SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOLUME 130 (WHOLE VOLUME)
ANNOTATED, SUBJECT-HEADING
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES
1350 B.C. TO A.D. 1954
By
THOMAS E. SNYDER
Washington, D.C.
(Publication 4258)
CITY OF WASHINGTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
SEPTEMBER 25, 1956
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOLUME 130 (WHOLE VOLUME)
ANNOTATED, SUBJECT-HEADING
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES
1350 B.C. TO A.D. 1954
By
THOMAS E. SNYDER
Washington, D.C.
(Publication 4258)
CITY OF WASHINGTON
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
SEPTEMBER 25, 1956
THE LORD BALTIMORE PRESS, INC.
BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A.
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction i
Acknowledgments i
List of subject headings 2
Subject headings 3
List of authors and titles 149
Index 279
ANNOTATED, SUBJECT-HEADING
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES
1350 B.C. TO A.D. 1954
By THOMAS E. SNYDER
Washington, D.C.
INTRODUCTION
As early as 1350 B.C. (Dow, 1915), the Rig Vedas referred in Sanskrit to "ghuna"
as destroyers of wood, and these were probably termites. The animals of India were
known to the early B.C. Greek authors. Pliny in his Natural History of the World,
77 A.D., in a manner similar to his other "facts," discusses Indian "pissmires," which
may be "white ants" or ants. Hagen in 1855 gives a historical summary of these early
accounts of termites.
A bibliography of the Isoptera (1758-1949), Griffin, 195 1, has been used in this work.
Like Griffin, I have not included some of the articles listed in the Review of Applied
Entomology (series A), or in the Index of American Economic Entomology, where
papers on termites are also referred to under subject headings.
The bibliography is partly selective. Taxonomic articles published since 1949, when
my Catalog of Termites of the World was published, are included, but not those papers
referred to in that catalog unless subjects other than taxonomy are discussed. This
bibliography includes papers through 1954, with some of 1955. A total of 3,624 references
are included.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This bibliography was begun in 1909 when I was in the Division of Forest Insects,
Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture; work was continued until I
retired in 1951. Since then, most of the annotations have been made, and much more
time has been available to complete it.
Dr. Alfred E. Emerson of the University of Chicago has supplied many references,
especially those relating to taxonomy and biology.
Librarians, bibliographers, and translators of the Department of Agriculture, librarians
of the U.S. National Museum, and my wife have all given help in its preparation.
Funds for typing the manuscript were kindly furnished by Dr. Frederick CunliiTe,
Director, Pinellas Biological Laboratory, Inc., St. Petersburg, Fla.
A grant from the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C, has assisted the
Smithsonian Institution in publishing the bibliography. Editors of the Smithsonian
have been very helpful.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to the E. L. Bruce Co., of Memphis, Tenn., for a
grant applied toward the costs of preparing this paper for the printer.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL 130, WHOLE VOLUME
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
LIST OF SUBJECT HEADINGS
Anatomy, see Morphology.
Arsenic hazard.
Bacteria; see also Nutrition.
Baits, see Soil poisons.
Balance of nature.
Bees, stingless, association witli.
Behavior; see also Biology.
Bibliography.
Biography.
Biology, ecology.
Building codes; see also Control, Resistant woods,
Wood preservation.
Caste determination, intermediates, intcrcastcs.
Chemical analysis.
Chemical warfare.
Cold, see Temperature.
Communication.
Control, construction, termite-proofing.
Courtship.
Cytology (cell growth).
Damage.
Damage to living vegetation.
Detection; see also Experimentation, Microphones.
Digestion; see also Nutrition, Protozoa.
Diseases, human, plant, and termite; see also
Parasites.
Distribution.
Dusts, poison, see Poison dusts.
Ecology, see Biology.
Iilectricity, sec Detection, Experimentation, Micro-
phones.
Embryology.
Evolution.
Experimentation; see also Detection, Microphones.
Fire hazard; see also Control.
Flight.
Folklore.
Food, termites as.
Fossil.
Fumigation.
Fungi, association with; see also Rearing.
Fungus cultivation.
Gaseous environment.
Genetics.
Genitalia, reproductive or sex organs.
Geologic agents.
Heat, sec Temperature.
Hermaphrodites, see Biology.
Histology, see Morphology.
Humidity.
Introduced.
Legislation or regulation.
Medicine, uses in.
Microphones.
Migration, see Biology.
Moisture, see Biology.
Molds, see Nutrition, Parasites.
Morphology, Histology (tissue growdi).
Neoteinia, see Biology.
Nests.
Nutrition.
Obituary.
Parasites.
Parthenogenesis, see Biology.
Phylogeny; see also Evolution, Taxonomy.
Physiology, see Biology.
Poison dusts.
Population.
Predators.
Protozoa; see also Digestion, Nutrition.
Racket.
Rearing.
Regeneration.
Regulation, see Legislation.
Repellents, see Soil poisons.
Reproductive organs, see Genitalia.
Resistant woods.
Respiration, see Gaseous environment.
Reviews.
Rhythm, coordinated.
Secretions.
Sense organs.
Sex organs, see Genitalia.
Shields, metal barriers.
Soil poisons, baits, repellents.
Sound.
Spermatogenesis.
Stridulation.
Superorganism, supraorganism, colony as.
Swarm, see Flight.
Symbiosis, see Biology, Nutrition, Protozoa, Ter-
mitophiles.
Tax status of loss, see Damage.
Taxonomy.
Temperature.
Termitophiles.
Uses in industry, arts, and religion.
Water table.
Wood preservation, poisons for fabrics and fiber-
boards, insulation, etc.
X-ray, see Detection and Experimentation.
Zoogeographical regions.
Note. — In the "Index of American Economic Entomology," under the heading "Termites" and
supplementary subject-headings there are many papers not referred to in diis bibliography; some are
of minor importance, others repetitions.
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
SUBJECT HEADINGS
(For complete citations see List of Authors and Titles beginning on page 149. References marked
with an asterisk are not listed in tliis publication, but will be found in Snyder's "Catalog of the
Termites of the World," Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 112, 1949.)
ANATOMY, See MORPHOLOGY
ARSENIC HAZARD
Anonymous, 1953k, pp. 42, 44, 46. (Dosages
arsenic recommended as safe by U.S.
Dept. Agriculture.)
Hay, H. R., 1939, pp. 126-130. (No hazard
from arsene gas.)
KoFoiD, C. A., 1934, 2d ed., p. 17. (Relation
moisture to production arsene.)
1934a, pp. 47-50. (Arsenic not a termite
barrier.)
KoFoiD, C. A., et al., 1934, 2d ed., p. 582.
(Arsenic hazard.)
KoFoiD, C. A., Stohler, R., and Hendee, E. C,
1934, 2d ed., pp. 766-771. (Hazard where
arsenic used in dwellings.)
Kreer, J. G., 1936, pp. 38-40. (No health haz-
ard.)
Snyder, T. E., 1950, pp. 12-14. (No health
hazard.)
1952b, pp. 34, 48. (No health hazard when
used as soil poison, wallboard poison, or
wood preservative.)
BACTERIA
Anonymous, 1930a, pp. 172-173. (Symbiosis
in decomposing cellulose.)
Baldacci, E., in Visintin, 1941-1942, pp. 157-
159, 1941. (Schizomycetes or Protozoa
in digestion cellulose?)
Baldacci, E., and Verona, O., 1940, pp. 592-
593. (Presence of Cytophaga and Cell-
vibrio in digestive systems Reticulitermes
lucifugus and Calotermes ftavicoUis.)
Beckwith, T. D., and Light, S. P., 1927,
pp. 656-657. (Spirals Vibrio and Spiro-
chaeta for class use.)
Beckwith, T. D., and Rose, E. J., 1929, p. 4.
(Cellulose digestion by organisms from
the termite gut.)
Bequaert, J., 1925, pp. 289-294. (Two types
spirochaetes in intestines Neotermes.)
Brues, C. T., and Dunn, R. C, 1945, pp. 336-
337. (Treatments with penicillin and
sulpha drugs indicate bacteroids are sym-
biotic in cockroaches and Mastotermcs.)
Buchner, p., 1928, pp. 1-64. (Symbiosis and
wood nutrition.)
Cleveland, L. R., 1926, pp. 51-60. (Spiro-
chaetes in intestines Termitidae digest
cellulose.)
1928, pp. 231-237. (U.S., reladon of spiro-
chaetes to termites and to intestinal
Protozoa.)
Damon, S. R., 1926, pp. 31-36. (Spirochaetes
of termites.)
Dickman, a., 1931, pp. 85-92. (Spirochaetes
in gut Reticulitermes and Termopsis, true
significance not demonstrated, ability in-
testinal flora to digest cellulose.)
Ergene, S., 1949, pp. 49-70. (^Calotermes
flavicollis, role bacteria in assimilation
and fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.)
Ghidini, G. M., 1941, pp. 103-113. (Bacteria
do not have prevailing role in digestion
of cellulose.)
Ghidini, G. M., and Archetti, I., 1939, pp.
125-140. (The spirochaetes of Reticuli-
termes lucifugus.^
1941, pp. 55-62. (The spirochaetes of Italian
termites.)
GoETscH, W., Offhaus, K., and Toth, L.,
1944, p. 48. (Symbiosis bacteria and
termites.)
Henderson, J. C, 1941, pp. 357-378. (Bacteria
in intestine Cubitermes, Africa.)
Hirst, L. P., 1933, pp. 47-48. (Ceylon, bac-
teria associated with dry-wood termites
that might cause sprue.)
Hollande, a. C, 1922, p. 23. (Spirochaetes
of termites, process of division, formation
of schizoplast.)
Hungate, R. E., 1936, pp. 240-249. (Role
bacteria in cellulose decomposition in
nutrition of Zootermopsis.)
Jirovec, O., 1929, pp. 346-356. (Greece, "Calo-
termes" (sic!) lucifugus, bacteria and
spirochaetes, cocci and vibrios.)
Jucci, C, 1932, pp. 1422-1429. (Bacteriocytes
in fatty tissue, symbiotic.)
1952, p. 837. (Bacteriocytes in fatty tis-
sue, symbiotic, Masotermes darwiniensis,
phylogenesis.)
Kirby, H., Jr., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp.
91. 97-
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
Koch, A., 1938, pp. 81-90. (Mycetocytes of
Mastotcrmcs identical with those of cock-
roaches; absence of symbiotic bacteria in
other primitive termites shows loss early
in evolution of termites from blattids;
life cycle bacteria, during the nymphal
stage mycetocytes wander from fat body
empty bacteria into egg tubes; later eggs
infected from last infected egg-chamber.)
1938a, pp. 584-609. (Intracellular symbiosis
bacteria in Mastotcrmes.)
KoFoiD, C. A., 1934, 2d ed., pp. 5, 6.
Light, S. F., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., p. 203.
(Number large bacteria in intestines Ami-
termes.)
PiERANTONi, U., 1936, pp. 135-173. (Bacteria
present in large numbers within Protozoa
of Calotermes fiauicollis and Reticuli-
termes lucifiigus.)
Randall, M., and Doody, T. C, in Kofoid,
1934, 2d ed., p. 100.
Roberts, J. L., 1935, pp. 229-237. (Bacillus
rotcms on agar plates streaked with ex-
creta termites; young colonies bacteria
exhibit rapid migratory mobility or rotary
motion when growing on nutrient agar.)
Snyder, T. E., I935e, p. 82.
1948, p. 97. (Role bacteria and fungi ob-
scure.)
Steinhaus, E. a., 1940, pp. 17-57. (Relation-
ships between bacteria and insects.)
BAITS, POISON, See SOIL POISONS
BALANCE OF NATURE
Cory, E. N., 1939, pp. 36-38. {Reticulitermes
fiavipcs an object lesson.)
Snyder, T. E., i925f, p. 32. (Advancing civi-
lization changes habits.)
I929d, pp. 143-151. (Advancing civilization
changes habits, invasion man's dwellings
due to disturbance balance of nature.)
i935^> P- 99- (Advancing civilization
changes habits, invasion man's dwellings
due to disturbance balance of nature.)
1948, pp. 111-116, 120-121. (Advancing
civilization changes habits, invasion man's
dwellings due to disturbance balance of
nature, cycles of activity.)
BEES, STINGLESS, ASSOCIATION WITH
Darwin, C. R., 1874, pp. 553-556. (Fr. Miil-
ler's researches on termites and honey
bees.)
DucKE, A., 1902, pp. 285-328. (Melipona
dallatorreana, Brazil.)
Ihering, H. von, 1902, p. 23. (Trigona in
symbiosis in nests.)
1903? PP- 179-287. (Meliponid nests in ter-
mite nests.)
MiJLLER, Fr., 1874, pp. 308-309.
Schwarz, H. F., 1948, pp. 14-15, 78, 89, 219,
299-300, 310-312, 326, 333, 337-338, 352,
404, 409, 489, 495-496, 499. (Trigona,
tropical America.)
Snyder, T. E., 1948, p. 109. (Trigona, Pan-
ama.)
BEHAVIOR
Andrews, E. A., 1911, pp. 193-228. (Jamaica.)
Andrews, E. A., and Middleton, A. R., 1911,
pp. 26-34. (Rhythmic activity in colonies.)
Carpenter, G. D. H., 1936, pp. 93-94. (Fe-
males dragging males, abdomens of for-
mer penetrated by mandibles of latter,
during courtship, Tanganyika.)
Emerson, A. E., 1929, pp. 24-30. (Social life.)
i933> PP- 125-129. (Fight between two
queens in captivity.)
1933a, p. 61, (Mechanics of tandem be-
havior.)
1937, p. 56. (Nests, study of the phylogeny
of behavior.)
1938, pp. 247-284. (Nesting habits various
families termites.)
19533. PP- 277-304. (Biological foundations
of ethics.)
Ernst, E., 1952, pp. 257-259. (Amatory pro-
cedure, Kalotermcs flavicollis.)
Fuller, C, 1915a, pp. 329-504. (South Africa,
calling attitude females Tames on grass
stems.)
Goetsch, W., 1936b (1935), pp. 51-61. (Ex-
periments in behavior.)
Grabensberger, W., 1933, pp. 1-54. (Reticuli-
termes lucifugus.)
Grasse, p. p., 1939b, pp. 251-262. (Soldier
caste.)
i952e, pp. 323-331. (Observations on be-
havior.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
Grasse, p. p., and Noirot, C, 1951, pp. 146-
166. {Anoplotermes and Trinervitermes.)
HiNGSTON, R. W. G., 1928, pp. 717-725. (Spe-
cial senses, foraging Eutermes biformis.)
Imms, a. D., 1931, pp. 67-82. (Social be-
havior.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1935, pp. 21-22. (Odor
swarming Schedorliinotermes javanicus,
habits.)
KoENiG, J. G., 1779, pp. 1-28.
KoFoiD, C. A., 1934, 2d ed., pp. 8-12.
KoFoiD, C. A., et al., 1934, 2d ed., pp. 1-734.
LiJscHER, M., 1949, pp. 161-165. (Continuous
laboratory observations.)
1951b, pp. 404-408. (Determination substi-
tute reproductives, Calotertnes fiai/icollis.)
1952, pp. 123-141. (Production and elimina-
tion substitute reproductives, C. fliwi-
coUis.)
1953, pp. 74-76, 78. (Reproductives.)
MicHENER, C. D., 1953, pp. 1-15. (Develop-
ment social behavior and communica-
tion.)
Miller, E. M., 1940, pp. 136-147. (Chemical
integrative mechanisms in insect socie-
ties.)
Myers, J. G., 1938, pp. 7-8. (Epigamic be-
havior Microtermes siidanensis, biting fe-
male during courtship.)
Richard, G., 1948, pp. 356-357. (Calotermes
flavicollis, mature nymphs photopositive,
immature photonegative.)
ig49b, pp. 67-73. (Phototropism.)
1951, pp. 485-603. (Phototropism, C. flavi-
collis.)
Roberts, T. W., 1942, pp. 340-412. (Ecologi-
cal activities.)
ScHNEiRLA, T. C. 1944, pp. 1-5. (South-cen-
tral Florida, colonies of as many as 4 to 5
ant species found together with termites,
apparently in "plesiobiosis," nesting to-
gether in a single dead pine in flooded
ground — approaching symbiosis.)
Snyder, T. E., 1915, p. 49. (Amatory pro-
cedure.)
1924c, pp. 1-14. (Adaptions to social life.)
1935c, pp. 4-5. (Tropisms, reversal during
and after swarm.)
1948, pp. 53-54. (Tropisms, reversal during
and after swarm, amatory procedure.)
Snyder, T. E., and Popenoe, E. P., pp. 153-
158. (Founding new colonies Reticttli-
tertnes flavipes, U.S.)
Webb, J. E., 1952a, p. 643. (Swarming be-
havior.)
1953, pp. 23-24. (Swarming behavior.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BuGNioN, E., 1914c, pp. 1-8. (Bugnion bib-
liography.)
Griffin, F. }., 1951, pp. 261-368. (1758-1949,
covers world.)
Hagen, H. a., 1849, pp. 27-30. (New litera-
ture on Neuroptera.)
1855*, pp. 1-144, 270-325. (Covers world.)
1862b, pp. 342-343. (Covers world.)
Hegh, E., 1922, pp. 715-748. (Covers world.)
Kofoid, C. a., et al., 1934, 2d ed., pp. 77^-7^^-
(Covers world.)
Luigioni, S. O. p., 1931, pp. 493-508. (E.
Wasmann bibliography.)
Snyder, T. E., 1949b, pp. 458-490. (Taxo-
nomic bibliography, living and fossil ter-
mites.)
BIOGRAPHY
Griffin, F. J., 1942, pp. 1-19. (Henry Smeath-
man.)
BIOLOGY
(Habits
(Cages
Abbott, R. L., 1947, pp. 88-90.
soldier.)
Adamson, a. M., 1941, pp. 411-414
for study habits.)
Albarda, H., 1886, pp. 13-14. (Tcrmes gilvus.)
Albertis, L. M. D'., 1881, p. 229. (New
Guinea.)
Allee, W. C, et al., 1949, pp. 716-727.
(Ecology.)
Altson, a. M., 1933, pp. 33-37. (Rhodesia,
association termites and dipterous larvae
in tree holes.)
Andrews, E. A., 191 1, pp. 193-228. (Jamaica,
Eutermes ripperti, rate of locomotion
15 mm. per second; tubes built of vege-
table fiber and sand cemented with anal
discharges, i ft. of destroyed tube can
be replaced over night. Soldiers ratio to
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
worker 9 to i; 4 queens to i or 2 males.
Respiratory needs slight. Hostility to alien
termites.)
Annandale, N., 1923, pp. 233-251. (Barkuda,
India.)
Anonymous, 1766, p. 395.
1863-1870, pp. 737-743, 753-759, 769-774,
785-791, 801-807, 817-820; 1870, pp. 556-
558.
1863a, pp. 94-95.
1877, PP- 51-52-
1894, p. 140. (Ta-mcs taprobanes.)
1900, pp. 170-177.
1907, p. 26123. (Australia.)
1919, p. 873. (India.)
1929, p. 277. (India.)
1934, p. 16. (Indiana.)
1935, p. 178. (Number castes in mound
nest in Australia: 1,561,400 workers, 201,-
000 soldiers, 44,100 nymphs.)
1945, pp. 1-14. (Cawnpore, India.)
1950, pp. 1-4. (Australia.)
1950a, pp. 1-43. (South Africa.)
1950C, p. 16. (Difference between ants and
termites.)
Bacot, a., 1900, p. 309.
Baker, E. C. S., 1931, pp. 34-37. (Nesting
association between birds, wasps, and
ants. Orient.)
Banks, N., and Snyder, T. E., 1920*, pp. 87-
228. (U.S.)
Barber, H. G., 1914, p. 73. (U.S., finding of
another queen.)
Barrow, Sir John, 1801, pp. 74-401. (South
Africa.)
Bates, H. W., 1854, p. 333. (Natural history.)
1855-1858, in Hagen, pp. 270-287. (Ama-
zon.)
1864, p. 128. (Amazon, copulation on
ground not in midair.)
Bathellier, J., 1922, pp. 477-479. (Role of
soldier of Eutermes matangcnsis.)
^9^3j PP- 403-409- (Nest of Eutermes ma-
tangcnsis with nest of Microtermcs.)
1927. (Macrotermcs gihiis, pp. 258-269;
Eutermes matangcnsis, pp. 279-293.)
1942, pp. 181-182. (Neoteinic reproductives
of Rcticulitermes lucifugus survived in
laboratory while normal forms died.)
Beall, G., 1931, pp. 33-35. (Habits Tertnopsis
angusticoUis, T. ncvadensis, and Rcticuli-
termes hespcrus in British Columbia.)
Beatty, J., 1953, pp. 20-22. (1951 flood at
Kansas City submerged termites for 7
days, were not killed.)
Becker, G., 1952, pp. 270-273. (Copulation
Calotermes fiavicollis.)
Beebe, W., 1916, pp. 114, 116. (Termites in
jungle debris.)
Beeson, C. F. C, 1941a, pp. 524-553. (India,
vernacular names; queen lays 30,000 eggs
per day — 100 million eggs in 10 years,
queen 2 to 4 in. long, 20,000 times vol-
ume of worker; Cyclotcrmcs does not
have supplementary queens, if royal pair
removed, colony may not extend to 9
months. Normal colony may persist for
12 years. Dates swarming, winged Nco-
tcrmes and Glyptotermes may take 7 to 4
years to develop.)
Behm, H. W., 1950, pp. 3-7.
Belt, T., 1873, pp. 142-143. (Nicaragua, sud-
den death termites in nests in roof of
house in June.)
Bequaert, J., 1913, pp. 396-431. (Congo,
Africa.)
1921, pp. 194-196. (Congo, Africa, 3 queens
in royal cell, 3 in. long.)
1925, pp. 289-294. (Amazon.)
Bequaert, J., et al., 1926, pp. 129-183. (Ama-
zon.)
1930, pp. 819-823. (Liberia and Belgian
Congo.)
Berg, C, 1880, pp. 1-16. (Argentine.)
Bern.\rd, p., 1954, pp. 104-111. (Sahara
desert, role termites.)
Bettziech-Beta, H., i860, pp. 244-245, 260-
262.
Bilsing, S. W., 1954, pp. 48, 56. (General.)
1954a, pp. 30, 32. (General.)
Blackburn, T., 1884, p. 413. (Hawaii.)
Blake, C. H., 1937, pp. 3-9. (Rcticulitermes
flavipes, New England.)
Blandford, W. F. H., 1897, pp. 517-518. (So-
cial system, India.)
1898, pp. 529-532. (Social system, India.)
Blizdorp, p. a., 1941, pp. 49-52. (Migration
queens, Netherlands Indies.)
Bolsche, N., 1931, p. 79. (Termite state.)
Borror, D. J., and DeLong, D. M., 1954, pp.
143-150. (General.)
Bouvier, E. L., 1918, p. 299. (Superorganism.)
1926, p. 291. (Communism.)
Bradley, J. C, 1919, pp. 356-377, 403-420,
514-526. (Localities where Prof. W. M.
Wheeler collected termites.)
Branner, J. C, 1910, pp. 24-25. (Luminosity
of termites.)
1910a, p. 342. (Luminosity of termites.)
Brehm, a. E., 1853-1855. (North East Africa,
1847-1852.)
1884, pp. 522-534.
1892, pp. 560-573.
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
Brown, A. A., 1936, pp. 1-46. (California,
Zootermopsis moisture requirements 220
(waterlogged) to 13.35%-)
Brown, W. G., 1806, pp. 206, 303. (Africa,
1792-1798.)
Bruce, }., 1790, p. 167. (Nile, Africa, 1768-
I773-)
Bryan, W. A., 1915, pp. 402, 425. (Hawaii.)
BucHLi, H. H. R., 1950, pp. 1697-1699.
(Parthenogenesis, relation between sexes
and their influence on oviposition, in Re-
ticuliterm es lucifugiis. )
1950a, pp. 145-160. (Foundation new colo-
nies, Reticulitermes lucifngus, swarming
not necessary, feed on wood while rearing
first brood.)
Buckley, S. B., 1863*, pp. 212-215. (Termcs
tubijormans and Eutermes cinereus, SW.
Texas.)
Bugnion, E., 1909, pp. 509-511. (Eutermes
monoceros, Ceylon.)
1910, pp. 271-281. {Eutermes monoceros,
Ceylon.)
1910a, pp. 129-144. (Industry, Ceylon.)
1910b, pp. 103-105. (Ceylon.)
1913b, pp. 119-123. (Ceylon, Eutermes
monoceros.)
1913c, pp. 125-135. (Sound production.)
I9i3f, pp. 24-58. (Ceylon, distribution.)
1914b, pp. 170-204. (Ceylon.)
1917, pp. 1-9. (Instructions for collecting
termites.)
1920, pp. 49-51. {Reticulitermes lucifugus
in the Pyrenees.)
1927, pp. 1-44. (Origin of instinct, war be-
tween ants and termites.)
1933, pp. 195-206. {Eutermes monoceros,
Ceylon.)
Bugnion, E., and Ferriere, C, 1911, pp. 417-
437. {Eutertnes monoceros, Ceylon.)
1911a, pp. 97-106. (Ceylon, Coptotermes
fauus neoteinic female.)
Bugnion, E., Popoff, N., and Ferriere, C,
191 1, pp. 86-g6. {Termes ceylonicus.)
Burchell, W. J., 1822, pp. 446, 448. (South-
ern Africa.)
Burgeon, L., 1931, pp. 100-113. (Belgian
Congo.)
1938, p. 104. (Belgian Congo, Termes
natalensis, Acanthotcrmes, and Cubi-
termcs.)
Buttel-Reepen, H. von, 1912, pp. 97-103.
(Ceylon.)
Cailliaud, F., 1823, p. 398. (Africa, 1819-
1822.)
Calliot, }., 1877, pp. 392-397. (South Ameri-
can termite.)
Calvert, A. S., and Calvert, P. P., 1917, pp.
269, 292, 294, 304, 370, 372, 403, 424, 454.
(Costa Rica.)
Cardin, P. G., 1918, pp. 58-61. (Cuba.)
Carl, J., 1933, pp. 97-100. (Woody, sub-
spherical mass in nest; purpose, food?)
Carpenter, G. D. H., 1936, pp. 93-94. (Tan-
ganyika Terr., courtship, females drag-
ging males, abdomen of former being
penetrated by mandibles of latter.)
Carter, A., 1949, pp. 2-5. (U.S., undercover
insect.)
Casati, G., 1891, p. 165. (Equatorial Africa,
destroy queen and destroy colony.)
Castle, G. B., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., 273-
291. {Zootermopsis, North America.)
Chaillu, DuP., 1868, p. 314. (Equatorial
Africa.)
1871, pp. 1 15-142. (Apingi.)
Chaine, J., 1913a, pp. 650-653. (Foundation
colonies by winged and supplementary
reproductives in suitable "island" environ-
mental areas.)
Chapman, A., 1921, pp. 330-335. (Sudan.)
Chervinsky, K. K., 1897a, pp. 199-202.
Chopard, L., 195 1, pp. 1-359. (General.)
CiAMPOLiNi, M., 1954, pp. 291-300. (Tuscany,
biology and damage to living woody
shrubs or trees.)
Cipriani, L., 1932, pp. 126-131. (Rhodesia.)
Clark, A. H., 1925, pp. 53, 67, 75-77, 105.
(General.)
Cleghorn, J., 1896, pp. 527-533. (Orissa,
India, queens 4 in. long, Vz in. in diame-
ter, substitute queens.)
Clement, G., 1953, pp. 95-T16. (Polymorph-
ism Psammotermes hybostoma.)
1954, pp. 194-198. {Atiocanthotermes ochra-
ceus, Sahara, nests, chambers, variation in
temperatures.)
Clements, W. B., 1953, p. 28. (U.S., multi-
ple tunnels subterranean termites.)
CoATON, W. G. H., 1937, pp. 249-252. (South
Africa, Hodotermes.)
1943, pp. 346-350. (South Africa, Hodo-
termes.)
1947, pp. 130-177. (South Africa, keys based
on nesting habits.)
1948, pp. 1-19. (South Africa, Trinervi-
termes.)
1948a, pp. 97-108. (South Africa, harvester
termites.
1948b, pp. 1-18. (South Africa, Crypto-
termes brevis.)
1948c, pp. 259-267. (South Africa, Hodo-
termes, harvester.)
i948d, pp. 1-38. (South Africa, Hodo-
termes, Microhodotermes , harvester.)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1949b, pp. 13-77. (South Africa, Hodo-
termitidae and Kalotermitidae.)
Comes, S., 1905, pp. 199-202. {Reticulitcnnes
lucijugus, France.)
CoMSTocK, J. H., 1880, pp. 207-208. (T.
fiavipes, U.S.)
1924, pp. 273-280. {R. flafipes, U.S. and
general; 9th rev. ed. 1940.)
CoMSTocK, J. H., and Comstock, A. B., 1895,
pp. 95-97. (T. flafipes, U.S. and general.)
CoRBETT, G. H., and Miller, N. C. E., 1936,
pp. 1-12. (T. javanicus and Microtermes
pallidus in Malaya.)
Cornelius, C, 1857, pp. 20-44.
Cory, E. N., 1948, pp. 1-4. (Social insects are
totalitarian.)
CosAR, H. G., 1934, pp. 5-36. (Africa, by
regions, 500 species, Sjostedt, 1925.)
Costa Lima, A. da, 1939, pp. 263-327. (Bra-
zil.)
Cotes, E. C, 1894, p. 140. (Termes tapro-
banes forms figured, India.)
COUDENHOVE, H., I922, p. 324.
CoupiN, H., 1913, pp. 321-322. {Reticuli-
terrnes lucijugus, France.)
Croix, E. de la, 1900, pp. 22-23. (Termes
carbonarius.)
CuNHA, O. R., 1927, pp. 223-228. (Brazil.)
Czervinski, K. K. See Chervinsky, K. K.
Dammerman, K. W., 1913a, pp. 230-243.
(Java.)
Dance, C. D., 1881, pp. 159-161. (British
Guiana.)
Degrandpre, L., 1801, p. 19 (West Coast
Africa.)
Delamare-Deboutteville, C, 1948b, pp. 347-
352. (Habits of Zorotypus and relation
to termites.)
I954> PP- 129-133. (Habits of Zorotypus,
relation to termites.)
Delaplane, W. K., 1953, pp. 39-40. (U.S.,
subterranean termites infesting building
widiout ground contact — water leak.)
Deoras, p. J., 1945, p. 107. (Poona, India.)
D'ESCAYAC, DE LaUTURE, 1 853, pp. 85, 352.
(Sudan.)
Desneux, J., 1906, pp. 393-407. (General.)
1918*, pp. 298-312. (Africa, Apicotermes
nest.)
1923. (Social life, general habits, pp. 135-
142; Foundation colonies by winged, pp.
17-24.)
1948, pp. 1-54. (Subterranean nests Apico-
termes, tropical Africa.)
Dietz, H. F., and Snyder, T. E., 1924, pp.
279-302. (Panama and Canal Zone, nests,
flights.)
Dover, C, and Mathur, R. N., 1934, pp. 1-20.
(Indian wood-destroying termites.)
Dudley, P. H., and Beaumont, J., 1889*, pp.
85-114. (Panama.)
1889a*, pp. 56-70, 111-112. (Eutermes, Calo-
termes, Panama.)
1890*, pp. 157-180. {Nasutitermes; how to
distinguish genera by nests and galleries
in wood, Panama, p. 158.)
1890a*, pp. 102-118. (Panama; new genus
Milesnasitermes, synonym Eutermes, p.
109.)
Dumeril, C, 1828, pp. 173-180. (General.)
Duncan, C. D., 1939. (California, science
guide for elementary schools.)
Du Plessis, C, 1931a, pp. 1-7. (South Africa.)
1935, pp. 423-425. (South Africa.)
Durand, J. B. L., 1802, pp. 89, 117, (Senegal.)
Edwards, W. H., 1938, pp. 7-24. (Jamaica.)
Ehrhorn, E. M., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed.,
pp. 321-333. (Hawaii.)
Emerson, A. E., 1919, p. 275. (Kartabo,
British Guiana.)
1926, pp. 69-100. (Development soldier
Constrictotcrmcs cafifrons, British Gui-
ana, from workerlike form, smaller form
with larger frontal gland; radical changes
in structure and habits during meta-
morphosis. Improbable that these two
sterile castes had separate phylogenetic
origins from sexual caste. Worker of
higher termites has evolved from nymph
of soldier caste.)
1929, pp. 24-30. (Social life.)
1937, p. 56. (Nests, phylogeny of behavior.)
1937b, pp. 249-254. (Social organization.)
1938, pp. 247-284. (Nests, phylogeny of
behavior.)
1939, pp. 182-209. (Social coordination and
the superorganism.)
1942a, pp. 163-176. (Basic comparisons
human and insect societies.)
1942b, pp. 71-77.
1943, pp. 97-118. (Ecology, evolution, and
society.)
1947. PP- 337-345- (Why termites? Popu-
lations undergo evolution guided by
natural selection to supraorganisms.)
Emerson, A. E., in Allee et al., 1949. (Rate
egg laying, p. 272; general, pp. 420-426,
635. 645-646, 692, 701.)
1951, pp. 149-160. (Belgian Congo.)
1952, pp. 217-235. (Biogeography.)
1952a, pp. 333-354- (Supraorganism.)
1952b, pp. 489, 510. (Procornitermes and
Corniiermes.)
Emerson, A. E., and Fish, E., 1937, pp. 1-127.
(General.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
Emery, C, 1893, pp. 758-766. (Resume of
Grassi and Sandias, 1 893-1 894.)
EscHERicH, K., 1908, pp. 513-518. (General,
tropical, nests, cultivation fungi, different
types soldiers.)
1908a, pp. 247-248. (Erythraea.)
1909, pp. xii-i-198. (General.)
1909a, pp. 1-5. (Colony life.)
1909b, pp. 136-318. (Tropics.)
1909c, pp. 16-27. (Tropics, fungus culti-
vators.)
1910, pp. 199-201. (General.)
19 II*, pp. xxxii + 262. (Ceylon.)
EssiG, E. O., 1926, pp. 112-119. (Western
U.S.)
193 1, pp. 96-97. (Western U.S.)
1942, pp. 159-173. (World.)
ExNER, W. F., 1953, p. 52. (U.S., 2'/8-in.
length of shelter tube repaired by Re-
t'lculitcrmes in i hr. and 5 min.)
Fabricius, J. C, 1775, pp. 177-180. (Sex
differentiation.)
F.\iRCHiLD, D., 1922, pp. 131-145. (Panama.)
Fairchild, D. G., and Fairchild, M., 1914,
pp. 2X0-21 1. {Tcrmes ftavipes habits,
U.S., soldier figured.)
Fennah, R. G., 1951, pp. 97-113. (Trinidad
and Tobago.)
Fenton, F. a., 1952, p. 16. (Tcrmes belli-
costis queen lays 30,000 eggs per day,
10 million per year, 100 million in the
average lo-year life period of queen.)
Ferriere, C, 1923, pp. 279-280. (Ceylon.)
Feytaud, J., 1910, pp. 842-844. (Reticuli-
termes lucijugus, France, foundation colo-
nies by winged.)
191 1, pp. 150-160. (Reticulitermes luciju-
gus, France.)
19 12, pp. 481-607. {Reticulitermes luciju-
gus, France, foundation colonies by
winged.)
1914, pp. 5-8, 41-46, 144-149. (France.)
I9i5> PP- 65-68, 82-84. {Reticulitermes
lucijugus, flights.)
1920, pp. 1287-1288. {Reticulitermes luciju-
gus, king and queen.)
1920a, pp. 203-206. {Reticulitermes luciju-
gus, reproductive forms, young colonies.)
1920C, pp. 160-164. {Reticulitermes luciju-
gus, reproductive forms.)
1921, pp. 1-135. {Reticulitermes lucijugus,
social habits.)
1924a, pp. 550-551. {Reticulitermes luciju-
gus, France.)
1925*, pp. 161-169. {Reticulitermes luciju-
gus, races of.)
1946, pp. 1-128. (General.)
1949, pp. 1-128. (General.)
1949b, pp. 287-289. (General.)
1950, pp. 380-381. {Reticulitermes of
France. (Neoteinic reproductive forms
in Italy, macropterous reproductives de-
rived from winged normal in France;
R. fiavipes, subsp. or var. santonensis con-
fused under R. lucijugus.)
1951a, pp. 562-564. (Construction of a
subterranean nest.)
I953> PP- 1-158. (General, especially Re-
ticulitermes, France.)
Fletcher, T. B., 1912, pp. 219-239. (India.)
1914, pp. 8, 18, 50, 139-140, 541. (India.)
FoA, E., 1895, pp. 651-653. (South Africa.)
FoLSOM, J, W., 1909, pp. 316-321. (General.)
Forbes, H. O., 1885, pp. 1-536. (Eastern
Archipelago.)
Forbes, S. A., 1895, pp. 190-204. (Illinois,
U.S.)
Forel, a., 1887, pp. 297-300. (T. bellicosus
in Transvaal.)
1928, appendix. (Social life.)
Forskal, p., 1775, p. 96. (Orient.)
FoxwoRTH, F. E., and Wooley, H. W., T930,
pp. 1-60. (Malaya.)
Freise, F., 1949, pp. 145-154. (Significance
in tropical forests, Brazil.)
Freisse, F. W., 1940, pp. 49-50. (Role in
forest, tropical Brazil.)
Froggatt, W. W., 1895*, pp. 415-538, (Aus-
tralia, nests, 10 supplementary queens
from one nest.)
1896*, pp. 510-552. (Australia, protective
fluid soldiers Eiitermes.)
1897, pp. 297-302. (Australia.)
1897a*, pp. 721-758. (Australia, Termi-
tidae.)
1903, pp. 726-730. (Australia, white ant
city, mound nests, queens, defense colony
by soldiers.)
1913, pp. 1-46. (Australia.)
1926a, pp. 318-320. (Australia, Porotermes
adamsoni, in hoop pine.)
FuLLAWAY, D. T., 1920a, p. 249. (Hawaii,
small colony Cryptotermes with laying
queen.)
1921, pp. 456-457. {Cryptotermes hrevis
in Hawaii.)
1925, p. 19. (Notes on Cryptotermes and
Coptotermes in Hilo, Hawaii.)
1926, pp. 68-88. (Hawaii.)
1927, pp. 170-176. (Hawaii.)
1929, pp. 79-80, 82-92. (Hawaii.)
1929b, pp. 205, 210. (Hawaii, Kauai, Copto-
termes^
X931, p. 8. {Cryptotermes and Coptotermes
on Lanai, Hawaii.)
10
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
Fuller, C, 1912a, pp. 345-369, 543-571.
(Natal, South Africa.)
1915, pp. 60-64. (Termite economy, South
Africa.)
1915a, pp. 329-504. (South Africa, court-
ship.)
191 8, pp. 16-20. (South Africa, ants and
termites.)
1919a, pp. 301-303. (South Africa, harvest-
ing termites.)
1921, pp. 462-466, 142-147. (South Africa.)
1921a, pp. 101-103. (South Africa.)
1921-1922, pp. 14-52, 70-131. (South Africa.)
1925, pp. 269-276. (Zululand, South
Africa.)
Gattinara, S., 1953, pp. 30, 32-34. (Ter-
mites.)
Gay, F. J., 1952, pp. 127-128. (A rare in-
tercaste in Microcei-otennes serrattts
(Frogg.), Australia.)
Geigy, R., and Ernst, E., 1951, pp. 414-420.
(Ka/otermc's fiavicolUs, gradual increase
in length life individuals raised under
increasing humidity. Retictditenncs lu-
cifugus and Nasutitermes arbornm? in-
dividuals showed significant increase in
length life only at 70% R. H. or higher.
Nasutitermes workers more resistant
when widi soldiers than when isolated.
K. flavicoUis showed greater resistance
to drying than odier species. Results cor-
related with humidity normal habitats.)
GE-i-ER, J. W. C., 1950, pp. 106-107. (Her-
maphrodites, Ncotermes ztduensis, South
Africa.)
1951, pp. 233-325. {Neotermes, South Af-
rica, hermaphrodites in termites, oocytes
and spermatozoa in testes reproductives
but not in soldiers.)
Ghidini, G. M., 1937*, pp. 633-635. {R. lu-
cifugus metamorphosis.)
1938, pp. 95-109. {R. lucijtigtis meta-
morphosis nymph soldier.)
1938a, pp. 25-36. {R. lucifugus metamorpho-
sis apterous ncoteinic reproductives.)
GoELLNER, E. J., 193 1*, pp. 227-234. (RcticU-
Utermes, Chicago area.)
GosswAi.n, K., 1943, pp. 297-316. (Colony
development in laboratory.)
1951, pp. 587-589. (General.)
i954> PP- 59-65. (The termite state.)
GoETscH, W., 1933*, pp. 227-244. (Calo-
termes, Chile.)
1936, pp. 490-560. {Cdotcrmes, Chile, and
Calotcrmes fiavicolUs from Mediterra-
nean, C. gracilignat/ins, from Juan Fer-
nandez and Reticulitermes lucifugus from
Mediterranean. Artificial colonies, glass
vials, cork stoppers. No dealation if no
flight. C. flavicoUis all castes, including
substitute reproductives, appeared within
9 months. Over old paths follow straight
path, smell trail. C. chilcnsis utilizes
ground.)
1936a, pp. 371-376. (Termite state.)
1936b, pp. 51-61. (Experiments in be-
havior.)
1941a, pp. 194-195. (Colony formation, sub-
stitute reproductives in Calotermes flavi-
coUis can replace primary pair.)
1942, pp. 3-10. (Termite state.)
1951, pp. 64-98. (Italy, Kalotermes, Re-
ticulitermes.)
i953> PP- 1-482. (General.)
GOLDBERRY, S. M. X., l802, pp. I27-I49.
(Africa.)
Goodman, A., 1950, pp. 323-325.
GouNELLE, E., 1900, pp. 168-169. (American
termites.)
Gradojevic, M., 1929, pp. 1-16. {Reticuli-
termes lucifugus, southern Serbia.)
Grasse, p. p., 1937, pp. 1677-1679. (Aberrant
spermatogenesis, Metatermitidae.)
1938a, pp. 195-196. (False nests of Anoplo-
tcrmes on Ivory Coast.)
1945, pp. 115-141. (BeUicositertnes natalen-
sis, no intraspecific hostility observed on
introduction new queens to royal cham-
ber, peristaltic movements in old queens
ensure efficient circulation.)
1949, pp. 408-544. (General, nests; colonies
Kalotermitidae 12 to 15 years old; Macro-
term es 85, Nasutitermes 93; reproductives
may change during this time.)
1952, pp. 32-43. (Effect of the group.)
I952d, pp. 7-17. (Physiology of societies.)
Grasse, P. P., and Bonneville, P., 1935, pp.
289-291. (Nonutilized sexed, Protermi-
tidae.)
1935a, pp. 474-491. (Nonutilized sexed,
Protermitidae.)
1936, p. 1009-1010. (Spermatogenesis (aber-
rant) Bellicositermes natalensis.)
Grasse, P. P., and Noirot, C, 1948, pp. 735-
736. (Habits Apicotermes arquieri, n.
1948a, pp. 781-783. (Foundation colonies.)
1949, pp. 149-166. (Nest and biology
Sphaerotermes sphaerothorax.)
1950, pp. 1 17-143. (Habits Odontotermes
magdalc7iae, n. sp.)
1951, pp. 146-166. (Migration, splitting up
and foundation colonies Anoplotermes
and Trincrvitermes.)
1951a, pp. 273-280. (Orientation of courses
of Odontotermes magdalenae detected by
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
pellets of earth, while the trail of Tri-
neruitermes is marked by excrement; role
of odor in repairing trails.)
1952, pp. 291-342. (Macrotermitinae, fun-
gus growers.)
1955? PP- 345-3^8- (Africa, Apicotermes
arqttieii.)
Grasse, p. p., Noirot, C, Clement, G., and
BucHLi, H., 1950, pp. 892-895. (Signifi-
cance of the worker caste.)
Grassi, B., 1887, pp. 75-80. (Caloierwes
fiaficollis.)
1888, pp. 139-147. (Substitute reproduc-
tives.)
1888a, p. 6^. (Substitute reproductives.)
1888b, pp. 615-618. (Substitute reproduc-
tives.)
1889, pp. 213-219, 229. (Substitute reproduc-
tives colony formation, Catania, Sicily.)
1892, pp. 33-36. (Colony life.)
Grassi, B., and Aloi, A., 1885, p. 148. (Calo-
termes flavicoUis, Sicily.)
Grassi, B., and Sandias, A., 1893, pp. 1-76.
(r. hicifugus, Sicily, no true queen, al-
though occurs in colonies in France.)
1896, pp. 245-322. (Sicily.)
1897, pp. 1-75. (Transl. by W. F. H. Bland-
ford 1893 paper, Calotermes fiavicotlis
and T. lucijiigus, Catania, Sicily.)
Green, E. A., 1908, pp. 75-82. (Ceylon.)
1913, pp. 7-15. (Ceylon, list species.)
Gregoire, C, 1953, pp. 391-393. (Coagulation
of hemolymphe of Eutermes?)
1954, pp. 117-119. (Coagulation of hemo-
lymphe of Kalotermes favicollis and
Reticuhtermes lucijugus.')
Grieve, R., 1900, pp. i-ii. (Queensland.)
Guenther, K., 1913, pp. 220-223. (Ceylon.)
Guerin-Meneville, F. E., 1842, pp. 278-279.
1844, pp. 392-393.
GuNDLACH, J., 1886, pp. 204-208. (Cuba.)
1894, p. 264. (Puerto Rico.)
GuNN, J. W., 1946, p. 62. (California, U.S.)
Gupta, S. D., 1953a, pp. 705-712. {Odonto-
termes obesus, India, deserted royal cham-
bers, directional position queen, size
queen relative to mound size.)
Haarer, a. E., 1953, pp. 158-161. (Habits
colony.)
Hagen, H. a., 1852, pp. 53-75.
1855*, pp. 1-144, 270-325. (General, ref-
erences.)
1858*, pp. 4-342. {Calotermes flavicoUis,
pp. 54-61.)
1862a, pp. 218-220.
1876, p. 62. (Queen, T. flavipes, Florida.)
1877, p. 73. (California.)
1879a, pp. 121-124. (Jamaica.)
1889, pp. 203-208. (Female Eutermes rip-
per ti.)
Hagen, W. von, 1937, pp. 255-259. (Queen,
organization and habits, Ecuador.)
1938, pp. 39-49. (Nasutitermes.)
1942, pp. 489-498, 29-41. (General.)
Handlirsch, a., 1926, pp. 1-218. (Social in-
sects, general.)
1930, pp. 840-858. (Social insects, general.)
i939> PP- 1-240. (Fossil.)
Handschin, E., 1933, pp. 384-385. (Mixed
colonies, association apparently by suc-
cession.)
Harms, J. W., 1927, pp. 221-236. (Macro-
termes gilvtis, colony formation, swarm-
ing not correlated with rainy season, after
sunset, during or after rainfall; dispersal
prevents inbreeding, sexes males 55%, fe-
males 45%. Copulation follows i month
after pairing, lasts 6 min., first eggs 6
days later, first few eaten, later eggs
hatch in 8 to 10 days. Volvaria mycelium
may be in earth, cultured. In colony
where no king or queen eggs appear after
3 weeks, doubt as to type of replacement
reproductives.)
Harpers Family Library, 1831, pp. 145-161,
150-151. (Africa, queen 20 or 30 thou-
sand times the bulk of a worker.)
Harris, W. V., 1936*, pp. 361-368. (Tan-
ganyika.)
1940, pp. 62-66. (East Africa, grassland
termites.)
1941, pp. 201-205. (East Africa, grassland
termites.)
Harting, p., 1874, pp. 57-58. (After F. Miil-
ler, 1874.)
Harvey, P. A., 1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp.
217-233, 239-265. (JCaloterw.es minor,
California.)
Hauri, H., 1929, pp. 41-73. (Insect and hu-
man states compared on basis Maeter-
linck's "Life of termites.")
Haviland, G. D., 1894, p. viii. (Finding of
royal cell in nest.)
1897-1898, pp. 358-442.
Haviland, G. D., and Sharp, D., 1896, pp.
589-594. (Termites in captivity in Eng-
land.)
Hazelhoff, E. H., 1927, pp. 57-82. (T. gilvus,
Java, number kings and queens in colo-
nies.)
Heath, H., 1903, pp. 44, 47-63. (Tcrmopsis,
California.)
1907, pp. 161-164. (Longevity of castes
Termopsis angusticollis, California.)
1928, pp. 324-326. (Fertile soldiers, Ter-
mopsis, California.)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1931, p. 431-432. (Experiments in caste
development.)
Heath, H., and Wilbur, B. C, 1927, pp. 145-
154. (California, Tertnopsis, only soldier
caste developed in first 3 to 4 years or
until a population of approx. 450. Young
all alike at time of hatching, adult soldier
in 6th instar.)
Hegh, E., 1922, pp. 1-756. (World, general.)
Hesse, R., Allee, W. C., and Schmidt, K. P.,
1937- (Approx. 1,600 species in Tropics
and sub-Tropics, p. 109; Tropics, 402;
rain forests, 431; burrowing habits, nests,
savannahs, 466; open lands, feed on grass,
nests 9 m. in height, 460; Africa.)
Hetrick, L. a., 1953, pp. 31-33. (Reticuli-
tennes flavipes, U.S.)
GiBsoN-Hn.L, C. A., 1947, pp. 56-57. (Singa-
pore, Etitermes, Coptotertnes.)
1950, pp. 149-165. (Kaloiermes and Pro-
rhinotenncs Cocos-Keeling Island.)
Hill, G., 1921, pp. 1-26. (North Australia.)
ig2^*, pp. 85-91. (Victoria.)
1925a, pp. 1 19-124. {Mastotermes dar-
winietisis eggs laid in masses loosely
cemented together — as in roaches, Aus-
tralia.)
1927*, pp. 1-18. (Samoa, Prorhinotermes,
apterous, brachypterous reproductives.)
1932, pp. 1-28. (Southeastern Australia.)
1942*, pp. 1-479. (General, Australia and
Papuan region.)
Hill, J. E., 1946, p. 279. (Shelter tubes.)
Hingston, R. W. G., 1928, pp. 717-725.
(India, Eutcrmes bijormis, superficial
excavation few inches deep, nurseries for
young. Soldiers remain outside, when
nest disturbed, for defense. Workers ac-
companied by soldiers make foraging ex-
peditions in monsoon evenings.)
Holmgren, N., 1906*, pp. 521-676. (i true
king to 100 substitute queens, Armi-
tcnnes neotenictis , p. 574, Bolivia, Peru.)
1908, pp. 125-128. (Inbreeding.)
1909*, pp. 190-203. (Exudate theory, cause
caste differentiation.)
HoLWAY, R. T., 1941, pp. 19-23. (Tunnel
built in a day.)
1941a, pp. 389-394. (Tube building by Rc-
ticulitermcs flavipes, New England, tubes
rarely constructed upward over walls in
open, in East majority constructed down-
ward.)
Hooker, J. D., 1855, p. 18. (Himalayan.)
HoRNE, C., 1871, pp. 1-5.
Howard, L. O., 1902, p. 5. (Reticulitermes
flavipes, true queen will be found in
U.S.)
i903> PP- 353-360. (General.)
193I5 P- 59- (E)iet cellulose.)
HozAWA, S., 1915*, pp. 1-161. (Japan and
Formosa.)
Hubbard, H. G., 1877, pp. 267-274. (Mandib-
ulate soldiers {Hcterotcrmes) in nests
of Eutermcs, Jamaica.)
Hudson, G. V., 1892, pp. 107-108. (New
Zealand, Stolotcrmes ruficeps.)
1904, pp. x-f 102. (New Zealand.)
HuNGATE, R. E., 1943a, pp. 56-58.
Hunt, E. H., 1910, p. 268-269. (Kuala Lum-
pur, queen Tennes carbonarius 3 in. long,
Termes sulphureus i'/4 in. long.)
Huxley, J., 1930, pp. 1-80. (Stresses funda-
mental differences between societies ants,
termites, and man.)
Ihering, H. von, 1887*, pp. 1-4. (Brazil,
alternation generations.)
1887a*, pp. 179-182. (Brazil, alternation
generations, substitute queens of no im-
portance.)
Imms, a. D., 1913, p. 241. {Archotermopsis
wroughtoni.)
1919, pp. 75-180. {Archotermopsis wrough-
totii.)
1925, pp. 249-276. (General.)
1930. (General, rev. 1925.)
1934, pp. 265-292. (General, rev, 1925.)
193 fj PP- I-II7- (Social behavior.)
I95i> PP- 33> 291-292, 298. (Social life.)
Innes, p. a., 1928, p. 20. {Cryptotermes
lamanianus, Africa.)
Insert, P. E., 1788, p. 279. (Guinea.)
Jacobson, G. G., 1903, pp. 192-193. {Hodo-
termes, Turkestan.)
1904*, pp. 57-107. (Termites of Russia.)
1907, pp. 235-238. {Reticulitermes lucifttgus
in Caucasia.)
191 3, pp. 1-74. (Termites of Russia.)
Jaeger, E. C, 1933, pp. 48-49. (Amitermes
and Reticulitermes tibia/is in California
desert.)
Jenkins, C. F. H., 1941, pp. 22-26. (Perth,
West Australia.)
Jepson, F. p., 1936, p. 257. (Winged adults
Planocryptotermes planus reared from
eggs laid by neoteinic reproductive forms,
Ceylon.)
John, O., 1913a*, pp. 102-116. (Ceylon.)
1914, pp. 491-500.
1917, p. 23. (Directions on collecting.)
1917a, pp. xcv-cii. (Origin nasuti.)
1920*, pp. 227-234. (South America.)
1925*, pp. 360-419. (Ceylon, Malay Penin-
sula, Sumatra, Java, and Aru Islands.)
Johnson, W. G., 1902, pp. 2-3. {Termes
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES'. SUBJECTS — SNYDER
13
■ftavipes, supplementary queens only in
U.S., E. A. Schwarz.)
JoLY, N., 1849, pp. 1-37. (Natural history.)
JouTEL, L. H., 1893, pp. 89-90. (9 to 14 neo-
teinic queens in i colony, Termes flcwipcs,
U.S.)
Jucci, C, 1924, pp. 269-500. (Neoteinia.)
1925, pp. 98-103. (Question true royal pair
in Retictilitermes luciftigtis, Italy.)
1926, pp. 404-409. (Question of castes.)
1952, p. 837. (Symbiosis and phylogenesis.)
Kaiser, P., 1954, p. 42. (Function mandibles
of Neocapritermes opacus.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1930, pp. 1-154. (Java,
Kalotermes tectonae, wide distribution
in teak forests, galleries cause swellings
on main trunk, neoteinic reproductives
originate from older stage nymphs.
Growth colonies very slow, oldest colony
age 15 years, average 10. Winged forms
produced 6th year. Swarming does not
occur the year following a flight. For-
mation neoteinics does not appreciably
prolong the life of a colony. Members
of a dying colony have typical whitish
and meager appearance. Relation to ants,
elaterids, scorpions, and lizards.)
1935, pp. 21-22. (Java, odor swarming
adults, Schedorhinotermes jaranictis.)
1936, pp. 50-51. (East Indies, dipterous
parasite, mixed colonies, nest structure
Macrotermes gilvus.)
1936a, pp. 427-435. (Java.)
1950, pp. 146-177. (Indonesia.)
1952b, pp. xc-xci. (Fungus tending Micro-
termes.)
1955a, pp. 43-49. (Ability of Copiotermes
to locate exposed timber.)
Karawajew, W., 1909, pp. 157-162. (Soldiers
and workers A7tacanthotermes ahngeria-
nus, Central Asia.)
Katzin, L., and Kirby, H., 1939, pp. 444-445.
(Relative weights Zootennopsis and their
Protozoa.)
Kays, C. W., 1936, p. 8. (Shelter tubes in
sand dunes, California.)
Keck, C. B., 1954, pp. 265-266. (Oahu, Ha-
waii, Pearl Harbor. Coptotermes formo-
sanus carton nest 16 in. in diameter in
underground cavity, 137 supplementary
queens.)
Keene, E. a., and Light, S. F., 1944, pp. 383-
390. (Results of feeding extracts of male
supplementary reproductives to groups
nymphs Zootcrmopsis.)
Kellogg, V. L., 1908, pp. 99-110. (California,
reproductives Termopsis angusticollis.)
Kelsey, J. M., 1945, pp. 353-359- (Supple-
mentary reproductives in isolated pockets
may enable colony treated with poison
dust to survive, New Zealand.)
1946*, pp. 458-464. (Variation castes, soldier
Coptotermes lacteus, New Zealand.)
Kemner, N. a., 1923, pp. 239-240. (Java.)
1929, pp. 1097-1117. (Java.)
1931*, pp. 1-53. (Amboina.)
1934*, pp. 1-241. (Java and Celebes.)
Kemp, P. B., 1955, pp. 1 13-136. (Northeastern
Tanganyika.)
Kennedy, C. H., 1947, pp. 309-324. (Child
labor among termites, hampered in de-
velopment by low availability of nitrogen,
to which they react by cannibalism and
coprophagy. Ants dominant and labor by
adults.)
Kennis Kunst, 1869, pp. 47-54.
Kent, W. S., 1897, pp. 101-131. (Australia.)
1897a, pp. 81-82. (Australia.)
Kirby, W. F., 1884, pp. 453-454.
1885, pp. 1-240.
Kirby, W., and Spence, W., 1828, vol. i,
pp. 506-513, vol. 2, pp. 26-44. (General.)
Knab, F., 1895, pp. 15-16. (Luminous termite
nests. Lower Amazon.)
1909, pp. 574-575. (Luminous termite nests,
Lower Amazon, termites infected with
bacteria.)
Knower, H. M., 1894, pp. 58-59. (Origin of
the nasutus, Eutermes.)
1896, pp. 86-87. (Development Eutermes
(rippertii?) .)
Koenig, J. G., 1779, pp. 1-28. (Natural
history.)
KoFoiD, C. A., 1929a, pp. 1-4. (General.)
1934, 2d ed., pp. 1-2. (General.)
Kolbe, H. J., 1887, pp. 70-74. (Hodotermes
viator, Capland.)
Krause, E., 1899, pp. 247-250.
Laboulbene, a., i860, pp. cv-cvi. (T. luciju-
gus, Agen, France.)
Lacordaire, T., 1838, pp. 520-527.
Lamarck, J. B. P. A. deM. de, 1817, 1835, pp.
192-195, 398-401.
Lameere, a., 1902, pp. 441-443. (Hodotermes,
Psammotermes, and Eutermes descrtorutn,
Sahara.)
1909, pp. 505-516. (In society.)
1922, pp. 511-521. (Origin societies.)
1935, PP- 305-328.
Latreille, P. A., 1794, pp. 438-443.
1795, pp. 84-85.
1797, p. 550. (Nests, Termes.)
1817a, p. III.
1817b, pp. 391-410. (Social life.)
14
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
Latrobe, C. I., 1820, pp. Ill, 206, 238. (South
Africa.)
Lefroy, H. M., 1906, pp. 228-231. (India.)
1909, pp. 115-121. (India.)
1923, pp. 81-91. (India.)
Lespes, C, 1856, pp. 227-282. (T. lucifugus,
supplementary queen.)
Levaillant, F., 1794, p. 197. (Africa.)
Lever, R. J. A. W., 1934, pp. 10-13. (Solomon
Islands, Coptotermes grandiceps, Micro-
cerotermes pilliceps, Eutermes yandini-
ensis.)
1939*, p. 87. (Fiji.)
L'Herminier, F. L., 1837, pp. 497-513.
(Guadeloupe.)
Lichtenstein, H., 181 1, vol. I. p. 99, vol. 2,
p. 74. (South Africa.)
Light, S. F., 1929, pp. 1-28. (California.)
1929a*, pp. 421-452. (Philippines, Copto-
termes vastator.)
1931*, pp. 581-600. (China.)
1931a*, pp. 5-9. (Nevada.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed. (Different types
and habitats, pp. 22-41, 117-126, 136-149;
Amitermes, pp. 199-205; dry-wood ter-
mites, pp. 206-216; Philippines, pp. 347-
350.)
1937*, pp. 423-464. {Paraneotermes simpli-
cicornis, California.)
1938, p. 102. {Parthenogenesis.')
1942-1943, pp. 312-326, 46-63. (Determina-
tion castes inhibition theory.)
1944, pp. 405-412. (Parthenogenesis, Zo-
otermopsis, progeny all females.)
1944a, pp. 413-454. (Ectohormonal control
of development supplementary reproduc-
tives in Zootermopsis.)
1947, pp. 22-23. (U.S.)
Light, S. F., Hartman, O., and Emerson,
A. E., 1937, p. 122. (Efficacy of extracts
from bodies supplementary reproductives
in inhibiting or retarding neoteinic sexual
development in isolated nymphs.)
Light, S. F., and Illig, P. L., 1945, pp. 1-40.
(Rate and extent of development of neo-
teinic reproductives in groups of nymphs
Zootermopsis, percentage neoteinics larger
in smaller groups, older nymphs more
likely to become neoteinics, apterous more
likely than brachypterous nymphs.)
Light, S. F., and Pickens, A. L., in Kofoid,
1934, 2d ed., pp. 150-156. (American
subterranean termites.)
Light, S. F., and Weesner, F. M., 1947a,
pp. 244-245. (Development castes in
higher termites, Gnathamitermes per-
plextis and Tentiirostritermes tenuirostris
in SE. Arizona; in former many apterous
individuals like workers, late nymphal
instar sterile castes. In Tenuirostritermes
3 major lines leading to nasute, worker
and alate types differentiated early. In
Gnathamitermes nymphs do not com-
plete development until following year.
In Tenuirostritermes primary pair contain
all the food needed to allow large pri-
mary group to develop rapidly to definite
caste, worker or nasute.)
1948, pp. 54-68. (Swarming, Arizona.)
1951, pp. 397-414. (Production supple-
mentary reproductives, Zootermopsis.)
1955, pp. 135-146. (U.S., T enuirostritermes
tenuirostris egg laying 4 days after pair-
ing, 55 eggs first 10 days, 31 days for
development, nasutes 25-33% i" first
group.)
Light, S. F., and Wilson, F. J., 1936*, pp.
461-520. (Philippines, nests.)
Livingston, D., 1857, pp. 1-687. (South
Africa.)
Loir, D'A., 1903, pp. 19-31. (South Africa.)
1903a, pp. 1290-1291. (South Africa.)
Lubbock, E., 1875, p. 218. (Fr. Miiller's
studies in South America.)
Lucas, H., 1838, pp. 316-321. (Termes.)
LiJscHER, M., 1949, pp. 161-165. (European
and U.S. Kalotermes and Reticulitermes,
Zootermopsis, in laboratory.)
1949a, pp. 269-271. (Laboratory rearing
technique.)
1950b, p. 357. (Colony formation, Pscuda-
canthotermes spiniger, Microcerotermes
edentatus, and Anoplotermes.)
1951b, pp. 404-408. (Determination sub-
stitute reproductives {Kalotermes flavi-
collis), inhibition of these forms in pres-
ence adult sexual pairs.)
1951C, pp. 36-43. (Details colony formation,
as in 1950.)
1952, pp. 123-141. (Production and elimina-
tion of supplementary reproductives,
Kalotermes flavicollis.)
1952a, pp. 529-543. (Growth and molting
of individuals of Kalotermes flavicollis,
regression.)
1953, pp. 74-76, 78. (Tropical queens lay
20,000 eggs per day, p. 74; Kalotermes
flavicollis nymphs molt 5 to 7 times,
P- 75-)
Luppova, a. N., 1953, pp. 142-156. (Turk-
menia, Anacanthotermes turl^estanicus.)
Lutz, F. E., 1941, pp. 149-155- (U.S.)
Lyon, G. F., 1821, p. 187. (North Africa.)
MacGregor, W. D., 1950a, pp. 3-8. (Ecology,
termites, soil and vegetation.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
15
McCauley, W. E., and Flint, W. P., 1946,
p. 19. (Reproduction, U.S.)
McDaniel, E. I., 1934, pp. 1-14. (Michigan.)
1938, pp. 1-14. (Michigan.)
McKeown, K. C, 1941, pp. 269-274. (Aus-
traHa.)
1944, 2d rev. ed. pp. 63-69. (Australia,
nests 93 to 95% humidity, flight towers
Eutcrmes, colony soulless totalitarian
state.)
McLachlan, R., 1869, p. xiii. (Termcs
tenuis? on St. Helena Island.)
1874, pp. 15-16. (Calotermes in wood that
produces gum copal, Zanzibar; brood of
termites at Kew.)
1876, p. 17. (Colony American termites
in Vienna.)
1878, p. xii. (r. trinervius, Africa; T. rip-
perti, Cuba, with protective head secre-
tion.)
1882, pp. 150-183. (Madeira and Canary
Islands.)
1883, pp. 226-228. (Hawaii.)
Maeterlinck, M., 1927, pp. 1-238. (General.)
1947, pp. 349-440. (General.)
Mamet, R., and Durocher-Yvon, F., 1942,
pp. 197-207. (lie Maurice.)
Marais, E. N., 1933, pp. 138-159. (Queen as
the brain of colony, South Africa.)
1937, pp. XV -f 184. (Life in colony. South
Africa.)
1950, pp. 1-196. (General, South Africa.)
M.VRCH, A. W., 1933, pp. 157-163. (Eastern
China, Coptotermes jormosantts most de-
structive, nest subterranean, swarm in
early evening in early June when humid-
ity high. Reticulitermes very seldom
attack buildings. Termcs jormosantts
does not attack timber, cultivates fungus
Xylaria.)
M^vRcus, H., 1952, pp. 24-28. (Castration by
feeding larva with product of colleterial
gland of queen.)
Marshall, T. A., 1878, pp. xxvii-xxxviii.
(Windward Islands, Termes destructor
F. ?, Antigua.)
Martens, E. C, von, 1876, p. 136. (East
Asia.)
Martinez, E. A., 1939, pp. 49-50. (Crypto-
termes rospigliosi, Peru.)
Matheson, R., 1944, pp. 167-173, figs. 137-
142A. (General, habits.) Rev. ed., 1951.
Matthews, J., 1788, p. 46. (Sierra Leone,
Africa.)
Maynard, C. J., 1888, pp. 111-113. (Ba-
hamas.)
Merwe, C. p. van der, 1921, pp. 266-267.
(South Africa.)
Michener, C. D., and Michener, M. H.,
1951, pp. 191-227. (Social life.)
Miller, A. E., 1926, pp. 1-8. (Illinois.)
1928, pp. 1-12. (Illinois.)
Miller, E. M., 1943*, pp. 5-8. (Soldier and
nymphs Calcaritermes nearcticus, Flor-
ida.)
1949, pp. 1-30. (Florida termites.)
1955, pp. 34, 36, 48. (Florida, flight dates
and tolerance to drying.)
Miller, E. M., and Miller, D. B., 1943, pp.
101-107. (South Florida.)
Milne, L. J., and Milne, M. J., 1954, pp. 21,
185, 189. (General, erroneous statements
that fungus growers nest in trees and
that supplementary pairs of reproductives
function in same nest with primary pair.)
MiTSCH, H. J., 1947, pp. 7-37. (Africa, queen
150 mm. long, 60 mm. wide, nests,
predators.)
Mjoberg, E. G., 1920*, pp. 1-128. (Australia.)
Monrad, H. C, 1824, pp. 1-188. (Coast of
Guinea.)
Montandon, a. L., 1910, pp. 444-452. (Pos-
sible cause of so-called neuters, castration
of young by special diet.)
Monte, O., 1931, pp. 69-70. (Brazil.)
Morstatt, H., 19 13, pp. 443-464. (East
Africa.)
1920, pp. 415-427-
1922, pp. 9-16. (General.)
Moseley, H. N., 1879, pp. 12, 302, new ed.,
1892, 1894. (H.M.S. Challenger, 1773-
I775-)
MouTiA, A., 1936, pp. 1-30. (Mauritius.)
Mueller, Fr., 1871, pp. 205-206. (Brazil.)
1873-1875. (Genitals soldiers Calotermes,
pp. 333-340; dwellings of termites, pp. 341-
358; nymphs with short wing pads, Calo-
termes winged and substitute reproduc-
tives, number latter in Brazil in Eu-
tcrmes, I true king, 31 substitute queens,
a sultan in his harem, pp. 451-463; larvae
of Calotermes rugosus, pp. 241-264.
1874a, pp. 308-309. (South America.)
1875, p. 2x8. (Brazil.)
1887, pp. 177-178. (Nymphs.)
MuKERji, D., and Mitra, P. K., 1949, pp.
9-27. (India, Odontotermes redemanni,
cavities in nest contain fungus combs
where nymphs live among inhibited
growth fungus Xylaria, royal cell near
largest comla chamber. Workers forage
in covered runways, never attack living
plants. Flights occur each June to
August.)
1949a, pp. 186-189. (India, O. redemanni.)
i6
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
1949b, p. 158. (Effect of transplanting
physogastric queen Odontotermes rede-
manni.)
Murker J I, D., and Rvvychaudhuri, S., 1943b,
p. 167. (Bearing of exudate organs on
postadult growth queen. T. redemanni.)
MULLER, O. F., 1776, p. 184.
MULLER, W. DE, I9I5, pp. 28-35.
Myers, J. G., 1938, pp. 7-8. (Sudan, Micro-
termes sudancnsis, biting of female dur-
ing courtship.)
Nasonov, N. v., 1893, pp. 1-30. (Social life.)
Nichols, E. R., 1929, p. 123. (Southern Cali-
fornia.)
Nicholson, H. A., 1871, pp. 261-264. (Bates'
observations, South America.)
Noel, P., 1908, pp. 107-108.
NoiROT, C, 1949, pp. 600-602. (Development
of neuters — sterile castes, Amitermitinae
and Microcerotermitinae.)
1949a, pp. 2053-2054. (Development of
neuters — sterile castes, Nasutitermitinae.)
1950, pp. 475-477. (Development of neuters
— sterile castes, Macrotermitinae.)
1951, pp. 447-449. (Development of neu-
ters — sterile castes, Termitinae.)
1952, pp. 103-116. (Polymorphism.)
1953, pp. 405-414. (Care and feeding of
young.)
1954, pp. 461-474. (Polymorphism, higher
termites.)
NoiROT, C, and Alliott, H., 1947, pp. 1-96.
(General.)
NoYEs, F. K., 1912, pp. 561-569. (Termites
the first civilized people.)
NoYES, H., 1937, pp. xiv-f 289. (Macrotermes
natalensis, Africa.)
Oates, F., 1881, p. 134. (Matabele Land and
Victoria Falls, Africa.)
OsBORN, H., 1898, p. 231. {Tcrmes favipes,
Iowa.)
OsHiMA, M., 1913*, pp. 271-281. (Japan.)
1917*, pp. 221-225. (Philippines.)
1919, pp. 319-383- (Formosa.)
Osten-Sacken, C. R., and Hagen, H. A.,
1877, pp. 72-73. {Tcrmopsis angtisticoUis,
T. occidentalis?, and Termes flavipes,
California.)
OviEDO Y Valdez, G. F. de, 1 85 1, pp. 450-453.
(Santo Domingo.)
Packard, A. S., 1883, pp. 326-329. {Tcrmop-
sis angusticoUis, Termes flavipes.^
1889, pp. 586-588. (General.)
Pangga, G. a., 1936, pp. 233-265. (General,
Philippines.)
Paoli, G., 1934, pp. 1-427. (Coptotames
sjostedti, var. subintacta, and Termes
classicus in Italian Somaliland.)
Park, O., 1929, pp. 121-126. {Retictditermes
tibialis in Chicago region.)
Parker, B. M., 1941, pp. 1-34.
Parker, B. M., and Emerson, A. E., 1941,
pp. 1-34. (Societies.)
Patterson, W. H., 1927, pp. 35-39. (Gold
Coast.)
Pendlebury, H. M., 1930, pp. 45-56. (Ma-
laya.)
Perez, C, 1902, pp. 195-427. (Metamorpho-
sis.)
Perez, J., 1894, pp. 804-806. (Termes luciju-
gus, foundation colonies.)
1894a, pp. 866-868. {Termes lucijugus,
foundation colonies, swarming.)
1896, pp. 65-66. (Nymphs.)
i8g6a, pp. 56-62. (T. lucijugus)
1907, pp. 4-7, 37-40, 71-77. (Termites in
SW. France.)
Perkins, R. C. L., 1899, p. 88. {Calotermes
in Hawaii.)
Perris, E., 1876, pp. 201-202. {T. lucijugus
and "Euterme?' flavicollis in Landes.)
1876a, pp. ccxvi-ccxvii. (Emery on flight
"Eutermes" flavicollis!)
Fetch, T., 1917, pp. 395-397. (Flight Termes
obscuriceps, Ceylon, narrowing of exit
at midday by workers, emergence 5:57
p.m., main flight 13 min. Soldiers and
workers exit to protect winged, close exit
after flight. Return of dealated male and
female to nest apparently before fertiliza-
tion.)
Pickens, A. L., 1932, pp. 178-180. {Reticuli-
termes, distribution, population, increase;
biology R. hesperus.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 157-196. {Retic-
ulitermes, distribution, population, in-
crease; biology R. hesperus and R. tibialis,
western U.S.)
1940, p. I. (U.S., caste arrangement for
Reticuliterrnes, 3 intercastes. Premature
or delayed adulthood gives many sub-
castes.)
1940a, pp. 5-6. (U.S., Reticuliterrnes
flavipes, broods from alate swarms in
spring 1936, required until spring 1940
to produce first swarm alates.)
1941, pp. 115-116. (U.S., Reticuliterrnes
flavipes, broods from alate swarms in
spring 1936, required until spring 1940
to produce first swarm alates, change
from primary to secondary reproductive
heads.)
1941a, p. 119. (No winged termites in
colony in spring after 1937 flood at
Paducah, Ky.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
17
Pickens, A. L., and Light, S. F., 1934, in
Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 196-198. (Hetero-
termes.)
PiCTET, A. E., 1865, pp. 1-123. (Two termites
of Spanish Peninsula.)
Pinter, T., 1914. pp. 71-95.
PiNTo, M. P. D., 1941, pp. 73-105. (Ceylonese
Calotermitidae, neoteinic forms do not
necessarily breed true; inhibition of sub-
stitute reproductives in presence of func-
tional dealated adults.)
PoEPPiG, E. F., 1836, pp. 205, 242, (Chile,
Peru.)
Prell, H., 1911, pp. 243-253. (East Africa.)
Pruthi, H. S., 1939, p. 108. (Swarming
Odontotermes and Microtennes, Delhi,
India.)
PujiuLA, J., 1904, pp. 23-28, 51-60, 83-99.
Tortosa, Spain, environs.)
Pycraft, W. p. (ed.), 1931, pp. 226-236, 309.
(General, Africa.)
QlTATREFAGES, A. DE, 1853a, pp. l6-2I. (La
Rochelle, France.)
1854. (General.)
Rafinesque, C. S., 1820, pp. 1-16.
Rambur, p., 1842*, pp. 300-310. (Natural
history.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., and Cummins, J. E., 1939,
pp. 221-228. (Australia.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., Gay, F. J., and Greaves, T.,
1952, pp. 1-124. (Australia, pp. 19-31,
queens Eutermes exitiosus lay 2,500 eggs
per day in mature colony: hundreds egg-
laying neoteinics in colony Hamitermes
laurensis, no neoteinics of E. exitiosus;
colony E. triodiae 100 years old; colony
Coptotermes lacteus total population
I million, may produce 66,000 winged
in a year; cannibalism source protein;
mixed colonies.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., and Greaves, T., 1940, pp.
150-160. (Australia, foraging, ramifying
subterranean galleries Coptotermes lac-
teus and Eutermes exitiosus approx. I'/z
acres covered and galleries connected
with dead wood 50 yards from Copto-
termes mound, 3 to 9 in. below surface.)
R^\tti, F. v., 1928, pp. 1-231. (Italian comedy,
caste: il termitaio, la regina e il renccio,
le sterili e la larva.)
Kav, p., 1936, p. 153. (Drought influence,
U.S.)
Reichenbach, H. G. L., 1854, p. 363. (Figures
T. bellicosus and T. flavipes.)
Rein, J. J., 1881. (Japan.)
Reis, G. S., 1934, pp. 24-30. (India.)
Rengger, J. R., 1835, pp. 266-274. (Paraguay,
1818-1826.)
Richard, G., 1949b, pp. 67-73. (Calotermes
fiavicollis, phototropism.)
1951, pp. 485-603. {Calotermes fiavicollis,
phototropism.)
Richards, O. W., 1953, pp. 179-189, 203. (So-
cial life; in African species queen lays
36,000 eggs in 24 hr., or 3 million per
year.)
Ridley, H. N., 1893, p. 270. (Eastern Ma-
laya.)
1910, p. 157. (8 queens in nest Malaya.)
Riley, C, V., 1894, pp. 1-74. (Swarming,
postadult growth, nutrition, polygamy in
true queens, U.S.)
Riley, C. V., and Howard, L. O., 1893, P- 35-
(U.S., swarming in houses.)
RisBEO, J., 1950, pp. 45-47. {Microcerotermes
parvuhis, Senegal and French Sudan.)
Rodon, G. S., 1900, pp. 363-364. (India.)
Romanis, R., 1883, pp. 214-215. (Rangoon.)
RooNWAL, M. L., 1954a, pp. 463-467. (India,
ecological adjustment between Copto-
termes heimi and Odontotermes rede-
manni.)
Roonwal, M. L., and Gupta, S. D., 1952,
pp. 293-294. (India, Odontotermes obesus,
2 kings and queens in royal chamber in
mound.)
Ross, H. H., 1948. (Social life, nests, pp. 207-
211, flgs. 185, 186; habits, pp. 257-260,
figs. 219-221.)
RossuM, A. J. VAN, 1907, pp. 195-197.
RuDow, F., 1897, pp. 715-716. (Life activity.)
Ruiz, C. A., 1943, p. 32. {Calotermes ftavi-
collis and Reticulitermes lucifugus, Spain.)
Sabrosky, C. W., 1952, pp. 1-7. (Numbers
termites in colonies in U.S. and Tropics.)
Safford, W. E., 1919, pp. 377-434- (Florida
Everglades.)
St. Vincent, B. de, 1804, p. 231. (African
sea islands.)
Sanborn, F. G., 1870, pp. 266-268. (Termes
flavipes.)
Sandias, a., 1906, pp. 121-125. (Italy.)
1907, pp. 7-1 r, 101-103, 125-127. (Italy.)
1908, pp. 1-9. (Italy.)
1909, pp. 131-136. (Neoteinic reproductives
in European termites.)
Savage, T. S., 1849, pp. 211-221. (T. bellico-
sus, West Africa.)
1850, p. 92. (T. bellicosus, West Africa.)
Savigny, M. J. C. L. DE, 1809-1813, figures.
(Egypt.)
Schaeffer, C, 1902, p. 251. (Finding true
queen T. flavipes in U.S.)
1912, p. 30. (Queen T. flavipes.)
Schenk, F., 1905, pp. 18-19. iT- flavipes.)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
Schenkling-Prevot, 1898, pp. 87-88, 98-100,
105-106, II0-II2, I16-I18, 123-124, 171-
172, 176-178, 183, 234-235, 241-242, 247.
(General.)
ScHKAFF, B. A., T923. (Castes.)
Schmidt, H., 1950, pp. 1-37. (General.)
ScHREiBER, G., 1930-1931, pp. 757-827. (Ne-
oteny, disequilibrium in development so-
matic and germinal line.)
ScHUBOTZ, H., 19 1 2, pp. 328-334. (Africa.)
ScHUTT, O., 1862, pp. 250-252. (Japan.)
ScHWARZ, E. A., 1896, pp. 38-41. (T. fJavipes,
lucijugHs, tubijomians, Eutermes nigri-
ceps, fumosus, and Calotermcs in SW.
Texas.)
1901, p. 347. (First true queen found in
North America.)
ScuDDER, S. H. (1859), 1861, pp. 287-288.
(r. frontalis Hald., i.e. fiat'ipes.)
1878, p. 275. (Eutermes ripperti.)
Seabra, a. F. de, 1907, pp. 122-123. (Calo-
tcrmes flavicollis and T. htcijiigus, Portu-
Sharp, D., 1894, p. vii-viii. (Neoteinic
queens.)
1895, p. 20. (Living Calotermcs from
Borneo.)
1901, pp. 356-390. (General.)
1902, pp. 253-256. (General.)
Sharpe, C. F., 1894, pp. 228-229. (Deposits
made by white ants, patches of egglike
particles, fungi, Coonoor, Soudi India.)
Shelford, V. E., 1913, pp. 220-252. (Middle
Beach association, Chicago region.)
SiLANTjEv, A. A., 1903, p. 29. (Calotermcs
flaficollis in Caucasus.)
SiLVESTRi, F., 1902, pp. 173-178, 257-260, 289-
293. 326-335- (South America, pp. 257-
260, relative number soldiers to workers
or nymphs: Calotermcs 1:10, Syntcrmes
1:10, Etctermes 1:15, Cornitermcs 1:20,
Armitermes 1:20, Microccrotermes 1:50,
Capritermcs 1:80, Microtermes 1:80.)
1903*, pp. 1-234. (South America.)
1904, pp. 353-378. (South America.)
I93^> PP- 65-72. (Hodotermes, Psammo-
termes, Fezzan, Sahara.)
SjosTEDT, v., 1893, pp. 109-112. (Cameroon.)
1903, pp. 89-101.
Skaife, S. H., 1954b, pp. 41-67. (Africa,
secondary queens Amitermes atlanticus;
han'ester, dry-wood, and fungus-growing
termites, keys to families; mites scaven-
gers in nest.)
Smeathman, H., 1781, pp. 139-192. (Africa.)
Smith, H. H., 1879, p. 139. (Luminous ter-
mite hills, Brazil.)
Smith, J. B., 1910, p. 49. (New Jersey.)
Snodgrass, R. E., 1930, pp. 125-151. (Gen-
eral.)
Snyder, T. E., 1912a, pp. 107-108. (Queen
developed from winged found in U.S.,
T. flavipes.)
19 1 3, pp. 487-488. (Changes during qui-
escent stage soldier flavipes.)
1913a, pp. 162-165. (Changes during qui-
escent stage soldier flavipes, nymphs.)
19155 PP- 13-85- (General, U.S., mostly
Leucotermes.)
1916, pp. 1-32. (General, U.S., mostly
Leucotermes.)
1916a, pp. 1-20. (General, U.S., mostly
Leucotermes.)
1919, pp. 97-104. (U.S., adaptations.)
1920*, in Banks and Snyder, pp. 87-213.
(U.S., general, control, damage, flight,
food, foundation colonies, parasites, post-
adult growth, termitophiles, trophallaxis.)
1920a, pp. 109-150. (U.S., colonizing re-
productive forms, postadult growth, p.
112; intermediates, p. 117; Zorotypus,
p. 127; flight, pp. 129-130; pseudoflight,
pp. 130-134; breeding, pp. 135-145.)
1922a, pp. 60-74. (U.S., living in poles.)
1924c, pp. 1-14. (Adaptations to social life.)
1925c, p. 89. ("Pseudoflight" brachypterous
reproductive forms Reticulitcrmes, U.S.)
I925f, pp. 32-33. {Reticulitcrmes, U.S.)
I925g) PP- 466-477. (Communism among
termites, advantages and disadvantages.)
1926, pp. 23-25. (U.S.)
1926b, pp. 1-6. (Races or subspecies of
Rcticulitermes in U.S. and Europe, nas-
cent species, hybrids, or plastic species
with tendency toward a mean.)
1926c, pp. 1-22. (U.S., last revision 1939.)
i926f, pp. 522-552. (Biology of the castes,
general.)
i926h, p. 254. (U.S., California.)
1927J, pp. 337-342. (General, curious facts.)
1927k, pp. 309-314. (U.S.)
1928, pp. 274-276. (U.S.)
1928a, pp. 135-138. (California, U.S., in
utility poles.)
1928c, p. 381. (Coptotermes dissolves lime
mortar by frontal gland secretion.)
1929a, pp. 40-46. (General, ecology.)
I929d, pp. 143-151. (General, architecture.)
19296, pp. 84-87. (General.)
1929J, pp. 1-15. (Pacific area.)
1929k, pp. 210-230. (U.S.)
1929m, pp. 5-11, 31-42. (California, U.S.)
I929n, pp. 96-108. (U.S., in utility poles.)
1930, pp. 261-269, -90- (General.)
1931*, pp. 531-571. (General.)
1932a, p. 27. (U.S.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
19
1932b, pp. 25, 27, 31, 34. (U.S.)
^933*> PP- 9^-93- (Queens, Indian termites.)
1933a, PP- 397-399- (U.S.)
1933c*, pp. 161-166. (Intermediate soldier-
worker, Nasutitermes myersi, Brazil.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed. {Reticulitermes,
eastern U.S., pp. 192-195; dry-wood ter-
mites, Kalotermitidae, eastern U.S., pp.
269-272.)
1934a, pp. 1-2 1. (Revision of 1926c, chart
biology castes Reticulitermes, U.S.)
1934b, pp. 5-6, 12. (U.S.)
1935a, pp. 70-78. (U.S.)
1935c, pp. 1-6. (Swarming, tropisms, Retic-
ulitermes, U.S.)
1935^^, PP- 5-6, 28-30. (U.S.)
i935e, PP- 5-7, 19, 22-63. (U.S.)
1937, pp. 26-33. (Louisiana.)
1947b, pp. 144-147- (U.S.)
1948, pp. 27-72. (General.)
1949, PP- 432-436- (U.S.)
i949d, in Burton, pp. 264-272. (General;
queens, India.)
1950, pp. 12-14. (U.S.)
1950a, in Craighead, 1950, pp. 85-93. (East-
ern U.S.)
i95od, pp. 1-16. (U.S., dry-wood termites.)
1951a, pp. 237, 250, 261. (U.S.)
1951b, pp. 31-32. (Dominica, British West
Indies, wholesale death soldiers and
workers in building — Nasutitermes cos-
tal is.)
1952, p. 28. (Distinctive frass, detection
by.)
1953, PP- 27-28. (U.S., general.)
1953a, p. 40. (Neoteinic reproductives, in-
hibition theory.)
1953d, pp. 34, 36. (U.S., different types
shelter tubes and their composition.)
I953e, p. 30. (U.S., infestation buildings
without ground contact by Reticuli-
termes.)
1954b, pp. 1-64. (U.S. and Canada.)
i954g, p. 28. (Buffalo, N.Y., flight chim-
neys.)
i954h, in Greathouse, G. A., 1954, pp. 204-
211. (World, damage and control.)
Snyder, T. E., and Popenoe, E. P., 1932, pp.
153-158. (U.S., founding new colonies
Reticuliterm es. )
Snyder, T. E., and Reed, W. D., 1949, pp.
4-1 1. (General.)
Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, J., 1924, pp. 1-26.
(Panama.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 342-346.
(Panama.)
SORENSEN, W,, 1884, pp. 1-25. (South
America.)
Sparrman, a., 1783, p. 381. (Cape of Good
Hope, South Africa, Termes capensis.)
Spencer, H., 1937, pp. 158-160. (Notes on
habits.)
Stebbing, E. p., 1903-1904, pp. 377-382.
(India.)
1906-1907, pp. 6-12. (Coptotermes gestroi,
the rubber termite, India.)
Stephens, J. F., 1836, vol. 6.
Strelnikov, J., 1920, pp. 215-226. (Paraguay,
Brazil, Bolivia.)
Strickland, A. H., 1945, pp. i-ii. (Trinidad,
British West Indies, in specialized soil
habitats in forest reserves and cacao
estates.)
Strickland, E. H., 1911, pp. 256-259. (Quies-
cent stage during molt, Termes flavipes.)
Strickland, M., 1950, pp. 373-385. (U.S.,
Reticulitermes tibialis more resistant to
drying than R. flavipes or R. arenincola,
latter least tolerant.)
Subrahamanian, T. v., 1934, p. 498. (As
food in South India.)
Sulzer, J. H., 1776, pp. 239-240.
Suppan, v., 1878, pp. 155-161, 170-174. Col-
ony life.)
Swain, R. B., 1948, pp. 24-25, fig. 16. (U.S.,
castes including queen in color.)
SwARTZ, O., 1786, pp. 46-47. (Surinam.)
1792, pp. 228-238. {Termes L.)
Sykes, M. L., 1900, pp. 85-91. (West Africa.)
Taschenberg, E. L., 1880, p. 227. (T. flavipes
in Europe.)
Tennant, Sir J. E., 1861, Chap. 11. (Ceylon.)
Thompson, W. L., 1934, pp. 33-39. (Florida,
Neotermes castaneus.)
Thomsen, F., 1909, pp. 512-520. (Transvaal.)
TiLLYARD, R. L., 1926, pp. 100-106. (Aus-
tralia and New Zealand.)
TiMM, R., 1911, pp. 60-68. (Life history.)
ToGwooD, W., 1909, pp. 97-104. (Malaya,
Termes gestroi.)
ToLLiN, C, 1862, pp. 215-220. (Life history.)
Townsend, C. H. T., 1893*, p. 139. (New
Mexico, Termopsis.)
Treherne, H. S., 1878, pp. 74-75. (Manitoba,
Termopsis.)
Tryon, H., 1887, pp. 119-123. (Queensland,
Eutermes jumipennis.)
TsvETKovA, V. P., 1953, pp. 132-141. (Odessa,
R. lucijugus not economically important
in southern Russia; parasitic mite Acotyle-
don jeytaudi in nests.)
Turner, N., and Townsend, }. F., 1936, pp.
209-242. (Connecticut, Reticulitermes fla-
vipes.)
Uichanco, L. B., 1919, pp. 59-65. (Philip-
pines, mound-building termites.)
20
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
Uphof, J. C. T., 1942, pp. 563-598. (Ecologi-
cal relations of plants and termites, ter-
mite fungi, review of literature.)
Van Zwaluwenberc, R. H., 1934, p. S^S-
(Longevity of Coptotermes jormosatms
in Hawaii, colony existed over 3 years.)
Vasiljev, T. v., 1911, pp. 235-245. (Hodo-
termes ahngeriamts and H. tttr1{estanicus
in Transcaspia and Turkestan.)
1912, pp. 241-243. {Hodotermes tur\estani-
cus, neoteinic queen.)
Vereshchagin, B., 1925, pp. 174-175.
1926, pp. 127-218.
Vesev-Fitzgerald, B., 1949, pp. 449-451.
Veth, p. J., 1875, pp. Ixxxviii-lxxxix. {Tenncs
jatalis, T. gilvtis, Indo-Malayan region.)
VisHNoi, H. S., 1954, pp. 28-29. (India, Micro-
cerotermes beesoni, brachypterous neo-
teinic female reproductives.)
Walker, L. W., 1949, pp. 44-47. (Deserts
southwestern U.S. and Mexico, "street
cleaning.")
Warren, E., 1909, pp. 11 3- 128. (Natal.)
1909a, pp. 329-347. (South Africa, based
on Haviland's studies.)
1919, pp. 93-112. (South Africa.)
W.\ssMANN, E., 1910*, pp. 303-310. (Holm-
gren's exudate theory.)
1915a, pp. 1-413. (Association ants and
termites.)
1931, pp. 309-336. (Democracy in the ter-
mite colony.)
1934, pp. xviii+148. (Biology termites, pp.
78-148; termitophiles.)
Webb, J. E., 1952, pp. 771-775. (Biology im-
portant in identification.)
Weesner, F. M., 1953, pp. 251-302. (Tentd-
rostritermes tenuirostris (Desneux) with
emphasis on caste development.)
Wells, H. G., Huxley, ]., and Wells, C. P.,
1931, PP- 707-709- (General.)
Weyer, F., 1930, pp. 364-380. (Substitute
reproductive forms Sunda Island, Micro-
cerotermes amboincnsis from Amboina
(Moluccas), after removal queen or
queens from carton nest in the field
considerable numbers both male and fe-
male substitute sexual forms were pro-
duced in 4 to 6 weeks even though only
females were removed. Large number
of transition forms between sexual and
worker types, derived from various de-
velopment stages of the sexual, wingless
to long wing pads. Same transition forms
in Prorhinotermes rugifer. Eutermes
amboinensis gave negative results.)
1930a, pp. 327-380. (Foundation new colo-
nics by Miciocerotcrmes amboiiiensis, and
Eutermes amboinensis and E. undecimus,
Amboina (Moluccas), in Microccrotermes
and Eutermes several queens in carton
nests, in former out of 25% of the colo-
nies I or more substitute queens, even
in colonies with normal sexual reproduc-
tives. New colonies formed by splitting.
Young colonies in decaying wood, old
in carton nests on coconut palm trees.
Eutermes amboinensis possesses many
branch colonies, winged forms penetrate
a branch colony with no substitute sex-
uals and become adopted. In colony with
old normal sexuals, young males and
females that had recently shed wings
occur. In Microcerotermes inserted "for-
eign" queens were killed.)
Wheeler, W. M., 1920, pp. 113-124. (The
termite society as an example to human
society.)
1923a, pp. 237-283. (Social life.)
1928, pp. 130-160. (Social insects, evolu-
tion.)
1934, pp. 289-301. (Social life.)
White, A., 1.874, P- 25. (New Zealand.)
Wilkinson, H., 1940, pp. 67-72. (East Africa,
grassland termites.)
Williams, F. X., 1928, pp. 53-118. (Philip-
pines, termites in nipa house.)
WoLcoTT, G. N., 1921, pp. 1-14. (Puerto
Rico.)
1927, pp. 94, 153-162. (Haiti.)
1936, pp. 45-50. (Puerto Rico.)
1938, pp. 83-84. (Puerto Rico, Crypto-
tcrmes brevis.)
1940, pp. 375-380. (Puerto Rico, Nasuti-
termes costalis.)
1950a, pp. 62-74. (Puerto Rico.)
WoLcoTT, G. N., and Sein, F., 1924, pp. 138-
149. (Puerto Rico.)
WooDEsoN, A., 1921, p. 55. (General, large
queens lay an average of 34,000 eggs a
day; in Philippines large queens have life
20 years.)
Yano, M., 191 1*, pp. 53-66. (Japan.)
1915, p. 62. (Japan, Glyptotermes satsn-
mensis, Reticulitcrtnes speratus, Copto-
termes formosanus.)
Zaitzev, p., 1912, p. 360. (Abchasie, Calo-
tcrmes flavicoUis.)
Zr.TEK, J., 1921, pp. 237-239, 268-271.
(Panama.)
Zimmerman, E. C., 1948, pp. 159-187.
(Hawaii.)
ZoccHi, R., 1953, pp. 195-202. (Italy, Tuscany,
Provinces of Florence, Lucca, and Leg-
horn, Reticulitermes lucijugus, damage
to books, woodwork.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
21
BUILDING CODES
Anonymous, 1927, p. 285. (Termite-proofing
provisions in Uniform Code, Pacific
Coast Building Officials Conference, U.S.,
not mandatory but merely suggestions,
appendix, sec. 2529, rev. ed., 1932, Los
Angeles, Calif.
1929a. (Ordinance No. 490, sec. 9.705, City
and County Honolulu, termite protec-
tion.)
I937> P- IP- (Los Angeles, Calif., 1936
building code makes chemically treated
lumber in foundations mandatory, creo-
sote and chromated zinc chloride.)
1937b, p. 66. (Kansas City, Mo., ordinance
making treated lumber in buildings man-
datory defeated.)
1937CJ P- 48. ("Jerry-building" leads to
termite damage.)
I937d, p. 21. (Kansas City ordinance re-
quiring treated lumber in buildings de-
feated.)
^929' PP- 133-138- (U.S., master specifica-
tions. Home Owners' Loan Corp.)
1939a, pp. 1-24. (U.S., Federal Housing
Admin., diagrams showing proper con-
struction.)
1939b, pp. 1-14. (Adelaide, South Aus-
tralia, diagrams showing termite-proof
construction for brick buildings.)
1947, pp. 1-49. (Report BMS 107, U.S.
Dept. Commerce building code require-
ments.)
1950, pp. 1-4. (Australia, termite-proofing
buildings.)
19503, pp. 69-74, 96-105. (Durban, South
Africa, termite-proofing provisions in
building code.)
1950k, pp. 1-2. (Termite-proofing specifica-
tions, U.S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. for
buildings; revised 1953.)
195 re. (New York State building code ter-
mite-proofing provisions, sec. 301c.)
I952e, 409A-409F. (Federal Housing Ad-
min., minimum property requirements,
Maryland, Virginia, and District of Co-
lumbia, poured concrete foundations, re-
inforced concrete caps, metal shields,
wood preservatives, shields for piping,
metal flashing.)
i953q» 406-E3, 409-A-F. (Honolulu, Ha-
waii, FHA: Concrete slabs, poured con-
crete foundations, reinforced concrete
caps for masonry foundations, metal
shields, wood preservative treatments.)
I953r, 409-F. (Puerto Rico and Virgin
Islands, FHA: Metal shields, deleted.)
1950, pp. 1-41. (British
termite-proof construc-
Clark, a. F., 1942, pp. 23-32. (New Zealand,
legislation for termite-proofing buildings.)
Davis, J. J., 1947, pp. 90-91. (U.S., insect-
proof construction.)
Fullaway, D. T., 1929a, p. 134. (Honolulu,
Hawaii, termite-proofing provisions for
building code.)
Headlee, T. J., 1937, pp. 337-341. (New
Jersey, proper construction.)
KoFoiD, C. A., et al., 1934, 2d ed., pp. 592-
642. (California, termite-proof construc-
tion buildings.)
MacGregor, W. D.,
Commonwealth,
tion.)
MuTH, F. A., 1926, pp. 153-154, 161-162. (Pro-
tection against termites. New Orleans,
La., building code.)
OsniMA, M., 1919, pp. 341-347. (Proper con-
struction in Formosa.)
Snyder, T. E., 1925a, p. 389. (Specific "in-
sulation," keep untreated woodwork
away from contact with the ground,
modification city building regulation,
U.S.)
[925h, pp. 569, 571. (Termite-proofing
specifications recommended for city build-
ing codes, U.S.)
1926c, p. 15. (Modification of city building
codes, U.S.; revised 1930, 1934, 1939.)
r926d, pp. II, 27, 6y. (Modification of city
building codes, U.S.)
r927b, pp. 316-321. (Modification of city
building codes, U.S.)
r927c, pp. 178-179. (Modification of city
building codes, U.S.)
ig2yd, pp. 706-709. (Modification of city
building codes, U.S.)
r927g, pp. 12-13. (Modification of city
building codes, U.S.)
r927h, pp. 15-17. (Modification of city
building codes, U.S.)
I927i, pp. 531-536. (Modification of city
building codes, U.S.)
1927), p. 342. (Modification of city building
codes, U.S.)
[928, pp. 274-276. (Modification of city
building codes, U.S.)
1929, p. 44 (Hawaii.)
[929b, pp. 23-24. (General.)
929c, pp. 18-38. (U.S.)
929d, pp. 143-151. (U.S.)
929g, pp. 1-19. (U.S.)
929J, pp. 1-15. (General, Pacific area.)
1929k, pp. 210-230. (U.S.)
1929I, pp. 1-5. (U.S.)
r929m, pp. 31-42. (California.)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
19290, pp. 268-277. (General.)
193 1*, pp. 540-544- (China.)
1932b, pp. 25, 27, 31, 34. (U.S.)
1933a PP- 397-399- (U.S.)
1933b, pp. 1-8. (U.S.) (Revised 1936.)
1934b, pp. 5-6, 12. (U.S.)
1935a. PP- 70-78- (U.S.)
1935c, PP- 1-6. (U.S.)
i935d, pp. 5-6, 28-30; 7-8. (U.S.)
I935e, pp. 169-170. (U.S. and Panama.)
1937, pp. 31-32. (Louisiana; Federal speci-
fications for preventing damage, U.S.,
P- 32-)
1938, pp. 6-g. (U.S.)
1939, PP- 7-9- (U.S.)
1948, pp. 160, 178-180, 223-225. (Revision
of 19356.) (U.S. and Panama.)
i949d, in Burton, pp. 264-272. (U.S.,
Panama.)
i952g, pp. 14, 16, 18. (u:s.)
1953b, P- 30. (U.S.)
WooDEsoN, A., 1923, pp. 51-82. (Ceylon.)
CASTE DETERMINATION
Adamson, a. M., 1940, pp. 35-53. (Theories
of caste determination, intercastes, 2 in
Microccrotcrmes arbor ens, 1 in Nasuti-
termes gtiayafiae, Trinidad.)
Bathellier, J., 1924, pp. 483-485. (Develop-
ment of Etitcrmes matangensis.)
1924a, pp. 609-612. (Development of Macro-
termes gihus.)
1925, pp. 54-55. (Caste determination of
Macrotermes gihus.)
1925a, pp. 153-154. (Caste determination
of Eutcrmes matangensis.)
1927, p. 274. {Macrotermes gilvus, p. 293;
Eiitermes matangensis, p. 322. Believes
in genetic theory caste determination, de-
termined in embryo, not modified by
feeding.)
1941, pp. 663-665. (Development of Reticu-
litermes lucijugtis.)
ig42, pp. 181-182. (Substitution neoteinic
reproductive forms in Reticulitermes.)
Becker, G., 1948, pp. 407-444. (New theory
caste formation, intermediate form in
Calotermes jiauicoUis; imagos depend on
appearance and retrograde formation
nymphs, relation to development of neo-
tcinics and dependence of nymphs on
fungus alimentation; alimentary experi-
ments explain origin and properties sub-
stitutes and development, duration of
life and percentage soldiers.)
Bouvier, E. L., 1918, pp. 1-299. (Origin of
castes.)
BucHLi, H. H. R., 1951, pp. 206-208. (Origin
of castes, Reticulitermes of Saintonge, in-
hibition theory.)
1952, in Liischer, 1952b, pp. 293-294. (Inhi-
bition production of neoteinics does not
occur in Reticuliterjnes — as in Kalo-
termes; if primary pair present in young
incipient colonies and not sufficient living
space, either the newly formed neoteinic
or the primary pair of reproductives are
killed; if sufficient space, colony split into
(Differentiation of
(Diilerentiation of
two fractions being only in loose con-
tact, with both kinds of reproductives
tolerated.)
BuGNioN, E., 1912, pp. xli-xliii. (Differentia-
tion of castes, Ceylon.)
1912a, pp. 1091-1094. (Differentiation of
castes, Ceylon.)
1913b, pp. 119-123.
castes, Ceylon.)
1914b, pp. 170-204.
castes, Ceylon.)
Castle, G. B., 1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp.
273-310. (Experimental determination
caste differentiation in Zootcrmopsis an-
gusticollis, California, inhibition theory.)
1934a, p. 314. (Experimental determina-
tion caste differentiation in Zootermopsis
angusticoUis, California.)
Clement, G., 1953, pp. 95-116. {Psammo-
termes, origin of neuters.)
Costa Lima, A. da, 1936, pp. 8-17. (Origin
castes.)
Emerson, A. E., 1926, pp. 69-100. (Develop-
ment soldier Constrictotermes cavijrons.)
Fuller, C, 1920*, pp. 235-295. (Postem-
bryonic development antennae. South
Africa.)
Gay, F. J., 1952, pp. 127-128. (Rare intercaste
(soldier-reproductive) Microcerotermes
scrratus Australia, pigmented eye spots,
wing buds.)
Ghidini, G. M., 1938, pp. 95-109. {Reticuli-
termes lucifugtis, individuals producing
ergatoid queens morphologically variable;
differentiation of these forms due to food,
nymph-soldier intermediate.)
1938a, pp. 25-36. {Reticulitermes hicijugus,
individuals producing ergatoid queens
morphologically variable; differentiation
of these forms due to food.)
GoETSCH, W., 1939, pp. 209-216. (In artificial
colonies of Anoplotermes cingulatus from
Argentina soldier intermediate between
WHOLE VOL,
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
23
nasutus and mandibular type produced
as in Ar7nitermes.)
1941, pp. 1-13. (Colony formation and
caste formation, Kalotennes fiavicoUis.)
1941a, pp. 194-195. (Colony formation and
caste formation, Kalotermes -flavicoUis.)
1946, pp. 49-57. (In body certain insects
(especially termites), also in lower fungi
(Penicilmm, H'ypomyces, Saccharomy-
cetes) substances called "vitamin T com-
plex." Incite vital processes, induce for-
mation of soldiers which have none
naturally and of gigantic or big-headed
forms, stimulate growth.)
1947, pp. 193-274. (In body certain insects
especially termites), also in lower fungi
{Penicilimn, Hypomyces, Saccharomy-
cetes) substances called "vitamin T com-
plex." Incite vital processes, induce for-
mation of soldiers which have none
naturally and of gigantic or big-headed
forms, stimulate growth.)
Grasse, p. p., 1952c, pp. 51-62. (Historical,
different families.)
Grasse, p. p., and Noirot, C, 1946, pp. 869-
871. (Neoteinic reproductive forms (Calo-
termes fiavicoUis, theory caste determina-
tion, germinal and somatic inhibition.)
1946a, pp. 929-931. (Polymorphism, the
production of soldiers, Calotermes fiavi-
coUis.)
ig4y, pp. 219-221. (Polymorphism, pseu-
doergates, Calotermes fiavicoUis.)
Grassi, B., and Sandias, A., 1896, pp. 245-
322, 1-75. (Caste determination, nutri-
tion theory, differential feeding, parasitic
castration.)
Gregg, R. E., 1942, pp. 295-308. (Origin of
castes in ants, genetic theory.)
Hare, L., 1934, pp. 267-293. (Caste deter-
mination and differentiation in Reticuii-
termes, genetic theory not valid, sterile
and reproductive castes not separable
until 3d stadium, both intrinsic and ex-
trinsic factors involved.)
Heath, H., 1927, pp. 387-419. (Caste forma-
tion in Termopsis, genetic theory not
valid, first visible signs differentiation
appear at relatively late stage.)
1928, pp. 324-326. (Fertile soldiers in
Termopsis, California; copulate with nor-
mal substitutes, young normal; stimu-
lated by special diet.)
1931, pp. 431-432. (Experiments in caste
development.)
Heath, H., and Wilbur, B. C, 1927, pp. 145-
154. (Development soldier caste in Ter-
mopsis, young all alike at time hatching.)
Hill, G. F., 1922*, p. 370. (Australia, neo-
teinic forms of Drcpanotermes siivestrii
produce nymphs of winged.)
1932*, pp. 149 and 153. (Australia, inter-
caste soldiers in Eutermes.)
1942*, pp. 1-479. (Australia, neoteinic re-
productive forms developed.)
Hinton, H. E., 1955, pp. 316-326. (Caste de-
termination in bees and termites.)
Holmgren, N., 1909*, pp. 201-203.
1912*, pp. 129-153. (As result of method
of feeding, three potential germ plasms
are released in at least three directions;
there must be a germ plasm correlation
which finds its expression in the caste
correlation, p. 140.)
Hutson, J. C, 1933, pp. D125-129. (Winged
adults reared from neoteinic reproductive
forms, Ceylon.)
Imms, a. D., 1919, pp. 75-180. (India, caste
determination in Archotermopsis, genetic
theory.)
Jepson, F. P., 1936, p. 257. (Winged adults
reared from eggs laid by neoteinic re-
productives Planocryptotermes primus,
Ceylon.)
Jucci, C, 1920, pp. 68-71, 95-98. (Caste dif-
ferentiation, neoteinic reproductives.)
1921, pp. 92-95, 1921a, 213-215. (Metabolism
of true royal pair reproductives.)
1924, pp. 269-500. (Caste differentiation,
neoteinics.)
1925, pp. 98-103. (Problem of the true
royal pair reproductives in Reticuiiterines
lucifugus.)
1926, pp. 404-409. (Problem of the castes,
differentiation through change in nutri-
tion, origin neoteinic forms, development
checked chemo-biologically.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1930, pp. 1-154. ("Con-
stitution of the colony," hypothesis of
caste determination.)
Keene, E. a., and Light, S. F., 1944, pp. 383-
390. (Results of feeding ether extracts
of male supplementary reproductives to
groups of nymphs of Zootcrmopsis ne-
vadensis, California, no evidence of ecto-
hormonal inhibition male reproductivity.)
Light, S. F., 1942-1943, pp. 312-326, 46-63.
(Determination castes, inhibition theory.)
1944a, pp. 413-454. (Ectohormonal control
of development supplementary reproduc-
tives in Zootermopsis.)
Light, S. F., Hartman, O., and Emerson,
A. E., 1937, p. 122. (Efficacy of extracts
from bodies supplementary reproductives
in inhibiting or retarding neoteinic sexual
development in isolated nymphs.)
24
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
Light, S. F., and Illig, P. L., 1945, pp. 1-40.
(Rate and extent of development of neo-
teinic reproductives in groups nymphs
of Zootermopsis; inhibition theory.)
Light, S. F., and Weesner, F. M., 1947a, pp.
ii,i,-id,'y. (Development of castes in higher
termites.)
195 1, pp. 397-414. (Production of supple-
mentary reproductives, Zootermopsis; in-
hibition theory.)
LiJscHER, M., 1951b, pp. 404-408. (Determina-
tion substitute reproductives Calotermcs
fiauicollis.)
1952, pp. 123-141. (Production and elimina-
tion of replacement reproductives by in-
hibition, Kalotermes flavicoUis; when
king and queen removed new supple-
mentary reproductives appear after about
8 days. Inhibitory influence upon asexual
individuals maintained where direct con-
tact with antennae or circulation of air.
Surplus sexual individuals eaten.)
1952a, pp. 529-543. (Individual growth
studies, Kalotermes flavicoUis, regression.)
1952b, pp. 289-294. (Ectohormonal control
caste determination.)
1953, pp. 74-76, 78. (Ectohormonal control
caste determination, inhibition factor;
and promotion factor, for soldiers.)
1953a, pp. 524-528. (Can determination be
released by a monomolecular reaction,
Kalotermes flavicoUis?)
1955, p. 186. (Inhibition material produced
by sexual adults.)
Marcus, H., 1948, pp. 23-27. (Genetic basis
of polymorphism and suppression of sex-
uality. Polymorphy present in common
"Nasutus" sp. even in egg; horn soldiers
visible at very early stages, represents
a mutation. As soldiers sometimes lay
eggs, crossing with normal forms might
give hetcrozygotic spermatozoids. Origin
polymorphy a mating between Terries
and "Nasutus," resulting in a poly-
morphic heterozygotic termite, with re-
cessive horn, from which would result,
in Mendelian proportions, i sexual ter-
mite, 2 workers in which castration had
occurred, and i "Nasutus" soldier in
which castration had occurred.)
19493, pp. 97-101. (Polymorphism of Nasu-
titermes chaquimayensis, Bolivia; classes
of Nasutitcrmes and queen of Rhino-
termes nasutus living in same habitat,
crossing of this female with a hornless
male could produce all existent forms of
polymorphism, according to laws of Men-
del in connection with arbitrary castra-
tion.)
Miller, E. M., 1942, pp. 1-27. (Caste dif-
ferentiation Prorhinotermes simplex, Flor-
ida, extrinsic (inhibition theory), nymphs
may transform to supplementary repro-
ductives or soldiers even after attaining
wing pads. No permanent well-defined
worker caste.)
MoNTALENTi, G., 1927, pp. 529-532. (Italy,
Caloterjnes flavicoUis colonies kept alive
for comparatively long time on diet solu-
ble carbohydrates. After 3 to 4 days
notable diminution in number of Joenie,
Mesojoenie of caecum, after 10 days com-
pletely disappeared; caecum became re-
duced, other flagellates diminished in
numbers. Does not prove that starving
Protozoa without depriving termites of
food is equivalent to nutrition neoteinics
receive in nature.)
1929, pp. 108-128. (Termes htcifugus, Italy,
2 castes recognizable in 3d instar; gonads
neuters develop precociously through ex-
ternal cause.)
NoiROT, C, 1949, pp. 600-602. (Development
of neuters in Amitermitinae and Micro-
cerotermitinae.)
1949a, pp. 2053-2054. (Development of
neuters in Nasutitermitinae.)
1950, pp. 475-477. (Development of neuters
in Macrotermitinae.)
195 1, pp. 447-449. (Development of neuters
in Termitinae.)
^953> PP- 405-414- (Survival depends on
group activities, licking, feeding, molting,
nutrition not responsible for caste de-
termination.)
PicKENs, A. L., 1932, pp. 178-180. (Ecto-
hormonal inhibitions.)
1938, pp. 1-2. (U.S., Reticulitermes, workers
inhibited reproductives, soldiers arise from
eggs laid somewhat late, each caste
blends with others.)
1940, p. I. (Reticulitermes, caste arrange-
ment, 3 intercastes premature or delayed
adulthood gives many subcastes.)
1943, pp. 116-118. (Reticulitermes, caste
arrangement, caste taxonomy, intercastes
transitional forms.)
1946, p. I. (Reticulitermes, caste arrange-
ment, subcastes or hybrids in alates.)
1952, pp. 133-135. (Biochemical control of
caste in an insect community', inhibitory
secretion in termites, 2 sizes may be ex-
pected in the intercastes.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
25
1954, pp. 71-74. (Inhibition theory; in R.
■ftavipes colonies in laboratory after 4
years alates produced from primary pair,
even in 5th year in 2 distinct sizes.)
Pinto, M. P. D., 1941, pp. 73-105. (Ceylonese
Calotermitidae, apterous and brachypter-
ous neoteinics developed from undifferen-
tiated nymphs in absence of functioning
dealated adults in colony, or in groups
of immature forms separated from pa-
rental nest. Under certain conditions
nymph can inhibit development of wing-
pads even after latter have attained con-
siderable size. Breeding experiments have
shown that neoteinics can survive without
assistance of immature forms and that
they do not necessarily breed true.)
Ross, H. H., 1948, pp. 209-211. (Hormones,
inhibition theory.)
SiLVESTRi, F., 1901, pp. 479-484, (Origin of
castes.)
1945, pp. 77-89. (Intercaste of Syntermes
grandis.)
Snyder, T. E., 1913, pp. 487-488. (Differen-
tiation soldier during molt and quiescent
stage from workerlike form.)
1913a, pp. 162-165. (Changes during molt
nymphs first and second forms and
soldier.)
1920*, in Banks and Snyder, p. 112. (Food
not cause caste differentiation, genetic.)
1925b, pp. 57-68. (Origin castes, genetic.)
I926f, pp. 522-552. (Origin castes, genetic;
phylogenetic origin as evidenced by pale-
ontology, taxonomy, and breeding ex-
periments.)
1933c*, pp. 161-166. (Intermediate soldier-
worker in Nasutitermes myersi, Brazil.)
i935e, pp. 3-4. (Theories of origin of castes,
genetic theory favored.)
1948, pp. 4-8. (Theories of origin of castes,
inhibition theory most acceptable.)
Snyder, T. E., and Popenoe, E. P., 1932,
pp. 153-158. (U.S., genetic theory origin
castes.)
Stella, E., and Ghidini, G. M., 1942, pp. 825-
831. (Regression of gonads and evolution
sterile castes Trincrvttermes eldirensts and
Bellicositenn es. )
Thompson, C. B., 1917, pp. 83-136. (U.S.,
Retictditennes, genetic theory origin
castes.)
1919, pp. 379-398. (Development castes in
9 genera, 13 species.)
1922, pp. 495-535. (U.S., origin castes in
Terniopsis.)
Thompson, C. B., and Snyder, T. E., 1919,
pp. 115-132. (Phylogenetic origin castes.)
1920, pp. 591-633. (Wingless type repro-
ductive form in Reticulitenvcs and Pro-
rliinotermes.)
Weesner, F. M., 1953, pp. 289-294. (Arizona,
Tenuirostritcrmes tenuirostris, presence of
alates inhibits the appearance of young
of same line; summary of various dieories
of caste determination, pp. 289-291.)
Weyer, F., 1930b, pp. 177-190. (Germ glands
in workers and soldiers.)
1931, PP- 353-373- ("Blastogene" and
"somatogene" theory of caste differentia-
tion. In Eutermes amboinensis no sug-
gestion of separation into 2 distinct
groups of reproductive and worker-sol-
dier individuals as claimed by Thompson
(1917, 1922). Eggs contain potentialities
for development into specific caste but
extrinsic factors as presence quartz crys-
tals among eggs (possibly causing un-
equal oxygenation?) or differential han-
dling or feeding of young by workers
may modify the direction of develop-
ment.)
1932, pp. 185-186. (Body, not germ, basis;
influence of nutrition; first larval stage
critical period.)
Wheeler, W. M., 1907, pp. 1-93. (Characters
represented in the germ as dynamic po-
tencies, not morphological determinants.)
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SECRETIONS
Andrews, E. A., 1916, pp. 56-60. (India,
analysis of soil of a mound showed in-
creased proportion finer particles than
in surrounding soil; analysis of fungus
comb, organic matter 75.78% silica
19.09%, potash 0.12%, phosphoric acid
0-35%, lime 1.45%, magnesia 0.60%,
nitrogen 1.98%, water 11.9% — all on dry
substance.)
Anonymous, 1938, p. 17. (Lime carbonate
in mounds. East Africa.)
Auffret, C, and Tanguy, F., 1949, pp. iio-
112. (Chemical analysis of termites as
food, living and fried, for certain races
source of protein, fat, and calories.)
Bathellier, J., 1922a pp. 399-403. (Nature
of the glue of Eutermes.)
Baumann, E., 1882, pp. 419-424. (Analysis
of a termite nest from Australia.)
Cohen, W., 1933, pp. 166-169. (Determina-
tion cellulose, lignin, and other woody
constituents mound Eutermes exitiosus.
26
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
ratio of lignin to cellulose indicates cellu-
lose of wood used by termites has been
largely degraded, while lignin remained
largely unchanged.)
Ghidini, G. M., 1938c, pp. 261-267. (Function
of spongy lignin in nests of Metatermi-
tidae.)
Gr.\sse, p. p., and Joly, P., 1941, pp. 57-62.
(Walls mounds Amitermes evuncifer
nearly pure earth, walls larval chambers
45.6% organic matter; walls mounds
Cubitermes sp. and Bellicositermes na-
talensis nearly pure earth.)
Griffith, G., I93<S, pp. 70-71. (Analysis soil
of mounds different parts Uganda, agri-
cultural value.)
HoLDAWAY, F. G., 1933, pp. 160-165. (Com-
position of different regions of mounds
(walls and nursery) Etttermes exitiosus
in 3 different regions Australia, soil anal-
ysis 5 mounds — cellulose, lignin, etc., in-
ner wall chosen for laboratory timber
tests since its variability in organic con-
tent and bulk were more suitable.)
KoFoiD, C. A., and Bowe, E. E., in Kofoid,
1934, 2d cd., pp. 534-539. (Resistant
woods.)
OsHiMA, M., 1919, pp. 3>i-]'ii^, lX]-nA-
(Frontal gland acidulous secretions Cop-
totermes jonnosanus soldier dissolves lime
mortar, pp. 337-338; analysis resistant
woods of Formosa — sesquiterpene alcohol
and tectoquinone, pp. 341, 347-374.)
ScHiFF, H., 1858, pp. 109-110. (Nests, Java.)
ScHUBEL, K., 1912, pp. 303-310. (Earthen
tubes of Eutermes nwnoccros.)
Sherrard, E. C., and Kurth, E. F., in Kofoid,
1934, 2d ed., pp. 554-563. (Resistant
woods.)
Shrikhande, J. G., and Pathak, A. N., 1948,
pp. 327-328. (Termite galleries.)
Snyder, T. E., 19350, p. 56. (Analysis pellets
Cryptotermes brevis, mostly lignin, cellu-
lose digested.)
1948, pp. 63-64, 153. (Analysis pellets
Cryptotermes brevis, mostly lignin, cellu-
lose digested, pp. 63-64; chemical ex-
tractives in wood, p. 153.)
Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, J., 1924. (Shelter
tubes, Coptotermes niger — siliceous ma-
terial, lignin, p. 16; Nasutitermes ephratae
shelter tube mostly lignin, siliceous ma-
terial practically absent, p. 20; shelter
tube Microcerotermes arboreus siliceous
material, lignin with no evidence of
cellular structure present as was present
in lignin in Coptotermes tube, p. 21; all
tubes from Panama.)
Stumper, R., 1923, pp. 409-411. (Chemical
composition nests of Apicotermes occultus,
Africa.)
TiHON, L., 1946, pp. 865-868. (Chemical
analysis termites as food, rich source pro-
tein, value of 100 grams being 560.52
calories, high potassium and phosphoric
acid, low in sulfates, oil high acidity.)
CHEMICAL WARFARE
Anonymous, 1933, pp. 8-9. (Termite secre-
tions used in warfare by insects.)
Emerson, A. E., in Allee et al., 1949, pp. 425-
426. (Secretions by Rhinotermcs and
Nasutitermes.)
Hingston, R. W. G., 1928, pp. 717-725.
(India, Eutermes bijormis, sticky clear
fluid from beak of soldier for defense.)
McLachlan, R., 1878, p. xii. (Termcs tri-
ncrvius and ripperti head secretions.)
Snyder, T. E., I926f, pp. 533-534. (Evolution
of frontal gland, from primitive to spe-
cialized termites, as an organ of defense —
a sticky white secretion exudes from the
tube, very effective against insect ene-
mies.)
I935e> PP- 29-31. (Evolution of frontal
gland, from primitive to specialized ter-
mites, as an organ of defense — a sticky
white secretion exudes from the tube,
very effective against insect enemies.)
1948, pp. 34-36. (Protective secretions from
frontal gland.)
COLD, See TEMPERATURE
COMMUNICATION
Emerson, A. E., 1929a, pp. 722-727. (Dis-
cussion by Kemner, disagrees with Emer-
son on communication by vibration
strata.)
Fuller, C, 1915a, pp. 329-504. (South Africa,
calling attitude of females Termes na-
titlensis, latericius, and vulgaris on grass
stems by violently agitating their wings.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
27
Hunt, E. H., 1910, pp. 196-197, 268-269.
(Kuala Lumpur, Termes carbonarius
hammer heads against nest, produce
cHcking sound.)
KoFoiD, C. A., 1934, 2d ed., p. 11. (By sound
vibration.)
MicHENER, C. D., 1953, pp. 1-15. (Females
turn up tip abdomens after flight, odor.)
Snyder, T. E., 1915, p. 32. (Convulsive move-
ments; odor.)
i926f, pp. 540-541. (Sensitive to vibration;
odor.)
19356, pp. 28, 32, 51. (Sensitive to vibra-
tion; odor.)
1948, pp. 57-58. (Chordotonal organs, per-
ceive sound or vibrations; odor.)
CONTROL
Adamson, a. M., 1937, pp. 141-149. (Trini-
dad, general, resistant woods.)
Agarwala, S. B. D., Jha, M. P., and Singh,
R. P., 1954, pp. 231-232. (India, sugar-
cane.)
Alliott, H., 1947, pp. 1-3. (Wood preserva-
tion.)
Andrews, E. A., 1916, pp. 54-72. (Luskerpore
Valley, India, tea bushes, prune, good
cultivation, mound-building, subterranean
termites.)
1924, pp. II 8-125. (Ceylon, tea bushes,
Calotennes, burn badly damaged; clean
out cavity, paint with creosote, fill with
cement.)
Anonymous, 1892, p. 201. (Remedies, fruit
trees.)
1909, pp. 1-3. (South Africa, fumigation,
"Universal Ant Exterminator.")
1916, p. 59. (Use ammonia fumes, books,
U.S.)
1917. PP- 477-479- (Brazil, destruction
mounds by hollowing out chamber in
one side at base in which straw or other
material is placed and lit — a draught
being ensured by a hole driven obliquely
through the mound, leading from the
top of the combustion chamber to a
point high up on the opposite side. Ett-
termes rippertii, Termes tenuis, strunJ^i,
and spinosus.)
iCj2i, pp. 290-295. (Australia, chemical
treatments, soil poisons.)
19-35 PP- 50-55. (Protection airplanes.
Eastern tropical Africa, keep off ground,
sprinkle naphthalene on ground, shields,
wood preservatives.)
1926, p. 22. (Protection buildings, U.S.)
1928, p. 80. (Wood preservation, U.S.)
^93'^y PP- 45-48) 59. (Panama, test buildings
constructed of chemically impregnated
timber.)
1934a, pp. 1-4. (Subterranean termites,
buildings, Alabama.)
i^935'ij PP- 7-23- (Kaduna, Nigeria.)
1936, p. 434. (Protection buildings, U.S.)
1936a, pp. 6-7. (California, legislation.)
1936b, pp. 43-44. (Southern U.S., termite-
proofing buildings.)
1936c, p. 10. (California, minimum stand-
ards repair and treating.)
I936d, pp. 12-13. (Australia.)
I936e, pp. 1-7. (U.S., fire hazard.)
19360, pp. 8-14. (U.S., questions answered
by T. E. Snyder.)
1937, p. 19. (U.S., protection buildings,
chemically treated timber.)
1^9373, p- 2. (U.S., protection buildings
chemically treated timber.)
1937b, p. 66. (U.S., legislation, wood preser-
vation.)
1937c, P- 48- (U.S., "jerry-building"
hazard.)
I937e, PP- i-ii- (U.S., general.)
1938a, pp. 1-4. (U.S., Better Business Bu-
reau's recommendations.)
1938b, pp. loi-iio. (Philippines.)
1938c, p. 19. ("Virus" used to control ter-
mites, Australia, proved to be arsenicals.)
1940, p. 6. (Control subterranean type in
buildings in U.S., by structural and
chemical barriers, standards for pest con-
trol operators.)
1940a, pp. 7-9, 15. (Remedial measures in
buildings, U.S. Agric. Adjustment Ad-
min.)
1941, p. 139. (Trichinoply, South India.)
1941a, pp. 339-342. (Use of pump to blow
hot arsenic and sulfur fumes into nests.
South Africa.)
1942, pp. 1-37. (U.S. Dept. Agriculture's
recommendations, structural and chemi-
cal methods to control subterranean ter-
mites attacking buildings; revision 1949,
pp. 1-38, soil poison dosages increased.)
1944, pp. 1-4. (Revision of 1938, 3d ed.,
Better Business Bureau recommendations,
subterranean termites, buildings, U.S.)
1945, pp. 1-14. (Cawnpore, India, Ord-
nance Laboratories methods.)
1946, pp. 8-1 1. (U.S.)
1947a, pp. 1-7. (Low-cost housing, Louisi-
ana.)
1947b, pp. 1-4. (N.S. Wales, Australia.)
28
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1947c, pp. 14, 16. (Standard termite clause
in connection with sale of properties,
U.S.)
I947d, p. 18. (Northern California PCO's
greet Dr. Thomas E. Snyder and W. O.
Buettner August 4-5, 1947, experimental
fumigation control dry-wood termite.)
19471, pp. I, 58-67. (U.S. Army's recom-
mendations for control termites, struc-
tural and chemical.)
1948, pp. 1-20. (U.S. Dept. Agriculture's
recommendations for structural and
chemical control, prevention, new build-
"igs.) 1951 revision, pp. 1-26. (Soil
poison dosages increased.)
1949, pp. 19-21. (Consumers Research
Bulletin, control methods, U.S.)
1949m, pp. i-ii. (Protection buildings.
Tropics.)
1950, pp. 1-4. (Australia, general.)
1950a, pp. 75-105. (South Africa, general.)
1950b, p. II. (What a termite inspection
report (U.S.) should include.)
1951, pp. 1-250. (Approved references pro-
cedures, National Pest Control Assoc,
U.S.)
1952, pp. 37-38. (Real estate "clearances"
or inspection reports on presence or ab-
sence termites, California, Nebraska, Ten-
nessee, U.S.)
1953a, pp. 27, 30. (Kansas, U.S.)
1953a', pp. 9-11, 36, 48. (U.S., poison soil
before slab laid, install Hill-Smith "termi-
pipe" system; pentachlorophenol sprays
for foundation timbers.)
1953b, p. 12. (U.S., Schramm air com-
pressors and air hammers, penetrate
concrete.)
1953d, pp. 29, 34. (Warning by Adanta,
Ga., officials against poor termite control.)
^953g» P- 42. (U.S., slab drilling not ef-
fective, space left not filled by chemical.)
1953I, p. 29. (Florida, inspection form for
report on termite infestation or not —
cost $10.00.)
1953m, pp. 20, 22. (U.S., slabs (scalers for
expansion joints best where rubber base),
clearances for real estate, inspection re-
ports, soil fumigants.)
19530, pp. 37-52. (U.S. Navy's recommen-
dations control subterranean and dry-
wood termites, structural and chemical.)
1954a, pp. 43-44, 46. (U.S., "Do it yourself"
quotes Dr. T. E. Snyder — employ an
expert.)
AuDANT, A., 1946, pp. 192-196. (Haiti.)
Avars, J. S., 1948, pp. 86-90. (Subterranean
type. U.S.)
1949, pp. 90, 92. (Subterranean type, U.S.)
AzEVEDo, L. A. Marque de, 1925, pp. 392-394.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)
Bach, M., i860, pp. 406-415, 444-460.
Back, E. A., 1940, pp. 365-374. (Fumigation
books infested with dry-wood termites
in vacuum cylinders.)
Baerg, W. J., 1940, pp. 1-27. (Preventing and
remedying damage Arkansas, U.S. — U.S.
Dept. Agriculture's methods.)
Baerg, W. }., and Lincoln, C, 1947, pp. i-io.
(Preventing and remedying damage Ar-
kansas, U.S. — U.S. Dept. Agriculture's
methods.)
Bartlett, K. a., and Plank, H. K., 1942,
pp. 19-23. (Puerto Rico, Cryptotermes
brevis.)
Basu, M., 1942, p. 617. (India, books fumi-
gated in chamber with 40% formalde-
hyde solution for 5 min., then placed
on shelves on which were small bags
containing a powder equal parts orris
root (bach), cloves (labanga), black pep-
per (golmorich) and cinnamon (dar-
chini). No further attack by termites
from May 1940 to May 1942.)
Bates, G., 1926, pp. 4-5. (Australia, Masto-
tertnes, clear timber near fields cane, bait
mixture 4 parts arsenic by weight, caustic
soda I part mixed dry, add water until
dissolved, for every pound arsenic add
2 gal. molasses.)
Bates, H. W., 1864, p. 185. (Protection
timber.)
Beatty, J., 1953, pp. 20-22. (Kansas City
flood 1951 submerged termites 7 days but
did not kill them; standard methods con-
trol, U.S.)
Beeson, C. F. C, 1934, pp. 64-78. (India.)
1934a, pp. 19-25. (India.)
1941, pp. 44-90. (India, termite-proofing
buildings, resistant woods, use of ants in
nurseries.)
1941a, pp. 524-553. (India, termite-proofing
buildings, resistant woods, use of ants
in nurseries.)
Bentley, G. M., and Rogers, J. L., 1931,
pp. 1-22. (Tennessee.)
Berger, B. G., 1947, pp. 1-44. (Illinois; 2d
ed., 1953, Illinois, structural, chemical.)
Berkeley, M. J., 1S65, p. 453. (St. Helena.)
Bern.vrd, C. (1919) 1920, pp. 28-30. (Java.)
Bonaventura, G., 1953, pp. 1-12. (Italy.)
Bon-ivl-k, E., 1865, p. 237. (Admixture pulp
American aloe with a plaster of clay and
cow dung, preventive, gaol, Lucknow,
India.)
BoRROR, D. J., and DeLong, D. M., 1954,
p. 149. (General.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
29
Brandao, Filho J. S., 1943, pp. 1-3. (Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil.)
1949, pp. 6, 32. (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)
Breck, p. a., 1953, p. 32. (Locate slab heat
pipes with isotopes.)
Brook, A. A., 1930, pp. 71-73. (California,
certified control.)
Brown, A. A., 1936, pp. 1-46. (California,
Structural and chemical, Public Works
project.)
Bruce, C. A., 1938, p. i. (Advice to lumber
dealers, U.S.)
Bruce, E. L., 1931, pp. 7-9. (U.S., protection
forest products.)
Burns, A. N., 1926, p. 739. (Australia, sugar-
cane, remove timber and burn adjacent
to fields, clean strip land i to 2 chains
wide outside infested fields; treat infested
fence posts with mixture arsenic, caustic
soda, and molasses.)
Burns, A. W., and Mungomery, R. W., 1926,
pp. 628-630. (Australia, giant white ant,
sugarcane, mixture arsenic and molasses
bait, tar treatment interferes with germi-
nation, inject !4 oz. paradichlorobenzene
on both sides sets, 12 in. apart, 4/2 in.
deep, and 5 in. on each side. Clearing
timber near cane fields and poison baits
reduce damage to negligible.)
Butler, J. E., 1948, p. 11. (Alabama.)
Cachan, p., 1950, pp. 1-29. (Madagascar,
mechanical, chemical.)
Chaine, J., 1913, pp. 401-403. (Danger in
transport in wood and furniture, France.)
Chamberlain, W. P., and Hoskins, W. M.,
1949, pp. 285-307. (Chemical protection
food packages against Zootertnopsis; 5%
DDT in hot wax practicable.)
Chamberlin, W. J., 1949, pp. 11-27. (U.S.,
general.)
Chatterjee, N. C, Bhatia, B. M., and Chat-
terjee, p. N., 1950, pp. 263-266. (Anti-
termite characteristics of certain chemi-
cals, India.)
Clapp, W. F., 1937, pp. 12-14. (Massachu-
setts, termite pit controlled experiments,
Reticulitermes.)
Clark, A. F., 1949, pp. 392-393- (Buildings,
New Zealand.)
Coaton, W. G. H., 1941, pp. 1-4. (South Af-
rica, protection buildings against Macro-
termes, Odontotermes, and Hodotermes.)
1943, pp. 1-5. (South Africa, sodium ar-
senite bait, Hodotermes.)
1947a, pp. 713-727. (South Africa, use of
toxic smoke generators.)
1948, pp. 1-19. (South Africa, Trinervi-
termes, mechanical, chemical.)
1948a, pp. 97-108. (South Africa, Trinervi-
termes, mechanical, chemical.)
1948b, pp. 1-18. (Durban and Port Eliza-
beth, South Africa, Cryptotermes brevis.)
I948d, pp. 1-38. (South Africa, Hodotermes
and Microhodotermes, grazing land,
crops, buildings, arsenical baits.)
1949, pp. 335-338. (South Africa, queen
removal ineffective.)
1949a, pp. 1-89. (South Africa, queen re-
moval ineffective, subterranean termites,
buildings, mechanical, chemical.)
1950, pp. 1-28. (South Africa, queen re-
moval ineffective, subterranean termites,
buildings, mechanical, chemical, culti-
vated areas, harvester, mound fungus
growers, carton nesting termites; baits,
fumigation, cultural methods, soil poi-
sons.)
1951, pp. 263-267, 277. (South Africa, Tri-
nervitermes, natural mortality an aid to
control, drought main factor in mortality,
when occurring in successive years. Dur-
ing population peak (70 colonies per
morgen) can remove 100% of grass cover
of veldt in 2 successive drought years.
Control should be undertaken when na-
ture has reduced population level to
lowest ebb, fumigate nests. If mounds
not inhabited, mound fragmentation rec-
ommended.)
Cockerham, K. L. and Smith, C. E., 1954,
pp. 1-12. (Louisiana.)
Cosar, H. G., 1934, pp. 67-73. (Africa, wood
preservation, killing queen, destruction
mounds, etc.)
Cox, C. L., 1935, pp. 1-23. (Kaduna, Nigeria
anti-termite work, resistant woods, wood
preservation.)
Craighead, F. C, 1950, pp. 30-31, 43-47.
(Nursery stock, timber, U.S.)
Cross, J. C, 1942, p. 433. (Crankcase oil as
soil poison, U.S.)
Cunha, O. R., 1935-1936, PP- 46-48; 30-32;
46-49; 67-69; 63-64; 1936, 56-57; 26-28.
(Rio de Janeiro.)
Davis, J. J., 1937, pp. X:i2. (Illinois, struc-
tural, chemical.)
1946, pp. 1-12. (Revision of 1937.)
1949, pp. 28, 32. (Responsibility of the
pest control operator.)
1950, pp. 1-16. (4th revision of 1937.)
Dawson, T. R., and Doyle, L. A., 1950, pp.
101-105. (Protection vulcanized rubber
with poisonous outer coats, repellents.)
Decamps, M., 1936. (St. Helena, chemical.)
1937, pp. 1-87. (St. Helena, chemical.)
30
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
Delaplane, W. K., 1953, pp. 39-40. (U.S.,
subterranean termites infesting building
without soil contact, water leak, soil
poisons ineffective.)
Dellasus, M., Lepigre, A., and Pasquier, R.,
1933, pp. 28-33. (Algeria, vineyards.)
De Long, D. M., 1931, pp. 177-180. (Ohio,
buildings.)
Denny, C, 1953, pp. 14, 16, 18, 20. (U.S.,
inspection slab-type homes.)
I954i PP- 33-34? 40-42. (Precautions in treat-
ing slab-houses.)
Deoras, p. J., 1949, pp. 445-446. (Mound-
forming termites.)
DiETZ, H. F., 1921, pp. 87-96. (Indiana, struc-
tural.)
1924, pp. 299-301. (Indiana, structural.)
DiETZ, H. F., and Snyder, T. E., 1924, pp.
279-302. (Canal Zone and Republic
Panama.)
Diller, J. D., 1953, pp. 1-8. (Roll roofing as
a soil cover reduces moisture vapor under
buildings, prevents condensation and
decay.)
Dixon, W. A., 1910, p. 271. (Protection.)
DucAs, D., 1949, pp. 87, 136-139. (U.S., avoid
pest exterminators' racket.)
DuGAST, R., 1947, pp. 192-194. (France,
DDT.)
Du Plessis, C, 1935, pp. 423-425. (South
Africa, structural, gas, poison baits.)
D'Utra, G. R. p., 1905, pp. i-io. (Sao Paulo,
Brazil.)
Easter, S. S., 1946, 2 pp. (Army posts, struc-
tural, chemical.)
Ebeling, W., 1950, pp. 1-747. (U.S., trees.)
Edwards, W. H., 1939, pp. 1-32. (Jamaica,
prevention.)
Ehrhorn, E. M., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed.,
pp. 330-333. (Poison dusts, fumigation
with carbon disulfide, Hawaii.)
Engberg, A. G., 1952, pp. 23-24. (Urgent
need for building standards, U.S.)
Felt, E. P., 1910, p. 34. (New York, U.S.)
Fennah, R. G., 1951, pp. 97-113. (Trinidad
and Tobago.)
Fernai.d, R. T., and Shepard, Harold H.,
I955> P- 96. (General.)
Feytaud, J., 1920b, pp. 440-442. {Retictdi-
termes hicifugus, France, chloropicrin
fumigation.)
1921, pp. 1-135. {R. htcijugus, France.)
1921a, pp. 17-23. {R. lucifugus, France,
prevention: careful selection building ma-
terial; remedy: fumigation, chloropicrin.)
1924, pp. 241-244. {ReticuUtcrmes fiavipcs
introduced from America to France.)
1924b, pp. 69-73. {Rcticiditermes flavipes
introduced from America to France.)
r925a, pp. 47-50. (Termites in wall killed
by chloropicrin.)
i937j PP- 1 13-126, 145-154. (Protection
buildings, France.)
1946, pp. 1-128. (General.)
1949, chap. 10. (Buildings, general.)
1949a, pp. 551-553. (Relative effect of
hexachlorocyclohexane and DDT on Re-
tictditermes, France.)
1951, pp. 223-225. (Chemical mixtures in
walls, soil poisons, France.)
1952. (Medicine of buildings, termitose.)
i953> PP- 1-158- (Malady of buildings,
termitose, general, France.)
Fletcher, T. B., 1912, pp. 219-239. (India.)
FoNSECA, J. P. DA, 1950, pp. 57-84. (Brazil,
plantations Eucalyptus poor soil, Sao
Paulo, Syntcrmes, plants 8 to 10 months-
old killed, older survive, 70% of 2 million
seedlings destroyed. 3% arsenic trioxide
in holes — i lb. per plant most effective.)
Forbes, H. O., 1885, pp. 1-536. (Eastern
Archipelago.)
Forbes, S. A., 1895, pp. 198-199. (Illinois,
structural, chemical.)
Froggatt, W. W., 1905, pp. 632-656, 753-774.
(Australia, houses and orchards.)
1905a, pp. 1-47. (Australia, fruit trees.)
Frutos, N., 1943, pp. 17-18. (Paraguay.)
FuLLAWAY, D. T., 1920, pp. 294-301. (Ha-
waii.)
1926, pp. 68-88. (Hawaii, structural, and
chemical, buildings.)
1927a, pp. 117, 123-126. (Hawaii, Snyder's
recommendations for termite-proofing
buildings.)
1929a, p. 134. (Hawaii, Snyder's recom-
mendations for termite-proofing build-
ings.)
Fuller, C, 1901, pp. 84-86. (Natal, South
Africa, shields.)
1912, pp. 814-823. (Natal, South Africa,
shields, buildings, structural, chemical;
soil poisons, fumigation, "Universal Ant
Destroyer," orchards, plantations.)
1912a, pp. 345-369.. 543-571- (Natal, South
Africa, poison baits, soil poisons (solution
arsenic), wood preservatives, fumigation
(carbon bisulphide), "Universal Ant De-
stroyer," removal queen ineffective.)
i9T9a, pp. 301-305. (South Africa, Hodo-
termes, poison baits, fumigation.)
FuRNiss, R. L., 1953, p. 20. (U.S., control
damp-wood termites, repeated treatments
as for carpenter ants, structural modi-
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
31
fications to eliminate moisture, % oi i%
chlordane solution or pentachlorophenol.)
Gaztambide, J. B., 1947, p. 181. (Puerto Rico,
Cryptotermes brevis.)
GosswALD, K., 1942, pp. 37-39, 47-50. (Ter-
mite-proofing material.)
1943a, pp. 13-21, 30-34. (Termite-proofing
material.)
1949, pp. 99-134. (Termite-proofing tex-
tiles.)
Graham, S. A., 1929, pp. 8, 9, 25, 53, 65, loi,
215, 224, 235-240. (U.S., general.)
1952 (revision of 1929), pp. 88, 296-300,
304-305. 321, 334- (U.S., general.)
Grasse, p. p., 1936, pp. 265-306. (General.)
Gravely, F. H., 1945, pp. 439-440. (India,
paraffin wax as protection ground sheets,
books against termites.)
GuLVADi, S. v., 1947, pp. 353-354. (Benzene
hexachloride, India.)
GuNN, J. W., 1952, pp. 14, 16, 18, (Fulfilling
government (Navy) bid.)
1953, p. 20. (California, under slabs 3 lbs.
ethylene dibromide per 100 sq. ft., 10%
solution sodium arsenite.)
Hackley, R. E., 1946, pp. 16, 18. (Inspections
buildings for control, U.S.)
Hamilton, M. J., i933-i934> PP- 337-344» 25-
30. (Buildings, U.S.)
Harris, W. V., 1943, pp. 146-152. (Buildings,
East Africa.)
I954d, pp. 455-459. (British Common-
wealth.)
19546, pp. 126-132. (British Cominon-
wealth.)
Harrison, C. J., 1946, pp. 1-18. (India, tea
bushes, injections on 3 successive days
with iVi oz. of 1.5% gammexane com-
pletely destroyed white ants in nests 2 ft.
in diameter and i ft. deep.)
Harrow, K. M., 1942, pp. 47B-52B. (New
Zealand, mandatory inspection buildings,
control by poison dust.)
Hartnack, H., 1939, pp. 87-111. (Methods
U.S. Dept. Agriculture.)
1943, pp. 1-542. (Methods U.S. Dept. Agri-
culture.)
Harvey, P. A., 1939, pp. 1-4 1. {Kalotermes
minor, California.)
Hash, A., 1942, pp. 35-36. (Termite-proofing
textiles.)
Haseman, L., 1944, pp. 1-15. (Missouri,
buildings.)
Hassler, K., and Mesecher, R., 1949, pp.
16, 18. (Minimum standards, buildings,
California.)
Headlee, T. J., 1936. (Buildings, New
Jersey.)
i937» PP- 337-341- (Buildings, New Jersey
structural.)
Hearsey, J., Robinson, E. W., and Bates,
H. W., 1863, pp. 185-186. (St. Helena,
India, and Amazon, resistant wood
(Acapu-Amazon), wood preservation.)
Hegh, E., 1922, pp. 14-17. (General.)
Herms, W. B., 1934, pp. r-4. {Reticulitermes
hesperns, California.)
1946, p. 19. (Reticulitermes hesperus, Cali-
fornia.)
Herrick, G. W., 1914, pp. 1-470, (U.S.,
buildings.)
Hespeler, O., 1952, pp. 999-1004. (Preven-
tion, soil poisons, wood preservatives.)
Hetrick, L. a., 1954, pp. 1-22. (Florida,
structural, chemical.)
HicKiN, N. E., 1955, p. 19. (Africa, preserv-
ing woodwork.)
Hill, G. F., 1930a, pp. 220-224. (Federal
Capital Terr., Australia.)
Hill, W. B., 1953, pp. 9-1 1, 36, 48. (U.S.,
basementless housing.)
19533, p. 37. (Bonds do not guarantee
replacements.)
HocKENYos, G. L., 1948, p. 34. (New basis,
U.S.)
1949, pp. 9-13, 38. (Wall void treatment,
U.S.)
1949a, pp. 28-31, 34. (Accepted reference
procedures, subterranean termites, U.S.)
Hocking, B., 1943, pp. 1-6. (How, when,
and where to control, India.)
HoDEL, C. G., 1947, pp. 12-14. (Importance
inspection reports, U.S.)
1949, pp. 30, 32. (Fumigation, Kalotermes
minor, California.)
HoDGKiss, H. E., 1937, pp. 1-14. (Pennsyl-
vania.)
HoLDAWAY, F. G., and Hill, G. F., 1936,
pp. 135-136. (Poison dusts, white arsenic,
Eutermes exitiosus, Australia.)
Hopkins, A. D., 1909, p. 84. (Use sound,
dry timber, wood preservatives, drench
with kerosene, fumigate, carbon bisulfide,
U.S.)
Howell, J. L., 1952, p. 27. (Safety measures,
U.S.)
Hunt, E. H., 1910, pp. 196-197, 268-269.
(Kuala Lumpur, Termes carbonarius,
"Universal White Ant Exterminator.")
Hunt, G. M., and Snyder, T. E., 1930-1950,
1952. (International termite exposure
tests, wood preservatives.)
Hunt, R. W., 1949, pp. 959-962. (Poison
dusts, fumigation, Kalotermes minor,
California.)
32
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
HuTSON, J. C, 1923, pp. 83-87, 291-298. {Calo-
termes, tea bushes, paint cavity with creo-
sote, fill with cement, Ceylon.)
Isaac, P. V., 1946, pp. 75-76. {Microcero-
termcs hetmi, India.)
IsHERWooD, H. R., 1950, pp. 18-19, 50. (Build-
ing terms defined, U.S.)
1951, pp. 22-23. (Vulnerable portions build-
ings, U.S.)
James, H. C, 1932, pp. 1-6. (Kenya, pump
fumes arsenic and sulfur into nests.)
Jannone, G., 1954, pp. 117-118. (Genoa,
Italy.)
Jarvis, E., 1926, pp. 47-50. (Cane pests, Bris-
bane, Queensland.)
1926c, pp. 103-105. (Australia, Meringa,
giant cane termite, applying poison baits
to infested stumps, roots, and posts, dig-
ging out and killing queen, burning old
logs and trees on headlands, dipping ends
of sets in hydrated tar before planting.)
1927, pp. 85-88. (Cane pests, Brisbane,
Queensland.)
Jenkins, C. F. H., 1941, pp. 22-26. (Earth-
dwelling termites, Perth, Australia.)
Jepson, F. p., 1924, pp. 7-10. (Tea bushes,
Ceylon.)
1928, pp. 869-870. (Tea bushes, Ceylon,
carbon bisulfide or paradichlorobenzene.)
1929, pp. iv + 36. (Termite-proof construc-
tion buildings, Ceylon.)
1929a, pp. 307-311. (Tea bushes, Calo-
termcs, Ceylon.)
1929b, pp. i-ii. (Living plants, Calotermes,
Ceylon, paris green 3 to 4 months to
kill colony, 3,000 bushes, 2'/2 cents per
bush.)
1930a, pp. 191-195. (Tea bushes, Ceylon.)
1931a, pp. 67-69. (Mound-building termites,
Ceylon.)
Jepson, W. F., 1939, pp. 40-51. (Crypto-
termcs, Heterotenncs, Nasutitcrmcs, Mau-
ritius.)
Jones, N. L., 1929, pp. 810-812. (Buildings,
N.S. Wales, creosote oil.)
JoRGENsoN, M. G., 1945, pp. 1-92. (Buildings,
California.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1952, pp. 1-7. (Java,
Neotertnes tcctonac, teak trees, when
girdled during thinning, infested trees if
felled within 8 months, which period
may include one dry season, not source
infestation surrounding forest; infested
trees should be felled well before end
second dry season, to protect ungirdled
green trees from swarming adults.)
Kamesan, S., 1936, pp. 93-113. (India, pro-
tection timber, resistant woods, wood
preservatives.)
Keck, C. B., 1953, pp. 187-194. (Hawaii,
buildings, structural.)
Kelsey, J. M., 1946b, pp. 65-100. (New
Zealand, poison dusts, wood preserva-
tives.)
1953, pp. 3-7. (Supplementary termites and
control.)
King, C. B. R., 1938, pp. 195-205. (Ceylon,
tea bushes, destroy infested roots, inject
paris green.)
Knowlton, G. F., and Coulam, J., 1951, pp.
1-2. (Utah, U.S.)
Kofoid, C. a. (Ed.), 1934, 2d ed., pp. 579-
765.
Kofoid, C. A., 1935, pp. 275-278. (California,
U.S.)
KowAL, R. J., 1949, p. 34. (U.S.)
Kuitert, L. C, 1951, pp. 16, 40. (Prevention,
Florida, U.S.)
Lagaude, H., Torrion, L., 1950, pp. 17-20.
Langford, G. S., 1953, pp. 36-37. (Southern
U.S. buildings, chlordane, soil poison.)
Legrand, Ed., 1855, pp. 354-356. (France.)
Lewis, B., and Snyder, T. E., 1944, pp. 16-20.
(i, 2, 3, 3'/2 principles (mechanical and
chemical) control subterranean termites,
U.S.)
Lhoste, J., 1950, pp. 71-72. (Chlordane.)
Light, S. F., 1925, p. 287. (Shielding.)
1925a, p. xiv. (Shielding.)
1929, pp. 1-28. (California.)
Light, S. F., Randall, M., and White, F. G.,
1930, pp. 1-64. (California, damp-, dry-
wood, and subterranean termites, chemi-
cal and structural control.)
Lind, S. L., 1950, pp. 9-1 r. (Termite agree-
ment as a sales builder.)
1952, p. 35. (Legal liability on seller who
attempts fraudulent concealment of build-
ing infestation.)
LiNSLEY, E. G., 1948, pp. 8-9, II. {Retictdi-
termes hesperus, California.)
LocKETT, H. W., 1935-1936, pp. 3-4. (Fire
hazard.)
Loir, D'A., 1903, pp. 19-31. (Rhodesia, fumi-
gation by pumping gas.)
1903a, pp. 1290-129J. (Rhodesia, fumiga-
tion by pumping gas.)
LoMAX, J. W., 1950, pp. 1-16. (Nebraska,
buildings.)
Lopez-Penha, H. D., 1940, p. 449. (Domini-
can Republic, Cryptotcnnes b re vis.)
Luscher, M., 1951, pp. 10-12. (Chemical
control.)
Lyle, C, and Murphree, L. C, 1949, p. 2.
(Mississippi.)
Macarthur, K., 1949, pp. 9-1 1. (U.S., poles.)
Mac Gregor, W. D., 1950, pp. 1-41. (British
Commonwealth, general.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
33
McCain, W. H., 1949a, pp. 24-25. (U.S.,
buildings.)
1950, p. 30.
McCauley, W. E., and Flint, W. P., 1938,
pp. 1-19. (Illinois, buildings, structural
and chemical.)
1940, pp. 1-23. (Illinois, buildings, struc-
tural and chemical.)
McDaniel, E. I., 1934, pp. 1-14. (Michigan,
buildings, mechanical and chemical.)
1938, pp. 1-14. (Revision of 1934.)
Mallamaire and Roblot, 1948, pp. 941-942.
(French Sudan, hexachlorocyclohexane
and polychlorocyclane.)
Mallis, a., 1945, pp. 1-566. (U.S.)
1954, pp. 1-1068. (U.S., revision of 1945.)
Mamet, R., and Durocher-Yvon, F., 1942,
pp. 197-207. (Mauritius.)
Marais, S. J. S., and Tidmarsh, C. E., 1953,
p. 2.
Marlatt, C. L., 1896, pp. 70-76. (U.S., Re-
ticuUtermes fiavipes, buildings, structural
methods.)
1902, pp. 1-8. (U.S., Reticulitermes fiavipes,
buildings, structural methods.)
1908, pp. 1-8. (U.S., Reticulitermes fiavipes,
buildings, structural methods.)
Miller, A. E., 1926, pp. 1-8. (Illinois, build-
ings.)
1928, pp. 1-12. (Illinois, buildings.)
Miller, E. M., 1949, pp. 1-30. (Florida,
buildings.)
Miller, J. M., 1941, pp. 6-7. (California,
charge for inspection buildings recom-
mended.)
Moll, F., 1910, p. 239. (Protection wood,
chemical preservation.)
1915, pp. 591-605. (Protection structural
timbers, wood preservation, Tropics.)
Moran, R. N., 1954, pp. 3, 5. (North Zulu-
land, harvester termite.)
Morgan, C. S., 1939, pp. 48-52. (Fire hazard
of control.)
Morris, R. C, 1954, pp. loo-ioi. (Southern
U.S. and Panama Canal Zone, dry-wood
termites, sprays or injection trichloro-
benzene and thylene dibromide, with
chlordane 2%, or BHC.)
MuiRHEAD, D. M., 1937, pp. 87-91. (U.S.,
metal shields.)
MuKERji, D., and Mitra, P. K., 1948, pp.
34-48. (Calcutta, Odontotermes rede-
manni.)
1949, pp. 9-27. (Calcutta, Odontotermes
redemanni, mechanical destruction nest
only if royal pair removed; unrepaired
nests have colony killed by excessive
growth fungus; if not prevented, workers
quickly repair nest.)
Muth, F. a., 1926, pp. 153-154, 161-162.
(Creosote, impregnated window sills,
New Orleans, La., building code.)
Naraganan, E. S. and Lal, R., 1952, pp.
21-30. (India, crops, benzene hexachloride
effective on seeds and in soil.)
Naude, T. J., 1935, pp. 1-20. (South Africa,
damage to veld by fungus growers and
harvesters; plowing, thorough cultivation,
arsenic and sulfur fumes, petrol, queen
must be killed, poisoned bait.)
Neethling, L. J., 1952, p. 65. (Trinervitermes
havilandi. South Africa, mechanical frag-
mentation and fumigation — petroleum
product.)
Newell, R. E., 1952, p. G-j. (U.S., Chlor-Kill
5 dust.)
1952a, p. 498. (U.S., chlordane.)
New South Wales Forestry Commission,
pp. 1-16. (New South Wales.)
Nirula, K. K., Antony, J., and Menon,
K. P. v., pp. 26-34. (India, damage to
coconut palms by Odontotermes obesus
and control.)
1954, p. 148. (India, organic insecticides.)
Noirot, C, and Alliot, H., 1947, pp. 1-96.
(Insulation and general.)
O'Kane, W. C, and Osgood, W. A., 1922,
pp. 1-20. (Heat and soil poison.)
OsBORN, E. H., 1926, pp. 707-708. (Burdekin
District, Australia, giant white ant attack-
ing sugarcane controlled by arsenic-mo-
lasses bait, when nearby stumps and
fences poisoned.)
OsHiMA, M., 1915, pp. 1-88. (Investigations—
in Japanese.)
1917, pp. 1-175. (Investigations— in Jap-
anese.)
1919, pp. 319-383. (Mechanical and chemi-
cal, Formosa.)
1920, pp. 314-321, 346-355- (Mechanical
and chemical, Formosa.)
1923, pp. 332-334. (Pacific region.)
Otamendi, J. C, 1947, pp. 1-22. (Argentina,
prevention and remedies, wood-destroy-
ing termites.)
Otto, H., 1951, pp. lo-ii, 13. (South Africa,
Free State farm, Hodotermes mossambi-
cus controlled by water.)
Packard, H. R., 1951, pp. 9-10. (Kalotermes.
Southern California.)
Parker, D., 1947, pp. 14-15- (U.S.)
Parks, T. H., 1935, pp. 1-8. (Ohio.)
1944, pp. 1-8. (Ohio, Reticulitermes fiavipes
in buildings.)
1951, pp. i-ii. (Ohio, Reticulitermes fia-
vipes in buildings.)
Parnell, R., 1930, pp. 1-42. (Punjab, attack
34
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
on cuttings Eucalyptus checked by water-
nig with nicotine-impregnated water.)
Patel, G. a., and Patel, H. K., 1952, pp.
133-140. (India, fruit trees.)
Patterson, W. H., 1925, pp. 3-17. (T. natal-
cnsis, Accra, Gold Coast, in buildings.)
Pepper, J. O., and Gesell, S. G., 1952, pp.
1-14. (Pennsylvania.)
Pescott, E, E., 1947, pp. 6. (Resistant woods,
Melbourne, Australia.)
Petty, B. K., 1948, pp. 1-15. (Residual tox-
icity DDT, benzene hexachloride, chlor-
dane against Trinervitermes havilandi,
South Africa.)
PiNHEiRo, J. v., 1949, p. 47. (Subterranean
termites, Brazil.)
PoMEROY, A. W. J., 1927, pp. 1-21. (Accra
and Achinots, Gold Coast, Africa.)
PouTiERs, R., 1945, pp. 43-44. (France, Calo-
termes favicolUs and Reticulitermes lu-
cijttgus.)
QUATREFAGES, A. DE, 1853, pp. 5-I5. (UsC
gases.)
Rao, G. N., 1951, pp. 330-331. (Control ter-
mites in sugarcane.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., and Cummins, J. E., 1939,
pp. 221-228. (Australia, food prefer-
ences.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., Gay, F. J., and Greaves, T.,
1952, pp. 120-124. (Australia, general,
resistant woods, sanitation, structural,
chemical.)
Reed, W. D., Bunn, R. W., and Blanton,
F. S., 1947, pp. 289-293. (Control by
U.S. Army Engineers, costs.)
Reed, W. D., Beal, J. A., and Kowal, R. J.,
1953, pp. Fi-Fii. (U.S., resume of re-
search on control subterranean and dry-
wood termites, structural and chemical.)
Rein, K., 1909, p. 446. (Africa (Equatorial),
killing queen.)
Richards, P. B., 1917, pp. 338-348. (Malaya,
Termes gestroi damage to rubber and
coconut prevented by clearing timber.)
Roark, R. C, 1942, p. 14. (Effect rotenone
and rotenoids from derris.)
Roney, J. N., 1945, pp. 1-6. (Arizona, pre-
vention damage.)
Rossi,' R. T., and Snyder, T. E., 1934, pp.
755-756. (U.S., poles, soil poisons.)
RoNVE, V. K., Spencer, H. C, McCollister,
D. D., Hollingsworth, R. L., and
Adams, E. M., 1952, pp. 158-173. (1%
ethylene dibromide highest safe dosage.)
St. George, R. A., 1939, pp. 13-15. (U.S.,
buildings.)
1952, p. 20. (Chlordane emulsion does not
kill vegetation when used as soil poison.)
St. George, R. A., and Furry, M. S., 1946,
pp. 207-210, reprint pp. 1-4. (U.S., chemi-
cal protection fabrics.)
Sanders, G. E., 1937, pp. 92-94. (Northeastern
U.S., metal shields, soil poisons.)
Santos, E., 1954, pp. 43-44, 48. (Brazil.)
1954a, pp. 56-57. (Woods attacked.)
Schmidt, H., 1950, pp. 1-37. (General.)
1950C, pp. 73, 75. (Wood preservation.)
1951a, p. 6. (Export industry and termite
protection, Germany.)
1953, p. 422. (Export industry and termite
protection, Germany.)
Schmitt, }. B., 1944, pp. i-ii. (Prevention,
remedies, structural, chemical. New
Jersey.)
1951, pp. 1-12. (Prevention, remedies, struc-
tural, chemical. New Jersey.)
Schwimmer, C, 1952, pp. 23, 24. (Slab type
construction, U.S.)
1955, pp. 27, 32. (U.S., mechanical, slab
houses.)
Scott, K. G., 1951, pp. 34, 37, 40. ("Seal-off"
dirt-filled porches. Southern California.)
1952, p. 36. (Pentachlorophenol, copper
naphthenate, carbon tetrachloride, STD —
ethylene dibromide, i to 2% chlordane,
and 350° flashpoint kerosene, slab con-
struction, California.)
Serre, p., 1909, pp. 188-192. (Cuba.)
Shands, J. S., 1933, pp. lo-ii; 6-7. (Southern
U.S.)
SiMEONE, J. B., 1954, pp. 661-663. (New
York, structural, chemical, building
codes.)
Simpson, C. B., 1906, pp. 1-13. (Transvaal.)
Smith, J. H., and Forbes, A. C, 1944, pp. 83,
85-88. (New Zealand.)
Smith, M. W., 1952, pp. 9, 10, 12. (Slab type
construction.)
1953, p. 41. (Remove tar stains hardwood
floors over slabs with carbon tetrachloride,
cleaners' naphtha, or white gasoline mixed
to a thin paste with diatomaceous earth
or finely divided talc — after tar has
dried.)
Smith, R. H., 1946, pp. 14-16, 18-19. (His-
torical, control Reticulitermes, U.S.)
Smythe, E. G., 1919a, p. 138. (Eiitermes
morio, Puerto Rico.)
Snyder, T. E., 1910, pp. 1-12. (Poles, U.S.)
1911, pp. 1-6. (Poles, U.S.)
191 2, pp. 1-4. (Mine props, U.S.)
19 1 5, pp. 76-82. (Poles, buildings — struc-
tural, chemical, resistant woods.)
1916, pp. 26-32. (Plants, buildings — struc-
tural, chemical, resistant woods, fumiga-
tion.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
35
1916a, pp. 12-20. (Structural, chemical.)
1919a, pp. 10-16. (Plants, buildings — struc-
tural, chemical.)
1919b, p. 58. (Resistant woods, wood
preservation.)
1920, pp. 7-20. (Reprint of 19193 by Cali-
fornia State Dept. Agriculture.)
1920b, pp. 1110-1112. (Structural, build-
ings, U.S.)
1922a, pp. 69-74. (Poles, U.S.)
1925a, p. 389. (Buildings, structural, U.S.)
i925d, pp. 353-354. (Buildings, structural,
U.S., illustr. pp. 277-278.)
i925e, pp. 6-7, 12-13. (Buildings, structural,
U.S.)
i925f, pp. 32-33. (Buildings, structural,
U.S.)
1926, pp. 23-25. (Buildings, structural,
U.S.)
1926a, p. 14. (Buildings, U.S., paints, wood
preservatives.)
1926c, pp. 1-21. (U.S. Dept. Agriculture's
methods control, structural and chemical
(foundation timbers impregnated creo-
sote); buildings, stored material, plants;
last revision, pp. 1-22, in 1939.)
I926d, pp. II, 27, 67. (Structural, chemical,
buildings, U.S.)
i926e, pp. 14-20. (Poles.)
192611, p. 254. (Buildings, California.)
I927f, pp. 82-83. (Buildings, structural,
chemical.)
I927g, pp. 12-13. (Buildings, structural,
U.S.)
I927h, pp. 15-17. (Buildings, structural,
U.S., and wood preservation.)
1927k, pp. 309-314. (Buildings, structural,
U.S., wood preservation and fumigation.)
1928, pp. 274-276. (Buildings, structural.)
1928a, pp. 135-138. (Poles, chemical and
mechanical barrier.)
I928d, pp. 240-242. (Buildings, strucmral.)
1929, p. 44. (Buildings, structural, Ha-
waii.)
1929b, pp. 17-28. (Buildings, structural,
chemical, Pan-Pacific area.)
1929c, pp. 18-38. (Buildings, structural,
chemical, general.)
I929d, pp. 143-151. (Buildings, structural,
U.S.)
I929g, pp. 1-19. (Buildings, structural, U.S.,
and chemical. Gulf States.)
1929], pp. 1-15. (Buildings, structural, U.S.,
and chemical. Gulf States, Pacific area.)
1929k, pp. 210-213. (U.S., buildings, struc-
tural, chemical.)
1929I, pp. 2-5. (U.S. Dept. Agriculture,
structural termite-proofing specifications.)
1929m, pp. 5-1 1, 31-42. (U.S., proper con-
struction buildings.)
i929n, pp. 96-108. (U.S., poles, chemical.)
19290, pp. 268-277. (U.S., buildings, struc-
tural, termite-proofing provisions.)
1930, pp. 261-269, 290. (General.)
1930a, p. 20. (U.S., buildings.)
1931*5 PP- 531-571- (Buildings, structural,
chemical.)
1932, pp. 228-230, 283. (Buildings, struc-
tural, chemical, U.S.)
1932b, pp. 25, 27, 31, 34. (Buildings, struc-
tural, chemical, U.S.)
i933a> PP- 397-399- (Buildings, structural,
chemical, U.S.)
1933b, pp. 1-8. (U.S. Dept. Agriculture,
buildings, structural, chemical; revised
1936.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., p. 341. (West
Indies, resistant woods.)
1934a, pp. 1-21, revision of 1926c. (General.)
1934b, pp. 5-6, 12. (U.S., buildings, struc-
tural, chemical.)
1935a, pp. 70-78. (U.S., buildings^ struc-
tural, chemical.)
1935b, pp. II 5-1 19, 128. (U.S., buildings,
structural, chemical.)
1935c, pp. 1-6. (U.S., buildings, structural,
chemical.)
i935d, pp. 5-6, 28-30. (U.S., buildings,
structural, chemical.)
i935e, pp. 128-170. (General, buildings,
structural, chemical, stored material, poles,
living vegetation; revised 1948.)
1936, pp. 92-94, 103. (U.S., buildings, struc-
tural, chemical.)
i937j PP- 26-33. (Louisiana, buildings,
structural, chemical.)
1938, pp. 6-9. (U.S., buildings, structural,
chemical.)
1939, pp. 7-9. (U.S., buildings, structural,
chemical.)
1939a, p. I. (U.S., soil poisons, wood pre-
servatives.)
1947, pp. 8-13. (U.S., buildings, structural,
chemical.)
1947a, pp. 36-38, 45. (Panama, wood pre-
servatives, buildings.)
1947b, pp. 144-147. (U.S., buildings, struc-
tural, chemical.)
1947c, p. 12. (U.S., buildings, structural,
chemical.)
1948 (Revision of 1935c), pp. 157-225.
(General.)
1949, pp. 432-436. (General.)
1949c, p. 24. (U.S., soil poisons.)
i949d, pp. 264-272. (Buildings, structural,
chemical.)
36
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1950, pp. 12-14. (Buildings, U.S., fumiga-
tion, soil poisons — chlordane emulsion
does not kill vegetation.)
1950C, p. 205. (South America, resistant
woods.)
i95od, pp. 13-16. (Buildings, U.S., struc-
tural, chemical, nonsubterranean ter-
mites.)
1951, p. 28. (Structural, chemical, build-
ings, U.S.)
1951a, pp. 237, 250, 261. (Structural, chemi-
cal, buildings, U.S.)
1952b, pp. 34, 48. (Safe use arsenicals as
soil poison, vvallboard poison, and as
wood preservative.)
1952c, p. 30. (U.S., wood preservative
treatments to prevent reinfestation build-
ings after fumigation.)
I952g, pp. 14, 16, 18. (History of research
on control, U.S.)
1953b, p. 30. (Soil poisons before concrete
slab poured, U.S.)
^955^y P- 30- (U.S., excellent control op-
erations by some commercial firms.)
I955e, pp. 20-21. (U.S., hazards of slab-on-
grade construction, soil poison for con-
trol.)
Snyder, T. E., Middleton, W., and Keen,
F. P., 1923, p. 418. (Historical, U.S.)
Snyder, T. E., and Reed, W. D., 1949, pp.
1-14. (Structural, chemical.)
Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, J., 1924, pp. 22-24.
(Panama, buildings, structural, chemical.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 344-346.
(Panama, buildings, structural, chemical.)
SoARA, C, 1949, pp. 17, 19. (Brazil, Corni-
teimes.)
SouLE, G., 1951, pp. 227-231. (U.S.)
Steer, H. B., 1952, pp. 26, 44-45. (U.S., struc-
tural, chemical.)
Stettinius, E. R., 1944, p. 149. (West Africa,
airfields rid of termites by bulldozers and
chemicals.)
Strothman, H. F., 1949, PP- I3> 3^- (Struc-
tural, U.S.)
Sweet, C. V., and Johnson, R. P. A., 1936,
pp. 1-46. (Use of selected lumber in
building, U.S.)
Svveetman, H. L., and Bourne, A. I., 1944,
pp. 605-609. (Asphalt laminated kraft
paper sealed with asphalt-glue adhesive
gave some protection against subterranean
termites, U.S.)
Tamblyn, N., 1946, pp. 2-3, 3-4. (Australia.)
Teotia, T. p. S., 1952, pp. 89-91. (India.)
Theobald, F. V., 1903, pp. 158-163. (Sudan,
general.)
1904, pp. 104-106, 119-121. (Attack on
wine corks, buildings in Basses-Pyrenees,
France.)
Thomas, A., 1953, pp. 9-10, 12, 14, 28. (U.S.,
advice to commercial operators on bid-
ding for Navy contracts and how to do
effective work.)
Thomas, V. E., 1952, pp. 33-34. (Contracts,
guarantees, and bonds, U.S.)
Thompson, W. L., 1933, pp. 84-87. (Florida,
injection paris green into citrus trees in-
fested with dry-wood termites renders
fruit more acid.)
TiRELLi, M. O., 1951, pp. 6-13. (Italy.)
Trevor, G. G., Sir, 1934, pp. 27-35. (India.)
Tronson, W., 1945, pp. 25-35. (Australia,
paint timber with hot solution sodium
arsenite.)
Tryon, H., 1903, p. 284. (Castor-oil cake and
Gardinia gumijera juice for repelling
Termes taprobanes in timber in Australia;
also used in repelling termites from
growing plants in Central Provinces.)
Turner, N., 1937, pp. 94-98. (U.S., relation
State workers to commercial termite con-
trol companies.)
1940, pp. lo-ii. (U.S., commercial termite
control operations.)
1941, pp. 16-17. (Connecticut.)
1944, pp. 6, 8, 10. (U.S., protection build-
ings under wartime conditions.)
1947, pp. 12-16. (U.S., control 1947 model.)
1949, pp. 1-8. (Connecticut, buildings.)
Turner, N., and Townsend, J. F., 1936, pp.
209-242. (Connecticut, buildings.)
Turner, N., Tovstnsend, J. F., and Zappe,
M. P., 1935, pp. 241-245. (Cost of repairs
to buildings, Connecticut.)
Turner, N., and Zappe, M. P., 1936, pp. 195-
198. (Connecticut, damage and report
on the work of control companies.)
1938, pp. 208-217. (Connecticut, case stud-
ies in control.)
Turner, N., Zappe, M. P., and Townsend,
J. F., 1937, pp. 392-396. (Connecticut,
buildings.)
UicHANco, E. B., 1932, pp. 953 955. (Philip-
pines, fumigation with carbon bisulfide
against Cryptotermes.)
Van Zwaluwenberg, R. H., 1916, p. 44.
(Porto Rico, Leucotermes is Crypto-
termes.)
191 8, pp. 25-28. (Porto Rico, Crypto-
termes.)
ViADo, G. B., 1950, pp. 3, 39.
Von Schrenk, A., 1936, pp. 528-530. (Pre-
vention, U.S.)
Vuillet, a., 1911, pp. 83-84.
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
37
Wahl, R. O., and Powell, A. R., 1927, pp.
125-140. (Importance nest structure in
fumigation with Cyanogas.)
W.\ND, B. (Ed.), 1936, p. 9. (Damage over-
estimated, proper construction recom-
mended.)
Watson, E. B., and Thompson, R. W., 1945,
pp. 1-5. (Ontario, Canada.)
1948, pp. 1-5. (Ontario, Canada.)
Watson, J. R., 1938, pp. 8, 23. (In banked
citrus trees, remedy, U.S.)
1940, pp. 3, 18. (Control in citrus groves,
U.S.)
Weidner, H., 1954, pp. 337-351. (Advances
in applied knowledge of termites, Ger-
many.)
1954a, pp. 170-172. (Hamburg, Germany.)
Wilkinson, H., 1940, p. 72. (East Africa,
fumigation mound nests.)
WiTTWER, J. C, 1954, pp. 114-117, 179-180.
(U.S., "do it yourself" termite control,
soil poisons — chlordane and Terminator
crystals.)
WoLcoTT, G. N., 1946, pp. 1-29. {Crypto-
termes brevis in Puerto Rico.)
1954, pp. 1 15-122. (Puerto Rico, chemical;
resistant woods.)
WooDEsoN, A., 1921, pp. 51-86. (Ceylon,
buildings, sanitation, structural, poisons,
fumigation.)
WooDHousE, E. J., 1913, pp. 1-2. (India, crops,
fumigate nests carbon bisulfide, dip sugar-
cane sets in saturated solution copper sul-
fate or oil emulsion, use well-rotted ma-
nure.)
Young, T. R., Jr., 1955, pp. 45-46. (Heat-ex-
changer for methyl bromide fumigation.)
Yunas, C. M., and Aziz, C. H., 1949, pp. 34-
35. (Punjab, India.)
Zacher, F., 1914, p. 35. (Kerosene emulsion
to root crown, arsenical poison baits,
plants. Tropics.)
Zimmern, a., 1950, pp. 30, 32, 34. (Safety
engineering, U.S.)
1952, pp. 29, 30, 32, 34. (Safety factors in
use oil products, U.S.)
1952a, pp. 23, 24. (Slab type construction,
U.S.)
COURTSHIP
Carpenter, G. D. H., 1936, pp. 93-94. (Males
being dragged about by females, mandi-
bles of former penetrating abdomens lat-
ter, Tanganyika Terr.)
Ernst, E., 1952, pp. 257-259. ("Love-walk.")
Fuller, C, 1915a, pp. 329-504. (South Africa,
calling attitude of females Termes na-
talensis, latericitis, vulgaris on grass stems
by violently agitating their wings.)
Michener, C. D., 1953, pp. 1-15. (Females
turn up tips abdomens after flight, odor.)
Myers, J. G., 1938, pp. 7-8. (Epigamic be-
havior Microtermes sudanensis, biting of
females during courtship, Sudan.)
Richards, O. W., 1953, p. 173. (Male Pseuda-
canthotermes seizes female in flight in
air.)
Snyder, T. E., 1915, p. 51. (Amatory pro-
cedure in Retictditermes, U.S., males fol-
lowing females, head close to tip ab-
domen.)
1948, p. 54. (Amatory procedure in Re-
ticuUtermes, U.S., males following fe-
males, head close to tip abdomen.)
CYTOLOGY
Benkert, J. M., 1930, pp. 1-3. {Retictditermes
flavipes has 42 diploid chromosomes in
macropterous male and male soldier.)
1930a, pp. 97-99. {Retictditermes flavipes
has 42 diploid chromosomes in macrop-
terous male and male soldier, male first
form reproductive, in primary spermato-
cyte, 21 chromosomes.)
1933, pp. 121-122. (Comparison of chromo-
somes of soldier and king, R. flavipes.)
Padoa, L., in Visintin, 1941-1942, pp. 13-17,
1942. (Blood lymph, repartition different
elements, differed according to origin
"larvae," nymphs or soldiers, Calotermcs
flavicollis, Italy.)
Stella, E., 1936, pp. 731-734. (Maturing of
gonads in Reticulitermes Iticijugus.)
1938, p. 30. (Neuters and reproductives
Calotermcs flavicollis and Retictditermes
Ittcifugus.)
1939, pp. 81-85. (Cytological behavior of
gonads in workers, R. Ittcifugus.)
1939a, pp. 255-262. (Cytological data on
gonads in soldiers of Bellicositermes belli-
cosus.)
Stella, E., and Ghidini, G. M., 1942, pp. 825-
831. (Regression of gonads and evolution
of sterile caste.)
38
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
DAMAGE
Adamson, a. M., 1937, pp. 141-149. (Trini-
dad, West Indies.)
1938, pp. 220-224. (Lesser Antilles, Crypto-
termes, Hcterotermes, Coptotermcs.)
Ahmad, M., 1950a, p. 153. (Pakistan.)
Anonymous, 1864a, pp. 185-186.
1871, p. 233. (Pine logs.)
1890, p. 253. (Cloth and wood.)
1907, p. 26123. (Australia, buildings.)
1912, p. 237. (Australian railway sleepers
in India.)
1915 (J.M.C.), pp. 224-281. (Melbourne,
Australia, lead-sheathed cable, laid in Jar-
rah wood troughing, Termcs australis.)
1916, p. 59. (Bookcases, books, Michigan.)
1918, p. 842. (Pacific Coast.)
1919a, p. 83. (Sweet gum woodwork, build-
ing, California.)
1921, pp. 290-295. (Australia.)
1923, pp. 51-52. (Eastern tropical Africa,
aircraft.)
1934, p. 16. (Indiana.)
1934b, pp. 496-500. (Burlington Railway
buildings.)
1935b, p. I. (Pennsylvania.)
1935c, pp. 62-63. (San Francisco, Calif.,
buildings.)
I936d, pp. 12-13. (Australia.)
1942, pp. 1-37. (U.S., revised 1949.)
I943> PP- 44-48- (War materials stored in
India.)
1946a, pp. 195-199. (N.S. Wales.)
1948, pp. 1-26. (U.S., revised 1951.)
1948a, pp. 100-112. (British Common-
wealth.)
1950a, pp. 1-75. (South Africa.)
1951a, pp. 187-190. (N.S. Wales.)
1952a, p. 30. (Previous legal rulings: Loss
not deductible for taxes, not sudden; al-
lowed recently where damage was caused
in I year. Editor doubtful, seller should
be liable for sale "termite-free" house.)
I953s> P- ^A^- (Zootcrmopsis, Reticuli-
termes, buildings, British Columbia.)
AssMUTH, J., 1913a, pp. 372-384. ("Frass-
bilder," how to determine genus of ter-
mite by burrows in wood, Bombay,
India.)
191 5, pp. 690-694. (Destruction wood,
India.)
AuDouiN, J. v., 1840, pp. 39-41. (Construc-
tion timbers, Tennes lucijugus, France.)
Bade, E., 1935, pp. 20-22, 29. (General, New
York.)
Bathellier, J., 1927a, pp. 170-172. {Copto-
termcs spp., Indo-China.)
Beal, }. A., et al., 1952, pp. 124-126. (South-
eastern U.S.)
Beaufort, M., 1866, pp. 527-528.
Becker, G., 1953, pp. 3-4. (Guatemala.)
1953a, PP- 339-373- (Guatemala.)
Beeson, C. F. C, 1941, pp. 536-538. (India,
injurious species.)
Blake, C. H., 1939, pp. 1-4. (U.S.)
Bobe-Moreau, C. J., 1843, p. 8. (Rochefort
and Charente-Inferieure.)
BoFFiNET, Pere, 1853, pp. 145-157. (Charente-
Inferieure.)
Borror, D. J., and De Long, D. M., 1954, pp.
148-149. (U.S., general.)
BouviER, E. L., 1896, pp. 429-431. (Telegraph
cable.)
Brinker, R. C, 1936, pp. 81-82, 90. (Hawaii,
poles.)
Britton, W. E., 1933, pp. 451-452. (Reticuli-
termes flavipes, Connecticut.)
Broun, T., 1905, pp. 430-436. (Calotermes
brouni. New Zealand.)
Brown, A. A., 1936, pp. 1-46. (Public Works
survey damage to buildings, San Fran-
cisco, Calif.; of 765 frame buildings, 618
or 81% infested by wood-destroying in-
sects.)
Brues, C. T., 1946, p. 43. (Lead pipes, lead,
rubber insulation.)
Brunschwiler, J., 1951, pp. 67-69. (Wood,
general.)
Burgeon, L., 1931, pp. 100-113. (Africa.)
BuTANi, D. K., 1948, pp. 35-37. (India, thieves
of the apiary.)
C.\MPOs, R. F., 1940, pp. 3-4. (Nasutitermcs,
Ecuador.)
C.\RAYON, J., 1952, pp. 91-92. (Paris, France.)
Carter, W., 1936, p. 132. (Hawaii, redwood
pipe damaged by Coptotermes formo-
sanus.)
Castle, G. B., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp.
286-291. {Zootennopsis, North America.)
Chen, L. T., 1950, pp. 33-40. (Formosa, dam-
age to lead by Coptotermes jormosanus
and Odo?]totermes formosantis.)
Clark, A. F., 1938, pp. 177-179. (New Zea-
land.)
Coaton, W. G. H., 1941, pp. 1-4. (Buildings,
South Africa.)
i943> PP- 346-350- (Wallpaper, carpets, cur-
tains, South Africa.)
1947, pp. 130-177. (Wood destroyers, South
Africa, Transvaal Bushveld, Microtermes
and Macrotcrmes most destructive.)
1948b, pp. 1-18. (Buildings, Cryptotermes
brevis, South Africa.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
39
1949a, pp. 1-89. (Buildings, subterranean
termites South Africa.)
1950a, pp. 3-32. {Cryptotermes, South
Africa.)
Coleman, L. V., 1935, pp. 461-463. (No traces
old dwellings built in South Carolina in
1852, frame house built at Dedham,
Mass., Still extant; 80% buildings in U.S.
frame.)
CosAR, H. G., 1934, pp. 61-67. (Africa.)
CosTA-LiMA, A. DA, 1939, pp. 263-327. (Gen-
eral.)
CowAN, T., 1865, pp. 132-137. (General.)
Crawford, D. L., 1919, p. 13. (Hawaii,
Coptotermes destroying boxes in water-
front warehouses; Cryptotermes destroy-
ing shooks in the bundle.)
Cunningham, R. E., 1922, pp. 65-68. (U.S.,
utility poles.)
Derry, D. E., 1911, pp. 245-246. (Skulls and
bones.)
DiETZ, H. F., and Snyder, T. E., 1924, pp.
279-302. (Canal Zone and RepubUc of
Panama.)
DoANE, R. W., Van Dyke, E. C, Chamber-
LiN, W. }., and Burke, H. E., 1936, pp.
408-423. (Termites of the forest, U.S.)
DoHRN, C. A., 1885, p. 61. (General.)
Du Plessis, C, 1931a, pp. 1-7. (South Africa,
buildings.)
1935, pp. 423-425. (South Africa, build-
ings.)
D'Utra, G. R. p., 1905, pp. i-io. (Sao Paulo,
Brazil.)
Easter, S. S., 1946, 2 pp. (U.S., Army posts.)
Edwards, W. H., 1937, pp. i-ii. (Kingston
and St. Andrew area, Jamaica (British
West Indies), damage to buildings has
markedly increased in recent years.)
Ehrhorn, E. M., 1915, pp. 55-56. (Hawaii,
Coptotermes, Douglas fir timber in band-
stand, Honolulu.)
1929, p. 230. (Hawaii, Coptotermes, "Ohia"
hard wood.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 322-330, (Ha-
waii, buildings.)
1936, p. 132. (Hawaii, electric cables shorted
by Coptotermes jormosanus.)
Escherich, K., 1910a, pp. 168-185. (Colonies,
German.)
1911*, pp. 162-166. (Ceylon, buildings.)
Evans, J. W., 1952, p. 68. (British Common-
wealth, except British Isles, India, and
Pakistan.)
Ferry, P., 1947, pp. 37-39.
Fetman, T., 1871, p. 171. (.? Termes tenuis,
St. Helena.)
Feytaud, J., 1911, pp. 150-160. {R. lucijugus
in cities or towns, France; vibration rail-
way ties, poles did not prevent attack.)
1921, pp. 1-135. {R. lucijugus in cities or
towns, France; vibration railway ties,
poles did not prevent attack.)
1924, pp. 241-244. (Termite of Saintonge.)
1924b, pp. 69-73. (Termite of Charentes.)
1953, PP- 1-158. {Reticulitermes and Calo-
termes, France.)
Fitch, A., 1858, p. 694. (New York, chest-
nut posts and rails; white pine most sus-
ceptible of trees.)
Forbes, S. A., 1895, pp. 192-198, frontispiece,
pis. 12, 13. (Book, document, cement,
shelving, buildings, beehives, Illinois.)
Franssen, C. J. H., 1937, pp. 3-5. (Java, elec-
trical conduits.)
Froggatt, W., 1905, pp. 632-656. (Australia,
buildings.)
1923, pp. 14-23. (Australia.)
1926, pp. 289-291. (Australia, wood.)
1926a, pp. 318-320. (Australia, hoop pine.)
1927, pp. iv+107. (Australia.)
FuLLAWAY, D. T., 1912a, p. 72. (Hawaii,
buildings.)
1925, p. 19. (Hawaii, buildings.)
1926, pp. 68-88. (Hawaii, buildings.)
1926a, pp. 335-349. (Hawaii, buildings.)
1927, pp. 170-176. (Hawaii, buildings.)
1927a, pp. 123-126. (Hawaii, buildings,
school buildings, Flonolulu.)
Fuller, C, 1912a, p. M5-3>^9, 543-571- (South
Africa, Natal.)
Gaskin, J. A., 1950, pp. 8, 15. (Alabama,
thousands of dollars lost annually.)
Gassies, J. B., 1855, pp. 427-428. (Bordeaux,
France, introduced.)
Gay, F. J., 1946, pp. 330-334. (Australia, Cop-
totermes jrencJii, building.)
Grant, R. R., 1877, p. cclxix. (Termes fla-
vipes, St. Louis, Mo.)
Grasse, p. p., 1937*, pp. i-ioo. (French West
Africa.)
Greenwood, W., 1940, pp. 211-218. (Timber,
Fiji.) ^
Guerin-Meneville, F. E., 1864, pp. 94-96.
Hagen, H. a., 1876a, pp. 401-410. (General,
and probable danger from flavipes in
U.S., will retreat with advancing civiliza-
tion.)
1884, pp. 167-172.
Hallsted, C. T., Hyatt, M., and Dunnam,
B. E., 1954, pp. 1-46 and appendix. (Cali-
fornia, details of percentage of termite-
infested buildings in various areas; rec-
ommendations for the use of pressure-
impregnated sills in buildings.)
40
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
Harris, W. V., 1949, pp. 151-155. (East Af-
rica.)
19546, pp. 126-132. (British Common-
wealth.)
Harvey, P. A., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp.
239-265. (Kalotermes minor.)
Herrick, G. W., 1914, pp. 1-470. (Buildings,
U.S.)
Hill, G. F., 1921, pp. 1-26. (North Aus-
tralia.)
Hill, W. B., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp. 614-
615. (Memphis, Tenn.; of 2,500 buildings
i^93i> 77% infested.)
Hoffman, H., 1926, pp. 105-106. (Buildings.)
Jackson, B., 1948, pp. 232-234, 238. (Build-
ings, U.S.)
James, H. C., 1932, pp. 1-6. ( Kenya, bridge
treated bands, eat cotton or wool bands.)
Jepson, F. p., 1929, pp. iv-f-36. (Buildings,
Ceylon, mechanical, chemical.)
Johnson, W. G., 1902, pp. 2-3. {Tcrmes fla-
vipes, buildings, Baltimore, Md.)
Jones, G. D., 1953, pp. 52-53. (Carolinas-
Virginia, buildings.)
Joutel, L. H., 1893, pp. 89-90. (U.S., Termes
flavipes, buildings.)
Jucci, C, 1938. (Italian East Africa.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1931, pp. 34-35. (Pierc-
ing lead-sheathed telephone cables by
Coptotermes, Java.)
1937, pp. 5-6. (Electric conduits, Java.)
Keen, F. P., 1938, pp. 161, 162-163. (Western
U.S., lumber, forest products, buildings.)
1952, pp. 15, 16, 180, 182, 206, 208, revision
1938.)
Kingsley, C. H., 1942, p. 76. {Rcticuhtermes
tibialis in cottonseed hulls, on bare
ground, California.)
Kofoid, C. A., 1929, pp. 1-5. (Buildings,
wood, California.)
1930, pp. 298-306. (U.S., California, reason
for termite problem.)
Kofoid, C. A., and Garland, E. A., 1929, pp.
1-4. (California, mode of attack by the
sound-wood termites on buildings.)
Koppen, F. T., 1881, pp. 87-88. {Termes Iti-
cijugtts in the District of Odes.sa, Russia.)
Kuwayama, S., 1935, pp. 658-662. (Buildings,
Formosa.)
Layard, E. L., 1866, p. xii. (James Town,
St. Helena, buildings, tin cans eroded,
teak not attacked.)
Leboeuf, a., 1901, p. 306. (Zambesi, Rho-
desia, coat and boots destroyed.)
Lefroy, H. M., 1923, p. 90. (In Dr. Mitchell's
Cairo-to-Cape flight, the wood skids and
frame of the aeroplane were attacked in
one night's halt.)
Light, S. F., 1929, pp. 1-28. (California.)
1929a*, pp. 421-452. (Philippines, Copto-
termes vasator.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed. (U.S., pp. 234-238;
Mexico, pp. 335-336; Philippines, pp. 347-
349-)
Long, J. D., 1941, pp. 48-50. (U.S., protection
adobe buildings, sanitation, shields, wood
preservatives.)
Long, S. W., 1932, pp. 102-103. (U.S.)
Lyle, C, 1927, pp. 11-16. (Mississippi, build-
ings.)
McCain, W. H., 1949, pp. 22-24. (Present-day
problem.)
McDaniel, E. I., 1920, p. 124. {Reticulitermes
flavipes, Michigan.)
1934, pp. 1-14. {R. flavipes, Michigan.)
1938, pp. 1-14. {R- flavipes, Michigan.)
McLachlan, R., 1884, p. 185. (Books, Cal-
cutta.)
Marina, G., 1929, pp. 28-29, 64-65. (Province
Zamora, Spain.)
Marlatt, C. L., 1902, p. 5. (Rarity of books
in New Spain due to white ants.)
Marques, L. A. de A., 1925, pp. 1-2. (Leuco-
termes tenuis, Brazil.)
Martorell, L. F., 1939, pp. 184-185. {Crypto-
termcs brevis and Nastititermes, Aragua,
Venezuela.)
Massibot, J. A., 1946, pp. 517-518. {Micro-
cerotcrmes parvtilus, North Senegal.)
Melliss, J. C, 1875, pp. 171-176. (St. Helena,
Ter7nes tenuis destroyed £60,000 wordi
of property.)
Merwe, C. P. van der, 1921, pp. 266-267.
Schedorhinotcrmes putorius in floors
building, Pretoria.)
Miller, D., 1939, pp. 57-65. (Coptotermes,
New Zealand.)
1940-1941, pp. 333-334. (New Zealand,
hardwood and softwood timbers.)
Mills, H. B., 1941, pp. 1-28. (Montana.)
Muir, F., and Swezey, O. H., 1926, pp. 331-
335. (Hawaii.)
Mullen, J. A., 1942, pp. 529-530. (U.S., lead
foil seals and corks wine bottles in
wooden boxes on concrete floor, straw
jackets on bottles alive with Reticuli-
termes flavipes, none drowned by wine.)
1947, p. 164. (U.S., in cold frames.)
Nabuco, J., 1943, pp. 1-87. (Books, Brazil.)
Nalder, V. S., 1948, pp. 469-471. (New Zea-
land, subterranean termites.)
Naude, T. J., 1940, pp. 879-886. (South Af-
rica.)
Nelson, G. N., 1941, p. 30. (Tax status of
loss in termite damage — not deductible,
U.S.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
41
Newell, R. E., 1952a, p. 498. (U.S., bottom
boards, beehives.)
Parks, T. H., 1948, pp. i-ii. (Ohio, build-
ings.)
1948a, pp. 3, 47. (Like communists, dam-
age done while hidden.)
1951 (Revision of 1948), pp. i-ii. (Ohio,
buildings.)
Patel, G. a., 1949, pp. 8-9. (Gujarat.)
Patel, G. a., and Patel, H. K., 1953, pp. 376-
378. (Bombay.)
Patterson, W. H., 1927, pp. 35-48. (Gold
Coast.)
Perry, C. M., 1947, p. 9. (Ohio.)
Pickens, A. L., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp.
172-182. {Rcticiditermes hesperus, Pacific
Coast, U.S.)
Pickens, A. L., and Light, S. F., in Kofoid,
1934, 2d ed., p. 198. (Hetcrotermes aureus
in poles, California.)
Plessis, See Du Plessis.
Pomerantz, C, 1954, pp. 24, 36, 38, 40. (New
York, $50,000 slab home damaged be-
cause wood stakes to hold trim were
driven through gravel before concrete
slab was poured.)
Ratcliffe, F. N. (Chairman), 1948, pp. 100-
112. (British Commonwealth.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., Gay, F. J., and Greaves, T.,
1952, pp. 1-124. (Australia, pp. 47-48,
subterranean cables.)
Riley, C. V., 1870, p. 11. {Termes frontalis,
plant houses, Schonbrunn, "Germany.")
1877, p. 43. {Termes flavipes, much dam-
age in some parts Germany.)
1877a, p. 269. {Termes flavipes, U.S.)
Rippey, T. M., and Hess, J. J., 1947, pp. 95-
96. (U.S.)
Ross, H. H., 1948, pp. 259, 499. (U.S., build-
ings, books, furniture.)
Rossi, R. T., and Snyder, T. E., 1934, pp. 755-
756. (Utility (RCA) poles. Long Island,
New York.)
Schmidt, H., 1951, pp. 371-372.
1954, pp. 8-9.
ScuDDER, S. H., 1891, pp. 15-16. (New Eng-
land, wooden tubs, plants in greenhouse,
cabbage.)
Seoane, V. L., 1878, pp. ccxxv-ccxxvii. (Span-
ish man-of-war destroyed by Termes dives
while lying in Port of Ferrol.)
Shah, N. H., 1946, pp. 241-250. (India, cot-
ton fibers.)
Shimer, H., 1870, p. 324. (U.S., Termes fla-
vipes, "bookworms.")
Shipley, A. E., 1925, pp. 244-246. (Trinidad,
books.)
Sinclair, W. F., 1897, p. 147. (India.)
Smyth, E. G., 1919, pp. 126-127. (Puerto
Rico, Etitames morio.)
1919a, p. 138. (Puerto Rico, Eutermes
■morio, sugarcane.)
Snyder, T. E., 1910, pp. 1-12. (U.S., utility
poles.)
191 1, pp. 1-6. (U.S., utility poles.)
1912, pp. 1-4. (U.S., mine props.)
1915, pp. 75-76. (U.S., general.)
1916, pp. 1-32. (U.S., buildings, stored
products, vegetation.)
1916a, pp. 1-20. (U.S., buildings, stored
products, vegetation.)
1919a, pp. 1-16. (U.S., buildings, stored
products, vegetation.)
1920*, /« (Banks and) Snyder, pp. 87-213.
(General.)
1920b, pp. 1110-1112. (U.S., buildings.)
1922a, pp. 69-74. (U.S., poles and telephone
equipment.)
1924, p. 32. (U.S., Atlantic Coast, Kalo-
termes, poles.)
1925a, p. 389. (U.S., buildings.)
i925d, pp. 277-278. (U.S., buildings.)
I925d', pp. 253-254. (U.S., buildings.)
19256, pp. 6-7, 12-13. (U.S., buildings.)
i925f, pp. 32-33. (U.S., buildings.)
1926, pp. 23-25. (U.S., buildings and stored
material.)
1926a, p. 14. (U.S., buildings.)
1926c, pp. 1-22. (U.S., buildings, general;
p. 2, map showing distribution damage
by subterranean and nonsubterranean ter-
mites; revised 1939.)
I926e, pp. 14-20. (U.S., poles.)
i926g, pp. 277-280. (Metal.)
i926h, p. 254. (California.)
1927b, pp. 316-321. (Million dollar annual
damage to buildings, Honolulu, Terr. Ha-
waii; 80% frame buildings New Orleans,
La., have been damaged, 50% business
buildings at Pasadena, Calif., some dan-
gerously.)
i927f, pp. 82-83. (Buildings, U.S.)
I927h, pp. 15-17. (Buildings, U.S.)
1927k, pp. 309-314. (Buildings, U.S.)
1928, pp. 274-276. (Buildings, U.S.)
1928a, pp. 135-138. (Poles, California.)
1928c, p. 381. {Coptotermes dissolves lime
mortar foundations by secretion from
frontal gland.)
I928d, pp. 240-242. (Buildings, U.S.)
1929, p. 44. (Hawaii.)
1929b, pp. 17-28. (Pacific area.)
1929c, pp. 18-38. (General.)
i929d, pp. 143-151. (Buildings, U.S.)
i929f, p. 18. (Tropics.)
i929g, pp. 1-19. (Gulf States.)
42
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
i929h, pp. 154-158-
1929J, pp. 1-15. (Pacific area.)
1929k, pp. 210-230. (Buildings, U.S.)
192911, pp. 96, TOO, 102, 104, 106, 108.
Buildings, poles, U.S.)
1930, pp. 261-269, 290.
1930a, p. 20. (Buildings, U.S.)
1931*, PP- 531-571- (General.)
1932, pp. 228-230. (General.)
1932a, p. 27. (Wood, U.S.)
1932b, pp. 25, 27, 31, 34. (Buildings, U.S.)
1933a, pp. 397-399- (Buildings, U.S.)
1933b, pp. 1-8. (Buildings, U.S., revised
1936.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 187-195. (East-
ern U.S., subterranean termites; 40 mil-
lion dollar annual damage, buildings.
Eastern U.S., nonsubterranean termites,
pp. 269-272.)
1934a, pp. 1-22. (Revision of 1926c, U.S.,
general.)
1934b, pp. 5-6, T2. (U.S., buildings.)
1935a, pp. 70-78. (U.S., buildings.)
1935c, pp. 1-6. (U.S., buildings.)
i935d, pp. 5-6, 28-30. (U.S., buildings.)
I935e, pp. 106-109. (List materials dam-
aged by termites.)
1937, pp. 26-33. (Louisiana, buildings.)
1938, pp. 6-9. (U.S., buildings.)
1938, in Hyslop, p. 43. (U.S., buildings,
$40,000,000 annual damage.)
1939, pp. 7-9. (U.S., buildings, $40,000,000
annual damage.)
1947b, pp. 144-147. (U.S., buildings, $40,-
000,000 annual damage.)
1948, pp. 58-59, 117-135. (Revision of 19350,
list materials damaged, pp. 58-59, 123,
timber where heavy vibration not at-
tacked.)
1949, pp. 432-436- (U.S., buildings.)
i949d, in Burton, 1949, p. 264. (General.)
1950, pp. 12-14. (U.S., buildings.)
1950a, in Craighead, 1950, pp. 87, 90-93.
(Eastern U.S., buildings, general.)
i95od, pp. 1-16. (Dry-wood and other non-
subterranean termites, map northern
limit damage in U.S., p. 3.)
1951a, pp. 237, 250, 261. (U.S., buildings.)
1953, pp. 27-28. (U.S., buildings.)
I953e, p. 30. (U.S., northern areas severe
damage, limits damage in New England.)
1954, pp. 27-28. (Damage to carpet by Rc-
ticulitermes, U.S.)
1954b, pp. 1-64. (U.S., general.)
i954h, in Greathouse, G. A., 1954, pp. 204-
211. (World damage and control.)
1955b, pp. 48, 56. (Damage to plastics and
fabrics, U.S.)
i955d, pp. 28, 30. (Panama, C.Z., Copto-
termes damage to lead-sheathed cables.)
Snyder, T. E., and Reed, W. D., 1949, pp.
4-11. (General.)
Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, J., 1924, pp. 1-26.
(Panama and Canal Zone, general.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 342-346. (Pan-
ama and Canal Zone, general.)
SouzA, A. O. de, 1948, p. 561. (Brazil, Corni-
tcrmes.)
Spencer, G. J., 1937, pp. 42-43. (British Co-
lumbia, buildings, poles, Zootcrmopsis,
Reticulitermes hesperus, former in dry
wood.)
Steer, H. B., 1952, pp. 26, 44-45. (U.S., build-
ings.)
Steilberg, W. T., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed.,
pp. 756-765. (California, association ter-
mite damage with earthquakes.)
Strong, V. E., 1953, pp. 1-2. (California,
regional survey percentage damage to
buildings by subterranean and drywood
termites.)
TiRELLi, M. O., 1951, pp. 6-13. (Italy, Re-
ticulitermes.)
Titus, R. T., 1949, p. 17. (U.S., general.)
Turner, N., Townsend, J. F., and Zappe,
M. P., 1935, pp. 241-245. (Connecticut,
Reticulitermes fiafipes.)
Turner, N., and Townsend, J. F., 1936, pp.
209-242. (Reticulitermes flavipes, Con-
necticut.)
Turner, N., and Zappe, M. P., 1936, pp. 195-
198. {Reticulitermes flavipes, Connecti-
cut.)
Van Dyke, E. C, 1927, p. 95. (Kalotermes
minor honeycombing redwood bastions
old Fort Ross, Sonoma County, Calif.)
Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H., 1916, p. 43. (Eu-
termes morio, Porto Rico.)
191 8, pp. 25-28. (Eutermes morio is Crypto-
tcrmes sp., Porto Rico.)
Von Schrenk, H., 1936, pp. 528-530. (U.S.)
Wand, B., 1936, p. 9. (U.S., damage grossly
overestimated.)
Ward, G. A., 1923, pp. 12-15. (New Zealand,
Calotcrmcs brounii.)
Waterston, }. M., 1937, pp. 67-69. (Bermuda,
Calotcrmcs castanetis.)
Weidner, H., 1937, pp. 593-596. (Hamburg,
Germany, Reticulitermes flavipes.)
1939, p. 40. (Hamburg, Germany, Reticuli-
termes flavipes.)
1942a, pp. 1-7. (Flamburg, Germany, Re-
ticulitermes flavipes.)
1951, pp. 259-265. (Hamburg, Germany, Re-
ticulitermes flavipes.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
43
1952, pp. 829-832. (Hamburg, Germany, Re-
tictiUtermes flavipes.)
1953, pp. 191-192. (Hamburg, Germany, Re-
ticulitermes flavipes.)
Welch, M. B., 1929, pp. 47-53. (Australia,
buildings.)
Wilson, H. B., 1952, pp. 471-472. (Copto-
tcrmes in buildings in Melbourne, nest
in nearby tree.)
WiTHYcoMBE, R., 1928, p. I. (Zanzibar, in-
sulation (rubber) on cable.)
WoLcoTT, G. N., 1921, pp. 1-14. (Puerto
Rico.)
1927, pp. 153-162. (Haiti.)
1946, pp. 1-29. (Puerto Rico, Cryptotermcs
brevis.)
WoLcoTT, G. N., and Sein, F., 1924, pp. 138-
149. (Puerto Rico.)
i939> PP- 1-26. (Puerto Rico.)
WooDESON, A., 1921, pp. 51-86. (Ceylon,
buildings.)
DAMAGE TO LIVING VEGETATION
Ag.\rwala, S. B. D., Naqvi, S. Z. H., and
Singh, R. P., 1954, pp. 99-100. (India,
aldrin and dieldrin outstanding insecti-
cides against Microtermes obesi and Odon-
totermes assmuthi attacking sugarcane.)
Alibert, H., 195 1, pp. 9-174. (Cacao, West
Africa.)
Aloi, a., 1885, pp. 89-94. (Grape vines, Ca-
tania, Sicily.)
Andrews, E. A., 1916, pp. 54-72. (Tea bushes,
mound-builders and subterranean ter-
mites, India.)
1924, pp. 1 1 8-125. (Tea bushes, Calotermes,
Ceylon.)
Anonymous, 1871, p. 233. (Pine logs.)
1889, p. 293. (Tea plants, Termes jatalis,
Ceylon.)
1889a, p. 340. (Trees, Australia.)
1892, p. 201. (Fruit trees, U.S.)
1897, p. 484. (Agriculture, Termes tapro-
banes, India.)
1898, p. 434. (Agriculture, Termes tapro-
banes, India.)
1914, p. 74. (Cane plants in field, Eutermes
acajutlae, Antigua and Porto Rico.)
1914a, pp. 301-304. (Vines, near Bordeaux,
France.)
1917a, p. 390. (Hawaii, Coptotermes for-
mosanus, sugarcane.)
1918a, p. 253. (Florida, Termes flavipes,
citrus trees.)
1920, pp. 206-208. (Ceylon, Calotermes
militaris ?, crops.)
1920a, p. 469. (Pacific Coast, U.S., prune
trees.)
1921a, (San Tome, Microcerotcrmes doli-
chognathus, cacao.)
1925, pp. 739-745. (Australia, sugarcane.)
1926a, pp. 4-5. (Australia, sugarcane, Masto-
termes darwiniensis.)
1927a, pp. 86-88. (Coptotermes acinaci-
jormis.)
1942a, pp. 3-17. (Australia, pp. 16-17,
Termes lacteus, orchard pest.)
1954c, p. 910. {Paraneotermes sifnplicicornis
killing Eucalyptus trees, Tucson, Ariz.)
Aulmann, G., 1913, pp. 83-91. (Rubber trees.)
Azemard, ( ). 1914, pp. 106-110. (Senegal,
ground nuts.)
Ballou, C. H., 1945, p. 87. (Venezuela,
plants.)
Ballou, H. A., 1912, pp. 74-75. (St. Kitts,
cotton.)
Banks, C. S., 1904, pp. 1025-1026. (Philip-
pines, cacao.)
Bates, G., 1926, pp. 4-5. (Australia, sugar-
cane, Mastotermes in sandy soil.)
Bathellier, J., 1927, pp. 121-165. (Indo-
china, vegetation, crops.)
i933> PP- 747-750- (Indo-China, vegetation.)
Batra, H. N., 1942, p. 15. {Microtermes
mycophagus, fruit, N.W. Frontier Prov-
ince, India.)
Beeknlvn, H., 1919, pp. 21-30. {Calotermes
tectonae, teak, Batavia, Java.)
Beeley, F., 1934, pp. 160-175. (Kuala Lum-
pur, Malaya, rubber trees.)
Beeson, C. F. C, 1941a, pp. 537-538. (India,
trees in nurseries, plantations; mature
rubber trees, tea bushes.)
Bell, A. F., 1939, pp. 45-59- (Queensland,
Coptotermes acinaciformis, minor dam-
age to mature sugarcane, p. 52.)
Bequaert, J., 1925, pp. 289-294. (Amazon,
Neotermes castanetts, guava trees.)
Berger, E. W., 1918, pp. 190-191. (Sweet
potatoes, Florida.)
BoFFA, G. D., 1949, p. 65. {Calotermes flavi-
collis, Reticulitermes Ittcijtigus, plants,
Italy, general comments.)
BoNAVENTURA, G., 1953b, p. 893. (Italy, plane
tree.)
BoNDAR, G., 1939, pp. 16-17. {Eutermes rip-
pertii and Calotermes wagneri, subsp. pe-
dcstans, cacao, Bahia, Brazil.)
Box, H. E., 1953, pp. 56-58. (Lists termites
attacking sugarcane, world.)
44
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
Bruner, S. C, Scaramuzza, L. C, and Otero,
A. R., 1945, pp. 35-36, 44, 129, 157.
(Plants, Cuba.)
BuGNioN, E., and Popoff, N., 1910*, pp. 107-
123. (Rubber trees, Coptotermes. Ceylon.)
Burns, A. W., and Mungomery, R. W., 1926,
pp. 628-630. (Australia, giant white ant
major cane pest over Lower Burdekin,
in sandy soil, mixture arsenic and mo-
lasses bait; tar treatment interferes with
germination; inject '4 oz. paradichloro-
benzene on both sides sets 12 in. apart,
4/4 in. deep, and 5 in. on each side.)
BuzAcoTT, J. H., 1947, pp. 135-140. (Sugar-
cane, Masotermes, etc.. North Queens-
land.)
1948, pp. 136-141. (Sugarcane, Masotermes,
etc.. North Queensland.)
Bynum, W. M., 1951, pp. 966-967. (Citrus
trees, Paraneotermes, lower Rio Grande
Valley, Tex.)
Capra, F., and Ghidini, G. M., 1946, pp.
42-46. (Cabbage, Jerusalem artichoke,
Reticiilitermes lucifugtis, Italy.)
Caresche, L., 1937, pp. 195-212. (Hevea and
Kapokier, Coptotermes curvignathtts,
Indo-China.)
Carter, W., 1949, pp. 761-766. (Pineapple,
Brazil, South America, bore into stumps,
cause wilt, scattered, isolated plants, p.
764.)
Cassidy, T. p., Romney, V. E., Buchanan,
W. D., and York, G. T., 1950, p. 10.
(Guayule nursery stock, Amitermes tiihi-
jormans. South Texas.)
Cavara, F., 1922, pp. 190-194. (Plants, Italy.)
Chaine, J., 1910, pp. 486-487. (Plants,
France.)
1911-1912, pp. 678-680; 113-115. (Plants,
France.)
1912, pp. 490-492. (Plants, France.)
1919, pp. 61-67. (Plants, France.)
1920, pp. 250-255, 281-285. (Plants, France.)
Chatterjee, N. C, 1939, pp. 15-24. (Termes
horni collected in sandal forests, India.)
Chiesa Molinari, O., 1942, p. 107. (Plants,
Argentina.)
Chock, Q. C, 1932, p. 124. (Rice plants,
Coptotermes jormosantis, Hawaii.)
Ciampolini, M., 1954, pp. 291-300. (Tuscany,
biology and damage to living woody
shrubs or trees.)
Clausen, C. P., 1913, pp. 11, 38, 41, 43, 46,
52, 77, 80, 84. (Agriculture, Tcrmcs for-
mosanus, T. vulgaris, Japan.)
Cleare, L. D., 1920, pp. 115-126. (Sugarcane,
British Guiana.)
Coaton, W. G. H., 1937, pp. 249-252. (Crops,
harvester termite, Hodotermes mossambi-
cus, South Africa.)
1943) PP- 346-350- (Crops, harvester ter-
mite, Hodotermes mossambictis, South
Africa, lawns, shrubs, young trees, crops;
in buildings, wall paper, carpets, curtains,
etc.)
1948, pp. 1-19. (Grass on veldt, Trinervi-
termes, South Africa, overgrazing and
effect on mound density.)
1948a, pp. 97-108. (Grass on veldt, Trinervi-
termes. South Africa, overgrazing and
effect on mound density.)
1948c, pp. 259-267. (Crops, Hodotermes
mossambictis, Microhodotermes, harvester
termites, South Africa.)
i948d, pp. 1-38. (Crops, Hodotermes mos-
sambicus, Microhodotermes , harvester ter-
mites, South Africa.)
1950, pp. 1-28. (Cultivated areas. South
Africa.)
1951, pp. 263-267, 277. (Grass, Trincrvi-
termes. South Africa.)
1954a, pp. 243-248. (South Africa, Hodo-
termes and veldt reclamation.)
CoMSTocK, J. H. (1879), 1880, pp. 207-208.
(Texas and Florida, girdling bark orange
trees, guava bushes, eating out sugar-
cane.)
CoRBETT, G. H., and Miller, N. C. E., 1936,
pp. 1-12. (Microtermes pallidus, tea
plants, Malaya.)
Cosar, H. G., 1934, pp. 61-67. (Africa.)
Costa Lima, A. da, 1941*, pp. 377-387. (Neo-
termes spp., guava, Brazil.)
Crichton, a., 1883, p. 461. (Young trees,
Arabia.)
Crowther, F., and Barlow, H. W. B., 1943,
pp. 99-112. (Tap-root cotton, Sudan
Gezira, damage less on fallow land, or-
ganic matter on area increased damage,
damage occurs first 2 months after sow-
ing, loss 3% whole crop, after years
fallow.)
Dammerman, K. W., 1913, pp. 1-12. {Copto-
termes gestroi, rubber, Java.)
1915*, pp. 98-100. (Calotermes tectonae,
teak.)
1929, pp. 22-30. (Agriciilture, Malay Archi-
pelago.)
Dean, H. A., 1954, pp. 79-81. (Texas, damage
to citrus on recently cleared brushland
by desert damp-wood termites.)
19543, pp. 365-366. (Texas, Paraneotermes
simplicicornis, damage to citrus trees on
recently cleared brushland, chlordane i lb.
or more per 50 trees effective control,
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
45
60 gals, of water per tree adequately
dispersed the chemical.)
Dellasus, M., Lepigre, A., and Pasquier, R.,
1933, pp. 28-33. {Reticulitermes lucifugtis
and Calotermes ftavicollis, vineyards, Al-
geria.)
Deshpande, R. B., 1943, pp. 188-191. (India,
localized areas, chillies.)
Dick, }., 1951, pp. 99, loi. (Natal, South
Africa, sugarcane.)
Dieuzeide, R., 1933, p. 200. {R. hicijugtis
and Calotermes flavicollis, grapevines, Al-
geria.)
Ebeling, W., 1950, pp. 1-747. (Citrus, pecan.)
Ehrhorn, E. M., 1928, p. 4. {Coptotermes,
pepper tree, Hawaii.)
Elliott, E. C, and Whitehead, F. J., 1926.
(Tea plants, Ceylon.)
Escherich, K., 1911*, pp. 166-174. (Ceylon,
tea, cacao, rubber.)
Feytaud, J., 1915, pp. 65-68, 82-84. (Agricul-
ture, France.)
Fletcher, T. B., 1920, pp. 33-314. (Crops,
India.)
Fonseca, J. Pinto da, 1940, pp. 222-223. (Eu-
calyptus plantations, Syntermes insidians,
Sao Paulo, Brazil.)
1950, pp. 57-84. (Eucalyptus plantations,
Syntermes iiisidians, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
also, Syntermes molestus, 70% 2 million
seedlings 8 to 10 months old destroyed.)
Forbes, S. A., 1895, p. 198. (Illinois, apple,
pecan tree roots.)
Froggatt, J. L., 1938, pp. 66-68. (New
Guinea, Calotermes papua, pest cacao
trees.)
Froggatt, W. W., 1905, pp. 632-656, 753-774.
(Australia, fruit trees.)
1905a, pp. 1-47. (Australia, fruit trees.)
Fuller, C, 1912, pp. 814-823. (South Africa,
orchards and plantations.)
1912a, pp. 345-369, 543:571- (South Africa,
orchards and plantations.)
1919a, pp. 301-305. (South Africa, Hodo-
termcs, grassland.)
1921, pp. 462-466. (South Africa, fungus-
growers, living trees.)
FuRNiss, R. L., 1939, pp. 5-8. (Washington
and Oregon, shade trees, Zootermopsis
angusticollis and Reticulitermes hesperus.)
Ghosh, C. C., 1940, p. 76. (Rangoon, Burma,
sugarcane.)
Glover, P. M., 1951, pp. 116-122. (India, lac.)
GossE, P. H., 1 85 1, pp. 459-463. (Jamaica,
sugarcane.)
Goureau, C., 1867, pp. 70-74. (Calotermes
flavicollis and Reticulitermes Iticijugus,
shade trees.)
Gradojevic, M., 1929, p, 16. (South Serbia,
Reticulitermes lucijitgus, vines, mulberry
and oak trees.)
Grassi, B., and Aloi, A., 1885, p. 148. (Sicily,
Catania, Calotermes ftavicollis, vine.)
Green, E. E., 1916, pp. 608-636. (Ceylon,
rubber tree.)
Greig, J. L., 1937, pp. 1-31. (Lowland lea
plains Malaya, Serdang, Fed. Malay States,
where poor soil and bushes' stamina not
maintained, extensive attack by termites.)
Gupta, B. D., 1950, pp. 344-345. (Bangalore,
India, sugarcane.)
Hagen, H. a., 1885, pp. 6r, 134-136. (Cam-
bridge, Mass., Termes flavipes, shade
trees Acer rubrum; earth in hothouses
infested.)
Haines, G. C, 1935, pp. 246, 248. (South
Africa, Hodotermes.)
Hainsworth, E., 1952, p. 19. (NE. India,
tea, Kalotermes, Termes taprobanes.^
Hargreaves, H., 1948, p. 15. (Cotton.)
Harler, C. R., 1933, p. 268. (Tea.)
Harris, W. V., 1936a, pp. 121-123. (Africa,
Hodotermes mossambicus, Microcero-
termes parvus, and Microtermes, cotton.)
1954, pp. 11-13. (Tropical agriculture.)
Hartley, B. J., 1938, p. 87. (Cotton.)
Hepting, G. H., 1935, pp. 29-30. (Hardwood
trees, Mississippi Delta.)
Herrick, G. W., 1904, pp. 28-32. (Pecan,
Mississippi.)
Heusser, C, 1926, pp. 355-363. ("Greenbark"
of Heuea brazilicnsis due to destruction
of outer layers of bark by termites.)
Hill, G. F., 1932, pp. 7-28. (Forest trees,
SE. Australia.)
Hoffman, C. H., 1942, pp. 1-20. (Elm trees,
U.S.)
HoLLowAY, T. E., 1932, pp. 354-356. (Sugar-
cane, Gulf States, U.S.)
Hubbard, H. G., 1883, p. 36. (U.S., Termes
flavipes does great damage at surface,
girdling orange, lemon, and lime trees;
eats tubers artichokes.)
1885, pp. 121-125. (Orange trees, U.S.)
Hunt, E. H., 1910, pp; 196-197, 268-269.
(Newly planted stumps rubber on old
tapioca estates, Termes carbonarius strips
bark off, Kuala Lumpur.)
HusAiN, M. A., 1935, pp. 562-564. (India,
intensity termite damage to wheat; Micro-
termes obesi most harmful pest of wheat,
annual average total loss of 6% and oc-
casionally 25% germinating grain. High
temperatures and low soil moisture, dried
up parts underground seedlings eaten, oc-
46
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
casionally plants coming to ears damaged
severely.)
HuTSON, J. C, 1923, pp. 83-87, 291-298, (Tea
bushes, Ceylon.)
1927, pp. 220-228. (Tea bushes, Ceylon,
Calotcrmes dilatattts and militaris.)
1932, pp. D111-D121. (Tea and rubber
trees, Ceylon.)
James, H. C., 1947, p. 28. {Nastititermes
costalis and Eutermes. sugarcane, British
Guiana.)
Janjua, N. a., and Samuel, C. K., 1941, pp.
1-4 1. (Fruit trees, Archotermopsis, Ba-
luchistan.)
Jarvis, E., 1923, pp. 15-16. (Cane, Queens-
land.)
1926, pp. 47-50. (Sugarcane, Queensland.)
1926a, p. 6. {Mastotermes, Queensland,
sugarcane.)
1926b, pp. 13-14, 49-52. (Mastotermes,
Queensland, sugarcane.)
1926c, pp. 103-105. (Mastotermes, Queens-
land, sugarcane.)
1927, pp. 85-88. (Mastotermes, Queensland,
sugarcane.)
1927a, pp. 18-23. (Mastotermes rated fourth
in importance as sugarcane pest, Queens-
land.)
1927b, pp. 11-13, 31-33. (Queensland, sugar-
cane.)
Jepson, F. p., 1924, pp. 7-10. (Calotermes,
Termes, Eutermes, Leucotermes, tea
bushes, Ceylon.)
1926, pp. 67-69. (Tea, Ceylon.)
1926a, pp. 134-142. (Tea, Ceylon.)
1927, pp. 19-21. (Distribution Ceylon tea
Calotermes, militaris, dilatattis, greeni.)
1929a, pp. 307-311. (Calotertnes, living
plants, Ceylon.)
1929b, pp. i-ir. (Calotermes, living plants,
Ceylon.)
1930, pp. 143-156. (Hevca braziliensis,
Ceylon.)
1930a, pp. 191-195. (Tea, Ceylon.)
1931. PP- 579-596- (Tea, Ceylon.)
Johnson, W. H., 1912, pp. 1-186. (Cocoa, San
Thome.)
DE Jong, E., 1927, pp. 524-527. (Cotton, Bel-
gian Congo.)
Kaiser, P., 1953, pp. 77-92. (Anoplotermcs
pacificus associated with plant roots.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1924, pp. 58-72. (Cryp-
totermcs, tea, Java.)
1930, pp. 1-154. (Kalotermcs tectoiuie.)
1950, pp. 146-177. (Agriculture, Indonesia.)
1952, pp. 1-7. (Neotermes, teak.)
1954b, pp. 59-74. (Java, survival Neotermes
colonies in felled teak.)
Kelsey, J. M., 1945a, pp. 69-75. (Neotermes
rainbowi, coconut palms, Suwarro Is-
land — North Cook Group.)
1952, p. 5. (Calotermes brouni in milled
Pintts radiata and in dead wood living
trees. Coptotermes acinacijormis, jrenchi,
and lacteus, introduced from Australia,
in living pines and timbers, Auckland,
New Plymouth, or Gisborne, New Zea-
land.)
Kent, G. H., 1890, p. 283. (Mississippi,
Termes flavipes destroying collard-stalks
and roots of turnip by gradually eating
out interior.)
King, C. B. R., 1938, pp. 28-34, 195-205, 160-
166. (Ceylon, Neotermes militaris, tea,
17% bushes damaged over 50-year period,
less than 5% infested, infestation through
roots.)
King, H. H., 1928, pp. 1-7. (Sudan, termites
caused but little crop damage.)
Koningsberger, J. C, and Zimmerman, A.,
1901, pp. 80-82. (Java, coffee.)
KuTCHKA, G. MacM., 1937, pp. 45-48. (U.S.,
greenhouse plants.)
Laboulbene, a., 1886, p. lii-liii. (Agen,
France, Reticulitermes lucifugtis, vine.)
Lal, R., and Menon, R. D., 1953, pp. 1-94.
(India, Burma, Ceylon, crops.)
Lepesme, p., 1947, pp. 152-155. (Palm.)
Lever, R. J. A. W., 1939, pp. 17-20. (Fiji.)
Light, S. F., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp. 314-
320. (California, Pararieotermes simplici-
cornis, citrus trees.)
1937a*, pp. 423-464. (California, Paraneo-
tcrmes simplicicornis, citrus trees.)
Luciano, E. C, 1953, pp. 9, 13. (Chile, Calo-
termes chilcnsis, forest and ornamental
trees.)
Luke, W. J., Jr., 1952, pp. fb-7. (Dominican
Republic, Aldrin most effective in soil
to protect sugarcane.)
Maki, M., 1916, pp. 1-266. (Formosa, mul-
berry tree.)
Marais, E. N., 1937, pp. XV -f 184. (South
Africa.)
Martin, G. C, 1950, pp. 61-63. (Rhodesia,
tobacco.)
Martorell, L. F., 1941, pp. 8-81. (Puerto
Rico, forest trees, Nastititermes costalis,
Mona Island, Kalotermcs snyderi.)
1945, pp. 69-354. (Puerto Rico, forest trees,
Nasiititermes costalis Mona Island, Kdo-
taines snyderi.)
Matsumura, S., 1910*, p. 2. (Formosa, sugar-
cane.)
Mayne, R., 1917, pp. 1-80. (Belgian Congo,
cacao.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
47
Miller, D., 1940-1941, pp. 333-334- (New
Zealand, Stolotermes ruficeps and Calo-
terines brouni native, not destructive to
native or exotic forests, latter damages
service timbers; introduced termites dam-
age timbers.)
MoRRiL, A. W., 1917, pp. 42-43. (Mesa, Ari-
zona, Amitermes tubijormans young cit-
rus orchard.)
MoRSTATT, H., 1913, pp. 443-464. (East Africa,
rubber trees.)
Mossop, M. C, 1949, pp. 17-19. (Rhodesia,
gardens and orchards.)
MouTiA, L. A., and Mamet, R., 1946, pp.
439-472. (Mauritius.)
Mungomery, R. W., 1947, pp. 35-45. (Bris-
bane, Australia, sugarcane, Coptotermes
acinacifortnis, Hamitermes obttisidens,
Rhi?20termes intermedins sechisus.)
Naude, T. J., 1934, pp. 1-20. (South Africa,
Termes, Hodotermes, and Trinervitermes,
veldt destruction, outbreak due scarcity
birds and drought, overstocking range.)
Neethling, L. J., 1952, p. 65. (South Africa,
Trinervitermes havilandi destroys 20%
grass in dry winter.)
Neves, C. M. B., 1948, pp. 444-447. (Portugal,
Reticulitermes lucifugus, cork oak, Quer-
cus suba:)
NiETNER, J., 1857, pp. 36-41. (Ceylon, agricul-
ture.)
NiRULA, K. K., Antony, J., and Menon,
K. P. v., 1953, pp. 26-34. (India, damage
to coconut and control, parathion, BHC,
chlordane.)
NouGARET, R., 1920, pp. 327-330. (California,
Reticulitermes hesperits, vineyards.)
OsBURN, M. R., 1937, p. 967. (Orlando, Fla.,
Retictditermes fiavipes, turnip roots.)
P.arnell, R., 1930, pp. 1-42. (Punjab, cuttings
Eucalyptus rostrata.)
Parsons, F. S., 1931, pp. 60-83. (Barberton,
South Africa, soya beans.)
Passarge, S., 1896, p. 350. (Africa, India,
trees.)
Patel, G. a., and Patel, H. K., 1952, pp.
133-140. (India, fruit trees.)
Pratt, H. C, 1908, pp. 1-12. (Federated Ma-
lay States, Termes gestroi, rubber ti'ees.)
1909, pp. 1-31. (Federated Malay States,
Termes gestroi, rubber trees.)
Pruthi, H. S., and Narayanan, E. S., 1939,
PP- 15-37- (Pusa, India, Odontotermes
assmuthi, mature sugarcane, statistical
study losses.)
QuAYLE, H. S., 1938, pp. 272-273. (Citrus and
other subtropical fruits.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., Gay, F. J., and Greaves, T.,
1952, pp. 39-47. (Australia, forest, fruit
trees, crops: denude grass, reduce pro-
ductivity pastures.)
Reh, C, 1925, pp. 238-246. (Plants.)
Reis, G. S., 1934, pp. 24-30. (India, Copto-
termes curvignathus, rubber.)
Richards, P. B., 1917, pp. 338-348. (Malaya,
Termes gestroi, rubber and coconut trees.)
Ridley, H. N., 1909, p. 563. (Malaya, Termes
gestroi, trees.)
RisBEo, J., 1950, pp. 45-47. (Senegal and
French Sudan, Microceroterm.es parvulus,
crops.)
Ro^VRK, R. C, 1939, pp. 305-309. {Kalotermes
tectonae attacks derris.)
1942, p. 14. (Rotenone used to control ter-
mites damaging rubber trees.)
Robinson, H. C, 1905, pp. 2-12. (Malaya,
Termes gestroi, attacking para rubber,
Hevea braziliensis.)
RooNWAL, M. L., 1954, pp. 459-462, (India,
damage to teak by Odontotermes parvi-
dens.)
RouBAUD, E., 1916, pp. 363-436. (Senegal,
Termes natalensis and T. bellicosus and
Microcerotermes parvulus attacking grain
in the soil.)
RouppERT, K., 1943, pp. 1-16. (Citrus trees,
Palestine.)
Rungs, Ch., 1953, pp. 61-76. (Moroccan tree,
Arganiaspinosa (L.),? Hodotermes ochra-
ceus Burm.)
Rutgers, A, A. L., 1920, pp. 1-43. (Java.)
Rutgers, A. A. L., and Dammerman, K. W.,
1914, pp. 5-15. {Hevea braziliensis, Java,
Coptotermes gestroi.)
Salt, G., 1926, pp. 1-62. (Cuba, sugarcane,
Nasutitermes morio and Leticotermes sp.
rarely infest mature cane, attack seed
pieces.)
Saraiva, a. C, 1939, pp. 101-114. {Termes
latericius, cotton, citrus, deciduous fruit
trees, forest trees, Portuguese East Af-
rica.)
Sarwar, M. S., 1940, pp. 144. (Wheat, sugar-
cane, inaize, and fruit trees, Punjab,
Odontotermes.)
Schuster, L., 1911, p. 65 (Teak trees.)
ScuDDER, S. H., 1861, pp. 287-288. {Termes
frontalis, grapevines, in hothouses, Salem,
Mass.)
1867, pp. 154-157. {Termes frontalis, grape-
vines, in hothouses, Salem, Mass.)
18S7, pp. 217-218. (Living plants, U.S.)
1891, pp. 15-16. {T. flavipes, tree ferns in
tubs, hothouses, New England; also ge-
raniums; and cabbages in gardens.)
48
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
Seabra, a. F. de, 1917, pp. 24-28. (Neotermes
gestri, Microcerotermes thcobromae, ca-
cao, San Thome.)
1919, pp. 1-43; 5-40. (Cacao and other cul-
tivated plants, San Thome.)
1921, pp. 83-119. (Cacao and other culti-
vated plants, San Thome.)
1922, pp. 78-87. (Cacao, San Thome.)
1939, pp. 1-699. (Wheat pests of the world.)
Seoane, V. L., 1879, pp. xiv-xv. (Trees,
Philippines.)
Sharples, a., 1936, pp. 370-384. (Rubber tree,
Coptotermes.)
Shiraki, T., 1920, pp. 629-631. (Tea plants,
Formosa.)
Shuman, F., 1954, pp. 16-17. (India, wheat,
full diet equips for termite battle.)
SiDDiQi, Z. A., and Agarwal, R. A., 1954,
p. 58. (India, sugarcane, effect of BHC
and chlordane on germination and early
tillering when used against termites.)
Singh, M., 1939, pp. 93-99. (Maize plants,
India.)
Smee, C, 1932, pp. 44-46. (Young tea bushes,
Acanthotermes tnilitaris, Nyasaland.)
Smith, F., 1866, p. 327. (Coffee beans, Tcn-mes
cumulans? , Catagallo, South Brazil.)
Smith, J. B., 1894, p. 494. (New Jersey, black-
berry roots, Termes flavipes.)
Smith, J. H., 1938, p. 254. (Fruit trees,
Queensland.)
Smyth, E. G., 1919a, p. 138. (Sugarcane,
Cuba.)
Snyder, T. E., 1916, pp. 18-32. (Living plants,
trees, U.S., corn, cotton, sugarcane, rice,
potatoes, apple, pecan trees, grapevines.)
1925, pp. 14-17. (Citrus trees, Florida.)
1926c, pp. 18-21. (Living vegetation, U.S.)
i927e, p. 17, fig. 18. (Tree, Coptotermes,
Honduras.)
19356, pp. 115-119. (Living vegetation,
U.S.)
1948, pp. 129-135. (Living vegetation,
world.)
1954b, pp. 1-64. (Living vegetation, U.S.,
Canada.)
Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, J., 1924, pp. 13-16,
19-20. (Coconut palms, Coptotermes,
Panama.)
SoRAUER, P., Ed., 1949, pp. 353-373. (Useful
plants.)
SwEZEY, O. H., 1920, p. 218. (Sugarcane, Ha-
waii.)
1928, p. 19. (Trees, Hawaii.)
1940, p. 177. (Cultivated plants, Guam.)
1954, pp. 20, 43, 62, 93, 98, no, 114, 118,
123, 137, 141, 142, 148, 156, 165, 211, 217.
(Hawaii, "Neotermes connexus, Kalo-
termes immigrans, forest trees, all is-
lands.)
Thompson, W. L., 1933, pp. 84-87. (Citrus
trees, Neotermes castanetis, Florida.)
'^934> PP- 33-39- (Citrus trees, Neotermes
castanetis, Florida.)
Thornewill, a. S., 1924, pp. 738-739. (Trees,
Rhodesia.)
TsE, K. B., 1936, pp. Di-22. (Crops, near Can-
ton, China, Termes formosanus the most
injurious termite.)
Vayssiere, p., and Mimeur, J., 1925, pp. 89-
90. (Cotton, Microtermes stidanensis,
French West Africa.)
Vesey-FitzGerald, D., 1941, p. 394. (Sey-
chelles, coconut palm trees, Neotermes
laticolUs, Nasutitermes maheensis, Micro-
cerotermes stibtilis.)
Vieira, R., 1952, pp. 277-278, 282, 284. (Fruit
trees, ornamentals, Madeira.)
VivET, E., 1914, pp. 333-338. (Grapevine,
Calotermes flavicoUis, attack cicatrices
due to pruning, Algiers.)
VoEixKER, O. J., 1953, pp. 15-40. {Micro-
termes pallidas damaging tea bushes, Fed.
Malaya, p. 29.)
Wade, J., 1951, pp. 7-56. (Sugarcane, world;
termites, p. 7, Anoplotermes schwarzi;
p. II, Calotermes sp.; p. 16, Coptotermes
acinacijormis, C. formosanus, C. heimi,
C. sp.; p. 17, Cryptotermes piceatus; p.
26, Etitermes costaricensis, E. haitiensis,
E. morio, E. ripperti; p. 31, Kalotermes
immigrans, K. schwarzi; p. 34, Letico-
termes cardini, L. flavipes, L. philip-
pinensis, L. tenuis; p. 35, Mastotermes
darwiniensis; p. 37, Microtermes nigritus;
p. 38, Nasutitermes aequalis, N. morio,
N. pallidiceps, Neotermes connexus; p.
39, Obttisitermes aequalis; p. 49, Rcticuli-
termes speratus; p. 56, Termes classicus,
T. formosanus, T. morio, T. obesus, T.
taprobanus, T. vulgaris, T. sp.)
Waterston, J. M., 1949, pp. 5-15. (Kalo-
termes, Cryptotermes, juniper, Bermuda.)
Watson, E. B., and Thompson, R. W., 1945,
pp. 1-5. (R. flavipes tubes on maple trees,
Toronto, Canada.)
1948, pp. 1-5. (Reticulitermes flavipes tubes
on maple trees, Toronto, Canada.)
Watson, J. R., 1938, pp. 8, 23. (Citrus trees,
banked trees, U.S.)
1940, pp. 3, 18. (Citrus trees, banked trees,
U.S. groves.)
1942, pp. 13, 17. (Citrus trees, banked trees,
U.S. groves.)
Weidner, H., iti Sorauer, P., 1949, pp. 353-
373. (Useful plants.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
49
Wene, G. p., 1952, pp. 39-40. (Texas, Re-
tictiUtermes flavipes, avocado seedling.)
Wilkinson, H., 1940, pp. 67-72. (Grasslands,
East Africa.)
Williams, F. X., 1931, pp. 76-84. (Sugarcane,
Hawaii.)
WoLcoTT, G. N., 1925, p. 422. (Seed cane,
Haiti, Parvitermes pallicliceps.)
WooDHousE, E. J., 1913, pp. 1-2. (Crops,
Behar and Orissa, western Bengal, India,
Termes sp., wheat, sugarcane.)
WooDwoRTH, H. E., 192 1, pp. 9-35. (Crops,
Philippines.)
Yano, M., 1912, pp. 52-56. (Living plants,
Japan.)
Z.A.VATTARI, E., 1953, pp. 857-863.
DETECTION, See also MICROPHONES
Barton, R. C, in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp.
711-714. (Audioamplifying apparatus.)
Berger, B. C, 1947, pp. 1-44. (Illinois, how
to recognize.)
Crawford, D. L., 1928, p. 36. (X-ray, nega-
tive results.)
Emerson, A. E., 1929a, pp. 722-727. (Com-
munication among termites, vibration.)
Emerson, A. E., and Simpson, R. C, 1929,
pp. 648-649. (Apparatus for detection
substratum communication among ter-
mites.)
Gregory, J. N., 1940, pp. 310-31 1. (X-ray
timber.)
Snyder, T. E., i925f, pp. 32-33. (Flights.)
1935, pp. 235-236. (Flights, tubes, damage.)
I935e, pp. 159-160. (Flights, tubes, dam-
age.)
1947b, pp. 144-147. (Flights, tubes, dam-
age.)
1948, p. 203. (Microphone.)
i95od, pp. 9-12. (Sound, blisters, pellets,
plugs — dry-wood termites.)
1951a, pp. 237, 250, 261. (Subterranean ter-
mites.)
1952, p. 28. (By frass.)
19526, pp. 33-34. (History use stethoscopes,
geophones, microphones.)
Stanford, E. E., 1934, p. 86, fig. 74. (X-ray
reveals insect damage in wood.)
Sweetman, H. L., 1950, pp. 23-38. (By dam-
age, frass.)
DIGESTION, See also NUTRITION, PROTOZOA
Baldacci, E., in Visintin, 1941-1942, pp. 157-
159, 1941. (? Schizomycetes or Protozoa
in cellulose digestion in intestines of ter-
mites.)
Eeckwith, T. D., and Rose, E. J., 1929, pp.
4-6. (Cellulose digestion by organisms
from termite gut.)
BuscALioNi, L., and Comes, S., 1910, pp. 1-16.
(Symbiosis, intestinal flagellates.)
Child, H. J., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp. 58-
88. (Histology of digestive tract.)
Cleveland, L. R., 1923, pp. 444-461. (Sym-
biosis, intestinal flagellates, correlation be-
tween food and morphology and presence
of Protozoa.)
1923a, pp. 424-428. (Symbiosis, intestinal
flagellates, correlation between food and
morphology and presence of Protozoa.)
1924, pp. 178-201, 203-227. (Symbiosis, in-
testinal flagellates, correlation between
food and morphology and presence of
Protozoa, especially R. flavipes.)
1925, pp. 282-287. {Trichonympha cam-
panula ingests solid particles of wood for
food.)
1925a, pp. 289-293. (Termites live indefi-
nitely on diet pure cellulose.)
1925b, pp. 295-308. (Feeding habits of
castes and relation to intestinal flagel-
lates.)
1925c, pp. 309-326. (Symbiosis, Termopsis
and its intestinal flagellates.)
1926, pp. 51-60. (Symbiosis, termites and
their intestinal flagellates.)
1928, pp. 231-237. (Symbiosis, termites and
their intestinal flagellates.)
Cleveland, L. R., Sanders, E. P., and Hall,
S. R., 1931, p. 92. (Protozoa roach,
Cryptocerais, and termites, relation to
evolution from roaches.)
Dickman, a., 1931, pp. 85-92. (Symbiosis, in-
testinal Protozoa, bacteria, spirochaetes
next to Protozoa in abundance.)
Emerson, A. E., in Allee et al., 1949, p. 718.
(Symbiosis, intestinal Protozoa, bacteria,
spirochaetes next to Protozoa in abun-
dance.)
Ghidini, G. M., 1940, pp. 220-221. (Activity
intestinal flora and fauna of ReticuJi-
termes lucijugus in digesting cellulose.)
1941, pp. 103-113. (Flagellates responsible
for digestion cellulose, bacteria do not
have prevailing role.)
Home, E., 1814, pp. 378-384. (Digestive or-
gans.)
5°
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
HuNGATE, R. E., 1936, pp. 240-249. (Role
bacteria and molds in cellulose decom-
position slight.)
1938, pp. 1-25. (Relative importance of the
termite and Protozoa in wood digestion —
in Zootermopsis.)
1938a, p. 53. (Some products of the cellu-
lose dissimilation by termite Protozoa.)
1939, pp. 230-245. (Anaerobic carbohydrate
dissimilation by intestinal Protozoa, Zo-
otermopsis.)
^943> PP- 730-739' (Quantitative analysis
on the cellulose fermentation by Proto-
zoa.)
1944, pp. 91-98. (Nitrogen utilization by
Zootermopsis.)
1946, pp. 9-24. (Symbiotic utilization of
cellulose, microorganisms ferment di-
gested cellulose, products absorbed and
oxidized by host, utilization same as in
cattle.)
Mansour, K., and Mansour-Bek, J. J., 1934,
pp. 363-382. (Role of microorganisms in
digestion of wood.)
Misra, J. N., and Ranganathan, V., 1954, pp.
100-113. (India, digestion cellulose by
Cydotermes obesus.)
Montalenti, G., 1932, pp. 859-864. (Calo-
termes flavicollis, amylase and invertase
present in midgut: proteolytic enzyme
also exists.)
MuKERji, D., and R.\ychaudhuri, S., 1943a,
p. 166. (Digestive system Termes rede-
manni.)
Platania, E., 1938, pp. 297-328. (Structure
digestive tube Reticulitcrmes lucifugiis.)
VisiNTiN, B., 1941, pp. 393-406. (Caloiermes
flavicollis fed with compressed yeast free
of cellulose substances eliminates normal
fauna of flagellates and loses power to
digest cellulose.)
1947, pp. 290-300. (Starch in nutrition uti-
lized as carbohydrate food, enzyme active
in intestines partially free of Protozoa.)
VisiNTiN, B., et al., 1941-1942, pp. 27-44. (Di-
gestion cellulose (in Kalotermes flavi-
collis) due to activity flagellate Joenidae.)
DISEASES, HUMAN, PLANT, and TERMITE
Belt, T., 1874, p. 181. (Epidzootic among
termites, Nicaragua.)
Berebsberg, H. V.P., 1907, pp. 757-762. (Uses
in medicine, Africa.)
Fuller, C, 1918a, pp. 43-48. (Death natives
following feast on Hodotermes, South
Africa.)
Harper's Family Library, 1831, pp. 147-148.
(East Indies, winged with flour made
into pastry, eaten too abundantly causes
fatal cholera; Africa, winged parched.)
Hirst, L. F., 1933, pp. 47-48. (Bacteriology
dry-wood termites, Ceylon, relation to
sprue, "Monilia" cultured from fecal
pellets.)
Jepson, F. p., 1933, pp. 1-46. (Possible factor
pellets dry-wood termites in etiology
sprue, Ceylon.)
Jordens, J. H., 1 801, pp. xxviii-l-318. (Hu-
man parasites.)
Snyder, T, E., 1951b, pp. 31-32. (Sudden
death workers and nasuti Nastititcrtnes
costalis in building, Dominica.)
Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, }., 1924, pp. 13-16,
19-20. (Carrier of nematodes which cause
"red ring" disease coconut palms, Pan-
ama.)
Strong, R. P., 1925, pp. 97-107. (Spirochaetes,
Treponema spp., in termite intestines not
pathogenic in mice and guinea pigs.)
DISTRIBUTION
Abe, Y., 1937, pp. 463-472. (Copiotert72cs
formosanus in Japan.)
Adamson, a. M., 1937, pp. 141-149. (Trini-
dad.)
^9l^y PP- 220-224. (Lesser Antilles.)
1940a, pp. 12-15. (Trinidad and Tobago,
56 species from former, 10 from latter
area, ecology.)
1946, pp. 221-223. (Trinidad and Tobago,
56 species from former, 10 from latter
area, ecology.)
1948, pp. 53-55. (Lesser Antilles.)
Ahmad, M., 1952. p. 71. (Cryptotermcs in
India and Pakistan, C. dudleyi new for
subcontinent; C. bengdensis , C. domenti-
cus; C. bengalensis synonym of C. havi-
landi.)
Alexander, A. E., 1936, p. 34. {Rcticulitermes
fiavipes north bank Cascadilla Creek,
Ithaca, central New York.)
Alibert, H., 1951, pp. 9-174. (West Africa.)
Annandale, N., 1923, pp. 233-251. (Chilka
Lake, Barkuda, India.)
Anonymous, 1864, p. 310. (St. Helena.)
1870, pp. 642-644. (France.)
1891, p. 471. (Pacific Coast, U.S.)
191 1, pp. 273-274. (Ceylon.)
1914, p. 74. (Barbados.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
51
1933a, p. 30. (No mvasion of eastern U.S. —
Dr. T. E. Snyder.)
1941b, pp. 1 17-123. (France.)
1950a, pp. 1-75. (South Africa.)
1953s, p. 148. (Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
Ret!cnlitennes flavipes only slightly ex-
tended the infested area.)
AssMUTH, J., 1927, pp. 171-173. (British
India.)
AucTORES, 1952, pp. 87-88. (Japan, Copto-
tcrmes formosanus, Lettcotermes spera-
tus, and Calotcrmes satsumensis.)
Banks, N., 1901*, pp. 541-546. (Galapagos
Islands.)
1907, pp. 5-6. (North America.)
1918*, pp. 659-667. (Panama and British
Guiana.)
1919*, pp. 475-489. (Antilles.)
Banks, N., and Snyder, T. E., 1920*, pp. i-
228. (North America, distribution maps.)
Barreto, B. T., 1923, pp. 106-109. (Cuba.)
Bathellier, J., 1927, pp. 125-365. (Indo-
china.)
Beal, J. A., Haliburton, W., and Knight,
F. B., 1952, pp. 3-168. (Piedmont Pla-
teau, North Carolina, southeastern U.S.;
pp. 124-126, ReticuUtermes spp.)
Beall, G., 1931, pp. 33-35. (British Colum-
bia.)
Beatty, H. a., 1944, pp. 118-119. (Puerto
Rico.)
Beaven, R. C, 1868, pp. 381-383. (India.)
Becker, G., 1953a, pp. 339-373. (Guatemala.)
Beeson, C. F. C, 1941a, pp. 524-553. (100
species from India.)
Bequaert, J. C, in Strong, 1930, pp. 819-823.
(Liberia, Belgian Congo.)
Berland, L., 1926, pp. 72-73. Calotennes flavi-
collis, le Var, France.)
Bernard, F., 1948, pp. 185-196. (Fezzan,
Tripoli.)
1954, pp. 104-111. (Sahara desert, role ter-
mites.)
BiBBY, F. F., 1947, p. 79. (Samar Group,
Philippines, ]SIasuiiter7ncs panayensis.)
Blackburn, T., 1884, p. 413. (Hawaii.)
Blake, C. H., 1937, pp. 3-9. (ReticuUtermes
flavipes, New England.)
Bobe-Moreau, C. J., 1843, pp. xliv-fi22.
(Rochefort, Dept. Charente-Inferieure,
France.)
Bodenheimer, F. S., 1935, pp. 327, 329. (Pales-
tine.)
Boffinet (Pere), 1842, pp. 546-559. (Cha-
rente-Inferieure, France.)
i853> PP- 145-157- (Charente-Inferieure,
France.)
Bonaventura, G., 1953a, pp. 1-32. (Umbria,
Italy.)
Boys, W. J. E., 1846, pp. cli-clii. (India.)
Brauer, F., 1876, pp. 265-300. (Europe, es-
pecially Austria.)
Brimley, C. S., 1938, p. 28. (North Carolina,
3 species ReticuUtermes.)
Bugnion, E., 19136, pp. 165-172. (Indo-Ma-
laya.)
I9i3f, pp. 24-58. (Ceylon.)
1920, pp. 49-51. (ReticuUtermes lucifugus,
Basses-Pyrenees.)
Cachan, p., 1949, pp. 177-275. (Madagascar.)
1950a, pp. 111-117. (Madagascar, Neo-
termes, Heterotermes philippinensis, Cop-
totermes truncatus, Psammoternies voeltz-
kowi, Eutermes caniculatus, Coarctotermes
clepsydra, Capritermes capricornis, dis-
tribution.)
1951, pp. 1-18. (Madagascar.)
Calliot, J., 1877, pp. 392-397. (South Amer-
ica.)
Capra, F., 1935, pp. 44-46. (Trinervitermes
tripolitanus, Abyssinia, not Libia.)
1938, p. 125. (Trinervitermes tripolitanus
and T. trinervius, Libia.)
1948, pp. 77-79. (ReticuUtermes lucifugus,
Italy.)
Cardin, p. G., 1918, pp. 58-61. (Cuba.)
Castle, G. B., ifi Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp.
273-275. (Zootermopsis, western U.S.)
1944, p. 64. (Zootermopsis nevadensis and
ReticuUtermes tibialis, Montana.)
Chabousson, F., 1954, pp. 347-352. (France.)
Charrier, H., 1923, pp. 216-217. (ReticuU-
termes lucifugus, Tangiers.)
Chaudhry, G. U., 1954, pp. 31-32. (First Paki-
stan record of Archotermopsis wrought-
oni (Desneux).)
Chopard, L., 1947, pp. i-iii. (France.)
Ciprl'Vni, L., 1932, pp. 126-131. (Rhodesia.)
Clagg, C. F., 1954, p. 278. (Hawaii, Kaneohe
Marine Corps Air Sta., new record for
Coptotcrmes formosanus.)
Clark, A. F., 1938, pp. 177-179. (New Zea-
land, native and introduced termites.)
Coaton, W. G. H., 1947, pp. 130-177. (Pi-
enaars River, South Africa.)
1948, pp. 1-19. (Trinervitermes, South Af-
rica.)
1948b, pp. 1-18. (Cryptotermes brevis.
South Africa.)
I948d, pp. 1-38. (Hodotermes, South Af-
rica.)
1949b, pp. 13-77. (Hodotermitidae and
Kalotermitidae, South Africa.)
1950a, pp. 3-32. (Cryptotermes, South Af-
rica.)
52
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
Colas, G., 1944, pp. 38-39. (Reticulitermes
luciJHgits, France.)
CosAR, H. G., 1934, pp. 1-86. (Africa, map
different types nests correlated with vege-
tation.)
CosTA-LiMA, A. DA, 1938*, pp. 359-362. (Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil, Neotermes wagncri.)
1939. PP- 263-327. (Brazil.)
1942*, pp. 1-4. (Brazil, 'Neotermes wag-
neri.)
Dammerman, K. W., 1948, pp. 490-491.
(Krakatau.)
Dance, C. D., 1881, pp. 159-161. (British
Guiana.)
Desneux, J., I904e*, pp. 1-52. (World, over
300 species cataloged.)
DiETZ, H. F., 1921, pp. 87-96. (Indiana.)
1924, pp. 299-301. (Indiana.)
DiETZ, H. F., and Snyder, T. E., 1924, pp.
279-302. (Panama.)
Dixon, W. B., 1946, pp. 31-34. (Jamaica,
Cryptotennes brevis.)
DoBBELAERE, G., 1945, p. 49- {ReticuUtermcs
hicijugus soldiers and workers near
Paris.)
DoBsoN, R. J., 1918, p. 99. {Reticulitermes
lucijtigus near Boston.)
DoDERLEiN, L., 1881, pp. 211, 212. (Japan.)
Dudley, P. H., and Beaumont, J., 1889*, pp.
85-114. (Panama.)
1889a*, pp. 56-70, 111-112. (Panama.)
1890*, pp. 157-180. (Panama.)
1890a*, pp. 102-108. (Panama.)
Ehrhorn, E. M., 1915, pp. 55-56. {Copto-
termes, Oahii, Hawaii.)
1928, pp. 4, 18. {Coptotcrmes, Oahu, Ha-
waii, p. 4; Kalotermes immigrans and
Neotermes connextis, Kauai, Hawaii, p.
18.)
1929, p. 230. {Coptotermes jormosantis,
damage to "Ohia" paving blocks (hard
wood), Oahu, Hawaii.)
1931. PP- 330-332. (Hawaii.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 321-323. (List
termites of Hawaii.)
Emerson, A. E., 1925*, pp. 291-459. (Kartabo,
British Guiana.)
1928*, pp. 401-574. (Belgian Congo and
Cameroon, Africa.)
I933*> PP- 165-196. (Western U.S.)
1934, in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., p. 117. (Map
showing world distribution of termites.)
1936, pp. 410-411. {Reticulitermes flavipes
common in central New York State, rec-
ords for other termites; northern records
for flavipes and R. tibialis.)
1949, in Allee et al., pp. 660, 661, 724, 725,
726. {Kalotermes in peripheral regions.
p. 660; Neotermes and Glyptotermes in
continental rainforests of Tropics, p. 661:
Reticulitermes and climate, p. 724, Pro-
rhinotermes, p. 725; predatory barrier
prevents dispersal less defended Nasuti-
termitinae, p. 726.)
1951, pp. 149-160. (Belgian Congo, Africa.)
1952, pp. 217-225. (Biogeography.)
1952b, pp. 486, 506. (Distribution Procorni-
termes and Cornitermes})
1955a, pp. 465-522. (World distribution and
origin genera.)
Emerson, A. E., and Miller, E. M., 1943, pp.
184-187. (Florida.)
1944, pp. 108-109. (Florida.)
Erichson, W. F., 1848, pp. 582-583. (British
Guiana.)
EsAKi, T., 1937, pp. 344-346. {Zootermopsis
angusticoUis from Oregon, introduced
into Japan.)
Escherich, K., 1908a, pp. 247-248. (Ery-
threa.)
191 1*, pp. 1-179. (Ceylon.)
Favard, p. G., 1930, pp. 497-499. (Southern
France, Calotermes flai/icollis.)
Feytaud, J., 1924, pp. 241-244. (Saintonge,
France.)
1924b, pp. 69-73. (Charentes, France.)
1951, p. 223. {Reticulitermes flavipes, Bor-
deaux, R. lucijugus, SE. France.)
Fletcher, T. B., 1914, pp. 1-565. (India.)
1916, p. 39. {Coptotermes gestroi, India.)
Forbes, S. A., 1895, pp. 190-204. {Termes
flavipes, Illinois.)
FoxwoRTHY, F. E., and Wooley, H. W., 1930,
pp. 1-60. (List Malayan termites.)
Frauenfeld, G. R., 1868, p. 291. (Nicobars.)
Froggatt, W. W., 1895*, pp. 415-438. (Aus-
tralia.)
1896*, pp. 510-552. (Australia.)
1897*, pp. 721-758. (Australia.)
1905a, pp. 1-47. (Australia.)
1907, pp. 1-449. (Australia.)
1923, pp. xiv-f 171. (Australia.)
FuLLAWAY, D. T., 1920, pp. 294-301. (Ha-
waii.)
1 92 1, pp. 456-457. {Cryptotermes brevis in
Flawaii previous to 1904.)
1925, p. ig. {Coptotermes and Crypto-
termes in Hilo more than i year since
1924.)
1926, pp. 68-88. (Hawaii.)
1926a, pp. 334--349- Hawaii.)
1927, pp. 170-176. (Hawaii.)
1929, pp. 79-80, 82-92. (Hawaii.)
1929a, p. 134. (Hawaii.)
1929b, pp. 205, 210. {Coptotermes jortno-
sanus on Kauai, Hawaii.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
53
1931, p. 8. {Coptotermes and Cryptotermes
on Lanai, Hawaii.)
Fuller, C, 1912, pp. 814-823. (Natal, South
Africa.)
1912a, pp. 345-369, 543-571- (Natal, South
Africa.)
1915a, pp. 329-504. (South Africa.)
1921, pp. 462-466, 142-147. (South Africa.)
1921a, pp. 101-103. (South Africa.)
1921-1922, pp. 14-52, 70-131.
1923*, pp. 191-192. (Uganda.)
1925, pp. 269-276. (Northern Zululand.)
1925a*, pp. 167-246. (South Africa.)
Gassies, J. B., 1855, pp. 427-428. (Introduced,
Bordeaux.)
Georgevitch, J., 1931, pp. 1-68. (Jugoslavia.)
Gerstacker, a., 1873; 1891, pp. 183-191.
(East Africa.)
Gnanamuthu, C. p., 1947, pp. 154-155.
{Coptotermes ceylonicus Krusadai Island,
India.)
Goellner, E. J., 1931*, pp. 227-234. (Reticu-
literfnes arenincola, sand dunes Indiana,
Michigan.)
GoETscH, W., 1930. (Chile.)
1933*, pp. 227-243. {Calotermes chilensis
and 2 var., and C. gracilignathus, Juan
Fernandez Island.)
1953a, pp. 235-280. (Includes list of ants
and termites from Balearic Islands; in-
vestigation of caste development.)
Goeze, J. H. E., 1783, pp. 20-27. (France.)
GouREAU, C., 1851, pp. xl-xli. (Antilles.)
Gradojevic, M., 1929, pp. 1-16. {ReticuU-
termes lucifugus, southern Serbia.)
Grasse, p. p., 1936, pp. 265-306. (French
West Africa.)
1937a*, pp. i-ioo. (French West Africa.)
1938a, pp. 195-196. {Calotevmes dispar,
Canary Islands.)
1939*5 PP- 179-185- (Calotermes barrctoi,
Reticulitermes, 'Neater me s praecox, Ma-
deira.)
1949, pp. 408-544. (General.)
Grassi, B., and Sandias, A., 1893, pp. 1-75.
(Italy, Sicily.)
Green, E. E., 1908, pp. 75-82. (Ceylon.)
I9i3> PP- 7-15- (Ceylon.)
Greenwood, W., 1940, pp. 211-218. (Fiji.)
Gundlach, J., 1886, pp. 204-208. (Cuba.)
1894, p. 264. (Puerto Rico.)
Hagen, H. a., 1852, pp. 53-75. (General.)
1855-1860*, pp. 1-144, 270-325, 1-342, 73-79.
(World, 60 species listed.)
1876, p. 62. {Reticulitermes flavipes, Flor-
ida.)
1S77, p. 73. (California.)
Hagen, V. W. von, 1937-1938, pp. 46, 39-49.
{Nastttitermes.)
Hall, H. C. van, 1867, p. 381. (East Indies.)
Harris, W. V., 1940, pp. 62-66. (East Africa.)
1941, pp. 201-205. (East Africa.)
1950, pp. 50-52. (East Africa.)
1951, pp. 25-28. (East Africa.)
1951a, pp. 60-62. (East Africa.)
1953, pp. 13-14. (St. Helena, Cryptotermes
brevis introduced from America and
Hcterotertnes pJatycephalus from Aus-
tralia.)
1954b, pp. 126-132. (British Common-
wealth.)
Hayward, K. J., 1942, p. 50. (Tucuman,
Argentina.)
Headlee, T. J., _ 1937, pp. 337-341. (New
Jersey, colonies abundant in woodland
where more soil moisture.)
Hegh, E., 1922, pp. 1-756. (World.)
Hesse, R., Allee, W. C, and Schmidt, K. P.,
1937- (Approx. 1,600 species in Tropics
and sub-Tropics, p. 109; Tropics, p. 402;
rainforests, p. 431; open lands, nests sa-
vannahs, pp. 446, 460.) 2d ed., 1951, pp.
480, 518, 536. (Approx. 1,600 species in
Tropics and sub-Tropics; Tropics, p. 402;
rainforests, p. 431; open lands, nests sa-
vannahs, pp. 446, 460.)
Hill, G. F., 1942*, pp. 1-473. (Australian
region.)
HiLL-GiBsoN, C. A., 1947, pp. 56-57. (Christ-
mas Island, Indian Ocean, Prorhinotermes
canalijrons and Kalotermes, n. sp.)
1950, pp. 149-165. (Cocos-Keeling Islands,
Prorhinotermes canalijrons and Kalo-
termes, n. sp.)
Hilton, W. A., 1919, p. 41. (Claremont-
Laguna region, California, Retictditermes
tibialis, R. hesperus, Termopsis {Zooter-
mopsis) angusticollis.)
Hoffman, W. E., 1938, pp. 439-460. {Termes
jormosanus and Macrotermes barncyi, Is-
land of Hainan.)
Holmgren, N., 1913b*, pp. 5-31. (Various
theories on center of dispersal.)
Hoon, R. C, and Talwar, K. N., 1950, pp.
179-186. (Hirakud Dam, India.)
Horn, W., 1899, pp. 129-136, 225-236, 385-
397- (Ceylon.)
HoRVATH, G., 1885, pp. 208-211, xxviii.
{Termes lucifugus in Hungary.)
HuDLiKAR, S. B., 191 1, pp. 103-114. (Bhor-
Ghats, India.)
Hudson, G. V., 1892, pp. 107-108. (New Zea-
land.)
1904, pp. x-f 102. (New Zealand.)
54
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
HuNGERFORD, H. B., 1935, p. 24. {RcticuU-
termes hageni, Kansas.)
HuTTON, F. W., 1899, pp. 209-210. (New Zea-
land.)
Illiger, K., 1805, pp. 232-234. (Africa.)
Invrea, F., 1942, pp. 106-108. {R. lucijugtts,
Genoa and Liguiia.)
loNEScu, M. A., 1932, pp. 108-113. {R. lu-
cijugus in Romania.)
Isaac, P. V., 1946, pp. 75-76. (New Delhi,
India, Microcerotermcs heimi.')
Jack, R. W., 1913, pp. 1-16. (Rhodesia.)
Jacobson, G. G., 1904*, pp. 57-107. (Russia.)
Jaeger, E. C., 1933, pp. 48-49. {Amitermcs
and Reticulitermes tibialis, California des-
ert.)
Jaume, Miguel L., 1954, pp. 1163-1182.
(Cuba.)
Jepson, F. p., 1927, pp. 19-21. (Ceylon, Calo-
tcrmes in tea plants.)
John, O., 1920*, pp. 227-234. (South Amer-
ica.)
1925*, pp. 360-419. (Ceylon, Malay Penin-
sula, Sumatra, Java, and Aru Islands.)
Jucci, C, 1937, pp. 300-308. (Italian East
Africa.)
Jucci, C, and Springhetti, A., 1953. (Sicily.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1934, pp. cliv-clv. {Cap-
ritermes, East Indies.)
1935, pp. 21-22. {Schcdorhinotcrmes ja-
vanicus, East Indies.)
1936, pp. 50-51. (East Indies.)
1936a, pp. 427-435- (Java.) _
1950, pp. 146-177. (Indonesia.)
Keck, C. B., 1952, p. 351. (Midway Island,
Cryptotermes brevis.)
Kemp, P. B., 1955, pp. 1 13-136. (Northeastern
Tanganyika.)
Kent, W. S., 1897, pp. 101-131. (Australia.)
1897a, pp. 81-82. (Australia.)
Kirby, W. F., 1884, pp. 453-454.
KoFoiD, C. A., 1934, 2d ed., pp. 13-21. (Cli-
matic factors.)
KoLBE, H. J., 1885*, pp. 145-150. (Japan.)
1887, pp. 70-74. {Hodotermes and Termcs,
"Caplande," South Africa.)
Kollar, v., 1833, p. 459. (Termes fiai/ipes,
Vienna.)
1850, pp. 280-281. (T. fiavipes, in Schcin-
hrunn.)
1858, pp. 339-343. (Mauritius and Mada-
gascar.)
Krausse, a., 1913, pp. 144-145. (Sardinia.)
Kutchka, G. MacM., 1936, pp. 45-48. (Dis-
tribution through greenhouse plants.)
Laboulbene, i860, pp. cv-cvi. (Reticulitermes
lucijtigt<s, Agcn, France.)
1886, pp. lii-liii. {R. lucifugus, France.)
La Croix, E. de, 1900, pp. 22-23. (Termes
carbonarius.)
Lal, R., and Menon, R. D., 1953, pp. 1-94.
(Catalog Indian Isoptera, 157 species, in-
cluding Burma and Ceylon.)
Lameere, a., 1902, pp. 441-443. (Hodotermes
ochraceus, Psammotcrmes hybostoma, and
Eittermes desertorum in Sahara desert.)
Layard, E. L., 1866, p. xii. (St. Helena.)
Lefroy, H. M., 1909, pp. 115-121. (India.)
Leonard, M. D., 1928, p. 38. (New York.)
Lesne, p., 1923, pp. 1507-1508. (Reticuliter-
mes lucifugus.)
Lever, R. J. A. W., 1934, pp. 10-13. (Solomon
Islands.)
1939, pp. 17-20. (Eutermes olidus, Copto-
termes acinaciformis, Kalotermes repan-
dus, Cryptotermes buxtoni, Glyptotermes
taveuniensis, and Prorhinotermes inopina-
tus; Neoterfnes connexus record in Fiji
incorrect.)
1939a, pp. 36-37. (Cryptotermes brevis,
Fiji.)
1939b, PP- 32-34. (Cryptotermes buxtoni,
Coptotci-mes acinacijormis and Prorhino-
termes, Fiji.)
1939c, p. 87. (Fiji.)
1942, pp. 48-49. (Kalotermes repaiidus,
Fiji.)
1943, pp. 40-42. (Nasutitermes yandinien-
sis, Solomon Islands.)
1948, pp. 50-52. (Microcerotermcs biroi,
Nasutitermes novarum-hebridarum , Solo-
mon Islands.)
1952, pp. 214-217. (Singapore, Coptotermes
parvulus.)
L'Herminier, F. L., 1837, pp. 497-513. (Gua-
deloupe.)
Light, S. F., 1929*, pp. 67-72. (Lower Cali-
fornia.)
(1929) 1931*, pp. 581-600. (China.)
1931a*, pp. 5-9. (Nevada, Kalotermes, Re-
tic td iter m es, A m iterm es. )
I932d*, pp. 3-5. (Society Islands.)
1933*, pp. 79-164. (Western Mexico.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed. Amitermcs and
Gnathamitermes, world, pp. 117-126; U.S.
by States, pp. 127-135; North America,
pp. 199-205. Dry-wood termites, world,
pp. 206-207. Kalotermes minor. North
America, pp. 210-212. Kalotermes hub-
bardi and marginipennis, North America,
pp. 266-268. Paraneotcrmes, U.S., pp.
311-313; Mexico, pp. 338-339; Philippines,
PP- 347-350-)
1935*, pp. 235-236. (Kalotermitidae and
Heterotermes, Pacific Islands.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
55
1936*, pp. 125-126. (Cryptotermes brevis
introduced in wood from Peru to Cali-
fornia.)
1946, p. 9. (Guam.)
Light, S. F., and Pickens, A. L., in Kofoid,
1934, 2d ed., pp. 150-156. (North Amer-
ica, subterranean termites.)
Light, S. F., and Wilson, F. J., 1936*, pp.
461-520. (Philippines, nasutiform ter-
mites.)
Light, S. F., and Zimmerman, E. C, 1936*,
pp. 1-12. (Southeastern Polynesia.)
Lima, A. da Costa, see Costa-Lima.
Loir, D'A., 1903, pp. 19-31. (South Africa.)
Lucas, H., 1851, pp. 1-li. (Senegal.)
LuTZ, F. E., 1941, p. 154. (New York City,
no invasion of termites; fewer termites
than more than 30 years ago.)
McDaniel, E. I., 1934, pp. 1-T4. (Michigan.)
1938, pp. 1-14. (Michigan.)
McKeown, K. C, 1944, rev. ed., pp. 63-69.
(Australia.)
McLachlan, R., 1869, p. xiii. (St. Helena,
Terfaes tenuis.)
1874, pp. 15-16. (Zanzibar, Calotermes.)
1876, p. 17. (American termites, Termes
ftavipes, in Vienna.)
1878, p. xii. (Cuba, Termes ripperti; Af-
rica, Termes trinervius.)
1882, pp. 150-183. (Madeira and Canary
Islands.)
1883, pp. 226-228. (Hawaii, Caloiertnes
castaneus and marginipennis.)
Mamet, R., and Durocher-Yvon, F., 1942,
pp. 197-207. (lie Maurice.)
March, A. W., 1933, pp. 157-163. (East
China.)
Margabandhu, v., 1934*, pp. 700-714. (Indo-
Ceylon.)
1935*, pp. 208-209. (Indo-Ceylon.)
Marin,\, G., 1929, pp. 28-29, 64-65. (Province
Zamora, Spain.)
Marshall, T. A., 1878, pp. xxvii-xxxviii.
(Windward Islands.)
Martinez, E. A., 1939, pp. 49-50. {Crypto-
termes rospigliosi, Peru.)
Martorell, L. F., 1939, pp. 184-185. (State of
Aragua, Venezuela, Cryptotermes brevis
and Nasutitermes sp.)
Maynard, C. J., 1888, pp. 111-113. (Bahamas.)
Membreno, a., 19 12, p. 25. (Mexico, Termes
fat ale.)
Menozzi, C, 1940*, pp. 244-273. (Tripoli.)
Miller, D., 1939, pp. 57-65. (Coptotermes
lactetis and acinacijormis, New Zealand.)
1940-41, pp. 333-334. (New Zealand. Stolo-
termes ruficeps and Calotermes brouni
peculiar to New Zealand; 7 termites have
been introduced from Australia: Calo-
termes insularis, condonensis, oldfieldii,
var. chryseus, Porotermes adatnsoiii, Cop-
totermes acinacijormis, frenchi, and lac-
teus.)
Miller, E. M., 1949, pp. 1-30. (Florida.)
Miller, E. M., and Miller, D. B., 1943, pp.
101-107. (Florida.)
Monte, O., 1931, pp. 69-70. (Brazil.)
Morstatt, H., 1913, pp. 130-141, 443-464.
(East Africa.)
Moutia, a., and Mamet, R., 1946, pp. 439-
472. (Mauritius.)
1947, pp. 1-43. (Mauritius.)
Mueller, F., 1871, pp. 205-206. (Brazil.)
Navas, L., 1911*, pp. 118-121. {Hodotermes
ubachi, Palestine.)
Nawa, U., 1911, pp. 94-99. {Calotermes kp-
shunensis, Loo-Choo.)
1911a. pp. 194-195. {Lcncotermes fiavipes ?
in Japan.)
1912, pp. 221-223. {Et'tcrmes ta\asogoensis,
Formosa.)
I9r2a, pp. 313-316. {Glyptotermes jusctis,
Formosa.)
1912b, pp. 440-444. {Calotermes \otoensis,
Formosa.)
Nichols, E. R., 1929, p. 123. (Southern Cali-
fornia.)
Nietner, }., 1857, pp. 36-41. (Ceylon.)
Okada, T., 1912, pp. 17-18. {Coptotermes
jormosanus, Shizuoka Prefecture.)
Osborn, H., 1898, p. 231. {Termes fiavipes,
Iowa.)
Osten-Sacken, C. R., 1877, pp. 72-73. {Termes,
California.)
OviEDo, de, G. F. de Valdes, 1851, pp. 450-
453. (Santo Domingo.)
Packard, A. S., 1883, pp. 326-329. {Termopsis
and Termes fiavipes, U.S.)
Packard, C. E., 1936, p. 575. (U.S.)
Pangga, G. a., 1936, pp. 233-265. (Philip-
pines.)
Paoli, G., 1934, pp. 1-427. (Italian Somali-
land.)
Park, O., 1929, pp. 121-126. {Rcticulitermes
tibialis, Chicago area, U.S.)
Patterson, W. H., 1927, pp. 35-39. (Gold
Coast, Africa.)
Paulian, R., 1951, p. 18. {Microtermes \au-
derni, Coarctotermes clepsydra, Capri-
termes capricornis, Neotermes, Copto-
termes truncatus, Tananarive.)
Pendlebury, H. M., 1930, pp. 45-46. (Ma-
laya.)
Perez, J., 1907, pp. 4-7, 37-40, 71-77. (South-
west.)
Perkins, R. C. L., 1899, p. 88. (Hawaii.)
56
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL, 130
Perris, E., 1876, pp. 201-202. {Rcticulitermes
lucifugus in Landes.)
1876a, pp. ccxvi-ccxvii. (Emery on flight
"Eutermes" (sic) flavicollis.)
Perty, M., 1830-1834*, pp. 19-20, 127-129.
(Brazil.)
Peyerimhoff, p. de, 1948, pp. 185-194. (^Ana-
canthotermcs ochracetis, Psammotermes
bybostoma, Fezzan, Sahara.)
Pan-BY, J. St. J., 1933, p. 404. (Great South
Desert, Arabia.)
Pickens, A. L., 1932, pp. 178-180. (ReticuU-
termes, U.S.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed. {Reticulitermes
hesperus, North America, pp. 157-183;
Reticulitermes tibialis, North America,
pp. 184-186.)
Pickens, A. L., and Light, S. F., 1934, in
Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 196-198. (Hetero-
ter7nes aureus. North America.)
PicTET, A. E., 1865, pp. 1-123. (Spanish Pen-
insula, 2 termite species.)
Pinto, M. P. D., 1941, pp. 73-105. (Calo-
termitidae, Ceylon.)
PoHL, I. E., and Kollar, V., 1832*, pp. 1-20.
(Brazil.)
PoiROT, J., 1949, pp. 186-190. {Tcrmes lucifu-
gus, lie d'Oleron.)
PujiuLA, J., 1904, pp. 51-60. (Tortosa.)
QUATREFAGES, A. DE, 1853a, pp. l6-2I. (La
Rochelle.)
Rainbow, W. J., 1897, pp. loo-ioi. (Atoll of
Funafuti, Ellice Group.)
Ramos, J. A., 1946, pp. 12-13. {Kalotermes
incisus, mona, snyderi, and Procrypto-
termes corniceps, Mona Island.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., Gay, F. J., and Greaves, T.,
1952, pp. 32-35, 59-124. (Australia.)
Rees, D. M., and Gaufin, A. R., 1939, pp.
3-7. (Reticulitert7jcs tibialis, tumiceps,
and Kalotermes minor, Utah.)
Rengger, J. R., 1835, pp. 266-274. (Paraguay.)
Riley, C. V., 1870, p. 11. {Tenncs frontalis,
Schonbrunn, "Germany.")
1877, p. 43. (Termes flavipes, Germany.)
Riley, N. D., 1943, p. 95. {Nasutitermes
costalis in England, introduced.)
RoDON, G. S., 1900, pp. 363-364. (India.)
Romanis, R., 1883, pp. 214-215. (Rangoon.)
RooNWAL, M. L., and Pant, G. D., 1953, pp.
39-60. (India.)
RosENSCHOLD, E. M. AF, 1 849, pp. 59-62. (Para-
guay.)
Ross, H. H., 1953, pp. 145-158. (Nearclic ter-
mites.)
Rossi, P., 1792*, p. 107. (Etruria.)
1807, pp. 16-17. (Etrusca.)
Rutherford, A., 1914, pp. 305-307. (Ceylon.)
Safford, W. E., 1919, pp. 377-434. (Florida
Everglades.)
Saint, S. J., 1940, pp. 9-10. (Cryptotermes
brevis, Heterotermes tenuis, Coptotermes
havilaiidi, Nasutitermes costalis, and
Kalotermes, n. sp. }, Ncotermes known
to be present; Coptotermes testaceus and
Nasutitermes noted as importations in
wallaba firewood from British Guiana to
Barbados.)
Sandias, a., 1908, pp. 1-9. (Italy.)
Savage, T. S., 1849, pp. 211-221. {Termes
bellicosus. West Africa.)
Schomburgk, R. H., 1847, p. 647. (Barbados.)
ScHWARZ, E. A., 1896, pp. 38-41. (Southwest-
ern Texas.)
ScoPOLi, J. A., 1763, pp. 380-381. (Carniolica
(Austria), not termites.)
ScoRTEcci, G., 1936, pp. T-12. (Fezzan.)
Seabra, a. F. de, 1907, pp. 122-123. (Calo-
tcrmes fiavicollis and Termes lucifugus.)
1939, p. 167. (Portugal.)
Senesse, p., 1947, pp. 30-32. (Roussilon.)
Seoane, V. L., 1878, pp. ccxxv-ccxxvii. (Philip-
pines.)
1879, pp. xiv-xv. (Philippines.)
Sharp, D., 1894, pp. vii-viii. (Singapore.)
1895a, pp. xix-xx. {Calotermes, Borneo.)
Shiraki, T., 1909*, pp. 229-242. (Japan.)
1910, pp. vi-f 331. (Formosa.)
1952, p. 15. (Japan.)
SiLANTjEV, A. A., 1903, p. 29. {Calotertnes
fiavicollis, Caucasus.)
Silvestri, F., 1902, pp. 173-178, 257-260, 289-
293, 326-335. (South America.)
1903*5 PP- 1-234- (South America.)
1904, pp. 353-378. (South America.)
1909*, pp. 279-314. (SW. Australia.)
1938, pp. 65-72. (Fezzan.)
Simeone, J. B., 1954, pp. 661-663. (Danger
zones in New York State.)
SjosTEDT, Y., 1893, pp. 97-119. (Cameroon.)
1926*, pp. 1-419. (Africa.)
Skaife, S. H., 1954, pp. 251-271. (Amitermes
atlanticus of the Cape, South Africa.)
Smeathman, H., 1781, pp. 139-192. (Africa.)
Smith, J. B., 1910, p. 49. (New Jersey, U.S.)
Smith, R. C, 1943, pp. 140-142. (Kansas,
U.S.)
Snelleman, J. F., 1886, pp. 23-24. {Termes
gilvtis, Sumatra.)
Snyder, T. E., 1924, p. 32. {Kalotermes, At-
lantic coast, U.S.)
i924d, pp. 207-209. {Kalotermes approxi-
matus, Virginia, U.S.)
19246, pp. 381-384. (Hawaii.)
i925f, pp. 32-33. (U.S.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
57
1926b, pp. 1-6. {Reticulitermes, Hetero-
termes, world.)
1926c, p. 2. (U.S., final revision Aug. 1939,
map distribution damage by subterranean
and nonsubterranean types.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., subterranean ter-
mites, pp. 187-195; dry-wood termites,
pp. 269-272; eastern U.S.)
i935e> PP- 7-1 r. i74-i75- (General.)
1937, pp. 26-33. (Louisiana.)
19475 PP- 8-13. (Subterranean termites,
U.S.)
1947b, pp. 144-147. (U.S.)
1948, pp. 10-14, 226-230. (General.)
1949b, pp. 1-490. (World, 1,932 species
cataloged.)
1950a, pp. 85-93. (Eastern U.S.)
1951a, pp. 237, 250, 261. (U.S.)
I952e, pp. 23, 26. (Nonsubterranean ter-
mites.)
i953> PP- 27-28. (U.S.)
I953e, p. 30. (U.S., Reticulitermes t/irgini-
ciis, Philadelphia, Pa.)
1954b, pp. 1-64. (U.S. and Canada by states
and provinces.)
I955g, pp. 28, 30. (U.S., termite migration
northward.?)
Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, }., 1924, pp. 1-26.
(Canal Zone and Republic of Panama.)
1934, in KoFoiD, 1934, 2d ed., pp. 342-346.
(Canal Zone and Republic of Panama.)
SoRAUER, P., Ed. 1949, pp. 353-375. (General.)
SoRENSEN, W., 1884, pp. 1-25. (South Amer-
ica.)
Sparrman, a., 1783, p. 381. {Termes capen-
sis. Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.)
Spencer, G. J., 1937, pp. 42-43. (British Co-
lumbia.)
1945, p. 21. (British Columbia, Zootcnnop-
sis angtisticoUis and Reticttlitermes hcs-
perus, former widespread in Vancouver
region, on Gulf Islands and mainland as
far as Powell River, is slowly increasing
in city Vancouver; latter occurs along
upper Eraser Valley from Lytton to Kam-
loope up to 1,800-foot level on the
ranges.)
Strelnikov, J., 1920, pp. 215-226. (Paraguay;
Matto Grosso, Brazil; Chiquito.s, Bolivia.)
Sumner, E. C, 1933, pp. 197-230. (Zootcr-
rnopsis, North America.)
SwAiNsoN, W., 1835, p. 99.
Sweeney, R. C. H., 1948, pp. 164-166. (Tri-
nervitermes sp. introduced from Africa
to Surrey, England.)
SwEZEY, O. H., 1914, p. 27. {Copiotcrmes,
Kamehameha, Hawaii.)
1915, p. 64. {Coptotermcs, Honolulu.)
1928, p. 19. (Neoter7nes connextis, Kalo-
termes immigrans, Cryptotermes piceattis,
Oahu, Terr. Hawaii.)
1935, pp. 28-29. {Neotermes comiexus, alti-
tudinal distribution. Island of Hawaii.)
1940, p. 177. {Neotermes paptta, Crypto-
termes hermsi, Prorhinotertnes inopina-
tiis, Guam.)
1945, p. 387. {Nastititermes corniger and
Niisutitermes sp., introduced Hawaii.)
1954, pp. 20, 43, 62, 93, 98, no, 114, 118,
123, 137, 141, 142, 148, 156, 165, 211, 217.
(Hawaii, Neotermes connexus, Kalo-
termes immigrans, forest trees, all is-
lands.)
Sykes, M. L., 1900, pp. 85-91. (West Africa.)
Tarbinskii, S. p. (Ed.), 1948, p. 76. (Euro-
pean U.S.S.R.)
Taschenberg, E. L., 1880, pp. 184-186.
{Termes flavipes in Europe.)
Tembrock, G., 1944, pp. 149-195. (Africa.)
Theosold, p. v., 1903, pp. 158-163. (Sudan.)
Thompson, W. L., 1933, pp. 84-87. {Neo-
termes castaneus, Florida.)
1934, pp. 33-39. {Neotermes castaneus,
Florida.)
Tillyard, R. J., 1926, pp. 100-106. (Australia
and New Zealand.)
TiRELLi, M. O., 1951, pp. 6-13. {Reticuli-
termes, Italy, map showing distribution.)
Townsend, C. H. T., 1893*, pp. 139-141.
{Termopsis angusticollis, New Mexico
{—laticeps^
Treherne, H. S., 1878, pp. 74-75. {Termop-
sis occidentalis, Manitoba {—angusticol-
lis.)
Tryon, H., 1887, pp. 1 19-123. {Eutermes
jtimipennis, Queensland.)
Tucker, R. W. E., 1939, pp. 56-60. (Bar-
bados, Kalotermes, Neotermes, Crypto-
termes brevis, Heterotermes, Coptotcrmes
havilandi, Nastititermes cosialis.')
i9^9a, pp. 132-134. (Barbados, at least 6
genera and 7 species, some new, Copto-
tcrmes havilandi introduced Asiatic spe-
cies.)
TuTT, J. W., 1902, pp. 232-237.
Urquhart, F. a., 1953, pp. 292-293. (Ontario,
Canada, distribution Reticulitermes fla-
vipes, Toronto, 1938-1953.)
1954, p. 576. (Ontario, Canada, Reticuli-
termes flavipes, Kincardine, Bruce Co.)
Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H., 1952, p. 351.
{Kalotermes if^imigrans, Canton Island.)
Vasiljev, I. v., 191 1, pp. 235-245. {Hodo-
termes ahngerianus and H. turl{estanicus
Transcaspia, Turkestan.)
58
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1912, pp. 241-243. {Hodotermes tur\estani-
cus.)
Vayssiere, p., and Mimeur, J., 1Q25, pp. 89-
90. {Microtermes soudanensis, French
West Africa { — M. aluco.).)
Vesey-Fitzgerald, D., 1941, p. 394. {Nco-
tcrmes laticollis, Coptotermes truncatus,
Microcerotertnes subtdis. Nastttitermes ni-
grittis, Seychelles.)
Veth, p. J., 1875, pp. Ixxxviii-lxxxix. (East
Indian Archipelago.)
VisiNTiN, G. M., 1939b, pp. 185-193. (Ethi-
opia, Borana, Bellicositcrmes, Termes,
Microterm es, Cubitcrm es. )
Warren, E., 1909, pp. 1 13-128. (Natal.)
1909a, pp. 329-347. (Natal.)
1919, pp. 93-112.
Wasmann, E., 1896a, pp. 273-324. (Brazil.)
Watson, E. B., 1948, pp. 1-2. (Toronto, On-
tario, Canada.)
1952, p. I. (Toronto, Ontario, Canada, no
spread.)
Weale, J. P. M., 1878, pp. viii-x. (South
Africa.)
Weber, N. A., 1941, pp. 325-329. (Neocapri-
termes angusticeps, bodkjni, Nastttitermes
gaigei, Cont/exitennes mazaruniensis, Brit-
ish Guiana.)
1954, pp. 181-182. (Baghdad, Iraq, Ami-
termes vdis flight, Apr. 23, 1952, 8:30-
9:00 a.m. following night shower; spar-
rows captured them with difficulty;
damage wood beams buildings. Micro-
cerotertnes diverstis in date palm grove,
alates May 11, 1952. Mia'ocerotermes, n.
sp. from desert. Anacanthoternics vagans
from Basra, Reticiditermes lucijugtis from
Zubair desert.)
Weddell, J. A., 1933, pp. 20-24. (Queens-
land.)
Weidner, H., 1937, pp. 593-596. {Reticidi-
termes flavipes introduced in wooden
crates from America to Hamburg, Ger-
many.)
1937a, pp. 1-2. {Reticiditermes flavipes in-
troduced in wooden crates from America
to Hamburg, Germany.)
1939, p. 40. {Reticulitermes flavipes intro-
duced in wooden crates from America to
Hamburg, Germany.)
1942, pp. 1-7. {Reticulitermes flavipes in-
troduced in wooden crates from America
to Hamburg, Germany.)
1951, pp. 259-265. {Reticiditermes flavipes
introduced in wooden crates from Amer-
ica to Hamburg, Germany, and Crypto-
tcrmcs from Mexico to Hamburg.)
1952, pp. 829-832. (Spread of Reticulitermes
flavipes in Hamburg.)
1953, pp. 191-192. (Spread oi Reticiditermes
flavipes in Hamburg, and damage.)
Werner, F., 1927, pp. 135-151. {Leticotermes
lucijugus, Greece.)
1941, in Kiihnelt, 1941, pp. 88-99. (Zante,
Greece.)
Westropp, F. G. M., 1937, p. 580. (Lake
Rudolph, Rift Valley.)
Weyer, F., 1931a, in Kemner, pp. 1-53. (Am-
boina.)
White, A., 1874, in Richardson and Gray,
1874, pp. 1-25. (New Zealand.)
Whitney, L. A., 1929, p. 222. {Reticulitermes
sperattis from Japan to Hawaii.)
Wilkinson, H., 1939, p. 80. {Pseudacantho-
termes militaris, new for Kenya.)
WiLLCocKs, F. C, 1922, pp. 389-390. {Hodo-
termes and Psammotermcs, Egypt.)
WiLLE, J. E., 1940, p. 372. (Peru.)
Williams, F. X., 1928, pp. 52-118. (Philip-
pines.)
1944, pp. 93-124. (New Caledonia.)
Williams, O. L., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp.
42-49. (Moisture and carbon dioxide gas
factors in distribution Reticulitermes in
U.S.)
Wilson, H. B., 1952, pp. 471-472. (South
Victoria, Australia.)
Wolcott, G. N., 1921, pp. 1-14. (Puerto
Rico.)
1924, pp. 1-15. (Puerto Rico, Cryptotermes
Irrevis.)
1927, pp. 153-162. (Haiti.)
1936, pp. 45-50. (Puerto Rico.)
1938, pp. 83-84. (Puerto Rico, Cryptotermes
b re vis.)
1939, pp. 5-26. {Cryptotermes brevis, Hefero-
termes convexinotatus, H. tenuis, Nasuti-
termes costalis, Puerto Rico.)
1940, pp. 375-380. {Nasutitermes costalis,
Puerto Rico.)
1941, pp. 33-158. (Puerto Rico.)
(1948), 1950a, pp. 62-74. (Puerto Rico.)
Wolcott, G. N., and Sein, F., Jr., 1924, pp.
138-149. (Puerto Rico.)
Wu, C. F., 1935, pp. 217-222. (China.)
Yano, M., 1910, pp. 601-602. (Japan.)
1910a, pp. 177-178. (Japan.)
1913, pp. 109-129. (Japan.)
1915, p. 62. (Japan, Reticulitermes speratus,
Coptotermes jorrnosanus; Formosa, Glyp-
totermes satsumensis.)
Zaitzev, p., 1912, p. 360. (Abchasie, Calo-
termes flavicollis.)
Zavattari, E., 1934, p. 222. (Libia.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
59
Zetek, J., 1921, pp. 237-239. (Panama.)
1948, pp. 126-151. (List termites Panama
and Canal Zone.)
Zimmerman, E. C, 1948, pp. 159-187. (Ha-
waii.)
ZoccHT, R., 1953, pp. 195-202. (Italy, Tus-
cany, Pi'ovinces of Florence, Lucca, and
Leghorn, Retictditermes lucifugtts, dam-
age to books, woodwork.)
EMBRYOLOGY
1909'
pp. 55-62.
58-59.
(Termite
(Origin
Holmgren, N.,
head.)
Knower, H. McE., 1894, pp
"nasutus" in Eutertnes.)
1896, pp. 86-87. (Development.)
1900, pp. 505-568. {Eutertnes ripperti?)
1901, pp. 135-138. (Development genera
tive tract.)
Marcus, H., 1948, pp. 97-118. (Embryogene-
sis, Rhinotermes , Eutermes?)
MuKERji, D., 1945, p. 108. (Formation serosa
(false amnion), Termes redemanni.)
MuKERji, D., and Raychaudhuri, S., 1944a,
p. 76. (Development, Termes rede-
manni!)
ToTH, L., 1943, pp. 515-527. (Kalotermes
fiavicollis.)
EVOLUTION
Ahmad, M., 1950, pp. 39-86. (Phylogeny based
on imago-worker mandibles.)
Brauer, F., 1896, pp. 279-318. (Metamorpho-
sis in the sense of the descent theory.)
Cleveland, L. R., Sanders, E. P., and Hall,
S. R., 1931, p. 92. (Evolution termites
from roaches.)
Crampton, G. C, 1920b, pp. 137-145. (Ter-
minal abdominal structures primitive
Australian Mastotermes darwiniensis.)
1923, pp. 85-93. (Terminal abdominal
structures primitive Australian Masto-
termes darwiniensis, compared with those
of the roach Periplaneta amerieana.)
1938, pp. 165-181. (Lines of descent.)
Darwin, C, 1859, chap. 8. (Objection to
theory of natural selection as applied to
instincts; neuter and sterile insects.)
1874, pp. 553-556. (Termites and stingless
honey-bees.)
Desneux, J., 1904b*, pp. 278-286. (Phy-
logeny.)
i904d*, p. 372. (Phylogeny.)
Dobzhansky, T., 1941, pp. 1-446. (Dynamics
of evolution.)
Emerson, A. E., 1926, pp. 69-100. (Develop-
ment of a soldier of Constrictotermes
cavijrons from a workerlike form and
its phylogenetic significance.)
1938, pp. 247-284. (Phylogeny of behavior.)
1942, pp. 151-152. (Ecology and evolution.)
1943, pp. 97-118. (Ecology, evolution, and
society.)
1949, in Allee et al., 1949. (Nests, p. 634;
worker caenogenetic evolution soldier
nymph characters, p. 635; sterile individ-
uals influence evolution, p. 693; evolu-
tion mutualism between termites, roaches.
and intestinal Protozoa, pp. 716-718;
Nasutitermitinae, p. 727.)
i95-f> PP- 149-160. (Nests; phylogenetic
order in structure fungus gardens; in-
fluenced evolution associated organisms.)
1953, pp. 101-121. (Apicotermes nests, Af-
rica).
1953b, p. 39. (Evolution of social behavior
as illustrated by Apicotermes.)
1954, pp. 67-85. (Dynamic homeostasis: a
unifying principle in organic, social, and
ethical evolution.)
Feytaud, J., 1925*, pp. 161-169. (Races of
Retictditermes lucijugtts? , France.)
Grassi, B., and Sandias, A., 1897, pp. 34-35.
(Quote Fr. Miiller, compares winged ter-
mite to perfect flowers, substitute repro-
ductive as self-fertilizing cleistogamic
flowers, Calotermes. Hence, Termes lu-
cijugus (in Sicily), perfect flowers do not
produce seed, sexes swarm separately,
cleistogamic flowers seed abundantly.)
Hanstroem, B., 1930, pp. 732-773. (Termop-
sis nevadensis brain and phylogeny cor-
pora pedunculata.)
Hare, L., 1937, pp. 459-486. (Phylogeny as
evidenced by development soldier mandi-
bles.)
Holmgren, N., 1909*, pp. 1-215. (Phylogeny
based on wings, pp, 130-138.)
1910 (1911)*, pp. 196-203. (Variation in
soldier Eutcrmes, tropical America.)
1912*, pp. 129-153. (Probable phylogenetic
development.)
1913b*, pp. 5-31. (General.)
JOERSCHKE, H., 1914, pp. 153-280. (Faceted
eyes Orthoptera and termites.)
6o
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
KiRBY, H., Jr., 1947, pp. 214-228. (Flagellate
and host relationships.)
1949a, pp. 57-79. (Evolution of flagellates
in termites.)
Martynov, a. v., 1937*, pp. 83-150. (Wings
and phylogeny.)
MicHENF.R, C. D., 1953, p. 3. (Roaches and
termites placed in Blattaria owing to re-
lationship.)
Mueller, F., 1873, pp. 451-463.
Neefs, Y., 1932, pp. 409-424. (Evolution geni-
tal organs of Calotermes flavicoUis.)
Rau, p., 1941, pp. 256-259. (Cockroaches fore-
runners.)
Riley, C. V., 1894, pp. 51-58. (Natural selec-
tion cannot explain sterile castes.)
Schmidt, R. S., 1955, pp. 157-181. (Africa,
Apicotermes evolutionary nest-building.)
Snodgrass, R. E., 1952, p. 316. (Comparison
with roaches.)
Snyder, T. E., 1913a, pp. 162-165. (Origin
soldier from workerlike form during qui-
escent stage.)
1915, p. 32. (Soldiers and workers com-
pared to petals and anthers Castalia.)
1926b, pp. 1-6. (Races in Rctictditcrmes.)
ig2.6i, pp. 533-534- (Evolution frontal gland
in soldier.)
1948. (Evolution castes, pp. 5-8; roaches
and termites, pp. 22-23; progressive and
regressive development during evolution-
ary development, p. 23; ontogeny express-
ing phylogeny in origin worker, pp. 38-
39; possible correlation between evolution
intestinal Protozoa and host termites,
P- 97-)
Thompson, C. B., and Snyder, T. E., 1919,
pp. 1 15-132. (Phylogenetic origin castes.)
TiLLYARD, R. }., 1936, p. 655. (Termites and
cockroaches.)
Wasmann, E., 1904*, pp. 370-371. (Phylogeny
and classification.)
1905, pp. 436-449. (Phylogenetic metamor-
phosis termitophiles.)
Weber, C. E., 1954, pp. 1-72. (World, im-
portance of phosphorus and other chemi-
cals in evolution of termites.)
Wheeler, W, M., 1904, pp. 29-37. (Phy-
logeny.)
1928, pp 130-160. (Origin.)
EXPERIMENTATION
Adamson, a. M., 194T, pp. 411-414. (Labora-
tory technique for cultures.)
Ahmad, M., 1952, p. 71. (Survival period
Archotermopsis wroughtoni and Hetero-
termes indicola after removal intestinal
Protozoa.)
Andrew, B. J., 1930, pp. 449-470. (Method
and rate protozoan refaunation, Ter-
mopsis angusticollis.)
Andrew, B. J., and Light, S. F., 1929, pp.
443-440. ("Mitotic flares" in intestinal
flagellates, Termopsis angusticollis.')
Andrews, E. A., 191 1, pp. 193-228. (Jamaica,
hostility to alien termites.)
Castle, G. B., 1934a, p. 314. (Determination
caste differentiation.)
Clapp, W. F., 1937, pp. 12-14. (Termite pit,
Duxbury, Mass.)
Cleveland, L. R., 1925a, pp. 289-293. (Live
indefinitely on diet pure cellulose.)
1925c, pp. 309-326. (Effect oxygenation and
starvation on symbiosis with intestinal
Protozoa.)
1928, pp. 231-237. (Effect oxygenation and
starvation on symbiosis with intestinal
Protozoa.)
Cleveland, L. R., and Burke, A. W., Jr.,
1951, p. 12. (Effects temperature on oxy-
gen toxicity Protozoa Cryptocercus.)
Comes, S., 1912, pp. 630-638. (Effect of de-
capitation, Calotermes flai/icollis.)
Cook, S. F., 1932, pp. 246-257. (Respiratory
gas exchange, Termopsis tiei'adensis.)
1943, pp. 123-128. (Nonsymbiotic utiliza-
tion of carbohydrates by Zootcrmopsis
angusticollis.)
Cook, S. F., and Scott, K. G., 1932, pp. 505-
512. (Relation between absorption and
elimination water Termopsis angusti-
collis.)
1933, pp. 95-110. (Nutritional requirements
Zootcrmopsis angusticollis.)
Crawford, D. L., 1928, p. 36. (X-ray on ter-
mites, negative results.)
DeLong, D. M., and Keagy, R. J., 1949, pp.
114-116. (Various types culture cham-
bers.)
Geigy, R., and Ernst, E., 1951, pp. 414-420.
(Length life increases with high hu-
midity.)
GniDiNi, G. M., 1939, pp. 207-213. (Presence
of accticolina in Calotermes flavicollis
and Rcticulitcrmes lucijugus.)
I9393> PP- 385-399. (Respiratory quotient
in diverse castes R. lucijugus.)
1940, pp. 220-221. (Intestinal fauna and
flora action on cellulose, R. lucijugus.')
GiLMOuR, D., 1940a, pp. 331-342. (Anaerobic
gaseous metabolism Zootermopsis neva-
d en sis.)
Grabensberger, W., 1933, pp. 1-54. (Experi-
mental colonies of Termes lucijugus
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
6i
trained within 3 days of feeding to visit
a place at certain times of the day. Vari-
ous colonies trained to different hours,
not only according to a rhythm of 24
hours, but 3, 22 and 27 hours as well;
such rhythms persisted 6 to 9 days after
experimental feeding discontinued. Tem-
poral memory proved to have an en-
dogenous basis, factors nonnervous in
nature.)
Grassi, B., and Sandias, A., 1896-1897, pp.
245-322, 1-75. (Calotermes flavicoUis and
Termes lucifugus, Catania, Sicily.)
Gregory, J. N., 1940, pp. 310-311. (X-ray
timber.)
Heath, H., 1931, pp. 431-432, (Caste develop-
ment.)
HuNGATE, R. E., 1941, pp. 467-489. (Nitrogen
economy.)
KuPKA, E., 1948-1949, pp. 173-178. (Mortality
by action strychnine lower in rats and
mice treated with torutilin; in animals
which died in spite of torutilin average
time between ist tetanic cramp and death
longer than in controls.)
KupKA, E., and Gubler, H. U., 1948-1949,
pp. 403-407. (Guinea pigs after sub-
cutaneous injection of a vitamin T prepa-
ration more resistant to histamine.)
Light, S. F., 1944, pp. 405-412. (Partheno-
genesis, Zootermopsls.)
1944a, pp. 405-454. (Ectohormonal control
of development supplementary reproduc-
tives, Zootermopsls.)
Light, S. F., and Andrew, B. J., 1929, see
Andrew and Light, 1929.
Light, S. F., and Illg, P. L., 1945, pp. 1-40.
(Development rate and extent neoteinic
reproductives, Zootermopsls.)
Light, S. F., and Sanford, M. F., 1928, pp.
269-274. (Transfaunation.)
Light, S. F., and Weesner, F. M., 1947, pp.
131-132. (Termites dependent on fungi.)
1948, pp. 54-68. (Swarming, Arizona.)
1951, pp. 397-414. (Production of neoteinic
reproductives in Zootermopsls.)
LiJscHER, M., 1949, pp. 158-165. (Adamson's
laboratory rearing device, Retlculltermes
hesperus, lucifugus, Zootermopsls angustl-
collls, Kalotermes flavlcollls^
1949a, pp. 269-271. (Laboratory rearing
technique.)
1951b, pp. 404-408. (Kalotermes flavlcollls,
removal of adult sexual pairs results in
development of substitutes, inhibition
theory.)
1953, pp. 74, 76, 78. {Kalotermes flavlcollls,
removal of adult sexual pairs results in
development of substitutes, inhibition
theory.)
Marcus, H., 1952, pp. 24-28. (Castration by
feeding larva with product of the colle-
terial gland of queen.)
MuKERji, D., and Mitra, P. K., 1949b, p. 158.
(EfFect of transplantation physogastric
queen Odontotermes redemannl.)
Richard, G., 1949a, pp. 77-84. (Distribution
sense organs on feet, Calotermes flavi-
collls.)
1950a, pp. 65-83. (Innervation of sense
organs on feet, Calotermes flavlcollls.)
195 1, pp. 485-603. (Reaction to light, C.
flavlcollls.)
1952, pp. 397-412. (Innervation of sense
organs of mouth parts, C. flavlcollls.)
RoEssLER, E. S., 1932, pp. 357-368. (Nitrogen
needs of growing Termopsls.)
Schmidt, V. H., 1936, p. 48. (Magneto at-
tached to nails in bark of tree eradicated
borers.)
Skaife, S. H., 1954a, pp. 123-133. (Amltermes
atlantlcus. South Africa, food, drugs, and
hormones.)
Snyder, T. E., 191 5, pp. 20-22. (Outdoor
termitarium, Falls Church, Va., Retlcull-
termes.)
1920, In (Banks and) Snyder 1920*, pp. 170-
172. (U.S., rearing experiments. Retlcull-
termes tibialis in laboratory jar.)
1920a, pp. 135-145. (U.S., breeding and
crossing Retlculltermes in laboratory.)
i935e, p. 50. (U.S., hostility to alien ter-
mites.)
1948. (U.S., breeding and crossing Retlcull-
termes in laboratory, different types re-
productive forms, R. flavlpes, pp. 68-72;
effects of vibration, Retlculltermes, U.S.,
PP- 57-59, 123.)
Snyder, T. E., and Popenoe, E. P., 1932, pp.
153-158. (U.S., laboratory breeding and
crossing, Retlculitermes.)
FIRE HAZARD
Anonymous, i936e, pp. 1-7. (Termites in re-
lation to fire hazard, U.S.)
LocKETT, H. W., 1935-1936, pp. 3-4. (Ter-
mites in relation to fire hazard, U.S.)
Morgan, C. S., 1939, pp. 48-52. (Fire hazards
in termite control, U.S.)
62
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
FLIGHT
Annandale, N., 1923, pp. 233-251. (Barkuda,
India, Termes flight for 3 miles.)
(Banks, N., and) Snyder, T. E., 1920, pp. 89-
195. (U.S., swarming dates.)
Beeson, C. F. C., 1941a, pp. 524-553. (India,
swarming dates.)
Bess, H. A., 1954, p. 274. Note. (Hawaii,
Honolulu, Coptota-mes formosanus, heavy
flight early evening May i, 1953, in street,
"kona" conditions prevailed.)
Bryk, F., 1927, pp. 1-3. (Children make
rhythmic noise by hammering with sticks
on wood, producing sounds as of patter-
ing rain to lure Odontotermes to swarm
into trap, as food for natives in East
Africa.)
Casati, G., 1891, p. 166. (Factors influencing
swarm, night, rain, etc., Equatoria.)
DiETZ, H. F., and Snyder, T. E., 1924, pp.
279-302. (Panama and Canal Zone, Kalo-
termitidae swarm during early part rainy
season, other termites also influenced by
rainfall.)
Emerson, A. E., in Allee et al., 1949, p. 617.
(Reticulitermes in U.S.)
Essig, E. O., 1926a, p. 92. (Berkeley, Calif.,
Reticulitermes hesperus, Ta-mopsis an-
gusticollis.)
Feytaud, J., 1915, pp. 65-68, 82-84. {Reticuli-
termes Iticijugus, France.)
Fuller, C, 1915a, pp. 329-505. (Calling atti-
tude females, crawl up grass stems and
violendy agitate wings, Termes, South
Africa.)
Click, P. A., 1939, p. 60. {Reticulitermes
virginicus collected by airplane at 3,000
feet elevation.)
Grasse, p. p., 1942, pp. 347-382. (Analysis
of an instinctive complex; tropisms, cen-
trifugal impulses, and reflexes.)
Grassi, B., and Sandias, A., 1896-1897, pp.
246-315 (310-313); pp. 1-75. {Calotermes
ftavicollis and Reticulitermes lucijugus,
Catania, Sicily; in latter sexes swarm
separately.)
I^agen, H. a., 1879, p. 118. (U.S., Massa-
chusetts, T. flavipes, large swarm.)
Harms, J. W., 1927, pp. 221-236. {Macro-
termes gilvtis, swarming not correlated
with rainfall, after sunset after or during
rainfall, dispersal prevents inbreeding;
males 55%, females 45% of flight.)
Harvey, P. A., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., p. 221.
{Kalotermes minor, western U.S.)
Herfs, a., 1951, pp. 69-77. (Laboratory ob-
servations on seasonal rhythm, number
and size, sex ratio, swarms. Sex ratio
constant in every nest. Colonizing not
nuptial flight, for expansion.)
HiNGSTON, R. W, G., 1920, chap. 12. (In
Himalaya swarming termites reach height
1,000 feet.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1933, p. 130. (Java,
Macrotermes swarming in early morning
and nest of Alcedo in Nasutitertnes nest.)
Laloy, L., 1904, pp. 131-132. (France.)
Light, S. F., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed. (U.S.,
pp. 34-41; Coptotermes, Hawaii, pp. 327-
328.)
Light, S. P., and Weesner, F. M., 1948, pp.
54-68. (Biology Arizona termites with
emphasis on swarming.)
Liong, L. S., 1953, pp. 220-222. (East Java,
flight later afternoon, early morning, after
first rains — West, monsoon.)
McKeown, K. C, 1944, rev. ed. p. 68. (Aus-
tralia, Eutermes flight towers illustrated.)
Miller, E. M., and Miller, D. B., 1944, pp.
101-107. (Florida, U.S., local species.)
Morstatt, H., 1920a, pp. 150-152.
Perez, J., 1894a, pp. 866-868. {Reticulitermes
lucijugus.)
Perris, E., 1876a, pp. ccxvi-ccxvii. (Emery on
flight "Eutermes" flavicollis.)
Petch, T., 19 17, pp. 395-397. (Ceylon, emer-
gence winged Termes obscuriceps, nar-
rowing of exit at midday by workers
preparatory to emergence winged at 5:57
p.m. — main flight 13 min. Narrow exit
usual in Ceylon mound-building species.
Soldiers and workers exit to protect
winged, close exit after flight. Return of
dealated male and female to nest ap-
parently before fertilization.)
Pickens, A. L., 1952, p. 134. (U.S., Reticuli-
termes, in early swarms, two sizes winged
adults may emerge from young colonies.)
Pruthi, H. S., 1939, p. 108. (Swarming
Odontotermes and Mia-otermes, Delhi,
India.)
Riley, C. V., and Howard, L. O., 1893, p. 35.
(Swarming in houses, U.S.)
Rosa, J. S., 1954, p. 266. (Hawaii, Honolulu,
Coptotermes formosanus, flight 10 a.m.,
Jan. 13, in street, overcast day.)
Rothney, G. a. J., 1918, pp. Ixiv-lxvi. (Flight
at Banackpore, India.)
Smith, W. W., 1926, pp. 83-84. (New Zea-
land.)
Snodgrass, R. E., 1952, p. 316. (Mechanism
of flight.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SN"iT)ER
63
Snyder, T. E., 1915, pp. 68-69. {Leucotermes,
U.S.)
1916, p. 8. {Leucotermes, U.S.)
1920, in (Banks and) Snyder, 1920*, pp.
89-195. (U.S. flight of Reticulitermes cor-
related with blooming of dog\\ood {Cor-
nus) ; climb to elevations to obtain start
for flight, pp. 98-101.)
1920a. (Colonizing flight nearctic termites
by day or night, Reticulitermes by day,
pp. 128-130; pseudoflight by brachypter-
ous reproductive forms, pp. 130-134.)
1925c, p. 89. (Pseudoflight by brachypter-
ous reproductive forms, Reticulitermes,
U.S.)
I925f, pp. 32-33. {Reticulitermes in build-
ings, U.S.)
1935, pp. 235-236. {Reticulitermes in build-
ings, U.S., flight warning of infestation.)
19356, pp. 43-47. (U.S., colonizing flight
by Reticulitermes.)
1948, pp. 49-56. (U.S., colonizing flight by
Reticulitermes and Syntermes, Brazil.)
i95od, p. 8. (U.S., nonsubterranean ter-
mites fly by night, swarms small.)
1953a, p. 40. (U.S., Reticulitermes flying at
night in buildings.)
I954g, p. 28. (U.S., flight chimneys, Reticu-
litermes.)
Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, J., 1924, pp. 13-17.
(Panama and Canal Zone; fly during
rainy season, pp. 4-5.)
SwEZEY, O. H., 1939, p. 186. {Coptotermes
jormosanus daytime flight, Hawaii.)
TuTT, J. W., 1902, pp. 232-237. (Migration
and dispersal social insects.)
Webb, }. E., 1952a, p. 643. (Swarming be-
havior.)
1953, pp. 23-24. (Swarming behavior, Mac-
rotertnes ?jigeriensis, at dusk, first rains,
simultaneous emergence from number of
nests.)
FOLKLORE
B.\LL, v., 1886, pp. 330-334. (Indian animals
known to early Greek authors.)
Bryk, F., 1929, pp. 150-163. (Negro folklore,
termites.)
Cos.\R, H. G., 1934, p. 59-61. (Africa; queen
symbol of fertility.)
Dance, C. D., 1881, pp. 159-161. (British
Guiana, native names, habits.)
Dow, R. P., 1915, pp. 94-100. (In Vedas 1350
B.C. r reference to necessity of weakening
opposing armies internally "just as fine
timber falls to pieces when riddled by
insects" ("ghuna," probably termites.)
EssiG, E. O., 1931, p. 41. (Mohave Indian
legends and myths.)
Lips, J. E., 1947, p. 427. (Belief tliat termites
are souls of men, widespread, especially
in South Seas.)
Myers, J. G., 1938, pp. 7-8. (In Sudan ter-
mites used as oracles, questions answered
depending on whether wood placed in
nest is eaten or not.)
Snyder, T. E., I935e. (According to C. Ful-
ler, natives Transvaal, South Africa, ven-
erate old mounds for hundreds years,
p. 64; in southern U.S. Negroes place bag
white ants about neck children to help
cut teeth, p. 106.)
1948. ((Same as 19356, p. 64), p. 78; quotes
Myers, used as oracles in Sudan, p. 78;
(same as 19356, p. 106), p. 117; queens
eaten to invigorate old men, p. 145.)
White, W. G., 19 17, p. 485. (Indian tribe
Savannah region British Guiana, Pata-
monas of upper Potato; "Pata" means
place, "mona," ants' nest.)
AS FOOD
Anonymous, 1907, p. 26123. (Australia, food
of blacks.)
AuFFRET, C, and T.'^nguy, F., 1949, pp. iio-
112. (Food value termites, living and
fried, Prov. de Pita, Guinea, based on
winged, swarming adults (Dakar), con-
stitute for certain races source protein,
fat, and calories.)
Bequaert, J., 1921, pp. 194-196. (Augmented
man's food supply in both early and re-
cent times; sale baskets of dried soldier
termites in native market Belgian Congo;
cover nest with leaves, trap winged.)
Bereksberg, H. von p., 1907, pp. 757-762.
(Natal.)
BONDENHEIMER, F. S., I95I, pp. 1-352. {Ai-
rica, pp. 144-160; Tropical Africa, Asia,
Australia, South ^\merica.)
Bristowe, W. S., 1932, pp. 387-404. (Siam,
winged termites caught in large numbers
during swarm, roasted with salt; queen
also a delicacy.)
Brues, C. T., 1946, p. 420. (Africa, Oriental
Tropics; not diet of ^American aborigines.)
Bryk, F., 1927, pp. 1-3. {Odontotermes,
winged trapped. East Africa.)
64
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL.
130
Clausen, L. W., 1954, p. 151. (Bantus of
South Africa eat dealated termites mixed
with vegetable oil and salt and toasted.)
CosAR, H. G., 1934, pp. 51-61. (Africa, abc^
rigincs, method capture.)
COUDENHOVE, H., I922, p. 324.
Cowan, T., 1865, pp. 132-137. (Historical,
use nests; use as food, bibliography.)
Drury, D., 1782, p. xvii. (Roast termites, Af-
rica, quotes Smeathman, 1781.)
Fuller, C, 1918a, pp. 43-48. (Death follow-
ing feast on Hodolermes.)
Harper's Family Library, 1831, pp. 147-148.
(East Indies, winged with flour made
into pastry, eaten too abundantly causes
fatal cholera; Africa, winged parched.)
Hope, F. W., 1842, pp. 145-149. (Food to
man.)
Kevan, D. K. McE., 1942, pp. 109-110. (Ter-
mites favorite food toad-bug in laboratory
rearing.)
Lefroy, M. H., 1909, p. 277. (Termite
queens, India, Africa, supposed to give
endurance when eaten.)
LioNG, L. S., 1953, pp. 220-222. (East Java,
winged termites trapped in pit, from
tube made of banana stem from nest to
funnel (banana leaf), 60 cc. one trap,
steamed or roasted.)
MiTRA, K., and Mittra, H. C, 1945, pp. 91-96.
(White ant, consumption confined to
people low financial status, India.)
OsMASTON, H. A., 1951, pp. 80-83. (Uganda.)
Ross, H. H., 1948, p. I. (Termites eaten
when other food unobtainable.)
Savage, T. S., 1849, pp. 211-221. (Tribes in
West Africa roast termites.)
Snyder, T. E., i935e, pp. 120-127. (As food,
animals; quotes Fuller 1918a, queens in-
vigorate old men, p. 127.)
1948. (Food man Africa, trap winged, p.
51; food, animals, pp. 139-145; (same as
I935e, p. 127), p. 145.)
Subrahmanian, T. v., 1934, p. 498. (Methods
capture, cooking, South India.)
TiHON, L., 1946, pp. 865-868. (Lightly grilled
termites among richest sources protein,
value of 100 grams being 560.52 calories;
ash shows high potassium and phosphoric
acid, low in sulfates; oil high acidity, not
sticky, yields clear, firm soap.)
Villiers, a., 1947, pp. 239-240. (Africa, trap-
ping termites for food, nest covered with
framework.)
Wallace, A. R., 1854, pp. 241-244. (Indians
on the Amazon, Tcrmes flavicolle.)
FOSSIL 1
BoRRE, P. DE, 1875, p. xlii. (Schists near
Mons.)
Colette, J. R. F., 1936, pp. 309-348. (Nest,
Belgian Congo, Pleistocene.)
Forster, B., 1891, p. 103. ('Tlattigen Stein-
mergels," Brunnstatt.)
Fuller, C, 1925a, p. 481. (Synonymy.)
Geinitz, F. E., 1880, pp. 510-535. (Jura, Dob-
bertin, Mecklenburg.)
1884, pp. 566-583. (Dobbcrtin Lias.)
Germar, E. F., 1839, pp. 187-222. (Solen-
hofcns.)
1842, pp. 79-94. (Lithograph Schiefer Bai-
erns Schieferthon Steinkohlengebirges
Wettin.)
1849, p. 52. (Tertiary.)
GoLDENBERG, F., 1852, pp. 38-39. (Kohlcn-
formation, Saarbriicken.)
Handlirsch, a., 1939, pp. 1-240. (General.)
Hassencamp, E., i860, pp. 78-81. (Rhon.)
Heer, O., 1849a, pp. 86-88. (Radoboj.)
Kliver, M., 1886, pp. 99-115. (Saarbriicken
and Wettin-Lobejiiner Steinkohlenforma-
tion.)
Maneval, H., T936, pp. 23-27. (Calcaires
oligoccnes, Ronzon.)
Meunier, F., 1898, pp. 85-148. ("Temps sec-
ondaires.")
Pierce, W. D., 1948, pp. 136-143. (Rancho
La Brea and McKittrick asphalt fields,
California, U.S., pellets.)
Ross, H. H., 1953, pp. 145-158. (Nearctic
termites.)
ScuDDER, S. H., 1885, pp. 319-351. (AflSnities
Paleozoic insects.)
1886, pp. 1-128. (Systematic review fossil
insects.)
Snyder, T. E., i935e, pp. 11-17, 20, 173.
(General.)
1948, pp. 14-21, 227, 230. (General, list
U.S. species, p. 230.)
1949a, pp. 164-165. (Ulmeriella latahensis,
n. sp., Miocene, Washington, U.S.)
1949b, pp. 352-373, 483-490. (World list,
taxonomy.)
1950b, pp. 190-193. (U.S. fossils, their liv-
ing relatives and habitats.)
1 Papers cited in Snyder, T. E., 1949, "Catalog of the Termites (Isoptera) of the World," Smith-
sonian Misc. Coll., vol. 112, pp. 483-490, arc not relisted.
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
65
1953c, pp. 40-41. (Fossil protozoan, Peru,
is pellet of Cryptotermes brevis; pellets
of fossil termites in Florida, and Cali-
fornia.)
1955a, p. 32. (California, U.S., Parastylo-
termes jrazieri Sny.)
1955c, pp. 79-80. (Parastyloter}}jes jrazieri,
n. sp., from the Miocene, California, U.S.)
Steudel (Dr.), 1896, p. xcv. (East Africa,
copal, winged.)
Stone, B., 1950, p. 17. (Lagena samanica
Berry, Foraminifera, Upper Eocene, NW.
Peru, described in 1928, included in cata-
log; is termite pellet.)
1951, p. 139. (Above species described as
Eocene protozoan, order Foraminifera, is
fecal pellet of Cryptotermes brevis
(Walker 1853).)
Westwood, J. O., 1854, pp. 388-396. (Lower
Purbecks of Durdlestone Bay.)
Woodward, H., 1892, pp. 193-198. (Lower
Lias, Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire.)
FUMIGATION
Anonymous, 1909, pp. 1-3. (South Africa,
"Universal Ant Exterminator.")
I947d, p. 18. (California, dry-wood ter-
mites.)
i947e, pp. 12-13. (California, methyl bro-
mide, dry-wood termites.)
I947f, p. 28. (California, rules for fumigat-
ing structures, dry-wood termites.)
1950a, pp. 77-84. (South Africa, toxic
smokes; also liquid fumigants.)
1952b, p. 30. ("Duratex" tarpaulins to seal
structures.)
1953, pp. 22-25. (Methyl bromide, U.S.)
Back, E. A., 1940, pp. 365-374. (Books, U.S.,
HCN gas in cylinders, dry-wood ter-
mites.)
DiETZ, H. F., and Snyder, T. E., 1924, p. 301.
(Panama, hot fumes arsenic and sulfur
pumped into mounds.)
Du Plessis, C, 1931a, pp. 1-7. (South Africa,
termite colonies.)
Ehrhorn, E. M., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed.,
p. 333. (Hawaii, carbon disulfide.)
EscHERicH, K., 191 1*, pp. 176-179. (Ceylon,
poison fumes blown into mound nests.)
Feytaud, J., 1920b, pp. 440-442. (France,
chloropicrin, Reticulitermcs lucifugus.)
1921a, pp. 17-23. (France, chloropicrin,
Reticulitermes lucifugus, buildings, 15
grams per cubic meter.)
Fuller, C, 1912a, pp. 345-369, 543-571. (Na-
tal, South Africa, "Universal Ant Ex-
terminator," nests in ground, mixture
sulfur (3 lbs.) and arsenic (7 lbs.) heated
and blown into nests.)
Gunn, }. W., 1953, p. 20. (California, 3 lbs.
ethylene dibromide per 100 sq. ft. soil
fumigation under concrete slabs.)
Gunn, J. W., Smith, H., Loibl, Bob, Jr., and
Pencille, C. W., 1947, pp. 8-11. (South-
ern California, dry-wood termites, build-
ings.)
Hassler, K., 1955, pp. 14-16. (California,
fumigation subterranean termites with
ethylene dibromide.)
Hegh, E., 1922, p. 50, fig. 35. (Vapors sulfur
and arsenic pumped into underground
galleries Coptotcrmes gestroi, rubber plan-
tations, Indo-Malaya.)
HoDEL, G. G., 1949, pp. 30, 32. (Southern
California, Kalotermes minor, buildings.)
Hunt, R. W., 1949, pp. 959-962. (Southern
California, Kalotermes tninor, buildings.)
James, H. C, 1932, pp. 1-6. (Kenya, pump
fumes arsenic and sulfur into nests.)
Jepson, F. p., 1931a, p. 68. (Ceylon, carbon
disulfide, Cyanogas, mound nests.)
Latta, R., 1953, p. 30. (Instrument for meas-
uring methyl bromide concentrations.)
MacGregor, W. D., 1950, pp. 14-15. (Jamaica
and U.S., material and buildings, dry-
wood termites.)
Main, F., 1909, p. 350. (Tropics, burning
sulfur blown into mound nests.)
Packard, H. R., Jr., 1951, pp. 9-10. (Cali-
fornia, dry-wood termites.)
Pencille, C, 1947, pp. 10-12. (California,
dry-wood termites, liquid hydrocyanic
gas.)
Quatrefages, a. de, 1853, pp. 1-15.
Randall, M., Doody, T. C, and Weiden-
BAUM, B., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp. 480-
510.
Smith, H. C, 1952, pp. 20, 28. (Safety rules
in fumigation buildings in Southern Cali-
fornia to control Kalotermes minor using
methyl bromide.)
Snyder, T. E., 191 5, p. 79. (Exposed wood-
work buildings, dry-wood termites, U.S.,
HCN gas.)
1916, p. 31. (Exposed woodwork buildings,
dry-wood termites, U.S., HCN gas, also
books, papers, exposed furniture.)
1926c, pp. 17-18. (No permanent value in
control subterranean termites; HCN rec-
ommended for control dry-wood termites,
12 oz. per 1,000 cu. ft.)
i935e, pp. 129, 146, 150, 158. (Not effective
for control subterranean termites.)
66
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1947c, p. 12. (Fumigation dry-wood ter-
mites, U.S.)
1948. (Fumigation drj'-wood termites, U.S.,
p. 159; effective in control dry- wood ter-
mites, sealing, pp. 192-195; control ter-
mites in mound or carton nests, Tropics,
p. 208.)
1949c, p. 24. (Reduced dosages for HCN
fumigation buildings to kill dry-wood
termites.)
1950, pp. 12-14. (Details fumigation build-
ings HCN and methyl bromide to kill
dry-wood termites, precautions.)
i95od, p. 16. (Details fumigation buildings
HCN and methyl bromide to kill dry-
wood termites, precautions.)
Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, J., 1924, p. 24.
(Fumigation hotel Florida to kill Crypto-
termes brevis, 12 oz. HCN per 1,000 cu.
ft., for 48 hrs.)
UicHANco, L. B., 1932, pp. 953-955. (Philip-
pines, Cryptotcrmcs, carbon disulfide.)
Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H., 1916, p. 44.
(Puerto Rico, Leucotermes is Crypto-
termes.)
Wahl, R. O., and Powell, A. R., 1927, pp.
125-140. (Importance of nest structure
in fumigation with Cyanogas, South
Africa.)
Wilkinson, H., 1940, p. 72. (East Africa,
mound nests, calcium cyanide powder,
carbon bisulfide, and "Universal white
ant exterminator.")
Young, T. R., Jr., 1955, pp. 45-46. (U.S.,
Florida, heat-exchanger for methyl bro-
mide fumigation for dry-wood termites.)
FUNGI, ASSOCIATION WITH
Anonymous, 1930a, pp. 172-173. (Ceylon,
symbiotic activity between termites and
cellulose-decomposing bacteria; cellulose
fabrics of nutritive value to termites only
when microorganisms capable of con-
verting cellulose into soluble carbohy-
drates had initiated destruction of the
cellulose.)
Barker, S. G., 1938, pp. 1221-1229. (Fabrics
protected against microbiological decay
will not be attacked by termites, jute rot-
proofed with Cuprinol, Cawnpore, un-
attacked after 8V1 months, cellulose ace-
tate fabric in Ceylon intact after long
exposure, hessian treated with Bakelite
varnish also immune.)
Boedijn, K. B., 1938, pp. 314-317. (Africa,
Podostioma ajricanum (Hypocreaceae)
associated with termite runs.)
BucHNER, p., 1928, pp. 1-64. (Wood nutrition
and symbiosis, bacteria, fungi. Protozoa.)
CiFERRi, R., 1935, pp. 229-246. {Tcrmito-
sphaera duthiei, p. 242, Tubcrculariaceae,
in nests TSJasutitcrtnes morio and Calo-
termes sp., San Domingo, ambrosia fun-
gus.)
Cleveland, L. R., 1926, pp. 51-60. (In Termi-
tidae, fungi harbored in intestines digest
cellulose.)
Hendee, E. C, 1933, pp. 111-134. (Associa-
tion Kalotermes minor, Zootennopsis an-
gusticollis, and Rctictditames hesperus
with fungi.)
1933a. PP- 212-213.
1934, p. 316. {Zootermopsis angusticollis,
role of fungi in diet.)
1934a, in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp. 105-116.
1935, pp. 499-525. (Role fungi in diet Zo-
otermopsis angusticollis.)
HuNGATE, R. E., 1936, pp. 240-249. {Zooter-
mopsis, role bacteria and molds in cellu-
lose decomposition.)
1940, pp. 382-392. (Nitrogen content sound
and decayed coniferous wood and its
relation to loss in weight during decay.)
1941, pp. 467-489. (Nitrogen economy, de-
pendence upon fungi as food, primitive
feature.)
1944, pp. 91-98. (Fungi limit growth of
termites by rapid decomposition wood.)
Leach, J. G., 1940, pp. 67-74. (Insect trans-
mission plant diseases.)
Snyder, T. E., i935e, pp. 80, 82-84, ioi-io3>
109, 119, 149. (Symbiotic role; not essen-
tial to digestion.)
1948, pp. 112-114. (Not all kinds termites
dependent upon fungi to break down
cellulose into available forms food.)
Stanford, E. E., 1934, p. 87. (Some forms of
termites promote spread of "dry rot.")
FUNGUS CULTIVATION
Andrews, E. A., 1911, p. 200-204. (Jamaica,
Eutermes ripperti, "fungus gardens" de-
veloped from dry masses in nest.?; stored
food nodules of eaten wood bound to-
gether with secretion.)
B.vthellier, J., 1923, pp. 129-131. {Eutermes
matangensis?)
ig2J, pp. 322-360. (Indo-China, condi-
tions in specific termitaria — ^favor specific
fungi.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
67
Beeson, C. F, C, 1941a, pp. 528-529. (India,
Volvaria cultivated.)
Berkeley, M. J., 1847, pp. 479-514, (Ceylon.)
Berkeley, M. J., and Broome, C. E., 1870,
pp. 494-567. (Ceylon.)
1871, p. 151. (Ceylon.)
1875, pp. 29-140. (Ceylon.)
BosE, S. R., 1923, pp. 253-258. (Barkuda,
India.)
BoTTOMXEY, A. M., and Fuller, C, 1921, pp.
139-144, 223. (South Africa.)
Brown, W. H., 1918, pp. 223-231. (Manila
and Los Bancs.)
BuGNioN, E., 1910a, p. 129. (Ceylon.)
1913d, pp. 552-583. (Ceylon.)
I9i4d, pp. 532-535. (Ceylon.)
Cheo, C. C, 1948, pp. 139-147. (Yunnan,
China.)
Cook, O. F., 1892, p. 282.
CoupiN, H., 191 0, pp. 273-274.
Croix, Errington de la, 1900, pp. 22-23.
(Termes carbonarius.)
Doflein, F., 1905, pp. 140-149.
1906a, pp. 454-473. (East Asia.)
1906-1907, pp. 203-209. (Subterranean ter-
mites in Ceylon.)
Emerson, A. E., in Alice, 1949, pp. 713-714.
EscHERicH, K., 1909, pp. 16-27.
Fairchild, D. G., and Cook, O. F., 1898, pp.
659-660. (West Africa and Java.)
GoETscHE, W., and Gruger, R., 1942, pp. 41-
112. (Culture and nutrition.)
Grasse, p. p., 1945-1947. 1945, pp. 97-171.
(Macrotermitinae.)
1947, pp. 115-146. (Termitomyces grown
on ricklike structures wood paste, not
tended by workers, purposeful propaga-
tion by females doubtful, colonies started
without conidia.)
Grasse, p. p., and Heim, R., 1950, pp. 3-13.
{Termitomyces on mounds of an African
A ncistroterm es. )
Grasse, P. P., and Noirot, C, 1952, pp. 291-
342. (Biology, Africa, Macrotermitinae.)
Hagen, H., 1 855-1 860*, pp. 1-144, 270-325,
1-342, 73-128.
Harms, }. W., 1927, pp. 221-236. (Macro-
termes gilvus, mycelium Volvaria in
soil ?)
Haviland, G. D., 1897-1898, pp. 667-681.
1898*, pp. 358-442.
1901, pp. 667-678.
Hegh, E., 1922, pp. 261-331.
Heim, R., 1938-1939, pp. 45-68. (Basidio-
mycetes, Madagascar.)
1940, pp. 410-412. (Ivory Coast in Guinea,
Africa, termitophile agarics, grow in soil
in direct connection with fungus heads
(mycotetes) which appear on piles
chewed up vegetable material.)
1940a, pp. 121-127. (Spherical shape conidia
not due to termites.)
1941, pp. 146-148. {Termitomyces not pro-
duced for food, only tolerated in cham-
bers termites.)
1942, pp. 69-86. (Combs formed of fine
ligneous residues, all agarics of combs are
termitophilous Termitomyces eaten only
occasionally by termites, inconvenient
commensals, expel combs T. microcarpus
as soon as there is risk of fructification
or pullulation.)
1942a, pp. 107-166. (Tropical Africa, agar-
ics.)
1948, pp. 1488-1491. (New results in cul-
tures of Termitomyces?)
1951, pp. 205-222. (Belgian Congo, Termi-
tomyces.)
1953) PP- 348-350. (Relation to mush-
rooms.)
Hohnel, F. von, 1908, pp. 1-47. (Java, agar-
ics, ascomycetes.)
Holtermann, C, 1898, pp. 1-22. (P. 107.)
1899, pp. 411-420. (Commensalism, ter-
mites and fungi, flora underground ter-
mite nests, India.)
1900, pp. 194, 408-410. (Commensalism,
termites and fungi.)
1901, pp. 27-37.
Jumelle, H., and Perrier, de la Bathie, H.,
1907, pp. 1449-1451. (Madagascar.)
1907a, pp. 274-276. (Madagascar.)
1907b, pp. 30-64. (Madagascar.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1952b, pp. xc-xci. (Bi-
ology of fungus tending termite Micro-
termes.)
Karawajew, W., 1902, pp. 298-303. {Agari-
cus rajap Holt.)
1902a, pp. 273-316, 317-327. (Java.)
Knuth, p., 1899, pp. 257-259.
KoENiG, J. G., 1779, pp. 1-28.
Laloy, L., 1909, pp. 57-58.
LiJscHER, M., 1951a, pp. 34-35. ("Fungus gar-
dens," Termitomyces with Synacantho-
termes zanzibarcnsis, not for food, but
{Macrotermes bellicosus) to maintain
high temperature (30°C.) and humidity
(95%) in nest.)
McCann, C, 1932, pp. 909-910. (India.)
Marlatt, C. L., 1953, pp. _ 305-309- (Java,
creamy balls tiny fungi-mushrooms, in
nests or "cones.")
MoRSTATT, H., 1922a, pp. 94-99.
MuKERji, D., and Mitra, P. K., 1949, pp. 9-
27. (Calcutta, Odontotermes redemanni,
cavities in mound with fungus combs
68
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
Xylaria; unrepaired nests have colony
killed by excessive fungus growth.)
Penzig, O., and Saccardo, P. A., 1897, p. 496.
(Java, Xylaria torrtibioidcs "in vidis Ter-
mitidum" at Buitenzorg.)
Petch, T., 1906, pp. 185-270. (Fungi of nests
of Termes redemanni and obscuriceps,
Peradeniya, Ceylon.)
1907, pp. 229-238, (Voharia eurhiza
(agaric) and Xylaria nigriceps cultivated
by Termes.)
1913. PP- 303-341- (Ceylon.)
1913a, pp. 389-393, 395-420. (Ceylon, Eu-
termes monoceros.)
1917, pp. 395-397. (Ceylon, Termes obscuri-
ceps.)
Rant, A., 1921, pp. 170-173. (Molds of ter-
mites.)
1923, pp. 125-134. {Termes gilvus and
Odontotermes grandiceps.)
Reichensperger, a., 1921, pp. 104-105.
{Termes sp. during rainy season drags
out cabbage material, fungus, and later
replaces it in nest.)
Sharpe, C. F., 1894, pp. 228-229. (Coonoor,
South India, vegetable substance deposited
on ground by termites, egglike particles
become fungi.)
SiLVESTRi, F., 1903*, p. 153. {Termes, fungi
for nutrition.)
SjosTEDT, Y., 1896*, pp. 267-280. {Termes
lilljeborgi, fungus-grower (day termite)
of the Cameroon.)
1900a*, pp. 1-236. (Africa.)
1903, pp. 89-101. (Africa.)
1904*, pp. 1-120. (Africa.)
Smeathman, H., 1781, pp. 139-192. (Pp. 60-
85.)
Smith, E. F., 1896, pp. 319-321.
Snyder, T. E., i935e, pp. 18, 55, 83-84. (Gen-
eral.)
1948, pp. 23, 62-63, 65, 99- (General.)
Tragardh, I., 1904*, pp. 1-47. (Sudan.)
VoLK, H. O., 1952, pp. 41-43. (Fungus gar-
dens.)
Wheeler, W. M., 1907a, pp. 802-803. (Fun-
gus-growing termites of Tropics — bibli-
ography.)
GASEOUS ENVIRONMENT
Cleveland, L. R., 1925a, pp. 289-293. (Ability
to live on pure cellulose, fix nitrogen.?)
1925c, pp. 309-326. (Effects of oxygenation
on symbiosis between Termopsis and its
intestinal flagellates.)
Cook, S. F., 1932, pp. 246-257. (Respiratory
gas exchange in Termopsis nevadensis,
able to respire normally in carbon di-
oxide tension as high as 20%; evolve
either H or CH4.)
Cook, S. F., and Scott, K. G., 1932, pp. 505-
512. (Absorption and elimination of
water, Termopsis angusticollis.)
i933> PP- 95-110. (Nutrition requirements
of Zootermopsis {Termopsis) angusti-
collis.)
Cook, S. F., and Smith, R. E., 1942, pp. 211-
219. (Respiratory gas exchange of Zo-
otermopsis angusticollis can be differenti-
ated from that of the symbiotic micro-
fauna. Respiration of die termite in-
creases with rising temperature between
4° and 32° C, but metabolism of Pro-
tozoa, as indicated by hydrogen produc-
tion, reaches a maximum between 16°
and 24°. At 4° the respiration quotient
of the termite falls from a normal of 0.9
to 0.7. Starvation can produce a similar
condition due to functional failure of the
intestinal fauna and consequent depletion
of available food.)
Day, M. F., 1938, pp. 317-327. {Eutermes
exitiosus, Australia, has concentration of
CO2 50 times as great as that of normal
atmosphere; while injurious to many ani-
mals, is normal environment certain ter-
mites.)
Desneux, J., 1948, pp. 1-54. (Nests Apico-
termes tropical Africa.)
DoFLEiN, F., 1906-1907, pp. 203-209.
Emerson, A. E., 1937a, pp. 241-248.
1938, pp. 247-284.
1949, in Allee, p. 633. (Exchange gases be-
tween nest and surrounding soil neces-
sary in African Apicotaincs, more im-
perative in moist soil.)
Fyfe, R. v., and Gay, E. J., 1938, pp. 1-22.
(Humidity of atmosphere within mounds
Eutermes exitiosus.)
Ghidini, G. M., i939n, pp. 385-399. (Respira-
tion quotient different castes Reticuli-
termes lucifugus.)
GiLMOUR, D., 1940, pp. 297-308. (Anaerobic
gaseous metabolism of the roach Crypto-
cercus punctulatus, intermediate between
higher roaches and more primitive ter-
mites.)
1940a, pp. 331-342. (Anaerobic gaseous
metabolism of Zootermopsis nevadensis.)
Grasse, p. p., 1937b, pp. 383-390. (Air (micro-
climate) in termite nests rich in anhydrid
carbonique.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
69
Grasse, p. p., and Noirot, C, 1948, pp. 735-
736. (Nests Apicotennes arqtiieri.)
1948b, pp. 869-871. (The climatization of
the termitarium by termites and the
transportation of water.)
HuNGATE, R. E., 1938, pp. 1-25. (Nutrition
of Zootermopsis.)
1 94 1, pp. 467-489. (Nitrogen economy,
Kalotermcs, Zootermopsis, and Retlculi-
tertnes.)
Fetch, T., 1906, pp. 185-270. (Ceylon.)
Richardson, H. B., 1929, pp. 61-125. (Respira-
tory quotient.)
RoEssLER, E. S., 1932, pp. 357-368. (Nitrogen
needs growing Tennopsis.)
Snyder, T. E., 1948, pp. 23, 73, 105. (Air
conditioning.)
Tang, Pei-Sung, 1933, pp. 260-274. (Rate
oxygen consumption of tissues and lower
organisms as a function of oxygen ten-
sion.)
VoLK, H. O., 1952, pp. 41-43. (Climate foun-
dation in termite nest.)
Williams, O. L., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp.
42-49. (Factors limiting distribution, dif-
ferences in moisture requirements native
termites; Reticulitermes hesperus prefers
more moisture and more carbon dioxide
gas than R. tibialis.)
GENETICS
Benkert, J. M., 1930, pp. 1-3. {R. fiai/ipes
has 42 diploid chromosomes in macrop-
terous male and male soldier.)
1933, pp. 121-122. {R. flavipes macropter-
ous male has 42 diploid chromosomes,
male soldier has 2 (probable) haploid
chromosomes, diploid 42.)
Emerson, A. E., 1945, pp. 14-19. (Population,
genetics.)
Grasse, P. P., 1937, p. 1677-1679. (Aberrant
spermatogenesis in the Metatermitidae.)
Grasse, P. P., and Bonneville, P., 1936, pp.
1009-1010. (Abortive or atypical sperma-
togenesis in Bellicositennes natalensis.)
Padoa, L., 1942, in Visintin, 1941-1942, pp. 13-
17. (Blood lymph, repartition different
elements, differed according to origin
"larvae," nymphs or soldiers Calotermes
■flavicoUis, Italy.)
Stevens, N. M., 1905, pp. 1-32. (In Zooter-
mopsis male nymphs diploid chromo-
somes number 52.)
GENITALIA, EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL
Ahrens, W., 1934, pp. 187-195. (Accessory
glands homologous to those of Blattidae
and Mantidae.)
1935, pp. 223-302. (Termes redemanni fe-
male genitalia.)
Bathellier, J., 1927, pp. 311-321. (Castes
Eutermes matangensis.)
Browman, L. G., 1935, pp. 1 13-129. (Female
genitalia homologized with those of fe-
male roaches.)
Brunelli, G., 1904, pp. 285, 350-356. (Ovary
of social insects.)
1905, pp. 121-126. (Structure of ovary.)
1905a, pp. 718-721. (Destruction of the
oocytes of the queen infested by Proto-
zoa.)
1906, pp. 55-62. (Destruction of the oocytes
of the queen infested by Protozoa.)
Clement, G., 1953a, pp. 1095-1096. {Ana-
canthotermes ochraceus, differentiation of
ovocytes in testicles of neuters.)
Geyer, }. W., 1950, pp. 106-107. (Oocytes
and spermatozoa found in testes (? gon-
ads) of reproductive castes but not in
soldiers of Neotermcs zuluensis.)
1951, pp. 233-325. (Hermaphrodites of
Neotermes, germ cells of both sexes in
same individual, reproductive organs 9
other species in 6 genera.)
Grassi, B., and Sandias, A., 1897, PP- 8-9.
Hagen, H. a., 1885a, p. 211. (Ovaria Em-
biidae sitnilar to those of Termes.)
Holmgren, N., 1909*, pp. 185-188. (Anat-
omy.)
Jucci, C., 1926a, pp. 248-250. (Cell nutrition
sperm.)
1930, PP- 231-238. (Cell nutrition sperm.)
Jucci, C, and Springhetti, A., 1952, pp. 130-
132. (Evolution seminal vesicles.)
Knower, H. McE., 1901, pp. 135-138. (De-
velopment generative tract.)
Marcus, H., 1953, pp. 1-16. (Illustrates geni-
talia.)
Mueller, Fr., 1873-1875, pp. 333-340. (Geni-
talia soldiers, Calotermes.)
MuKERji, D., and Raychaudhuri, S., 1944,
p. 76. (Reproductive organs Termes re-
demanni.)
Neefs, Y., 1932, pp. 409-424. (Evolution ex-
ternal genitalia, Calotermes flavicoUis.)
70
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
Snodgrass, R. E., 1937, pp. 12-14. (Repro-
ductive system termites, structure male
shows group (orthopteroid) unity by the
compounding of the accessory genital
glands.)
Springhetti, a., 1952, pp. 1-4. (Seminal
vesicle in Mastotermes and Macrotermes.)
1953- (Seminal vesicle, Zootermopsis and
Blattcla.)
Stella, E., 1936, pp. 731-734. (Maturation
gonads in Retictditcrmes hictfugus.)
1939, pp. 81-85. (Behavior gonads in work-
ers Reticttlitermes lucijugus.)
1939a, pp. 255-262. (Cylological data on
the gonads of soldiers of Bellicositertnes
bellicosus.)
Stella, E., and Ghidini, G. M., 1942, pp. 825-
831. (Soldiers of Trinervitermcs eldi-
rensis showed ovaries with small resting
oogonia, degenerative or testes with rest-
ing spermatogonia, undifferentiated or no
gonads, workers had no gonads in this
species or in Bellicositertnes, regression
of gonads and evolution of sterile caste.)
Weyer, F., 1930b, pp. 177-190. (Germ-glands
in workers and soldiers, Calotermes, Mi-
croccrotcrmcs, and Prorhinotermcs, germ-
glands in all castes and species; in a few
male germ-glands of Calotermes soldiers
and Microcerotermes workers, mature
spermatozoa present.)
GEOLOGIC AGENTS
Adamson, a. M., 1943, pp. 107-112. (Termite
consumption plant remains accelerates
formation humus; nest and runway build-
ing brings soil above surface and exposes
it to weadiering and admixture with
humus; promotes aeration, drainage. On
the other hand, termites feeding in large
numbers may seriously reduce amount of
organic matter in soil; harvester ter-
mites denude parts of African veldts
causing erosion; soil surrounding large
mounds may be deficient in calcium
owing to accumulation calcium carbonate
in mounds.)
Branner, J. C., 1900, pp. 151-153. (Geologic
agents in Tropics.)
191 1, p. 303. (Geologic agents in Tropics,
tropical America.)
1911a, pp. 449-496. (Geologic agents in
Tropics, tropical America.)
Chevalier, A., 1949, pp. 1057-1092. (Role in
soil impoverishment or improvement,
tropical Africa.)
Corbet, A. S., 1935, pp. xiv-f 156. (Biological
processes in tropical soils, special refer-
ence to Malaysia.)
Cosar, H. G., 1934, pp. 73-79. (Africa, en-
riching soil.)
DiMo, N. A., 1917, pp. 153-190. (Importance
in character soil, Turkestan.)
Drummond, H., 1S87, pp. 137-146. (Termite
tropical analog earthworm.)
1888, pp. 123-158. (Termite tropical analog
earthworm, Africa.)
Eyles, F., 1927, pp. 289-297. (Salisbury Com-
monage, South Africa, termite mounds
one of six plant habitats.)
Grasse, p. p., 1950a, pp. 549-554. (Tropical
soils and termites.)
Hamilton, R., 1954, pp. 153-155. (Africa.)
Hummel, K., 1930, pp. 356-363. (Movements
of earth by termites in nest building in
Africa (arid forests) are not less than
those by men in thickly settled parts of
Europe.)
Joachim, A. W. R., and Pandittesekera,
D. G., 1948, pp. 119-129. (Crumb struc-
ture and stability of local soils; termite
mound earth superior in crumb content
to soils from which they were derived
except when latter under grass.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1941a, pp. 568-582. (In-
fluence termites on fertility soil in Java.)
1941b, pp. 702-716. (Influence termites on
fertility soil in Java, bibliography.)
Kays, C. W., 1936, p. 8. (Termites vs. gov-
ernment geologists, tubes in sand dunes,
California.)
MacGregor, W. D., 1950, pp. 3-8. (Termites
in relation to vegetation and soil fer-
tility.)
Murray, J. M., 1938, pp. 288-297. (Termites
in relation to vegetation and soil fertility.
South Africa.)
Naude, T. J., 1934, pp. 1-20. (Termites in
relation to veldt destruction and erosion.)
Passarge, S., 1896, p. 350.
Pendleton, R. L., 1941, pp. 29-53. (Analysis
termite mounds in Thailand shows soils
differ from local soils as to pH and oc-
currence of CaCOg together with in-
creased replaceable bases and organic
matter (from low levels.?). Physically
there is a higher air dry moisture con-
tent, higher pore space, more water ab-
sorption, volume e-xpansion greater. Sur-
rounding soils are acid pH 4.1 to 5.8,
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
71
mounds often pH 8 or higher in lower
parts. Ca content fine earth mounds
higher — concretions made up 33% or
41% from base old mounds, containing
35% and 18% of CaCOo, although there
are no known deposits of CaCOg avail-
able to the termites. Possibly the termites
concentrate the CaCO., from the plant
materials and this indicates use of the
mound for long periods of time. Mounds
average i per acre, allow for growing of
vegetation which does not do well in
arid, poorly drained surrounding soil.
Judicious admixtures of mound soil en-
rich land, but unless widely mixed, in-
fertile areas, often "gravelly," are left due
to presence of calcareous concretions.)
1942, pp. 340-344. (Soils of termite mounds
in Thailand have higher fertility; higher
pH, plant nutrient content, more satis-
factory moisture relationships, CaCOa
concentrations near base mounds, even
though built from acid soils; mounds 2 to
3 m. high, 5 to 7 m. in diameter.)
Prescott, U. a., and Pendleton, R. L., 1952,
pp. 23, 41-48. (Laterite and laterite soils.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., Gay, F. J., and Greaves, T.,
1952, pp. 45-47. (Australia, denude
grassland, reduce productivity pastures,
mounds menace on aerodromes.)
Sen, a., 1944, pp. 280-281. (India, soil of
termites feeding on paper, wood, and
cow dung particularly rich in plant-food
nutrients.)
Shrikhande, J. G., and Pathak, A. N., 1948,
pp. 327-328. (Relation to soil fertility.)
Snyder, T. E., 1915, p. 85. (Relation termites
to origin of hog wallows and prairie
mounds, references.)
1948, pp. 77-78. (Lead to soil erosion in
African veldt, fertility in Thailand.)
Spellig, F., 1924, pp. 352-354. (German East
Africa, fertility soil increased.)
Steel, D., 1913, pp. 429-433. (Geologic work
in Belgian Congo.)
Thomas, A. S., 1943, pp. 149-177. (Uganda,
termites have important soil-building
functions.)
Thorp, J., 1949, pp. 185-186. (Effects of cer-
tain animals that live in soils, concentra-
tion calcium in mounds in Tropics by
termites.)
WiJsT, J., 1932, p. 49. (Africa, turning up
large amounts soil.)
HEAT, See TEMPERATURE
HUMIDITY
Emerson, A. E., 1938, pp. 268, 281. (Termite
nest functions primarily to maintain a
constant high humidity.)
Emerson, A. E., in Allee et al., 1949, p. 672.
(Termite nest functions primarily to
maintain a constant high humidity.)
Fyfe, R. v., and Gay, F. J., 1938, pp. 1-22.
(Humidity of atmosphere and moisture
conditions within mounds Eutermes ex-
itiosus, Australia, humidity usually 95%
in inner mound. Structure mound re-
tains moisture produced by metabolism
termites, and temperature maintained by
termites and mound material prevents
deposition of free water in central re-
gions.)
Geigy, R., and Ernst, E., 1951, pp. 414-420.
(Gradual increase in length life individ-
uals Kalotermes flavicoUis raised under
increasing humidity. R. lucifugus and Na-
sutitermes arborum? individuals showed
significant increase in length life only
at 70% R.H. or higher. Nasutitermes
worker showed greater resistance when
with soldiers than when isolated. K.
flavicollis showed greatest resistance to
drying. Results correlated with humidity
normal habitats.)
Grasse, p. p., and Noirot, C., 1948b, pp. 869-
871. (Climate of the termitarium and
the transportation of water; 70 to 98%
relative humidity in nest.)
McKeown, K. C, 1944, rev. ed., p. 67. (Aus-
tralia, humidity 93 to 95% in nest.)
Snyder, T. E., 1948, pp. 8, 54, 56, 76, 81, 85,
88, 106, 119, 153, 155, 160. (Need hu-
midity in wood, earth, shelter tubes; hu-
midity Nasutitermes in Australia at least
92% maintained because of a relatively
impervious surface layer. Amount of
moisture in wood directly under earth-
like shelter tubes ReticuUtermes in east-
ern U.S. 25%, which corresponds ap-
proximately to the humidity in mounds.
Shelter tubes constructed when tempera-
ture ranges from 80° to 90° F. and rela-
tive humidity ranges from 70% upward;
few tubes constructed at humidities below
50%.)
72
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
INTRODUCED
Adamson, a. M., 1938, pp. 221-223. (Copto-
termes havilandi introduced into Bar-
bados from Java.)
Ahmad, M., 1953, pp. 35-36. {Cryptotermcs
cyanocephalus and Coptotermes formo-
sanus into Ceylon.)
Anonymous, 1864, p. 310. (Termites from
Guinea introduced to St. Helena.)
1933a, p. 30. (No "invasion" eastern U.S. —
Dr. T. E. Snyder.)
(Banks, N., and) Snyder, T. E., 1920, p. 144.
{Cryptotermcs brevis from West Indies
to U.S.)
Brown, A. A., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., p. xxi.
Coptotermes jormosanus in ships to Cali-
fornia.)
Cachan, p., 1949, pp. 177-275. {Heterotermes
p/iilippinensis to Madagascar.)
Chaine, J., 1913, pp. 401-403. (Danger of
introduction in wood and furniture.)
Clark, A. F., 1938, pp. 177-179. {Calotermes
insularis and Coptotermes lacteus intro-
duced into New Zealand from Australia.)
DeMello, I. F., 1952, pp. 433-445. (Crypto-
termcs havilandi, Africa to Brazil.)
Dobson, R. J., 1918, p. 99-101. {Reticuli-
termcs lucijugus, Europe to vicinity Bos-
ton (in reality a native species R. arenin-
cola).)
Ehrhorn, E. M., 1915, pp. 55-56. {Copto-
termes to Oahu, Hawaiian Islands.)
1928, pp. 4, 18. {Coptotermes and Kalo-
termes to Oahu.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 321-324. {Cryp-
totermcs and Coptotermes probably intro-
duced into Hawaii, also lists other ter-
mites, intercepted at quarantine.)
Emerson, A. E., 1936, pp. 410-41 1. {Reticuli-
termes flavipcs introduced into green-
houses near Vienna, Austria, from the
U.S. 1837; Cryptotermcs dudleyi intro-
duced into Panama (before 1890) from
the Orient; Cryptotermcs brevis intro-
duced into buildings in Durban, Natal,
before 1921; British Guiana 1920; Hetero-
termes philippivensis into Mauritius be-
fore. 1933; Coptotermes jormosanus prior
to 1913 into Hawaii from China or For-
mosa; Heterotermes tenuis from tropical
America into St. Helena in 1840 — this
last case is probably incorrect since Sil-
vestri in 1936 described this termite as
a new species, perfidus; in reality platy-
ccphahis from Australia.)
I939> PP- I--- {"Coptotermes jormosanus,"
introduced into South Africa before 1925,
is havilandi of Java; Coptotermes javani-
cus introduced into Jamaica is havilandi.)
EsAKi, T., 1937, pp. 344-346. {Zootcrmopsis
angusticollis introduced from Oregon
into Japan.)
Feytaud, J., 1911, pp. 154-155. (In 1797, ter-
mites present in Rochefort, in 1853 at
Bordeaux, introduced.)
1924, pp. 241-244. (Both R. lucijugus and
flavipcs occur in France, flavipcs from
America, introduced into ports of Aunis
and Saintonge.)
1924b, pp. 69-73. (^- flavipcs to Charentes,
Saintonge.)
Fullaway, D. T., 1926, pp. 68-88. {Copto-
termes introduced into Hawaii from
Japan, Cryptotermcs introduced through
oriental commerce about 1900.)
1929b, pp. 205, 210. {Coptotermes on
Kauai.)
1931, p. 8. {Coptotermes and Cryptotermcs
on Lanai.)
Gassies, J. B., 1855, pp. 427-428. (Introduc-
tion termites into Bordeaux, France.)
Harris, W. V., 1953, pp. 13-14. {Crypto-
termcs brevis from America, in 1939;
Heterotermes platycephalus from Aus-
tralia introduced into St. Helena — latter
in 1843. Previously C. brevis had been
found in South Africa, Belgian Congo,
Sierra Leone, and, in 1951, Nigeria.)
I954d, pp. 194-197. (Europe, introduction
of termites to France, England, and Ger-
many.)
H.\rrow, K. M., 1948, p. 234. {Coptotermes
nymphs introduced into New Zealand in
hardwoods from Australia.)
Jackson, J. R., 1874, p. xxviii. (Living ter-
mites in wood, Kew Museum.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1935a, p. 176. (Java,
termite colony on sailing freighter.)
Kofoid, C. A., 1934, 2d ed., pp. 18-19. {Cop-
totermes jormosatius spread rapidly after
introduced into Honolulu, infests wood-
work steamships at Honolulu, might be
introduced to Pacific Coast ports U.S.)
KuTCHKE, G. MacM., 1936, pp. 45-48. (Prob-
able distribution Uirough greenhouse
plants.)
Lever, R. J. A. W., 1939a, pp. 36-37. (Fiji,
Calotcrmcs-Cryptotermes brevis.)
1952, pp. 214-217. (Singapore, Coptotermes
parvulus.)
Light, S. F., 1935a*, pp. 235-256. (Origin
species in Pacific islands.)
1936*, pp. 125-126. {Cryptotermcs brevis
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
73
introduced in wood from Lima, Peru, to
California, pseudobrevis {brevis) into
South Africa.)
McLachlan, R., 1869, p. xiii. (Termes tenuis?
introduced into St. Helena.)
1874, pp. 15-16. {Calotermes to Kew from
Zanzibar.)
1876, p. 17. (American termite (flat/ipes)
in Vienna.)
Miller, D., 1939, pp. 57-65. (Copiotennes
acinaciformis and lacteus, introduced into
New Zealand from Australia.)
1 940- 1 94 1, pp. 333-334. {Coptotermes acina-
ciformis and lacteus, introduced into
New Zealand from Australia, also Copto-
tertnes jrenchi, Calotermes insularis, con-
doncnsis {oldfieldi, var. chryseus) and
Porotermes adamsoni; oldfieldi, var. chry-
seus synonym of condonensis.)
MouTiA, A., 1936, p. 14. {Coptotermes sp.
near intermedius (synonym of havilandi)
introduced into Mauritius from Indo-
Malaya; Hetcrotermes philippinensis from
Philippines.)
Riley, N. D., 1943, p. 95. {Nasutitermes
costalis introduced into England from
Martinique; history other termites intro-
duced into England.)
Saint, S. J., 1940, pp. 9-10. {Coptotermes
testacetis and 'Nasutitermes sp. imported
into Barbados in wallaba firewood from
British Guiana.)
Senesse, p., 1947, pp. 30-32. (Introduction
termites into Roussilon.)
Snyder, T. E., 19246, pp. 381-384. (Origin
termites Hawaii.)
1931*5 PP- 531-579' {Cryptotermes of Ha-
waii had origin in China.)
1952a, p. 56. {Zootermopsis angusticollis
found alive in Douglas fir lumber at
Philadelphia shipped from Oregon.)
19526, pp. 23, 26. (Nonsubterranean ter-
mites into U.S.)
1953, pp. 27-28. {Zootermopsis from Ore-
gon to eastern U.S.)
1954a, p. 47. {Zootermopsis into eastern
and central western U.S.)
1954b, pp. 1-64. {Zootermopsis into eastern
and central western U.S.)
1954c, pp. 33-34. {Zootermopsis into east-
ern and central western U.S.)
I954g, p. 28. (U.S., Cryptotermes brevis
damage to building, Washington, D.C.)
Sweeney, R. C. H., 1948, pp. 164-166. {Tri-
nervitermes, minor (or small) soldiers in
hay at bottom hedge at Croydon, Surrey,
England, probably from Africa.)
SwEZEY, O. H., 1945, p. 397. {Nasutitermes,
corniger and sp. introduced into Hawaii.)
Urqumart, F. a., 1953, pp. 292-293. {Reticuli-
termes flat/ipes to Toronto, Ontario, Can-
ada, 1938, map distribution 1953.)
1934, p. 576. (Ontario, Canada, ReticuU-
termes flavipes, Kincardine, Bruce Co.)
Weidner, H., 1937, pp. 593-596. {R. flavipes
introduced from America to Hamburg,
Germany, in wooden crates.)
1937a, pp. 1-2. {R. flavipes introduced from
America to Hamburg, Germany, in
wooden crates.)
1939, p. 40. (Infesting buildings.)
1942a, pp. 1-7. (Spread.)
1 95 1, pp. 259-265. (Further spread, block
of buildings infested.)
1952, pp. 829-832. (Spread since 1937, con-
trol measures.)
1953, pp. 191-192. (Danger to structures,
figures castes, except winged.)
Whitney, L. A., 1929, p. 222. {Reticulitermes
speratus intercepted in Hawaii, from
Japan, from flowering Prunus sp. in bag-
gage.)
LEGISLATION
Anonymous, 1936a, pp. 6-7. (California pest
control act.)
1936c, p. 10. (Minimum termite repair and
treatment standards, U.S., California.)
1940b, pp. 1-16. (Termites Act, 1940, New
Zealand, Regulations, 1940/320, 1942/288,
require inspection and control by state;
fine for noncompliance.)
1949a, pp. 1-16. (California termite opera-
tors minimum standards for inspections
and recommendations.)
1950a, pp. 212-218, Appendixes I, II. (South
Africa, no bark on lumber, or insect in-
festation; no sale or use timber infested
with Cryptotermes brevis unless treated
with wood preservative; 20 pounds fine.)
1953c, p. 38. (Insecticide act, U.S. Dept.
Agriculture, effective Jan. 19, 1953, estab-
lishes method for renewal, clarifies pro-
visions relating to permits for economic
poisons for experimental work.)
i953h, pp. 28, 30, 56. (Arkansas, Florida,
California, and Oklahoma pest control
operators favor legislation.)
BowE, E. E., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp. 743-
745. (Municipal laws.)
Chamberlin, W. J., 1949, pp. 23-25. (U.S.,
State legislation.)
74
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
Clark, A. F., (1941) 1942, pp. 23-32, (New
Zealand, legislation.)
1942, pp. 23-32. (New Zealand, legislation,
State inspection, building termite-proof,
prohibit sale infestesd timber, free chemi-
cal control, control mandatory.)
Creighton, J. T., 1947, pp. 36, 38, 40. (Flor-
ida, structural pest control law.)
Harrow, K. M., 1942, pp. 47B-52B. (New
Zealand, State inspection, poison-dust
treatment.)
Hassler, K., and Mesecher, R., 1949, pp. 16,
18. (Why California code of minimum
standards was established.)
Hunt, P. J., 1950, pp. 13-16. (Violations
Florida pest control law.)
Jacobson, W. C, and Brown, A. C, in
Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp. 746-750. (U.S.,
State laws.)
MacGregor, W. D., 1950, pp. lo-ii. (South
Africa, use of chemically treated soft-
woods enforced.)
Snyder, T. E., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp.
751-752. (Federal quarantine laws.)
i935e. (Formosa, Japanese government pro-
hibited use lime mortar in foundations
buildings, p. 93; municipal legislation,
p. 137; California, legislation, p. 139;
Canal Zone, Panama legislation, p. 149;
Cuba legislation, p. 150; Florida, legisla-
tion, p. 150.)
1948. (Lime mortar prohibited in founda-
tions, Formosa, p. 153; city building
codes, pp. 177-179; uniform building
code. Pacific Coast, Honolulu, Hawaii,
p. 179; State license for commercial op-
erators California, Louisiana, Mississippi,
Arkansas, and Alabama, p. 181; New
Zealand Termites Act, inspection and
control by State, breach regulations sub-
ject to fine, p. 181; Canal Zone, Pasadena,
Calif., Honolulu, and Miami, Fla., pre-
vent transportation and reuse infested
lumber, p. 189; Havana, Cuba, wooden
flooring in buildings prohibited, p. 189.)
USES IN MEDICINE
Berensberg, H. V.P., 1907, pp. 757-762. (Af-
rica.)
Brooks, R., 1763, pp. 271-272. (Properties
and uses "wood lice" in medicine.)
Cleghorn, J., 1890, p. 528. (Mohammedans
in Orissa, India, swallow queens alive
for medicinal purposes.)
Snyder, T. E., 1948, p. 78. (In Puerto Rico,
carton nests are burned and fumes in-
haled for chest ailments; termites boiled
in water and broth drunk.)
MICROPHONES
Anonymous, 1911a, pp. 853-855. (Hunting
for ants with a telephone.)
Barton, R. C, in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp.
yii-yi^. (Audioamplifying apparatus.)
Brain, C. K., 1924, pp. 45-47. (Discovery in
South Africa of the adaptation certain
radio principles and use of microphone,
presence insects boring in wood may be
determined.)
Emerson, A, E., 1929a, pp. 725-726. (Ap-
paratus for detection substratum com-
munication among termites.)
Emerson, A. E., and Simpson, R. C, 1929,
pp. 648-649. (Apparatus for detection
substratum communication among ter-
mites.)
EscHERicH, K., 191 1*, pp. 176-179. (Use mi-
crophone in Ceylon for detecting termites
at great depth in earth and in infested
houses.)
Main, F., 1909, p. 350. (Telephone apparatus
for detecting termites, up to distance 5 to
6 m., mounds in Tropics.)
Pence, R. J., 1954, pp. 27, 30. (U.S., portable
listening device for detecting dry-wood
termites.)
Pence, R. J., Magasin, S. J., and Nordberg,
R. C, 1954, p. 5. (U.S., electronic device
developed as aid in locating insects — dry-
wood termites — destructive to timber and
wood products in the laboratory.)
Snyder, T. E., I935e, pp. 159-160. (Field
microphone not successful in detecting
termites in U.S. tests.)
1948, p. 203. (Use of microphone in field
not successful.)
I952d, pp. 33-34. (History of use of stetho-
scopes, geophones, and microphones; field
apparatus unsatisfactory.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
75
MOISTURE
DuNMORE, L. A., Jr., and Collins, M. S.,
1951, p. 513. (Caste differences in tolera-
tion of drying in Reticulitermes flavipes.)
Fyfe, R. v., and Gay, E. J., 1938, pp. 1-22.
(Structure mound Eutermes exitiosus
Australia retains moisture produced by
metabolism termites, temperature and
mound material prevent deposition water
in central regions.)
Geigy, R., and Ernst, E., 1951, pp. 414-420.
(Resistance to drying different genera
termites, high humidity increases length
life individuals; see Humidity.)
Grasse, p. P., and Noirot, C, 1948b, pp. 869-
871. (Transportation water in termi-
tarium and climate therein.)
Mukerji, D., and Mitra, P. K., 1949, pp.
9-27. (Calcutta, Odontotermes redemanni,
moisture varies little in mound.)
Snyder, T. E., 1948, p. 76. (Amount moisture
in wood directly under shelter tubes Re-
ticulitermes in eastern U.S. 25%.)
Strickland, M., 1950, pp. 373-385. (Reticuli-
terines tibialis more resistant to drying
dian flavipes or arenincola, latter the least
tolerant to drying.)
Williams, O. L., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed.,
p. 48. {Reticulitermes hesperus requires
more soil moisture than tibialis.)
MORPHOLOGY
Ahmad, M., 1950, pp. 39-86. (Phylogeny
termite genera based on imago-worker
mandibles.)
Ahrens, W., 1930, pp. 449-530. (Body articu-
lation, skin and tracheae of the termite
king.)
1932, pp. 516-534. (Relation between karyo-
plasma, zytoplasma, and deutoplasma in
Termes redemanni.')
1934, pp. 187-195. (Accessory genital glands
homologous to those of Blattidae and
Mantidae.)
1935, pp. 223-302. (Female genitalia Termes
redemanni.)
1935a, pp. 467-500. (Development of the
"corpus luteum," T. redemanni, 3 empty
egg follicles degenerate and bring next
ripe egg close to ovariole pedicel.)
Anonymous, 1950c, p. 16. (Difference be-
tween ants and termites.)
Basch, S., 1865, pp. 56-75. (Skeleton and
muscles of the head, Termes flavipes.)
Bonneville, P. P., 1936, pp. 1-127. (Micro-
scopic anatomy African termite.)
1936a, pp. 230-243. (Origin royal adipose
tissue.)
Browman, L. G., 1935, pp. 113-129. (Chitin-
ous structures in posterior abdominal seg-
ments certain female termites; female
genitalia homologized with those of
roaches, agree except Hodotermitidae.)
Brunelli, G., 1905, pp. 121-126. (Structure
of the ovary.)
1905a, pp. 718-721. (Destruction of oocytes
of queen infested by Protozoa.)
1906, pp. 55-62. (Destruction of oocytes of
queen infested by Protozoa.)
Bugnion, E., I9i3e, pp. 165-172. (Indication
of number segments antennae 3 castes
Indo-Malayan termites.)
1914a, pp. 351-364. (Mouthparts of Eu-
termes, Ceylon.)
Bugnion, E., and Ferriere, C, 1911a, Taxon-
omy, pp. 97-106. (Coptotermes = Pro-
rhinotermes flavtts larvae with rudiments
of prothoracic wings, dry up and fall off.)
Bugnion, E., and Popoff, N., 1912, pp. 210-
232. (Anatomy king and queen Termes
redemanni, obscuriceps and horni.)
Bugnion, E., Popoff, N., and Ferriere, C,
1911, pp. 86-96. {Termes ceylonicus.)
Chervinsky, K. K., 1897, pp. 241-245. (Anat-
omy.)
1897a, pp. 199-202. (Frontal gland, ganglia
sympathetic nerves.)
1898, pp. 31-48. (Frontal gland, ganglia
sympathetic nerves.)
Child, H. J., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp. 58-
88. (Interjnal anatomy.)
Chopard, L., 1947, pp. 95-99. (External
morphology R. Iticijugus and Calotermes
flavicollis.)
Collins, M. S., 1951, p. 477. (Variations in
the fat body, R. flavipes.)
Crampton, G. C, i92oaj p. 98. (Affinities
anatomy Zorotyptts and termites.)
1920b, pp. 137-145. (Terminal abdominal
structures of Mastotermes darwiniensis,
Australia.)
1921b, pp. 69, 77, 93-94. (Sclerites of head
and mouthparts Mastotermes.)
Delamare-Deboutteville, C, 1947, pp. 145-
154. (Comparison morphology adult ap-
terous and winged Zoraptera with ter-
76
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
mites, same origin, Zoraptera living
fossils.)
1948, pp. 599-601. (Morphology thorax
Zoraptera, comparison termites.)
1948b, pp. 347-352. (Ecology and ethology
Zoraptera and relation to termites.)
1952, pp. 147-150. (Sternites compared with
those of other Blattopteroids.)
Denis, R., iti Grasse, 1949, pp. 544-555- (Zo-
raptera related to termites in structure.)
DuFouR, L., 1841, pp. 608-609. (Anatomy
Termes Iticijugtis.)
1849, in Joly, 1949, pp. 1-37- (Anatomy
queen T. lucijugus.)
Enderlein, G., 1903*, pp. 423-437.
Feytaud, J., 1908, pp. 474-476. (Ventricle
chyliferous.)
1912, pp. 481-607. (Reticulitermes luciju-
gus.)
Fuller, C, 1919*, pp. 19-102. (Wing vena-
tion and respiratory system South African
termites.)
1920*, pp. 235-295. (Post-embryonic de-
velopment of the antennae of termites.)
1924, pp. 49-78. (Thorax and abdomen of
winged termites.)
Ghidini, G. M., and Moriggi, M., 1939, PP-
345-353. (Pericardial concredon.)
Grasse, p. p., 1938*, pp. 291-295. (Poly-
morphism soldiers Calotermitidae.)
Grasse, P. P., and Bonneville, P., 1935, pp.
289-291. (Nonutilized sexed, Protermi-
tidae.)
1935a, pp. 474-491. (Nonutilized sexed,
Protermitidae.)
Grassi, B., and Sandias, A., 1896, pp. 271-273.
(Italian species.)
Hagen, H., 1885a, p. 219. (Comparison
winged Embiidae with Calotermcs.)
Hanstrom, B., 1930, pp. 732-773. (The brain
of Tcrmopsis nevadens'is and Phyllmm
pulchrijoUum and the phylogeny of the
corpora pedunculata.)
Hare, L., 1931, pp. 593-607. (Polymorphism
among the subgenera of Nasutitermes.)
1937, pp. 459-486. (Phylogeny as evidenced
by soldier mandible development.)
Holmgren, N., 1909*, pp. 1-215. (Compara-
tive anatomy.)
Home, E., 18 14, pp. 378-384. (Digestive
organs.)
Hudson, G. B., 1947, pp. 99-110. (Compara-
tive anatomy tentorium.)
HuLME, R., 1955, p. 128. (Molecular orienta-
tion in wings.)
Imms, a. D., 1919, pp. 75-180. (Structure
Archotennopsis.)
Jacob, J. K., 1937, pp. 25-29. (Digestive tract
Zootermopsis, Reticulitermes.)
Jorschke, H., 1914, pp. 215-254. (Faceted
eyes termites.)
Joly, N., 1849, pp. 1-37. (Anatomy.)
JoRG, M. E., 1933, pp. 93-102. (Histophysio-
logical considerations on the eyes of
Polybia scuttelaris and Eutermes sp.)
Jucci, C, 1921a, pp. 213-215. (Presence of
deposits of uratics ("uratici") in the fatty
tissue.)
1932, pp. 1422-1429. (Presence of bacterio-
cytes ("batteriociti") in the fatty tissue.)
Jucci, C, and Buya, B. M., 1930. (Adipose
tissue Tcrmopsis angusticollis.)
JuDD, W. W., 1948, pp. 93-161. (Comparative
study proventriculus orthopteroid insects.)
Knight, P., 1928, p. 198. (Head capsule
soldier termite.)
Knower, H. McE., 1894, pp. 58-59. (Origin
of nasutus of Eutermes.)
1896, pp. 86-87. (Development of Eutermes
(rippertii?) .)
1900, pp. 505-568. (Embryology of Eu-
tcrmcs {rippertii}).)
1901, pp. 135-138. (Development of genera-
tive tract.)
Korschelt, E., and Heider, K., 1899, pp. 393-
394. (Prothoracic wing rudiments larvae
Calotermcs rugosus.)
Light, S. F., iti Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp. 50-
57. (External anatomy.)
Marcus, H., 1944, pp. 259-284, 307-320, 441-
445. (Comparison articulation of mandi-
bles in ants and termites.)
1947, pp. 39-44. {Eutermes, nasutes only,
with stridulating organs, Bolivia.)
(1947) 1948, pp. 97-118. (P. 105, embryo-
genesis, Rhinotermes and Eutermes.)
1949, pp. 44-51. (Post antennal organ.)
1953, pp. 1-16. (Chordotonal and equilib-
rium organs, Anoplotermes and Nasuti-
termes; in Nasutitermes chaquimayensis
excrescence of trachea increases number
of wing vibrations, Bolivia.)
Miller, E. M., 1949a, pp. 24-31. (Anatomy,
physiology.)
Montalenti, G., 1928, pp. 1 13-125. (Hypo-
dermis and adipose tissue in termite sol-
diers and larvae, Calotermcs favicollis.)
1932, pp. 859-864. {Calotermcs flavicollis,
histology, gut.)
MiJLLER, Fr., 1873-1875, pp. 241-264. (Larva
Calotermcs rugosus.)
MuKERji, D., 1945, p. 108. (Formation oi
serosa (false amnion) in Termes rede-
manni.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
77
MuKERji, D., and Raychaudhuri, S., 1942,
pp. 173-199. (Structure, function, and
origin of exudate organs in the abdo-
men of physogastric queen Tertnes rede-
manni.)
1943, pp. 59-88. (Anatomy alimentary sys-
tem T. redemanni.)
1943a, p. 166. (Comparative anatomy di-
gestive system various phases T. rede-
manni and biological importance diges-
tive system.)
1943b, p. 167. (Structure, function, and
origin of exudate organs in mature de-
alated queen Tertnes redemanni and their
bearing on postadult growth of queen.)
1944, pp. 75-76. (Structure reproductive
organs T. redemanni?)
1944a, p. 76. (Embryonic development
Termes redemanni.)
Neefs, Y., 1932, pp. 409-424. (Evolution
genital apparatus Calotermes flauicollis.)
Nesbitt, H. H. J., 1941, pp. 51-81. (Compara-
tive morphological study nervous system
Orthoptera, etc. Termopsis angusticollis
included.)
Nichols, E. R., 1931, pp. 1-2. (Attempt to
classify species of termites from mandi-
bles workers and nymphs.)
Pack.^rd, a. S., 1889a, p. 222-223. (Structure
epipharynx Eutermes ripperti.)
Pflugfelder, O., 1938, pp. 451-467. (Growth
of nucleus in corpora allata Termes re-
demanni and Microcerotermes amboin-
ensis.)
Platania, E., 1936, pp. 41-43. (Nature ot
peritrophic membrane in R. lucifugus.)
1938, pp. 297-328. (Nature, origin, and
function peritrophic membrane and struc-
ture of digestive tube R. lucifugus.)
Richard, G., 1949, pp. 49-52. (Tracheal sys-
tem prothoracic leg 7th instar nymph
Calotermes flavicollis.)
1954, pp. 177-188. (Tracheal system and
nerves of thorax imago Calotermes fiat'i-
collis; anatomy compared to other Blat-
topteroids.)
Rosen, K. von, 1913a, pp. 625-664. (Studies
of the eyes and brain, primitive complex
eyes and their arresting — in consequence
of the living of the imagos in the dark
nest.)
Silvestri, F., 1902b, pp. 619-620. (So-called
microthorax.)
Snodgrass, R. E., 1910, p. 60. (Absence of
postnotal plates, and appearance of each
coxa being doubled, separate Isoptera
from Corrodentia.)
1952, p. 316. (Comparison with roaches.)
Snyder, T. E., 1919, pp. 97-104. (Structural
modifications nearctic termites, significant
adaptations to their environment.)
1926a*, p. 13. (Rugosities on dorsal meso-
notum nymph Calcaritermes.)
1948, p. 9. (Difference between ants and
termites.)
Sutherland, J. L., 1934, pp. 1-13. (Histology
alimentary canal in Australian termites,
comparison of structure in different fam-
ilies.)
Thompson, C. B., 1916, pp. 553-603. (Brain
and frontal gland castes of Leucotermes
■ftavipes. Very little differentiation be-
tween brains of castes, none between
sexes; most marked difference being in
optic apparatus, etc. Frontal gland may
have arisen phylogenetically from ances-
tral median ocellus, now lacking, etc.;
"nymph" is any development stage
whether with wing pads or not.)
Tillyard, R. J., 193 1*, pp. 371-390. (Wing
venation Isoptera, family Masotermitidae.)
Walker, E. M., 1919, pp. 267-316. (Terminal
abdominal structure Orthoptera, phylog-
eny termites included.)
1922, pp. 1-88. (Terminal abdominal struc-
ture Orthoptera, phylogeny termites and
Zoraptera included.)
Weyer, Fr., 1930b, pp. 177-190. (Study of
germinal glands, workers and soldiers.)
1935, pp. 648-672. (Regeneration of epithe-
lial tissue in midgut Microcerotermes
amboinensis, Glyptotermes luteus, Eu-
termes amboinensis, and Macrotermes
gili'us.)
1936, PP- 157-163. (Regeneration of epi-
thelial tissue in midgut Microcerotermes
amboinejisis, Glyptotermes luteus, Eu-
termes amboinensis, and Macrotermes
gilvus.)
WiGGLEswoRTH, V. B., 1930, pp. 593-6x6,
(Formation peritrophic membrane, in
Isoptera, analogous structures — a zone of
secreting cells in connection with an an-
nular press.)
NESTS
Abel, O., 1933*, pp. 38-39. (Fossil termite
nest, Lower Pliocene, Wiener Beckens.)
Annandale, N., 1924, pp. 25-35. (Mound
nests, India.)
Anonymous, 1899. (Northern Australia.)
1907, p. 26123. (Australia, mounds 20 feet
high.)
1912a, p. 229. (Africa, ant architects.)
78
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1938, p. 17. (East Africa, lime carbonate
in termite mound.)
1950a, pp. 1-95. (South Africa, fungus-
growing mound builders.)
1952c, pp. 14-15, 29. (South Africa.)
Bastin, H., 1916, pp. 691-696. (Mound nests.)
Bathellier, J., 1923, pp. 403-409. (Nest of
Etttermes matangensis with nest of Micro-
termes.)
1923b, pp. 430-431. (Nests of Eutermes.)
Baumann, E., 1882, pp. 419-424. (Chemical
analysis fragment nest from Australia.)
Beeson, C. F. C, 1941a, pp. 524-553. (India,
classification and figures nests, diffuse or
concentrated.)
Bequaert, J., 1930, pp. 797-1001. (Termitar-
ium Macrotenncs natalensis figured and
described, Africa.)
Berland, L., 1951, pp. 22-23. (Nests of Jpico-
termes, Africa.)
Bernouli, W., 1945, pp. 170-171, fig. I. (Nest
Microtermes from Sumatra.)
Branner, J. C, 1910, pp. 24-25. (Luminosity
or phosphorescence of termite nests in
Brazil.)
1910a, p. 342. (Luminosity or phosphores-
cence of termite nests in Brazil.)
BucHHOLZ, R., 1876, pp. xv-xviii.
BuGNiON, E., 1923, p. 432. {Eutermes.)
Caedew, D., 1934, p. 720. (Carton nest from
railway carriage, India.)
CoATON, W. G. H., 1947, pp. 130-177. (Keys
based on nesting habit, Soudi Africa.)
1948, pp. r-19. (Nests in relation to control
in veldt.)
I948d, pp. 1-38. (Nests in relation to con-
trol in veldt.)
1949a, pp. 1-89. (Subterranean termites in
buildings and nests in relation to con-
trol.)
1950, pp. 1-28. (Nests in relation to control
in cultivated areas.)
Colette, J. R. F., 1936, pp. 309-348. (Nest
from Upper Pleistocene, Stanley-Pool,
Belgian Congo.)
CosAR, H. G., 1934, pp. 1-86. (Correlation
different types nests with vegetation, pis.
1-2, Africa.)
CosTA-LiMA, A. DA, 1936, pp. 10-17. (Termi-
taria of various Brazilian termites.)
Cowan, T., 1865, pp. 132-137. (Uses of nests.)
Deoras, p. }., 1949, pp. 445-446. (Mound-
forming termites and their control.)
Desneux, J., 1918*, pp. 298-312. (New type
of nests, Africa, Apicotcrmes.)
1948, pp. 1-54. (Subterranean nest of Apico-
tcrmes in tropical Africa.)
1953, pp. 1-123. (Africa, phylogeny Apico-
tcrmes.)
1953a. PP- 393-396- (Africa, phylogeny
Apicotcrmes.)
1954, pp. 346-347. (Belg. Congo, subter-
ranean nests Anoplotermes.)
DiETZ, H. F., and Snyder, T. E., 1923, pp.
279-302. (Tree and mound nests. Pan-
ama.)
DoANE, R. W., 1924, pp. 98-100. (Turret-
building, Reticulitermes hesperus.)
DowNEs, H., 1836, p. ii. (Nest from Fer-
nando Po.)
Dudley, P. H., and Beaumont, J., 1890*, pp.
148, 176. (Nest Termes columnaris Pan-
ama is Amitermes foreli.)
1890a*, p. 109. (Termes columnaris is A.
foreli.)
Ebner, R., 1926, in Sjostedt, I926d, pp. 71-76.
(Termite nests, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.)
Ehrhorn, E. M., 1934, p. 360. (Coptotermes
jonnosanus, aerial nest built at edge
water tank in attic, Honolulu.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., p. 327. (Hawaii.)
Emerson, A. E., 1923, p. 160. (Ecological
relations.)
1928*, pp. 401-574. (Belgian Congo, Cam-
eroon.)
1937, p. 56. (Study phylogeny, behavior.)
1937a, pp. 241-248. (Architecture.)
1937b, pp. 249-254. (Social organization.)
1938, pp. 247-284. (Nesting habits various
families.)
1949, in Alice et al., pp. 133; 422; 425-426;
428-429 {Amitermes meridionalis, Aus-
tralia; pp. 633-634, Apicotcrmes, Africa,
moisture and gas exchange; pp. 645-646,
Constrictotermes cavijrons, British Gui-
ana; pp. 669, 718-721, 722.)
1952a, pp. 333-354. {Apicotcrmes, Africa.)
1952b, pp. 488, 509. {Procornitermcs and
Cornitermes, tropical America.)
Emerson, A. E., and Fish, E., 1937, pp. 1-127.
(Nests, a termite city.)
Escherich, K., I909d, pp. 234-239.
1911*, pp. xxxii-t-262. (Ceylon.)
1912, pp. 211-213. (Art of nest building.)
Feytaud, J., 1921, pp. 1-135. {Lucijugus,
France.)
1949b, pp. 287-289. (Subterranean cities.
Tropics.)
1951a, pp. 562-564. (Subterranean cities,
Tropics.)
1953, pp. 1-158. (General.)
FoNSECA, J. Pinto da, 1950, pp. 57-84. (Sao
Paulo, Brazil, Syntcrmes molestus convex
cells, 2 in. high, 4 in. wide, deep in soil,
interconnected.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES*. SUBJECTS — SNYDER
79
Fritsch, G., 1867, pp. 254-259. (South Africa,
nest construction.)
Froggatt, W, W., 1903, pp. 726-730. (Aus-
tralia, white ant city, nests at Port Dar-
win, North AustraHa, 18 to 20 ft. high.)
Fuller, C, 1912a, pp. 345-369, 543-571.
(South Africa, Natal.)
Fyfe, R. v., and Gay, F. J., 1938, pp. 1-22.
(Mounds Eiitermes exitiosus, Australia.)
Gay, F. }., and Greaves, T., 1940, pp. 145-149.
(Mound Coptotermes lacteus, Australia.)
Ghesquiere, J., 1927, p. 59. (Nest of Apico-
termes angttstatus, Africa.)
Ghidini, G. M., 1938c, pp. 261-267. (Presum-
able function of spongy lignin in nests
Metatermitidae.)
Grasse, p. p., 1937*, pp. 71-73. (Large
mounds with chimneys, Bellicoshermes
jeanneli (Macrotermes) Africa.)
1938a, pp. 195-196. (False nests on branches,
Ivory Coast, Anoplotermes?)
1939a, pp. 370-396. (Construction nest by
specialized (higher) termites.)
1945-1947, pp. 97-171, 115-146. (Nests of
fungus growers (Macrotermitinae.)
Grasse, P. P., and Joly, P., 1941, pp. 57-62.
(Amitennes nests outer walls of nearly
pure earth, larval chambers show 45.6%
organic matter. Nests Cubitennes and
Bellicositermes of nearly pure earth.)
Grasse, P. P., and Noirot, C, 1949, pp. 149-
166. (Nest of Sphaerotermes sphaero-
thorax, manure heaps without fungi.)
1949a, pp. 727-730. (Large mounds of
Equatorial Africa.)
1955' PP- 345-388. (Africa. Apicotermes
arquieri.)
Griffith, G., 1938, pp. 70-71. (Analysis of
soil mounds in different parts Uganda,
agricultural value mounds.)
Hagen, H. a., 1855*, pp. 1-144. (World.)
Hagen, W. von, 1937-1938, pp. 46, 39-49.
(TSJasutiterm es. )
1942, pp. 489-498, 29-41. (Tropical Amer-
ica.)
1945, pp. 36-40. (Termite — master archi-
tect.)
Hamilton, R., 1954, pp. 153-155. (Africa.)
Harting, P., 1874, pp. 57-58.
Hegh, E., 1922, pp. 1-756, especially 373-529.
(World.)
Heilprin, a., 1894, pp. 301-302. (Tree nests
(Nasutitermes), Yucatan.)
Hesse, R., Allee, W. C, and Schmidt, K. P.,
^937- (Nests in open lands, compass
nests. Port Darwin, Australia, p. 446, fig.
119; nests 9 m. in height, Africa, p. 460.)
Hill, G., 1942*, pp. 1-479. (Australian re-
gion, including Papuan.)
HoLDAWAY, F. G., 1933, pp. 160-165. (Com-
position different regions mounds Eu-
termes exitiosus, Australia.)
i935> PP- 34-35- (Laboratory colonies En-
ter me s exitiosus for controlled timber
testing, Australia.)
HoLDAWAY, F. G., Gay, F. J., and Greaves, T.,
I935> PP- 42-46, (Population mound Eu-
termes exitiosus, Australia.)
Hubbard, H. G., 1877, pp. 267-274. {Nasuti-
termes tree nests in Jamaica.)
Hunt, E. H., 1910, pp. 196-197, 268-269.
(Termes carbonarius, 6 ft. high, Kuala
Lumpur.)
Hunt, G. M., and Snyder, T. E., 1930, pp.
318-334. (Mounds used in wood pre-
servative tests (field), Australia.)
1952, pp. 314-327. (Mounds used in wood
preservative tests (field), Australia.)
Ihering, H. von, 1894, pp. 246-252. (Nests
of clay.)
Jack, R. L., 1897, pp. 99-100. ("Meridional
anthills" of Cape York Peninsula, Aus-
tralia.)
Jepson, F. p., 1931a, pp. 67-69. (Destruction
of mounds, Ceylon.)
John, O., 1925*, pp. 360-419. (Ceylon, Malay
Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Aru Islands.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1941, pp. 30-34. (Plan
and extension of underground galleries
Coptotermes javanicus and Macrotermes
gilvus.)
1954, pp. 319-323. (Java, Macrotermes gil-
vus primary mound builder, can live
without wood, on grass.)
1954a, pp. 325-330. (Java, Odontotermes
spp. build mounds as well as subterranean
nests.)
Karawajew, W., 1909, pp. 157-162. (Nests
central Asian termites Anacanthotermes.')
Kemner, N. a., 1929, pp. 1097-1117. (Java.)
1934*, pp. 1-241. (Java, Celebes.)
Kent, W. S., 1897a, pp. 81-82. (Remarkable
mounds, Australia.)
Kevan, D. K. McE., 1953, pp. 166-167. (SE.
Ethiopia, giant termitarium Macrotermes
sp.? 30 ft. high.)
Knab, F., 1895, pp. 15-16. (Luminous
mounds. Lower Amazon.)
1909, pp. 474-475. (Luminous mounds,
Lower Amazon, Santarem.)
KoZLovA, A. v., 1951, pp. 626-631. (Accumu-
lation nitrates in mounds, Turkmenia.)
Kutter, H., 1943, pp. 66-70. (Nest Bellicosi-
termes bcllicosus (Macrotermes), Africa.)
8o
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
LeCoq, R., and Estienne, Y., 1928, pp. 97-
104. (Indo-China.)
Le Soeuf, D., 1894, p. 25. (Nests meridional
termite, Bloomfield River, Australia.)
Light, S. F., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed. (Hawaii,
p. 327; Philippines, pp. 117-118, 136-149,
349-350.)
Light, S. F., and Wilson, F. J., 1936, pp. 461-
520. (Nasute termites, Philippines.)
Litchfield, J. S., 1948, pp. 38, 40. (Hami-
termes meridionalis, magnetic nests
Northern Terr., Australia.)
LujA, M., 1919, p. 178. (Congo.)
MacDonald, C. H., 1947, p. 359. (Panama,
termite castles.)
McKeown, K. C, 1944, rev. ed., pp. 63-69.
(Australia, nests illustrated.)
McLachlan, R., 1881, p. vi. ("Negrohead
nests," species allied to T. opactis, Brazil,
nasutiform termite; comment on E. A.
Ormerod's note, p. v.)
Maidl, F., 1935, pp. 36-37. {Apicotermes oc-
culttis and possibly other species, Africa.)
Marais, E. N., 1937, pp. XV + 184. (South
Africa.)
March, A. W., 1931, pp. 495-496. (Nest
Macrotermes barneyi, Philippines.)
Maynard, C. J., 1888, pp. 111-113. (Bahamas,
hive-shaped tree nests, on Andros, prob-
ably Nasutitermes rippertii, common near
Nassau.)
Michaelsen, W., 1914, p. 33. (Nest of
Termes at Okahandja, South West Af-
rica.)
Millett, G. p., 1902, pp. 581-582. (White
ants' castles.)
Mjoberg, E. G.*, 1920, pp. 1-128. (Australia.)
Monte, O., 1941, pp. 200-201. (Nests of Corni-
termes cumulans, Pirassununga, Brazil.)
MoRiN, H., 1896, p. 237. (Queen cell in nest.)
MiJLLER, Fr., 1873-1875, pp. 341-358. (Nests,
South America.)
Mukerji, D., and Mitra, P. K., 1949, pp. 9-
27. (Calcutta, Odontotennes redemanni,
mounds, partly above, partly below
ground, consist of cavities, many cavities
contain fungus combs. Acidity conditions
comparable in nest and trophic field, but
moisture varies little in former, very
much in latter. Depth nest 3 ft. under-
ground, 4 ft. maximum; height above
ground 1.5 to 3 ft., maximum 6 ft.)
Murray, J. M., 1938, pp. 288-297. (Nest struc-
ture Cubitermes Hodotermes, Micro-
cerotermes, Trincrvitcrmes, Macrotermes,
Microtermcs and Odontotennes, South
Africa.)
Musgrave, a., 1930, pp. 87-89. (Nest exhibit,
Australia.)
Naude, T. J., 1935, pp. 1-20. (South Africa,
drought and sparse short grass favorable
for new nests, Trinervitermes havilandi
mounds 3 ft. in diameter, 2 ft. in height,
masticated grass in mound.)
Noyes, H., 1937, pp. xiv + 289.
1950, pp. 323-329. (Behind scenes, M. belli-
cosus citadels, Africa (West, Central, and
East), colony organization, cultivation
fungi, mounds near unharmed native
shelter, Belgian Congo.)
Ormerod, E. a., 1881, pp. v-vi. (Tree nests
(nasutiform termite), British Guiana.)
Pascoe, F. p., 1881, p. vi. (Nest from Brazil.)
Peal, S. E., 1882, p. 343. (Nest substance,
outer walls mounds clay, inner chambers
excreted wood.)
Pierre, M., 1941, pp. 129-135.
Pollard, J., 1945, pp. 15-16. (Northern Aus-
tralia.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., and Greaves, T., 1940, pp.
150-160. (Subterranean foraging galleries
Coptotermees lactcus, Australia.)
Reichensperger, a., 1923a, pp. 52-59. (Africa,
nest of Apicotermes occultus.)
Rennie, J., 1846, pp. 287-305. (Termite archi-
tecture.)
Ridley, H. N., 1910, p. 157. (Nest with 8
queens, Malaya.)
Rohland, p., 191 1, pp. 178-179. (Nests and
brickmaking.)
ScHiFF, H., 1858, p. 527; 109-110. (Chemical
analysis 2 nests from Java.)
ScHMELZ, J. D. E., 1876, pp. 19-20.
Schmidt, H., 1950, pp. 1-37. (General.)
Schmidt, R. S., 1955, pp. 1 57-181. (Africa,
Apicotermes evolutionary nest-building.)
SiLVESTRi, F., 1903*, pp. 110-142. (South
American nests.)
SjosTEDT, Y., 1900-1904*, pp. 1-236; 1-120.
(Africa.)
1924*, pp. 1-8. (Subterranean nest from
Congo Apicotermes (Termes) lamani.)
1926*, pp. 1-419. (Africa.)
Smeathman, H., 1781, pp. 139-192. (Africa.)
Smith, H. H., 1879, p. 139. (Luminous ter-
mite mounds, Brazil.)
Snyder, T. E. 1924c, pp. lo-ii. (General.)
I926f, pp. 541-549. (General.)
1929a, pp. 40-46. (General.)
I929d, pp. 143-151. (Termites and archi-
tecture, evolution nests from primitive to
highly specialized, invasion of man's
dwellings.)
I935e, pp. 18, 64-79. (General.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNVDHR
8i
1948, pp. 73-92. (General.)
I949d, in Burton, pp. 264-272. (India,
mound nests, queen cells.)
Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, J., 1924, pp. 1-26.
(Panama.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 342-346. (Pan-
ama.)
Stumper, R., 1923, pp. 409-411. (Chemical
composition nests Apicotermes occulttis.)
1924, pp. 351-352. (An odd termite nest.)
Taylor, J. E., 1942, p. 49. (Mounds used for
manure.)
TovELL, T. R., 1946, p. 37. (Shapes nests.)
UicHANco, L. B., 1919, pp. 59-65. (Philip-
pines.)
Wahl, R. O., and Powell, A. R., 1927, pp.
125-140. (Importance nest structure fumi-
gation calcium cyanide.)
Wasmann, E., 1902a*, pp. 293-298. {Termes
inonodon, var. lujana, Zambesi, Portu-
guese East Africa.)
1902b*, pp. 99-164. (Ceylon.)
Wild, H., 1952, pp. 280-292. (Southern Rho-
desia, vegetation of termitaria.)
NUTRITION
Abderhalden, E., 1947, p. 331. (New vitamin
prepared from termites by Goetsch, mush-
rooms, yeasts, etc., increases assimilation
food, might lead to gigantism in ter-
mites.)
Andrews, E. A., 1911, pp. 200-204. (Jamaica,
Eutermes ripperti, "fungus gardens" de-
veloped from dry masses in nest?; stored
food nodules of eaten wood bound to-
gether with secretion.)
Beckwith, T. D., and Rose, E. J., 1929, pp.
4-6. (Cellulose digestion by gut organ-
isms.)
Bottomly, a. M., and Fuller, C, 1921, pp.
139-144, 223. (Fungus food.)
BucHNER, P., 1928, pp. 1-64. (Alimentation
from wood and symbiosis.)
BuscALioNi, L., and Combes, S., 1910, pp. i-
16. (Protozoan symbiosis in digestion
vegetation.)
Carl, J., 1932, pp. 97-99. (Make provision of
wood } )
Cleveland, L. R., 1923, pp. 444-461. (Corre-
lation between food, morphology, and
Protozoa.)
1925a, pp. 289-293. (Live indefinitely on
diet pure cellulose.)
1925b, pp. 295-308. (Feeding habits and
symbiosis Protozoa.)
1925c, pp. 309-326. (Effects oxygenation
and starvation on symbiosis Tcrmopsis
and Protozoa.)
1926, pp. 51-60. (Symbiosis, Protozoa.)
1928, pp. 231-237. (Symbiosis, Protozoa.)
CoATON, W. G., 1947, pp. 130-177. (Wood-
eating termites South Africa.)
Cook, S. F., 1943, pp. 123-128. (Nonsym-
biotic utilization carbohydrates by Zo-
otermopsis angusticollis.)
Cook, S. F., and Scott, K. G., 1932, pp. 505-
512. (Relation between absorption and
elimination of water by Termposis an-
gusticollis.)
1933, pp. 95-110. (Nutritional requirements
Zootermopsis angusticollis.)
1943, p. 95. (Nutritional requirements Zo-
oterm opsis angusticollis. )
Cook, S. F., and Smith, R. E., 1942, pp. 211-
219. (Metabolic relations, Protozoa sym-
biosis, temperature effects.)
DicKMAN, A., 1931, pp. 85-92. (Ability in-
testinal flora to digest cellulose.)
Ergene, S., 1949, pp. 49-70. (Role intestinal
bacteria in assimilation atmospheric nitro-
gen.?)
Fuller, C, 19 15, pp. 60-64. (Food Hodo-
termes and Trinerfitermes South Africa.)
Ghidini, G. M., 1940, pp. 220-221. (Cellulose
(digestion) breaking down by intestinal
fauna and flora, Reticuliiermes lucifugus.)
1941, pp. 103-113. (Breaking down of cellu-
lose in intestines of termites.)
Gosswald, K., 1943, pp. 297-316. (Addition
diastase to wood hastened development
Calotermes flavicollis.)
GoETscH, W., 1946a, pp. 58-86. (Intestinal
symbionts as sources of proteins and vita-
min distributors.)
1947, pp. 193-274. (Influence vitamin T
(torutilin) on form and habits of insects.
Soldier formation obtained in soldierless
Anoplotermcs. Such "development stim-
uli" obtained in Blattidae when fed on
termites, extreme forms with magnified
heads were equal to termite soldiers.
Three factors decisive for "big-head" for-
mation: (i) critical phase, (2) vitamin
T, (3) sufficient protein nutrition. Vita-
min T, alone, causes accelerated skin
casting without body magnification; pro-
tein alone provokes body enlargement
without creating extreme forms. Only
combined factors provoke gigantism and
corresponding changes in behavior. Vita-
min T found in fat of termites.)
82
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1948, pp. 533-626. (Action vitamin T on
vertebrates, "termitine" (vitamin T) in-
creases weight of mammals 20%, inde-
pendent of quality nutrition; not a
growth vitamin but a stimulant.)
1948a, pp. 115-118. (Review present status
research on vitamin T ( = termitin) .)
GoETScH, W., and Gruger, R., 1942, pp. 41-
1X2. (Fungal nutrition frequent in social
insects. In termites considered purely
lignivorous, as Kalotermes and Retictdi-
termes spp., use various fungi as addi-
tional food, can live on these for long
time, represent initial stages of an evolu-
tionary series to exclusive fungus feeders.)
Grasse, p. p., 1939b, pp. 251-262. (Feeding
soldiers.)
Grasse, P. P., and Noirot, C., 1945, pp. 273-
292. (Transmission of symbiotic flagel-
lates and the nourishment of termites.)
Hegh, E., 1922, pp. 219-369. (Food termites,
world.)
Hendee, E. C., 1933, pp. 111-134. (Associa-
tion Kalotermes mitjor, Reticulitermes
hesperus, and Zootermopsis angusticollis
with fungi.)
1934, p. 316. (Role fungi in diet Zooter-
mopsis angusticollis; fed on rotten, fun-
gus-containing wood increased in dry
weight and total nitrogen, more rapid
growth.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 105-116. (As-
sociation termites and fungi, former bene-
fit by presence fungi in cellulose diet,
latter by transport spores and hyphae.)
1935, pp. 499-525. (Fungi form essential
part natural diet Zootermopsis angusti-
collis.)
HuNGATE, R. E., 1936, pp. 240-249. (Molds
in alimentary tract Zootermopsis not
numerous enough to be of significance
in digesting cellulose. Bacteria that could
decompose cellulose not sufficiently abun-
dant to make cellulose available to ter-
mites. Amount cellulose digested by
molds and bacteria much less than that
digested during passage of wood through
the termites.)
1938, pp. 1-25. (Relative importance of
Zootcrjnopsis angusticollis and nevadensis
and Protozoa in wood digestion; diges-
tion Vi dependent upon Protozoa.)
1938a, p. 53. (Some products of the cellu-
lose dissimilation by termite Protozoa.)
1939, pp. 230-245. (Anaerobic carbohydrate
dissimilation by intestinal Protozoa, Zo-
otermopsis.)
1940, pp. 382-392. (Nitrogen content of
sound and decayed wood and its rela-
tion to loss in weight during decay.)
1 94 1, pp. 467-489. (Dependence upon fungi
as food primitive feature, transport nitro-
gen which is not fixed from the air,
comes from wood.)
1943, pp. 730-739. (Quantitative analysis
on the cellulose fermentation by Proto-
zoa.)
1943a, pp. 56-58, in Campbell, F. L., and
Moulton, F. R. (Laboratory procedures.)
1944, pp. 91-98. (Growth and nitrogen
utilization in laboratory cultures Zooter-
mopsis nevadensis, no fixation atmos-
pheric nitrogen, obtained from wood and
soil, acted on by fungi; in nature fungi
hinder growth termites by rapid decom-
position wood.)
1946, pp. 9-24. (Symbiotic utilization of
cellulose.)
JoLY, P., 1940, pp. 408-410. (Chemical re-
search on principal vitamins and ketonic
hormones in blood Bellicositertnes na-
talensis queen.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1937a, p. 35. (Java,
Macrotermes feeding on dead leaves.)
i954> PP- 319-323. (Java, Macrotermes gil-
vus primary mound builder, can live
without wood, on grass.)
Keene, E. a., and Light, S. F., 1944, pp. 283-
290. (Results of feeding ether extracts
of male reproductives to groups nymphal
termites.)
Koch, A., 1938, pp. 81-90. (Bacterial sym-
biosis in Mastotermes darwiniensis.)
Leach, J. G., 1940, pp. 67-74. (Transmission
plant diseases, termites, fungi. Protozoa.)
Leach, J. G., and Granovsky, A. A., 1938,
pp. 66-67. (Possible explanation apparent
ability termites to thrive on nitrogen-de-
ficient diet, anal feeding reabsorption
nitrogen from Malpighian tubes and Pro-
tozoa from the gut, nitrogen used re-
peatedly enables termites to live on pure
cellulose for long time.)
Lund, E. C, 1930, pp. 81-96. (Efifect of diet
upon intestinal fauna of Termopsis.)
Mansour, K., 1936, pp. 233-241. (Enzymes
of wood-eating insects, significance of in-
testinal microorganisms in nutrition.)
Mansour, K., and Mansour-Bek, J. J., 1934,
pp. 363-382. (Role microorganisms in
digestion wood.)
MoNTANDON, A. L., 1910, pp. 444-452. (Neu-
ters produced by castration of young
through special diet.)
MoRSTATT, H., 1922, pp. 9-16.
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNVDER
83
NoYES, H., 1951, p. 59. (Peculiarities of the
termite to satisfy desire for honey dew.)
Pickens, A. L., 1952, p. 134. (U.S., Reticidi-
termes, queen sterile on mere cellulose,
soon begins to lay when fed fungus-in-
fested wood, used yeasts to offset de-
ficiency diets long before man.)
PiETscH, A., 1926, p. 164. (Wood-eating ter-
mites.)
Randall, M., and Doody, T. C, in Kofoid,
1934, 2d ed., pp. 99-104. (Hydrogen-ion
concentration in intestine, pH acid.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., and Cummins, J. E., 1939,
pp. 221-228. (Food preferences, Aus-
tralia.)
Roessler, E. S., 1932, pp. 357-368. (U.S.,
Termopsis nevadensis, nitrogen needs of
growing termites, thrived better on pure
wood and filter paper moistened with
extract of Douglas fir than on pure cellu-
lose (Whatman's filter paper, nitrate solu-
tions slightly accelerated growth.)
Schmidt, H., 1949a, pp. 140-142. (Food econ-
omy.)
Skaife, S. H., 1954a, pp. 123-133. {Amitermes
atlatiticus, South Africa, food, drugs, and
hormones.)
Snyder, T. E., 1924c, pp. 5-6. (Hunger stimu-
lus.)
19356, pp. 80-93. (Food, general.)
1948, pp. 93-104. (Food, general.)
Tihon, L., 1946, pp. 865-868. (Chemical com-
position termite nourishment.)
ToTH, L., 1944-1945, pp. 7-36. {Kalotermes
flavicollis can assimilate nitrogen from
air — in 24 hours each insect can assimilate
an amount corresponding to 65% of its
own body weight.)
1949, pp. 22-29. (Nitrogen-binding by Kalo-
termes flavicollis and its symbionts.)
Tracer, W., 1941, p. 15. (Isoptera.)
VisiNTiN, B., 1941, pp. 27-44. (Digestion
cellulose due to activity of flagellate Joeni-
dae, Calotermes flavicollis.')
1947, pp. 290-300. {Calotermes flavicollis,
starch in nutrition utilized as carbohy-
drate food, enzyme active in intestines
partially freed of Protozoa, loss in weight,
cellulose not digested.)
Weber, N. A., 1948, pp. 31-35. (African
Pheidole larvae feed on termites; interest-
ing since Goetsch 1937 and 1947 states
development soldier caste depends on ter-
mite vitamin T.)
Yonge, C. M., 1925, pp. 242-248. (Digestion
cellulose.)
1938, pp. 638-647. (Digestion cellulose and
chitin.)
OBITUARY
Anonymous, 1925a, pp. 127-128. (Grassi, Gio-
vanni Battista, 1854-1925.)
1929b, p. 282. (Fuller, Claude, 1872-1928.)
1931, p. 240. (Wasmann, Erich, 1859-1931.)
I935d, p. 308. (Handhrsch, Anton, 1865-
I935-)
i937g, p. 42. (Tillyard, Robin John, 1881-
I937-)
1940C, p. 51. (Knower, Henry McElderry,
1868-1940.)
1946b, pp. 3-4. (Adamson, Alastair Martin,
1901-1945.)
1948b, p. 3, frontispiece. (Sjostedt, Ynge,
1 866-1948.)
1949b, p. 45. (Imms, August Daniell, 1880-
1949.)
1949c, p. 154. (Silvestri, Filippo, 1873-1949.)
Carl, J., 1939, pp. 616-617. (Bugnion, Fred-
erick Edouard, 1845-1939.)
Carpenter, M. M., 1945, pp. 1-116. (Ento-
mologists.)
1953, pp. 257-348. (Entomologists, supple-
ment.)
Constant, J. B., 1937, p. 143. (Wheeler, Wil-
liam Morton, 1865-1937.)
Darlington, P. J., Jr., 1953, p. 372. (Banks,
Nathan, 1868-1953.)
EssiG, E. O., 1948, pp. 50-53. (Light, Sol
Felty, 1 886-1947.)
Geiser, S. W., 1930, pp. 133-134. (Buckley,
Samuel Botsford, 1809-1883.)
Horn, W., 1935, p. 63. (John, Oskar, 1875-
I935-)
Howard, L. O., 1929, pp. 142-143. (Schwarz,
Eugene Amandus, 1844-1928.)
KiRBY, H., Jr., 1948, pp. 403-404. (Kofoid,
Charles Atwood, 1 865-1 947.)
RoHWER, S. A., 1948, pp. 103-108. (Cockerell,
Theodore Dru Alison, 1866-1948.)
Saalas, U., 1948, pp. 22-25. (Kemner, Nils
Viktor Alarik, 1887-1948.)
Schwarz, E. A., et al., 1901a, pp. 350-360.
(Hubbard, Henry Guernsey, 1850-1899.)
Snyder, T. E., 1922, pp. 41-42. (Thompson,
Caroline Burling, 1869-1921.)
UsiNGER, R. L., 1941, p. 84. (Ehrhorn, Ed-
ward Macfarlane 1862-1941.)
Walker, J. J., 1937, pp. 155-156. (Froggatt,
Walter Wilson, 1 858-1937.)
84
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
PARASITES
Alston, R. A., 1947, p. 120. (Fungous para-
site on Coptotermes curvignathus, Malaya,
possibly Conidiobolus, n. sp.)
Anonymous, i936f, pp. 77-78. (Abdomen
soldier Macrotermes gilvus parasitized by
Misotermes exenterans.)
1938c, p. 19. ("Virus" used to control ter-
mites in Australia, proved to be arseni-
cal.)
AsHMEAD, W. H., 1 90 1, p. 42. (Carat omus
sp. supposed chalcidid parasite on Termes
flat/ipes.)
Baker, E. W., and Wharton, G. W., 1952,
p. 56. (Termites have tropical or sub-
tropical discozerconids (mites) as ecto-
parasites.)
(Banks, N., and) Snyder, T. E., 1920*, pp.
116-118. (General, and fungous disease
of Reticulitennes.)
Belt, T., 1874, p. 181. (Epidzootic among
termites, heaps of dead about, Nicaragua.)
Bridwell, J. C., 1920, p. 301. {Sclerodermus
immigrans experimentally parasitized
"Calotermes castaneus" in Haw^aii, pos-
sibly attack termites in nature.)
Brunelli, G., 1950a, pp. 718-721. (Destruc-
tion oocytes of queen infested by Pro-
tozoa.)
1906, pp. 55-62. (Destruction oocytes of
queen infested by Protozoa.)
Buchli, H. H. R., 1952, pp. 519-524. (Fun-
gus, Antennopsis gallica.)
DeBach, p. H., and McOmie, W. A., 1939,
pp. 137-146. (First record of Serratia
marcescens and Bacterium sp. in Isoptera,
Zootermopsis angusticollts.)
Desch, H. E., 1953, p. 235. (Bacteriological
methods of extermination, claimed for
some proprietary products, merely direct
arsenious poisons.)
Feytaud, J., and Dieuzeide, R., 1927, pp. 161-
163. (Fungous parasite Reticulitennes lu-
cijugus, Termitaria sp. close to T. snyderi,
southwestern France.)
1927a, pp. 671-672. (Fungous parasite Re-
ticulitermes lucifugus, Termitaria sp. close
to T. snyderi, southwestern France.)
Forbes, S. A., 1895, p. 198. (Illinois, Ento-
mophthora aphidis and Sporotrichum
globulijerum killed Termes fiavipes in
insectary.)
Gmidini, G. M., and Moriggi, M., 1941, pp.
161-175. {Grcgarina ausoniae, gregarine
wormlike Protozoa in Reticulitermes lu-
cifugus.)
I943j PP- 57-58- (Gregarina ausoniae, greg-
arine wormlike Protozoa in Reticuli-
termes lucifugus.)
Hegh, E., 1922, pp. 594-598. (General.)
Heim, R., and Buchli, H., 1951, pp. 277-280.
(Fungous parasite Antennopsis gallica,
Reticulitermes sp. of Saintonge.)
Hill, G. F., 1922a, pp. 346-347. (Mordelli-
stena, n. sp., family Mordellidae, parasitic
on termites, Australia.)
Howard, L. O., 1901, pp. 353-360. (Big-
headed chalcid fly (Caratomus) possibly
parasite of Reticulitermes, p. 359.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1938, pp. 391-395. (Para-
site of soldier of Macrotermes gilvus.)
1938a, pp. 395-397. (Misoter7nes, abdominal
larvae.)
Kemner, N. a., 1925*, pp. 1-15. ("Larva
termitovorax," a parasitic fly larva in the
heads of termite soldiers, leading to dis-
tortion and the establishment of a special
termite genus containing 2 species.)
1925b, pp. 157-163. (Further observations
on the genus Gnathotermes established
on parasitized individuals of Termes.)
Kevorkian, A. G., 1937, pp. 191-199. {Coni-
diobolus sp. (Entomophoraceae) fungous
parasite of Nasutitennes in Cuba.)
Koningsberger, J. C., and Zimmermann, A.,
1901, p. 81. (Cordyceps.)
Kudo, R. R., 1942, pp. 307-333. (The micro-
sporidian Duboscquia legeri parasitic in
Reticulitermes fiavipes.)
1943, pp. 265-278. (Nosema termitis, n. sp.,
parasitic in R. fiavipes, Urbana, 111., bod-
ies workers, epithelial cells midintestine,
infected cells continuously sloughed off.)
Leidy, J., 1877, pp. 146-149. (Intestinal para-
sites Termes fiavipes.)
1881, pp. 425-447. (Parasites, entozoic.)
1882, p. 50. (Abstract of 1881 article.)
1904, pp. 1-281. (Researches in helminthol-
ogy and parasitology.)
Lespes, C., 1856a, pp. 335-336. (Nematode
parasite of termites, R. lucifugus.)
Linstow, O. von, 1900, p. 418. (New nema-
tode in termite nest in South Africa.)
Merrill, J. H., and Ford, A. L., 1916, pp.
1 15-127. (Two new nematodes, one para-
sitic in native termites (heads) Reticuli-
termes, Kansas.)
Newman, E., 1841, p. 61. (Nurseries slightly
overgrown with mold.)
NoiROT, C., 1953a, pp. 11-20. (Parasitism
workers leads to development of gonads,
Noditermes curvatus. Ivory Coast, Africa,
dipterous larvae.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
85
Pemberton, C. E., 1928a, pp. 148-150. (Nema-
todes associated with termites in Hawaii,
Borneo, and Celebes.)
Pickens, A. L., 1952, p. 134. {Reticulitermes,
Termitaria pacedens.)
Reichensperger, a., 1923, pp. 1 03-114. (Ter-
mitarid thaxteri, a new fungus parasitic
on Etttcrmes and Cornitermes.)
Roberts, F. H. S., 1952, p. 27. {Macrohodo-
termes mossambicus transvaalensis inter-
mediate host of pouhry roundworm in
South Africa.)
Rutledge, W., 1925, pp. 187-188. (Mermis
sp., a mermithid worm in body of Corni-
termes orthocephahts.)
Schmidt, H., 1950, pp. 1-37. (General.)
ScHMiTZ, H., 1936b, pp. 77-78. (Myiasis in
soldiers of Macrotermes gih'us in Java.)
I938> PP- 369-391- (Misoiermcs exenterans,
n. gen., n. sp., a parasitic phorid fly caus-
ing myiasis in soldiers of Macrotermes
gili/tts in Java.)
Seguy, E., 1953, pp. 21-28. (Diptera, Calli-
phoridae infesting Noditermes curvattts,
Ivory Coast, i new genus, 2 new species.)
SiLVESTRi, F., 1926, pp. 3-18. (Larvae of a fly
(Conopidae?) parasitic in heads Macro-
termes gilvits causing myiasis in certain
individuals, mandibular muscles are re-
duced, parasitized workers "myiagenes.")
Silvia, C, 1929, pp. 39-48. (Fungi, Termi-
taria, Mattirolella, p. 44 near Termitaria,
M. silvestrii on Rliinotermes marginal is,
British Guiana.)
Skaife, S. H., 1954a, p. 132. (South Africa,
Termitometopia skaijei, with Amitermes
atlanticus.)
Snyder, T. E., 1929a, pp. 40-46. (General.)
1933a*, pp. 1-15. (Fungous disease on fore-
leg Nasutitermes fietcheri (Holmgren, K.
and N.), {Termitaria) in India.)
I935e, pp. 120-121. (General.)
1948, pp. 136-139. (General.)
1951b, pp. 31-32. (Wholesale death Nasuti-
termes, Dominica.)
I953c> PP- 40-41. (Myiasis in Macrotermes,
Orient.)
Steinhaus, E. a., 1949. (Spirochaetes, p. 106;
bacteria, p. 148; fungi Entomophthora,
p. 325; nematodes in termites, p. 635.)
Stiffler, C. B., 1941, pp. 82-86. (Fungous
parasite Cordycepioideus on Macrotermes
in Africa.)
SwEETMAN, H. L., 1936, p. 69-70. (Fungous
disease termites, Ectomyces and Termi-
taria.)
Tate, P. C, 1927, pp. 54-60. {Ectomyces calo-
termi, a new genus and species of Asco-
mycete parasitic on Calotermes samoanus
Holmgren.)
1928, pp. 77-78. {Ectomyces calotermi, a
synonym of Termitaria snyderi; Tate
described Ectomyces as an ascomycete,
while Thaxter placed Termitaria in the
Fungi Imperfecti, and considered this
parasite external; Tate found haustorial
cells under the integument connected
with the sporodochium by a fine hypha.)
Thaxter, R., 1895, p. 470. {Laboulbenia
hageni on Termes bellicosus, var. mo-
zambica, Africa, fungous parasite.)
1920, pp. 3-9. {Terinitaria snyderi and
coronata, fungi on Reticulitermes, U.S.,
and Eutermes, Grenada, British West
Indies.)
Theiler, a., 19 19 (19 1 8), pp. 697-706. (Nem-
atode Filaria in Hodotermes, South Af-
rica; F. gaUinarum, n. sp., in fowls has
termite as an intermediary host.)
Thompson, W. R., 1944, p, loi. (Parasites
termites, i artificially induced, 3 probably
parasites of guests in termite nests.)
Tsvetkova, V. P., 1953, pp. 132-141. (Odessa,
R. lucifugus not economically important
in southern Russia; parasitic mite Acoty-
ledon jeytaudi in nests.)
Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H., 1928, pp. 1-68.
(Termites in Hawaii infested with nema-
todes and mermithid worms.)
PHYLOGENY
Ahmad, M., 1950, pp. 39-86. (Phylogeny of
termite genera based on imago-worker
mandibles.)
BuGNioN, E., and Ferriere, C, 1911a, pp. 102-
103. (Prothoracic processes on Copto-
termes fiavus vestiges of an ancestral
type.)
Cleveland, L. R., Sanders, E. P., and Hall,
S. R., 1931, p. 92. (Relation Protozoa of
Cryptocercus to Protozoa termites and
bearing of this relationship on evolution
of termites from roaches.)
Crampton, G. C, 1916, pp. 244-258. (Phy-
logeny termites and related groups.)
1919, pp. 64-72. (Phylogeny termites and
related groups, Zoraptera and Orthop-
tera.)
1920, pp. 105-110. (Ancestry of insects and
their allies.)
1920b, pp. 137-145. (Terminal abdominal
structures primitive Australian Masto-
termes darwiniensis.)
1920C, p. 116. (Lines of descent of lower
winged insects.)
86
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1921, p. 99. (Phylogenetic study venation
forewings termites.)
1921a, pp. 110-117. (Phylogenetic study
venation forewings termites.)
1923, pp. 85-93. (Comparative study ter-
minal abdominal structures adult alate
female primitive Mastotermes darwini-
ensis with those of the roach Periplaneta
amcricana.)
1926, pp. 78-85. (Affinities of Gryllohlatta
as indicated by head and appendages.)
1926a, pp. 198-248. (Comparison of neck
and prothoracic sclerites throughout the
orders of insects from standpoint of phy-
logeny.)
1932, pp. 19-49. (Phylogenetic study of head
capsule, termites and related groups.)
Desneux, J., 1904a*, pp. 146-151. (Critical of
Wasmann's division genus Termes into
genera and subgenera based on soldier
caste.)
1904b*, pp. 278-286. (Relation of termites
to Blattidae.)
i904d*, pp. 372-378. (Response to Was-
mann — soldier caste cannot serve as basis
for namral classification.)
1953, pp. 1-123. (Phylogeny Apicoiermes
nests.)
I9533> PP- 393-396- (Phylogeny Apicoiermes
nests.)
Emerson, A. E., 1926, pp. 69-100. (Develop-
ment soldier Constrictotcrmes cavijrons
and its phylogenetic significance.)
1937, p. 56. (Phylogeny nests.)
1938, pp. 247-284. (Phylogeny of behavior,
nests, behavior of a population, patterns
hereditary.)
1 94 1, p. 115. (Phylogeny.)
1942*, pp. 1-12. (Relations of a relict South
African termite, Stolotermes.)
1943, PP- 97-118.
1953, pp. 101-121. (Apicoiermes, Africa.)
Handlirsch, a., 1903, pp. 729-730. (Isoptera.)
1908*, pp. ix+1430. (Phylogeny.)
I939> PP- 1-240. (Phylogeny.)
Hare, L., 1937, pp. 459-486. (Phylogeny as
evidenced by soldier mandible develop-
ment.)
Haviland, G. D., 1898, p. 358. (Genus
Termes cannot be subdivided by charac-
ters common to every caste.)
Holmgren, N., 19 12*, pp. 129-136. (World
termites.)
Jucci, C, 1952, p. 837. (Masioiermes dar-
winieiisis alone among termites demon-
strates bacterial symbiosis, which every
cockroach presents.)
1952a, pp. 449-453. (Symbiosis and phylog-
eny.)
Light, S. F., i93od*, pp. 215-232. (Phylo-
genetic groupings Mexican Amiiermes.)
Martynov, a. v., 1937*, pp. 83-150. (Wings
and phylogeny termites and allied
groups.)
1938, pp. 81-83, 147- (Derivation termites,
geologic history.)
Packard, A. S., 1883, pp. 326-329. (Orthop-
tera in relation to Termitidae.)
Rau, p., 1941, pp. 256-259. (Cockroaches fore-
runners of the termites, based on be-
havior various species roaches.)
Scudder, S. H., 1885, pp. 319-351. (Palaeo-
dictyoptera, or affinities of Paleozoic
Hexapoda.)
Snyder, T. E., I926f, pp. 522-552. (General.)
i935e, PP- 2, 5, 18, 25, 33-34, 60, 82. (Gen-
eral.)
1948, pp. 20-25, 38, 97. (General.)
Thompson, C. B., and Snyder, T. E., 19 19,
pp. 1 15-132. (Phylogenetic origin termite
castes.)
TiLLYARD, R. J., 1936, p. 655. (Are termites
descended from cockroaches?)
Walker, E. M., 1919, pp. 267-316. (Terminal
abdominal structure Orthoptera, phylog-
eny termites.)
1922, pp. 1-88. (Terminal abdominal struc-
ture Orthoptera, phylogeny, termites and
Zoraptera included.)
Wasmann, E., 1904*, pp. 370-371. (Criticism
Desneux's views of division genus Termes
based on soldiers.)
1905, pp. 436-449. (Phylogenetic metamor-
phosis East Indian termite guests.)
Wheeler, W. M., 1904, pp. 29-37.
Zalessky, G., 1937*, pp. 847-848. (Ancestors
some groups of the present-day insects.)
POISON DUSTS
Anonymous, 1945a, pp. 19-30. (Colonies of
Eutermes exitiostts in mounds, Australia,
killed in 12 weeks, treated with white
arsenic at rate 54 oz. per mound; only
25% mortality with paris green; dusts
of 666 and DDT (10% in kaolin) at rate
Yz oz. per mound ineffective.)
Beeley, F., 1934, pp. 160-175. (Chemical
dusts about roots young rubber trees, Ma-
laya.)
Brittain, W. H., 1925, pp. 82-87. (Calcium
cyanide in control mound-building ter-
mites, India.)
1926, pp. 45-48. (Calcium cyanide in con-
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
87
trol mound-building termites, India, Cey-
lon.)
1928, pp. 115-124. (Cyanogas in control of
scavenger termites, India and Ceylon.)
CoATON, W. G. H., 1948b, pp. 1-18. {Crypto-
termes brevis, South Africa.)
DoANE, R. W., Van Dyke, E. C, Chamber-
LiN, W. J., and Burke, H. E., 1936, p.
412. (Dry-wood termites, California.)
Ehrhorn, E. M., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp.
330-333. (Hawaii, dry-wood termites and
Coptotermes, paris green.)
FuLLAWAY, D. T., 1926, pp. 68-88. (Hawaii.)
Fuller, C, 1919a, p. 303. (South Africa,
Hodotermes, white arsenic or corrosive
sublimate.)
Harrow, K. M., 1942, pp. 47B-52B. (New
Zealand.)
Harvey, P. A., 1939, pp. 1-41. (California,
Kalotermes minor.)
HoLDAWAY, F. G., and Hill, G. F., 1936, pp.
135-136. (Australia, arsenical powders in
mounds of Etitermes exitiosus.)
Hunt, R. W., 1949, pp. 959-962, (California,
Kalotermes minor.)
Jepson, F. p., 1929a, pp. 307-311. (Ceylon,
Calotermes attacking tea bushes, poison
dusts.)
1929b, pp. i-ii. (Ceylon, Calotermes at-
tacking tea bushes, poison dusts.)
1930a, pp. 191-195. (Ceylon, Calotermes
attacking tea bushes, poison dusts.)
1931a, pp. 67-69. (Ceylon, mound-building
termites, Cyanogas dust effective when
fresh, but not otherwise.)
Keck, C. B., 1953, pp. 187-194. (Hawaii,
poison dusts, paris green, DDT, chlor-
dane.)
Kelsey, J. M., 1946b, pp. 65-100. (New Zea-
land, dusts effective.)
King, C. B. R., 1938, pp. 195-205. (Ceylon,
Neotermes militaris, tea bushes, paris
green.)
KoFoiD, C. A., and Williams, O. L., in
Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp. 477-479. (Tox-
icity of dusts.)
Mamet, R., and Durocher-Yvon, F., 1941,
pp. 59-61. (Mauritius, arsenic trioxide
(AS2O3) 40%, potassium antimoniate
5%, borax 2%, iron trioxide 53%, pul-
verized and kept dry; one application
5 to log.; repeat application after 10 days.
Exposure furniture to sunlight several
times after treatment.)
Morril, a. W., 1953, pp. 274-275. (Philip-
pines and Japan, 10% DDT dust blown
into tunnels subterranean termites where
soil poisons could not be used, U.S. Army
installations.)
Newell, R. E., 1952, p. 67. (U.S., ChlorKil
5 dust, subterranean termites.)
Pancga, G. a., 1936, pp. 233-265. (Philip-
pines, dusting paris green into bodies
workers and soldiers, whole colony killed
by one treatment.)
Petty, B. K., 1946, pp. 1-16. (South Africa,
dusts containing 4% DDT or benzene
hexachloride unsatisfactory in field owing
to inadequate penetration nests of Tri-
nervitermes havilandi.)
1948, pp. 1-15. (Residual toxicity of DDT
and BHC.)
Randall, M., and Doody, T. C, in Kofoid,
1934, 2d ed., pp. 463-476. (California.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., and Cummins, }. E., 1939,
pp. 221-228. (Australia.)
Smith, R. H., 1930, pp. 557-560. (Historical,
arsenicals, calomel; paris green, Cali-
fornia.)
Snyder, T. E., 1929b, pp. 17-28. (Mid-Pacific
area.)
1929J, pp. 1-15. (Pacific area.)
1929m, pp. 5-1 1. (California.)
1934a, p. 18. (Arsenicals, U.S.)
i935e, pp. 152, 160. (General.)
1948, p. 191. (General.)
i95od, p. 15. (Arsenicals, DDT, sodium
fluosilicate, U.S.)
Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, J., in Kofoid, 1934,
2d ed., p. 344. (Poison dusts, carton
nests, Panama.)
Tempany, H. a., 1933, pp. 297-309. (Malaya,
paris green effective when used under
proper supervision, rubber trees.)
Tu, T., 1954, pp. 423-429. (Formosa, sub-
terranean termites break tubes, powdered
poison, white arsenic — lime placed on
right-angle parts with plinth course for
posts.)
Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H., 1916, pp. 42-45.
(Puerto Rico, Eutcrrhes morio, arsenicals,
london purple quicker than paris green —
more finely divided particles, p. 43.)
WoLcoTT, G. N., 1924, pp. 3-15. (Puerto Rico,
paris green, arsenate lead, calomel effec-
tive in control Nasiititermes morio.)
POPULATION
Andrews, E. A., 1911, p. 204. (Jamaica, Eti-
termes ripperti, 631,878 termites in nest.)
Andrews, E. A., and Middleton, A. R., 191 1,
pp. 26-34. (Jamaica, Nasutitermes popu-
lation and activity, Vi million, "traffic"
8,000 per hour.)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
Anonymous, 1935, p. 178. (Australia, weigh-
ing population mound nest, calculated
colony held 1,561,400 workers, 201,000
soldiers, 44,100 nymphs.)
(Banks, N., and) Snyder, T. E., 1920*, pp.
113-115. (U.S., proportionate number
castes in colonies.)
Beebe, W., 1916, pp. 114, 116. (Fauna 4 sq.
ft. jungle debris.)
RoDENHEiMER, F. S., 1937, PP- 393-430- (Neo-
termes tectonae, population problems, so-
cial insects.)
Brues, C. T., 1946, pp. 23-24. (3 million ter-
mites in one carton nest in South Amer-
ica; Nasutitertnes in Jamaica half million,
'traffic" in and out of nest amounts to
about 8,000 termites per hour at time
greatest activity — shortly after midnight.)
Emerson, A. E., 1939a, pp. 287-300. (Popu-
lation social insects.)
1945, pp. 14-19. (Population genetics.)
1947, pp. 337-345. (Populations undergo
evolution to supraorganisms.)
1949, in Allee et al., p. 722. (Termite popu-
lations.)
Gay, F. J., and Greaves, T., 1940, pp. 145-
149. (Australia, Coptotermes lacteus
mound colony in winter.)
Grasse, P. P., 1939b, pp. 251-262. (Proportion
males and females, number soldiers in a
termitary.)
Gupta, S. D., 1953, pp. 697-704. (Odonio-
termes obesus, India, proportion workers
49%, soldiers 7.7%, nymphs 43.3% col-
ony in non-mound-building months; in
latter 66.5% workers, 5.5% soldiers, 28%
nymphs. Population fungus-combs has
higher proportion nymphs than else-
where.)
HoLDAWAY, F. G., Gay, F. J., and Greaves, T.,
I935j PP- 42-46. (Australia, estimated
population 4 mounds, Eutermes exitiosus;
temperature factor in seasonal concen-
tration, largest 1,806,500 at lowest tem-
perature, smallest 484,300 when weather
warmer — mounds of equal size.)
Lamotte, M., 1947, pp. 88-90. (Population
density of a savannah in Guinea less in
dry season due to absence of Collembola;
latter predominated, followed by ants and
termites.)
Saerosky, C. W., 1952, pp. 1-7. (U.S., colony
54 million {ReticnUtcrmes) ; Soutli Amer-
ica, 3 million {Nasutitertnes surinamen-
sis) ; Australia, nearly 2 million (Nasuti-
termes exitiosus, pp. 5-6.)
Skaife, S. H., 1954a, p. 126. {Amitcrmes at-
lanticus, South Africa, 40,000 in mound.)
Snyder, T. E., i935e, p. 53. (United States.)
1948. (General, in Tropics, several million,
p. 76; U.S., Vz million {Reticulitermes,
p. 84.)
PREDATORS
Adams, C. C., 1915, p. 208. (Ant, Aphaeno-
gaster fulva, preying on Terines fiat/ipes,
Illinois.)
Adamson, a. M., 1943a, pp. 1-12. (Termites
enemy honeybee {Apis mcllijcra), Trini-
dad.)
Anderson, D. A., 1946, p. 29. (Dragonflies,
U.S.)
Andrews, E. A., 1911, p. 202. (Jamaica, Eu-
termes ripperti, Camponotus hannani,
yellow red ant, predator.)
Andrews, H. E., 1936, pp. 11-12. {Tachys
tertniticola, n. sp., in nest Macrotermcs
gih'us, Java.)
Arnold, G., 1914, pp. 25-32. (Ants, South
Africa.)
1915, p. 45. {Paltothyreus tarsatus, foraging
ant preying on termites, South Africa.)
(Banks, N., and) Snyder, T. E., 1920*, pp.
118, 120-121. (General and ants.)
B.\RANov, N., 1936, pp. 646-651. (India, mag-
gots of Termitoloemtts miirshaUi, n. sp.,
Calliphoridae, predaceous on termite
workers.)
Bates, H. W., 1861, pp. 69-71. (Great and
small anteaters, Amazon River.)
Beebe, W., 1914, pp. 1141-1145. (Pangolin.)
1918, pp. 1561-1566. (Silky anteater, British
Guiana.)
1918a, pp. 158, 233. (Birds; termites im-
mune from attack by army ants, Bridsh
Guiana.)
Bequaert, J., 1925, p. 294. (Ponerine ant
{Neoponera commutata) preying on
workers Syntermes, Amazon.)
Bingham, C. T., 1903, pp. xLx-f 506. {Lobo-
peha, ant, feeding on termites, I3ritish
India.)
Blake, C. H., 1941, p. 38. (Alates of ReticuU-
termes flavipes at Lincoln, Mass., cap-
tured by ants — Crematogaster lineolata,
Aphacnogaster julva aquia, Lasius niger,
var. americanus, Formica rufa integra,
F. neogagates, and F. nitidiventris; 2
other ants are recorded as probably
plesiobiotic (symbiotic) in termitaries.)
1941a, pp. 91-110. (U.S., termites taken by
birds.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES! SUBJECTS — SNYDER
89
Bromley, E. H., 1948, pp. 93-95. (Birds, Ma- I
laya.)
Brues, C. T., 1947, pp. 167-168. (Winged
termites.)
BuGNioN, E., 1922, pp. 173-225. (Ants.)
1927, pp. 1-44. (War between ants and ter-
mites.)
Carpenter, G. D. H., 19 19, pp. lii-Iviii. (Fly,
Bengalia depressa, attacking wingless ter-
mite.)
Carvalho, a. L. de, 1942, pp. 57-89. (Central
Brazil, Peripatus heloisae, n. sp., lives in
termite hills, eats termites.)
Champion, F. W., 1934, pp. 24-33, p's- 10-13.
(Pangolin, Manis pentadactyla, plains and
foothills India, digs out termites, p. 138,
pi. 57, sloth bear digs in ant hills.)
Cleland, J. C, 1918, p. 15. (Birds, Aus-
tralia.)
CoLLART, A., 1927, pp. 249-253. (Congo,
Megaponera foetens, when pillaging ter-
mite nest led by single individual, com-
bats with Myrmicaria when returning
with plunder.)
CosAR, H. G., 1934, p. 72. (Africa, ants, birds,
Manis, Orycteropiis.)
D'Abreu, E. a., 1919, p. 861. (Birds, Central
Provinces, India.)
Distant, W. L., 1892, pp. 48-50. (Transvaal,
toads, frogs, birds, dog preying on Termes
angustattts.)
DiTMARS, R. L., 1905, pp. 246-248. (Odd
mammals.)
1907, p. 322. (Subterranean serpent Glau-
coma albijrons from Trinidad lives mostly
in ant hills where it feeds on young or
workers.)
1910, p. 217. (Subterranean serpent Glau-
conia albijrons from Trinidad lives mostly
in ant hills where it feeds on young or
workers.)
Dracott, C. H., 1919, pp. 873-874. (Scor-
pions, India.)
DuPlessis, C, 1931, pp. 1-2. (Birds and ani-
mals. South Africa.)
Ewers, H. H., 1927, pp. 173-179, i pi., pp.
180-209, I pi., I text fig. (Ants and ter-
mites, thieving ants.)
Fitch, A., 1858, p. 694. {Termes frontalis,
association with black and red ant, For-
mica ruja, nursed and protected by this
ant.)
Fletcher, T. B., and Inglish, C. M., 1920,
p. 236. (India, bird eating termites, spot-
ted owlet {Athene brama.)
Forbes, H. O., 1879, pp. 4-5. {Termes lucijit-
gtis kept in captivity by Formica nigra.)
Forel, A., 1901, pp. 389-398, (Termite-eating
ants, lestobiosus, Atta tardograda, sub-
genus Euponera; 2 n. sp. in Monomorium,
Pheidole.)
1911*, it! Escherich, pp. 215-228. (Ceylon,
association ants and termites.)
Fuller, C, 1918, pp. 16-20. {Eatermes and
Cubitermes and the ant Plagiolapsis cus-
todiens.)
1919a, p. 303. (South Africa, aardvark,
Hodotermes.)
Gadow, H., 1901. {Myobatrachus (Mexico)
and Rhinophyrnus termite-eating amphib-
ians, p. 166; R. dorsalis (Mexico) eats ter-
mites, p. 185; subfamily Engystomatinae,
family Engystomatidae eat ants and ter-
mites, p. 225; South African Breuiceps
mossambicus modified for purpose feed-
ing on termite, p. 232.)
Grant, C, 1948, p. 14. (Snake in nests ter-
mites. West Indies, Australia, British
Guiana.)
Green, E. E., 1906-1907, pp. 183-184. (Fly
Bengalia hunting winged termites at
night.)
GuRNEY, A. B., 1947, pp. 154-156. (Immature
stage Neuroptera, Lomayia with termites,
U.S.)
GwiNEY, J. H., i860, pp. 7234-7235. (African
anteater Orycteropus.)
Hagen, H. a., 1879, p. 118. (15 different spe-
cies birds feeding on swarm Termes fla-
vipes, U.S.)
Harper's Family Library, 1831, p. 149.
(Africa, ants, birds, reptiles, insects.)
Hegh, E., 1922, pp. 539-593. (General.)
Hill, G. F., 1915*, p. no. (Larva of a Tach-
inid fly predacious on Rhinotermes, Aus-
tralia.)
Hingston, R. W. G., 1932, pp. 79, 292-317.
(Termites, p. 79; ants and termites in
Guiana, pp. 292-317.)
Horne, C, 1869, p. xii. (Termites eaten by
birds, frogs, lizards, India.)
Ihering, H. von, 1896, p. 451. (Termites col-
lected by wasps, Brazil.)
Janvier, H., 1928, pp. 1748-1749. (Chile, near
Loncoche, peripatid Opisthopatus blain-
villei devours Calotermes.)
Jarvis, E., 1927a, pp. 18-23. (Queensland,
Camponotus nigriceps, var. dimidiatus,
Iridomyrmex dctectus, and a third ant
predacious on Mastotermes.)
Joseph, C. H., 1928, pp. 223-226. {Peripatus
blainvillei in Chile.)
1928a, pp. 285-298. {Peripatus blainvillei
in Chile, preying on Calotermes chilensis
in galleries in wood.)
90
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
JuDD, S., 1902, pp. 34, 41. (Termites 1.07%
food birds, Maryland farm; Aug. 3, 1898,
2 bank, 2 barn, and 3 white-bellied swal-
lows ate 320 termites.)
Kalmbach, E. R., 1943, p. 41. (Termites com-
prised 30.5% by volume stomach content
armadillo in Texas.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1955, pp. 273-278.
(Java, elaterid Oxynopterus mucronattts
01., predator on Neoterrnes tectotiae.)
Kellogg, R., 1932, p. 138. (Tree frog, Dia-
glena spatttlata, found in nest in tree at
Venodio, Mexico.)
King, G. B., 1897, pp. 193-196. (Termes fla-
vipes and association with ants, U.S.)
Knight, P., 1933, p. 24. (Termites 1.0% food
of birds, Maryland.)
1939, p. 35. (Termites 1.0% food of birds,
Maryland.)
Knowlton, G. F., and Harmston, F. C.,
1946, p. 384. (6 termites in 194 stomachs
mountain bluebirds, U.S.)
Knowlton, G. F., Maddox, D. R., and Wood,
S. L., 1946, pp. 382-383. (185 termites in
2,191 stomachs sagebrush swift lizards,
U.S.)
McCooK, H. C, 1879, p. 155. (U.S., Formica
exsectoides preying on Termes flavipes.)
McKeown, K. C., 1944, rev. ed., p. 68. (Aus-
tralia, ant Iridomyrmex delectus attacks
and exterminates mound nests.)
Marlatt, C. L., 1953, p. 305. (Java, toads
preying on winged termites attracted to
light, climbed steps from garden to bal-
cony.)
Mason, C. W., 1912, pp. 1-327. (India, food
of birds.)
Mehely, L. v., 1904, p. 207. (Termite-eating
frog, Dermatonotus mulleri.)
MoREAU, R. E., 1935, p. 41. (Usambara, Tan-
ganyika, termites most abundant in Low-
land Zone; Guineafowl scratch at their
workings to eat them; mostly eaten by
smaller birds during flight, often on
damp evenings. Birds not usually insec-
tivorous will gorge on termites. Orioles,
drongos, starlings, geelgats, and Falconi-
dae noted taking flving termites until
dark.)
Myers, J. G., 1935, pp. 11-22. (Birds receive
protection in termite nest, but to disad-
vantage of termites.)
Nangle, K. E., 1905, p. 747. {BengaJia, pre-
dacious fly, India; hawking flying ter-
mites 9:30 p.m., flies in large numbers,
makes loud noise.)
Negi, p. S., 1933, p. 1020. (India, usefulness
Solcnopsis geminata riifa in destroying
termites.)
Oviedo, de, G. F. de Valdes, 1851-1855, p. 410.
(Myrmecophaga, great anteater, Santo
Domingo.)
Parker, B. M., and Gregg, R. E., 1941, pp.
1-35. (Foes termites.)
Pemberton, C. E., 1928, p. 147. (Thysanuran
predatory on eggs and immature stages
termites, Borneo, Termes in dead wood.)
1928a, pp. 148-150. (Nematodes associated
with termites in Hawaii, Borneo, and
Celebes.)
Prell, H., 191 1, pp. 243-253. (Ants and ter-
mites. East Africa.)
Pycraft, W. p., Ed., 193 1, pp. 226-236.
(Larva of an African elaterid, Tetrolobus
flabellicornis, inhabits termite nests, often
mistaken for queen, p. 309.)
Richards, O. W., 1953, p. 125. (Ponerine ant
Lobopeha, India, raids nests with military
precision.)
Romanis, R., 1883, pp. 214-215. (Toads and
bats eating termites, Rangoon.)
RoTHNEY, G. A. S., 1919, pp. Ixiv-lxvi. (Bar-
rackpore, winged termites preyed on by
mammals, reptiles, birds, frogs, insects,
etc.)
Santschi, F., 1914, pp. 43-148. (Ants, East
Africa.)
Schmidt, H., 1950, pp. 1-37. (General.)
Smythe, E. G., 1919a, p. 138. {Eutermes
morio, Porto Rico, enemies.)
Snyder, T. E., 1929a, pp. 40-46. (General.)
19356, pp. 27, 120-127. (General; Peripatus,
Panama, list native birds preying on ter-
mites.)
1948, pp. 139-145. (General; list native
birds preying on termites, pp. 23-24, 34,
no, 139-140.)
SuRcouF, J., and Guyon, L., 1912, p. 427.
(JBengalia, predacious fly, west Africa.)
Usinger, R. L., 1942, p. 159. (Termitaphidi-
dae.)
Verner, S. p., 1917, p. 1575. (Ant-eating ani-
mals.)
Wallace, A. R., 1853 (ed. 1895), p. 283.
(Army ants (Eciton) eating termites,
Amazon.)
Wasmann, E., 1897a*, pp. 276-279. (Polybia
scutellaris collecting swarming termites.)
1910b, pp. 97-102, 129-138, 161-181.
1915, pp. 1-413. (Living together, ants and
termites.)
Weber, N. A., 1948, pp. 31-35. (Termite
eating ant larvae (Pheidole), Africa.)
1949, pp. 1-9. (The ant (ponerine), Centro-
myrmex, probably an obligatory predator
on termites, Equatorial Africa.)
Wheeler, W. M., 1910, (Development soldier
caste depends on vitamin T; ponerine
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES! SUBJECTS — SNYDER
91
ants, p. 233; Lobopelta elongata larvae,
p. 235; Ophthalmopone ilgii, p. 240;
Lobopelta distinguenola, p. 242.)
1918. (Ants, p. 2gS; PacdalgHS termitolestes,
n. sp., living in termite hills, predacious,
p. 301.)
1919, pp. 174-175. {Metapone possibly ter-
mitophagous.)
1921-1922, pp. 1-1139. (Ants of Congo pre-
dacious on termites.)
1936, pp. 159-243. (Relations ponerine and
other ants to termites; termitotharpagy,
cleptobiosis, termitoxeny, termitolesty, list
termitolestic ants.)
Williams, F. X., 1928a, pp. 1-179. (Oriental
ants prey on termites, Odontoponera
transversa noteworthy, but colony little
affected by attacks of these large ants.)
ZiETZ, A., 1872, pp. 301-304. {Myrmecophaga
jubata, "ant bear.")
PROTOZOA
Ahmad, M., and Saleem, M., 1952a, p. 71. (Sur-
vival period Archotermopsis wroitghtoni
and Heterotermes indicola after removal
of intestinal flagellates.)
Andrew, B. J., 1930, pp. 449-470. (Method
and rate of protozoan refaunation in
Zootermopsis angusticollis, cannibalism
and eating feces as they drop.)
Andrew, B. J., and Light, S. F., 1929, pp.
433-440. (Natural and artificial produc-
tion of "mitotic flares" in intestinal flagel-
lates, Termopsis angitsticolUs, normal
death rate low, large Protozoa of gut
lost after molting, refaunated by feeding
intestinal content from faunate nymphs.
Mitotic flare at height in refaunated
nymphs 3 days after molting.)
Andrews, J. M., 1925, pp. 69-85. (Morphology
and mitosis in Trichomonas termopsidis,
flagellate of Termopsis.)
1926, p. 148. (Cultivation of Trichomonas,
thermal death point, anaerobic conditions,
attempts at sterilization.)
Beckwith, T. D., and Rose, E. J., 1929, pp.
4-6. (Cellulose digestion by organisms
from the termite gut.)
Bernstein, T., 1928, pp. 9-37. (Intestinal
parasites of termites of Turkestan.)
Brown, B., and Smith, R., 1954, pp. 19-20.
(Hind gut termites rich in acetic acid
produced by Protozoa; defaunation causes
a 50% decrease in acetic acid concentra-
tion.)
Brown, G. V. E., 193 1, pp. 291-307. (Mor-
phology of Spironympha, with description
of one new species from Retictditerines
hesperus.)
Brown, V. E., 1930, pp. 517-530. (Morphology
Spirotrichonympha and description of
two new species from Retiailitcrmes
hageni, Georgia, S. pulchella and gracilis.)
1930a, pp. 67-80. (Hypermastigote flagel-
lates from Reticulitermes, Torquenympha
octoplus, n. gen., n. sp., and two new
Microjoenia.)
Brunelli, G., 1905a, pp. 718-721. (Parasitic
castration; queens, containing Protozoa,
with degenerating ovaries.)
1906, pp. 55-62. (Parasitic castration;
queens, containing Protozoa, with de-
generating ovaries.)
BucHNER, P., 1928, pp. 1-64. (Wood nutri-
tion and symbiosis.)
BucNioN, E., and Ferriere, C, 1911a, pp.
103-104. (Ceylon, Coptotcrmes flavus,
Trichonymphidae.)
BuRMEISTER, H., 1 839*, pp. 758-768.
Buscalioni, L., and Comes, S., 1910, pp. 1-16.
(Digestion by intestinal Protozoa, sym-
biosis.)
Calkins, G. N., and Summers, F. M., ed.
1941, pp. xli + 1148. (Protozoa in bio-
logical research.)
Child, H. J., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp. 74-
76. (Effect of loss of intestinal Protozoa.)
Clayton, }. W., 1954, p. 6. {Retictditermes
■flavipes, U.S., defaunation studies.)
Cleveland, L. R., 1923, pp. 444-461. (Correla-
tion between food and morphology ter-
mites and intestinal Protozoa.)
1923a, pp. 424-428. (Symbiosis termites and
intestinal Protozoa.)
1924, pp. 178-201, 203-227. (Physiological
and symbiotic relationships between in-
testinal Protozoa and host, R. flavipes.)
1925, pp. 282-287. (Method by which
Trichonympha campanula ingests solid
particles of wood for food in intestines
termites, p. 282. Ability termites to live
indefinitely on diet pure cellulose, p. 280.)
1925b, pp. 295-308. (Feeding habits termite
castes and relation to intestinal flagel-
lates.)
1925c, pp. 309-326. (Effects of oxygenation
and starvation on symbiosis between
Termopsis and its intestinal Protozoa.)
i925d, pp. 455-468. (Toxicity of oxygen
for Protozoa in vivo and vitra, animals
defaunated without injury.)
92
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
19256, pp. 32-40. (Symbiosis with Pro-
tozoa.)
1926, pp. 51-60. (Symbiosis with intestinal
flagellates, in Mastotermitidae, Kaloter-
mitidae, and Rhinotermitidae; most Ter-
mitidae had no Protozoa, some cultivate
fungi, eat decayed wood, or harbor in-
testinal fungi or spirochaetes. Rcticuli-
termes defaunated by incubation died
without Protozoa within 3 weeks, can
live on predigested cellulose, refaunated
lived indefinitely on wood. Some Pro-
tozoa {Trichonympha, Leidyopsis) more
valuable to host termite than others, some
(Streblotnastix) of no value.)
1926a, pp. 168-170. (Problems which may
be studied by oxygenation.)
1928, pp. 231-237. (Symbiosis widi intes-
tinal Protozoa and experiments with oxy-
genation. Six genera termites all died
after removal Protozoa, some lived longer
than others. Origin symbiosis discussed.
Relation spirochaetes to host and Proto-
zoa considered. Data on rearing termites
in laboratory.)
1938, pp. 452-455. (Mitosis in Pyrsonymp/ia,
a polymastigotc from Retictilitermes.)
1947, pp. 16-17. (Sex produced in Protozoa
of the roach Cryptocercus by molting.)
1948, pp. lyyiyy. (Protozoa, roach Crypto-
cercus, termites.)
Cleveland, L. R., and Burke, A. W., Jr.,
1 95 1, p. 12. (Effects of temperature on
oxygen toxicity for Protozoa of Crypto-
cercus.)
Cleveland, L. R., Hall, S. R., Sanders, E. P.,
and Collier, J., 1934, pp. 185-342.
(Wood-feeding roach Cryptocercus sym-
biosis with Protozoa.)
Cleveland, L. R., Sanders, E. P., and Hall,
S. R., 1931, p. 92. (Relation Protozoa of
Cryptocercus to those of termites and
bearing on evolution of termites from
roaches.)
Cole, R. M., 1947, pp. 50-52. (Morphology
and phylogenesis Mononympha and
Xenonympha.)
Comes, S., 1905, pp. 199-202.
1910, pp. 11-19. {LopJiophora vacuolata,
n. gen., n. sp., intestinal flagellate ter-
mites.)
1910a, pp. 20-29. (Sexual dimorphism in
Dinenympha gracilis.)
1914, pp. 15-17. (Morphology and repro-
duction of Monoceromonas termitis.)
1947, pp. 1-15. (Symbiosis, termites and
intestinal flagellates.)
CoNNELL, F. H., 1930, pp. 51-66. (Morphology
and life cycle Oxymonas dimorpha, n. sp.,
from Neotermes simplicicornis.)
1932, pp. 153-188. (Gigantomonas lighti,
n. sp., trichomonid flagellate from Para-
neotertnes simplicicornis.)
Cook, S. F., and Smith, R. E., 1942, pp. 211-
219. (Metabolic relations in the termite.
Protozoa symbiosis, temperature effects.)
Cross, J. B., 1941, pp. 379-403. {Oxymonas
minor from Kalotermes minor, percent-
age in sections from intestine ranges from
30.6 to 85%; life cycle.)
1946, pp. 67-162. (Flagellate subfamily
Oxymonadinae.)
Cupp, E. E., 1930, pp. 351-378. (Spirotricho-
nympha polygrapha from 'Neotermes sim-
plicicornis^
Cutler, D. W., 1919-1921, pp. 555-588, 383-
411, 247-264. (Protozoa parasitic in hind
gut Archotermopsis wroughtoni, Ditri-
chomonas {Trichomonas) termitis, foe-
nopsis polytrichia, n. gen., n. sp.; brief
notes on ]oenopsis ccphalotricha, n. sp.,
and Microjoeniax axostylis, n. sp.; Pseudo-
trichomonas pristina.)
De Mello, I. F., 1919, pp. cl-cli. (Tricho-
nymphae of intestines Leucotermes indi-
cola.)
1920, pp. 44-48. (Parasitic fauna intestines
of Hodotermes viarum, Coimbatore,
India.)
1920a, pp. 49-50. (Trichonymphidae of
India and Ceylon.)
1920b, pp. 1009-1022. (Trichonymphid
parasites Indian termites, Leucotermes
indicola; Trichonympha agilis, Leidya
metchin1{owi, annandalei, l^empi, and
campanula. Infusoria, Apalina termitis,
Balantidium termitis, Nyctotherus fletch-
eri, Pyrsonympha grassei and Franciella
termitis.)
1920C, pp. 189-198. (Trichonymphidae of
the intestine of Archotermopsis wrought-
oni.)
1921, pp. 101-136. (Trichonymphidae of
the intestine of Leucotermes indicola.)
1921a, pp. 161-167. (Trichonymphidae of
Prof. Bugnion's termites of Ceylon.)
1927, pp. 1-28. (Revision Trichonymphidae
Leucotermes indicola.)
1928, pp. 239-263. (Revision Trichonymphi-
dae Lcucotertnes indicola.)
1929, pp. 582-598. (Trichonymphid in in-
testines Indian Leucotermes indicola,
complexity of mitosis.)
I937> PP- 1353-1381. (New trichonymphid
flagellates Indian termites; so specific in
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
93
host that termites could be identified by
flagellate fauna.)
1941, pp. 75-94. {Devescov'tna, flagellates
in intestines Indian termites.)
19413, pp. 1-25. {Spirotrichonympha para-
site of Hodotermes viarum, Coimbatore,
India.)
1942, pp. 1-26. (Morphology and classifica-
tion big trichonymphid parasite intestine
Hodotermes viarum.')
1942a, pp. i-io. (Parasites Hodotermes
viarum from Coimbatore.)
1942b, pp. 1-16. (Two trichomonads from
intestine Hodotermes viarum from Coim-
batore, Trichomonas egasomonizi and
sokjieyi, n. spp.)
1946, pp. 29-52. (Intestinal Protozoa of an
Indian Cryptotermes.)
1946a, pp. 53-80, (Intestinal Protozoa of an
Indian Cryptotermes, further studies.)
1949, pp. 71-74. (Holomastigotoides oper-
culatum, n. sp., parasite of a wood-eating
termite from Dharwar.)
1950, pp. 53-56. (An amoeba, Vahl\a7npfia
beltrani, in intestine of an Indian Copto-
termes; first record of this genus from
termites, known previously to be host to
only 7 species of Entamoeba^
1952, pp. 433-445. (JDevescovina in Crypto-
termes havilandi in Brazil.)
1952a, pp. 100-103. (Flagellate Trichomitus
cunhai in African Cryptotermes havilandi
in Brazil.)
1953, pp. 65-72. (Oxymonad of the African
Cryptotermes havilandi in Brazil.)
1953a, pp. 47-50. (Brazil, Stephanonympha
lindoya, intestinal parasite in Rugitermes,
n. sp.)
i953t>, pp. 55-69. (Brazil, 2 new species of
Foaina from Cryptotermes havilandi.)
1953c, pp. 251-260. (Brazil, Oxymoitas, n.
sp., from Neotermes hirtellus.)
1954, pp. 24-29. (Brazil, Pseudotricho-
nympha sertaneia from Rugitermes sp.)
1954a, pp. 30-33. (Brazil, Stephanoriympha,
n. sp., from Neotermes hirtellus.)
1954b, pp. 71-78. (Brazil, Snyderella yp-
tranga, n. sp., in Rugitermes rugosus.)
1954c, pp. 167-176. (Brazil, flagellates of
Rugitermes rugosus.)
I954d, pp. 49-56. (Polymastigina parasites
of Cryptotermes havilandi, Brazil.)
19546, pp. 345-351. (Ameba Endolimax
parasite of Cor7iitermes cumulans (Kol-
lar) Sao Paulo, Brazil.)
De Mello, I. F., and Belarmino, L., 1941,
pp. 68-73. (First record of an amoeba
parasite of an Indian termite, Endolimax
goheeni, n. sp., in Coptotermes, probably
C. heimi.)
De Mello, I. F., and De Mello, A. F. B.,
1942, pp. 1-17. {Holomastigotoides in in-
testine of Hodotermes viarum from Coim-
batore, 13 Indian species previously de-
scribed from Leucotermes and Copto-
termes; I n. sp., 2 n. var. from Hodo-
termes.)
1944, pp. 205-227. (First Indian species of
ProboscidJella from an Indian Crypto-
termes.)
De Mello, I. F., and Montiero, G., 1942, pp.
1-14. (Strobilonympha, new genus pseu-
dometameric trichonymphids in intestinal
contents Hodotermes viarutn from Coim-
batore.)
Dobell, C. C, 1910, pp. 65-87. (Parasitic
Protozoa from Ceylon.)
DoFLEiN, F., 1901, pp. xiii + 274. (Protozoa
as parasites and disease producers; Tri-
chonympha agilis, Termes flavipes, Joenia
annectens, Calotertnes flavicollis, p. 88.)
DoGiEL, v., 19 16, pp. 1-54. (Parasitic Pro-
tozoa from the intestines of termites,
Tetramitidae.)
1917, pp. 1-35. (Parasitic Protozoa from
the intestines of termites, Lophomonadi-
dae.)
1917a, pp. 47-56. {Cyclonympha strobila,
n. gen., n. sp.)
1922, pp. 172-234. (Parasitic Protozoa from
the intestines of termites, Trichonymphi-
dae.)
Dropkin, V. H., 1940, suppl. p. Id. (Trans-
faunadon studies on Zootermopsis.)
1941, pp. 200-202. (Host specificity rela-
tions of termite Protozoa; transfer Pro-
tozoa from Reticulitermes and Kalo-
termes to defaunated Zootermopsis, no
survival, specific differentiation in time
survival.)
1944, pp. 1-33. (Ecology of the termite gut,
bacteria, fungi. Protozoa; Protozoa of
widely different termites not transfer-
able.)
1946, pp. 247-251. (Use of mixed colonies
of termites in study host-symbiont rela-
tions in laboratory. Kalotermes jouteli
resistance to infection with Protozoa
Kalotermes schwarzi.)
DuBoscQ, O., and Grasse, P. P., 1924, pp. 547-
551. (Protista parasites of French ter-
mites. Trichomonas trypanoides, n. sp.)
1924a, pp. 1442-1445. (Protista parasites of
French termites, evolution of ]anicJ{iella
grassii.)
94
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1925, pp. 345-348. (Protista parasites of
French termites, morphology, cytology of
Pyrsonympha vertens.)
1927, pp. 451-496. (Flagellates and schizo-
phytes of Glyptotermes iridipcnnis.)
i^2yz, pp. 92-94. (Mitotic division Tricho-
nympha chattoni.)
1928, pp. 159-178. (Protista parasites of
French termites, Spirotrichonyma and
their evolution, Rcticulitermes.)
1930, p. 28. (Coleomiius pruvoti, Calo-
termes host, from Loyalty Islands.)
1934, pp. 615-637. (The Trimittis of Calo-
termes fiavicoUis, Microrhopalodina in-
flata.)
1934a, pp. 66-72. (Flagellate parasites of
Calotermes fiavicoUis, their encystment.)
1943, pp. 401-438. (The flagellates of Ana-
canthoterm.es ochracens^
DuBoscQ, O., Grasse, p. p., and Rose, M.,
1937, p. 574. (The flagellates of Ana-
canthotermes ochraceus in South Al-
geria.)
Emerson, A. E., in Allee et al., 1949, pp. 629,
716-718.
Emik, L. O., 1941, pp. 1-6. (Ingestion of food
by Trichonympha in hind gut Zooter-
mopsis angusticollis, by "pseudopodial"
method of Swezy, rather than by in-
vagination method of Cleveland.)
FoA, A., 1905, p. 542. (New parasitic flagel-
lates.)
Freitas, G. de, 1945, pp. 349-378. (Morphol-
ogy and biology two new flagellates in
Metassaccinobacuhts, n. gen., of KaJo-
termes wagneri, Brazil.)
Frenzel, T., 1891, pp. 301-316. {Lcidyonclla
cordubensis, n. gen., n. sp., a new tricho-
nymphid.)
Georgevitch, J., 1930, pp. 325-328. (Intestinal
fauna Reticulitermes lucifugus, Jugosla-
via.)
1932, pp. 81-109. (Intestinal fauna Retictdi-
termes lucijtigtts, Jugoslavia. Differences
between the flagellate fauna in Jugoslavia
and those in same termite in Italy and
France.)
Ghidini, G. M., T940, pp. 220-221. (Breaking
down of cellulose by intestinal flora and
fauna R. 'ucifugus.)
1941, pp. 103-113. (Breaking down of
cellulose by intestinal flora and fauna R.
lucifugus.)
1942a, pp. 1-8. {Trichonympha scortcccii,
n. sp., living in Psammotermes hybo-
stoma.)
1942b, pp. 19-40. {Trichonympha of Reticu-
litermes lucifugus.)
Ghidini, G. M., and Moriggi, M., 1941, pp.
161-175. {Gregarina ausonae in midgut
Reticulitermes lucifugus; other gregarine
parasites of termites described.)
Goet3ch, W., 1946a, pp. 58-86. (Symbiosis in
intestine as source of protein and vita-
mins.)
GoETscH, W., Offhaus, K., and Toth, L.,
1944, p. 48. (Flagellates and bacteria,
symbiosis with termites, Kalotermes fiavi-
coUis, Mediterranean area, action of sym-
bionts on food constituents.)
Grasse, p. p., i937d, pp. 1324-1329. {Cadu-
ccia theobromae, a flagellate in Neo-
termcs aburiensis, Ivory Coast.)
19376, p. 918. (Morphology and cytology
of flagellate parasites.)
1938b, pp. 1 10-122. (The "veture schizo-
phytique" of Parajoenia, Caduceia, and
Pseudodevescovina flagellates in termite
intestines.)
1952a, pp. 70-80. (Role flagellates, sym-
biotic.)
1952b, pp. 945-962. (Symbiosis flagellate
Protozoa and termites.)
Grasse, P. P., and Hollande, A., 1944, pp.
91-96. (Flagellates of Coptotermes sjo-
stedti.)
1945, pp. 147-158. (The structure of a com-
plex hypermastigine, Staurojoenina caul-
leryi.)
1950, pp. 25-64. (Flagellates of termites,
subfamilies of Devescovinidae and Macro-
trichomonadinae.)
195 1, pp. 458-460. (Family Rhizonymphi-
dae, a new type of symbiotic flagellates
of termites.)
1951a, pp. 1-32. (Symbionts of Hodoter-
mitidae of North Africa.)
Grasse, P. P., and Noirot, C, 1945, pp. 273-
292. (Transmission of symbiotic flagel-
lates and the nourishment of termites,
total loss flagellates in larval molts, in
imaginal molts in Rcticulitermes all sym-
bionts remain, in Calotermes remain as
cysts, in Cryptotermes lost. Reinfestation
by proctodeal feeding, includes proteins
from flagellates.)
Grassi, B., 1885, pp. 235-240. (Internal Pro-
tozoa parasites of termites.)
1917, pp. 1-68. (Flagellates living in ter-
mites.)
Grassi, B., and Foa, A., 191 1, pp. 725-741.
Flagellates living in termites.)
Grassi, B., and Sandias, A., 1896-1897.
(Blandford transl.), pp. 245-322, 1-82.
Parasitic Protozoa of Italian termites; in-
fected termites have gonads reduced, sex-
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
95
ual function lost; sterile workers and
soldiers correlated with infection with
Protozoa.)
Hartman, M., 1910, pp. 339-396. (Morphol-
ogy and development of the Tricho-
nymphidae.)
Hegh, E., 1922, pp. 600-605. (General.)
Henderson, }. C, 1941, pp. 357-378. (Studies
of some amoebae from a Cubitermes, 4
new species amoebae described, also a
trichomonad flagellate, a smaller flagel-
late, numerous bacteria and spirochaetes.
The 9 previously described species of
amoebae from termites and cockroaches
are reviewed and affinities to new species
discussed.)
HoELLiNG, B. A., 1910, p. 239. (The situation
of the nucleus in Fusijormis tennitidis.)
HoLLANDE, A., 1952, pp. 8r-iio. (Evolution
flagellates symbiotic in lower termites.)
HuNGATE, R. E., 1938, pp. 1-25. (Relative
importance termite Zootermopsis and
Protozoa in wood digestion.)
1938a, p. 53. (Relative importance termite
Zootermopsis and Protozoa in wood di-
gestion, some products of the cellulose
dissimilation by termite Protozoa.)
1939, pp. 230-245. (Anaerobic carbohydrate
dissimilation by intestinal Protozoa, Zo-
otermopsis.)
1943, pp. 730-739. (Quantitative analyses
on the cellulose fermentation by termite
Protozoa.)
1946, pp. 9-24. (Symbiotic utilization of
cellulose.)
Imms, a. D., 1917, pp. xix-xxi. ("Parasitic
castration"; in Archotermopsis gonads in
so-called sterile castes are well-developed
as in sexual forms, nevertheless Protozoa
are extremely abundant in hind intestine
in every instance; Protozoa not parasites
but symbiotic in digesting wood.)
1919, pp. 75-180. (New species of intestinal
Protozoa in Archotermopsis.)
xcjj;], p. 246. (General.)
Jacob, J. K., 1937, pp. 25-29. (Description
digestive tract of Protozoa-containing Zo-
otermopsis angusticollis and nevadensis
with list of Protozoa in these and Rcticti-
litermes hesperus, British Columbia.)
Janicki, C, 1911, pp. 321-330. (The para-
basal apparatus of parasitic flagellates,
Calotermes castaneus, Honolulu, and
Calotermes, Cryptotermes grassii, Iquique,
Chile.)
JiRovEc, O., 1929, pp. 346-356. (Greece, "Calo-
termes" lucijugus, flagellates.)
Jucci, C, 1952a, p. 452. (Symbiosis with
flagellates and phylogeny.)
Karandikar, K. R., and Vittal, M., 1954, pp.
1-24. (India, Dharwar, flagellates.)
Katzin, L. K., and Kirby, H., Jr., 1939, pp.
444-445. (Relative weights Zootermopsis
and Protozoa; contents of digestive tracts
nymphs which consist in large part of
Protozoa have a weight Vi of the nymph;
soldiers /^ to Vs of the total.)
Kent, W. S., 1885, pp. 270-273. (Infusorial
parasites of the Tasmanian white ant.)
Kidder, G. W., 1937, pp. 163-205. (Intestinal
Protozoa of the wood-feeding roach,
Panesthia; relationships Panesthia, Cryp-
tocercus, the domestic cockroaches and
termites on basis their protozoan fauna.)
Kirby, H., Jr., 1924, pp. 199-220. (Morphol-
ogy and mitosis of Dinenympha fim-
briata, n. sp.)
1926, pp. 25-102. (Staurojoenina assimilis,
n. sp., an intestinal flagellate of Kalo-
termes minor, genus Staurojoenina oc-
curs in two Kalotermes of western U.S.
and an Epicalotermcs of northeast Africa;
long separation of related forms, flagel-
lates constant over long periods.)
1926a, pp. 103-120. (Intestinal flagellates
of Cryptotermes hermsi.)
ig2y, pp. 189-222. (Amoebae, Endamoeba,
E7jdolimax and Gregarina from Miro-
termes; small amoebae in 4 other Ter-
mitidae and small flagellates in 8, includ-
ing those with amoebae. These amoebae
show closer relationship to those of cock-
roaches.)
1928, pp. 355-386. (A species of Probosci-
diella from Cryptotermes dudleyi from
Central America with remarks on oxy-
monad flagellates.)
1929, pp. 417-432. {Snyderella and Coro-
nympha, two new genera of multinu-
cleate flagellates from termites.)
1930, pp. 393-444. (Trichomonad flagel-
lates from termites; Tricercomittis, n.
gen., and Hexamastix alexeieff, in Ter-
mopsis and Kalotermitinae, America.)
1930a, in Hegner and Andrews, pp. 32-48.
(Protozoa in termites.)
1930b, pp. 346-347. (The parabasal appara-
tus and cytoplasmic inclusions of Tricho-
nympha from Termopsis.)
1931, pp. 171-262. (The parabasal apparatus
and cytoplasmic inclusions of Tricho-
nympha from Termopsis, Eutrichomastix,
and die subfamily Trichomonadinae,
Canal Zone, Panama, and Costa Rica.)
96
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1931a, pp. 189-195. (Structure and repro-
duction of the parabasal body in tricho-
monad flagellates.)
1932, pp. 349-476. (Flagellates of the genus
Trichonympha in termites (iir species),
genus has undergone but little modifica-
tion during the phylogeny of termites.)
1932a, pp. 289-304. (Protozoa in Ami-
ternies, amoeba and coccidian in addition
to flagellates.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 89-98. (Pro-
tozoa in termites.)
1936, pp. 309-335. (Two polymastigote
flagellates of the genera Pseudodeves-
covina and Caduceia.)
1937, pp. 189-212. (Host-parasite relations
in the distribution of Protozoa in ter-
mites.)
1937a, pp. 213-224. (The devescovinid
flagellate Parajoenta grassii from a Ha-
waiian termite.)
1938, pp. 1-40. (Devescovinid flagellates,
Caduceia theobromae , Pseudodevescovina
ramosa, n. sp., and MacrotricJiomonas
pulchra.)
(1938) 1939, pp. 1-25. (Polymastigote
flagellates of the genus Foaina and Cruci-
ny7npha and Bullanympha, new genera
in Glyptotermes and Neotermes.)
1939a, pp. 207-220. (Flagellates in the
genera Coronympha Kirby and Mctacoro-
nympha Kirby, new genera.)
1939-1940, pp. 407-430. (Microorganisms
associated with flagellates of termites.)
1941-1942, pp. 1-91, 93-166, 167-246. (De-
vescovinid flagellates of termites. Genus
Devescovina. Genera Caduceia and Mac-
rotrichomonas. Genera Foaina and Para-
joenia.)
1941, in Calkins and Summers, pp. 890-
1008, 1009-1013. (Relationships between
certain Protozoa and other animals. Or-
ganisms living on and in Protozoa.)
1944, pp. 185-282. (Structural characteris-
tics and nuclear parasites of some species
of Trichonympha in termites; 12 species
in Kalotermitidae, 5 new.)
1944a, pp. 361-413. (Observations on cytol-
ogy and morphogenesis in flagellate Pro-
tozoa.)
1945, pp. 247-318. (Devescovinid flagellates
in termites. Genera Metadevcscovina and
Pseudodevescovina^
1946, pp. 163-226. (Gigantomonas herculea,
a polymastigote flagellate with flagellated
and amoeboid phases of development.)
1946a, p. 513. (Displacement structures in
flagellates.)
1947, pp. 214-228. (Flagellate and host re-
lationships of trichomonad flagellates.)
1947a, pp. 274-278. (Same as 1946a.)
1949, pp. 319-422. (Devescovinid flagellates
of termites. Genus Hyperdevescovina and
genus Bullanympha. MS. genus Proglyp-
totermes Emerson discussed; Emerson
later decided that this is Kalotermes and
not valid; still later decided Proglypto-
termes to be valid. Protozoa mostly from
Australian termites.)
1949a, pp. 57-79. (Systematic differentiation
and evolution of flagellates in termites.)
Kofoid, C. A., and Bowe, E. E., in Kofoid,
1934, 2d ed., pp. 537-539. (Effects of
redwood extract on Protozoa in termites.)
Kofoid, C. A., and Swezy, O., 1919, pp. 1-20.
(Studies on the parasites of termites. On
Streblomastix strix, a polymastigote flagel-
late with a linear plasmodial phase.)
1919a, pp. 21-40. (Studies on the parasites
of termites. On Trichomitus termitidis,
a polymastigote flagellate with a highly
developed neuromotor system.)
1919b, pp. 41-98. (Studies on the parasites
of termites. On Trichonympha cam-
panula, n. sp.)
1919c, pp. 99-116. (Studies on the parasites
of termites. On Leidyopsis sphaerica, n.
gen., n. sp.)
1926, pp. 285-300. {Oxymonas projector,
Glyptotermes perparvum, British Guiana,
2 other species.)
Koidzumi, M., 1921, pp. 235-309. (Intestinal
Protozoa in termites of Japan.)
Kudo, R. R., 1942, pp. 307-333. (On the
microsporidian Duboscquia legcri, para-
sitic in Reticulitermes fiavipes, invades
adipose cells closely associated with mid-
intestine, biology; other Duboscquia ex-
amined.)
Leidy, J., 1877, pp. 146-149. (Intestinal para-
sites of Termes fiavipes.)
1 88 1, pp. 425-447. (Parasites of termites.)
1904, pp. 1-281. (Researches in helminthol-
ogy and parasitology.)
Lewis, W. W., 1933, pp. 77-96. (New species
of Proboscidiella and Devescovina from
Kalotermes occideutis, Lower California.)
Light, S. F., 1926, pp. 121-140. (Hoplo-
nympha natator, n. gen., n. sp., a non-
xylophagous hypermastigote from Kalo-
termes simplicicornis characterized by
biradial symmetry and a highly developed
pellicle.)
19263, pp. 141-158. (Metadevcscovina de-
bilis, n. gen., n. sp., a xylophagous poly-
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
97
mastigote from Kalotermes hubbardi, re-
lationships, phylogeny.)
1927, pp. 467-492. (Kofoidia loricidata
xylophagous flagellate from Kaloterrnes
sifijplicornis, California, differs from other
termite flagellates, in agreement with
Lophomonas of the cockroaches; develop-
ment, relationships, phylogeny.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., p. 203. (Few Pro-
tozoa in Amitetmes.)
Light, S. F., and Sanford, M. F., 1927, pp.
95-96. (Are the protozoan fauna of ter-
mites specific?)
1928, pp. 269-274. (Experimental trans-
faunation of termites. Protozoa from
Termopsis angusticollis can live in hind
gut Kalotermes hubbardi for 3 months.)
Lund, E. C, 1930, pp. 81-96. (Effect of diet
on intestinal fauna Tennopsis.)
MACKINNON, D. L., 1926, pp. 173-189. (Holo-
mastigotoides hemigymmum in Leuco-
termes tenuis morphology.)
Mansour, K., 1936, pp. 233-241. (Enzymes
of wood-eating insects, significance of in-
testinal microorganisms in nutrition.)
Mansour, K., and Mansour-Bek, J. J., 1934,
pp. 363-382. (Role of microorganisms in
the digestion of wood.)
Maria, G. G., in Visintin, 1941-1942, pp. 19-40
(1942.) (Trichonywpha of Reticulitermes
lucifugus.)
Masatake, Y., 1937, pp. 211-224. (Intestinal
Protozoa of termites. Ill, Distribution of
glycogen in bodies of intestinal flagellates
of Rctictditevfnes speratus and Copto-
termcs formosaitus.)
1937a, pp. 225-235. (Intestinal Protozoa of
termites. IV, Glycogen in body Tricho-
nympha agilis, var. japonica, under ex-
perimental conditions.)
May, E., 1941, pp. 281-292. (Behavior of in-
testinal Protozoa of termites at time last
ecdysis in Zootennopsis spp. and Kalo-
termes minor. Protozoa confined within
shed intima and carried over into the
adult alate.)
Montalenti, G., 1927, pp. 529-532. (Intestinal
Protozoa of termites, rearing without the
Protozoa of the caecum.)
1931, pp. 30-44. (Process of excretion of
flagellates of order Ipermastigini.)
1932, pp. 859-864. (Degenerate enzymes
and the absorption of soluble substance
in the intestine of termites.)
Montandon, a. L., 1910, pp. 444-452. (Neu-
ters produced by castration of young by
a special diet.)
Nurse, F. R., 1945, pp. 305-314. (Protozoa
from New Zealand termites.)
Pierantoni, U., 1936, pp. 169-171. (Physio-
logical symbiosis between xylophagous
termites and their intestinal flagellates.)
Porter, J. F., 1897, pp. 48-68. {Trichonympha
and other parasites of Termes flavipes.)
Powell, W. N., 1928, pp. 179-200. (3 new
species Pyrsonympha from Reticulitermes
hesperus, California, highly modified
Trichomonad.)
RoGicK, M. D., 1946, p. 30. (Pictorial repre-
sentation symbiosis between termites and
their intestinal Protozoa.)
Saleem, M., 1952, p. 65. (Abstr., taxonomic
studies on termite flagellates, Pakistan.)
Schmidt, H., 1947, pp. 2 and 17. (Intestinal
symbiosis of wood-eating termites.)
1949, pp. 344-350. (Flagellate symbiosis of
wood-eating termites; originally even
higher forms showed symbiotic relation
to flagellates, now possess no symbionts.)
1950a, pp. 360-363. (Plant and animal mi-
croorganisms in termites.)
1950b, pp. 535-544. (Intestinal flagellates of
termites: I, Joenia annectens in Calo-
termes fiaficollis.)
Semans, F, M., 1936, pp. 315-320. (Distribu-
tional and ecological study of protozoan
parasites of some Ohio Orthcptera.)
Simmons, W. J., 1890, pp. 57-59. (Parasites
of the white ant, order Holotricha, Cal-
cutta.)
Snyder, T. E., i926f, pp. 522-552. (General.)
1929a, pp. 40-46. (General.)
1931*, pp. 551-556. (Directions for preserva-
tion.)
19356, pp. 17-18, 80-83. (General.)
1948, pp. 93-101. (General.)
Strong, R. P., 1925, pp. 97-107. (Protozoa in
termites as true symbionts; spirochaetes,
Treponema spp., in intestines as sapro-
phytes, not pathogenic in mice and guinea
pigs-)
Sutherland, J. L., 1933, pp. 145-173. (Pro-
tozoa from Australian termites, 4 new
genera, 6 new species.)
SwEZY, O., 1923, pp. 391-400. (Pseudopodial
method of feeding by trichonymphid
flagellates parasitic in wood-eating ter-
mites.)
Tracer, W., 1932, p. 1762. (A cellulose from
the symbiotic intestinal flagellates of ter-
mites and the roach Cryptocercus punctu-
latus.)
98
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1934, pp. 182-190. {Trichomonas termop-
sidis unable to utilize any carbon source
(carbohydrate) other than cellulose; se-
cretes glucose which is used by host, Ter-
mopsis angusticollis.)
VisiNTiN, B., 1941, pp. 393-406. (Calotermes
ftavicollis fed with compressed yeast free
of cellulose substances eliminates normal
fauna of flagellates present in caecum; in
consequence loses normal power digest-
ing cellulose; this alteration confirmed
through serial determinations respiratory
quotient on normal starving and partially
defaunated groups of termites.)
1947, pp. 290-300. (Starch in nutrition uti-
lized as carbohydrate food, enzyme active
in intestines partially free of Protozoa.)
VisiNTiN, B., et al., 1941-1942, pp. 27-44, 55-
62, 157-159, 13-17, 19-40. (Digestion of
cellulose in termite Kalotermes fiavicollis
due to activity flagellate Joenidae.)
Yamasaki, M., 1930, pp. 19-26. (Studies on
the intestinal Protozoa of termites. Star-
vation experiments on Lettcotermes spera-
tus Protozoa, classified on resistance to
starvation, heat hastens disappearance all
kinds.)
1931, pp. 179-188. (Studies on the intestinal
Protozoa of termites. Leucotermes spera-
ttis, Protozoa. Oxygenation experiments
under the influence of temperature.)
1937, pp. 211-235. (Distribution glycogen in
intestinal flagellates Reticulitcrmes spera-
tiis and Coptotermes jormosanus, reserve
glycogen in 14 forms of flagellates. The
mode of the change in the distribution
of glycogen granules under experimental
starvation, incubation, oxygenation in low
temperature and abrupt rise in tempera-
ture was determined. Anterior body main
region consumption, posterior region of
supply. Explains problem of defaunation
of intestinal Protozoa by oxygenation.)
Zeliff, C. C, 1930, pp. 714-739. (Cytological
study of Oxymonas, a flagellate, includ-
ing the description of 11 new species
from American Kalotermitidae.)
1930a, pp. 740-742. (Canal Zone, Kirbyella
zete\i (Oxymonadidae) from Calcari-
termes brevicollis.)
RACKET
Anonymous, I936g, pp. 20-21. (Termite
"racket" presents a problem and an op-
portunity; pp. 44-45, termites controlled
by construction methods.)
i936h, p. 9. (More about the termite
racket.)
19361, p. 43. (Filing the teeth of termites,
"rackets.")
1936)5 P- 18. (Termites and lumber — ter-
mite racket.)
1936k, p. 18. (The termite fad.)
1936I, pp. 8-9. (Termite question further
discussed.)
I937h, p. 8. (Comment on article in Archi-
tectural Forum recommending steel to
replace wood joists.)
1953d, pp. 29, 34. (Adanta, Ga., ofiBcials
warn public against poor termite control
work.)
1953c. PP- 29-30, 32, 34. (Kansas Pest Con-
trol Assoc, batdes "fly-by-night" termite
control operators.)
Berger, B. G., 1953, 2d ed., pp. 1-44. (U.S.,
how to avoid racketeers.)
1953a. PP- 42, 50. (U.S., how to avoid
racketeers.)
Hagen, H. a., 1876a, p. 408. (Known ca-
pacity for destructiveness by "white ants"
was used by rogues to cover thievery; a
very large property stored by the Govern-
ment in Isle de France was reported as
destroyed; the ministers sent to the of-
ficers a box containing files with the
strict orders to file off the teeth of each
ant or resign the post.)
Hayward, p. a., 1936, p. 43. (Termite dam-
age in U.S. grossly overestimated; press
release U.S. Dept. Commerce.)
Jorgenson, M. G., 1936, p. 173. (Quackery
in termite control.)
Snyder, T. E., 1931a, pp. 116-117. (U.S.,
scientists warn of termite control racket.)
I935e, pp. 128-130. (Racket in New York
City in early 1930's and earlier else-
where.)
1948, pp. 157-159. (Racket in New York
City in early 1930's and earlier else-
where.)
Turner, N., 1937, pp. 94-98. (Relation of
State workers to commercial termite con-
trol companies.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
99
REARING
Adamson, a. M., 1941, pp. 411-414. (Labora-
tory technique for the study of living
termites, between glass plates, filled with
wood and soil.)
(Banks, N., and) Snyder, T. E., 1920*. (Re-
ticulitermes, pp. 169-172; Kalotermes, p.
209 and pi. 19.)
BuGNioN, E., and Ferrierre, C, 1911a, pp.
104-105. (Coptotermes -flavus, Ceylon in
captivity.)
Cleveland, L. R., I925e, pp. 32-40. (Breed-
ing experiments, U.S.)
1928, pp. 231-237. (U.S., satisfactory method
keeping termites alive in laboratory.)
De Long, D. M., and Keagy, R. J., 1949, pp.
114-116. (Various types culture chambers
for use in laboratory.)
Forbes, H. O., 1879, pp. 4-5. (Termites kept
in captivity in England.)
GosswALD, K., 1943, pp. 297-316. (Calotermes
ftavicollis, small colonies reared in shell
vials, lacquer-coated corks, large, in bat-
tery jars covered with glass, 50 individ-
uals favorable nucleus. Diastase added
to wood hastened development. Air ad-
mitted through tubing or holes. Humid-
ity maintained by layer plaster paris or
moist filter paper over air inlets.)
Goetsch, W., 1936, pp. 490-560. (Glass vials,
Calotermes, Reticulttermes.)
Haviland, G. D., and Sharp, D., 1896, pp.
589-594. (Termites in captivity in Eng-
land.)
Hepburn, G. A., 1954, pp. 219-221. (So. Af-
rica, Cryptotermes brevis, wood blocks
on which glass plates are glued.)
Holdaway, F. G., 1935, pp. 34-35. (Standard
laboratory colonies of Etitermes exitiosus,
Australia, for timber testing under con-
trolled conditions.)
Hsiu, C, 1935, pp. 618-620. (Improved breed-
ing apparatus for termites.)
Imms, a. D., 1913, p. 241. (Exhibition of
living termites.)
Jucci, C, 1936, pp. 302-306. (Rearing Reticu-
litcrmes lucifugus in test tubes.)
1937a, pp. 28-29. (Rearing RetictiUtermes
lucifugus in test tubes, in adult stage.)
Light, S. F., and Weesner, F. M., 1947, pp.
131-132. (Methods of culturing termites,
sawdust, agar in small jars; dependent
on fungi.)
LuscHER, M., 1949, pp. 158-165. (Adamson's
rearing device, Reticulitertites, Zooter-
mopsis, Kalotermes.)
1949a, pp. 269-271. (Laboratory rearing
technique, in waterproof nests between
glass plates, constant high humidity.)
1950b, p. 357. (Colony formation, Vseuda-
canthotermss spiniger, Microcerotermes
edentatus, and Anoplotermes sp., 8
months in laboratory in shallow glass
cages; flight, courtship, egg laying, hatch-
ing, number individuals, young colonies.)
1951, reprint, pp. 1-6. (Reagent jars, glass
slides.)
1951b, pp. 404-408. (Removal adult sexual
pairs Kalotermes flavicollis for 24 hours
results in development substitute sexual
forms from 7th stage larvae and nymphs.
Sexual adults secrete substance which
suppresses normal development substitute
forms.)
Mathur, R. N., 1950, p. 224. (Tortricid lar-
vae destroying fungus garden in labora-
tory, India.)
Skaife, S. H., 1951, pp. 44-52. (Artificial nest,
Amitermes atlanticus, South Africa.)
1954a, pp. 123-133. (Same, mound on glass
plate base.)
Snyder, T. E., 1915, pp. 20-22. (Outdoor
termitarium rearing Retictditermes, small
tin boxes, vials, glass jars, between glass
slides.)
1920*, in (Banks and) Snyder. (Glass jar,
p. 170; block wood, dry-wood termites,
pi. 19.)
1920a, pp. 135-145. (Breeding and cross-
breeding of Reticulttermes in laboratory.)
1931*5 PP- 554-556- (Breeding and cross-
breeding of Retictditermes in laboratory,
Erlenmeyer flasks, pi. 27, fig. 24.)
1935^} PP- 59-63- Breeding and cross-breed-
ing of Reticulttermes in laboratory.
1948, pp. 68-72. (Breeding and cross-breed-
ing of Reticulitermes in laboratory, prog-
eny all types reproductives and crosses
within species same— true in nature.)
Snyder, T. E., and Popenoe, E. P., 1932, pp.
153-158. (Breeding and cross-breeding
of Retictditermes in laboratory, progeny
all types reproductives and crosses within
species same — true in nature.)
Sweeney, R. C. H., 1948, pp. 164-166. (Arti-
ficial termitaria.)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
REGENERATION
VOL. 130
Richard, G., 1950, pp. 13-16. {Calotermes
ftavicolUs, regeneration of feet.)
Weyer, Fr., 1935, pp. 648-672. (Regeneration
of epithelial tissue in midgut Microcero-
termes ainboinensis and Macrotermes
gilvus.)
RESISTANT WOODS
Adamson, a. M., 1937, pp. 141-149. (Trini-
dad, British West Indies.)
Aguilar, L., 1941, pp. 247-256. (Resistance
to decay and termites determined by
"graveyard tests" in PhiUppines, 182 spe-
cies. Ipil {Intsia bijuga) taken as stand-
ard, with relative durability of 100 and
average life of 11. 5 years. Ten woods
more durable than ipil and 2 equally so;
25 very durable species — 80% and up;
26 durable — 40 to 79%; 34 moderately
durable — 21 to 39%; 47 perishable — 10
to 20%; and 50 very perishable — io%.)
Ahern, G. p., 1901, p. 91. (Philippines,
"dinglas," "molave," "ipil," "yacal" re-
sistant; California redwood and white
cedar resistant after 30-day test.)
Andrew, D., 1919, pp. 203-204. (Australia.)
Anonymous, 1919b, p. 18. (World.)
1921, pp. 290-295. (Australia.)
1934c, pp. 337-341. (Indian timbers.)
1934-1953. i953> PP- 7> 9, ir. graphs 6, 8, 10.
(State Highway Dept., Mississippi, guard
rail untreated, native guard rail 8" to
10" round posts, eastern red cedar {]uni-
perus), service 1937-1953, 60% service-
able, another series, 1939-1953, 80%;
black locust 1938-1953, 80% serviceable.)
i936d, pp. 12-13. (Australia.)
1936m, p. 309. (North Rhodesia, "Kajaten-
hout" {Pterocarpus angolcnsis) and "um-
kusu" {Bai]{iaea plurijugd) resistant.)
1943a, pp. 1-18. (Insect defects in timber
for aircraft, etc.)
1945b, pp. 22-37, ("Iroko" {Chlorophora
excelsa) and "opepe" {Sarcocephaltis
diderrichii) resistant to termites, p. 35.)
1946a, pp. 195-197. (N.S. Wales, jarrah
(Eucalyptus marginata), cypress pine
(Callitris spp.), and California redwood
{Sequoia sempcrvirois) resistant.)
1949I, p. 54. (Australia, 5 native hard-
woods in order decreasing resistance to
Nasutitermes exitiosus: Tristania con-
jerta, Eucalyptus acmenioides, E. micro-
corys, E. maculata, and E. pilularis, lab-
oratory tests.)
1950, pp. 1-4. (Australia, denser Eucalypts;
cypress pine.)
1950a, pp. 166-170. (South Africa.)
i95od, p. 62. (Australia, in order of de-
creasing resistance to Coptotermes lacteus
were same hardwoods as tested in 1949,
laboratory tests.)
i95oe, pp. 1-5. (U.S., comparative resistance
to decay.)
1951C, pp. 64-65. (Australia, Eucalyptus
alba, in laboratory tests, showed same
resistance to Nasutitermes and Copto-
termes as E. resinijera; in order of de-
creasing resistance are: Syncarpia lauri-
folia Eucalyptus paniculata, E. tereti-
cornis, E. crebra, E. grandis, and E.
micrantha.)
I952d, p. 67. (Australia, timber grown in
plantations of exotic pines such as Pinus
radiata, P. tacda, P. patula, and P. cari-
baea all very susceptible to termite at-
tack.)
Ardagh, F. D., 1930, pp. 341-350. (India..)
AssMUTH, }., 1913a, pp. 372-384. (India, teak.)
Baterden, J. R., 1908, pp. 267-268. (General,
pp. 267-268, cypress pine resistant in
North Australia, some eucalypti some-
what resistant.)
Bates, H. W., ed., 1864, p. 186. ("Acapu,"
Amazon.)
Bathellier, J., 1933, pp. 747-750. (Indo-
china, camphor, jak fruit {Artocarpus)
immune; rosewood, teak, ebony, most
dipterocarps, and cypress, resistant.)
Bavendamm, W., 1948, p. 327. (Teak.)
1948a, pp. 137-144. (Resistance tropical
woods.)
Berry, A. G. V., and Cater, J. C, 1941, pp.
179-180. {Manill{ara bidentata, "balata,"
and Tabebuia serratijolia, "poui," two
most durable woods in Trinidad, becom-
ing scarce.)
Bianchi, a. T. }., 1932, pp. 101-147. (Resist-
ance Dutch East Indian timbers.)
Bi.ake, C. H., and Russell, H. D., 1944, pp.
1-356. (List of woods by countries im-
mune to termite attack.)
Brooks, R. L., Adamson, A. M., Baker,
R. E. D., and Crowdy, S. H., 1941, pp.
101-119. (Trinidad, most durable woods
balata and poui becoming scarce, 34 spe-
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
cies tested against decay and termites,
most resistant balata, bois mulatre, guate-
care, poin, and redwood, most destructive
termites Heterotermes and Coptotermes.
No evidence association termites and
fungi in destruction, independent agents.)
Brush, W. D., 1939, pp. i-ii. (Philippines,
the Luans, also similar woods from other
countries.)
BuHAY, R., 1936, pp. 160-178. (Relative dura-
bility some American woods.)
Cachan, p., 1950, pp. 14-15. (Madagascar.)
Carter, W., 1936, p. 132. (Redwood (sap-
wood) from high-pressure water pipe
buried in ground seriously damaged by
Coptotermes jonnosanus, Hawaii.)
Chamberlin, W. J., 1949, pp. 11-27. (U.S.)
Cosar, H. G., 1934, pp. 68-70. (Africa, large
series native woods.)
Cox, C. L., 1935, p. 23. (Kaduna, Nigeria.)
Dadswell, I. W., and Dadswell, H. E., 1931,
pp. 208-216. (Relation between durability
and extractives of the cypress pines {Cal-
Utris spp., Australia.)
Dammerman, K. W., 1919, p. 42. (East In-
dies, Etisideroxylon swagcri, Borneo teak,
Ajzelia nalenibanica, and Cinnamomnni
camphora resistant to most termites.)
Dance, C. D., 1881, p. 159. {Simaruba arnara
not attacked by wood ants, British Gui-
ana.)
De Leon, D., 1952, pp. 84, 89. (Pacific Coast
termites in redwood and bigtree.)
Dover, C, 1931, pp. 341-351. (Comparative
resistance Indian timbers to termites.)
Dover, C, and Mathur, R. N., 1934, pp. 3,
20. (Method testing susceptibility timbers
to termite attack, India.)
Duff, C. E., 1935, pp. 69-75. (Durability
trials native timbers copper belt. North
Rhodesia.)
1944, pp. 160-162. (Durability trials native
timbers copper belt. North Rhodesia, 7
local timbers sound, untreated for 11
years.)
Ehrhorn, E. M., 1934, p. 364. {Coptotermes
formosanus and Cryptotermes piceattts
eating redwood, Hawaii.)
Ellis, B. R., 1936, p. 22. (Tidewater red
cypress resists termites for over 300 years
at St. Augustine, Florida.)
Erdtman, H., 1949, pp. 305-310. (Insect re-
pellent properties heartwood extractives
of conifers, pinosylvin, Scotch pine; ses-
quiterpene ketone, Cedrtis; Podocarpus,
Taxodiaceae, Sequoia, Cryptomeria, Cun-
vinghamia, Cupressaceae, Taxus, Torrcya,
durable, contain toxic compounds.)
Foxworthy, F. W., and Wooley, H. W.,
1930, pp. 1-60. (Durability Malayan tim-
bers, no wood tested immune to termites;
21 species tested over lo-year period.)
French, C, 1893, p. 141. (Australia, Cedrus
deodar, India, and C. atlantica, North
Africa, immune, red less susceptible than
white.)
Froggatt, W. W., 1905, pp. 632-656, 753, 774.
(Australia.)
1905a, pp. 43-44. (Red pine more resistant
than clear, "jarrah" resistant, sawed desert
cypress, Australia.)
Fuller, C, 1921, pp. 142-147. (South Africa.)
1924a, pp. 81-104. (South Africa, resistance
tests timbers.)
Groenou, H. B. van, Rischen, H. W. L., and
Berge, J. VAN den, 1951, pp. 19-20. (List
resistant woods.)
Hadden, F. C, 1928, pp. 13-14. (Odonto-
termes formosanus attacking camphor,
Formosa.)
Hagen, H. a., 1855*, pp. 1-144. (European
cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, attacked
by termites, Rochefort, France, p. 133.)
Hagen, W. von, 1942a, pp. 539-542. (Ter-
mites bore in heartwood mahogany trees
from roots to top branches; over 40%
trees on Mosquito Coast affected.)
Haines, H. H., 1938, p. 32. (Ten species ter-
mite-resistant woods, American Tropics.)
Hawley, L. F., Fleck, L. C, and Richards,
C. A., 1924, pp. 699-706. (Relation be-
tween durability and chemical composi-
tion of wood.)
Henius, F., 1942, pp. 390-394, 426. (Oriente,
durable woods, mahogany (caoba aguana,
not Swietcnia) ; red cedar, itauva (stone
tree), compares with teak. Huagapu not
attacked by insects; marupa, bitter taste,
not eaten by ants. Paulo de sangre, but
has twisted grain.)
Hill, G. F., 1932, pp. 7-28. (Australia.)
Hopkins, A. D., 1903, pp. 39-40. (Redwood
not attacked by termites at Manila, P.I.)
Howard, C. W., and Thomsen, F., i 907-1909,
pp. 85-93, 1907; PP- 512-520, 1909; pp.
86-87, 1909. (Untouched by termites for
3 years in Distr. Pretoria, Transvaal:
Leadwood, Combretum prophyrolepsis,
black iron wood, 01 ea laurijolia, and
"vaalbosch," Brachylaena discolor.)
Hubert, E. E., 1931, p. 464. (Relation dura-
bility to specific gravity.)
Humphrey, C. J., 1915, pp. 204-209. (Tests
on durability of greenheart.)
1916, pp. 80-92. (Tests on durability of
greenheart, in laboratory.)
102
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
HuTsoN, }. C, 1932, pp. D111-D121. (Ceylon,
California redwood attacked; Hopea odo-
rata and Xylia dolabrijor7nis not at-
tacked.)
Jack, R. W., 1913, pp. 1-16. (Rhodesia.)
1913a, pp. 393-407. (South Rhodesia; "mo-
pani," Copaijera mopatii, resistant.)
Jackson, W. F., 1954, pp. 207-208. (Malaya.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1952a, pp. 188-190.
(Java, Coptotermcs, Macrotermes, Odon-
totermes, Microtcrmcs, and Eutermes
preferences for cardboard, Ricinus, mani-
hot, and maize stalks, newspaper and split
bamboo; teak bark not attacked.)
Kamesan, S., 1936, pp. 93-113. (India.)
Kanehira, R., 1914, pp. 23-41. (Relative re-
sistance woods to termites, Formosa.)
Kemp, P. B., 1951, pp. 122-123. (Susceptibil-
ity woods to termites. East Africa.)
KiRKPATRicK, T. W., 1944, pp. 1-31. (Insect
damage to East African timbers.)
KiTAjiMA, K., 1933, pp. 100-102. (Laboratory
tests on durability of Japanese coniferous
woods against decay: Thtijopsis dolabrata
most durable, Larix leptolcpis, Crypto-
meria jap07nca, Chamaecyparis obtusa,
Pinus I^oraieiisis very durable.)
KoFoiD, C. A., and Bowe, E. E., in Kofoid,
1934, 2d ed., pp. 517-539, 554-563- (Ter-
mite resistivity, chemical extractives in
wood in relation to termite attack, ex-
tractive tests, U.S.)
Krishna, S., and Narayanamurti, D., 1951,
p. 271. (India, sal {Shorea robustd) re-
sistance due to chemical extractives in
heartwood, soluble in hot water and
alcohol. Tests of 200 species of Indian
timbers indicate that they can be divided
into 5 different classes of resistance. Arto-
carpus gomiziana from Andamans and
teak (Tect07ia grandis) also resistant to
marine borers, former 10 years at Chat-
ham, latter 5 to 9 years according to
location.)
Lagrimas, M., 1939, pp. 259-265. (Philippines,
seasoned heartwood redwood in ground
had life GVi to 355/j months; average only
656 days, 15.6% as durable as ipil (Jfitsia
bijuga), in termite-infested ground.)
Lever, R. J. A. W., 1934, p. 13. (Solomon
Islands, local resistant timbers.)
LicHTFooT, G., 1938, pp. 21-22. (Australia,
technique used in testing resistance ma-
terial to attack by termites.)
MacGregor, W. D., 1950, pp. 33-39. (Africa,
British West Indies. Guiana, Honduras,
Fiji, Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak.)
Mansour, K., and Mansour-Bek, J. J., 1934,
pp. 363-382, (Use free-living intestinal
microorganisms directly as food, not as
aids in digestion of wood.)
Marchan, F. J., 1946, pp. 135-151. (Lignin,
ash, protein content 43 species temperate,
subtropical, tropical woods, relationship
between lignin, ash, and protein content
and resistance to termites.)
Miller, N. C. E., 1941, pp. 23-25. (Dry-wood
termites attack on sepetir, Sindora spp.,
used for furniture, Malaya.)
Moll, F., 1948, pp. 497-498. (Is teak wood
immune to termites.?)
OsHiMA, M., 1919, pp. 347-374. (Formosa,
termite resistant woods, relationship to
resistance physical properties wood and
chemical extractives.)
Painter, R. H., 1951, pp. 487-488.
Parker, W. B., 1911, pp. 422-423. (California
redwood attacked by Termes lucijtigus,
California.)
Pescott, E. E., 1947, p. 6. (Australia, cypress
pine, brush box, raspberry jam wood
{Acacia acuminata) termite resistant.)
Popham, E. J., 1931, pp. 62-69. (Durability
timber, India.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., and Cummins, J. E., 1939,
pp. 221-228. (Food preferences Australian
Rhinotermitidae, Mastotermitidae, and
Termitidae.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., Gay, F. J., and Greaves, T.,
1952, pp. 29, 37, 120. (Food preferences
Australian Rhinotermitidae, Mastotermi-
tidae and Termitidae, extractives deter-
mine resistance; Acacia acuminata, 8 spe-
cies Eucalyptus, Callitris spp., Syncarpia
laurifolia.)
Record, S. J., 1944, pp. i-io. (Wood of
Bucida buceras (Combretaceae) more
highly resistant to attack by dry-wood
termites in Puerto Rico, when long sub-
merged in brackish water.)
Record, S. J., and Hess, R. W., 1943, pp. l-
640. (Durable American woods.)
Record, S. J., and Mell, C. D., 1924, pp. i-
610. (Durable woods tropical America.)
Reyes, L. J., 1938, pp. 465-474. (Philippine
woods, relative durability in ground-sub-
terranean termites; dry-wood termites;
appendixes 4 and 5.)
Schmitz, H., 1922, pp. 46-47. (Cause of dura-
bility western red cedar. Thuja plicata.)
Schmitz, H., and Daniels, A. S., 1921, pp.
i-ii. (Laboratory tests on relative dura-
bility some western coniferous woods, es-
pecially Idaho species.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
103
Schuster, L., 191 i, p. 65. (Termite damage
to teak trees in Mohoro, German East
Africa.)
Seifert, L., 1942. (Tests of resistance to Kalo-
termes flavicollis of tropical economic
woods, in glass cages, laboratory, pp. 265-
274; extraction resistant principles, pp.
438-448.)
Sherrard, E. C, and Kurth, E. F., in Kofoid,
1934, 2d ed., pp. 554-563-
Snyder, T. E., 1915, pp. 75-82. (General.)
1924a, pp. 14-15. (Tests of resistant woods
in ground, U.S. and world species.)
19261, pp. 2-3. (Resistance tests in Panama.)
1931*, P- 547- (General.)
1932a, p. 27. (Food (wood) preference.)
i935e, pp. 91-92, 150. (General.)
1948, pp. 152-153. (No wood immune;
teak, sal, Burma and India; cypress, pine,
Australia; Oriental camphor wood; Span-
ish cedar and mahogany, Central Amer-
ica; tidewater red bald cypress of south-
ern U.S., foundation grade redwood of
the Pacific Coast of the U.S., junipers of
the U.S. and pitchy longleaf pine of the
Gulf States, U.S. Heartwood alone is
resistant, chemical extractives render the
wood resistant.)
1950C, p. 205. (South America, greenheart
and the legumes, wallaba and mora.)
Snyder, T. E., and Reed, W. D., 1949, pp.
9-10. (World species.)
Theobald, F. V., 1903, pp. 158-163. (Sudan,
Africa.)
Tiemann, H. D., 1942, pp. 257-258. (Dura-
bility woods, U.S.)
Trotter, H., 1929, pp. 376-382. (Indian tim-
bers.)
1930, PP- 341-350- (Indian timbers.)
Varian, H. F., and Gallardo, A. C, 1940,
pp. 347-379. (Philippine woods.)
Villegas, G. H., 1954, pp. 89-126. (Colombia,
comparative resistance native woods to
Cryptotcrmes brevis.)
Walker, E. H., 1945, pp. 307-312.
Williams, O. L., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp.
572-573. (Wood preference tests in lab-
oratory.)
WoLcoTT, G. N., 1924, pp. 1-15. (Compara-
tive resistance woods to attack by Crypto-
termes brevis, in laboratory, Puerto Rico.)
1938, pp. 83-84. (Comparative resistance
woods to attack by Cryptotcrmes brevis,
in laboratory, Puerto Rico; red cedar and
cypress not resistant.)
1940a, pp. i-io. (Relative resistance, group-
ing of woods.)
1945, pp. 115-129. (The algarrobo {Hy-
menaea courbaril) more resistant to
Cryptotermes brevis than mahogany.)
1946, pp. 1-29. (Use resistant woods in con-
struction.)
1946a, pp. 121-134. (Factors in natural re-
sistance, high lignin content, high resin
content.)
1946b, pp. 329-334. (Relative resistance
grouping.)
1947, pp. 124-129. (Teak and mahogany
have high lignin content (not digestible),
cypress contains repellent gum.)
1948, pp. 53-54. (Resistance Central Ameri-
can woods to Cryptotermes brevis.)
1950b, pp. 1-26. (An index to the termite-
resistance of woods.)
1951, pp. 263-264. (Extractives from teak,
pine, tectoquinone (beta-methylanthaqui-
none) and pinosylvin.)
1951a, pp. 17-18. (Pinosylvin (3, 5-dihy-
droxystilbene), sdlbene toxic to termites,
"Toxaphene" (Hercules Powder Co.)
contains minute pinosylvin-chlorinated
camphene, southern pine heartwood;
"Ryania" from Venezuelan tree or shrub,
Ryania speciosa (Merck and Co.), toxic
to termites.)
i953> PP- 374-375- (Pinosylvin is a stilbene,
toxic to termites.)
1953b, pp. 224-227. (Neither hardness nor
high lignin content renders wood resist-
ant to dry-wood termites, but some spe-
cific chemical constituent.)
1954, pp. 1 15-122. (Puerto Rico, bald cy-
press, Osage orange, U.S., West Indian
mahogany.)
Wood, A. D., and Linn, T. G., 1943, p. 363.
(Relative durability woods.)
Woodeson, a., 1921, pp. 51-82. (Ceylonese
timbers, pp. 69-70, teak, satin, jak, palu,
ebony, na, nadun, milla, margosa, pal-
myra (female tree), mee, and suriya.)
ZoN, R., and Sparhawk, W. N., 1923, pp.
1-997. (Durability woods by species and
family.)
RESPIRATION, See GASEOUS ENVIRONMENT
REVIEWS
Anonymous, i936n, p. 10. ("Our enemy the
termite," T. E. Snyder, 1935.)
1936P. ("Our enemy the termite," T. E.
Snyder, 1935.)
i936q, p. 94. ("Our enemy the termite,''
T. E. Snyder, 1935.)
i936r, p. 72. ("Our enemy the termite,"
t. E. Snyder, 1935.)
104
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1936s, p. 166. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935.)
19361, p. 79. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Results 26 years ex-
perience in U.S. Bureau of Entomology.)
1936U, p. 160. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Biology and control.)
1936V, p. 15. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Practical handbook.)
1936W, p. 24. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Scientific, calm, ra-
tional.)
1936X, p. 818. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935.)
19367, P- 64. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935.)
1936Z, p. 352. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Problem increasing;
paragraph on anthropocentrism antidote
to romantic biologists.)
1936a', p. 9. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Useful to building
contractor.)
194SC, p. 4. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, rev. ed., 1948. By a world
authority.)
i948d, p. 221. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, rev. ed., 1948. Interesting
and valuable information.)
I948e, pp. 88. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, rev. ed., 1948. Based on
39 years service, popular and accurate.)
I948f, p. 24. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, rev. ed., 1948. Simple and
direct, accurate scientific information.)
^94^S- ("Our enemy the termite," T. E.
Snyder, rev. ed., 1948. Based on long
experience.)
I949d. ("Our enemy the termite," T. E.
Snyder, rev. ed., 1948.)
I949e. ("Our enemy the termite," T. E.
Snyder, rev. ed., 1948.)
I949f. Review. ("Catalog of the termites
(Isoptera) of the world," T. E. Snyder,
1949. Revised classification termites.)
I949g- ("Catalog of the termites (Isoptera)
of the world," T. E. Snyder, 1949. Ter-
mites most remarkable example of social
evolution.)
I949h. ("Catalog of the termites (Isoptera)
of the world," T. E. Snyder, 1949. Ter-
mites are social cockroaches.)
19491. ("Catalog of the termites (Isoptera)
of the world," T. E. Snyder, 1949. Classi-
fication of termites.)
1949k, pp. 60, 62. ("Catalog of the termites
(Isoptera) of the world," T. E. Snyder,
1949. First catalog since 1902, only
scratches surface, ultimate number species
5,000.)
1954b, p. 10. (Order Isoptera, The termites
of die United States and Canada, Thomas
E. Snyder, 1954.)
Becker, G., 1949, p. 93. Review. ("Our
enemy the termite," T. E. Snyder, rev.
ed., 1948. Interesting handbook.)
Becker, G., 1951. Review. ("Catalog of the
termites (Isoptera) of the world," T. E.
Snyder, 1949. Important basis for future
studies.)
1952a, p. 43. (Same.)
1955- (Order Isoptera. The termites of the
United States and Canada, Thomas E.
Snyder, 1954.)
Berger, B. G., 1953a, pp. 42, 50. (Illinois
Stale Natural History Survey Bull., "How
to recognize and control termites." How
to avoid racketeers.)
Bugnion, E., 1928, pp. 261-284. ("Develop-
ment of termite soldier," A. E. Emerson,
1926.)
C, R. N., 1936, pp. 279-280. ("Our enemy the
termite," T. E. Snyder, 1935.)
Caius, J. F., 1937. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Work of an expert.)
Cifferri, R., 1937, p. 3. ("Our enemy the
termite," T. E. Snyder, 1935.)
CoE, W. R., 1936, p. 239. ("Our enemy the
termite," T. E. Snyder, 1935. True facts.)
CoLLiNGWooD, C. H., 1936, p. 384. ("Our
enemy the termite," T. E. Snyder, 1935)
Darwin, C. R., 1874, pp. 553-556. ("Recent
researches on termites and stingless
honeybees," Fr. Miiller, 1874.)
Emerson, A. E., 1936a, p. 302. ("Our enemy
the termite," T. E. Snyder, 1935.)
Emery, C, 1893, pp. 758-766. ("Costituzione
e sviluppo della Societa dei termitidi,"
Grassi and Sandias, 1 893-1894.)
Escherich, K., 1903, p. 480. ("Contribuzione
alia conoscenza dei termitidi e termitofili
deir America meridionale," Silvestri,
1903-)
1903a, pp. 480-481. ("Monographie der
Termiten Afrikas," "Sjostedt, 1902.)
F., G. E., 1948, p. 36. ("Our enemy the ter-
mite," T. E. Snyder, rev. ed., 1948. Adds
considerably to knowledge.)
Fletcher, T. B., 1921, pp. 312-333. (Koenig's
paper on south Indian termites.)
Fox, R. M., 1948, p. 2629. ("Our enemy the
termite," T. E. Snyder, rev. ed., 1948.
Both biological and economic aspects,
popular, semitechnical.)
G.vrdner, J. C. M., 1936, pp. 369-370. ("Our
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
105
enemy the termite," T. E. Snyder, 1935.
Best comprehensive account.)
Graham, S. A., 1936, pp. 1075-1076. ("Our
enemy the termite," T. E. Snyder, 1935.)
H(offmann), W. E., 1936, pp. 316-317.
("Our enemy the termite," T. E. Snyder,
I935-)
Howard, L. O., 1934, pp. 296-297. ("Termites
and termite control," C. A. Kofoid, Ed.,
2d ed., 1934. Great cooperative effort,
33 authors.)
1936, p. 264. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Scientifically sound.)
Imms, a. D., 1936, p, 448. ("Our enemy the
termite," T. E. Snyder, 1935. Accurate
and up-to-date.)
J., G. J., 1948. ("Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, rev, ed., 1948. Scientific
work interesting to layman.)
K(ennedy), C. H., 1936, p. 448. ("Our en-
emy the termite," T. E. Snyder, 1935.)
LiJscHER, M., 1950, p. 383. ("Catalog of the
termites of the world," T. E. Snyder,
I949-)
1950a, pp. 383-384. ("Our enemy the ter-
mite," T. E. Snyder, rev. ed., 1948.)
Myers, J. G., 1936, pp. 153-154. ("Our enemy
the termite," T. E. Snyder, 1935.)
Nicholson, H. A., 1871, pp. 261-264. (Bates'
observations in South America.)
Pendleton, R. L., 1948, pp. 361-362. ("Our
enemy the termite," T. E. Snyder, rev.
ed., 1948. Damage not likely to be cata-
strophic.)
Richardson, H. H., 1936, p. 159. ("Our en-
emy the termite," T. E. Snyder, 1935.)
R(oss), E. S., 1953, p. 109. ("Australian ter-
mites, the biology, recognition, and eco-
nomic importance of the common spe-
cies," F. N. Ratcliffe, P. J. Gay, and
T. Greaves, 1952. Fine guide to aid eco-
nomic worker.)
S., R. B., 1936, pp. 138-139. ("Our enemy the
termite," T, E. Snyder, 1935. Coordi-
nated information for first time.)
Snyder, T. E., 19251, p. 170. ("The termites
of Kartabo," A. E. Emerson, 1925. Ex-
cellent taxonomic studies; faunal rela-
tionships with other sections America
shown.)
1927, p. 25. ("Existe-t-il plusiers races de
Retictilitermes lucijugtis Rossi?", J. Fey-
taud, 1925. Races due to differences in
environment.)
1928b, pp. 15051-15052. ("La vie des ter-
mites," M. Maeterlinck, 1927. Interesting
but not scientifically correct.)
1937a, p. 240. ("Termite city," A. E. Emer-
son and E. Fish, 1937. Biology of ter-
mites of British Guiana.)
1951C, p. 65. (Insects in your life, C. H.
Curran, 1951. "Northerly spread of ter-
mites," and "shun bright light," dis-
puted.)
Stanford, E. R., 1948, p. 775. ("Our enemy
the termite," T. E. Snyder, rev. ed.,
1948.)
Turner, N., 1936, p. 223. ("Our enemy die
termite," T. E. Snyder, 1935.)
Wade, J., 1936, p. 172. ("Our enemy the ter-
mite," T. E. Snyder, 1935. Background
26 years practical experience.)
Wandolleck, B., 1902, p. 461. ("Mono-
graphic der Termiten Afrikas," Y. Sjo-
stedt, 1900.)
Wasmann, E., 19021, pp. 714-717. ("Mono-
graphic der Termiten Afrikas," Y. Sjo-
stedt, 1900.)
1909*, pp. 216-224. ("Die Termiten oder
weissen Ameisen," K. Escherich, 1909.)
1910*, pp. 303-310. (Nils Holmgren's new
studies of termites and his exudate the-
ory.)
1911b*, pp. 394-412, 425-434. ("Termiten-
leben auf Ceylon," K. Escherich, 191 1.)
1912a*, pp. 586-590. ("Termitenstudien,
Systematik der Termiten," Nils Holm-
gren, II and III, 1911-1912.)
1915*) PP- 379-385- ("Termitenstudien,
Systematik der Termiten," Nils Holm-
gren IV, Oriental region.)
Weesner, F. M., 1949, pp. 69-70. ("Our en-
emy the termite," T. E. Snyder, rev. ed.,
1948. Objects to terminology of repro-
ductive types.)
Wheeler, W. M., 191 i, pp. 530-534. ("Ter-
mitenleben auf Ceylon," K. Escherich,
1911.)
1936a, pp. 27-28. ("Our enemy the ter-
mite," T. E. Snyder, 1935. Succinct and
authoritative.)
WoLcoTT, G. N., 1953a, p. 539. ("Australian
termites," F. N. Ratcliffe, F. J. Gay, and
T. Greaves, 1952. Based on G. F. Hill's
studies (1942), simplified for economic
worker, control not adequate nor up-to-
date.)
RHYTHM, COORDINATED
Andrews, E. A., and Middleton, A. R., 191 1,
pp. 26-34. (Rhythmic activity in termite
nests (Nasutiiermes morioi) Jamaica,
"traffic" in and out of nest, 8,000 per hr.
at time greatest activity — shortly after
midnight.)
io6
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
Bryk, F., 1927, pp. 1-3. (Children make
rhythmic noise by hammering with sticks
upon wood, producing sound as of pat-
tering rain to lure Odontotermes to
swarm into trap for food for natives in
East Africa, at foot of Mount Elgon.)
BuGNioN, E., 1913c, pp. 125-139. (Sound pro-
duced in rhythm, India.)
Buxton, P. A., 1923, pp. 271-273. (Freetown,
Sierra Leone, ahitude 500 feet, small
numbers winged termites emerging at
I p.m. from subterranean nest under
stones in shady spot, June 18. Ground
near mouth of nest covered with thou-
sands of small soldiers and small num-
bers large soldiers — over radius 3 feet.
All were making a rhythmical sound,
resembling noise made by sand falling on
brown paper, by tapping their heads on
dead leaves on which they were standing.
Sound produced in perfect time at rate
of 48 beats per minute. Acanthotermes
militaris. Impulse auditory, not due to
a mechanical vibration in case termites
standing on many different dead leaves
over a considerable radius.)
Connor, F. P., 1933, p. 1018. (Rhythmic
sound, termites at work, India.)
GouNELLE, E., 1900, pp. 168-169. (Sounds
produced by large number termites tap-
ping heads on dried leaves of Bromeliads
in Brazil, like a pinch of sand hitting
paper.)
Snyder, T, E., I926f, p. 536. (Rhythmic syn-
chronous swarming of termites, Reticuli-
termes, U.S.)
Thyagaraju, a. S., 1934, p. 745. (India,
rhythmic sound.)
Williams, C. B., 1922, pp. 173-176. (Dis-
cusses Gounelle's note and states that the
movement (tapping) is apparendy not
rhythmic, p. 174.)
SECRETIONS
Anonymous, 1933, pp. 8-9. (Chemical war-
fare by termites.)
Bathellier, J., 1922a, pp. 399-403. (Nature
of the glue of Eutermes.)
^9V> PP- 125-365. (Indo-China, secretion
nasutiform soldier for defense.)
BiDiE, G., 1882, p. 549. (Erosion of glass by
termites.)
BuGNioN, E., 1927, pp. 1-44. (Protection
against ants.)
BucNioN, E., and Popoff, N., 1910*, pp. 107-
108. (Coptotermes travians, Ceylon, se-
cretes a latex in frontal gland soldier.)
Cook, O. F., 1900, pp. 516-521. (Nasutiform
termite secretes camphor, isonitriles.)
Emerson, A. E., 1929a, pp. 722-727. (Odor
and sound means communication.)
Ghidini, G. M., 1939, pp. 207-213. (Presence
of "acetileolina" (bile.?) in Reticulitermes
lucijugus and Calotermes ftavicoUis.)
Ghidini, G. M., and Moriggi, M., 1939, pp.
345-353- (Pericardial concretion.)
Grasse, p. p., and Lesperon, L., 1936, p. 1013.
R\ldane, J. B. S., 1924, p. 676. (Growdi-
regulating substance in termites, physo-
gastry of insects feeding on termites or
their secretions.)
Hanstroem, B., 1940, pp. 227-235. (Internal
secretory organs head Mastotermes dar-
winiens'ts, Zootermopsis angusticollis, and
Termes gdvus.)
Hegh, E., 1922, pp. 221-224. (Food by re-
gurgitation and defecation.)
Hingston, R. W. G., 1928, pp. 717-725. (In-
dia, Eutermes bijormis, soldier, sticky
clear fluid in beak for defense.)
Holmgren, N., 1909*, pp. 190-203. (Exudate
theory, relationship between amount exu-
date tissue and the care a termite receives,
as licking and feeding.)
Jucci, C, 1921a, pp. 213-215. (Presence of
deposits of uratics ("uratici") in the
fatty tissue.)
1932, pp. 1422-1429. (Presence of bacterio-
cytes ( "batter iociti") in fatty tissue.)
Light, S. F., r944a, pp. 413-454. (Ectohor-
monal control of the development of
supplementary reproductives in Zooter-
mopsis.)
McIndoo, N. E., 1923, pp. 367-381. (Glandu-
lar structure of abdominal appendages of
the termitophile Spirachtha.)
McLaciilan, R., 1878, p. xii. (Acid liquid
from cephalic process Termes ripperti,
Cuba.)
Mukerji, D., and Raychaudhuri, S., 1943b,
p. 167. (Bearing of exudate organs on
postadult growth, Termes redemanni,
India.)
Nasonoff, N. v., 1893, pp. 700-702. (Salivary
glands nasuti and soldiers.)
OsHiMA, M., 1919, pp. 337-338, 347-374-
(Acidulous secretions from frontal gland
soldier Coptotermes jormosanus dissolves
lime mortar, Formosa.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
107
Randall, M., and Doody, T, C, in Kofoid,
1934, 2d ed., pp. 99-104. (Hydrogen-ion
concentration in termite intestine.)
Snyder, T. E., 1915, pp. 18-41. (Head gland
of Enter mes.)
1924c. (Exudate as food, p. 5; secretions
for defense, p. 9.)
I926f, pp. 533-534. (Secretions from frontal
gland soldier for defense; evolution of
glands.)
1928c, p. 381. (Coptotermes dissolves lime
mortar by secretions from frontal gland.)
19356. (Secretions, pp. 4, 19, 29, 62, 92;
"proctodeal" food from anus; pp. 56, 85;
"stomodeal" food by mouth from stom-
ach, p. 85; "trophallaxis" or exchange of
nourishment, p. 86.)
1948. (Secretions as in 19356, pp. 63, 65,
102; protective secretions, exudates for
food, U.S., pp. 23, 34, 70, 153; disintegra-
tion lime mortar by Coptotermes, For-
mosa.)
1920*, in (Banks and) Snyder, pp. 94, 112.
(Exudate for food, "trophallaxis" or ex-
change of nourishment.)
Weale, }. P. M., 1878, p. ix. (Termes tri-
nervius, Cape Colony, distils an acid
liquid from cephalic process, protective
against ant predators.)
Wheeler, W. M., 1918, pp. 293-343. ("Troph-
allaxis," or exchange of nourishment,
mother and brood; also other insects such
as termitophiles; source of the social
habit.)
SENSE ORGANS
BUGNION, E., 1913c, pp. 125-135, 136-139.
(Sound perception.)
Child, H. J., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp. 76-
79, 79-81. (Peripheral sense organs, eyes
Zootermopsis, central nervous system.)
Dropkin, V. H., 1941, pp. 200-202. (Cooling
termites of various species (and odors)
in refrigerator enables them to live to-
gether peacefully afterward.)
Emerson, A. E., 1929a, pp. 722-727. (Odor,
contact, and sound as means communica-
tion.)
Emerson, A. E., and Simpson, R. C, 1929,
pp. 648-649. (Odor, contact, and sound
as means communication.)
Grassi, B., and Sandias, A., 1897, pp. 267-269,
313-315-
Hanstroem, B., 1930, pp. 732-733. (Brain
Termopsis nevadensis.)
1940, pp. 227-235. (Sense organs and nerv-
ous system head Mastotennes darwitiien-
sis, Zootermopsis nevadensis, and Termes
gilvtts.)
Hartwell, R. a., 1924, pp. 131-162. (Olfac-
tory sense.)
Heath, H., 1927, pp. 387-419. (Eyes, Ter-
mopsis.)
Hilton, W. A., 1937, pp. 88-91. (Nervous
system, summary of brain.)
Hollande, a., Cachon, J., and Vaillant, F.,
1952, pp. 365-395. (Larvae of termitoph-
ilous Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Oestridae,
Tineidae, Melandryidae, with append-
ages, purpose sensory, not glandular.)
Joerschke, H., 1914, pp. 153-280. (Com-
pound (faceted) eyes.)
JoRG, M. E., 1933, pp. 93-102. (Eyes, Eti-
termes sp.)
Marcus, H., 1947, p. 42. (Stridulation organ
in nasuti between thorax and abdomen,
Bolivia.)
1949, pp. 44-51. (Postantennal organ.)
1952, pp. 24-28. (Chordotonal organs head
nasute and new sensillae described, in
head; one with statolith for equilibrium,
one for humidity, another to perceive
shock.)
1953, pp. 1-16. (Chordotonal and equilib-
rium organs in Anoplotermes and Nasuti-
termes.)
Marshall, G. A. K., 1896, pp. 46-47. (Senses
of insects.)
Noyes, B., 1930, pp. 259-286, (Peripheral
sense organs Termopsis angusticollis, 3
types on antennae, mouthparts, legs, cerci,
and abdominal styles.)
Packard, A. S., 1889a, pp. 222-233. (Epi-
pharyngeal organs taste in mandibular
insects.)
Richard, G., 1948, pp. 356-357. (Phototro-
pism, Calotermes fiavicoUis.)
1949a, pp. 77-84. (Distribution of sensillae
on feet of Calotermes flavicollis.)
1950a, pp. 65-83. (Innervation sense organs
in feet Calotermes flavicollis.)
1951, pp. 485-603. (Phototropism in rela-
tion to sense organs.)
1952, pp. 397-412. (Innervation sense or-
gans in mouthparts Calotermes flavi-
collis.)
1953, pp. 415-421. (Role of sense organs in
certain phases of behavior, geotropism,
phototropism.)
Rosen, K. von, I9r3a, pp. 625-664. (Eyes
studied as contribution to knowledge of
brain.)
io8
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
Snyder, T. E., 1915, pp. 31-32. (General, re-
lation between convulsive movements —
sudden jerking of body — and sense or-
gans, odor.)
1919, p. 99. (Odor.)
1924c, p. 8. (Perception by brachypterous
reproductive forms.)
I926f. (Stimulus to swarm; sex odor, ama-
tory procedure, pp. 535-536; convulsive
movements and sense organs, chordotonal
organs, vibration unfavorable, pp. 540-
54I-)
1935c, pp. 4-5. (Senses of feeling, smelling,
tasting, hearing, and seeing; tropisms re-
versed during and after swarm.)
i935e, pp. 49-52. (Odors of sex and nest,
contact stimuli, chordotonal organs, con-
vulsive movements, method of communi-
cation.)
1948, pp. 56-59, 123. (Tropisms, odor,
sound, vibration in railway ties, factory
timbers unfavorable, experiments.)
i952d, pp. 33-34. (History of the use of
microphones.)
Stokes, A. C, 1893, 1894, pp. 273-276. (Sense
organs on legs Termes flavipes.)
Thompson, C. B., 1916, pp. 553-603. (Brain
and frontal gland Lencotermes flavipes.)
1922, pp. 495-535. (Eyes, Termopsis.)
SHIELDS,2 METAL BARRIERS
Adamson, a. N., 1937, pp. 141-149. (Trini-
dad.)
Anonymous, 1931a, pp. 1-4. (South Africa.)
1936b, pp. 43-44. (U.S., model house.)
I936d, pp. 12-13. (Australia.)
I937e, pp. i-ii. (U.S. and Panama.)
I937f, p. 4- (U.S.)
I939» PP- 133-138- (U.S., Master Specifica-
tions, Home Owners Loan Corp.)
1939a, pp. 1-24. (Federal Housing Ad-
ministration, U.S.)
1939b, pp. 1-14. (Brick buildings, Adelaide,
South Australia.)
1941C, pp. i-ii. (U.S., copper shields, dia-
grams show installation.)
1942, pp. 18, 19, 28-33. (U.S. Dept. Agricul-
ture, types and gages metal, revised 1949.)
1948, pp. ir, 16. (U.S. Dept. Agriculture,
types and gages metal; revised 195 1.)
1950, pp. 1-4. (Australia.)
1950a, pp. 69-73. (South Africa, ineffective
in protecting against mound builders.)
Beeson, C. F. C., 1934, pp. 64-78. (India,
p. 72.)
Clark, A. F., 1941-1942, pp. 23B-32B. (New
Zealand, shields required by law.)
Clements, W. B., 1952, pp. 29-30. (Florida,
effective only if properly designed and
installed, rarely the case.)
CoATON, W. G. H., 1949a, pp. 1-89. (South
Africa, shields, while effective in pro-
tecting against subterranean termites, can-
not stop mound-building termites.)
Cox, C. L., 1935, p. 19. (Kaduna, Nigeria,
Public Works Dept.)
Craighead, F. C, 1950, p. 45. (Buildings,
U.S.)
2 Also included under "Control" in other papers.
DuPlessis, C, 1931a, pp. 1-7. (South Africa,
Natal, concrete floors suspended — not
built on earth filling, a course of 24-gage
galvanized sheet iron, lapped, riveted,
and soldered at seams, covers whole of
sleeper walls, built into foundation walls
on all sides and under all floors, is bedded
in 5:1 cement mortar; in Transvaal,
Orange Free State, and Cape Province
a termite-proof course is built into foun-
dation walls as in Natal, but concrete
floors are laid on earth filling, since ter-
mites are not so troublesome.)
Froggatt, W. W., 1905, pp. 632-656, 753, 774.
(N.S. Wales, Australia.)
igo5a, pp. 1-47. (N.S. Wales, Australia.)
1913, pp. 1-46. (N.S. Wales, Australia.)
Fullaway, D. T., 1926, pp. 68-88. (Hawaii.)
Fuller, C, 1901, pp. 84-86. (In Australia
sheets of galvanized iron or zinc cover
tops of piles supporting houses to check
passage of termites, suitable for Natal,
South Africa.)
Hamilton, M. J., 1933-1934, pp. 337-344. 25-
30. (u.s.y
Hartnack, H., 1943, p. 37. (U.S.)
Horner, A. C, Bowe, E. E., Putnam, W.,
and Chase, G. E., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed.,
pp. 599-642. (Protection buildings, p. 626,
shields.)
Horner, A. C, and Bowe, E. E., in Kofoid,
1934, 2d ed., pp. 735-739. (Protection
lumber storage piles; shields, p. 736.)
Jack, R. W., 1913, pp. 1-16. (Rhodesia.)
Jepson, F. P., 1929, pp. 22-26. (Ceylon.)
Johnson, R. P. A., and D.wis, E. M., 1935,
p. 5. (Recommend use, U.S.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
109
Johnston, H. R., 1943, pp. 386-392. (U.S.,
in laboratory tests no type shield was
100% effective; as supplement to good
construction, properly made and installed
shields give high percentage protection.)
Jones, N. L., 1929, pp. 810-812. (N.S. Wales.)
Keck, C. B., 1953, pp. 187-194. (Hawaii,
thick tubes Coptotermes pass by shields.)
(Lewis, B., and) Snyder, T. E., 1944, pp. 16-
20. (Length life 26-gage galvanized iron
shields, Louisiana, over 16 years.)
Light, S. F., 1925, p. 287. (Pacific area.)
1925a, suppl. p. xiv. (Metal shield in ma-
sonry.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., p. 348. (Philip-
pines.)
Mac Gregor, W. D., 1950, pi. 7, pp. 23-29.
(British colonies.)
MuiRHEAD, D. M., 1937, pp. 87-91. (U.S.,
several types buildings.)
OsHiMA, M., 1919, pp. 342-343. (Barriers,
Formosa, concrete drains or gutters.)
Paull, J., 1917, p. 782. (Southern Australia.)
PoMEROY, A. W. J., 1927, pp. I -2 1. (Accra
and Achinota, Gold Coast.)
St. George, R. A., 1939, p. 15. (Buildings,
U.S.)
Snyder, T. E., 1926c, pp. lo-ii, 14. (Metal
collar around pipe sunk in concrete;
shields, guards, caps, U.S. 1930 revision,
pp. lo-ii: Shields, guards, metal caps.
1934 revision, pp. 11-12, 14: Shields,
guards, metal caps. 1937 revision, pp. 11-
12, 14: Shields, guards, metal caps. 1939
revision, pp. 11-12, 14: Shields, guards,
metal caps.)
1927a, pp. 290-291. (Metal shield for poles.)
1927b, pp. 316-321. (Building foundations,
U.S.)
1929k, pp. 210-230. (Building foundations,
U.S.)
1929I, pp. 1-5. (Building foundations, U.S.,
PP- 3-5-)
19290, pp. 268-277. (Building foundations,
U.S., pp. 3-5-)
1929 (1931)*, pp. 542-543. (Building foun-
dations, U.S., pp. 3-5.)
1933b, pp. 5-6, fig. I. (Building founda-
tions, U.S.)
1934b, pp. 5-6. (Buildings, U.S.)
1935a, pp. 70-78. (Buildings, U.S.)
1935c, pp. 1-6. (Buildings, U.S.)
1935^, PP- 5-6, 7-8, 28-30. (Buildings, U.S.)
19356, pp. 135-136, 144, 169-170. (Buildings,
U.S.)
1938, pp. 6-9. (Buildings, U.S.)
1939, pp. 7-9. (Buildings, U.S., Panama.)
1948, pp. 165-168. (Buildings, U.S., Pan-
ama, different types, bread pan, strip,
etc.)
i949d, ill Burton, pp. 264-272. (Buildings,
U.S., Panama, different types, bread pan,
strip, etc.)
1951, p. 28. (Buildings, U.S.)
1951a, p. 250. (Buildings, U.S.)
i952g, pp. 14, 16, 18. (Buildings, U.S.)
Snyder, T. E., and Reed, W. D., 1949, p. 9.
(Buildings, U.S.)
Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, J., in Kofoid, 1934,
2d ed., p. 346. (Panama.)
Turner, N., 1937, pp. 94-98. (Buildings, U.S.)
1939, pp. 16-17. (Construction shields, U.S.)
Turner, N., and Townsend, J. F., 1936, pp.
209-242. (Buildings, U.S.)
1939, pp. 1-14. (Buildings, U.S.)
Turner, N., and Zappe, M. P., 1938, pp. 208-
217. (Effectiveness shields in Connecti-
cut.)
Turner, N., Zappe, M. P., and Townsend,
J. F., 1937, pp. 392-396- (Buildings, U.S.)
Wilson, H. B., 1946, pp. 261-268. (Victoria,
Australia.)
SOIL POISONS, POISON BAITS, REPELLENTS
Anonymous, 1921, pp. 290-295. (Australia.)
1925, pp. 739-745. (Australia, sugarcane
protected by poisoned (arsenical) mo-
lasses bait.)
1926a, pp. 4-5. (Mastotermes darivinieusis,
Queensland, Australia, poisoned bait —
arsenic 4 parts by weight, caustic soda
I part, mixed dry, water gradually added
until dissolved, for every pound arsenic
add 2 gal. molasses; dehydrated tar and
paradichlorobenzene as repellents; also
clear timber from vicinity where sugar-
cane is raised.)
1927a, pp. 86-88. (Queensland, Coptotermes
acinacijonnis, sugarcane pest, benzine
and Cyanogas control.)
I935e, p. 2. (Zinc chloride.)
1936b'', pp. 189-21 1. (Metallic and inor-
ganic weed-killing compounds.)
I937i, pp. 154-156. (St. Helena, soil poison-
ing, chemical insulation.)
1942, pp. 34-37. (U.S. Dept. Agriculture
recommends as soil poisons: Sodium
arsenite, coal-tar creosote in fuel oil, ortho-
dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, penta-
chlorophenol; dosages, methods applica-
tion; revised 1949.)
1945c, pp. 1-2. (U.S., protection buildings.)
no
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL.
130
19466, pp. 195-199. (Australia, Copto-
termes, paradichlorobenzene protects
roots plants.)
1948, pp. 23-24. (U.S. Dept. Agriculture
recommendations for soil poisons in order
of effectiveness: Sodium arsenite, tri-
chlorobenzene in fuel oil, DDT in fuel
oil, pentachlorophenol in fuel oil, and
coal-tar creosote in fuel oil; dosages in
relatively increasing amounts, methods
application; revised 1951.)
1949I, p. 73. (Australia, creosote and 5%
pentachlorophenol in oil at rate of 0.5
gal. per cu. ft. gave complete protection
for I year; lead arsenate and white arsenic
(2 oz. per cu. ft.) failed.)
1950, pp. 1-4. (Australia, creosote oil, i gal.
to 5 cu. ft. in trench.)
1950a, pp. 86-104. (South Africa, penta-
chlorophenol less dangerous, more effec-
tive than sodium arsenite; copper sulfate
useless.)
i95od, p. 62. (Australia, creosote and 5%
pentachlorophenol (0.5 gal. per cu. ft.)
have given complete protection for 2
years as soil poisons; 5% sodium penta-
chlorophenate and 10% sodium arsenite
gave I year protection.)
i95of, pp. 1-4. (South Africa, "pestrol"
soil solution, "B" or "S.S.B.")
i95oi, pp. 1-2. (DDT recommended by
U.S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. for con-
trol subterranean termites.)
1951C, p. 65. (Australia, third annual ex-
amination soil poison tests around mounds
of Nasutitcrmes exitiostis, creosote and
pentachlorophenol effective 3 years, 5%
sodium pentachlorophenate and 10%
sodium arsenite (0.5 gal. per cu. ft.),
2 years, 5% DDT, i year; lead arsenate
and white arsenic (4 oz. per cu. ft.)
failed, i year.)
i952d, p. 6j. (Australia, third annual ex-
amination soil poison tests around mounds
of Nastititennes exitiostis, creosote and
pentachlorophenol effective 3 years, 5%
sodium pentachlorophenate and 10%
sodium arsenite (0.5 gal. per cu. ft.),
2 years, 5% DDT, i year; lead arsenate
and white arsenic (4 oz. per cu. ft.)
failed, i year; 4th annual examination,
same results as 3d and 2d; in similar tests
against Coptotermes lactcus 5% penta-
chlorophenol, 5% DDT, and creosote
have all given complete protection for
I year.)
I953P. P- 16. (U.S. Dept. Agriculture's
tests at Beltsville, Md., and Gulfport,
Miss., prove chlordane an effective soil
poison; emulsion will not kill vegetation.)
Ballou, H. a., 1912, pp. 150-151. (West In-
dies, sugar and arsenic or strychnine poi-
son bait.)
Bates, G., 1926, pp. 4-5. (Mastotermes dar-
u'iniensis, Queensland, poison bait, arsenic
and molasses to protect sugarcane; mix
dry 4 parts arsenic by weight, i part
caustic soda, add water gradually until
dissolved; for every pound of arsenic
2 gal. molasses is added.)
Bates, H. W., 1864, p. 186. (Arsenical soap,
wall space filled, Amazon.)
Beeley, F., 1934, pp. 160-175 (Malaya, chem-
ical dusts about roots rubber trees.)
Behr, E. a., 1949, pp. 19-20, 22. (Pentachloro-
phenol as a soil poison, U.S.)
Brittain, W. H., 1925, pp. 82-87. (Calcium
cyanide in the control of mound-building
termites, Bengal, India.)
1926, pp. 45-48. (Calcium cyanide in the
control of mound-building termites, Ben-
gal, India, Ceylon.)
1928, pp. 1 15-124. (Control of scavenger
termites in India and Ceylon by Cyano-
gas, calcium cyanide.)
Caresche, L., and Nguyen-Huu-Hanh, 1937,
pp. 213-216. (Toxicity of sulfur anhy-
dride to termites, Indo-China.)
Chopra, R. L., 1928, pp. 67-125. (Sugarcane
sets dipped for 5 min. in 2.5% solution
bichloride mercury and 1% arsenic, Pun-
jab, India. Soil treatment to protect
chillies (Capsicum) — 6.5 oz. arsenic and
8% paris green per 100 sq. ft. mixed
with ashes to secure even distribution
and prevent injury to plants.)
Christian, M. B., 1945, p. 20. (Chlorinated
phenols as soil poisons, U.S.)
Ciampolini, M., and Zocchi, R., 1954, pp.
309-325. (Tuscany and Firenze, damage
and control Rcticuliter?nes lucijugus in
buildings — soil poisons, wood preserva-
tives.)
CoATON, W. G. H., 1941, pp. 1-4. (Poison
baits to protect building in South Africa
against Macrotermes, Odontotermes, and
Hodotcrmes.)
1943, pp. 1-5. (South Africa, Hodotcrtnes,
poison bait, soak cut grass half inch long
in solution r lb. sodium arsenite, 8 lb.
brown sugar, 8 gal. water, used dry.)
Craighead, F. C, 1950, p. 46. (Soil poisons
to protect buildings, U.S., same as in
Anonymous, 1942, 1949.)
Decamps, M., 1936. (St. Helena, liquid harm-
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
III
less to man used as soil poison about
foundations, Napoleon's residence.)
Delaplane, W. K., Jr., 1951, pp. 31-32. (U.S.,
new chemicals.)
Dews, S. C, and Morril, A. W., Jr., 1946,
PP- 347-355- (5% DDT in oil effective
for 2 years at army installations. Fourth
Service Command, creosote in diesel oil
failed.)
DiETZ, H. F., and Snyder, T. E., 1924, p.
301. (Panama, fumigation mound nests
with hot volatile fumes arsenic and sul-
fur pumped into galleries, poison baits,
soil poisons.)
DuPlessis, C, 1931a, pp. 1-7. (Soil poisons
and baits. South Africa.)
1935, pp. 423-425. (Soil poisons and baits.
South Africa.)
Ehrhorn, E. M., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp.
330-333- (Hawaii, paris green, carbon
bisulfide.)
Evans, R., and Hassler, K., 1954, pp. 34, 36,
38, 40. (U.S., EDB (ethylene dibromide),
advantages and disadvantages as a soil
poison; effective.)
Feytaud, J., 1951, pp. 223-225. (France, toxic
mixtures against subterranean termites.)
1953, pp. 135-143. (France, CS2, sodium
arsenite, chlorinated phenols, naphtha-
lenes, DDT, chlordane.)
Fletcher, F. W., 1945, pp. 15-16, 18, 20, 22,
24, 26, 28. (U.S., orthodichlorobenzene.)
Froggatt, W. W., 1920, p. 46. (Australia,
poison baits, i oz. arsenic to i lb. treacle
or substitute sodium arsenite, dissolve in
hot water, mix with treacle, percolate
through damaged floors or joists.)
Fuller, C, 1912a, pp. 345-369, 543-571. (Na-
tal, South Africa, fumigate nests in
ground, "Universal Ant Exterminator,"
mixture 7 lb. arsenic to 3 lb. sulfur, or
8 to 2, results same when sulfur portion
is reduced; in Philippines, use 3 parts
sulfur to I arsenic; solution arsenite as
soil poison.)
1919a, pp. 301-305. (South Africa, poison
fumes from cylinders under pressure and
arsenical poison baits, Hodotermes.)
Hassler, K., 1953, pp. 37-38. (Ethylene di-
bromide, slab type house, U.S.)
1953a, pp. 31-32, 36. (Ethylene dibromide,
slab type house, U.S., three more cases
where EDB was a successful soil fumi-
gant.)
Hatfield, I., 1944, pp. 10-14. (Results of
tests soil poisons in West Virginia, Mis-
sissippi, and Florida; pentachlorophenol
and a mixture of this with trichloro-
benzene most effective; none completely
effective over 5-year period.)
Hazelhoff, E. H., 1927, pp. 57-82. (Java,
Termes gilvus in sugarcane fields con-
trolled by stomach poisons.)
Headlee, T. J., and Jobbins, D. M., 1939, pp.
638-640. (Acid lead arsenate effective soil
poison in control Reticulitermes fiavipes
in New Jersey; minimum dosage 0.05 lb.
per cu. ft. soil as effective as maximum
or 0.4 lb. per cu. ft.)
Hetrick, L. a., 1950, pp. 57-59. (Organic
insecticides, effectiveness against Reticuli-
termes fiavipes. Eastern U.S.)
1952, pp. 235-237. (Organic insecticides,
effectiveness against R. fiavipes, eastern
U.S., more than 5 years testing gamma
benzene hexachloride and chlordane,
more toxic than pentachlorophenol, so-
dium pentachlorophenate, toxaphene,
DDT, and its analogs. Aldrin, dieldrin,
and heptachlor very promising after 2
years test.)
Hill, G. F., and Holdaway, F. G., 1934, pp.
169-172. (Zinc chloride, 3 '4 oz. per sq.
ft. and penetration i in., effective in con-
trolling mound-building Etttermes exiti-
osus, Australia.)
Hockenyos, G. L., 1939, pp. 147-149. (Lab-
oratory evaluation soil poison, U.S., poi-
sons mixed with air-dried soil, moistened
slighdy. Trichlorobenzene and poly-
chloropentane markedly superior to ortho-
dichlorobenzene.)
1939a, pp. 16-17, (U.S., leaching of sodium
arsenate through soil.)
1940, p. 10. (U.S., properties of soils re-
lated to termite control.)
1940a, pp. 7-8. (U.S., how long will soil
poisons remain effective.?)
Hovi^LL, J. L., 1951, pp. 31-32. (U.S., im-
portance of soils in termite control.)
1952, p. 27. (U.S., safety in control.)
Hussain, M. a., 1929, pp. 65-66. (Lahore,
Punjab, India, poisons to control termite
damage to crops and buildings.)
Jarvis, E., 1926a, p. 6. (Australia, Masto-
termes darwiniensis damage to sugarcane,
control: poison baits applied to infested
stumps, roots, posts, etc., digging out
nest, killing queens, burning old logs and
trees in vicinity; also dipping ends sets
in dehydrated tar — used effectively in
India.)
1926b, pp. 13-14, 49-52. (Queensland, fumi-
gation of ground with paradichloroben-
zene, carbon disulfide, calcium cyanide;
poison baits: arsenic and molasses, poi-
112
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
soiling sugarcane sets, paris green, lead
arsenate, and arsenate of copper.)
1927a, pp. 18-23. (Queensland, Mastotermes
rated 4th of 29 insects of major impor-
tance to sugarcane; dipping ends sets in
dehydrated tar before planting not effec-
tive; sodium arsenite best poison bait,
pieces split cane soaked in 10% solution;
mortality secured in 24 hr.)
Jepson, F. p., et al., 1930b, pp. 6-14. (Ceylon,
gasoline (petrol) used as poison.)
1931a, pp. 67-69. (Ceylon, mounds leveled,
hole in center area and a circle of holes
about center 18 in. apart, one oz. petrol
per hole, 10 to 12 oz. per nest, disinte-
grate the fungus combs.)
Johnston, H. R., 1954, pp. 24, 28, 46. (With
pressure 50 lb. per sq. in. where space
under slab 2 to 4 in. good treatment 3 ft.
from nozzle, voids of i in., spread of
chemical for maximum of 2 ft., U.S.)
KoFoiD, C. A., et al., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed.,
p. 582. (Lists soil poisons, U.S., precau-
tions where arsenic used.)
KowAL, R. J., 1954, pp. 12, 14, 16, 18. (Soil
poisons under slab construction, i pt. per
sq. ft., U.S.)
1954a, p. 6. (U.S., water suspensions or
powder not as effective as solutions or
emulsions as soil poisons.)
KowAL, R. }., and St. George, R. A., 1948,
pp. 112-113. (Preliminary results soil
poison tests, 3 to 4 years, Beltsville, Md.,
Canal Zone, Panama; dry lead arsenate,
sodium arsenite and liquid trichloroben-
zene, and combination trichlorobenzene
and 5% pentachlorophenol most effec-
tive.)
Laan, p. a. van der, 1 95 1, pp. 33-35. (DDT
as a soil poison.)
Langford, G. S., 1953, pp. 36-37. (Southern
U.S., chlordane.)
(Lewis, B., and) Snyder, T. E., 1944, pp. 16-
20. (Soil poisons, U.S.)
LiTTiG, K. S., 1949, p. 45. (U.S. Third Army
posts, 5% pentachlorophenol in fuel oil,
I to 2 gal. per 5 lin. ft.)
Luke, W. J., Jr., 1952, pp. 1-7. (Dominican
Republic, sugarcane, aldrin or "Octalene"
or "Aldrex" most effective, 2 lb. per acre,
after soil was plowed and knifed.)
McCauley, W. E., 1939, pp. 9-12. (Need for
standardized method of testing soil poi-
sons.)
1943. PP- 165-166. (Testing soil poisons, in
Campbell and Moulton, 1943, pp. 1-206,
reprint of mimeographed outline of stand-
ard procedure issued by U^. Dept. Agri-
culture, Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar., Forest
Insect Investigations.)
Madrid, V. J., 1934, pp. 604-612. (Philippines,
immersion of seeds and cuttings from a
few minutes to i hr. in a 1:10 solution
of coal-tar kerosene emulsion effective;
does not affect viability.)
Martin, G. C, 1950, pp. 61-63. (Rhodesia,
crop (tobacco) spray as a repellent.)
Mossop, M. C, 1948, pp. 114-118. (Rhodesia,
control harvester termites, Hodotermes
and Microhodotermes spp.; 6/4 bu. dry
bait per acre spread evenly; soak dry
grass up to Vz in. in length in solution
I lb. sodium arsenite to 8 gal. water, dry
bait before using; do not graze cattle
until after soaking rains.)
Narayanan, E. S., and Lall, R., 1952, pp.
21-30. (Crops, India.)
O'Kane, W. C, and Osgood, W. A., 1922, pp.
1-20. {Vz of 1% solution Phinotas oil in
water.)
OsBORN, E. H., 1926, pp. 707-708. (Australia,
giant white ant, sugarcane, arsenic-mo-
lasses bait, poison fences, stumps.)
OsHiMA, M., 1919, p. 342. (Formosa.)
Paoli, G., 1929, pp. 273-281. (Sodium cyanide
solution for destruction nests.)
Randall, M., and Doody, T. C, in Kofoid,
1934, 2d ed. (Ground treatments, U.S.,
pp. 502-513; poison dusts and baits, U.S.,
PP- 463-476.)
Rossi, R. T., and Snyder, T. E., 1934, pp. 755-
756. (Soil poison tests about radio poles
at Riverhead, Long Island, N. Y., U.S.
Dept. Agriculture in cooperation with
R.C.A.)
St. George, R. A., 1939, p. 14. (U.S.)
1952, p. 20. (U.S., new insecticides for ter-
mite control, DDT, chlordane, benzene
hexachloride, aldrin, dieldrin; chlordane
2% emulsion not injurious to vegeta-
tion.)
1952a, pp. 36, 32. (History soil poison tests
in U.S. and comparative effectiveness
chemicals.)
1954, pp. 24, 26. (U.S., I and 2% chlordane
in No. 2 fuel oil and 2% chlordane emul-
sion, at Vz and i pt. per sq. ft. of soil
surface effective for 5 years; emulsion
does not injure plants.)
Secrest, H. C, 1952, pp. 88-89. (New in-
secticides to control subterranean ter-
mites — 0.8% gamma isomer benzene
hexachloride in kerosene and 8% DDT
in No. 2 fuel oil effective for 5 years,
dosage 2 gal. per 5 cu. ft.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
"3
1954, p. 99. (Mississippi, BHC, chlordane,
and DDT emulsions caused no plant
injury.)
1954a, pp. 1-5. (Gulf Coast, U.S., stake
tests, I to i^ gal. to 5 cu. ft., 5.36 lb.
benzene hexachloride in 100 gal. kerosene
effective for 8 years; DDT in kerosene,
63.5 lb. in 100 gal. fuel oil effective for
5 years; sodium arsenite 9% in water, 2
gal. to 5 cu. ft. effective for 6 years (at
Beltsville, Md., and Canal Zone effective
for 9 years) ; trichlorobenzene i part to
3 parts No. 2 fuel oil, effective for 6
years. Groundboard tests, benzene hexa-
chloride 0.4 and 0.8% gamma concen-
tration, I pt. dosage per sq. ft., effective
for 6 years; chlordane in No. 2 fuel oil,
and 2% emulsion, 6 years; dieldrin in
water emulsion 0.25, 0.5, and 1%, 5 years;
Toxaphene in No. 2 fuel oil, 5% concen-
tration, 6 years. Buildings, sodium ar-
senite 10%, 6 years.)
Shelford, V. E., 1949, p. 541. (Aqueous solu-
tion chlordane.)
1950, p. 107. (Aqueous solution chlordane.)
1952, p. 127. (Aqueous solution chlordane,
1% solution effective after 3 years at
Urbana, III., soil about a building.)
1952a, p. 544. (Aqueous solution chlordane,
1% solution effective 4 years at Urbana,
111., soil about a building.)
1953, pp. 527-528. (Aqueous solution chlor-
dane, 1% solution effective 5 years, since
early Sept., 1947, at Urbana, 111., soil
about a building.)
Shibata, K., 1934, pp. 250-255. (Effect of
naphthalene on behavior of termites, For-
mosa.)
Skaife, S. H., 1954a, p. 130. (South Africa,
lime, salt, etc., repellents.)
Smith, L. E., 1942, p. 19. (Synthetic organic
compounds.)
1942a, pp. 1-4. (Phenoxathiin a promising
insecticide) :
Percent
Concentration
Hours
kill
1:1,000
24
100
1 :3,ooo
24
97
48
100
1:5,000
24
80
48
100
Smith, M. W., 1940, pp. 19-20. (Diphenyl-
amine promising soil poison.)
Snyder, T, E., 1915, p. 79. (Drenching soil
under cut-off infested timbers in cellar
with kerosene oil, or carbon bisulphide,
U.S.)
19 1 6, pp. 28-29. (Drenching soil under cut-
off infested timbers in cellar with kero-
sene oil, or carbon bisulfide, U.S.)
1916a, pp. 15-16. (Drenching soil under
cut-off infested timbers in cellar with
kerosene oil, or carbon bisulfide, U.S.)
1919a. (Drenching soil under cut-off in-
fested timbers in cellar with kerosene oil,
or carbon bisulfide, U.S., also under ori-
gin shelter tubes, pp. 12-13; carbon bi-
sulfide in holes in soil and soaking soil
with kerosene emulsion to kill termites
attacking flowers and greenhouse plants,
precautions in use carbon bisulfide, pp.
15-16.)
1926c, p. 6. (Pretreatment soil before build-
ing, U.S., sodium cyanide, sodium arse-
nite, creosote and kerosene, carbon disul-
fide emulsion and lye.) 1930 revision,
p. 6. (Pretreatment soil before building,
U.S., sodium cyanide, sodium arsenite,
creosote and kerosene, carbon bisulfide
emulsion and lye.) 1934 revision, pp. 7-8.
(Orthodichlorobenzene added.) 1937 re-
vision, pp. 7-8. (Orthodichlorobenzene
added.) 1939 revision, pp. 7-8. (Ortho-
dichlorobenzene added.)
1929b. (Pretreatment soil before building,
p. 22; mound-building termites Pacific
area killed by calcium cyanide and poison
gases, pp. 25-26; sugarcane dipped in
kerosene oil, sodium arsenite before plant-
ing, calcium cyanide and carbon bisulfide
treatment soil, p. 26; poison baits: arsenic
and molasses, sawdust soaked with so-
dium arsenite, p. 26.)
1929], pp. 6-12. (Pretreatment soil before
building; mound-building termites Pa-
cific area killed by calcium cyanide and
poison gases; sugarcane dipped in kero-
sene oil, sodium arsenite before planting,
calcium cyanide and carbon bisulfide
treatment soil; poison baits: arsenic and
molasses, sawdust soaked with sodium
arsenite. Soil poisons, Hawaii, p. 12.)
1929m, p. 9. (Soil poisons for buildings
and poles, U.S.)
19290. (Pretreatment soil before building,
pp. 271-272; gases and soil poisons for
control mound-building termites, p. 275.)
1931*5 PP- 545-546- (Pretreatment soil be-
fore building; gases and soil poisons for
control mound-building termites; carbon
bisulfide and paris green for underground
carton nest building termites attacking
poles, Hawaii, p. 546.)
1933b, pp. 6-7. (Orthodichlorobenzene soil
114
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
poison, temporary stoppage, still experi-
mental, dosage and methods application.)
1934b, pp. 5-6, 12. (U.S., buildings.)
1935a, pp. 70-78. (U.S., buildings.)
1935b, pp. 115-119, 128. (U.S., buildings.)
1935c, pp. 1-6. (U.S., buildings.)
i935d, pp. 5-6, 28-30. (U.S., buildings.)
i935e, pp. 130. 132, i44-i45>. 156, 166-167.
(U.S., buildings, in experimental stage,
temporary stoppage damage; orthodi-
chlorobenzene most promising; dosages,
methods application; poles.)
1936, pp. 92-94, 103. (U.S., buildings.)
1936a, pp. 395-396. (U.S., buildings.)
1937, pp. 26-33. (Louisiana, coal-tar creo-
sote and petroleum oil, dosage, method
application.)
19385 pp. 6-9. (Buildings, U.S.)
1939, pp. 7-9- (Buildings, U.S.)
19393, p. I. (U.S., results soil poison tests,
U.S. Dept. Agriculture.)
1947b, p. 147. (U.S., buildings.)
1947c,. p. 12. (U.S., chemical insulation of
buildings in Nat. Pest Control Assoc, i, 2,
3 and 3/4 principles for control subter-
ranean termites.)
1948, pp. 155, 162-163, 172-177, rev. ed.
1935^. (Soil poisons for temporary relief
and supplement structural repairs, sodium
arsenite, pentachlorophenol, orthodichlo-
robenzene, trichlorobenzene, coal-tar creo-
sote diluted in fuel oil, monochloro-
naphthalene, DDT in petroleum oil;
dosages, methods application about build-
ings; about utility poles, p. 109.)
1949c, p. 24. (U.S., DDT, chlordane, ben-
zene hexachloride effective soil poisons.)
1950, pp. 12-14. (Maryland, sodium arsenite
sprayed under buildings (against walls)
where insufficient clearance for crawl
space, effective, cheap; 2% chlordane
emulsion effective, does not kill vegeta-
tion.)
1951, p. 28. (Chemical barriers or soil
poisons, buildings, U.S.)
1951a, p. 250. (Soil poisons supplement
structural changes in control subterranean
termites, U.S.)
1952b, pp. 34, 48. (Sodium arsenite cheap,
noninflammable, effective soil poison, can
be used with safety in U.S.)
i952f, p. 30. (Wood preservatives not neces-
sarily effective soil poisons.)
1953b, p. 30. (Sodium arsenite, DDT, and
benzene hexachloride emulsions recom-
mended as soil poisons under concrete
slabs before pouring concrete, must be
well distributed in soil.)
Snyder, T. E., and Reed, W. D., 1949, p. 10.
Buildings and wood boxes on ammuni-
tion dumps, protected in U.S. and Tropics
by soil poisons: sodium arsenite, benzene
hexachloride, chlorinated phenols and
benzenes, monochloronaphlhalene and
DDT.)
Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, J., 1924, pp. 23-24.
(Panama, placing paradichlorobenzene in
openings in mounds, or in underground
galleries; sodium cyanide sprayed on
ground after mounds have been leveled.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., p. 346. (Panama,
soil poisons, poisoning mound and carton
nests, poison dusts.)
Swingle, M. C, Gah.\n, J. B., and Phillips,
A. M., 1941, pp. 9-1 1. (Phthalonitrile
tested as soil poison by Hockenyos
method in laboratory, U.S.:
Percent
Concentration
Hours
kill
1 :3,ooo (parts soil)
24-28
100, not re-
pelled, pene-
trated soil to
usual depth.
1 :4,ooo
3 days
93
1 :5,ooo
3 days
93
1:10,000
5 days
12
Orthodichlorobenzene at concentration
of 1:1,000 repelled termites, preventing
penetration soil, but caused no mortality
within 4 days.)
1945, pp. 1-23. (Preliminary tests synthetic
organic compounds.)
Swingle, M. C, Mayer, E. L., and Gahan,
J. B., 1944, pp. 672-677. (Synthetic or-
ganic compounds tested as soil poisons,
relative toxicity, U.S.)
Swingle, M. C, Phillips, A. M., and Gahan,
J. B., 1944, pp. 1-134. (Synthetic organic
compounds tested as in 1941 as soil poi-
sons, termites, pp. 3, 5, 8, 10-25, 28-70, 72,
81, 85, 88, 102, 114, 122-123, i30> ^32-
I33-)
Turner, N., and Zappe, M. P., 1938, pp. 208-
217. (EfiBciency of soil poisons in Con-
necticut.)
Uichanco, L. B., 1931, pp. 601-603. (Philip-
pines, water and oil treatments soil-in-
habiting termites.)
VoN SCHRENCK, H., I938, pp. 29O-306. (Soil
poison tests at Florissant, Mo.)
1945, pp. X42-168. (Trichlorobenzine effec-
tive in Missouri soil poison tests.)
Wahl, R. O., and Powell, A. R., 1927, pp.
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES! SUBJECTS — SNYDER
"5
125-140. (Importance of nest structure
in control certain South American ter-
mites with Cyanogas, calcium cyanide.)
White, A. N., 1952, p. 18. (Texas, soil poi-
soning may be used to control termites.)
WoLcoTT, G. N., 1947a, pp. 1-18. (Termite
repellents, BHC, DDT, etc.)
Zacher, E., 1914, p. 35. (Tropics, preventive
injury to root crown, mixture 5 parts pe-
troleum, T-Vi parts soap, and 100 parts
water stirred hot; to poison balls of thick
paste, I part arsenic, 2'/2 parts soda, 6 to
8 parts molasses or syrup mixed with
meal and laid near nests as poison bait.)
SOUND
Anonymous, 1923, p. 53. (Soldiers warn by
rapping heads on floor. East Africa.)
BuGNioN, E., 1913c, pp. 125-135, 136-139.
(Sound-producing termites, India.)
Buxton, P. A., 1923, pp. 271-273. (Two
further cases coordinated rhythm.)
Connor, F, P., 1933, p. 1018. (Rhythmic
sound produced by termites at work,
India.)
Emerson, A. E., 1929a, pp. 722-727. (Com-
munication among termites; discussion
by N. A. Kemner included.)
Emerson, A. E., and Simpson, R. C, 1929,
pp. 648-649. (Communication among
termites.)
GouNELLE, E., 1900, pp. 168-169. (Sound pro-
duced by two species American termites.)
Marcus, H., 1947, pp. 39-44- (Stridulating
organs in nasute termite, Bolivia.)
Snyder, T. E., I935e, pp. 28, 32, 51. (Com-
munications, signals, by sound.)
1948, pp. 57-58. (Communication and
sound production.)
I952d, pp. 33-34. (History of microphones.)
Thyagaraju, a. S., 1934, p. 745. (Sound pro-
duced by termites at work, harsh grating,
"bur bur bur," India.)
Williams, C. B., 1922, p. 174. (Quotes Gou-
nelle, 1900, sound produced by large
number termites, Brazil, tapping their
heads on dried leaves bromeliads, not
rhythmic, "like pinch of sand hitting
paper.")
SPERMATOGENESIS
Grasse, p. p., 1937a, pp. 1677-1679. (Aberrant
spermatogenesis in the Metatermitidae.)
Grasse, P. P., and Bonneville, P., 1936, p.
1009. (Abortive or atypical spermato-
genesis in BelUcositermes natalensis.)
Stevens, N. M., 1905, pp. 1-32. (Spermato-
genesis in Zootermopsis with special ref-
erence to the accessory chromosomes;
male nymphs diploid chromosomes num-
ber 52.)
SUPERORGANISM, SUPRAORGANISM, COLONY AS
Allee, W. C, 1943, pp. 517-525. (Coopera-
tive principle the central point in "grand
strategy of evolution.")
Allee, W. C, et al., 1949, pp. 420, 435, 692-
695, 698, 718-729. (Supraorganism.)
Bouvier, E. L., 1918, p. 299. (Superorgan-
ism.)
Emerson, A. E., 1939b, pp. 182-209. (Social
coordination and the superorganism.)
1942a, pp. 163-176. (Basic comparisons of
human and insect societies.)
1947, pp. 337-345. (Populations undergo
evolution to supraorganisms.)
1949, in Allee et al., p. 698. (Termites.)
1952a, in France, pp. 333-354. (Supraor-
ganismic aspects of the society, comments
by other isopterists.)
LiJscHER, M., 1953, pp. 74-76, 78. (If colony
regarded as a superorganism, caste de-
termination is an embryological problem.)
Maeterlinck, M., 1927, pp. 1-238. (Colony
may be regarded as one living creature
subject to one central law, the "spirit of
the colony.")
Marais, E. N., 1937, pp. XV 4- 184. (Soul of
the white ant.)
NoYEs, H., 1937, pp. xlv-f-289. (Habits of
Macrotcrmes natalensis and man.)
Snyder, T. E., 1948, pp. 6-7. (Quotes Emer-
son, 1939, and Maeterlinck, 1927; and
authors of several popular books who re-
gard the termite colony as a whole — as
is the human body, workers represent red
blood corpuscles, soldiers white, outer
surface nest the skin, and the queen the
brain. (The worker would appear to be
the brain.) Emerson believes the social
organismic analogies more comparable
with the primitive multicellular animals,
as the sponge.)
Weismann, a., 1893, pp. 309-338, 596-610.
(The all-sufficiency of natural selection.)
Wheeler, W. M., 1911a, pp. 307-325. (Col-
ony as an organism, ant.)
ii6
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
TAXONOMY (LIVING) 3.*
Ahmad, M., 1949, pp. i-ii. {Cydotermes
placed in synonymy with Odontotermes.)
1950, pp. 39-86. (Phylogeny of genera
based on imago-worker mandibles.)
1952, p. 71. (India, Pakistan, Cryptotertnes
bengalensis synonym of C. hauilandi.)
1953a, pp. 37-41. {Coptotermcs emcrsoni,
Odontotermes {Hypoternies) winijredi,
n. spp., Ceylon, winged Nasutitermcs
ceylonicus.)
Anonymous, 1925b, p, 198. (South Africa,
new species, not named.)
Araujo, R. L., 1954, pp. 181-189. (Brazil,
Paracornitermes, n. spp., emersoni and
hirsutus.)
Blanchard, C. E., 1840*, pp. 46-47. (Termes
obsciiru7n, morio, flauicoUe, lucijugum.)
Brues, C. T. Melander, A. L., and Carpen-
ter, F. M., 1954, pp. 121-125. (Keys to
families.)
Cachan, p., 1949, pp. 177-275. (Madagascar,
new species: Neotermes isaloensis, con-
cavifrons; Glyptotermes longiceps, and
sp.; Microtermes saJ{aIava; Microcero-
tennes longiceps, unidentattis; Cubitermes
siibinteger; Mia'otenncs incisus; Eti-
termes milloti, canaliculatus ( = laticeps),
3 forms, neonanus; Coarctotermes patili-
ani, beharaensis, keys.)
1951, pp. 1-18. (Madagascar, dcscr. Proneo-
termes delphinensis; Glyptotermes alao-
tranus; Gibbotermes in Microcapritermi-
tinae for Cubitermes subinteger Cachan,
with G. mandibtdaris, longiceps, minor,
major, and sal^arahensis; Nasutitermes
vadoni.)
CoATON, W. G. H., 1949b, pp. 13-77. (South
Africa, Hodotermitidae and Kalotermiti-
dae; new species: Kalotermes capicola,
munroi, mkuzii, sibayiensis; ? Glypto-
termes umtatae, ? G. sordtcanae.)
1950a, pp. 3-32. (South Africa, Crypto-
termes naudei, Zululand, keys.)
Desneux, J., 1950, p. 735. {Apicotermes of
tropical Africa, A. arqttieri, n. sp., nest
only described.)
EiiRHORN, E. M., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., p.
323. (Key to Hawaiian termites.)
Emerson, A. E., in Snyder, 1949b, pp. 1-490.
(New genera, pp. 374-377: (Acor/iinoter-
mes, Dentispicotermes , Planicapritermes,
Procornitermes, Triacitermes, Parviter-
mes, Bulbitermes, and Paracornitermes;
new names or new species, Kalotermes
/lilli, n. name; Schedorhinotermes holm-
greni, n. sp.; Speculitermes proratus, n.
sp.; Cylindrotermes parvignathtts, n. sp.;
Orthognathotermes aduncus, n. sp.; Ter-
mes medioculatus, n. sp.; Odontotermes
(O.) nilensis, n. sp.; Cornitermes silves-
trii, n. sp.; C. snyderi, n. sp.; Armitermes
silvestrii, n. sp. and Convexitermes nigri-
cornis, n. subsp. junceus.)
1950, pp. 1-15. (South America and
Madagascar, new genera: Glossotermes,
Genuotermes, Spicotermes, Quasitermes,
Cornicapritcrmes; Glossotermes octtlatus,
Genuotermes spinifer, Spicotermes brevi-
carinatus, Quasitertnes caprinus, and Cor-
nicapritcrmes mucronatus, Rhinotermiti-
dae and Termitidae.)
1952a, in France, p. 342. (Comparison Api-
cotermes nests.)
1952b, pp. 479-539. {Procornitermes and
Cornitermes, genera, species — including
2 and 7 n. spp., respectively, keys.)
i953> PP- 101-121. (Africa, Apicotermes,
discussion phylogeny, 2 new species, A.
desneuxi and A. porifex.)
1955, pp. 1-3. (Ecological and physiological
species.)
EssiG, E. O., 1942, pp. 159-173. (Families
termites, keys.)
Feytaud, J., 1950, pp. 380-381. (Reticuliter-
mes jlavipes, santonensis (subsp. or var.) ;
several species or subspecies present in
France confused under R. lucijugus.)
Gay, F. J., 1955, pp. 177-181. (Australia,
Coptotermcs brunneus, n. sp., wing, and
sold.; Ahamitermes inclusus, n. sp.,
queen, sold.)
Grasse, P, p., 1949, pp. 408-544. (Family
Termopsidae for Termopsis, Porotermes,
and Stolotermes.)
Grasse, p. p., and Noirot, C, 1948, pp. 735-
736. (Nest Apicotermes arquieri, n. sp.,
described.)
1950, p. 138. {Odontotermes magdalenae,
n. sp., described.)
1952, pp. 291-342. {Macrotermes ivorensis.
n. sp., described, p. 333; Microtermes
usambaricus, n. sp., described, p. 338.)
Hagen, H. a., 1866a, pp. 219-220. (Synon-
ymy.)
3 Papers cited in Snyder, T. E., 1949, Catalog of the Termites (Isoptcra) of tlie Wodd, Smithsonian
Misc. Coll., vol. 112, pp. 490, Nov. i, are not relisted.
* See also Taxonomy (Fossil.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
"7
Harris, W. V., 1951, pp. 25-28. (East Africa,
Pericapriterrnes gloveri, n. sp., described.)
1953, pp. 13-14. {Hetcrotermes perfidus
Silv., a synonym of H. platycephalus
Frogg. (Emerson, 1951, in litt.)
1953a, pp. 261-262. (Belgian Congo, Micro-
ter7nes palUdiventris, n. sp.)
1954a, pp. 493-496. (Socotra, Indian Ocean
off Africa, Procryptotermes and Amiter-
mes, n. spp.)
1954c, pp. 127-137. (East Africa, Microcero-
termcs masaiaticus, im., sold., Kenya; M.
nemoralis, im., sold., Tanganyika; Peri-
capriterrnes dumicola, sold., Tanganyika;
Microtermes luteus, sold., Tanganyika;
'Nasutitermes l^empae, sold., Tanganyika;
Grallatotermes africanus, im., sold., Tan-
ganyika.)
Hill, C. A. Gibson-, 1947, pp. 56-57. (Christ-
mas Island, Indian Ocean.)
1950, pp. 149-165. (Cocos-Keeling Island,
Prorhinotermes ca7mlifrons (Sjostd.),
Kalotermes, n. sp.)
Lal, R., and Menon, R. D., 1953, pp. 1-94.
(Catalog Isoptera India, including Burma
and Ceylon.)
Lash, J. W., 1952, pp. 1-7. (Jerusalem, Pales-
tine, ReticuUtermes clypeatus, n. sp.)
Light, S. F., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed. (Key
to families, pp. 120-124; keys to Ameri-
can Amitcr7nes and Gnathamitermes, pp.
203-205; keys to Kalotermitidae, pp. 206-
209, 215-216; key to Mexican termites,
pp. 337-338; key to Philippine termites,
P- 350.)
Newman, E., 1853, pp. clxxxi-cciv. (Neurop-
tera divided into two classes.)
Nichols, E. R., 1931, pp. 1-2. (Classifica-
tion species by mandibles workers and
nymphs.)
Packard, A. S., 1863, pp. 590-603. (Synthetic
types.)
1883, pp. 326-329. (Systematic position in
relation to other orders.)
Pickens, A. L., 1954, pp. 71-74. (Intraspecific
problems in die taxonomy of insect caste,
in ReticuUtermes flavipes winged of two
sizes produced.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., Gay, F. J., and Greaves, T.,
1952, pp. 50-124. (Australian termites,
keys, generic, distribution, habits.)
Roonwal, M. L., 1953, pp. 115-118. (Hetero-
tcrmes gertrudae, n. sp.. North India.)
Snyder, T. E., 1948, pp. 231-235. (U.S., keys
to genera.)
1949b, pp. 1-490. (New genera, pp. 374,
378: Dolichorhinotermes Snyder ancl
Emerson, Parastylotermes Snyder and
Emerson — fossil; new names or new spe-
cies, Snyder and Emerson: Kalotermes
seeversi, n. name; Eucryptotermes wheel-
eri, n. name; Anoplotertnes bequaerti
and A. hageni, n. names; Tcrmes lighti
and T. winifredae, n. names; Odontoter-
mes (O.) grassei and O. (O.) holmgreni,
n. names; Ancistrotermes wasmanni, n.
name; Nasutitermes glabritergus, n. sp.,
N. \emneri and N. lighti, n. names;
Bulbitermes neopusillus, n. name; Tri-
nervitermes hilli, n. name. 1,932 species
cataloged.)
1950a, in Craighead, pp. 88-90. (Eastern
U.S., keys to species.)
195-h, pp. 303-305. (Rugitermes unicolor,
n. sp., Guatemala.)
1953C5 pp. 40-41. {Gnathotermes synonym
Macrotermes; Hodotermes japonicus is a
damaged earwig.)
1954b, pp. 1-64. (U.S. and Canada, keys
to species.)
1954^5 P- 38- (Determination termites in-
troduced into U.S.)
Stroud, C. P., 1953, pp. 76-92. {Kalotermes,
measurements of 14 characters, factor
analysis, shows evolutionary trends, ex-
istence Proglyptotcrmes demonstrated.)
Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H., 1952, p. 351.
{Calotermes ctirvithorax Kelsey is syno-
nym of Kalotermes immigrans Snyder.)
Weidner, H., 1955, pp. 63-68. (Anterior
Asia, Mtcrocerotermes gahrielis, n. sp.,
wing., sold.)
Wilkinson, W., 1954, pp. 75-82. (East Af-
rica, Kalotermes \empae, im., sold., Glyp-
totcrmes \awandae, im., sold., G. reticu-
latus, im., sold., n. spp.)
Williams, R. M. C, 1954, pp. 215-227. (East
Africa, Crenetermes umbraticola, im.,
sold.; Cubitermes umbratiis, im., sold.;
Prociibitermes goliathi, sold.; P. plani-
jacies, sold.; Noditermes wasambaricus,
im., sold., n. spp.)
TAXONOMY (F0SSIL)5
Pierce, W. D., 1948, pp. 136-143. (La Brea
asphaltum and McKittrick asphalt fossils,
California, Pleistocene.)
Snyder, T. E., 1949a, pp. 164-165. {Ulmeri-
ella latahensis, n. sp. Miocene, Washing-
ton State.)
5 Papers cited in Snyder, T. E., 1949, Catalog of die Termites (Isoptera) of the World, Smithsonian
Misc. Coll., vol. 112, p. 490, Nov. i, are not relisted.
ii8
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
1949b, p. 378. {Parastylotermes Snyder and
Emerson, n. gen., Miocene, Washington
State.)
1950b, pp. 190-193. (U.S. fossils and their
living relatives.)
1953c, pp. 40-41. (Fecal pellet Cryptoter-
mes brevis from Peru, described as
Foraminifera.)
1955a, p. 32. {Parastylotermes frazieri, n.
sp., from Miocene, California, U.S.)
1955c, pp. 79-80. (California, U.S., Para-
stylotermes frazieri Sny.)
Stone, B., 1950, p. 17. (Recent termite pellet
described by W. Berry in 1928 and in-
cluded in Catalog of Foraminifera as
"Lagena samanica," Upper Eocene, NW.
Peru.)
1951, p. 139. (Synonym — Lagena samanica
is a fecal pellet of the recent termite
Cryptotcrmes brevis.)
TEMPERATURE
Abe, Y., 1937, pp. 463-472. (Relations be-
tw^een temperature and distribution ori-
ental Coptotermes jormosanns.)
Beall, G., 1931, pp. 33-35. (Termopsis freez-
ing and diawing, British Columbia; 2
species, Tertnopsis angusticollis and neva-
densis, tolerant to water and cold.)
Castle, G. B., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., p. 286.
Zootermopsis and temperature.)
Cook, S. F., and Smith, R. E., 1942, pp. 211-
219. (Metabolic relations, Protozoa sym-
biosis, temperature effects.)
Ebner, R., 1926, pp. 75-76. (Anglo-Egyptian
Sudan, Tertnes bellicosus, temperature
27° C. in nests, 56° in sun, 43° in shade.)
Ehrhorn, E. M., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed.,
p. 330. (Use of heat chambers to con-
trol dry-wood termites infesting wooden
railroad cars, Hawaii.)
Emerson, A. E., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed.,
p. 117. (Map world showing distribution
isotherm limits.)
Geyer, J. W. C, 1951a, pp. 36-43. (In a sup-
plementary fungus garden of Terrncs
badius, South Africa, at deptli 18 in.
temperature fluctuated 13.1° C. and
13.9° C. in surrounding soil; tempera-
ture in garden not constant, followed
that of soil at equal depths but always
a few degrees warmer.)
HoLDAWAY, F. G., and Gay, F. J., 1948, pp.
464-493. (Temperature mound Eutermes
exitiosus, Australia, not constant, varies
with time of day and environmental
temperature; temperature of nursery con-
tinuously higher than air or soil, follows
seasonal change in air temperature. Tem-
perature of occupied mound higher
(14.5° to 18.6° F.) than unoccupied due
to metabolism termites. Fewer termites
in mound in summer than winter. Pres-
ence alates raises temperature 10° to
13° F. Mound temperature enables de-
termination difference between populous
and nonpopulous nests; i.e., vitality of
colony can be checked by temperature
variation.)
HoLDAWAY, F. G., Gay, F. J., and Greaves, T.,
1935, pp. 42-46. (Australia, temperature
factor in seasonal concentration popula-
tion in mounds Eutermes exitiosus,
smallest during warmer weather.)
Kofoid, C. A., 1934, 2d ed., pp. 17, 19. (Tem-
perature and termites of U.S.; p. 20, Cop-
totermes fortnosanus, Hawaii.)
Morgan, A. H., 1940, pp. 176-177. (Animals
in winter.)
O'Kane, W. C, and Osgood, W. A., 1922,
pp. 1-20. (Supplementary steam piping
in hospital, Dover, N.H., raised tempera-
ture to 135° F. for 48 hours, and Phino-
tas oil soil poison, controlling Reticuli-
termes flavipes.)
Snyder, T. E., 1915, p. 45. (Center of ac-
tivity termite colonies species Reticuli-
termes in Eastern U.S. changes with
seasons; in spring and autumn, southern
exposures favorable for developing young,
in summer heat more deeply buried in
ground; in winter, cold forces termites
deeper in ground.)
1916, pp. 4-5. (Center of activity termite
colonies species Retictditermes in Eastern
U.S. changes with seasons; in spring and
autumn, southern exposures favorable
for developing young, in summer heat
more deeply buried in ground; in winter,
cold forces termites deeper in ground,
in arid regions deep in ground; heat
of sun or oven to kill termites infesting
books or other stored material.)
1916a, p. 18. (Use heat to kill termites in
books, etc.)
1919a, p. 15. (Use heat to kill termites in
books, etc., temperatures over 160° F.
will be fatal.)
1920*, in (Banks and) Snyder. Nest loca-
tion varies with temperature (Reticuli-
termes), p. 91; in southwestern U.S. dur-
ing dry seasons when earth is caked and
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
"9
cracked Nasutitermes ("Eutermes") deep
in soil, p. 92; in winter colonies Reticuli-
tcrmes in ground below frost line, p.
no.)
1926c, pp. 6-7, 18. (Location colony Rciiai-
litennes in U.S. varies with season. Dry-
wood termites Cryptotermes brevis in
southern Florida killed in furniture in
attic with glass skylight where sun's rays
caused temperatures 17° to 24° F. higher
than the maximum outdoor temperature.
Temperatures of 120° F. are lethal.)
1931*9 P- 535- (Heat chambers for control
dry-wood termites infesting railroad cars
and furniture, Hawaii, 150° F. for iVi
hours.)
19356. (Heat chambers for control dry-
wood termites infesting railroad cars and
furniture, Hawaii, 150° F. for I'/z hours,
p. 152; utility poles U.S. infested dry-
wood termites, effective heat treatment,
P- I57-)
1948, pp. 12, 81, 88, 192-194, 201. {Kalo-
termes in Virginia pass winter in interior
wood dead trees; Zootermopsis Pacific
Coast, North America, and Archoter-
inopsis, North India, inhabit ice- and
snow-covered logs and stumps in winter.
Temperatures ranging from 80° to 90°
F. most favorable for tube building by
Reticulitermes; heat of 150° F. main-
tained for 1/4 hours or 140° for 4 hours
will raise the interior of wood furniture
to 120° F., lethal to termites; use heat
in Hawaii, freezing at 16° to 27° F. for
4 days will kill dry-wood termites in
furniture; heat and cold used to kill ter-
mites infesting books, etc.)
VoLK, H. O., 1952, pp. 41-43. (Climate foun-
dation in termite nest, fungus growers.)
TERMITOPHILES «
Anonymous, 1926b, p. Ixvii. (Termitoxenia,
India, with Odontotermes obesus.)
AssMUTH, J., 19 10, pp. 1-55. {Termitoxenia
assmnthi, anatomy, India, Dipt.)
1913, pp. 187-316. {Termitoxenia assmuthi,
anatomy, India, Dipt.)
Bacon, G., 1913, p. 113. (CoUembola, Ento-
mobrya binoculata, California.)
Barnard, K. H., 1932, p. 212. (South Africa,
terrestrial isopod Schoblia fulleri {Ter-
mitoniscus Silvestri), Trichoniscidae.)
Belt, T., 1873, p. 222. (Parrots in termite
nests, plains of Nicaragua.)
Bernhauer, M., 1927, pp. 225-240. (Africa,
Staph., Col.)
1927a, pp. 366-385. (Africa, Staph., Col.,
Termitolara opacella, p. 366.)
1932, p. 157. (Belgian Congo, Staph., Ter-
mitogerrus, subgen. in Termitodiscus,
based on T. burgeoni, from nest Termes
natalensis.)
1938, pp. 1 19-126. (Two new genera Afri-
can Staphylinidae.)
BicKHARDT, H., 1916, pp. I-II2. (Histcridac.)
Borner, C, 19 1 3, pp. 274-284. (New CoUem-
bola.)
BoviNG, A. G., 1927, pp. 51-62. (Anobiidae,
Nevermannia dorcatomoides larva, Costa
Rica.)
Borgmeier, T., 1923, pp. 323-346. (Phoridae,
Brazil.)
1924, pp. 167. (Phoridae, Brazil.)
1935. PP- 488-495. (Blind phorid Crypto-
phora coeca, p. 490, with Syntermes,
Brazil, near Termitophorides.)
1950, pp. 625-676. (Brazil, n. sp. in Ter-
mitonilla n. gen., Abroteles, Termito-
pelta, n. gen., Termitonusa, Termitun-
ctda, Xenogaster, and Termitophya. Col.,
Staph.)
1954, pp. 201-214. (Brazil, Psel., Col., Ter-
mitotyrus, n. gen., Syrmocerus, Hamotus,
Apharus, and Neotyrus, n. spp.)
BoucoMONT, A., 1936, pp. 229-231. (Three
new Acanthocerinae (Scarab.) from Costa
Rica.)
Brauns, H., 1900, pp. 164-168. (A new apho-
dier. Scarab., Col., Gorythoderus mar-
schalli with Termes tubicola, Orange
Free State.)
Breddin, G., 1903, p. 75. (A termitophilous
Lygaide, Hemiptera.)
Breddin, G., and Borner, C, 1904, pp. 84-
93. {Thattmatoxena wasmanni, phorid.
Dipt.)
Brown, C. B., 1876, p. 154. (Trogan nesting
in termite nest, British Guiana.)
1916, p. 433. (Trogan nesting in termite
nest, British Guiana.)
Brown, J. M., 1920, pp. 480-482. (Collem-
bolan. West Africa.)
Bruch, C, 1930, pp. 31-42. {Termitolister
\dhleri from nest Cornitermes similis,
Argentina, p. 39.)
i93i> P- 389- (Argentina, Termitozophilus
^ (Including casual seekers of shelter; some may be predacious on the host termites, or parasites.)
120
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
laettis from nest Cortiitermes similis,
Col., Staph.)
^917, PP- 125-133. (Col., Hist., Staph.,
Argentina.)
Brues, C. T., 1902, p. 184. (Texas, Termito-
gaster texana, Col., Staph., with Eiiter-
mes cinereus.)
1906, pp. 16-17. (Phoridae, Termitoxenia,
and Termitomyia.)
1908, p. 942. (Hermaphroditic phorid Tcr-
mitoxeiiia, and embryology certain de-
generate Phoridae.)
"^^-l)^ P- 43-- (Braconid T erm'itobracon
emersoni, Hymen., in nest Nasittitermes
ephratae, British Guiana.)
1932, pp. 134-138. (Phoridae, Trinidad.)
1932a, pp. 139-144. (Phorid, PtocJiomyia
sp., from nest Macrotcnnes natalensis.)
BuGNioN, E., 1913a, pp. 121-123. {Termi-
toxenia, Dipt.)
19x46, pp. 2x8-220. {Termitoxenia, Dipt.)
BuGNioN, E., and Popoff, N., 1913, pp. 23-44.
{Termitoxenia Dipt., histology.)
Burgeon, L., 1946, pp. 225-226. (Stenovalgus,
n. sp.. Col., Scarab., Ivory Coast, Africa.)
Cain, S. A., X944, p. 370. {Nasutitermes
guayanae harbors 4 beetles: Termitophya
arnica, Xenopelta cornuta, Thyreozenus
major, and Eburnicola leucogaster; N.
similis harbors Termitophya punctata
and Xenopelta tricornis; difference in
termitophiles led Emerson to establish
physiological race similis, although struc-
tural differences are minor.)
Cameron, M., 19x9, pp. 83-87. (New Staphy-
linidae from Rhodesia.)
X926, pp. 17X-191. (New Staphylinidae
from Rhodesia, from India, p. 171, Ter-
mitodiscus minutus, p. 172; Doryloxemts,
3 new species.)
1927, pp. 222-224. (India, Staph., Rhopa-
linda termitophila and Demcrinda ter-
mitophia devouring young termites.)
1930, pp. 4x9-421. (Belgian Congo, Staph.,
Termitobia burgeoni, Termozyras, re-
sembling Termitopaedia, based on T.
polittis.)
1936, p. 184. (Java, new Staphylinid Ter-
mitodonia, subgenus of Zyras, Z. flavus.)
1952, pp. 323-332. (Belgian Congo, new
Staphylinidae, Termitusa, etc.)
Caporiacco, L. di, 1936, p. 84. (Fezzan, Scor-
teccia termitarum (Corinniinae) from
termitarium, spider.)
Casey, T. L., 1889. (New genus termitophi-
lous Staphylinidae, pp. 384-387; termi-
tophilous Colcoptera from Panama, pp.
39-198.)
1890, pp. 307-504. (Termitophilous Thy-
sanura.)
Chamberlain, R. W., 1943, pp. 39-48. {Jso-
toma spatulata, n. sp., a termitophilous
Collembola with Termopsis angusticollis,
Eugene, Ore., p. 43.)
Chamberlin, R. v., 1923, pp. 4XX-421. (Four
termitophilous millipeds, British Guiana.)
Champion, G. C, and Wasmann, E., 1923,
pp. 569-581. (New Aphodiid (Scarab..
Col.) beetles from British India, with
Odontotermes.)
Chopard, L., X927, pp. 225-228. (Cricket,
Eugrylloides pomeroyi, n. sp., Gold
Coast, Africa.)
i938> PP- 1 05- X 07. (Orthoptera, crickets,
roaches, earwig.)
X946, pp. XX4-116. (Gryllid, Phaeophilaenis
grassei in nest Protermes minutus. West
Africa.)
Costa Lima, A. da, 1952, pp. 163-170, 313-
351. (Coleoptera, Brazil, bibliography.)
CowLES, R. B., X930, pp. 1-31. (Nile monitor,
Varanus niloticus, in termite nests in
Natal, South Africa.)
Cushman, R. a., X923, p. 55. {Ypsistocerus
manni (Braconidae) in nest Nasutiter-
mes ephratae, Bolivia, and Y. vestigialis
in nest Nasutitermes corniger, Bolivia.)
Delamare-Debotteville, C, 1947a, pp. 456-
458. (Biology Collembola, ecological
conditions microclimate nest determine
what species are present, new ecological
classification.)
1948c, pp. 90-91. (Collembolan — Caloba-
tinus grassei rides on head soldiers Belli-
cositermes, seizes food when worker
feeds soldier, leaps off instantly if termite
is disturbed.)
I948d, pp. 261-425. (Collembola: family
Cyphoderidae contains most termito-
philes, diagnoses and keys. Progressive
specialization due to isolation in termite
nests. Degree of relationship to host:
accidental commensals, preferent, obliga-
tory and historic obligatory. Obligatory
group highly specialized, live on exu-
dates from queen, secure food from
workers or feed on fungi. All occur
with the Termitidae except Megacypho-
derus silvestrii which is associated with
Reticulitermes lucijugus in France.)
Dennis, J. R., 1942, pp. 1-19. (New Collem-
bola, Cyphodcrus, n. spp., Calobatina,
n. sp., Cyphoderinus, n. gen.)
Ditmars, R. L., 1907, p. 322; 19x0, p. 2x7,
(Reptiles, Glauconidae in tropical "ant-
hills.")
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
121
1951, p. 126. (Leptotyphlopidae in ant
hills.)
DoNisTHORPE, H. St. J. K., igoo, pp. 41-43,
72-75, 87-89, 110-119, 147-150, 204-206.
(Guests.)
DucKE, A. (1902) 1903, pp. 285-328. (Sting-
less bee Melipona (Trigona) daUatorrc-
ana in termite nest. Para, Brazil.)
Dybas, H. S., 1955, pp. 561-577. (Neotropical
beetles, Ptiliidae Trichopterygidae.)
Ebner, R., 1926, pp. 75-76. (Anglo-Egyptian
Sudan, gecko, rhynchotid, myriapod, and
coleopteron, Tmesiphorus sp.)
Edwards, F. W., 1927, p. 359. (Java, Termi-
tosciara } megacantha, Mycetophilidae.)
Eltringham, H., 1935, pp. 49-51. (Nyasa-
land, larva Passalactis tentatrix, Lepid.)
Emerson, A. E., 1923, p. 160. (Classification
nests, guests.)
1929b, pp. 1008-1009. (British Guiana, eco-
logical relationships.)
^935> PP- 369-395- (Termitophilous dis-
tribution and quantitative characters as
indicators of physiological specification
in British Guiana termites; 6 Staphy-
linidae indicate 2 physiological species
Nasutitermes guayanae and similis.)
1949, iti Allee et al., p. 422 (figure of physo-
gastric aphilinid near queen in royal
cell), 429, 430, 615, 665, 675, 698, 718-
721, 722.
1952b, pp. 489, 510. (With species Pro-
cornitermes and Cornitermes, South
America.)
Ennis, M. W., 1946, p. 186. (Mounds, use
by bees, Ovimbundu, Portuguese West
Africa, went in and out of abandoned
mound through chimney.)
EscHERicH, K., 1905, p. 164. (Lepismids.)
1906, pp. 739-749. (Thysanura.)
1908b, p. 33. (Termitophiles, Erythrea.)
Page, L., 1936, pp. 83-87. {Andromma bou-
vicri, n. sp., Arachn., Aran.)
1938, pp. 369-376. (Costa Rica, Arachn.)
Fisher, W. S., 1927, pp. 49-50. (Anobii-
dae, Nefermannia dorcatomoides, Costa
Rica.)
FoLSOM, J. W., 1923, pp. 383-402. (Aptery-
gota (Collembola), British Guiana.)
Franssen, C. J. H., 1933, pp. 337-338. ijer-
mitoxenia.)
I934j PP- 15-17- (Eggs, larvae, pupae, Java-
nese Termitoxeniidae.)
1936, pp. 62-65. (Eggs, larvae, pupae, Java-
nese Termitoxeniidae.)
Frost, S. W., 1942, pp. 252-255. (About 1,200
species of small Crustacea and arthropods
inhabit the nests of social insects.)
Fuller, M. E., and Lee, D. J., 1938, pp. 75-
80. (New phorid, Diplonetira gynaptera,
N.S. Wales.)
Gestro, R., 1890, pp. 903-907. (Burma,
Chaetopisthes termiticola; Termitopisthes,
Col., Scarab., relationship.)
1900, pp. 743-744. (Eritrea, new genus
Rhysopaussidae.)
1911, pp. 5-7. (Rhysopaussidae.)
GoELDi, E. A., 1897, p. 648. (Reptile, Tupi-
nambis nigropunctatus, laying eggs in
termite nest.)
GossE, P. H., 1851, p. 118. (Jamaica, inhabit-
ants deserted nest, yellow-bellied parro-
quet {Conunis jiavientui) and pallette-
tip gecko (Sphaeriodactylus agrus.)
Grasse, p. p., 1939c, pp. 831-832. (Habits
and relationships Troctofjttis appe7tdi-
culatus. Col., Meland., and Microcero-
tcrmes juscotibialis, observations colony,
beetle larvae fed by termite workers,
Africa.)
1949, pp. 252, 528; Coleoptera, pp. 949, 963,
982, looi, 1020, 1040, 1048, 1052, 1054,
1057.
Grasse, P. P., and Jeannel, R., 1941, pp. 135-
149. (New carabid (Pcrigona termitis)
from tropical Africa.)
Grasse, P. P., and Lesperon, L., 1938, pp.
463-486. (Troctontus silvestrii, n. sp.,
biology.)
Grasse, P. P., and Poisson, R., 1940, pp. 82-
90. (Relationship between the staphy-
linid Termitodiscus lepidultis, n. sp.,
Col., Staph., and Bellicositermes natalen-
sis in termitaria on the Ivory Coast, Af-
rica.)
Gridelli, E., 1925-1928, p. 403. (Termitobia
paolii, Col., Staph., in termitarium Ter-
mes bellicosus, Italian Somaliland.)
Hagmann, G., 1906, pp. 307-316. (Eggs of
reptiles Gonatodes humeralis and Tupi-
nambis nigropttnctatus.)
1907, p. 39. (Amazon, birds' nests in ter-
mite structures.)
1909, pp. 273-504. {Tupinatnbis nigro-
pttnctatus, reptile, laying eggs in nests
termites, Amazon.)
Handshin, E., 1924, pp. 13-28. (South Amer-
ica, Collembola.)
Hasegawa, H., and Kubota, M., 1944, pp.
84-86. (Japan.)
Hegh, E., 1922, pp. 608-644. (General.)
Hill, G. F., 1921a, pp. 216-220. (Diptera,
N.S. Wales.)
Hinton, H. E., 1934, pp. 340-342. (Costa
Rica, Termitodius peregrintis, Col., Sca-
rab.)
122
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
Hirst, S., 1911, pp. 256-257. (Termitodcrmus
lejroyi, n. sp., millipede from Bengal.)
1927, pp. 25-27. (Samoa, mite Uropoda
(Uroobovella) samoae, n. sp., on Glypto-
termes xantholabrum , scavenger.)
HoLLANDE, A., Cachon, J., and Vaillant, F.,
1952, pp. 365-395. (Larvae of flies,
moths, becdes; appendages in moth lar-
vae sensory not glandular; Paraplasto-
certis and Episthetosoma, n. gen.. North
and French Equatorial Africa.)
Horn, G. H., 1888, pp. 19-21. (Larva of
Glyptus, carabid in termite nests in tropi-
cal Africa, west coast.)
HoZAvi^A, S., 1914, pp. 483-488. {Ziaelas for-
mosanus, tenebrionid Rhysopaussidae,
Formosa, in underground nest Odonto-
termes formosantts.)
HuBB.ARD, H. G., 1877, pp. 267-274. (Bird,
lizard shelter in carton tree nests, Ja-
maica.)
Hughes-McKenny, a. W., 1935, p. 51. (Host
of Passalactis tentatrix, Schedorhinoter-
mes lamaniafius, Nyasaland.)
Ihering, H. von, 1902, p. 23. (Trigona
beileri living in symbiosis in termite
nests.)
1903, pp. 179-287. (Stingless honeybees*
(meliponid) nests in termite nests.)
Jacobson, E., 1933, p. 114. (Cetonids as
guests.)
Jaegerskiold, L. a., 1903, p. 16. (Termito-
philes described by E. Wasmann, Egypt
and White Nile.)
Janssens, a., 1949, pp. 183-184. (Belgian
Congo, Scarab., Col., Ajroharoldius en-
nearthrus, n. gen., n. sp.)
Jeannel, R., 1941, pp. 149-150. (Three new
Perigona, Carabidae.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1931a, pp. 46-47: (Java,
in Nastttitermes nest, bird, Allectda lar-
vae (Col.) and Reduviidae.)
1933, p. 130. (Java, Macrotermes swarm-
ing in early morning and nest of Alcedo
(bird) in Nasutitermes nest.)
Kemner, N. a., 1924, pp. 180-194. (Biology
termitophile genus Troclioideus, Col.,
Endomychidae.)
1925a, pp. 107-126. (Java.)
1925c, pp. 1-24. ("Larva Eutermina," Java,
physogastric Aleocharidae Affinoptochus
exclusus, n. gen., n. sp.)
i925d, pp. 1-33. (Java, Ta-mitostiga and
Eucero7icintis.)
1926, pp. 389-404. (Termitoxenia, rearing
of a larva.)
1926a, pp. 133-170. (Staphylinidae, para-
sitic development of the true Aleochari-
dae.)
1927, pp. 1-33. (Termhosuga and Euceron-
cinus beetle larvae, Java.)
1929a, pp. 214-221. (Biology Doryloxenus
triartictdatus, Col., Staph., Java, and
Wasmann's hypothesis of its change of
host; in nests Termes javanicus rides on
heads of termites.)
1932b, pp. 17-29. (Morphology and biology
Javanese Tennitoxenia.)
1932c, pp. 1-6. (A termitophilous phorid
which has lost its wings.)
1936, PP- 35-39- (Tennitoxenia jagers\i-
oldi, type of a new genus.)
i937j PP- I-I9- (Wings of Termitoxenii-
dae.)
1940, pp. 275-294. (Wings of Termitoxenii-
dae, comparison wings various genera
Termitoxeniidae.)
KoLBE, H., 1909, p. 56. (Tennitoxenia heimi,
physogastric phorid.)
KopsTEiN, F., 1935, pp. 54-56. (Javanese rep-
tiles.)
Kraatz, G., 1857, P- 13- (Staphylinidae Philo-
termes.)
Lea, a. M., i 893-1 894, p. 438. (Insects in-
habiting termite nests, N.S. Wales.)
1910-1912, pp. 116-230, 31-78. (Australian
and Tasmanian Coleoptera.)
Lefroy, Maxwell, H., and Howlett, F. M.,
1909, pp. 268-272. (India.)
Luederwaldt, G., 1911, pp. 405-413. (Lamel-
licorn Coleoptera, Brazil.)
McIndoo, N. E., 1923, pp. 367-381. (Glandu-
lar structure of a guest, British Guiana.)
Mann, W. M., 1921, pp. 54-56. (New genus
guest, Fiji.)
1923, pp. 323-366. (Coleoptera, British
Guiana.)
1926, pp. 151-155. (Three new beetles,
British Guiana, Staphylinidae: Podti-
roides bovingi, with Nasutitermes gaigei;
Termitonicus mahout, Velocitennes bee-
bei T ermito spectrum thoracicum, N.
gaigei.)
Martinez, A., 1950, pp. 167-173. (Termi-
todius, n. sp.. Neotropical Aphodiinae.)
Mergelsberg, O., 1935, pp. 345-398. (Africa,
Termitomyia gracilis, Termitostroma
schmitzi, and Tcrmitosagma henningsi
from the east African Amplitermes natal-
ensis undergo extensive postimaginal de-
velopment, I St 5 abdominal segments ex-
pand enormously (physogastry) while
the last 5 form the anal tube displaced
ventrally, expansion results from rich
nourishment. The salivary glands are
situated in the abdomen. These Diptera
are hermaphroditic. In addition to copu-
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
123
lation in early adult life, self fertilization
occurs in later imagines.)
Meyrick, E., 1935, p. 49. (Passalactis tenta-
trix (Tineidae) inquiline in termitarium,
Nyasaland.)
MicHAELSEN, W., /« Eschcrich, 1911*, pp. 251-
252. (Earthworm {Notoscolex termiti-
cold) in mound Termes obscuriceps,
Ceylon.)
MicHL, E., 1911, pp. 53-60, 84-92. (Diptera.)
MjoBERG, E. G., 1912, pp. 121-124. (Histeri-
dae, Col., Eucurtia paradoxa, n. gen.,
n. sp.)
1914, p. 98. (New representative family
Termiticoridae Silv.)
Morrison, H., 1923, pp. 403-408. (Three
new Ta'tnitaphis, British Guiana.)
Myers, J. G., 1924, pp. 273-274. {Terrnitara-
dtts guianae and panamaensis, systematic
position Termitaphididae.)
1932, pp. 366, 372. (Termitaphididae
(Hemiptera-Heteroptera) and Ta-mita-
radtis 'jajnaicensis, n. sp., with Hetcroter-
mes convexinotatus, Jamaica, T. australi-
ensis, with Coptotermes acinaciformis,
redescribed T. guianae, description egg.)
Nomura, S., 1943, pp. 77-82. (Micronesia,
Termitoditis esakji, Aphodiidae, Col.,
Scarab.)
Oke, C, 1933, p. 135. {Coptotermoicia, type
alutacia, p. 136, in nests Coptotermes
aci7iacijormis, Victoria, Australia.)
Park, O., 1942, pp. 1-407. (Neotropical
Pselaphidae.)
1943, pp. 171-226. (Mexican Pselaphidae.)
1944, pp. 227-267. (New and little known
Pselaphidae from Brazil, Colombia, and
Mexico.)
1945, pp. 277-327. (Pselaphidae of the
Guianas.)
1945a, pp. 331-443. (Pselaphidae of Mexico
and Guatemala.)
1946, pp. 445-451. (Pselaphid Hamotocellus
araujoi, n. sp., Brazil.)
1946a, pp. 457-468. (Pselaphidae, Guate-
mala.)
1947, pp. 45-132. {Batrisodes, Pselaphidae
east of the Rocky Mountains.)
1947a, pp. 27-42. (Pselaphidae, 4,800 beetles
0.7 to 5.5 mm. long with short elytra —
15% live in nests ants and termites,
from tolerated intruders to true guests.
Setae produce secretion which is licked.
Larvae and pupae are unknown.)
1948, pp. 137-169. (Checklist Batrisodes)
1948a, pp. 181-192. (New and little known
Reichenbachia (Pselaphidae) from Guer-
rero.)
1948b, pp. 203-221. (Japanese Pselaphidae.)
1949, pp. 2^1-266. (Pselaphid genus Con-
nodontus, Ethiopian, with Macrotermes.)
1949a (with S. Auerbach and M. Wilson),
pp. 267-276. (Pselaphid beedes from
Illinois prairie, and the prairie peninsula
hypothesis.)
1949b, pp. 315-343. (New nearctic psela-
phid beetles and revision genus Cedius.)
1950 (with S. Auerbach and G. Corley),
pp. 19-56. (Tree hole habitat pselaphid
beetles.)
1950a (with R. A. Edgren), pp. 1-2. (Sec-
ond record of predation on pselaphid
beetles.)
1952, pp. 1-48, 1-150. (Revision neotropical
Pselaphidae.)
1952a, pp. 53-150. (Revision neotropical
Pselaphidae.)
1952b, pp. 1-60. (Pselaphidae, Oceania.)
1953, pp. 249-278. (New or litde known
pselaphid beetles of the United States.)
1953a, pp. 299-331. (U.S., discrimination
of genera of pselaphid beetles.)
Parker, B. M., and Gregg, B. E., 1941, pp.
1-35. (Insect friends and foes.)
Paulian, R., 1947, pp. 134-136. (Tertnitotrox
monodi, n. sp. (Scarab.) from the Ivory
Coast.)
1948, pp. 15-17. (Madagascar, Millotoca
termitidis from nest Mirotermes, Coro-
tocini (Staph.).)
Pic, M., 1928, pp. 38-39. (Belgian Congo,
Scaphidiidae, Col., Tcrmitoxidium longi-
colle.)
Piepers, C, 1902, p. 167. (Larva of Bomby-
cine moth, Himantopterus fuscinervis, in
nests, Java.)
PoissoN, R., 1937, pp. 201-208. {Thaumatox-
ena wasmanni, commensal Dipteron,
French West Africa.)
1938, pp. 13-17. (Ulopella termiticola, n.
gen., n. sp., commensal, Ulopinae, He-
miptera, Jassidae.)
PouLTON, E., 1936, p. 98. (Tineid larva of
genus Passalactis, Nyasaland.)
PuRCELL, W. F., 1904, p. 409. (Africa, iso-
pod.)
Raffray, a., 1914, pp. 463-465. (New genera
and species Pselaphidae.)
Rehn, J. A. G., 1926, pp. 1-24. (Blattidae,
Dyscologmaia wollastoni, commensal.
Central Africa.)
Reichensperger, a., 1913, pp. 926-928. (Dif-
ferent classes of symbiosis among guests.)
I9i5> PP- 1-20. (Natal and Zululand
guests.)
124
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1921a, pp. 279-288, (Biology, symbiosis,
txophallaxis.)
1922, pp. 34-83. (Staphylinidae and Endo-
mychidae, Africa.)
1923b, pp. 313-336, 243-252. (New Soudi
American Histeridae.)
1924, pp. 117-153. (New South American
Histeridae, pt. 2.)
1925, pp. 351-357. (Histeridae from
mounds Eutcrmes and Odontotermes,
India.)
1929, pp. 132-137. (New beetle (Histeri-
dae, Staph.) guests, p. 136, Termittisa
cameroni, Tanganyika.)
1931, pp. 263-284. (New Histeridae.)
1931a, pp. 289-306. (Tanganyika, Termi-
toxeniidae (Dipt.) distinct from Phori-
dae; Termitomyia gracilis, p. 294; Ter-
mitostroma, resembling Ptochomyia, p.
297; type T. schmitzi, p. 299; Termito-
sagma, resembling Termitosphaera, p.
302; type T. henningsi, p. 303. New spe-
cies occur as brood parasites in nests of
Amplitermes natalcnsis, Tanganyika.)
1932, pp. 6-14. (Costa Rica, guests.)
1933, pp. 140-142. (Young form (steno-
gastric) of Termitosagma henningsi
(Dipt.)
1936, pp. 382-383. (Termitoxeniidae
(Dipt.), hermaphroditism.)
1936a, pp. 186-192. (Guests.)
1936b, pp. 222-242. (Brazil and Costa Rica,
guests, pt. 4, Histeridae: Cossyphodister
schwarzmairi, Brazil, with Syntermes
sp.?, Notocoelis satur, Brazil, Corniter-
mes sitnilis.)
1938, pp. 74-97. (Brazil and Costa Rica,
guests, Histeridae, pt. 5.)
I939j PP- 97-137- (Brazil and Costa Rica,
guests, Histeridae, pt. 6.)
Riley, N. D., 1935, p. 51. (Host of inquiline
larva of Passalactis tentatrix, Schedo-
rhinotermes lamaniatms, Nyasaland, Fort
Johnston.)
RoEPKE, W., 1919, pp. 34-45. (Java, Tro-
choideus termitophilus. Col., Endomychi-
dae.)
ScHiMER, F., in Escherich, 1911*, pp. 235-236.
Ant-cricket termitophile, Myrmecophila
escherichi, Ceylon.)
ScHioDTE, J. G., 1853, pp. 101-103. (Staphy-
linidae.)
1854, pp. 1-19. (Corotoca and Spirachtha,
Staph.)
1856, pp. 169-183. (Viviparous Staphylini-
dae.)
Schmidt, H., 1950, pp. 1-37. (General.)
ScHMiTZ, H., 1913, pp. 9-16. (Phorid, Ter-
mitophora velocipes, South India.)
1913a, pp. 268-278. (Phorid, Bolsiusia ter-
mitophila, n. gen., n. sp., East Indies.)
1915, pp. 281-284. (Sciaridae (Dipt.), Ter-
mitosciara biarticulata, lives in fungus
gardens Odontotermes obestis, Khandala,
Bombay, India.)
1915a, pp. 548-564. (The truth about
Th au m a to x en a. )
1915b, pp. 311-330. (Phoridae collected by
Assmuth, South India.)
1916, pp. 211-266. (New Diptera, Ter-
mitoxeniidae and Phoridae, collected by
v. Buttel-Reepen 1911-1912, East Indies.)
1924*, pp. 302, 304. (Three new Platy-
phorinae, Phoridae (Dipt.), and a new
host termite Eutertnes processionarius.
Western Ghats.)
1926, pp. 15-16. (New phorid with Odonto-
termes obestts, India, Puliciphora ter-
mitum.)
1929, pp. 1-42. (Patagonia and South
Chile, Phoridae in rotten logs with Poro-
termes quadricollis, Gymnophora com-
motria, Chile, p. 23; Tropophleba varians,
Chile and Argentina, p. 29; Dicranodeina
extravagans, Chile, p. 31; Haplophleba
nigricans, Chile, p. 33; Megaselia pari-
costalis, Argentina, p. 42.)
1934, pp. 1-148. (Guests.)
1936, pp. 27-29. (Hermaphroditism in
T ermitoxeniay)
1936c, p. 216. (Reduced wings in Ter-
mitoxeniidae.)
1938a, pp. 22-40, 55-70, 132-146, 147-162,
13 figs. (Monograph on Termitoxenii-
dae.)
i939> PP- 53-63. 133-148. (Monograph on
Termitoxeniidae.)
1940, pp. 9-15. (Systematics Termitoxenii-
dae, subfamily Phoridae.)
1940a, pp. 9-10, 22-24, 32, 48-50. (African
Phoridae.)
1950, pp. 39-58. (Thaumatoxena, new spe-
cies.)
1951, pp. 128-166. (Africa, Phoridae.)
1951a, pp. 65-86. (Termitoxeniidae.)
1951b, pp. 145-158. (Japanese Phoridae.)
1951C, pp. 254-266. {Thaumatoxena, new
species.)
1952, pp. 113-116. (Connecting link be-
tween Phoridae and Termitoxeniidae
found in Africa.)
ScHOTT, H., 1917, pp. 20, 50, etc. (Termi-
tophilous Collembola, Australia.)
ScHUBART, O., 1943, pp. 61-71. (Diplopod,
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
125
Vassttntmga termitophila, n. gen., n. sp.,
Brazil.)
ScHWARZ, E. A., 1880, p. 15. {Trichopsenins
depressus and 3 other new Staphylinidae,
with Termes flavipes, Texas.)
1889, pp. 160-161. (Coleoptera, North
America.)
ScHWARZ, H. F., 1948, pp. 14-15, 78, 89, 219,
299-300, 310-312, 326, 333, 337-338, 352,
404, 409, 489, 495-496, 499, Trigona.)
Scott, H., 1932, pp. 169-172. (Seychelles
Islands, Collembola, Cyphoderus itisu-
larum with Arrhinotermes canalijrons.)
Seevers, C. H., 1937, pp. 1-23. (New Staphy-
linidae, tropical America and Solomon
Islands.)
1938, pp. 422-441. (Coleoptera, U.S.)
1939, pp. 1-19. (New genera and species
neotropical physogastric Staphylinidae,
Aleocharinae, Ecuador.)
1941, pp. 175-193. (New neotropical Dip-
tera, Phoridae, Panama, ColomBia, evolu-
tion apterous females.)
1941a, pp. 318-349. (Staphylinidae, Aleo-
charinae, and Trichopsinae.)
1951, pp. 657-762. (North American and
European Staphylinidae, Gyrophaenae
(Aleocharinae, Bolitocharini.)
1953, p. 38. (Correlation of evolution of
guests with their hosts.)
Sellnick, M., 1926, pp. 29-56. (New mites
(Uropodidae) associated with Corniter-
mes and Eutermes, Brazil.)
Sharp, D., 1899, pp. 205-206. {Dioxeuta mi-
crops, n. gen., n. sp., Staphylinidae,
Borneo.)
Shelford, R., 1907, pp. 13-48. (Blattoidea,
Kilimandjaro-Meru, Africa.)
SiLVESTRi, F., 1901a, pp. 1-6, 1-24. (New ter-
mitophiles and relation to hosts.)
1902a, pp. 121-174. (Three species Meli-
ponidae nesting in termite nests, Brazil.)
1902c, pp. 1-29. (South America.)
1903*, pp. 172-216. (South America.)
igio, pp. 37-39. (New genera of Staphy-
linidae from Singapore.)
1911, in Escherich, 191 1*, pp. 237-247.
(Thysanura, Myriapods, a new genus of
termitophilous millipede and a new
mimic Coleopterous larva, collected by
Escherich in Ceylon.)
191 1, pp. 401-418. (Termitophiles collected
by Escherich in Ceylon.)
1911a, pp. 59-64. (Two new guests of Ter-
mes malayanus, Col., Staph., and Thy-
sanura, Lepismat.)
1911b, pp. 231-236. (Systematic position
genus Termitaphis.')
1912, pp. 204-221. (Thysanura, Mexico.)
1918, pp. 287-346. (Aptera, West Africa.)
1920, pp. 265-319. (West Africa.)
1920a, pp. 117-135. (Oriental Diplopoda,
Polydesmoidea, subfamily Pyrgodesmi-
nae.)
1921, p. 71. {Termitaphis annandalei, n.
sp., from India.)
1921a, pp. 1-23. (Staphylinidae from the
oriental and Australian regions.)
1924, pp. 172-175. (New genus of Poly-
desmidae (Diplopoda) from Costa Rica.)
1927, pp. 252-254. (Arthropoda, China
and Formosa, Coccidae (Hemiptera),
two new species.)
1938a, pp. 32-40. (A new species of Tcr-
mitococcus from Brazil, and a related
new genus, Eurhizococcus.)
(1939) -1940a, pp. 344-353- (A new genus
of Scarabaeiclae from Brazil.)
(1941-1945) 1944, pp. 243-251. (New genera
of Lepidoptera (Tineidae) from Brazil.)
1945a, pp. 515-519. (Guests of Synterm.es,
tropical America.)
1945b, pp. 299-334. (Staphylinidae, South
America.)
1946, pp. 313-330. (Indo-China.)
1946a, pp. 1-22. (Corotocini (Staph.,
Aleocharinae), South America, with
Co nstrictoterm es. )
1947, pp. 281-295. (Phoridae, Brazil.)
(1943-1946) 1947a, pp. 123-149. (Termito-
discinae and Cephaloplectinae, Staph.,
Col.)
1947b, pp. 13-40. (Indo-China, second
note.)
1947c, pp. 74-78. (Allatelura hilli, n. gen.,
n. sp. (Thysanura, Lepismat.) in nest
Mastotermes darwiniensis. New Hol-
land.)
(1942-1947) 1948, pp. 56-79. (New Staphy-
linidae from South America, with Anop-
lotermes, Cornitermes, Stibulitermes, Or-
thognathotermes , and Dipersitermes.)
1948a, pp. 1-32. (Diplopoda, South Amer-
ica.)
1949, pp. 32-39. (Thysanura, Lepismat.,
new species in Metriotelura and Atopate-
hira.)
Snyder, T. E., in (Banks and) Snyder, 1920*,
pp. 118-120. (U.S., guests with Termop-
sis, Reticuiitcrmes, Prorhinotermes.)
Snyder, T. E., 1929a, pp. 40-46. (General.)
19290, pp. 84-87. (General.)
i935e, pp. 94-98, 176. (General.)
1948, pp. 105-110, 236. (General.)
TowNSEND, C. H, T., 191 2, pp. 266-269.
(Psocid, Vulturops termitorum in gov-
126
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
ered runways Amitennes sp. at Piura,
northern Peru.)
TragArdh, I., 1907, pp. 172-190. (Physogas-
tric Aleocharini Tcrmitomimus, n. gen.,
transl. Wheeler, 191 8.)
1907a, pp. 1-17. (Tineid larva.)
1908, pp. 1-12. {Thaumatoxena, Dipt.)
Trimen, R., 1886, p. 461-463. {Margarodes
in nests white ants. Cape Colony.)
UsiNGER, R. L., 1942, pp. 155-159. {Ter-
mitaradus and Termitaphis Hemiptera,
biology, food habits, key to 8 spp. former
and I sp. latter.)
Verhoeff, K. W., 1939, pp. 135-137. (Afri-
can termitophile Isopod genera Schoblia
and Termitoniscus, rare, distinct.?)
ViLLENEUVE, J., 1920, p. 1 53. (South Africa,
Dipt., Rhynchomyia braunsi, n. sp., with
Hodotames.)
Warren, E., 1914, pp. 103-106. (Beede
Corotoca, South Africa.)
1919, pp. 93-112. (South Africa.)
1920, pp. 297-366. (Alcocharine, Paracono-
toces a\ermani, South Africa, anatomy.)
Wasmann, E., 1890, pp. 56-58. (Staphylini-
dae, Brazil.)
1891, pp. 647-659. (New termitophiles,
with a review of guests, Aleocharine,
Termitobia, n. gen., Xenogaster, n. gen.)
1894*, pp, 1-231. (Arthropods, critical cata-
log.)
1895, pp. 111-114. (Arthropods.)
1895a, pp. 137-139. (Brazil.)
1895b, pp. 289-290. (Cicindelidae, Thoric-
ttis, North Africa.)
1896*, pp. 613-630. (New Rhysopausidae
(Tenebrionidae) from India, Rhysopau-
sus, n. gen., Xenotermes, n. gen.; Nach-
trag Azarelius singularis, n. sp., pp. 149-
152.)
1896a, pp. 273-324. (Brazil.)
1896c, pp. 1-4. (Collecting Coleopterous
termitophiles.)
i896d, pp. 32-36. (Critical observations.)
1897, p. 278. (A new termitophile from Ger-
man West Africa, Myrmedonia {Rhyn-
chodonia) leonina.)
1897a, pp. 276-279. (Nests of Polybia
scutellaris.)
1897b, pp. 28-31. (A new Myrmedonia
from Burma.)
1898, pp. 145 etc. (Guests, adaptation char-
acters, symphily.)
1899, pp. 245-249. (Haviland's observations
on Rhopalomdus angusticollis in nests
Termes latericius. Natal, other Carabi-
dae.)
1899a, pp. 145-169. (Coleoptera, India,
Tennitodiscus, n. gen., 6 n. spp.; Staph.,
Myrmedonia, 3 n. spp., Chaetopisthes,
Corythoderus, host Termes obesus; Tene-
brionidae, Hyperops dtibia, host un-
known.)
1899b, pp. 172-173. (Pogonoxentis, a new
Tenebrionid genus from Cameroon.)
1899c, pp. 178-179. (A new physogastric
Aleocharine from Cape Colony, Termito-
tropha o'neili, n. gen., n. sp., host Ter-
mes unidentatus.)
\, pp. 401-402. {Termitodiscus splen-
didus, n. sp., from Natal, host Termes
vtdgaris.)
1900a*, pp. 244-245. (Pselaphid, Australia,
Coptotermes raffrayi, n. sp.)
1900b, pp. 65-68, 81-84. (Cetonidac, South
Africa (Scarabaeidae), Nachtrag, pp. 103-
104.)
1900C, pp. 599-617. (Termitoxenia, a new
wingless, physogastric Dipteron from ter-
mite nests.)
1901, pp. 289-298. (Termitoxenia, a new
wingless, physogastric Dipteron from ter-
mite nests; Termitomyia described. Dipt.,
Phoridae, subgenus Termitoxenia, p.
295-)
1901a, pp. 421-422. (True guest relation-
ship among termite guests.)
1901b*, p. 744. (Development of termito-
phily and tlie manner of symphily.)
1902, pp. 79-80. (Termitophiles collected
in Ceylon in 1899 by W. Horn.)
1902a*, pp. 260-265, 293-298, 340-345, 3^5-
390, 422-427, 441-449. (Symbiosis be-
tween ants and termites; the appearance
of termitophily in the Arthropods.)
1902b*, pp. 99-164. (Termitophiles col-
lected in Ceylon by W. Horn.)
I902d, pp. 66-76. (Acarine termitophiles,
Acarine riding termites.)
1902c, pp. 852-872. {Termitoxenia.)
I902f, pp. 95-107. (New insect termito-
philes from South America.)
I902g, pp. 1-6. (Silvestri's new insect ter-
mitophiles from South America.)
I902h, pp. 267-268, 275-276, 282. (In 1894,
105 termitophile species, 87 Coleoptera,
59 Staphylinidae; Myrmedonini of East
Asia and Africa 10 to 12 mm. in length.)
1903, pp. 63-72, 196-207, 233-248, 261-276,
298-310. (Symphily and guest relation-
ship among termite guests.)
1903a, pp. 1 13-120. (The appendages of
the thorax among Termitoxeniidae.)
1904a, pp. 1-2 1. (Termitophiles from
Egyptian Sudan.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
127
(1904) 1905, pp. 436-449- (The phylo-
genetic metamorphosis of East Indian
termite guests.)
1905a, pp. 199-200. {Termitusa, n. gen.,
Aleocharine (Staph.) termitophile, T.
sjostedti.)
1906*, pp. 565-580. (Species building.)
1906a, pp. 212-216. (Guests.)
1908a, in Schultze, 1908, p. 441. {Ter-
initotdits schultzei, n. sp. (Staph.), a
new guest of Hodotermes, also other
guests of Hodotermes, western and cen-
tral Africa.)
1909a, pp. 1-190. (Bibliography Wasmann's
papers on termitophily.)
1910b, pp. 97-102, 129-138, 161-181. (Man-
ner and origin of symphily.)
191 1*, pp. 91-117, 145-176. (Termitophiles
from Belgian Congo.)
1911b, in Escherich, 1911*, pp. 231-232.
(Coleoptera, Ceylon.)
1911C, pp. 428-429. (Synopsis of Termito-
phya and Xenogaster species (Col.), with
statement of value observations by N.
Holmgren.)
1912*, pp. 70-115. (Termitophiles.)
1913, pp. 254-257. (Guests.)
1913a, pp. 16-22. (Revision Termitoxenii-
nae. East Indies and Ceylon.)
1915a, pp. I -4 1 3, XX. (Association ants and
termites.)
1916, pp. 169-210. (Coleopterous guests,
East Indies.)
1918, pp. 1-23. (Coleopterous guests,
Scarab., East Indies.)
1918a, pp. 37-41. (Histeridae.)
1920, pp. 80-82. {Orthogonitis assmuthi,
n. sp., from South India.)
1921, pp. 14-30. (Rliysopaussinen.)
1926, pp. 417-418. (Contribution made by
study of termitophile biology to taxon-
omy.)
1934, pp. 78-148. (Guests, with appendix
by H. Schmitz.)
Wasmann, E., and Brauns, H., 1925, pp.
101-118. (Beetles, South Africa.)
Wheeler, W. M., 1918, pp. 314-316. (Exu-
date organs termitophilous beetle.)
1928, pp. 130-160. (Termitophiles.)
1936, pp. 159-243. (Ecological relations
ponerine and other ants to termites.)
WoMERSLEY, H., 1934, p. 103. (Australia,
Collembola, Entomobryoidea, Isotoma
termitophila, associated with termites.)
1940, p. 350. (A new termitophilous Col-
lembolan from South Australia.)
ZuMPT, F., 1952, pp. 1-18. (Ethiopian Sar-
cophaginae (Dipt.) ; new genus, Termito-
tneiopia.)
1953, p. 37. (Termitometopia, a true
guest.)
USES IN INDUSTRY, ARTS, AND RELIGION
Anonymous (J. M. C), 1915, pp. 224-281.
(Use in Australia brown secretion in
nest structure of mounds for tennis
courts.)
1938, p. 17. (Lime carbonite in mounds,
Tanganyika, Africa.)
Berensberg, H. von p., 1907, pp. 757-762.
(Natal, use in manufactures.)
Clausen, L. W., 1954. (Head-hunters of
Amazon River purify widow before re-
marriage by inhaling smoke from burn-
ing termite nest, p. 150; natives of lake
region, central Africa, chew clay from
certain termite nests as Arabs of that
region chew tobacco. Arabs suffered se-
vere nausea when they tried it, pp. 150-
151.)
Cowan, T., 1865, pp. 132-137. (Use of nests.)
Dietz, H. F., and Snyder, T. E. (1923),
1924, pp. 279-302. (Panama, nest ma-
terial used for floors native huts, and
tennis courts.)
Froggatt, W. W., 1903, pp. 726-730. (Earth-
like material mound nests so fine is used
by native jewelers to polish gems in Cey-
lon.)
Lips, J. E., 1947, p. 427. (South Seas, ter-
mites souls of men.)
Myers, J. G., 1938, pp. 7-8. (Sudan, termites
used as oracles.)
Pax, F., 1950, pp. 264-271. (Practical use ter-
mites and their nests.)
RoHLAND, P., 1911, pp. 178-179. (Nest ma-
terial in brickmaking.)
Snyder, T. E., 1915, p. 23. (As scavengers
in the forest.)
i929d, pp. 143-151. (Tree nests (artificial
of concrete), used as decoration in archi-
tecture.)
I935e, p. 64. (Natives of South Africa, ac-
cording to C. Fuller in letter, have vener-
ated mounds for many hundreds of
years.)
1948, p. 75. (In Africa nest material is
used for floors native huts.)
Taylor, }. E., 1942, p. 49. (Mounds used for
manure.)
128
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
TiHON, L., 1946, pp. 865-868. (Grilled ter-
mites produce oil of high acidity, not
sticky and yields clear, firm soap.)
WoLcoTT, G. N., 1945, pp. 1 15-129. (Carton
tree nests of Nastititcrmes and tunnels
made of concrete and painted black to
give authenticity to imitation rustic gar-
den furniture and arbors.)
WATER TABLE
Elliot, G., 1904, pp. 505-523. (Termitidae | Snyder, T. E., 1935c, pp. 1-6. (Increased ter
in water 50 m. below surface, Niger-
Chad boundary, pp. 515-516; go down
in wells for water.)
JoFFE, U. S., 1936, pp. 48, no.
Richards, O. W., 1953, p. 172. (Desert-liv-
ing termites extend vertical tunnels many
feet to reach deep-lying water table.)
mite damage at New Orleans, La., due
to lowering of water table by pumping
system.)
19356, p. 59. (Depth water table only lim-
its penetration soil by termites.)
WOOD PRESERVATION
Alliot, H., 1946, pp. 1420-1421. (Chemical
protection wood.)
1947, pp. 1-3. (Chemical protection wood.)
1953, pp. 43-52. (Protection logs. Tropics.)
Alliott, A., 1949, pp. 200-201. (Protection
wood.)
Allouard, p., 1948, pp. 415-426. (Simple
and cheap process protection wood
against termites and decay.)
Amadon, H. C, et al., 1945, pp. 74-81. (U.S.,
pole service records.)
Andrews, L. K., Gottschalk, E. W., and
Johnson, J. P., Jr., 1941, pp. 54-80.
(Service records Wolmanized lumber.)
Angell, H. W., Davis, R. E., and McFar-
land, W. a., 1948, pp. 1-36. (Service
records Wolmanized lumber.)
Anonymous, 1910, pp. 308-310. (Report on
creosoted yellow pine poles in Norfolk-
Washington and Montgomery-New Or-
leans lines Amer. Tel. and Tel. Co., U.S.)
1921, pp. 290-295. (Australia, chemical
treatments of wood to protect against
termites.)
1923, pp. 53-55. (East Africa, sodium ar-
senite, carbolineum.)
1925c, pp. 66-67. (India, protection wood
against termites.)
1932, pp. 237-269. (Test treated poles in
Norfolk-Washington, Montgomery-New
Orleans lines, Amer. Tel. and Tel. Co.,
U.S.)
1934, in Kofoid, appendix A to chap. 49.
(Results preservative treatment test poles
in Norfolk-Washington and Montgom-
ery-New Orleans lines, Amer. Tel. and
Tel. Co., U.S.)
i934d, pp. 472-477. (India, chir and fir
sleepers impregnated with creosote and
liquid fuel oil reduces checking and end-
racking, should give 19 years' service.)
1934-1953. (Reports of inspections of pre-
servatives in the Mississippi State Eligh-
way Department's test garden, Jackson,
Miss., and service records on guard rail
posts, 1 932- 1 953, 20th report 1953; coal-
tar creosote, pentachlorophenol, and
"Chemonite" were outstanding.)
1936m, p. 309. (Northern Rhodesia, 3
years in ground, wood treated with 3%
arsenious oxide or 3% sodium arsenite
immune to attack by termites.)
1936c', p. 50. ("Permatol" developed by
Western Pine Assoc.)
I936d', pp. 44-51. (India, Ascu-arsenic and
copper, design of portable wood preser-
vation plant.)
1937, p. 19. (Treated timber mandatory in
Los Angeles, Calif., 1936 building code —
creosote and chromated zinc chloride for
foundation lumber.)
1937a, p. 2. (Treated wood recommended
in city building codes.)
1937b, p. 66. (Kansas City, Mo., ordinance
makes treated lumber mandatory in city
building codes.)
i937d, p. 21. (Proposal to require treated
lumber in Kansas City building code de-
feated.)
1941, pp. 1-7. (Federal specifications, wood
preservatives, U.S., TT-W-57ib.) See
i95oh.
1944, pp. 1-6. (Termite-proofing timber
for use in the Tropics.)
i945d, pp. 1-5. (U.S., pentachlorophenol.)
^ With particular reference to termites; also poisons for fabrics, fibcrboards, and insulation.
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
129
1946c, pp. 46-47. (New Zealand, oil solu-
ble preservatives brushed at rate i coat
for every 54 in. thickness timber pre-
vented attack by Calotermes brottni.)
I946d, pp. 1-5. (U.S., salts sap stream
treatment, green poles and posts; penta-
chlorophenol in oil for dipping seasoned
poles, posts.)
I947g, pp. 1-2. (India, DDT as anti-ter-
mite treatment for timber, fabric, and
cordage.)
1948, pp. 1-20. (U.S., treated wood in
buildings to prevent decay and termite
attack, U.S. Dept. Agriculture recom-
mendations.)
1949I, p. 73. (Australia, phenol-formalde-
hyde resins more effective than urea-
formaldehyde in bonding.)
I949n, pp. i-ii. (Kanpur, India, jute sack-
ing treated with DDT and benzene
hexachloride.)
1950, pp. 1-4. (Australia, superficial coat-
ings with creosote or other preservatives,
construction timbers.)
1950a, pp. 170-209. (South Africa, protec-
tion building timbers, general account
preservatives and methods.)
i95od, p. 62. (Australia, impregnation
with 0.06% Tanalitli (based on oven-
dry weight timber) gave almost com-
plete protection (laboratory tests) ; addi-
tion 4% pentachlorophenol and 0.13%
gamma isomer benzene hexachloride to
the glue line of plywood not effective;
cellulose acetate butyrate plastic suscepti-
ble to termites, polyvinyl chloride and
polythene not attacked in tests.)
19506, pp. 1-5. (U.S., factors influencing
decay, durability.)
I950g, pp. 1-23. (U.S., methods applying
wood preservatives.)
i95oh, pp. 1-5. (U.S., Federal specifications
wood preservatives and recommended
treating practice, TT-W-571C; revision
of TT-W-57ib, 1941; pp. 1-7.)
1951, pp. 1-26, revision of 1948.
1951C, pp. 64-65. (Australia, telephone
cables covered with polyvinyl chloride
badly damaged, while polythene cover-
ings only surface injured.)
I95id, pp. 1-28. (France, treatment wood,
cryptogilsxylophenes.)
I952d, p. 67. (Australia, addition 4.8%
crude or 2.0% gamma benzene hexa-
chloride to the glue line of plywoods
did not give adequate protection against
termites; addition 2% pentachlorophenol
or sodium pentachlorophenate to rubber
cable sheathing renders it highly resist-
ant; plastic cable sheathings of the poly-
diene or polyvinyl chloride type give
inadequate protection. Tests with Copto-
termes acinacijormis showed it to be
twice as voracious as C. lacieus.)
i953i, pp. 17-19. (U.S., 1952 amount chem-
ically treated miscellaneous lumber and
timber showed a 9% increase over 1951;
creosote or creosote mixtures were used
for 92.5% of all timber treated, gallons
used were 3.5% more than in 1951.)
i953n, p. 13. (Buena Vista, Va., pressure-
treated floor joists, sills, subflooring resi-
dence, southern yellow pine 0.75 lb. dry
salt — copperized chromated zinc chloride
per cu. ft., lumber air dried after treat-
ment. 5,000 bd. ft. lumber in house;
pressure treatment susceptible members
adds 2% to total construction cost.)
1954, pp. 1-5. (U.S., Federal specifications
wood preservatives and recommended
treating practice, TT-W-57rd; revision
of i95oh, pp. 1-5; included are Boliden
salts and copperized chromated zinc
chloride, deleted are zinc chloride and
ZMA.)
Baechler, R. H., 1934, p. 1336. (Corrosion
of metal fastenings in zinc chloride
treated wood.)
1939) PP- 56-63. (Corrosion of metal fasten-
ings in zinc chloride treated wood, after
10 years.)
1949, pp. 390-397. (Corrosion of metal
fastenings in zinc chloride treated wood,
after 20 years.)
(Banks, N., and) Snyder, T. E., 1920*, p. 98.
(U.S., treated timber for buildings.)
Barker, S. G., 1938, pp. 1227-1229. (India,
"cuprinol" protected jute for 8/2 months;
cellulose acetate treated fabric, Ceylon;
hessian treated with Bakelite varnish.)
Bateman, E., 1920, pp. 251-255. (Theory on
mechanism of the protection of wood
by preservatives.)
1920a, pp. 57-59- (Inaccuracy of treating
records due to moisture in wood.)
1920b, pp. 359-360. (Relation between vis-
cosity and penetration of creosote into
wood.)
1921, pp. 506-514. (Mechanism of the pre-
servative treatment of wood.)
1922, pp. 70-80. (Toxicity and solubility
partition of a number of tar acids proof
of the mechanism of protection of wood
by preservatives.)
1924. (Solutions of zinc chloride and pe-
troleum oils, pp. 114-117; toxicity of mix-
130
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
tures of creosote and petroleum oils, pp.
139-140.)
Bateman, E., and Henningsen, C, 1923-1925.
(Theory on mechanism of the protection
of wood by preservatives, pp. 136-144,
1923; pp. 33-37, 1924; pp. 22-28, 1925;
toxicity of petroleums, pp. 57-61; treat-
ment of posts, p. 245, 1925.)
Bates, H. W., 1864, p. 186. (Saturate wood
with arsenicals, Amazon.)
Becker, G., 1942, pp. 523-527. 573-577- (Ter-
mite-proofing textiles.)
1950, pp. 62-76. (Effectiveness of wood
preservatives against termites in the
Tropics.)
1950a, pp. 93-101. (Effectiveness coal-tar
creosote oil as a wood preservative.)
1950b, pp. 382-385. (Fluoride combina-
tions in wood preservation, iron corro-
sion.)
1952b, pp. 348-350. (Pentachlorophenol ef-
fective against termites.)
Becker, G., Schulze, B., and Schulz, E.,
1942, pp. 40-55. (Effectiveness against
termites.)
Becker, G., and Sommer, H., 1946, pp. 247-
251. (Termite-proofing fabrics under
tropical conditions, Kalotermes used.)
Becker, G., and Theden, G., 1954, pp. 11,
21-24, 48, 62, 66, 67, 68, 84. (Bibliog-
raphy, termites and wood preservation.)
Becker, G., and Wiederholt, W., 1951, pp.
409-416. (Fluosilicates as wood preserva-
tives and iron corrosion.)
Behr, E. a., 1949, pp. 19-20, 22. (Penta-
chlorophenol.)
1952, pp. 23-24, 26; pp. 40, 42, 46. (Penta-
chlorophenol, wood preservation for the
pest control operator.)
Berliner, J. F. T., 1943, pp. 140-141.
(Methylourea-treated wood.)
Berry, A. G. V., and Cater, J. C., 1941,
pp. 179-180. (Copper and mercuric
naphthenates as wood preservatives.)
1945, pp. 233-235. (Copper and mercuric
naphthenates as wood preservatives.)
Betts, H. S., and Newlin, J. A., 1915, pp.
I- 1 5. (Strength tests of structural tim-
bers treated by commercial wood-preserv-
ing processes.)
Blew, J. O., Jr., 1945, p. 82, 2 tables. (Post
service records.)
i947> PP- 26-41. (Comparison of preserva-
tives in Mississippi fence posts after 10
years.)
1948, pp. 88-119. (Comparison of wood
preservatives in stake tests.)
1949, pp. 285-293. (Post service records.)
1950, pp. i-ii, 2 tables. (Comparison of
preservatives in Mississippi fence posts.)
1950a, pp. 1-7, 2 tables. (Comparison of
preservatives in stake tests.)
i95i^> PP- 1-1I5 2 tables. (Comparison of
wood preservatives in Mississippi fence
posts.)
1952, PP- i-ii> 2 tables. (Comparison of
wood preservatives in Mississippi fence
posts; untreated southern yellow pine
posts had average life of 3.3 years. Posts
impregnated with beta-naphthol in oil,
borax-boric acid, 10% creosote and 90%
crankcase oil, crankcase oil, and Osmo-
plastic (15-in. band application) had
average life 11 to 15 years; posts treated
with 21 other preservatives have lasted
longer or should last longer, including
steeping, osmose, double diffusion as
well as pressure. Coal-tar creosote, penta-
chlorophenol, tetrachlorophenol, Celcure,
coal tar, and copper sulfate and sodium
arsenate (double-diffusion) are over 92%
effective.)
1953, pp. 1-42. (Comparison of wood pre-
servatives in stake tests; untreated south-
ern yellow pine sapwood stakes had an
average life of i year in the Canal Zone,
Panama; 2 to 3 years at Saucier, Miss.,
Bogalusa, La., and Jacksonville, Fla.; 5
to 6 years at Madison, Wis. Untreated
Douglas fir plywood stakes had an aver-
age life of I to 4 years at Saucier, Miss.;
those glued with phenolic and urea-resin
lasted longer than those casein-glued,
which had an average life of i year.
Douglas fir stakes had a life of slightly
more than 2 years. Untreated yellow
birch plywood stakes had an average life
of 2 to 3 years. In the Canal Zone stakes
impregnated with 0.5 to i.o lb. of chro-
mated zinc chloride per cu. ft. lasted
5 to 7 years, with 1.5 lb. of zinc chloride
5 to 7 years, and with 0.6 lb. of Tanalith
12 years. At Bogalusa, La., stakes im-
pregnated with 0.2 lb. of Tanalith and
with 0.25 lb. of sodium tetrachlorophe-
nate per cu. ft. have averaged 10 and 8
years respectively; in Panama 0.25 lb. of
sodium pentachlorophenate or tetrachlo-
rophenate have given life of 7 and 5 years
respectively; 0.33 lb. (anhydrous) Boliden
salt 9 years.
In Mississippi fire-retarding formulation
of ammonium phosphate and sulfate
plus borax and boric acid lasted 6 years.
Southern pine stakes and Douglas fir
plywood stakes brushed or briefly dipped
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
131
in coal-tar creosote, solutions of penta-
chlorophenol, copper naphthenate, zinc
naphthenate, and phenyl mercury oleate
have had i to 4 years added life. Ply-
wood stakes soaked 18 hours in penta-
chlorophenol or mixtures of chlorinated
phenols have lasted 7 to 9 years in the
Canal Zone. Pine stakes soaked in urea
or urea formaldehyde solutions lasted i
to i'/2 and 3 to 4 years longer, respec-
tively, than untreated ones in Mississippi.
Pine stakes treated by the double-diffu-
sion method with copper chromate and
copper arsenate have lasted 11 years in
Mississippi. Plywood stakes impregnated
with phenolic resin (impreg) with a low
resin content had an average life of 7
years. Laminated paper plastic made
with phenolic resin averaged 6 to 8
years resistance to decay and termites.
Heat-stabilized birch and maple plywood
(staypak) lasted 4 to 6 years, veneer
i^-in. thickness had better resistance than
Ys in. because of better distribution of
the phenolic resin. Acetylated birch
(laminated veneer) resisted decay and
termites in Mississippi for 8 years.)
1954, pp. 1-42. (Comparison of wood pre-
servatives in stake tests; but little change
since 1953.)
Blew, J. O., Jr., and Champion, F. J., 1952,
PP- 1-33- (Open tank and other non-
pressure methods of preservation, U.S.)
Blew, J. O., Jr., and Kulp, J. W., 1953, pp.
1-14. (Comparison of wood preserva-
tives in Mississippi fence posts: but little
change in results reported by Blew, 1952,
sodium chromate treated posts had an
average life of 11 to 15 years.)
1954, pp. 1-13. (Comparison of wood pre-
servatives in Mississippi fence posts: posts
pressure-treated with beta-naphthol in
oil, borax-boric acid, sodium dichromate,
sodium chromate, 10% coal-tar creosote
and 90% used crankcase oil, and crank-
case oil, and those treated at ground line
and top with Osmoplastic have average
life 12 to 17 years. Posts pressure-treated
with chromated zinc chloride, coal tar,
lignite coal-tar creosote, No-D-K (hard-
wood-tar creosote), P.D.A. (phenyldi-
chlorarsine), Wolman salt (Tanalith),
and zinc chloride; posts steeped in mer-
curic chloride; and posts treated full
length with Osmosar are estimated to
have an average life ranging from 18 to
26 years.
Posts pressure-treated with Celcure (acid
cupric chromate), coal-tar creosote, 50%
coal-tar creosote and 50% used crank-
case oil, pentachlorophenol (approx. 5%
and 3%) in used crankcase oil, tetra-
chlorophenol (approx. 5% and 3%) in
used crankcase oil, water-gas tar, and
zinc meta arsenite, and those treated by
the double-diffusion process with copper
sulfate and sodium arsenate have not yet
shown a sufficiently high percentage of
removals to warrant an estimate on pos-
sible average life. The failures of treated
posts to date, on the basis of posts in-
stalled under the three site conditions,
have been heavier in the dry and damp
areas than in the swamps. In the instal-
lations showing more than 30% of fail-
ure, the percentage of failures in the
swamps has been significantly high.)
Brinker, R. C, 1936, pp. 81-82, 90. (Hawaii,
poles.)
BucKMAN, S. J., 1936, pp. 474-480. (Creosote
distribution in wood.)
BucKMAN, S. J., Browne, R. Y., and Gay,
W. H., 1945, pp. 35-42. (Nonpressure
treatment of wood. Ill, Solvents, equip-
ment and methods.)
BucKMAN, S. J., and Pera, J, D., 1942, pp.
1-4. (Nonpressure treatment of wood. I,
Cold soaking treatment southern pine
sapwood with a low viscosity oil solu-
tion of pentachlorophenol.)
BucKMAN, S. J., Pera, J. D., and Browne,
R. Y., 1943, pp. 156-158. (Nonpressure
treatment of wood. II, Wood preheated.)
Buhay, R., 1936, pp. 160-178. (Relative dura-
bility of some treated and untreated
American woods.)
Carter, R. H., 1939, pp. 1-25. (Chemicals
and methods used in treatments of trees
by injection, U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Bur.
Ent. and Plant Quar.)
Chamberlain, W. F., and Hoskins, W. M.,
1949, pp. 285-307. (Protection food pack-
ages against Zootermopsis, i to 2% sol.
DDT, hexachlorocyclohexane and 3, 5
dinitro-o-cresol and its salts highly toxic
and persistent when applied in wax. 1%
gamma isomer hexachlorocyclohexane in
wax protected cardboard boxes for over
18 months.)
Chamberlin, W. J., 1949, pp. 18-20. (U.S.,
general.)
Chapman, F. M., 1929, pp. 1-417. (Termite
tests on Barro Colorado Island, C.Z.,
Panama.)
Ciampolini, M., and Zocchi, R., 1954, pp.
309-325. (Tuscany and Firenze, damage
132
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
and control Reticulitermes lucifugus in
buildings — soil poisons, wood preserva-
tives.)
CoLLEY, R. H., 1924, p, 30. (Decay a heavy
drain on our forests, U.S.)
1924a, pp. 48-49. (Rotten wood.)
1927, pp. 187-189. (Building decay and
ways of prevention, U.S.)
1928, pp. 3-4. (Wood decay prevention
in buildings.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 753-755.
(Wood decay prevention in buildings.)
1946, pp. 14-15. (Wood decay prevention
in buildings.)
^953> PP- 120-169, 425-505. (U.S., evalua-
tion wood preservatives, especially oil-
type, laboratory and outdoor test plot.
Bell Telephone Lab. Creosote retention
9 to 10 lb. per cu. ft. necessary for
permanence. Possibilities bleeding in-
crease as retention is increased.)
Cox, C. L., 1935, p. 23. (Nigeria, wood
preservatives.)
Craighead, F. C, 1950, pp. 41-44, 46. (Gen-
eral, U.S.)
Craighead, F. C, and St. George, R. A.,
1938? PP- 26-34. (Introduction chemicals
into sap stream of trees to control
insects.)
Craighead, F. C, St. George, R. A., and
WiLFORD, B. H., 1937, pp. 1-7. (Method
for preventing insect injury to material
used for posts, poles, and rustic con-
struction.)
Cummins, J. E., 1932, pp. 186-197. (Fence
posts, western Australia.)
Cummins, }. E., Dadswell, H. E., and Hill,
F. G., 1930, 133-146. (Wood preserva-
tion, Australia.)
Cunningham, R. E., 1926, pp. 419-420.
(U.S., life of treated utility poles.)
CuRTiN, L. P., 1927, p. 878. (Production of
acid by wood-rotting fungi.)
T927a, p. 993. (Arsenites of copper and
zinc, zinc meta arsenite.)
1927b, pp. 1159-1161. (Preservative proper-
ties of basic substances.)
Dehnst, J., 1928, p. 688. (Mechanism of
timber protection by preservatives.)
Dietz, H. F., and Snyder, T. E., 1924, pp.
300-301. (Panama, dry-wood termites,
creosotes, zinc chloride, bichloride mer-
cury, sodium fluoride, "open tank";
chlorinated naphthalene, furniture.)
Dover, C, and Mathiir, R. N., 1934, pp.
19-20. (India, methods of testing the
susceptibility of timbers to termite at-
tack.)
Drefahl, L. C, 1930, pp. 78-96. (Zinc chlo-
ride.)
Duff, C. E., 1935, pp. 69-75. (Resistance
tests, copper belt, northern Rhodesia.)
1944, pp. 160-162. (Resistance tests, copper
belt, northern Rhodesia, arsenic salts
added 6 years to less durable timbers.)
DuNLAP, M. E., 1926, p. 1091. (Painting
treated wood.)
English, E. F., 1928, pp. 1-33. (Present
status timber preservation in South Af-
rica.)
1929, pp. 127-141. (Sulfur as a wood pre-
servative, "open tank" method, decreases
moisture content, hardens wood, no de-
terioration after 2 years burial, South
Africa.)
Feytaud, J., 1953, pp. 1 16-126. (France, car-
bolineums, creosotes, pentachlorophenol,
impregnation, immersion.)
Findlay, W. p. K., 1943, pp. 151-153. (Com-
pares toxicity wood and coal-tar creosotes
as fungicides, wood tars vary consider-
ably in toxicity, even least toxic an effec-
tive preservative provided good penetra-
tion. Extremely viscous, high tar acids
corrosive to treating plants. Dilution
wood tars with fuel oil results in heavy
sludge, in which some of the more active
ingredients of wood tars may be lost.)
Fischer, A. F., 1935, pp. 34-36. (Tests wood
preservatives, Philippines.)
Fisher, R. C, 1945, pp. 373-378. (Chemical
preservation timber, control wood-boring
insects.)
Fletcher, T. B., and Ghosh, C. C, 1920, pp.
705-712. (India, results treating wood
with various substances to prevent ter-
mite attack, several different kinds
wood.)
1921, pp. 705-711. (India, preservation
wood against termites.)
FoxwoRTHY, F. E., and Wooley, H. W.,
1930, pp. 1-60. (Durability Malayan tim-
bers.)
Froggatt, W. W., 1920, p. 46. (Australia,
I oz. paris green and i lb. pollards
mixed with sweetened water to consist-
ency putty, forced into wood.)
Fukushima, K., 1914, pp. 100-104. (Coal-tar
creosote as protection against termites,
Japan.)
Fuller, C., 1912a, pp. 345-369, 543-571.
(Soaking wood in sodium arsenite solu-
tion. South Africa.)
Garratt, G. a., 1931, pp. 140-143. (Factors
affecting mechanical properties, preserva-
tive treatments.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
133
Georgijevic, E., 1953, pp. 50-51. (Protection
plywood from termites.)
GiDDiNGs, J. S., et al., 1941, pp. 37-39. (Use
mixtures creosote and coal tar.)
GoEHDE, H. L. VON, 1945, p. 45. (Naphthenic
acid and metallic naphthenates.)
GosswALD, K., 1942, pp._ 37-39, 47-50. (Ter-
mite-proofing material.)
1943a, pp. 13-21, 30-34. (Termite-proofing
material.)
1949, pp. 99-134. (Termite-proofing tex-
tiles.)
I95i> PP- 587-589- (Review of technique,
wood, textiles, termites.)
Gregory, W. B., 1913, pp. 1192-1203. (Tests
of creosoted timber.)
Griffioen, K., 1952, pp. 157-178. (Indonesia,
experiment with impregnated sleepers.)
Groenou, H. B. van, Rischen, H. W. L.,
and Berge, J. van den, 1951, pp. 1-318.
(Wood preservation entire world, during
last 50 years; termites, pp. 14-16, 18-20.)
Hallsted, C. T., Hyatt, M., and Dunnam,
B. E., 1954, pp. 1-46 and appendix. (Cali-
fornia, details of percentage of termite-
infested buildings in various areas; rec-
ommendations for the use of pressure-
impregnated sills in buildings.)
Hanly, W. W., 1954, p. 36. (U.S., treated
lumber safeguards termite guarantees.)
Harris, W. V., 19483, pp. 49-50. (DDT and
BHC for protection timber against ter-
mites. East Africa, 17 months' test.)
1949a, p. 187. (Further notes on protection
timber against termites.)
1952, pp. 1 09-1 10. (East Africa, wood pre-
servatives for termite control.)
Hartley, C., and Wagener, W. W., 1931,
PP- 3-7- (Fungus and termites, build-
ings, U.S.)
Hatt, W. K., 1906, pp. 1-21. (Experiments
on strength treated timber, U.S.)
Hawley, L. F., Fleck, L. C., and Richards,
C. A., 1924, pp. 699-706. (Relation be-
tween durability and chemical composi-
tion wood.)
Henry, E., 1907, pp. 1-96. (Preservation
wood against insects.)
Herfs, a., 1953, p. 50. (Resistance indigo-
dyed textiles to termites.)
^953^y PP- 56-58- (Termite station at Lever-
kusen.)
Hill, G. F., 1930a, pp. 220-224. (Federal
Capital Territory, Australia.)
HiNGLE, L. D., 1922, pp. 152-161. (Mine
timbers. South Africa, zinc sulfate, "open
tank" 9% solution (waste product), ef-
fective 1919-1921.)
HoLDAWAY, F. G., 1935, pp. 34-35- (Standard
laboratory colonies Eutermes exitiosus
for timber testing under controlled con-
ditions, Australia.)
HoRNOR, R. R., TuFFT, H. E., and Hunt,
G. M., 1925, pp. 58-63. (Mine timbers,
U.S.)
HosKiNS, W. M., and Chamberlain, W. F.,
1946, p. loi. (DDT, phenothiazine and
several compounds of dinitrophenol group
prevent Zootermopsis and Kalotermes
from entering food containers, U.S.)
Hunt, G. M., 1916, pp. 1-32. (Farm timbers,
U.S.)
1935, pp. 3-6. (Treated wood for houses.)
1939, pp. 9-13. (Application wood pre-
servatives, U.S.)
1952, pp. 92-95. (U.S., buildings, prevent
termite damage.)
1953, reprint, pp. 1-2. (Termites and water-
born preservatives, U.S.)
Hunt, G. M., and Garratt, G. A., 1938, pp.
1-457. (General, mosdy U.S.)
1953, pp. 1-417. (General, mosdy U.S.;
termites, pp. 45-55.)
Hunt, G. M., and Snyder, T. E., 1930, pp.
318-334. (An international termite ex-
posure test of impregnated stakes in
Panama, Hawaii, Australia, and South
Africa; discussion of methods of exposure
in each country, and of preservadve treat-
ments, ist progress rep.)
1931, pp. 279-286. (An international ex-
posure test, 2nd progress rep., mounds
of termites used in test in Australia.)
1932, pp. 289-297. (An international ex-
posure test, 3rd rep.)
1933, pp. 398-408, 409-411. (An interna-
tional exposure test, 4th rep.)
1934, pp. 398-410. (An international ex-
posure test, 5th rep.)
1935, pp. 264-276. (An international ex-
posure test, 6th rep.)
1936, pp. 476-489. (An international ex-
posure test, 7th rep.)
1937, pp. 279-292. (An international ex-
posure test, 8th rep.)
1938, pp. 30X-316. (An international ex-
posure test, 9th rep.)
1939) PP- 350-36^- (^" international ex-
posure test, loth rep.)
1940, pp. 378-392. (An international ex-
posure test, nth rep.)
1941, pp. 379-392. (An international ex-
posure test, 1 2th rep.)
1942, pp. 450-462. (An international ex-
posure test, 13th rep.)
134
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
1943, pp. 74-89. (An international exposure
test, 14th rep.)
1944, pp. 223-239. (An international ex-
posure test, 15th rep.)
i945j PP- 189-204. (An international ex-
posure test, i6th rep.)
1946, pp. 317-332. (An international ex-
posure test, 17th rep.)
1947, PP- 381-396. (An international ex-
posure test, 1 8th rep.)
1948, pp. 392-406. (An international ex-
posure test, 19th rep.)
i949> PP- 382-389. (An international ex-
posure test, 20th rep.)
1952, pp. 314-327. (An international ex-
posure test, 2ist rep.; creosote oil and
water-borne Tanalith, Celcure, and Boli-
den salts most effective; pentachloro-
phenol and sodium pentachlorophenate
solutions not evaluated owing to short-
ness of test of these preservatives.)
Hutchinson, W. G., 1946, pp. 165-177. (De-
terioration of material in Tropics, cork
protected by paranitrophenol.)
Joyce, A. R., 1942, pp. 271-290. (U.S., treated
wood, buildings.)
Kamesan, S., 1925, pp. 1-28. (14 years ex-
periments in laboratory with preserva-
tives, India.)
I933j PP- 1-40. (Testing and selection of
commercial wood preservatives, India.)
i934> PP- 1-45- (Results experimental
treated sleepers laid in Indian railways
1911-1916.)
1936, pp. 93-113. (Structural timbers,
India.)
Kannan, K. Kunhi, 1930, pp. 25-29. (India,
a method of making wood immune to
termite attack; treating wood with var-
nishes to which the alcoholic extract of
the powdered bark of Mtindulea suberosa
had been added rendered it fairly im-
mune.)
Kapur, S. N., and Rehman, A., 1935, pp.
638-644. (Metal spraying of wood,
India.)
Keghel, M. de, 1921, pp. 185-186. (Timber.)
Kelsey, }. M., 1946a, pp. 446-457. (Tests
timber preservatives. New Zealand.)
i947» PP- 136-144, 145-153. (Preliminary
reports on timber preservation in New
Zealand, with Wolman Tanalith and
Celcure, New Zealand grown pine
{Pintis radiata), complete penetration up
to 2 in. recommended.)
King, H. H., 1908, p. 244. (Sudan, "solig-
num" effective in protecting timber
against termites.)
1930, pp. 22-32. (Sudan, experiments with
arsenite of soda and sulfate of copper
for protection timber against termites.)
KoBBE, W. H., 1926, p. 354-356. (Indurating
wood with sulfur.)
KoFoiD, C. A., and Bowe, E. E., 1934, 2d ed.,
pp. 517-545. (Standard biological method
testing termite resistance of cellulose-con-
taining materials.)
Kreer, J. G., 1936, pp. 38-40. (Arsenic com-
pounds in wood preservation to protect
against termite attack and decay.)
Krishna, S., and Narayanamurti, D., 1951,
pp. 271-276. (India, wood preservative
research and practice, heavier creosotes
give best results, Ascu most widely used
water-soluble preservative. Plywood:
Even casein glue can be protected by
addition of 5 to 10% sodium penta-
chlorophenate, veneers and glue both
treated, then glue line; finished plywood
treated with creosote or Ascu, no delami-
nation. Fiber boards: Zinc meta arsenite,
Ascu and pentachlorophenol gave pro-
tection for over 7 years.)
Krogh, P, M. D., 1947, pp. i-ii. (Compara-
tive efficacy of preservatives in wood ex-
posed to termites and decay, pressure
and "open tank" processes. South Af-
rica.)
1948, pp. 44-54. (Comparative efficacy of
preservatives in wood exposed to ter-
mites and decay, pressure and "open
tank" processes, South Africa, 17-year
life in ground for superior preservatives.)
Lantz, a. E., 1938, pp. 1-4. (Efficient method
for introducing liquids into living trees.)
(Lewis, B., and) Snyder, T. E., 1944, pp. 16-
20. (U.S., buildings.)
Loseby, p. J. A., and Krogh, P. M. D., 1944,
pp. 26-32. (Fractions of creosote distill-
ing above 315° gave greatest protection
after exposure to atmospheric conditions
•^Vz years, South Africa.)
LuDBRooK, A. J., 1946, pp. 504, 511-513.
(Preservation sleepers and poles from
termites.)
LuMSDEN, G. Q., 1952, pp. 27, 47; 47-52. (Re-
sults 25 years' test (Bell Telephone Lab.)
treated poles, posts, Gulfport, Miss., low
resitlue creosote and pentachlorophenol
in oil, greensalt in water most effective.)
MacLean, J. D., 1924, p. 44. (Relation of
temperature and pressure to the absorp-
tion and penetration of zinc chloride.)
1935, pp. i-io. (Preservative treatment of
wood by pressure; species classification
softwoods and hardwoods with reference
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
135
to ease of penetration of preservative;
revised 1952, pp. 16-18.)
1952, pp. 1-160. (Pressure processes, full
and empty cell.)
McDonald, G. B., 1915, pp. 1-151. (Preserva-
tive treatment fence posts, U.S.)
McNeal, X., 1952, pp. 1-23. (Arkansas, fence
posts impregnated with creosote gave
15 '/2 years' service.)
Mann, R. H., 1951, pp. 288-289, discussion
p. 318. (50 years wood preservation,
U.S.)
Merrick, G. D., 1954, pp. 1-19. (U.S., lum-
ber treated in 1953 5% less than in
1952.)
Moll, F., 1910, p. 239. (Protection wood
against termites.)
1915, pp. 591-605. (Structural timbers.
Tropics.)
1949, pp. 213-214.
MuTH, F. A., 1926, pp. 153-154, 161-162.
(Creosote impregnated window sills.
New Orleans, La., building code.)
Neetles, W. C., 1942, pp. 65-66. (U.S., posts
treated with chromated zinc chloride ex-
posed to subterranean termites sound
after 4 years. Directions for treating,
tables for computing amount of solution
based on diameter posts.)
NowoTNY, R., 1924, pp. 521-528. ("Cobra
Process.")
1925, pp. 533-534. ("Cobra Process.")
OsHiMA, M., 1919, pp. 375-379. (Comparative
resistance wood preservatives, Formosa.)
Palekanda, M. W., 1943, p. 100. (Use naph-
thenic acid in preservation wood.)
Pancxja, G. a., 1937, pp. 680-688. (Philip-
pines, wooden and bamboo posts pro-
tected against ground-inhabiting termites
Macrotermes gilvtis and Microcerotermes
los-banosensis; experimental plots to study
relative effectiveness coal tar, salt, and
paris green.)
Pearson, R. S., 1912, pp. 74-180. (Railway
sleepers, India.)
1918, pp. 131-158. (India, further results
experiments in antiseptic treatment tim-
bers.)
1922, pp. 1-49. (India, further results ex-
periments in antiseptic treatment tim-
bers.)
Pemberton, C. E., 1946, pp. 57-58. (Resist-
ance to Coptotermes formosanus of wood
treated with copper naphthenate, Hawaii,
effective for 6 years.)
Plath, E., and Schmidt, H., 1952, pp. 250-
251. (Protection plywood.)
PoPHAM, E. J., 1931, pp. 63-69. (Durability
timber, India.)
PuRUSHOTHAM, A., Pande, J. N., and Jadhave,
Y. G., 1953, pp. 49-65, 92-107. (India.)
Randall, M., 1930, pp. 207-214. (U.S., retail
distribution treated timber products.)
Randall, M., and Doody, T. C, 1934, in
Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 385-431. (Methods,
chemicals, and proprietary preservatives.)
19385 PP- 444-449' (Service of paints on
woods treated with termite repellents.)
Randall, M., Doody, T. C, and Weiden-
BAUM, B., 1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp.
448-462. (Paints.)
Randall, M., Hermes, W. B., and Doody,
T. C, in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp. 368-
384. (Toxicity of chemicals.)
Rawson, R. H., 1926, pp. 191-196. (Effect on
Douglas fir ties of incising and creosot-
ing by the boiling under vacuum proc-
ess.)
1927, pp. 203-213. (EfTect on Douglas fir
ties of incising and creosoting by the
boiling under vacuum process, on 6-in.
by i2-in. beams.)
Rees, H. L., 1942, pp. 82-83. (Use of pre-
served wood in home construction.)
Rhodes, F. L., and Hosford,R. F., 1915, pp.
2378-2381. (Recent results from preserva-
tive treamient telephone poles, test lines
American Tel. and Tel. Co., U.S.)
Richards, A. P., 1942, pp. 371-400. (Termite
tests at Almirante, Republic of Panama.)
Richards, C. A., 1925, pp. 18-22. (Compara-
tive resistance 18 species wood-destroying
fungi to zinc chloride.)
RooNWAL, M. L., 1951, pp. 1-3. (India, tem-
porary protection during storage for few
months, timber, bamboos, plywood.)
St. George, R. A., and Furry, M. S., 1946,
pp. 207-210. (Resistance of treated cot-
ton fabrics to attack by termites and
microorganisms.)
ScAMMELL, E. H., 1907, pp. 10-12. (New
process to protect wood against white
ants.)
Schmidt, H., 1950c, pp. 73, 75. (Protection
industrial wood against termites.)
1953, p. 422. (Export trade and termite
protection, Germany.)
1953a, pp. 385-388. (Termite-proofing, Re-
ticttlitermes.)
ScHOLLES, W., 1952, pp. 43-45. (Impregna-
tion wood against termites.)
ScHULZE, B., (ScHULZ, E.), Becker, G., and
Theden, G., 1942, pp. 1-88. (Prophylac-
tic action wood preservatives against ter-
mites (Becker, Schulze, and Schulz) ; the
136
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
influence of different experimental con-
ditions in connection with the termite
test of wood preservatives using Calo-
termes fiavicoUis as the test organism
(Becker).)
ScHULZE, B., and Becker, G., 1948, pp. 97-127.
(Fungicidal and insecticidal value frac-
tions and constituents of coal-tar creosote
oil.)
Snyder, T. E., 191 5, pp. 76-79. (House tim-
bers, poles, mine props, cabinet woods,
wood pulp products, U.S.)
1916, pp. 29-31. (House timbers, poles,
mine props, cabinet woods, wood pulp
products, U.S.)
1916a, pp. 15-17. (House timbers, poles,
mine props, cabinet woods, wood pulp
products, U.S.)
1919a, p. 14. (House timbers, poles, mine
props, cabinet woods, wood pulp prod-
ucts, U.S.)
1919b, p. 58. (White-ant-proof wood for
the Tropics.)
1921, pp. 496-501. (White-ant-proof wood
for the Tropics.) See 1919b.
'^9^3i P- 164. (Wood, U.S., protection
against insects.)
1924a, pp. 1-16. (Tests in Virginia, U.S.
Bur. Ent.)
1924b, p. 138. (Protecting wood against
termites, U.S.)
19256, pp. II, 6-7, 12-13. (Protecting wood
against termites, U.S.)
1926a, p. 14. (Protecting wood against ter-
mites, U.S.)
1926c, pp. 8, 13-15. (Foundation timbers
interior woodwork, wood pulp products,
U.S., revised 1930, 1934, 1939.)
i926d, pp. II, 27, 67. (Use treated wood,
buildings, U.S.)
19266, pp. 14-20. (Utility poles, U.S.)
I926h, p. 254. (California.)
I926i, pp. 2-3. (Tests, Panama.)
1927b, pp. 316-321; 1927c, 178-179. (Use
of preserved wood; building codes.)
i927f, pp. 82-83. (Impregnating wood for
conservation.)
i927i, pp. 533-536. (Retailing treated tim-
ber, U.S.)
1927k, pp. 309-314. (House timber, U.S.)
1928, pp. 261, 274-276. (Buildings, U.S.)
1928a, pp. 135-138. (Poles, California.)
I928d, pp. 240-242. (Building construc-
tion, U.S.)
i929f, p. 18. (Chemical treatments for
lumber used in Tropics; conference Nat.
Comm. Wood Utilization, U.S. Dept.
Commerce, Mar. 28.)
19291, pp. 45-48. (Test building in Panama,
constructed of timbers impregnated with
coal-tar creosote and zinc chloride.)
1929I, p. 4. (Treated timber in building
codes, U.S.)
i929n, pp. 96-108. (Buildings, poles, U.S.)
19290, pp. 268-277. (Treated wood, build-
ing codes, U.S.)
193 1*. PP- 546-547- (Timber, general.)
^933' PP- 4-5> 13- (Test house Panama re-
sists attack by termites and decay.)
i935e, pp. 87-91, III, 134-135, 147-156.
(General, U.S. and Tropics.)
1939a, p. I. (Results tests. Gulf States,
U.S.)
1947a, pp. 36-38, 45. (Panama test house
immune to attack by termites after 21
years.)
1948, pp. 146-156, 185-187. (General U.S.
and Tropics, construction timbers and
wood products, fiber boards.)
i95od, p. 13. (Prevention attack by dry-
wood termites, buildings, U.S.; Cali-
fornia, poles dipped in hot creosote in
long vats, then reset, see 19356.)
1952c, p. 30. (Prevention reinfestation
buildings after fumigation.)
i952f, p. 30. (Effective wood preservatives
not necessarily effective soil poisons.)
1955b, pp. 48-56. (U.S., termite attack on
plastics and fabrics, chemical control.)
Snyder, T. E., and Reed, W. D., 1949, p. 10,
(Protection wood.)
Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, J., 1924, p. 23.
(Panama.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 432-447. (U.S.
Bur. Ent. tests.)
1941, pp. 80-82. (Test house Panama re-
sists termites and decay.)
1943, pp. 1-24. (Results tests by U.S. Bur.
Ent. of relative effectiveness preservatives
and methods in prevention termite at-
tack.)
1948, pp. 8, 10, 12, 14. (Results inspections
test buildings in Panama, treated against
termites; after 20 years timbers impreg-
nated with coal-tar creosote, zinc chlo-
ride, and zinc meta-arsenite effective, beta
naphthol compound failed.)
SowDER, A. M., 1929, pp. 981-984. (Toxicity
of water-soluble extractives and relative
durability of water-treated wood flour of
western red cedar.)
Spofford, C. M., 1917, pp. 236-241. (Zinc
chloride as a preservative of structural
timber.)
Steer, H. B., 1952, pp. 365-404. (U.S., wood
preservation statistics.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
137
I953> PP- 289-330. (U.S., wood preserva-
tion statistics, for 1952, 13% increase in
lumber ti'eated over 1951.)
Stewart, D., 1940, pp. 146-154. (Coal-tar
creosote with or without admixture with
fuel oil, poles, India.)
Teesdale, C. H., 1913, pp. 1084-1086. (Con-
dition of experimental poles, near Savan-
nah, Ga., untreated chestnut more dur-
able than southern white cedar; brush
treatments paid cost.)
1914, pp. 1-43. (Relative resistance of vari-
ous conifers to injection with creosote.)
1915, pp. 21-24. (Service tests of treated
and untreated telephone poles.)
Teesdale, C. H., and MacLean, J. D., 1918,
pp. 1-36. (Relative resistance of various
hardwoods to injection with creosote.)
Trevor, G., 1937, p. 334. (India, wood pre-
servative creosote vs. Ascu.)
Trevor, J. F., 1939, p. 661. (20% solution
copper naphthenate — 11% copper more
effective than creosote as a wood preserva-
tive against termites.)
Tronson, W., 1945, pp. 24-25. (Australia,
paint timber with hot solution sodium
arsenite.)
Tryon, H., 1903, p. 284. (Castor-oil cake
and Gardenia gumifera juice for repel-
ling Termes taprobanes in timber, India.)
Tu, T., 1952, pp. 17-34. (Formosa, perfumes
showed considerable toxicity to Odonto-
termes formosanus.)
i953> PP- 353-355- (Formosa, terpene sul-
fide of white camphor oil B, insecticidal
action on Coptotermes formosanus in
laboratory.)
1953a, pp. 50-62. (Formosa, higher boiling
point fractional distillates in camphor oil
more effective in protecting wood stakes
in ground from termites.)
1953b, pp. 72-75. (Formosa, 5% DDT in
kerosene impregnated pine stakes in
ground resisted Reticulitermes speratus
for 2 years.)
1953c, pp. 63-71. (Formosa, mixtures by-
products camphor-oil and cresol with
gasoline or kerosene have strong toxicity
to Coptotermes formosanus.)
^954) PP- 409-413- (Formosa, wood im-
pregnated with blue camphor-oil resist-
ant since 1951.)
Viola, O., 1932, pp. 476-482. (Protection
books from Calotermes flavicolUs, Italy.)
Von Schrenk, H., Fulks, E. B., and Kam-
merer, a. L., 1907, pp. 15-41. (Changes
which take place in coal-tar creosote dur-
ing exposure, U.S., marked evaporation
lower boiling fractions especially in tops
poles after 9 years, high boiling fractions
most effective.)
Warr, }. H., 1925, pp. 1-34. (India, results
of treated and untreated experimental
sleepers laid in various railway systems.)
Warr, J. H., and Kamesam, S., 1925, pp. 283-
388. (Notes on antiseptic treatment of
Assam timbers for railway sleepers.)
Weiss, H. F., 1916, pp. 1-361. (Preservation
structural timber, U.S.)
Welch, M. B., 1929, pp. 47-53. (Australia,
"Powellizing" common treatment, boiling
wood in mixture molasses and sodium
arsenite.)
Wilford, B. H., 1944, pp. 1-30. (Chemical
impregnation of trees and poles for wood
preservation.)
Winslow, C. p., 1912, pp. 1-13. (Condition
chestnut experimental poles in War-
ren-Buffalo and Poughkeepsie-Newton
Square lines after 5 and 8 years' service.)
Wirka, R. M., 1933, pp. 116-121. (Service
records of treated and untreated poles.)
19333-1945, pp. i-io. (Preservation timber
by steeping process; revised 1945, pp.
i-io.)
1941, pp. 365-379. (Comparison of pre-
servatives in Mississippi fence-post study.)
Wolcott, G. N., 1943, pp. 145-157. (How
to make wood unpalatable to Cryptoter-
mes brevis. I, Inorganic compounds.)
1944, pp. 171-180. (How to make wood
unpalatable to Cryptotermes brevis. II,
Organic compounds.)
1945a, p. 444. (Phenol as a termite re-
pellent.)
1945b, pp. 245-256. (How to make wood
unpalatable to Cryptotermes brevis.)
1945c, p. 493. (DDT as a termite repel-
lent.)
1947, pp. 124-129. (The permanence of
termite repellents.)
1947a, pp. 1-18. (Termite repellents, sum
mary of laboratory tests, Puerto Rico.)
1949, pp. 273-275. (The most effective ter-
mite repellents, copper pentachlorophenate
0.1% uneaten by Cryptotermes brevis
after 4 years, 2% solutions DDT and
pentachlorophenol protected wood for 5
years. Laboratory tests, Puerto Rico.)
I945)a, pp. 197-200. (Compounds of copper
most effective in making wood resistant
to Cryptotermes brevis.)
1950, pp. 224-225. (Benzene hexachloride
as a termite repellent; 2% treatment
eaten within less than i year; DDT,
138
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
pentachlorophenol treated wood uneaten
after over 4-year test; copper pentachloro-
phenate uneaten after 40 months.)
1951, 263-264. (Termite resistance of tecto-
quinone, pinosylvin, and other new in-
secticides.)
i953j PP- 374-375- (Termite resistance of
tectoquinone, pinosylvin, and other new
insecticides; also extractives from Doug-
las fir, Osage orange; stilbene most ef-
fective.)
WoLMAN, K. H., and Pflug, H., 1929, pp.
705-707. (Zinc meta-arsenite, a new
American wood preservative.)
X-RAY, See EXPERIMENTATION AND DETECTION
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: AUSTRALIAN
Brauer, F., 1865*, p. 977. (Taxonomy.)
Clark, A. F., 1938, pp. 177-179. (New Zea-
land.)
Froggatt, W. W., 1895* t, pp. 415-438.
1896*1, pp. 510-532.
1897* t, PP- 721-758.
1905a, pp. 1-47.
1907, pp. xiv-f 449.
1923, pp. viii+171; 14-23.
Gay, F. J., 1955, pp. 177-181. (Australia.)
Hagen, H. a., 1855-1860 (1858)* t, pp. 1-342.
Hill, G. F., 1942* t, pp. 1-473-
Hudson, G. V., 1892, pp. 107-108. (New
Zealand.)
1904, pp. x-f-i02. (New Zealand.)
Kelsey, J. M., 1944*, pp. 231-260. (New
Zealand.)
Kent, W. S., 1897, pp. 101-131. (Australia.)
1897a, pp. 81-82. (Australia.)
Light, S. F., and Davis, A. C., 1929*, pp.
62-70. (Australia.)
McKeown, K. C., 1944, 2d rev. ed., pp. 63-
69. (Australia.)
Miller, D., 1939, pp. 57-65. (New Zealand.)
1940-1941, pp. 333-334- (New Zealand.)
Mjoberg, E., 1920* t, PP- 1-128. (Australia.)
Nichols, A. G., 1928-1929*, pp. 19-22. (West-
ern Australia.)
Ratcliffe, F. N., Gay, F. J., and Greaves, T.,
1952!, pp. 1-124. (Australia.)
Silvestri, F., 1909*, pp. 279-314. (SW. Aus-
tralia.)
TiLLYARD, R. J., 1926, pp. 100-106. (Aus-
tralia, New Zealand.)
Tryon, H., 1887, pp. 1 19-123. (Queensland,
Australia.)
Wasmann, E., 1900a*, p. 244. (W. Aus-
tralia.)
Weddell, J. A., 1933, pp. 20-24. (Queens-
land.)
White, A., in Richardson and Gray, 1874,
pp. 1-25. (New Zealand.)
Wilson, H. B., 1952, pp. 471-472. (South
Victoria, Australia.)
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: ETHIOPIAN
Alibert, H., 1951, pp. 9-174. (West Africa.)
Anonymous, 1864, p. 310. (St. Helena.)
1950a, pp. 1-218. (South Africa.)
Bequaert, J. C., 1913, pp. 396-431. (Belgian
Congo.)
1930, in Strong, 1930, pp. 819-823. (Liberia,
Belgian Congo.)
Capra, F., 1935, pp. 44-46. (Abyssinia.)
Cipriani, L., 1932, pp. 126-131. (Rhodesia.)
Coaton, W. G. H., 1947, pp. 130-177. (South
Africa.)
1948, pp. 1-19. (South Africa.)
1948b, pp. 1-18. (South Africa.)
i948d, pp. 1-38. (South Africa.)
I949bt, pp. 13-77- (South Africa.)
1950a, pp. 3-32. (South Africa, Zululand.)
Cosar, H. G., 1934, pp. 5-36. (Africa.)
Desneux, J., 1904a*, pp. 148-149. (Cam-
eroon.)
1906*, pp. 355-356. (San Thome.)
1918*, p. 307. (Congo.)
1950, p. 735- (Congo.)
Emerson, A. E., 1928* t, pp- 401-574. (Bel-
gian Congo, Cameroon.)
1942*, pp. 1-12. (South Africa.)
1947*, pp. 127-129. (South Africa.)
1951, pp. 149-160. (Belgian Congo.)
1952, pp. 217-225.
1952a, pp. 333-354- (Belgian Congo.)
EscHERicH, K., 1908a, pp. 247-248. (Ery-
threa.)
Items marked with an asterisk should be looked for in Snyder, T. E., 1949, Catalog of die Termites
of the World, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 112, pp. 1-490. See also subject headings Distribution and
Taxonomy.
Items marked with a dagger are regional monographs.
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
139
Fabricius, J. C, 1 78 1*, pp. 395-397-
1787*, p. 248.
1793*, PP- 87, 88, 90, 91.
Fuller, C, 1915a*, pp. 329-505. (South Af-
rica.)
1921-1922* t, pp. 14-52, 70-131. (South
Africa.)
1925, pp. 269-276. (South Africa, North-
ern Zululand.)
1925a*!, pp. 167-246. (South Africa.)
1927*, pp. 130-142. (South Africa.)
Gerstacker, a., 1891, pp. 183-191. (East
Africa.)
Ghidini, G. M., 1938*, pp. 221-235. (Italian
East Africa.)
1939b, pp. 185-193. (Ethiopia.)
1941*, pp. 30-34. (Ethiopia.)
Grasse, p. p., 1936, pp. 265-306. (French
West Africa.)
1937a* t, pp. i-ioo. (French West Africa.)
1943*, pp. 71-82. Ivory Coast.)
1945-1947*, pp. 97-171.
1949, pp. 408-544.
Grasse, p. p., and Noirot, C., 1948, pp. 735-
736.
1952, pp. 291-342.
Ha GEN, H. A., 1853*, pp. 479-481. (Mossam-
bique.)
1862*, pp. 57-89. (Mossambique.)
Harris, W. V., 1936*, pp. 361-368. (Tan-
ganyika Territory.)
1940, pp. 62-66. (East Africa.)
1941, pp. 201-205. (East Africa.)
1946*, pp. 67-68. (British SomaHland.)
1948*, pp. 73-83. (Uganda.)
1950, pp. 50-52. (East Africa.)
1951, pp. 25-28. (East Africa.)
1951a, pp. 60-62. (East Africa.)
I953> pp. 13-14- (St. Helena.)
Haviland, G. D., 1898*, pp. 358-442. (South
Africa.)
Holmgren, N., 1913d*, pp. 321-366. (Natal
and Zululand.)
Illiger, K., 1805, pp. 232-234. (Africa.)
Jack, R. W., 1913, pp. 1-16. (Rhodesia.)
Jucci, C., 1937, pp. 300-308. (Italian East
Africa.)
KoLBE, H. J., 1887, pp. 70-74. (South Africa.)
Latreille, p. a., 1804*, pp. 49, 59, 63.
Layard, E. L., 1866, p. xii. (St. Helena.)
Linnaeus, C. von, 1788-1793*, pp. 2911-2913.
Lucas, H., 1851, pp. 1-li. (Senegal.)
McLachlan, R., 1869, p. xiii. (St. Helena.)
1874, pp. 15-16. (Zanzibar.)
1878, p. xii. (Africa, Cuba.)
MORSTATT, H., I913, pp. I3O-I4I, 443-464.
(East Africa.)
Paoli, G., 1934, pp. 1-427. (Italian Somali-
land.)
Patterson, W. H., 1927, pp. 35-39. (Gold
Coast.)
PoMEROY, A. W. J., 1927, pp. 1-21. (Accra
and Achinots, Gold Coast.)
Retzius, a. J., 1783*, p. 200.
Rosen, K. von, 1912*, p. 227 (221-232.) (Li-
beria.)
Savage, T. S., 1849, pp. 211-221. (West Af-
rica.)
ScHMiTZ, H., 1915*, pp. 1 19-124. (Belgian
Congo.)
1917*, pp. 225-231. (Belgian Congo.)
Seabra, a. F. de, 1917, pp. 24-28. (San
Thome.)
1919, pp. 1-43, 5-40.
1921, pp. 83-119. (San Thome.)
1922, pp. 78-87. (San Thome.)
1922a*, pp. 50-53. (San Thome.)
1922b*, pp. 72-74. (San Thome.)
SiLVESTRi, F., 1906*, pp. 341-359. (Eritrea.)
1908*, pp. 71-82. (West and Central South
Africa.)
1909a*, pp. 317-318. (South Africa, Sudan,
tropical Africa.)
1912*, pp. 211-255. (Portuguese Guinea
and San Thome.)
1912a*, pp. 1-5. (Equatorial Africa.)
1914-1915* t, pp. 1-146. (Western Africa.)
1918*, pp. 287-346. (Western Africa.)
1918a*, pp. 347-351- (Eritrea.)
1920a*, pp. 265-318. (Western Africa.)
1928*, pp. 91-95. (Abyssinia and South
Africa.)
1936*, pp. 203-205. (St. Helena.)
SjosTEDT, Y., 1926* t, pp. 1-419. (Africa.)
1926a*, pp. 1-5. (Gold Coast.)
1926b*, pp. 140-164. (Congo.)
1926c*, pp. 238-246. (Accra.)
I926d*, pp. 71-76. (Anglo-Egyptian Su-
dan.)
1927*, pp. 97-104. (Somaliland.)
1927a*, p. 169. (Belgian Congo.)
Skaife, S. H., 1954, pp. 251-271. (The Cape,
South Africa.)
1954, p. 130. (South Africa.)
1954a, pp. 41-67. (Africa.)
Smeathman, H., 1781, pp. 139-192. (Africa.)
Sparrman, a., 1783, p. 381. (South Africa.)
Sykes, M. L., 1900, pp. 85-91. (West Africa.)
Tembrock, G., 1944, pp. 149-195. (Africa.)
Theobald, F. V., 1903, pp. 158-163. (Sudan.)
Tragardh, I., 1904* t, pp. 1-47. (Sudan.)
Vayssiere, p., and Mimeur, J., 1925, pp. 89-
'90. (French West Africa.)
VoGEL, Dr., 1854, p. 71. (Tsad-See.)
Warren, E., 1909, pp. 113-128. (Natal.)
140
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1909a, pp. 239-247. (Natal.)
1919, pp. 93-112. (South Africa.)
Wasmann, E., 1897* t, PP- 137-182. (East
Africa.)
1904a*, p, 673. (Upper Congo.)
1906*, p. 573.
1911a*, pp. 91-117, 145-176. (Upper
Congo.)
1912*, pp. 70-115. (Tanganyika.)
Weale, J. P. M., 1878, pp. viii-x (South
Africa.)
Westropp, F. G. M., 1937, p. 580. (Lake
Rudolph, Rift Valley, Tanganyika.)
Wilkinson, H., 1939, p. 80. (Kenya.)
Wilkinson, W., 1954, pp. 75-82. (East Af-
rica.)
Williams, R. M. C, 1954, pp. 215-227. (East
Africa.)
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: INDO-MALAYAN
Abe, Y., 1937, pp. 463-472- (Japan.)
Ahmad, M., 1947*, pp. 1-7. (Indo-Malaya.)
1949, pp. i-ii. (Indo-Malaya.)
1952, p. 71. (India, Pakistan.)
Annandale, N., 1923, pp. 233-251. (Barkuda,
India.)
Anonymous, 191 i, pp. 273-274. (Ceylon.)
1913. PP- 7-15- (Ceylon.)
Assmuth, J., 1927, pp. 171-173. (British
India.)
Auctores, 1952, pp. 87-88. (Japan.)
Bathellier, J., 1927*, pp. 125-365. (Indo-
china.)
Beavan, R. C, 1868, pp. 381-383. (India.)
Beeson, C. F. C, 1941a, pp. 524-553. (India.)
BiBBY, F. F., 1947, p. 79. (Philippines.)
Boys, W. J. E., 1846, pp. cli-clii. (India.)
Brauer, F., 1866*, pp. 45-49. (Nicobar Is-
lands.)
BuGNioN, E., 1909, pp. 509-511. (Ceylon.)
1910a, pp. 129-144. (Ceylon.)
1910b, pp. 103-105. (Ceylon.)
1911, pp. 383-395. (Ceylon.)
1912*, pp. 487-505. (Ceylon.)
1913b, pp. 119-123. (Ceylon.)
19136, pp. 165-172. (Indo-Malaya.)
I9i3f, pp. 24-58. (Ceylon.)
19138*' PP- 299-330- (Ceylon.)
1914, pp. 39-47. (Ceylon.)
1914a*, pp. 149-154, 155-162. (Ceylon.)
1914b*, pp. 193-200. (Ceylon.)
1933, pp. 195-206. (Ceylon.)
BuGNiON, E., and Ferriere, C, 191 i, pp. 417-
437- (Ceylon.)
1911a*, pp. 97-106. (Ceylon.)
BuGNioN, E., and Popoff, N., 1910a*, pp.
124-143. (Ceylon.)
BuGNioN, E., PopoFF, N., and Ferriere, C,
1911, pp. 86-96. (Ceylon.)
Buttel-Reepen, H. von, 1912, pp. 97-103.
(Ceylon.)
Chaudhry, G. U., 1954, pp. 31-32. (Pakistan.)
Dammerman, K. W., 1913a, pp. 230-243.
(Java.)
1915*, pp. 98-100. (Java.)
1948, pp. 490-491. (Krakatau.)
Desneux, J., 1904*, pp. 445-446. (India.)
1904a*, p. 146. Ceylon, p. 148. (Annam.)
1906, pp. 344-355, 356-360. (India.)
1906a*, pp. 293-298. (Kashmir, India.)
1908*, pp. 388, 390-394. (Ceylon and
India.)
Doderlein, L., 1881, pp. 211, 212. (Japan.)
EsAKi, T., 1937, pp. 344-346- (Japan.)
1954, p. 88. (Japan.)
EscHERicH, K., 1911*, pp. xxxii-l-262. (Cey-
lon.)
Fletcher, T. B., 1912*, pp. 219-239. (India.)
1914, pp. xxii + 565. (India.)
1916, p. 39. (India.)
FoxwoRTHY, F. E., and Wooley, H. W.,
1930, pp. 1-60. (Malaya.)
Frauenfeld, G. R., 1868, p. 291. (Nicobars.)
Gardner, J. C. M., 1945*, pp. 103-110. (India
and Burma.)
Gnanamuthu, C. p., 1947, pp. 154-155.
(Krusadai Island, India.)
Green, E. E., 1908, pp. 75-82. (Ceylon.)
1913*. PP- 7-15- (Ceylon.)
Hagen, H. a., 1858b*, pp. 471-478. (Cey-
lon.)
1859*, pp. 199-212. (Ceylon.)
H.^LL, H. C. van, 1867, p. 381. (East Indies.)
Haviland, G. D., 1898* t, PP- 358-442. (Ma-
lay Peninsula and Borneo.)
Hill-Gibson, C. A., 1947, pp. 56-57. (Christ-
mas Island, Indian Ocean.)
1950, pp. 149-165. (Cocos-Keeling Islands.)
Hoffman, W. E., 1938, pp. 439-460. (Island
of Hainan, China.)
Holmgren, K. and N., 1917*!, pp. 138-171.
(India.)
Holmgren, N., i9Tic*t, in Escherich, 191 1,
pp. 185-212. (Ceylon.)
1912a*, pp. 107-136. (Japan.)
1912b*, pp. 774-793. (British India.)
1913*, pp. 277-284. (Ceylon.)
1913a*, pp. 101-117. (British India.)
1913b* t, pp. 1-276. (Indo-Malaya.)
1913-14*1, pp. 229-290. (East Indies.)
Hoon, R. C, and Talw.\r, K. N., 1950, pp.
179-186. (India.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
141
Horn, W., 1899, PP- 129-136, 225-236, 385-
397. (Ceylon.)
tlozAWA, S., 1915* t, pp. 1-161. (Japan and
Formosa.)
HuDLiKAR, S. B., 1911, pp. 103-114, (Bhor-
Ghats, India.)
HuTsoN, J. C, 1923, pp. 291-298. (Ceylon.)
Jepson, F. p., 1926, pp. 67-79. (Ceylon.)
1927, pp. 19-21. (Ceylon.)
193 1, PP- 579-596. (Ceylon.)
John, O., 1913*, pp. 102-116. (Ceylon.)
1925* t, pp. 360-419. (Indo-Malaya.)
Kalshoven, L. G. E., 1930* t, pp. viii+154.
(Java.)
1934, pp. cliv-clv. (East Indies.)
I935» PP- 21-22. (East Indies.)
1936, pp. 50-51. (East Indies.)
1936a, pp. 427-435. (Java.)
1950, pp. 146-147. (Indonesia.)
Kemner, N. a., 1925*, pp. 1-6. (China.)
1926*, pp. 379-392. (Ceylon.)
1930*, pp. 298-324. (Sumatra.)
1932a*, pp. 133-155. (Indo-Malaya.)
i933*j PP- 19-29. (Dutch East Indies.)
1934* t, pp. 1-241. (Java and Celebes.)
KoENiG, J. G., 1779*, pp. 1-28.
KoLBE, H. J., 1885*, pp. 145-150. (Japan.)
La Croix, E. de, 1900, pp. 22-23. (Indo-
Malaya.)
Lal, R., and Menon, R. D., 1953, pp. 1-94.
(India, Burma, Ceylon, 157 species.)
Lefroy, H. M. and Howlett, F. M., 1909,
pp. 1x5-121. (India.)
Lever, R. J. A. W., 1952, pp. 214-217. (Singa-
pore.)
Light, S. F., 1921*!, pp. 243-257. (Philip-
pines.)
1921a* t, pp. 23-63. (Philippines.)
1924* t, pp. 50-60, 140-142, 242-254, 354-
358. (China.)
1929*1, pp. 421-452. (Philippines.)
1930a* t, pp. 13-58. (Philippines.)
1931*, pp. 581-600. (China.)
1934, in Kofoid, p. 350. (Philippines.)
1937*, pp. 15-24. (Ceylon and Java.)
Light, S. F., and Wilson, F. J., 1936* t, pp.
461-520. (Philippines.)
March, A. \V., 1933, pp. 157-163. (East
China.)
Margabandhu, v., 1934*, pp. 700-714. (India,
Ceylon.)
1935*, PP- 208-209. (India, Ceylon.)
Matsumuru, S., 1931*, pp. 1406-1414. (Japa-
nese Empire.)
Nawa, U., 1910*, pp. 547-552. (Japan.)
1910a*, pp. 597-600. (Japan.)
1911*, pp. 12-16. (Japan.)
1911, pp. 94-99. (Loo-Choo.)
19113, pp. 194-195. (Japan.)
1911a*, pp. 280-284. (Japan.)
1911b*, pp. 413-417. (Formosa.)
1912*, pp. 17-19. (Japan.)
1912, pp. 221-223. (J^pan.)
1912a, pp. 313-316. (Japan.)
1912b, pp. 440-444. (Japan.)
Nietner, J., 1857, pp. 36-41. (Ceylon.)
Okada, T., 1912, pp. 17-18. (Japan.)
OsHiMA, M., 1908*, pp. 512-517. (Japan.)
1910*, pp. 343-346, 376-382, 411-413. (For-
mosa.)
1910a*, pp. 413-416. (Japan.)
1911a*, pp. 355-363. (Japan.)
1913*, pp. 271-280. (Japan.)
1913a*, pp. 283-286. (Singapore.)
1914*, pp. 289-292. (Japan.)
1914b*, pp. 553-585. (East Indian Archi-
pelago.)
1916*, pp. 351-369. (Philippines.)
1917a*, pp. 221-225. (Philippines.)
1917b*, pp. 5-7. (China.)
1920a*, pp. 489-512. (Philippines.)
1923*, pp. 1-20. (Indo-Malaya.)
OsHiMA, M., and Maki, M., 1919*, pp. 435-
439. (Japan.)
Pangga, G. a., 1936, pp. 233-265. (Philip-
pines.)
Pendlebury, H. M., 1930, pp. 45-56. (Ma-
laya.)
Petch, T., 1913a, pp. 395-420. (Ceylon.)
Pinto, M. P. D., 1941!, pp. 73-105. (Ceylon.)
Pratt, H., 1908, pp. 1-12. (Federated Malay
States.)
Radcliffe, E., 1904*, pp. 412-414. (India.)
Rodon, G. S., 1900, pp. 363-364. (India.)
Romanis, R., 1883, pp. 214-215. (Rangoon,
Burma.)
Roonwal, M. L., 1953, pp. 115-118. (North
India.)
Roonwal, M. L., and Pant, G. D., 1953, pp.
1-39. (India.)
Rutherford, A., 1914, pp. 305-307. (Ceylon.)
Sarwar, M. S., 1940*, p. 144. (Punjab,
India.)
1940b*, p. 144. (India.)
1940C*, p. 144. (Punjab, India.)
ScHMiTZ, H., 1924*, pp. 289-304. (India.)
Seoane, V. L., 1878, pp. ccxxv-ccxxvii.
(Philippines.)
1879, pp. xiv-xv. (Philippines.)
Sharp, D., 1894, pp. vii-viii. (Singapore.)
1895a, pp. xix-xx. (Borneo.)
Shiraki, T., 1909*1, pp. 229-242. (Japan.)
1910, pp. vi-f33i. (Formosa.)
1952, p. 15. (Japan.)
SiLVESTRi, F., 1922* t, pp. 535-546. (Indo-Ma-
laya.)
142
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1923* t, pp. 221-232. (Barkuda Island, In-
dia.)
1947*, pp. 13-40. (Indo-China.)
Snelleman, J. F., 1886, pp. 23-24. (Sumatra.)
Snyder, T. E., 1923*, pp. 107-109. (China.)
1931*, pp. 531-580. (China.)
1933*. PP- 91-93- (India.)
1933a*, PP- 1-15- (India.)
1934a* t, PP- 1-28. (India, keys to genera.)
Veth, p. J., 1875, pp. Ixxxviii-lxxxix. (East
Indian Archipelago.)
Wasmann, E., 1893*, pp. 239-247. (Ceylon.)
1896*, pp. 613-630. (Burma, India.)
1896a*, pp. 149-152. (India.)
1900*, p. 402. (India.)
1902*, pp. 79-80. (Ceylon.)
1902b* t, pp. 99-164. (Ceylon.)
1922*, p. 38. (Java.)
Williams, F. X., 1928, pp. 53-118. (Philip-
pines.)
Wu, C. F., 1935*, pp. 217-222. (China.)
Yano, M., 19T0, pp. 601-602. (Japan.)
1910a, pp. 177-178. (Japan.)
1911*, pp. 11-15. (Japan.)
1911a*, pp. 364-368. (Japan.)
1911b*, pp. 401-405. (Japan.)
1913, pp. 109-129. (Japan.)
1915, p. 62. (Formosa.)
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: MALAGASY
Cachan, p., I949t, pp. 177-275. (Mada-
gascar.)
1951, pp. 1-18. (Madagascar.)
Emerson, A. E., 1950, pp. 1-15. (Mada-
gascar.)
Holmgren, N., 1909a*, pp. 1-24. (Mada-
gascar.)
1910a*, pp. 135-148. (Seychelles and Alda-
bra.)
KoLLAR, v., 1858, pp. 339-343. (Mauritius
and Madagascar.)
Mamet, R., and Durocher-Yvon, F., 1942,
pp. 197-207. (Isle Maurice.)
MouTiA, A., 1936*, pp. 1-30. (Mauritius.)
MouTiA, A., and Mamet, R., 1946, pp. 439-
472. (Mauritius.)
1947, pp. 1-43. (Mauritius.)
Paulian, R., 1951, p. 18. (Madagascar.)
Rambur, J. P., 1842*, pp. 1-534.
SjOSTEDT, Y,, 1904* t, pp. I-I20.
1924c*, pp. 490-494.
1925*, pp. 53-55. (Madagascar.)
1926*1, pp. 1-419.
Snyder, T. E., i926e*, p. 143. (Mauritius.)
Vesey-Fitzgerald, D., 1941, pp. 153-160.
(Seychelles.)
Wasmann, E., 1893*, pp. 239-247. (Mada-
gascar.)
1897*, pp. 137-182. (Madagascar.)
1910a*, pp. 1 15-127. (Comoro Islands.)
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: NEARCTIC
Alexander, A. E., 1936, p. 34. (Ithaca, N.Y.,
U.S.)
Anonymous, 1891, p. 471. (Pacific Coast,
U.S.)
Banks, N., 1906*, pp. 336-337. (Florida,
Arizona, U.S.)
1907*, pp. 392-393. (Virginia, U.S.)
Banks, N., and Snyder, T. E., 1920* t, pp.
1-228. (U.S. and Canada.)
Beall, G., 1931, pp. 33-35. (British Colum-
bia.)
Blake, C. H., 1937, pp. 3-9. (New England,
U.S.)
Buckley, S. B., 1863*, pp. 212-215. (Texas,
U.S.)
Castle, G. B., 1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp.
273-275. (Western U.S.)
1944, p. 64. (Montana, U.S.)
Desneux, J., 1906*, pp. 338-343. (Texas,
U.S.)
DiETZ, H. F., 1921, pp. 87-96. (Indiana,
U.S.)
1924, pp. 299-301. (Indiana, U.S.)
DoBsoN, R. J., 1918, p. 99. (Boston area,
U.S.)
Emerson, A. E., 1933*, pp. 165-196. (West-
ern U.S.)
1936, pp. 410-41 1. (U.S.)
1943*, pp. 18-22. (Forida, U.S.)
Emerson, A. E., and Miller, E. M., 1943,
pp. 184-187. (Florida, U.S.)
1944, pp. 108-109. (Florida, U.S.)
Forbes, S. A., 1895, pp. 190-204. (Illinois,
U.S.)
GoELLNER, E. J., 193 1*, pp. 227-234. (Indi-
ana, Michigan, U.S.)
Hagen, H. a., 1861*, pp. 1-7. (North Amer-
ica.)
1872*, pp. 277-278. (North America.)
1874*, pp. 571-573. (Colorado, U.S.)
1877, p. 73. (California, U.S.)
Harvey, P. A., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp.
217-233, 239-255. (California, U.S.)
1939, pp. 1-41. (California, U.S.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
M3
Hilton, W. A., 1919, p. 41. (California,
U.S.)
Howard, L. O., 1902, p. 5. (U.S.)
HuNGERFORD, H. B., 1935, p. 24. (Kansas,
U.S.)
Jaeger, E. C, 1933, pp. 48-49. (California
desert, U.S.)
KoLLAR, v., 1837*, p. 411. (North America.)
Leonard, M, D., 1928, p. 38. (New York,
U.S.)
Light, S. F., 1930b*, pp. 454-455. (California,
U.S.)
1930C*, pp. 173-214. (California, U.S.)
1931a*, pp. 5-9. (Nevada, U.S.)
1932*, pp. 355-414. (Southwestern U.S.)
1934*, pp. 159-160. (Arizona, U.S.)
I934t, in Kofoid, 2d ed. (States, U.S., pp.
127-135; North America, pp. 199-205,
206-209, 210-212, 215-216, 266-268; U.S.,
pp. 311-312.)
1937a*, pp. 423-464. (California, south-
western U.S.)
Light, S. F., and Pickens, A. L., in Kofoid,
1934, 2d ed., pp. 150-156. (North Amer-
ica.)
McDaniel, E. L, 1934, pp. 1-14. (Michigan,
U.S.)
Miller, A. E., 1926, pp. 1-8. (Illinois, U.S.)
1928, pp. 1-12. (Illinois, U.S.)
Miller, E. M., 1943*, pp. 5-8. (Florida,
U.S.)
I949t, pp. 1-30. (Florida, U.S.)
Miller, E. M., and Miller, D. B., 1943!,
pp. 101-107. (Florida, U.S.)
Nichols, E. R., 1929, p. 123. (Southern Cali-
fornia, U.S.)
OsBORN, H., 1898, p. 231. (Iowa, U.S.)
Osten-Sacken, R., 1877, pp. 72-73. (Cali-
fornia, U.S.)
Packard, A. S., 1883, pp. 326-329. (U.S.)
Packard, C. E., 1936, p. 575. (U.S.)
Park, O., 1929, pp. 121-126. (Chicago area,
U.S.)
Pickens, A. L., 1932, pp. 178-180. (U.S.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 157-159.
(North America.)
Pickens, A. L., and Light, S. F., in Kofoid,
1934, 2d ed., pp. 196-198. (North Amer-
ica.)
Rees, D. M., and Gaufin, A. R., 1939, pp.
3-7. (Utah, U.S.)
Safford, W. E., 1919, pp. 377-434. (Florida
Everglades (Paradise Key), U.S.)
ScHWARZ, E. a., 1896, pp. 38-41. (SW. Texas,
U.S.)
Simeone, J. B., 1954, pp. 661-663. (New
York State, U.S.)
Simpson, C. T., 1916, pp. 5-9. (Florida,
U.S.)
Smith, J. B., 1910, p. 49. (New Jersey, U.S.)
Smith, R. C, 1943, pp. 140-142. (Kansas,
U.S.)
Snyder, T. E., 191 5, pp. 13-85. (Eastern
U.S.)
1920*, pp. 38, 40. (Arizona, U.S.)
1920, in (Banks and) Snyder, 1920* \.
(North Florida, p. 22; U.S., pp. 87-213.)
I924d, pp. 207-209. (Virginia, U.S.)
1925*, pp. 149-166. (U.S., particularly Colo-
rado, fossil.)
1925a*, p. 14. (U.S., Virginia.)
1926b, pp. 1-6. (U.S.)
1926c*, pp. 389-397. (Arizona, U.S.)
1931*, in Carpenter, p. 317. (Washington,
U.S., fossil.)
1933b*, pp. 67-69. (Florida, U.S.)
I934t, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 187-192, 269-
272. (Eastern U.S.)
I937> PP- 26-33. (Louisiana, U.S.)
1938*, in Carpenter, pp. 109-110. (Colo-
rado, U.S., fossil.)
1948, pp. 232-235. (U.S.)
1949a, pp. 164-165. (Washington, U.S.,
fossil.)
1950a, pp. 85-93. (Eastern U.S.)
1950b, pp. 190-193. (U.S., fossil.)
1952a, p. 56. (Pennsylvania, U.S.)
i952e, pp. 23, 26. (U.S.)
I952g, pp. i4» 16, 18. (Survey, U.S. 1917.)
1953. pp. 27-28. (U.S.)
1953a, p. 40. (U.S.)
i954bt, pp. 1-64. (U.S. and Canada.)
Spencer, G. J., 1937, pp. 42-43. (British
Columbia.)
1945, p. 21. (British Columbia.)
Sumner, E. C, 1933*, pp. 197-229. (North
America.)
Thompson, W. L., 1933, pp. 84-87. (Florida,
U.S.)
i934> PP- 33-39- (Florida, U.S.)
TowNSEND, C. H. T., 1893*, pp. 139-141.
(New Mexico, U.S.)
Treherne, H. S., 1878, pp. 74-75. (Mani-
toba.)
Urquhart, F. a., 1953, pp. 292-293. (Can-
ada.)
1954, p. 576. (Ontario, Canada, RcticuU-
termes flavipes, Kincardine, Bruce Co.)
Walker, F., 1853*, pp. 501-529.
Wasmann, E., 1902b*, p. 123. (Texas, U.S.)
Watson, E. B., 1948, pp. 1-2. (Toronto, On-
tario, Canada.)
Williams, O. L., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed.,
pp. 42-49. (U.S.)
144
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: NEOTROPICAL
Adamson, a. M., 1937*, pp. 141-149. (Trini-
dad.)
1938, pp. 220-224. (Lesser Antilles.)
1940a, pp. 12-15. (Trinidad and Tobago.)
1946, pp. 221-223. (Trinidad and Tobago.)
1948, pp. 53-55. (Lesser Antilles.)
Anonymous, 1914, p. 74. (Antigua, Porto
Rico.)
Banks, N., 1901*, pp. 541-546. (Galapagos
Islands.)
19 1 8*, pp. 659-667. (Panama and British
Guiana.)
1919*, pp. 475-489. (West Indies.)
Barreto, C. T., 1923, pp. 106-109. (Cuba.)
Bates, H. W., 1855, 1858, p. 4551. (Ama-
zon.)
Beatty, H. a., 1944, pp. 118-119. (Puerto
Rico.)
Becker, G., 1953, pp. 3-4. (Guatemala.)
1953a, pp. 339-373- (Guatemala.)
Bequaert, J., 1925, pp. 289-294. (Amazon.)
Berg, C, 1880*, pp. 1-16. (South America.)
Blanchard, E., 1847*, pp. 1-222. (Middle
America.)
1851*, pp. 87-91. (Chile.)
Burmeister, H. C. C., 1839*. (Puerto Rico,
p. 764; Brazil, p. 766.)
Calliot, J., 1877, pp. 392-397. (South Amer-
ica.)
Cardin, p. G., 1918, pp. 58-61. (Cuba.)
Costa Lima, A. da, 1937*, pp. 38-41. (Bra-
zil.)
1938*, pp. 359-362. (Brazil.)
I939t, pp. 263-327. (Brazil.)
1942*, pp. 1-4. (Brazil.)
Dance, C. D., 1881, pp. 159-161. (British
Guiana.)
Desneux, J., 1904a*, pp. 146-147. (Surinam.)
1904c*. (Brazil, pp. 286-287; Mariquita,
South America, pp. 287-288; Mexico,
p. 288.)
1906*. (Chile, p. 337; Ecuador, pp. 357-
359-)
1906, pp. 393-407. (Cuba.)
Dietz, H. p., and Snyder, T. E., 1924*, pp.
279-302. (Panama.)
Di.xon, W. B., 1946, pp. 31-34. (Jamaica.)
Dudley, P. H., and Beaumont, }., 1889* t,
pp. 85-114. (Panama.)
1889a*, pp. 56-70, 111-112. (Panama.)
1890*, pp. 157-180. (Panama.)
1890a*, pp. 102-118. (Panama.)
D'Utra, G. R. P., 1905, pp. i-io. (Brazil.)
Emerson, A. E., 1924*, pp. 392-394. (Juan
Fernandez and Easter Islands.)
1925* t, pp. 291-459. (British Guiana.)
i935*> pp. 369-395. (British Guiana.)
1943*5 pp. 18-22. (Jamaica.)
1945* t, pp. 427-472. (South America.)
1950, pp. 1-15. (South America.)
I952bt, pp. 486-487, 506-510, (Central and
South America.)
Erichson, W. F., 1848*, pp. 582-583. (British
Guiana.)
Fennah, R. G., 1951, pp. 97-113. (Trinidad
and Tobago.)
Goetsch, W., 1930. (Chile.)
1933*. (Chile, pp. 225-243; Juan Fernandez
Island, pp. 227-244.)
GouREAU, C, 1851, pp. xl-xli. (Antilles.)
GuNDLACH, J., 1886, pp. 204-208. (Cuba.)
1894, p. 264. (Puerto Rico.)
Hagen, H. a., i858h, p. 270. (Amazon.)
i86ia*, pp. 1-7. (South America.)
Hagen, W. von, 1937, 1938, pp. 46, 39-49.
(Middle and South America.)
Haldeman, S. S., 1853*, p. 365. (Mexico.)
Hayward, K. J., 1942, p. 50. (Tucuman,
Argentina.)
Holmgren, N., 1906* t, pp. 521-676. (South
America.)
1910b* t, pp. 171-325. (South America.)
Hubbard, H. G., 1877, pp. 267-274. (Ja-
maica.)
Jaume, Miguel L., 1954, pp. 1163-1182.
(Cuba.)
John, O., 1920* t, pp. 227-234. (South Amer-
ica.)
Latreille, p. a., 1804*, pp. 49, 59, 6;}.
(Brazil.)
1811-1832*, p. III. (Mexico.)
L'Herminier, F. L., 1837, pp. 497-513.
(Guadeloupe.)
Light, S. F., 1929*, pp. 67-72. (Lower Cali-
fornia.)
1930*, pp. 178-180. (Socorro Island.)
i93od*, pp. 215-232. (Mexico.)
1933* t, pp. 79-164. (Western Mexico.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 120-124, 203-
205, 208-209, 337-338, 338-339. (Mexico.)
1935*, pp. 233-256. (Galapagos and west
coast Mexico and Costa Rica.)
Linnaeus, C. von, 1758*, p. 609.
McLachlan, R., 1878, p. xii. (Cuba.)
Marshall, T. A., 1878, pp. xxvii-xxxviii.
(Windward Islands.)
Martinez, E. A., 1939, pp. 49-50. (Peru.)
Martorell, L. F., 1939, pp. 184-185. (Vene-
zuela.)
Maynard, C. J., 1888, pp. 111-113. (Ba-
hamas.)
Membreno, a., 1912, p. 25. (Mexico.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
145
Monte, O., 193 i*, pp. 69-70. (Brazil.)
MoTscHULSKY, V. DE, 1 855*, p. 10. (Pan-
ama.)
Mueller, F., 1871*, pp. 205-206. (Brazil.)
1873-1875* t, pp. 333-358, 451-463. (South
America.)
OVIEDO, DE, G. F. DE VaLDES, 185I, pp. 45O-
453. (Santo Domingo.)
Perty, M., 1830-1834*, pp. 19-20, 127-129.
(Brazil.)
PoHL, I. E., and Kollar, V., 1832*, pp. 1-20.
(Brazil.) See Kollar 1832*.
Rambur, P., 1842*, pp. 306, 307. (South
America.)
Ramos, J., 1946, pp. 12-13. (Mona Island.)
Rosenschold, E. M. af., 1849, pp. 59-62.
(Paraguay.)
ScHOMBURGK, R. H., 1847, p. 647. (Bar-
bados.)
SiLVESTRi, F., 1901*, pp. 1-8. (South Amer-
ica.)
1902, pp. 173-178, 257-260, 289-293, 326-
335. (South America.)
1903* t, pp. 1-234. (South America.)
1904, pp. 353-378. (South America.)
1923b*, pp. 307-321. (British Guiana.)
1946*, pp. 1-14. (Brazil.)
Snyder, T. E., 1922*, pp. 1-32. (Central and
South America and the Antilles.)
1923a*, pp. 89-94. (Puerto Rico.)
1923b*, pp. 126-131. (Canal Zone, Pan-
ama.)
1924*, pp. 20-24. (Panama, Cuba.)
1924a*, pp. 43-45. (Panama.)
1924b*, pp. 83-86. (Panama.)
1924c*, pp. 1-40. (Central and South
America and the Antilles.)
I924d*, pp. 131-132. (Puerto Rico.)
I924e*, p. 196. (Panama.)
1925*, pp. 179-193. (Canal Zone, Panama.)
1925b*, pp. 152-162. (Middle and South
America.)
1925c*, pp. 197-200. (Panama.)
i925d*, p. 89. (Panama.)
19256*, pp. 105-106. (Cuba.)
1926*, pp. 18-28. (Guatemala, Costa Rica,
and Colombia.)
1926a*, pp. 7-16. (Panama, Costa Rica.)
1926b*, p. 51. (Costa Rica.)
I926d* t, pp. 1-76. (Amazon Basin, Bo-
livia and Brazil.)
1929*, pp. 79-97. (Antilles and Middle
America.)
1932*, pp. 98-100. (Costa Rica.)
1933c*, pp. i6r-i66. (Brazil.)
1934*, pp. 95-98. (Costa Rica.)
1946*, pp. 158-160. (Guatemala.)
I952h, pp. 303-305. (Guatemala.)
Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, }., 1924*, pp. 1-26.
(Canal Zone and Panama.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 342-346. (Pan-
ama.)
SoRENSEN, W., 1884*, pp. 1-25. (South Amer-
ica.)
Strelnikov, J., 1920, pp. 215-226. (South
America, Brazil and Bolivia.)
Tucker, R. W. E., 1939, pp. 56-60. (Bar-
bados.)
1939a, PP- 132-134- (Barbados.)
Walker, F., 1853*, pp. 501-529.
Weber, N. A., 1941, pp. 325-329. (British
Guiana.)
WoLcoTT, G. N., 1921, pp. 1-14. (Puerto
Rico.)
1924, pp. 1-15. (Puerto Rico.)
1927, pp. 153-162. (Haiti.)
1936, pp. 45-50. (Puerto Rico.)
1938, pp. 83-84. (Puerto Rico.)
1939, pp. 5-26. (Puerto Rico.)
1940, pp. 375-380. (Puerto Rico.)
1950a, pp. 62-74. (Puerto Rico.)
WoLcoTT, G. N., and Sein, F., Jr., 1924, pp.
138-149. (Puerto Rico.)
Zetek, J., 1921, pp. 237-239. (Panama.)
1948, pp. 126-151. (Panama and Canal
Zone.)
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: PALAEARCTIC
Anonymous, 1870, pp. 642-644. (France.)
1941b, pp. 1 17-123. (France.)
Audouin, J. v., 1825-1827. (Egypt.)
Berland, L., 1926, pp. 72-73. (France, le
Var.)
Bernard, F., 1948, pp. 185-196. (Fezzan,
Tripoli.)
Blanchard, C. E., 1840*, pp. 46-47.
Bobe-Moreau, M., 1843, pp. xliv-Fi22.
Rochefort, France.)
Eodenheimer, F. S., 1935, pp. 327, 329.
Palestine.)
BoFFiNET, Pere, 1 842, pp. 546-559. (Charcnte-
Inferieure, France.)
1853, pp. 145-157- (Charente-Inferieure,
France.)
Bonaventura, G., 1953a, pp. 1-32. (Umbria,
Italy.)
Brauer, F., 1876, pp. 265-300. (Europe, es-
pecially Austria.)
BuGNioN, E., 1920, pp. 49-51. (Basses-Py-
renees.)
BuRMEisTER, H. C. C, 1 839*, p. 765. (Egypt.)
146
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
Capra, F., 1935*, pp. 44-46. (Libia.)
1938, p. 125. (Libia.)
1948, pp. 77-79- (Italy.) , . ^ ,
Carayon, J., 1952, pp. 91-92. (Pans, France.)
Chabousson, F., 1954, pp. 347-352. (France.)
Chaine, J., 1913a, pp. 650-653. (France.)
Charrier, H., 1923, pp. 216-217. (Tangier.)
Chopard, L., 1947, pp. i-iii. (France.)
Colas, G., 1944, pp. 38-39. (France.)
Desneux, J., 1902*, pp. 436-440. (Sahara.)
1904*, pp. 147-148. (Algeria.)
Dobblelaere, G., 1945, p. 49. (Paris.)
Fabricius, J. C., 1793*. P- 91-
Feytaud, J., i92it, pp. I-I35- (France.)
1924, pp. 241-244. (Saintonge, France.)
1924a, pp. 550-551. (France.)
1924b, pp. 69-73. (Charentes, France.)
1925*, pp. 161-169. (France.)
1950, pp. 380-381. (France.)
1951, p. 223. (Bordeaux, France.)
Gassies, J. B., 1855, pp. 427-428. (Bordeaux,
France.)
Georgevitch, }., 193 1, pp. 1-68. (Jugoslavia.)
Ghidini, G. M., 1937b*, pp. 633-635. (Italy.)
Goetsch, W., 1951, pp. 64-98. (Italy.)
1953a, pp. 235-280. (Spain.)
GoEZE, J. H. E., 1783, pp. 20-27. (France.)
Gradojevic, M., 1929, pp. 1-16. (Southern
Serbia.)
Grasse, p. p., 1938*, pp. 291-295. (Canary
Islands.)
1939*, pp. 179-185. (He Madere.)
1945-1947*, p. 140. (Sahara.)
Grassi, B., and Sandias, A., 18931, PP- i-75-
(Italy, Sicily.)
Hagen, H. a., 1 865-1 866*, pp. 8-9. (Ma-
deira.)
1866*, p. 282. (Spain.)
HoRVATH, G., 1885, pp. 208-211, xxviii. (Hun-
gary-)
Invrea, F., 1942, pp. 106-108. (Genoa, Li-
guria.)
loNEscu, M. A., 1932, pp. 108-113. (Ro-
mania.)
Jacobson, G. G., 1904* t, pp. 57-107. (Rus-
sia.)
Jucci, C, and Springhetti, A., 1953. (Sicily.)
Karawajew, W., 1909, pp. 157-162. (Central
Asia.)
Kemner, N. A., 1932*, pp. 87-92. (Sinai.)
Kollar, v., 1833, p. 459. (Vienna.)
1850, pp. 280-281. (Schonbrunn, Vienna.)
Krausse, a., 1913, pp. 144-145. (Sardinia.)
Laboulbene, a., i860, cv-cvi. (Agen, France.)
1886, pp. lii-liii. (France.)
Lameere, a., 1902, pp. 441-443. (Sahara.)
Lash, }. W., 1952, pp. 1-7. (Jerusalem, Pales-
tine.)
Latreille, p. a., 1819*, p. 96.
Lesne, p., 1923, pp. 1507-1508.
Lespes, C, 1856, pp. 227-282.
Lucas, H., 1849*, p. 110-111. (Algeria.)
Luppova, a. N., 1953, pp. 142-156. (Turk-
menia.)
McLachlan, R., 1876, p. 17. (Vienna.)
1882, pp. 150-183. (Madeira and Canary
Islands.)
Marina, G., 1929, pp. 28-29, 64-65. (Zamora,
Spain.)
Menozzi, C, 1940, pp. 244-273*. (Tripoli.)
Navas, R. p. L., 1911*, pp. 118-121. (Pales-
tine.)
Perez, J., 1907, pp. 4-7, 37-40, 71-77. (South-
west France.)
Perris, E., 1876, pp. 201-202. (Landes.)
1876a, pp. ccxvi-ccxvii.
Peyerimhoff, p. de, 1948, pp. 185-194. Fez-
zan, Sahara.)
Philby, H. St. J., 1933, p. 404. (Arabia,
desert.)
PicTET, A. £., 1865, pp. 1-123. (Spanish
Peninsula.)
PoiROT, J., 1849, pp. 186-190. (tie d'Oleron.)
PujiULA, J., 1904, pp. 51-60. (Tortosa.)
QUATREFAGAS, A. DE, 1853a, pp. l6-2I. (La
Rochelle.)
Rossi, P., 1792*, p. 107. (Etruria.)
1807, pp. 16-17. (Etrusca.)
Sandias, A., 1908, pp. 1-9. (Italy.)
Savigny, M. J. C. L. DE, 1809-1813 (plates).
(Egypt.) _
ScoRTEcci, G., 1936, pp. 1-12. (Fezzan.)
Seabra, A. F. DE, 1907, pp. 122-123. (Portu-
gal.)
1939, p. 167. (Portugal.)
Senesse, p., 1947, pp. 30-32. (Roussilon,
France.)
SiLANTjEv, A. A., 1903, p. 29. (Caucasas.)
Silvestri, F., 1905*, pp. 1-2. (Elba and
Pianosa.)
1911*, pp. 105-109. (Tunis.)
1920*, pp. 477, 479. (Mesopotamia.)
1923a*, p. 261. (Mesopotamia and NW.
Persia.)
1938, pp. 65-72. (Fezzan.)
SjosTEDT, Y., 1900a*, pp. 1-236.
1904*, pp. 1-120.
1926* t, pp. 1-419-
1927b*, pp. 279-280. (Morocco.)
1932, pp. 87-91. (Sinai.)
1935*, pp. 106-107. (Tunis.)
Snyder, T. E., 1926b, pp. 1-6. (France.)
Tarbinski, S. p. (Ed.), 1948, p. 76. (Euro-
pean U.S.S.R.)
Taschenberg, E. L., 1880, pp. 184-186.
(Europe.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: SUBJECTS — SNYDER
147
TiRELLi, M. O., 1951, pp. 6-13. (Italy.)
TSVETKOVA, V, p., 1953, pp. I32-I4I. (U.S.-
S.R.)
Vasiljev, I. v., 191 1*, pp. 268-270. (Middle
Asia, Transcaspia, Turkestan.)
1912, pp. 241-243. (Middle Asia, Trans-
caspia, Turkestan.)
Weber, N. A., 1954, pp. 181-182. (Iraq.)
Weidner, H., 1937, pp. 593-596. (Hamburg,
Germany.)
1937a, pp. 1-2. (Hamburg, Germany.)
1939, p. 40. (Hamburg, Germany.)
1942, pp. 1-7. (Hamburg, Germany.)
1951, pp. 259-265. (Hamburg, Germany.)
1955, pp. 63-68. (Anterior Asia.)
Werner, F., 1927, pp. 135-151. (Greece.)
Werner, F., in Kuhnelt, 1941, pp. 88-99.
(Zante, Greece.)
WiLLcocKs, F. C., 1922, pp. 389-390. (Egypt.)
Zaitzev, p., 19 1 2, p. 360. (Abchasia.)
Zavattari, E., 1934, p. 222. (Libia.)
ZoccHi, R., 1953, pp. 195-202, (Italy.)
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: PAPUAN
Ahmad, M., 1947*, pp. 1-7.
Blackburn, T., 1884, p. 413. (Hawaii.)
Clagg, C. F., 1954, p. 278. (Hawaii.)
Desneux, J., 1905*, pp. 367-377. (New
Guinea.)
1908*, pp. 389-390. (New Hebrides.)
Ehrhorn, E. M., 19 1 5, pp. 55-56. (Hawaii.)
1928, pp. 4, 18. (Hawaii.)
1929, p. 230. (Hawaii.)
1931. PP- 330-332. (Hawaii.)
1934, in Kofoid, 2d ed., pp. 321-323. (Ha-
waii.)
FuLLAWAY, D. T., 1920, pp. 294-301. (Ha-
waii.)
1921, pp. 456-457. (Hawaii.)
1926, pp. 68-88. (Hawaii.)
1926a, pp. 335-349. (Hawaii.)
1927, pp. 170-176. (Hawaii.)
1929, pp. 79-80, 82-92. (Hawaii.)
1929a, p. 134. (Hawaii.)
1929b, pp. 205-210. (Hawaii.)
1931, p. 8. (Hawaii.)
Greenwood, W., 1940, pp. 211-218. (Fiji.)
Hill, G. F., r926d*, pp. 296-300. (Samoa.)
1927*, pp. 1-18. (Samoa.)
1942* t, pp. 1-473-
Holmgren, N., 1911b*, pp. 451-464. (New
Guinea.)
1912*, pp. 1-166.
1912c*, pp. 280-282.
Holmgren, N., and Holmgren, K., 1915*,
pp. 85-93. (New Caledonia.)
Keck, C. B., 1952, p. 351. (Midway Island.)
Kemner, N. a., I93i*t, pp. 1-53- (Amboina
Island.)
Lever, R. J. A. W., 1934, pp. 10-13. (Solomon
Islands.)
1939, pp. 17-20. (Fiji.)
1939a*, p. 87. (Fiji.)
1939b, PP- 32-34- (Fiji-)
1939c, pp. 36-37. (Fiji.)
i939d, p. 87. (Fiji.)
1942, pp. 48-49. (Fiji.)
1943, pp. 40-42. (Solomon Islands.)
1948, pp. 50-52. (Solomon Islands.)
Light, S. F., 1932a*, pp. 73-86. (Marquesas.)
1932b*, pp. 169-170. (Marquesas.)
1932c*, pp. 171-176. (Marquesas.)
i932d*, pp. 3-5. (Society Islands.)
1946, p. 9. (Guam.)
Light, S. F., and Zimmerman, E. C., 1936*,
pp. 1-12. (Polynesia.)
McLachlan, R., 1883, pp. 221-227. (Hawaii.)
Oshima, M., 1917*, pp. 195-200. (Caroline
Islands.)
1920*, pp. 261-264. (Hawaii.)
1942*, pp. 381-389. (Palau Island.)
Perkins, R. C. L., 1899, p. 88. (Hawaii.)
Rainbow, W. J., 1897, pp. loo-ioi. (EUice
Group.)
Silvestri, F., 1909*, pp. 279-314.
Snyder, T. E., 1922*, pp. 1-32. (Hawaii.)
1924c*, pp. 1-40. (Hawaii.)
I924£*, pp. 381-384. (Hawaii.)
I925f, pp. 395-407. (Hawaii.)
19255, PP- 438-444- (Hawaii.)
Swezey, O. H., 1914, p. 27. (Hawaii.)
1915, p. 64. (Hawaii.)
1928, p. 19. (Hawaii.)
I935> PP- 28-29. (Hawaii.)
1940, p. 177. (Guam.)
1945, P- 397- (Hawaii.)
Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H., 1952, p. 351.
(Canton Island.)
Weyer, F., 1931a, in Kemner, 1931*, pp. 1-53.
(Amboina Island.)
Whitney, L. A., 1929, p. 222. (Hawaii.)
Williams, F. X., 1944, pp. 93-124. (New
Caledonia.)
Zimmerman, E. C, 19481, pp. 159-189. (Ha-
waii.)
148
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
130
ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: GENERAL
Desneux, J., 19046* t, pp- 1-52. (Catalog,
world, over 300 species.)
1906, pp. 393-407.
Emerson, A. E., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed.,
p. 117. (Map world distribution.)
1949, in AUee, i949t- (Kalotermes in pe-
ripheral regions, p. 660; Neotermes and
Glyptotermes in continental rain forests,
Tropics, p. 661; Reticulitermes and cli-
mate, p. 724; Prorhinotermes, p. 725;
predatory barrier prevents dispersal less
defended Nasutitermitinae, p. 726.)
1952!, pp. 217-225. (Biogeography.)
I955at, pp. 465-522. (World distribution
and origin genera.)
Griffin, F. J., 1951!, pp. 261-368. (Bibliog-
raphy, world, 1 758-1949.)
Hagen, H. a., 1852, pp. 53-75. (Distribu-
tion.)
1855*1, pp-
world.)
1 855-1 860* t
I -144, 270-325. (Monograph,
graph, world.)
(1858)* t> pp. 1-342. (Mono-
1858a*, pp. 1-34. (Catalog collection in
British Museum.)
1 855- 1 860* t (i86o)*t, pp. 73-99. (Mono-
graph world, 60 species.)
1855-1860*1 (i86oa)*t, pp. 100-128.
(Monograph, world, 60 species.)
Harris, W. V., 1954b, pp. 126-132. (World.)
Haviland, G. D., 1898* t, pp. 358-442. (New
species, South Africa, Malay Peninsula,
and Borneo.)
Hegh, E., igiif, pp. 1-756. (World.)
Holmgren, N., 1909* t, pp. 1-215. (World,
monograph.)
1911a* t, pp. 1-88. (World, monograph.)
1912* t, pp. 1-166. (World, monograph.)
Light, S. F., in Kofoid, 1934, 2d ed., pp. 117-
126. (Distribution, world.)
Snyder, T. E., i949bt, pp. 1-490. (Catalog,
world, new genera, species, 1,932 spe-
cies.)
Walker, F., 1853* t, pp. 501-529. (Catalog
collection in British Museum, description
new species.)
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149
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Zeitschr. Mikr.-Anat. Forsch. Leipzig,
vol. 37, pp. 467-500, 17 figs.
Albarda, H.
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Ambert, H.
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Alliot, H.
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Aloi, a,
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Altson, a. M.
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Anderson, D. A.
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Andrew, B. J.
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Andrew, B. J., and Light, S. F.
1929. Natural and artificial production of
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Andrew, D.
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Andrews, E. A.
191 1. Observations on termites in Jamaica.
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19 1 6. Termites in the Luskerpore Valley.
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1924. Termites. Loc. cit., pt. 4, 1923, pp.
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1918. Destructive white ants appear in the
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p. 282.
1930. The termite test house in Panama.
Wood Preserving News, vol. 8, No. 4,
pp. 45-48, 59, illustr. Apr.
1930a. Second report of the Fabrics Co-
ordinating Research Committee, Dept.
Sci. and Industr. Res. pp. 172-173.
London.
1931. Obituary. Wasmann, Erich (1859-
1931). Ent. News, vol. 42, p. 240.
1931a. Termites in buildings. Union of
South Africa Dept. Agric. Reprint No.
74, p. 4. Pretoria.
1932. Committee 7-7, Report from Bell
Telephone Laboratories, Preservative
treatment of poles. Proc. Amer. Wood
Preserv. Assoc, vol. 28, pp. 237-269.
1933. Chemical warfare by insects (ter-
mites). Science, n. s., Suppl., vol. 77,
pp. 8-9.
1933a. No termite "invasion" of the East.
South. Lumber Journ., vol. 37, No. 7,
p. 30. July. (Quotes Dr. T. E. Snyder
in "Evening Star," Washington, D.C.)
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: AUTHORS — SNYDER
153
1934. Termites interesting insects. Out-
door Indiana, vol. i. No. 4, p. 16, fig.
May.
1934. In Kofoid. Report from American
Telephone and Telegraph Co. Results
from the preservative treatment of tele-
phone poles. Appendix A to chap. 49.
1934a. Control of subterranean termites
in dwellings. Alabama State Leaflet i,
4 PP-» i.fig-
1934b. Burlington discovers evidence of
termite damage. Railway Age, vol. 96,
No. 14, pp. 496-500. Philadelphia.
Apr. 7.
1934c. Durability test on untreated Indian
timbers against termites. Indian For-
ester, vol. 60, pp. 337-341.
I934d. Treated sleepers in India. Loc. cit.,
vol. 60, No. 7, pp. 472-477. July.
1934-1953. Report of inspection of pre-
servatives in the Mississippi State High-
way Department's test garden, Jackson,
Miss. (i933-i953)> 20th Rep. 1953, and
service records on guard rail posts
(1932-1953), 1953.
1935. Do you know? Science News Letter,
vol. 28, No. 754, p. 178. Sept. 21.
1935a. Notes on termites and anti-termite
work. Kaduna Public Works Dept.
Nigeria, pp. 7-23.
1935b. Termites or white ants. Pennsyl-
vania Dept. Forests and Waters Serv.
Letter, ser. 6, No. 20, p. i. May 16.
1935c. San Francisco termite study, Tim-
berman, vol. 39, No. 9, pp. 62-63.
Portland, Ore., July.
I935d. Obituary. Handlirsch, Anton
(1865-1935). Arb. Morph. Tax. Ent.,
vol. 2, p. 308. Berlin-Dahlem.
I935e. Termitenbekampfung mit Zink-
chlorid (ref.), Anz. Schadlingsk., vol.
ir. Rep. 3, p. ^6.
1936. Protection against termites. Ry. Eng.
and Maint., p. 434. July.
1936a. The California pest control act.
Exterminators Log, vol. 4, No. 7, pp.
6-7. July.
1936b. Southern Pine Centennial House.
South. Lumberman, vol. 153, No. 1928,
pp. 43-44, figs. 1-3. Nashville, Aug. i.
1936c. Minimum termite repair and treat-
ment standards. Exterminators Log,
vol. 4, No. 8, p. 10. Aug.
I936d. Termites (white ants). Common-
wealth of Australia Counc. Sci. and
Industr. Res. Trade Circ. No. 36, pp.
12-13, 6 figs. Melbourne.
19366. Termites and their relation to the
fire hazard, pp. 1-7. National Board
of Fire Underwriters, New York.
I936f. Verslag van de Maandelijksche
Vergadering op Woensday. Naturhist.-
Maandblad, vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 77-78,
fig. Maastricht, July 31.
I936g. Termite "racket" presents a prob-
lem and an opportunity, pp. 20-21.
Termites controlled by construction
methods, pp. 44-45, 2 figs. Amer,
Lumberman, whole No. 3077. Chi-
cago, July 4.
I936h. More about the termite racket.
South. Lumber Journ., vol. 40, No. 7,
p. 9. Jacksonville, July 10.
i936i. Filing the teeth of termites. Ex-
tracts on "rackets" from "Our enemy
the termite," Snyder. South. Lumber
Journ., vol. 40, No. 7, p. 43. July 10.
1936J. Termites and lumber. South. Lum-
berman, vol. 153, No. 1927, p. 18.
Nashville, July 15.
1936k. The termite fad. Hardwood Rec-
ord, p. 18. Aug.
1936I. The termite question further dis-
cussed. South. Lumber Journ., vol. 40,
No. 8, pp. 8-9. Aug. 20.
1936m. Timber preservation. Empire For-
estry Journ., vol. 15, No. 2, p. 309.
London.
I936n. Review. "Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Wood Preserving
News, vol. 14, No. i, p. 10. Jan.
19360. "Questions and answers" posed to
Dr. Alfred Weed, Dr. T. E. Snyder,
and Conrad Johnson — replies by Sny-
der. Exterminators Log, vol. 4, No. 2,
pp. 8-14. Feb.
1936P. Review. "Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. New York Times
Book Rev. Feb. 16.
i936q. Review. "Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Soap, vol. 12,
No. 3, p. 94. Mar.
I936r. Review. "Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Telegraph and
Telephone Age, p. 72. Mar. i.
1936s. Review. "Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Sci. Amer., vol.
154, No. 3, p. 166. Mar.
19361. Review. "Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Arb. Physiolog. und
Angew. Ent., Berlin-Dahlem, vol. 3,
No. I, p. 79. Mar. 18.
1936U. Review. "Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Arb. Morph. Tax.
Ent., Berlin-Dahlem, vol. 3, No. 2,
p. 160.
154
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
1936V. Review. "Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Minnesota Con-
servationist, vol. 35, p. 15. Apr.
1936W. Review. "Our enemy the termite,'
T. E. Snyder, 1935. South. Lumber-
man, vol. 152, No. 1923, p. 24. May 15
1936X. Review. "Our enemy the termite,'
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Exp. Sta. Rec
vol. 74, No. 6, p. 818. June.
I936y. Review. "Our enemy the termite,'
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Mitt. Ges. Vorrats
schutz E. v., vol. 12, No. 5, p. 64
Sept.
1936Z. Review. "Our enemy the termite,'
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Quart. Rev. Biol
vol. II, No. 3, p. 352. Sept.
1936a'. Review. "Our enemy the termite,'
T. E. Snyder, 1935. Practical Builder
vol. I, No. II, p. 9. Chicago, Nov.
1936b'. Some metallic and inorganic com-
pounds used as weed killers. Bull.
Imp. Inst., vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 189-21 1.
London, Apr.-June.
1936c'. Permatol — a new preservative de-
veloped by laboratory of Western Pine
Assoc, for benefit of lumber industry.
West Coast Lumberman, vol. 63, No.
10, p. 50. Oct.
I936d'. Forest Research in India 1935-1936.
Pt. I. Forest. Res. Inst., Delhi, pp. 3,
44-51.
1937. Treated timber. The Timberman,
vol. 38, No. 3, p. 19. Portland, Ore.,
Jan.
1937a. Rep. of Comm. 7-10. Diversified
uses of treated wood. Proc. 33d Ann.
Meeting Amer. Wood Preserv. Assoc,
Jan. 26-28, p. 2.
1937b. Termite ordinance is defeated.
Amer. Lumberman, No. 3092, p. 66.
Chicago, Jan. 30.
1937c. "Jerry-building" problem of the
lumber industry. Manuf. Rec, vol.
106, No. 2, p. 48. Feb.
I937d. Lumberman successful in building
code contest. South. Lumberman, vol.
154, No. 1940, p. 21. Nashville, Feb. i.
I937e. Exposing the termite. Nat. Lumber
Manuf. Assoc, pp. i-ii, 12 figs. Wash-
ington, D.C., Mar.
I937f. Editorial (termite shield). Ex-
terminators Log, vol. 4, No. 12, p. 4.
Dec.
^9378- Obituary. Tillyard, Robin John
(1881-1937). Ent. News, vol. 48, p. 42.
I937h. ". . . Than the sex life of the boll
weevil." South. Lumber Journ., vol.
41, No. I, p. 8. Jan. 10.
19371. Materiaux pour I'etude des calami-
tes. Soc Geogr. Geneve, vol. 38, No.
II, pp. 154-156. Geneva, 1936. Union
Int. Secours, St. Helena.
1938. Lime carbonite in termite mounds.
Amani. loth Ann. Rep. East African
Agric Res. Sta., Tanganyika Terr.,
p. 17.
1938a. How to judge termite control serv-
ice. Nat. Better Bus. Bur. Inc., New
York City, pp. 1-3. Jan. Revision,
1944, pp. 1-4.
1938b. Work in economic zoology and
entomology. Philippine Bur. Plant In-
dustry Ann. Rep., pp. loi-iio, pi. i.
1938c. Virus in termite control. Pests,
vol. 6, No. 8, p. 19. Aug.
1939. Master specifications. Home Owners'
Loan Corp., Appraisal and Recondi-
tioning Div., Pest Control, sec. 17, pp.
133-138. Washington, D.C., June.
1939a. Protection against termites. Federal
Housing Admin. Techn. Circ. No. 2,
pp. 1-24, 6 figs., 2 pp. diagrams.
Dec. 12.
1939b. Termite (white ant) -proof con-
struction for brick buildings in Ade-
laide, South Australia. Commonwealth
of Australia, Counc Sci. and Industr.
Res., Div. Forest Products, Trade
Circ. No. 44, pp. 1-14, 14 diagrams.
Melbourne.
1940. Pest control operators resolve triple
threat against termites. Pests, vol. 8,
No. 3, p. 6. Mar.
1940a. Have you termites in your home?
U.S. Agric Adjustment Admin. Con-
sumers' Guide, vol. 6, No. 14, pp. 7-9,
15, illustr. Apr. 15.
1940b. Termites Act, 1940, New Zealand,
Regulations, 1940/320, 1942/228, pp.
1-16.
1940c. Obituary. Knower, Henry Mc-
Elderry (i 868-1940). Ent. News, vol.
51, p. 51.
1941. How to destroy white ants. Varthaga
Colian, vol. 10, No. 114, p. 139. Trichi-
noply. South India. Dec.
1941a. Termites in buildings. Farm. South
Africa, vol. 16, pp. 339-342.
1941b. Les termites de France. Ann. ficole
Nat. Forest., vol. 8, No. i, pp. 1 17-123.
1941C. Protection against termites with
copper shields, 11 pp., illustr., 2d ed.
Copper and Brass Res. Assoc, New
York.
1942. Preventing damage to buildings by
subterranean termites and their control.
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES: AUTHORS — SNYDER
155
U.S. Dept. Agric, Farmers' Bull. No.
1911, pp. 1-37, 31 figs. Nov. Revised
1949, pp. 1-38. Apr.
1942a. Classified index of orchard pests
and diseases (contd.). Fruit World,
Ann. Spec. Issue of, pp. 3-17, illustr.
Australia, Jan.
1943. Some Indian insects and war ma-
terials. Journ. Sci. and Industr. Res.,
vol. 2, pp. 44-48. Counc. Sci. and
Industr. Res., India G.H.Q., Supply
Development Comm. Oct.
1943a. Recognition of decay and insect
damage in timbers for aircraft and
other purposes. Great Britain Dept.
Sci. and Industr. Res., Forest Products
Res., pp. 1-18, 12 figs. London.
1944. Termite-proofing of timber for use
in the Tropics. Great Britain Dept.
Sci. and Industr. Res., Forest Prod.
Res. Lab. Leaflet 38, pp. 1-6. Princes
Risborough.
1945. Anti termite tactics. How and where
to tackle white ants. Pest Control
Pamphl. No. 3. Ordnance Labs., pp.
1-14, 17 figs. Cawnpore, Sept.
1945a. Entomological Investigations. 19th
Rep. Counc. Sci. and Industr. Res.
Australia, 1944-1945, pp. 19-30. Can-
berra.
1945b. Timber pests, their origin, preven-
tion and cure. Timber Development
Assoc, Ltd. London, pp. 1-60, illustr.
Pt. 3. Insects attacking timber, pp.
22-37. Dec.
1945c. Soil treatment an aid in termite
control. U.S. Dept. Agric. Extension
Serv. and Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar.
Folder, illustr., AIS-30, pp. 1-2; revised
May 1952, Leaflet 324, pp. 1-5, illustr.
I945d. Pentachlorophenol, an ideal wood
preservative. Down to Earth, vol. i,
No. 2, pp. 1-5. Dow Chem. Co., Aug.
1946. Termites and their control (order
of Isoptera). Pest Control and Sanitat.,
vol. I, No. 2, pp. 8-11. Feb.
1946a. White ants or termites (Termiti-
dae). Agric. Gaz. N.S. Wales, vol. 57,
pt. 4, pp. 195-199. Ent. Branch, Dept.
Agric, N.S. Wales, Apr. i.
1946b. Obituary. Adamson, Alastair Mar-
tin (1901-1945). Trop. Agric, Trini-
dad, vol. 23, pp. 3-4.
1946c. 20th Ann. Rep. Dept. Sci. and
Industr. Res. New Zealand, pp. 46-47.
Wellington.
i946d. Longer life for poles and posts.
U.S. Dept. Agric. Extension Serv. and
Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar., AIS — 36,
pp. 1-5.
1947. Building code requirements for new
dwelling construction. Building Ma-
terials Structures Rep. B.M.S. 107, pp.
1-49, U.S. Dept. Commerce. Jan. i.
1947a. Termites. What are they? How
to find them? What do they do? How
to keep them out of your new home?
How to get them out of your house?
Low-cost Housing Res. Bull. No. 3,
pp. 1-7. Louisiana Univ. and Agric.
and Mech. Coll., Baton Rouge.
1947b. White ants (termites). N.S. Wales
Dept. Agric, Insect Pest Leaflet No.
17, pp. 1-4. Sydney. Revised 1951.
1947c. Standard termite clause in connec-
tion with sale of properties. Pests, vol.
15, No. 9, pp. 14, 16.
I947d. Northern California PCO'S greet
Dr. Thomas E. Snyder and W. O.
Buettner, Aug. 4-5. Pests, vol. 15, No.
9, p. 18.
19476. New method for control of dry-
wood termites; methyl bromide proves
effective. Pest Control and Sanitat.,
vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 12-13. July.
I947f. Tentative rules for fumigating struc-
tures for dry-wood termites. Pests,
vol. 15, No. 9, p. 28. Sept.
i947g. DDT as anti-termite treatment for
timber, fabric and cordage. Cawnpore
Ordnance Labs., Techn. Rep. BIO/47/
62, pp. 1-2. June.
i947i. Dept. Army Techn. Man. TM 5-632,
Insect and Rodent Control, Repairs
and Utilities, pp. i, 58-67, figs. 51-60.
Oct.
1948. Decay and termite damage in houses.
U.S. Dept. Agric, Farmers' Bull. No.
1993, pp. 1-20, 16 figs. Mar. Revised
1951, pp. 1-26, 17 figs. May.
1948a. Discussion: Termites. Common-
wealth Ent. Conf. Rep. 1948, pp. 100-
112. (F. N. Ratcliffe, chairman.)
1948b. Obituary. Sjostedt, Ynge (1866-
1948). Ent. Tidskr., vol. 69, p. 3,
frontispiece.
1948c. Review. "Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder (rev. ed., 1948). Senco
News, vol. 14, No. 5, p. 4. Sennewald
Drug Co., St. Louis, Mo. May.
i948d. Review. "Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder (rev. ed., 1948). U.S.
Quart. Book List, vol. 4, No. 2, p. 221.
June.
19486. Review. "Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder (rev. ed., 1948). Wood
156
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
Preserving News, vol. 26, No. 7, p. 88.
July.
i948f. Review. "Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder (rev. ed., 1948). Book of
die Month Club News, p. 24. July.
r948g. Review. "Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder (rev. ed., 1948). Sguardi
sul Monde. Sept.-Oct.
1949. The termite problem. Consumers
Res. Bull., vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 19-21,
illustr. Mar.
1949a. California termite operators' mini-
mum standards for inspections and
recommendations, pp. 1-16. Pest Con-
trol Operators of California, Inc., Los
Angeles. Rev. ed. July 1949.
1949b. Obituary. Imms, August Daniell
( 1 880-1949). Ent. News, vol. 60, p. 45.
1949c. Obituary. Silvestri, Filippo (1873-
1949). Ent. News, vol. 60, No. 6,
p. 154.
I949d. Review. "Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder (rev. ed., 1948). Rev,
Agric. Industries.
I949e. Review. "Our enemy the termite,"
T. E. Snyder (rev. ed., 1948). Docu-
mentation Technique (France). Dec.
I949f. Review. "Catalog of the termites
(Isoptera) of the world," T. E. Snyder
(Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 112,
490 pp., Nov. I, 1949). Science Serv.,
Nov. 28, 1949.
i949g. Review. "Catalog of the termites
(Isoptera) of the world," T. E. Snyder
(Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 112, 490
pp., Nov. I, 1949). The Evening Star,
Washington, D.C., Nov. 28.
194911. Review. "Catalog of the termites
(Isoptera) of the world," T. E. Snyder
(Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 112, 490
pp., Nov. I, 1949). The Washington
Post, Nov. 29.
19491. Review. "Catalog of the termites
(Isoptera) of the world," T. E. Snyder
(Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 112, 490
pp., Nov. I, 1949). U.S. Dept. Agric.
Employee News Bull., Dec. 19.
1949k. Review. "Catalog of the termites
(Isoptera) of the world," T. E. Snyder
(Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 112, 490
pp., Nov. I, 1949). Time, pp. 60, 62,
Dec. 19.
1949I. 1st Ann. Rep. Commonwealth Sci.
and Industr. Res. Org. Australia 1949.
Entomology, termites, p. 54; forest
products, p. 73. Canberra.
1949m. Comment proteger nos edifices
centre les termites. Instructions pra-
tiques a I'usage des pays tropicaux et
equatoriaux, 11 pp. Off. Rech. Sci.
Colon., Paris.
I949n. Contact toxicity of jute sacking
treated with insecticides. Ordnance
Lab. Rep. BIO/40/71, 11 pp. Kanpur,
Apr.
1950. White ants. Termite-proofing of
buildings in Australia. Counc. Sci. and
Industr. Res., Div. Forest Products, Sci.
of Building Ser., Note S.B. 11, pp. 1-4,
illustr. N.S. Wales.
1950a. Report on protection building tim-
bers in South Africa against termites,
wood-boring beedes and fungi. South
African Counc. Sci. and Industr. Res.,
Ser. D.R., Nat. Building Res. Inst.,
pp. 1-2 1 8, 71 figs., 18 tables, diagrams.
Pretoria.
1950b. What a termite inspection report
should include. Pest Control, vol. 18,
No. 2, p. II.
1950C. Difference between ants and ter-
mites. Loc. cit., vol. 18, No. 2, p. 16.
i95od. 2nd Ann. Rep. Commonwealth Sci.
and Industr. Res. Org. Australia 1950.
Entomology. (Termites, p. 62.) Can-
berra.
19506. Factors that influence the decay of
untreated wood in service and com-
parative resistance of different species.
U.S. Dept. Agric, Forest Products Lab.,
processed pamphl. No. R. 68, pp. 1-5,
revised Apr. 1950.
i95of. The termites or white ants; use of
pestrol soil solution "B" or "S.S.B."
Bur. Pest Control Pamphl. 6, pp. 1-4,
revised. Johannesburg.
i950g. Methods of applying wood pre-
servatives. U.S. Dept. Agric, Forest
Products Lab., processed pamphl. No.
R. 154, pp. 1-23, revised May 1950.
i95oh. Federal specifications for wood pre-
servatives; recommended treating prac-
tice. Fed. Stand. Stock Cat. Procure-
ment Div., sec. 4 (pt. 5). TT-W-Nos.
531. 546, 549» 551, 556, 560, 566, 568,
570, 571C, 573, 576 and 581. U.S.
Comm., Fed. Supply Serv., Gen. Serv.
Admin. TT-W-571C, pp. 1-5, revision
of TT-W-57ib, 1 94 1, pp. 1-7.
19501. DDT, another soil poison for sub-
terranean termite control. U.S. Dept.
Agric, Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar.,
2 pp. Sept. 19.
1950k. Termite-proofing specifications. U.S.
Dept. Agric, Bur. Ent. and Plant
Quar., 2 pp. Revised 1953.
WHOLE VOL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TERMITES! AUTHORS — SNYDER
157
195 1. Approved reference procedures for
subterranean termite control. Nat. Pest
Control Assoc, New York, 250 pp.,
44 diagrams.
1951a. Insect pests. Agric. Gaz. N.S.
Wales, vol. 62, pp. 187-190. N.S. Wales
Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Apr.
1951b. Revision of 1948.
1951C. 3rd Ann. Rep. Commonwealth Sci.
and Industr. Res. Org. Australia 1951.
Entomology. (Termites, pp. 64-65.)
I95id. Cryptogils-xylophenes pour le traite-
ment des bois contre les termites, Soc.
Xylochimie, Lyon. 28 pp.
19516. Code manual for the state building
construction code. State Building Code
Comm., New York, sec. 301c.
1952. Real estate "clearances." Pest Con-
trol, vol. 20, No. 10, pp. 37-38.
1952a. Appeals court allows one termite
damage tax deduction. Loc, cit., vol.
20, No. II, p. 30.
1952b. Duratex for fumigation. Loc. cit.,
vol. 20, No. 12, p. 30.
1952c. Between the pincers of the ant-hill
termite. Wolboer, vol. 5, No. 6, pp.
14-15, 29. Jan. (In Afrikaans.)
I952d. 4th Ann. Rep. Commonwealth Sci.
and Industr. Res. Org. Australia 1952.
Entomology. (Termites, p. 67.)
19526. Minimum property requirements.
Maryland and Virginia and the Dis-
trict of Columbia. Fed. Housing Ad-
min., sec. 409-A to 409F.
1953. Under wraps. (Methyl bromide
fumigation against termites.) Dow
Diamond, vol. 16, pp. 22-25. F^b.
1953a. What Kansas has done to insure
uniform termite control. Pest Control,
vol. 21, No. I, pp. 27, 30.
1953a' You, too, can prevent termite attack
in basementless housing. Loc. cit., vol.
21, No. 2, pp. 9, II, 36, 48, illustr.
1953b- Modern air compressor works
wonders on Orkin termite jobs. Loc.
cit., vol. 21, No. 2, p. 12, illustr.
1953c. U.S.D.A. changes insecticide act.
Loc. cit., vol. 21, No. 2, p. 38.
1953d. Atlanta members Georgia Pest Con-
trol Association, EBB and Chamber of
Commerce sponsor page termite warn-
ing. Loc. cit., vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 29,
34. May.
19536. Kansas T(ermite) and P(est) C(on-
trol) A(ssociation) battles two years
to end "fly-by-night" reign. Loc. cit.,
vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 29-30, 32, 34. June.
i953f. Investigations of insects aflfecting
forest products and the development
of control methods. U.S. Dept. Agric,
Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar., i p.
^953S- Does slab drilling really work?
(Antimite Co.). Pest Control, vol. 21,
No. 7, p. 42, fig. July.
i953h. Oklahoma PC A decided it wanted
legislation. Loc. cit., vol. 21, No. 8,
pp. 28, 30, 56. Aug.
19531- 1952 output of treated timber. Wood
Preserving News, vol. 31, pp. 17-19.
Oct.
1953k. Are arsenicals safe for termite con-
trol? Pest Control, vol. 21, No. 10,
pp. 42, 44, 46. Oct.
1953I. Here's the form one T(ermite)
O(perator) uses for inspection report
which costs fio.oo. Loc. cit., vol. 21,
No. II, p. 29. Nov.
1953m. NPCA convention termite session
covers slabs, "clearances," inspection
reports. Loc. cit., vol. 21, No. 12, pp.
20, 22. Dec.
I953n. Building for a lifetime. Wood Pre-
serving News, vol. 31, No. 12, p. 13,
I fig. Dec.
19530. U.S. Navy Pest Control, Dept. of
Navy, Bur. Yards and Docks, Techn.
Publ. Navdocks TP-Pu-2, pp. 37-52,
figs. 41-59. May 15.
I953P- Kill the termites, save the shrubs.
Agric. Res. (U.S. Dept. Agric), vol. i,
No. 2, p. 16. Mar.-Apr.
I953q. Minimum property requirements
for properties of one or two living
units. Fed. Housing Admin., Hono-
lulu Insuring Office Form 2279, re-
vised. July 1953. (Termites, 406 E3,
409 A-F.)
i953r. Minimum property requirements
for properties of one or two living
units. Fed. Housing Admin., San Juan
(Puerto Rico) Insuring Office Form
2216, revised. Aug. 1953. (Termites,
409 F.)
1953s. Note. Termites. 84th Rep. Ent.
Soc. Ontario 1953, p. 148.
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INDEX
Aardvark, mammal predator, 89
Abchasia (Abkhasia) in the Caucasus, 20, 58, 147
Abdomen, 27, 37, 107
Abdominal segments, chitinous structures in pos-
terior, 75
Abdominal structures, terminal, 59, 75, 77, 85,
86; Mastotermes compared with roach Peri-
planeta, 59, 86; Mastotermes darwiniensis, 75,
85; Orthoptera, phylogeny in relation to ter-
mites, 86
Absorption, wood preservatives, 134, 135
Acanthocerinae, Scarabiidae, Costa Rica, termito-
phiic, 119
Acanthotermes, 7
militaris, 48, 106
Accessory chromosomes, 115
Accessory genital glands, 69-70, 75; homologous
to Blattidae, Mantidae, 75
Acetic acid in gut, 91
Aceticolina (bile ?), presence of, 60, 106
Acetylated birch, laminated veneer, 131
Acorhinotermes, 116
Acotyledon jeytatidi, parasitic ? mite, 19, 85
Adaptations, 5, 18
Adipose dssue, 75, 76; royal, origin, 75; soldier,
76; larvae, 76; Terviopsis angusticallis, 76
Adoption, 20
Adulthood, delayed, premature, 16
Africa, 3, 7, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 26, 31, 34,
38-41, 43-45, 47, 50-58, 60, 62-68, 70-73,
75-81, 83, 85, 86, 88-91, 93, 99-103, 108-112,
115-129, 132-134, 138-140, 145-147; Abyssinia,
51, 138, 139; Algiers, Algeria, 30, 45, 48, 94,
146; Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 78, 118, 126, 128,
139; arid forests, 70; Belgian Congo, 6, 7, 8,
46, 51-52, 63-64, 67, 71-72, 78, 80, 117, 119,
122, 123, 127, 138, 139; Cairo, 40; Cameroon,
18, 52, 56, 68, 78, 126, 138; Central Africa,
80, 123, 127; Congo, 80, 89, 91, 140; East
Africa, 11, 15, 17, 20, 25, 31, 37-41, 47, 49,
53-55) 62-63, 65-66, 71, 78, 80, 81, 90, 102,
103, 106, 115, 117, 122, 128, 133, 138-140;
Egypt, 17, 58, 122, 145-147; Equatorial Africa,
7) 34> 79) 9O) 122, 139; Eritrea, 139; Erythraea,
9, 52, 121, 138; Ethiopia, 58, 79, 139; Fernando
Po, 78; French Sudan, 17, 33, 47; Gold Coast,
16, 34, 41, 55, 109, 120, 139; Guinea, 12, 15,
63, 67, 72, 88, 89, 139; Ivory Coast, 10, 67,
79) §5) 94» 120, 123, 139; Kenya, 32, 40, 58,
65, 117, 140; Kilimandjaro-Meru, 125; Liberia,
6, 51, 138, 139; Libia, 51, 58, 146, 147;
Matabele Land, 16; Morocco, 47, 51, 146;
Mossambique, 139; Niger-Chad boundary, 128;
Nigeria, 27, 29, 72, loi, 108, 132; Nile, 7,
122; North Africa, 14, 94, loi, 122, 126;
Nordi East Africa, 6, 95; Nyasaland, 48, 121-
124; Orange Free State, 119; Rhodesia, 5, 7,
40, 46, 47, 48, 51, 54, 81, 100-102, 108, 112,
120, 128, 138, 139 North 100, (copper belt),
101, 128, 132; Rift Valley, 58, 140; Sahara, 6,
7) 13) 51. 54) 56, 146; St. Helena, 15, 28, 29,
31, 39) 40, 5O) 53-55) 72, 73) 109-111, 138,
139; S. Thome, Tome, 43, 46, 48, 138, 139;
sea islands, 17; Senegal, 8, 17, 40, 43, 47, 55,
^3) 139; Sierra Leone, 15, 72, 106; Somaliland,
16, 55, 121, 139; South Africa, 4, 6-10, 14,
15, 19, 20-22, 26-30, 33, 34, 38-40, 44-48,
50-58, 62,-67, 70, 72, 73, 76, 78-81, 83-85,
87-89, 99-101, 107, 110-113, 116, 118-120,
123, 126, 127, 129, 132-134, 138-140; Southern
Africa, 7; South West Africa, 80; Sudan, 7, 8,
15. 36, 37) 44) 46, 57, 63, 68, 103, 127, 134,
139; Tanganyika, 4, 11, 13, 37, 54, 90, 117,
124, 127, 139, 140; Tripoli, 51, 55, 145, 146;
Tropical Africa, 8, 27, 63, 67, 68, 70, 71, 78,
116, 122, 139; Tsad-See 139; Tunis, 146;
Uganda, 26, 53, 64, 71, 79, 139; West Africa,
17, 19) 36, 39) 43) 48, 50, 53) 56-58, 64, 67,
80, 90, 119, 120, 121, 123, 125-127, 138, 139;
Victoria Falls, 16; West Coast, 8, 122; Zanzibar,
15) 43) 55) 73) I39; Zululand, 10, 33, 53,*ii6,
123, 138, 139
Afroharolditis ennearthrus, Co!., Scarab., Belg.
Congo, termitophile, 122
Agar, 4.
Agarics, fungi, termitophile, 67-68
Agaricus rajap, fungus, 67
Age, see Length of life
Agriculture, U. S. Department of, 21, 27, 28, 31,
35, 108-110, 129, 131
Ahamitermes inclnstis, 116
Air-conditioning nests, 69
Aircraft, damage to, 27, 38, 40
Airfields, 36
Airhammer, Schramm, 28
Alabama, 27, 29, 128
Alate, winged, 14, 15, 16, 20, 23, 24, 25, 59, 75,
76, 85, 86, 88-90, 106, 117
Alates, two sizes, 25, 62, 117
Alcedo, bird, termitophile, 62, 122
Aldabra, 142
Aldrin, Octalene, Aldrex, soil poisons, 43, 46, 11 1,
112
Alien termites, hostility to, 6, 60, 61, 107
Alimentary canal, tract, 77, 82
Alimentation from fungi, 22, 81-83; from wood,
81-83
Allecida larvae, Col., termitophile, 122
Alternation generations, 12
Altitude, elevation, 57, 62, 106
Amatory procedure, 4, 5, 37, 108
.'\mazon, 6, 13, 31, 43, 64, 79, 88, 90, 100, no,
121, 127, 130, 144
Amazon Basin, 145
Amboina, 13, 20, 58, 147
279
28o
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
America, 4, 7, 10, 14, i6, 18, 19, 30, 36, 38, 44,
51, 54-61, 63, 72, 78-80, 88, 95, 98, 100-103,
115-117, 124, 125, 142, 143; Central, 101, 103,
144, 145; Middle, 144, 145; North, 7, 18, 30,
38, 51, 54-57, 100-103, 119, 125, 142, 143;
South, 7, 12, 14-16, 18, 19, 36, 44, 51, 54,
56-57, 61, 63, 80, 88, 103, 115, 116, 124-126,
144, 145; Tropical, 4, 59, 70, 78, 79, 100, 102,
125
American Telephone & Telegraph Co., service
records, 128, 135
Amitcrmes, 4, 12, 14, 17, 54, 79, 86, 117, 126
atlanticus, 18, 56, 61, 83, 85, 88, 99
evtincijer, 26
foii'li. 78
meridionalis, 78
tubiformans, 44, 46
vilis, 58
Atnitermitinae, 16, 24
Ammonium phosphate and sulphate borax and
boric acid, 130
Amoeba, Protozoa, 93, 95, 96
Amnion, false, 59, 76
AtnpUtermes natalensis, 122, 124
Amphibians, Engystomatidae, predators, 89
Amylase, 50
Anacanthotermes, 79
ahngerianus, 13
ochraccus, 7, 56, 69, 94
tur\estanicus, 14
vagans, 58
Anaerobic carbohydrate dissimilation, 50, 82, 95
Anaerobic gaseous metabolism, 60, 68-69, 91
Anatomy. See Morphology
Ancestry, 75, 85, 86
Ancistrotermes, 67
tvasmanni, 117
Andromma botivieri, Arachn., Aran., termitophile,
121
Anhydrid carbonique, 68
Annam, 140
Annular press, 77
Anoplotermes, 5, 10, 14, 78, 79, 81, 107, 125
bequaerti, 117
cingulatus , 22
kageni, 117
pacificus, 46
schwarzi, 48
sp., 99
Ant-bear, predator, 91
Anteaters, mammal predators, 88-91
Antennae, 75, 76; postembryonic development,
22, 76
Antennopsis gallica, 84
Antigua, 15, 43, 144
Antilles, 15, 38, 50, 5i> 53. 55. I44. I45; Lesser,
38, 144; Windward Islds., 15, 55, 144
Antiseptic treatments, 135, 137
Ants, association with, 5, 6, 10, 13, 20, 88-90,
127; colony as an organism, 115; in control
nurseries, 28; difference between termites and,
6, 12, 75, 77; predators, 88-91; symbiosis be-
tween ants and termites, 126, 127
Apalina termitis, Protozoa, 92
Aphaenogaster julva, ant, 88; aquia, 88
Apharus, Col. Pscl., termitophile, 119
Apiary, damage to, 38
Apicotermes, 8, 59, 60, 68, 69, 78, 80, 86, 116
angustattts, 79
arqtiieri, 10, 11, 69, 79, 116
desneuxi, 116
lamani, 80
occtdttis, 26, 80
porifex, 116
Apis mdlifera, honey bee, 88
Affinoptochus excltisus, physogastric Aleocharidae,
"larva Eutermina," Java, termitophile, 122
Arabia (desert), 44, 56; (Sinai), 146
Architecture, 18, 77-80; concrete replica nest, as
decoration, 127, 128
Archotermopsis, 23, 46, 76, 95, 119
wroughteni, 11, 51, 60, 91
Argentina, 6, 22, 33, 44, 53, 119, 120, 124, 144
Arizona, 14, 25, 34, 43, 47, 61, 62, 142, 143
Arkansas, 28, 135
Armadillo, predator, 90
Armitermes, 18, 23
neotenictis , 12
sdvestrii, 116
Army posts, U. S., control at, 28, 30, 34, 87, iii,
112; damage at, 30, 39
Arrhinotermes canalifrons, 125
Arsenate, copper, 111, 112, 131; lead, 87, 110-
112; sodium. 111, 130, 131
Arsene gas, 3
Arsenic hazard, 3
Arsenic salts, 132
Arsenic solutions, 30
Arsenic trioxide, AS2O3, white arsenic, 31, 86, 87,
no
Arsenical molasses bait, 28, 29, 109-111, 115
Arsenicals, 36, 37, 87, 109-112, 130
Arsenical soap, no
Arsenious oxide, 128
Arsenite, copper, 132; sodium, 36, 87, 1x0-114,
128, 132, 134, 137; zinc, 132
Arthropoda, Coccidae, Hemipt., China and For-
mosa, termitophiles, 125
Arthropods, termitophiles, 125, 126
Aru Islands, 12, 54, 79
Ascomycetes, fungi, 67, 85
Ascu (arsenic and copper), wood preservative, 128,
134. 137
Asia, 13, 15, 63, 67, 79, 117, 126, 146, 147;
Anterior, 117, 147; Central, 13, 79, 146; East,
15, 67, 126; Middle, 146, 147
Asphalt, 36
Asphalt fossils, California, 64, 117
Athene brama, spotted owlet, 89
Ana tardograda, ant, 89
Audio-amplifying apparatus, 49
Australia, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 22, 23,
25-34. 36. 38-41. 43. 45. 47, 48, 52-58, 62,
63, 68, 71-73, 75, 77-80, 83-90, 96, 97, 99-103,
108-112, 116, 117, 118, 121-129, 132, 133,
137. 138; Bloomficid River, 80; Brisbane, 32,
47; Burdekin, 33, 44; Darwin, 79; Federated
Capital Territory, 31, 133; Melbourne, 34, 38,
43; Meringa, 32; New South Wales, 27, 32, 33,
38, 100, 108, 109, 121, 122; North, 12, 40,
77-80, 100; Perth, 12, 32; Queensland, 11, 19,
43, 44, 46, 48, 57, 58, 89, 109, no, 138;
WHOLE VOL.
INDEX
South 21, io8, 109; South East, 12, 45; Vic-
toria, 12, 58, 123, 138; Western, 132, 138
Australian zoogeographical region, 12, 53, 77, 79,
125, 138
Austria. 15, 41, 51, 54-56, 72, 73, 145, 146
Avocado seedlings, damage to, 49
Azarelius singtdaris, Tenebrion. Col., termitophile,
126
B
Bacillus rotans, 4
"Bacteria," arsenious poisons, 84
Bacteria, 3, 4, 13, 49, 85, 93-95; assimilation of
atmospheric nitrogen, 81; symbiosis, 3, 4, 49,
86, 93-95. See also Nutrition.
Bacteriocytes, 3, 76
Bacteriods, 3
Bacterium sp., 84
Bahamas, 15, 55, 80, 144
Baits, 4, 28-30, 32, 33, 37, 44. See also soil
poisons, etc.
Bakelite varnish, (>(>, 129
Balance of nature, 4
Balantidium termitis, Protozoa, 92
Balearic Islands, Spain, 53
Baluchistan, 46
Barbados, 50, 56, 57, 72, 73, 145
Barrier, predatory, 52, 148
Bibliography, 5, 130, 148
Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 131
Basidiomycetes, fungi, 67
Batrisodes, Pselaph., termitophiles, 123
Bats, 90
Beak. See Nasus
Beehives, damage to, 39, 40
Bees, in abandoned termites nests (West Africa),
121; honey, 4, 23; stingless, association with,
4, 59, 120
Beetles, termitophiles. See Coleoptera
Behavior, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 59, 60, 63, 70, 86-88,
105, 107, 108, 113, 121-123, 126; phylogeny
of, 8, 59, 78, 86; social, 5, 12, 59; swarming,
4, 5, 26, 27, 37, 62, 63
Bell Telephone Laboratories service records, treated
poles, 132, 134
Bellicositermes, 25, 58, 70, 79, 120
bellicosus, 37, 70
jeanneli, 79
natalensis, 26, 69, 82, 115, 121
Bengalia depressa, fly, 89, 90
Benzene hexachloride, gammexane, BHC, 31, 33,
34, 47, 48, 87, 111-113, 115, 129, 137;
emulsion, soil poison, 113, 114
Benzenehexachloride in kerosene, soil poison, 112
Benzenes, chlorinated, 114
Benzine, 109
Bermuda, 42, 48
Beta-naphthol in oil, 130, 131, 136
Better Business Bureau, U. S., 27
Bids, U. S. Navy, 31, 36
Biochemical control, 24
Biogeography, 8, 52
Biography, 5
Biological methods, standard testing resistance,
134
Biology, ecology, natural history, life history, 4-20,
62, 63, 67, 70, 86, 87, 94, 96, 117, 120, 121;
biology important in identification, 20; Collem-
bola, 120; Protozoa, 94, 96, 126; termitophiles,
121-123; Termitoxcniidae, 121
Birch, yellow, untreated, lengdi of life, 130
Birds, in nests, 6, 119, 121, 122; predators, 47,
88-90
Biting, female by male, 4, 5, 7, 16, 37
Blastogene theory, 25
Blattaria, roaches and termites, 60
Blattidae, roaches, 4, 69, 75, 81, 86, 123
BlatteJa, roach, 70
Blattoidea, Africa, Kilimandjaro-Meru, termit-
ophiles, 125
Blattopteroids, 76, 77
Bleeding, wood preservative, 132
Blisters, detection by, 49
Blood lymph, 37
Bluebirds, mountain, predators, 90
Body articulation, skin and tracheae of termite
king, 75
Boliden salt, wood preservative, 129, 130, 134
Bolivia, 12, 19, 24, 57, 76, 107, 115, 120, 145
Bolsiusia termitophila, phorid, E. Indies, termit-
ophile, 124
Bonds, 31, 36
Books, damage, 20, 27, 28, 31, 38-41, 59, 118,
119, 137; control, 65, 118, 119
"Bookworms," damage by, 41
Borax, 87, 130
Borax -boric acid, wood preservative, 130, 131
Boric acid, wood preservative, 130
Borneo, 18, 56, 85, 90, loi, 102, 125, 140, 141,
148
Boston area, 52, 142
Brachypterous reproductives, 12, 14, 18, 20, 25,
63, 107
Brain, 59, 76, 77, 107, 108, 115
Brazil, 8, 9, 12, 15, 18, 19, 25, 27, 28-30, 34,
36, 39, 40, 42-45, 48, 51, 55-58, 63, 72, 78,
80, 89, 93, 94, 106, 115, 116, 119-126, 144,
145.
Breeding. See Rearing
Breuiceps mossambicus, amphibian, 89
Brickmaking, nests used in, 80, 127
British colonies, 109
British Columbia, 6, 38, 42, 51, 57, 95, 118, 142,
143
British Commonwealth, 21, 31-32, 38-42, 53
British Guiana, 8, 44, 46, 51, 52, 56, 58, 63, 72,
73, 78, 80, 85, 88, 89, 96, 119-123, 144, 145
British Museum, catalog collection, 148
Brood, 15, 16
Building codes, city, 21, 22, 33, 128, 135, 136.
See also Control, Resistant woods. Wood preser-
vation.
Buildings, control, 27-37; franie, U. S., 39; dam-
age, 27-43
Building terms, 32
Bidhitermes, 116
neoptisilltis, 117
Btdlanymplia, Protozoa, 96
Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine,
U. S., termite-proofing specifications, 21; soil
poisons, no, 112; tests of wood preservatives,
31. 79. 130, 131, 134> 136
282
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
Burma, 17, 45, 46, 56, 90, 103, 117, 121, 126,
140-142
Cabbage, damage to, 41
Cabbage material, fungus, 68
Cabinet woods, treatinent of, 136
Cables, telegraph, damage to, 38-43, 129
Cacao, cocoa, damage to, 43, 45, 46, 48
Cadticeia, polymastigote. Protozoa, 94, 96
Caduceia theobromae , 94, 96
Caecum, 24, 97, 98
Calcaritermes, 77
brevicoUis, 98
nearcticus, 15
Calcium, 70, 71
Calcium carbonate, 70, 71
California, 7, 11-14, 16, 18, 21-23, 27, 28, 29,
33-35, 38, 40-42, 46, 47, 53-55, 62, 64, 65, 70,
72, 73, 87, 97, 102, 117-119, 128, 133, 136,
143, 144
Calling attitude, 4, 26, 37, 62
Calliphoridae, Diptera, 85, 88, 107
Calomel, mercurous chloride, poison dust, 87
Calories, 25, 26, 63, 64
Calotermes-=.Kalotcrmes, 8, 10, 15, 16, 18, 27,
31-32, 39, 43, 46, 48, 54-56, 59, 66, 69, 70,
72, 73, 76, 87, 89, 93-95, 99
barretoi, 53
brouni, 38, 42, 46, 47, 55, 129
castaneus, i^i, 55, 84, 95
chilensis, 46, 53, 89
condonensis, 55, 73
curvithorax=zKalotermes immigrans, 117
dilatatus, 46
dispar, 53
flavicollis, 3-6, 10, 11, 17, 18, 20, 22-24, 34,
37, 43, 45, 48, 50-52, 56, 58, 60-62, 69,
77, 81, 83, 93, 94, 97-100, 106, 107, 136
gracilignathus, 10, 53
greeni, 46
insularis, 55, 72, 73
kfishunensis , 55
kotoensis, 55
Iticiftigtis, 3, 95
marginipennis, 55
militaris, 46
militaris ?, 43
oldfield:, var. chryseus-condon crisis , 55, 73
papua, 45
rugosus, 76
samoantis, 85
satSHTnensis, 51
tectonae, 43, 44
wagneri, subsp. pedestans, 43
Calotcrmitidae, 17, 25, 56, 76
Camphor, resistant wood, 100, 102, 103
Camphor oil, 137
Camponutus hannani, ycllow-rcd ant, 88
nigriceps, var. dimidiattis, ant, 89
Canada, 19, 37, 48, 51, 57, 58, 117, 142, 143
Canal Zone, Panama, 8, 30, 33, 39, 42, 57, 62,
63, 95, 98, 112, 113, 130, 131, 145
Canary Islands, 15, 53, 55, 146
Cannibalism, 13, 17, 91
Canton Island, 57, 147
Capritermes, 18, 54
capricornis, 51, 55
Captivity, termites in, 11
Caratomus sp., parasite ?, 84
Carbohydrates, 24, 50, 60, 66, 82, 83, 95, 98;
non-symbiotic utilization, 60, 81
Carbolineum, 128, 132
Carbon bisulfide (disulphide), emulsion, 113;
fumigation, 30, 31, 36, 37, 65, dd, iii, 113
Carbon dioxide, 58, 68, 69
Carbon tetrachloride, 34
Care of, 16, 106
Carolinas-Virginia, 40
Caroline Islands, 147
Carpenter ants, control, 30
Case studies control, 36
Casein glue, 130, 134
Castalia, water lily, 60
Caste arrangement, 16, 24
Caste determination, differentiarion, 5, 12, 14-16,
22-25, 60, 61, 115
Castes, 4, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 22-25, 49,
60, 68-70, 75-77, 83, 86, 88, 91, 94, 95, 117;
origin, 8, 12, 13, 22, 23, 25, 60, 83, 86; relative
proportion, 5, 6, 12, 14, 18, 88; sterile, 8, 15,
16, 24, 25, 83, 94, 95; variation, 13, 59
Castles, termite, 80
Castor-oil cake and Gardenia gtimifera juice, re-
pellents, 36, 137
Castration, 23, 24, 91, 94, 95, 97; parasitic, 23,
91, 94, 95; through special diet, 15, 61, 82, 97
Catalogs, termite, Africa (1926, 1934), 8; Aus-
tralia (1942), 12; India, Burma, Ceylon (1953),
54, 117; United States (1954), 19; world
(1904), 52, 148 (1949), 57, 104, 117, 148;
tcrmitophilcs, 126
Caucasia, 12
Caucasus, 18, 56, 146
Caustic soda and arsenic, 28
Cedar, resistant wood, 100, 102, 103, 136, 137
Cediiis, Pselaph., Nearctic, termitophile, 123
Cclcure, acid cupric chromate, wood preservative,
130, 131, 134
Celebes, 13, 79, 85, 90, 141
Cellulose, 12, 25, 26, 49, 50, 60, 66, 81-83, 91-98
Cellulose, acetate, 129; action of intestinal fauna
and flora on, 60, 81, 94; decomposing, 3, 49,
50, 66; digestion, 3, 49, 50, 66, 81-83, 91-98;
dissimilation, 50, 82, 95; fermentation, 50, 82,
95
Cellvibrio. bacteria, 3
Cement, 27, 32, 39
Centrifugal impulses, 62
Centromyrmex , ponerine ant, 90
Cephalic process, 107
Cetonid termitophile, 122, 126
Cetonidac, Scarab. Col., So. Africa, termitophiles,
126
Ceylon, 7, 9, II, 12, 16, 17, 19, 21-23, 25, 27,
32, 39, 40, 43-47, 50-56, 62, 65-69, 72, 75, 78,
79, 87, 89, 91-93, 99, 102, 103, 106, 108, no,
112, 116, 117, 123, 124-127, 129, 140-142
Chalcid fly, parasite, 84
Chemical analysis, 25-26, 64, 70, 78, 79, 80, 81,
102
WTiOLE VOL.
283
Chemical warfare, 26, 106
Chemicals, 60, 131, 135; toxicity of poison dusts,
87; soil poisons, 110-114; wood extiactives,
101-103; wood preservatives, 128-138
Chemonite, 128
Chicago region, 10, 16, 18, 55, 143
Child labor, among termites, 13
Chile, 10, 17, 46, 53, 89, 95, 124, 144
Chimneys, flight towers, 15, 19, 78, 79, 121
China 14, 15, 22, 48, 53-55, 58, 67, 72, 73, 125,
140-142
Chitin, 75, 83
Chlordane, 32-34, 37, 44, 45, 47, 48; aqueous
solution, 31, 44, 45, 113; emulsion, 34-36, no,
112-114
Chlorinated naphthalene, 132
Chlorinated phenols, no, in, 131
Chlor-Kill 5 dust, 33, 87
Chloropicrin, 30, 65
Cholera, caused by eating termites, 50, 64
Chordotonal organs, 27, 76, 107, 108
Chordotonal and equilibrium organs, 76, 107
Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, 53, 117, 140
Chromated zinc chloride, 21, 128, 130, 131, 135
Chromosomes, 37, 69, 115
Circulation, air, 10, 24
Citadels, 80
Citrus trees, damage to, 36, 37, 43-44, 46-48
Civilization, advancing, 4, 39
Classification, termites, 116-118; ecological, 120;
by imago-worker mandibles, 75, 85, 116; by
protozoan fauna, 92; by soldier, 86; by worker,
nymph mandibles, 77, 117; and phylogeny, 60,
86; position in relation to other orders, 117
Cleistogamic flowers, 59
Cleptobiosis, 91
Climate, 52, 68, 69, 71, 75, 80, 99, 118, 119, 148
Climatic factors, 52, 54, 118, 119
Climatization termitarium, 68-69, 71, 80, 118,
119
Coal tar, 112, 130, 135; coal-tar kerosene emul-
sion, repellent, 112; coal-tar creosote, 109, no,
n4, 128, 130-132, 134, 136, 137
Coarctotermes bekaraensis, 116
clepsydra, 51, 55
pauliani, 116
Cobra process, wood preservative, 135
Cocci, coccidian bacteria, 3, 96
Cockroaches. See roaches
Coconut palms, damage to, 20, 33
Cocos-Keeling Island, 12, 53, 117, 140
Cold, effect on local colony, U. S., 118, 119; cold
soaking, 131; Termopsis tolerant to, 118. See
also Temperature
Coleomitus prtivoti, Protozoa, 94
Collecting, instructions, 7, 12
Collembola, 88; tcrmitophiles, 119-121, 124, 125,
127
Colleterial gland, queen, 15, 61
Colombia, 103, 123, 125, 145
Colony (colonies), foundation, 5, 7-11, 14, 16,
18-23, 67, 99; growth, 13; habits, n, 118,
119; life, n, 15, 19, 80; mixed, n, 13, 17,
93; as an organism, 115; variations, 118; young,
incipient, 9, 22, 99
Colorado, 142, 143
Comm.ensalism, 67, 119-127
Commerce, U. S. Department of, 21, 136
Communication, 5, 26-27, 49, 106-108, 115
Communism, 6, 18, 41
Comoro Islands, 142
Complementary reproductives. See Neoteinic
Concrete, 21, 28, 30, 31, 34, 108, 109; poured
foundations, 21; reinforced caps, 21
Concretions, calcareous, 71, 76, 106
Condensation, 30
Conidia, 67
Coaidiobolus, 84
Connecticut, 19, 36, 38, 42
Connodonttts, Pselaph., with Macrotennes, Ethi-
opia, termitophile, 123
Conopidae ?, fly larvae, 85
"Constitution of the colony" hypothesis, 23
Conservation, impregnating wood for, 136
Constrictotermes, 125
carifrotis, 8, 22, 59, 78, 86
Construction, control by tight, 35, 37; dry, sound
timber, 31; preservative treatments in, 129
Consumers Research, control, 28
Contact factor, in determining type of reproduc-
tive, 22, 24
Contracts, 36
Control, 18, 19, 27-37, 61, 86, 87, 98, 100-103,
108-115, 128-138; approved, NPCA, 28, 31;
barriers, 27, 52, basemenriess houses, 31; bio-
chemical, 24; bulldozers, 36; burn, 27, 29, 32;
chemical, 27-37, 128, 129; clean culture, 28, 29,
32, 109, in; commercial firms, 36, 98, 130;
Connecticut, 36; cultural methods, 27, 33, 48;
"Do It Yourself," 28, 37; FHA minimum re-
quirements, 21; fire hazards in, 61; girdling
trees, 32; heat, 33, 118, 119; history, 34, 36,
87; insulation in, 21, 33, 109, 114; NPCA
principles, 32, 114; quackery, 98; sanitation,
34, 37, 40; "seal off," 34; shields, 108, 109;
slab (concrete), 21, 28, 30, 31, 34; standards
(California minimum), 27, 31, 32; structural,
mechanical, 27-37, 98; tar, 32; tree surgery, 27,
32; U. S., 18, 19, 21, 22, 27-37, 61, 86, 87,
100-103, 108, 115, 128-138; U. S. Army, 28,
30, 34, 87, III, 112; USDA, 27, 28, 31, 35,
108-110, 129, 131; U. S. Navy 28; water, 33;
world, 19
Convexitermes mazaruniensis , 58
n'lgricornis, subsp. ]iinceu5, 116
Convulsive movements, 27, 108
Copal, 65
Copper arsenate, 112, 131
Copper arsenite, 132
Copper chromate, 131
Copper compounds, 137
Copper napthenate, 34, 130, 135
Copper pentachlorophenate, 137, 138
Copper sulfate, 37, no, 130, 131, 134
Copperized chromated zinc chloride, 129
Coprophagy, 13
Coptotermes, 9, 12, 13, 17, 18, 38-45, 48, 52, 53,
57, 62, 72, 87, 93, 100-102, 106, 109
acinaci]ormis, 43, 46, 48, 54-55, 73, 109,
123, 129
bninncus, 116
cur vi gnat htis, 44, 47, 84
284
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
Coptotermes emersoni, 116
flat'tis = Pror/iinotermes, 7, 75, 85, 91, 99
jormosaniis, 13, 15, 20, 26, 38, 39, 43, 44,
48, 50-52, 58, 62-63, 72, 78, 97, 98, lOI,
106, 118, 135
jrenchi, 39, 46, 55, 73
gestroi, 19, 44, 47, 52, 65
grandiceps, 14
havilandi, 56, 57, 72
heimi, 17, 48, 93
javanicusz^i havilandi, 72, 79
lactetts, 13, 17, 46, 55, 72, 73, 79, 80, 88,
100, no, 129
niger, 26
parvulus, 54, 72
raff ray i 126
sjostedti, 94
sjostedti, var. stibintacta, 16
sp. near intermcditts^ havilandi, 73
testacetts, 56, 73
travians, 106
truncatiis, 51, 55, 58
vastator, 14, 40
Coptotermoicia alutacia, with C. acinacijormis,
Victoria, Australia, termitophile, 123
Copulation, 6, 11, 14, 23, 122-123
Cordage, chemical treatment, 129
Cordycepioideus, 85
Cordyceps, 84
Cork, damage to, 47, 134
Corks, wine damage to, 36, 40
Cornicapritcrmes, 116
mua'onatiis, 116
Cornitermes, 8, 18, 36, 42, 52, 78, 85, 116, 121,
125
cumulans, 80, 93
orthocephalits, 85
silvestrii, 116
similis, 119, 120, 124
snyderi, 116
Cornus, dogwood, 63
Coronympha, Protozoa, 95, 96
Corotoca, Staph. Col., termitophile, 124, 126
Corpora allata, nucleus in, growdi, 77
Corpora pedunculata, 59, 76
"Corpus luteum," 75
Corrodentia, 77
Corrosion, 129, 130; treating plants, viscous high
tar acids, 132
Corrosive sublimate, mercuric chloride, 87
Costs, control, 34, 129; repairs in control, 32,
36; treated lumber, 129
Costa Rica, 7, 95, 119, 121, 124, 125, 144, 145
Cotton, damage to, 43-48
Courtship, 4, 5, 7, 10, 16, 37, 99
Cow dung, infested, 71
Coxa, 77
Crank-case oil, 29, 130, 131
Crematogaster lineolata, ant, 88
Crenetermes umbraticola, 117
Cresol, 137
Creosote, boiling under vacuum, 135; changes
during exposure, 137; coal tar, 109, 128, 130,
136, 137; coal-tar mixtures, 133; distilling, 134,
1361 137; distribution in wood, 131; and crank-
case oil, 130; and petroleum, in, 113, 128,
130; low residue, 134; wood, 131; soil poison,
no; wood preservative, 21, 27, 32, 33, 128,
129, 132, 134, 135, 137
Crickets, Orthopt., termitophiles, 120, 124; Eu-
grylloides pomeroyi, Gold Coast, Africa, 120;
gryllid Phaepliilaenis grassei with Protermes
minutus. West Africa, 120
Crops, darnage to 33-37, 43-49
Crossbreeding, 24, 61, 99
Crucinympha, Protozoa, 96
Cryptocnctis, roach, 49, 60, 68, 85, 92, 95; C.
punctulatus , 68, 97
Cryptogilsxylophenes (chl^nated phenols), wood
preservative, 129
Cryptophora coeca, phorid, termitophile, 119
Cryptotermes, 9, 32, 36, 38, 39, 46, 50-53, 58,
(><^, 72, 73, 93, 94
bengalensis-=: havilandi, 50, 116
brevis, 7, 9, 20, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 37, 38,
40, 43. 51-58, 65-66, 72, 73, 99, 103,
118, 119, 137
bttxtoni, 54
cyanoccplialus, 72
domesticus, 50
dudleyi, 50, 72, 95
grassii, 95
havilandi, 50, 72, 93
hermsi, 57, 95
lamanianits, 12
naudei, 116
piceattis (:= brevis), 48, 57, 10 1
psendobrevis r= brevis, 73
rospigliosi {-z^ brevis), 15, 55
Cuba, 7, II, 15, 34, 44, 47, 48, 51, 53-55, 84,
loi, 106, 138, 144, 145
Cube. See Rotenone
Cubitermes, 3, 7, 26, 58, 79, 80, 89, 95
stibinteger := Gibbotermes, 116
umbratiis, 117
Cupric chromate, acid, 131
Cuprinol, 66, 129
Cyanide, calcium, 66, 81, 86, no, in, 113, 115;
sodium, 112, 113
Cyanogas, dust, 87, 109, no, 115
Cycles of acdvity, 4
Cyclonympha strobila, Protozoa, 93
Cyclotermcs, 6, 116
obesHS, 50
Cylindrotermes parvignathus, 116
Cypress, resistant wood, 100; European (Cttprcssus
sempervirens), loi; tidewater red, loi, 103
Cypress pine, resistant wood, 100, 102
Cysts, 94
Cytology, cell growdi, 37, 94, 96, 98
Cytophaga, bacteria, 3
D
Damage (by species), Acanthotermes militaris, to
tea bushes, Nyasaland, 48; Amitermes ttibi-
formans, to guayulc nursery stock, Texas, 44,
young citrus orchard, Arizona, 47; Anoplo-
termes pacificus, plant roots, 46; A. schwarzi,
to sugarcane, 48; Archotermopsis, to fruit trees,
Baluchistan, 46; Calotermes, to living plants.
WHOLE VOL.
INDEX
285
sugarcane, tea, Ceylon, 43, 46, 54; C. brouni,
to pine, New Zealand, 46; C. chilensis, to forest
and ornamental trees, 46; C. dilataUis, to tea,
Ceylon; C. flavicollis, to shade trees, vineyards,
etc., Italy, Algeria, 43, 45, 48; C. greeni, to
tea, Ceylon, 46; C. militaris (?), to crops
Ceylon, 43, 45, 46; C. papiia, to cacao trees.
New Guinea, 45; C. tectonae, to teak, Java, 43,
44; C. wagnen pedestans, to cacao, Brazil, 43;
Coptotermes, to rubber trees, sugarcane, etc.,
44, 48; C. acinacijormes, to pine. New Zealand,
46, to sugarcane, Australia, 43, 47, 48; C.
curvignathus , to Hevea and kapokier, Indo-
China, 44, rubber, India, 47; C. formosantis,
to peppertree, rice, sugarcane, Hawaii, 44,
sugarcane, 43, 48; C. jrenchi, pine, New Zea-
land, 46; C. gestroi, to rubber trees, Indo-
Malaya, 65, Java, 44, 47; C. heimi, to sugar-
cane, 48; C. lacteus, pine New Zealand, 46;
Cryptotermes, to tea, Java, 46, to juniper,
Bermuda, 48; C. piceattis, to sugarcane, 48;
Eiitermes, to sugarcane, British Guiana, 46, to
tea, Ceylon, 46; E. acajtitlae, to cane, Antigua,
Puerto Rico, 43; E. costaricensis, to sugarcane,
48; E. hahiensis, to sugarcane, 48; E. morio,
to sugarcane, 48; E. ripperti, to cacao, Brazil,
43, sugarcane, 48; Hatnitermes ohtusidens, to
sugarcane, Australia, 47; Hodotermes, to veldt.
South Africa, 45, 47; H. mossambicus, to cot-
ton, Africa, 45; to crops, lawns, etc., 44; H.
ochracens, to Argania spinosa, Morocco, 47;
Kalotermes, to tea, India, 45, to juniper, Ber-
muda, 48; K. immigrans, to sugarcane, 48;
K. schwarzi, to sugarcane, 48; K. snyderi, to
forest trees, Mona Island, 46; K. tectonae, to
derris, 47, to teak, 46; Leticotennes, to tea,
Ceylon, 46, to sugarcane, Cuba, 47; L. cardini,
to sugarcane, 48; L. jlavipes, to sugarcane, 48;
L. phdippinensis, to sugarcane, 48; L. tennis,
to sugarcane, 48; Mastotermes darwiniensis, to
sugarcane, Australia, 43, 44, 46, 112; Micro-
cerotermes dolichognathus , to cacao, S. Thome,
43; M. parvtdtis, to crops, Senegal and French
Sudan, 47; A/, parvus, to cotton, Africa, 45;
M. subtilis, to coconut palm trees, Seychelles,
48; M. theobromae, to cacao, S. Thome, 48;
Microhodotermes , to crops, South Africa, 44;
Microternies, to cotton, Africa, 45; M. mycopha-
gus, to fruit, India, 43; M. nigritiis, to sugar-
cane, 48; M. obesi, to sugarcane, India, 43, to
wheat, India, 45; M. paUidtts, to tea plants,
Malaya, 48; M. stidanensis, to cotton, Africa,
48; Nastititermes aeqitalis, to sugarcane, 48;
N. costalis, to sugarcane, British Guiana, 46,
to forest trees, Puerto Rico, 46; N. maheensis,
to coconut palms, Seychelles, 48; "N. morio, to
sugarcane, 47, 48; iV. pallidiceps, to sugar-
cane, 48; Neotcrmes, to teak, 46; N. cas-
taneiis, to guava trees, Amazon, 43, citrus trees,
Florida, 48; 'N. connexus, to sugarcane, 48; AT.
gestri, to cacao, S. Thome 48; AT. lati colli s, to
coconut palm, Seychelles, 48; N. militaris, to
tea, Ceylon, 46; N. rainbotvi, to coconut palms,
Suwarro Island, 46; N. spp., to guava, Brazil,
44; Obttisitermes aeqiialis, to sugarcane, 48;
Odontotermcs, to sugarcane, etc., Punjab, 47;
O. assmiithi, to sugarcane, India, 43, 47; O.
parvidens, to teak, India, 47; Paraneotermes
simplicicornis, to citrus trees, Texas, 43, 44,
California, 46; Parvitermes pallidiceps, to seed
cane, Haiti, 49; Reticulitermes hespertis, to
shade trees, Washington, Oregon, 45, vineyards,
California, 47; R. flavipes, to turnip roots,
Florida, 47, avocado seedlings, Texas, 49, maple
trees, Canada, 48; R. lucifugiis, to various
plants, 43-47; R. speratiis, to sugarcane, 48;
Rbinotennes intermedins seclustis, to sugarcane,
Australia 47; Stolotermes rtificcps, to timber.
New Zealand, 47; Syntermes insidians and S.
molestus, to eucalyptus plantations, Brazil, 45;
Termes, to tea, Ceylon, 46, to sugarcane, 48,
49, to veldt. South Africa, 47, to wheat, 49;
T. bcllicosus, to grain in soil, Senegal, 47; T.
carbonarius, to rubber, Kuala Lumpur, 45; T.
classictis, to sugarcane, 48; T. cinntilans (}),
to coffee beans, Brazil, 48; T. fatalis, to tea
plants, Ceylon, 43; T. flavipes, to various plants,
Florida, Massachusetts, Ontario, 43, 45-48; T.
jormosanus, to crops, China and Japan, 44, 48;
T. frontalis, to grape vines, Massachusetts, 47;
T. gestroi, to rubber and coconut trees, Malaya,
34, 47; T. horni, to sandal forests, India, 44;
T. lacteus, to orchards, Australia, 43; T. lateri-
cius, to citrus, cotton, deciduous fruit trees,
forest trees, Portuguese East Africa, 47; T.
morio, to sugarcane, 48; T. natalensis, to grain
in soil, Senegal, 47; T. obesus, to sugarcane,
48; r. taprobanes, to agriculture, India, 43, to
tea, India; to sugarcane, 48; T. vulgaris, to
agriculture, Japan, 44, to sugarcane, 48; Tti-
nervitermes, to grass. South Africa, 44, 47;
T. havilandi, to grass, South Africa, 47; Zo-
otermopsis angusticollis, to shade trees, Wash-
ington and Oregon, 45
Damage, 15, 18-21, 27-32, 34-43, 49, 59, 71, 98;
menace on aerodromes, 71; to aircraft, 27, 38,
40, 98, 102, 133; airfields, 36; apiary, 38,
bandstand, 39; bands (cotton, wool), 40; bas-
tions (redwood), 42; beehives, 39, 40; bones,
39; bookcases, 38; books, 20, 27, 28, 31, 38-41,
59, 118, 119, 137; boots, 40; boxes, 39, 40;
buildings, 21, 27-43, 58, 59, 80; cable, 38-43,
129; cardboard, 102; carpets, 38, 42, 44; ce-
ment, 39; clodi, 38, coat, 40; coffee beans, 48;
cold frames, 40; conduits, 39; cork, 134; corks,
36, 40; cotton fiber, 41; cotton-seed hulls, 40;
curtains, 38, 44; document, 39; Douglas fir 39;
earth hothouses, 45; fabrics, 42, 66; forest prod-
ucts, 40; furniture, 41, 119; glass, 106; hidden,
41; hoop pine, 39; houses, 27-38, 41, 45; insu-
lation, 38, 40, 42, 43; jarrah-wood troughing,
38; jute, 66, 129, lead, 38; logs, 38, 43; loss,
tax not deductible, 38, 40; lumber, 40, man-of-
war, 41; metal, 41; mine props, 34, 41; mortar,
lime, 18, 26, 41; papers, 65, 71; pipes, 38;
plastics, 42, 129; poles, 18, 38, 41, 42; posts,
39; rubber cable sheathing, 129; rugs, 38, 42;
seals, lead-foil, 40; shelving, 39; shooks in
bundles, 39; skulls, 39; sleepers, 38; stored
material, 34, 41, 42; straw jackets, 40; tele-
phone equipment, 41; textiles, 31, 130; ties,
railway, 38; timber, 29, 32, 39, 40; timbers,
286
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS
VOL. 130
construction, 38, 40, 46; tin cans, 40; tubs, 41;
wallpaper, 38, 44; war materials, 38; wine
bottles, 40; wood, 38-43, 71; woodwork, 20,
38, 59
Damage (geographical), Africa, 38-41, 43; An-
tilles, 38; Australia, 38-41, 43; Bermuda, 42;
Brazil, 39, 40, 42; British Columbia, 38, 42;
British Commonwealth, 38-42; Canal Zone, 39,
42; Ceylon, 39, 43; Ecuador, 38; Fiji, 39;
Formosa, 38, 40; France, 38, 39; German
colonies, 39; Germany, 41-43; Hawaii, 38-42;
India, 38, 40, 41; Indo-China, 38; Italy, 42;
Java, 39, 40; New Zealand, 40, 42; Pakistan,
38; Philippines, 40; Puerto Rico, 41-43; Russia,
40; St. Helena, 40; Trinidad, 38, 41; United
States, 18, 27-43; Venezuela, 40; West Indies,
39; World, 42
Damage (to living vegetation), 7, 32, 34-37, 41,
43-49, loi, 103, 109, 112, 113; Acer rtihrum,
45, agriculture, 43-47; apple, 45, 48; Argania
spinosa, 47; artichokes, 44, 45; avocado seed-
lings, 49; beans, 47, 48; blackberry roots, 48;
cabbage, 41, 44; cacao, 43, 4s, 46, 48; cane
plants, 43, 46, 47, 49; chillies (Capiscum) , 45,
no; citrus trees, 36, 37, 43-48; coconut palm,
33, 46-48; coffee, 46, 48; collard, 46; cork oak,
47, corn, 48; cotton, 43-48; crops, 33, 37,
43-49, 112; cultivated areas, 44; derris, 47;
elm trees, 45; eucalyptus plantations, 30, 34,
45; Eucalyptus rostrata, 47; eucalyptus trees,
43; flowers, 113; fruit, 43, 47; gardens, 47;
grain, 47; grape vines, 43, 45, 47, 48; grass
and grasslands, 29, 33, 44, 45, 47, 49; green-
house plants, 46, 113; ground nuts, 43; guava
bushes, 43, 44; guayulc, nursery stock, 44;
Hevea braziliensis, 44-47; juniper trees, 48;
kapokier, 44; lac, 45; lawns, 44; lemon trees,
45; lime trees, 45; mahogany trees, loi, maize,
47, 48; maple trees, 48; mulberry trees, 45, 46;
nursery stock, 29; oaks, 45; orchards, 30, 43,
45, 47; orange trees, 44, 45; ornamentals, 48;
palms, 46; pecan, 45, 48; peppertree, 45; pine-
apple, 44; Pinus radiata, 46; plane tree, 43;
plantations, 30, 45; plants, 32, 34-37, potatoes,
48; prune trees, 27, 43; Qtiercus suher, 47; rice
plants, 44, 48; rubber trees, 43-48, 86, 87, no;
sandal forests, 44; shrubs, 44; sugarcane, 27,
33. 34, 37, 41, 43-49, 109, III, "2; sweet
potatoes, 43; tea bushes, 27, 31, 32, 43-46, 48,
87; teak trees, 12, 32, 46, 47, 103; timber, 29,
31; tobacco, 46, 112; trees, 7, 27, 30, 34, 41,
43-48, 57; turnip, 46, 47; veldt, 44; vines, 43,
45, 46; vineyards, 30, 45, 47; wheat, 45, 47-49
Damp-wood termites, 30-32, 43, 44
Day termite, or harvester, 68
DDT. See dichloro-diphenyl-trichlorethane
Danger zones, 56
Dealation, 10, 16, 17, 25, 62, 77
Death, following feast on Hodotermes, 50, 64;
sudden, 6, 19, 50
Debris, jungle, 6
Decapitation, 60
Decay, damage by, 132, 134, 135; factors in-
fluencing, 129; fungus, buildings, 133; preven-
tion of, 30, 128, 129, 132-134; resistance to.
100-103, 135; wood preservatives, 128, 129,
132, 136
Defaunation, 91-93, 98
Dehydrated tar, repellent, 109, 112
Democracy, in colony, 20
Dentispicotermes, 116
Deposits, 18
Dermatonotiis mulleri, frog, 90
Derris. See rotenone
Descent, 59, 85
Deserts, 6, 12, 20, 51, 54, 56, 58, 128, 143, 146
Detection, 19, 29, 49, 61, 63, 74. See also Experi-
mentation; Microphones; X-ray
Deterioration, Tropics, 134
Development, 9, 13, 14, 18, 20, 22-25, 53, 59,
60, 75-77, 81, 83, 84, 86, 90, 94, 95, 99, 106;
caste, 53, 61; checked chemobiologically, 23;
embryonic, 77; generative tract, 59, 69, 76;
gonads, 84; inhibited or suppressed by sexual
secretion, 99; phylogenetic, 59; precocious, 24;
progressive, 60; regressive, 60; soldier-caste,
83, 86, 90; supplemental rcproductives, 106
Development, Eutermes rippertii (?), 13, 76;
Macrotermes gilvtis, 13; Termes redemantii, 59,
75
Devescovina, Protozoa, 93, 96
Devescovinidae, Protozoa, 94, 96
Diaglena spatulata, tree frog, 90
Diastase, 81, 99
Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), 29, 30,
34, 86, 87, 110-115, 129, 131, 133, 137
Dieldrin, soil poison, 43, in, 112
Diet, 23, 24, 49, 66, 81-83, 97; cellulose, 12, 49,
50, 60, 68, 81-83, 91-98; effect of Protozoa,
81-83, 91-98; effect on intestinal fauna, 50,
81-83, 97; role of fungi, 82, 83. See also Food;
Nutrition
Diffusion double, 130, 131
Digestion, 26, 49, 50, 81-83, 91-98. See also
Nutrition; Protozoa
Digestive organs, 49, 76
Digestive system, 50, 77
Digestive tract, 49, 76, 77, 95
Digestive tube, 50
Dinenympha fimbriata, Protozoa, 95
Dinenympha gracilis, 92
3, 5-dinitro-o-cresol, 131
Dinitrophenol, 133
Diphenyl, soil poison, 113
Diphenylamine, 113
Diplopoda, termitophiles, 124, 125
Dipterous larvae, association with, 5
Dipterous parasite, 13, 85
Diseases, human, plant, and termite, 3, 50, 66,
82, 93. See also Parasites
Dispersal, center of, theories, 53; flight, 62
Distribution, 7, 16, 46, 50-59, 69, 72, 73, 117,
118, 147, 148
District of Columbia, 73, 128
Ditrichonionas {Trichomonas) termitis, Protozoa,
92
Diversitermes, 125
Division of labor, 16, 18, 62
Dog, predator, 89
Dogwood, 63
Dolichorhinotermes, 117
WHOLE VOL.
INDEX
287
Dominica, E.W.I., 19, 50, 85
Dominican Republic (San or Santo Domingo),
16, 32, 46, 66, 90, 112, 145
Doryloxentts, Col. Staph., termitophile, 120; D.
triarticulatus with Termes javanicus, Java, 122
Double diffusion, wood preservative method, 130,
131
Douglas fir, 39, 130, 135, 138
Dragonflies, 88
Drains, or gutters, 109
Drepanotermes silvestrii, 23
Drilling, 28
Drought, 17, 29, 47, 80
Drugs, 61, 83
"Dry-rot," 66
Dry-wood termites, 14, 18-19, 28, 32-34, 36, 40,
42, 49-50, 54, 57, 65-66, 74, 87, 99, 102, 118,
119, 132, 136
Drying, resistance to, tolerance of, 10, 15, 19, 71,
75 ... .
Duboscquia, microsporidian, 84, 96; D. legal , 84,
96
Durability, wood, by species and family, 100-103,
129, 131-133, 135, 137
Dusts, poison. See Poison dusts
Dyscologmaia woUastoni, Blattid., Central Africa,
termitophile, 123
Earth, 26, 70, 79, 118
Earthquake, association with, 42
Eardi worms, termites' tropical analogue, 70;
Notoscolex termiticoh with Termes obsciiriceps,
Ceylon, 123
Earwig, Orthoptera, termitophile, 120
East Indian Archipelago, 58, 141, 142
East Indies, 13, 50, 53, 54, 64, 86, loi, 124, 127,
140, 141
Easter Island, 144
Eastern Archipelago, 9, 30
Eciton, army ants, 90
Ecology, 5, 8, 14, 17-20, 50, 78, 81-83, 9i> 93»
116, 120-123. See also Behavior; Biology
Economy, termite, 10
Ectohormonal control, 14, 23, 24
Ectomyces, fungus parasite, 85; E. calotcrtni^z
Termitaria snyderi, 85
Ecuador, 11, 38, 125, 144
Egg(s), hatching, 11, 99; follicles, 75; laying,
6-9, II, 14, 17, 20, 24, 99; mass, 12; tubes, 4
Elaterids, predators, 13, 90
Ellice Group Islands, 147
Eliminadon replacement reproductivcs, 24
Embiidae, 69, 76
Embriogenesis, 59, 76
Embryology, 59, 76, 77, 115, 120
Encystment, 94
Endanioeba, Protozoa, 95
EndoUmax, Protozoa, 93, 95; E. goheeni, 93
Endomychidae, Coleopt., termitophiles, 122, 124
England, 11, 15, 56, 57. 72, 73> 99
Entamoeba, Protozoa, 93
Entomobrya bitiocidata, Collembola, California,
termitophile, 119
Entomophoraceae, fungous parasites, 84
Entomophthora, fungus, 85; E. aphidis, 84
Entozoic parasites, 84
Enzymes, 50, 82, 83, 97, 98
Eocene, 65, 118
Epicalotermes, 95
Epigamic behavior, 37
Epipharyngeal organs, taste, mandibular insects,
107
Epipharynx, 77
Epithelial dssue, regeneration in midgut, 77, 84
Epizootic among termites, 50, 84, 85
Equatoria, 62
Ergatoid queens, 22, 25
Erosion, 70, 71
Ethics, 4, 59
Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region, 123, 124, 127,
138-140
Ethylene dibromide, EDB, soil poison 31, 34, 65,
III
Eucalyptus, cutdngs, control, 34; damage to plan-
tations, 30; resistant woods, 100
Eueeronicintis , Col., Java,
