amid the scenes of his Order's former greatness
and glory. He was of a French family, and, it is said, spoke French of the time of
Louis XIV. He was page to the last Grand Master at Malta, in which capacity
there is a full-length portrait of him in the palace of a Portuguese Knight.
He often used to look at this picture ; pointing the while to his wrinkles
and white hair, and laughing at the change from the fair face arid flowing
locks represented in the painting. Until he became very infirm, he was fond
of society, and was frequently to be met with at the houses of the English,
by whom he was much esteemed on account of his interesting recollections and
traditions. It is believed that there now remains only one member of the Order
as it existed before the dispersion, and he belongs to the Langue d' Italic The
Vow of the Knights of St John will be found in the Appendix.

|| We give the following extracts from the statutes themselves : — Art. 308 —

46 CONTINUATION OF THE ORDER.

At the head of the Hierarchy of the Order, ranks the
Convent-General, or assembly of the Knights, but the exe-
cutive power is vested in the Grand Master, whose authority
is almost unbounded. He is elected for life from among the
Knights, and it is declared impious to substitute a successor
to him unless he be deceased, or shall have voluntarily abdi-
cated ; he may even nominate his successor by testament or

Nullus ad novitiatum armigerorum accedit, nisi genere in quarto gradu sit no-

bilis. Art. 310. Si quis, virtute praestantissimus, novitiatum armigerorum

postulans, non sit nobili natus genere, audita Conventus relatione petitoria, a
Commendariee, Ballivatus et Linguae congressibus, sicut et a Comitiis Statutariis
Curiaque Prseceptoriali, sancita, ilium ordini nobilium, in quarto gradu, adscri-
bendi potestatem solus habet in Militia Templi Supremus Magister. Art. 315.

Quacumque de causa, ab Ordine deficere Equiti nefas est. Si autem honoribus

Equestribus vel Militia indignus, judicatus fuerit Eques, in proprii Conventus
albo, singulisque Conventuum, Abbatiarum, Postulantiarum initiationisque Coe-
tuum albis, pro sententia, adnotatur : Vel ab Equestribus Honoribus suspensus :
vel, ab Equestri Militia interdictus : vel Utraque Militia indignus. Art. 390.
Nullus ad initiationem accedit, nisi Christianus, liberaliter institutus, civili or-
dine insignis, virtute, moribus, fide et urbanitate praestantissimus. Art. 391 —
In militia inferior i aggregari possunt minoris conditionis viri qui, propter artem,
Ordini perutiles esse possunt. Art. 392. — Ad quemcumque Ordinis gradum
quemlibet cooptare potest Supremum Magister. Cooptatus autem frater vel in
Conventu, vel in Capitulo, vel in Coetu, sicut et in Abbatia cooptata soror. juxta
Magistrale Decretum, recipitur, solemniumque rituum et usuum in receptione
solitorum immunis fieri, potest, Equestri Consecratione excepta, qua nullus dona-
tur nisi votis solemnibus susceptis. Art. 408. — Templi Commilitonum Posteri ;
Equites Christi ; Equites Teutonici ; Patres a mercede ; Patres a redemptione
captivorum, si jubeat Lingualis Congressus, in inferioribus domibus admittuntur,
sicut et ad Novitiatum armigerorem illico provehuntur, tenenturque tantum fide
dare jusjurandtim

Statuta Commilitonum Ordinis Templi e regulis sancitis in Convontibus
Generalibus prosertim in Conventu Generali Versaliano, Anno Ordinis
586, et in Conventibus Generalibus Lutetianis, A. O. 693, et 695, con-
fecta et in unum codicem coacta.

CONTINUATION OF THE ORDER. 47

otherwise to the Convent-General. He can create new
houses and dignities on the Order, cancelling those already
constituted, remit penalties, and confer all benefices and
offices, the collation to which is not specially provided for in
the statutes. He confirms all Diplomas of profession and
patents of appointment, and may send legates possessing
powers delegated by himself to different countries. His
interpretation of the laws is valid, even against a statute of
the Convent-General, and he alone has the power of pro-
posing alterations in the rules to that assembly.

Next in honour to the Grand Master, unless he has pub-
licly appointed a delegate or successor, are his four Deputes,
or Vicarii Magistrates, who are nominated by himself, and
removable at his pleasure. After these follow the Members
of the Grand Council, which consists of the Supreme Pre-
ceptor, and eight Grand Preceptors, the Primate of the
Order, and his four Coadjutors General, with all the Grand
Priors, Ministers, and other principal dignitaries that may
be present at the Magisterial City. Each nation of the
Order is presided over by its Grand Prior, appointed for life,
whose language comprises the various subordinate divisions
of Bailiwicks or Provinces ; Commanderies ; Convents of
Knights and Noviciate Esquires ; Abbeys of Ladies and
Canonesses ; Chapters of Postulants, and Conclaves of Ini-
tiation. Except in special cases, no Chevalier is eligible
for a Commandery before the expiration of two years from
his having obtained the honours of knighthood, and in

48 CONTINUATION OF THE ORDER.

like manner no Commander can be appointed a Bailli, nor
any Bailli a Grand Prior, before the same period has
intervened.

In order that the objects of the Institution may be dis-
tinctly understood, we shall now proceed to translate a
decree by the present Grand Master, bearing date the 4th
September 1826, in explanation of the Vow of Profession
which has been already referred to, observing, at the same
time, that the Order of the Temple, being exclusively de-
voted to the Christian religion, cannot be considered in the
slightest degree connected with Free Masonry, which, it is
well known, welcomes equally to its bosom the Jew and the
Gentile, the Christian and the Mahommedan, requiring from
each only a belief in a Divine Being, with a just sense of
moral rectitude and conscientious obligation.

The decree alluded to states, that as the Vow contains
many dispositions which, misconstructed, might appear in-
compatible with the advance of knowledge and manners of
the age, it is declared that Candidates sign it under the fol-
lowing interpretation : —

1st, That by the Vow of Poverty, the Order does not
mean to submit the Chevaliers to an absolute poverty, but
to remind them that they ought always to be ready to share
their fortune with the unfortunate, and to sacrifice it for the
wants of the Order.

CONTINUATION OP THE ORDER. 49

2c/, That the vow of chastity, and of abhorring lewdness,
is the solemn engagement of fulfilling the obligation that so-
ciety imposes on all men to labour to overcome their vicious
propensities, in order not to outrage either decency or mo-
rality.

3«/, That the obedience due to the Grand Master, and to
the dignitaries of the Order, does not exclude the duty im-
posed on every chevalier of conforming himself, as a man, to
natural right, and of obeying, as a citizen, the government of
his country.

^thy Lastly, That the Templars are not actuated by the
desire of material conquests, — that their principal aim is not
to recover the dominions of which the Order was despoiled,
or the earth which received the body of Jesus the Christ,
but to reconquer to the doctrine for which was precipitated
into the tomb that divine preceptor of men, — the empire
which it always had over the people when it was revealed to
them in all its purity, — in a word, that the Templars are not
ambitious of subduing the physical universe to their domina-
tion, but the nations that cover it to Christian morality.

It has frequently been asserted, that the Templars have
always professed a religion peculiar to themselves, and much
at variance with almost every religious creed at present in
existence, but on this subject it is only necessary to say here,
that although they possess many religious documents of an

50 CONTINUATION OF THE ORDER.

extraordinary nature, and, amongst others, a very ancient
Greek manuscript of Evangile and the Epistle of St. John,
differing from the version contained in the vulgate, yet no
chevalier is obliged to subscribe to them unless he be a can-
didate for certain offices in the Order. This subject is fully
explained in a work lately published at Paris, " Recherches
Historiques sur les Templiers et sur leurs Croyances Religi-
euses par J. Plivard, officier superieur d'Artillerie;" and, for the
present, we are unwilling to enter upon it, not having as yet
received the proces verbal of the Convent-General of the
Order, lately assembled at Paris, to which the following
question, under the authority of the Grand Master, was sub-
mitted : — " L'ordre etant Cosmopolite, et d'apres le veu de
profession dans la Chevalerie, est il convenable de laisser sub-
sister dans les statuts des dispositions par lesquelles certains
officiers de TOrdre ne pouvent etre choisis que parmis les
Chevaliers professant la religion Johannite ?"

The habit of the Ordert consists, as formerly, of the white
tunic and mantle, with the red cross on the left breast ; a
white cap with a red feather ; a white silk sash fringed with
red ; white pantaloons, buff-boots, gold spurs and an eques-
trian sword with a silver hilt. The dress differs somewhat

f We shall be excused referring to this subject, considering that it engaged
so much of the attention of the pious St. Bernard. Respecting the habit of the
early Templars, he says, chap, xxii and xxv, •« It is granted unto none to wear
white tunics or mantles, but to the Knights of Christ — If any brother wish to
have the handsomest or best mantle, either as of due or out of pride, for such
presumption, he will, without doubt, deserve the very worst."

CONTINUATION OF THE ORDER. 51

according to the rank of the individual, but every Chevalier
is bound to wear the gold ring of profession, with the Cross
of the Order, and the letters, P. D. E. P.-f- together with his
own name, and the date of his reception engraven thereon.
Each Knight also is decorated with the conventual cross or
jewel of the Order, which consists of a gold cross of eight
points enamelled white, surmounted by the Grand Master's
crown, and bearing on its centre a cross pattee enamelled
gules.

In concluding these observations, we regret to say that the
Order of the Temple, notwithstanding its undeniable claims
to honourable distinction, has never enjoyed much consider-
ation amongst our countrymen. Its exclusive character, to-
gether with the great expense and difficulty which attend
admission into its ranks, no Englishman being legitimately
eligible, unless formally recommended by the illustrious
Grand Prior of England, has raised against it a host of ene-
mies. Hence, calumnies have been propagated against it,
and an institution perfectly unconnected with politics, and
actuated by the purest principles of Christian Philanthropy^

f Pro Deo et Patria. This is one of the present mottoes of the Order. The
other, Ferro non auro se muniunt, is taken from the following striking expres-
sions of St. Bernard,—" Equites Christi intus fide, foras ferro non auro se
muniunt, non turbulenti aut impetuosi, et quasi ex levitate prsecipites, sed con-
suite atque cum omni cautela et procidentia se ipsos ordinentes, et disponentes
in aciem, juxta quod de patribus scriptum est. Ita denique vero, quodam ac

singulare modo, cernuntur et agnis mitiores et leonibus ferociores : Ex. Lib.

Sanct. Bernard, Abbat Milit. Tempi, cap. 4, No. 8.

$ La societe des Templiers vient d'en oflfrir une preuve eclatante, a l'occa-

52 CONTINUATION OF THE ORDER.

has been represented as engendering false notions of Govern-
ment and wild infidelity. But the registers of the Temple
contain the respected names of Massillon and Fenelon; Frede-
rick the Great, and Napoleonf sanctioned its ceremonies, and
honoured its officers ; and even in these days, princes of the

sion du mariage de S. M. l'Empereur et Roi avec Marie Louise, d'Autriche.
Le 16 Aout 1810, elle a donne une fete, terminee par une distribution de vete-
mens, des vivres et d'argent a des vieillards indigens choisis dans les douze
municipality des Paris. On peut voir dans le proces verbal qu'ils en ont fait
imprimer les temoignages flatteurs d'estime qu'ils ont regu de M. M. les Maires
des arrondisseraens de Paris et des membres de plusieurs bureaux de bienfaisance.
— Thory.

f En 1811, Napoleon, empereur, revenant a ses idees sur l'importance de cet
ordre, tant sousle rapport civil que sous le rapport religieux, fit appeler le grand-
maitre Bernard-Raymond, et apres plusieurs questions a sa maniere sur l'etat actuel
de l'ordre, sur ses statuts, etc. il s'informa des epoques de ses assemblies. Appre-
nantqu'ily en aurait bientot une pour la celebration de l'anniversaire du martyre
de Jacques de Molay, l'empereur s'empara de cette circonstance, et donna des ordres
pour que cette ceremonie se fit publiquement avec une grand pompe religieuse et
militaire. Une place d'honneur etait reservee pour le grand-maitre et ses lieu-
tenans generaux. M. Clouet, cbanoine de Notre-Dame, coadjuteur-general du
primat du Temple, et revetu du camail primatial, prononca l'oraison funebre du
grand-maitre martyr, dont le catafalque etait richement orne des insignes de la
souverainete magistrale et patriarcale. On peut se souvenir de l'etonnement que
produisit cette grande ceremonie par sa publicite, ainsi que des conjectures aux-
quelles elle donna lieu; tout porte a croire que l'empereur se proposait de tirer
bon parti de l'ordre du Temple et de son culte s'il ne pouvait parvenir a mait riser

a cour de Rome.

L'empereur don Pedro, apres avoir accepte le titre de premier chevalier
d'honneur du Temple, autorisa un de ses ministres a recevoir le brevet de grand-
prieur titulaire du Bresil ; et l'on ne peut douter, d'apres la correspondance de
ce ministre avec le grand-maitre Bernard-Raymond, que don Pedro n'eut
l'intention de faire refleurir l'ordre du Temple au Bresil, comrae aussi il avait

ete sauve de sa destruction en 1312 par le roi Denis, qui crea l'ordre des cheva-
liers proscrits par le decret de Clement V._

Biographie des Hommes du Jour. Paris, 1836.

CONTINUATION OF THE ORDER. 53

blood, and some of the most illustrious nobles, of our own and
other countries, have not disdained to display the humble
ring of profession, along with the gorgeous decorations of
the Garter and the Golden Fleece. Scattered over the
mighty empire of Great Britain, there are not more than
forty subjects of Her Majesty who are Knights Templars ;
and the whole Members of the Order do not probably at this
moment exceed three hundred ; but we assert, without fear
of contradiction, that no institution equally limited can boast
of a greater number of distinguished and honourable as-
sociates.

CHAP. V.

W§t 3Itmg!)t0 ftttuplats of Scotland

° 'HE Knights of the Temple were in-
^SE troducedinto Scotland before 1153
E; by King David the First, who es-
w .Lo- tablished them at Temple on the
|g> rj Southesk,f and who was so attach-
0^^^x2><c3> ^ ed to the brotherhood, that we are
;■',-.: "i"7fi'Tf " ."v'\"i"^].-:[ told by an old historian4' Sanctus
David de prceclara Militia Templi optimos fratres secum re-
tinens, eos diebus et noctibus morum suorum fecit esse custo-

f The original name of Temple on the Southesk, according to Chalmers, was
Balantrodach. In theChartular of Aberdeen the Preceptory is styled " domus

56 KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND.

des."-f- Malcolm, the grandson of David, conferred on the
brethren " in liberam et puram Elymosynam unum plenarium
Toftum in quolibet Burgo totius terrae," which foundation
was enlarged by his successors, William the Lion and Alex-
ander the Second. The charter of the latter is still in the
possession of Lord Torphichen, whereby he grants and con-
firms " Deo et fratribus Templi Salomonis de Jerusalem
omnes fllas rectitudines, libertatis et consuetudines quas Rex
David et Rex Malcolm et decessus pater meus Rex Williel-

Templi de Balantradock ;" and in the Chartular of the Abbey of Newbattle we
find mentioned, " Magister et Fratres Templi de Blentodoch," which is a con-
traction or corruption of the same term. The place became known by the de-
signation of Temple only after the establishment of the Order there. This
was the head-quarters of the Grand Preceptors of Scotland, and became, at the
suppression of the Templars, attached to the Hospital of St. John. In the 15th
century, Sir William Knolls, Grand Preceptor of St. John's, obtained an Act of
Parliament, changing the old name into that of the barony of St. John. But
the people never conformed to the alteration. Part of the foundations of the
original convent were dug up about a century ago. The ancient chapel of the
Temple continued till lately to be used as the parish kirk. It is now partly
dilapidated, in consequence of a new church being built. On the eastern gable
there is an antique inscription, formed with lead run into the letters, which ap-
pears to be as follows : —

V M S A C
M T H M.

These letters, when extended, may signify, Vita Sacrum Militice Templi Hiero-
sohjmitani ; or, Virgini JEdem Sacram Militia Templi Hierosolyma Majister ;
supplying condidit or consecravit. The Virgin Mary, it is well known, was the
patroness of the Order. What monstrous mysteries would not the ingenious
Von Hammer make these letters the vehicle of revealing ! In the second line
the learned German could not fail to discover the presence of the Metis or Tau
of the Gnostics, whose doctrines, he insists, the Templars held, as attested by
their monumental remains, and by coins or medals imagined to refer to them,
f Book of Cupar quoted in Father Hay's MS.

KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND. 57

mus eis dederunt et concesserunt, sicut scripta eorum authen-
tica attestant.'11 This curious document, after enumerating
certain of these rights, and liberties, scilicet, — the king's sure
peace ; the privilege of buying, selling, and trading with all
his subjects ; freedom from all tribute and toll, &c. proceeds
" Et nullus eis injuriam faciat, vel fieri consentiat super
meam defensionem, Et ubicunque in tota terra mea adju-
diorum (q. judicium) venerint, causa eorum primum trac-
tata, et prius rectum suum habeant, et postea faciant. Et
nullus ponat hominem predictorum fratrum nostrorum ad
foram judicii si noluerint, &c. Et omnes libertates et consue-
tudines quas ipsi per alias regiones habent in terra mea ubi-
que habeant.''1

These general privileges, throughout Europe, were very-
extensive. The Templars were freed from all tythes to the
church, and their priests were entitled to celebrate mass, and
to absolve from sins to the same extent as bishops, a privilege
which was strongly objected to by the latter. Their houses
possessed the right of sanctuary or asylum for criminals.
They could be witnesses in their own cause, and were ex-
empted from giving testimony in the cause of others. They
were relieved by the papal bulls from all taxes, and from sub-
jection and obedience to any secular power. By these great
immunities, the Order was rendered in a manner independent,
but it would appear, nevertheless, that both the Templars
and Hospitallers considered themselves subjects of the coun-
tries to which they belonged, and took part in the national

58 KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND.

wars, for we find by the Bagman Roll, " Freere Johan de
Sautre, Mestre de la Chevalier del Temple en Ecoce," and
another Brother, swearing fealty to Edward I. in 1296 ; and
the author of the Annals of Scotland, taking notice of the
Battle of Falkirk, 12th July 1298, informs us, that the only
persons of note who fell were Brian le Jay, Master of the
English Templars, and the Prior of Torphichen in Scotland,
a Knight of another Order of religious soldiery. The former
of these Chevaliers met his death by the hand of the redoubt-
ed Sir William Wallace, who advanced alone from the midst
of his little band, and slew him with a single blow, although
the historian adds, that Sir Brian le Jay was a Knight Tem-
plar of high military renown, who had shewn himself most
active against the Scots.f

Little is known of the farther History of the Knights
Templars in Scotland from the time of Alexander II. down
to the beginning of the 14th century, excepting that their
privileges were continued to them by succeeding Kings,
whose bounty and piety were in those ages continually di-
rected towards the religious Orders. By their endowments,

J This gallant Templar, — worthy to have fallen in a holier cause, — is thus
strangely vilified, after death, by some miscreant, at the trial of the Templars : —
" Brian le Jay dixit quod Jesus Christus non fuit verus Deus et verus homo ;
quod minimus pilus barbae unius Saraceni fuit majoris valoris quam totum corpus
istius qui loquitur. Pauperibus quibusdam eleemosynam a Briane petentibus
pro amore Dei et beatse Marise Virginis respondit, ' Que dame, allez vous pendre
a votre dame ;' et projiciens impetuose unum quadrantem in luto, fecit pauperes
musarc in eodem et hoc tempore frigidae hyemis." Such is a sample of the evi-
dence against the Order.

KNIGHTS TE3IPLARS OF SCOTLAND. 59

and the bequests of the nobles, the possessions of the Order
came to be so extensive, that their lands were scattered " per
totum regnum Scotiae, a limitibus versus Angliam, et sic dis-
cendo per totum regnum usque ad Orchades."" Besides the
House of the Temple in Mid-Lothian, the following Esta-
blishments or Priories of the Order may be enumerated, viz.
St. Germains, in East Lothian ; Inchynan, in Renfrewshire ;
Maryculter, in Kincardineshire ; Aggerstone, in Stirling-
shire ; Aboyne, in Aberdeenshire ; Derville or Derval, in
Ayrshire; Dinwoodie, in Dumfriesshire; Red-abbey-stedd,
in Roxburghshire, and Temple Liston, in West-Lothian.

The date of the spoliation of the Templars of Scotland,
corresponds of course with that of the persecution of the
Order in other countries, and it is to the credit of our fore-
fathers that we can obtain no account of any Member of the
Brotherhood having been subjected to personal torture or
suffering amongst them; their estates, however, appear to
have been duly transferred to the possession of their rivals,
the Knights Hospitallers ; into which Order it is not impro-
bable that, like their Brethren in England, a number of the
Templars entered.

In November 1309, John de Soleure, the Papal Legate,
and William, Bishop of St. Andrews, held an Inquisitorial
Court at the Abbey of Holyrood to investigate the charges
against the Templars, but Walter de Clifton, Grand Pre-

CO KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND.

ceptor of the Order in North Britain, f and William de Mid-
dleton, were the only two Knights who appeared before the
Tribunal, the proceedings of which, as recorded at length in
Wilkins' Consilia, make no allusion to any punishment being
inflicted, so that we may fairly conclude they were soon set
at liberty. The Preceptor, in his examination, readily con-
fessed that the rest of the Brethren had fled, and dispersed
themselves propter scandalium exortum contra ordinem,
and we are told by a learned French writer, that having de-
serted the Temple, they had ranged themselves under the
banners of Robert Bruce, by whom they were formed into a
new Order, the observances of which were based on those of
the Templars, and became, according to him, the source of
Scottish Free Masonry, j This statement corresponds with

•f It appears by the following extract from Clifton's examination, that the Pre-
ceptor of Scotland was a subordinate officer to the Master, or Grand Prior in
England. " Interrogate ; quis recepit eum ad dictum ordinem et dedit ei ha-
bitum ? dixit, quod Frater Willielmus de la More oriundus de Comitatu Ebor.
tunc et nunc Magister dicti Ordinis in Anglia et Scotia."

J " Apres la mort de Jacques de Molay, des Templiers Ecossais etant de-
venus apostats, a l'instigation du roi Robert Bruce, se rangerent sous les ban-
nieres d'un nouvel Ordre institue par ce prince, et dans lequel les receptions fu-
rent basees sur celles de l'Ordre du Temple. C'est la qu'il faut chercher l'ori-
gine de la Maconnerie Ecossaise, et meme celle des autres Rites maconiques. —
Du schisme qui s'introduisit en Ecosse naquit un grand nombre de sectes. Pres-
que toutes ont la pretention de deriver du Temple, et quelques unes celle de se
dire l'Ordre lui-merne."

Manuel des Chevaliers de l' Ordre du Temple. Paris, 1825.

The historian, Raymouard, thus formally excuses himself from speculating on
the fate of the disbanded Scottish Knights : — " Que devinrent-ils ? Ce n'est pas
a moi de soulever le voile mysterieux de ces infortunes : 1' histoire publique se
tait, mon devoir est de me taire comme elle.'' — Monumhns Historiqufs.

KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND. 61

the celebrated Charter of Larmenius already referred to, in
which the Scottish Templars are excommunicated as Tem-
pli desertores, anathemate percussos ; and along with the
Knights of St. John, dommiorum Militios spoliatores, placed
for ever beyond the pale of the Temple, extra gyrum Tem-
pli nunc, et in futurum ; and it is likewise supported in
some measure by the authority of the accurate historian of
Free Masonry, M. Thory, who, in his " Acta Latomorum,"
states that Robert Bruce founded the Masonic Order of Here-
dom de Kilwinning, after the Battle of Bannockburn, reserv-
ing to himself and his successors on the Throne of Scotland,
the office and title of Grand Master. Scottish tradition has,
moreover, always been in favour of this origin of the Ancient
Mother Kilwinning Lodge, which certainly at one time pos-
sessed other degrees of Masonry besides those of St. John ;
and it is well known to our Masonic readers, that there are
even in our own days at Edinburgh, a few individuals claim-
ing to be the representatives of the Royal Order established by
Bruce, which, though now nearly extinct in this country,-|-
still flourishes in France, where it was established by Char-
ter from Scotland, and even by the Pretender himself, in the
course of last century, and is now conferred as the highest
and most distinguished grade of Masonry, sanctioned by the
Grand Orient, under the title of the Rose Croix de Here-
dom de Kilwinning. It may be interesting to add, that the

■f An attempt has been very recently made to revive this Order, by the initi-
ation of a number of new members, chiefly Brethren of the Lodge of St. David,
Edinburgh.

62 KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND.

introduction on the Continent of this ancient branch of our
national Masonry, has been commemorated by a splendid
medal struck at Paris, bearing, amongst other devices, the
Royal Arms and Motto of Scotland; and that the Brethren
of the Lodge of Constancy at Arras, still preserve with
reverence an original charter of the Order, granted to their
Chapter in 1747, by Charles Edward Stuart, and signed by
that unfortunate Prince himself as the representative of the
Scottish Kings.-(- Nor can any thing indicate more strongly
the high estimation in which the chivalry of the Rosy Cross
of Kilwinning is held in France, than the fact that the
Prince Cambaceres, Arch-chancellor of the Empire, presided
over it as Provincial Grand Master, (the office of supreme
head being inherent in the Crown of Scotland,) for many
years ; and that he was succeeded in his dignity, if we mis-
take not, by the head of the illustrious family of Choiseul.

f The medal alluded to was struck at the expense of the Chapitre du Choix
at Paris, to celebrate the establishment in France of a Provincial Grand Lodge
of Heredom de Kilwinning, by a Charter, dated Edinburgh the 1st of May 1786,
constituting Mr. John Mattheus, a distinguished merchant of Rouen, Provincial
Chief, with very ample powers, to disseminate the Order. The Chapitre du
Choix was itself erected by a charter from Edinburgh in the same year, ad-
dressed to Nicholas Chabouille, avocat en parlement, and other brethren. Both
these documents bear the signatures of William Charles Little, Deputy Grand
Master, William Mason, and William Gibb. At a later date, a Provincial
Grand Master was also appointed for Spain, in the person of Mr. James Gordon,
a merchant at Xeres de la Frontera, whose commission was signed by Deputy
Grand Master Dr. Thomas Hay, and Messrs. Charles Moor and John Brown, as
heads of the Royal Order. In 181 1 , there were no less than twenty-six Chapters
of Heredom holding of the Provincial Grand Lodge of the Order in France, in-
cluding some in Belgium and Italy Histoire de la Fondation du Grand

Orient de"France. Par is, 1812.

KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND.

63

But whether the Scottish Templars really joined the vic-
torious standard of Robert Bruce, and with him, as our
countrymen would fain hope, fought and conquered at Ban-
nockburn, or whether the majority of them transferred them-
selves along with the possessions of the Order, to the Knights
of St. John of Jerusalem, certain it is, that from the time of
the persecution, the Order of the Temple, together with all
its wealth, became merged in that of the Hospitallers, though
certainly not to such a degree as to obliterate all distinct
traces of the Red Cross Knights. On the contrary, we find
by a public document recorded entire in the Register of the
Great Seal of Scotland, and dated two centuries after the
incorporation of the Orders, that King James the Fourth
confirmed all former grants sancto Hospitali de Jerusalem,
et fratribus ejusdem militice Templi Salomonis, — a satis-
factory proof that the Order, although proscribed by the
Pope, was still retained conjointly with that of the Hospital,
in law papers at least.-f

The Knights of St. John had also been introduced into
Scotland by King David the First, and had a charter granted
to them by Alexander the Second, two years after that to the
Templars. The Preceptory of Torphichen, in West Lothian,
was their first, and continued to be their chief residence, and
by the accession of the Temple lands and other additions,
their property at the time of the Reformation came to be
immense. When that event took place, the chief dignitary

•f An- abstract of this interesting document will be found in the Appendix.

64 KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND.

or Grand Preceptor of the Order in Scotland, with a seat as
a Peer in Parliament, was Sir James Sandilands, a cadet of
the family of Calder, whose head, as is well known to readers
of Scottish History, was the private friend of John Knox,
and one of the first persons of distinction to embrace the re-
formed religion. We might suspect, that even before the
promulgation of the statute 1560, prohibiting all allegiance
within the realm to the See of Rome, the former personage
had become indifferent to the charge confided to him by the
Order ; for a rescript from the Grand Master and Chapter
at Malta, dated so early as the 1st of October 1557, and
addressed to him, is still on record, wherein they complain
" that many of the possessions, jurisdictions, &c. were con-
veyed or taken away from them contrary to the statutes and
oaths, and to the damnation of the souls, as well of those who
possessed them, as of those who, without sufficient authority,
yielded them up ; producing thereby great detriment to re-
ligion and the said Commandery ;" but be this as it may, we
are certain that the conversion of Sir James Sandilands, or
as he was termed, the Lord of St. John of Jerusalem in Scot-
land, was followed by his surrender to the Crown of the
whole possessions of the combined Templars and Hospital-
lers, which having been declared forfeited to the State on the
ground that " the principal cause of the foundation of the
Preceptory of Torphichen, Fratribus Hospitalis Hierosoli-
mitani, Militibus Temph Salomonis, was the service en-
joined to the Preceptor on oath to defend and advance the
Roman Catholic Religion," were by a process of transforma-

KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND. 65

tion well understood by the Scottish Parliament of those days,
converted into a Temporal Lordship, which the unfortunate
Queen Mary, then only twenty years of age, and newly es-
tablished amongst her Scottish subjects, in consideration of a
payment of ten thousand crowns of the Sun, and of his Jidele,
nobile, et gratuitum, servitium, nobis nostrisque palri et
matri bonce memorize, conferred on, or rather retransferred
to the Ex Grand Preceptor himself and his heirs with the
title of Torphichen, which, although the estate is much di-
lapidated, still remains in his family, t All this was trans-

f The reader will find the Preceptor's motives and proceedings explained in an
authentic family document printed from a manuscript copy in the Advocates Li-
brary, in a little work named, " Templaria. Edinburgh, 1828." We extract from
it the following account of the surrender of the Preceptory : — " He personally
compeirit in presence of the Queen's Majesty, the Lord Chancelour, the Earles of
Murray, Marischall, and diuers others of her Hiehnes Privy Council, and there, as
the only lawful undoubted Titular, and present possessor of the Lordship and Pre-
ceptorie of Torphephen, which was never subject to any Chapter or Conuent what-
somever, except only the Knights of Jerusalem and Temple of Solomon, Genibus
flexiset reverentia quadecuit, resigned and ouergave in the hands of our Souerane
Lady, his undoubted Superior, ad perpetuam remanentiam, all Right, Property,
and Possession, which he had, or any way could pretend to the said Preceptorie,
or any part thereof, in all time Coming ; to the effect the same might remain per-
petually, with her Hyeness and her Successours, as a Part of Property and Pa-
trimony of her Crown for ever. After this resignation in the Queen's Majesty's
hands, ad Remanentiam, of this Benefice, be the lawful Titular thereof, her Hye-
ness, in remembrance of the good service of the said Sir James Sandilands, gave
and grantid and dispon'd, in feu-farme, heritably, to the said Sir James, his
heirs and assignies, All and Haill, the said Preceptorie and Lordship."

That the payment of the above sum of ten thousand crowns of the Sun sub-
sequently involved Sandilands in serious difficulties and embarrassments, we
are instructed by the works referred to, in which it is stated that — " albeit
the charter bears present payment of ten thousand crowns, that the money
was paid at divers times, partly upon Her Majesty's precepts to her ser-

E

66 KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND.

acted on the petition of Sir James Sandilands himself, with
the formal approbation of the National Legislature ; and after
renouncing the profession of a soldier-monk, we find that the
last of Scottish Preceptors of St. John became married and
lived to a good old age, having died so late as 1596 without
issue, when the title of Torphichen passed to his grand
nephew, the lineal descendant of his elder brother, Sir John
Sandilands of C alder.

We shall not pause to consider whether a body of Masonic
Templars unconnected with the Hospitallers, and represent-
ing the Royal Order which Bruce is said to have instituted
from the relict of the Ancient Knights, has been perpetuated
in Scotland since the days of Bannockburn, having no means
of illustrating so obscure a subject ; but, with all due respect
to the learned French writer, whose authority we have already
quoted, we may observe, that the Masonic Tradition of the
country does not connect the Templars with Bruce's Order
in any way whatever, but, on the contrary, invariably conjoins
those Knights with the Hospitallers, and consequently points
to the period of the renunciation of Popery, as the time when

vants, French Paris, Sir Robert Melvin, Sir James Balfour, and Captain An-
struther ; and the rest of the sum to Mr. Robert Richardson, treasurer for the
time, whereof there is a receipt under the privy seal. That a great part of that
money, numbered in gold and silver, was borrowed from Timothy Curneoli, an
Italian gentleman of the Preceptor's acquaintance at Genoa, and a banker of the

house of resident in Scotland for the time. That this nobleman

being burthened with great debts, for his exoneration and relief, was forced to
let in feu-farm his own roumes for a reasonable composition," &c. ; and he was
afterwards obliged to part with some of the larger baronies of the estate.

KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND. 67

they first sought refuge, and a continuance of their Chivalry
among the " Brethren of the Mystic Tie." The Chevaliers
also of the Rosy Cross of Kilwinning in France, own no
alliance with Masonic Templary, which they consider a com-
paratively modern invention ; nor do there exist, so far as
we know, any authentic records anterior to the Reformation,
to prove a connection hetween the Knights Templars and
Freemasons in any part of the world, though we must not
omit to mention, that a formal document in the Latin language
is said to be deposited in a Lodge at Namur on the Meuse,
purporting to be a proclamation by the Freemasons of Europe,
" of the Venerable Society sacred to John," assembled by re-
presentatives from London, Edinburgh, Vienna, Amsterdam,
Paris, Madrid, Venice, Brussels, and almost every other
Capital City, at Cologne on the Rhine in 1535 ; and signed,
amongst others, by the famous Melancthon, in which, after
declaring that u to be more effectually vilified and devoted
to public execration, they had been accused of reviving the
Order of the Templars," they solemnly affirm, that " the
Freemasons of St. John derive not their origin from the
Templars, nor from any other Order of Knights ; neither
have they any, or the least communication with them direct-
ly, or through any manner of intermediate tie, being far more
ancient," &c. — all of which would imply, that some sort of
connection was understood in those days to exist between
certain of the Masonic Fraternities and the Knights Tem-
plars. A Copy of this document was sent to Edinburgh in
1826, by M. de Marchot, an Advocate at Nivelles, and a

68 KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND.

translation of it has been inserted under the attestation of a
Notary Public in the Records of the Ancient Lodge of
Edinburgh, (Mary's Chapel) ; but we have little faith in
German documents on Free Masonry, unless supported by
other testimony ; and as no Historian of the Craft makes the
slightest allusion to the great Convocation of the Brethren at
Cologne, in the sixteenth century, rather than ask the reader
to believe that it ever took place, we shall presume that
M. de Marchot may have been deceived.-f-

From the era of the Reformation, the combined Order ap-
pears in Scotland only as a Masonic body ; but there are some
records to indicate that, so early as 1590, a few of the brethren
had become mingled with the Architectural Fraternities, and
that a Lodge at Stirling, patronised by King James, had a
Chapter of Templars attached to it, who were termed cross-
legged Masons ; and whose initiatory ceremonies were per-
formed not in a room, but in the Old Abbey, the ruins of which
are still to be seen in the neighbourhood. The next authentic
notice we can find on this subject, is in M. Thory's excellent
Chronology of Masonry, wherein it is recorded, that about
1728, Sir John Mitchell Ramsay, the well-known author of
Cyrus, appeared in London, with a system of Scottish Ma-
sonry, up to that date, perfectly unknown in the metropolis,
tracing its origin from the Crusades, and consisting of three
degrees, the Ecossais, the Novice, and the Knight Templar.
The English Grand Lodge rejected the system of Ramsay,

f To satisfy the curious, a copy of the translated document is inserted in the
Appendix.

KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND. 69

who, as is well known, along with the other adherents of the
Stuart Family, transferred it to the Continent, where it be-
came the corner-stone of the hauts grades, and the foundation
of those innumerable ramifications into which an excellent and
naturally simple institution has been very uselessly extended
in France, Germany, and other countries abroad.f"

In pursuing the very curious subject of the hauts grades,
we may observe, however, that they never obtained much
consideration during the lifetime of Ramsay, although they
are invariably traced to him and to Scotland, the fairy land of
Foreign Masonry, \ but gathered their chief impulse from the
disgraceful dissentions in the Masonic Lodges at Paris, about
the middle of last century, which induced the Chevalier cle
Bonneville, and other distinguished persons at the Court of
France, to form themselves into a separate institution, named
the Chapitre de Clermont, in honour of one of the Princes of
the Blood, Louis de Bourbon, Prince de Clermont, then pre-
siding over the Masonic Fraternities. In this Chapter they
established, amongst other degrees, Ramsay's system of the

f II est certain que l'invention des hauts grades maconniques a fait le plus
grand tort a l'institution, en denaturant son objet, et en 1'affublant de titres
pompeux et de cordons qui ne lui appartieunent pas. On conviendra que jamais
elle n'eut ete proscrite, dans une partie d'Allemagne, si les dissentions occasionees
par la Stricte -Observance, les pretentions de soidisant successeurs des Freres de
la Rose-Croix, et surtout l'invention de l'illuminatisme qu'on introduisit dans
quelques L. n'eussent rendu " l'association suspecte aux gouvernemens." — Acta
Latomorum.

\ There have been at least a hundred grades of Continental Masonry deno-
minated " Ecossais,"

70 KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND.

Masonic Templars, which, along with other high grades, was
soon conveyed into the Northern Kingdoms of Europe, by
the Officers of the French Army, but especially, by the Mar-
quis de Bernez, and the Baron de Hund, the latter of whom
made it the ground-work of his Templar Regime de la Stride
Observance, which occupied, for several years, so prominent a
place in the Secret Societies of Germany. This adventurer
appeared in that country with a patent, under the sign-manual
of Prince Charles Edward Stuart, appointing him Grand
Master of the seventh province; but although he had invented
a plausible tale in support of his title and authority, — both
of which he affirmed had been made over to him by the Earl
Marischal on his death-bed, — and of the antiquity of his order,
which he derived, of course, from Scotland, where the chief
seat of the Templars was Aberdeen,-f* — the imposture was

f On this subject we shall let the Baron de Hund speak for himself : — Les
Freres de la Stricte-Observance se disent les successeurs des Templiers, et leur
doctrine consiste a perpetuer l'existence de l'Ordre sous le voile de la Franche
Maconnerie. Voici l'Histoire de l'lnstitution, selon le Baron de Hund ; Dans
l'annee 1303, deux Chevaliers, nommes Noffbdoi et Florian, furent punis pour
crimes. Tous deux perdirent leurs commanderies et particulierement, le dernier,
celle de Montfaucon. lis en demanderent de nouvelles au Gr.-Maitre provincial
de Mont-Carmel ; et comme il les leur refusa, ils l'assassinerent dans sa maison
de campagne, pres de Milan, et cacherent son corps dans le jardin, sous des
arbrisseaux. Ilsse refugierent ensuite a Paris, ou ils accuserent l'Ordre des
crimes les plus horribles, ce qui entraina sa perte, et par suite le supplice de J.
Molay. Apres la catastrophe, le Grand-Maitre provincial de l'Auvergne, Pierre
d'Aumont, s'enfuit avec deux Commandeurs et cinq Chevaliers. Pour n'etre
point reconnus, ils se deguiserent en ouvriers macons, et se refugierent dans une
ile Ecossaise, ou ils trouverent le Grand-Commandeur Haupton-court, Georges
de Hasris, et plusieurs autres Freres avec lesquels ils resolurent de continuer
l'Ordre. Ils tinrent, le jour de St. -Jean 1313, un Chapitre dans lequel Aumont,

KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND. 71

soon detected, and it was even discovered that he had him-
self enticed and initiated the ill-fated Pretender into his fa-
bulous order of Chivalry. The delusions on this subject,
however, had taken such a hold in Germany, that they were
not altogether dispelled, until a deputation had actually visit-
ed Aberdeen, and found amongst the worthy and astonished
brethren there, no trace either of very ancient Templars or
Freemasonry, f From some of the Continental States, it is
conjectured that Masonic Templary was transplanted into
England and Ireland, in both of which countries it has con-
tinued to draw a languid existence, unconnected with any
remnant of the Knights of St. John, whose incorporation in
the Scottish Order, is one of the most remarkable features of
that Institution. We are happy to add, nevertheless, that
the most fraternal feelings and intercourse subsist between
the Scottish brethren and the Templars of the sister kingdoms,
and we can ourselves testify to the cordiality with which the
former are received in the encampments of London.

During the whole of the eighteenth century the combined
Order of the Temple and Hospital in Scotland can be but
faintly traced, though I have the assurance of well-informed

premier du nom, fut nomine Grand-Maitre. Pour 'se soustraire aux persecutions,
ils emprunterent des symboles pris dans Tart de la Maconnerie, et se denommerent
Macons libres. . . .En 1361, le Grand-Maitre du Temple transporta son siege a
Aberdeen, et par suite TOrdre se repandit, sous le voile de la Fr. -Maconnerie,
en Italie, en Allemagne, en France, en Portugal, en Espagne et ailleurs. Der
Signatsterne, etc., p. 178.

f It is stated in the Freemason's Review, that, according to authentic docu-
ments, the Aberdeen Lodge has existed since 1541.

72 KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND.

Masons that thirty or forty years ago they knew old men who
had heen members of it for sixty years, and it had sunk so low
at the time of the French Revolution, that the sentence which
the Grand Lodge of Scotland fulminated in 1792 against all
degrees of Masonry except those of St. John, was expected to
put a period to its existence. Soon after this, however, some
active individuals revived it, and with the view of obtaining
documentary authority for their chapters, as well as of avoid-
ing any infringement of the statutes then recently enacted
against secret societies, adopted the precaution of accepting
charters of constitution from a body of Masonic Templars,
named the Early Grand Encampment, in Dublin, of whose
origin we can find no account, and whose legitimacy, to say
the least, was quite as questionable as their own. Several
charters of this description were granted to different Lodges
of Templars in Scotland about the beginning of the present
century, but these bodies maintained little concert or inter-
course with each other, and were certainly not much esteem-
ed in the country. Affairs were in this state when, about 1808,
Mr. Alexander Deuchar was elected Commander, or Chief
of the Edinburgh Encampment of Templars, and his brother,
Major David Deuchar, along with other Officers of the Royal
Regiment, was initiated into the Order. This infusion of
persons of higher station and better information gave an im-
mediate impulse to the Institution, and a General Convoca-
tion of all the Templars of Scotland, by representatives, hav-
ing taken place at the Capital, they unanimously resolved to
discard the Irish Charters, and to rest their claims, as the

KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OP SCOTLAND. 73

representatives of the Knights of old, on the general belief of
the country in their favour, and the well-accredited traditions
handed down from their forefathers. They further determin-
ed to entreat the Duke of Kent, who was a Chevalier du
Temple, as well as the chief of the Masonic Templars in Eng-
land, to become the Patron Protector of the Order in North
Britain, offering to submit themselves to His Royal High-
ness in that capacity, and to accept from him a formal Charter
of Constitution, erecting them into a regular Conclave of
Knights Templars, and Knights of St. John of Jerusalem.
The Duke of Kent lost no time in complying with their re-
quest, and his Charter bears date 19th of June 1811. By a
provision in it, Mr. Deuchar, who had been nominated by
the Brethren, was appointed Grand Master for life.

These wise and vigorous measures rescued the Order from
obscurity ; and in its improved condition, we find that it
continued rapidly to nourish, numbering, in the course of a
few years, no less than forty encampments or lodges in dif-
ferent parts of the British dominions holding of its Conclave.
In 1828, the Order seemed to have received a fresh impulse,
and assumed a novel and interesting aspect by the judicious in-
troduction of the ancient chivalric costume and forms. Dissen-
tions, however, unfortunately occurred, from 1830 to 1835,
tending to impede the further progress of the Order; and for a
while it may be said to have again almost fallen into abeyance.
In the end of the latter year, a committee often gentlemen was
appointed to settle all differences, as well as to frame proper

74

KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OF SCOTLAND.

regulations for the future government of the Order. Under
their arrangement and arbitration, the present statutes were
established, and a reconciliation effected between the con-
tending parties. In January 1836, Admiral Sir David Milne,
K. C B. was unanimously elected Grand Master, and at a
general election in the same month, Lord Ramsay (now
Earl of Dalhousie) was appointed his Depute, the various
other offices in the Order being filled by gentlemen, gene-
rally well known, and of a respectable station in society. In
the course of three months after the re-union, not fewer than
a hundred persons, chiefly men of fortune, officers, and mem-
bers of the learned professions, had been received into the
Order in the Edinburgh Canongate Kilwinning Priory or
Encampment alone. Since then, other Priories have been es-
tablished in the country, and the Institution has assumed an
importance and dignity worthy of the highest class of gentle-
men connected with the Masonic Institutions of Scotland.

iSttU of Wopt Clement tf»,

$&3BE®2»itt atfttte uoweu,
fiou Sine Cor&is ^marttu^
trine et Solore saero appro-
irnute concilio, jiou $er i&o=
&uw 43tftnittfise Senteutte,
turn tarn super Jjoc secuuiruw ingutdtttonts et
processus super Jfe ijalritos, $on possumus
jferre, ire gurc, Selr ^er btaro ^roiusioms,
sett oratuattouts apostolicse, trrefragaiult et
^erpettto ^alttura susittliwus sauctione, tp-
sum proijifcitioue ^erpetuae supponeutes, &ts=
ttnettus tu^tfien&o ue guts trictum ©r&iuero ire
ccetero uttrare, iiel ejus ijaiitum susetpere aut

11

portaw, tel pro ©emplario gerere w $xmumt

ret; ttttoiJ si guts contra facmt, occotu-

tmtnicationis imxxxtxtt scntcntiatu,

ipso facto. Saturn Vitnnw, in*

non- iftaii, pout nostri-

anno bit (ii- 4*taii

Cijattcr of ®raw0tttte0ton.

*.».

*.»♦

£8© jfratcr Sfoljauues-Jftar^
ttts Harmcuitts, ^terosolg-
witamts, 3tt gratia tt Sbtm*
tissiwo Vtntx&vtoi nmttfo*
simiqnt i&artgris, Supreroi
ftewpli itttlttte J&agistri
(cuiijouos tt gloria) trccrtto, comttuwijfratrum
Consilio cmxftrmato, super uuibcrsuw ^empli
©r&iucw Summo et Suprtwo ittagisttrio in-
siguitus, singulis fjas tttcrttalcs litttras faisu-
ris salutcw, saluttw, salutm.
liotutu sit omuituts tarn pr&scuttfms quam

IV

ftttuvte, cittoir, tteftcfcHtftmg, propter txtrcmam
aetattm, btrtlms, xtxum augustta tt guicrua^
tuli grairitatc prtpcums, air wajortw Stt gloria
am, ©r&tute, jfratruw rt Statutoruw tutclaw
rt salutcw rgo, supra tttctus, Ijtttrnli* i$tagts=
trr ffiilitm Armpit, inttx bali&torts mantt*
Suprtwttw statucrtm fctpoutrt ittagtstmuw*
E&ctrto, Sto jnbautc, tutoctur Suprtmt
eoubcuttts iEctttititm amgenstt, aptttf tmixttn*
ttm Comwcutratornu tt tartsgtwmu jfratrrw,
iFrauriscuw = Etjo wa w - Hfyttib album ^lexan=
irrtuuw, Suprtwum ©rirtms ©tmplt jttagt'g-
tmum, auctorttattw rt prttultgta routult, et
i)ot praeseuti Stcrtto pro btta toufcro, turn po=
tcstatr, smtuirum temports tt rtrutu legts,
jfratrt alttri, tustttuttoms rt tugemi uoMttate
ntormuctuc Ijoutstatr prsestauttestmo, Sum-
mum tt Suprtmuw ©rtrfuts ©trnpli ittagts^
tcrutw sumwatttaut auctorttatcm coufrrtuOu
<&uo& m, atr pcrpctuttatrw ittagtstmt, sut=
ttssorum uon tutcrstctam strttw rt Statute^
rum tuttgrttattw tucutras* §\fi>to tamcu ut
now traummttt posstt ittagtstmtuu, mue com-
militonum ©twpli Coubtntus ©rutralte con-
sensu, ctuotirs colltgt faalumt Suprtmus tstt

eonfccutus; ft, trims ita Sfsf !)afcfutt6us, suc=
ccssor a& mttum iE$uttum fltgatur*

|if autr m langurscaut Suprcmt ©fficti mu-
ncra, stut nunc ft pfrruuttf r ctuatuor Suprfmi
ittagtstri Vitaxii, suprcmam pott state m, f mfe
ututtam ct auctoritatc m, super umbfrsum ©r=
trtnem, salbo jurr Suprrmt Ittagtstrt, ^aton^
tt s ; (jut Ttcarit Jttagtstrt aputt scmorf s sf-
cuutntm professtoms srrtrm, fltgautur- €tuo&
Statut um t comment* ato titty t ft jfratrffms
boto sacrosauctt supra trtctt Tcufraulrt 35f a-
ttsstmtijuf iftagtstrt uostrt, i&artgrts (cut
ijouos ft gloria) &mm

i£go fcruitiuf, jfratrttm Suprrmt Coutentns
tocrcto, f suprrma mtyi commissa auctoritatc,
Scotos ^Femplarios ©rtriuis irescrtorfs, ana-
tfjrmatf pfrcussos, tllosque ft jfratrcs Saucti
$o!)auuis ^ierosolgmae, iromiuiorum i»iliti&
spoliatores (citttfms aptttr Srum miscricortrta)
extra gtrttm £Ff mpli, nunc ft in futurum, faolo,
fcico ft jnfico*

Sigua, iireo, pseufco-jfratrffms iguota ft tg-
uosccuira constitute orf commilitoutfms tra=
ircntra, ft <juo, in Suprrmo «£oufcfntu, jam
traUf rf moiro placuit

VI

€Ut£ fatro stgua tautummotro pattaut post
trtfiitam proftssiontm tt tgutstrtm comma-
ttoutm, gttuutrum ©tmpli tommtlttouum Sta=
tuta, rttus tt \xm$> supra Uftto tmtututt Com^
mtuiratori a nxt trausmtssa, sttut a Vtutrau-
Go tt Sautttssimo Utartgrt ittagtstro (cm $0=
uos tt gloria) in mtas mauus Jjafcui tra&tta.
jjftat sttut aixt. jf tat. ®mt\x.

©go$of)aunts^»artus 3Larmtmus &ttri, irtt
irtttma ttrtta ftfcruaru 1324.

i£gojfrauttsttts=E!)omas-^r!jto6aiausattx=
au&rwus, Sto jubautt,Suprtmumittagtsttrt=
urn atttptum tjabto, 1324.

3Ego &ruulpi)us St Braciut, Sto jubautt,
Suprtmum ittagtsttrium atttptum Ijafcto,

1340.

©go $o!>auuts Claromoutauus, Sto jubat^
tt, Suprtwuw fftagtsttrtum atttptum ijaito,

1349.

©go Btrtrau&us Sugutstlw, Sto jubautt,
Suprtwuttt ittagtsttrtttm atttptum ijabto,

1357.

©g* $of)auuts ^rmmtatus, Sto fubautt,
Suprtmum i^tagtsttrtum atttptum Jjabto,

1381.

Vll

©go SStvitar&ns ^rmtmatus, ©to jubantt,
Suprtmum Jflfagtsttrtunt atttptum t)a6to,i392.

©gojfofjaunts &rroimattt8,©to }tt&autt,£tts
prtroum iftagtstmum atttptum fja&to, 1419.

©go jaunts erogns ©to jubantt, Sttpr^
mum i&agtsttrutm atttptum Ijafcto, 1451.

©go &o&trtus Htuouturttus, ©to jubantt,
Sttprnrntm litagtstmum atttptum i)a&to,i478.

©go ©altattus irt Sala>ar, ©to jubautt, sit=
prtmum ifctagtstmum atttptum ijatito, 1497.

©go $ ijtltppus ei)aiottus,©to jut>autt,£u=:
prtmum ittagtetmum atttptum Jjaito, 1516.

©go ©asparfcus ©t Salttato, ©abauntusts,
©to jubautt, Suprtmum iKtagtsttuum accept
turn ijafcto, 1544.

©go ^turitus St ittoutt 4&ortuttato, ©to
jubautt, Suprtmum iWagtetmum atttptum
ijafcto, 1574.

©go earoltts T'altstus, ©to jubautt, Su=
prtmum Ittagtatmum atttptum ijafito, 1615.

©go gatofcus $t4uxtlltus fit ©rautto, ©to
jubautt, Suprtmum iltagtstmum atttptum

$afctO, 1651.

©golfatoius^tuvttus ©t ©uro ffiotti, trux

Vlll

at Uuvas, Bto jttbautt, Sttprimttm ifttagte-
tmttm acctptttw ijafcto, i68i.

lEgo pfnltpptts, attx ^ttrtltantuste, ©to jtt=
bantt, Sttprtwttw Jftagtetmum acttptum
ijafcto, 1705.

^go ILuaoSmtts^ttgusttts BorSouitts, trux
an ittawt, Sto jttbautt, Sttpretmnti iWagt^
ttvttwt acttptttm $xbto> 1724,

a^tus, Sto jttbautt, Sitprtnutw ittagtetmttw
atttptmn J)a6to, 1737.

iEgo 3Lu&obtttts -ffimxtimm Borfiomtts -
eoutg, Sto jubautt, Suprtnttttu ittagtstmuw
acttjrtttm ijafcto, 1741*

iEgo 3lttaobtctts=?|trcuIcs=©tmxilto at Cos-
st-3Svtesac, Sto jttbautc, Sttprtwttw iEagts-
ttxinnx acctptttw $a6to, 1776.

iEgo Clauams-iftatijcttts &aaix at ©fjtbti'
Ion, ©tm»li pernor ^itarius ifclagtstrt, aa=
stantffms jfratrilms ^rosptro=Htarfa^rtro=:
|«(ri)atlt efjarptutitr at Saiutot, 23trnarao=
Hagmttutro jFaftrt~|)alaprat, ULtmpli Vitxxii&
jKtagfettfe, tt go5mtt-33aptista=^ttgttBto at
Courrijant, Supremo tJr&ctptorr, ijastt Ittttr-
as atcrttalts a Hitaoi)tco=^trtttlt=©imoltout

IX

ire <Bo&8t^ti88M, mpxtnxo i&agistvo, in tent-
poxtbm utfaustis mtyi toposttas, jFratrt ga-
eofco^titpijo 3Leirrtt, ©emplt senior* ^ttatto
Ittagistro tratrtirt, tit tste littery m tempore
opportuuo, aO perpetuam ©r&iufe tiostrt me=
wortaw, j'uxta ritttm (bogej le iJUtttel lebtttgue)
©rtentalew, iugeant : Sfe treetwa jtwtt 1804.

^go Bernarirus-l&agwmtmts iFafcre^a^
laprat, Ueo fttbaute, Sttprewttw iWagteterfc
urn aeeeptttro fjafieo : 33ie quarta nofcemfirts

1804.

Boisgelin, himself a Knight of Malta, gives the following
authentic copy of the Oath of Profession, from the original
text, which every Candidate took at his reception into the
Order : —

T?ofo of tf)t Stmgijte of St Sfoim,

" Io N. faccio voto e prometto a Dio Omnipotente, ed alia
Beata Maria sempre Vergine, Madre di Dio, ed a San Gio-
vanni Battista d'osservare perpetuamente, con Tajuta di Dio,
vera obedienza a qualunque superiore che mi sera data da
Dio e dalla nostra religione, e di piu vivere senza proprio e
d'osservare castita."

Jttilltia

<=£Mmae

Ztmpll

• o* J"

t^otuntt

4&?tltttf0 tD^ufvCt, ©IllD/ifitiae O/aactae metnetiji^um, ad |<u,ae^en,5 et
uv oeiuim, deuouea6; Clueie &>leivmiteia ae (U'Kedientiae, J /aujvextati^, et
^/a^titatU, ivlxiub et &/ujdbewubah&, JCo^|uia£ilxttl6. et ^TtaeUattoru*.
^D/otam- bvLteiheie, hzcldaoi )

(ffVUU w>tc fwmam, et rwn, aaa^ia&lEerrt edico i«>Uuitatem, ad Jfee-
E"iai<>ru6 ^iU.l&Uanae, ©^di.rv'16 9*mji&( ^/omnai£itoruimc|iie cauJam,
tutefam, et fronowm,, iiuxmmamqae iiLAtrattoaem,, et ad 3T?tn))lt ^g^

pttfcfjtfoue ©omim $o$tvi 3£es5Su fltyvtttt ^atWuxae, ©*l-

eaU&aae tettae et ^Fatiam, ^om^inloTimv recu^etatloaem,, aladuuw, i>ue&,
uitamane et bvmcLula, alia m*a unjveadendt ,

teaiX*, EeaXi6, dectetii, WaJi^a^ afi^ actls-, *ecamW ©«^uu&
Siatata etni^'i6 roe ^Xivittendl : aulL& Sc|^e5 cteatam5, milWe
titu£o6 out atadu,5 tituAaue et u*o& ©tduu6 |i/k><Wua6( twbl f-atu^it
eoc SiatahA Elcent'ia : omru, iVicj^ m^da, Mue w, ©«Wi domlEu6 Mue
fota& et 'in, awcamawe iM-tae, &tata £$U))t*?tUO jWaS^tVO*

omalL&Y^ cb ^»^ '™> ©M'^ M^'u>^6 alWUe o&ed'itu*it&.

4ytf triable.!* tn.ec-5 ©q,ixxtc6 <Jem|xti, tJo-to^eMUte G>a,iuhiyMti> itv
ctvcu.Ltctbe Ivctoeiwi/, ut i|v*o5, ^/letbtxuraut/e ^U/Lana& eb lu>eto6, &xcub ct
tTotomm, lLoei/O-6, atcu>LCf coixcu/LO, cofvu6; olxii>u,6, cuLcbiKxbabe, MnaalL^q^e
tel>ix6 meL6 cu>|xi/U-em>r illo^qxi/e 6emfveo eb itULqae, KwtXto ca4u, eoccejvbo, cm,l-
m6 Hoommitibonum, ?Jemlxti/ won conbozbi Ix/utejWam ;

l!3tO0 h^eatuu>5 bitcnoi/ ; ca|ibLU<minx |x*,okte& ctu/cena,, in|Y'tivx<mimq,U/e
eb kcuijvetM/m, ^xiMxdu) tamal eb ^otabu> in-^eiuxetxdi, :

3£tY£ftV£l££> °t Lnc?eaiiXo5, eoeemjxic, i>utube, (>oixi6 ofve*iUi6, alloqiu-
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veixi/ccm, a/aciredLeixbe5, ktchbet Hoti-tcem, qXaaLO liAa^elxaaoL :

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delutam, eb bcuxbam/ cum. vix<yie leaituxxcL accedenoL :

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Liau>ixi6 vL'wmuvqxxe tu/te, leqiUti eb nxo-tunuS i-btcivijieuuxdi : -feen.tii>ix5
\yexo cHso^tubalibate eb cuvucibi.a xJio-uiem colenbiuiti, HBum.6 eb &qu/iti6
tieleu.VMixxL taLcia, oMxcxa, Ivieteibaixdi.

?£)atfC &tCf cotam ©q,ixxbu>U/6 (fxaicce HBtmuentixx ctaiybautiLai5y

fTofao, alta bote ©to, *t fJofcm %$vtfiteov. ^^

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exlxlained ux tiie teat cuxnecceo bo it.

ILt Swsor,

Inventaire des Chartre, Statuts, Reliques et Insignes com-
posant le Tresor sacre de VOrdre die Temple, extrait de
la minute du proces-verbal qui en a He dresse le 14?' jour
de la lune de Tab., fan de VOrdre 692, du Magister le
6e- (18 mai 1810.)

Ire- PIECE DU TRESOR.

La chartre de transmission (par J. M. Larmenius), e'erite
en deux colonnes et demie sur une tres-grande feuille de
parchemin, orne'e, suivant le gout du temps, de dessins go-

XIV

thiques architecturaux, de lettres fleuronnees, coloriees, do-
rees et argentees, dont la premiere oflre un chevalier appuye
sur un bouclier armorie de la croix de FOrdre.

Au haut, en tcte, est peinte la croix conventuelle dans la
forme aulique.

Au bas est le sceau de la milice, suspendu par des lacs de
parchemin.

Les acceptations par les Grands-Maitres commencent vers
le milieu de la troisieme colonne, se continuant a la troisieme,
et finissant aux deux tiers inferieurs de la marge a droite.

IP- PIECE.

L'archetype des Statuts de Tan de TOrdre (587,) trans-
crits a la main sur vingt-sept feuilles de papier, relies en un
volume petit in-folio, couvert en velours cramoisi, double en
satin idem, dore sur tranche. — Cette piece signee Philippus
(tf Or leans.)

IIP- PIECE.

Un petit reliquaire de cuivre, en forme d'eglise gothique,
contenant, dans un suaire de lin, quatre fragmens d'os brules,
extraits du bucher des martyrs de TOrdre.

IVe PIECE.

Une epee de fer (cruciforme) surmontee d'une boule, et
presumee avoir servi au G.-M. J. Molay.

XV

Ve- PIECE.

Un casque de fer, a visiere, armorie cle dauphins et da
mastique eu or, presume etre celui de Gwy, dauphin d'Au
vergne.

VP- PIECE.
Un ancien eperon de cuivre dore.

VIIC- PIECE.

Une patene de bronze, dans rinterieur de laquelle est gra-
vee une main etendue, dont le petit doigt et Fannulaire eont
replies dans la paume.

VIIle PIECE.

Une paix en bronze dore, representant Saint-Jean sous
une arcade gothique.

IXe. PIECE.

Trois sceaux gothiques de bronze en forme ovale pointue,
et de grandeur differente, designes dans les Statuts sous les
noms de sceau du G.-M. Jean, sceait du chevalier croise,
et sceait de Saint-Jean.

XVI

Xe- PIECE.

Un haut de crosse d'ivoire et trois mitres d'etoffe, Tune en
or, brodee en soie, et deux en argent, brodees en perles, ayant
servi aux ceremonies de TOrdre.

XIe PIECE.

Le bauceant en laine blanche, a la croix de TOrdre.

XIP- et derniere PIECE.

Le drapeau de guerre, en laine blanche, a quatre raies
noires.

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XV111

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aaxqacCCe5 CiDtcW <V Jemfile c^t aj-ijvelte ;

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Article %$vemitv*

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aTmm<^tatem.ement ah/te6 ia teaaum,, Ce ^Doat>eat aeaeW, deuxa J>e jaxoaoace*, &ax, lex,
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aui ftotenfc doaacar et X'ue) kunw. tal J>accecW en wumXaM cV H^taad (MpaTke de C Oidic
da «Jcm|ae.

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Article 3EU.

qTC ivera oaued; <i fa £FecietaiieiU ^MdculhUoLc tut ^%eai*bte (k^tuve a C taJxvujvtioa
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\f/om,atcatc^iaivi , coa| otsweVvteat aaoc O'tatab.

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de I VlJiore.

XIX

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$ 9?. f ^e'ne Sfe-0, @e SD-gaxo^.

XXI

DISCOURS DE L'AMIRAL SIR SIDNEY SMITH,

AU CONVENT GENERAL LE 27 JANVIER 1837.

S. A. le Lieutenant- General d' Asie demande la parole. Ce venerable frere
s'exprime ainsi qu'il suit.

" Serenisme Grand- Maitre, et vous tous mes nobles freres :

" Justement et infiniment sensible a l'hdnneur qui m'a ete confere, par suite
" de ma nomination, a la haute dignite de Lieutenant-General d'Asie, je dois
" vous en temoigner toute ma reconnaissance.

" A mon age avance, je puis pretendre a etre considere comme exempt d'am-
" bition : je vois par consequent dans cet acte de la haute confiance du Grand-
" Maitre, une charge onereuse et un lourd fardeau, plutot qu'un avantage:
" mais, je l'accepte avec respect. Mes soins et mes efforts constans seront
" toujours employes pour prouver que je n'ai pas fait en vain le serment de
" fidelite et de soumission a l'ordre eta son chef supreme.

" Je vois dans cette nomination une preuve de la vraie liberalite du Grand-
" Maitre eclaire de cet ordre, essentiellement cosmopolite, ou toutes les nations
" chretiennes se confondent et co-operent ensemble pour le maintien de la paix
" du monde et de l'harmonie entre les sectes religieuses, par la tolerance, la
" charite et la protection pour les pelerins en Terre Sainte, contre les pirates et
"brigands; premier but de sa fondation, qui preceda les autres ordres de la
" chevalerie moderne, ordres qui n'ont ete et ne sont que ses imitateurs : car le
" notre ne demande que Toccasion de remplir son devoir sacre. Aussi est-ce
** avec une vive satisfaction que je vois enfin un Grand-Maitre apprecier l'im-
" portance de l'ordre, et pour la premiere fois, appeler pour un de ses lieutenans,je
" ne dis pas un anglais, mais un templier de la langue d'Angleterre. Honneur
" au Grand-Maitre qui a fait un tel aete, et qui montre ainsi a toutes les nations,
" que toutes ont des droits egaux a remplir les diverses charges du Temple :
" Honneur a ce chef qui a si long-temps et si loyalement conserve le feu sacre,
" et les traditions, malgre les orages et les persecutions, suite d'une revolution
" dont l'origine remonte pour nous, a Philippe-le- Bel et au Pape Clement V.
" Mais esperons qu'enfin nous rentrerons dans tous nos droits ; et qu'au lieu de
" dresser la tente magistrale dans une langue excentrique, un jour nous la dres-

XX11

" serons au lieu de notre creation, dans la ville qui nous appartient, dans la
" sainte Jerusalem !

" Honneur aux tres nobles chevaliers qui se sont montres penetres du sentiment
" de leurs devoirs, et ont donne constamment des preuves qu'ils sont incapables
14 d'oublier leurserment defidelite et d'obeissance !

" J'ai deja communique verbalement a S. A. E., devant temoins, ce que j'ai
" consigne dans mon testament, la disposition formelle, pour la restitution au
«• chef du Temple, d'une croix de l'ordre qui est tres ancienne, a en juger par
'*■ sa forme et la monture des pierres, laquelle croix a appartenu a un de ses Grand-
" Maitres, et fut du temps des croisades portee dans la guerre sainte par le roi
" d'Angleterre Richard ler, dit Cceur-de-Lion. Ce roi l'a laissee en depot
" entre les mains de l'archeveque de Chypre lors de son depart de cette ile, dont
" il etait Souverain par conquete. J'ai ete personnellement decore de cette
" croix en 1799, par les mains du dixhuitieme archeveque, successeur du depo-
" sitaire, qui l'a place sur ma poitrine, en reconnaissance de la reussite de mes
" efforts, pour retablir la paix et la protection due a la population chretienne de
" Tile, contre l'insurrection des troupes Asiatiques qui avaient assassine leur
" chef, appele/e Patrona Bey, et commencaient deja a se livrer au pillage et au
" massacre des habitans : desastres que j'ai empeches par ma presence au milieu
" de ces furieux, sans armes, le firman du Sultan Selim en main, et par la no-
" mination d'un successeur a Patrona Bey, en vertu de Pautorite supreme qui
" m'avait ete deleguee dans le temps par la Porte Ottomane, sur les forces
" combinees de terre et de mer dans le Levant.

" L'autorite qui maintenant m'est deleguee par le serenissime grand-maitre
" sur le continent d'Asie, pourra en temps et lieu etre employee utilement pour
" proteger la population chretienne de ces contrees, et le maintien de la hier-
" archie de l'ordre. Croyez, que pour la plus grande gloire du Temple, je me
" ferai un devoir d'employer l'influence que les antecedens m'ont donnee. Les
" templiers fideles peuvent compter sur moi."

Le grand-maitre exprime au lieutenant-general d'Asie, les sentimens dont lui
et ses freres sont animes pour un Chevalier qui a conquis l'admiration du monde
par ses hauts faits maritimes, et a merite par ses vertus sociales et templieres,
l'estime et l'affection de tous ses freres. Le grand-maitre lui donne au nom de
l'ordre l'accolade fraternclle.

Le Convent General ordonne que le discours de TAmiral Sir Sidney Smith soit
insere textuellement au proces-verbal.

The following account from the pen of the learned Bio-
grapher of the gallant Admiral, of the Investiture of Sir Sid-
ney Smith, as a Knight Commander of the Bath, by his
contemporary and brother in arms, the great and illustrious
Wellington, and the " very extraordinary" document
which follows, will, no doubt, be read with much interest :

Towards the termination of this year, 1815, our officer
was honoured, in a most particular manner, by his Sovereign.

His Grace the Duke of Wellington having received the
gracious commands of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent
of the United Kingdoms, through his Royal Highness the Duke
of York, Grand-master of the most honourable order of the
Bath, to invest Vice-Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith,
Knight-commander-grand-cross of the Royal Military Order of
the Sword, with the insignia of commander of the aforesaid, his
Grace fixed on the 29th of December for the performance of
the ceremony, which took place accordingly at the Palace
Elisee-Bourbon, the Knights-grand-crosses, Knights-comman-

XXIV

ders, and Companions being present, as also his Grace the
Duke of Richmond and the Right Honourable the Earl of
Hardwick, both Knights of the most noble Order of the Garter.

At six o'clock the Commander elect arrived at the palace,
and being conducted and supported into the presence of the
noble Duke representing the Sovereign on the occasion, by the
two junior grand-crosses, Sir James Kempt and Sir Henry
Colville, after the usual reverences in advancing, (the Com-
mander elect being already a Knight, the usual ceremony of
dubbing him as such was formally dispensed with,) his Grace
proceeded, according to the order of his Royal Highness the
Grand-Master, which he first read, and invested the Comman-
der with the insignia of the Order : after which his Grace em-
braced Sir Sidney Smith twice most cordially, with every
demonstration of the feelings of esteem and regard, feelings
which the Knights, Grand-crosses, and Commanders, many of
whom had served in Egypt as his juniors in rank, also testi-
fied ; and it certainly may be said to be a proud day for Eng-
land when such a scene took place in the evacuated palace of
Buonaparte, between these two British officers of the two
services, one of whom first checked, and the other of whom
finally closed, the career of that ambitious chieftain.

The banquet being announced, his Grace desired his Ex-
cellency the British ambassador, Sir Charles Stuart, G. C. B.,
to conduct the new Knight Commander to the hall of the same,
where the members of the Order, including some foreigners
of distinction, amongst whom were Don Michael Alava,
General Muffling, and Count Demetrius Valsamachi, a noble-

XXV

man of the Ionian Islands, were entertained most sumptuous-
ly in the usual style of the Duke's elegant hospitality.

After the health of the King and Prince Regent had been
drunk, the Duke gave the health of " Sir Sidney Smith :"
the company hereupon rose, and followed his Grace's example
in greeting the new Commander with the most cordial ac-
clamations. When silence was restored, Sir Sidney Smith
rose, and addressed the company nearly as follows : —

" My Lords, noble Knights, Grand Crosses, Commanders,
and Companions ! — I should not do justice to my feelings,
were I not to endeavour to express them in returning you
my thanks for the honour you have done me by this recep-
tion : at the same time, I feel I cannot do justice to them by
any mode of expression I can make use of.

" The language of compliment must die on the lips of any
man in the presence of the Duke of Wellington ; first, from
the inadequacy of all language to express what every man
must feel when speaking of such a highly distinguished chief;
next, from the recollection of the noble simplicity of his char-
acter which disdains it. It will, I trust, be readily believed,
that I must be most truly gratified to be invested by a knight
of such high renown and glorious achievements; and the
more so in this particular place, and in an assembly of so
many illustrious and highly distinguished Knights-Command-
ers and Companions. A combination of circumstances, which
could only happen in the present times, and are mainly ow-
ing to the successful result of the battle of Waterloo. Noble
and illustrious Knights, I beg you to accept the expression of
my humble thanks for the honour you have done me.11

XXVI

The Duke of Wellington having acceded to Sir Sidney
Smith's request to be allowed to propose a toast to the com-
pany, he proceeded to say — " I beg leave to call to remem-
brance that this day (the 29th of December) is the anniver-
sary of a re-union of illustrious knights of various orders,
which took place at Vienna, where many Sovereigns were
present, and when the toast I shall have the honour to pro-
pose to you was drunk by them with a manifestation of their
conviction, that the object of it intimately concerned knight-
hood as such, in all nations. I beg leave to propose the
health and deliverance of the white Slaves in the Barbary
States."

The toast was received with the most marked approbation,
and drunk with the usual demonstrations thereof, by three
times three regular and hearty cheers, when the company
adjourned to the ball-room, preceded, on the indication of
the Duke of Wellington, by the new Knight-Commander,
supported by his Britannic Majesty's ambassador, in the
same order as on entrance, where a brilliant assembly of
ladies, English, French, Spanish, Russian, &c. &c. continued
to increase till a late hour ; his Royal Highness the Duke
of Berry, the French, and the foreign ministers, were also
present, and all joined in cordial congratulations of, and
compliments to, the cosmopolite chieftain, President of the
Knights Liberators of the white slaves in Africa ; who, we
observed, was decorated with the various orders of the na-
tions he has contributed by his endeavours to release from the
yoke of the former inhabitants of the palace where this ex-

XXV11

traordinary assembly was held ; then a prisoner on the top
of a rock in the Southern Atlantic. These circumstances re-
minded the Parisians of the prophetic inscriptions left by
Sidney Smith on the window shutter of tbe Temple prison,
when he escaped, of which many copies were taken and are
now again in circulation, and read with great interest since
the accomplishment has taken place : we have been favoured
with a translation, of which we give our readers a copy, the
original having been in French, and respected by various
successive guardians of the tower, till the Prince de Kohan,
afterwards Duke de Rohan, subsequently a prisoner in that
tower, removed it for its preservation, and we are assured he
now possesses it.

" SIDNEY SMITH TO BUONAPARTE.

" Fortune's wheel makes strange revolutions, it must be
confessed ; but for the term revolution to be applicable, the
term should be a complete one, for a half turn is not a revo-
lution ; (see the Dictionary of the Academy ;) you are at
present as high as you can mount. Well ! I dont envy you
your fortunate situation, for I am better off than you ; I am
as low in the career of ambition as a man can descend ; so
that let fortune turn her wheel ever so little, and as she is
capricious, turn it she will, I must necessarily mount, and
you as necessarily must descend. I do not make this remark
to you to cause you any chagrin ; on the contrary, with the
intent to bring you the same consolation I have at present

XXV111

when you shall arrive at the same point where I am ; yes !
the same point; you will inhabit this prison, why not as
well as I ? I did not think of such a thing any more than
you do at present, before I found myself brought hither.
In party wars 'tis a crime in the eyes of opponents for a man
to do his duty well ; you do yours now, and consequently
you by so much irritate your enemies ; you will answer me.
" ' I fear not their combined hatred, the voice of the
people is declared for me, I serve them well f that is all
very good talking ; sleep in quiet, you'll very soon learn
what one gains by serving such a master, whose inconstancy
will perhaps punish you for all the good you do him.
' Whoever,' (says an ancient author, Pausanias Atticus,)
4 puts his entire confidence in public favour, never passes his
life without pain and trouble, and seldom comes to a good
end/

" Finis coronat opus."

" In fact, I need not prove to you that you will come here
and read these lines, because here you must be to read them.
You will certainly have this chamber, because it is the best,
and the keeper, who is a very civil good sort of man, will, of
course, treat you as well as he does me.'1

N. B, These lines having appeared in the Parisian papers
in 1799, and having been put into Buonaparte's hands at
Cairo, on his return from his unsuccessful Syrian expedition,
where he was foiled and worsted by the writer of them, he
exclaimed, ' It is very extraordinary ;' and on his return to

XXIX

Paris, fearing the accomplishment of the remainder of the
prediction, after having procured through Regnauld de St.
Jean d'Angely the sight of a copy in the hands of Baruel
Beauvert, he forthwith ordered the building to be levelled
to the ground.

After this display of his country's gratitude to Sir Sidney
Smith, which became so much the more enhanced, as it may
be said to have taken place almost in the presence of so many
Sovereigns, Sir Sidney had little else to do but to enjoy his
richly-merited rewards, the universal admiration, and the
approbation of his own mind, ever active in doing good, not
only for his country, but for the whole human race.

He prosecuted with ardour his plans for the abolition of
white slavery, even after the destruction of the pirates'* nest
in Algiers."

DEATH AND FUNERAL

OF

ADMIRAL SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY SMITH, G.C.B.

&c. &c. &c.

Sir William Sidney Smith died on Friday Morning, the
26th May 1S40, at his residence, No 9, Rue d'Aguisseau,
in the 76th year of his age, Honoured by his Sovereign, and
decorated with the Orders of almost every State in Europe,
he was, in private life, beloved and respected by all who had
the pleasure of his friendship or acquaintance. His chival-
rous and lofty bearing, his cheerful and animated conversa-
tion, his unbounded fund of anecdote, suavity of temper, and
invariable benevolence, rendered him a most welcome and

XXXI

instructive companion. — It has been truly written by his
Biographer,

" Than Sir Sidney Smith, no one ever inscribed on the
pages of History, and even of Romance, more emphatically
deserved the title of Hero."

The mortal remains of this Gallant and Illustrious Ad-
miral were interred, May 29, in the Cimetiere de F Est,
or Eastern Division of the Great Cemetery of Pere la Chaise.
The body was taken from his late residence in the Rue
d'Aguisseau to the English Episcopal Church in the same
street, followed by his relatives, William and Herbert Smith,

Esquires, Nephews, Captain Arabin, and St. Clair,

Esquire, Sons-in-law of the deceased, with Vice Admiral Sir
Charles Rowley, Bart. Lieut.-General Lord Aylmer, Ge-
neral Count Excelmans, Peer of France, and the French
Admiral Bergeret, as supporters of the Pall, besides many of
the principal English residents in Paris, among whom were
several officers of high rank in the British Navy. — The intro-
ductory part of the service was performed in the Church by
the Right Reverend Bishop Luscombe, and two assistants,
and the body was then borne to the Cemetery, attended by a
long cortege of mourning and private carriages. On the
Coffin was placed the Hat, Sword, and Uniform of the de-
ceased, and on a cushion his epaulettes and numerous orders.
Over the foot of the coffin was spread the British Union
Jack. At the conclusion of the burial service, which was
most impressively read by Bishop Luscombe, three orations
were delivered — the first bv Monsieur Jullien, of Paris, who

XXX11

gave a short but comprehensive recapitulation of the services
of Sir Sidney, from his first entering the British Navy at the
age of 1 3, and also expatiated largely on his amiable and phi-
lanthrophic qualities. The next speaker, M. Caille, Advo-
cate of the Cour Royale of Paris, after pronouncing a general
panegyric on the character of the deceased as a warrior, pro-
ceeded to eulogise him for his active and generous exertion
in promoting the objects of several philanthropic societies
of which he was a member, and to which his advice, his
practical and scientific acquirements, and his inventions,
were so invaluable. Both speakers were loud in their praise
of Sir Sidney, for his having been almost the first to interfere
for the suppression of European slavery in Africa, and for his
indefatigable and strenuous exertions in that humane cause.
The third gentleman, M. Raoul, Advocat of the Court of Cas-
sation, spoke in a similar strain of eulogium of the character
of Sir Sidney as a citizen of the world, ever ready to aid the
cause of humanity. No stronger testimony to his worth
could, however, have been shewn, than to hear his eulogium
pronounced solely by members of a Nation against which,
in his career of arms, he had so successfully and gloriously
fought. Sir Sidney Smith was Prince Magistral and Regent
of the Order of the Temple, and a Member of the Legion
of Honour.

The following two Discourses pronounced upon the melan-
choly occasion, were, in the kindest and most handsome man-
ner, contributed by M. Jullien, the learned author of many
valuable works. —

MSCOURS

PRONONCE

AUX FUNERAILLES DE

L'AMIRAL SIR SIDNEY SMITH,
PAR M. JULLIEN, DE PARIS,

Son ancien ami et son Collegue, comme membre et president honoraire de
plusieurs Societes Savantes ou Philantropiques, le 29 Mai 1840.

Messieurs,

L' homme respectable auquel nous venons adresser un dernier adieu, ne fut
pas seulement un marin et un guerrier celebre ; il fut surtout un ami constant,
devoue et cbevaleresque de 1'humanite. Dans sa longue et aventureuse carriere
qu'il a parcourue avec tant d'eclat, il s'est moins distingue encore parsa brillante
valeur que par une loyaute et une generosite qui lui ont conquis les coeurs,
meme de ses ennemis. Ne a Londres le 21 Juin 1764, entre au Service en
1777, avant l'age de 13 ans, comme simple novice (eleve de marine,) a bord
d'une fregate stationnee sur les cotes de l'Amerique, pendant la guerre de
l'independance, il passa, en 1779, sur le Sandwich, vaisseau de 90 canons, sur
lequel l'Amiral Sir George Bridges Rodney arbora son pavilion de Com-
mandement-en-Chef, et fit voile, le jour de noel de cette meme annee, pour
Gibraltar, et ensuite pour les Indes Occidentales, Sidney Smith fut succes-
sivement Lieutenant de vaisseau et Capitaine de corvette. II prit part a. tous
les combats qui eurent lieu dans cet hemisphere jusqu' a la paix de 1783.

En 1788, Sidney Smith passa en Suede, alors en guerre avec la Russie,
ostensiblement comme volontaire auxiliaire, mais en realite comme Aide-de-
Camp honoraire et intime du roi Gustave III. Apres avoir rendu, en cette

XXXIV

qualite, les plus brillant et les plus utiles services a la Suede, il re9ut des mains
memes de ce monarque chevaleresque, la decoration de premiere classe de
l'ordre de l'epee. A cette epoque, ces distinctions honorifiques n'etaient point
prodiguees et prostituees, comme elles l'ont ete depuis, et elles avaient un veri-
table prix, n'etant accordees qu'au merite et aux services reels.

En 1793, le jeune Smith se rendit comme volontaire en Turquie, ou il con-
duisit avec lui plusieurs constructeurs de vaisseaux. . Peu apres, il etait charge
d'un commandement dans la Croisiere Anglaise sur les cotes de France. Le 18
Avril 1796, ayant aborde un vaisseau Francais a la hauteur du Ilaire, oblige
par le courant de remonter la Seine, il fut fait prisonnier par des forces supe-
rieures qui l'attaquerent ; puis amene a Paris, ou il resta deux ans dans le
prisons de l'Abbaye et du Temple. Echappe de sa prison par l'intervention
d'amis devoues, il rejoignit la flotte Anglaise en 1798. La meme annee, appelle
a commander les forces auxiliaires que La Grande-Bretagne mettait a la dis-
position de la Turquie, ou son frere Sir Spencer Smith, etait Ministre Pleni-
potentiaire, aupres de la Porte Ottomane, il se trouve le 1 Mars 1799, jusqu'au
20 Mai suivant, au siege memorable de Saint Jean d'Acre, et co-opere puissam-
ment a la defense de cette place. .

Nous ne devons, en presence d'un cercueil, rappeler que des souvenirs com-
patibles avec notre unanime sympathie pour notre illustre ami, Bornons-nous
a dire que Sidney Smith se montra grand et magnanime envers les Francais faits
prisonniers ; il sut les garantir, par son energique volonte, des violences et de
la barbarie Turques ; il merita leur estime et leur affection ; et la loyaute Fran-
caise aime a reconnaitre que sa conduite, lors meme qu'il etait l'allie de nos
ennemis, fut noble et genereuse envers ceux que le sort des armes mettait en sa
puissance. Les generaux Kleber et Desaix, qui entrerent en negociation avec
lui apres le depart de Bonaparte, ont apprecie sa droiture et son humanite, et
lui ont rendu justice.

Sidney Smith, apres avoir sauve la vie de nos compatriotes, rendit intactes
aux savans de l'expedition les caisses contenant les papiers et les cartes qui de-
vaient servir a ecrire l'histoire de la campagne d'Egypte. Aussi, a la paix le
gouvernement Francais, sur la proposition de la commission de l'institut Egyp-
tien lui a offert un exemplaire de ce magnifique ouvrage, comme un temoignage
de la reconnaissance publique.

XXXV

Apres les evenemens d'Egypte es de Syree, ou Sidney Smith avait contri-
bue a menager a. l'armee Francaise des conditions honorables pour revenir
dans sa patrie, il quitta lui-meme les parages de l'Orient, et se rendit en Angle-
terre ou il fut elu membre de la Chambre des Communes, par la ville de Ro-
chester, en 1802.

Nous le voyons reparaitre, en 1803, avec un commandement sur les cotes de
la France et de la Hollande. En 1807, il commande la flotte chargee de defendre
la Sicile. En 1806, il est envoye a Constantinople ou il force les Dardanelles, au
mois d' Octobre 1807, il commande les forces Anglaises mises a, la disposition
du Portugal ; etle 29 Novembre suivant, une partee de sa flotte accompagne au
Bresil la famille royale, qui va chercher au-dela des mers nn asyle dans ses pos-
sessions Americaines.

Dans ses relations avec les Rois et avec les princes souverains, comme avec
les peuples et clans tous les pays ou le conduisit sa destinee aventureuse, Sidney
Smith contracta d'honorables et d'illustres amities. Ce fut principalement en
1814, au Ccngres de Vienne, qufl fixa l'attention de tous les grands personnages
reunie alors pour poster les vases de la Paix Europeenne, et qu'il recut de tous
sans exception les hommages, d'une estime respectueuse. II eoncut alors la
pensee philantroprique de fonder, avec le concours des Monarques allies, et de
tous les homme de bien qui partageaient ses vues, une institution anti-pirate, en
association des chevaliers liberateurs des esclaves blancs et noirs en Afrique. Car,
il avait souvent deplore, dans ses commandement sur les differens points de la
Mediterranee, les actes cruels de la piraterie barbaresque, trop longtems toleree
par les puissances Chretiennes, et il s'etait promis d'y mettre un terme. Plus
de cent noms illustres remplirent les listes de souscription qu'il avait ouvertes.
II entretint, pendant plusieurs annees, une vaste et active correspondance, au
moyen de laquelle il contribua puissamment a faire cesser les malheurs d'un
grand nombre de victimes, des actes de piraterie qui jusqu' alors s'etalent commis
impunement et presque librement sous les yeux de 1' Europe civilisee.

Pendant les 25 annees de paix generate qui ont precede sa mort, le grand
homme de guerre que nous pleurons aujourd'hui se montra constamment homme
pacifique et bienfaisant, veritable cosmopolite, ami sincere de 1' humanite, en
prenent ce mot dans sa plus complete acception.

Par une singularity nouvelle de sa destinee, Sidney- Smith meurt en France,

XXXVI

ou il re9oit les regrets et les hommages de ses compatriotes, et de ses concitoyens
d'adoption, au moment meme ou l'Angleterre, sa patrie, restitue a la France
les cendres de Napoleon. La nation Anglaise paie un tribute d'admiration a ce
meme Empereur qu'elle n'a cesse de combattre pendant sa vie. La terre Fran9aise
re9oit les depouilles mortelles de l'Amiral Britannique qui employa longtems
contre elle ses talens et son courage, qui depuis a consacre 25 annees a servir, au
milieu des Fran9ais et avec leur co-operation, la cause sacree de l'humanite et
celle du malheur.

Au nombre des titre de gloire de l'Amiral, nous ne devons pas omettre la
louable perseverance avec laquelle il s'est occupe de perfectionner les moyens de
sauvetage et sa grande part a la fondation de la societe generate des naufrages,
qui a donne un plus grand developpement a ses vues bienfaisantes. Ainsi les
passions humaines s'eteignent en presence d'un tombeau. Ainsi les nations ab-
jurent de eruelles et injustes antipathies qui les ont trop longtemps divisees.
Ainsi tous les hommes de bien, quelle que soit leur terre natale, se reunissent
pour honorer l'homme qui, par ses vertus et ses actions, a servi avec devouement
les grands interets de la famille humaine.

DISCOURS

/
PRONONCE

SUR LA TOMBE DE

SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY SMITH,

AMIRAL DE LA FLOTTE ROUGE d'aNGLETERRE,

Lors de ses obseques, dans le cimetiere de 1'Est, a Paris, le 29 Mai 1840,

PAE M. CAILLE,

Avocat a la Cour Royale de Paris.

Messieurs,

Invite depuis quelques instans seulement, par la famille de l'Amiral William
Sidney Smith, a exprimer de justes regrets sur sa tombe, je ne puis apporter qu'-
un bien faible tribut d'admiration a sa memoire, surtout apres l'eloge que vient
de prononcer au nom de l'Ordre du Temple, dont cet illustre Anglais etait le
regent, l'un des dignitaires de cet ordre, et lorsqu'une notice historique de sa
vie vous a ete presentee par l'un des litterateurs les plus distingues de la France.

L'histoire transmettra a la posterite les exploits du celebre marin, de l'habile
negociateur, du genereux philanthrope, dont nous deplorons la perte. C'est
exclusivement sous le rapport moral et philosophique que j'essaierai de vous re-
tracer quelques episodes de sa carriere entierement consacree au bonheur de ses
semblables, et l'influence politique qu'il exerca sur les etats, avec lesquels il fut
mis en rapport par son gouvernement.

Sidney- Smith, comme vous le savez, comptait deja dix-huit annees de ser-
vices militaires distingues, lorsque, a lage de trente-quatre ans, il fut charge
par le ministere Anglais, en qualite de commodore, de la station maritime de

XXXV111

l'Archipel du Levant, en 1798; c'est-a-dire a l'epoque de la conquete de
l'Egypte, par l'armee de la republique Fran9aise, sous les ordres du general
Bonaparte.

Je ne vous peindrai pas sa lutte heroique avec le geant du siecle, a Saint-
Jean-d'Acre, dont il fit lever le siege apres soixante jours de tranchee : je me
hate de vous signaler un service qui devait etre incalculable dans ses conse-
quences politiques, et que Sidney- Smith rendit a la sublime Porte, dont il
releva le courage par ses succes : il sut profiter du credit obtenu par sa victoire
de Saint-Jean-d'Acre, aupres du sultan Selim III, et de Kleber, general de
l'armee Francaise en Egypte, depuis le retour de Bonaparte en France, pour
negocier le fameux traite d'El-Arich, du 24 Janvier 1801, traite qu'il conside-
rait comme le preliminaire de la paix entre les puissances belligerantes. II y
stipula que l'armee francaise evacuerait l'Egypte, avec armes et bagages, et
serait transported en France.

Sidney-Smith signa ce traite avec les pleins pouvoirs du ministere Britannique,
dont il etait revetu : le grand-visir et le general Kleber le signerent, au nom
de leurs gouvernemens respectifs.

Je ne puis trop insister, messieurs, sur cette epoque ou Sidney- Smith arbora
l'olive de la paix entre trois camps ennemis ; il avait prevu les nouvelles destin-
nees de la France, et sa haute sagesse avait prefere de traiter avec elle, dans
l'interet de la Sublime Porte, et de gouvernement Britannique lui-meme, et
surtout dans l'interet de l'humanite, plutot que de courir la chance faillible des
combats.

Mais le ministere Anglais, qui ne lui avait donne qu'a regret des pouvoirs et
des instructions pacifiques, informe que l'armee du grand visir etait forte de
80,000 hommes, tandis que celle de Kleber ne l'etait que de 8000, crut l'occa-
sion favorable d'aneantir la puissance Francaise en Egypte, il refusa de ratifier le
traite d'El-Arich, et osa donner l'ordre a l'amiral Keith d'exiger que l'armee
Francaise mit bas les armes et se rendit prieonniere de guerre. Sidney-Smith
fut profondement afrlige de cette violation des lois de la guerre et du droit des
gens.

Des-lors les hostilites recommence rent. L'armee Francaise combattit avec ce
sentiment de l'indignation qui decuple le courage: elle defit entierement l'armee

XXXIX

ottomane a Heliopolis. Le grand-visir, qui la commandait, ne dut son salut
qu'a la fuite, en laissant aux vainqueurs ses bagages, et un immense butin.

Ce ne fut q''une annee apres cette victoire que l'Egypte fut rendue aux Turcs,
par le traite d' Amiens, de 1802 ; tandis qu'ils l'auraient recouvree, sans de
nouvelles pertes, des 1801, si le traite de Sidney- Smith eut ete ratifie, comme
il aurait du l'etre, puisqu'il n 'avait fait que se conformer strictement aux in-
structions de son gouvernement.

Vous connaissez, messieurs, la brillante reception qui fut faite a Londres, a
Sidney- Smith, lors de son retour dans sa patrie, en 1802 ; il y fut accueilli
avec le plus grand enthusiasme ; le surnom de Dieu marin lui fut decerne par
le peuple. La ville de Rochester s'empressa de l'elire pour son representant au
Parlement, ou il siega dans les rangs de Topposition, entre Sheridan et Fox.

J'appellerai votre attention sur un autre genre de services rendus a la nation
Ottomane, par Sidney-Smith. Pendant son sejour a Constantinople, il avait ac-
quis une grande influence sur Mahmoud-Kan IT, qui, en 1808, succeda au sul-
tan Mustapha IV, son frere. Sidney-Smith, par ses conseils, a puissamment con-
tribue aux importantes revolutions politiques que Mahmoud-Kan II a introduites
dans ses etats, et notamment a la charte constitutionnelle que sous le titre de
Hatti- Sheriff de Gulaneh, cet immortel sultan a donnee au peuple Ottoman,
charte dont le vice-roi d'Egypte, Mehemet-Ali, vient d'ordonner l'application,
pour la revision de l'horrible proces intente, dans la ville de Damas, par le fana-
tisme de secte, contre d'honorables Juifs, faussement accuses du meurtre d'un
pretre catholique.

II est un plus grand service encore rendu a l'humanite, et auquel Sidney-
Smith a eu la gloire de participer tres-activement, c'est l'abolition de l'esclavage,
dans toutes les colonies de la Grande-Bretagne. Grace a l'ascendant irresistible
de l'opinion publique, les gouvernemens de l'Europe seront forces d'imiter ce
sublime exemple, et de proscrire irrevocablement cet abominable trafic d'hommes,
arraches a leur patrie, pour etre vendus, comme un vil betail.

Je ne dois pas oublier que, des l'annee 1817, Sidney-Smith infatigable dans
son devouement a l'humanite, avait etabli, a Londres et a Paris, une association
anti-pirate, dont l'objet etait de faire cesser la traite des blancs, exercee im-
punement, en presence de l'Europe civilisee, par les corsaires d'Alger, de Maroc
et de Tunis.

xl

Dans les dernieres annees d'une vie illustree par tant d'actes memorables,
Sidney- Smith s'occupa de la recherche des moyens de sauvetage, pour les na-
vires exposes aux tempetes de la raer. II a eu l'honneur d'etre dans cette de-
couverte Tun des inventeurs qui ont le plus approche de la solution du probleme
de la garantie contre les naufrages.

Telle a ete, messieurs, la carriere de Sidney- Smith, promu successivement a
tous les grades de la marine, et jusqu' a celui d'Amiral de la Flotte Rouge d'An-
gleterre, que lui confera le roi Guillaume IV ; il a ete de plus decore de tous
les ordres des souverains de l' Europe, en reconnaissance des nombreux services
qu'il leur a rendus.

A la vue du triste cercueil, qui contient les restes de Sidney-Smith, nous bor-
nerons-nous au sterile recit de ses nobles actions ? Non, messieurs. Le venerable
eveque de l'eglise Anglicane, qui preside avec tant de dignite, a ces funerailles,
vient d'invoquer, dans sa priere, le texte de l'Evangile, sur l'immortalite de
l'ame, qu'il me soit permis d'ajouter a cette revelation du Christianisme, que les
progres de la science out demontre cette verite, sans lui faire rien perdre du
charme de l'esperance.

En effet, dans ce cercueil, que la torabe n'a point encore derobe a nos regards,
que reste-t-il ? Des debris d'organes inanimes. Mais ces nerfs, cette membrane
qui les enveloppa, cette pulpe cerebrale qui les penetra, qu'etaient-ils ? de la
matiere ! Ah ! de ces organes materiels, a la Sensation, il y a un abime ! Et de la
Sensation a la Pensee, un nouvel abime ! Elle est done immaterielle, cette Pen-
see, qui distingue si eminemment notre espece, des autres etres organises !

N'est-ce pas la Pensee qui crea les arts et les sciences, qui, s'elevant jusqu' a
la cause premiere, terme de ses conquetes, y decouvrit la Divinite, dont elle
etablit le culte universel, comme le plus puissant mobile de la civilisation ?

Combien n'est-il pas consolant, au milieu des parens et des nombreux amis
qui entourent cette tombe, d'y professer, d'y confirmer le dogme de l'immor-
talite de l'ame, et de pouvoir y proclamer que Sidney- Smith n'est pas mort tout

entier ?

Oui, messieurs, le principe intellectuel qui nous anime, est incontestablement
un etre, et cet etre est immortel. Pourrait-il done s'aneantir, quand les or-
ganes materiels de nos corpi sont eux-memes eternels dans leurs elemens ?

L'orateur qui vient de retracer avec tant de talent, la carriere de l'illustre

xli

Amiral, vous a signale la restitution des cendres de l'empereur Napoleon a la
France, par le gouvernement Britannique, comme un gage de la parfaite har-
raonie, heufeusement retablie entre les deux nations. Je partage ce favour-
able augure, et tel fut le voeu le plus intime de Sidney- Smith, qui ne cessa de
repeter que la civilisation du monde tenait essentiellement a r alliance de la
France et de l'Angleterre.

A l'aspect des restes de Napoleon, traversant l'Ocean pour recouvrer un torn-
beau dans sa patrie, j'aime a prevoir que les restes de Sidney-Smith seront
pareillement reclames par son gouvernement, et qu'a, leur tour, ils traverseront
la mer, pour etre deposes a Westminster, dans le lieu consacre a. la sepulture
des rois et des reines, ainsi qu'a celle des grands hommes de l'Angleterre.

SKETCH

HISTORY AND POSSESSIONS OF THE ORDER
IN IRELAND.

The Order of Knights Templars was introduced into Ireland
about the year 1174, by Richard, surnamed Strongbow, Earl of
Pembroke, or Strigul. A Priory was founded by him in that
year, under the invocation of St. John the Baptist, at Kilmain-
ham, in the County of Dublin, for Knights Templars, (see Arch-
dall's Monasticon Hibernicum, pages 222 et seq.) and King Henry
II. granted his confirmation. Hugh de Cloghall was the first
Prior, and enjoyed that office till about the year 1190. The
noble founder had enfeoffed the Prior in the whole lands of Kil-
mainham ; and dying in 1176, was interred in Christ Church.
The two Orders of Knights Templars and Hospitallers were con-
firmed the same year. After this, Hugh Tirrel bestowed upon
the Prior of this hospital the lands of Chapel-Izod and Kilmeha-
nock, e( free from all secular services and burthens, with all li-
berties and free customs, in wood and open country, in meadows
and pastures, in roads and paths," &c. &c.

xliii

Kilmainham continued to be the Grand Priory or Preceptory
of the Templars, till their suppression in 1312 ; and the Superior
of the Order, according to Sir James Ware, sat in the House of
Peers as a Baron, a privilege enjoyed, as regarded the military
orders, only by the Grand Priors of Kilmainham for the Templars,
and of Wexford for the Hospitallers. He is styled by Archdall,
quoting different ancient records, sometimes Prior, and sometimes
Master, as in the case of Maurice de Prendergast, 1205 and 1210 ;
sometimes Preceptor, as " D. Walens, Preceptor of the Templars,
1247 ;" sometimes Grand Master, as te 1266, Robert was Grand
Master of the Templars in Ireland this year." In 1288, we find
" William Fitz- Roger was Prior this year, and Thomas de Thou-
louse Master of the Templars;" in 1296, " Walter le Bachelour
was Master, and William de Rosse was Prior, who the same
year was made Lord Deputy of Ireland." He continued in these
offices till 1302, when he was made Chief Justice ; and appears
in this year also to have preferred his complaint against the sheriff
of Dublin for an illegal seizure, as " the Master of the Templars."
And in 1309, Gerald, son of Maurice, Lord of Kerry, is spoken
of as " the last Grand Prior of the Order."

The subordinate governors of the Order appear to have
been styled indiscriminately Preceptors or Commanders; and
their castles or estates Preceptories or Commanderies. These
were (according to Ware and Archdall) at Clontarf, in the
county of Dublin, founded in Henry II.'s reign, as it is sup-
posed by the Nettervilles ; St. Sepulchre, in the city of Dub-
lin or its suburbs, near the place where the Archbishop's
palace stands; Kilsaran, in the county of Louth, founded in
the 12th century by Maud de Lacie; Kilbarry and Killure, the

xliv

one about a mile and a half from Waterford, and the other two
miles east of that city, in the county of the same name, both
founded in the 12th century, the founders unknown; Crooke, in
the harbour of Waterford, four miles east of the city, founded in
the 13th century, by the Baron of Curragmore ; Clonaul, in
Tipperary, as also one at Thurles, in the same county, where a
castle now standing was, according to the tradition of the country,
for no record exists, the castle of the Knights Templars ; Teach-
Temple, or Temple House, in the county of Sligo, founded in
the time of Henry III.; Mourne, in the county of Cork, founded
in the reign of King John, by Alexander de Sancta Helena;
Killergy, or Killarge, in the county of Carlow, " founded in the
reign of King John, by Gilbert de Borard, for Knights Templars,
under the invocation of St. John the Baptist ; Kilclogan, in the
county of Wexford, founded in the 13th century by the family
of O'More, which appears to have had a large estate attached to it,
from the report made in the thirty-second year of King Henry
VIII., quoted by Archdall, page 748 ; and Dundrum, in the
county of Down, where is a strong castle, now in ruins, said to
have been built by Sir John de Courcy.

All these Commanderies and Preceptories were, together with
the Grand Priory of Kilmainham, granted on the abolition of
the Order, to the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, in whose
possession they continued till the dissolution of monasteries in
the reign of King Henry VIII.

It may not be uninteresting to add the account of Archdall
regarding the circumstances which attended the persecution and
attempted destruction of the Order in Ireland.

" In 1307, Walter de Ewias, or de Aqua, being Prior, the

xlv

King (Edward II.) transmitted to John Wogan, Justiciary of
Ireland, the order made for the suppression of the Knights
Templars in England, on the Wednesday after the feast of the
Epiphany, enjoining him to have it executed in Ireland without
delay, and before the rumour of what was done in England could
reach this kingdom. The mandate was accordingly obeyed, and
on the morrow of the Purification the Templars were every-
where seized.

« 1309. The King, by writ, dated September the 29th, did
further command the said Justiciary to apprehend, without de-
lay, all the Templars that had not yet been seized, and them
safely to keep in the Castle of Dublin, together with those who
had been before apprehended.

" 1311. On the petition of Henry Danet, or De Tanet, the
late Master of the Templars, and the other members of that
Order, the King, by writ, dated December 4th, did grant for
their support the manors of Kilclogan, Crooke, and Kilbarry.

" 1312. This year, on the morrow of St. Lucia the Virgin,
the moon appeared variously coloured, on which day it was finally
determined that the Order of Knights Templars should be totally

abolished.

*******

ie The trial of the Templars was conducted with great solem-
nity in the city of Dublin, before Friar Richard Balybyn, minis-
ter of the Order of the Dominicans in Ireland, Friar Philip de
Slane, lecturer of the same, and Friar Hugh St. Leger. Amongst
other witnesses against the Knights, were Roger de Heton,
Guardian of the Franciscan Friars ; Walter de Prendergast, their
lecturer ; Thomas, the Abbot ; Simon, the Prior of the Abbey

H

xlvi

of St. Thomas-the-Martyr, and Roger, Prior of the Augustinian
Friary in Dublin. The depositions against the Templars were
weakly supported, yet they were condemned ; but more indeed
through blind compliance with the prevailing practice throughout
other parts of Europe, than any demerits being proved against
their persons. Their lands and possessions of every kind were
bestowed upon the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem by the
Pope, which grant was confirmed by the King, who at the same
time entered a protest of his rights against the assumed power of
the Pope."

*

EXTRACT OF CHARTER

KING JAMES THE IV. OF SCOTLAND,

CONFIRMING GRANTS BY KINGS MALCOLM IV., ALEXANDER II.,

ALEXANDER III., JAMES II., AND JAMES III., TO THE

KNIGHTS OF THE HOSPITAL AND TEMPLE.

JACOBUS Dei Gracia Rex Scotorum. CbiNiBus probis
hominibus tocius terre sue clericis et laicis salutem. Sciatis
nos quasdam cartas et euidentias per quondam nostros illus-
trissimos predecessores Scotorum reges factas et concessas
Deo et Sancto Hospitali de Jerusalem et Fratribus
Eiusdem Militie Templi Salomonis, videlicet, CARTAM
confirmacionis quondam serenissimi patris nostri cuius anime
propicietur. Deus factam super carta confirmacionis quon-
dam aui nostri Jacobi Secundi regis Scotorum in qua in-
seruntur quatuor carte quondam predecessorum nostrorum
Malcolmi et Alexandri Scotorum regum facte dicto Hospi-
tali de Jerusalem, nunc Torfiching nuncupat. ac ffratribus
eiusdem de nonnullis elemosinis terris toftis libertatibus tho-
loneis consuetudinibus in empcionibus et vendicionibus quali-

xlviii

tercunque contingen. amerciamentis et priuilegiis ac super
feodo et forisfactura suorum libere tenencium ut in dictis
quatuor cartis predecessorum nostrorum in eisdem cartis con-
firmacionis in forma maiori insertis plenius constat et con-
tinetur de mandato, nostro uisam lectam inspectam diligenter
examinatam, sanam integram non rasem non cancellatam nee
in aliqua sua parte suspectam ad plenum intellexisse sub hac
forma : — (1.) Jacobus Dei gracia rex Scotorum, omnibus
probis hominibus tocius terre sue clericis et laicis salutem, —
Sciatis nos quasdam cartas et euidentias per nostras illustris-
simos, predecessores factas et concessas, Deo et sancto Hos-
pitali de Jerusalem ffratribus eiusdem militie Templi Salo-
monis, videlicet, Cartam confirmacionis quondam nostri sere-
nissimi progenitoris Jacobi Secundi Scotorum regis factam
super cartis quondam Malcolmi et Alexandri Scotorum re-
gum dicto Hospitali de Jerusalem, nunc Torfiching nuncu-
pato ac ffratribus eiusdem de nonnullis elemosinis terris toftis
libertatibus tholoneis consuetudinibus in empcionibus et ven-
dicionibus et qualitercunque contingen. amerciamentis et
priuilegiis vt in quatuor cartis predecessorum nostrorum in
dicta carta confirmacionis in maiori forma insertis contine-
tur de mandato, nostro uisam lectam inspectam et diligenter
examinatam sanam integram non rasam non cancellatam nee
in aliqua sui parte suspectam, ad plenum intellexisse, sub hac
forma. (2.) Jacobus Dei gracia rex Scotorum, Omnibus
probis hominibus tocius terre nostre clericis et laicis salutem,
Sciatis nos uidisse inspexisse et diligenter examinasse cartas
et euidentias illustrissimorum progenitorum et antecessorum

xlix

nostrorum, viz. Malcolmi Alexanclri et Alexandri regum
Scocie, quarum tenores de uerbo in verbum sequuntur.
[Here follow the respective grants of confirmation by the
above Sovereigns, three of which are addressed to the Hos-
pitallers, and one (by Alexander IT.) to the Knights Templars.
These we could have wished to have quoted at large, but find
it would exceed our limits. The Charter then proceeds] —
" Quasquidam cartas et euidencias tarn dictas cartas confirm-
acionum quondam patris et aui nostrorum qua measdam qua-
tuor cartas predictorum predecessorum ac donaciones con-
cessiones libertates priuilegia ceteraque omnia et singula in
eisdem contentis in omnibus suis punctis et articulis condici-
onibus et modis ac circumstanciis suis quibuscunque forma
pariter et effectu in omnibus et per omnia ut premissum est
approbamus ratificamus et pro nobis et successoribus nostris
pro perpetuo confirmamus. Ac insuper, ubi in dictis cartis
non clare constat in illo termino 4 de tholoneis' nos tamen
ob singulares specialesque fauorem, amorem, et delectionem,
quos gerimus ergo dilectum familiarem militem, nostrumque
consiliarium delectum Wilelmum Knollis, modernum pre-
ceptorem eiusdem Lcci de Torfichin, nostrum thesaurarium,
Volumus, Concessimus, et hac presenti carta nostra Concedi-
mus eidem Preceptori et suis successoribus Preceptoribus de
Torfiching ut sint liberi a solucione alicuius custume de
quibuscunque bonis et mercanciis suis destinandis per eosdem
ad partes extra-marinas pro solucione ipsius Preceptoris re-
sponsionis, que vero responsio extendit ad ducentos ducatos,
et quod annuatim in nostro saccario videatur ad quantam

I

summam custume dicta bona se extendunt et tantum eidem
Preceptor! allocatur. In cuius rei testimonium, huic presenti
carte nostre confirmacionis magnum sigillum apponi precipi-
mus. Testibus, &c. Apud Edinburge decimo nono die mensis
Octobris anno domini millesimo quadringentesimo octuajesimo
octauo et regni nostri primo.

S. M. G. D. O.

We, the Elect Masters of the Venerable Society sacred to
John, or of the Social Order of Freemasons, Rulers of the
Lodges or Tabernacles, constituted at London, Edinburgh,
Vienna, Amsterdam, Paris, Lyons, Frankfort, Hamburgh,
Antwerp, Rotterdam, Madrid, Venice, Ghent, Regiomonte,
Brussels, Dantzic, Middleburgh, and in the

City of Cologne, in Chapter assembled in the said City of
Cologne, in the year, month, and days aftermentioned. Our
Preses being the Master of the Lodge established in this
City, — a venerable Brother and most learned, prudent, and
judicious man, called to preside over these deliberations, by
our unanimous vote ; — do, by these letters addressed to all
the above-mentioned Lodges, — to our Brethren present and
future, declare, that forasmuch as we have been consider-
ing the designs, which in these calamitous times embroiled,
by Civil dissensions and discord, have been imputed to our
foresaid Society, and to all the Brethren belonging to this
Order of Freemasons, or of John, opinions, machinations,
secret, as well as openly detected; all which are utterly

lii

foreign to us, and to the Spirit, Design, and Precepts, of the
Association. It moreover appears that we, the Members of
this Order, (chiefly because we are bound by those inscrutable
secrets of our connection and covenant which are most sa-
credly kept by us all,) in order that we may be more effec-
tually vilified among the uninitiated and profane, and that
we may be devoted to public execration, are accused of the
crime of reviving the Order of the Templars, and commonly
designated by that appellation, as if we had combined and
conspired for the purpose of recovering, as Members of that
Order, its property and possessions, and avenging the death
of the last Grand Master, who presided over that Order, on
the posterity of the Kings and Princes who were guilty of
the crime, and who were the authors of the extinction of
said Order ; as if, with that view, we were exciting schisms
in the Churches, and disturbance and sedition in the Tem-
poral Government and Dominion* ; as if we were influenced
by hatred and enmity against the Pope, the Chief Pontiff, the
Emperor, and all Kings ; as if obeying no external power, but
only the superiors and elected of our own Association, which
is spread throughout the whole World, — we executed their se-
cret mandates and clandestine designs, by the private inter-
course of correspondence and emissaries ; as if, in fine, we ad-
mitted none into our Mysteries but those who, after being
scrutinised and tried by bodily tortures, became bound and de-
voted to our Conclaves. Therefore, having all these consi-
derations in view, it hath seemed to us expedient, and even

liii

absolutely necessary, to expound the true state and origin of
our Order, and to what it tends, as an institute of charity itself,
according as these principles are recognised and approved
by those who are most versant in the Highest Craft, and by
masters enlightened in the genuine sciences of the Institution,
and to give forth to the Lodges or Conclaves of our society the
principles thus expounded, digested, and organised, as an ex-
amplar authenticated by our signatures, whereby a perpe-
tual record may remain of this our renewed covenant, and
the unshaken integrity of our purpose ; and also in case,
through the daily increasing propensity of the people to ani-
mosities, enmity, intolerance, and wars, this our society
should hereafter be more and more oppressed, inasmuch
as to be unable to maintain its standing and consolida-
tion, and thus be dispersed to some distant regions of the
earth ; and in case, through lapse of time, the society itself
should become less observant of its integrity, purity, and
incorruptibility, nevertheless, in better times and more con-
venient circumstances, there may remain, if not the whole,
yet perhaps one or other of the duplicates of these presents,
by which standard the Order, if subverted, may be restored,
and if corrupted or estranged from its purpose and designs,
may be reformed. For these causes, by these our uni-
versal letters, compiled according to the context of the
most ancient monuments which are extant, concerning the
objects of the institution,— the rites and customs of our
most ancient and most secret order,— We, Elect Masters,

liv

influenced by the love of the true light, do, by the most
solemn sanctions, adjure all fellow-labourers, to whom these
presents now or in time hereafter may come, that they with-
draw not themselves from the* truth contained in this docu-
ment. Moreover, to the enlightened, as well as to the
darker world, whose common safety concerns and strongly
interests us, we announce and proclaim, —

(a) That the Society of Free Masons, or Order of Brethren
attached to the solemnities of St. John, derive not their
origin from the Knights Templars, nor from any other order
of knights, ecclesiastic or secular, detached or connected with
one or more, neither have any or the least communication
with them, directly, or through any manner of intermediate
tie ; that they are more ancient than any order of knights of
this description, and existed in Palestine and Greece, as well
as in every part of the Roman Empire, long before the Holy
Wars, and the times of the expeditions of the above men-
tioned knights into Palestine.

That from various monuments of approved authenticity,
the fact is to us quite notorious, that this our Association
took its origin from the time when first on account of the
various Sects of the Christian World, a few adepts distin-
guished by their life, their moral doctrine, and their sacred
interpretation of the Arcanic Truths, withdrew themselves
from the multitude ; for the learned and enlightened men,
who lived in those times, (the true Christians who were least
infected with the errors of Paganism,) when they considered,

lv

that through a corrupt religion, schisms, and not peace, and
neither toleration nor charity, but atrocious wars, were pro-
mulgated, bound themselves by a most solemn Oath, in or-
der more effectually to preserve uncontaminated the Moral
Principles of this Religion, which are implanted in the mind
of man, that to these they would devote themselves ; that the
True Light, arising gradually out of darkness, might pro-
ceed to the subduing of superstitions, by the cultivation of
every Human virtue, and to the establishment of peace and
comfort among men. That under these benign auspices the
Masters of this community are called Brethren dedicated to
John, following the example and invitation of John the Bap-
tist, Precursor of the Rising Light, — first among the Martyr
Stars of the Morning.

That these Doctors and Scribes who were also, according
to the custom of those times, called Masters, did, from the
most experienced and best of the Disciples, collect and choose
fellow labourers, whence arose the name of Socius. When
others were elected, but not chosen, they were designed, after
the manner of the Hebrew, Greek, and Roman Philosophers,
by the appellation of Disciple.

(b) That our Association now, as formerly, consists of the
Three Degrees of Disciple, Fellow, and Master. The last,
or Masters, admitting of Elect Masters and Superior Elect
Masters. But that all Associations or Fraternities so called,
who admit of more or other denominations or subdivisions,
and who ascribe to themselves another origin, and, intermed-

lvi

dling with Political and Ecclesiastical affairs, make promises
and protestations under whatever titles they may assume, of
Freemasons and Brethren, attached to the solemnities of
John, or others which belong not to our Order, are to be
expelled and ejected from it as Schismatics.

(r) That among the Doctors, Masters of this Order, culti-
vating the Sciences of Mathematics, Astronomy, and other
Studies, a mutual interchange of doctrine and light was main-
tained, which led to the practice of electing out of those who
were already Elect Masters, one in particular, who, as ex-
celling the rest, should be venerated as Supreme Elect Mas-
ter or Patriarch. Being known only to the Elect Master,
he was regarded both as the Visible and Invisible Head and
Chief of our whole Association ; so that, according to this
Ordnance, the Supreme Master and Patriarch, though known
to very few, yet still exists. The premises being compiled
from the mass of parchments and charter of the Order itself,
committed, by authority of our Patrons, with the sacred do-
cuments, in future to the charge of our Preses and his suc-
cessors ; and being herewith diligently compared by W. E.
Santona, by authority of the same illustrious Patriarch, or-
dain and command as follows :

(A) The government of our society, the mode and rule
according to which the flaming light may be imparted and
diffused among the illuminated brethren, as well as the pro-
fane world, rest entirely with the highest Elect Masters.
To them belongs the charge of watching and taking care, lest

lvii

the members, of whatever rank or order, should attempt any
thing contrary to the true principles of our Society. Upon
the same chiefs of the Society are incumbent the defence of
the Order, the preservation and safeguard of its welfare,
which, should occasion require, they are to protect at the
expense of their fortunes, and the risk of their lives, against
all who attack our Institution, whatsoever and whereso-
ever this may be done.

(e) To us it is by no means clear, that this association of
brethren, prior to the year one thousand four hundred and
forty, were known by any other denomination than that of
Joannite Brethren ; but at that time we are informed, the
fraternity, especially in Valence in Flanders, began to be
called by the name of Free Masons, from which period, in
some parts of Hanover, Hospitals began to be built by
the aid and pecuniary assistance of the Brethren, for those
who laboured under the Sacred Fire, called St. Anthony's
Evil.

(z) Although in works of benevolence we pay no regard to
religion or country, we however consider it safe and neces-
sary hitherto to receive none into our Order but those who,
in the society of the profane and unenlightened, are pro-
fessedly Christians. In conducting the inquisition and trial
of those who apply for the initiation of the First Degree,
which is that of Disciple, no bodily tortures are employed,
but only those trials which tend to develope the nature, in-
clinations, and dispositions of the Candidates.

lviii

(h) To those duties which are commanded and undertaken
by a solemn oath, are added those of fidelity and obedience
to the secular rulers, lawfully placed over us.

(0) The principle on which we act, and all these our efforts,
to whatever purpose and direction they may tend, are ex-
pressed in these two precepts : — " Love and regard all men
" as Brethren and Relations — render to God what is God's,
66 and to Caesar what is Caesar's.11

(1) The Secrets and Mysteries which veil our undertakings
conduce to this end, — that without ostentation we may do
good, and without disunion of action, prosecute our designs
to the uttermost.

(k) We celebrate annually the Memory of St. John the
Forerunner of Christ, and Patron of our Community.

(a) These, and the rest of the corresponding ceremonies of
the Institution, though conducted in the meetings of the
Brethren by signs, or speech, or otherwise, do nevertheless
differ totally from the rites of the Churches.

(m) The above is considered a Brother of the Joannite So-
ciety, or a Freemason, who, in a lawful manner, by the help,
and under the direction of some Elect Master, with the as-
sistance of at least seven Brethren, is initiated into our
mysteries, and who is ready to prove his adoption by the
Signs and Tokens which are used by other Brethren ; but
in which Signs and Words are included, those which are in
use in The Edinburgh Lodge or Tabernacle and its Affiliated
Lodges; as also in the Hamburgh, Rotterdam, and Middle-

lix

burg Tabernacles, and in that which is found erected at
Venice, whose ministrations and labours, though they be
ordained after the manner of the Scots, differ not from those
which are used by us, in so far as they respect the origin,
design, and institution.

(n) This our Society, being superintended by one General
Prince, while the different governments of which it consists
are ruled by various Superior Masters, adapted to various
regions and kingdoms, as need requires. Nothing is more
necessary than a certain conformity among all those who are
dispersed throughout the whole Word, as members of one
aggregate body ; and likewise an intercourse of missionaries
and correspondence harmonising with them, and with their
doctrines in all places. — Wherefore, these present letters, tes-
tifying the nature and spirit of our Society, shall be sent to all
and sundry Colleges of the Order as yet existing. For these
reasons above-mentioned, nineteen uniform duplicates of let-
ters, composed in this form, exactly of the same tenor, con-
firmed and corroborated by our subscriptions and signatures,
are given at Cologne on the Rhine, in the year one thou-
sand five hundred and thirty-five, on the twenty-fourth day
of the month of June, according to the Era, designated
Christian.

Harmanius + Carlton, Jo. Bruce, Fr. V. Upna, Cornelius
Banning, De Colligni, Virieux, Johari Schroder, Kofman,
1535, Jacobus Praepositus, A. Nobel, Ignatius de la Terre,

lx

Dona Jacob Uttenhove, Falk Nacolus, Va Noot, Phillippus
Melanthon, Hugssen, Wormer Abel.

Certified in form to the printed examplar, deposited into
the Archives of the Gr. and Sublime Chap, of the
Temples Interior, Sitting in the East of Namur.
The Gr. Chancellor of that Chief Chap.
^ De Marchot.

EDINBURGH : ALEX. LAWKIE & CO.
PRINTERS TO THE QUEEn's MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTV

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